,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv4 ,,october1 #ahgf1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahgg4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgg4 ,copyrighted by ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,nation ,,press1 #bg ,,rose ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,a ,bird's-,eye ,view of ,toledo1 #ghf ,a ,glimpse of the ,adirondacks1 #bfa ,amid ,irish ,scenes1 #chd1 #eia ,aphasia1 #daa ,archbishop of ,halifax1 ,the ,late1 #acf ,avila1 #aee ,catacombs1 ,testimony of the1 #cga1 #ebc ,chaldean ,account of the ,creation1 #dij ,christina ,rossetti's ,poems1 #abb ,christmas ,gift1 ,the ,devil's1 #cbb ,cities1 ,some ,quaint ,old1 #hbi ,creation1 ,chaldean ,account of1 #dij ,devil's ,christmas ,gift1 ,the1 #cbb ,de ,vere's 8,mary ,tudor10 #ggg ,dr4 ,knox on the ,unity of the ,church1 #feg ,english ,rule in ,ireland1 #gii ,egypt and ,israel1 ,the ,pontifical ,vestments of1 #bac ,errickdale1 ,the ,great ,strike at1 #hdc 8,evolution1 ,contemporary10 ,mivart's1 #cab ,flywheel ,bob1 #aih ,frederic ,ozanam1 #egg ,great ,strike at ,errickdale1 ,the1 #hdc ,guilds and ,apprentices1 ,london1 #di ,halifax1 ,the ,late ,archbishop of1 #acf ,highland ,exile1 ,the1 #aca ,home-,life of some ,eighteenth-,century ,poets1 ,the1 #fgg ,how ,rome ,stands ,to-day1 #bde ,ireland1 ,english ,rule in1 #gii ,irish ,scenes1 ,amid1 #chd1 #eia ,jean ,ingelow's ,poems1 #dai ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier1 #dcc ,knowledge1 ,physical and ,religious1 ,similarities of1 #gdf 8,lessons from ,nature10 ,mivart's1 #a ,letters of a ,young ,irishwoman to her ,sister1 #ajh1 #bbf1 #cie1 #eab1 #fij1 #gfj ,london ,guilds and ,apprentices1 #di 8,mary ,tudor10 ,de ,vere's1 #ggg ,mivart's 8,contemporary ,evolution10 #cab ,mivart's 8,lessons from ,nature10 #a ,modern ,melodists1 #gjc1 #hec ,modern ,thought in ,science1 #ecc ,monsieur ,gombard's ,mistake1 #dde1 #ffg ,mystical ,theology1 ,thoughts on1 #ade ,nile1 ,up the1 #fcc1 #gce ,poems1 ,christina ,rossetti's1 #abb ,poems1 ,jean ,ingelow's1 #dai ,poets1 ,the ,home ,life of1 #fgg ,pontifical ,vestments of ,egypt and ,israel1 ,the1 #bac ,quaint ,old ,cities1 ,some1 #hbi ,rome ,stands ,to-,day1 ,how #bde ,russian ,chancellor1 ,the1 #gba ,sainte ,chapelle of ,paris1 ,the1 #ei ,sancta ,sophia1 #if ,seville1 #ac ,siena1 #ccg ,similarities of ,physical and ,religious ,knowledge1 #gdf ,sir ,thomas ,more1 #ge1 #bgj1 #cec1 #edg ,six ,sunny ,months1 #bh1 #age1 #cjj1 #dfi1 #fdc1 #hag ,some ,quaint ,old ,cities1 #hbi ,some ,eighteenth-,century ,poets1 ,the ,home-,life of1 #fgg ,story of the ,far ,west1 ,a1 #fjb ,testimony of the ,catacombs1 #cga1 #ebc ,text-,books in ,catholic ,colleges1 #aij ,the ,devil's ,christmas ,gift1 #cbb ,thoughts on ,mystical ,theology1 #ade ,three ,lectures on ,evolution1 #faf ,toledo1 ,a ,bird's-,eye ,view of1 #ghf ,unitarian ,conference at ,saratoga1 ,the1 #bhi ,unity of the ,church1 ,dr4 ,knox on1 #feg ,up the ,nile1 #fcc1 #gce ,what is ,dr4 ,nevin's ,position8 #dei ,whittier1 ,john ,greenleaf1 #dcc ,year of ,our ,lord #ahgf1 ,the1 #efb ,,poetry4 ,advent1 #efj ,a ,christmas ,legend1 #eda ,a ,march ,pilgrimage1 #had ,echo to ,mary1 #abi ,evening on the ,sea-shore1 #ajg ,light and ,shadow1 #dah ,longings1 #gdd ,on ,our ,lady's ,death1 #chb ,roma,amor1 #dhf ,st4 ,teresa1 #agc ,,new ,,publications4 ,alice ,leighton1 #bhg ,almanac1 ,catholic ,family1 #dbg ,barat1 ,life of ,mother1 #dcb ,brown ,house at ,duffield1 ,the1 #hfj ,brut1 ,memoirs of ,rt4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,g41 #adb ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 #dbg ,catholic's ,latin ,instructor1 ,the1 #dbd ,constitutional and ,political ,history of the ,united ,states1 #bhg ,creation1 ,the ,voice of1 #adc ,deirdr1 #gae ,devotion of the ,holy ,rosary1 ,the1 #dcb ,ecclesiastical ,discourses1 #dbe ,essay ,contributing to a ,philosophy of ,literature1 #dca ,every-day ,topics1 #dbf ,excerpta ex ,rituali ,romano1 #egf ,faith of our ,fathers1 ,the1 #gad ,first ,christmas for our ,dear ,little ,ones1 ,the1 #dca ,frank ,blake1 #hfj ,githa of the ,forest1 #gbj ,jesus ,suffering1 ,the ,voice of1 #dca ,latin ,instructor1 ,the ,catholic's1 #dbd ,lectures on ,scholastic ,philosophy1 #dca ,life of ,mother ,barat1 ,the1 #dcb ,life of ,mother ,maria ,teresa1 #gbj ,life and ,letters of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,the1 #dbh ,linked ,lives1 #dbf ,little ,book of the ,martyrs1 ,the1 #egf ,margaret ,roper1 #dbi ,maria ,teresa1 ,life of ,mother1 #gbj ,memoirs of the ,right ,rev4 ,simon ,wm4 ,gabriel ,brut1 #adb ,missale ,romanum1 #dbi ,more1 ,life and ,letters of ,sir ,thomas1 #dbh ,my ,own ,child1 #bhh ,normal ,higher ,arithmetic1 ,the1 #egf ,poems3 ,devotional and ,occasional1 #gah ,preparation for ,death1 ,a1 #dcj ,real ,life1 #cdd ,religion and ,education1 #gaf ,sacraments1 ,sermons on the1 #bhf ,science of the ,spiritual ,life1 ,the1 #dbi ,sermon on the ,mount1 ,the1 #dca ,sermons on the ,sacraments1 #bhf ,short ,sermons1 #dcb ,silver ,pitchers1 #add ,songs in the ,night1 #dcj ,terra ,incognita1 #dbd ,theologia ,moralis1 #gac ,union with ,our ,lord1 #adc ,united ,states1 ,constitutional and ,political ,history of the1 #bhg ,voice of ,creation1 ,the1 #adc ,voice of ,jesus ,suffering1 ,the1 #dca ,wise ,nun of ,eastonmere1 #hfj ,wit1 ,humor1 and ,shakspeare1 #gag ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #aci4,,october1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,mivart',s 8,,lessons ,,from ,,nature40#a ,the condition of what is called the scientific mind in ,england to-day may be described as chaotic4 ,its researches begin nowhere and end nowhere4 ,its representative men deny the facts of consciousness1 or misinterpret them1 which is equivalent to negation1 and thus ignore the subjective starting point of all knowledge1 while they relegate ,god to the domain of the unknowable1 thereby removing from sight the true end and goal of all inquiry4 ,nothing1 then1 is the ,alpha and ,omega of their systems1 and it is small matter of surprise that theirs has been called the philosophy of nihilism4 ,yet it is sadly true that the votaries of scientism 7salv dignitate1 ,o scientia67 are on the increase1 and that ,huxley1 ,spencer1 ,darwin1 and ,tyndall usurp among the fashionable leaders of thought1 or rather the leaders of fashionable scientific thought1 to-day1 the place lately held by ,mill1 ,renan1 ,strauss1 and ,hegel4 ,it is not quite the ton now to content one's self with denying the divine inspiration of ,holy ,writ or with questioning the ,divinity of ,christ4 ,we must iterate our belief that in matter are to be found the 8promise and potency of every form and quality of life10 or that all living things sprang from a primordial homogeneous cell developed in a primitive plastic fluid eruditely denominated 8protoplasm02 nay1 we must join hands with ,herbert ,spencer1 and affirm of the ,first ,cause that it is unknowable and entirely divested of personal attributes4 ,it is evident that scientism is more rigorously sceptical than rationalism or the materialism of the eighteenth centuryin a word1 that it is supremely nihilistic4 ,being such1 it is worth while to inquire through what influence it has succeeded in dominating over so many vigorous minds1 and winning to its standard the rank and file of non-,catholic scholars4 ,it presents to the expectant lover of truth a set of interesting facts which fascinate as well by their novelty and truth as by the hope that the 8open sesame0 which unearthed them cannot but swell the list1 and that whatever it pronounces upon is irrevocably fixed4 ,no one can gainsay the value to science of the brilliant experiments and interesting discoveries of ,prof4 ,tyndall1 nor underrate the painstaking solicitude of ,darwin4 ,indeed1 we are all more or less under the thraldom of the senses1 and the truths which reach our minds through that channel come home with irresistible force4 ,hence the allurements of science for the majority of men1 and their complete subjection to the authority of scientific discoverers4 ,no wonder1 therefore1 that when a slur is cast upon the supersensible orderthat order with which they have neither sympathy nor acquaintancethat same majority are ready to deride the sublimest truths of ,christianity1 and to devour the veriest inanities as the utterances of sound philosophy4 ,no wonder that1 captivated by the fast-increasing array of fresh discoveries in the field of physical science1 they pay to the dreamy speculations of ,spencer and ,darwin the homage which is due to their solid contributions to science4 ,these men forget that science is but a grand plexus of facts which afford to many a convenient peg on which to hang a bit of shallow philosophism4 ,the truths of science are so cogent and obvious that most men1 failing to discriminate between those truths and unwarranted inferences drawn from them1 regard both with equal respect1 and so deem those who question the latter to be the sworn foes of the former4 ,it is this confusion of truth with error1 natural enough under the circumstances1 that has imparted so much popularity to the unphilosophic portion of the teachings of ,spencer1 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,proctor1 et id genus omne1 and given to the guinea stamp the value which belongs to the gold4 ,moreover1 our modern men of science have not only introduced us to the field of their legitimate labors with a large knowledge of its varied and interesting features1 but have invested the presentment of their subject with a glamour which the splendid rhetorical training of the schools and universities of ,england has enabled them to throw around it4 ,such being the anomalous and insidious blending of truth with error which characterizes modern scientific thought in ,england1 we should welcome the appearance of any work aiming at the disentanglement of this intricate web1 especially if the ability and scientific culture of its author give earnest of its success4 ,such a work do we find in that whose title heads this article1 and whose author1 ,dr4 ,mivart1 has already fully attested1 in many a well-written page1 his competency for the task4 ,in his ,lessons from ,nature ,dr4 ,mivart has undertaken the consideration of the more salient errors of ,herbert ,spencer's philosophy and ,mr4 ,darwin's theory of descent and evolution4 ,he has wisely addressed himself in his opening chapter to a refutation of the errors which vitiate the substructure of ,spencerianism2 for the basis having been proved to be rotten1 we are not surprised at beholding the entire edifice topple to the ground4 ,this chapter he has entitled 8,the ,starting ,point10 and sets out with this theorem for demonstration3 8,our own continued existence is a primary truth naturally made known to us with supreme certainty1 and this certainty cannot be denied without involving the destruction of all knowledge whatever40 ,it will be seen from this statement that ,dr4 ,mivart regards his opponents as having laid the basis of their systems on the quicksands of the most radical scepticism2 for certainly1 if the fact of a be called in question1 all knowledge must go by the board1 its containing subject being no better than a myth4 ,those casting a doubt upon the truth of this proposition are by themselves happily styled ,agnostics1 or know-nothings1 and ,dr4 ,mivart includes in the category such distinguished names as ,hamilton1 ,mansel1 ,mill1 ,lewes1 ,spencer1 ,huxley1 and ,bain4 ,these writers1 one and all1 have repeatedly asserted the relativity of our knowledgei4e41 its merely phenomenal character4 ,they do not deny that we possess knowledge1 but that we can predicate nothing as to its absolute truth4 ,they claim1 indeed1 themselves to have sounded the whole diapason of human knowledge1 but they regard it only as a mirage which appears real to the eye whilst beholding it1 but is none the less a mirage in itself4 ,dr4 ,mivart tersely points out the absurdity of this principle of the agnostic philosophy by stating that either this knowledge is absolutei4e41 objectively validor has no corresponding reality outside of the mind1 in which case it represents nothingi4e41 is no knowledge at all4 ,those1 then1 who insist upon the relativity of all knowledge are 8in the position of a man who saws across the branch of a tree on which he actually sits1 at a point between himself and the trunk40 ,for if our knowledge be purely relative1 we know it but relatively1 and that relative knowledge of it is in turn relative1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,in other words1 if we assert of our knowledge that it is relativei4e41 purely subjectivewe affirm an objective fact2 for however much the facts of the mind be subjective in relation to the objects represented1 they become objective in regard to the mind viewing them as the term point of knowledge2 so that to affirm of all knowledge that it is purely relative is equal to affirming that the knowledge we have of that knowledge is not the knowledge thereof1 but a similar modification of the mind having no business to look for anything beyond itself4 ,this surely is a reductio ad absurdum2 yet such threads and thrums are made the warp and woof of so-called scientific philosophy4 ,professor ,huxley is the most conspicuous champion of this universal nescience1 and ,dr4 ,mivart devotes himself at greater length to a review of his principles4 ,huxley says3 8,now1 is our knowledge of anything we know or feel more or less than a knowledge of states of consciousness8 ,and our whole life is made up of such states4 ,some of these states we refer to a cause we call #8self1' others to a cause or causes which may be comprehended under the title of #8not-self4' ,but neither of the existence of #8self' nor of that of #8not-self' have we1 or can we by any possibility have1 any such unquestionable and immediate certainty as we have of the states of consciousness which we consider to be their effects40 ,this utterance is remarkable for the inaccuracies with which it abounds and for the crudeness of its author's philosophy4 ,the fact that we immediately apprehend consciousness in the light of passing states is proof that1 mediately or by reflection1 we view it altogether differently1 and this latter mode certainly affords a more certain and satisfactory knowledge4 ,by reflection1 then1 or mediately1 we regard those passing states as the product of something enduring and continuous of which we are in reality conscious1 while experiencing those modifications described by ,huxley as 8passing states of consciousness40 ,when conscious of a state we are certainly conscious of that by which consciousness is had1 or we would be forced to admit that nothing can be conscious1 than which there could be no greater absurdity4 ,the direct consciousness1 therefore1 which ,huxley's 8passing states of consciousness0 would describe1 presupposes the consciousness of the organ of those 8passing states0a consciousness which stands in an priori relation to these latter4 ,the chief flaw in ,huxley's reasoning is that1 as he confines consciousness to a mere modification1 and admits no modified substance as an abiding essence1 he must regard mind1 so far as he knows it1 as a modification of nothing modified4 ,we have not here followed out the exact line of argument pursued by ,dr4 ,mivart1 whose strictures on ,huxley in regard to his absurd position must be attentively read in order to be appreciated2 but we hope to have indicated enough to enable the reader to judge of the fitness of our neoterists to become the leaders of thought4 ,having established1 then1 the implied existence of self in consciousness1 ,dr4 ,mivart proceeds1 in a chain of the most solid reasoning1 to marshal around this central truth those having a direct dependence upon it1 and from the admission of which ,huxley had fondly hoped to escape by perverting the true data of consciousness4 ,memory is the corner-stone of all knowledge outside of direct consciousness1 and ,dr4 ,mivart clearly shows that its testimony is constantly invoked by the most outspoken nescients1 so that1 in regard to its echoings1 the choice is absurd between what it attests generally and the circumscribed field of operation to which ,herbert ,spencer seems anxious to confine it4 ,but ,dr4 ,mivart is satisfied in this chapter with having demonstrated the sufficiency of rightly understood consciousness to be the 8starting point0 of our knowledge of the objective1 and properly dismisses the argument in these words3 8,but it is hoped that the cavils of the ,agnostics have been here met by arguments sufficient to enable even the most timid and deferential readers and hearers of our modern sophists to hold their own rational convictions1 and to maintain they know what they are convinced they do know1 and not to give up a certain and absolute truth 7their intellectual birthright7 at the bidding of those who would illogically make use of such negation as a ground for affirming the relativity of all our knowledge1 and consequently for denying all such truths as1 for whatever reason1 they may desire to deny40 ,to the casual thinker it may appear that the arguments of ,dr4 ,mivart are somewhat antiquated as against the strongholds of modern error2 but the fact additionally illustrates the slenderness of the resources with which error comes equipped to the fray1 since1 whenever there is question of first principles1 truth can with the same weapons always assail the vulnerable point in the enemy's armor4 ,it is true that in point of detail the ground of conflict has shifted1 and that those who once successfully opposed the errors of ,voltaire1 ,diderot1 or ,volney1 should they suddenly appear on the scene now1 would have to count themselves out of the fight2 but with respect to principles and ultimate expressions1 we find the ,agnostics of to-day ranging themselves side by side with the ,gnostics and ,manicheans of old4 ,so we believe that ,dr4 ,mivart has done well1 before approaching the details of the controversy1 to knock the underpinning from the whole superstructure of modern error by exposing the falsity of its principles4 ,at least the procedure is more philosophical and more satisfactory to the logical mind4 ,in his second chapter1 entitled 8,first ,truths10 ,dr4 ,mivart lays down the following proposition3 8,knowledge must be based on the study of mental facts and on undemonstrable truths which declare their own absolute certainty and are seen by the mind to be positively and necessarily true40 ,this proposition finds its counterpart in every text-book of scholastic philosophy from ,bouvier to ,liberatore and ,ton ,giorgi1 so that there is no need to follow the learned author through his very excellent series of proofs in support of it4 ,the main points of interest in the chapter are his arraignment of ,herbert ,spencer's faulty basis of certainty1 and the disproof of ,mr4 ,lewes' theory of reasoning4 ,mr4 ,spencer says 7,psychology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dej73 8,a discussion in consciousness proves to be simply a trial of strength between different connections in consciousnessa systematized struggle serving to determine which are the least coherent states of consciousness4 ,and the result of the struggle is that the least coherent states of consciousness separate1 while the most coherent remain together2 forming a proposition of which the predicate persists in the mind along with its subject4''' ,if there are any indissoluble connections1 he is compelled to accept them4 ,if certain states of consciousness absolutely cohere in certain ways1 he is obliged to think them in those ways4''' ,here1 then1 the inquirer comes down to an ultimate uniformitya universal law of thinking40 ,we have quoted this passage of ,mr4 ,spencer's at some length1 both for the purpose of exhibiting the misty1 ,germanic manner of his expression1 and of calling attention to ,dr4 ,mivart's neat and effectual unfolding of the fallacy which it contains4 ,we presume that ,mr4 ,spencer means by 8least coherent states of consciousness0 those propositions in which the subject and predicate mutually repel each other1 or1 in other words1 those which involve a physical or a metaphysical impossibility4 ,had he1 indeed1 stated his conception in those terms1 he might have avoided ,dr4 ,mivart's well-aimed shafts1 to which his cloudiness of expression alone exposed him4 ,a cannon-ball fired from ,england to ,america is the typical proposition which he offers of 8least cohering states of consciousness40 ,but every one perceives that the terms of this proposition involve a mere repugnance to actual and not to imagined facts1 causing it to differ in an essential manner1 accordingly1 from such a proposition as #bb #e1 against the truth of which there exists a metaphysical impossibility4 ,the importance of the distinction may be realized when we reflect that there can be no absolute truth so long as we make the test thereof a mere non-cohering state of consciousness2 for if the terms of a physically non-possible proposition do not cohere in consciousness1 and if such non-coherence be the absolute test of non-truth1 that same non-truth must end with such non-coherence4 ,this makes truth purely relative1 and is the legitimate goal of such philosophic speculations as those of ,mr4 ,spencer1 which would make all knowledge purely relative4 ,dr4 ,mivart distinguishes four sorts of propositions3 8#a4 ,those which can be both imagined and believed4 #b4 ,those which can be imagined1 but cannot be believed4 #c4 ,those which cannot be imagined1 but can be believed4 #d4 ,those which cannot be imagined and are not believed1 because they are positively known to be absolutely impossible40 ,the third of these propositions finds no place in ,mr4 ,spencer's enumeration1 since1 according to him1 it involves 8a non-cohering state of consciousness10 or1 as he elsewhere expresses it1 is 8inconceivable40 ,that there are numberless propositions of the third class described by ,dr4 ,mivart the intelligent reader may perceive at a glance1 and so infer the absurdity of ,herbert ,spencer's 8non-cohering states of consciousness0 viewed as a 8universal law of thinking40 ,thus there is no absolute impossibility in accepting the doctrine of the multilocation of bodies or of their compenetrability1 though no effort of the imagination can enable us to picture such a thing to the mind4 ,the common belief that the soul is whole and entire in every part of the body is 8unimaginable10 but certainly not 8inconceivable10 since many vigorous and enlightened minds hold the doctrine with implicit confidence4 ,in connection with this subject ,dr4 ,mivart takes occasion to allude to ,professor ,helmholtz's method of disproving the absoluteness of truth4 ,he supposes 8beings living and moving along the surface of a solid body1 who are able to perceive nothing but what exists on this surface1 and insensible to all beyond it4 ''' ,if such beings lived on the surface of a sphere1 their space would be without a limit1 but it would not be infinitely extended2 and the axioms of geometry would turn out very different from ours1 and from those of the inhabitants of a plane4 ,the shortest lines which the inhabitants of a spherical surface could draw would be arcs of greater circles10 etc4 ,we have quoted enough from the professor to indicate the drift of his objection4 ,he concludes3 8,we may rsum the results of these investigations by saying that the axioms on which our geometrical system is based are no necessary truths40 ,such is the sorry mode of reasoning adopted by an eminent man of science in establishing a conclusion so subversive of the principles of science4 ,is it not evident that1 no matter what name the inhabitants of the sphere described by ,helmholtz might bestow on the 8arcs of great circles10 these still would be 8arcs10 and as such those beings would perceive them8 ,as showing the lack of uniformity of views which prevail among men of science when it is question of super-sensible cognitions1 ,mr4 ,mill rushes to the opposite extreme from ,herbert ,spencer1 and holds that there is nothing to prevent us from conceiving #bb #e4 ,in this arraignment of ,spencer's faulty view of the basis of certainty1 ,dr4 ,mivart proceeds with care and acumen1 and adroitly pits his antagonists against each other1 or invokes their testimony in support of his own views as against themselves4 ,the other point of interest in this chapter is the author's refutation of ,mr4 ,lewes' conception of reasoning4 ,in his ,problems of ,life and ,mind ,mr4 ,lewes reduces the process of reasoning to mere sensible associations1 and entirely overlooks the force and significance of the ergo4 ,he says3 8,could we realize all the links in the chain0 7of reasoning7 8by reducing conceptions to perceptions1 and perceptions to sensibles1 our most abstract reasonings would be a series of sensations40 ,this certainly is strange language for a psychologist1 and forcibly demonstrates the hold ,locke's sensism still holds over the ,english mind4 ,if we can conceive of a series of sensations in which the form of a syllogism does not enterand we experience such many times dailythen surely there is something more in a train of reasoning than a mere series of sensations1 and that is the intellectual act of illation denoted by ergo4 ,throughout this strange philosophism there runs an endeavor to debase man's intellect and reduce it to the level of mere brutish faculties4 ,the dignity of our common manhood is made the target of ,spencer's speculation and ,mill's subtle reveries1 while the grand work of the church which lifted us out from the slough of barbarism is being gradually undone4 ,we must indeed congratulate ,dr4 ,mivart upon having led the way in grappling with the difficulties with which scientific transcendentalism bristles1 and on having rent the net in which error strives to hold truth in silken dalliance4 ,we come now to the most difficult and important chapter in the bookviz41 that pertaining to the existence of the external world4 ,we would premise1 before entering upon an analysis of this chapter1 that nothing short of a slow and careful perusal of it in the author's language can convey to the reader a full impression of the difficulty and subtlety which attend the terms of the controversy as waged tripartitely between ,herbert ,spencer1 ,mr4 ,sidgwick1 and the author4 ,the statement of the proposition is simple enough1 viz43 8,the real existence of an external world made up of objects possessing qualities such as our faculties declare they possess1 cannot be logically denied1 and may be rationally affirmed40 ,the terms of this proposition differ but little from those in which argument is usually made in support of the reality of external objects1 but with ,dr4 ,mivart it serves as the text of a refutation of ,mr4 ,spencer's theory of 8transfigured realism40 ,mr4 ,spencer stoutly professes his belief in the realism of the external world1 but distinguishes his conception of it from the common crude realism of the majority as having been by him filtered through the intellect1 and based1 not on the direct data of the senses1 but on these as interpreted by the mind4 ,according to him1 8what we are conscious of as properties of matter1 even down to its weight and resistance1 are but subjective affections produced by objective agencies which are unknown and unknowable40 ,divested of an involved and trying terminology1 ,mr4 ,spencer's theory amounts to this3 ,the mind under the experience of a sensation is irresistibly borne to admit that it is not itself the active agent concerned in its production2 for sensation as a 8passing state of consciousness0 is not accompanied by that other 8passing state of consciousness0 which exhibits the mind to itself as spontaneously generating the sensation in question4 ,therefore that sensation is derived ab extra2 therefore its cause1 unknown or unknowable1 is something outside of the mindi4e41 has an objective reality4 ,it is a sort of game of blind man's buff between the mind and the world1 according to ,mr4 ,spencerwe know something has impressed us1 but how or what we cannot find out4 8,thus the universe1 as we know it10 says ,dr4 ,mivart1 8disappears not only from our gaze1 but from our very thought4 ,not only the song of the nightingale1 the brilliancy of the diamond1 the perfume of the rose1 and the savor of the peach lose for us all objective realitythese we might spare and livebut the solidity of the very ground we tread on1 nay1 even the coherence and integrity of our own material frame1 dissolve from us1 and leave us vaguely floating in an insensible ocean of unknown potentiality40 ,this is 8transfigured realism0 with a vengeance1 and leaves us somewhat at a loss to know what can be meant by idealism4 ,it practically differs not from the doctrine of ,berkeley and ,hume2 for it matters little to us whether external objects exist or not1 if they are in and by themselves something 8unknown and unknowable10 altogether different from what we consider them to be4 ,the radical fault of ,mr4 ,spencer's 8transfigured realism0 is that he mistakes sensations themselves for the act of the mind which is concerned about them2 and when in reality he speaks merely of the sensations as such1 he imagines he has in view purely speculative intellectual acts4 ,such confusion is quite natural in a philosopher who recognizes no form of idea but transformed sensation1 no purely unimaginable conceivability4 ,this is evident when he says3 8,we can think of matter only in terms of mind4 ,we can think of mind only in terms of matter4 ,when we have pushed our explorations of the first to the uttermost limit1 we are referred to the second for final answer2 and when we have got the final answer of the second1 we are referred back to the first for an interpretation of it40 ,thus is he compelled to revolve in a circular process which makes the knowledge of mind depend on the knowledge of matter1 and vice vers4 ,how admirably does the scholastic theory of the origin of thought dissipate the clouds which befog ,mr4 ,spencer throughout this discussion1 and prevent him from seeing to what consequences he blindly drifts6 ,the unseen1 the unfelt1 the unheard are each and all absolutely nothing1 so that sense alone can determine reality4 ,such is the philosophy of ,mr4 ,spencer2 and there can be no wonder that upon an analysis of premises he finds that1 having set out from nothing1 he lands upon the same unreal shore4 ,scholasticismthe philosophy which at the present time is returning into unexpected though much deserved vogue1 superseding in the highest intellectual circles the tenuity of ,kant's unrealism and the sensism of ,locke and ,condillacproposes an explanation of the relation of the external world to the intellect through the medium of the senses1 which cannot but elicit the endorsement of every logical mind4 ,just at the point where ,spencer modifies his subjective sensible impression received from the external world1 in such a manner that he can find nothing corresponding to it outside of himself1 the scholastic supposes the active intellect to seize this phantasm or sensible image1 and1 having so far divested it of its sensible qualities as to fit it to become the object of pure cognition1 offers it to the mind cognitive for such cognition1 which1 as the true cognitive faculty1 pronounces it to be the type or exemplar of the object1 and this he calls the verbum mentis1 or idea of the thing4 ,the created light of our intellect1 which is itself a participation in the uncreated divine light1 enables us to see and judge of what is exhibited to it through the organs of sense1 surveying it1 measuring it1 and penetrating its general essence so far as to be able to perceive that it is the spiritualized resemblance of the object which primarily produced the sensation4 ,we do not here propose to offer any of the usual arguments in support of this system1 apart from the palpable fact that it appears to offer to each faculty1 sensitive and intellective1 appropriate material for operation1 but to contrast its adequacy with the confessed impotency of ,spencer's 8transfigured realism40 ,and1 indeed1 not only is this latter impotent but eminently fallacious4 ,in endeavoring to prove that the mind transfigures its sensations in such a manner that there can exist no correspondence between the sensation and the object1 ,mr4 ,spencer allows the decision to rest on his test-case of sound4 ,with respect to the sensation produced on the auditory nerve by arial undulations1 he says that 8the subjective state no more resembles its objective cause than the pressure which moves the trigger of a gun resembles the explosion which follows40 ,and again1 summarizing the argument1 he says3 8,all the sensations produced in us by environing things are but symbols of actions out of ourselves1 the natures of which we cannot even conceive40 ,the fallacy of this statement it is not difficult to perceive2 for ,mr4 ,spencer rules out the action of the intellect1 which can alone determine the value and significance of a sensation1 and takes account only of the sensation itself1 deeming it able to pronounce upon its own correspondence with its exciting object4 ,indeed1 there can be no more correspondence between a visual object and the sense of vision than there can be between sound and a vibration of the air1 except in so far as the mind pronounces this to be the case after a due investigation of the respective conditions pertaining to both sensations4 ,it is the mind alone which can determine that the sensation we call sound is the result of air undulations1 just as it is the mind which determines that the color and outline of visual objects are as represented in vision4 ,the fault1 therefore1 of ,mr4 ,spencer's view is that1 having constituted sensation the sole and sufficient judge of its own objective validity and correspondence with external objects1 he is compelled at once to fly to his chosen refuge and cherished haven of the 8unknown and the unknowable40 ,again is he guilty of another transparent fallacy when he asserts that a series of successive independent sensations are mistaken for a whole individual one1 which we accordingly speak of as such4 ,the instance he adduces is that of musical sound1 8which is10 he says1 8a seemingly simple feeling clearly resolvable into simpler feelings40 ,the implied inference is that1 since experience proves this not to be a simple feeling1 but resolvable into simpler ones1 there can be no reciprocity between our sensations and their exciting causes4 ,this reasoning might be accredited with ingenuity1 were it not so extremely shallow4 ,for what is a sensation but that which we feel8 ,and if we feel it as one1 it must be one4 ,it matters not if each separate beat1 contributing to produce musical sound1 should1 when heard alone1 produce a feeling different from that caused by the combination of beats1 since it is none the less true that the rapid combination produces a sensation which is felt as one1 and necessarily is one in consequence4 ,mr4 ,spencer seems to forget that causes in combination can produce results entirely different from those to which each cause separately taken can give rise2 or1 as ,dr4 ,mivart says1 8,all that ,mr4 ,spencer really shows and proves is that diverse conditions result in the evocation of diverse simple perceptions1 of which perceptions such conditions are the occasions40 ,mr4 ,spencer's position1 bolstered up as it is by the minutest analysis of mental consciousness and by a wealth of marvellously subtle reasoning1 is after all but a prejudice4 ,he is indisposed to admit aught but sensation1 and hence plies his batteries against every other element which dares obtrude itself into the domain of thought4 ,how suggestive of this fact are the following words3 8,it needs but to think of a brain as a seat of nervous discharges1 intermediate between actions in the outer world and actions in the world of thought1 to be impressed with the absurdity of supposing that the connections among outer actions1 after being transferred through the medium of nervous discharges1 can reappear in the world of thought in the forms they originally had40 ,with ,dr4 ,mivart we ask1 8,where is the absurdity80 ,for surely ,he who made the brain might1 if he saw fit1 and as the facts prove1 have so made it that it would perform its functions in this very identical manner4 ,the steps of the process by which the results of nervous action are appropriated by the mind in the shape of knowledge will necessarily remain an inscrutable mystery for ever1 but that is no reason why they should not be accomplished in any manner short of that involving a contradiction4 ,this ends what we wish to say concerning ,dr4 ,mivart's chapter on the 8,external ,world40 ,he has not endeavored to shirk a single phase of the discussion with his formidable opponents1 and we feel that if he has worsted them in the encounter1 his triumph is as much the inevitable outcome of the truth of the cause which he has espoused as it is of the undoubted abilities he has exhibited throughout the course of the hard-fought contest4 ,so pregnant with material for thought are the different chapters of ,dr4 ,mivart's book that we have thus far been unable to get beyond the opening ones1 nor do their diversified character allow of a kindred criticism4 ,thus1 from the consideration of the 8,external ,world0 the author at once proceeds to a few reflections on language in opposition to the ,darwinian theory of its progressive formation and development4 ,we wish we could bestow on the whole of this chapter the same unqualified praise which his previous chapters merit2 for1 though partaking of the same general character of carefulness and research which belongs to all ,dr4 ,mivart's writings1 in it he rather petulantly waves aside one of the strongest arguments and most valuable auxiliaries which could be found in support of his position4 ,the proposition is to this effect3 8,rational language is a bond of connection between the mental and material world which is absolutely peculiar to man40 ,he first considers language under its twofold aspect of emotional and rational1 the latter alone being the division alluded to in the proposition4 ,with the view1 however1 of facilitating his encounter with ,darwin1 he makes six subdistinctions which1 though true1 seem to overlap at times1 or at least are gratuitous1 since they are not needed for the purpose of their introduction4 ,mr4 ,darwin has exhibited1 in his effort to make language a mere improvement on the gutturals and inarticulate sounds of animals1 less of his accustomed ingenuity than elsewhere1 so that any amount of concession might have been made to him1 and yet the orthodox view on the subject have been left intact4 ,and this we deem the wiser procedure in such cases2 for less expenditure of force is required if the outer entrenchments can be passed by without a struggle1 and siege laid at once to the inner fortress itself4 ,in one point of the argument ,dr4 ,mivart gets the better of ,darwin so neatly as to remind us of a carte blanche thrust in fencing4 ,mr4 ,darwin remarks that man1 in common with the lower animals1 uses1 in order to express emotion1 cries and gestures which are at times more expressive than any words1 thus asserting an innate equality between both1 if not even the superiority of the emotional over the rational language1 and thereby insinuating that1 in point of origin1 there could not have been any difference between them4 ,dr4 ,mivart replies that certainly emotional language is more expressive when it is question of expressing emotion4 8,but what10 he asks1 8has that to do with the question of definite signs intelligently given and understood80 ,the fact that man uses emotional language in common with other animals proves nothing beyond the additional fact that he too is an animal1 which is not the question2 the question being whether in addition he possesses exclusively another facultyviz41 that of rational language1 sui generisradically different from the emotional4 ,mr4 ,darwin's argument is thus representable3 a and a 7animality7 x 7rational language7 a and a4 ,the passage in this chapter to which we reluctantly take exception is the following3 8,i actually heard ,professor ,vogt at ,norwich 7at the ,british ,association meeting of #ahfh71 in discussing certain cases of aphasia1 declare before the whole physiological section3 #8,je ne comprends pas la parole dans un homme qui ne parle pas'a declaration which manifestly showed that he was not qualified to form1 still less to express1 any opinion whatever on the subject40 ,now1 we are of opinion that1 rightly understood and interpreted in the light of the most recent researches1 these words convey a deep and significant truth4 ,dr4 ,mivart is anxious1 in the interest of truth1 to maintain intact and entire the essential difference between emotional and rational language1 and this we believe he might best do by investigating and adapting the facts of aphasia4 ,aphasia declares that language-function is confined to some portion of the anterior convolution of the braina source or centre of nerve-power altogether distinct from the vesicular or gray portion of the cerebral substance which is concerned in the production of thought and all purely intellectual processes4 ,this being the case1 whenever we discover a lesion of the anterior convolution1 and find it accompanied with impaired ability of speech1 we also find inability to conceive such thoughts as those of which words are the sole symbol and sensible signs4 ,the researches made by ,trousseau1 ,hammond1 and ,ferrier prove that the faculty of language is thus localized1 the anatomical region being somewhere in the neighborhood of the island of ,reil2 and though ,brown-,squard1 a physiologist whose opinion is entitled to great consideration1 differs from this view1 the fact that more than five hundred cases as against thirteen favor the opinion is sufficient guarantee of its probable truth4 ,the distinction here is not sufficiently kept in sight between objects of thought which are denoted by some symbol besides the articulate word1 and those which can be represented in words alone4 ,all material objects1 or such as are found amid material environments1 belong to the former class1 and of course need no words to become known4 ,their material outlines and specific sensible qualities sufficiently reveal them to the mind without any spoken language2 for these individualize1 differentiate1 and circumscribe the object1 and that is the whole function of language4 ,when1 however1 it is question of purely intellectual conceptions1 such as obtain throughout the range of metaphysics1 these are so bound up with their expression that1 this being lost1 the thought disappears with it4 ,this theory1 long since broached by ,de ,bonald1 finds unexpected support in the facts of aphasia4 ,there are two forms of aphasia1 the one amnesic1 involving the loss of the memory of words1 the other ataxic1 or inability to coordinate words in coherent speech4 ,the latter form is met with often separately1 and under those conditions the study of this phenomenon becomes more interesting4 ,we then see that all idea of relation has disappeared1 because it being a purely intellectual idea1 having no sensible sign to represent it1 its expression being lost to the mind1 the thought perishes at the same time4 ,hence words are confusedly jumbled by the patient without the slightest reference to their meaning4 ,the researches of ,bouillaud1 ,dax1 ,hughlings1 ,jackson1 ,hammond1 ,flint1 and ,sguin all tend to establish the close dependence of thought and language1 and to justify the utterance of ,prof4 ,vogt which ,dr4 ,mivart quotes with so much disapprobation1 or to lend force to the dictum of ,max ,mller1 that 8without language there can be no thought40 ,we have merely touched upon this interesting subject of aphasia1 as a lengthened consideration of it would carry us beyond our limits2 but we hope to have stated enough to show that ,dr4 ,mivart was1 to say the least1 rash in dismissing its teachings so summarily4 ,we will1 however1 do him the justice of saying that he conclusively proves the essential difference between emotional and rational language1 and the absurdity of regarding the latter as a mere development of the former4 ,he has done this1 too1 by citing authorities from the opposing school1 and the labors of ,mr4 ,taylor and ,sir ,john ,lubbock are made to do yeoman's service against ,mr4 ,darwin4 ,we have thus far followed ,dr4 ,mivart step by step through the opening chapters of his book1 and have found at each point of our progress abundant materials for reflection4 ,the field he has surveyed with close-gazing eye is varied and extensive2 and though many gleaners will come after him laden with fresh sheaves of toilsome gathering1 to him belongs the credit of having garnered the first crop of ,catholic truth from the seeds which modern science planted4 ,he has done this service1 too1 for philosophy3 that he has enabled us to view modern speculations in the light of the grand old principles of scholastic philosophy1 and dispelled the clouds of sophistry which filled up and gilded over the cranks and crannies of modern error4 ,he has appreciated au juste the drift and meaning of that false science which strives to make the beautiful facts of nature the basis of a pernicious philosophy4 ,not a few of our orthodox friends have hitherto failed to discern the real germ of falsity in the speculations of such men as ,tyndall and ,huxley and ,spencer4 ,they felt that the conclusions arrived at by those writers are false1 subversive of reason and morality1 but1 not being sufficiently versed in the premises wherewith those conclusions were sought to be connected1 they were obliged either to hold themselves to a silent protest or to carp and snarl without proof or argument to offer4 ,we should remember that1 though principles rest the same1 consequences assume ,protean shapes1 according as a sound or a perverse logic deduces them2 and such is the invariable necessity imposed upon the champions of truth that they must1 from time to time1 cast aside weapons which have done good service against a vanquished foe1 and fashion others to deal a fresh thrust wherever they find a flaw in the newly-fashioned armor of error4 ,catholic thinkers must keep abreast of the times1 and we hope that henceforth the opponents of scientism will abandon sarcasm and invective1 and1 approaching their subject with a fulness of knowledge which will compel the respect of their adversaries1 proceed in their work1 even as ,dr4 ,mivart has done1 with dignity and moderation4 #a ,lessons from ,nature as manifested in ,mind and ,matter4 ,by ,st4 ,george ,mivart1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 #hvo1 pp4 #dfa4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgf4 ,,seville4 ,quien no visto a ,sevilla ,no ha visto a maravilla4 ,our first glimpse of the soft-flowing ,guadalquivir was a disappointmenta turbid stream between two flat1 uninteresting banks1 on which grew low bushes that had neither grace nor dignity4 ,it needed its musical name and poetic associations to give it any claim on the attention4 ,but it assumed a better aspect as we went on4 ,immense orchards of olive-trees1 soft and silvery1 spread wide their boughs as far as the eye could see4 ,the low hills were sun-bathed2 the valleys were fertile2 mountains appeared in the distance1 severe and jagged as only ,spanish mountains know how to be1 to give character to the landscape4 ,now and then some old town came in sight on a swell of ground1 with an imposing gray church or ,moorish-looking tower4 ,at length we came to fair ,seville1 standing amid orange and citron groves1 on the very banks of the ,guadalquivir1 with numerous towers that were once minarets1 and1 chief among them1 the beautiful1 rose-flushed ,giralda1 warm in the sunset light1 rising like a stately palm-tree among gleaming white houses4 ,the city looked worthy of its fame as ,seville the enchantress,encantadora ,sevilla6 ,we went to the ,fonda ,europa1 a ,spanish-looking hotel with a patio in the centre1 where played a fountain amid odorous trees and shrubs1 and lamps1 already lighted1 hung along the arcades1 in which were numerous guests sauntering about1 and picturesque beggars1 grouped around a pillar1 singing some old ditty in a recitative way to the sound of their instruments4 ,our room was just above1 where we were speedily lulled to sleep by their melancholy airs1 in a fashion not unworthy of one's first night in poetic ,andalusia4 ,what more1 indeed1 could one ask for than an orange-perfumed court with a splashing fountain1 lamps gleaming among the trailing vines1 ,spanish caballeros pacing the shadowy arcades1 and wild-looking beggars making sad music on the harp and guitar8 ,of course our first visit in the morning was to the famed cathedral4 ,everything was charmingly novel in the streets to our new-world eyesthe gay shops of the ,calle de las ,sierpes1 the ,broadway of ,seville1 which no carriage is allowed to enter2 the ,plaza1 with its orange-trees and graceful arcades2 and the dazzling white houses1 with their ,moorish balconies and pretty courts1 of which we caught glimpses through the iron gratings1 fresh and clean1 with plants set around the cooling fountain1 where the family assembled in the evening for music and conversation4 ,we soon found ourselves at the foot of the ,giralda1 which still calls to prayer1 not1 as in the time of the ,moors1 by means of its muezzin1 but by twenty-four bells all duly consecrated and named,santa ,maria1 ,san ,miguel1 ,san ,cristobal1 ,san ,fernando1 ,santa ,barbara1 etc4which1 from time to time1 send a whole wave of prayer over the city4 ,it is certainly one of the finest towers in ,spain1 and the people of ,seville are so proud of it that they call it the eighth wonder of the world1 which surpasses the seven others3 ,tu1 maravilla octava1 maravillas ,a las pasadas siete maravillas4 ,the ,moors regarded it as so sacred that they would have destroyed it rather than have it fall into the hands of the ,christians1 had not ,alfonso the ,wise threatened them with his vengeance should they do so4 ,its strong foundations were partly built out of the statues of the saints1 as if they wished to raise a triumphant structure on the ruins of what was sacred to ,christians4 ,the remainder is of brick1 of a soft rose-tint1 very pleasing to the eye4 ,the tower rises to the height of three hundred and fifty feet1 square1 imposing1 and so solid as to have resisted the shock of several earthquakes4 ,around the belfry is the inscription3 ,,nomen ,,domini ,,fortissima ,,turris the name of the ,lord is a strong tower4 ,it is lighted by graceful arches and ascended by means of a ramp in the centre1 which is so gradual that a horse could go to the very top4 ,we found on the summit no wise old ,egyptian raven1 as in ,prince ,ahmed's time1 with one foot in the grave1 but still poring1 with his knowing one eye1 over the cabalistic diagrams before him4 ,no2 all magic lore vanished from the land with the dark-browed ,moors1 and now there were only gentle doves1 softly cooing in less heathenish notes1 but perhaps not without their spell4 ,on the top of the tower is a bronze statue of ,santa ,f1 fourteen feet high1 weighing twenty-five hundred pounds1 but1 instead of being steadfast and immovable1 as well-grounded faith should be1 it turns like a weather-cock1 veering with every wind like a very straw1 whence the name of ,giralda4 ,don ,quixote makes his ,knight of the ,wood1 speaking of his exploits in honor of the beautiful ,casilda1 say3 8,once she ordered me to defy the famous giantess of ,seville1 called ,giralda1 as valiant and strong as if she were of bronze1 and who1 without ever moving from her place1 is the most changeable and inconstant woman in the world4 ,i went4 ,i saw her4 ,i conquered her4 ,i forced her to remain motionless1 as if tied1 for more than a week4 ,no wind blew but from the north40 ,at the foot of this magic tower is the ,patio de las ,naranjasan immense court filled with orange-trees of great age1 in the midst of which is the fountain where the ,moors used to perform their ablutions4 ,it is surrounded by a high battlemented wall1 which makes the cathedral look as if fortified4 ,you enter it by a ,moorish archway1 now guarded by ,christian apostles and surmounted by the victorious cross4 ,just within you are startled by a thorn-crowned statue of the ,ecce ,homo1 in a deep niche1 with a lamp burning before it4 ,the court is thoroughly ,oriental in aspect1 with its fountain1 its secluded groves1 the horseshoe arches with their arabesques1 the crocodile suspended over the ,puerta del ,lagarto1 sent by the ,sultan of ,egypt to ,alfonso the ,wise1 asking the hand of his daughter in marriage 7an ominous love-token from which the princess naturally shrank72 and over the church door1 with a lamp burning before it1 is a statue of the ,oriental ,virgin whom all ,christians unite in calling ,blessedhere specially invoked as ,nuestra ,seora de los ,remedios4 ,the ,oriental aspect of the court makes the cathedral within all the more impressive1 with its ,gothic gloom and marvels of western art4 ,it is one of the grandest ,gothic churches in the world4 ,it is said the canons1 when the question of building it was discussed in #adja1 exclaimed in full chapter3 8,let us build a church of such dimensions that every one who beholds it will consider us mad60 ,everything about it is on a grand scale4 ,it is an oblong square four hundred and thirty-one feet long by three hundred and fifteen wide4 ,the nave is of prodigious height1 and of the six aisles the two next the walls are divided into a series of chapels4 ,the church is lighted by ninety-three immense windows of stained glass1 the finest in ,spain1 but of the time of the decadence4 ,the rites of the church are performed here with a splendor only second to ,rome1 and the objects used in the service are on a corresponding scale of magnificence4 ,the silver monstrance1 for the exposition of the ,host1 is one of the largest pieces of silversmith's work in the kingdom1 with niches and saints elaborately wrought1 surmounted by a statuette of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,the bronze tenebrario for ,holy ,week is twelve feet high1 with sixteen saints arrayed on the triangle4 ,the ,pascal candle1 given every year by the chapter of ,toledo in exchange for the palm branches used on ,palm ,sunday1 is twenty-five feet high1 and weighs nearly a ton4 ,it looks like a column of white marble1 and might be called the 8,grand ,duc des chandelles10 as the sun was termed by ,du ,bartas1 a ,french poet of the time of ,henry of ,navarre4 ,on the right wall1 just within one of the doors1 is a ,st4 ,christopher1 painted in the sixteenth century1 thirty-two feet high1 with a green tree for a staff1 crossing a mighty current with the child ,jesus on his shoulder1 looking like an infant ,hercules4 ,these gigantic ,st4 ,christophers are to be seen in most of the ,spanish cathedrals1 from a belief that he who looks prayerfully upon an image of this saint will that day come to no evil end3 ,christophorum videas2 postea tutus eas,christopher behold2 then mayest thou safely go2 or1 according to the old adage3 ,christophori sancti1 speciem quicumque tuetur1 ,ist nemp die non morte mala morietur4 ,these colossal images are at first startling1 but one soon learns to like the huge1 kindly saint who walked with giant steps in the paths of holiness2 bore a knowledge of ,christ to infidel lands of suffering and trial1 upheld amid the current by his lofty courage and strength of will1 which raised him above ordinary mortals1 and carrying his staff1 ever green and vigorous1 emblem of his constancy4 ,no legend is more beautifully significant1 and no saint was more popular in ancient times4 ,his image was often placed in elevated situations1 to catch the eye and express his power over the elements1 and he was especially invoked against lightning1 hail1 and impetuous winds4 ,his name of happy augurythe ,christ-bearerwas given to ,columbus1 destined to carry a knowledge of the faith across an unknown deep4 ,this reminds us that in the pavement near the end of the church is the tombstone of ,fernando1 the son of ,christopher ,columbus1 on which are graven the arms given by ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 with the motto3 ,a ,castilla y a ,leon1 mundo nuevo dio ,colon4 ,over this stone is erected the immense monumento for the ,host on ,maundy ,thursday1 shaped like a ,greek temple1 which is adorned by large statues1 and lit up by nearly a thousand candles4 ,this church1 though full of solemn religious gloom1 is by no means gloomy4 ,it is too lofty and spacious1 and the windows1 especially in the morning1 light it up with resplendent hues4 ,the choir1 which is as large as an ordinary church1 stands detached in the body of the house4 ,it is divided into two parts transversely1 with a space between them for the laity1 as in all the ,spanish cathedrals4 ,the part towards the east contains the high altar1 and is called the ,capilla mayor4 ,the other is the ,coro1 strictly speaking1 and contains the richly-carved stalls of the canons and splendid choral books4 ,they are both surrounded by a high wall finely sculptured1 except the ends that face each other1 across which extend rejas1 or open-work screens of iron artistically wrought1 that do not obstruct the view4 ,the canons were chanting the ,office when we entered1 and looked like bishops in their flowing purple robes4 ,the service ended with a procession around the church1 the clergy in magnificent copes1 heavy with ancient embroidery in gold4 ,the people were all devout4 ,no careless ways1 as in many places where religion sits lightly on the people1 but an earnestness and devotion that were impressive4 ,the attitudes of the clergy were fine1 without being studied2 the grouping of the people picturesque4 ,the ladies all wore the ,spanish mantilla1 and1 when not kneeling1 sat1 in true ,oriental style1 on the matting that covered portions of the marble pavement4 ,lights were burning on nearly all the altars like constellations of stars all along the dim aisles4 ,the grandeur of the edifice1 the numerous works of ,christian art1 the august rites of the ,catholic ,church1 and the devotion of the people all seemed in harmony4 ,few churches leave such an impression on the mind4 ,in the first chapel at the left1 where stands the baptismal font1 is ,murillo's celebrated 8,vision of ,st4 ,anthony10 a portion of which was cut out by an adroit thief a few years ago1 and carried to the ,united ,states1 but is now replaced4 ,it is so large that1 with a 8,baptism of our ,saviour0 above it by the same master1 it fills the whole side of the chapel up to the very arch4 ,it seemed to be the object of general attraction4 ,group after group came to look at it before leaving the church1 and it is worthy of its popularity and fame1 though ,mr4 ,ford says it has always been overrated4 ,thophile ,gautier is more enthusiastic4 ,he says3 8,never was the magic of painting carried so far4 ,the rapt saint is kneeling in the middle of his cell1 all the poor details of which are rendered with the vigorous realism characteristic of the ,spanish school4 ,through the half-open door is seen one of those long1 spacious cloisters so favorable to reverie4 ,the upper part of the picture1 bathed in a soft1 transparent1 vaporous light1 is filled with a circle of angels of truly ideal beauty1 playing on musical instruments4 ,amid them1 drawn by the power of prayer1 the ,infant ,jesus descends from cloud to cloud to place himself in the arms of the saintly man1 whose head is bathed in the streaming radiance1 and who seems ready to fall into an ecstasy of holy rapture4 ,we place this divine picture above the ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary cleansing the teigneux1 to be seen at the ,royal ,academy of ,madrid2 above the #8,moses'2 above all the ,virgins and all the paintings of the ,infant ,jesus by this master1 however beautiful1 however pure they be4 ,he who has not seen the #8,st4 ,anthony of ,padua' does not know the highest excellence of the painter of ,seville4 ,it is like those who imagine they know ,rubens and have never seen the #8,magdalen' at ,antwerp40 ,we passed chapel after chapel with paintings1 statues1 and tombs1 till we came to the ,capilla ,real1 where lies the body of ,st4 ,ferdinand in a silver urn1 with an inscription in four languages by his son1 ,alfonso the ,wise1 who seems to have had a taste for writing epitaphs4 ,he composed that of the ,cid4 ,st4 ,ferdinand was the contemporary and cousin-german of ,st4 ,louis of ,france1 who gave him the ,virgen de los ,reyes that hangs in this chapel1 and1 like him1 added the virtues of a saint to the glories of a warrior4 ,he had such a tender love for his subjects that he was unwilling to tax them1 and feared the curse of one poor old woman more than a whole army of ,moors4 ,he took ,cordova1 and dedicated the mosque of the foul ,prophet to the purest of ,virgins4 ,he conquered ,murcia in #abde2 ,jaen in #abdf2 ,seville in #abdh2 but he remained humble amid all his glory1 and exclaimed with tears on his death-bed3 8,o my ,lord6 thou hast suffered so much for the love of me2 but ,i1 wretched man that ,i am6 what have ,i done out of love for thee80 ,he died like a criminal1 with a cord around his neck and a crucifix in his hands1 and so venerated by foes as well as friends that1 when he was buried1 ,mohammed ,ebn ,alahmar1 the founder of the ,alhambra1 sent a hundred ,moorish knights to bear lighted tapers around his biera tribute of respect he continued to pay him on every anniversary of his death4 ,and to this day1 when the body of ,st4 ,ferdinand1 which is in a remarkable state of preservation1 is exposed to veneration1 the troops present arms as they pass1 and the flag is lowered before the conqueror of ,seville4 ,the arms of the city represent ,st4 ,ferdinand on his throne1 with ,st4 ,leander and ,isidore1 the patrons of ,seville1 at his side4 ,below is the curious device,no #h ,doa rebus of royal invention1 to be seen on the pavement of the beautiful chapter-house4 ,when ,don ,sancho rebelled against his father1 ,alfonso the ,wise1 most of the cities joined in the revolt4 ,but ,seville remained loyal1 and the king gave it this device as the emblem of its fidelity4 ,the figure #h1 which represents a knot or skeinmadeja in ,spanishbetween the words ,no and ,do1 reads3 ,no madeja do1 or ,no m'ha dejado1 which1 being interpreted1 is3 ,she has not abandoned me4 ,st4 ,ferdinand's effigy is rightfully graven on the city arms2 for it was he who wrested ,seville from ,mahound and restored it to ,christ1 to use the expression on the ,puerta de la ,carne3 ,condidit ,alcides2 renovavit ,julius urbem1 ,restituit ,christo ,fernandus tertius ,heros4 ,alcides founded the city1 ,julius ,csar rebuilt it1 and ,ferdinand ,,iii41 the ,hero1 restored it to ,christ2 a proud inscription1 showing the antiquity of ,seville4 ,hercules himself1 who played so great a rle in ,spain1 founded it1 as you see2 its historians say just two thousand two hundred and twenty-eight years after the creation of the world4 ,on the ,puerta de ,jerez it is written3 8,hercules built me1 ,julius ,csar surrounded me with walls1 and the ,holy ,king conquered me with the aid of ,garcia ,perez de ,vargas40 ,hercules' name has been given to one of the principal promenades of the city1 where his statue is to be seen on a column1 opposite to another of ,julius ,csar4 ,the above-mentioned ,garcia ,perez and ,alfonso el ,sabio are both buried in the ,royal ,chapel4 ,close beside it is the chapel of the ,immaculate ,conception1 with some old paintings of that mystery1 which ,seville was one of the foremost cities in the world to maintain4 ,andalusia is the true land of the ,immaculate ,conception1 and ,seville was the first to raise a cry of remonstrance against those who dared attack the most precious prerogative of the ,virgin4 ,its clergy and people sent deputies to ,rome1 and had silence imposed on all who were audacious enough to dispute it4 ,and when ,pope ,paul ,v4 published his bull authorizing the festival of the ,immaculate ,conception1 and forbidding any one's preaching or teaching to the contrary1 ,seville could not contain itself for joy1 but broke out into tournaments and banquets1 bull-fights and the roaring of cannon4 ,when the festival came round1 this joy took another form1 and expressed itself in true ,oriental fashion by dances before the ,virgin1 as the ,royal ,harper danced before the ark4 ,nor was this a novelty4 ,religious dances had been practised from remote times in ,spain4 ,they formed part of the ,mozarabic rite1 which ,cardinal ,ximenes reestablished at ,toledo1 authorizing dances in the choir and nave4 ,st4 ,basil1 among other fathers1 approved of imitating the tripudium angelorumthe dance of the angelic choirs that 8,sing1 and1 singing in their glory1 move40 ,at the ,cathedral of ,seville the choir-boys1 called ,los ,seisesthe ,sixesused to dance to the sound of ivory castanets before the ,host on ,corpus ,christi1 and in the chapel of the ,virgin on the #hth of ,december1 when they were dressed in blue and white4 ,sometimes they sang as they danced4 ,one of their hymns began3 8,hail1 ,o ,virgin1 purer and fairer than the dawn or star of day6 ,daughter1 ,mother1 ,spouse1 ,maria6 and the ,eastern ,gate of ,god60 with the chorus3 8,sing1 brothers1 sing1 to the praise of the ,mother of ,god2 of ,spain the royal patroness1 conceived without sin60 ,there was nothing profane in this dance4 ,it was a kind of cadence1 decorous1 and not without religious effect4 ,several of the archbishops of ,seville1 however1 endeavored to suppress it1 but the lower clergy long clung to the custom4 ,pope ,eugenius ,,iv41 in #adci1 authorized the dance of the ,seises4 ,st4 ,thomas of ,villanueva speaks approvingly of the religious dances of ,seville in his day4 ,they were also practised in ,portugal1 where we read of their being celebrated at the canonization of ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 as in ,spain for that of ,st4 ,ignatius de ,loyola4 ,these1 however1 were of a less austere character1 and were not performed in church4 ,in honor of the latter1 quadrilles were formed of children1 personifying the four quarters of the globe1 with costumes in accordance4 ,america had the greatest success1 executed by children eight or ten years old1 dressed as monkeys1 parrots1 etc4tropical ,america1 evidently4 ,these were varied in one place by the representation of the taking of ,troy1 the wooden horse included4 ,the ,immaculate ,conception is still the favorite dogma of this region4 ,ave ,maria ,purissima6 is still a common exclamation4 ,there are few churches without a ,virgin dressed in blue and white2 few houses without a picture1 at least1 of ,mary ,most ,pure4 ,there are numerous confraternities of the ,virgin1 some of whom come together at dawn to recite the ,rosario de la ,aurora4 ,among the hymns they sing is a verse in which ,mary is compared to a vessel of grace1 of which ,st4 ,joseph is the sail1 the child ,jesus the helm1 and the oars are the pious members1 who devoutly pray3 8,es ,maria la nave de gracia1 ,san ,jose la vela1 el ,nio el timon2 ,y los remos son las buenas almas ,que van al ,rosario con gran devocion40 ,there is another chapel of ,our ,lady in the cathedral of ,seville1 in which is a richly-sculptured retable with pillars1 and niches1 and statues1 all of marble1 and a balustrade of silver1 along the rails of which you read1 in great silver letters1 the angelic salutation3 ,,ave ,,maria6 ,at the further end of one of the art-adorned sacristies hangs ,pedro de ,campaa's famous 8,descent from the ,cross10 before which ,murillo loved to meditate1 especially in his last days4 ,joseph of ,arimathea and ,nicodemus1 in deep-red mantles1 let down the dead ,christ4 ,st4 ,john stands at the foot ready to receive him4 ,the ,virgin is half fainting4 ,magdalen is there with her vase4 ,the figures are a little stiff1 but their attitudes are expressive of profound grief1 and the picture is admirable in coloring and religious in effect1 as well as interesting from its associations4 ,it was once considered so awful that ,pacheco was afraid to remain before it after dark4 ,but those were days of profound religious feeling2 now men are afraid of nothing4 ,and it was so full of reality to ,murillo that1 one evening1 lingering longer than usual before it1 the sacristan came to warn him it was time to close the church4 8,i am waiting10 said the pious artist1 rousing from his contemplation1 8till those holy men shall have finished taking down the body of the ,lord40 ,the painting then hung in the church of ,santa ,cruz1 and ,murillo was buried beneath it4 ,this was destroyed by ,marshal ,soult1 and the bones of the artist scattered4 ,in the same sacristy hang1 on opposite walls1 ,st4 ,leander and his brother ,isidore1 by ,murillo1 both with noble heads4 ,the latter is the most popular saint in ,spain after ,st4 ,james1 and is numbered among the fathers of the church4 ,among the twelve burning suns1 circling in the fourth heaven of ,dante's ,paradiso1 is 8the arduous spirit of ,isidore10 whom the great ,alcuin long before called 8,hesperus1 the star of the church,jubar ,ecclesi1 sidus ,hesperi40 ,the ,venerable ,bede classes him with ,jerome1 ,athanasius1 ,augustine1 and ,cyprian2 and it was after dictating some passages from ,st4 ,isidore that he died4 ,st4 ,isidore is said to have been descended from the old ,gothic kings4 ,at any rate1 he belonged to a family of saints1 which is better2 his sister and two brothers being in the calendar4 ,his saintly mother1 when the family was exiled from ,carthagena on account of their religion1 chose to live in ,seville1 saying with tears3 8,let me die in this foreign land1 and have my sepulchre here where ,i was brought to the knowledge of ,god60 ,it is said a swarm of bees came to rest on the mouth of ,st4 ,isidore when a child2 as is related of several other men celebrated for their mellifluence,plato and ,st4 ,ambrose1 for example4 ,old legends tell how he went to ,rome and back in one night4 ,however that may be1 his mind was of remarkable activity and compass1 and took in all the knowledge of the day4 ,he knew ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew1 and wrote such a vast number of works as to merit the title of ,doctor ,egregius4 ,there are two hundred ,,mss4 of his in the ,bibliothque ,royale at ,paris1 and still more at the ,vatican1 to say nothing of those in ,spain4 ,his great work1 the ,etymologies1 in twenty books1 is an encyclopdia of all the learning of the seventh century4 ,joseph ,scaliger says it rendered great service to science by saving from destruction what would otherwise have been irretrievably lost4 ,the account of ,st4 ,isidore's death1 celebrated by art1 is very affecting4 ,when he felt his end was drawing near1 he summoned two of his suffragans1 and had himself transported to the church of ,san ,vicente amid a crowd of clergy1 monks1 and the entire population of ,seville1 who rent the air with their cries4 ,when he arrived before the high altar1 he ordered all the women to retire4 ,then one of the bishops clothed him in sackcloth1 and the other sprinkled him with ashes4 ,in this penitential state he publicly confessed his sins1 imploring pardon of ,god1 and begging all present to pray for him4 8,and if ,i have offended any one10 added he1 8let him pardon me in view of my sincere repentance40 ,he then received the holy ,body of the ,lord1 and gave all around him the kiss of peace1 desiring that it might be a pledge of eternal reunion1 after which he distributed all the money he had left to the poor4 ,he was then taken home1 and died four days after4#b ,on the church in which this touching scene occurred is represented ,san ,vicente1 the titular1 with the legendary crow which piloted the ship that bore his body to ,lisbon1 with a pitchfork in its mouth4 ,mr4 ,ford1 whose knowledge of saintly lore is not commensurate with his desire to be funny1 thinks 8a rudder would be more appropriate10 not knowing that a fork was one of the instruments used to torture the 8,invincible ,martyr40 ,prudentius says3 8,when his body was lacerated by iron forks1 he only smiled on his tormentors2 the pangs they inflicted were a delight2 thorns were his roses2 the flames a refreshing bath2 death itself was but the entrance to life40 ,near the cathedral is the ,alcazar1 with battlemented walls1 and an outer pillared court where pace the guards to defend the shades of past royalty4 ,as we had not then seen the ,alhambra1 we were the more struck by the richness and beauty of this next best specimen of ,moorish architecture4 ,the fretwork of gold on a green ground1 or white on red2 the mysterious sentences from the ,koran2 the curious ceilings inlaid with cedar2 the brilliant azulejos2 the ,moorish arches and decorations2 and the secluded courts1 were all novel1 and like a page from some ,eastern romance4 ,the windows looked out on enchanting gardens1 worthy of being sung by ,ariosto1 with orange hedges1 palm-trees1 groves of citrons and pomegranates1 roses in full bloom1 though in ,january2 kiosks lined with bright azulejos1 and a fountain in the centre2 fish playing in immense marble tanks1 tiny jets of water springing up along the paths to cool the air1 a bright sun1 and a delicious temperature4 ,all this was the creation of ,don ,pedro the ,cruel1 aided by some of the best ,moorish workmen from ,granada4 ,here reigned triumphant ,maria de ,padilla1 called the queen of sorcerers by the people1 who looked upon ,don ,pedro as bewitched4 ,when she died1 the king had her buried with royal honorsshocking to say1 in the ,capilla ,real1 where lies ,fernando the ,saint6 ,her apartments are pointed out1 now silent and deserted where once reigned love and feastingyes1 and crime4 ,in one of the halls it is said ,don ,pedro treacherously slew ,abou ,said1 ,king of the ,moors1 who had come to visit him in sumptuous garments of silk and gold1 covered with jewelsslew him for the sake of the booty4 ,among the spoils were three rubies of extraordinary brilliancy1 as large as pigeons' eggs1 one of which ,don ,pedro afterwards gave the ,black ,prince2 it is now said to adorn the royal crown of ,england4 ,there is a little oratory in the ,alcazar1 only nine or ten feet square1 called the ,capilla de los ,azulejos1 because the altar1 retable1 and the walls to a certain height1 are composed of enamelled tiles1 some of which bear the ,f and ,y1 with the arrows and yoke1 showing they were made in the time of ,isabella the ,catholic4 ,the altar-piece represents the ,visitation4 ,in this chapel ,charles ,v4 was married to ,isabella of ,portugal4 ,no one omits to visit the hospital of ,la ,caridad1 which stands on a square by the ,guadalquivir1 with five large pictures on the front1 of blue and white azulejos1 painted after the designs of ,murillo4 ,one of them represents ,st4 ,george and the dragon1 to which saint the building is dedicated4 ,this hospital was rebuilt in #affd by ,miguel de ,maara in expiation of his sins2 for he had been1 before his conversion1 a very ,don ,juan for profligacy4 ,in his latter days he acquired quite a reputation for sanctity1 and some years since there was a question of canonizing him4 ,however1 he had inscribed on his tomb the unique epitaph3 8,here lie the ashes of the worst man that ever lived in the world40 ,he was a friend of ,murillo's1 and1 being a man of immense wealth1 employed him to adorn the chapel of his hospital4 ,marshal ,soult carried off most of these paintings1 among which was the beautiful 8,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary10 now at ,madrid2 but six still remain4 8,moses smiting the ,rock0 and the 8,multiplication of the ,loaves and ,fishes0 are justly noted1 but the most beautiful is the picture of ,san ,juan de ,dios staggering home through the dark street on a stormy night1 with a dying man on his shoulder4 ,an angel1 whose heavenly radiance lights up the gloom with truly ,rembrandt coloring1 is aiding him to bear his burden4 ,there is a frightful picture among these soft ,murillos1 by ,juan ,valds ,leal1 of a half-open coffin1 in which lies a bishop in magnificent pontifical robes1 who is partially eaten up by the worms4 ,murillo could never look at it without compressing his nose1 as if it gave out a stench4 ,the 8,descent from the ,cross0 over the altar is exquisitely carved and colored4 ,few chapels contain so many gems of art1 but the light is ill-adapted for displaying them4 ,this hospital was in part founded for night wanderers4 ,it is now an almshouse for old men1 and served by ,sisters of ,charity4 ,among other places of attraction are the palace of the ,duke de ,montpensier and the beautiful grounds with orange orchards and groves of palm-trees4 ,then there is the house of ,murillo1 bright and sunny1 with its pleasant court and marble pillars1 still the home of art1 owned by a dignitary of the church4 ,the ,casa de ,pilatos is an elegant palace1 half ,moorish1 half ,gothic1 belonging to the ,duke of ,medina ,celi1 said to have been built by a nobleman of the sixteenth century1 in commemoration of a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 after the plan of ,pilate's house4 ,perhaps the name was given it because the public stations of the ,via ,crucis1 or ,way of ,bitterness1 as the ,spanish call it1 begin here1 at the cross in the court4 ,the ,pretorian chapel has a column of the flagellation and burning lamps2 and on the staircase1 as you go up1 is the cock in memory of ,st4 ,peter4 ,beautiful as the palace is1 it is unoccupied1 and kept merely for show4 ,it would take a volume to describe all the works of art to be seen in the palaces and churches of ,seville4 ,we will only mention the ,jesus ,nazareno del ,gran ,poderof great powerat ,san ,lorenzo1 a statue by ,montaes1 which is carried in the processions of ,holy ,week1 dressed in black velvet broidered with silver and gold1 and bearing a large cross encrusted with ivory1 shell1 and pearl4 ,angels1 with outspread wings1 bear lanterns before him4 ,the whole group is carried by men so concealed under draperies that it seems to move of itself4 ,we had not the satisfaction of witnessing one of these processions1 perhaps the most striking in the world1 with the awful scenes of the ,passion1 the ,virgin of ,great ,grief1 and the apostles in their traditional colors2 even ,judas in yellow1 still in ,spain the color of infamy and criminals4 ,of course we went repeatedly to the ,museo of ,seville2 for we had specially come here to see ,murillo on his native ground4 ,his statue is in the centre of the square before it4 ,the collection of paintings is small1 but it comprises some of the choicest specimens of the ,seville school4 ,they are all of a religious nature1 and therefore not out of place in the church and sacristy where they are hungpart of the suppressed convent of ,la ,merced1 founded by ,fernando el ,santo in the thirteenth century4 ,the custodian who ushered us in waved his hand to the pictures on the opposite wall1 breathing rather than saying the word ,murillo6 with an ineffable accent1 half triumph1 half adoration1 and then kissed the ends of his fingers to express their delicious quality4 ,he was right4 ,they are adorable4 ,we recognized them at a glance1 having read of them for long years1 and seen them often in our dreams4 ,and visions they are of beauty and heavenly rapture1 such as ,murillo alone could paint4 ,his refinement of expression1 his warm colors and shimmering tints1 the purity and tenderness of his ,virgins1 the ecstatic glow of his saints1 and the infantine grace and beauty of his child ,christs1 all combine to make him one of the most beautiful expressions of ,christian art1 in harmony with all that is mystical and fervid4 ,he has twenty-four paintings here1 four of which are ,conceptions1 the subject for which he is specially renowned4 ,murillo is emphatically the ,painter of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,when he established the ,academy of ,art at ,seville1 of which he and ,herrera were the first presidents1 every candidate had to declare his belief in the ,most ,pure ,conception of the ,virgin4 ,it was only three months before ,murillo's birth that ,philip ,,iv41 amid the enthusiastic applause of all ,spain1 solemnly placed his kingdom under the protection of the ,virgen concebida sin peccado4 ,artists were at once inspired by the subject1 and vied with each other in depicting the 8,woman above all women glorified1 ,our tainted nature's solitary boast40 ,but ,murillo alone rose to the full height of this great theme1 and he will always be considered as1 par excellence1 the ,pintor de las ,concepciones4 ,he painted the ,conception twenty-five times1 and not twice in the same way4 ,two are at ,paris1 several in ,england1 three at ,madrid1 and four in this museum1 one of which is called the ,perlaa pearl indeed4 ,innocence and purity1 of course1 are the predominant expressions of these ,virgins1 from the very nature of the subject4 ,mary is always represented clothed in flowing white robes1 and draped with an azure mantle4 ,she is radiant with youth and grace1 and mysterious and pure as the heaven she floats in4 ,her small1 delicate hands are crossed on her virginal breast or folded in adoration4 ,her lips are half open and tremulous4 ,she is borne up in a flood of silvery light1 calmly ecstatic1 her whole soul in her eyes1 which are bathed in a humid languor1 and her beautiful hair1 caressed by the wind1 is floating around her like an aureola of gold4 ,the whole is a vision as intoxicating as a cloud of ,arabian incense4 ,it is a poem of mystical lovethe very ecstasy of devotion4 ,murillo's best paintings were done for the ,franciscans1 the great defenders of the doctrine of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,from the ,capuchins of ,seville perhaps he derived his inspiration4 ,they were his first patrons4 ,he loved to paint the ,franciscan saints1 as well as their darling dogma4 ,such subjects were in harmony with his spiritual nature4 ,he almost lived in the cloister4 ,piety reigned in his household4 ,one of his sons took orders1 and his daughter1 ,francisca1 the model of some of his virgins1 became a nun in the convent of the ,madre de ,dios4 ,among his paintings here is one of 8,st4 ,francis at the foot of the ,cross10 trampling the world and its vanities under his feet4 ,our ,saviour has detached one bleeding hand from the cross1 and bends down to lay it on the shoulder of the saint1 as if he would draw him closer to his wounded side4 ,st4 ,francis is looking up with a whole world of adoring love in his eyes1 of self-surrender and abandon in his attitude4 ,though sombre in tone1 this is one of the most expressive and devotional of pictures1 and1 once seen1 can never be forgotten4 ,then there is ,st4 ,felix1 in his brown ,franciscan dress1 holding the beautiful child ,jesus in his arms4 ,when we first saw it1 the afternoon sun1 streaming through the windows1 threw fresh radiance over the heavenly ,madonna1 who comes lightly1 so lightly6 down through the luminous ether1 borne by ,god's angels1 slightly bending forward to the saint1 as if with special predilection4 ,a wallet of bread is at his feet1 in reference to the legend that ,st4 ,felix went out one stormy night to beg for the poor brethren of his convent1 and met a child radiant with goodness and beauty1 who gave him a loaf and then disappeared4 ,this picture is the perfection of what is called ,murillo's vaporous style4 ,the ,spanish say it was painted con leche y sangrewith milk and blood4 ,the ,servietta1 so famous1 is greatly injured4 ,it is said to have been dashed off on a napkin1 while waiting for his dinner1 and given to the porter of the convent4 ,if so1 the friars' napkins were of very coarse canvas1 as may be seen where the paint has scaled off4 ,the ,virgin1 a half-length1 has large1 ,oriental eyes1 full of intensity and earnestness4 ,opposite is ,st4 ,thomas of ,villanueva1 giving alms to the poor1 with a look of compassionate feeling on his pale1 emaciated face1 the light coming through the archway above him with fine effect4 ,the beggars around him stand out as if in relief4 ,one is crawling up to the saint on his knees1 the upper part of his body naked and brown from exposure4 ,a child in the corner is showing his coin to his mother with glee4 ,murillo used to call this his picture1 as if he preferred it to his other works4 ,st4 ,thomas was ,archbishop of ,valencia in the sixteenth century1 and a patron of letters and the arts1 but specially noted for his excessive charity1 for which he is surnamed the ,almsgiver4 ,his ever-open purse was popularly believed to have been replenished by the angels4 ,when he died1 more than eight thousand poor people followed him to the grave1 filling the air with their sighs and groans4 ,pope ,paul ,v4 canonized him1 and ordered that he should be represented with a purse instead of a crosier4 ,murillo's ,,ss4 ,justa and ,rufina are represented with victorious palms of martyrdom1 holding between them the ,giralda1 of which they have been considered the special protectors since a terrible storm in #aejd1 which threatened the tower4 ,they are two ,spanish-looking maidens1 one in a violet dress and yellow mantle1 the other in blue and red1 with earthen dishes around their feet4 ,they lived in the third century1 and were the daughters of a potter in ,triana1 a faubourg of ,seville1 on the other side of the river1 which has always been famous for its pottery4 ,in the time of the ,arabs beautiful azulejos were made here1 of which specimens are to be seen in some of the churches of ,seville4 ,in the sixteenth century there were fifty manufactories here1 which produced similar ones of very fine lustre1 such as we see at the ,casa de ,pilatos4 ,cervantes celebrates ,triana in his ,rinconete y ,cortadillo4 ,it is said to derive its name1 originally ,trajana1 from the ,emperor ,trajan1 who was born not far from ,seville4 ,it has come down from its high estate1 and is now mostly inhabited by gypsies and the refuse of the city4 ,the potteries are no longer what they once were4 ,but there is an interesting little church1 called ,santa ,ana1 built in the time of ,alfonso the ,wise1 in which are some excellent pictures1 and a curious tomb of the sixteenth century made of azulejos4 ,it was in this unpromising quarter the two ,christian maidens1 ,justa and ,rufina1 lived fifteen hundred years ago or more4 ,some pagan women coming to their shop one day to buy vases for the worship of ,venus1 they refused to sell any for the purpose1 and the women fell upon their stock of dishes and broke them to pieces4 ,the saints threw the images of ,venus into the ditch to express their abhorrence4 ,whereupon the people dragged them before the magistrates1 and1 confessing themselves to be ,christians1 they were martyred4 ,there are two ,st4 ,anthonies here by ,murillo1 one of which is specially remarkable for beauty and intensity of expression4 ,the child ,jesus has descended from the skies1 and sits on an open volume1 about to clasp the saint around the neck4 ,st4 ,anthony's face seems to have caught something of the glow of heaven4 ,angels hover over the scene1 as well they may4 ,there are several paintings here by the genial ,pacheco1 the father-in-law of ,velasquez2 among others one of ,st4 ,peter ,nolasco1 the tutor of ,don ,jayme el ,conquistador1 going in a boat to the redemption of captives4 ,the man at the prow is ,cervantes1 who1 with the other beaux esprits of the day1 used to assemble in the studio of ,pacheco1 a man of erudition and a poet as well as a painter4 ,pacheco was a familiar of the ,inquisition1 and inspector of sacred pictures4 ,it was in the latter capacity he laid down rules for their representation1 among which were some relating to paintings of the ,immaculate ,conception 7he has two paintings of this subject in the museum71 which were generally adhered to in ,spain4 ,the general idea was taken from the woman in the ,apocalypse1 clothed with the sun1 having the moon under her feet1 and upon her head a crown of twelve stars4 ,the ,virgin was to be represented in the freshness of maidenhood1 with grave1 sweet eyes1 golden hair1 in a robe of spotless white and a blue mantle4 ,blue and white are the traditional colors of the ,virgin4 ,in the unchanging ,east ,lamartine found the women of ,nazareth clad in a loose white garment that fell around them in long1 graceful folds1 over which was a blue tunic confined at the waist by a girdlea dress he thought might have come down from the time of the patriarchs4 ,but to return to ,pacheco4 ,it was he who1 in the seventeenth century1 took so active a part in the discussion whether ,st4 ,teresa1 just canonized1 should be chosen as the ,compatrona of ,spain4 ,many maintained that ,st4 ,james should continue to be considered the sole patron1 and ,quevedo espoused his cause so warmly that he ended by challenging his adversaries to a combat en champ clos1 and was in danger of losing his estates4 ,pacheco1 as seen by existing manuscripts1 wrote a learned theological treatise against him1 taking up the cause of ,st4 ,teresa1 which proved victorious4 ,she was declared the second patron of ,spain by ,philip ,,iii4a decision re-echoed by the ,spanish ,cortes as late as #ahab4 ,all the prominent men of the day took part in this discussion1 even artists and literary men1 as well as politicians and the clergy4 ,the place of honor in the museum is given to ,zurbarn's 8,santo ,toms10 a grand picture1 painted for the ,dominican college of ,seville4 ,in the centre is ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 in the ,dominican habit1 resting on a cloud1 with the four doctors of the church1 in ample flowing robes1 around him4 ,he holds up his pen1 as if for inspiration1 to the opening heavens1 where appear ,christ and the ,virgin1 ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,dominic4 ,below1 at the left1 is ,diego de ,deza1 the founder of the college1 and other dignitaries2 while on the right1 attended by courtiers1 is ,charles ,v41 in a splendid imperial mantle1 kneeling on a crimson cushion1 with one hand raised invokingly to the saint4 ,the faces are all said to be portraits of ,zurbarn's time2 that of the emperor1 the artist himself4 ,the coloring is rich1 the perspective admirable1 the costumes varied and striking1 and the composition faultless4 ,zurbarn has another picture here1 of a scene from the legend of ,st4 ,hugo1 who was ,bishop of ,grenoble in the time of ,st4 ,bruno1 and often spent weeks together at the ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,once he arrived at dinner-time1 and found the monks at table looking despairingly at the meat set before them1 which they could not touch1 it being a fast-day4 ,the bishop1 stretching forth his staff1 changed the fowls into tortoises4 ,the white habits and pointed cowls of the monks1 and the varied expressions of their faces1 contrast agreeably with the venerable bishop in his rich episcopal robes1 and the beauty of the page who accompanies him4 ,the masterpiece of the elder ,herrera is also here4 ,hermenegildo1 a ,gothic prince of the sixth century1 martyred by order of his ,arian father1 whose religion he had renounced1 is represented ascending to heaven in a coat of mail1 leaving below him his friends ,,ss4 ,leandro and ,isidore1 beside whom is his fair young son1 richly attired1 gazing wonderingly up at his sainted father as he ascends among a whole cloud of angels4 ,this picture was painted for the high altar of the ,jesuits of ,seville1 with whom ,herrera took refuge when accused of the crime of issuing false money4 ,it attracted the artistic eye of ,philip ,,iv4 when he came to ,seville in #afbd4 ,he asked the name of the artist1 and1 learning the cause of his reclusion sent for him and pardoned him1 saying that a man who had so much talent ought not to make a bad use of it4 ,there is no sculpture in the gallery of ,seville1 except a few statues of the saintsthe spoils of monasteries1 like the paintings4 ,the finest thing is a ,st4 ,jerome1 furrowed and wasted by penance1 laying hold of a cross before which he bends one knee1 with a stone in his right hand ready to smite his breast4 ,this was done for the convent of ,buenavista by ,torrigiano1 celebrated not only for his works1 but for breaking ,michael ,angelo's nose4 ,he was sent to ,spain by his protector1 ,alexander ,,vi41 who was a generous patron of the arts4 ,goya considered this statue superior to ,michael ,angelo's ,moses4 ,our last hours at ,seville were spent before all these works of sacred art1 each of which has its own special revelation to the soul2 and then we went to the cathedral4 ,the day was nearly at an end4 ,the chapels were all closed4 ,the vast edifice was as silent as the grave1 with only a few people here and there absorbed in their devotions4 ,the upper western windows alone caught a few rays of the declining sun1 empurpling the arches4 ,the long aisles were full of gloom4 ,we lingered awhile1 like ,murillo1 before 8,christ descending from the ,cross10 and then went back to the ,fonda ,europa with regret in our hearts4 #b ,roelas' masterpiece1 the ,transito de ,san ,isidoro1 in the church of that name1 represents this solemn scene4 ,the dying saint is on the steps of the altar1 supported by two bishops1 who look all the more venerable from contrast with the fresh bloom of the beautiful choir-boys behind2 the multitude is swaying with grief through the long1 receding aisles2 and1 in the opening heavens above1 appear ,christ and the ,virgin1 ready to receive him into the glory of which we catch a glimpse4 ,it is a picture that can only be compared to ,domenichino's 8,last ,communion of ,st4 ,jerome40 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,iv4,,continued4 ,mr4 ,bailey had finally1 after some management1 got ,bianca quite to himself1 and1 discovering that they had mutual friends1 and that she liked those parts of his writings which he considered the best1 the two were quite over the threshold of a ceremonious acquaintance1 and talking together very amicably4 8,you may stay to supper1 if you will10 the ,signora whispered to him4 8,but don't say so1 because ,i shall not ask any one else4 ,get yourself out of sight somewhere40 8,fly with me60 he said tragically to ,bianca4 8,may we go to the loggia1 ,signora80 ,she nodded4 8,if you will watch the windows1 and come in the instant ,i call you2 and if that child will get something on the way to put over her head and shoulders40 ,the two stole out of the drawing-rooms with all the merry pleasure of children playing a prank4 8,stop a moment60 the young man said when they reached the sala4 8,see how this room1 almost encircled by brightly-lighted chambers1 looks like the old moon in the new moon's arms4 ,isn't it pretty80 ,they passed the dining-room1 traversed the long western wing1 went up a little stair1 and found themselves on the roof of a building that had been added to the house and used as a studio for sculptors4 ,a balustrade ran across one side1 and at the side opposite a door entered an upper room of the studio4 ,the two connecting sides1 the one toward the west and that next the house1 had trellises1 over which morning-glory vines were running4 ,a few pots of flowers and a chair or two completed the furniture of the place4 ,below1 the garden and vineyard pressed close against its walls1 breathing perfume1 and just stirring the evening air with a delicate ripple of water and a whisper of leaves4 ,bianca leaned on the balustrade and wished she were alone4 ,the silent beauty was too solemn for talk2 and1 besides1 it was the hour when one remembers the absent4 ,her companion was too sensitive not to perceive and respect her mood4 8,only keep the shawl well about you10 he said1 as if in reply to some spoken word1 then left her to herself1 and paced to and fro at the most distant part of the loggia1 drinking in the scene1 which would some day flow from his pen-point in glowing words4 ,it seemed not ten minutes when the ,signora's voice was heard across the silence1 8,children1 come in60 ,both sighed as they left the charmed spot1 and had half a mind to disobey the summons4 8,but1 after all1 it will only be exchanging one picture for another10 the author said4 8,and1 ecco60 ,he pointed to the foot of the little stair that led from the loggia down to the passage4 ,adriano stood there in the shade1 like a portrait framed in ebony1 holding in his hand one of the long-handled brass lamps of ,italy1 the light from whose three wicks struck upwards over his handsome dark face peering out sharply1 but not at first seeing them4 8,strong light and shade will make a picture of anything10 ,bianca said4 8,and there is a companion40 ,he glanced at the dining-room window1 and saw through the open half of a shutter ,isabel standing under the chandelier1 with face and hand uplifted to examine some pendants that had just caught her attention4 ,the light poured over her face1 and filled her beautiful1 undazzled eyes1 and the hand that held the crystal looked as if carved out of pink transparent coral4 ,going in1 they found the supper-table set1 and ,mr4 ,vane entertaining the ladies with a story of two politicians1 of opposite parties1 who were so candid they were always convincing each other1 and1 consequently1 were never of the same opinion1 except when they were each half convinced2 and even then they were not of the same opinion1 for their minds turned different ways1 like two persons who meet on the threshold of a house1 one going in and one coming out4 ,they went on year after year in this way1 arguing1 and trying to arrive at the truth1 till at last they both went crazy and were locked up in separate mad-houses4 ,at length both returned to their first opinions1 and so were restored to reason4 ,but when they were set at liberty1 they became as great bigots as they had before been liberals1 and each was so determined not only not to yield to the other1 whom he regarded as the cause of his misfortunes1 but even to own that he could be sincere in his opinions1 that they never met without fighting4 ,their rancor went on increasing1 till they finally challenged each other at the same moment2 and1 in disputing as to which was the challenged and which the challenger1 flew into such a fury that at last they killed each other1 without ever having had time to fight a duel4 8,the moral of it is10 ,mr4 ,vane concluded1 8that when a man has once chosen his opinions1 he has no more right to hear them abused than he has to hear his wife abused1 no matter what she may be2 and the cream of the moral is that all arguments are not only useless but dangerous40 8,i know now what is meant by espousing an opinion or a cause10 the ,signora said4 8,i had supposed the word was used merely for variety of phrase4 ,it means1 then1 #8for better or for worse4' ,poor ,truth6 how many buffets she gets6 ,not from you60 she added hastily1 and blushing as she saw that her words had made ,mr4 ,vane suddenly serious1 and that he was looking at her with an expression almost reproachful4 8,no matter what you may say1 ,i am sure you would never see ,truth standing on your threshold without bidding her welcome40 ,he looked down1 and a faint smile rather shone through his face than parted his lips4 ,he seemed to thank her so4 8,i fancy she comes oftenest in silence and by herself10 he said in a very quiet tone4 ,something in his voice and look made ,clive ,bailey regard him with a momentary keenness4 ,he felt that they indicated an almost feminine delicacy1 and a depth of sensitive sweetness he had not looked to find in ,mr4 ,vane4 ,the ,signora begged to call their attention to the minestra that was steaming on the table4 8,annunciata deserves that we should attend to it at once10 she said2 8for she has given her best thoughts to it the whole afternoon4 ,i couldn't tell how many things have gone to its composition4 ,i do hope it is good1 so that we can consistently praise it4 ,i should feel less disappointment in having a book fall dead from the press1 than she will if we take no notice of her cooking4 ,don't let the vacant chair injure your appetites2 it is not for a ghost1 but for ,signor ,leonardo1 your ,italian teacher4 ,i told him to come to supper1 and he is just five minutes too latea wonder for him4 ,he is the soul of promptness40 ,the door opened as she spoke1 and ,signor ,leonardo stood bowing on the thresholda dark1 circumspect little man1 who gave an impression of such stiffness and dryness that one almost expected to hear him crackle and snap in moving4 ,he recovered from his low bow1 however1 without any accident1 and1 with some excess of ceremoniousness1 got himself down to the table1 where he sat on the very edge of his chair1 looking so solemn and polite that ,isabel1 as she afterward declared1 longed to get up and shake him4 8,he would have rattled all to pieces1 if ,i had10 she said4 ,this wooden little body contained1 however1 a cultivated mind and a good heart1 and he was one of the most faithful1 modest1 and patient of men4 ,he had been at the ,vatican that morning1 he said1 in answer to the ,signora's questions1 and had seen the ,holy ,father in good health and spirits1 laughing at the cardinals who were with him1 all of whom carried canes4 8#8,i am older than any of you1' he said1 #8and1 see6 ,i can walk without my cane4 ,oh6 ,i am a young man yet4'0 8,i saw ,monsignor ,m10 the professor added1 8and he requested me to give you this10 presenting a little package4 ,the ,signora opened it in smiling expectation1 and held up a small half-roll of bread out of which a piece had been bitten4 8,see how we idolaters love the ,pope60 she said to ,mr4 ,vane4 8,i begged ,monsignor to get me a piece of bread from his breakfast-table4 ,let me see what he has written about it10 reading a card that accompanied this singular gift4 8,my dear ,signora10 the prelate wrote1 8behold your keepsake6 ,i stood by while the ,holy ,father breakfasted1 like a dog watching for a bone1 and the moment ,i saw the one bite taken out of this bread ,i begged the rest for you4 #8,what6' said the ,pope1 #8my children take the very bread from my mouth6' and gave it to me1 laughing pleasantly40 8,the dear father10 the ,signora said1 kissing her treasure1 as she rose to put it away in safety4 ,this little incident led the talk to the ,pope1 and to many incidents illustrative of his goodness and the affection the people bore him4 8,a few years ago1 in the old time10 the ,signora said1 8the price of bread was raised in ,rome1 for some reason or other1 or for no reason4 ,some days after the ,holy ,father passed by here on his way to his favorite church1 and ours1 ,bianca4 ,he was walking1 and his carriage following4 ,i can see him now1 in his white robe1 his hands behind his back1 holding his hat1 and his sweet face ready with a kind glance for all4 ,a poor man approached1 asked to speak to him1 and was allowed4 #8,holy ,father1' he said1 kneeling down1 #8the price of bread is raised1 and the people are hungry1 for they cannot afford to buy it4' ,the ,pope gave him an alms and his benediction1 and passed on4 ,the next day the price of bread was reduced to its former rate4 8#8,such grace had kings when the world began4'0 ,one anecdote led to another2 and then there was some music1 ,isabel playing rather brilliantly on the piano in the sala1 a group of candles at either hand lighting up her face and person and that part of the room4 ,afterward1 when the rest of the company had gone into the drawing-rooms1 ,bianca1 sitting in a half-dark1 sang two or three ballads so sweetly that they almost held their breaths to listen to her4 ,her singing made them feel quiet1 and as if the evening were over2 and when it ended1 ,mr4 ,bailey and the signore took leave4 ,the family sat a while longer in the sala1 with no light but a lamp that burned before a ,madonna at the end of the long room4 ,outside1 a pine-tree lifted its huge umbrella against the pure sky1 and a great tower showed in the same lucid deep4 ,the streets in front were still and deserted1 the windows all dark and sullen4 ,the moon had long since set1 and the stars were like large1 wide-open eyes that stare with sleepiness4 ,some ,campagna people1 who had been in the city1 and were going home again1 passed by1 and stirred the silence with the sound of an accordeon1 with which they enlivened their midnight walk2 then all was still again4 8,the night-sounds of ,rome are almost always pleasant10 the ,signora said4 8,sometimes the country people come in with a tambourine and singing1 but it is not noisy1 and if it wakes you it is only for a few minutes4 ,sometimes it is a wine-cart1 with all its little bells40 ,the clock of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore was heard striking twelve4 8,my bells60 she exclaimed2 then added3 8,i wish ,i could tell you all their lovely ways4 ,for one1 when they have the ,forty ,hours at the basilica1 only the great bell strikes the hours1 instead of three smaller ones1 as now2 and for the ,angelus the four bells ring steadily together their little running song1 while the great bell strikes now and then1 but so softly as to be only a dream of a sound1 as if ,maria ,assunta were talking to herself4 ,it is delicious60 8,i hear a bell nowa little bell10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 ,they listened1 and found that his keen hearing had not deceived him4 ,there was a sound of a little bell in the street1 faint1 but coming slowly nearer4 ,what could it be8 ,they looked out and saw nothing but the long1 white street1 stretching its ghostly length from hill to hill4 ,the sound1 however1 was in the street1 and at a spot where they looked and saw nothing1 and it came constantly nearer4 ,at length1 when it was almost under their windows1 they perceived a motion1 slow and colorless1 as if the paving-stones were noiselessly turning over and rolling off toward the ,quirinal1 and then the paving-stones became a tide of pale water tossing a black stick as it flowed2 and1 at last1 it was sheep1 and the stick was a man4 ,the whole street was alive with their little bobbing heads and close pressed1 woolly bodies4 ,soft and timid1 they trotted past1 as if afraid of waking the terrible lion of a city in whose sleeping jaws they found themselves4 ,the dogs made no sound as they kept the stragglers in bounds1 the men spoke not a word as they moved here and there among their flocks2 there was only the small trotting of a multitude of little feet1 and bell after bell on the leader of flock after flock4 ,it seemed as if the world had turned to sheep4 8,i didn't know there were so many in the world60 ,isabel whispered4 ,and still they came1 stretching a mile1 from beyond the ,esquiline to beyond the ,quirinalan artery full of tender and innocent life flowing for an hour through the cruel1 unconscious town4 ,the ,signora explained that the flocks were being taken from one pasture-ground to another1 their shortest way being through the city4 8,i once saw a herd of cattle pass10 she said4 8,it was another thing1 as you may imagine4 ,such a sense of the presence of fierce1 strong life1 and anger barely suppressed1 ,i never experienced4 ,it was their life that called my attention1 as one feels lightning in the air4 ,then ,i heard their hoofs and the rattling of their horns1 and then here they were6 ,they were by no means afraid of ,rome1 but seemed1 rather1 impatient and angry that it should be here1 drying up the pleasant hills where they would have liked to graze1 reposing under the trees afterward1 and looking dreamily off to the soft sea-line4 ,how sleepy sheep make one60 ,the soft procession passed at length1 and the family bade each other good-night4 ,the next morning ,isabel resolved not to be outdone by the other two ladies1 and accordingly1 when she heard the door shut softly after them as they went out to early ,mass1 she made haste to dress and follow4 ,they1 meanwhile1 walked slowly on1 unconscious of her intention1 which would scarcely have given them the pleasure she imagined2 for they were bound on an errand which would have rendered her society particularly uncongenial4 ,isabel went scrupulously to ,communion three or four times a year1 on certain great festivals1 and at such times1 according to her light1 strove to do what she thought was required4 ,she made her confession1 but with scarcely more feeling than she would have reckoned up her money accounts1 scrupulous to pay every cent1 and1 when every cent was paid1 having a satisfied conviction that the account was square4 ,of that generous1 higher honesty which1 when casting up its accounts with ,god1 blushes and abases itself in view of the little it has paid1 or can pay1 and which would fain cast itself into the balance1 and1 by an utter annihilation of every wish1 hope1 and pleasure that was not penitence1 strive to express its gratitude at least for the ever unpayable debtof this she knew nothing4 ,she acknowledged freely that she was a sinner4 8,of course ,i am a sinner60 she would say4 8,we are all sinners02 as if she should say1 8,of course ,i am a biped60 but all as a matter of course4 ,if anything decidedly offensive to her human sense of honor lay on her conscience1 she certainly had a feeling of shame for it1 and resolved not to transgress in that manner again2 but there was no tremulous self-searching1 no passion of prayer for illumination1 unless at some odd time when sickness or peril had made death seem near4 ,the confession over1 she went to church quietly1 not talking much1 and read respectfully the prayers in her prayer-book1 which were1 indeed1 far warmer on her lips than in her heart4 ,she tried not to look about1 and1 while her face was buried in her hands1 shut her eyes1 lest she should peep in spite of herself4 ,then1 the whole over1 she left the church1 feeling much relieved that it was over1 hoping that she had done right1 and remaining rather serious for several hours after4 ,ordinarily1 too1 since the merciful ,lord accepts even the smallest gift1 and answers even the most tepid prayer1 if they are sincerely offered1 she felt some faint sweetness as she turned away1 a tender touch of peace that brushed her in passing1 and1 moved by that slight experience of the rapture of the saints1 as if a drop of spray from one of their fountains had fallen on her1 she was conscious of an inexplicable regret that made her renew her good resolutions1 and say a tiny prayer in her own words far more fervent than any she had breathed through the words of her book4 ,for two days after her prayers were usually longer and more attentive1 and she went to ,mass2 then ,richard was himself again4 ,knowing all this1 then1 as we know things without thinking of them1 or allowing ourselves to know that we know them1 both the ,signora and ,bianca would far rather have been by themselves in going to church1 especially when going to ,holy ,communion4 ,they walked through the morning1 already hot1 though the hour was so early1 with a sultry1 splendid blue over their heads1 and the air too sweet as it flowed over the garden-walls4 ,the orange-trees seemed to be oppressed by the weight of their own odors1 and to throw them off in strong1 panting respirations4 ,the sun was blazing directly behind one of the cupolas of the basilica1 as they went up the hill1 seeming to be set in the lantern2 and then a light coolness touched them in the shadow1 and they entered the beautiful church1 where perpetual freshness reigns1 rivalling the climate of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the bells were just dropping off for the last fifteen minutes' tolling1 and the canons were coming in for choir1 one by one1 or two by two4 ,one or two of the earlier ones1 in their snow-white cottas and ermine capes1 were kneeling before a shrine or strolling slowly across the nave toward the choir-chapel4 ,here and there a ,mass was being said1 with a little group of poor people gathered about the altar1 kneeling on the magnificent pavement of involved mosaic work1 or sitting on the bases of the great columns4 ,a woman with a white handkerchief on her head received communion at one altar1 two little children playing about her1 and clinging to her skirts as she got up to go to her place1 her hands folded1 her face wrapt in devotion1 as undisturbed by the prattling and pulling of the little ones as ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo over his altar by the winged cherubs that held up and peeped through his long scarlet train4 ,our ,american ladies knelt near the door1 by the side of the tribune1 facing the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament at the other side of the church4 ,the morning light entering this chapel set all its marbles glittering1 and made the gilt tabernacle in the centre brighter than the lamps that burned before it1 and1 shining out into the church1 set the great porphyry columns of the canopy in a glow4 ,one might fancy that the blood of the martyrs whose bodies and relics reposed beneath was beginning to rise and circulate through the rich stone1 above which the martyr's crown and palm stood out in burning gold4 ,having finished their prayer to 8,his ,majesty10 as the ,spaniards beautifully express it1 the two knelt at the prie-dieu before the entrance to the gorgeous ,borghese ,chapel1 to salute ,our ,lady in sight of ,st4 ,luke's portrait of her4 ,the face was doubly covered by its curtain of gold-embroidered silk and gates of transparent alabaster2 but their eyes were fixed on the screen as they prayed1 and these needed no more than they saw4 ,of this picture it has been said that sometimes angels have been found chanting litanies about it4 ,there was no ,mass in this chapel1 and our friends went down the basilica to the chapel of the ,sacred ,heart1 where a ,mass was just beginning4 ,the celebrant was an old man with hair as white as snow1 and a face as peaceful and happy as a child's4 ,the ,signora often encountered him in the church1 and always felt like touching his robe in passing4 8,i am glad we shall receive communion from his hands10 she whispered to ,bianca4 8,i always feel as if he were an angel only half disguised40 ,half an hour afterward they left the chapel1 but still lingered in the church1 loath to go4 ,there was no one in sight1 but the strong1 manly chorus of voices from the canons' choir came out to them1 now faintly heard as they moved out of its range1 now clear and strong as they went nearer4 8,we really must go4 ,they will be waiting for us at home10 the ,signora said4 ,turning back for one more glance at the door1 they saw the procession coming from the sacristy for the canons' ,mass1 the vestments glittering brightly as they passed a streak of sunshine coming into the middle of the nave4 8,it is a constant succession of pictures10 sighed ,bianca1 who seemed hardly able to tear herself away4 ,they stopped a few minutes on the steps4 8,whatever else is injured by these new people1 this basilica has certainly profited10 the ,signora said4 8,the tribune front was a little low for the breadth4 ,by digging down the hill1 and1 consequently1 adding so many more steps to this superb flight1 they have made the proportion perfect4 ,then they have also had to make a deeper pedestal to the obelisk1 which is an improvement4 ,the new white stone shows now in harsh contrast with the soft-toned old1 but time will soon mellow it4 ,and1 moreover1 they are doing their work well4 ,they really seem to take pride in it4 ,the piazza was formerly muddy or dusty4 ,now they have made a solid foundation1 and it will be all covered1 when done1 with that gold-colored gravel you see in patches4 ,fancy a golden piazza leading up to my golden basilica60 ,she led her young friend along to the other end of the steps1 and pointed up to where beautiful spikes of pink flowers were growing in interstices of the carving1 and lovely plants made a fine fringe high in the air4 ,flights of birds came and went1 brushing the flowers with their wings1 and alighted1 singing and twittering1 all about the cupola over the ,blessed ,sacrament1 going away only to return4 8,the little wild birds come to our ,lord's cupola10 she said1 8and there are always flocks of doves about ,our ,lady's4 ,i wonder why it is80 ,going home1 they found ,isabel sitting with her bonnet on1 taking coffee1 and talking to her father1 who seemed amused4 8,here they are at last60 she exclaimed4 8,i have been to ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 hoping to find you1 and you weren't there40 8,indeed we were there60 she was told4 8,you were hiding from me1 then10 she went on4 8,no matter1 ,i had a very pleasant morning1 though rather a peculiar one4 ,i searched and searched for you1 and saw nothing of you2 finally1 seeing a movement of clergy toward a chapel at the right side as you go in1 half-way down the church1 ,i thought that must be the proper place to go4 ,accordingly1 ,i went in and took a seat4 ,some clergymen seated themselves on the same bench1 lower down1 and ,i thought it more modest to move up4 ,then more clergy came1 and ,i kept moving up toward the altar4 ,i began to wish that some woman would come in1 if it were only a beggar-woman2 even the sight of a poor man or of a child would have been a relief4 ,but there was no one but me besides the clergy4 ,well1 ,i stood my ground1 hoping that when the services should begin some people would come1 and1 on the whole1 rather congratulating myself that ,i had secured so good a post4 ,i kept moving up till at length ,i found myself close to the altar1 and with a great stand before me on which was a great book4 ,it was one of those turning lecterns1 aren't they8set on a post about six feet high1 and having five or six sides at the top4 ,after a while ,i began to feel myself getting in a perspiration4 ,not a soul came but priests4 ,i looked in their faces to see if they were astonished at my being there1 but not one seemed to be even conscious of my presence4 ,they sat in two rows1 facing each other1 part of them in ermine capes1 part in gray squirrel1 and with the loveliest little white tunics all crimped and crimped4 ,i didn't enjoy the crimping much1 though1 for ,i perceived at last that ,i was the right person in the wrong place4 ,the bell stopped ringing1 a prelate took his place before the big stand and opened the big book1 and there was ,i in the very highest place in the synagogue1 8,canons to right of me1 ,canons to left of me1 ,canons in front of me10 and1 at length1 one of them smiling1 ,i caught sight of a sidelong glance from him1 and saw that he was shaking with laughter4 ,he was a young man1 and ,i forgive him40 ,isabel paused to wipe the perspiration from her flushed face1 then addressed the ,signora solemnly3 8,my dear ,signora1 that choir-chapel is a mile long60 8,i dare say you found it so10 was the laughing response4 8,but1 also1 ,i do not doubt that you made the best of the matter1 and came out with deliberate dignity4 ,don't cry about it1 child4 ,they probably thought you were a ,protestant stranger4 ,protestants are expected to commit almost any enormity in ,roman churches1 and they do not disappoint the expectation4 ,last ,christmas two women1 well dressed and genteel-looking1 went into the tribune during the ,high ,mass1 one of the assistants having left the gate open1 and coolly took possession of a vacant seat there1 in the face1 not only of the assembled chapter and officiating prelate1 but of a large congregation4 ,i wonder what they would say if a stranger should walk into one of their meeting-houses and take a seat in the pulpit8 ,i will explain to you now what ,i thought you understood4 ,the canons always sing their office together in choir1 morning and afternoon1 while other clergy say it privately1 and the public have nothing to do with it4 ,there is no harm in assisting1 but it is not usual to do so4 ,i like to listen1 though1 and there are certain parts that please me very much4 ,when you hear them again1 mark how the ,deo gratias comes out2 and once in a while they will respond with an ,amen that is stirring4 ,however1 it is merely the office rapidly chanted by alternate choirs1 and is not intended as a musical feast4 ,they have a ,high ,mass a little later1 and then one can enter1 if there should be room4 ,i never go4 ,there is always a ,low ,mass in the basilica or the ,borghese40 8,doesn't the ,borghese ,chapel belong to the basilica80 ,mr4 ,vane inquired4 8,yes1 and no4 ,the ,prince ,borghese is at the head of it1 and1 ,i think1 supports it4 ,it has its own clergy1 and its separate services sometimes2 for example1 there is always the ,litany of ,our ,lady ,saturday evening1 and they have their own ,forty ,hours4 ,on some other festas the chapter of the basilica go there for serviceas ,our ,lady of ,snow1 ,nativity of ,our ,lady1 and the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,now ,i must leave you for an hour or two1 and take my little baroness to see ,monsignore4 ,and1 if you wish1 ,i will at the same time arrange for an audience for you at the ,vatican4 ,some time within a week1 shall ,i say8 ,it will have to be after ,ascension1 ,i think40 8,how beautiful life begins to be60 said ,bianca softly1 after the three had sat awhile alone4 ,mr4 ,vane smiled1 but made no reply4 ,isabel sighed deeply1 buried in gloomy reflections4 8,i wish ,i knew10 she said1 8what they call the man who stands at the desk and sings a part of the office alone2 because that is the name by which the canons are calling me at this minute4 ,i feel it in my bones40 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,carlin',s ,,nest4 ,yes1 life was beginning to grow beautiful to thembeautiful in the sweet1 natural sense4 ,here and there a buckle that held the burden of it was loosed1 here and there a flower was set4 ,that uneasy feeling that one ought to be doing something1 which often haunts and wearies even those who do nothing and never will do anything1 began to give place to a contentment far more favorable to the accomplishment of real good4 ,a generous wish to share their peacefulness with others made them practise every little kindness that occurred to them4 ,not a hand was stretched to them in vain1 no courtesy from the humblest remained unacknowledged1 and thus1 accompanied by a constant succession of little beneficences1 like a stream that passes between flowery banks its own waters keeping fresh1 their lives flowed sweetly and brightly on from day to day4 ,of course they had the reputation of being angels with the poor about them4 ,it is so easy for the rich and happy to be canonized by the poor4 ,a smile1 a kind word1 and a penny now and thenthat is all that is necessary4 ,but the kindness of these three women was something more than a mere good-natured generosity2 for no one of them was very rich1 and all had to deprive themselves of something in order to give4 ,life was indeed becoming beautiful to them2 for they had not yet settled1 perhaps were not of a nature to settle1 into the worse sort of ,roman life1 in which idle people collected from every part of the world gradually sink into a round of eating1 visiting1 gossip1 and intrigue1 which make the society of the grandest city of the world a strange spectacle of shining saintliness and disgusting meanness and corruption moving side by side4 ,there is1 indeed1 no city that tries the character like ,rome2 for it holds a prize for every ambition1 except that of business enterprise4 ,the ,christian finds here primitive saintliness flowering in its native soil1 and can walk barefoot1 though he have purple blood in his veins1 and not be wondered at2 the artist1 whether he use chisel1 brush1 or pen1 finds himself in the midst of a lavish beauty which the study of a life could not exhaust2 the lover of nature sees around him the fragments of an only half-ruined paradise2 the tuft-hunter finds a confusion of ranks where he may approach the great more nearly than anywhere else1 and1 perhaps1 chat at ease with a princess who1 in her own country1 would pass him without a nod of recognition2 the idle and luxurious can live here like ,sybarites on an income that1 in another country1 would scarcely give them the comforts of life2 the lover of solitude can separate himself from his kind in the midst of a crowd1 and yet fill his hours with delight in the contemplation of that ever-visible past which here lies in the midst of the present like an embalmed and beautiful corpse resting uncorrupted in the midst of flowers4 ,but one must have an earnest pursuit1 active or intellectual2 for the dolce far niente of ,italy is like one of the soulless masks of women formed by ,circe1 which transformed their lovers into beasts4 8,i have heard10 the ,signora said1 8of a man who1 lying under a tree in summer-time and gazing at the slow1 soft clouds as they floated past1 wished that that were work1 and he well paid for doing it4 ,my life is almost a realization of that man's wish4 ,what ,i should choose to do as a pleasure1 and the greatest pleasure possible to me1 ,i have to do as a duty4 ,it is my business to see everything that is beautiful1 and to study and dream over it1 and turn it into as many shapes as ,i can4 ,if ,i like to blow soap-bubbles1 then it becomes a trade1 and ,i merit in doing it4 ,if a science should catch my fancy1 and invite me to follow awhile its ordered track1 ,i go in a palace-car1 and the wheels make music of the track for me4 ,and what friends ,i have1 what confidences receive6 ,the ugliest1 commonest object in the world1 scorned or disregarded by all1 will look at me and whisper a sweet word or reveal a hidden beauty as ,i pass4 ,you see that log10 pointing to the fire-place1 where a mossy stick lay wreathed about by a close network of vine-twigs clinging still in death where they had clung and grown in life4 8,the moment my eyes fell on that it sang me a song4 ,in every balcony1 every stair1 every house they are cutting down to make their new streets1 every smallest place where the wind can carry a feathered seed1 the seed of a story has lodged for me1 and1 as ,i look1 it sprouts1 grows1 blossoms1 and overshadows the whole place4 ,but for the pain of bringing out and putting into shape what is in my mind1 my life would be too exquisite for earth4 ,if ,i could give immediate birth to my imaginings1 ,i should be like some winged creature1 living for ever in air4 ,i'm glad ,i work in words1 and not in marble1 like ,carlin here4 ,and1 apropos1 suppose we should go in there40 ,carlin was the sculptor whose studio was attached to ,casa ,ottant'-,otto4 ,he was a great friend of the ,signora1 who had permission to see him work when she liked1 and to go and come with her friends as it pleased her4 8,we may as well take our work10 she said4 8,it is pleasanter there than here this morning4 ,when ,mr4 ,vane and ,isabel come in from their visit1 we shall hear them ring the bell40 ,the two went out to the loggia1 where the morning sun was blazing hotly on the pink and purple morning-glories1 and1 passing an ante-room where two marble-workers were chipping away1 each at his snowy block1 tapped at the door of an inner chamber4 ,a loud 8,avanti60 answered the knock4 8,welcome60 said a voice when they entered4 8,make yourselves at home4 ,i'm busy with a model1 you see40 ,bianca glanced about in search of the source of this salutation1 and perceived presently a large head looking at them over the top of a screen4 ,the rest of the body was invisible4 ,this head was so colossal and of such a height that for a moment she doubted if it might not be a colored bust on a shelf4 ,but its eyes moved1 and in a second it nodded itself out of sight1 leaving on the gazer an impression of having seen a large1 kind ,newfoundland dog4 ,poor ,carlin was very shaggy1 his hair almost too profuse1 and constantly getting itself tangled1 and his beard growing nearly to his eyes4 ,but the eyes were bright1 dark1 and pleasant1 the nose superlatively beautiful1 and1 by some unexplained means1 every one was aware at once that under this mass of shadowy beard there were two deep dimples1 one in the cheek and another in the chin4 ,before they had well shut the door1 the screen was swept aside and the sculptor's whole form appeared4 ,it was so large as to reduce the head to perfect proportion1 and was clad in a suit of dull blue cotton worn with a careless grace that was very picturesque4 ,one hand held a bit of clay2 the other pulled off his skull-cap in reverence to his visitors4 ,he said nothing1 but immediately replaced the cap1 and began rolling the clay between his hands4 ,he was modelling a group1 and his model1 a beautiful young contadina1 stood before him with her arms up1 holding a copper water-vase on her head4 ,her mother sat near1 a dark1 bilious1 wrinkled ,lady ,macbeth1 who wore her soiled and faded clothes as if they had been velvets and embroideries1 and reclined in an old leather chair as superbly as if she sat on a gilded throne with a canopy over her head4 ,a pair of huge rings of pure gold hung from her ears1 and two heavy gold chains surrounded her dark neck1 and dropped each its golden locket on her green bodice4 8,we won't mind them10 the ,signora said to her friend4 8,come and be introduced to the bird of our country40 8,he's been behaving badly to-day10 the sculptor said1 8and ,i had to beat him4 ,look and see what he has done to my blouse6 ,the whole front is in rags4 ,he flew at me to dig my heart out1 ,i suppose1 with his claws1 and screamed so in my face that ,i was nearly deafened4 ,it took both the men to get him off40 ,this contumacious eagle was chained to his perch1 and had the stick with which he had been beaten so placed as to be a constant reminder of the consequences attending on any exhibition of ill-temper4 ,he was greatly disconcerted when the two ladies approached him1 changed uneasily from foot to foot1 and1 half lifting his wide wings1 curved his neck1 and seemed about to hide his head in shame4 ,then1 as they still regarded him1 he suddenly lifted himself to his full height1 and stared back at them with clear1 splendid eyes4 8,what pride and disdain60 exclaimed ,bianca4 8,i had no idea the creature was so human4 ,let's go away4 ,if we stay much longer1 he will speak to us4 ,he considers himself insulted40 ,three walls of the room and a great part of the central space were occupied by the usual medley of a sculptor's studiobusts1 groups1 masks1 marble and plaster1 armor1 vases1 and a hundred other objects2 but the fourth side was hung all over with fragments of baby contours4 ,single legs and crossed legs2 arms from the shoulder down1 with the soft flattening of flesh above the elbow1 and the sustained roundness below2 little clenched fists1 and hands with sprawling1 dimpled fingers2 chubby feet in every position of little curled toes1 each as expressive of delicious babyhood as if the whole creature were therethe wall was gemmed with them4 ,in the midst was a square window1 without a sash1 and just then crowded as full as it could be4 ,a vine1 a breeze1 and as much of a hemisphere of sunshine as could get in were all pressing in together4 ,the breeze got through in little puffs that dropped as soon as they entered2 the sunshine sank to the tiled floor1 where it led a troubled existence by reason of the leaf-shadows that never would be still2 and the vine ran over the wall1 and in and out among the little hands and feet1 kissing them with tender leaf and bud1 which seemed to have travelled a long distance for nothing else but that4 ,bianca put her face to this window1 and drew it back again4 8,there is nothing visible outside10 she said1 8but a fig-tree1 half the rim of a great vase1 a bit of wall1 and a sky full of leaves40 ,she seated herself by the ,signora1 and they made believe to work1 dropping a loop of bright wool or silken floss now and then1 and glancing from time to time at the artist as he punched and pressed a meaning into the clay before him4 8,i never see a sculptor make a human figure in clay without thinking of the creation of ,adam and ,eve10 the ,signora said4 8,the ,mohammedans say that angels first kneaded the clay for ,i don't know how many years4 ,how beautiful they must have been6 #8,in ,his own image4' ,did you observe in the ,barbarini gallery ,domenichino's picture of ,adam and ,eve driven out of ,paradise8 ,you were too much occupied with the ,cenci4 ,everybody is at first4 ,i was thinking1 while ,i looked at that representation of the ,creator1 reclining on his divan of cherubim1 what a pity it is that artists should have tried to do it1 or1 trying1 should not have been able to do more4 ,how that eagle does fret6 ,it requires all my friendship for ,carlin to prevent my cutting the leather thong that holds the chain to its leg some fine day4 ,wouldn't it be pleasant to see him shoot like a bomb out through the window1 tearing the vines away like cobwebs with his strong wings1 and carrying off little green tendrils clinging to his feathers6 ,the sunlight would be shut out a moment1 there would be a rush as of waters1 then the room would be light again4 ,but1 in such an event1 the only gain would be a change of personality in the prisoner1 and thirty lire out of my pocket4 ,that is what ,carlin paid for this unhappy wretch1 and what ,i should be bound to pay him to buy another unhappy wretch to languish in his place4 ,how do you like ,carlin80 8,i don't know10 ,bianca answered slowly4 8,isn't he a sort of savage8a good one1 you know40 8,precisely6 ,all the polish he has is inside4 ,fortunately1 however1 he is transparent1 and the brightness is bright enough to shine out through him4 ,he is full of good-nature and enthusiasm4 ,once liking him1 you will like him always1 and better and better always4 ,none but dishonest people dislike him1 though there are some very good people who say he is not to their taste4 ,dear me6 he is making a mistake in that group4 ,o ,carlin60 she called out1 8do let me say something4 ,your water-carrier is going to look like a teapot if you place her so4 ,let her put the other arm out for a spout1 and the thing will be perfect40 ,it was a group of a girl and her lover at a fountain4 ,he was just knitting his brows over the hand that held the handle of the vase1 rolling bits of clay between his palms and arranging them for fingers4 ,he threw the last one away4 8,i know it's a stupid thing10 he said discontentedly2 8but what can ,i do8 ,it struck me as a pretty subject2 but now ,i have begun to work it out1 it seems to me ,i remember having seen a hundred like it1 each one as stupid as mine4 ,i was this instant thinking my grandmother must have had a cream-pitcher of this design40 8,why don't you make her stooping a little to lift the vase to her head1 and looking up at the fellow80 the ,signora suggested4 8,it will bring out your knowledge of anatomy a little more1 and it will wake her up4 ,don't you see her face is as dull as her sandal80 ,this conversation1 being in ,english1 was not understood by the model1 who stood stupid1 and straight1 and tired1 trying to look picturesque4 ,the artist considered a minute1 then said abruptly3 8,put down the vase1 not on the floor1 but in a chair40 ,she obeyed4 8,now take it upslowlyand stop the instant ,i tell you40 ,she bent her strong and supple figure a little1 and began lifting the vase4 8,stop there60 he called out1 8and look up at me4 ,look as pretty as you can4 ,think that ,i am some giovanotto who is going1 perhaps1 to ask you of your mother40 ,half shy1 half saucy1 she looked up as commanded1 gratified vanity and friendly regard uniting to give her face as much expression as it was capable of4 ,carlin seized his pencil and began sketching rapidly4 8,he hasn't a particle of imagination10 the ,signora said in a low tone1 8but he has excellent eyes and much humor4 ,i sometimes think that humor and imagination never go together4 ,indeed1 ,i don't believe they ever do in any superlative degree40 ,a little bell sounded timidly at her side1 pulled by a cord that she perceived now by its vibration coming in at the window1 the bell itself being quite hidden by the vine-leaves1 where it was held between two large nails driven into the window-frame4 8,wouldyoube so very kindas to throwthatloaf of bread out of the window1 ,signora80 the artist asked1 abstractedly dropping one word at a time between the strokes of his pencil and glances at his model1 whose fire was beginning to fade4 8,i can't stop40 ,the lady looked at him in wonder4 8,it's a beggar10 he explained after a moment1 scratching away rapidly4 8,i can't be bothered with them in here40 ,she looked out of the window as well as she could for the leaves1 and saw an arm in a ragged coat-sleeve1 and a hand stretching toward the wall1 and1 at the same instant1 the bell rang in her very ear with a force that made her start back4 ,the bread was on a little shelf near by1 an old knife beside it4 ,she prudently cut the loaf in two1 and dropped half to the unseen mendicant4 8,that's just like ,carlin60 she exclaimed4 8,i don't suppose any one else would think of rigging up a beggars' bell40 8,i shall know where to go when ,i want bread10 she said aloud1 seeing him pause in his work4 8,it will be only to come under your window1 pull a string1 and hold up my apron40 8,oh6 by the way1 please to pull in the string10 he added4 8,i never let it hang out1 except when ,i have made an appointment4 ,i told him to come if he didn't get anything for dinner4 ,said he hadn't eaten anything for twenty-four hours4 ,it's a disagreeable thing to go twenty-four hours without eating40 ,carlin knew what it was well4 ,he had come to ,rome fifteen years before without a dollar in his pocket1 except what had paid his passage1 and1 without patronage1 almost without friends1 had climbed1 step by step1 through all the dark1 steep ways of poverty1 suffering what no one but himself knew1 till at length a modest success rewarded his efforts4 ,he never told his experiences1 seemed to choose to forget them2 but never a pitiful tale of suffering from poverty was told him without the ready answer1 8,yes1 yes1 ,i know all about it10 springing as if involuntarily to his lips4 ,there was a knock at the door1 which immediately opened without a permission1 and a young man enteredone of those odious1 well-dressed1 rather handsome1 and easy-mannered men who repel one more than rags1 and ugliness1 and stupidity4 8,good-morning60 he said with confident politeness4 8,don't let me interrupt you4 ,i only want to see ,mrs4 ,cranston's bust4 ,promised her ,i would take a look at it40 ,his coming produced the effect of a slight frost in the air4 ,the ,signora grew dignified1 and made a little sign to ,bianca to take a seat which would turn her back to the new-comer4 ,carlin frowned slightly and bent to his work2 the old contadina glared from the man to her daughter1 and the daughter blushed uneasily4 ,the young man seemed to be entirely unconscious of not having received a welcome1 sauntered across the studio1 pausing here and there1 and at length1 stopping under the pretence of examining a bust1 fixed his eyes on the model4 8,look here1 sir60 said ,carlin1 after five minutes of silence1 8you'd better come in some other time1 when ,i'm not busy40 8,oh6 don't mind me10 was the careless reply4 ,carlin waited a minute longer1 then swung the screen round between his model and her tormentor4 ,the young man smiled slightly1 gave his shoulders the least possible shrug1 and began to saunter about the studio again1 pausing finally at a spot that gave him a still better view of the girl4 ,the pencil quivered in ,carlin's hands1 but his voice was gentle enough when he spoke again4 8,i don't care to have visitors in the morning10 he said4 8,come in in the afternoon1 when ,i am working in marble4 ,i work in clay always in the morning40 8,my dear fellow1 ,i don't want you to trouble yourself in the least about me4 ,i can amuse myself10 the visitor replied4 ,carlin seemed to be galvanized so suddenly he started upright1 with anger in every nerve of him4 8,confound you60 he cried out1 8do you want me to pitch you out of the window8 ,go about your business40 ,he had no cause to repeat the request4 ,coolly and disdainfully1 but with a paleness that showed both fear and anger1 the young exquisite walked out as leisurely as he had come in4 ,a laugh as sharp and bright as a blade shot across the old woman's face1 but she said not a word4 8,you are getting acquainted with him rapidly10 the ,signora whispered to her friend4 8,isn't he refreshing8 ,it is so beautiful to see a man whose first impulse is to protect a woman from annoyance1 even when the woman doesn't belong to him4 ,carlin is truly a manly1 honorable fellow40 8,i hear a faint little song1 sweet and low10 said ,bianca1 listening with her pretty head aside and her eyes lifted4 8,it is ,carlin's bird10 said the ,signora4 ,the girl glanced about1 but saw no cage4 8,it is a soft1 cooing sound10 she said4 8,it is ,carlin's dove10 the ,signora replied4 ,bianca looked at her inquiringly1 her lips still apart1 and her head turned to listen to the melody4 8,he doesn't keep it in a cage1 but in a nest10 the ,signora went on1 smiling4 8,come1 and ,i will show you4 ,step lightly1 and do not speak4 ,he is too busy to notice1 and this great tapestry will hide us4 ,you must examine this some time1 by the way4 ,it is all in rags1 but very precious4 ,see that foot on it6 ,doesn't it look as if it were just set on the green groundafter a bath1 too8 ,it is so fresh and perfect40 ,she led the way to an alcove of the studio hidden from the other rooms by this tapestry1 and pointed to the inner wall1 where a small1 low door showed1 half hidden by draperies and armor4 8,some day we will go in2 but to-day ,i will give you a peep only40 ,she went to the door1 and noiselessly pushed away a little slide in the panel1 then motioned ,bianca to look through4 ,the girl obeyed1 and found herself looking into a square room whose one great arched window had a snow-white fringed curtain waving slowly in the slight breeze1 alternately giving glimpses of1 and hiding1 a loggia full of flowers and the green outside curtain of a grape-vine4 ,only tiny glints of sunshine entered through this double drapery1 making the white curtain look as if it were embroidered with spots of gold4 ,from the centre of a vaulted white ceiling hung a brass lamp1 swinging slowly on its chain1 and catching a point of light in place of the extinguished flame4 ,on the white wall opposite the door hung high up an ebony crucifix1 with a blue niche below1 in which stood a marble statue of the ,madonna4 ,a tiny lamp burned before the two1 and a branch of roses was twisted about the statue's feet4 ,in the centre of the room a green-covered table stood on a large green cloth that covered nearly the whole of the stone floor1 and two or three cane-seated chairs were visible4 ,the bird still sung her low1 cooing song1 an improvised melody set to inarticulate murmurs that now and then broke softly into wordsa word of human love and blessing1 a word of prayer1 or a word of happiness4 ,as when a gentle brook flows with only its waters now1 and now with a flower or leaf1 and now a little boat on its tide1 and now a break of foam1 and then a clear reflection as vivid as a tangible object1 so the song flowed1 with its word here and there4 ,carlin's dove was a young woman with a sweet1 motherly face1 and1 as she sang1 she swung to and fro a hammock that was hung directly under the blue niche of the ,virgin2 and her eyes were raised from time to time to the statue or the crucifix1 with an ,ave or a ,ges mio1 or dropped to the baby she hushed to sleep with a word as tender4 ,all the room seemed to swing with the hammock1 as if it were in a tree-top2 to float in an atmosphere of love and happiness with the mother and her child4 ,slowly the white lids of the little one dropped1 like two rose-petals that cover two stars1 and a dimpled hand clinging to the mother's loosened its hold1 as the angel of sleep unclasped it gently1 finger by finger4 ,silence settled over the song1 the hammock ceased to swing1 and the mother1 shining with love and happiness1 bent over her sleeping babe1 gazing at it as if her eyes were gifted to see through its white and rosy flesh1 and behold the resting1 folded soul hidden there like a sleeping butterfly in a shut flower4 ,the ,signora closed the slide as noiselessly as she had opened it1 and the two1 exchanging a smile of sympathetic pleasure1 turned away from ,carlin's nest4 ,the sculptor had made his sketch1 and was just sending his model away4 ,he turned immediately to his visitors1 and began to show them his latest works1 half a dozen things in clay1 some finished1 some requiring still a few touches4 ,one group was especially pretty4 ,it represented a family scene in one of the little ,italian towns where all the business of life goes on in the street4 ,on the rude stone steps outside a door sat a mother winding a skein of yarn held for her by a pretty girl of ten years or thereabouts1 whose small arms were stretched to their utmost extent in the task4 ,a little chubby boy leaned on the mother's lap1 and put up his finger to pull at the thread4 ,at the front of the steps sat the father cobbling shoes4 8,i found that at ,monte ,compatri10 he said2 8and the figures are all portraits4 ,i was afraid ,i couldn't do it1 for it is better adapted for canvas than marble2 but the walls hold them together1 you see40 8,we must go to ,monte ,compatri1 ,bianca10 the ,signora said4 8,it's one of the most primitive places in the worlda ,ghetto perched on a mountain-top1 as filthy and as picturesque as can be imagined4 ,the air is delicious1 the view superb1 and the salads beggar description40 ,all ,carlin's best groups and figures were1 like this1 copies from nature4 ,when he attempted anything else1 he unconsciously copied the works of others or he failed4 8,i'm so glad you made that suggestion about the water-carrier10 he said1 taking up his sketch4 8,i find it is always better for me to put considerable action into my figures4 ,if ,i give them a simple pose1 they are stupid4 ,would you have her looking up or down80 8,let the little minx look up1 by all means10 the ,signora said4 8,she's a good girl1 enough1 as a butterfly or a bird may be good4 ,there isn't enough of her for a down look2 but that saucy little coquettish up-look is rather piquant4 ,besides1 it is true to her nature4 ,if she thought any one were admiring her1 she wouldn't have subtilty enough to look down and pretend not to see1 and she wouldn't have self-control enough1 either4 ,she would wish to know just how much she was admired1 and to attitudinize as long as it paid her vanity to do so4 ,bianca1 my dear1 there is our bell4 ,your father and ,isabel must have come home40 ,they went down again through the complicated passages and stairs1 where arched windows and glimpses into vaulted rooms and into gardens crowded with green made them seem far from home4 8,how beautiful orange-trees are60 ,bianca exclaimed1 stopping to look at one that filled roundly a window seen at the end of a long passage4 8,it has the colors of ,paradise1 ,i fancy4 ,i don't like yellow to wear1 not even gold2 but ,i like it for everything else40 8,wait till you see the snow on an orange-tree1 if you would see it at its perfection10 was the reply4 8,perhaps you might wait many years1 to be sure4 ,i saw it once1 and shall never forget4 ,a light snow came down over the garden a few winters since1 and dropped its silvery veil over the orange-trees4 ,fancy the dark green leaves and the golden fruit through that glittering lace6 ,i had thought that our northern cedars and pines1 with their laden boughs1 were beautiful2 but the oranges were exquisite4 ,would you believe that our kitchen door was so near80 ,isabel ran to meet the two1 all in a breeze4 8,hurry on your things in two minutes to go to the ,vatican10 she said4 8,here are the cards4 ,monsignor forgot to send them1 and has only now given them to us4 ,the carriage is at the door40 ,off came the summer muslins in a trice1 and in little more than the time allowed the three ladies tripped1 rustling1 down the stairs1 in their black silk trains and black veils4 8,i am constantly going to the ,vatican in this breathless way10 the ,signora said1 as they drove rapidly through the hot sunshine4 8,with the usual sublime ignorance of men1 and especially of clergymen1 of the intricacies of the feminine toilet1 my kind friends always give me ten minutes to prepare4 ,one needs to keep one's papal court dress laid out all ready for use at a moment's warning4 ,fortunately1 it is very simple4 ,but ,bianca has found time to mount the papal colors10 she added1 seeing a bunch of yellow jasmine tucked into her friend's belt4 8,is it allowed80 the girl asked doubtfully4 8,i can leave it in the carriage4 ,but ,i always like to have a flower about me40 8,oh6 keep it10 her friend replied1 and smiled1 but suppressed the words that would have followed4 ,for while ,bianca ,vane carried that face about with her1 she never lacked a flower4 ,they were just in time for the audience1 and an hour later drove slowly homeward through the silent town4 ,bianca was leaning back in the corner of the carriage with her eyes shut4 ,the audience had been especially pleasant for her2 for the ,holy ,father1 seeing her kneel with her hands tightly clasped1 and her eyes1 full of delight1 raised to his face1 had smiled and laid his hand on her head1 instead of giving it to her to kiss4 ,the others said but little4 ,the languor of the hour was upon them4 8,does any one say1 ,signora1 that the ,pope has a shining face80 ,mr4 ,vane asked4 8,certainly10 she replied4 8,then ,i am not original in thinking that ,i found something luminous about him10 the gentleman went on4 8,it is as if ,i had seen a lamp4 ,and what a sweet voice he has6 ,he said #8la ,chiesa' in a tone that made me think of ,david mourning over ,absalom40 ,mr4 ,vane had been much impressed by the beautiful presence of the reverend ,pontiff1 and had behaved himself1 not only like a gentleman1 but like a ,catholic4 ,the ,signora had seen how he blushed in kissing the ,pope's hand1 not as if with shame at paying such an act of homage1 but as if some new sentiment of tender reverence and humility had just entered his heart4 ,it had been very pleasant to her to see this1 both on account of the love she bore the object of the homage1 and the respect she had1 and wished to retain1 for him who paid it4 ,the driver held in his panting horses1 and walked them on the side of the streets where a narrow strip of shadow cooled the heat of the burning stones2 the pines and cypress in the gardens they passed1 which in the morning had been so full of silvery twitterings that the fine1 sweet sounds seemed almost to change the color of them and make them glisten with brightness1 were now sombre and silent4 ,the birds were all hid in their dark green shadows1 or perched in cool1 sunless angles and nooks of vases1 balustrades1 statues1 and cornices of church or palace4 ,here and there a workman lay stretched at length on the sidewalk or on steps1 sleeping soundly4 ,at length they reached home4 ,the porter sat sleeping in his chair at the great door1 and a family of beggars1 four or five women and children1 lay curled up outside on the curbstone4 ,inside all was deliciously cool and tranquil4 ,dinner was on the table2 for the servants had been watching for them1 and had brought the soup in directly1 and they sat down with appetites improved by the delay4 ,the ,signora poured out some wine for herself4 8,the people here say that you should take a little wine before your soup10 she said4 8,my former padrona told me the nuns in the convents she knew always did4 ,i don't know why it is good for the stomach1 but bow to their superior wisdom40 8,doesn't the hair on the top of my head look unusually bright80 ,bianca asked after a while4 ,she was still thinking of the sacred hand that had rested there1 still feeling its gentle pressure4 ,the others looked1 not understanding4 8,why1 your veil covers it10 ,isabel said4 8,but there's a bright garnet and gold pin at the top40 ,bianca lifted her arms to loosen the veil1 took the gold hairpin out and kissed it4 8,he must have touched it10 she said1 8and so it has been blessed4 ,do you know1 ,signora1 what thought came into my mind at the moment8 ,i thought as he touched me1 #8,it is the hand that holds the keys of purgatory and of heaven6'0 8,my own thought60 her friend exclaimed4 8,i had the same benediction once1 and it set me rhyming4 ,i do not set up for a poet1 you know1 but there are feelings that will sing in spite of one4 ,this was one1 and ,i must show you the lines some time soon1 to see if they express you4 ,i don't know where they are40 8,i know where something of yours is10 ,bianca said eagerly4 8,i saw it in your blotting-book1 and had to call up all my honesty not to read it4 ,reward me now6 ,i will bring it40 ,she looked so bright and coaxing1 and the others so cordially joined in her request1 that the ,signora could not but consent1 though usually shy of reading her unpublished productions to any one4 8,how ,i like hot noons60 she sighed through a smile of languid contentment1 leaning back in her chair1 and dropping in her lap the folded paper ,bianca had brought her4 8,i found out the charm of them when ,i was in ,frascati4 ,at this early season the heat of the city1 too1 is gooda pure scorch and scald4 ,in ,august it is likely to be thick and morbid4 ,that first noon in ,frascati was a new experience to me4 ,i went to see ,villa ,torlonia1 which was open to the public only between the hours of eleven and fivea time when scarcely any one1 especially any ,italian1 wants to go out in hot weather4 ,i wished to see the villa1 however1 and ,i went1 stealing along the shadowy edges of streets1 and down a long stairway street that is nearly or always shaded by the tall houses at either side and the hill behind1 catching my breath as ,i passed through the furnace of sunshine in the open piazza1 finally1 with my face in a flame1 stepping under the great trees inside the gate1 and pausing to refresh myself a little before going on4 ,there was still the open terrace to pass1 and the grand unshaded steps to ascend2 but it was easier to go forward than back1 for a few minutes would bring me to avenues as dim as ,ave ,maria time4 ,i stood a little and dreaded the sun4 ,the casino and the gravel of the terrace and the steps were reflecting it so that one might almost have fancied the rays clashed on each other in the midst of the opening4 ,the rose-trees in the flower-garden looked as if they bore clusters of fire-coals1 and some sort of flowering tree in the green spaces between the stairs seemed to be breaking out into flame with its red and yellow blossoms4 ,i remembered ,mrs4 ,browning's 8#8,the flowers that burn1 and the trees that aspire1 ,and the insects made of a song or a fire4'0 ,she paused to lay a laurel leaf over a carafon of cream that a fly was buzzing about1 then exclaimed3 8,why wasn't that woman a ,catholic1 and why isn't she alive now1 that ,i may kiss her hand1 and her cheek1 if she would let me8 ,fancy such a genius consecrated to religion6 ,you know the other stanza of that poem ,i have just quoted3 8#8,and1 oh6 for a seer to discern the same1' ,sighed the ,south to the ,north2 #8,for the poet's tongue of baptismal flame1 ,to call the tree and the flower by its name1' ,sighed the ,south to the ,north4 8,it seems to me that not one person in a thousand,italians no more than strangerswould know there were anything remarkable here1 if a small1 small number of persons hadn't told them there is4 ,how they all repeat the same words1 from the teeth out1 and talk learnedly of what they know nothing about6 ,they don't one of them find a beauty that isn't in the guidebooks40 ,she sighed impatiently1 and returned to her subject4 8,i was telling you about noon in ,villa ,torlonia3 ,i stood under the great solid trees awhile1 then took courage and walked into the sun again1 across the terrace1 with only a glance at the vast panorama visible from it1 up the steps that were hot to my feet1 and then plunged into the upper avenues as into a cool bath4 ,there was another opening to cross1 for ,i wanted to go to the upper fountain2 but here the cascade cooled the eyes1 at least4 ,i went up the cascade stairs as the waters came down1 and found myself alone in that beautiful green-walled drawing-room1 with the fountain leaping all to itself in the centre1 and the forty masks of the balustrade about the basin each telling its different story4 ,beside the tall central jet there used to be1 perhaps may now be1 a jet from each of these masks that are carved on the great posts of the balustrade1 no two alike4 ,i made a circuit of the place to assure myself that no one else was there2 looking down each path that led away through the over-arching trees4 ,not a soul was in sight4 ,there was no danger of ,italians being there2 and as for forestieri1 there were none in ,frascati4 ,how delicious it was simply to sit on one of the stone benches and live6 ,a spider's web glistened across the place1 starting straight from a tree behind me4 ,where it was fastened at the other end ,i could not guess2 for the nearest object in that line was the tossing column of foamy water1 fifty feet1 may be more1 distant1 then an equal distance to the trees at the other side4 ,there was no sound but that of falling water1 that seemed to carry the chirp of the cicali and the whisper of the trees1 as the waters themselves carried the dry leaves and twigs that fell into them4 ,all around the sun searched and strove to enter through the thick green1 so near that his fiery breath touched my face4 ,how my chains melted off6 ,how pure the heat was1 and how sweet6 ,one bird sang through it now and thensang for me3 he the only lark abroad at that hour1 as ,i was the only signora4 ,i answered him with a little faint song1 to which again he replied4 ,i never was so happy1 never felt so free from all that could annoy4 ,probably ,adam and ,eve had some such delight in the mere feeling that they were alive4 ,and so ,i sat there1 hour after hour1 half asleep1 half fainting with the heat1 in which ,i seemed to float4 ,if ,i had been called on then to say what ,god is1 ,i should have said1 ,he is a fire that burns without consuming4 ,fire and its attendant heat were the perfection of all things1 and coldness was miserybut a pure1 clear fire which an anemone could pass through unscathed40 ,the ,signora drew a breath that was half a sigh1 and took up the folded paper from her lap4 8,how happy ,i am in ,italy in the summer60 she said1 half to herself4 8,i can work in the cool months1 but ,i live in the hot ones40 8,bianca wants me to read this rhyme8 ,it is a summer rhyme1 too1 and commemorates a little incident of my first summer herea visit to ,santa ,maria della ,vittoria4 ,you have not been there yet4 ,it is very near1 just out on the ,via della porta ,pia1 which the new people call ,venti ,settembre1 because the invaders came in that way on the #bjth of ,september4 ,they try to keep the anniversary1 and to make the city look as if the people cared for it1 but it is a dreary pretence4 ,a military procession1 a few flags hung out here and there from houses of government officials and foreigners1 chiefly ,americansthat is all40 ,she read3 ,never so fair a rose as this1 ,i think1 ,e'er bloomed on a rose-tree2 ,so sweet a rose as this1 ,i surely know1 ,was never given to me4 ,like the reviving draught to fainting lips1 ,the gentle word to strife1 ,cool1 fresh1 and tender1 in a bitter hour1 ,it dropt into my life4 ,hid in the silence of a darkened room1 ,with sleepless eyes ,i lay1 ,and an unresting mind1 that vainly strove ,to shut its thoughts away4 ,when through the loosened perslane slipped ,a sunbeam1 sharply bright1 ,that cleft the chamber's quiet duskiness1 ,and put my dreams to flight4 ,before the windows1 in a dusty square ,fretted by restless feet1 ,where once a palace-garden had unrolled ,its alleys green and sweet1 ,men rooted up a fountain-base that lay ,whitened like bleaching bones1 ,or into new walls piled1 with a weary care4 ,the weary1 ancient stones4 ,and all about the slowly-growing work1 ,in warlike mantles drest1 ,disputing with the spade for every sod1 ,the angry poppies prest4 ,and when ,i thought how fate uproots always ,my gardens1 budding sweet1 ,the hot scirocco of an angry pain ,blew me into the street4 ,the unveiled heights of sapphire overhead ,dazzled the lifted eyes2 ,the sun1 in lovely splendor1 blazed from out ,the keystone of the skies2 ,and ,rome sat glowing on her seven hills1 ,yellow with fervid heat1 ,and scorched the green ,campagna1 where it crept ,and clung about her feet4 ,the ways were silent where the sunshine poured ,its simmering1 golden stream2 ,for half the town slept in its shaded halls1 ,half worked as in a dream2 ,the very fountains dropt from sleepiness1 ,pillowed in their own foam1 ,i only1 and the poppies1 it would seem1 ,were wide awake in ,rome4 ,there were the gray old ruins1 in whose nooks ,nodded each wild flower-bell1 ,where ,san ,bernardo's fane is hidden1 like ,a pearl within its shell4 ,there marched the ,piedmont robber and his host ,in through the long1 long street2 ,and there the open portal of a church ,drew in my straying feet4 ,silence and coolness1 and a shade so deep1 ,at first ,i saw no more ,than circling clouds and cherubs1 with the dome's ,bright bubble floating o'er2 ,wide flocks of milk-white angels in the roof1 ,the hovering ,bird divine2 ,and1 starring the lower dusk1 the steady lamps ,that marked each hidden shrine4 ,then marble walls and gilded galleries ,grew slowly into sight2 ,and holy visions peered from out the gloom ,of chapels left and right2 ,and ,i perceived a brown-robed sacristan1 ,with a good1 pleasant face1 ,who sat alone within an altar-rail ,to guard the sacred place4 ,he showed me all their treasuresthe dead saint ,within her altar-shrine2 ,showed where the ,master sat1 in gilded bronze1 ,blessing the bread and wine2 ,unveiled the niche whose swooning marble form ',tis half a sin to see ,bernini's ,st4 ,teresaand betrayed ,her dying ecstasy2 ,then led me to the sacristy1 where hung1 ,painted the glorious field ,lepanto'sand he told the ancient tale1 ,how1 like a magic shield1 ,our ,lady's sacred picture1 borne aloft ,in the dread battle's shock4 ,had sent the scattered ,paynim flying far1 ,like foam from off a rock4 ,when all was seen and said1 my parting foot ,a soft 8,aspetti60 stayed ,just where a tiny garden 'mid the walls ,its nook of verdure made4 ,and while ,i waited1 was broke off for me ,a bright geranium bloom1 ,and this blush-rose1 whose richly-perfumed breath ,has sweetened the whole room4 8,o ,rosa ,mystica60 ,i thought1 and felt ,consoled1 scarce knowing why2 ,it seemed that in that brief hour all my wrong ,had righted silently1 ,as when1 new-shriven1 we go forth to tread ,the troubled ways of men4 ,folded in peace1 and with no need1 it seems1 ,ever to speak again4 ,lady invincible6 ,her grander fields ,are praised 'neath every sun2 ,but who shall count the secret victories ,her gentler arms have won8 ,hers are the trumpet and the waving flag2 ,but there is one who knows ,that on a certain summer day in ,rome ,she conquered with a rose4 ,,london ,,guilds ,,and ,,apprentices4 ,the halls of the old ,london guilds or companies are still among the most interesting sights of ,london4 ,they are not only interesting as the relics of by-gone times and manners1 but as living and active representatives of the influential bodies whose names they bear4 ,many of the companies give an annual dinner to the members of the ,cabinet 7of no matter which of the two great political parties71 and all are wide awake and progressive4 ,they bestow the honorary membership of their various crafts upon outsiders as a very great distinction and favor1 and with many of the proudest names of the nobility this or that company has a hereditary connection4 ,their actual halls are none of them of great antiquity1 as they can date no further back than #afff1 the year of the great fire of ,london1 when every building of any consequence in the city was destroyed2 and many are far more modern than that1 having been rebuilt in our own century4 ,the ,company of the ,goldsmiths1 which at present ranks fifth in the order of precedence among the ,london guilds1 boasts of being one of the oldest of all1 its first charter dating from #acbg 7before its rivals possessed a similar royal license71 and its records prove that it existed more than two hundred years previous to that date1 and was even fined in #aahj for its irregular and independent being4 ,this was under ,henry ,,ii41 and it is presumable that it was not even then in its infancy4 ,the craftsmen of the capital were obliged to protect themselves by associations of mutual comfort and defence1 and the goldsmiths especially1 as they were most often liable to taxation and forcible levies for the benefit and at the caprice of the king4 ,they were the earliest bankers1 both in ,england and in other countries4 ,their power and organization1 before they obtained the charter of incorporation under ,edward ,,iii4 in #acbg1 is shown by the following account given by ,maitland1 the historian of the city of ,london1 and copied by him from an old chronicler1 ,fabyanno doubt a witness of the fray3 8,about the same time 7#abfi7 a great difference happened between the ,company of ,goldsmiths and that of the ,merchant ,tailors or1 as it was written1 #8,taylors'2 and other companies interesting themselves on each side1 the animosity increased to such a degree that on a certain night both parties met 7it seems by consent7 to the number of #ejj men1 completely armed2 when fiercely engaging1 several were killed and many wounded on both sides2 and they continued fighting in an obstinate and desperate manner1 till the sheriffs raised a great body of citizens1 suppressed the riot1 and apprehended many of the combatants1 who were soon after tried by the mayor and ,laurence de ,brooke1 one of the king's justices2 and thirteen of the ringleaders being found guilty1 they were condemned and hanged40 ,the goldsmiths stood1 both to individuals and to the government1 in the relation of agents in the transfer of bullion and coin1 in making payments and obtaining loans1 and in the safe custody of treasure4 ,this branch of their business has not been relinquished so very long ago2 for we find a statement made in a book called ,a ,general ,description of all ,trades1 and published in #agdg1 to the effect that 8,goldsmiths1 the fifth company1 are1 strictly speaking1 all those who make it their business to work up and deal in all sorts of wrought gold and silver plate2 but of late years the title of goldsmith has been generally taken to signify one who banks1 or receives and pays running cash for others1 as well as deals in plate2 but he whose business is altogether cash-keeping is properly a banker40 ,to distinguish such of the craft as did not bank1 the name silversmith was used2 and these again were sub-divided into the working silversmiths1 who fashioned the precious metals1 and the shopkeepers1 who only sold them4 ,this statement has been preserved by ,malcolm in his work on the city1 called ,londinium ,redivivum4 ,the distinction is practically obsolete in our day1 and the whole craft goes more generally by the name of jewellers4 ,it would be difficult at present to find one jeweller who is still a banker1 though there is no doubt that private negotiations of the sort described may sometimes take place2 but as to the safe-keeping of jewels and plate1 the ,london jewellers do a very extensive business4 ,full as many people keep their family heirlooms at the great jewellers',hancock1 ,emmanuel1 ,garrett1 ,tessier1 ,hunt1 and ,roskell1 etc41 etc4as they do at banks2 and1 again1 the secret loans on valuable jewels1 and the sale of some1 to be replaced by cunningly-wrought paste1 constitute1 as of old1 an important though private branch of their traffic4 ,the great goldsmiths of old times were pawnbrokers on a magnificent scale1 as well as bankers1 and even church plate often came for a time into their keeping4 ,royal jewels and the property of the nation were not seldom in their hands as pledges1 and through their aid alone could war be carried on or clamoring mercenaries paid4 ,italy was more liberal towards her goldsmiths than ,england4 ,here they were artists and ranked as such2 in ,england they were artificers and traders4 ,in the latter country they were powerful1 but only through the wealth they controlled2 in ,italy they were admired1 courted1 and flattered in society1 but politically their power was less4 ,the ,english at all times excelled rather in manual skill than in design2 and to this day the designers of jewellers1 lamp-makers1 furniture-makers1 house-decorators1 and even silk1 ribbon1 and cotton merchants1 in ,england1 are generally not ,english4 ,in ancient times the ,london goldsmiths all lived in or near ,cheapside1 or1 as it was often called1 ,west ,cheap1 to distinguish it from the other ,cheap ,street1 more to the east4 8,cheap0 was the same as market4 ,close by was the ,royal ,exchange1 where the bullion for the coinage of the realm was received and kept1 and the street in which stood this building is still called the ,old ,exchange4 ,whether by law or custom1 only goldsmiths were allowed to have shops in this neighborhood2 but even if the right was at first but a prescriptive one1 the company soon contrived to have laws passed to forbid any other craft from encroaching on their domains4 ,this localizing of various crafts was common all over ,europe in the middle ages1 and in many instances was really a convenience to purchasers1 as well as a means of defence for the members of the guilds4 ,in the case of the goldsmiths the government had an object of its own4 ,it might have been thought that the concentration of other turbulent companies would have been rather a danger and a provocation to the royal authority2 but it was obviously the policy of the king to make the services of this wealthy company as accessible as might be1 in case of any sudden emergency requiring a loan or a tax4 ,it was not politic to let any of the fraternity escape contribution by hiding himself in some obscure part of the city2 so that not only were other tradesmen prohibited from opening shops among the goldsmiths1 but the latter were themselves forbidden from setting up their shops elsewhere4 ,although neither law nor custom now interferes with them1 the majority of the great jewellers have their glittering shops in ,bond ,street1 ,london1 while in other countries the same rule1 on the whole1 still prevails4 ,the ,rue de ,rivoli and the ,palais ,royal are the chief emporiums for these precious goods in ,paris2 in ,vienna they are mainly sold in the ,graben1 and one street leading out of it2 ,rome has its ,via ,condotti1 thronged with jewelry shops and those selling objects of virtu2 ,venice has its ,procurazie1 an arcade beneath which nearly all the jewellers in the city are congregated2 and in many old ,italian cities the ,strada degli ,orefici 7goldsmiths' street7 still fully deserves its name4 ,this is particularly the case at ,genoa1 where this old1 crooked lane1 bordered by the booths and dens that we moderns would take for poor cobblers' shops1 is still one of the most surprising and picturesque sights of the city4 ,goldsmiths' ,row is thus described in ,maitland's ,history3 8,the same was built by ,thomas ,wood1 goldsmith1 one of the sheriffs of ,london in the year #adia4 ,it contained in number ten dwelling-houses and fourteen shops1 all in one frame1 uniformly built1 four stories high1 beautified towards the street with the goldsmith's arms and the likeness of woodmen1 in memory of his name1 riding on monstrous beasts1 all of which were cast in lead1 richly painted over and gilt4 ,the said front was again new painted and gilt over in the year #aeid1 ,sir ,richard ,martin being then mayor1 and keeping his mayoralty in one of them40 ,the ,row1 however1 before this embellishment1 had existed in the same place1 and covered adjoining parts of ,cheapside1 betwixt ,bread ,street end and the ,cross in ,cheap4 ,this beautiful monument is now gone1 but it stood at the west end of the street1 in the middle of an open space from which ,st4 ,martin-le-,grand 7still one of the ,london parishes7 branches out on the one hand1 and ,st4 ,paul's churchyard on the other4 ,the 8churchyard10 still retaining its name1 is now filled with gay shops1 mostly for the sale of silks1 feathers1 and other female gear1 and quite equal to the resplendent shops of the ,west ,end of ,london4 ,the ,cross in ,cheap was one of a series which ,edward ,i4 built at every place where the body of his wife1 ,queen ,eleanor1 rested on the way from ,herdeley in ,lincolnshire to ,westminster1 where she was buried4 ,in #afbi the appearance of the goldsmiths' shops is thus described3 8,at this time the city greatly abounded in riches and splendor1 such as former ages were unacquainted with2 then it was beautiful to behold the glorious appearance of goldsmiths' shops in the ,south ,row of ,cheapside1 which in a continued course reached from the ,old ',change to ,bucklersbury1 exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that space40 ,another reason that had been early alleged for the concentration of the guild was that 8it might be seen that their works were good and right02 for as early as #acbg complaints were made of the substitution of paste for real gems1 and of plated ware for genuine metal4 ,some of the fraternity were wont to hide themselves in by-lanes and obscure turnings1 and buy stolen plate1 melt it down1 and resell it secretly to merchants about to put to sea4 8,and so they made also false work of gold and silver1 as bracelets1 lockets1 rings1 and other jewels2 in which they set glass of divers colors1 counterfeiting real stones1 and put more alloy in the silver than they ought1 which they sold to such as had no skill in such things4 ,and that the cutlers in their workhouses covered tin with silver so subtilly1 and with such slight1#c that the same could not be discerned and severed from the tin2 and by that means they sold the tin so covered for fine silver1 to the great damage and deceit of the king and his people40 ,all this was very distasteful to the respectable members of the company1 from whose petition the above words are quoted1 and henceforward the law did all it could to protect both the public from deceit and the guild from dishonor4 ,yet1 since human law never yet reached an abuse upheld by obstinate men interested in law-breaking or law-evading1 the ordinances had to be constantly renewed4 ,as years went on the law was more and more disregarded4 ,one order was passed in #afbi to confine the goldsmiths to ,cheapside and ,lombard ,street2 another in #afce1 another in #afcg1 and two in #afch4 ,summary proceedings were taken against the intrusive shopkeepers who paraded their 8mean trades0 among the privileged goldsmiths4 ,for instance1 8if they should obstinately refuse and remain refractory1 then to take security of them to perform the same by a certain day1 or in default to commit them to prison until they conform themselves40 ,the arbitrary ,star ,chamber1 whose rule under the later ,stuarts became a real 8,reign of ,terror10 threatened that if such shops were not forthwith shut up1 the alderman of the ward1 or his deputy1 should be committed to prison4 ,but these were the last among the despotic threats of the terrible tribunal1 which was soon after abolished1 and the twenty-four common shops which were enumerated in #afch as spoiling the fair appearance of ,goldsmiths' ,row were soon reinforced by many others4 ,the prohibitory ordinances ceased1 and custom alone was not strong enough to expel intruders4 ,besides1 the great fire soon came to sweep away almost the whole city1 and the plague that preceded it did much to break up all local customs and attachments4 ,the tide of fashion afterwards carried the jewellers with it1 setting every year more and more to the west of the city1 and the old landmarks and restrictions died a natural death4 ,lombard ,street1 however1 originally named from the ,lombard refugees who settled in ,london as bankers and pawnbrokers as well as jewellers1 is still distinguished by the number of banks and imposing warehouses it contains1 and by the comparatively stately architecture of some of its great commercial buildings4 ,the ,goldsmiths' ,company1 by letters-patent of ,edward ,,iii41 was granted the privilege of assaying 7or testing7 all gold and silver plate before it could be exposed for sale4 ,but this was probably only a renewal of a right already exercised by them2 for it is mentioned in the document that all work ascertained to be of the proper fineness shall have upon it 8a stamp of a puncheon with a leopard's head1 as of ancient time it hath been ordained40 ,the company also has the privilege of assisting at what is called 8the trial of the pyx0that is1 the examination of the coinage of the realm1 with a view of ascertaining whether it is of the sterling weight and purity4 ,the pyx is the box in which the coins to be weighed and analyzed are contained4 ,the jury of goldsmiths summoned on this occasion usually consists of twenty-five1 and they meet with great formalities and ceremonies in a vaulted chamber on the east side of the cloisters at ,westminster1 called the ,chapel of the ,pyx4 ,since the great fire the company has built two halls1 the present one dating only from #ahbi1 when the old one was pulled down4 ,it stands immediately behind the new post-office1 and is an ,italian building1 more worthy of examination inside than out4 ,the hall which preceded the present one was celebrated for a court-room elaborately decorated and possessing a richly-sculptured marble chimney-piece and a massive bronze grate of the value of a hundred pounds1 in days when that sum meant thrice as much as it does now4 ,like all the companies1 that of the goldsmiths possessed some valuable pictures1 chiefly portraits of distinguished members or protectors4 ,hawthorne mentions the hall of the ,barber-,surgeons' ,company1 in ,monkwell ,street1 which boasted of a picture by ,holbein1 representing the company of barber-surgeons kneeling before ,henry ,,viii41 receiving their charter from his hands1 and for which the company very rightly refused #cj1jjj1 and even #f1jjj for a single head of a person of the name of ,pen1 which the late ,sir ,robert ,peel wished to cut out from the canvas and replace by a copy which should rival the original in fidelity and minuteness4 ,the heads in this picture were all portraits1 and represent grave-looking personages in dark1 sober costumes4 ,the king is in scarlet4 ,round the banqueting-room of this hall were other valuable pictures of the distinguished men of the company1 and notably one1 by ,vandyke1 of an elderly1 bearded personage1 very stately in demeanor1 refined in feature1 and dressed in a style of almost courtly though chastened elegance4 ,the company also treasures its old vellum manuscript book of records1 all in black letter1 and in which there has been no entry made for four hundred years4 ,the hall has a lofty1 carved roof of wood1 and a sombre1 rich appearance from its antique furniture and numerous old portraits4 ,there is a sky-light in the roof1 which may have served to cast light on bodies dissected on the great table below4 ,in old times the barbers and surgeons formed but one company2 but we believe that the latter alone now claim the possession of this hall 7one of the oldest now standing in ,london1 and the work of ,inigo ,jones71 although1 in official nomenclature1 they still retain the double title of barber-surgeons4 ,close by ,monkwell ,street is shown a dilapidated ,elizabethan row of almshouses1 erected by a pious and charitable alderman for six poor men4 ,their successors and representatives still enjoy the founder's bounty1 but the almshouses are now choked up by a network of unwholesome streets1 and the funds of the institution1 which have enormously increased in relative value1 remain in the hands of the trustees4 ,the number of those who1 under different names1 belong to the fraternity of goldsmiths1 is1 at a rough calculation1 nearly eight hundred1 exclusive of watchmakers who are also jewellers4 ,indeed1 in the country these two trades are always joined1 and even many shops of this mixed kind are found in ,london4 ,the ,fishmongers were the fourth of the incorporated companies1 ranking just before the goldsmiths4 ,at one time they were the wealthiest and most powerful2 but although they existed and flourished as a civic association long before they obtained a regular charter1 they referred the latter privilege to no earlier date than #adcc4 ,the inherent spirit of division and local jealousy which seems to animate all bodies corporate1 whether political1 commercial1 or artistic1 caused the fishmongers punctiliously to keep asunder and form two separate companiesthat of the salt-fishmongers 7which had the earliest charter71 and that of the stock-fishmongers1 whose letters-patent were not granted till #aeji4 ,in ,catholic times1 of course1 the consumption of fish was great among all classes1 and its sale a very important business4 ,the salt-fishmongers naturally had the largest trade1 and at one period so great was the influence of their company that it gave to the city six lord-mayors in the space of twenty-four years4 ,the last and most famous of these was ,sir ,william ,walworth1 who in #acha1 under ,richard ,,ii41 slew the rebel ,wat ,tyler with his own hand1 in the market-place at ,smithfield1 when that leader was at the head of thirty thousand rebels4 ,the king knighted him for this act of prowessa far different cause for the honor from that which is so indulgently thought sufficient now1 i4e41 the accident of a royal visit during a mayor's term of office1 irrespective of any merit in the holder of the office4 ,the glory and power of the fishmongers stirred up the envy and ill-will of their fellow-citizens1 and ,walworth's successor1 ,john of ,northampton1 a draper of an imperious and turbulent character1 well known in his day by the popular titles of ,troubletown and ,cumbertown1 was able to array the interest of several rival companies against the too prosperous fishmongers1 and to procure from the crown leave for foreigners 7meaning strangers or persons not freemen7 to sell fish in ,london1 in violation of the company's right of monopoly4 ,maitland even records that he made the company acknowledge that its occupation was 8no craft1 and was therefore unworthy of being reckoned among the other mysteries40 ,it was also enacted that for the future no lord-mayor should be chosen from among the fishmongers4 ,but the credit of the fishmongers revived as soon as ,john of ,northampton's term of office ended1 and the company was soon restored by ,parliament to all its old rights and privileges1 except the right of holding courts for the trial of complaints4 ,this was transferred to the supreme city court1 that of the lord-mayor himself4 ,in #aecf the two companies of salt and stock fishmongers were incorporated into one by ,henry ,,viii4 under the title of 8,the ,wardens and ,commonalty of the ,mystery of ,fishmongers40 ,after the ,reformation the sale of fish diminished so as to endanger the trade of the company1 and a curious act of ,parliament was passed in #aefc1 under ,elizabeth1 enjoining the exclusive use of fish on ,wednesdays and ,saturdays1 8as well for the maintenance of shipping1 the increase of fishermen and mariners1 and the repairing of port-towns1 as for the sparing and increase of the flesh victual of the realm40 ,the cases excepted1 of course1 were those of sickness1 and of ability and willingness to pay for a license to eat flesh-meat on those days4 ,the fine for disobeying the law was #c for each offence1 and the licenses of exemption cost for a peer #a #fs4 and #h;d41 for a knight and a gentleman #acs4 and #d;d41 for the commonalty #fs4 and #h;d4 ,even the license1 however1 only authorized the eating of mutton and fowl1 not beef2 but that there might be no mistake as to the motive of this odd1 restrictive lawso like the sumptuary laws1 and almost as unavailingthis clause was added3 8,but because no person shall misjudge the intent of this statute1 be it enacted that whoever shall1 by preaching1 teaching1 writing1 or open speech1 notify that any eating of fish1 or forbearing of flesh1 mentioned in this statute1 is of any necessity for the soul of man1 or that it is the service of ,god1 otherwise than as other politic laws are and be1 then such persons shall be punished as spreaders of false news ought to be40 ,it is probable that this regulation failed of its effect1 for a subsequent statute again renewed the prohibition1 though limiting it to ,saturdays only2 still1 the concession was but partial1 for the sale of flesh was forbidden on ,fridays and ,saturdays and during all ,lent4 ,there were three streets in the city named after the ,fishmongers' ,company,old ,fish ,street1 ,new ,fish ,street1 and ,fishmonger ,row1 now called ,thames ,street4 ,in each of these the two original companies had each one hall1 making no less than six halls for the whole guild2 but on their fusion they chose one in ,thames ,street for their common hall1 since which time there have been three successive buildings on or about the same spot4 ,the first1 a very old one1 originally the gift of ,sir ,john ,cornwall1 ,lord ,franhope1 was destroyed in the great fire of #afff1 and soon after ,sir ,christopher ,wren built them another1 famed for a magnificent double flight of stone stairs on the wharf4 ,according to old historians1 those were the times when the ,strand was an open road1 bordered sparsely with pleasant houses1 having large gardens down to the river's edge4 ,this hall was taken down about #ahcj to make room for the approaches of the new ,london ,bridge1 and the present hall was built just a little to the west of the site of its predecessor4 ,this is another of those heavy1 would-be-palatial buildings which attest the bad architectural taste of the first half of the present century4 ,it has long been customary to enroll as honorary members of the civic companies many royal and noble personages2 and when1 in #agej1 ,frederick1 ,prince of ,wales1 was admitted as a freeman1 the clerk of the ,fishmongers' ,company1 ,mr4 ,tomkyns1 proudly reminded him that 8this company1 sir1 is famous for having had near threescore lord-mayors of the city of ,london1 besides many of the most considerable merchants and eminent citizens1 free of it40 ,king ,james ,i4 incorporated himself with the guild of cloth-workers in #afjg1 and ,stow's ,chronicle1 continued by ,howes1 gives the following description of the occurrence3 8,being in the open hall1 he the king asked who was master of the company1 and the lord-mayor answered1 #8,sir ,william ,stowe1' unto whom the king said3 #8,wilt thou make me free of the cloth-workers8' #8,yea1' quoth the master1 #8and think myself a happy man that ,i live to see this day4' ,then the king said3 #8,stowe1 give me thy hand2 and now ,i am a cloth-worker4'0 ,sir ,samuel ,pepys was master of the company seventy years later1 and presented them with a rich loving-cup1 which is still used on solemn occasions4 ,the ,winthrops1 ancestors of the famous governor of the ,massachusetts ,company1 were hereditarily connected with this cloth-workers' guild1 several of them becoming members by regular apprenticeship to the trade2 and ,adam ,wyntrope1 the governor's grandfather1 is mentioned as master of the company in #aeea1 having previously held all the minor offices leading to that dignity4 ,intimately connected with the system of the companies was the status of the ,london apprentices4 ,both have been materially modified1 and their representatives have ceased to exercise the tangible power they once possessed4 ,but when the system was in full operation1 every trade having its separate guild2 and when1 in order that any one might exercise a trade1 it was necessary he should have the freedom of the guild1 this freedom could only be obtained by serving an apprenticeship to a member of the company4 ,in old times the apprentices were a superior class of men1 and it was not permitted to every one to exercise the chief trades4 ,under ,henry ,,iv4 an act was passed containing a clause to the effect that no one should put his son or daughter apprentice to a handicraft trade1 8except he have land or rent to the value of #bjs4 by the year10 which in those days would be a fair competency4 ,the regulations of the city of ,london forbade any to be admitted to be bound apprentice except such as were 8gentlemen born10 by which was understood freeborn1 and not in a state of villeinagethe son of a free-holder or a yeoman4 ,in the days of the ,tudors and ,stuarts even the younger sons of gentlemen often served in the commercial establishments of rich citizens4 ,the chronicler ,stow attributes to this cause their 8costly apparel1 their wearing weapons1 and frequenting schools of dancing1 fencing1 and music40 ,but this very pretension to 8gentility0 it was which ,ben ,jonson rebuked in his ,eastward ,hoe1 a comedy1 the counterpart of ,hogarth's subsequent caricatures in pencil4 ,the old goldsmith boasts that he made his wealth by 8hiring me a little shop2 bought low2 took small gain2 kept no debt-book2 garnished my shop1 for want of plate1 with good1 wholesome1 thrifty sentences1 as1 #8,touchstone1 keep thy shop1 and thy shop will keep thee'2 #8,light gains make heavy purses1' etc40 ,the apprentices were very clannish1 and ready to defend each other to the death1 and this spirit often led to riots and serious disturbances1 but a curious poem published in #afdg1 called ,the ,honor of ,london ,apprentices1 mentions that this bravery had led them to distinguish themselves in a nobler field than a city brawlnamely1 in the ,crusades and on the field of ,crcy4 ,their duties1 it seems to us1 corresponded in their way to the service required from youths of good birth as pages and esquires in the house of a knight1 before they themselves could aspire to the honor of knighthood4 ,these waited at table1 served the ladies1 and performed many offices now termed menial2 and1 as a tract published in ,london in #afbe avers1 so too did the apprentices3 8,he goes bare-headed1 stands bare-headed1 waits bare-headed1 before his master and mistress2 and while as yet he is the youngest apprentice1 he doth perhaps1 for discipline's sake1 make old leather over-night shine with blacking for the morning2 brusheth a garment1 runs of errands1 keeps silence till he have leave to speak1 follows his master or ushereth his mistress1 and sometimes my young mistresses their daughters 7among whom some one or other of them doth not rarely prove the apprentice's wife71 walks not far out but with permission1 and now and then1 as offences happen1 he may chance to be terribly chidden or menaced1 or for8 what sometime must be worthily corrected40 ,stow1 in his ,survey of ,london1 says that 8when apprentices and journeymen attended upon their masters and mistresses at night1 they went before them carrying a lantern and a candle in their hands1 and a great long club on their necks2 and many well-grown1 sturdy apprentices used to wear long daggers in the daytime on their backs or sides40 ,all this the master in his young days had done for his master1 and all this the present apprentice had the prospective right of claiming for himself in the future2 so in this inequality for the nonce there was no element of caste and no room for foolish murmuring4 ,the turbulence of these young fellows was turned now against the city authorities1 now against foreign or unlicensed traders and artificers1 now against their masters4 ,from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centurytimes when all classes were turbulent enoughthese occasional riots went on and were punished2 but what chiefly led to their cessation was the gradual falling to pieces of the old system1 and the more effectual police force which patrolled the city after #afhh4 ,but the peculiarity of the apprentices' privileges and of the influence of the companies in ,england was that1 no matter how low a man began1 his industry and good behavior could raise him to high public honor4 ,this was not the case in most other ,european countries4 ,wealth and domestic happiness1 of course1 attended virtue and application to business1 but such advancement as the ,english ,constitution offered existed nowhere1 unless1 perhaps1 in the ,low ,countries4 ,this has been significantly commented upon by ,lichtenberg1 an admirer and critic of ,hogarth1 and professor of natural history at the ,university of ,gttingen4 8,in ,hogarth's country10 says he1 8it is not unfrequent that the son of a weaver or a brewer may distinguish himself in the ,house of ,commons1 and his grandson or great-grandson in the ,house of ,lords4 ,oh6 what a land1 in which no cobbler is certain that the favors of his great-grandson may not one day be solicited by kings and emperors4 ,and yet they grumble60 ,although there are no restrictive laws as to trade in the ,london of our day1 and though much of the state of the companies has dwindled into formalities1 and is more interesting from a historical than a political point of view1 still the foundations on which the system was built are unalterable4 ,in these days1 as in centuries gone by1 the pride in one's work1 the personal industry1 and the esprit de corps of tradesmen are the real steps by which they mount to civic and political success4 ,they were once embodied in the close system of alliance and defence encouraged by the guilds2 times and customs have changed1 and each man stands more or less on his own merits alone1 but the underlying principle is the same4 ,it is not every tradesman or merchant who1 because he is honest and thrifty1 becomes lord-mayor of ,london1 is knighted1 or elected ,m4,p42 but these prizes are within the reach of all4 ,the city records for the latter half of the eighteenth century1 for instance1 witness to the perseverance of many men born in the lowest and most hopeless circumstances1 and that1 too1 when the ancient prestige of the companies had somewhat faded4 ,sir ,james ,sanderson1 sheriff and lord-mayor of ,london1 was the son of a poor grocer of ,york1 who died young1 leaving his widow to manage the business till his son should be old enough to carry it on4 ,the son left the shop to his mother for her support1 and went to ,london1 entered the service of a hop-merchant1 and throve so well through his industry that he attained great wealth and position4 ,he was afterwards made a baronet4 ,alderman ,boydell came to ,london on foot1 from ,shropshire1 and worked as an engraver4 ,after great trials1 he too succeeded and became lord-mayor1 besides being a great patron of the arts4 ,skinner was apprenticed to a box-maker and undertaker1 and1 through obscure local influence1 began a small business of auctioneering2 he ended by becoming lord-mayor1 and the first auctioneer of the kingdom4 ,sir ,william ,plomer began life in an oil-shop in ,aldgate1 a dingy old part of the city4 ,brooke ,watson1 ,m4,p4 for the city of ,london1#d was the son of a journeyman tailor1 and served his apprenticeship to that trade4 ,sir ,john ,anderson1 lord-mayor and member for the city1 was the son of a day laborer4 ,macauley was the son of a captain of a coasting vessel1 who died leaving nine children unprovided for4 ,sir ,william ,staines and ,alderman ,hamerton were both working paviors and stone-masons4 ,aldermen ,wright and ,gill were servants in a warehouse of which they afterwards became masters2 they lived for sixty years in partnership as stationers1 and never disagreed1 although the latter married the former's sister4 ,wright made #djj1jjj4 ,the two old friends died the same year1 beloved and regretted by many who had experienced their kindness and generosity4 ,to point out contrary instances would not be so easythey are legion2 but the typical idle apprentice of ,hogarth is a fair specimen of those who wreck their lives through weakness of resolve and inordinate love of so-called enjoyment4 ,these we have under our eyes every day1 in every country4 #c ,sleight or skill4 #d ,the members for the city have the right to wear scarlet gowns on the first or opening day of every ,parliament1 and sit all together on the right hand of the chair1 next the speaker4 ,no other members1 except the speaker and the clerks1 have the right of wearing robes4 ,,the ,,sainte ,,chapelle ,,of ,,paris ,,and ,,the ,,crown ,,of ,,thorns4 ,in the very heart of ,paris1 to the northwest of ,notre ,dame1 and as if a flower detached from her garland1 or a graceful sapling from the majestic parent tree1 sprang up1 more than six centuries ago1 the ,sainte ,chapelle4 ,it almost seems as if ,heaven had extended a special protection to the sanctuary raised to enshrine the precious relics of the ,passion of our ,lord2 for although injured and despoiled by evil hands in the time of the ,first ,revolution1 it was subsequently restored to all the splendor of its pristine beauty2 and again1 when the conflagrations kindled by the ,commune were raging around it1 the ,sainte ,chapelle1 with its fearless flche1 its protecting angel1 and its golden crown1 stood unharmed in the very midst of the flames1 and so remained when they had died out1 amid the heaps of ashes and the crumbling ruins left around its unscathed walls4 ,since the time of ,st4 ,louis ,france has possessed the crown of thorns of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and there is great interest in tracing the vicissitudes through which this priceless treasure has passed1 and in learning the circumstances under which the saintly monarch obtained it4 ,in the year #abjd the ,french and the ,venetians1 having captured ,constantinople1 established there as emperor ,baldwin1 ,count of ,flanders4 ,on the division of the booty this prince requested for his share the sacred crown of our ,saviour1 which was found among the treasure of the emperors of the ,east1 offering1 if it were adjudged to him1 to give to the ,doge of ,venice a large portion of the true cross in exchange4 ,his successor1 ,baldwin ,,ii41 finding his empire1 in the year #abch1 threatened by the ,greeks on the one side1 and on the other by the ,bulgarians1 came into the ,west to seek aid and protection against his enemies4 ,whilst at the court of ,france1 whither he had gone to entreat the assistance of ,st4 ,louis1 tidings reached him that the nobles whom he had left at ,constantinople1 finding their resources completely exhausted1 were on the point of pledging the holy crown to the ,venetians for a sum of money4 ,the young emperor1 strongly disapproving of this measure1 offered as a free gift to ,st4 ,louis the precious relic which the lords of ,byzantium were wishing to sell4 8,for10 said he1 8,i greatly desire to bestow it upon you1 my cousin1 who are my lord and benefactor1 as well as upon the realm of ,france1 my country40 ,st4 ,louis eagerly accepted such a gift as this1 and immediately1 at the same time that ,baldwin despatched one of his officers with letters-patent commanding that the holy crown should be sent to him1 the ,french monarch sent two of the ,friars ,preachers1 named ,james and ,andrew1 to receive it in his name4 ,journeys in those days1 however1 were by no means expeditious1 and on the arrival of the messengers at ,constantinople they found the sacred relic gone from the treasury1 and pledged to the ,venetians for #ac1jge hyperperia1 or about #aeg1jjj sterling4 ,it had been deposited by their chamberlain1 ,pancratius ,caverson1 in the church of ,panta ,craton1 that of his nation at ,byzantium4 ,on receiving the emperor's orders the ,latin lords rearranged the matter with the ,venetians1 and it was agreed that1 if within a reasonably short time the latter did not receive the reimbursement of the sum they had paid1 the sacred crown should become their undoubted property4 ,meanwhile1 it was to be carried to ,venice1 accompanied by the envoys of the ,king of ,france1 one of whom1 ,father ,andrew1 had formerly been guardian of the convent of his order at ,constantinople1 and1 having on several occasions seen the crown1 knew its appearance perfectly well4 ,it was this circumstance which had determined ,st4 ,louis to send him as one of his messengers4 ,every possible precaution was taken to secure the identification of the holy crown1 which was enclosed in three chests1 the first of gold1 the second of silver1 on which the ,venetian lords affixed their seals1 the third of wood1 which was sealed by the ,french nobles4 ,the season1 being ,christmas1 was unfavorable for the voyage by sea1 but the envoys had no hesitation in embarking1 secure in the conviction that the crown of ,jesus would be their protection in the tempest and the perils of the wintry seas4 ,nor was their trust disappointed4 ,they escaped unharmed from other dangers also2 for the galleys of ,vataces1 the ,greek pretender to the imperial throne1 having started in pursuit of their vessel1 were unable to overtake or even to discover them1 and they reached ,venice in safety4 ,the holy crown was at once borne to ,st4 ,mark's1 and there placed among the treasures in the ,chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 where reposed the body of the ,evangelist1 between the two columns of alabaster which are said to have been brought from the ,temple of ,solomon4 ,at the same time one of the ,dominican ,fathers set out for ,france to acquaint ,st4 ,louis with the terms agreed upon4 ,these were approved of by the king1 who directed the ,french merchants to repay the ,venetians the sum they had advanced4 ,the sacred relic was then delivered into the hands of the ,french envoys1 who1 after assuring themselves that the seals were intact1 started homewards with their treasure on the road to ,france4 ,no sooner had the king heard of the arrival of the holy crown at ,troyes1 in ,champagne1 than he immediately set out1 with the queen-mother1 ,blanche of ,castile1 the princes his brothers1 and several of the chief prelates and nobles1 to receive and accompany it to the capital4 ,the meeting took place at ,villeneuve l',archevque1 five leagues from ,sens1 on the #ajth of ,august1 #abci4 ,the seals were then broken1 and in the midst of an indescribable emotion the sacred relic was displayed4 ,the king and his brother1 the ,comte d',artois1 both barefooted and wearing a simple tunic of wool1 taking it upon their shoulders1 bore it in great pomp to the metropolitan church of ,sens1 where it remained exposed for the veneration of the faithful until the following day1 when the march towards ,paris was resumed1 and they reached the capital in eight days' time4 ,a platform had been raised at ,st4 ,antoine des ,champs1 where the crown was placed2 and when everyone had contemplated it with an inexpressible joy1 the king and his brother1 taking it1 as before1 upon their shoulders1 carried it in procession to the palace chapel1 at that time dedicated to ,st4 ,nicholas1 where it was deposited4 ,besides all the precautions taken to render any substitution impossible1 we may add that ,baldwin1 on being required to examine and identify the relic1 declared its authenticity in a document written on parchment1 which was in existence until the ,revolution of #agic1 signed with his own hand in ,greek characters1 traced in cinnabar1 and having his own seal1 of lead covered with gold1 affixed4 ,on one side of this seal the emperor was represented enthroned1 with the inscription3 8,balduinus ,imperator ,romani semper ,augustus40 ,on the other he was on horseback1 with the inscription in ,greek letters3 8,baudoin1 ,empereur1 ,comte de ,flandre40 ,it must also be borne in mind that the ,venetians1 before lending so considerable a sum for such a pledge1 would be certain to satisfy themselves beyond all doubt as to its authenticity1 and that1 even had he been so minded1 ,baldwin could not in this matter have imposed upon the credulity of ,st4 ,louis1 as some modern writers have asserted1 but that he did really receive that which the whole ,christian world regarded as the crown of thorns of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,still1 some additional proof may be required1 and for this we must go back to an earlier period4 ,we must also consider the nature of this crown2 for many churches affirm1 and with good reasons1 that they possess thorns or fragments of the same1 and yet these portions frequently do not resemble that which is at ,paris4 ,in the first place1 it is certain that a century and a half before the reign of ,st4 ,louis1 at the time of the ,first ,crusade1 all the world admitted that a very large portion of the crown was preserved at ,constantinople1 in the chapel of the ,greek emperors4 ,when ,alexis ,comnenus wished to induce the ,christian princes to go to his assistance1 he spoke to them of the very precious relics which they would help to save1 amongst which he especially designated the crown of thorns4 ,also1 in the time of ,charlemagne1 all the ,west had the certainty that ,constantinople possessed this treasure1 of which a considerable part was equally known to be at ,jerusalem4 ,towards the year #hjj1 according to ,aimoin1 the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem had detached some of the thorns1 which he sent to ,charlemagne1 who deposited them at ,aix-la-,chapelle with one of the nails of the true cross1 and it was these relics which were afterwards given by ,charles le ,chauve to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,denis4 ,the existence of the crown is a fact constantly alluded to in the sixth century1 by ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours amongst others2 and about the year #dji ,st4 ,paulinus of ,nola knew of its preservation4 ,he writes3 8,the thorns with which the ,saviour was crowned1 and the other relics of his ,passion1 recall to us the living remembrance of his presence40 ,no written testimonies of an earlier date remain1 but these appear to be fully sufficient1 as they are the expression of an oral tradition well known to every one4 ,as for the idea that such a relic as this could have been invented in those ages of conscience and of faith1 it is wholly inadmissible4 ,the crown was not found with the cross and nails on ,mount ,calvary1 nor is it probable that it was there buried with them1 but that1 when ,joseph of ,arimathea took down the body of ,jesus from the cross1 he would have preserved it apart4 ,that no mention of this remains to us is easily accounted for by the silence and the exceeding precautions necessary so long as the persecutions by ,jews and pagans continued4 ,during this time the relics of the ,passion which had been in the custody of the ,blessed ,virgin1 or by her entrusted to others1 could not1 for reasons of safety1 have been distributed to the various churches1 but were honorably preserved in private dwellings1 to be brought forth and publicly acknowledged when peace was granted to the church by the conversion of ,constantine4 ,then it was that ,st4 ,helena sought with pious eagerness for every memorial that could be found of the ,crucifixion1 and distributed them chiefly among the churches of ,jerusalem1 ,constantinople1 and ,rome4#e ,an apparent difficulty still remains1 which obliges us to inquire into the nature and form of the sacred crown1 with respect to which ancient authors differ from one another1 some asserting that it was formed of reed 7juncus palustris71 about which1 however1 there are no points of any great sharpness2 while others maintain it to have been made from the branches of a shrub belonging to the genus ,rhamnus1 several species of which1 especially the ,zizyphus ,spina ,christi1 or the thorn of ,christ1 are furnished with exceedingly long1 hard1 and sharply-pointed thorns1 exactly similar to those venerated in several churches1 but bearing no resemblance whatever to the holy crown at ,paris1 which is1 in fact1 of reed4 ,how is this diversity to be accounted for8 ,thanks to the learned researches of ,m4 ,rohault de ,fleury1#f it is fully explained4 ,the crown at ,paris is a circle formed of small reeds bound together1 and from which only a small number of particles have been taken4 ,the opening is large enough to encircle the head and to fall rather low over the brow4 ,but this circle is only the support or foundation1 so to speak1 of the painful crown of our ,lord4 ,the branches of those thorns of which we have been speaking were twined alternately within and without1 and twisted across in such a manner as to form of these sharp spines not only a circlet but a cap1 as it were1 of torture1 which covered the ,redeemer's head4 ,the year #abda added new treasures to those already acquired by ,st4 ,louis4 ,these were also from ,constantinople1 and sent as expressions of the homage paid by the ,emperor ,baldwin to the 8,most ,christian ,king40 ,these relics were accompanied by a parchment document to establish their authenticity1 and which especially designated three remarkable portions of the true cross3 the first and largest1 ,crucem ,sanctam2 the second1 ,magnam partem ,crucis2 and the third1 which was smaller1 and known as the ,cross of ,victory1 because it had been borne before the armies of ,constantine and his successors1 ,aliam crucem mediocrem quam ,crucem ,triumphalem veteres appellabant4 ,with these was sent also the point of the lance which had pierced our ,saviour's side1 and which1 from the beginning of the seventh century1 had been kept in the chapel of the ,martyrion1 raised by ,constantine on ,mount ,calvary over the very place of the ,crucifixion4 ,heraclius1 fearing lest the lance should fall into the hands of the ,persians1 sent it to ,constantinople1 from which the greater part of it was later taken to ,antioch1 where the ,crusaders found it in #ajig1 but the point had been retained in the former city1 and was sent from thence to ,paris4 ,it was also in the palace of the ,bucoleon at ,byzantium that were for a long period preserved a portion of the purple robe1 the reed1 and the sponge of the ,passion4 ,baldwin ,i41 by means of certain concessions made to the other crusading princes1 obtained that the chapel in this palace should remain undisturbed1 and thus secured for himself the greater part of its treasures1 which were so largely drawn upon by his successor for the benefit of ,st4 ,louis and of ,france4 ,on their arrival the king immediately prepared to erect an edifice that should be as worthy as possible to receive relics so precious2 nor were there wanting at that time great artists well able to furnish the design4 ,the middle of the thirteenth century was perhaps the best and purest period of religious architecture4 ,churches and cathedrals then arose the majesty of whose beauty has never been surpassed or even equalled4 ,for the execution of his work ,louis chose his own architect1 ,pierre de ,montereau1 the most renowned master-worker in stone of the great school of ,philippe ,auguste1 whom he charged to construct1 in place of the chapel of ,st4 ,nicholas1 which was old and ruinous1 another which should be not so much a church as a delicate reliquary in stone1 with open-worked carving like a filigree of gold1 paved with enamel1 and lighted by windows filled with richly-colored glass4 ,the artist was no less ready to enter into the ideas of the king than he was competent to realize them4 ,a plan1 wonderful in the beauty of its proportions and the gracefulness of its design1 was soon ready and submitted to the monarch's approval1 who found it so excellent that his one desire was to see it carried out as expeditiously as possible4 ,the legendary spirit of the middle ages1 which did not easily allow that a too perfect work could be the result of a man's own thought and labor1 has1 as usual1 embroidered facts with fancies1 and attributed the conception of so exquisite a design to supernatural and magical means4 ,it is not difficult to understand that the simple imagination of the people may have had some scope in the colossal construction of the ancient cathedrals1 which required centuries for their completion1 and which often left no name of the master who conceived the design or of those who executed it2 but the ,sainte ,chapelle was not to have such dimensions as to require time and labor either very great or prolonged1 and1 moreover1 he who cut this jewel would engrave on it his name4#g ,it is evident that the chief intention of the architect was to give to his work as spiritual a character as it is possible to impress upon matter1 and to translate into stone the sursum corda of religious aspiration4 ,the first stone was laid by the king in the year #abde4 ,the proportions of the plan are considered perfect by competent judges4 ,it forms a lengthened parallelogram1 terminated at the east end by an apse1 and formed of two chapels1 one above the other1 without aisles or transepts4 ,the edifice measures outside #cf metres #cc centimetres in length1 by #ag in width2 the exterior elevation from the ground of the lower chapel to the front gable is #dbm4 #ej;cm42 the spire#h rises #ccm4 #be;cm4 above the roof4 ,the interior elevation measures #fm4 #fj;cm4 in the lower chapel1 and from #bjm4 to #ejm4 in the upper4 ,the king's desire for the speedy completion of the building was so great that1 notwithstanding the conscientious care bestowed upon every detail1 the work went on with such rapidity that in three years the whole was finished1 and the fairy-like beauty of the edifice excited the most enthusiastic admiration1 tempered1 however1 by serious apprehensions as to the stability of the fabricapprehensions which raised a tempest of reproaches against the daring architect4 ,pierre de ,montereau was himself for a time dismayed at the possible consequences of his boldness4 ,how could he be certain that a church so slight1 so delicate1 and1 in comparison with its area1 so lofty1 would stand securely1 almost in defiance of possibilities8 ,sebastien ,rouillard declares that scarcely was the ,sainte ,chapelle erected when it was seen to oscillate in the wind1 and the spire to sway to and fro in the air when its bells were rung4 ,thus1 ,quasimodo or 8,low0 ,sunday of the year of grace #abdh1 on which the church was consecrated1 far from being a festival or triumph for the hapless architect1 was to him a day of anguish4 ,so effectually had he hidden himself that1 though everywhere sought for1 he could nowhere be found2 and1 to quote the words of ,paul de ,st4 ,victor1 8,the very workmen had all fled1 fearing that they might be taught the laws of equilibrium from the top of a gibbet4 ,but time has proved that the seeming rashness of the medival master was well reasoned1 and that this fair flower of his planting has the roots of an oak40 ,the proportions had been so carefully drawn1 and the laws of mathematics so exactly observed1 the materials so well chosen and shaped with such precision1 that the aerial structure could not fail to consolidate itself in settling firmly upon its foundation4 8,one cannot conceive10 writes ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 8how a work so wonderful in the multiplicity and variety of its details1 its purity of execution1 its richness of ornamentation1 could have been executed in so short a time4 ,from the base to the roof-ridge it is built entirely of hard freestone1 every layer of which1 cramped together by iron hooks run into the lead1 is cut and placed with perfect exactness2 the composition and carving of the sculpture likewise give evidence of the utmost care4 ,nowhere can one find the least indication of negligence or hurry60#i ,nor was it the ,sainte ,chapelle alone that was completed by the end of these three years1 but also the beautiful sacristy adjoining1 which was in itself a masterpiece of ,gothic architecture1 with a touch of peculiar refinement about it suggestive of some influence from the ,east4 ,the upper and lower chapels corresponded with the two divisions of the palace4 ,the lower one1 which is less a crypt than a splendid church1 with its sparkling windows1 its paintings1 its slender pillars with sculptured capitals1 was destined for the officers and domestics of the royal household4 ,over the principal door was placed the image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which1 according to a graceful legend1 bent its head to ,duns ,scotus1 in sign of thanks to that learned theologian1 who had defended the doctrine of the ,immaculate ,conception1 and which ever afterwards retained this attitude4 ,the upper chapel was reserved for the king and court1 and the cell which was the oratory of ,st4 ,louis1 may still be seen adjacent to the southern wall4 ,this church was his especial delight4 ,he had it solemnly consecrated by two illustrious prelates on the same day2 the lower chapel to the ,blessed ,virgin1 by ,philippe de ,berruyer1 ,archbishop of ,bourges1 and the upper dedicated to our ,lord's ,crown of ,thorns1 by ,eudes de ,chteauroux1 ,bishop of ,tusculum and legate of the ,holy ,see4 ,the sacred treasures which the king had received from ,constantinople were placed in reliquaries of marvellous richness1 wrought in gold and enamel1 adorned with carbuncles and pearls4 ,these again were enclosed in what was called ,la ,grande ,chsse1 or 8,the ,great ,shrine10 which was in the form of an arch of bronze1 gilt1 and adorned with figures in the front4 ,it was raised on a kind of ,gothic pedestal behind the high altar1 and closed with ten keys1 each fitting a different lock1 six of which secured the two exterior doors1 and the four others an inner trellis-work or grating4 ,the relics themselves were in frames or vases of gold and crystal4 ,there the holy crown was placed1 in the centre1 between the largest portion of the true cross on the one side and the lance on the other4 ,thanks to the luxury of locks and to the six archers who every night kept guard within the ,sainte ,chapelle1 its riches were safe from all possibility of robbery or fraud4 ,all these things could not be accomplished without enormous outlay4 ,the cost of the ,sainte ,chapelle amounted to more than #hjj1jjj4 ,the sums sent to the ,emperor of ,constantinople1 and those spent upon the reliquaries1 amounted to two millions2 and when it was suggested to the king that this lavish expenditure1 even upon holy things1 was somewhat excessive1 he replied3 8,diex m'a donn tout ce que possde2 ce que dpenserai pour lui et pour les ncessiteux sera tousiours le mieux plac40#aj ,he did not wait until the completion of the church before establishing there a college of seventeen ecclesiastics1 amply endowed4 ,the clergy of the ,sainte ,chapelle1 in virtue of certain privileges and exemptions granted by ,pope ,innocent ,,iv41 were under the immediate jurisdiction of the ,holy ,see4 ,the same pope1 at the prayer of the king1 enriched the relics with numerous indulgences1 and at the same time granted to ,st4 ,louis and his successors the privilege of making the exposition of them every ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,on this day1 therefore1 the court of the palace was filled1 from the hour of seven in the morning1 by the inhabitants of the twelve parishes of ,paris1 who there waited1 as it was impossible for the chapel to contain the multitude4 ,then the king1 taking the cross1 elevated it1 whilst the people sang ,ecce ,crux ,domini2 after which he exposed it before the central window of the apse in such a manner that through the open portal of the church the crowds could behold and venerate it from the court outside4 ,those days were occasions of exceeding happiness to the saintly monarch1 who1 besides1 took delight in everything connected with the sanctuary he had raised1 whether in the pomp of its religious solemnities or in the solitude of the holy place4 ,there he devoutly followed the divine ,office1 and there he was wont to pass long hours1 alone1 in prayer1 kneeling in his oratory1 or prostrate on the pavement near the altar4 ,he had there created for himself something of that ,east towards which the thoughts and desires of his heart were ever turning1 and around this glorified ,calvary which he had raised to the honor of ,god he seemed to behold an ideal representation of the ,holy ,land4 ,all the neighboring streets had taken the names of towns or villages of ,palestine3 ,bethlehem1 ,nazareth1 ,jerusalem1 etc4 ,but the pious illusion did not satisfy a soul so in love with the cross as that of ,st4 ,louis2 his knightly heart bounded at the story of the misfortunes in the ,east1 and on the #beth of ,may1 #abgj1 he again enrolled himself among the ,crusaders2 his sons and barons did the same4 ,he first directed his operations against ,tunis in ,africa1 but before he reached that place he died near it1 in ,august1 #abgj4 ,great was the mourning in ,france when tidings came of the death of the king4 ,the ,sainte ,chapelle seemed plunged1 as it were1 into widowhood1 and the poet ,rutebeuf1 in his ,regrets au ,roy ,loeys1 has not forgotten the desolation which seemed to be shed over it3 8,chaple de ,paris1 bien res maintenue1 ,la mort1 ce m'est advis1 t'a fest desconvenue1 ,du miex de tes amys1 t'a laiss toute nue4 ,de la mort sont plaintifs et grant gent et menue40#aa ,a day of joy and renewed life1 as it were1 was1 however1 in store for the royal sanctuary1 when the departed monarch received within its precincts the first homage of the ,christian world as one of the glorious company whom the church had raised to her altars4 ,pope ,benedict ,,viii41 in accordance with the ardent prayers of the whole of ,france1 had1 in his bull of the #aath of ,august1 #abig1 declared the sanctity of ,louis ,,ix4 ,the following year ,philip le ,bel convoked in the abbey church of ,st4 ,denis all the prelates1 abbots1 princes1 and barons of the realm2 the body of ,st4 ,louis was placed in a chsse or coffer of silver1 and borne by the ,archbishops of ,rheims and ,lyons to the ,sainte ,chapelle1 where immense multitudes were assembled to receive it1 and where it remained three days exposed for the veneration of the faithful4 ,philip would fain have kept it there in future1 but1 fearing to violate the rights of the royal abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 he restored it thither1 excepting the head1 which he caused to be enclosed in a bust of gold1 and placed amongst the sacred treasures of the holy monarch's favorite sanctuary4 ,long and prosperous days were yet in store for the ,sainte ,chapelle1 which reckons in its annals a series of great solemnities4 ,although its circumscribed space did not allow large numbers of people to assemble at a time within its precincts1 it was very suitable for certain festivals of a family character1 such as royal marriages and the coronation of queens1 at which none but the principal prelates and nobles were present4 ,here it was that1 in #abge1 ,mary of ,brabant1 daughter of ,philip le ,hardi1 received the royal consecration1 and that1 in #abib1 ,henry ,,vii41 ,emperor of ,germany1 in presence of the king1 espoused ,margaret of ,brabant4 ,in due time the daughter of this prince1 ,mary of ,luxemburg1 here became the wife of ,charles le ,bel1 who had been married once before1 and who1 on the death of his second wife1 not long afterwards took a third1 ,jeanne d',evreux4 ,here also the too famous ,isabel of ,bavaria gave her hand to the unfortunate ,charles ,,vi4 ,about a century previous a noble and touching ceremony had taken place within these walls1 when the ,emperor ,charles ,,iv41 accompanied by his son ,wenceslaus1 ,king of the ,romans1 after having1 together with the ,king of ,france1 assisted at the first ,vespers of the ,epiphany1 on the following day1 at the ,high ,mass1 which was sung by the ,archbishop of ,rheims1 these three august personages1 representing the ,magi1 bore their gifts to the altar1 and there offered gold and frankincense and myrrh4 ,the ,sainte ,chapelle was always the place of meeting and departure of every expedition1 public or private1 to the ,holy ,land4 ,even at the period when the ,crusades were no longer in favor1 it was here that the last sparks of religious enthusiasm were kindled in their regard4 ,in #accb a noble assemblage was gathered in the upper chapel4 ,there were present ,philippe ,,ii4 of ,valois2 ,john of ,luxemburg1 ,king of ,bohemia2 ,philippe d',evreux1 ,king of ,navarre2 ,eudes ,,iv41 ,duke of ,burgundy2 and ,john ,,iii41 the ,good1 ,duke of ,brittany2 prelates1 lords1 and barons4 ,the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 ,pierre de la ,pallu1 who was addressing the assembly1 drew so heartrending a picture of the misfortunes of the ,holy ,land that all present arose as one man1 and1 with their faces turned to the altar and their right hands stretched out towards the sacred cross and crown of the ,saviour1 vowed to go to the rescue of the holy places4 ,alas6 the days of ,tancred and ,godfrey de ,bouillon were gone by1 and this generous ardor was doomed to be paralyzed by circumstances more powerful than the courage of brave hearts4 ,the clergy appointed by ,st4 ,louis were more than sufficient for the service of the chapel1 which for a long period retained its privileges and organization4 ,up to the time of the ,revolution it was served by a treasurer1 a chantre or 7chief7 8singer10 twelve canons1 and thirteen clerks4 ,the chantry had been founded in #acai by le ,long4 ,the treasurer was a person of very considerable importance1 wore the episcopal ring1 and officiated with the mitre4 ,he was sometimes called the pope of the ,sainte ,chapelle4 ,this office was borne by no less than five cardinals1 as well as by many archbishops and other prelates4 ,there were certain ceremonies peculiar to the chapel4 ,for example1 on the ,feast of ,pentecost flakes of burning flax were let fall from the roof1 in imitation of the tongues of fire1 and a few moments afterwards a number of white doves were let fly in the church1 which were also emblematic of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,lastly1 at the ,offertory one of the youngest children of the choir1 clad in white garments1 and with outspread golden wings1 suddenly appeared hovering high above the altar1 by the side of which he gradually descended1 and approached the celebrant with a silver ewer for the ablutions4 ,again1 on the festival of the ,holy ,innocents1 and in their honor1 the canons gave up their stalls to the choir-children1 who1 being made for a few hours superior to their masters1 had the honor of chanting the divine ,office and of carrying out all the ceremonial4 ,these juvenile personages sat in state1 wore the copes1 and officiated with the utmost gravity and propriety4 ,nothing was wanting2 even the cantoral baton was entrusted to the youthful hands of an improvised prcentor4 ,this custom was observed with so much reverence and decorum that it continued in existence until as late as the year #afga4 ,the splendors of the ,sainte ,chapelle began to decline from the day that the kings abandoned the ,ile du ,palais to take up their abode on the northern bank of the ,seine2 and from the commencement of the sixteenth century it gradually fell almost into oblivion4 ,the subsequent events which have from time to time called attention towards it have nearly all been of a dark and distressing character4 ,scarcely had the ,reformation1 by its appearance in ,france1 roused the evil passions which for long years plunged the land into all the miseries of civil war1 when fanaticism here signalized itself by the commission of a fearful sacrilege4 ,on the #beth of ,august1 #aejc1 a scholar1 twenty-two years of age1 rushed into the chapel during the celebration of holy ,mass1 snatched the ,host out of the hands of the priest1 and crushed it to pieces in the court of the palace4 ,he was arrested1 judged1 and condemned to be burnt4 ,a solemn service of expiation was held in the church1 and the pavement upon which the fragments of the sacred ,host had fallen was carefully taken up and deposited in the treasury4 ,we mentioned before that the largest portion of the cross1 as well as the smallest 7the ,crux ,triumphalis71 were preserved in the great shrine1 together with the sacred crown2 but the intermediate one1 designated aliam magnam partem1 being the portion exposed1 from time to time1 for the veneration of the faithful1 was deposited in the sacristy4 ,all at once1 on the #ajth of ,may1 #aege1 it was found that this piece had disappeared1 together with the reliquary that contained it4 ,great was the general grief and consternation4 ,no pains were spared in the search for it1 and large rewards were offered to any persons who should discover any trace of the robbers3 all in vain1 although public prayers and processions were made to obtain the recovery of the lost relic4 ,but the guilty person was one whom no one thought of suspecting4 ,grave historians have nevertheless affirmed that the robber was none other than the king himself1 ,henry ,,iii41 who1 under the seal of secrecy1 had1 for a very large sum of money1 given back this portion into the hands of the ,venetians4 ,a true cross1 however1 must be had for the solemn expositions customary at the ,sainte ,chapelle4 ,in ,september of the same year ,henry ,,iii4 caused the great shrine to be opened1 and cut from the ,crucem ,sanctam a piece which was thenceforth to take the place of that which was missing1 and which he caused to be similarly shaped and arranged4 ,a reliquary was also to be made like the former one1 the decoration of which furnished the unblushing monarch with a fresh opportunity of enriching himself at the expense of the treasures of the ,sainte ,chapelle1 from which he managed to abstract five splendid rubies of the value of #bfj1jjj crowns1 and which his successor1 ,henry ,,iv41 was unable to recover from the hands of the usurers to whom they had been pledged4 ,about thirty years later the church narrowly escaped destruction by a fire which1 owing to the carelessness of some workmen1 broke out upon the roof2 but although the timber-work was burnt and the sheets of lead that covered it melted1 yet the lower roof resisted1 and even the windows were uninjured4 ,the beautiful spire was consumed1 and replaced by one so poor and ill constructed that a century and a half later it was found necessary to take it down4 ,but where the fire had spared man destroyed4 ,a devotion to the straight line led certain builders to commit1 in #aggf1 an act of unjustifiable vandalism4 ,the northern faade of the ,palais de ,justice was to be lengthened2 and as the exquisite sacristy which ,pierre de ,montereau had placed by the ,sainte ,chapelle1 like a rosebud by the side of the expanded flower1 was found to be within the line of the projected additions1 these eighteenth-century architects hesitated not3 the lovely fabric was swept away to make room for heavy and unsightly buildings which well-nigh hid the ,sainte ,chapelle and took from its windows half their light4 ,the days of the ,revolution soon afterwards darkened over ,france4 ,the ,national ,assembly1 at the same time that it declared the civil constitution of the clergy1 suppressed all church and cathedral chapters1 together with all monasteries and abbeys4 ,the ,sainte ,chapelle was deprived of its priests and canons1 and the municipality of ,paris set seals upon the treasury until such time as it should choose to take possession4 ,louis ,,xvi41 who only too truly foresaw the fate that was in store for all these riches1 resolved to save at least the holy relic1 and sending for ,m4 ,gilbert de la ,chapelle1 one of his counsellors1 in whom he could place full confidence1 he charged him to transfer them from the treasury to some place where they would be secure4 ,on the #abth of ,march1 #agia1 therefore1 the king's counsellor1 assisted by the ,abb ,fnelon1 had the seals removed in presence of the president of the ,chamber of ,accounts and other notable personages2 took out the relics1 and1 after having presented them to the monarch1 accompanied them himself to the royal abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 where they were at once deposited in the treasury of the church4 ,no one then foresaw that the sacrilegious hand of the ,revolution would reach not only thither1 but to the very extremities of the land4 ,in #agic a mocking and savage crowd forced itself into the ,sainte ,chapelle1 and made speedy havoc of the accumulated riches of five centuries4 ,besides the great shrine and the bust containing the head of ,st4 ,louis1 there were statues of massive gold and silver1 crosses1 chalices1 monstrances1 and reliquaries1 of which the precious material was but of secondary value in comparison with their exquisite workmanship4 ,there were delicate sculptures in ivory1 richly-illuminated ,missals and ,office-books of which even the jewelled binding alone was of enormous value4 ,every tiling was hammered1 twisted1 broken1 wrenched down1 torn1 or dragged to the mint to be melted into ingots4 ,but1 worse than this1 the relics that had been taken to ,st4 ,denis were soon after to be snatched from their place of shelter4 ,on the night of the #aath-#abth of ,november in that dismal year this venerable cathedral was desecrated in its turn4 ,we will not dwell upon the horrible saturnalia enacted there2 but first of all the treasures of the sanctuary were carried off to ,paris1 with the innumerable relics they contained1 and handed over to the ,convention as 8objects serving to the encouragement of superstition40 ,what was to become of the true cross and of the holy crown in such hands as these8 ,they who burnt the mortal remains of ,st4 ,denis and of ,st4 ,genevive would not scruple to destroy the sacred memorials of the ,passion4 ,but they were to be saved4 ,happily1 it was put into the heads of the ,convention that1 in the light of curiosities1 some of these 8objects0 might serve to adorn museums and similar collections1 and they were therefore submitted to the examination of learned antiquarians4 ,the ,abb ,barthlemy1 curator of the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 affirmed the crown to be of such great antiquity and rarity that no enlightened person would permit its destruction2 and having obtained that it should be confided to him1 preserved it with the utmost care in the ,national ,library4 ,m4 ,beauvoisin1 a member of the commission1 took the portion of the cross 7,crucem magnam7 and placed it in the hands of his mother4 ,the nail was saved in the same manner1 besides a considerable number of other very precious relics1 which1 in various places of concealment1 awaited the return of better days4 ,but the hand of the spoiler had not yet finished its work upon the ,sainte ,chapelle4 ,not that1 like many other ancient sanctuaries1 it was wholly demolished1 but its devastation was complete4 ,the grand figure of our ,lord on the principal pier of the upper chapel1 the ,virgin of ,duns ,scotus1 the admirable bas-reliefs1 the porch1 the richly-sculptured tympanum and arches1 the great statues of the apostles in the interior1 the paintings and enamels which adorned the wallsnot one of these escaped destruction at the hands of the iconoclasts of the ,revolution1 who left this once dazzling sanctuary not only bare but mutilated on every side4 ,and as if this had not been ruin enough1 the pitiless hardness of utilitarians put the finishing stroke to the havoc already made by anti-,christian fanaticism4 ,the administrators of #ahjc thought they could do nothing better than make of the ,sainte ,chapelle a store-room for the records of the ,republic4 ,then were the walls riddled with hooks and nails1 along the arcades and in the defoliated capitals4 ,up to a given height a portion of the rich glazing of the windows was torn down round the whole compass of the building1 and the space walled up with lath and plaster1 along which was fixed a range of cupboards1 shelves1 and cases with compartments4 ,dulaure1 in his ,description of ,paris1 highly applauds these proceedings1 and considers that the place had rather gained than lost by being turned into a store for waste paper4 8,the ,sainte ,chapelle10 he says1 8is now consecrated to public utility4 ,it contains archives1 of which the different portions are arranged in admirable order4 ,the cupboards in which they are placed occupy a great part of the height of the building1 and present by their object and their decoration a happy mixture of the useful and the agreeable4 ,o ,prudhomme6 thou art eternal40#ab ,and yet this poor flower1 so rudely broken by the tempest1 had tried to lift her head1 as it were1 and recover something of the past1 when the dawn of a brighter day shed some of its first rays on her4 ,in the year #ahjj1 while ,notre ,dame1 still given up to schismatic ministers1 was utterly deserted1 two courageous priests1 the ,abb ,borderies1 since ,bishop of ,versailles1 and the ,abb ,lalande1 afterwards ,bishop of ,rodez1 first gathered together the faithful within the walls of the ,sainte ,chapelle for holy ,mass1 and also for catechisings which were long afterwards remembered4 ,in #ahjb these good priests held there a ceremony which for years past had been unknown in ,francethe ,first ,communion of a large number of children and young persons1 whom they had carefully watched over and prepared4 ,this earliest ray of light after the darkness soon shone upon all the sanctuaries of the land4 ,when the churches were opened again1 priests were needed for them1 and of these there remained1 alas6 but too few4 ,the ,sainte ,chapelle had to be left without any1 and it was then put to the use we have described4 ,a few years later1 when an endeavor was about to be made to have it employed for its original purposes1 it was found to require so much repairing that the question arose whether it would not be advisable to pull it down rather than attempt to restore it4 ,happily1 neither course was then taken4 ,the architects of the ,empire and of the ,restoration were alike incapable of touching unless irremediably to spoil so delicate a medival gem4 ,its state was1 however1 so ruinous that after the ,revolution it was impossible to think of replacing the sacred relics in a building no longer capable of affording them a safe shelter2 they were therefore1 in #ahjd1 at the request of ,cardinal ,belloy1 ,archbishop of ,paris1 given into the hands of the vicar-general of the diocese1 the ,abb d',astros1 by ,m4 de ,portalis1 then ,minister of ,public ,worship4 ,the holy crown1 of which the identity was established beyond all doubt1 was at first carried to the archbishop's palace1 where it remained two years1 during which time a fitting reliquary was prepared for its reception1 and on the #ajth of ,august it was transferred to ,notre ,dame and solemnly exposed for veneration4 ,beyond the removal of a few small particles1 it had not undergone the least alteration1 nor had it certainly been broken into three parts1 as has been stated4 ,m4 ,rohault de ,fleury1 who was permitted to examine it minutely1 could not discover the least trace of any fracture4 ,it is now enclosed in a reliquary of copper gilt1 measuring #c feet #b inches in height and #a foot in width1 of which the rectangular pedestal rests on lions' claws1 while upon it kneel two angels1 supporting between them a globe on which is inscribed ,vicit ,leo de ,tribu ,juda4 ,the background is of lapis lazuli veined with gold4 ,in the flat mouldings about the base are various inscriptions relating to the principal facts in the history of the holy crown4 ,the globe1 which is made to open in the middle1 encloses a reliquary of crystal within another of silver1 in the form of a ring1 and it is within this circular tube of ten inches and a half in diameter that the precious relic is enshrined4 ,another crystal reliquary contains the portion of the ,crucem magnam which had replaced that which disappeared from the sacristy in #aege4 ,this remarkable fragment is no less than eight inches in length4 ,the nail of the ,passion which was formerly in the great shrine is also at ,notre ,dame4 ,in addition to several other relics which were part of the treasure of the ,sainte ,chapelle1 there are also various articles that belonged to ,st4 ,louis1 and amongst others the discipline1 which is accompanied by a very ancient inscription1 as follows3 8,flagellum ex catenulis ferreis confectum qua ,,ss4 rex ,ludovicus corpus suum in servitutem redigebat40 ,william of ,nangis mentions this discipline1 with which ,louis ,,ix4 caused himself to be scourged by his confessor every ,friday4 ,the ivory case in which it was kept contains a piece of parchment whereon is written in ,gothic letters3 8,cestes escourgestes de fer furent ,m4 ,loys1 roy de ,france40#ac ,the sacred relics of the ,passion are exposed at ,notre ,dame on all ,fridays in ,lent4 ,in their crystal reliquaries1 which are suspended from a cross of cedar-wood1 they are placed on a framework covered with red hangings1 which occupies the central space at the entrance of the choir1 and is separated from the nave by a temporary railing4 ,the nail is placed within the holy crown1 and above them is the portion of the true cross4 ,we must return1 for a few parting words1 to the ,sainte ,chapelle1 which for more than thirty years remained in a state of ever-increasing dilapidation and decay1 until1 in #ahcg1 ,m4 ,duban was charged to commence repairing it by strengthening the fabric1 and soon afterwards two other architects were associated with him in the work of careful and complete restoration which it was intended should be effected4 ,it is enough to mention the names of ,,mm4 ,lassus and ,viollet-le-,duc to show how wise a choice had been made1 these gentlemen having not only a thorough and scientific knowledge of medival architecture1 an appreciation of its beauty and a sympathy with its spirit1 but also that power of patient investigation1 coupled with an accurate instinct1 which would accomplish the reconstruction of a building from the study of a fragment1 just as ,cuvier1 from a fossil bone1 would delineate the entire form of an extinct animal4 ,the ,sainte ,chapelle was built in three years1 but its restoration occupied nearly twenty-five4 ,every breach and rent was studied with an attentive eye and closed by an experienced hand4 ,nothing was left to imagination or caprice4 ,here the original foliage must be restored to the broken capital2 there the modern paint and whitewash must be carefully removed to discover what remained beneath of the ancient paintings1 and supply with accurate similarity of coloring and design the numerous portions that had been disfigured or destroyed4 ,fragments of the ancient statues and stained glass were carefully sought for in private gardens and in heaps of rubbish1 and in some cases it was found practicable to reconstruct an entire statue from the pieces discovered here and there at different times2 otherwise1 from the indications afforded by a portion1 a copy of the original was produced4 ,this long and painstaking labor1 which alone could ensure the restoration of the ,sainte ,chapelle to its former condition1 has been crowned with complete success4 ,nothing is wanting4 ,exteriorly the buttresses and pinnacles rise as heretofore1 with their flowered finials and double crowns2 that of royalty being dominated by the crown of ,christ4 ,the bas-reliefs and statues are in their places2 the roofs have recovered their finely-cut crests of leaden open-work2 the golden angel stands as of old over the summit of the apse2 and springing above all1 from amid the group of saintly figures at its base1 loftily rises the light and slender spire1 its open stone-work chiselled like a piece of jewelry4 ,the lower chapel1 standing on a level with the ground1 is entered by the western porch1 to the pier of which the ,virgin of ,duns ,scotus has returned4 ,it is lighted by seven large openings1 and also by the seven narrower windows of the apse4 ,the low-arched roofs rest upon fourteen very graceful though not lofty pillars with richly-foliated capitals and polygonal bases4 ,arcades1 supported by light columns1 surround the walls1 which are entirely covered by paintings4 ,the roof is adorned by fleurs-de-lis upon an azure ground4 ,quitting the lower chapel by a narrow and winding staircase1 which still awaits its restoration1 you arrive beneath the porch of the upper one1 and1 entering1 suddenly find yourself in an atmosphere of rainbow-tinted light4 ,the characteristics of this beautiful sanctuary which at once strike you are those of lightness1 loftiness1 and splendor4 ,a few feet from the floor the walls disappear1 and slender1 five-columned pillars spring upwards to the roof1 supporting the rounded mouldings by which it is intersected4 ,the space between these pillars is occupied by four great windows in the nave1 while in the apse the seven narrower ones are carried to the roof4 ,half-figures of angels bearing crowns and censers issue from the junction of the arches1 and against the pillars stand the majestic forms of the twelve ,apostles1 in colored draperies adorned with gold1 each of them bearing a cruciform disc in his hand4 ,it was these discs which received the holy unction at the hands of the ,bishop of ,tusculum when the building was consecrated4 ,the walls beneath the windows are adorned by richly gilt and sculptured arcades filled with paintings4 ,no two of the capitals are alike1 and the foliage is copied1 not from conventional1 but from natural and indigenous1 examples4 ,the windows are all of the time of ,st4 ,louis1 with the exception of the lower compartments1 which were renewed by ,,mm4 ,steinheil and ,lusson1 and the western rose-window1 which was reconstructed under ,charles ,,viii4 ,the ancient windows are very remarkable1 not only for the richness of their coloring1 but for the multitudes of little figures with which they are peopled4 ,subjects from the ,old ,testament occupy seven large compartments in the nave and four windows in the apse1 the remaining ones being devoted to subjects from the ,gospels and the history of the sacred relics4 ,the translation of the crown and of the cross affords no less than sixty-seven subjects1 in several of which ,st4 ,louis1 his brother1 and ,queen ,blanche appear2 and notwithstanding the imperfection of the drawing1 these representations very probably possess some resemblance to the features or bearing of the originals4 ,in the window containing the prophecies of ,isaias the prophet is depicted in the act of admonishing ,mahomet1 whose name is inscribed at length underneath his effigy4 ,the altar1 which was destroyed1 has not yet been replaced4 ,that of the thirteenth century had in bas-relief on the retable the figures of our ,lord on the cross1 with the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,john standing beneath1 painted1 on a gold ground4 ,a cross hung over it1 at the top of which was balanced the figure of an angel with outspread wings1 bearing in his hands a ,gothic ciborium1 in which was enclosed the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,and why not still8 ,why is the mansion made once more so fair when the divine ,guest dwells no longer there8 ,when the magistracy assembles to resume its sittings1 ,mass is said4 ,one ,mass a year said in the ,sainte ,chapelle6 #e ,a branch from the crown of thorns was presented to the church at ,treves4 ,two of the thorns also are in that of ,santa ,croce in ,gerusalemme at ,rome4 #f ,mmoire sur les ,instruments de la ,passion4 #g ,until the ,revolution the tomb of ,pierre de ,montereau still existed in the abbey church of ,st4 ,germain des ,prs1 where he had built an exquisitely beautiful chapel to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and where he was buried1 at the age of fifty-four4 #h ,the present spire was erected by ,m4 ,lassus1 who has faithfully followed the character of the rest of the building4 #i ,dictionnaire ,archologique4 #aj ,god has given me all that ,i possess2 that which ,i shall spend for him and for the needy will be always the best invested4 #aa 8,chapel of ,paris1 erst so well maintained1 ,death1 as ,i am advised1 has robbed thee ,of thy best friend1 and left thee desolate ,great folk and small1 all make complaint at death40 #ab ,see ,paul de ,st4 ,victor1 ,sainte ,chapelle4 #ac ,these escourgettes of iron belonged to ,monsieur ,louis1 ,king of ,france4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,xiv4 ,the following day1 toward noon1 ,thomas ,more was seated1 as usual after dinner1 in the midst of his children4 ,no one could discover in his countenance any trace of anxiety4 ,he conversed with his customary cheerfulness4 ,margaret was a little pale1 and it was evident that she had been weeping4 ,she alone kept silence and held aloof from ,sir ,thomas4 ,near the window overlooking the garden1 on the side next the river1 sat ,lady ,more engaged in knitting1 according to her invariable habit1 and murmuring between her teeth against the monkey1 which had three or four times carried off her ball of yarn and tangled the thread4 ,sir ,thomas from time to time raised his eyes to the clock2 he then began to interrogate his children about the work each had done during the morning4 ,at last he called the little jester1 who was pulling the dog's ears and turning summersaults in one corner of the room1 trying to make his master laugh1 whom he found less cheerful than usual4 8,come hither10 said ,sir ,thomas4 8,henry ,pattison1 do you hear me80 ,the fool paid no attention to what his master said to him4 8,henry ,pattison60 cried ,sir ,thomas4 8,master1 ,i haven't any ears40 ,he turned a summersault and made a hideous grimace1 which he thought charming4 8,since you have no ears1 you can hear me as well where you are4 ,understand1 then1 little fool1 that ,i have given you to the lord-mayor4 ,i have written to him about you this morning1 and ,i have no doubt but that he will send for you to-day or to-morrow40 ,had a pail of boiling water been thrown on the poor child1 he could not have jumped up more suddenly4 ,on hearing these words he ran toward ,sir ,thomas1 and1 throwing himself at his feet1 burst into a torrent of tears4 8,what have ,i done1 master80 he cried4 8,how have ,i offended you8 ,why have you not told me8 ,forgive me1 ,i will never do so any more2 but don't drive me away4 ,i will never1 never displease you again6 ,no6 no6 don't send me away60 8,my child10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8you are mistaken4 ,i am not at all displeased or vexed with you2 on the contrary4 ,you will be very happy with the lord-mayor2 he will take good care of you1 and that is why ,i prefer giving you to him40 8,no6 no60 cried ,henry ,pattison1 sobbing4 8,don't let me eave you1 ,i implore you6 ,do anything you please with me1 only don't send me away4 ,why is it you no longer want me8 ,dame ,margaret1 take pity on me1 and beg your father to let me stay60 ,but ,margaret1 usually very willing to do what she was requested1 turned away her head and paid no attention to this petition4 8,master1 keep me60 he cried in despair4 8,why do you not want me with you any longer80 8,my child10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8,i am very much distressed at it2 but ,i am too poor now to keep you in my house1 to furnish you with scarlet coats and all the other things to which you are accustomed1 ,you will be infinitely better off with the lord-mayor40 8,i want nothing with the lord-mayor4 ,i will have no more scarlet coats nor gold lace2 and if ,i am too expensive to feed1 ,i will go eat with the dog in the yard4 ,you don't send him away2 he is very happy4 ,it is true that he guards the house1 and that ,i,i am good for nothing4 ,well1 ,i will work2 yes1 ,i will work4 ,i implore you1 only keep me4 ,i will work4 ,i don't want to leave you1 my dear master4 ,have pity on me60 ,sir ,thomas was greatly disturbed4 ,alas6 his heart was already so full1 it required so much courage to conceal the state of his soul1 he was in such an agony1 that he felt if the dwarf said any more he would be forced to betray himself4 ,assuredly it was not the thought of being separated from his jester that afflicted him to such a degree1 but the attachment of this deformed and miserable child1 his tears1 his entreaties1 his dread of losing him1 reminded him but too forcibly of the grief which later must seize on the hearts of his own children2 for the composure which they saw him maintain at this moment alone prevented them from indulging in expressions of affection far more harrowing still4 8,margaret10 he said1 8you will take care of him1 will you not80 ,and fearing he had said too much1 he arose hurriedly1 and went to examine a vase filled with beautiful flowers1 which was placed on the table in the centre of the apartment1 and thus concealed the tears which arose and filled his eyes4 ,but the dwarf followed1 and fell on his knees before him4 8,come1 come1 do not distress yourself10 said ,sir ,thomas2 8,i will take care of you4 ,be quiet4 ,go get your dinner2 it is your hour now40 ,sir ,thomas approached the window4 ,while he stood there ,william ,roper entered1 and1 going to him1 told him that the boat was ready and the tide was up4 ,more was seized with an inexpressible grief4 ,for an instant he lost sight of everything around him2 his head swam4 8,whither go you80 asked his wife4 8,dear ,alice1 ,i must to ,london40 8,to ,london80 she replied sharply4 8,but we need you here6 ,why go to ,london8 ,is it to displease his majesty further1 in place of staying quietly here in your own house1 and doing simply whatever they ask of you8 ,well did ,i say that you did wrong in giving up your office4 ,that is what has made the king displeased with you4 ,you ought to write to ,master ,cromwell2 he has a very obliging manner1 and ,i am sure that all this could be very easily arranged2 but you are ever loath to give up anything40 8,it is indispensably necessary for me to go10 replied ,sir ,thomas4 8,i much prefer remaining4 ,come60 he said4 8,father6 father60 exclaimed all the children1 8we will go with you to the boat40 8,lead me1 dear papa10 said the youngest4 ,sir ,thomas cast a glance toward ,margaret1 but she had disappeared4 ,he supposed she did not wish to see him start1 and he was grieved4 ,however1 he felt that it would be one trial less4 8,no1 my children10 he replied2 8,i would rather that you come not with me40 8,why not1 dear father80 they cried in accents of surprise and regret4 8,the wind is too strong1 and the weather is not fair enough10 said ,sir ,thomas4 8,yes1 yes60 they cried1 and threw their arms around his neck4 8,you cannot go to-day4 ,i do not wish it10 said ,sir ,thomas in a decided manner4 ,words cannot describe the sufferings of this great man2 he knew that he would no more behold his home or his children1 and that1 determined not to take the oath which he regarded as the first step toward apostasy in a ,christian1 they would not pardon him4 ,he cast a last look upon his family and hurried toward the door4 8,you will come back to-morrow1 will you not1 father80 cried the children in one voice4 ,he could not reply2 but this question re-echoed sadly in the depths of his soul4 ,he hastened on still more rapidly4 ,roper1 who knew no more than the others1 was alarmed at the alteration he saw in the features of ,sir ,thomas1 and began to fear that something had happened still more distressing than what he had already heard4 ,however1 ,more had told them so far that it was impossible for him to be found guilty in the affair of the ,holy ,maid of ,kent1 but ,roper knew not even who she was4 ,the absence of ,margaret alone seemed to him inexplicable4 ,entirely absorbed in these reflections1 he followed ,sir ,thomas1 who walked with extraordinary rapidity1 and they very soon reached the green gate4 8,come1 my son10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8hasten and open the gate2 time presses40 ,roper felt in his belt2 he found he had not the key4 8,i have not the key10 he said4 8,i must return40 8,o ,god60 exclaimed ,sir ,thomas when he found himself alone2 and he seated himself on the step of the little stairway1 for he felt no longer able to stand on his feet4 8,my ,god60 he cried1 8to go without seeing ,margaret6 ,oh6 ,i shall see her again2 if not here1 at least before ,i die4 ,adieu1 my cherished home6 ,adieu1 thou loved place of my earthly sojourn6 ,why dost thou keep within thy walls those whom ,i love8 ,if they had left thee1 then ,i could abandon thee without regret4 ,i shall see them no more4 ,this is the last time ,i shall descend these steps1 and that this little gate will close upon me4 ,be still1 my soul1 be still2 ,i will not listen to you2 ,i will not hear you2 you would make me weak4 ,i have no heart2 ,i have no feeling2 ,i do not think4 ,well1 since you will have me speak1 tell me rather why this creeping insect1 why this straw1 has been crushed in the road8 ,ah6 here is ,roper40 ,he at once arose4 ,they went out and descended to the boat4 ,then ,sir ,thomas seated himself in the stern1 and spoke not a word4 ,roper detached the cable1 and1 giving a push with the bar against the terrace wall1 the boat immediately put off and entered the current of the stream4 8,this is the end10 said ,sir ,thomas1 looking behind him4 ,he changed his seat1 and remained with his eyes fixed upon his home until in the distance it disappeared for ever from his view4 ,he continued1 however1 gazing in that direction even when the house could no longer be seen1 and after some time he observed some one running along the bank of the river1 which ascended and descended1 and from time to time waving a white handkerchief4 ,he was not able to distinguish whether it was a man or a woman1 and told ,roper to approach a little nearer to the bank4 ,then his heart throbbed2 he thought he caught a glimpse of1 he believed he recognized1 ,margaret1 and he immediately arose to his feet4 8,roper6 ,margaret6 there is ,margaret6 ,what can be wrong80 ,they drew as near the bank as they could1 and ,margaret 7for it was indeed she7 leaped with an unparalleled dexterity from the shore into the boat4 8,what is it1 my dear child80 exclaimed ,sir ,thomas1 with eager anxiety4 8,nothing10 replied ,margaret4 8,nothing6 ,then why have you come80 8,because ,i wanted to come6 ,i also am going to ,london40 ,and looking round for a place1 she seated herself with a determined air4 8,push off now1 ,william10 she said authoritatively4 8,my daughter60 exclaimed ,sir ,thomas4 ,she made no reply1 and ,more saw that she had a small package under her left arm4 ,he understood very well ,margaret's design1 but had not the courage to speak of it to her4 8,margaret1 ,i would rather you had remained quietly at ,chelsea10 he said4 ,she made no reply4 8,your mother and sisters need you60 8,nobody in this world has need of me10 replied the young girl coldly1 8and ,margaret has no longer any use for anybody40 8,margaret1 you pain me sorely40 8,i feel no pain myself6 ,row not so rapidly10 she said to ,roper2 8,i am in no hurry2 it is early4 ,frail bark1 couldst thou only go to the end of the earth1 how gladly would ,i steer thee thither60 ,and she stamped her foot on the bottom of the boat with passionate earnestness4 ,sir ,thomas wished to speak1 but his strength failed him4 ,his eyes filled with tears1 and1 fearing to let them flow1 he bowed his head on his hands4 ,it was the first time in her life that ,margaret had disobeyed him1 and now it was for his own sake4 ,besides1 he knew her thoroughly1 and he felt sure that nothing could change the resolution she had taken not to leave him at that moment4 ,they all three sat in silence4 ,the father dared not speak2 ,roper was engaged in rowing the boat2 and ,margaret had enough in her own heart to occupy her4 ,she became pale and red alternately1 and turned from time to time to see if they were approaching the city4 ,as soon as she perceived the spires of the churches she arose4 8,we are approaching the lions' den10 she cried2 8let us see if they will tear ,daniel40 ,and again she took her seat4 ,they were soon within the limits of the city1 and found1 to their astonishment1 the greatest noise and excitement prevailing4 ,crowds of the lowest portion of the populace thronged the bridges1 were running along the wharves1 and gesticulating in the most violent manner4 ,this vile mob1 composed of malefactors and idlers1 with abuse in their mouths and hatred in their hearts1 surges up occasionally from the lowest ranks of society1 of which they are the disgrace and the enemy1 to proclaim disorder and destruction2 just as a violent storm disturbs the depths of a foul marsh1 whose poisonous exhalations infect and strike with death every living being who imprudently approaches it4 ,at such times it takes the names of 8the people0 and 8the nation10 because it has a right to neither1 and only uses them as a cloak for its hideous deformity and a covering for its rags1 its filthy habiliments4 ,they buy up its shouts1 its enthusiasm1 its incendiaries1 terrors1 and assassinations2 then1 when its day is ended1 when it is wearied1 drunk1 and covered with crimes1 it returns to seethe in its iniquitous depths and wallow in contempt and oblivion4 ,cromwell was well aware of this4 ,delighted1 he moved about among the rabble1 and smiled an infamous smile as he heard the cries that burst on the air and pierced the ear3 8,long live ,queen ,anne6 ,death to the traitors who would dare oppose her60 8,and yet men say10 he repeated to himself1 8that it is difficult to do what you will4 ,see6 it is ,cromwell who has done all this4 ,not long since the streets resounded with the name of ,queen ,catherine2 to-day it is that of ,anne they proclaim4 ,what was good yesterday is bad to-day2 is there any difference8 ,what are the masses8 ,an agglomeration of stupid and ignorant creatures who can be made to howl for a few pieces of silver1 who take falsehood for wine and truth for water4 ,and it is ,cromwell who has done all this4 ,cromwell has reconciled the people and the king2 he has made his reckoning with virtue1 and seen that nothing would remain for him4 ,he has then taken one of the scales of the balance2 he has placed therein the heart of a man branded and dishonored by an impure passion1 which has sufficed to carry him out of himself2 the beam has inclined toward him4 ,he has added crimes2 he has added blood1 remorse1 treason2 he will heap it up until it runs over1 rather than suffer him to recover himself in the least4 ,shout1 rabble6 ,ay1 shout6 for ye shout for me40 ,and he looked at those red faces1 blazing1 perspiring2 those features1 disfigured by vice and debauchery2 those mouths1 gaping open to their ears1 and which yet seemed not large enough to give vent to their thousand discordant and piercing sounds4 8,there is something1 then1 viler than ,cromwell10 he went on with a fiendish glee2 8there is something more degraded and baser than he4 ,come1 you must confess it1 ye moralists1 that crime1 in white shirts and embroidered laces1 is less hideous than that which walks abroad all naked1 and with its deformities exposed to the bold light of day40 ,he looked toward the river1 but the light bark which carried ,sir ,thomas and his party escaped his keen vision3 carried along by the force of the current1 she shot swiftly as an arrow under the low arches of the first bridge4 8,alas60 said ,sir ,thomas1 8what is going on here80 ,he looked at ,margaret and regretted she was there2 but she seemed entirely unmoved4 ,margaret had but one thought1 and that admitted of no other4 ,on approaching the ,tower they were still more surprised to see an immense crowd assembled and thronging every avenue of approach4 ,the bridges and decks of the vessels were covered with people1 and there seemed to be a general commotion and excitement4 8,thither she comes10 said some women who were dragging their children after them at the risk of having them crushed by the crowd4 8,i saw her yesterday10 said another4 8,she is lovely2 the fairest plumes on her head40 8,and how her diamonds glittered6 ,you should have seen them40 8,be still there1 gabblers60 said a fat man mounted on a cask1 leaning against a wall4 8,you keep me from hearing what they are shouting down yonder40 8,my troth6 she is more magnificent than the other40 8,they say we are to have fountains of wine at the coronation1 and a grand show at ,westminster ,hall40 8,all is not gold that glitters10 said the fat man1 who appeared to have as much good sense as flesh4 ,he made a sign to a man dressed like himself1 who advanced with difficulty through the crowd1 pushing his way by dint of effort and perseverance4 ,he seemed to be swimming on a wave of heads1 each oscillation of which threw him back in spite of the determined resistance he made4 ,the other1 perceiving this1 extended his hand to him1 and1 supporting himself by a bar of iron he found near1 he drew his companion up beside him4 8,eh6 good-day to you1 ,master ,cooping4 ,a famous day1 is it not8 ,all this scum goes to drink about five hundred gallons of beer for the monks40 8,may they go to the devil60 replied the brewer1 8and may they die of thirst6 ,hark how they yell6 ,do you know what they are saying8 ,just now ,i heard one of them crying3 #8,long live the new chancellor4' ,they know no more about the names than the things4 ,this ,audley is one of the most adroit knaves the world has ever seen4 ,there is in him1 ,i warrant1 enough matter to make a big scoundrel1 a good big vender of justice4 ,i have known him as an advocate2 and as for the judge1 ,i remember him still40 ,as he said this he struck the leathern purse he carried in the folds of his belt4 8,these lawyers are all scoundrels2 they watch like thieves in a market for a chance to fleece the poor tradesmen40 ,above these men1 who complained so harshly of the lawyers and of those who meted out justice to all comers1 there was a window1 very high and narrow1 placed in a turret that formed the angle of a building of good appearance and solid construction4 ,this window was open1 the curtains were drawn back1 and there could be seen coming and going the heads of several men1 who appeared and disappeared from time to time1 and who1 after having looked out and surveyed the river and the streets adjacent1 returned to the extremity of the apartment4 ,this house belonged to a rich merchant of ,lucca named ,ludovico ,bonvisi2 he was a man of sterling integrity1 and in very high repute among the rich merchants of the city4 ,established in ,england for a great number of years1 he had been intimate with ,sir ,thomas ,more at the time the latter was ,sheriff of ,london1 and he had ever since retained for him a particular friendship and esteem4 ,on this day ,ludovico had invited four or five of his friends to his house2 he was seated in the midst of them1 in a large chair covered with green velvet1 before a table loaded with rare and costly wines1 which were served in decanters of rock crystal banded with hoops of silver4 ,there were goblets of the same costly metal1 richly carved1 and a number of these were ornamented with precious stones and different kinds of enamel4 ,superb fruits arranged in pyramids on rare porcelain china1 confectioneries1 sweetmeats of all kinds and in all sorts of figures1 composed the collation he offered his guests1 among whom were ,john ,story1 ,doctor of ,laws2 ,john ,clement1 a physician of great celebrity1 and most thoroughly versed in the ,greek language and the ancient sciences2 ,william ,rastal1 the famous jurist2 his friend ,john ,boxol1 a man of singular erudition2 and ,nicholas ,harpesfield1 who died in prison for the ,catholic faith during the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,they were all seated around the table1 but appeared to be much more interested in their conversation than in the choice viands which had been prepared for them by their host4 ,john ,story1 particularly1 exclaimed with extraordinary bitterness against all that was being done in the kingdom4 8,no60 said he1 8nothing could be more servile or more vile than the course ,parliament has pursued in all this affair4 ,we can scarcely believe that these men1 not one of whom in his heart approves of the divorce and the silly and impious pretensions of the king1 have never dared to utter a single word in favor of justice and equity6 ,no1 each one has watched his neighbor to see what he would do2 and when there has been question for debate1 they have found no other arguments than simply to pass all that was asked of them4 ,the only thing they have dared to suggest has been to insert in this shameful bill that those who should speak against the new queen and against the supremacy of the king would be punished only so far as they had done so maliciously4 ,beautiful and grand restriction6 ,they think to have gained a great deal by inserting that1 so closely are they pursued by their fears4 8,when they have instituted proceedings against those unfortunates who shall have offended them1 do you believe that ,master ,audley1 and ,cromwell1 and all the knaves of that class will be at great pains to have entered a well-proven maliciousness8 ,no2 it is a halter that will fit all neckstheir own as well as those of all others4 ,i have often told them this1 but they will believe nothing4 ,later they will repent it2 we shall then be in the net1 and there will be no way to get out of it4 ,yes1 ,i say1 and ,i see it with despair1 there is no more courage in the ,english nation1 and very soon we shall let ourselves be seized one by one1 like unfledged birds trembling on the edge of their devastated nest40 8,it is very certain10 replied ,william ,rastal1 8that ,i predict nothing good from all these innovations2 there is nothing more immoral and more dangerous to society than to let it become permeated1 under any form whatever1 with the idea of divorceat least1 unless we wish it to become transformed into a vast hospital of orphans abandoned to the chance of public commiseration1 into a camp of furious ravishers1 excited to revenge and mutual destruction4 ,take away the indissolubility of marriage1 and you destroy at the same blow the only chances of happiness and peace in the interior and domestic life of man1 in order to replace them by suspicions1 jealousies1 crimes1 revenge1 and corruption40 8,or rather10 said ,john ,clement1 8it will be necessary to reduce women to a condition of slavery1 as in the ancient republics1 and place them in the ranks of domestic animals40 8,and1 as a natural consequence1 be ourselves degraded with them10 cried ,john ,story1 8since we are their brothers and their sons40 8,with this base cowardice in ,parliament1 all is possible10 interrupted ,harpesfield1 8and ,i do not see how we are to arrest it4 ,when they no longer regard an oath as an inviolable and sacred thing1 what guarantee is left among men8 ,you know1 ,i suppose1 what the ,archbishop of ,canterbury has done with the king's approval1 in ,westminster even1 at the moment of being consecrated80 8,no60 they all answered4 8,he took four witnesses aside before entering the sanctuary1 and declared to themhe1 ,cranmerthat the antiquity of the usage and custom of his predecessors requiring that he should take the oath of fidelity to the pope on receiving the pallium from him1 he intended1 notwithstanding1 to pledge himself to nothing in opposition to the reforms the king might desire to make in the church1 of which he recognized him as the sole head4 ,what think you of the invention of this preservative of the obligations that bear the sanctity and solemnity of an oath made at the foot of the altar1 in presence of all the people1 accustomed to listen to and see it faithfully observed8 ,that proceeding sufficiently describes the age in which we live1 our king1 and this man40 8,but everybody knows very well that ,cranmer is an intriguer1 void of faith or law10 replied ,rastal1 8who has been foisted into his present position in order to do the will of the king and accommodate himself to his slightest desires40 8,he has given him a wife10 said ,john ,clement1 pouring out a glass of ,cyprus wine1 whose transparent color testified to its excellent quality2 8,i verily believe she will not be the last40 8,what kind of a face has she1 this damsel ,boleyn8 ,is she dark or fair8 ,fair1 without doubt2 for the other was dark4 ,this is perfect nectar1 ,ludovico6 ,have you more of it80 8,you are right2 she has lovely blue eyes4 ,she sings and dances charmingly40 8,how much more1 ,ludovico8 ,a small barrelhem6of the last invoice8 ,excellentissimo1 ,signor ,ludovico60 8,well1 we will see her pass very soon2 they escort her to the ,tower1 where she will remain until the coronation4 ,they say the king has had the apartments in the ,tower furnished with an unparalleled magnificence40 8,yes2 and to sustain that magnificence he is contracting debts every day1 and all his revenues do not cover his expenses40 8,a good king is a good thing10 said ,harpesfield2 8but nothing is worse than a bad one1 and the good ones are so rare60 8,that is because10 replied ,boxol1 who was very deliberate1 8the power1 renown1 and flattery surrounding the throne tend so much to corrupt and encourage the passions of a man that it is very difficult for him1 when seated there1 to maintain himself without committing any faults4 ,besides1 my masters1 we must remember that the faults of private individuals1 often quite as shameful1 remain unknown1 while those of a king are exposed to all eyes and counted on all fingers40 8,well10 said ,john ,clement2 8but this one is certainly somewhat weighty1 and ,i would not care to be burdened by having his sins charged to my account1 to be held in reserve against the day of the last judgment40 8,good ,bonvisi1 give me a little of that dish which has nothing in common with the brouet spartiate40 8,a good counsellor and a true friend10 said ,john ,story8that is what is always wanting to princes40 8,when they have them1 they don't know how to keep them10 said ,ludovico4 8,see what has happened to ,more6 ,was not this a brilliant light which the king has concealed under a bushel80 8,assuredly10 replied ,boxol2 8he is an admirable man1 competent for1 and useful in1 any position40 8,he is a true ,christian10 said ,harpesfield2 8amiable1 moderate1 wise1 benevolent1 disinterested4 ,at the height of prosperity1 as in a humble position1 you find him always the same1 considering only his duty and the welfare of others4 ,he seems to regard himself as the born servant and the friend of justice40 8,hold1 sirs60 replied ,clement1 turning around on his chair4 8,there is one fact which cannot be denied2 which is1 that nothing but religion can render a man ductile4 ,otherwise he is like to iron mixed with brimstone4 ,we rely upon him1 we confide in his face and in the strength of his goodness2 but suddenly he falls and breaks in your hands as soon as you wish to make some use of him40 8,there must be a furious amount of sulphur in his majesty's heart10 replied ,harpesfield1 8for he is going to burn1 in ,yorkshire1 four miserable wretches accused of heresy4 ,for what8 ,i know not2 for having wished1 perhaps1 to do as he has doneget rid of a wife of whom he was tired6 ,there is a fifth1 who1 more adroit1 has appealed to him as supreme head of the church2 he has been immediately justified1 and ,master ,cromwell set him at liberty4 ,thus the king burns heretics at the same time that he himself separates from the church4 ,all these actions are horrible1 and nothing can be imagined more absurd and at the same time more criminal40 8,as for me10 replied ,clement1 who had been watering his sugared fruits with particular care for a quarter of an hour1 8,i have been very much edified by the pastoral letter of my ,lord ,cranmer to his majesty4 ,have you seen it1 ,boxol80 8,no10 replied ,boxol1 who was not disposed to treat this matter so lightly as ,master ,clement1 as good an eater as he was a scholar1 and what they call a bon vivant2 8these things make me very sick1 and ,i don't care to speak of them lightly or while dining40 8,for which reason1 my friend10 replied ,clement1 8you are excessively leanthe inevitable consequence of the reaction of anxiety of soul upon its poor servant1 the body2 for there are many fools who confound all and disown the soul1 because they are ashamed of their hearts and can discern only their bodies4 ,as if we could destroy that which ,god has made1 or discover the knots of the lines he has hidden6 ,he has willed that man should be at the same time spirit and matter1 and that these two should be entirely united2 and very cunning must he be who will change that union one iota4 ,they will search in vain for the place of the soul2 they will no more find where it is than where it is not4 ,would you believebut this is a thing ,i keep secret because of the honor of our sciencethat ,i have a pupil who asserts that we have no soul1 because1 says this beardless doctor1 he has never been able to distinguish the moment when the soul escaped from the body of the dying6 ,do you not wonder at the force of that argument8 ,and would it not be in fact a very beautiful thing to observe1 and a singular spectacle to see1 our souls suddenly provided with large and handsome wings of feathers1 or hair1 or some other material1 to use in flying around and ascending whither ,god calls them8 ,now1 dear friends1 believe what ,i tell you3 the more we learn1 the more we perceive that we know nothing4 ,our intelligence goes only so far as to enable us to understand effects1 to gather them together1 to describe them1 and in some cases to reproduce them2 but as for the causes1 that is an order of things into which it is absolutely useless to wish to penetrate40 8,come1 now1 here is ,clement going into his scientific dissertations1 in place of telling us what was in ,cranmer's letter60 cried ,ludovico1 interrupting him4 8,ah6 that is because ,i understand them better2 and ,i prefer my crucibles1 my nerves and bones1 to the subtleties1 the falsehoods1 of your pretended casuists4 ,boxol could tell you that very well2 but after all ,i have been obliged to laugh at the sententious manner1 grave and peremptory1 in which this archbishop1 prelate1 primate1 orthodox according to the new order1 commands the king to quit his wicked life and hasten to separate from his brother's wife1 under pain of incurring ecclesiastical censure and being excommunicated4 ,what think you of that8 ,and while they distribute copies of this lofty admonition among the good tradesmen of ,london1 who can neither read nor write1 nor see much farther than the end of their noses and the bottom of their money-bags1 they have entered proceedings at ,dunstable against that poor ,queen ,catherine1 who is cast out on the world and knows not where to go4 ,can anything more ridiculous or more pitiable be found8 ,ha6 ha6 do you not agree with me80 8,verily10 said ,boxol1 who became crimson with anger1 8,clement1 ,i detest hearing such things laughed at40 8,ah6 my poor friend10 replied ,clement1 8would you have me weep1 then8 ,your men are such droll creatures6 ,when one studies them deeply1 he is obliged to ridicule them2 otherwise we should die with weeping40 8,he is right10 said ,john ,story4 8,we see how they dispute and flay each other daily for a piece of meadow1 a rut in the road which ,i could hold in the hollow of my hand4 ,they write volumes on the subject2 they sweat blood and water2 they compel five hundred arrests2 then afterwards they are astonished to find they have spent four times as much money as the thing they might have gained was worth4 ,why cannot men live at peace8 ,if you put them off without wishing to press the suit1 they become furious2 and yet they always begin by representing their affairs to you in so equitable a light that the devil himself would be deceived4 ,there is one thing ,i have observed1 and that is1 there is nothing which has the appearance of being in such good faith as a litigant whose case is bad1 and who knows his cause to be unjust40 8,come1 my friends10 cried ,clement1 8you speak well2 all that excites compassion4 ,you often ridicule me and what you please to call my simplicity1 and yet ,i see everything just as clearly as anybody else2 but ,i have a plain way of dealing1 and ,i do not seek so much cunning4 ,if ,god calls me1 ,i answer at once3 ,lord1 here ,i am6 ,i have spent the nights of my youth in studying1 in learning1 in comparing2 ,i have examined and gone to the depths of all the philosophers of antiquity1 apparently so lucid1 so luminous2 ,i have found only pride1 weakness1 darkness1 and barrenness4 ,i have recognized that it was all profitless and led to no good2 it was always the man that ,i was finding2 and of that ,i had enough in myself to guide and support4 ,then ,i took the ,bible1 and ,i felt that it was ,god who spoke to me from its inspired pages2 whereat ,i abandoned my learning and all those philosophical wranglings which weary the mind without bettering the heart4 ,i go straight to my object without vexing myself with anything4 ,there are things which ,i do not understand4 ,that is natural1 since it has pleased ,god to conceal them from me4 ,evidently ,i do not need to comprehend them1 since he has not revealed them2 and there is no reason1 because ,i find some obscurities1 why ,i should abandon the light which burns in their midst4 #8,master ,clement1' they ask me1 #8how did ,god make that8' #8,why that8' ,my dear friends1 this is just as far as we know4 #8,and this1 again8' ,this ,i know nothing about1 because it cannot be explained4 ,when our dear friend ,more read us his ,utopia1 ,i remember that ,i approached him and said3 #8,why have you not founded a people every man of whom followed explicitly the laws of the church8 ,that would have given you a great deal less trouble1 and you would at once have arrived at the art of making them happy1 without employing other precepts than these3 to avoid all wrong-doing1 to love their neighbor as themselves1 and to employ their time and their lives in acquiring all sorts of merits by all sorts of good works4 ,there you would find neither thieves nor slanderers1 calumniators nor adulterers1 gamblers nor drunkards1 misers nor usurers1 spendthrifts nor liars2 consequently1 you would have no need of laws1 prisons1 or punishments1 and such a community would unite all the good and exclude the bad4' ,he smiled and said to me3 #8,master ,clement1 you are in the right course1 and you would walk therein with all uprightness1 but others would turn entirely around and never even approach it4' ,therefore1 when ,i see a man who has no religion1 ,i say3 #8,that man is capable of the utmost possible wickedness'2 and ,i am by no means astonished1 when the occasion presents1 that he should prove guilty4 ,i mentally exclaim3 #8,my dear friend1 you gain your living by selfish and wicked means'2 and ,i pass by him1 saying1 #8,good-day1 my friend1' as to all the others4 ,he is just what he is2 and what will you8 ,we can neither control him nor change his nature40 ,his companions smiled at this discourse of ,john ,clement1 whom they loved ardently1 and who was a man as good as he was original4 ,a little brusque1 he loved the poor above all things1 and was never happier than when1 seated by their humble bedsides1 he conversed with them about their difficulties and endeavored to relieve them4 ,then it seemed to him that he was king of the earth1 and that ,god had placed in his hands a treasure of life and health for him to distribute among them4 ,as often as he added largely to his purse1 just so often was it drained of its contents2 but he had for his motto that the ,lord fed the little birds of the field1 and therefore he would not forget him2 and1 besides1 nobody would let ,john ,clement die of hunger4 ,always cheerful1 always contented with everything1 he had gone entirely round the circle of science1 and1 as he said1 having learned all that a man could learn1 was reduced to the simplicity of a child1 but of an enlightened child1 who feels all that he loses in being able to go only so far4 8,but take your breakfast now1 instead of laughing at and listening to me10 he cried4 ,as he spoke the sound of music was suddenly heard in the distance1 and a redoubled tumult in the streets4 ,a dull murmur1 and then a loud clamor1 reached their ears4 ,they immediately hurried to the window1 and left ,john ,clement at the table1 who also arose1 however1 and went to the window1 where he arrived the last4 8,it is she6 ,it is ,queen ,anne60 was heard from all sides2 and heads arose one above the other1 while the roofs even of the houses were covered with people4 ,there is a kind of electricity which escapes from the crowd and the eager rush and excitementsomething that makes the heart throb1 and that pleases us1 we know not why4 ,there were some who wept1 some who shouted2 and the sight of the streamers floating from the boats1 which advanced in good order like a flotilla upon the river1 was sufficient to cause this emotion and justify this enthusiasm2 for the people love what is gay1 what is brilliant2 they admire1 they are satisfied4 ,in such moments they forget themselves2 the poet sings without coat or shoes2 his praises are addressed to the glowing red velvet1 the nodding white plume1 the gold lace glittering in the sunlight4 ,a king1 a queensynonyms to him of beauty1 of magnificencehe waits on them1 hopes in them1 applauds them when they pass1 because he loves to see and admire them4 ,six-and-twenty boats1 painted and gilded1 ornamented with garlands of flowers and streaming banners1 with devices and figures entwined1 filled with richly-dressed ladies1 surrounded the bark which conveyed the new spouse4 ,anne1 arrayed in a robe of white satin heavily embroidered with golden flowers1 was seated on a kind of throne which had been erected in the centre of the boat4 ,a rich pavilion was raised above her head1 and her long veil of magnificent point lace was thrown back1 permitting a view of her beautiful features and fair hair4 ,she was glowing with youth and satisfaction2 and her heart thrilled with delight at seeing herself treated as a queen1 and making her entry in so triumphant a manner into the city of ,london4 ,her cheeks were red and delicate as the flower of spring2 her eyes sparkled with life and animation4 ,the old ,duchess of ,norfolk1 her grandmother1 was seated beside her1 and at her feet the ,duke of ,norfolk1 the ,earl of ,wiltshire1 her brother1 ,viscount ,rochford1 her sister-in-law1 and other relatives4 ,the king was in another boat1 and followed close4 ,in all the surrounding boats there were musicians4 ,the weather was superb1 and favored by its calmness and serenity the fte that had been prepared for the new queen4 ,soon shouts arose of 8,long live the king60 8,long live the queen60 and the populace1 trained and paid by ,cromwell1 rushed upon the quays1 upsetting everything that came in its way1 in order to bring its shouts nearer4 ,they seemed like demons seized with an excess of fury2 but the eye confounded them among the curious crowd1 and the distance harmonized to the royal eyes their savage expression4 ,meanwhile1 the boats1 having made divers evolutions1 drew up before the ,tower1 and ,anne ,boleyn was received at the landing by the lord-mayor and the sheriffs of the city1 who came to congratulate and escort her to her apartments4 ,it would be difficult to describe the ostentation displayed by ,henry ,,viii4 on this occasion2 he doubtless thought in this way to exalt1 in the estimation of the people1 the birth of his new wife1 and impose on them by her dignity4 ,the apartments in the ,tower destined to receive them had been entirely refurnished2 the grand stairway was covered from top to bottom with ,flanders tapestry1 and loaded with flowers and censers smoking with perfume1 which embalmed the air with a thousand precious odors4 ,a violet-colored carpet1 embroidered with gold and furs1 extended along their line of march and traversed the courtyards4 ,anne and all her cortge followed the route so sumptuously marked out4 ,as she rested her delicate feet on the silken carpet she was transported with joy1 and gazed with delighted eyes on the splendors surrounding her4 8,i am queen,queen of ,england60 she said to herself every moment4 ,that thought alone found a place in her heart2 she saw nothing but the throne1 the title1 this magnificence2 she was in a whirl of enjoyment and reckless delight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the meantime ,margaret and ,sir ,thomas were also entering the ,tower4 ,the young girl shuddered at the aspect of the black walls and the long and gloomy corridors through which she had been made to follow4 ,her heart throbbed violently as she gazed at the little iron-grated windows1 closely barred1 rising in tiers one above the other4 ,it seemed to her she could see at each one of those little squares1 so like the openings of a cage1 a condemned head sighing at the sight of heaven or the thought of liberty4 ,she walked behind ,sir ,thomas1 and her heart was paralyzed by terror and fear as she fixed her eyes on that cherished father4 ,they at length reached a large1 vaulted hall1 damp and gloomy1 the white-washed walls of which were covered with names and various kinds of drawings2 a large wooden table and some worm-eaten stools constituted the only furniture4 ,a leaden inkstand1 some rolls of parchment1 an old register lying open1 and a man who was writing1 interrogated ,sir ,thomas4 8,age80 asked the man2 and he fixed his luminous1 cat-like eyes on ,thomas ,more4 8,fifty years10 responded ,sir ,thomas4 8,your profession80 8,i have none at present10 he answered4 8,in that case ,i shall write you down as the former lord chancellor40 8,as you please10 said ,more4 8,but1 sir10 continued ,sir ,thomas1 8,i have received an order to present myself before the council1 and ,i should not be imprisoned before being heard40 8,pardon me1 sir10 replied the clerk quietly1 8the order has been received this morning2 and if you had not come to-day1 you would have been arrested this evening40 ,as he coolly said these words he passed to him a roll of paper from which hung suspended the seal of state4 ,sir ,thomas opened it1 and casting his eyes over the pages1 the long and useless formula of which he knew by heart1 he came at once to the signature of ,cromwell below that of ,audley4 ,he recalled this man1 who had coolly dined at his table yesterday1 surrounded by his children4 ,he then took up the great seal of green wax which hung suspended by a piece of amaranth silk4 ,the wax represented the portrait of ,henry ,,viii41 with a device or inscription4 ,he held the seal in his hand1 looked at it1 and turned it over two or three times4 8,this is indeed the royal seal10 said he4 8,i have been familiar with it for a long time2 and now the king has not hesitated to attach it to my name4 ,well1 ,god's will be done60 ,and he laid the seal and the roll of paper on the table4 8,you see it10 said the clerk1 observing from the corner of his eye that he had replaced the paper4 8,oh6 ,i am perfectly at home with everything since ,i came here4 ,it was ,i who registered ,empson and ,dudley1 the ministers of ,henry ,,vii41 and the ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,a famous trial that6 ,high treason alsodecapitated at ,tower ,hill4 ,a noble lord1 moreover2 helisten1 ,i am going to tell you2 for it is all written here40 ,and he began to turn the leaves of the book4 8,here1 the #agth of ,may1 #aeba1 page #hf40 ,and placing the end of his finger on the page indicated1 he looked at ,sir ,thomas complacently1 as if to say3 8,admire my accuracy1 now1 and my presence of mind40 ,on hearing this ,margaret arose involuntarily to her feet4 8,silence1 miserable wretch60 she cried4 8,what is it to us that you have kept an account of all the assassinations which have been committed in this place8 ,no6 no6 my father shall not stay here2 he shall not stay here4 ,he is innocentyes1 innocent2 it would be impossible for him to be guilty60 ,the clerk inspected her closely1 as if to determine who she could be4 8,that is the custom2 they always say that1 damsel4 ,as for me1 however1 it concerns me not4 ,they are tried up above2 but ,i,i write here2 that is all4 ,why do they allow themselves to be taken8 ,people ought not to be called wretches so readily10 he added1 fixing his eyes upon her4 8,i am honest1 you see1 and the worthy father of a family1 you understand4 ,i have two children1 and ,i support them by the fruit of my labor40 8,margaret10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8my dearest daughter1 you must not remain here60 8,you believeyou think so6 ,well1 perhaps not2 and yet ,i implore you6 ,undoubtedly ,i am only a woman2 ,i can do nothing at all2 ,i am only ,margaret60 ,and a gleam shot from her eyes4 ,sir ,thomas regarded her1 overwhelmed with anguish and despair4 ,he took her by the arm and led her far away from the clerk1 toward the large and only window1 looking out on the gloomy and narrow back yard4 8,come10 he said1 8let me see you display more courage2 do not add to the anguish that already fills my soul6 ,margaret1 look up to heaven40 ,and he raised his right hand toward the firmament1 of which they could see but the smallest space4 8,have these men1 my daughter1 the power to deprive us of our abode up there8 ,whatever afflictions may befall us here on earth1 one day we shall be reunited there in eternity4 ,then1 ,margaret1 we shall have no more chains1 no more prisons1 no more separations4 ,why1 then1 should you grieve1 since you are immortal8 ,what signify the years that roll by and are cast behind us1 more than a cloud of dust by which we are for a moment enveloped8 ,if my life was to be extinguished1 if you were to cease to exist1 then1 yes1 my despair would be unlimited2 but we live1 and we shall live for ever6 ,we shall meet again1 whatever may be the fate that attends me1 whatever may be the road ,i am forced to follow4 ,deathah6 well1 what is death8 ,a change of life4 ,listen to me1 ,margaret3 the present is nothing2 the future is everything6 ,yes1 ,i prefer the gloom of the prison to the brilliancy of the throne2 all the miseries of this place to the delights of the universe1 if they must be purchased at the cost of my soul's salvation4 ,cease1 then1 to weep for me4 ,if ,i am imprisoned here1 it is only what ,he who called me out of nothing has permitted2 and were ,i at liberty to leave1 ,i would not do so unless it were his will4 ,know1 then1 my daughter1 that ,i am calm and perfectly resigned to be here1 since ,god so wills it4 ,return home now2 see that nothing goes wrong there4 ,i appoint you in my place1 without1 at the same time1 elevating you above your mother2 and rest assured that your father will endure everything with joy and submission1 not because of the justice of men1 but because of that of ,god60 ,margaret listened to her father without replying4 ,she knew well that she would not be permitted to remain in the prison1 and yet she so much wished it4 8,no10 she exclaimed at last1 8,i do not wish to be thus resigned6 ,it is very easy for you to talk1 it is nothing for me to listen2 but as for me1 ,i am on the verge of life4 ,without you1 for me life has no longer the least attraction6 ,let them take mine when they take yours6 ,it is the same thing2 they owe it to the king4 ,he so thirsts for blood that it will not do to rob him of one drop4 ,have you not betrayed him8 ,well6 ,i am a traitor also2 let him avenge himself1 then2 let him take his revenge2 let him pick my bones1 since he tears my heart4 ,i am you2 let him devour me also4 ,write my name on your register10 she continued1 suddenly turning toward the clerk1 as if convinced that the reasons she had given could not be answered4 8,come1 friend1 good-fortune to youtwo prisoners instead of one6 ,come1 write2 you write so well6 ,margaret ,more1 aged eighteen years1 guilty of high treason60 ,the clerk made no reply4 8,is there anything lacking80 said ,margaret4 8,but1 damsel10 he replied1 placing his pen behind his ear with an air of indecision1 8,i cannot do that2 you have not been accused4 ,if you are an accomplice and have some revelations to make1 you must so declare before the court40 8,you are right2 yes1 ,i am an accomplice60 she cried4 8,therefore come2 let nothing stop you40 8,my beloved child10 said ,sir ,thomas painfully1 8you would have me1 then1 condemn myself by acknowledging you as an accomplice in a crime which ,i have not committed80 8,o my father60 cried the young girl1 8tell me1 have you1 then1 some hope8 ,no6 no6 you are deceiving me4 ,you see it6 ,you have heard it6 ,they would have come this night to tear you from our arms1 from your desolated home6 ,no2 all is over1 and ,i too wish to die60 ,as she said these words1 ,cromwell1 who had rapidly and noiselessly ascended the stairs1 pushed open the door and entered4 ,he came to see if ,more had arrived4 ,he saluted him without the least embarrassment1 and remarked the tears that wet the beautiful face of ,margaret4 ,she immediately wiped them away1 and looked at him scornfully4 8,you come to see if the time has arrived60 she said2 8if my father has fallen into your hands4 ,yes1 here he is2 look at him closely1 and dare to accuse him60 8,damsel10 replied ,cromwell1 bowing awkwardly1 8ladies should not meddle with justice1 whose sword falls before them40 ,as he said this1 ,kingston1 the lieutenant of the ,tower1 entered1 followed by an escort of armed guards4 ,the sound of their footsteps1 the clanking of their arms1 astonished ,margaret4 ,her bosom heaved4 ,she felt that there was no longer any resistance to be offered2 she understood that it was this power which threatened to crush and destroy all she lovedshe1 poor young girl1 facing these armed men1 covered with iron1 clashing with steel2 these living machines1 who understood neither eloquence1 reason1 truth1 sex1 age1 nor beauty4 ,she regarded them with a look of silent despair4 ,she saw ,kingston advance toward her father1 and say he arrested him in the name of the king2 and then take his hand to express the regret with which he executed this act of obedience to the king4 8,the coward60 she thought2 8he sacrifices his friend40 ,she saw her father approach her1 to clasp her in his arms1 to bid her adieu1 to tell her to return home1 to watch over her sisters1 to respect her mother1 take care of ,henry ,pattison1 for his sake4 ,she heard all this2 she was almost unconscious1 for she saw and heard1 and yet remained transfixed and motionless4 ,then he left her4 ,kingston conducted him1 the guards surrounded him1 he passed through the door leading into the interior of the ,tower2 it closed1 and ,margaret was alone4 ,she stood thus for a long time1 as if paralyzed by what had just passed before her4 ,she put her hand upon her forehead2 it was burning1 and she could recall nothing more4 ,by degrees animation returned1 and she felt she was cold4 ,she looked around her2 she saw the clerk still seated at his desk1 writing4 ,absolute silence reigned2 those great walls were gloomy1 deaf1 and mute4 ,then she arose4 ,she saw the day was declining2 she thought she would try to go4 ,roper was waiting1 and perhaps uneasy4 ,she cast a lingering look at the door she had seen close upon her father2 she set these places in her memory1 saying3 8,i will return40 ,she then went out1 and slowly descended to the bank of the river1 where she found ,roper1 who had charge of the boat1 and who was astonished at her long absence4 8,well1 ,margaret1 and your father80 he said1 seeing her alone4 ,she drooped her head4 8,will he not return80 8,no10 she replied1 and entered the boat2 then she suddenly seized the hands of ,roper4 8,he is theredo you see8within those black walls1 in that gloomy prison4 ,the guards have taken him2 they seized and surrounded him2 he disappeared1 and ,i am leftleft alone6 ,he has sent me away2 he told me to go4 ,kingston6 ,cromwell6 ,o ,roper6 ,i can stand no more2 let us go40 ,and ,margaret sank1 panting and exhausted1 upon the forepart of the boat4 ,roper listened and looked at her4 8,what6 he will not return80 he repeated2 and his eyes questioned ,margaret4 ,but the noble and beautiful young girl heard him not2 with her eyes fixed on the walls of the ,tower1 she seemed absorbed in one thought alone4 8,farewell1 farewell1 my father60 she said4 8,your ears no more hear me1 but your heart responds to my own4 ,farewell1 farewell60 ,and she made a sign with her hand1 as though she had him before her eyes4 8,is it true1 ,margaret1 that he will not return80 8,no6 ,i tell you he will not4 ,we are now all alone in the world4 ,you may go4 ,you may go quickly now1 if you wish40 8,well10 said ,roper1 8he will be detained to stand his trial2 that will end1 perhaps1 better than you think40 ,and he seated himself quietly at the oars2 because ,roper1 always disposed to hope for the best in the future1 concluded that ,margaret1 doubtless frightened at the imposing appearance of justice1 believed ,sir ,thomas to be in far greater danger than he really was2 and1 following the thread of his own thoughts1 he added aloud3 8,men are men1 and ,margaret is a woman40 8,what would you say by that80 she asked with energy4 8,do you mean to say that ,i am your inferior1 and that my nature is lower than your own8 ,what do you mean by saying #8a woman'8 ,yes1 ,i am inferior1 but only in the animal strength which enables you to row at this moment and make me mount the wave that carries me4 ,i am your inferior in cruelty1 indifference1 and selfishness4 ,ah6 if ,i were a man like you1 and could only retain under your form all the vigor of my soul and the fearlessness with which ,i feel myself transported1 you would see if my father remained alone1 abandoned without resistance in the depths of the prison where ,i saw him led2 and if the oppressor should not1 in his turn1 fear the voice of the oppressed2 and if this nation1 which you call a nation of men1 should be allowed to slaughter its own children60 8,margaret10 said ,roper1 alarmed1 8calm yourself40 8,i must sleep1 ,i suppose1 in order to please you1 when ,i see my father delivered into the hands of his enemies6 ,he is lost1 ,i tell you1 and you will not believe it1 and ,i can do nothing for him4 ,of what good is courage to one who cannot use it8 ,of what use is strength1 if one can only wish for it8 ,to fret one's self in the night of impossibility2 to see1 to hear1 and have power to do nothing4 ,this is the punishment ,i must endure for ever6 ,nothing to lean upon6 ,everything will fall around me4 ,he is condemned1 they will say2 there will be only one human creature less6 ,that will be my father60 ,and ,margaret1 standing up in the middle of the boat1 her hair dishevelled1 her eyes fixed1 seemed to see the wretchedness she was describing4 ,the wind blew violently1 and scattered the curls of her dark hair around her burning face4 8,margaret10 cried ,roper1 running to her and taking her in his arms8,margaret1 are you dreaming8 ,what would your father say if he knew you had thus abandoned yourself to despair80 8,he would say10 replied ,margaret1 8that we must despise the world and place our trust in ,heaven2 he would recall resignation into my exasperated soul4 ,but shall ,i see him henceforth8 ,who will aid me in supporting the burdens of this life1 against which1 in my misery1 ,i revolt every instant8 ,oh6 if ,i could only share his chains4 ,then1 near him1 ,i would brave tyrants1 tortures1 hell1 and the devils combined6 ,the strength of my will would shake the earth1 when ,i cannot turn over a single stone60 ,at this moment the boat1 which ,roper1 in his trouble1 had ceased to guide1 struck violently against some piers the fishermen had sunk along the river4 ,it was almost capsized1 and the water rushed in through a hole made by the stakes4 8,we are going to sink10 cried ,roper1 leaving ,margaret and rushing toward the oar he had abandoned4 8,well6 do what you can to prevent it10 replied the young girl coldly1 as she seated herself in her former position in the stern of the boat4 ,but the water continued to rush in1 and was already as high as their feet4 ,roper seized his cloak1 and made it serve1 though not without considerable difficulty1 to close the vent through which the water entered4 ,a plank which he found in the bottom of the boat was used to finish his work1 and they were able to resume their course2 the boat1 however1 made but slow way1 and it was constantly necessary to bail out the water that leaked through the badly-repaired opening4 ,night came on1 and it was already quite late when they succeeded in reaching the ,chelsea terrace1 at the foot of which they landed4 ,roper1 having attached the boat to the chain used for that purpose1 opened the gate1 and they entered together4 ,margaret's heart throbbed violently2 this lonely house1 deprived of him who had made the happiness of her life2 the gate which they had closed without his having entered iteverything1 even to the sound of her own footsteps1 pierced her soul with anguish4 ,she passed rapidly through the garden and entered the house1 where she found the rest of the family assembled as usual4 ,all appeared sad1 ,lady ,more alone excepted2 this woman1 vulgar and coarse1 was not in a condition to comprehend the position in which she found herself2 the baseness of her sentiments1 the littleness of her soul1 rendered her a burden as annoying as she was painful to support4 ,margaret1 in particular1 could feel no affection for her4 ,frank and sincere herself1 she abhorred the cunning and artifice her stepmother believed herself bound to employ to make up for her deficiency of intellect2 and when1 in the midst of a most interesting and elevated conversation1 the reasoning of which ,margaret caught with so much avidity1 she heard her loudly decide a question and pronounce a judgment in the vulgar phrases used among the most obscure class of people1 she was not always able to conceal her impatience4 ,her father1 more cheerful1 more master of himself1 recalled by a glance or a smile his dear ,margaret to a degree of patience and respect he was always ready to observe4 ,on entering1 therefore1 ,margaret's indignation was excited by hearing her stepmother abusing unmercifully poor ,henry ,pattison1 who had wept incessantly ever since the departure of his master4 8,till-,wall6 ,till-,wall60 she cried4 8,this fool here will never let us have any more peace6 ,sir ,thomas had better have taken him with him2 they could have acted the fool together60 ,margaret listened at first to her stepmother1 but she could not permit her to continue4 8,weep60 she cried8yes1 weep1 poor ,pattison6 for your master is now imprisoned in the ,tower1 and ,god knows whether you will ever see him again4 ,weep1 all of you10 she continued1 turning to her sisters1 8because you do not see your father in the midst of us4 ,believe in my presentiments2 they have never deceived me4 ,those souls1 coarse and devoid of sensibility1 over whom life passes and dries like rain upon a rock1 will always reject such beliefs2 but if1 when one is united by affection to a cherished being1 the slightest movement of his eyes enables you to read his soul1 and you discover the most secret emotion of his heart1 we must believe also that nature1 on the approach of misfortunes which are to befall us1 reveals to us the secrets of the future4 ,that is why ,i say to you1 ,weep1 all of you2 for you will never see him again4 ,ino1 ,i will not weep1 because to me this means death6 ,i shall die60 ,and crossing the room1 she went and threw herself on her knees before the arm-chair usually occupied by her father4 8,yesterday at this hour he was here2 ,i have seen him here2 ,i have heard him speak to me60 she cried1 and it seemed to her she still heard him2 but in place of that cherished voice which sounded always near her that of ,lady ,more alone fell on her ear4 8,cecilia10 she said1 8go and see if supper is ready2 it should have been served an hour ago4 ,i have waited for you10 she added1 looking at ,margaret1 8although you may not have expected it1 judging from the time you were absent40 8,i thank you10 replied ,margaret4 8,it was not necessary2 ,i could not eat40 8,that is something one could not guess10 angrily replied ,lady ,more1 rising from her arm-chair and proceeding to the dining-room4 ,they all followed her2 but1 on seeing her stepmother take ,sir ,thomas' place1 and begin in a loud voice to say grace 7as was customary in those days1 when heads of families did not blush to acknowledge themselves ,christians71 ,margaret was unable to restrain her tears1 and immediately left the dining-room4 ,roper cast an anxious look after her1 but on account of her stepmother he said nothing4 8,it appears10 said ,lady ,more1 whilst helping the dish which was placed before her1 8that we are at the end of our trouble4 ,all my life ,i've been watching ,sir ,thomas throwing himself into difficulties and dangers3 at one time he would sustain a poor little country squire against some powerful family2 at another he was taking part against the government2 and now1 ,i fear1 this last affair will be the worst of all4 ,but what have you heard1 ,roper8 ,why has ,sir ,thomas not returned80 ,roper then related to her how he had waited in the boat2 how he had seen the new queen pass1 followed by the most brilliant assembly2 and1 finally1 what ,margaret had told him concerning her father4 8,you see60 she exclaimed at every pause he made in his narration4 8,i was right6 ,say if ,i was not right80 ,meanwhile1 her appetite remained1 undisturbed2 she continued to eat very leisurely while questioning ,roper4 ,he was anxious to finish satisfying the curiosity of his stepmother1 who detained him for a long time1 giving the details of ,lady ,boleyn's dress1 although1 in spite of his complacent good-will1 ,roper was unable to describe but imperfectly the inventions1 the materials1 jewelry1 and embroideries which composed her attire4 8,how stupid and senseless these scruples of ,sir ,thomas are60 she cried on hearing these beautiful things described4 8,i ask you now if it is not natural for me to wish to be among those elegant ladies1 and to be adorned like them8 ,but no2 he has done everything to deprive himself of the king's favor1 who has yielded to him to the utmost degree4 ,but ,i will go and find him2 ,i will speak to him1 and demonstrate to him that his first duty is to take care of his family1 and not drag us all down with him40 ,as she said this1 she shook her gray head1 and assumed a menacing air as she turned towards ,roper4 ,but he was gone4 ,he was afraid she would make him recommence his narrative2 and1 contrary to his usual custom1 he was greatly troubled at the condition in which he saw ,margaret4 ,he softly ascended to the chamber of the young girl1 and paused to listen a moment at the door4 ,the light shone through the windows1 and yet he heard not the slightest sound4 ,he then entered1 and found ,margaret asleep1 kneeling on the floor like a person at prayer4 ,she was motionless1 but her sleep seemed troubled by painful dreams2 and her eyebrows and all the features of her beautiful face were successively contracted4 ,her head rested on her shoulder1 and she appeared to be still gazing at a little portrait of her father1 which she had worn from her childhood1 and which she had placed on the chair before her4 ,roper regarded her a moment with a feeling of intense sorrow4 ,he then knelt by her side and took her hand4 ,the movement aroused ,margaret4 8,where are we now1 ,roper80 she said1 opening her eyes4 8,have you finished mending the boat80 ,but scarcely had she pronounced the words when1 looking around her1 she perceived her error4 8,ah60 she continued1 8,i had forgotten we had reached home40 8,my dear ,margaret10 said ,roper1 8,i have felt the most dreadful anxiety since you left your stepmother40 8,oh6 my stepmother10 cried ,margaret4 8,how happy she is6 ,how ,i envy her the selfishness which makes us feel that in possessing ourselves all our wishes are accomplished6 ,she is1 at least1 always sure of following and carrying herself in every place2 they cannot separate her from the sole object of her love1 and nothing can tear her from it40 8,is it1 then1 a happiness to love only one's self8 ,and can you1 dear ,margaret1 desire any such fate80 8,yes60 replied ,margaret4 8,the stupid creature by whom the future is disregarded1 the past forgotten1 the present ignored1 makes me envious6 ,why exhaust ourselves in useless efforts8 ,and why does not man1 like the chrysalis which sleeps forty days1 not await more patiently the moment when he shall be born in eternitythe moment that will open to him the sources of a new existence1 where he shall love without fearing to lose the object of his devotion2 where1 happy in the happiness of the ,creator himself1 he will praise and bless him every moment with new transports of joy8 ,william1 do you know what that power is which transforms our entire being into the one whom we love1 in order to make us endure his sufferings a thousand times over8 ,do you understand well that love which has neither flesh nor bone2 which loves only the heart and mind2 which mounts without fear into the presence of ,god himself2 which draws from him1 from his grandeur1 his perfections1 from his infinite majesty1 all its strength and all its endurance2 which1 fearing not death1 extends beyond the grave1 and lives and increases through all eternity8 ,that celestial lovehave you ever felt it8 that soul within a soul1 which considers virtue alone1 lives only for her1 and which is every moment exalted by its sacrifices and its devotion8 that life within another life1 which feels that nothing can extinguish it1 and considers the world and creatures as nothing8 ,speak1 ,roper1 do you entirely comprehend it8 ,o my friend6 listen attentively to me2 when the fruit of experience shall have ripened for you1 when your fellow-creatures shall no more speak of you but as #8the old man1' when you shall have long looked upon your children's children1 then you will assemble them round you1 and tell them that in other times a tyrant named ,henry ,,viii4 devastated their country1 and immolated1 in his bloody rage1 the father of ,margaret2 you will tell them that you loved ,margaret1 and that she perished in the flower of her youth2 and you will teach them to execrate the memory of that cruel king1 to weep over the oppressed1 and to defend them40 8,margaret60 cried ,roper1 8whither have your excited feelings carried you8 ,who will be able to take you from me8 ,and the children of whom you speakwill they not also be yours80 8,no1 they will not be mine6 ,upon the earth there remains for me neither father nor husband1 now that all are reduced to slaves4 ,and learn this1 if you do not already know it3 ,slaves should have no hearts6 ,but ,i,i have one10 she cried1 8and ,i well understand how to keep it out of their hands60 8,margaret10 replied ,roper1 8you are greatly to blame for expressing yourself in this manner4 ,what6 because the king sends for your father to come and take an oath which he believes he has a right to exact1 you already accuse him of wishing to encompass his death8 ,your father is lost1 you say4 ,have you forgotten1 then1 the numberless assurances of protection and particular regard which the king has not ceased to bestow on him in the most conspicuous manner8 ,has he not raised him to the highest position in his kingdom8 ,and if your father had not voluntarily renounced it1 the office would have been still in his possession40 8,without doubt10 replied ,margaret1 8if my father had been willing to barter his conscience1 they would have bought it4 ,to-day they will weigh it in the balance against his life4 ,he is already doomed40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,sancta ,,sophia4#ad ,the new and improved edition of ,father ,cressy's compendium of the principal treatises of the ,english ,benedictine1 ,father ,baker1 entitled ,sancta ,sophia1 or ,holy ,wisdom1 which has now appeared1 has been long looked for1 and we give it a cordial welcome4 ,in compliance with an earnest request of the very reverend and learned prelate under whose careful supervision this new edition has been prepared1 we very gladly make use of the opportunity which is thus presented of calling attention to this admirable work1 and to some topics of the greatest interest and importance which are intimately connected with its peculiar nature and scope as a book of spiritual instruction4 ,it belongs to a special class of books treating of the higher grades of the spiritual life1 and of the more perfect way in which the soul that has passed through the inferior exercises of active meditation is led upward toward the tranquil region of contemplation4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 and an indication of the increasing number of those who feel the aspiration after this higher life1 that such a demand has made itself felt1 within a comparatively recent period1 for spiritual treatises of this sort4 ,the most voluminous and popular modern writer who has ministered to this appetite of souls thirsting for the fountains of pure spiritual doctrine1 is the late holy ,oratorian1 ,father ,faber4 ,the unparalleled circulation of his works is a matter of common notoriety4 ,the lives of saints and of holy persons who have been led in the highways of mystic illumination and union with ,god1 which have poured forth in such copious abundance from the ,catholic press1 and have been so eagerly read1 are another symptom as well as a cause of this increasing taste for the science and wisdom of the saints4 ,the most choice and elevated spiritual works which have appeared are1 however1 with few exceptions1 republications of books of an older and bygone time4 ,among these we may mention that quaint treatise so often referred to by ,father ,baker1 called ,the ,cloud of the ,unknowing1 ,walter ,hilton's ,scala ,perfectionis1 the ,spiritual ,dialogues of ,st4 ,catherine of ,genoa1 ,st4 ,teresa's writings1 ,dom ,castaniza's ,spiritual ,conflict and ,conquest1 and above all others that truly magnificent edition in an ,english version of the ,works of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 for which we are indebted to ,mr4 ,lewis and his ,eminence the ,cardinal of ,westminster4 ,as a manual for common and general use1 the ,sancta ,sophia of ,father ,baker has an excellence and value peculiarly its own4 ,canon ,dalton1 a good authority on subjects of this kind1 says that 8it is certainly the best book we have in ,english on prayer40 ,bishop ,ullathorne says of it3 8,nothing is more clear1 simple1 solid1 and profound40 ,similar testimonies might be multiplied2 and if the suffrages of the thousands of unknown but devout persons in religious communities and in the secular state1 who have made use of this book1 could be collected1 the result would prove that the high esteem in which it has ever been held by the ,english ,benedictines is perfectly well deserved1 according to the sense of the most pious among the faithful4 ,the first modern edition of ,sancta ,sophia was published in ,new ,york in #aheg4 ,before this time it was wholly unknown in this country1 so far as we are informed1 excepting in the convent of ,carmelite ,nuns at ,baltimore4 ,at the ancient convent on ,aisquith ,street1 where a small community of the daughters of ,st4 ,teresa had long been strictly practising the rule of their holy mother1 an old copy of the first edition of ,sancta ,sophia was preserved as their greatest treasure4 ,it was there that ,father ,walworth became acquainted with the book1 and1 charmed with its quaint style and rare1 old-fashioned excellence1 resolved to have a new edition of it published for the benefit of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ,by permission of the ,very ,rev4 ,father ,bernard1 of holy memory1 who was then provincial of the ,redemptorists1 it was published1 under ,father ,hecker's supervision1 by ,james ,b4 ,kirker 7,dunigan ,bro47 of ,new ,york4 ,it was reprinted correctly1 though in a plain and unattractive form1 without any change excepting in the spelling of words and the omission of certain forms of short prayers and aspirations which were added to the treatises in the original4 ,there is no substantial difference1 as to the text of the work itself1 between this edition and the new one edited by ,dr4 ,sweeney4 ,he has1 however1 had it published in a much better and more attractive form1 has restored all the parts omitted1 and1 besides carefully revising the text1 has added prefatory matter1 notes1 and appendices1 which make his edition more complete4 ,a portrait of the venerable ,father ,baker is prefixed4 ,if an index of the contents of the chapters had been added1 it would have made the edition as perfect as we could desire4 ,that it will now become once more widely known and appreciated in ,england we cannot doubt1 and we trust that it will also obtain a much wider circulation in this country than it has hitherto enjoyed4 ,there is but one serious obstacle in the way of its becoming a universal favorite with those who have a taste for solid spiritual food4 ,it is food of the most simple1 dry1 and hard quality1 served without sauce or condiments of any kindpure nutriment1 like brown bread1 wheaten1 grits1 farina1 or ,scotch porridge4 ,it is most wholesome and conducive to spiritual growth1 but altogether destitute of the eloquence which we find in ,tauler1 the deep philosophy and sublime poetry of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 the ecstatic rapture of ,st4 ,teresa4 ,whoever studies it will have no stimulus but a pure and simple desire for instruction1 improvement1 and edification4 ,the keynote to the entire mode and measure of the book is given in the chapter1 borrowed from ,father ,walter ,hilton1 on the spiritual pilgrimage3 8,one way he knew1 which1 if he would diligently pursue according to the directions and marks that he would give himthough1 said he1 ,i cannot promise thee a security from many frights1 beatings1 and other ill-usage and temptations of all kinds2 but if thou canst have courage and patience enough to suffer them without quarrelling or resisting1 or troubling thyself1 and so pass on1 having this only in thy mind1 and sometimes on thy tongue1 ,i have naught1 ,i am naught1 ,i desire naught but to be at ,jerusalem1 my life for thine1 thou wilt escape safe with thy life1 and in a competent time arrive thither40 ,father ,baker attempts nothing but to furnish a plain guide-book over this route4 ,for descriptions of the scenery1 photographic views of mountains1 valleys1 lakes1 and prospects1 one must go elsewhere4 ,a clear1 methodical1 safe guide-book over the route he will find in ,sancta ,sophia4 ,this is not to say that one should confine himself exclusively to its perusal1 or deny himself the pleasure of reading other books in which there is more that pleases the imagination and awakens the affections1 or that satisfies the demands of the intellect seeking for the deepest causes of things and the exposition of sublime truths4 ,the most important and practical matter1 however1 is to find and keep the right road4 ,and certainly many1 if not all1 of those who are seeking the straightest and safest way to perfection and everlasting beatitude1 will value the ,sancta ,sophia all the more for its very plainness1 and the absence of everything except that simple and solid doctrine which they desire and feel the need of amid the trials and perplexities of the journey of life4 ,the doctrine of ,father ,baker has not1 however1 lacked opponents from his own day to the present4 ,since the publication of ,sancta ,sophia in this country we have repeatedly heard of its use being discountenanced in religious communities and in the case of devout persons in the world4 ,dr4 ,sweeney calls attention directly to this fact of opposition to ,father ,baker's doctrine1 and devotes a considerable part of his own annotations to a refutation of the objections alleged against it4 ,he has pointed out one seemingly plausible ground of these censures which we were not before aware of1 and which was unknown to the ,american editors of ,sancta ,sophia when they republished it in this country4 ,we cannot pass this matter by without some examination2 for although on such subjects controversy is disagreeable1 and to the unlearned and simple-minded may be vexatious and perplexing1 it cannot be avoided where a question of orthodox soundness in doctrine is concerned4 ,the gist of the whole matter is found in chapter the seventh1 8,on the ,prayer of ,interior ,silence10 to which ,dr4 ,sweeney has appended a long note of explanation4 ,the matter of this chapter is professedly derived from an old ,spanish work by ,antonio de ,rojas1 entitled ,the ,life of the ,spirit ,approved1 which was placed on the ,index about fifty years after the death of ,father ,baker1 and two years after the condemnation of ,quietism4 ,we have never seen this book1 but we are informed by ,dr4 ,sweeney that its language1 taken in the most natural and obvious sense1 leads to the conclusion that the state of charity which is requisite to perfection excludes all private interest1 not only all fear of punishment1 but all hope of rewardthat is1 all desire or consideration of the beatitude of heaven4 ,in order to attain this state of indifference and annihilation of self-love1 all express acts are discountenanced1 and that kind of silence and passivity in prayer recommended which suppresses the active movements of the soul toward ,god1 such as hope1 love toward ,god as the chief good1 petition and supplication1 thanksgiving1 etc4 ,now1 such a doctrine as this is manifestly tinged with some of the errors of ,quietism1 and seems to be precisely similar to the semi-,quietism of ,madame ,guyon and ,fnelon which was condemned by ,innocent ,,xii4 in #afii4 ,the second of the propositions from ,fnelon's ,maxims of the ,saints condemned by this pope is as follows3 8,in the state of contemplative or unitive life every interested motive of fear and hope is lost40 ,the doctrinal error here is the notion that the soul's love of itself1 desire and hope for its own beatification in ,god1 and love to ,god as its own sovereign good1 is incompatible with a pure1 disinterested1 perfect love of ,god1 as the sovereign good in himself4 ,the practical error is the inculcation of direct efforts to suppress every movement of interested love to ,god in prayer1 in order to make way for passive1 disinterested love4 ,father ,baker lived so long before the errors of false mysticism had been thoroughly investigated1 refuted1 and condemned that it was very easy for him to fail of detecting what was unguarded1 inaccurately expressed1 exaggerated1 or of erroneous tendency in a book which was approved by a number of prelates and theologians4 ,he has certainly not borrowed or adopted what was erroneous in the book1 but that portion of its teaching which was sound and safe1 upon which the error was a mere excrescence4 ,the mere fact of citing a book which has been placed on the ,index is a matter of small and only incidental moment4 ,dr4 ,sweeney seems to us to have followed too timorous a conscience in his way of treating the chapter of ,sancta ,sophia in which the work of ,de ,rojas is quoted4 ,we cannot agree with him that ,father ,baker would have suppressed that chapter if the book had been censured during his lifetime4 ,he would have suppressed his commendation of the book1 and looked carefully to see what the error was on account of which it had been condemned1 as any good ,catholic is bound to do in such a case4 ,but we feel confident that he would not have felt himself obliged to make any essential alteration in what he had written on the prayer of silence1 though he would probably have explicitly guarded it against any possible misapprehension or perversion4 ,any one who reads the ,sancta ,sophia1 especially with ,dr4 ,sweeney's annotations1 will see at once how absurd is the charge of a tincture of semi-,quietism against so sober and practical a writer as ,father ,baker1 and how remote from anything favoring the illusions of false spirituality are his instructions on prayer4 ,it would be almost as absurd to impute ,quietism to ,father ,baker as rigorism to ,st4 ,alphonsus4 ,we are afraid that ,dr4 ,sweeney's signal-board of 8caution0 will scare away simple-minded and devout readers from one of the most useful chapters of ,sancta ,sophia1 one which is really the pivot of the whole book4 ,father ,baker's special scope and object was not to give instruction in meditation and active exercises1 but to lead the soul through and beyond these to contemplation4 ,the instructions on the prayer of interior silence are precisely those which are fitted to enlighten and direct a person in the transition state from the spiritual exercises of discursive meditation to that state of ordinary and acquired contemplation which ,scaramelli and all standard writers recognize as both desirable and attainable for those who have devoted a considerable time to the practice of mental prayer4 ,father ,baker's directions on this head should be judged by what they are intrinsically in themselves1 without any regard to anything else4 ,are they singular1 imprudent1 or in any respect contrary to the doctrine of the saints and other authors of recognized soundness in doctrine8 ,we cannot see that they are4 ,whatever perversion of the method of prayer in question may have been contained in the book of ,de ,rojas1 sprang from his erroneous doctrine that explicit acts of the understanding and will in prayer should be suppressed in order to eradicate the implicit acts1 the habits1 and tendencies of the soul1 by which its intention and desire are directed toward its own supreme good and felicity in ,god4 ,but this is no reason against the method itself1 apart from a perversion no trace of which is to be found in ,father ,baker's own language4 ,the well-known and justly-revered ,father ,ramire1 ,s4,j41 in his introduction to a little work by another ,jesuit1 ,father ,de ,caussade1 entitled ,l',abandon la ,providence ,divine1 remarks in reference to the doctrine of that book1 which is quite similar in its spirit to the ,sancta ,sophia1 as follows3 8,there is no truth so luminous that it does not change into error from the moment when it suffers diminution or exaggeration2 and there is no nourishment1 however salutary to the soul1 which1 if imprudently used1 may not produce in it the effect of a noxious poison40 ,it would seem that some are so afraid of the perversion of the luminous truths of mystical theology1 and of the abuse of the salutary nourishment it affords to the soul1 that they would desire to avoid the danger by shutting out the light and locking up the food in a closet4 ,they would restrict all persons whatever1 in every stage and condition of the spiritual life1 to certain methods of prayer and the use of certain books1 excellent for the majority of persons while they are beginners or proficients1 but unsuitable1 or even injurious1 to some who are of a peculiar disposition1 or who have advanced so far that they need something of a different order4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that such a course is safe or prudent4 ,there are some who cannot1 even in the beginning1 make use of discursive meditation4 ,it is a generally-recognized rule that those who can1 and actually do1 practise this kind of mental prayer1 ought1 as soon as it ceases to be pleasant and profitable to them1 to change it for a simpler method4 ,even those set methods which are not discursive1 if they consist in oft-repeated acts of the understanding1 the affections1 and the will1 become frequently1 after the lapse of time1 too laborious1 wearisome1 and insipid to be continued with any fervor4 ,the soul needs and instinctively longs for the cessation of this perpetual activity in a holy repose1 in tranquil contemplation1 in rest upon the bosom of ,god4 ,it is for such souls that the chapter on the prayer of interior silence was written4 ,we may now examine a little more closely the passages which ,dr4 ,sweeney seems to have had in view1 as requiring to be read with caution because similar to statements made by ,de ,rojas and other writers whose doctrine is tinctured with ,quietism4 ,dr4 ,sweeney remarks3 8,when afterwards 7in the book of ,de ,rojas7 express acts toward ,god are discountenanced1 and it is declared that an advantage of this kind of prayer is self-annihilation1 and that resignation then becomes so pure that all private interest is forgotten and ignored1 we see the prudence and watchfulness of the ,holy ,see in cautioning her children against a book which1 if it does not expressly1 distinctly1 and advisedly teach it1 yet conveys the impression that a state of charity excludes all private interest1 such as fear of punishment and hope of reward1 and that perfection implies such a state40#ae ,father ,baker says that in the prayer of silence1 8with the will she the soul frames no particular request nor any express acts toward ,god02 that 8by this exercise we come to the most perfect operation of self-annihilation10 and practise in the most sublime manner 8resignation1 since the soul forgets all private interests02 and more to the same effect4 ,nevertheless1 the dangerous and erroneous sense which this language might convey1 if intended or interpreted to mean that the soul must suppress all hope or desire for its own private good as incompatible with the perfect love of ,god1 is plainly excluded by the immediate context in which it occurs4 ,the soul1 says ,father ,baker1 should 8continue in his presence in the quality of a petitioner1 but such an one as makes no special1 direct requests1 but contents herself to appear before him with all her wants and necessities1 best1 and indeed only1 known to him1 who therefore needs not her information40 ,again1 he compares the soul to the subject of a sovereign who abstains from asking any particular favors from his prince1 because he knows that 8he is both most wise to judge what favors may become the one to give and the other to receive1 and in that that he has a love and magnificence to advance him beyond his deserts40 ,once more he says that in this prayer the soul exercises in a sublime manner 8hope1 because the soul1 placing herself before ,god in the posture of a beggar1 confidently expects that he will impart to her both the knowledge of his will and ability to fulfil it40 ,it is equally plain that ,father ,baker's method of the prayer of interior silence is not liable to the censure which ,dr4 ,sweeney attaches to the one of ,de ,rojas when he remarks that 8we can at once see what danger accompanies such an exercise1 if that can be called an exercise where all activity ceases and prayer is really excluded40 8,since an intellectual soul is all activity10 says ,father ,baker1 8so that it cannot continue a moment without some desires1 the soul then rejecting all desires toward created objects1 she cannot choose but tend inwardly in her affections to ,god1 for which end only she put herself in such a posture of prayer2 her tendence then being much like that of the mounting of an eagle after a precedent vigorous springing motion and extension of her wings1 which ceasing1 in virtue thereof the flight is continued for a good space with a great swiftness1 but withal with great stillness1 quietness1 and ease1 without any waving of the wings at all or the least force used in any member1 being in as much ease and stillness as if she were reposing on her nest40 ,for the further defence of ,father ,baker's doctrine from the other parts of ,sancta ,sophia1 and in general from his known method of personal conduct and his direction of others1 what his learned ,benedictine editor has furnished amply suffices4 ,we are not content1 however1 with simply showing that ,father ,baker's method of conducting souls to perfection by means of contemplative prayer is free from the errors of ,quietism and the illusions of false mysticism4 ,the ,sancta ,sophia is not merely a good book1 one among the many ,english books of devotion and spiritual reading which can be safely and profitably read4 ,we think ,canon ,dalton's opinion that it is the best book on prayer we have in the ,english language is correct4 ,it is a guide for those who will scarcely find another book to fill its place2 and we venture to affirm that the very part of it which we have been specially criticising is not only defensible1 but positively in accordance1 even to its phraseology1 with the doctrine of the most approved authors1 and of special1 practical value and importance4 ,in an appendix which ,father ,ramire has added to the little book by ,father ,caussade already once cited in this article1 there is a chapter taken from ,bossuet1 entitled 8,a ,short and ,easy ,method of making the ,prayer of ,faith and of the simple presence of ,god10 from which we quote the following passages3 8,meditation is very good in its own time1 and very useful at the beginning of the spiritual life2 but it is not proper to make it a final stopping-place1 for the soul which is faithful in mortification and recollection ordinarily receives a gift of prayer which is purer and more simple1 and may be called the prayer of simplicity1 consisting in a simple view1 or fixed1 attentive1 and loving look directed toward some divine object1 whether it be ,god in himself1 or some one of his perfections1 or ,jesus ,christ1 or one of the mysteries relating to him1 or some other ,christian truths4 ,in this attitude the soul leaves off reasoning1 and makes use of a quiet contemplation1 which keeps it peaceful1 attentive1 and susceptible to the divine operations and impressions which the ,holy ,spirit imparts to it2 it does little and receives a great deal2 its labor is easy1 and nevertheless more fruitful than it would otherwise be2 and as it approaches very near to the source of all lightgrace and virtueit receives on that account the more of all these4 ,the practice of this prayer ought to begin on first awaking1 by an act of faith in the presence of ,god1 who is everywhere1 and in ,jesus ,christ1 whose eyes are always upon us1 if we were even buried in the centre of the earth4 ,this act is elicited either in the ordinary and sensible manner1 as by saying inwardly1 #8,i believe that my ,god is present'2 or it is a simple calling to memory of the faith of ,god's presence in a more purely spiritual manner4 ,after this1 one ought not to produce multifarious and diverse acts and dispositions1 but to remain simply attentive to this presence of ,god1 and as it were exposed to view before him1 continuing this devout attention and attitude as long as the ,lord grants us the grace for doing so1 without striving to make other acts than those to which we are inspired1 since this kind of prayer is one in which we converse with ,god alone1 and is a union which contains in an eminent mode all other particular dispositions1 and disposes the soul to passivity2 by which is meant1 that ,god becomes sole master of its interior1 and operates in it in a special manner4 ,the less working done by the creature in this state1 the more powerful is the operation of ,god in it2 and since ,god's action is at the same time a repose1 the soul becomes in a certain way like to him in this kind of prayer1 receiving in it wonderful effects2 so that as the rays of the sun cause the growth1 blossoming1 and fruit-bearing of plants1 the soul1 in like manner1 which is attentive and tranquilly basking under the rays of the divine ,sun of righteousness1 is in the best condition for receiving divine influences which enrich it with all sorts of virtues40#af ,st4 ,john of the ,cross declares that 8the soul having attained to the interior union of love1 the spiritual faculties of it are no longer active1 and still less those of the body2 for now that the union of love is actually brought about1 the faculties of the soul cease from their exertions1 because1 now that the goal is reached1 all employment of means is at an end40#ag ,again3 8,he who truly loves makes shipwreck of himself in all else1 that he may gain the more in the object of his love4 ,thus the soul says that it has lost itselfthat is1 deliberately1 of set purpose4 ,this loss occurs in two ways4 ,the soul loses itself1 making no account whatever of itself1 but referring all to the ,beloved1 resigning itself freely into his hands without any selfish views1 losing itself deliberately1 and seeking nothing for itself4 ,secondly1 it loses itself in all things1 making no account of anything save that which concerns the ,beloved4 ,this is to lose one's selfthat is1 to be willing that others should have all things4 ,such is he that loves ,god2 he seeks neither gain nor reward1 but only to lose all1 even himself according to ,god's will4 ,this is what such an one counts gain4''' ,when a soul has advanced so far on the spiritual road as to be lost to all the natural methods of communing with ,god2 when it seeks him no longer by meditation1 images1 impressions1 nor by any other created ways or representations of sense1 but only by rising above them all1 in the joyful communion with him by faith and love1 then it may be said to have gained ,god of a truth1 because it has truly lost itself as to all that is not ,god1 and also as to its own self40#ah ,in another place the saint explains quite at length the necessity of passing from meditation to contemplation1 the reasons for doing so1 and the signs which denote that the time for this change has arrived4 ,the state of beginners1 he says1 is 8one of meditation and of acts of reflection40 ,after a certain stage of progress has been reached1 8,god begins at once to introduce the soul into the state of contemplation1 and that very quickly1 especially in the case of religious1 because these1 having renounced the world1 quickly fashion their senses and desires according to ,god2 they have1 therefore1 to pass at once from meditation to contemplation4 ,this passage1 then1 takes place when the discursive acts and meditation fail1 when sensible sweetness and the first fervors cease1 when the soul cannot make reflections as before1 nor find any sensible comfort1 but is fallen into aridity1 because the spiritual life is changed4''' ,it is evident1 therefore1 that if the soul does not now abandon its previous ways of meditation1 it will receive this gift of ,god in a scanty and imperfect manner4''' ,if the soul will at this time make efforts of its own1 and encourage another disposition than that of passive1 loving attention1 most submissive and calm1 and if it does not abstain from its previous discursive acts1 it will place a complete barrier against those graces which ,god is about to communicate to it in this loving knowledge4''' ,the soul must be attached to nothing1 not even to the subject of its meditation1 not to sensible or spiritual sweetness1 because ,god requires a spirit so free1 so annihilated1 that every act of the soul1 even of thought1 of liking or disliking1 will impede and disturb it1 and break that profound silence of sense and spirit necessary for hearing the deep and delicate voice of ,god1 who speaks to the heart in solitude2 it is in profound peace and tranquillity that the soul is to listen to ,god1 who will speak peace unto his people4 ,when this takes place1 when the soul feels that it is silent and listens1 its loving attention must be most pure1 without a thought of self1 in a manner self-forgotten1 so that it shall be wholly intent upon hearing2 for thus it is that the soul is free and ready for that which our ,lord requires at its hands40#ai ,we have sufficiently proved1 we trust1 that there is no reason to be disquieted by a certain verbal and merely apparent likeness between some parts of ,father ,baker's spiritual doctrine and the errors of a false mysticism4 ,we may1 perhaps1 return to this subject on a future occasion1 and point out more distinctly and at length the true philosophical and theological basis of ,catholic mystical doctrine1 in contrast with the travesties and perversions of its counterfeits in the extravagant1 absurd1 and revolting systems of infidel and heretical visionaries4 ,at present a few words may suffice to sum up and succinctly define the difference between the true and the false doctrine in respect to the case in hand4 ,that doctrine which is false1 dangerous1 and condemned by the unerring judgment of the holy church teaches that the love and pursuit of our own good and happiness1 even in ,god1 is sinful1 or at least low and imperfect4 ,it inculcates1 as a means for suppressing and eradicating our natural tendency towards the attainment of the good as an end1 and annihilating our self-activity1 the cessation of all operation of the natural faculties of understanding and volition1 at least in reference to ,god as our own supreme and desirable good4 ,it inculcates a fixed1 otiose quietude and indifference toward our own happiness or misery4 ,its effect is therefore to quench the life of the soul1 to extinguish its light1 and to reduce it to a state of torpor and apathy resembling that of a stoical ,diogenes or an ,indian fakir4 ,its pretence of disinterestedness and pure love to ,god for himself alone is wholly illusory and founded on a false view of ,god as the intrinsically sovereign good and the object of supreme love to the intelligent creature4 ,the goodness of ,god as the first object of the love of complacency cannot be separated from the same goodness as the object of desire4 ,the extrinsic glory of ,god as the chief end of creatures is identified with the exaltation and happiness of those intellectual and rational beings whom he has created and elevated to a supernatural end4 ,hope1 desire1 and effort for the attainment of the good intended for and promised to man is a duty and obligation imposed by the law of ,god4 ,it is impossible to love ,god and be conformed to his will without loving our neighbors1 and our own soul as our nearest neighbor4 ,moreover1 we are not saved merely by the action of ,god upon us passively received1 but also by a concurrence of our understanding and will1 a co-operation of our own active efforts with the working of ,god in us1 or1 as it is commonly expressed1 by a diligent and faithful correspondence to grace4 ,not to desire our own true happiness is therefore a suicidal1 idiotic folly4 ,not to work for it is presumption1 ingratitude1 and the deadly sin of sloth4 ,moreover1 to attempt to fly with unfledged wings2 to soar aloft in the sky among the saints when we ought to be walking on the earth1 to undertake while yet weak beginners the heroic works of the perfect2 to anticipate by self-will the time and call which ,god appoints1 and pervert the orderly course of his providence2 to strive by our own natural powers to accomplish what requires the special gifts and graces of the ,holy ,spirit1 is imprudent1 contrary to humility1 and full of peril4 ,the dupe of false spirituality may1 therefore1 either take an entirely wrong road or attempt to travel the right road in a wrong manner2 in either case sure to fail of reaching his intended goal1 if he persists in his error4 ,the sound and orthodox doctrine of ,catholic mystical theology presents ,god as he is in his own intrinsic essence1 as the object of his own beatific contemplation1 and of the contemplation of the blessed who have received the faculty of intuitive vision by the light of glory4 ,the nearest approach to this beatific state1 as well as the most perfect and immediate preparation for it1 is the state of quiet1 tranquil contemplation of ,god by the obscure light of faith4 ,the excellence and blessedness of this state consists in the pure love of ,god4 ,it is of the nature of love and the intention of the mind toward the sovereign good1 by which the will is directed in its motion toward the good which it loves and in the fruition of which it finds its repose1 that the consideration of the object precede the consideration and desire of the fruition of the object4 ,liberatore1 who is a good expositor of the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas and all sound ,catholic philosophers on this head1 proposes and proves this statement in the clearest terms4 ,the object is first apprehended and loved for its intrinsic goodness4 ,reflection on the enjoyment which is received and delight in this enjoyment1 though a necessary consequence of the possession of the chief good1 is the second but not the first act4 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross teaches the same truth3 8,as the end of all is love1 which inheres in the will1 the characteristic of which is to give and not to receive1 to the soul inebriated with love the first object that presents itself is not the essential glory which ,god will bestow upon it1 but the entire surrender of itself to him in true love1 without any regard to its own advantage4 ,the second object is included in the first40#bj ,father ,mazzella1 ,s4,j41 of ,woodstock ,college1 in his admirable work on the infused virtues1 makes a lengthened exposition of the distinction between that love of benevolence and complacency toward ,god which is the principle of perfect contrition1 and by itself takes away sin and unites the soul with ,god1 and the love of desire which terminates on the good received from ,god4 ,the first considers ,god as the sovereign good in himself2 the second considers him directly and explicitly as the source and giver of good to us4 ,it manifests itself as an efficacious desire for the rewards of everlasting life1 accompanied by a fear of the punishment of sin in the future state1 and is the principle of imperfect contrition or attrition1 which of itself does not suffice for justification1 though it is a sufficient condition for receiving grace through the appointed sacraments4 ,the ,catholic teachers of mystical theology direct the soul principally and as their chief purpose toward the higher and more perfect love4 ,the second object is included in this first object1 and taken for granted4 ,it is not excluded1 but comparatively neglected1 because it follows of itself from the first1 and is sought for by the natural1 necessary law of our being1 without any need of direct1 explicit efforts4 ,the resignation1 forgetfulness of private interests1 self-annihilation1 so strongly recommended1 do not denote any suppression or destruction of our natural beatific impulses1 but only of our own personal notions1 wishes1 and interests in respect to such things as are merely means to the attainment of an end1 a conformity of our will to the will of ,god1 and an abandonment of solicitude respecting our own future happiness1 founded on filial confidence in the wisdom and goodness of ,god4 ,it follows from this doctrine of sound1 mystical writers that the quietude of the state of contemplation and union with ,god is totally opposite to a condition of apathy and sloth4 ,it is a state of more tranquil activity1 of more steady and therefore more imperceptible yet more rapid movement4 ,previously the soul was like a boat propelled by oars against wind and tide4 ,now it is like a yacht sailing with a press of canvas under a strong and fair breeze4 ,so far as the imprudent misuse of mystical theology is concerned1 we need not waste words on a truism of spiritual direction1 that beginners and unlearned1 inexperienced persons must follow the counsel of a guide1 if they can have it4 ,if not1 they must direct themselves as well as they can by good books1 which will instruct them gradually and soberly in the first principles of solid virtue and piety1 and afterwards lead them on to perfection4 ,they cannot have a better guide than ,sancta ,sophia4 ,it is a book that will last for years1 and even for a lifetime2 for it is a guide along the whole way1 from the gate at the entrance to the river of death1 for such as are really and earnestly seeking to attain perfection by prayer1 and desire to lead an interior life amid the external occupations1 duties1 and trials of their state in life1 or even in the most strict cloistral seclusion4 ,the exterior persecutions to which the church is subject1 the disorders of the times1 and the multifarious troubles of every kind1 both outward and inward1 to which great numbers of the best-disposed and most virtuous people are subjected1 have an effect to throw thoughtful persons on the interior life as a refuge and solace4 ,pius ,,ix41 whose long experience and great sanctity1 as well as his divine office1 make him as a prophet of ,god to all devout ,catholics1 has told us that the church is now going through the exercises of the purgative way as a preparation for receiving great gifts from the ,holy ,spirit1 which will accompany a new and glorious triumph of the kingdom of ,jesus ,christ on the earth4 ,whatever external splendor the reign of ,christ over this world may exhibit1 it is in the hearts of men that his spiritual royalty has its seat4 ,there is nothing on earth for which1 so to speak1 he really cares1 except the growth of the souls of men4 ,the world and the church were made for this purpose4 ,the wisdom of the ancients was an adumbration of the truth1 and that doctrine which teaches the full and complete form of it alone deserves to be called in the highest sense wisdom1 and to win the love and admiration of all men for its celestial beauty4 #ad ,sancta ,sophia2 or1 ,directions for the ,prayer of ,contemplation1 etc4 ,extracted out of more than forty treatises written by the late ,father ,augustin ,baker1 a monk of the ,english ,congregation of the ,holy ,order of ,st4 ,benedict2 and methodically digested by ,r4 ,f4 ,serenus ,cressy4 ,doway1 ,a4,d4 #afeg4 ,now edited by the ,very ,rev4 ,dom ,norbert ,sweeney1 ,d4,d41 of the same order and congregation4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ae ,p4 #dib1 note4 #af ,l',abandon la ,providence ,divine1 pp4 #afd-afg4 #ag ,complete ,works1 ,lewis' ,trans41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ge4 #ah ,ib4 pp4 #aeh1 #aei4 #ai ,complete ,works1 etc41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfg-bgj4 #bj ,complete ,works1 vol4 ii pp4 #aih1 #aii4 ,,evening ,,on ,,the ,,sea-,,shore4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,viscount ,,de ,,chateaubriand4 ,the woods1 the sand-beach desolate and bare1 ,blend dusky with the shadows dim and far1 ,and1 glittering from the depths1 the evening star ,gleams solitary through the silent air4 ,westward1 and sparkling under purest skies1 ,foams on the long1 low reef the line of white2 ,and towards the north1 o'er seas of crystal light1 ,the gathering mist of deepening purple flies4 ,the mountains redden still with sunset fire1 ,soft dies the plaintive breeze in murmurs low1 ,and1 each to each linked in their gentle flow1 ,the waves roll calmly shoreward and expire4 ,all grandeur1 mystery1 love6 ,in this1 the time ,of dying day1 all nature with her state ,of mountain ranges and her forests great1 ,the eternal order and the plan sublime1 ,stands like a temple on whose walls of light ,the beauties of creation's day are shown ,a sanctuary1 where is the ,godhead's throne ,veiled by the curtains of the holy night ,whose cupola high to the zenith towers1 ,a glorious harmony1 a work divine1 ,and painted with the heavenly hues that shine ,in dawns1 in rainbows1 and in summer flowers4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,november #b4 8,voici les feuilles sans sve ,qui tombent sur le gazon40#ba ,what a solemn day to the ,christian is ,all ,souls' day6 ,i prayed much1 very much1 for all our dear friends in the other world4 ,oh6 how ,i pity the suffering souls consumed by the flames of purgatory4 ,they have seen ,god2 they have had a glimpse of his glory on the day of their judgment2 they long for the ,supreme ,good with unutterable ardor4 ,what torment6 ,and some there are who will be in those lakes of fire even to the end of the world4 ,we can do nothing but offer our prayers1 and they bring deliverance6 ,who would not devote themselves to the suffering souls8 ,what misfortune more worthy of pity than theirs8 ,i love the 8,helpers of the ,holy ,souls60#bb ,it is to me a great happiness to be united with them in thought1 prayer1 and action4 ,a thousand memories have come into my mind2 there have passed before me all my beloved dead1 all the dead whom ,i have known or whom ,i have once seen4 ,how numerous they are1 and yet ,i have not been living so very long4 ,each day thins our ranks1 links drop off from the chain4 ,blessed are the dead who die in the ,lord6 ,here is winter upon usmelancholy winter1 which makes poor mothers weep4 ,meditated yesterday on the joys of the love of ,jesus1 which in ,holy ,communion melts our heart like two pieces of wax into one only,jesus1 the only true friend1 who consoles and sustains1 and without whom all is vanity4 ,the ,christian who has prayer and ,communion ought to live in perpetual gladness of heart4 ,i must confess to you1 my ,kate1 that ,i envy ,johanna1 ,berthe1 and ,lucy4 ,they allow me to share largely in their maternal joys1 but these treasures in which ,i take such pleasure1 why are they not my own8 ,i felt sad about it yesterday1 and murmured to myself these lines of ,brizeux3 8,jours passs1 que chacun rappelle avec des larmes1 ,jours qu'en vain on regrette1 aviez vous tant des charmes8 ,ou les vents troublaient-ils aussi votre clart1 ,et l'ennui du prsent fait-il votre beaut0#bc ,ren was behind me4 8,what1 then1 do you regret1 my ,georgina80 ,i told him all1 and how gently and sweetly he comforted meas you would1 my ,kate6 ,poor feeble reed that ,i am1 ,i lean upon you4 ,may the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary protect us1 dear sister6 ,,november #ac4 ,eleven days between my two letters1 my note-book tells me4 ,happily1 ,ren has taken my place1 and you are aware in what occupations ,i have been absorbed1 dear ,kate4 ,the poor are becoming quite a passion with me4 ,i catechise them1 ,i clothe them2 it is so delightful to lavish one's superabundance on the disinherited ones of this world6 ,to-morrow we go to ,nantes to take leave of our saintly friend ,elizabeth1 who will shortly depart for ,louisiana4 ,she has received permission to come and bid adieu to her motherperhaps a lifelong adieu2 for who can say whether she will return8 ,i have had a letter from ,ellen1 giving me many details of her sojourn in the ,highlands4 ,the wound is still bleeding4 ,the sight of a child makes her weep2 and in her dreams she sees her son4 ,may ,god support her6 ,to-day is ,st4 ,stanislausthe gentle young saint whose feast ,margaret pointed out to me with a hope which is not realized4 ,our dear ,anglaise wanted to have us all together in her princely dwelling4 ,the absence of the ,adrien family1 ,lucy's journeyall these dispersions have disarranged the grand project4 ,and yet there are moments when ,i experience a kind of home-sicknessa thirst to see our dear ,erin again1 a longing to live under my native skywhich tells upon my health4 ,do not pity me too much1 ,kate2 ,i possess all the elements of happiness which could be brought together in a single existence4 ,i love the seraphic ,stanislaus1 holding in his arms the infant ,jesus4 ,o great saint6 give me a little of your love of ,god1 a little of your fervent piety1 that ,i may detach myself from the world6 ,i am afraid of loving it too much1 my sister4 ,the day before yesterday was the feast of ,st4 ,martinthis hero whose history is so poetic4 ,i like to think of this mantle1 cut in two to clothe a poor man1 and of our ,lord appearing that night to the warrior1 who in the ,saviour's vestment recognized the half of his mantle4 ,kind ,st4 ,martin6 giving us a second summer1 which ,i find delightful1 loving as ,i do the warm and perfumed breezes of the months that have long days1 and regretting the return of winter with its ice1 when1 shivering in well-closed rooms1 one thinks of the poor without fire and shelter4 ,dear poor of the good ,god6#bd ,margaret shares my fondness for them4 ,never in our ,brittany will the sojourn of this sweet friend be forgotten4 ,what noise6 ,adieu1 my sister2 ,erin go bragh6 ,,november #ag4 ,you have heard the joyful tidings1 ,kate dearestthe triumph of ,mentana8 ,gertrude writes to us4 ,adrien and his two sons fought like lions1 and his courageous wife followed the army1 waiting on the wounded1 praying for her dear ones1 who had not a scratch6 ,they were afterwards received in private audience by the ,holy ,father1 who seemed to them more saintly and sublime than ever4 ,god does indeed do all things well6 ,all these loving hearts1 torn by the departure of ,hlne1 have recovered their happiness1 are enthusiastic in their heroism and devotion1 have been violently snatched from all selfish regrets1 and have enriched themselves with lifelong memories4 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup has written to the clergy of his diocese1 ordering thanksgivings to be offered in the churches2 and the holy and illustrious ,pius ,,ix4 has written to the eloquent bishop1 to whom he sends his thanks and benediction4 ,truly1 joy has succeeded to sorrow4 ,but how guilty is ,europe6 ,can you conceive such inertia in the face of this struggle between strength and weakness8 ,our good abb is in possession of all the mandements 7or charges7 of the bishops of ,france4 ,he is making a collection of them4 ,yesterday he quoted to me the following passage from that of ,mgr4 de ,perpignan3 8,princes of the earth1 envy not the crown of ,rome6 ,one of the greatest of this world's potentates was fain to try it on the brow of his son1 and placed it on his cradle2 but it weighed too heavily on that frail existence1 and the child1 to whom the father's genius promised a brilliant future1 withered away1 and died at the age of twenty years02 and this other by ,mgr4 de ,prigueux3 8,when ,god sends great trials upon his church1 he raises up men capable of sustaining them4 ,we are in one of these times of trial1 and we have ,pius ,,ix40 ,dear ,isa sends me four pages1 all impregnated with sanctity4 ,her life is one long holocaust2 all her aspirations tend to one end1 and one that ,i fear she will not attain4 ,god will permit this for his glory4 ,how much good may one soul do6 ,i see it by ,isa4 ,her life is one of the fullest and most sanctified that can be2 she sacrifices herself hour by hour1 giving herself little by little1 as it were1 and yet all at a time4 ,ellen is starting for ,hyres2 she is mortally stricken4 ,they deceived themselves with regard to her4 ,she herself1 overwhelmed for a time by the side of that cradle changed into a death-bed1 did her best to look forward cheerfully to the future4 ,her last letter1 received only fifteen days afterwards1 and which was long and affectionate1 appeared to me mysterious2 she spoke so much of outward things4 ,dear1 dear ,ellen6 ,i wish ,i could see her4 ,impossible1 alas6 ,isa's letter is dated the #ajth4 ,the sad1 dying one must have crossed the ,channel that same day4 ,there is something peculiarly sorrowful in the thought of death with regard to this young wife1 going away to die far from her home1 her country1 and her family1 beneath mild and genial skies1 where life appears so delightful4 ,her state is such as to allow of no hope1 but her husband wishes to try this last remedy4 ,the little angel in heaven awaits his mother4 ,a terrible galequite a tempest4 ,i am thinking of the poor mariners4 ,these howlings of the wind1 these gusts which rush through the long corridors1 resemble wild complaints2 one would think that all the elements1 let loose1 weep and implore4 ,o holy ,patroness of sailors6 take pity on them4 ,visits all the weekpious visits1 such as ,i love4 ,my heart attaches itself to this country4 ,let us praise the ,lord1 dear ,kate6 ,may he preserve to ,ireland her faith and her love6 ,there is no slavery for ,christian hearts4 ,,november #ai4 ,a line from ,karlone heart-rending plaint1 thrown into the post at ,paris after ,ellen had received your last kiss4 8,pray10 he says to me1 8not for this soul1 of whom ,i was not worthy1 and who is going to rejoin her son1 but for my weakness1 which alarms me40 ,ren wept with me4 ,oh6 how sad is earth to him who remains alone4 ,the same thought of anguish and apprehension seized us both4 ,ah6 dearest1 let your prayers preserve to me him in whom ,i live4 ,saint ,elizabeth1 8the dear saint10 this fair and lovely flower of ,hungary transplanted into ,thuringia1 there to shed such sweetness of perfume6 ,i have been thinking of her1 of her poetic history1 of all that ,m4 de ,montalembert has written about herthe veritable life of a saint1 traced out with poetry and love4 ,you remember that ,st4 ,elizabeth was one of the chosen heroines of my childhood4 ,i could wish that ,i had borne her name4 ,i used to dream of becoming a saint like her4 ,what an unparalleled life hers was6 ,dying so young1 she appeared before ,god rich in merits4 ,born in the purple1 the beloved daughter of the good ,king ,andrew1 and afterwards ,duchess of ,thuringia2 united to the young ,duke ,louis1 also so good and holy1 so well suited to the pure and radiant star of ,hungary seen by the aged poet2 then a widow at nineteen years of age1 and driven from her palace with her little children1 drinking to its dregs the cup of bitterness and anguishmy dear saint knew suffering in its most terrible and poignant form4 ,how ,i love her1 from the moment when the good ,king ,andrew1 taking in his arms the cradle of solid gold in which his ,elizabeth was sleeping1 placed it in those of the ,sire de ,varila1 saying1 8,i entrust to your knightly honor my dearest consolation10 until the time when ,i find her1 clad in the poor habit of the ,seraph of ,assisi1 reading a letter of ,st4 ,clare6 ,what an epoch was that thirteenth century1 that age of faith1 when the throne had its saints1 when there was in the souls of men a spring of energy and of religious enthusiasm which peopled the monasteries and renewed the face of the earth6 ,who will obtain for me the grace to love ,god as did ,elizabeth8 ,o dear saint6 pray for me1 for ,ren1 ,karl1 ,ellen1 the church1 ,france1 ,ireland1 the universe4 ,here is something1 dear sister1 which ,i think would comfort ,karl3 8,to desire ,god is the essential condition of the human heart2 to go to ,god is his life2 to contemplate ,god is his beatitude4 ,to desire ,god is the noble appanage of our nature2 to go to ,god is the work which grace effects within us2 to contemplate ,god is our state of glory4 ,to desire ,god is the principle of good2 to go to ,god is the way of good2 to contemplate ,god is the perfection of good4 8,god is everything to the soul4 ,the soul breathes3 ,god is her atmosphere4 ,the soul needs nourishment and wherewith to quench her thirst3 ,god is her daily bread and her spring of living water4 ,the soul moves on3 ,god is her way4 ,the soul thinks and understands3 ,god is her truth4 ,the soul speaks,god is her word2 she loves,god is her love40#be ,exquisite thoughts6 ,oh6 love1 the love of ,god1 can replace everything4 ,may we be kindled with this love1 dear sister of my life6 ,,november #bb4 ,my sweet one1 ,i love to keep my festivals with you6 ,yesterday1 the ,presentation of ,mary in the ,temple1 we spent here in retreata retreat1 according to all rules1 preached by a monsignor6 ,ren is writing you the details4 ,i am not clever at long descriptions2 with you especially it is always on confidential matters that ,i like to writethe history of my soul1 my thoughts1 my impressions4 ,what a heavenly festival6 ,how1 on this day of the ,presentation1 must the angels have rejoiced at beholding this young child of ,judea1 scarcely entered into life1 and yet already so far advanced in the depths of divine science1 consecrating herself to ,god6 ,how must you1 ,o ,st4 ,anne6 the happy mother of this immaculate child1 have missed her presence6 ,this sunbeam of your declining years1 this flower sprung from a dried-up stem1 this virgin lily whose fragrance filled your dwelling1 all at once became lost to you4 ,ah6 ,i can understand the bitterness which then flowed in upon your soul1 and it seems to me that for this sacrifice great must be your glory in heaven6 ,to-day1 ,st4 ,cecilia1 the sweet martyr saint1 patroness of musicians1 the ,christian heroine1 mounting to heaven by a blood-stained way4 ,louis ,veuillot1 in ,rome and ,loretto1 speaking of the 8,st4 ,cecilia0 of ,raphael1 calls it 8one of the most thoroughly beautiful pictures in the world40 8,the saint10 he says1 8is really a saint2 one never wearies of contemplating the perfect expression with which she listens to the concert of angels1 and breaks1 by letting them fall from her hands1 the instruments of earthly music40 ,kate1 do you remember the museum at ,bologna1 and how we used to stand gazing at this page of ,raphael8 ,i am reading ,bossuet with ,ren4 ,what loftiness of views6 ,what vehemence of thought6 ,another consolation for ,karl3 8,death gives us much more than he takes away3 he takes away this passing world1 these vanities which have deceived us1 these pleasures which have led us astray2 but we receive in return the wings of the dove1 that we may fly away and find our rest in ,god40 ,hlne had copied these lines into her journal1 and remarked upon them as follows3 8,beautiful thought6 which enchants my soul1 and makes me more than ever desire that hour for which1 according to ,madame ,swetchine1 we ought to live2 that day when my true life will begin1 far from the earth1 where nothing can satisfy the intensity of my desires40 ,we are going to travel about a little1 and visit the funeral cemetery of ,quiberon and various other points of our ,brittany1 so rich in memories4 ,i am packing up my things with the pleasure of a child1 assisted by the gentle ,picciola and pretty little ,alix1 whom ,i have surnamed ,lady-bird4#bf ,one of my ,bengalese is ill1 and all the young ones are interested about it1 wanting to kiss and caress it1 and give it dainty morsels1 but nothing revives the poor little thing4 ,ah6 dear ,kate1 this ,indian bird dying in ,brittany makes me think of ,ellen1 a thousand times more lovable and precious1 and who is also bending her fair head to die4 ,sister1 friend1 mother1 all that is best1 most tender1 and beloved1 ,god grant to us to die the same day1 that together we may see again the kind and excellent mother who confided me to your love4 ,,december #b4 ,here we are1 home again1 in the most ,advent-like weather that ever was4 ,we have seen beautiful things2 we have lived in the ideal1 in the true and beautiful1 in minds1 in scenery1 in poetry1 and musicin a feast of the understanding1 the eyes1 and the heart4 ,but with what pleasure we have again beheld our home1 so calm1 so pious1 and so grand6 ,it is only two hours since ,i took possession of my rooms4 ,we found here piles of letters2 ,ren is reading them to me while ,i am saying good-morning to you,kate1 dearest1 you first of all2 this beautiful long letter which ,i reverently kiss1 which ,i touch with delight2 it has been with you2 it has seen you6 ,how ,i want to see you again6 ,a letter from ,ireland from ,lizzy1 who is anxious about ,ellen4 ,alas6 her anxiety is only too well founded4 ,karl writes to me that ,ellen grows weaker every day2 strength is gradually leaving the body1 while the soul is fuller of life and energy than ever before1 and preparing for her last journey with astonishing serenity1 and also preparing for it him who is the witness of her departure4 ,in a firm hand she has added a few lines to the confidences of ,karl3 8,dear ,georgina1 will you not come and see me at ,hyres8 ,your presence would help me to quit this poor earth1 here so fair1 which ,i would always inhabit on account of my good ,karl4 ,the will of our ,father be done6 ,tender messages to ,kate and to your good husband4 ,pray for me40 ,poor1 sweet ,ellen6 ,how can ,i refuse this last prayer8 ,but there is no time to be lost2 ,ren will consult my mother4 ,ah6 my sister1 pray that this journey may be possible1 and that the angel of death may not so soon pluck this charming flower which we love so much4 ,evening4,how good ,god is6 ,we are all going2 my mother wishes it to be so4 8,i do not10 she said to me1 8want to have any distance between you and me40 ,the winter is so severe that my sisters are glad to get their children away from the season which is setting in4 ,i am writing to ,lizzy and to ,karl4 ,we shall be at ,hyres next week4 ,pray with us1 beloved4 ,,december #ab4 ,arrived1 dear ,kate1 without accident1 and all installed in a beautiful chalet near to that of ,ellen1 who welcomed us with joy4 ,karl had gently prepared her for this meeting4 ,how thin she has become6still beautiful1 white1 transparent2 her fine1 melancholy eyes so often raised1 by preference1 to heaven1 her hands of marble whiteness1 her figure bending4 ,she would come as far as to the door of her room to meet us1 and there it was that ,i embraced her and felt her tears upon my cheek4 8,god be praised60 ,these were her first words4 ,then she was placed on her reclining-chair1 and by degrees was able to see all the family4 ,i was trembling for the impression the children might make upon her2 but she insisted4 ,well1 dearest1 she caressed1 admired1 listened to them1 without any painful emotion or thought of herself2 one feels that she is already in heaven4 ,every day1 by a special permission granted by ,pius ,,ix41 ,mass is said in a room adjoining hers4 ,the removal of a large panel enables her to be present at the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,this first moment was very sweet4 ,in spite of this fading away1 which is more complete than ,i could have imagined it1 to find her living when ,i had so dreaded that it might be otherwise1 was in itself happiness2 but when ,i had become calm1 how much ,i felt impressed6 ,karl's resignation is admirable4 ,ren compels me to stop1 finding me pale enough to frighten any one4 ,love me1 my dearest6 ,,december #bj4 ,dearest sister1 ,ellen remains in the same statea flickering lamp1 and so weak that ,ren and ,i are alone admitted into this chamber of death1 which ,karl now never leaves4 ,yesterday ,ellen entreated him to take a little rest1 and he went out1 suffocated by sobs1 followed by ,ren2 then the sufferer tried to raise herself so as to be still nearer to me4 ,i leaned my head by hers and kissed her4 8,dear ,georgina1 thanks for coming4 ,you will comfort ,karl4 ,do not weep for me2 mine is a happy lot3 ,i am going to ,robert4 ,ah6 look1 he comes1 smiling and beautiful as he was before his illness2 he stretches out his arms to me4 ,i come6 ,i come60 ,and she made a desperate effort1 as if to follow him4 ,i thought the last hour was come1 and called4 ,ren and ,karl hastened in2 but the temporary delirium had passed1 and ,ellen began again to speak of her joy at our being together4 ,the window is open4 ,i am writing near the bed where our saint is dying4 ,the weather is that of ,paradise1 as ,picciola saysflowers and birds1 songs and verdure4 ,it is spring1 and death is here1 ready to strike4 ,,december #be4 ,sic nos amantem1 quis non redamaret8 ,ellen departed to heaven while ,ren was singing these words#bg after the ,midnight ,mass4 ,this death is life and gladness4 ,i am by her1 near to that which remains to us of ,ellen4 ,lucy and ,i have adorned her for the tomb2 we have clothed her in the white lace robe which was her mother's present to her1 and arranged for the last time her rich and abundant hair1 which ,karl himself has cut4 ,it is1 then1 true that all is over1 and that this mouth is closed for ever4 ,she died without suffering1 after having received the ,beloved of her soul4 ,what a night6 ,i had a presentiment of this departure4 ,for two days past ,i have lived in her room1 my eyes always upon her1 and listening to her affectionate recommendations4 ,on the #bc;d we spoke of ,st4 ,chantalthat soul so ardent and so strong in goodness1 so heroic among all others1 who had a full portion of crosses1 and who knew so truly how to love and suffer4 ,on the #bdth a swallow came and warbled on the marble chimney-piece4 8,i shall fly away like her1 but ,i shall go to ,god10 murmured ,ellen4 ,at two o'clock the same day her confessor came2 we left her for a few minutes1 and ,i had a sort of fainting fit which frightened ,ren4 ,karl's grief quite overcame me4 ,towards three o'clock ,ellen seemed to be a little stronger2 she took her husband's hand1 and1 in a voice of tenderness which still resounds in my ear1 said to him slowly3 8,remember that ,god remains to you1 and that my soul will not leave you4 ,love ,god alone2 serve him in the way he wills4 ,robert and ,i will watch over your happiness40 ,she hesitated a little2 all her soul looked from her eyes3 8,tell me that you will be a priest2 that1 instead of folding yourself up in your regrets1 you will spend yourself for the salvation of souls1 you will spread the love of ,him who gives me strength to leave you with joy to go to him60 ,karl was on his knees4 8,i promise it before ,god60 he said4 ,the pale face of the dying one became tinged with color1 and she joined her hands in a transport of gratitude2 then she requested me to write at her dictation to ,lizzy1 ,isa1 ,margaret1 and ,kate4 ,her poor in ,ireland were not forgotten4 ,she became animated1 and seemed to revive1 breathing with more ease than for some time past4 ,she received 8all the dear neighbors10 said a few heartfelt words to each1 asked for the blessing of our mother1 who would not absent herself any more1 and shared our joys and sorrows4 ,the doctor came2 ,ren went back with him4 8,it will be to-morrow1 if she can last until then40 ,o my ,god6 ,and the night beganthis solemn night of the hosanna of the angels1 of the ,redeemer's birth4 ,i held one of her hands1 ,karl the other2 my mother and ,ren were near us1 our brothers and sisters in the room that is converted into a chapel4 ,at eleven o'clock ,i raised the pillows1 and began reading1 at the request of ,ellen1 a sermon upon death4 ,after the first few lines she stopped me with a look2 ,karl was pale again4 ,the dear1 dying one asked us to sing4 ,kate1 we were so electrified by ,ellen's calmness that we obeyed6 ,she tried to join her voice to ours4 ,the priest came2 the ,mass began4 ,ellen1 radiant1 followed every word4 ,we all communicated with her4 ,after the ,mass she kissed us all1 keeping ,karl's head long between her handsher poor little alabaster hands2 then1 at her request1 ,ren sang the ,adeste3 8,sic nos amantem1 quis non redamaret80 ,at this last word ,ellen kissed the crucifix for the last time and fled away into the bosom of ,god4 ,the priest had made the recommendation of the soul a little before4 ,oh6 those words1 8,go forth1 ,christian soul60 ,excelsior6 ,let us love each other1 dear ,kate4 ,,december #bi4 8,in ,rama was a voice heard1 weeping and lamentation3 ,rachel weeping for her children1 and would not be comforted1 because they are not40 ,poor mothers of ,bethlehem1 what must you not have suffered6 ,but you1 ye 8flowers of martyrdom10 as the church salutes youyou who follow the ,lamb whithersoever he goethhow happy were you to die for him who had come to die for you6 ,dear sister1 we followed her to the church1 and then ,karl and ,ren set out1 taking this coffin with them to ,ireland4 ,the family have wished it thus4 ,this sorrowful journey has a double object3 ,karl is going to settle his affairs1 and in two months at most he will enter the ,sminaire des ,missions ,etrangres1 the preparatory college of the foreign missions4 ,he will see you at that time4 ,he was sublime4 ,god has been with us1 and the soul of ,ellen shone upon these recent scenes4 ,my mother would not consent to my going also4 ,i was weaker than ,i thought4 ,on returning to the chalet ,i was obliged to go to bed4 ,what an inconvenience ,i should have been to the dear travellers6 ,but how sad it is to end a year1 a first year of marriage1 without ,ren6 ,this beautiful sky1 this luxuriant nature1 all the poetry of the south1 which ,i love so muchall this appears to me still more beautiful since that holy death4 ,why were you not with us8 ,there are inexpressible things4 ,i have understood something of what heaven is4 ,sweet ,ellen6 ,what peace was in her death1 what suavity in her words6 ,i did not leave her after her death1 but remained near her bed1 where ,i had so much admired her4 ,i tried to warm her hand1 to recall her glance1 her smile1 until the appearance of the gloomy coffin4 ,o my ,god6 how must ,karl have suffered4 ,those hammer-strokes resounded in my heart6 ,dear1 she is with ,god2 she is happy4 ,sweet is it thus to die with ,jesus in the soul4 ,it is ,paradise begun4 ,i embrace you a hundred times1 my ,kate4 ,we had some earth from ,ireland1 and some moss from ,gartan1 to adorn ,ellen's coffin4 ,o death6 where is thy sting8 ,o grave6 where is thy victory8 ,,january #a1 #ahfh4 ,o my ,god6 pardon me1 bless me1 and bless all whom ,i love4 ,dear sister of my soul1 the anniversary of my marriage has passed without my having been able to think of it to thank you again for your share in making my happiness4 ,but you know well how ,i love you6 ,it is the #ast of ,january1 and ,i wish to begin the year with ,god and with you4 ,may all your years be blessed1 dearest1 the angel ,raphael of the great journey of my life6 ,i have wished to say1 in union with you1 as ,i did a year ago1 the prayer of ,bossuet3 8,o ,jesus6 by the ardent thirst thou didst endure upon the cross1 grant me a thirst for the souls of all1 and only to esteem my own on account of the holy obligation imposed upon me not to neglect a single one4 ,i desire to love them all1 since they are all capable of loving thee2 and it is thou who hast created them with this blessed capacity40 ,i said on my knees the last thought copied by ,ellen in the beautiful little volume which she called ,kate's book3 8,everything must diesweetness1 consolation1 repose1 tenderness1 friendship1 honor1 reputation4 ,everything will be repaid to us a hundred-fold2 but everything must first die1 everything must first be sacrificed4 ,when we shall have lost all in thee1 my ,god1 then shall we again find all in thee40 ,yesterday the ,adrien family arrived4 ,what nice long conversations we shall all have6 ,george and ,amaury have been heroic4 ,all are in need of repose4 ,how delightful it is to meet again en famille6 ,and ,ren is far away4 ,may ,god be with him1 with you1 and with us1 dear ,kate6 ,,january #f4 ,need ,i tell you about the first day of this year1 beloved8 ,scarcely had ,i finished writing to you than the children made an irruption into my room4 ,then oh6 what kissing1 what outcries of joy1 what smiles and clapping of hands1 at the sight of the presents arrived from ,paris1 thanks to the good ,vincent1 who has made himself wonderfully useful4 ,how much ,i enjoyed it all6 ,then1 on going to my mother1 she blessed me and gave me a letter from ,ren1 together with an elegantly-chased cup of which ,i had admired the model4 ,then in the drawing-room all the greetings1 and our poor 7for my passion follows me everywhere71 and your letter1 with those from ,ireland and ,brittany 7from the good cur who has charge of our works7what delight for the whole day6 ,karl thanks me for having copied for him these consoling words3 8,no2 whatever cross we may have to bear in the ,christian life1 we never lose that blessed peace of the heart which makes us willingly accept all that we suffer1 and no longer desire any of the enjoyments of which we are deprived40 ,it is ,fnelon who says that4 ,we have been making some acquaintances1 amongst others that of a young widow who is spending the winter here on account of her daughter1 a frail young creature of an ideal beautygraceful1 smiling1 and affectionate2 a white rose-bud half open4 ,her blue1 meditative eyes remind me of ,ellen's4 ,this interesting widow 7of an officer of rank7 knows no one1 with the exception of the doctor4 ,her isolation excited our compassion4 ,lucy made the first advances1 feeling attracted by the sadness of the unknown lady4 ,now the two families form but one4 ,picciola and ,duchesse have invited the sweet little ,anna to share their lessons and their play4 ,her mother never leaves her for a moment2 this child is her sole joy4 ,the #c;d1 ,feast of ,st4 ,genevive3 read her life with the children4 ,what a strong and mortified soul6 ,i admire ,st4 ,germanus distinguishing1 in the midst of the crowd1 this poor little ,genevive who was one day to be so great4 ,is not this attraction of holy souls like a beginning of the eternal union8 ,yesterday1 ,st4 ,simon ,stylites1 that incomparable penitent separated from the world1 living on a lofty column1 between heaven and earth4 ,thus ought we also to be1 in spirit1 on a columnthat of love and sacrifice4 ,i am sad about my first separation from ,ren1 and for so sorrowful a cause4 ,that which keeps me from weeping is the certainty of ,ellen's happiness1 and also the thought that from heaven she sees ,ren and ,karl together4 ,to-day is the ,epiphanythis great festival of the first centuries1 and that of our call to ,christianity4 ,gold1 frankincense1 myrrh1 the gifts of the happy ,magi1 those men of good-will who followed the starsymbolic and mysterious gifts3 the gold of love1 the incense of adoration1 the myrrh of sacrificewhy cannot ,i also offer these to the divine ,infant of the stable of ,bethlehem8 ,would that ,i had the ardent faith of those ,eastern sagesthe faith which stops at nothing1 which sees and comes6 ,and the legendary souvenirs of the bean1 an ephemeral royalty which causes so much joy6 ,my mother is fond of the old traditions4 ,we have had a kingcake4#bh ,anna had the bean2 she offered the royalty to ,arthur4 ,cheerful evening4 ,mme4 de ,clissey was less sad4 ,we accompanied her back to her house in choir4 ,good-night1 beloved sister2 ,i am going to say my prayers and go to sleep4 ,,january #ab4 ,ren will be in ,paris on the #aeth1 darling ,kate4 ,he will tell you about ,karl1 ,lizzy1 ,isa1 all our friends1 and then ,i shall have him again6 ,adrien is reading ,lamartine to us2 ,i always listen with enchantment4 ,what poetry6 ,it flows in streams2 it is sweet1 tender1 melancholy1 moaning2 it sings with nature1 with the bird1 with the falling leaf1 the murmuring stream1 the sounding bell1 the sighing wind2 it weeps with the suffering heart1 and prays with the pleading soul4 ,oh6 how is it that this poet could stray aside from his heavenly road1 and burn incense on other altars8 ,how could he leave his ,christian lyrehe who once sang to ,god of his faith and love in accents so sublime8 ,will he not one day recover the sentiments and emotions of his youth1 when he went in the footsteps of his mother to the house of ,god ,offrir deux purs encens1 innocence et bonheur4#bi ,the ,harmonies are rightly named4 ,i never read anything more harmoniously sweet1 more exquisite in cadence4 ,how comes it that he should have lost his faith where so many others have found itin that journey to the ,east1 from which he ought to have returned a firmer ,catholic1 a greater poet8 ,could it be that the death of his daughter1 she who was his future1 his joy1 his dearest glory1 overthrew everything within him8 ,o my ,god6 this lyre has1 almost divinely1 sung of thee2 thou wilt not suffer its last notes to be a blasphemy4 ,draw all unto thyself1 ,lord ,jesus1 and let not the brows marked by the seal of genius be stamped eternally with that of reprobation6 ,mme4 de ,clissey has told us her history2 you must hear it1 since your kind heart is interested in these two new friends of your ,georgina4 ,madame is ,roman1 and has been brought up in ,tuscany4 ,you know the proverb3 8,a ,tuscan tongue in a ,roman mouth40#cj ,her mother made a misalliance1 was cast off by her family after her husband's death1 and the poor woman hid at ,florence her loneliness and tears4 ,thanks to her talents as a painter1 she was enabled to secure to ,marcella a solid and brilliant education2 but her strength becoming rapidly exhausted by excessive labor1 ,marcella1 when scarcely sixteen years of age1 saw her mother expire in her arms4 ,she remained alone1 under the care of a venerable ,french priest1 who compassionated her great misfortune1 and obtained for his protge an honorable engagement4 ,she was taken as governess to her daughter by a rich duchess1 who1 after being in ecstasies about her at first1 cast her aside as a useless plaything4 ,her pupil1 however1 a very intelligent and affectionate child1 became the sole and absorbing interest of the orphan2 but the young girl's attachment to her mistress excited the jealousy of the proud duchess1 who contrived to find a pretext for excluding ,marcella from the house4 ,her kind protector then brought her to ,france1 and1 as it was necessary that she should obtain her living1 she entered as teacher in a boarding-school in the south4 ,a year afterwards a lady of high rank engaged her to undertake the education of her daughters4 ,she thankfully accepted this situation1 but had scarcely occupied it a month before she was in a dying state from typhoid fever and inflammation of the brain4 ,for fifty-two days her life was in danger1 and for forty-eight hours she was in a state of lethargy1 from which she had scarcely returned1 almost miraculously1 to consciousness1 before she had to witness the death of the kind priest who alone1 with a ,sister of ,charity1 had done all that it was possible to do to save her life4 ,what was to become of her8 ,the slender means of which the old man had made her his heir lasted only for the year of her convalescence2 she then unexpectedly made the acquaintance of a rich widow who was desirous of finding a young girl as her companion1 promising to provide for her future4 ,marcella was twenty years of age2 the old lady took a great fancy to her1 and took her to ,paris and to ,germany4 ,unfortunately1 the character of her protectress was not one to inspire affection4 ,ill-tempered1 fanciful1 exacting1 life with her was intolerable4 ,her servants left her at the end of a month4 ,marcella became the submissive slave of her domineering caprice1 and was shut up the whole day1 having to replace the waiting-woman1 adorn the antique idol1 enliven her1 and play to her whatever she liked4 ,in the drawing-room1 of an evening1 she had to endure a thousand vexations2 at eleven o'clock the customary visitors took leave1 and ,marcella examined the account-books of the house under the eye of the terrible old dowager1 who1 moreover1 could not sleep unless some one read to her aloud4 8,till five o'clock in the morning ,i used to read ,cooper or ,scott40 ,what do you think of this anticipated purgatory1 dear ,kate8 ,marcella1 timid1 and without any experience of life1 tried to resign herself to her lot1 until at ,paris ,m4 de ,clissey asked her to exchange her dependent condition for a happy and honored life4 ,she accepted his offer1 to the no small despair of the old lady1 who loudly charged her with ingratitude1 and thought to revenge herself by not paying her the promised remuneration4 ,m4 de ,clissey triumphantly took away his beautiful young bride to his native town4 8,it seemed to me as if ,i had had a resurrection to another life4 ,for ten years our happiness was without alloy4 ,but the cross1 alas6 is everywhere2 and ,i am now1 at thirty-two years of age1 a widow1 with unspeakable memories and my pretty little ,anna1 whose love is my consolation40 ,thank ,god6 ,marcella has friends also1 and my mother wishes to propose to her to live with us4 ,kate1 what a good1 sweet1 happy destiny ,god has granted us6 ,how ,i pity those orphans who have not1 as ,i have1 a sister to love them6 ,oh6 may ,god bless you1 and render to you all the good that your kind heart has done to me6 ,hurrah for ,ireland6 ,erin mavourneen6 ,,january #bj4 ,i have recovered my happiness3 ,ren is here4 ,i never weary of hearing him1 of rejoicing that ,i have him4 ,dearest1 ,i am enchanted with what he tells me about you4 ,tell me if ever two sisters loved each other as we do8 ,no2 it is not possible4 ,lord ,william1 ,margaret1 ,lizzy1 ,isa1 all our friends beyond the sea1 are represented on my writing-tableunder envelopes4 ,karl will come back to us2 he 8is burning to belong to ,god40 ,you know all the details3 the father blessing the coffin of his daughter1 the sister1 abounding in consolationall these miracles of grace and love4 ,o dear ,kate6 how good ,god is4 ,what will you think of my boldness8 ,isa has often expressed regret at her inability to read ,gurin1 as ,gerty used to say2 so ,i thought ,i would attempt a translation4 ,i write so rapidly that ,i shall soon be at the end of my task4 ,the souls of ,eugnie and of ,isa are too much like those of sisters not to understand each other4 ,these few days spent in the society of the ,solitary of ,cayla have more than ever attached me to that soul at the same time so ardent and so calm1 a furnace of ,jove1 concentrated upon his brother ,maurice1 who was taken from him by deathalas6 as if to prove once more that earth is the place of tears1 and heaven alone that of happiness4 8,qu'est-ce donc que les jours pour valoir qu'on les pleure80#ca ,hlne wrote to me on the #ajth1 ,feast of ,st4 ,paul the ,hermit1 full of admiration for the poetic history of this saint3 the raven daily bringing half a loaf to the solitary2 the visit of ,st4 ,antony2 ,st4 ,paul asking if houses were still built2 ,st4 ,antony exclaiming when he returned to the monastery3 8,i have seen ,elias2 ,i have seen ,john in the desert2 ,i have seen ,paul in ,paradise02 the lions digging the grave of this friend of ,godwhat a poem6 ,ren has brought me back the ,consolations of ,m4 de ,sainte-,beuve4 ,how is it that the poets of our time have not remained ,christian8 ,in his ,souvenirs d',enfance 78,memories of ,childhood07 the author of the ,consolations says to ,god3 8,tu m'aimais entre tous1 et ces dons qu'on dsire1 ,ce pouvoir inconnu qu'on accorde la lyre1 ,cet art mystrieux de charmer par la voix1 ,si l'on dit que je l'ai1 ,seigneur1 je te le dois40#cb ,karl tells me that he carefully keeps on his heart the last words traced by ,ellen4 ,it is like the testament of our saintly darling1 whom ,i seem still to see4 ,i had omitted to mention this4 ,the evening before her death1 after ,i had written by her side the solemn and touching effusions for those who had not1 like us1 been witnesses of the admirable spectacle of her deliverance1 the breaking of the bonds which held her captive in this world of sorrows1 ,ellen asked me to let her write4 ,ten minutes passed in this effort1 this victorious wrestling of the soul over sickness and weakness4 ,on the sealed envelope which she then gave me was written one word only8,karl40 ,would you like to have this last adieu1 ,kate8 ,how ,i have kissed these two almost illegible lines3 8,my beloved husband1 ,i leave you this counsel of ,st4 ,bernard for your consolation3 #8,holy soul1 remain alone1 in order that thou mayest keep thyself for ,him alone whom thou hast chosen above all6'0 ,what a track of light our sweet ,ellen has left behind her6 ,love me1 dearest ,kate6 ,,january #be4 ,we leave in a week1 my dearest ,kate4 ,ren made a point of returning to the south1 whose blue sky we shall not quit without regret2 and also he wished to pray once more with us in ,ellen's room4 ,karl does not wish the ,chalet of souvenirs to pass into strange hands4 ,he had rented it for a year2 ,ren proposed to him to buy it1 and the matter was settled yesterday4 ,i am writing to ,mistress ,annah1 to lay before her the offer of a good work1 capable of tempting her self-devotionnamely1 that she should install herself at the chalet1 and there take in a few poor sick people1 and we might perhaps return thither4 ,what do you think of this plan1 dearest ,kate8 ,we are all in love with ,marcella and her pretty little girl1 who are glad to accompany us to ,orleans4 ,gertrude has offered ,hlne's room to our new friend1 whose melancholy is gradually disappearing4 ,it is needless to say that she is by no means indifferent to ,kate4 ,you would love her1 dear sister1 and bless ,god with me for having placed her on our path4 ,she has the head of an ,italian ,madonna1 expressive1 sympathetic1 sweet2 her portrait will be my first work when we return to ,orleans4 ,on this day1 eighteen centuries ago1 ,st4 ,paul was struck to the earth on his way to ,damascus2 he fell a persecutor of ,christ1 and arose an apostle of that faith for which he would in due time give his life4 ,let us also be apostles1 my sister4 ,a visit from ,sarah on her wedding journey4 ,who would have thought of my seeing her here8 ,we prayed much for ,france on the ill-omened date of the #bast4 ,o dearest6 if you were but to read ,m4 de ,beauchne's ,louis ,,xvii4 ,it is heartrending6 ,poor kings6 ,it is the nature of mountain-tops to attract the lightning4 ,ren has given to ,marcella ,marie ,antoinette1 by ,m4 de ,lescure4 ,adrien has been reading it to us in the evenings4 ,the grand and mournful epic is related with a magical charm of style which ,i find most attractive4 ,marie ,antoinette1 the calumniated queen1 there appears in all the purity and splendor of her beauty4 ,this reading left on my mind a deep impression of sadness4 ,poor queen6 so great1 so sanctified4 8,the martyrology of the ,temple cannot be written40 ,the life of ,marie ,antoinette is full of contrasts2 nothing could be fairer than its dawn1 nothing more enchanting than the picture of her childhood1 youth1 and marriagethis latter the dream of the courts of ,austria and ,france1 which made her at fifteen years old the triumphant and almost worshipped ,dauphiness4 ,and yet what shadows darkened here and there the radiant poem of her happy days6 ,she went on increasing in beauty2 she became a mother2 and beneath the delightful shades of ,trianon1 8the ,versailles of flowers which she preferred to the ,versailles of marble10 she came to luxuriate in the newly-found joys which filled her heart4 ,then came a terrible grief1 the sinister precursor of the horrible tempests which were to burst upon the head of this queen1 so ,french1 but whom her misguided people persisted in calling the foreignerthe death of ,maria ,theresa the ,great4 ,what a cruel destiny is that of queens6 ,marie ,antoinette1 whose heart was so nobly formed for holy family joys1 quitted her own at the age of fifteen1 going to live far from her mother1 whom she was never to see again1 even at the moment when that heroic woman rendered up to ,god the soul which had struggled so valiantly4 ,the ,revolution was there1 dreadful and menacing4 ,marie ,antoinette began her militant and glorious life1 and the day came when 8the monster0 said with truth3 8,the king has but one man near him1 and that man is the queen40 ,o dear ,kate6 the end of this history makes me afraid4 ,what expiation will ,god require of ,france for these martyrdoms8 ,and we are going away4''' ,shall we return8 ,we are to visit ,fourvires1 ,ars1 ,paray-le-,monial1 and first of all the ,grande ,chartreusewhat a journey6and you afterwards4 ,i am fond of travellingfond of the unknown1 of beautiful views1 movement1 the pretty1 wondering eyes of the little ones1 the halts1 for one or two days1 in hotels1 all the moving of the household which reminds me of the pleasant time when ,i used to travel with my ,kate4 ,dearest sister1 ,i long1 ,i long to embrace you6 ,your kind1 rare1 and delightful letters1 which ,i learn by heart the first day1 the feeling of that nearness of our hearts to each other which nothing on earth can separatethis is also you2 but to see you is sweeter than all the rest4 ,marcella wishes to be named in this letter4 ,you know whether or not the whole family loves ,mme4 ,kate4 ,send us your good angel during our wanderings1 and believe in the fondest affection of your ,georgina4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #ba 8,behold the sapless leaves1 which fall upon the turf40 #bb 8,dames ,auxiliatrices du ,purgatoire40 #bc ,past days1 which each of us recalls with tears1 ,days we regret in vain1 had you so many charms8 ,or was your brightness also marred by winds1 ,and doth our weariness of the present make you seem so fair8 #bd ,in ,brittany the poor are habitually called les pauvres du ,bon ,dieu4,,transl4 #be ,mgr4 de la ,bouillerie #bf ,in ,french1 ,l',oiseau du ,bon ,dieu2 in ,catholic ,england1 8,our ,lady's bird40 #bg ,in the hymn ,adeste fideles4 #bh ,gteau des ,rois1 8,twelfth-,cake40 #bi ,to offer two pure grains of incense3 innocence and happiness4 #cj ,the purest ,italian1 8,lingua ,toscana in bocca ,romana40 #ca ,what1 then1 are days1 that they should deserve our tears8 #cb 8,thou lovedst me amongst all1 and the gifts that men desirethis unknown power accorded to the lyre1 this mysterious art of pleasing by the voiceif ,i am said to own it1 ,lord1 ,i owe it all to thee40 ,,christina ,,rossetti',s ,,poems4#cc ,christina ,rossetti is1 we believe1 the queen of the ,preraphaelite school1 the literary department of that school at least1 in ,england4 ,to those interested in ,preraphaelites and ,preraphaelitism the present volume1 which seems to be the first ,american edition of this lady's poems1 will prove a great attraction4 ,the school in art and literature represented under this name1 however1 has as yet made small progress among ourselves4 ,it will doubtless be attributed to our barbarism1 but that is an accusation to which we are growing accustomed1 and which we can very complacently bear4 ,the members of the school we know3 ,ruskin1 ,madox ,brown1 ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti1 all the other ,rossettis1 ,swinburne1 ,morris1 and the rest2 but we know no school4 ,it has not yet won enough pupils to establish itself among us1 and we at best regard it as a fashion that will pass away as have so many others3 the low shirt-collar1 flowing locks1 melancholy visage1 and aspect of general disgust with which1 for instance1 the imitators of ,byron1 in all save his intellect1 were wont to afflict us in the earlier portion of the present century4 ,the fact is1 our ,english friends have a way of running into these fashions that is perplexing1 and that would seem to indicate an inability on their part to judge for themselves of literary or artistic merit4 ,to-day ,pope and ,addison are the fashion2 to-morrow1 ,byron and ,jeffreys2 then ,wordsworth and ,carlyle2 then ,tennyson and ,macaulay2 and now ,rossetti1 ,swinburne1 ,morris1 and their kin1 if they are not in the ascendant1 gain a school1 succeed in making a great deal of noise about themselves1 and in having a great deal of noise made about them4 ,it is the same with tailoring in days when your tailor1 like your cook1 is an 8artist40 ,surely the laws and canons of art are constant4 ,the good is good and the bad bad1 by whomsoever written or wrought4 ,affectation cannot cover poverty of thought or conception4 ,a return to old ways1 old models1 old methods1 is good1 provided we go deeper than the mere fringe and trappings of such4 ,how the name ,preraphaelite first came we do not know4 ,it originated1 we believe1 in an earnest revolt against certain viciousness in modern art4 ,it was1 if we mistake not1 a return1 to a great extent1 to old-time realism4 ,the question is1 ,how far back did the originators of the movement go8 ,if we take the strict meaning of the word1 ,homer was a ,preraphaelite2 so was ,virgil2 so was ,horace2 so were the ,greek tragedians2 so was ,aristophanes4 ,apelles' brush deceived the birds of heaven2 ,phidias made the marble live ages before ,raphael4 ,nay1 how long before ,raphael did the inspired prophets catch the very breathings of ,god to men1 and turn them into the music and the religion of all time8 ,these are surely ,preraphaelites2 yet we find few signs of their teachings in this fussy1 ardent1 and aggressive little modern ,english school4 ,we do not deny many gifts to certain members of the school4 ,swinburne1 for instance1 seems capable of playing with words as he pleases1 of turning and tuning them into any form of melodious rhythm4 ,but he begins and ends with words4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti has given us some massive fragments1 but nothing more4 ,we look and say1 8,how much this man might have done60 but there our admiration ceases4 ,morris has written much and well1 but he teases one with the antique4 ,set ,byron by the side of any or all of them1 and at once they dwindle almost into insignificance4 ,yet ,byron wrote much that was worthless4 ,he wrote1 however1 more that was really great4 ,he never played tricks with words2 he never allowed them to master him4 ,he began the ,childe ,harold in imitation of ,spenser2 but he soon struck out so freely and vigorously that1 though it may be half heresy to say it1 ,spenser himself was left far in the rear1 and we believe that any intelligent jury in these days would award a far higher prize to the ,childe ,harold than to the ,faerie ,queen4 ,byron was a born poet4 ,like all great poets1 undoubtedly1 he owed much to art2 but then art was always his slave4 ,he rose above it4 ,the fault with our present poets1 not excepting even ,tennyson1 is that they are better artists than they are poets4 ,consequently1 they win little cliques and knots of admirers1 where others1 as did ,byron1 win a world in spite of itself4 ,it is all the difference between genius and the very highest respectability4 ,miss ,rossetti we take to be a very good example of the faults and virtues of her school4 ,here is a volume of three hundred pages1 and it is filled with almost every kind of verse1 much of which is of the most fragmentary nature4 ,some of it is marvellously beautiful2 some trash2 some coarse2 some the very breathing and inspiration of the deep religion of the heart4 ,in her devotional pieces she is undoubtedly at her best4 ,surely a strong ,catholic tradition must be kept alive in this family4 ,her more famous brother sings of the ,blessed ,virgin in a spirit that ,father ,faber might have envied1 and in verse that ,father ,faber never could have commanded4 ,how she sings of ,christ and holy things will presently appear4 ,but her other pieces are not so satisfactory4 ,the ultra-melancholy tone1 the tiresome repetitions of words and phrases that mark the school1 pervade them4 ,of melancholy as of adversity it may be said1 8,sweet are its uses10 provided 8its uses0 are not too frequent4 ,an ounce of melancholy will serve at any time to dash a ton of mirth4 ,but our friends the ,preraphaelites positively revel in gloom4 ,they are for ever 8hob and nob with ,brother ,death40 ,they seem to study a skeleton with the keen interest of an anatomist4 ,wan ghosts are their favorite companions1 and ghosts' walks their choice resorts4 ,the scenery described in their poems has generally a sad1 sepulchral look4 ,there is a vast amount of rain with mournful soughing winds1 laden often with the voices of those who are gone4 ,a favorite trick of a ,preraphaelite ghost is to stalk into his old haunts1 only to discover that after all people live in much the same style as when he was in the flesh1 and can manage to muster a laugh and talk about mundane matters even though he has departed4 ,miss ,rossetti treats us to several such visits1 and in each case the 8poor ghost0 stalks out again disconsolate4 ,there is another ,preraphaelite ghost who is fond of visiting1 just on the day of her wedding with somebody else1 the lady who has jilted him4 ,the conversation carried on between the jilt and the ghost of the jilted is1 as may be imagined1 hardly of the kind one would expect on so festive an occasion4 ,for our own part1 we should imagine that the ghost would have grown wiser1 if not more charitable1 by his visit to the other world1 and would show himself quite willing to throw at least the ghost of a slipper after the happy pair4 ,between the ,preraphaelite ghosts and the ,preraphaelite lovers there seems really little difference4 ,the love is of the most tearful description2 the lady1 wan at the start1 has to wait and wait a woful time for the gentleman1 who is always a dreadfully indefinite distance away4 ,strange to say1 he generally has to make the journey back to his lady-love on foot4 ,of course on so long a journey he meets with all kinds of adventures and many a lady gay who keep him from his true love4 ,she1 poor thing1 meanwhile sits patiently at the same casement looking out for the coming of her love4 ,the only difference in her is that she grows wanner and more wan1 until at length the tardy lover arrives1 of course1 only to find her dead body being carried out1 and the good old fairy-story endingthat they were married and lived happy ever afteris quite thrown out4 ,it will be judged from what we have said that1 whatever merits the ,preraphaelite school of poetry may possess1 cheerfulness is not one of them4 ,as a proof of this we only cull a few titles from the contents of the book before us4 8,a ,dirge0 is the eighth on the list2 then come in due order1 8,after ,death10 8,the ,hour and the ,ghost10 8,dead before ,death10 8,bitter for ,sweet10 8,the ,poor ,ghost10 8,the ,ghost's ,petition10 and so on4 ,but ,miss ,rossetti is happily not all melancholy4 ,the opening piece1 the famous 8,goblin ,market10 is thoroughly fresh and charming1 and1 to our thinking1 deserves a place beside 8,the ,pied ,piper of ,hamlin40 ,is not this a perfect picture of its kind8 8,laughed every goblin ,when they spied her peeping2 ,came towards her hobbling1 ,flying1 running1 leaping1 ,puffing and blowing1 ,chuckling1 clapping1 crowing1 ,clucking and gobbling1 ,mopping and mowing1 ,full of airs and graces1 ,pulling wry faces1 ,demure grimaces1 ,cat-like and rat-like1 ,ratel and wombat-like1 ,snail-paced in a hurry1 ,parrot-voiced and whistler1 ,helter-skelter1 hurry-skurry1 ,chattering like magpies1 ,fluttering like pigeons1 ,gliding like fishes ,hugged her and kissed her2 ,squeezed and caressed her2 ,stretched up their dishes1 ,panniers and plates2 #8,look at our apples ,russet and dun1 ,bob at our cherries1 ,bite at our peaches1 ,citrons and dates1 ,grapes for the asking1 ,pears red with basking ,out in the sun1 ,plums on their twigs2 ,pluck them and suck them1 ,pomegranates1 figs4'0 ,of course this is not very high poetry1 nor as such is it quoted here4 ,but it is one of many wonderful pieces of minute and life-like painting that occur in this strange poem4 ,from the same we quote another passage as exhibiting what we would call a splendid fault in the poet3 8,white and golden ,lizzie stood1 ,like a lily in a flood ,like a rock of blue-veined stone ,lashed by tides obstreperously2 ,like a beacon left alone ,in a hoary1 roaring sea1 ,sending up a golden fire2 ,like a fruit-crowned orange-tree ,white with blossoms honey-sweet1 ,sore beset by wasp and bee2 ,like a royal virgin town1 ,topped with gilded dome and spire1 ,close beleaguered by a fleet1 ,mad to tug her standard down40 ,undoubtedly these are fine and spirited lines1 and1 some of them at least1 noble similes4 ,what do they call up to the mind of the reader8 ,one of those heroic maidens who in history have led armies to victory and relieved nationsa ,joan of ,arc leading a forlorn hope girt around by the ,english4 ,any picture of this kind it would fit2 but what is it intended to represent8 ,a little girl struggling to prevent the little goblin-men from pressing their fatal fruits into her mouth6 ,the statue is far too large for the pedestal4 ,here is another instance of the same1 the lines of which might be taken from a ,greek chorus3 8,her locks streamed like the torch ,borne by a racer at full speed1 ,or like the mane of horses in their flight1 ,or like an eagle when she stems the light ,straight toward the sun1 ,or like a caged thing freed1 ,or like a flying flag when armies run40 ,the locks that are like all these wonderful things are those of ,lizzie's little sister ,laura1 who had tasted the fruits of the goblin-men4 ,how different from this is 8,the ,convent ,threshold06 ,it is a strong poem1 but of the earth earthy4 ,as far as one can judge1 it is the address of a young lady to her lover1 who is still in the world and apparently enjoying a gay life4 ,she has sinned1 and remorse or some other motive seems to have driven her within the convent walls4 ,she gives her lover admirable advice1 but the old leaven is not yet purged out1 as may be seen from the final exhortation3 8,look up1 rise up2 for far above ,our palms are grown1 our place is set2 ,there we shall meet as once we met1 ,and love with old familiar love40 ,which may be a very pleasant prospect for separated lovers1 but is scarcely heaven4 ,the poem contains a strong contrastand yet how weak a one to the truly spiritual soul6between the higher and the lower life4 8,your eyes look earthward2 mine look up4 ,i see the far-off city grand1 ,beyond the hills a watered land1 ,beyond the gulf a gleaming strand ,of mansions where the righteous sup ,who sleep at ease among the trees1 ,or wake to sing a cadenced hymn ,with ,cherubim and ,seraphim2 ,they bore the cross1 they drained the cup1 ,racked1 roasted1 crushed1 rent limb from limb ,they1 the off-scouring of the world3 ,the heaven of starry heavens unfurled1 ,the sun before their face is dim4 8,you1 looking earthward1 what see you8 ,milk-white1 wine-flushed among the vines1 ,up and down leaping1 to and fro1 ,most glad1 most full1 made strong with wines1 ,blooming as peaches pearled with dew1 ,their golden1 windy hair afloat1 ,love-music warbling in their throat1 ,young men and women come and go40 ,something much more characteristic of the school to which ,miss ,rossetti belongs is 8,the ,poor ,ghost10 some of which we quote as a sample3 8,oh6 whence do you come1 my dear friend1 to me1 ,with your golden hair all fallen below your knee1 ,and your face as white as snow-drops on the lea1 ,and your voice as hollow as the hollow sea80 8,from the other world ,i come back to you1 ,my locks are uncurled with dripping1 drenching dew4 ,you know the old1 whilst ,i know the new3 ,but to-morrow you shall know this too40 99 99 99 99 99 8,life is gone1 then love too is gone1 ,it was a reed that ,i leant upon3 ,never doubt ,i will leave you alone ,and not wake you rattling bone with bone40 ,but this is too lugubrious4 ,there are many others of a similar tone1 but we prefer laying before the reader what we most admire4 ,we have no doubt whatever that there are many persons who would consider such poems as the last quoted from the gems of the volume4 ,to us they read as though written by persons in the last stage of consumption1 who have no hope in life1 and apparently very little beyond4 ,the lines1 too1 are as heavy and clumsy as they can be4 ,perhaps the author has made them so on purpose to impart an additional ghastliness to the poem2 for1 as seen already1 she can sing sweetly enough when she pleases4 ,another long and very doleful poem is that entitled 8,under the ,rose10 which repeats the sad old lesson that the sins of the parents are visited on the heads of the children4 ,a third1 though not quite so sad1 save in the ending1 is 8,the ,prince's ,progress10 which is one of the best and most characteristic in the volume4 ,as exhibiting a happier style1 we quote a few verses3 8,in his world-end palace the strong ,prince sat1 ,taking his ease on cushion and mat2 ,close at hand lay his staff and his hat4 #8,when wilt thou start8 ,the bride waits1 ,o youth6' #8,now the moon's at full2 ,i tarried for that3 ,now ,i start in truth4 #8,but tell me first1 true voice of my doom1 ,of my veiled bride in her maiden bloom2 ,keeps she watch through glare and through gloom1 ,watch for me asleep and awake8' #8,spell-bound she watches in one white room1 ,and is patient for thy sake4 #8,by her head lilies and rosebuds grow2 ,the lilies droopwill the rosebuds blow8 ,the silver slim lilies hang the head low2 ,their stream is scanty1 their sunshine rare4 ,let the sun blaze out1 and let the stream flow3 ,they will blossom and wax fair4 #8,red and white poppies grow at her feet2 ,the blood-red wait for sweet summer heat1 ,wrapped in bud-coats hairy and neat2 ,but the white buds swell2 one day they will burst1 ,will open their death-cups drowsy and sweet2 ,which will open the first8' ,then a hundred sad voices lifted a wail2 ,and a hundred glad voices piped on the gale3 #8,time is short1 life is short1' they took up the tale3 #8,life is sweet1 love is sweet2 use to-day while you may2 ,love is sweet and to-morrow may fail3 ,love is sweet1 use to-day4'0 ,the ,prince turns out to be a sad laggard2 but what else could he be when he had to traverse such lands as this8 8,off he set4 ,the grass grew rare1 ,a blight lurked in the darkening air1 ,the very moss grew hueless and spare1 ,the last daisy stood all astunt2 ,behind his back the soil lay bare1 ,but barer in front4 8,a land of chasm and rent1 a land ,of rugged blackness on either hand2 ,if water trickled1 its track was tanned ,with an edge of rust to the chink2 ,if one stamped on stone or on sand1 ,it returned a clink4 8,a lifeless land1 a loveless land1 ,without lair or nest on either hand ,only scorpions jerked in the sand1 ,black as black iron1 or dusty pale ,from point to point sheer rock was manned ,by scorpions in mail4 8,a land of neither life nor death1 ,where no man buildeth or fashioneth1 ,where none draws living or dying breath2 ,no man cometh or goeth there1 ,no man doeth1 seeketh1 saith1 ,in the stagnant air40 ,so far for the general run of ,miss ,rossetti's poems4 ,it will be seen that they are nothing very wonderful1 in whatever light we view them4 ,they are not nearly so great as her brother's2 indeed1 they will not stand comparison with them at all4 ,the style is too varied1 the pieces are too short and fugitive to be stamped with any marked originality or individuality1 with the exception1 perhaps1 of the 8,goblin ,market40 ,but there is a certain class of her poems examination of which we have reserved for the last4 ,miss ,rossetti has set up a little devotional shrine here and there throughout the volume1 where we find her on her knees1 with a strong faith1 a deep sense of spiritual needs1 a feeling of the real littleness of the life passing around us1 of the true greatness of what is to come after1 a sense of the presence of the living ,god before whom she bows down her soul into the dust2 and here she is another woman4 ,as she sinks her poetry rises1 and gushes up out of her heart to heaven in strains sad1 sweet1 tender1 and musical that a saint might envy4 ,what in the wide realm of ,english poetry is more beautiful or more ,catholic than this8 ,,the ,,three ,,enemies4 ,the ,flesh4 8,sweet1 thou art pale40 8,more pale to see1 ,christ hung upon the cruel tree ,and bare his ,father's wrath for me40 8,sweet1 thou art sad40 8,beneath a rod ,more heavy1 ,christ for my sake trod ,the wine-press of the wrath of ,god40 8,sweet1 thou art weary40 8,not so ,christ2 ,whose mighty love of me sufficed ,for ,strength1 ,salvation1 ,eucharist40 8,sweet1 thou art footsore40 8,if ,i bleed1 ,his feet have bled2 yea1 in my need ,his ,heart once bled for mine indeed40 ,the ,world4 8,sweet1 thou art young40 8,so ,he was young ,who for my sake in silence hung ,upon the ,cross with ,passion wrung40 8,look1 thou art fair40 8,he was more fair ,than men1 ,who deigned for me to wear ,a visage marred beyond compare40 8,and thou hast riches40 8,daily bread3 ,all else is ,his2 ,who living1 dead1 ,for me lacked where to lay ,his ,head40 8,and life is sweet40 8,it was not so ,to ,him1 ,whose ,cup did overflow ,with mine unutterable woe40 ,the ,devil4 8,thou drinkest deep40 8,when ,christ would sup ,he drained the dregs from out my cup4 ,so how should ,i be lifted up80 8,thou shalt win ,glory40 8,in the skies1 ,lord ,jesus1 cover up mine eyes ,lest they should look on vanities40 8,thou shalt have ,knowledge40 8,helpless dust1 ,in thee1 ,o ,lord1 ,i put my trust3 ,answer ,thou for me1 ,wise and ,just40 8,and ,might40 8,get thee behind me4 ,lord1 ,who hast redeemed and not abhorred ,my soul1 oh6 keep it by thy ,word40 ,and what a cry is this8 ,who has not felt it in his heart8 ,it is entitled 8,good ,friday03 8,am ,i a stone and not a sheep1 ,that ,i can stand1 ,o ,christ6 beneath ,thy ,cross1 ,to number drop by drop ,thy ,blood's slow loss1 ,and yet not weep8 8,not so those women loved ,who with exceeding grief lamented ,thee2 ,not so fallen ,peter weeping bitterly2 ,not so the thief was moved2 8,not so the ,sun and ,moon ,which hid their faces in a starless sky1 ,a horror of great darkness at broad noon1 ,i1 only ,i4 8,yet give not o'er1 ,but seek ,thy sheep1 true ,shepherd of the flock2 ,greater than ,moses1 turn and look once more ,and smite a rock40 ,it would seem that the heart which can utter feelings like these should be safely housed in the one true fold4 ,there1 and there only1 can such hearts find room for expansion2 for there alone can they find the food to fill them1 the wherewith to satisfy their long yearnings1 the light to guide the many wanderings of their spirits1 the strength to lift up and sustain them after many a fall and many a cruel deceit4 ,outside that threshold1 however near they may be to it1 they will in the long run find their lives empty4 ,with ,george ,eliot1 they will find life only a sad satire and hope a very vague thing4 ,like her heroine1 ,dorothea ,brooke1 the finer feelings and aspirations of their really spiritual and intensely religious natures will only end in petty collisions with the petty people around them1 and thankful they may be if all their life does not turn out to be an exasperating mistake1 as it must be a failure1 compared with that larger life that they only dimly discern4 ,how truly ,miss ,rossetti discerns it may be seen in her sonnet on 8,the ,world03 8,by day she wooes me1 soft1 exceeding fair3 ,but all night as the moon so changeth she2 ,loathsome and foul with hideous leprosy1 ,and subtle serpents gliding in her hair4 ,by day she wooes me to the outer air1 ,ripe fruits1 sweet flowers1 and full satiety3 ,but through the night1 a beast she grins at me1 ,a very monster void of love and prayer4 ,by day she stands a lie3 by night she stands1 ,in all the naked horror of the truth1 ,with pushing horns and clawed and clutching hands4 ,is this a friend indeed2 that ,i should sell ,my soul to her1 give her my life and youth1 ,till my feet1 cloven too1 take hold on hell80 ,could there be anything more complete than this whole picture1 or anything more startling yet true in conception than the image in the last line1 which we have italicized8 ,one feels himself1 as it were1 on the very verge of the abyss1 and the image of ,god1 in which he was created1 suddenly and silently falling from him4 ,but a more beautiful and daring conception is that in the poem 8,from ,house to ,home40 ,treading on earth1 the poet mounts to heaven1 but by the thorny path that alone leads to it4 ,her days seemed perfect here below1 and all happiness hers4 ,her house is fair and all its surroundings beautiful4 ,she tells us that 8,ofttimes one like an angel walked with me4 ,with spirit-discerning eyes like flames of fire1 ,but deep as the unfathomed1 endless sea1 ,fulfilling my desire40 ,the spirit leaves her after a time1 calling her home from banishment into 8the distant land40 ,all the beauty of her life goes with him1 and hope dies out of her heart1 until something whispered that they should meet again in a distant land4 8,i saw a vision of a woman1 where ,night and new morning strive for domination2 ,incomparably pale1 and almost fair1 ,and sad beyond expression4 99 99 99 99 99 8,i stood upon the outer barren ground1 ,she stood on inner ground that budded flowers2 ,while circling in their never-slackening round ,danced by the mystic hours4 8,but every flower was lifted on a thorn1 ,and every thorn shot upright from its sands ,to gall her feet2 hoarse laughter pealed in scorn ,with cruel clapping hands4 8,she bled and wept1 yet did not shrink2 her strength ,was strung up until daybreak of delight2 ,she measured measureless sorrow toward its length1 ,and breadth1 and depth1 and height4 8,then marked ,i how a chain sustained her form1 ,a chain of living links not made nor riven3 ,it stretched sheer up through lightning1 wind1 and storm1 ,and anchored fast in heaven4 8,one cried3 #8,how long8 ,yet founded on the ,rock ,she shall do battle1 suffer1 and attain4' ,one answered3 #8,faith quakes in the tempest shock3 ,strengthen her soul again4' 8,i saw a cup sent down and come to her ,brimful of loathing and of bitterness3 ,she drank with livid lips that seemed to stir ,the depth1 not make it less4 8,but as she drank ,i spied a hand distil ,new wine and virgin honey2 making it ,first bitter-sweet1 then sweet indeed1 until ,she tasted only sweet4 8,her lips and cheeks waxed rosyfresh and young2 ,drinking she sang3 #8,my soul shall nothing want'2 ,and drank anew3 while soft a song was sung1 ,a mystical low chant4 8,one cried3 #8,the wounds are faithful of a friend3 ,the wilderness shall blossom as a rose4' ,one answered3 #8,rend the veil1 declare the end1 ,strengthen her ere she goes4'0 ,then earth and heaven are rolled up like a scroll1 and she gazes into heaven4 ,wonderful indeed is the picture drawn of the heavenly court2 but we have already quoted at such length that we fear to tire our readers4 ,still1 we must find room for the following three verses3 8,tier beyond tier they rose and rose and rose ,so high that it was dreadful1 flames with flames3 ,no man could number them1 no tongue disclose ,their secret sacred names4 8,as though one pulse stirred all1 one rush of blood ,fed all1 one breath swept through them myriad-voiced1 ,they struck their harps1 cast down their crowns1 they stood ,and worshipped and rejoiced4 8,each face looked one way like a moon new-lit1 ,each face looked one way towards its ,sun of ,love2 ,drank love and bathed in love and mirrored it ,and knew no end thereof40 ,we might go on quoting with pleasure and admiration most of these devotional pieces1 but enough has been given to show how different a writer is ,miss ,rossetti in her religious and in her worldly mood4 ,the beauty1 grace1 pathos1 sublimity often1 of the one weary us of the other4 ,in the one she warbles or sings1 with often a flat and discordant note in her tones that now please and now jar2 in the other she is an inspired prophetess or priestess chanting a sublime chant or giving voice to a world's sorrow and lament4 ,in the latter all affectation of word1 or phrase1 or rhythm disappears4 ,the subjects sung are too great for such pettiness1 and the song soars with them4 ,the same thing is true of her brother1 the poet4 ,religion has inspired his loftiest conceptions1 and a religion that is certainly very unlike any but the truth4 ,we trust that the reverence and devotion to the truth which must lie deep in the hearts of this gifted brother and sister may bear their legitimate fruit1 and end not in words only1 but blossom into deeds which will indeed lead them 8,from ,house to ,home40 #cc ,poems by ,christina ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,,echo ,,to ,,mary4 ,who gently dries grief's falling tear8 ,maria4 ,of fairy flowers which fairest blows8 ,the ,rose4 ,what seekest thou1 poor plaining dove8 ,my ,love4 ,rejoice1 thou morning ,dove6 ,earth's peerless ,rose1 without a thorn1 ,unfolds its bloom this natal morn ,maria1 ,rose of ,love6 ,what craves the heart of storms the sport8 ,a ,port4 ,and what the fevered patient's quest8 ,calm ,rest4 ,what ray to cheer when shadows slope8 ,hope4 ,o ,mary1 ,mother blest6 ,through nights of gloom1 through days of fear1 ,thy love the ray by which to steer1 ,bright ,hope6 to ,port of ,rest4 ,desponding heart what gift will please8 ,heart of ,ease4 ,what scent reminds of a hidden saint8 ,jess'mine ,faint4 ,what caught its hue from the azure sky8 ,violet's ,eye4 ,o ,mary1 peerless dower6 ,a balm to soothe1 love's odor sweet1 ,a glimpse of heaven in thee we greet ,heartsease1 ,jess'mine1 ,violet flower6 ,of ,mary's love who most secure8 ,the ,pure4 ,what lamp diffuses light afar8 ,a ,star4 ,when is light-wingd zephyr born8 ,at ,morn4 ,my eyes1 with watching worn1 ,will vigil keep till day returns2 ,to see thy light my spirit yearns1 ,mary ,pure1 ,star of ,morn6 ,what name most sweet to dying ear8 ,maria4 ,on heavenly hosts who smiles serene8 ,their ,queen4 ,what joy is perfected above8 ,love4 ,welcome1 thou spotless ,dove6 ,awake1 my soul1 celestial mirth6 ,this day brings purest joy to earth6 ,maria1 ,queen of ,love4 ,,nativity ,b4 ,v4 ,,mary1 ,september #h4cd #cd ,the above is a free translation from a beautiful short ,spanish poem which lately appeared in the ,revista ,catolica of ,las ,vegas1 ,new ,mexico4 ,,the ,,highland ,,exile4 ,a recent number of the ,london ,tablet contains some very interesting facts concerning the return of the ,benedictine ,order to ,scotland4 ,this event is expected soon to take place1 after a banishment of the ,order for nearly three hundred years from those regions of beauty where for many previous centuries it had been the source and dispenser of countless spiritual and temporal blessings to the people4 ,it is among the most marvellous of the wonderful compensations of divine ,providence in these days of mysterious trial for the church as to her temporalities1 and of her most glorious triumphs in the spiritual order1 that the place for this re-establishment should have been fixed at ,fort ,augustus1 in ,inverness-shirethe very spot which the 8dark and bloody0 ,duke of ,cumberland made his headquarters while pursuing with merciless and exterminating slaughter the hapless ,catholics of the ,highlands after the fatal field of ,culloden in #agdf4 ,no less significant is the fact that a descendant of the ,lord ,lovat who was beheaded for his participation in that conflict1 and the inheritor of his title1 should have purchased ,fort ,augustus from the ,british government with a view to this happy result1 though he was not permitted to live long enough to witness the accomplishment of his pious purpose4 ,a more beautiful or appropriate abode for the devoted sons of ,st4 ,benedict could not have been found than this secluded spot1 where1 far removed from all the turmoil and distractions of the world1 they will be free to exercise the spirit of their holy rule1 and draw down abundant benedictions upon the surrounding country4 ,the buildings are situated near the extremity of ,loch ,ness1 commanding toward the east a view of that picturesque lake1 and to the west of the wild range of ,glengarry ,mountains4 ,it is consoling to reflect that the place which1 notwithstanding the fascinations of its extraordinary beauty1 has so long been held in detestation by the faithful ,catholic ,highlanders1 on account of the fearful atrocities once committed under protection of its strong towers1 is destined thus to become the very treasure-house of ,heaven's choicest blessings for them in the restoration of their former benefactors and spiritual directors4 ,very pleasant1 also1 to every child of the faith the world over1 is the thought that these hills and glens1 long so 8famous in story10 will once again give echo1 morning1 noon1 and night1 to the glad tidings of salvation proclaimed by the holy ,angelus1 and to the ancient chants and songs of praise which resounded through the older centuries from the cloisters of this holy brotherhood2 and that in these solitudes the clangor of the 8church-going bell0 will again summon the faithful to the free and open exercise of the worship so long proscribed under cruel penalties4 ,the tenacity with which the ,highlanders of ,scotland clung to their faith through the most persistent and appalling persecutions proved that the foundations of the spiritual edifice in that 8,land of brown heath and shaggy wood1 ,land of the mountain and the flood10 were laid broad and deep by saints not unworthy to be classed with the glorious ,st4 ,patrick of the sister shores4 ,in the course of our studies of history in early youth1 before we were interested in such triumphs of the church1 save as curious historical facts not to be accounted for upon ,protestant principles1 we were deeply impressed by proofs of her supernatural and sustaining power over this noble race which came within our personal notice4 ,during a winter in the first quarter of this century my father and mother made the journey from ,prescott1 ,upper ,canada1 to ,montreal1 in their own conveyance1 taking me with them4 ,we stopped over one night at an inn situated on the confines of a dismal little village1 planted in a country as flat and unattractive in all its features as could well be imagined4 ,the village was settled entirely by ,highlanders exiled on account of their religion and the troubles which followed the irretrievable disaster of ,culloden4 ,its inhabitants among themselves spoke only the ,gaelic language1 which ,i then heard for the first time4 ,my father's notice was attracted by the aged father of our host1 a splendid specimen of the native ,highlander1 clad in the full and wonderfully picturesque costume of his race4 ,although from his venerable appearance you might have judged that 8,a hundred years had flung their snows ,on his thin locks and floating beard10 yet was his form as erect and his mind as clear as when in youth he trod his native glens4 ,my father soon drew him into a conversation to which their juvenile companion was an eager and retentive listener4 ,the chief tenor of it was concerning the state of ,scotland1 and the prevailing sentiment of her people in the north1 before the last hapless scion of the ,stuarts made the fatal attempt which resulted in utter defeat and ruin to all connected with it4 ,in the course of their chat1 and as his intellect was aroused and excited by the subject1 a narrative of his own personal knowledge of those matters and share in the conflict fell unconsciously1 as it were1 from his lips4 ,he was a young lad at the time his father's clan gathered to the rallying-cry of the ,camerons for the field of ,culloden4 ,young as he was1 he fought by his father's side1 and saw him slain with multitudes of his kin on that scene of carnage4 ,he was among the few of his clan who escaped and succeeded by almost superhuman efforts in rescuing their families from the indiscriminate slaughter which followed4 ,among the rocks and caves of the wild hills and glens with which they were familiar they found hiding-places that were inaccessible to the destroyers who were sent out by the merciless ,cumberland1 but their sufferings from cold and hunger were beyond description4 ,in the haste of their flight it was impossible to convey the necessary food and clothing1 and the whole country was so closely watched by scattered bands of soldiers that there was no chance of procuring supplies4 ,insufficiently clad and fed1 and very imperfectly sheltered from the wild storms of those bleak northern regions1 many of the women1 the children1 and the aged people perished before it was possible to accept offers made by the ,british government of founding colonies in ,nova ,scotia and ,upper ,canada for those who1 persistently refusing to renounce the ,catholic faith1 would consent to emigrate4 ,large rewards and the most tempting inducements were held out to all who would surrender their faith1 embrace ,protestantism1 and remain among their beloved hills4 ,so intense is the love of country in the hearts of this brave and generous people that many could not tear themselves away from scenes inwoven with their tenderest affections1 but remained1 some to enjoy in this world the price of that apostasy which imperilled their eternal interests for the next1 while multitudes sought the most remote and unapproachable nooks of the rugged north1 and remained true to their religion in extreme poverty and distress1 with no hope of alleviation4 ,our aged narrator joined a band of emigrants from the neighborhood of ,loch ,ness1 and came to the dreary wilderness where the present village has grown up4 ,my father expressed his surprise that they should have chosen a place so entirely different in all its features from their native scenes1 in preference to the hilly parts of ,canada1 where it would seem that they would have been more at home4 8,na1 na60 exclaimed the venerable old man1 his dark eye kindling with the fire of youth1 while he smote the ground with his staff1 as if to emphasize his dissent8na1 na2 sin' we could na tread our native hills1 it iss better far that we had nane6 ,i think the sicht of hills withoot the heather wad drive me mad6 ,na1 na2 it iss far better that we should see nae hills60 ,his touching recital of the wrongs sustained by his people at the hands of their ruthless conquerors1 and the bitter sufferings they endured for the faith1 awakened my deep and enduring sympathy4 ,my father questioned whether1 after all1 it would not have been better for them to have submitted in the matter of religion1 accepted the liberal terms offered under that condition1 and remained contented in their beloved homes1 rather than make such cruel sacrifices1 for themselves and the helpless ones dependent upon them1 in support of a mere idea1 as the difference between one religion and another seemed to him4 ,the old man rose in his excitement to his feet1 and1 standing erect and dignified1 with flashing eyes exclaimed3 8,renounce the faith6 ,sooner far might we consent that we be sold into slavery6 ,oh6 yes2 we could do thatwe could bow our necks to the yoke in this world that our souls might be free for the nextbut to renounce the faith6 ,it iss that we could na do whatever2 no6 not the least one among us1 though it wass to gain ten kingdoms for us in this warld60 ,my father apologized for a suggestion which had such power to move him1 remarking that he was himself quite ignorant concerning the ,catholic religion1 and1 indeed1 not too well informed as to any other2 upon which the hoary patriarch approached him1 laid his hand upon his head1 and said with deep solemnity3 8,that the great ,god1 who is ever merciful to the true of heart1 might pour the light of his truth into yours1 and show you how different is it from the false religions1 and how worthy that one should die for it rather than yield the point that should seem the most trifling2 for there iss nothing connected with the truth that will be trifling40 ,the grand old man6 ,he little suspected that his words struck a responsive chord in the hearts of his listeners that never ceased to vibrate to their memory6 ,a few years after this incident ,i was passing the months of ,may and ,june with a relative in ,montreal4 ,several ,british regiments were then quartered in that city4 ,one of them1 ,i was told1 was the famous 8,thirty-ninth0 which had won1 by its dauntless valor on many hard-fought battle-fields in ,india1 the distinction of bearing upon its colors the proud legend1 8,primus in ,indis40 ,it was ordered to ,canada for the invigorating effect of the climate upon the health of soldiers exhausted by long exposure1 in fatiguing campaigns1 to the sultry sun of ,india4 ,it was composed chiefly1 if not wholly1 of ,scotch ,highlanders1 well matched in size and height1 and1 taken all together1 quite the finest body of men in form and feature1 and in chivalrous bearing1 that ,i have ever seen4 ,their uniform was the full ,highland dress1 than which a more martial or graceful equipment has never been devised4 ,over the ,scotch bonnet of each soldier drooped and nodded a superb ostrich plume4 ,under escort of the kind friend to whose care ,i had been committed1 and who was delighted with the fresh enthusiasm of his small rustic cousin1 just transported from a home in the woods to the novel scenes of that fair city1 ,i witnessed repeatedly the parade of the troops on the ,champ de ,mars4 ,the magnificent ,highlanders took precedence and entirely eclipsed them all1 while the bitterness of feeling with which the other regiments submitted to the ceremony of 8presenting arms0 whenever the gallant 8,thirty-ninth0 passed and repassed was apparent even to me1 a stranger and a mere child4 ,impressive as these scenes on the ,champ de ,mars were1 however1 to the eager fancy of a juvenile observer1 they fell far short of the thrilling effect produced by a pageant of a widely different nature which ,i was soon to witness4 ,while ,i was expressing my glowing admiration for those 8superb ,highlanders10 my kinsman1 himself a ,presbyterian elder1 would exclaim3 8,oh6 this is nothing at all4 ,wait until you have seen them march to church and assist at a grand ,high ,mass60 ,accordingly1 on one fine ,sunday morning in ,june he conducted me to an elevated position whence the muster of the regiment with its splendid banners1 and the full line of marchto the music of the finest band in the army1 composed entirely of ,highland instrumentscould be distinctly observed4 ,then1 taking a shorter turn1 we entered the church1 and secured a seat which overlooked the entrance of the troops within the sacred precincts4 ,the full band was playing1 and the music breathed the very spirit of their native hills4 ,it was a spectacle never to be forgotten4 ,the measured tramp of that multitude as the footfall of one man2 their plumed bonnets lifted reverently before the sacred ,presence by one simultaneous motion of the moving mass2 their genuflections1 performed with the same military and1 as it seemed to a spectator1 automatic precision and unity2 the flash and clash of their arms1 as they knelt in the wide space allotted to them under the central dome of the immense edifice2 the rapt expression of devotion which lighted up each face2 the music of the band1 bursting forth at intervals during the most solemn parts of the first ,high ,mass ,i had ever attended1 now exquisitely plaintive and soul-subduing1 and again swelling into a volume of glorious harmony which filled the whole church and electrified the hearts of the listenersall this combined to produce emotions not to be expressed in words4 ,strangers visiting the city1 and multitudes of its non-,catholic inhabitants1 were drawn week by week to witness the solemn and soul-awakening ceremonial2 first from curiosity1 and afterwards1 in many instances1 from the conviction that a religion whence flowed a worship so sublime and irresistible in its power over the souls of men must be the creation of the great ,author of souls4 ,it seemed a fitting compensation to this noble race1 after the degradation and oppression to which they had been subjected by their ruthless conquerors1 that this valiant band of their sons should have been enabled to achieve such renown as gave them the most distinguished position in the ,british army1 and placed them before the world with a prestige and a glory not surpassed by the bravest of their ancestors at the period of their greatest prosperity4 ,but infinitely more precious than all earthly fame was the right1 won back1 as it were1 by their arms1 to practise fully and freely the religion of those ancestors1 so long proscribed and forbidden to their people4 ,nor was it a slight satisfaction to their national pride and patriotism to be permitted to resume the costume which had also been proscribed and included in the suppression of the clans4 ,since those days of long ago we have not seen a ,scottish ,highlander2 but the notice in the ,london ,tablet of which we have spoken awakened the recollections we have thus imperfectly embodied as our slight tribute to the cairn that perpetuates1 in this world1 the memory of all this people have done and suffered for that faith which shall be their eternal joy and crowning glory in the next4 ,,the ,,late ,,archbishop ,,of ,,halifax1 ,n4 ,s4 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,america has recently lost1 in the person of the ,most ,reverend ,dr4 ,connolly1 one of her most distinguished prelates4 ,thomas ,louis ,connolly was born about sixty-two years ago in the city of ,cork1 ,ireland4 ,in his person were found all the virtues and noble qualities of head and heart that have made his countrymen loved and honored4 ,like many other distinguished churchmen1 he was of humble parentage2 and there are many townsmen of his in ,america to-day who remember the late archbishop as a boy running about the streets of ,cork4 ,he lost his father when he was three years old2 nevertheless1 his widowed mother managed to bring up her little son and a still younger daughter in comfort4 ,she kept a small but decent house of entertainment1 and the place is remembered by a mammoth pig that stood for years in the window1 and which bore the quaint inscription3 8,this world is a city with many a crooked street1 ,and death the market-place where all men meet4 ,if life were merchandise that men could buy1 ,the rich would live and the poor would die40 ,father ,mathew1 the celebrated ,apostle of ,temperance1 whose church was but a few doors from young ,connolly's home1 noticed the quiet1 good-natured boy who was so attentive to his church and catechism1 and1 perhaps discerning in him some of the rare qualities which afterwards distinguished him as a man1 became his friend1 confidant1 and adviser4 ,the widow was able to give her only son a good education1 and we learn that at sixteen young ,connolly was well advanced in history and mathematics and in the ,french1 ,latin1 and ,greek languages4 ,the youth1 desiring to devote his life to the church1 became a novice in the ,capuchin ,order1 in which order ,father ,mathew held high office4 ,in his eighteenth year he went to ,rome to complete his studies for the priesthood4 ,he spent six years in the ,eternal ,city1 and they were years of hard study1 devoted to rhetoric1 philosophy1 and theology4 ,even then he was noted for his application1 and was reserved and retiring in his disposition1 except to the few with whom he was intimately acquainted4 ,he left ,rome for the south of ,france1 where he completed his studies1 and in #ahch1 at the cathedral at ,lyons1 he was ordained priest by the venerable archbishop of that city1 ,cardinal ,bol4 ,the following year he returned to ,ireland1 and for three years he labored hard and fervently in the ,capuchin ,mission ,house1 ,dublin1 and at the ,grange ,gorman ,lane ,penitentiary1 to which latter institution he was attached as chaplain4 ,in #ahdb1 when ,dr4 ,walsh was appointed ,bishop of ,halifax1 the young ,capuchin priest1 then in his twenty-eighth year1 volunteered his services1 and came out as secretary to the studious and scholarly prelate whom he was afterwards to succeed4 ,until #ahea1 a period of nine years1 ,father ,connolly labored incessantly1 faithfully1 and cheerfully as parish priest1 and after a while as ,vicar-,general of ,halifax4 ,in the prime of his manhood1 possessed of a massive frame and a vigorous constitution1 with the ruddy glow of health always on his face1 the young ,irish priest went about late and early1 in pestilence and disease1 among the poor and sick1 hearing confessions1 organizing societies in connection with the church1 preaching in public1 exhorting in private1 doing the work that only one of his zeal and constitution could do1 and through it all carrying a smiling face and cheering word for every one4 ,it is this period of his life that the members of his flock love to dwell upon1 and to which he himself1 no doubt1 looked back with pleasure as a time when1 possessed of never-failing health1 he had only the subordinate's work to do1 without the cares1 crosses1 and momentous questions to decide which the mitre he afterwards wore brought with it4 ,indeed1 at that time ,father ,connolly was everywhere and did everything4 ,all the old couples in ,halifax to-day were married by him2 and all the young men and women growing up were baptized by him4 ,the worth1 labors1 and abilities of the ardent missionary could not fail to be recognized1 and when ,dr4 ,dollard died1 in #ahea1 on the recommendation of the ,american bishops ,father ,connolly was appointed to succeed him as ,bishop of ,st4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,he threw all his heart and soul into his work1 and before the seven years he resided in ,st4 ,john had passed away he had brought the diocese1 which he found in a chaotic1 poverty-stricken1 and ill-provided state1 into order1 efficiency1 and comparative financial prosperity4 ,without a dollar1 but with a true reliance on ,providence and his people1 he set to work to build a cathedral1 and by his energy and the liberality of his flock soon had it in a tolerable state of completion4 ,he seems to have taken a special delight in building1 and no sooner was one edifice fairly habitable than he was at work on another4 ,whatever little difficulties or differences he may have had with the ,catholics under his jurisdiction can be all traced to this2 they were money questions1 questions of expense4 ,he always kept a warm corner in his heart for the orphans of his diocese1 whom he looked upon as especially under his care1 and who were to be provided for at all costs2 and soon the present efficient ,orphan ,asylum of ,st4 ,john sprang up1 nuns were brought from abroad to conduct it1 and1 through the exertions of their warm-hearted bishop1 the little wanderers and foundlings of ,new ,brunswick were provided with a home4 ,on the death of ,archbishop ,walsh1 in #ahei1 ,bishop ,connolly was appointed by the present ,pontiff to succeed him4 ,in his forty-fifth year1 with all his faculties sharpened1 his views and mind widened1 and his political opinions changed for the better by his trying experience1 ,bishop ,connolly came back to ,halifax a different man1 in all but outward appearance1 from the ,father ,connolly who had left that city eight years before4 ,halifax is noted as being one of the most liberal and tolerant cities on the continent4 ,nowhere do the different bodies of ,christians mingle and work so well together2 and although it is not free from individual bigotry1 the great mass of its citizens work and live together in harmony and cordial good-will4 ,it is too much to credit the late archbishop with this happy state of affairs1 for it existed before his time1 and owes its existence to the good sense and liberality of the ,protestant party as well as the ,catholic2 but it is only common justice to say that the archbishop did all in his power to maintain it4 ,hospitable and genial by nature1 it was a pleasure to him to have at his table the most distinguished citizens of all creeds1 to entertain the officers of the army and navy1 and to extend his hospitality to the guests of the city4 ,without lessening his dignity1 and without conceding a point of what might be considered due to the rights of his church1 he worked and lived on the most friendly and intimate footing with those who differed from him in religion4 ,a hard worker1 an inveterate builder1 and a great accumulator of church property1 he was hardly settled in his archdiocese before he set to work to convert the church of ,st4 ,mary's into the present beautiful cathedral4 ,the work has been going on for years under his personal supervision1 and he resolutely refused to let any part out to contract2 and although his congregation has grumbled at the money sunk in massive foundations1 unnecessary finish1 and the extras for alterations1 yet time1 by the strength1 durability1 and thoroughness of the work1 will justify the archbishop in the course he adopted4 ,school-houses were built1 homes for the ,sisters of ,charity1 orphanages1 an academy1 and a summer residence for himself and clergy at the ,northwest ,arm1 a few miles from the city4 ,all of these buildings have some pretensions to architecture1 and are substantial and well built4 ,excepting the cathedral1 the archbishop was generally his own architect2 and as he was a little dogmatic in his manner1 and not too ready to listen to suggestions from the tradesmen under him1 he on more than one occasion made blunders1 more amusing than serious1 in his building operations4 ,a man's religion never stood in his way in working for ,archbishop ,connolly4 ,his duties as the father of his flock were not neglected on account of his outside work4 ,no amount of physical or mental labor seemed too much for him4 ,after the worry1 work1 and travelling of the week1 it was no uncommon thing for him to preach in the three ,catholic churches in the city on the one ,sunday4 ,his knowledge of the ,scriptures was astonishing1 even for a churchman1 and was an inexhaustible mine on which he could draw at pleasure4 ,his reading was wide and extensive4 ,it was hard to name a subject on which he had not read and studied2 on the affairs and politics of the day he was ready1 when at leisure1 to talk2 and on his table might be found the periodical light literature as well as heavier reading4 ,in #ahfg1 when the confederation of the different ,british provinces into the present ,dominion of ,canada was brought about1 he took an active part in politics4 ,believing that ,nova ,scotia would be rendered more prosperous1 and that the ,catholics would become more powerful by being united to their ,canadian brethren1 he warmly advocated the union4 ,but despite his position and influence1 and the exertions of those on his side1 the union party was defeated at the polls all over the province as well as in the city of ,halifax4 ,since that he ceased to take an active part in politics1 and refrained from expressing his political opinions in public4 ,as a speaker he was noted for his sound common sense and the absence of anything like tricks of rhetoric or of manner4 ,his lectures and addresses from the pulpit of his own church to his own people were generally extempore4 ,he was powerful in appealing to a mixed audience1 and spoke more especially to the humbler classes4 ,he had a fund of quaint proverbs and old sayings1 and1 by an odd conceit or happy allusion1 would drive his argument home in the minds of those of his own country4 ,he could1 at times1 be eloquent in the true sense of the word2 and when he prepared himself1 girded on his armor for the conflict1 he was truly powerful4 ,on the melancholy death of ,d',arcy ,mc,gee the archbishop had service in ,st4 ,mary's1 and delivered a panegyric on the life and labors of that gifted ,irishman1 who was a personal friend of his own1 which is looked upon as one of his ablest efforts4 ,if he was quickly excited1 he was just as quick to forgive2 and when he thought he had bruised the feelings of the meanest1 he was ever ready to atone1 and never happy till he did so4 ,like many great republicans1 while claiming the greatest freedom of thought1 word1 and action for himself1 he was1 though he knew it not1 arbitrary in his dictates to others4 ,whatever he took in hand he went at heart and soul4 ,the smallest detail of work he could not leave to another1 but would himself see it attended tofrom a board in a fence to the building of a cathedral4 ,travelling over a scattered diocese with poor roads and poor entertainment1 preaching1 hearing confessions1 and administering the sacraments of the church1 can it be wondered at that his health broke down8 that a constitution1 vigorous at first1 wore out before its time8 ,with everything to do and everything a trouble to him1 can we wonder that some mistakes were made1 that some things were ill-done8 ,though hospitable1 witty1 and a lover of company1 he was very abstemious and temperate in his habits2 and1 although never attacked by long disease1 his health was continually bad4 ,last fall he visited ,bermuda1 which was under his jurisdiction1 partly for his health1 and also to see to the wants of the few ,catholics there4 ,in the spring he returned to ,halifax1 but little benefited by the change4 ,if there was one subject of public importance more than another in which the archbishop was interested1 it was the public-school question4 ,no question requires more careful handling2 none involves vaster public interests4 ,his school-houses had been leased to the school authorities2 he had brought the ,christian ,brothers to ,halifax1 and these schools were under their charge2 and the ,catholics in ,halifax had1 thanks to their archbishop and the tolerance of their fellow-citizens1 separate schools in all but the name4 ,for a long time past there had been personal and private differences and grievances between the archbishop and the brothers4 ,what they were1 and what the rights and the wrongs of the matter are1 was never fully made public1 nor is it essential that it should be4 ,on the ,sunday after his arrival from ,bermuda the archbishop was visited by the director-general of the brothers1 a ,frenchman1 who gave him twenty-four hours to accede to the demands of the brothers1 or threatened in default that they would leave the province4 ,both were hot-tempered1 both believed they had right on their side1 and it is more than probable that neither thought the other would proceed to extremities4 ,the archbishop did not take an hour to decide2 he flatly refused4 ,next day saw the work of years undone2 the brothers departed2 their places were temporarily filled by substitutes2 the ,school ,board took the matter in hand2 and the sympathies of the ,catholics of ,halifax were divided between their archbishop and the teachers of their children4 ,many think the excitement and worry that he underwent on this occasion had much to do with his death4 ,a gentleman who had some private business with the archbishop called at the glebe-house on the ,tuesday following the ,sunday on which the rupture with the brothers had taken place4 ,although it was ten o'clock in the morning1 and the sun was shining brightly outside1 he found the curtains undrawn1 the gas burning1 and the archbishop hard at work writing at a table littered with paper4 ,in the course of their conversation he mentioned incidentally to his visitor that he had not been to bed for two nights1 nor changed his clothes for three days4 ,even after the difficulty had been smoothed over1 and matters seemed to be going on as of old1 it was noticed that the archbishop had lost his cheerfulness and looked wearied and haggard4 ,his duties were not neglected1 though sickness and sadness may have weighed him down4 ,he began a series of lectures on the doctrines of the church which unhappily were never to be completed4 ,on the third ,sunday before his death1 in making an appeal to his parishioners for funds to finish the cathedral1 he enumerated the many other works he wished to undertake1 and stated that he trusted he had ten or fifteen years of life before him wherein to accomplish these works4 ,the meeting which he had called for that afternoon was poorly attended1 and the amount subscribed not nearly what he expected4 ,it was noticed that this troubled him2 for he loved to stand well with his people always1 and he took this as a sign that his popularity was on the wane4 ,on ,saturday1 the #bb;d of ,july1 he complained of being unwell1 but it did not prevent him from speaking as usual at the three churches on the morrow4 ,he never allowed his own sufferings to interfere with what he considered his duty4 ,none of the many who heard him that day surmised that the shadow of death was then on him1 and that on the following ,sunday they would see the corpse of the speaker laid out on the same altar4 ,on ,monday1 still feeling unwell1 he drove to his residence at the ,northwest ,arm1 thinking that a little rest and quiet would restore him to his usual health4 ,the next day1 growing worse1 and no doubt feeling his end approaching1 he told his attendants to drive him to the glebe-house and to write to ,rome4 ,next day the whole community was startled to hear that the archbishop was stricken down by congestion of the brain2 that he was delirious2 that he had been given up by the doctors2 and that his death was hourly expected4 ,a gloom seemed to have fallen over the city4 ,the streets leading to the glebe-house were filled all the next day and late into the night with a noiseless throng2 and hour after hour the whisper went from one to another1 8,he still lives1 but there's no hope40 ,all this time the dying prelate remained unconscious4 ,the heavy breathing and the dull pulse were all that told the watchful and sorrowing attendants that he yet lived4 ,from his bedroom to the drawing-room1 in which he had at times received such a brilliant company1 they carried the dying man for air4 ,those who wished were allowed in to see him2 but he saw not the anxious faces that gazed sorrowfully for a moment and then passed away2 he heard not the low chant of the ,litany for the ,dying that was borne out through the open windows on the still night-air2 he knew not of the tears that were shed by those who loved and honored him1 and who could not1 in the presence of death1 repress or hide their sorrow4 ,at midnight on ,thursday1 the #bgth of ,july1 the bell of the cathedral tolled out to tell the quiet city that the good archbishop lived no more4 ,the next day1 in the same apartment1 the corpse was laid in state1 and was visited by hundreds of all creeds and classes1 who came to take their last look at all that remained on earth of the wearied worker who had at last found rest4 ,what were the thoughts of many who looked upon that face1 now fixed in death8 ,among the throng were those who had come to him weighed down by sorrow and sin1 and had left him lightened of their loads and strengthened in their resolutions of atonement and amendment by his eloquent words of advice4 ,some had felt his wide-spreading charity2 for his ear and heart were ever open to a tale of distress1 and he gave with a free and open hand1 and his tongue never told of what his hand let fall4 ,the general feeling was one of bereavement2 for the great multitude of his people knew not his worth till they had lost him4 ,who would take his place8 ,they might find his equal in learning1 in eloquence1 even in work2 but could they find one in whom were united all the qualities that had so eminently fitted him for the position he so ably filled8 ,perhaps there were others present who had to regret that they had misjudged him1 that they had been uncharitable in their thoughts toward him1 that they had not assisted as they should have done the great1 good1 and unselfish man who had worked not to enrich or exalt himself1 but who had worn out his life in the struggle for the welfare of his people and the glory of his church4 ,in his loved cathedral1 the unfinished monument of his life1 now draped in mourning1 the last sad and solemn rites of the ,catholic ,church were performed by the bishops and clergy who had been ordained by him1 who knew him so well and loved him so deeply4 ,he was followed to his last resting-place by the civil and military authorities1 by the clergymen of other denominations1 and by hundreds of all creeds1 classes1 and colors1 who could not be deterred by the rain1 which fell in torrents1 from testifying their respect for him who was honored and esteemed by all4 ,we may add that the late and much-lamented archbishop was ever the sincere and faithful friend of the ,superior of the ,paulist community4 ,among the first of their missions was one at ,st4 ,john2 and the archbishop afterwards called them also to his cathedral at ,halifax4 ,both superior and congregation1 no less than his own people1 owe ,dr4 ,connolly a debt of gratitude which it would indeed be difficult to pay4 ,the character of ,archbishop ,connolly was marked by an ardent zeal for the faith2 a magnanimity which1 whenever the occasion called for its exercise1 rose above all human considerations whatever1 even of his own life2 and a charity that was not limited either by nationality1 race1 or religious creed4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,the ,,right ,,reverend ,,simon ,,wm4 ,,gabriel ,,brute1 ,d4,d41 ,,first ,,bishop ,,of ,,vincennes4 ,with sketches describing his recollections of scenes connected with the ,french ,revolution1 and extracts from his ,journal4 ,by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,james ,roosevelt ,bayley1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,newark4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgf4 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,america has reason to be thankful that the seeds of faith were sown on her shores by some of the most eminent and holy men that ever lived4 ,the names of ,cheverus1 ,flaget1 ,carroll1 ,dubois1 and ,gallitzin might be fittingly blazoned on the same scroll with those of an ,augustine1 a ,gregory1 or an ,ambrose4 ,to the untiring labors1 profound piety1 and extensive learning of these men ,catholic faith and sentiment in our land owe their freshness and vitality4 ,to their devotion to the ,holy ,see1 and strictest adherence to all that is orthodox and canonical1 ,american ,catholics owe their unity and their ardent attachment to the fortunes of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,and if the distinguished ecclesiastics just mentioned contributed much to secure those glorious results1 more still even did that prince of missionaries and model of bishops1 ,simon ,william ,gabriel ,brut4 ,the growing interest manifested in this admirable character is full1 timely1 and calculated to do much good4 ,as a man he was eminently human1 feeling for his fellows with a keenness of sensibility which could alone grow out of a heart that throbbed with every human emotion4 ,this feature of high humanity also it was which gave that many-sidedness to his character1 making it full-orbed and polished ad unguem4 ,thus viewed1 he was in truth totus teres atque rotundus4 ,his constantly-outgoing sympathies brought him into the closest relations with his people1 and magnate or peasant believed that in him they had found one who could peculiarly understand themselves4 ,nature endowed him with just those gifts which pre-eminently fitted him for missionary life4 ,lithe1 agile1 and compactly built1 he could endure exposure and privation beyond most men4 ,constantly cheerful1 and with a mind which was a storehouse of the most varied and interesting knowledge1 he could illumine darkness itself and convert despondency into joy4 ,travelling at all seasons and at all hours1 his presence was everywhere hailed with delight1 and many a cot and mansion among the regions of the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains watched and welcomed his presence4 ,so inured was he to hard labor that he deemed a journey of fifty-two miles in twelve hours a mere bagatelle4 ,and the quaintness with which he relates those wonderful pedestrian achievements1 interspersing his recital with humorous and sensible allusions to wayside scenes1 is not only interesting1 but serves often to reveal the simple and honest character of the man4 ,his ,english to the end retained a slightly ,gallic flavor1 which1 so far from impairing interest in what he has written1 has lent it a really pleasing piquancy4 ,he thus records one of his trips3 8,the next morning after ,i had celebrated ,mass at the ,st4 ,joseph's1 ,i started on foot for ,baltimore1 without saying a word to anybody1 to speak to the ,archbishop4''' ,stopped at ,tancytown at ,father ,lochi's1 and got something to eat4 ,at ,winchester found out that ,i had not a penny in my pocket1 and was obliged to get my dinner on credit4''' ,in going ,i read three hundred and eighty-eight pages in ,anquetil's history of ,france2 ''' fourteen pages of ,cicero ,de ,officiis2 three chapters in the ,new ,testament2 my ,office2 recited the chapelet three times40 ,as a worker he was indefatigable2 nay1 he courted toil1 and the prospect of a long and arduous missionary service filled him with delight4 ,not content with preaching1 administering the sacraments1 and visiting the sick and poor1 he was constantly drawing on his unbounded mental resources for magazine articles1 controversial1 philosophic1 and historical4 ,he longed to spread the light of truth everywhere1 and to refute error and recall the erring was the chief charm of his life4 ,he had early formed the habit of committing to paper whatever particularly impressed him1 and recommended this practice to all students as the most effectual mnemonic help1 and as accustoming them to precision and exactness4 ,his admirable notes on the ,french ,revolution were the normal outcome of the habit of close observation which this practice engendered4 ,nothing escaped his notice1 and the slightest meritorious act on the part of a friend or acquaintance drew from him the most gracious encomiums1 whilst the reproval of faults was always governed by extreme consideration and charity4 ,consecrated first ,bishop of ,vincennes1 much against his will1 he entered on his new field of labor with the same zeal and love of duty which had characterized him as missionary and teacher at ,mt4 ,st4 ,mary's4 ,the limitless distances he had to travel over in his infant diocese never daunted him4 ,four or five hundred miles on horseback1 over prairie and woodland1 had no terrors for him1 who bore a light heart and an ever cheerful soul within him1 praising and blessing ,god at every step for thus allowing him to do what was pleasing to the divine will4 ,what he most regretted was his separation from the friends he left behind at ,mt4 ,st4 ,mary's4 ,he had a ,frenchman's love of places as well as of persons1 and he accordingly suffered much from the ,french complaint of nostalgia1 or home-sickness4 ,but nothing with him stood in the way of duty2 and when the fiat was pronounced1 he went on his new way rejoicing4 ,his memory will grow among us 8as a fair olive-tree in plains1 and as a plane-tree by the waters02 8like a palm-tree in ,cades1 and as a rose-plant in ,jericho40 ,when such another comes among us1 our prayer should be1 ,serus in clum redeas4 ,the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,baltimore has honored himself by thus honoring the memory of a saintly bishop2 and whoever knows the graces of style which the fluent pen of ,archbishop ,bayley distils will not delay a moment in obtaining this delightful volume4 ,,the ,,voice ,,of ,,creation ,,as ,a ,,witness ,,to ,,the ,,mind ,,of ,,its ,,divine ,,author4 ,five ,lectures4 ,by ,frederick ,canon ,oakeley1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this little volume bears the undoubted impress of a high reverence for the ,creator4 ,it is not a mere refutation of atheistical opinions1 as is the celebrated work of ,paley1 but an eloquent tribute to the divine beneficence as made manifest in the works of nature4 ,everywhere and in all things the author1 looking through the eyes of faith1 beholds the finger of ,godnot alone in those marvels of skill and design in which the animal and vegetable worlds abound1 but in those apparent anomalies which the unseeing and unreflecting multitude often pronounce to be the dismal proofs of purposelessness4 ,canon ,oakeley1 however1 is not a mere pietist1 but a highly cultured1 scientific man withal1 and so grapples with the latest objections of godless philosophers1 and disposes of them in a satisfactory manner4 ,in his letter of approbation his ,eminence ,cardinal ,manning thus expresses himself3 8,the argument of the third lecture on the #8,vestiges of the ,fall' seems to me especially valuable4 ,i confess the prevalence of evil1 physical and moral1 has never seemed to me any real argument against the goodness of the ,creator1 except on the hypothesis that mankind has no will1 or that the will of man is not free4''' ,if the freedom of the will has made the world actually unhappy1 the original creation of ,god made it both actually and potentially happy4''' ,what ,god made man marred40 ,his ,eminence pronounces the book to be both 8convincing and persuasive10 with which high approval we commend it to the attention of our readers4 ,,union ,,with ,,our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ ,,in ,,his ,,principal ,,mysteries4 ,for all seasons of the year4 ,by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,john ,baptist ,saint ,jure1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgf4 ,father ,saint ,jure flourished in the seventeenth century and is known as the author of several spiritual works4 ,the present volume1 which is a good translation of one of these works1 published in a neat and convenient form1 is intended as a help to meditation during the various seasons of the ecclesiastical year4 ,it is very well adapted for that purposesimple1 brief1 easy of use1 and in every way practical4 ,,real ,,life4 ,by ,madame ,mathilde ,froment4 ,translated from the ,french by ,miss ,newlin4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgf4 ,real life is1 generally speaking1 a dull enough thing to depict4 ,the living of a good ,christian family life has nothing outwardly heroic in it1 however much heroism there may be1 and indeed must be1 concealed under the constant calm of its exterior4 ,for ,christianity1 in its smallest phase1 is eminently heroic4 ,it is just such a life that ,madame ,froment has taken up in the present volume1 and out of it she has constructed a useful and1 on the whole1 an interesting narrative4 ,the narrator is the heroine1 who begins jotting down her experiences1 hopes1 thoughts1 aspirations1 while still a girl within the convent walls4 ,on the twenty third page she is married1 and thenceforth she gives us the story of her married life1 its crosses and trials as well as its pleasures4 ,the whole story is told in the first person1 and in the form of a diary4 ,this is rather a trying method1 especially as in the earlier portions of the narrative ,madame ,froment scarcely catches the free1 thoughtless spirit1 the freshness and navet of a young girl just out of a convent and entering the world4 ,then1 too1 many of the entries in the diary are remarkable for nothing but their brevity4 ,of course this may be a very good imitation of a diary1 but too frequent indulgence in such practice is likely to make a very poor book4 ,as the narrative advances1 however1 the interest deepens1 and the whole will be found worthy of perusal4 ,the translation1 with the exception of an occasional localism1 is free1 vigorous1 and happy4 ,,silver ,,pitchers ,,and ,,independence4 ,a ,centennial ,love-,story4 ,by ,louisa ,m4 ,alcott4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,of course our ,centennial would not be complete without its ,centennial literature4 ,we have had odes1 poems1 and all manner of bursts of song which might have been better1 judged from a literary point of view1 but which all possess the one undeniable character of genuine and unbounded enthusiasm4 ,it was but proper1 therefore1 that we should have some ,centennial story telling1 and we are glad that the task has fallen into no worse hands then those of ,miss ,alcott4 ,this lady has already recommended herself to the reading public by a series of fresh1 sprightly1 and very readable little volumes4 ,she tells a story well4 ,she is not pretentious1 yet never low1 and the ,english has not suffered at her hands4 ,of late it has somehow become the vogue among so-called popular writers to supply true tact and the power to enlist interest by a sort of double-entendre style which1 if it does not run into downright indecency1 is at least prurient2 and1 alas6 that we should have to say that our lady writers especially lay themselves open to this charge4 ,to our own credit be it said that this reprehensible manner of writing is more common in ,england than among ourselves4 ,miss ,alcott has avoided these faults2 and in saying this we consider we have said much in her praise4 ,her ,silver ,pitchers is a charming little temperance story told in her best vein4 ,it is somewhat ,new-,englandish1 but that has its charms for someourselves1 we must confess1 among the number4 ,pity ,miss ,alcott could not understand that there are higher and nobler motives for temperance than the mere impulse it gives to worldly success and the desire to possess a good name4 ,the siren cup will never be effectually dashed aside by the tempted ones till prayer and supernatural considerations come to their assistance4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #adj4,,november1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,,mystical ,,theology4 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 in commenting on these two lines of the thirty-ninth stanza of his ,spiritual ,canticle3 8,the grove and its beauty ,in the serene night10 gives us a definition of mystical theology4 8#8,in the serene night'that is1 contemplation1 in which the soul desires to behold the grove 7,god as the ,creator and ,giver of life to all creatures74 ,it is called night because contemplation is obscure1 and that is the reason why it is also called mystical theologythat is1 the secret or hidden wisdom of ,god1 wherein ,god1 without the sound of words or the intervention of any bodily or spiritual sense1 as it were in silence and repose1 in the darkness of sense and nature1 teaches the souland the soul knows not howin a most secret and hidden way4 ,some spiritual writers call this #8understanding without understanding1' because it does not take place in what philosophers call the active intellect 7intellectus agens71 which is conversant with the forms1 fancies1 and apprehensions of the physical faculties1 but in the intellect as it is passive 7intellectus possibilis71 which1 without receiving such forms1 receives passively only the substantial intelligence of them1 free from all imagery40#ce ,father ,baker explains mystic contemplation as follows3 8,in the second place1 there is a mystic contemplation which is1 indeed1 truly and properly such1 by which a soul1 without discoursings and curious speculations1 without any perceptible use of the internal senses or sensible images1 by a pure1 simple1 and reposeful operation of the mind1 in the obscurity of faith1 simply regards ,god as infinite and incomprehensible verity1 and with the whole bent of the will rests in him as 7her7 infinite1 universal1 and incomprehensible good4''' ,this is properly the exercise of angels1 for their knowledge is not by discourse 7discursive71 but by one simple intuition all objects are represented to their view at once with all their natures1 qualities1 relations1 dependencies1 and effects2 but man1 that receives all his knowledge first from his senses1 can only by effects and outward appearances with the labor of reasoning collect the nature of objects1 and this but imperfectly2 but his reasoning being ended1 then he can at once contemplate all that is known unto him in the object4''' ,this mystic contemplation or union is of two sorts3 #a4 ,active and ordinary4''' #b4 ,passive and extraordinary2 the which is not a state1 but an actual grace and favor from ,god4''' ,and it is called passive1 not but that therein the soul doth actively contemplate ,god1 but she can neither1 when she pleases1 dispose herself thereto1 nor yet refuse it when that ,god thinks good to operate after such a manner in the soul1 and to represent himself unto her by a divine particular image1 not at all framed by the soul1 but supernaturally infused into her4''' ,as for the former sort1 which is active contemplation1 we read in mystic authors,thaulerus1 ,harphius1 etc4that he that would become spiritual ought to practise the drawing of his external senses inwardly into his internal1 there losing and1 as it were1 annihilating them4 ,having done this1 he must then draw his internal senses into the superior powers of the soul1 and there annihilate them likewise2 and those powers of the intellectual soul he must draw into that which is called their unity1 which is the principle and fountain from whence those powers do flow1 and in which they are united4 ,and1 lastly1 that unity 7which alone is capable of perfect union with ,god7 must be applied and firmly fixed on ,god2 and herein1 say they1 consist the perfect divine contemplation and union of an intellectual soul with ,god4 ,now1 whether such expressions as these will abide the strict examination of philosophy or no ,i will not take on me to determine2 certain it is that1 by a frequent and constant exercise of internal prayer of the will1 joined with mortification1 the soul comes to operate more and more abstracted from sense1 and more elevated above the corporal organs and faculties1 so drawing nearer to the resemblance of the operations of an angel or separated spirit4 ,yet this abstraction and elevation 7perhaps7 are not to be understood as if the soul in these pure operations had no use at all of the internal senses or sensible images 7for the schools resolve that cannot consist with the state of a soul joined to a mortal body72 but surely her operations in this pure degree of prayer are so subtile and intime1 and the images that she makes use of so exquisitely pure and immaterial1 that she cannot perceive at all that she works by images1 so that spiritual writers are not much to be condemned by persons utterly inexperienced in these mystic affairs1 if1 delivering things as they perceived by their own experience1 they have expressed them otherwise than will be admitted in the schools40#cf ,that kind of contemplation which is treated of in mystical theology is1 therefore1 a state or an act of the mind in which the intellectual operation approaches to that of separate spiritsthat is1 of human souls separated from their bodies1 and of pure spirits or angels who are1 by their essence unembodied1 simply intellectual beings4 ,its direct and chief object is ,god1 other objects being viewed in their relation to him4 ,the end of it is the elevation of the soul above the sphere of the senses and the sensible world into a more spiritual condition approaching the angelic1 in which it is closely united with ,god1 and prepared for the beatific and deific state of the future and eternal life4 ,the longing after such a liberation from the natural and imperfect mode of knowing and enjoying the sovereign good1 the sovereign truth1 the sovereign beauty1 through the senses and the discursive operations of reason1 is as ancient and as universal among men as religion and philosophy4 ,it is an aspiration after the invisible and the infinite4 ,when it is not enlightened1 directed1 and controlled by a divine authority1 it drives men into a kind of intellectual and spiritual madness1 produces the most extravagant absurdities in thought and criminal excesses in conduct1 stimulates and employs as its servants all the most cruel and base impulses of the disordered passions1 and disturbs the whole course of nature4 ,demons are fallen angels who aspired to obtain their deification through pride1 and the fall of man was brought about through an inordinate and disobedient effort of ,eve to become like the gods1 knowing good and evil4 ,an inordinate striving to become like the angels assimilates man to the demons1 and an inordinate striving after a similitude to ,god causes a relapse into a lower state of sin than that in which we are born4 ,the history of false religions and philosophies furnishes a series of illustrations of this statement4 ,in the circle of nominal ,christianity1 and even within the external communion of the ,catholic ,church1 heretical and false systems of a similar kind have sprung up1 and the opinions and writings of some who were orthodox and well-intentioned in their principles have been tinctured with such errors1 or at least distorted in their verbal expression of the cognate truths4 ,this remark applies not only to those who are devotees of a mystical theology more or less erroneous1 but also to certain philosophical writers with their disciples4 ,ontologism is a kind of mystical philosophy2 for its fundamental doctrine ascribes to man a mode of knowledge which is proper only to the purely intellectual being1 and even a direct1 immediate intuition of ,god which is above the natural power not only of men but of angels4 ,there are two fundamental errors underlying all these false systems of mystical theologyor more properly theosophyand philosophy4 ,one is distinctively anti-theistic1 the other distinctively anti-,christian2 but we may class both under one logical species with the common differentia of denial of the real essence and personality1 and the real operation ad extra1 of the ,incarnate ,word4 ,the first error denies his divine nature and creative act1 the second his human nature and theandric operation4 ,by the first error identity of substance in respect to the divine nature and all nature is asserted2 by the second1 identity of the human nature and its operation with that nature which is purely spiritual4 ,the first error manifests itself as a perversion of the revealed and ,catholic doctrine of the deification of the creature in and through the ,word1 by teaching that it becomes one with ,god in its mode of being by absorption into the essence whose emanation it is1 in substantial unity4 ,the second manifests itself by teaching that the instrumentality and the process of this unification are purely spiritual4 ,the first denies the substantiality of the soul and the proper activity which proceeds from it and constitutes its life4 ,the second denies the difference of the human essence as a composite of spirit and body1 which separates it from purely spiritual essences and marks it as a distinct species4 ,the first error is pantheism2 for the second we cannot think of any designating term more specific than idealism4 ,both these errors1 however disguised or modified may be the forms they assume1 conduct logically to the explicit denial of the ,catholic faith1 and even of any form of positive doctrinal ,christianity4 ,their extreme developments are to be found outside of the boundaries of all that is denominated ,christian theology4 ,within these boundaries they have developed themselves more or less imperfectly into gross heresies1 and into shapes of erroneous doctrine which approach to or recede from direct and palpable heresy in proportion to the degree of their evolution4 ,our purpose is not directly concerned with any of the openly anti-,christian forms of these errors1 but only with such as have really infected or have been imputed to the doctrines and writings of mystical authors who were ,catholics by profession1 and have flourished within the last four centuries4 ,there is a certain more or less general and sweeping charge made by some ,catholic authors of reputation1 and a prejudice or suspicion to some extent among educated ,catholics1 against the ,german school of mystics of the epoch preceding the ,reformation1 that they prepared the way by their teaching for ,martin ,luther and his associates4 ,this notion of an affinity between the doctrine of some mystical writers and ,protestantism breeds a more general suspicion against mystical theology itself1 as if it undermined or weakened the fabric of the external1 visible order and authority of the church through some latent1 unorthodox1 and un-,catholic element of spiritualism4 ,we are inclined to think1 moreover1 that some very zealous advocates of the scholastic philosophy apprehend a danger to sound psychological science from the doctrine of mystic contemplation as presented by the aforesaid school of writers4 ,those who are canonized saints1 indeed1 as ,st4 ,bonaventure and ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 cannot be censured1 and their writings must be treated with respect4 ,nevertheless1 they may be neglected1 their doctrine ignored1 and1 through misapprehension or inadvertence1 their teachings may be criticised and assailed when presented by other authors not canonized and approved by the solemn judgment of the church2 and thus mystical theology itself may suffer discredit and be undervalued4 ,it is desirable to prove that genuine mystical theology has no affinity with the ,protestant heresies which subvert the visible church with its authority1 or those of idealistic philosophy1 but is1 on the contrary1 in perfect harmony with the dogmatic and philosophical doctrine of the most approved ,catholic schools4 ,it is only a modest effort in that direction which we can pretend to make1 with respect chiefly to the second or philosophical aspect of the question4 ,we must devote1 however1 a few paragraphs to its first or theological aspect4 ,from the mystery of the ,incarnation necessarily follows the substantial reality of human nature as a composite of spirit and body1 the excellence and endless existence1 in its own distinct entity1 not only of the spiritual but also of the corporeal part of man and of the visible universe to which he belongs as being an embodied spirit4 ,the theology which springs out of this fundamental doctrine teaches a visible church1 existing as an organic body with visible priesthood1 sacrifice1 sacraments1 ceremonies1 and order1 as mediums subordinate to the theandric1 mediatorial operation of the divine ,word acting through his human nature4 ,sound philosophy1 which is in accordance with theology1 teaches also that the corporeal life and sensitive operation of man is for the benefit of his mind and his intellectual operation4 ,he is not a purely intellectual being1 but a rational animal4 ,he must therefore derive his intelligible species or ideas by abstraction from sensible species furnished by the corporeal world to the senses1 and then proceed by a discursive process of reasoning from these general ideas to investigate the particular objects apprehended by his faculties4 ,false theology denies or undervalues the being of the created universe or the corporeal part of it4 ,under the pretence of making way for ,god it would destroy the creature1 and1 to exalt the spiritual part of the universe1 reduce to nothing that part which is corporeal4 ,hence the denial of the visible church1 the sacraments1 the ,real ,presence1 the external sacrifice and worship1 the value of reason1 the merit of good works1 the essential goodness of nature1 and the necessity of active voluntary co-operation by the senses and the mind with the ,spirit of ,god in attaining perfection4 ,the corporeal part of man1 and the visible world to which it belongs1 are regarded as unreal appearances1 or as an encumbrance and impediment1 at the best but temporary provisions for the earliest1 most imperfect stage of development4 ,some of the ,german mystics1 especially ,eckhardt and the author of the ,theologia ,germanica1 undoubtedly prepared the way for the errors of ,luther and the pantheists who followed him4 ,but the doctors of mystic theology1 the canonized saints of the church and their disciples1 have invariably taught that as the human nature of ,christ is for ever essentially and substantially distinct from the divine nature in the personal union1 so much more the beatified1 in their separate personalities1 remain for ever distinct in essence and substance from ,god4 ,so1 also1 as they teach that the body of ,christ is immortal and to be adored for ever with the worship of latria1 they maintain that the union of the soul with the body and the existence of corporeal things is for the advantage of the soul1 and perpetual4 ,it is only by comparison with supernatural life in ,god that natural life is depreciated by the ,catholic mystics1 and by comparison with the spiritual world that the corporeal world is undervalued4 ,in a word1 all things which are created and visible1 even the humanity of the ,word1 are only mediums and instruments of the ,holy ,spirit2 all nature is only a pedestal for grace2 and the gifts and operations of grace are only for the sake of the beatific union with ,christ in the ,holy ,spirit1 in whom he is one with the ,father4 ,all things1 therefore1 are to be valued and employed for their utility as means to the final end1 but not as ends in themselves2 and1 consequently1 the lower are to give place to the higher1 the more remote to the proximate1 and that which is inferior in nature is to be wholly subordinated to that which is highest4 ,mystical theology is in doctrine what the lives of the great saints have been in practice4 ,neither can be blamed without impiety2 and when the actions or doctrines of those whose lives or writings have not received solemn sanction from the church are criticised1 it must be done by comparing them with the speculative and practical science of the saints as a standard4 ,the psychological doctrine of the doctors and other canonized authors who have treated scientifically of the nature of mystic contemplation1 is not1 however1 placed above all critical discussion4 ,a few important questions excepted1 upon which the supreme authority of the ,holy ,see has pronounced a judgment1 the theory of cognition is an open area of discussion1 and therefore explanations of the phenomena of the spiritual life1 given by any author in accordance with his own philosophical system1 may be criticised by those who differ from him in opinion4 ,those who follow strictly the psychology of ,st4 ,thomas1 as contained in modern writers of the later ,thomistic school1 may easily be led by their philosophical opinions to suspect and qualify as scientifically untenable the common language of mystical writers4 ,the passage quoted from ,father ,baker at the head of this article will furnish an illustration of our meaning4 ,those who are familiar with metaphysics will understand at once where the apparent opposition between scholastic psychology and mystical theology is found4 ,for others it may suffice to explain that1 in the metaphysics of the ,thomists1 no origin of ideas is recognized except that which is called abstraction from the sensible object1 and that the precise difference of the human mind in respect to the angelic intellect is that the former is naturally turned to the intelligible in a sensible phantasm or image1 whereas the latter is turned to the purely intelligible itself4 ,now1 as soon as one begins to speak of a mode of contemplation similar to that of the angelsa contemplation of ,god and divine things without the intervention of imageshe passes beyond the known domain of metaphysics1 and appears to be waving his wings for a flight in the air1 instead of quietly pacing the ground with the peripatetics4 ,now1 assuming the ,thomistic doctrine of the origin of ideas and the specific nature of human cognition to be true1 it is worthy of careful inquiry how the statements of mystical authors respecting infused contemplation are to be explained in accordance with this system4 ,we cannot prudently assume that there is a repugnance between them4 ,practically1 ,st4 ,thomas was one of those saints who have made the highest attainments in mystic contemplation4 ,he is the 8,angelical10 and the history of his life shows that he was frequently1 and towards the close of his life almost habitually1 rapt out of the common sphere of the senses1 so as to take no notice of what went on before his eyes or was uttered in his hearing4 ,his last act as an instructor in divine wisdom was an exposition of the ,canticle of ,solomon to the monks of ,fossa ,nuova1 and he could no doubt have explained according to his own philosophical doctrine all the facts and phenomena of mystic contemplation1 so far as these can be represented in human language4 ,there cannot be any sufficient reason1 therefore1 to regard the two as dissonant or as demanding either one any sacrifice of the other4 ,in respect to the purely passive and supernatural contemplation1 there seems1 indeed1 to be no difficulty whatsoever in the way4 ,there is no question of an immediate intuition of the divine essence in this ecstatic state1 so that1 even if the soul is supposed to be raised for a time to an equality with angels in its intellectual acts1 the errors of false mysticism and ontologism are excluded from the hypothesis4 ,for even the angels have no such natural intuition4 ,that the human intellect should receive immediately from angels or from ,god infused species or ideas by which it becomes cognizant of realities behind the veil of the sensible1 and contemplates ,god through a more perfect glass than that of discursive reason1 does not in any way interfere with the psychology of scholastic metaphysics4 ,for the cause and mode are professedly supernatural4 ,in the human intellect of our ,lord1 the perfection of infused and acquired knowledge1 the beatific vision and the natural sensitive life common to all men co-existed in perfect harmony4 ,it is even probable that ,moses1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 and ,st4 ,paul enjoyed temporary glimpses of the beatific vision4 ,therefore1 although it is true that1 without a miracle1 no mere man 8can see ,god and live10 and that the ecstasies of the saints1 in which there is no intuitive vision of the divine essence1 but only a manifestation of divine things1 naturally tend to extinguish bodily life1 yet1 by the power of ,god1 the operations of the natural life can be sustained in conjunction with those which are supernatural1 because they are not essentially incongruous4 ,the only question is one of fact and evidence4 ,whatever may be proved to take place in souls so highly elevated1 philosophy has no objection to offer2 for these things are above the sphere of merely human and rational science4 ,the real matter of difficult and perplexing investigation relates to certain abnormal or preternatural phenomena1 which seem to indicate a partial liberation of the soul from the conditions of organic life and union with the body1 and to that state of mystic contemplation which is called active or acquired4 ,in these cases there is no liberty allowed us by sound theology or philosophy of resorting to the supernatural in its strict and proper sense4 ,we are restricted to the sphere of the nature of man and the operations which can proceed from it or be terminated to it according to the natural laws of its being4 ,there is one hypothesis1 very intelligible and perfectly in accordance with psychology1 which will remove all difficulty out of the way1 if only it is found adequate to explain all the certain and probable facts and phenomena which have to be considered4 ,father ,baker furnishes this explanation as a probable one1 and it no doubt amply suffices for the greatest number of instances4 ,that is to say1 we may suppose that whenever the mind seems to act without any species1 image1 or idea1 originally presented through the medium of the senses1 and by a pure1 spiritual intuition1 it is really by a subtile and imperceptible image which it has elaborated by an abstractive and discursive process1 and which exists in the imagination1 that the intellect receives the object which it contemplates4 ,but let us suppose that this hypothesis is found insufficient to explain all the facts to which it must be applied4 ,can it be admitted1 without prejudice to rational psychology1 that the soul may1 by an abnormal condition of its relations to the body1 or as the result of its efforts and habits1 whether for evil or good1 lawfully or unlawfully1 escape from its ordinary limits in knowing and acting1 and thus draw nearer to the state of separate spirits8 ,we must briefly consider what is the mode of knowing proper to separate spirits before we can find any data for answering this question4 ,here we avail ourselves of the explication of the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas given by ,liberatore in his interesting treatise on the nature of man entitled ,dell',uomo4#cg ,st4 ,thomas1 following ,st4 ,augustine1 teaches that in the creation1 the divine idea in the ,word was communicated in a twofold way1 spiritual and corporeal4 ,in the latter mode this light was made to reverberate from the visible universe4 ,in the former it was made to shine in the superior and intellectual beingsthat is1 the angelsproducing in them ideally all that which exists in the universe really4 ,as they approximate in intelligence to ,god1 these ideas or intelligible species by which they know all things have a nearer resemblance to the ,idea in the ,divine ,wordthat is1 approach to its unity and simplicity of intuitionare fewer and more general4 ,as their grade of intelligence is more remote from its source1 they depart to a greater and greater distance from this unity by the increasing multiplicity of their intelligible species4 ,moreover1 the inferior orders are illuminated by those which are superior2 that is1 these higher beings present to them a higher ideal universe than their own1 and are as if reflectors or mirrors of the divine ideas1 by which they see ,god mediately in his works4 ,the human soul1 being the lowest in the order of intelligent spirits1 is not capable of seeing objects distinctly1 even in the light of the lowest order of angels4 ,it is made with a view to its informing an organized body1 and it is aided by the bodily senses and organic operations to come out of the state of a mere capacity of intelligence1 in which it has no innate or infused ideas1 into actual intelligence4 ,it is naturally turned1 as an embodied spirit1 to inferior objects1 to single1 visible things1 for the material term of its operation1 and from these abstracts the universal ideas which are the principles of knowledge4 ,the necessity of turning to these sensible phantasms is therefore partly the inchoate state of the intelligence of man at the beginning of his existence1 partly its essential inferiority1 and1 in addition1 the actual union of the soul with the body4 ,there is1 however1 in the soul1 a power1 albeit inferior to that of angels1 of direct1 intellectual vision and cognition1 without the instrumentality of sensation4 ,when the soul leaves the body and goes into the state of a separate spirit1 it has the intuition of its own essence1 it retains all its acquired ideas1 and it has a certain dim and confused perception of higher spiritual beings and the ideas which are in them4 ,it is therefore1 in a certain sense1 more free and more perfect in its intellectual operation in the separate state than it was while united with the body4 ,all this proceeds without taking into account in the least that supernatural light of glory which enables a beatified spirit to see the essence of ,god1 and in him to see the whole universe4 ,we see from the foregoing that the necessity for using sensible images in operations of the intellect does not arise from an intrinsic1 essential incapacity of the human mind to act without them4 ,as ,father ,baker says1 and as ,liberatore distinctly asserts after ,st4 ,thomas1 it is 8the state of a soul joined to a mortal body0 which impedes the exercise of a power inherent and latent in the very nature of the soul1 as a form which is in and by itself substantial and capable of self-subsistence and action in a separate state4 ,remove the impediment of the body1 and the spirit starts1 like a spring that has been weighted down1 into a new and immortal life and activity4 ,the curtain has dropped1 and it is at once in the world of spirits4 ,the earth1 carrying with it the earthly body1 drops down from the ascending soul1 as it does from an aeronaut going up in a balloon4 8,anim1 secundum illum modum essendi1 quo corpori est unita1 competit modus intelligendi per conversionem ad phantasmata corporum1 qu in corporeis organis sunt4 ,cum autem fuerit a corpore separata1 competit ei modus intelligendi per conversionem ad ea1 qu sunt intelligibilia simpliciter1 sicut et aliis substantiis separatis08,to the soul1 in respect to the mode of being by union with a body1 belongs a mode of understanding by turning toward the phantasms of bodies which are in the bodily organs4 ,but when it is separated from the body1 a mode of understanding belongs to it in common with other separate substances1 by turning toward things simply intelligible40#ch 8,hujusmodi perfectionem recipiunt anim separat a ,deo1 mediantibus angelis08,this kind of perfection the separate souls receive from ,god through the mediation of angels40#ci 8,quando anima erit a corpore separata plenius percipere poterit influentiam a superioribus substantiis1 quantum ad hoc quod per hujusmodi influxum intelligere poterit absque phantasmate quod modo non potest08,when the soul shall be separated from the body1 it will be capable of receiving influence from superior substances more fully1 inasmuch as by an influx of this kind it can exercise intellectual perception without a phantasm1 which in its present state it cannot do40 ,this language of ,st4 ,thomas and other schoolmen explains the hesitation of ,father ,baker in respect to certain statements of mystical authors1 especially ,harphius4 ,he says1 as quoted above3 8,this abstraction and elevation 7perhaps7 are not to be understood as if the soul in these pure operations had no use at all of the internal senses or sensible images 7for the schools resolve that cannot consist with the state of a soul joined to a mortal body740 ,he says 8perhaps10 which shows that he was in doubt on the point4 ,the precise question we have raised is whether there is reason for this doubt in the shape of probable arguments1 or conjectures not absolutely excluded by sound philosophy4 ,the point to be considered1 namely1 is whether the reception of this influx and the action of the intellect without the medium of sensible images is made absolutely impossible1 unless by a miracle1 by the union of the soul and body4 ,it is a hindrance1 and ordinarily a complete preventive of this kind of influx from the spiritual world into the soul1 and this kind of activity properly belonging to a separate spirit4 ,but we propose the conjectural hypothesis that there may be1 in the first place1 some kind of extraordinary and abnormal condition of the soul1 in which the natural effect of the union with a body is diminished1 or at times partially suspended4 ,in this condition the soul would come in a partial and imperfect manner1 and quite involuntarily1 into immediate contact with the world of spirits1 receive influences from it1 and perceive things imperceptible to the senses and the intellect acting by their aid as its instruments4 ,in the second place1 that it is possible to bring about this condition unlawfully1 to the great damage and danger of the soul by voluntarily yielding to or courting preternatural influences1 and thus coming into immediate commerce with demons4 ,in the third place1 that it is possible1 lawfully1 for a good end and to the soul's great benefit1 to approximate to the angelical state by abstractive contemplation1 according to the description given by ,harphius and quoted by ,father ,baker4 ,as for passive1 supernatural contemplation1 it is not possible for the soul to do more than prepare itself for the visitation of the divine ,spirit with his lights and graces4 ,in this supernatural condition it is more consonant to the doctrine of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 who was well versed in scholastic metaphysics and theology2 of ,st4 ,teresa1 whose wisdom is called by the church in her solemn office 8celestial02 and to what we know of the exalted experience of the most extraordinary saints1 to suppose that ,god acts on the soul through the intermediate agency of angels1 and also immediately by himself1 without any concurrence of the imagination or the active intellect and its naturally-acquired forms4 ,the quotation from ,st4 ,john of the ,cross at the head of this article1 if carefully reperused and reflected on1 will make this statement plain1 and intelligible at least to all those who have some tincture of scholastic metaphysics4 ,there are many facts reported on more or less probable evidence1 and extraordinary phenomena1 belonging to diabolical and natural mysticism1 which receive at least a plausible explanation on the same hypothesis4 ,to refer all these to subjective affections of the external or internal senses and the imagination does not seem to be quite sufficient for their full explanation4 ,it appears like bending and straining the facts of experience too violently1 for the sake of a theory which1 perhaps1 is conceived in too exclusive and literal a sense4 ,at all events it is worth investigation and discussion whether the dictum of ,st4 ,thomas1 intelligere absque phantasmate modo non potest1 does not admit of and require some modification1 by which it is restricted to those intellectual perceptions which belong to the normal1 ordinary condition of man within the limits of the purely natural order4 #ce ,complete works1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjh4 #cf ,sancta ,sophia1 treatise iii4 sec4 iv4 chap4 i4 par4 #e-ab4 #cg ,dell',uomo4 ,trattato del ,p4 ,matteo ,liberatore1 ,d4,c4,d4,g4 ,vol4 ii4 ,dell',anima ,humana1 seconda ed4 corretta ed accresciuta4 ,roma4 ,befani3 ,via delle ,stimate #bc1 #ahge4 ,capo x4 ,dell',anima separata dal ,corpo4 #ch ,summ4 ,theol41 i4 p4 qu4 #hi1 art i4 #ci ,qq4 disp4 ii4 de ,anima1 art4 #ai ad #ac4 ,,avila4 ,mira tu muro dichoso ,que te rodea y corona1 ,pues de tantos victorioso6 ,mverece 7en triumpho glorioso71 ,cada almena su corona4 ,ariz grandezas de ,avila4 ,it was on the #cast of ,january1 #ahgf1 we left the ,escorial to visit the muy leal1 muy magnifica1 y muy noble city of ,avila,avila de los ,caballeros1 once famed for its valiant knights1 and their daring exploits against the ,moors1 but whose chief glory now is that it is the birthplace of ,st4 ,teresa1 whom all ,christendom admires for her genius and venerates for her sanctity4 ,keeping along the southern base of the ,guadarrama ,mountains1 whose snowy summits and gray1 rock-strewn sides wore a wild1 lonely aspect that was inexpressibly melancholy1 we came at length to a lower plateau that advances like a promontory between two broad valleys opening to the north and south4 ,on this eminence stands the picturesque city of ,avila1 the ,pearl of ,old ,castile1 very much as it was in the twelfth century4 ,it is full of historic mansions and interesting old churches that have a solemn architectural grandeur4 ,one is astonished to find so small a place inland1 inactive1 and with no apparent source of wealth1 with so many imposing and interesting monuments4 ,they are all massive and severe1 because built in an heroic age that disdained all that was light and unsubstantial4 ,it is a city of granitenot of the softer hues that take a polish like marble1 but of cold blue granite1 severe and invincible as the steel-clad knights who built it4 ,the granite houses are built with a solidity that would withstand many a hard assault2 the granite churches1 with their frowning battlements1 have the aspect of fortresses2 and the granite convents with their high granite walls look indeed like 8citadels of prayer40 ,everything speaks of a bygone age1 an age of conflict and chivalrous deeds1 when the city must have been far more wealthy and powerful than now1 to have erected such solid edifices4 ,we are not in the least surprised to hear it was originally founded by ,hercules himself1 or one of the forty of that name to whom so many of the cities of ,spain are attributed4 ,avila is worthy of being counted among his labors4 ,but whoever founded ,avila1 it afterwards became the seat of a ,roman colony which is mentioned by ,ptolemy4 ,it has always been of strategic importance1 being at the entrance to the ,guadarrama ,mountains and the ,castiles4 ,when ,roderick1 the last of the ,goths1 brought destruction on the land by his folly1 ,avila was one of the first places seized by the ,moors4 ,this was in #gad4 ,after being repeatedly taken and lost1 ,don ,sancho of ,castile finally took it in #iib1 and the ,moors never regained possession of it4 ,but there were not ,christians enough to repeople it1 and it remained desolate eighty-nine years4 ,st4 ,ferdinand found it uninhabited when he came from the conquest of ,seville4 ,alonso ,,vi4 finally commissioned his son-in-law1 ,count ,raymond of ,burgundy1 to rebuild and fortify it4 ,alonso ,,vi4 had already taken the city of ,toledo and made peace with the ,moors1 but the latter1 intent on ruling over the whole of the ,peninsula1 soon became unmindful of the treaty4 ,in this new crisis many foreign knights hastened to acquire fresh renown in this land of a perpetual crusade4 ,among the most renowned were ,henry of ,lorraine2 ,raymond de ,st4 ,gilles1 ,count of ,toulouse2 and ,raymond1 son of ,guillaume ,tte-,hardie of ,burgundy1 and brother of ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii4 ,they contributed so much to the triumph of the cross that ,alonso gave them his three daughters in marriage4 ,urraca 7the name of a delicious pear in ,spain7 fell to the lot of ,raymond of ,burgundy1 with ,galicia for her portion1 and to him was entrusted the task of rebuilding ,avila1 the more formidable because it required numerous outposts and a continual struggle with the ,moors4 ,the flower of ,spanish knighthood came to his aid1 and the king granted great privileges to all who would establish themselves in the city4 ,hewers of wood1 stone-cutters1 masons1 and artificers of all kinds came from ,biscay1 ,galicia1 and ,leon4 ,the king sent the ,moors taken in battle to aid in the work4 ,the bishop in pontificals1 accompanied by a long train of clergy1 blessed the outlines traced for the walls1 stopping to make special exorcisms at the spaces for the ten gates1 that the great enemy of the human race might never obtain entrance into the city4 ,the walls were built out of the ruins left successively behind by the ,moors1 the ,goths1 and the ,romans1 to say nothing of ,hercules4 ,as an old chronicler remarks1 had they been obliged to hew out and bring hither all the materials1 no king would have been able to build such walls4 ,they are forty-two feet high and twelve feet thick4 ,the so-called towers are rather solid circular buttresses that add to their strength4 ,these walls were begun ,may #c1 #ajij4 ,eight hundred men were employed in the work1 which was completed in nine years4 ,they proved an effectual barrier against the ,saracen2 the crescent never floated from those towers4 ,how proud the people are of them is shown by the lines at the head of this sketch3 8,behold the superb walls that surround and crown thee1 victorious in so many assaults6 ,each battlement deserves a crown in reward for thy glorious triumphs60 ,it was thus this daughter of ,hercules rose from the grave where she had lain seemingly dead so many years4 ,houses sprang up as by enchantment1 and were peopled so rapidly that in #ajic there were about thirty thousand inhabitants4 ,the city thus rebuilt and defended by its incomparable knights merited the name often given it from that time by the old chroniclers1 ,avila de los ,caballeros4 ,one of these cavaliers1 ,zurraquin ,sancho1 the honor and glory of knighthood1 was captain of the country forces around ,avila4 ,one day1 while riding over his estate with a single attendant to examine his herds1 he spied a band of ,moors returning from a foray into ,christian lands1 dragging several ,spanish peasants after them in chains4 ,as soon as ,zurraquin was perceived1 the captives cried to him for deliverance4 ,whereupon1 mindful of his knightly vows to relieve the distressed1 he rode boldly up1 though but slightly armed1 and offered to ransom his countrymen4 ,the ,moors would not consent1 and the knight prudently withdrew4 ,but1 as soon as he was out of sight1 he alighted to tighten the girths of his steed1 which he then remounted and spurred on by a different path4 ,in a short time he came again upon the ,moors1 and crying 8,santiago60 as with the voice of twenty men1 he suddenly dashed into their midst1 laying about him right and left so lustily that1 taken unawares1 they were thrown into confusion1 and1 supposing themselves attacked by a considerable force1 fled for their lives1 leaving two of their number wounded1 and one dead on the field4 ,zurraquin unbound the captives1 who had also been left behind1 and sent them away with the injunction to be silent concerning his exploit4 ,a few days after1 these peasants came to ,avila in search of their benefactor1 bringing with them twelve fat swine and a large flock of hens4 ,regardless of his parting admonition1 they stopped on the ,square of ,san ,pedro1 and related how he had delivered them single-handed against threescore infidels4 ,the whole city soon resounded with so brave a deed1 and ,zurraquin was declared a peerless knight4 ,the women also took up his praises and sang songs in his honor to the sound of the tambourine3 8,cantan de ,oliveros1 e cantan de ,roldan1 ,e non de ,zurraquin1 ca fue buen barragan40#dj ,a second band would take up the strain3 8,cantan de ,roldan1 e cantan de ,olivero1 ,e non de ,zurraquin1 ca fue buen caballero40#da ,after rebuilding ,avila ,count ,raymond of ,burgundy retired to his province of ,galicia1 and1 dying ,march #bf1 #aajg1 he was buried in the celebrated church of ,santiago at ,compostella4 ,it was his son who became ,king of ,castile under the name of ,alonso ,,viii41 and ,avila1 because of its loyalty to him and his successors1 acquired a new name,avila del ,reyamong the chroniclers of the time4 ,but the city bears a title still more glorious than those already mentionedthat of ,avila de los ,santos4 ,it was in the sixteenth century especially that it became worthy of this name1 when there gathered about ,st4 ,teresa a constellation of holy souls1 making the place a very ,carmel1 filled with the 8sons of the prophets40 ,avila cantos y santos,avila has as many saints as stonessays an old ,spanish proverb1 and that is saying not a little4 ,the city has always been noted for dignity of character and its attachment to the church4 ,the piety of its ancient inhabitants is attested by the number and grave beauty of the churches1 with their lamp-lit shrines of the saints and their dusky aisles filled with tombs of the old knights who fought under the banner of the cross4 ,in ,st4 ,teresa's time it was honored with the presence of several saints who have been canonized3 ,st4 ,thomas of ,villanueva1 ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 and that holy ,spanish grandee1 ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 besides many other individuals noted for their sanctity4 ,but ,st4 ,teresa is the best type of ,avila4 ,her piety was as sweetly austere as the place1 as broad and enlightened as the vast horizon that bounds it1 and fervid as its glowing sun4 8,you mustn't say anything against ,st4 ,teresa at ,avila10 said the inevitable ,englishmen we met an hour after our arrival4 8,we are by no means disposed to1 here or anywhere else10 was our reply4 ,on the contrary1 we regarded her1 with ,mrs4 ,jameson1 as 8the most extraordinary woman of her age and country02 nay1 8who would have been a remarkable woman in any age or country40 ,we had seen her statue among the fathers of the church in the first ,christian temple in the world1 with the inscription3 ,sancta ,teresa1 ,mater spiritualis4 ,we had read her works1 written in the pure ,castilian for which ,avila is noted1 breathing the imagination of a poet and the austerity of a saint1 till we were ready to exclaim with ,crashawe3 8,oh6 'tis not ,spanish1 but 'tis ,heaven she speaks60 and we had come to ,avila expressly to offer her the tribute of our admiration4 ,here she reigns1 to quote ,miss ,martineau's words1 8as true a queen on this mountain throne as any empress who ever wore a crown60 ,at this very moment we were on our way to visit the places associated with her memory4 ,a few turns more through the narrow1 tortuous streets1 and we came to the ponderous gateway of ,san ,vicente on the north side of the city1 so named from the venerable church just without the walls1 beloved of archologists4 ,but for the moment it had no attraction for us2 for below1 in the broad1 sunny valley1 we could see the monastery of the ,incarnation1 a place of great interest to the ,catholic heart4 ,there it was that ,st4 ,teresa1 young and beautiful1 took the veil and spent more than thirty years of her life4 ,the first glimpse of it one can never forget2 and1 apart from the associations1 the ancient towers of ,san ,vicente on the edge of the hill1 the fair valley below with its winding stream and the convent embosomed among trees1 and the mountains that girt the horizon1 made up a picture none the less lovely for being framed in that antique gateway4 ,we went winding down to the convent1 perhaps half a mile distant1 by the ,calle de la ,encarnacion4 ,no sweeter1 quieter spot could be desired in which to end one's days4 ,it is charmingly situated on the farther side of the ,adaja1 and commands a fine view of ,avila1 which1 indeed1 is picturesque in every direction4 ,we could count thirty towers in the city walls as we turned at the convent gate to look back4 ,st4 ,teresa stopped in this same archway1 ,nov4 #b1 #aecc1 to bid farewell to her brother ,antonio1 who1 on leaving her1 went to the ,dominican convent1 where he took the monastic habit4 ,she was then only eighteen and a half years old4 ,the inward agony she experienced on entering the convent she relates with great sincerity1 but there was no faltering in her determination to embrace the higher life4 ,the house had been founded only about twenty years before1 and the first ,mass was said in it the very day she was baptized4 ,that was more than three centuries ago4 ,its stout walls may be somewhat grayer1 and the alleys of its large garden more umbrageous1 but its general aspect must be very much the same2 for in that dry climate nature does not take so kindly to man's handiwork as in the misty north1 where the old convents are all draped with moss and the ivy green4 ,it is less peopled also4 ,in #aeej there were ninety nuns1 but now there are not more than half that number4 ,there is a series of little parlors1 low and dim1 with unpainted beams1 and queer old chairs1 and two black grates with nearly a yard between1 through which you can converse1 as through a tunnel1 with the nuns4 ,they have not been changed since ,st4 ,teresa's time4 ,in one of these our ,lord reproved her for her conversations1 which still savored too much of the world4 ,here1 later in life1 ,st4 ,francis ,borgia came to see her on his way from the convent of ,yuste1 where he had been to visit his kinsman1 ,charles ,v4 ,here she saw ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara in ecstasy4 ,in one of these parlors1 now regarded as a sacred spot1 she held her interviews with ,st4 ,john of the ,cross when he was director of the house4 ,it is related that one day1 while he was discoursing here on the mystery of the ,holy ,trinity1 she was so impressed by his words that she fell on her knees to listen4 ,in a short time he entered the ecstatic state1 leaving ,st4 ,teresa lost in divine contemplation2 and when one of the nuns came with a message1 she found them both suspended in the air6 ,for a moment they ceased to belong to earth1 and its laws did not control them4 ,a picture of this scene hangs on the wall4 ,in a larger and more cheerful parlor some nuns of very pleasing manners of the true ,spanish type showed us several objects that belonged to ,st4 ,teresa1 and some of her embroidery of curious ,spanish work1 very nicely done1 as we were glad to see2 likewise1 a ,christ covered with bleeding wounds as he appeared to ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 and many other touching memorials of the past4 ,we next visited the church1 which is large1 with buttressed walls1 low1 square towers1 and a gabled belfry4 ,the interior is spacious and lofty1 but severe in style4 ,there is a nave1 and two short transepts with a dome rising between them4 ,it is paved with flag-stones1 and plain wooden benches stand against the stone walls4 ,the high altar1 at which ,st4 ,john of the ,cross used to say ,mass1 has its gilt retable1 with colonnettes and niches filled with the saints of the order1 among whom we remember the prophets who dwelt on ,mt4 ,carmel1 and ,st4 ,albert1 patriarch of ,jerusalem4 ,the nuns' choir is at the opposite end of the church4 ,we should say choirs2 for they have two1 one above the other1 with double black grates1 which are generally curtained4 ,it was at the grate of the lower choir1 dim and mystic as his ,obscure ,night of the ,soul1 that ,st4 ,john of the ,cross used to preach to the nuns4 ,what sermons there must have been from him who wrote1 as never man wrote1 on the upward way from night to light6 ,the grating of this lower choir has two divisions1 between which is a small square shutter1 like the door of a tabernacle1 on which is represented a chalice and ,host4 ,it was here ,st4 ,teresa received the ,holy ,communion for more than thirty years4 ,here one morning1 after receiving it from the hand of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 she was mysteriously affianced to the heavenly ,bridegroom1 who called her1 in the language of the ,canticles1 by the sweet name of ,spouse1 and placed on her finger the nuptial ring4 ,she was then fifty-seven years of age4 ,a painting over the communion table represents this supernatural event4 ,this choir is also associated with the memory of ,eleonora de ,cepeda1 a niece of ,st4 ,teresa's1 who became a nun at the convent of the ,incarnation4 ,she was remarkable for her detachment from earth1 and died young1 an angel of purity and devotion4 ,st4 ,teresa saw her body borne to the choir by angels4 ,no ,mass of requiem was sung over her4 ,it was during the ,octave of ,corpus ,christi4 ,the church was adorned as for a festival4 ,the ,mass of the ,blessed ,sacrament was chanted to the sound of the organ1 and the ,alleluia repeatedly sung1 as if to celebrate the entrance of her soul into glory4 ,the dead nun1 in the holy habit of ,mt4 ,carmel1 lay on her bier covered with lilies and roses1 with a celestial smile on her pale face that seemed to reflect the beatitude of her soul4 ,the procession of the ,host was made around her1 and all the nuns took a last look at their beautiful sister before she was lowered into the gloomy vault below4#db ,in the upper choir there is a statue of ,st4 ,teresa1 dressed as a ,carmelite1 in the stall she occupied when prioress of the house4 ,the nuns often go to kiss the hand as a mark of homage to her memory4 ,the actual prioress occupies the next stall below4 ,it will be remembered that ,st4 ,teresa passed twenty-nine years in this convent before she left to found that of ,san ,jos4 ,she afterwards returned three years as prioress1 when1 at her request1 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross 7who was born in a small town near ,avila7 was appointed spiritual director4 ,under the direction of these two saints the house became a paradise filled with souls of such fervor that the heavenly spirits themselves came down to join in their holy psalmody1 according to the testimony of ,st4 ,teresa herself1 who saw the stalls occupied by them4 8,the air of ,paradise did fan the house1 ,and angels office all40 ,one of ,st4 ,teresa's first acts1 on taking charge of the house1 was to place a large statue of ,our ,lady of ,mt4 ,carmel in the upper choir1 and present her with the keys of the monastery1 to indicate that this womanly type of all that is sweet and heavenly was to be the true ruler of the house4 ,this statue still retains its place in the choir1 and in its hand are the keys presented by the saint4 ,the convent garden is surrounded by high walls4 ,it wears the same smiling aspect as in the saint's time1 but it is larger4 ,the neighboring house occupied by ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 with the land around it1 has been bought and added to the enclosure4 ,the house has been converted into an octagon chapel1 called the ,ermita de ,san ,juan de la ,cruz4 ,the unpainted wooden altar was made from a part of ,st4 ,teresa's cell4 ,in this garden are the flowers and shrubbery she loved1 the almond-trees she planted1 the paths she trod4 ,here are the oratories where she prayed1 the dark cypresses that witnessed her penitential tears1 the limpid water she was never weary of contemplatingsymbol of divine grace and regeneration4 ,st4 ,teresa's love of nature is evident on every page of her writings4 ,she said the sight of the fields and flowers raised her soul towards ,god1 and was like a book in which she read his grandeur and benefits4 ,and she often compared her soul to a garden which she prayed the divine ,husbandman to fill with the sweet perfume of the lowly virtues4 ,in the right wing of the convent is a little oratory1 quiet and solitary1 beloved of the saint1 where an angel1 all flame1 appeared to the eyes of her soul with a golden arrow in his hand1 which he thrust deep into her heart1 leaving it for ever inflamed with seraphic love4 ,this mystery is honored in the ,carmelite ,order by the annual festival of the ,transverberation4 ,art like-wise has immortalized it4 ,we remember the group by ,bernini in the church of ,santa ,maria della ,vittoria at ,rome1 in which the divine transport of her soul is so clearly visible through the pale beauty of her rapt form1 which trembles beneath the fire-tipped dart of the angel4 ,what significance in this sacred seal set upon her virginal heart1 from this time rent in twain by love and penitence6 ,cor contritum et humiliatum1 ,deus1 non despicies6 was the exclamation of ,st4 ,teresa when dying4 ,the sun was descending behind the proud walls of ,avila when we regained the steep hillside1 lighting up the grim towers and crowning them with splendor4 ,we stopped on the brow1 before the lofty portal of ,san ,vicente1 to look at its wreaths of stone and mutilated saints1 and read the story of the rich man and ,lazarus so beautifully told in the arch4 ,angels are bearing away the soul of the latter on a mantle to ,abraham's bosom4 ,on the south side of the church is a sunny portico with light1 clustered pillars1 filled with tombs1 some in niches covered with emblazonry1 others like plain chests of stone set against the wall4 ,we went down the steps into the church1 cold1 and dim1 and gray1 all of granite and cave-like4 ,the pavement is composed of granite tombstones covered with inscriptions and coats of arms4 ,there are granite fonts for the holy water4 ,old statues1 old paintings1 and old inscriptions in ,gothic text line the narrow aisles4 ,the windows are high up in the arches1 which were still light1 though shadows were gathering around the tombs below4 ,there was not a soul in the church4 ,we looked through the reja that divides the nave at the beautiful ,gothic shrine of ,san ,vicente and his two sisters1 ,sabina and ,chrysteta1 standing on pillars under a richly-painted canopy1 with curious old lamps burning within1 and then went down a long1 narrow1 stone staircase into the cryptof the third centuryand kept along beneath the low1 round arches till we came to a chapel where1 by the light of a torch1 we saw the bare rock on which the above-mentioned saints were martyred1 and the ,bujo out of which the legendary serpent came to defend their remains when thrown out for the beasts to devour4 ,this ,bujo was long used as a place of solemn adjuration1 a kind of ,bocca de la ,verit1 into which the perjurer shrank from thrusting his hand1 but the custom has been discontinued4 ,the following morning we went to visit the place where ,st4 ,teresa was born4 ,on the way we passed through the ,plaza de ,san ,juan1 like an immense cloister with its arcades1 which takes its name from the church on one side1 where ,st4 ,teresa was baptized4 ,the very font is at the left on enteringa granite basin fluted diagonally1 surrounded by an iron railing4 ,over it is her portrait and the following inscription3 ,vigesimo octavo ,martii ,teresia oborta1 ,aprilis ante nona est sacro hoc fonte renata ,,mdxv4 ,a grim old church for so sweet a flower to first open to the dews of divine grace in2 the baptismal font at one end1 and the grave at the other1 with cold1 gray arches encircling both like the all-embracing arms of that great nursing-mother,death4 ,at each side of the high altar are low1 sepulchral recesses1 into which you look down through a grating at the coroneted tombs1 before which lamps hang dimly burning4 ,over the altar the ,good ,shepherd is going in search of his lost lambs1 and at the left is a great1 pale ,christ on the ,cross1 ghastly and terrible in the shadowy1 torch-lit arch4 ,the whole church is paved with tomb-stones1 like most of the churches of ,avila1 as if the idea of death could never be separated from life4 ,but then1 which is death and which life8 ,is it not in the womb of the grave we awaken to the real life8 ,one of the most popular traditions of ,avila is connected with the ,square of ,san ,juan3 the defence of the city in #aaji by the heroic ,ximena ,blasquez1 whose husband1 father1 and brothers were all valiant knights4 ,the old governor of the city1 ,ximenes ,blasquez1 was dead1 and ,ximena's husband and sons were away fighting on the frontier4 ,the people1 left without rulers and means of defence1 came together on the public square and proclaimed her governor of the place4 ,she accepted the charge1 and proved herself equal to the emergency4 ,spain at this time was overrun by the ,moors who had come from ,africa to the aid of their brethren4 ,they pillaged and ravaged the country as they went4 ,learning the defenceless state of ,avila1 and supposing it to contain great riches and many ,moorish captives1 they resolved to lay siege to it4 ,ximena was warned of the danger1 and1 instantly mounting her horse1 she took two squires and rode forth to the country place of ,sancho de ,estrada to summon him to her aid4 ,sancho1 though enfeebled by illness1 was too gallant a knight to turn a deaf ear to the behest of ladye fair4 ,he did not make his entrance into the city in a very knightly fashion1 however4 ,instead of coming on his war-horse1 all booted and spurred1 and clad in bright armor1 he was brought in a cart on two feather-beds1 on the principle of ,butler's couplet1 which we vary to suit the occasion3 8,and feather-bed 'twixt knight urbane ,and heavy brunt of springless wain40 ,in descending at the door of his palace at ,avila he unfortunately fell and was mortally injured1 and the vassals he had brought with him basely fled when they found they had no chastisement to fear4 ,but the dauntless ,ximena was not discouraged4 ,determined to save the city1 she went from house to house1 and street to street1 to distribute provisions1 count the men1 furnish them with darts and arrows1 and assign their posts4 ,it is mentioned that she took all the flour she could find at the bishop's2 and ,tamara1 the ,jewess1 made her a present of all the salt meat she had on hand4#dc ,on the #c;d of ,july ,ximena1 hearing the ,moors were within two miles of the city1 sent a knight with twenty squires to reconnoitre their camp and cut off some of the outposts1 promising to keep open a postern gate to admit them at their return4 ,then she despatched several trumpeters in different directions to sound their trumpets1 that the ,moors might suppose armed forces were at hand for the defence of the city4 ,this produced the effect she desired4 ,the knight penetrated to the camp1 killed several sentinels1 and re-entered ,avila by the postern4 ,ximena passed the whole night on her palfrey1 making the round of the city1 keeping watch on the guards1 and encouraging the men4 ,at dawn she returned to her palace1 and1 summoning her three daughters and two daughters-in-law to her presence1 she put on a suit of armor1 and1 taking a lance in her hand1 called upon them to imitate her1 which they did1 as well as all the women in the house4 ,thus accoutred1 they proceeded to the ,square of ,san ,juan1 where they found a great number of women weeping and lamenting4 8,my good friends10 said ,ximena1 8follow my example1 and ,god will give you the victory40 ,whereupon they all hastened to their houses1 put on all the armor they could find1 and covered their long hair with sombreros4 ,ximena provided them with javelins1 caltrops1 and gabions full of stones1 and with these troops she mounted the walls in order to attack the ,moors when they should arrive beneath4 ,the ,moorish captain1 approaching the city1 saw it apparently defended by armed men1 and1 deceived by the trumpets in the night1 supposed the place had been reinforced4 ,he therefore decided to retreat4 ,as soon as ,ximena found the enemy really gone she descended from the walls with her daughters and daughters-in-law1 distributed provisions to her troops on the ,square of ,st4 ,john1 and1 after the necessary repose1 they all went in procession to the church of the glorious martyrs ,san ,vicente and his sisters1 and1 returning by the churches of ,st4 ,jago and ,san ,salvador1 led ,ximena in triumph to the ,alcazar4 ,the fame of her bravery and presence of mind extended all over the land1 and has become the subject of legend and song4 ,a street near the church of ,san ,juan still bears the name of ,ximena ,blasquez4 ,a convent for ,carmelite friars was built in the seventeenth century on the site of ,st4 ,teresa's family mansion1 in the western part of ,avila4 ,the church1 in the style of the ,renaissance1 faces a large1 sunny square1 on one side of which is a fine old palace with sculptured doors and windows and emblazoned shields4 ,near by is the ,posada de ,santa ,teresa4 ,the whole convent is embalmed with her memory4 ,her statue is over the door of the church4 ,all through the corridors you meet her image4 ,the cloisters are covered with frescoes of her life and that of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross4 ,over the main altar of the church1 framed in the columns of the gilt retable1 is an alto-relievo of ,st4 ,teresa1 supported by ,joseph and ,mary1 gazing up with suppliant hands at our ,saviour1 who appears with his cross amid a multitude of angels4 ,the church is not sumptuous1 but there is an atmosphere of piety about it that is very touching4 ,the eight side-chapels are like deep alcoves1 each with some scene of the ,passion or the life of the ,virgin4 ,the transept1 on the gospel side1 constitutes the chapel of ,our ,lady of ,mt4 ,carmel1 from which you enter a little oratory hung with lamps and entirely covered with paintings1 reliquaries1 and gilding1 as if art and piety had vied in adorning it4 ,it was on this spot ,st4 ,teresa first saw the light in the year #aeae1 during the pontificate of ,leo ,x4 ,a quieter1 more secluded spot in which to pray could not be desired4 ,but ,avila is full of such dim1 shadowy oratories1 consecrated by some holy memory4 ,over the altar where ,mass is daily offered is a statue of ,st4 ,teresa1 sad as the ,virgin of ,many ,sorrows1 representing her as when she beheld the bleeding form of ,christ1 her face and one hand raised towards the divine ,sufferer1 the other hand on her arrow-pierced breast4 ,she wears a broidered cope and golden rosary4 ,among the paintings on the wall are her ,espousals1 and ,joseph and ,mary bringing her the jewelled collar4 ,two little windows admit a feeble light into this cell-like solitude4 ,the ceiling is panelled4 ,benches covered with blue cloth stand against the wall4 ,and there are little mirrors under the paintings1 in true modern ,spanish taste1 to increase the glitter and effect4 ,the ,de ,cepeda coat of arms and the family tree hang at one end1 appropriate enough here4 ,but in the church family distinctions are laid aside4 ,there only the arms of the order of ,mt4 ,carmel1 ,st4 ,teresa's true family1 are emblazoned4 ,in a little closet of the oratory we were shown some relics of the saint1 among which were her sandals and a staffthe latter too long to walk with1 and with a small crook at the end4 ,it might have been the emblem of her monastic authority4 ,beneath the church are brick vaults full of the bones of the old friars1 into which we could have thrust our hands4 ,their cells above are less fortunate4 ,they are tenantless1 or without their rightful inmates2 for since the suppression of the monasteries in ,spain only the nuns in ,avila have been left unmolested4 ,here1 at ,st4 ,teresa's1 a part of the convent has been appropriated for a normal school4 ,we went through one of the corridors still in possession of the church4 ,ave ,maria1 sin peccado concebida was on the door of every cell4 ,we entered one to obtain some souvenir of the place1 and found a studious young priest surrounded by his books and pictures1 in a narrow room1 quiet and monastic1 with one small window to admit the light4 ,then there is the garden full of roses and vines1 also sequestered1 where ,st4 ,teresa and her brother ,rodriguez1 in their childhood1 built hermitages1 and talked of heaven1 and encouraged each other for martyrdom4 8,scarce has she learned to lisp the name ,of martyr1 yet she thinks it shame ,life should so long play with the breath ,which1 spent1 could buy so brave a death40 ,avila was full of the traditions of the incomparable old knights who had delivered ,spain from the ,moor4 ,the chains of the ,christian captives they had freed were suspended on the walls of one of the most beautiful churches in the land1 and those who had fallen victims to the hate of the infidel were regarded as martyrs4 ,the precocious imagination of the young ,teresa was fired with these tales of chivalry and ,christian endurance4 ,she was barely seven years of age when she and her brother escaped from home1 and took the road to ,salamanca to seek martyrdom among the ,moors4 ,we took the same path when we left the convent4 ,leaving the city walls1 and descending into the valley1 we came to the ,adaja1 which flows along a narrow defile at the foot of ,avila1 over a rocky bed bordered by old mills that have been here from time immemorial1 this faubourg in the middle ages having been inhabited by dyers1 millers1 tanners1 etc4 ,we crossed the river by the same massive stone bridge with five arches1 and went on and up a sunny slope1 along the same road the would-be martyrs took1 through open fields strewn with huge boulders1 till we came to a tall1 round granite cross between four round pillars connected by stone cross-beams that once evidently supported a dome4 ,this marks the spot where the children were overtaken by their uncle4 ,the cross bends over1 as if from the northern blasts1 and is covered with great patches of bright green and yellow moss4 ,the best view of ,avila is to be had from this point1 and we sat down at the foot of the cross1 among the wild thyme1 to look at the picturesque old town of the middle ages clearly traced out against the clear blue skyits gray feudal turrets2 its palacios1 once filled with ,spanish valor and beauty1 but now lonely2 the strong ,alcazar1 with its historic memories2 and the numerous towers and belfries crowned by the embattled walls of the cathedral1 that seems at once to protect and bless the city4 ,st4 ,teresa's home is distinctly visible4 ,the ,adaja below goes winding leisurely through the broad1 almost woodless landscape4 ,across the pale fields1 in yonder peaceful valley1 is the convent of the ,incarnation1 where ,teresa's aspirations for martyrdom were realized in a mystical sense4 ,her brother ,rodriguez was afterwards killed in battle in ,south ,america1 and ,st4 ,teresa always regarded him as a martyr1 because he fell in defending the cause of religion4 ,the next morning we were awakened at an early hour by the sound of drum and bugle1 and the measured tramp of soldiers over the pebbled streets4 ,we hurried to the window4 ,it was not a company of phantom knights fleeing away at the dawn1 but the flesh-and-blood soldiers of ,alfonso ,,xii4 going to early ,mass at the cathedral of ,san ,salvador on the opposite side of the small square4 ,we hastened to follow their example4 ,san ,salvador1 half church1 half fortress1 seems expressly built to honor the ,god of ,battles4 ,chained granite lions guard the entrance4 ,stone knights keep watch and ward at the sculptured doorway4 ,happily1 on looking up we see the blessed saints in long lines above the yawning arch1 and we enter4 ,the church is of the early pointed style1 though nearly every age has left its impress4 ,all is gray1 severe1 and majestic4 ,its cold aisles are sombre and mysterious1 with tombs of bishops and knights in niches along the wall1 where they lie with folded hands and something of everlasting peace on their still faces4 ,the heart that shuts its secrets from the glare of sunlight1 in these shadowy aisles unfolds them one by one1 as in some mystic ,presence1 with vague1 dreamy thoughts of something higher1 more satisfying1 than the outer world has yet given1 or can give4 ,the distant murmur of the priests at the altars1 the twinkling lights1 the tinkling bells1 the bowed forms grouped here and there1 the holy sculptures on the walls1 all speak to the heart4 ,the painted windows of the nave are high up in the arches1 which are now empurpled with the morning sun4 ,below1 all dimness and groping for light2 above1 all clearness and the radiance of heaven6 ,sursum corda6 ,the coro1 as in most ,spanish cathedrals1 is in the body of the church1 and connected with the ,capilla ,mayor by a railed passage4 ,the stalls are beautifully carved4 ,old choral books stand on the lecterns ready for service4 ,the outer wall of the choir is covered with sculptures of the ,renaissance representing the great mysteries of religion1 of which we never tire4 ,though told in every church in ,christendom1 they always seem told in a new light1 and strike us with new force1 as something too deep for mortal ever to fathom fully4 ,they are the alphabet of the faith1 which we repeat and combine in a thousand different ways in order to obtain some faint idea of ,god's manifestations to us who see here but darkly4 ,these mysteries are continued in the magnificent retable of the time of ,ferdinand and ,isabella in the ,capilla ,mayor1 where they are richly painted on a gold ground by ,berruguete and other famous artists of the day1 and now glorious under the descending morning light4 ,it is the same sweet ,rosary of ,love that seems to have caught new lights1 more heavenly hues4 ,the interesting chapels around the apsis are lighted by small windows like mere loop-holes cut through walls of enormous thickness4 ,in the ambulatory we come to the beautiful alabaster tomb of ,alfonso de ,madrigal1 surnamed ,el ,tostado1 the tawny1 from his complexion1 and ,el ,abulense1 ,abula being the ,latin for ,avila4 ,he was a writer of such astonishing productiveness that he left behind him forty-eight volumes in folio1 amounting to sixty thousand pages4 ,it is to be feared we shall never get time to read them1 at least in this world4 ,he became so proverbial that ,don ,quixote mentions some book as large as all the works of ,el ,tostado combined1 as if human imagination could go no farther4 ,leigh ,hunt speaks of some ,spanish bishop as probably writing his homilies in a room ninety feet long6 ,he must have referred to ,el ,tostado4 ,he is represented on his tomb sitting in a chair1 pen in hand1 and eyes half closed1 as if collecting his thoughts or listening to the divine inspiration4 ,his jewelled cope1 embroidered with scenes of the ,passion1 is beautifully carved4 ,below him are the ,virtues in attendance1 as in life1 and above are scenes of ,our ,lord's infancy1 which he loved4 ,this tomb is one of the finest works of ,berruguete4 ,further along we opened a door at a venture1 and found ourselves in the chapel of ,san ,segundo1 the first apostle of ,avila1 covered with frescoes of his life4 ,his crystal-covered shrine is in the centre1 with an altar on each of the four sides1 behind open-work doors of wrought brass4 ,the chapel was quiet and dim and solemn1 with burning lamps and people at prayer4 ,then1 by another happy turn1 we came into a large cloister with chapels and tombs1 where the altar-boys were at play in their red cassocks and short white tunics4 ,the church bells now began to ring1 and they hurried away1 leaving us alone to enjoy the cloistral shades4 ,when we went into the church again the service had been commenced1 the ,capilla ,mayor was hung with crimson and gold1 candles were distributed to the canons1 who1 in their purple robes1 made the round of the church1 the wax dripping on the tombstones that paved the aisles1 and the arches resonant with the dying strains of the aged ,simeon3 ,nunc dimittis servum tuum1 ,domine6 ,for it was ,candlemas-day4 ,the cathedral of ,san ,salvador was begun in #ajia1 on the site of a former church4 ,the pope1 at the request of ,alonso ,,vi41 granted indulgences to all who would contribute to its erection4 ,contributions were sent1 not only from the different provinces of ,spain1 but from ,france and ,italy4 ,more than a thousand stone-cutters and carpenters were employed under the architect ,garcia de ,estella1 of ,navarre1 and the building was completed in less than sixteen years4 ,after breakfast we left the city walls and came out on the ,square of ,san ,pedro1 where women were filling their jars at the well in true ,oriental fashion1 the air vocal with their gossip and laughter4 ,groups of peasant women had come up from the plains for a holiday1 and were sauntering around the square or along the arcades in their gay stuff dresses1 the skirts of which were generally drawn over their heads1 as if to show the bright facings of another color4 ,yellow skirts were faced with red peaked with green2 red ones faced with green and trimmed with yellow4 ,when let down1 they stood out1 in their fulness1 like a farthingale1 short enough to show their blue stockings4 ,their hair1 in flat basket-braids1 was looped up behind with gay pins4 ,we saw several just such glossy black plaits among the votive offerings in the oratory of ,st4 ,teresa's ,nativity4 ,we stopped awhile in the church of ,san ,pedro1 of the thirteenth centurylike all of the churches of ,avila1 well worth visitingand then kept on to the ,dominican convent of ,st4 ,thomas1 a mile distant1 and quite in the country4 ,this vast convent is still one of the finest monuments about ,avila1 though deserted1 half ruined1 and covered with the garment of sadness4 ,it was here ,st4 ,teresa's brother ,antonio retired from the world and died while in the novitiate4 ,we visited several grass-grown cloisters with fine1 broad arches2 the lonely cells once inhabited by the friars1 commanding a fine view over the rock-strewn moor and the ,guadarrama ,mountains beyond2 the infirmary1 with a sunny gallery for invalids to walk in1 and windows in the cells so arranged opposite each other that all the sick could from their beds attend ,mass said in the oratory at the end2 the refectory1 with stone tables and seats1 and defaced paintings on the walls2 the royal apartments1 looking into a cloister with sculptured arches1 and everywhere the arrows and yoke1 emblems of ,ferdinand and ,isabella2 and the broad stone staircase leading to the church where lies their only son ,juan in his beautifully-sculptured ,florentine tomb of alabaster1 now sadly mutilated4 ,on one side of this fine church is a chapel with the confessional once used by ,st4 ,teresa4 ,it was here1 on ,assumption day1 #aefa1 while attending ,mass1 and secretly deploring the offences she had confessed here1 she was ravished in spirit and received a supernatural assurance that her sins were forgiven her4 ,she was herself clothed in a garment of dazzling whiteness1 and1 as a pledge of the divine favor1 a necklace of gold1 to which was attached a jewelled cross of unearthly brilliancy1 was placed on her neck4 ,there is a painting of this vision on one side of the chapel1 as well as in several of the churches of ,avila4 ,mary ,most ,pure1 in all the freshness of youth1 appears with ,st4 ,joseph1 bearing the garment of purity and the collar of wrought golda sweet yoke of love she received just before she founded the convent of ,san ,jos4 ,pedro ,ybaez1 a distinguished ,dominican1 who combined sanctity with great acquirements1 and has left several valuable religious works1 was a member of this house4 ,he was one of ,st4 ,teresa's spiritual advisers1 and the first to order her to write her life4 ,we were glad to learn that this convent has been purchased by the bishop of ,avila1 and is about to be restored to the ,dominican ,order4 ,the ,jesuit college of ,san ,gins1 likewise among the things of the past1 has some interesting associations4 ,it was founded by ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 and in it lived for a time the saintly ,balthazar ,alvarez1 the confessor par excellence of ,st4 ,teresa1 who said her soul owed more to him than to any one else in the world4 ,she saw him one day at the altar crowned with light1 symbolic of the fervor of his devotion4 ,he was a consummate master of the spiritual life1 and the guide of several persons at ,avila noted for their sanctity4 ,one day we walked entirely around the walls of ,avila1 and came about sunset to a terrace at the west1 overlooking a vast plain towards ,estramadura4 ,the fertile ,vega below1 with the stream winding in long1 silvery links2 the purple mist on the mountains that stood against the golden sky2 the snowy range farther to the left1 rose-flushed in the sunset light1 made the view truly enchanting4 ,we could picture to ourselves this plain when it was filled with contending hoststhe ,moslem with the floating crescent1 the glittering ranks of ,christian knights with the proudly streaming cross and the ensigns of ,castile1 the peal of bugle and clash of arms1 and perchance the bishop descending with the clergy from his palacio just above us to encourage and bless the defenders of the land4 ,now only a few mules were slowly moving across the plain with the produce of peaceful labor1 and the soft tinkle of the convent bells1 calling one to another at the hour of prayer1 the only sounds to break the melancholy silence4 ,near by is the church of ,santiago1 where the caballeros of ,avila used to make their veille des armes before they were armed knights1 and with what ,christian sentiments may be seen from an address1 as related by an old chronicle1 made by ,don ,pelayo1 ,bishop of ,oviedo1 to two young candidates in this very church1 after administering the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,it must be remembered this was at the end of the eleventh or beginning of the twelfth century1 being in the reign of ,alonso ,,vi41 to whom the rebuilding of ,avila was due3 8,my young lords1 who are this day to be armed knights1 do you comprehend thoroughly what knighthood is8 ,knighthood means nobility1 and he who is truly noble will not for anything in the world do the least thing that is low or vile4 ,wherefore you are about to promise1 in order to fulfil your obligations unfalteringly1 to love ,god above all things2 for he has created you and redeemed you at the price of his ,blood and ,passion4 ,in the second place1 you promise to live and die subject to his holy law1 without denying it1 either now or in time to come2 and1 moreover1 to serve in all loyalty ,don ,alonso1 your liege lord1 and all other kings who may legitimately succeed him2 to receive no reward from rich or noble1 ,moor or ,christian1 without the license of ,don ,alonso1 your rightful sovereign4 ,you promise1 likewise1 in whatever battles or engagements you take part1 to suffer death rather than flee2 that on your tongue truth shall always be found1 for the lying man is an abomination to the ,lord2 that you will always be ready to fly to the assistance of the poor man who implores your aid and seeks protection1 even to encounter those who may have done him injustice or outrage2 that you be ready to protect all matrons or maidens who claim your succor1 even to do battle for them1 should the cause be just1 no matter against what power1 till you obtain complete redress for the wrong they may have endured4 ,you promise1 moreover1 not to show yourselves lofty in your conversation1 but1 on the contrary1 humble and considerate with all2 to show reverence and honor to the aged2 to offer no defiance1 without cause1 to any one in the world2 finally1 that you receive the ,body of the ,lord1 having confessed your faults and transgressions1 not only on the three ,paschs of the year1 but on the festivals of the glorious ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 ,st4 ,james1 ,st4 ,martin1 and ,st4 ,george40 ,which the two young lords1 who were the bishop's nephews1 solemnly swore to perform4 ,whereupon they were dubbed knights by ,count ,raymond of ,burgundy1 after which they departed for ,toledo to kiss the king's hand4 ,not far from the church of ,santiago is the convent of ,nuestra ,seora de la ,gracia on the very edge of the hill1 inhabited by ,augustinian nuns4 ,the church stands on the site of an ancient mosque4 ,the entrance is shaded by a portico with granite pillars4 ,our guide rang the bell at the convent door1 saying3 8,ave ,maria ,purissima60 8,sin peccado concebida10 responded a mysterious voice within1 as from an oracle4 ,st4 ,teresa attended school here1 and several memorials of her are shown by the nuns4 ,st4 ,thomas of ,villanueva1 the ,almsgiver1 who is said to have made his vows as an ,augustinian friar the very day ,luther publicly threw off the habit of the order1 was for a time the director of the house1 and often preached in the church1 which we visited4 ,it consists of a single aisle1 narrow and lofty1 with the gilt retable over the altar1 as in all the ,spanish churches1 and a tomb or two of some ,castilian noblemen at the side4 ,the pulpit1 in which saints have preached1 is a mere circular rail against the wall1 ascended by steps4 ,when used it is hung with drapery4 ,on the same side of the church is a picture of the young ,teresa beside her teacher1 ,maria ,briceo1 a nun of fervent piety1 to whom the saint said she was indebted for her first spiritual light4 ,this nun1 who1 it appears1 conversed admirably on religious subjects1 told her pupil one day how in her youth she was so struck on reading the words of the ,gospel1 8,many are called1 but few are chosen10 that she resolved to embrace the monastic life2 and she dwelt on the rewards reserved for those who abandon all things for the love of ,christa lesson not lost on the eager listener4 ,at the end of the church is a large grating1 through which we looked into the choir of the nuns1 quiet and prayerful1 with its books and pictures and stalls4 ,two nuns1 with sweet1 contemplative faces1 were at prayer1 dressed in queer pointed hoods and white mantles over black habits4 ,at the sides of the communion wicket stood the angel of the ,annunciation and ,raphael with his fishgilded statues of symbolic import4 ,one of the most interesting places in ,avila is the convent of ,san ,jos1 on the little ,plaza de las ,madres1 the first house of the reform established by ,st4 ,teresa4 ,the convent and high walls are all of granite and prison-like in their severity of aspect1 but we were received with a kindness by the inmates that convinced us there was nothing severe in the spirit within4 ,it is true we found the doors most inhospitably closed and locked1 even those of the outer courts generally left open1 and we were obliged to hunt up the chaplain1 who lived in the vicinity1 to come to our aid4 ,we thought he would prove equally unsuccessful in obtaining entrance1 for he rang repeatedly 7giving three strokes each time to the bell1 we noticed71 and it was a full quarter of an hour before any one concluded to answer so unwelcome a summons from the outer world4 ,we began to suppose them all in the state of ecstasy1 and the nun who at length madeher appearance1 we were going to sayherself audible spoke to us from some inaccessible depth in a voice absolutely beatific1 as if she had just descended from the clouds4 ,we never heard anything so calm and sweet and well modulated4 ,thanks to her1 we saw several relics of ,st4 ,teresa1 whom she invariably spoke of as 8,our holy ,mother40 ,she also gave us bags of almonds and filberts1 and branches of laurel1 from the trees planted in the garden by the holy hands of their seraphic foundress4 ,the church of this convent is said to be the first church ever erected in honor of ,st4 ,joseph4 ,there were several chapels before1 which bore his name1 in different parts of ,europefor example1 one at ,santa ,maria ad ,martyres at ,romebut no distinct church4 ,st4 ,teresa was the great propagator of the devotion to ,st4 ,joseph1 now so popular throughout the world4 ,of the first eighteen monasteries of her reform1 thirteen were placed under his invocation2 and in all she inculcated this devotion1 and had his statue placed over one of the doors4 ,she left the devotion as a legacy to the order1 which has never ceased to extend it4 ,at the end of the eighteenth century there were one hundred and fifty churches of ,st4 ,joseph in the ,carmelite ,order alone4 ,his statue is over the door of the church at ,avila1 and beside him stands the ,child ,jesus with a saw in his hand4 8,for is not this the carpenter's son80 ,the church consists of a nave with round arches and six side chapels1 the severity of which is relieved by the paintings and inevitable gilt retables4 ,a statue of ,st4 ,joseph stands over the altar4 ,the grating of the nuns' choir is on the gospel side1 opposite which is a painting of ,st4 ,teresa with pen in hand and the symbolic white dove at her ear4 ,jesus1 ,maria1 ,jos are successively carved on the key-stones of the arches of the nave4 ,the first chapel next the epistle side of the altar contains the tomb of ,lorenzo de ,cepeda1 ,st4 ,teresa's brother1 who entered the army and went to ,south ,america about the year #aedj1 where he became chief treasurer of the province of ,quito4 ,having lost his wife1 a woman of rare merit 7it is related she died in the habit of ,nuestra ,seora de la ,merced71 he returned to ,spain with his children1 after an absence of thirty four years1 and established himself at a country-seat near ,avila4 ,he had a great veneration for his sister1 and placed himself under her spiritual direction4 ,not to be separated from her1 even in death1 he founded this chapel at ,san ,jos's1 which he dedicated to his patron1 ,san ,lorenzo1 as his burial-place4 ,his tomb is at the left as you enter1 with the following inscription3 8,on the #bfth of ,june1 in the year #aehj1 fell asleep in the ,lord ,lorenzo de ,cepeda1 brother of the holy foundress of this house and all the barefooted ,carmelites4 ,he reposes in this chapel1 which he erected40 ,in the same tomb lies his daughter ,teresita1 who entered a novice at ,st4 ,joseph's at the age of thirteen and died young1 an angel of innocence and piety4 ,another chapel was founded by ,gaspar ,daza1 a holy priest of ,avila1 who gathered about him a circle of zealous clergymen devoted to works of charity and the salvation of souls4 ,his reverence for ,st4 ,teresa induced him to build this chapel1 which he dedicated to the ,nativity of the ,virgin1 with a tomb in which he lies buried with his mother and sister4 ,it was he who said the first ,mass in the church1 ,aug4 #bd1 #aefb1 and placed the ,blessed ,sacrament in the tabernacle1 after which he gave the veil to four novices1 among whom was ,antonia de ,hanao1 a relative of ,st4 ,teresa's1 who attained to eminent piety under the guidance of ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 and died prioress of the ,carmelites of ,malaga1 where her memory is still held in great veneration4 ,at the close of this ceremony ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 of the ,order of ,st4 ,francis2 ,pedro ,ybaez1 the holy ,dominican1 and the celebrated ,balthazar ,alvarez1 of the ,society of ,jesus1 offered ,masses of thanksgiving4 ,what a reunion of saints6 ,on that daythe birthday of the discalced ,carmelites,st4 ,teresa laid aside her family name1 and took that of ,teresa de ,jsus1 by which she is now known throughout the ,christian world4 ,among the early novices at ,san ,jos was a niece of ,st4 ,teresa's1 ,maria de ,ocampo1 beautiful in person and gifted in mind1 who1 from the age of seventeen1 resolved to be the bride of none but ,christ4 ,she became one of the pillars of the order1 and died prioress of the convent at ,valladolid1 so venerated for her sanctity that ,philip ,,iii4 went to see her on her death-bed1 and recommended himself and the kingdom of ,spain to her prayers4 ,her remains are in a tomb over the grating of the choir in the ,carmelite convent at ,valladolid1 suspended1 as it were1 in the air1 among other holy virgins who sleep in the ,lord4 ,another niece of ,st4 ,teresa's1#dd who belonged to one of the noblest families of ,avila1 also entered the convent of ,san ,jos4 ,her father1 ,alonso ,alvarez1 was himself regarded as a saint4 ,maria was of rare beauty1 but1 though left an orphan at an early age with a large fortune1 she rejected all offers of marriage as beneath her1 and finally chose the higher life4 ,all the nobility of ,avila came to see her take the veil4 ,here her noble soul found its true sphere4 ,she rose to a high degree of piety1 and succeeded ,st4 ,teresa as prioress of the house4 ,another chapel at ,san ,jos1 that of ,st4 ,paul1 at the right as you go in1 was founded by ,don ,francisco de ,salcedo1 a gentleman of ,avila1 who was a great friend of ,st4 ,teresa's1 as well as his wife1 a devout servant of ,god and given to good works4 ,st4 ,teresa says he lived a life of prayer1 and in all the perfection of which his state admitted1 for forty years4 ,for twenty years he regularly attended the theological course at the convent of ,st4 ,thomas1 then in great repute1 and after his wife's death took holy orders4 ,he greatly aided ,st4 ,teresa in her foundations1 and accompanied her in her journeys4 ,he lies buried in his chapel of ,st4 ,paul4 ,not far from ,st4 ,joseph's is the church of ,st4 ,emilian1 in the tribune of which ,maria ,diaz1 also a friend of ,st4 ,teresa's1 spent the last forty years of her life in perpetual adoration of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 which she called her dear neighbor1 never leaving her cell1 excepting to go to confession and communion at ,st4 ,gins2 for she was under the direction of ,balthazar ,alvarez4 ,she had distributed all her goods to the poor1 and now lived on alms4 ,the veil that covers the divine ,presence in the ,sacrament of the ,altar was rent asunder for her1 and1 when she communed1 her happiness was so great that she wondered if heaven itself had anything more to offer4 ,st4 ,teresa saying one day how she longed to behold ,god1 ,maria1 though eighty years of age1 and bowed down by grievous infirmities1 replied that she preferred to prolong her exile on earth1 that she might continue to suffer4 8,as long as we remain in the world10 she said1 8we can give something to ,god by supporting our pains for his love2 whereas in heaven nothing remains but to receive the reward for our sufferings40 ,dying in the odor of sanctity1 she was so venerated by the people that she was buried in the choir of the church1 at the foot of the very tabernacle to which her adoring eyes had been unceasingly turned for forty years4 ,we have mentioned1 too briefly for our satisfaction1 some of the persons1 noted for their eminent piety1 who made ,avila1 at least in the sixteenth century1 a city de los ,santos4 ,it is a disappointment not to find here the tomb of her who is the crowning glory of the place4 ,the expectations of ,lorenzo de ,cepeda were not realized4 ,he does not sleep in death beside his sainted sister4 ,the remains of ,st4 ,teresa are at ,alba de ,tormes1 where she died1 in a shrine of jasper and silver given by ,ferdinand ,,vii4 ,it stands over the high altar of the ,carmelite church1 thirty feet above the pavement1 where it can be seen from the choir of the nuns1 and approached by means of an oratory behind1 where they go to pray4 ,her heart1 pierced by the angel1 is in a reliquary below4 ,we left ,avila with regret4 ,few places take such hold on the heart4 ,for those to whom life has nothing left to offer but long sufferance it seems the very place to live in4 ,the last thing we did was to go to the brow of the hill by ,san ,vicente1 and take a farewell look at the convent of the ,incarnation1 where still so many 8,willing hearts wear quite away their earthly stains0 in one of the fairest1 happiest of valleys4 ,how long we might have lingered there we cannot say1 had not the carriage come to hurry us to the station4 ,and so1 taking up life's burden once more1 which we seemed to have laid down in this ,city of the ,saints1 we went on our pilgrim way1 repeating the lines ,st4 ,teresa wrote in her breviary3 8,nada te turbe1 ,let nothing disturb thee1 ,nada te espante1 ,let nothing affright thee2 ,todo se pasa4 ,all passeth away4 ,dios no se muda4 ,god alone changeth not4 ,la pacienza ,patience to all things ,todo se alcanza1 ,reacheth1 and he who ,quien a ,dios tiene1 ,fast by ,god holdeth1 ,nada le falta2 ,to him naught is wanting2 ,solo ,dios basta40 ,alone ,god sufficeth4 #dj 8,some sing of ,oliver1 and some of ,roldan3 ,we sing of ,zurraquin1 the brave partisan40 #da 8,some sing of ,roland1 and others ,oliver3 ,we sing of ,zurraquin1 the brave cavalier40 #db ,see ,life of ,st4 ,teresa4 #dc ,the butchery1 at the repeopling of ,avila1 was given to ,benjamin1 the ,jew1 and his sister4 ,there seem to have been a good many ,jews in the streets now called ,st4 ,dominic and ,st4 ,scholastica4 #dd ,see ,life of ,st4 ,teresa4 ,,st4 ,,teresa4 8,to suffer or to die40 ,the air came laden with the balmy scent ,of citron grove and orange2 far beyond ,the cloister wall1 like towering battlement1 ,sierra's frowning range rich colors donned ,from ling'ring ,day-,star's robe2 and brilliant hues ,floated like banners on palatial clouds4 ,light floods the river1 parts its mist-like shrouds2 ,each ripple soft1 prismatic gleams transfuse4 ,below ,avila lay2 its cross-lit spires ,blended their even-chime with seraph lyres2 ,o'er mount and vale pealed out their call to prayer1 ,and stole with joy upon the list'ning air4 ,within the cloister's fragrant1 bowery shade1 ,gemmed with ,espaa's blooms 'mid velvet lawns1 ,soft carols stirring leafy bough and glade1 ,teresa muses2 on her chaste brow dawns ,a light celestialpeace and hope and love4 ,the wasted form1 than bending flower more frail1 ,is draped in ,carmel's saintly robe and veil4 ,the pale1 ethereal face is bowed2 those eyes ,whose gaze has revelled in the courts above1 ,now pearled with tears1 are bent in mournful guise ,on image of the ,crucified within ,her fingers' slender clasp2 in sacred trance ,now rapt1 its mysteries are revealed2 dark sin ,in ghastly horror rises2 now her glance ,on bleeding form1 pierced brow1 is fixed2 once more ,upon those wounded shoulders1 drenched in gore1 ,the cross hangs trembling2 o'er her soul1 ,transpierced with love1 deep floods of anguish roll2 ,and burning words her holy passion tell1 ,like fountain gushing from her heart's deep cell3 8,o earth6 break forth in groans2 ease thou my pain6 ,ye rivers1 ocean1 weep6 ,my ,love is slain6 ,my ,jesus dies1 and ,i ,i cannot die1 but through this exile moan ,a stranger1 midst of multitudes alone1 ,and vainly seek to fly ,where harps ten thousand wake the echoing sky2 ,my solace here1 to suffer or to die6 8,o ,jesus6 long and wildly have ,i striven1 ,by fast and penance this vile body driven ,to thy sweet yoke to yield2 ,and agonies of death have seized this frame1 ,dark devils made of me their mock and shame1 ,thou1 thou alone my shield4 ,a bower of roses6looms so steep and high ,the path ,i strain1 to suffer or to die6 8,thou walk'st before6 ,o thorn-lined path and cross6 ,a sceptred queen ,i walk1 on beds of moss1 ,nor fear the dark1 dark night4 ,love strains my sorrows to my heart with grasp ,stronger than aught on earth1 save ,god's dear clasp ,of soul beloved4 ,the height ,will soon appear2 the glory ,i descry3 ,strength1 ,lord1 with thee ,i suffer or ,i die6 8,augment my woes6 ,let flesh and spirit share ,each separate pang thou1 ,crucified1 didst bear1 ,nor drop of comfort blend4 ,let death's stern anguish be my daily bread1 ,thy lance transfix my heart1 thorns crown my head ,pain1 torture to the end2 ,and while death's angel seals my glazing eye1 ,heart1 soul shall yearn to suffer or to die60 ,great soul6 be comforted3 thy prayer is heard ,more huge and terrible than human word ,may utter1 mortal heart conceive1 the throng ,of woes that haste from ,calvary to greet ,thy every step4 ,like ,jesus1 hate and wrong ,shall make of thee their jest2 as purest wheat ,thou shalt be crushed1 yet newer life shalt claim2 ,slander1 the hydra-tongued1 shall cloud thy name2 ,treason with thee break bread2 toil1 hunger1 cold1 ,thy daily 'tendants far from these sweet bowers4 ,a score of years thy sorrows still enfold1 ,but myriad souls shall feast on thy dark hours ,through centuries to come1 and learn of thee ,the path to peace1 and prayer's sweet mystery4 ,the seraph waits with flaming lance to dart ,the fires of heaven within thy yearning heart1 ,and up1 far up the ,mount of ,god will lead ,thee face to face1 as patriarch of old1 ,with ,god2 unveiled the ,trinity shalt read1 ,and its resplendent mysteries unfold ,to future doctors of the sacred lore4 ,then mount thy blood-stained path1 heroic saint6 ,while brave men stand aghast1 strong hearts grow faint1 ,teresa's seraph-soul its plaint shall pour ,unsated yet3 8,more suffering1 ,lord1 yet more60 ,m4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,bianca',s ,,festa4 ,bianca's birthday coming1 they celebrated it by a little trip into the country4 ,it was getting late for excursions1 the weather being hot even for the last of ,may4 ,but on the day before the proposed journey a few ragged clouds1 scudding now and then across the sky1 promised refreshment4 ,clouds never come to ,rome for nothing2 even the smallest fugitive mist is a herald2 and the family1 therefore1 looked anxiously to see if they were to be kept at home the next dayif the herald announced a royal progress1 short and splendid1 or a long siege of rainy days4 ,they were sauntering1 late in the afternoon1 through a street of the ,suburra1 on one of those aimless walks that hit the mark of pleasure far oftener than planned pleasure-seeking does1 and1 seeing at their left a steep grade that ended in a stair climbing through light and shadow up the hillside1 and going out under a dark arch into the light again1 they followed it without asking questions1 and presently found themselves in a quiet piazza surrounded by churches and convents as silent and1 apparently1 uninhabited as a desert4 ,the most living thing was a single lofty palm-tree that leaned out against the sky4 ,a wall hid the base of it1 where one would not have been surprised to have found a lion sleeping4 ,entering the portico of the nearest church1 they saw what might have been taken for two ancient1 mossy statues1 seated one at either side of the door1 one representing a man as ragged and gray as ,rip ,van ,winkle after his nap1 the other a woman well fitted to be his companion4 ,the statues stirred1 however1 at the sound of steps1 extended their withered hands1 and commenced a sort of gabbling appeal1 in which nothing was distinguishable but the inevitable qualche cosa4 ,inside the church1 beside the beautiful ,presence indicated by the ever-burning lamp1 there was but one person1 a gigantic man1 all white1 who sat leaning forward a little1 with the fingers of his right hand tangled in his beard4 ,they saw him gazing1 almost glaring1 at them across the church as they seated themselves near the door after a short adoration4 ,the painted roof invited their eyes to glimpses of heaven1 the tribune walls shone with the story of ,st4 ,peter liberated by an angel1 and the antique columns told of pagan emperors whom they had served before they were raised to hold a canopy over the head of the ,king of kings2 but through them all1 becoming every moment more importunate and terrible1 the stare of those motionless1 stony eyes drew theirs with an uncomfortable fascination1 and the figure seemed to lean more forward1 as if about to stride toward them1 and the fingers to move in the beard1 as if longing to catch and toss them out of the church4 8,he appears to resent our not saluting him10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,i do not need an introduction4 ,suppose we go to him before he comes clattering down the nave to us60 ,they rose1 and1 with a diffidence amounting almost to fear1 went up the aisle to pay their respects to ,michael ,angelo's ,moses4 8,o ,mr4 ,vane60 the ,signora whispered1 suddenly touching his arm1 8does he look as if he went up the mountain to bring down ,protestantism80 ,she said it impulsively1 and was ashamed of herself the next moment4 ,he was not offended1 however1 but smiled slightly1 and1 feeling the touch1 drew her hand into his arm4 8,he doesn't look like a man who would carry any sort of ism about long40 ,he was looking at the ,moses as he spoke2 but he felt the dissatisfaction which the lady at his side did not indicate by word or motion1 and added after a moment3 8,it must be owned that ,protestantism has reduced the stone tables to dust1 and that your church is the only one that has graven laws40 ,she did not venture to press him any farther4 ,the question with him1 then1 was evidently whether graven laws were necessary4 ,he was not at all likely to write his faith in the dust of the sects4 8,it is the most uncomfortable marble person in ,rome10 she said of the ,moses4 8,i always have a feeling that it is never quite still2 that he has turned his face on being interrupted in something1 as if he had been talking with ,god here alone1 and were waiting for people to go and leave him to continue the conversation4 ,he will watch us out the door1 though4 ,i wonder if he can see through the leathern curtain8 ,come1 little girls1 we are going40 ,bianca had a rose in her belt1 and1 as the others walked slowly away1 she slipped across the church and threw it inside the railing before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 repeating from the ,canticle of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 which they had been reading with their ,italian teacher the evening before3 8,laudate sia il mio ,signor per la nostra ,madre terra1 la quale ,ci sostenta1 e nudrisce col produrre ,tanta diversit ,d'erba1 di fiori e frutti40 8,they speak of the ,blessed ,sacrament here as ,il ,santissimo10 she heard the ,signora say when she joined them at the door4 8,it is beautiful2 but ,i prefer the ,spanish title of #8,his ,majesty4' ,one would like to be able to ask1 on entering a church1 #8,at which altar is ,his ,majesty8' ,it sounds like a live faith4 ,isn't that palm beautiful8 ,and do you see the ghost of ,lucretia ,borgia up in her balcony there8 ,that is1 or was1 her balcony4 ,dear me6 what an uncanny afternoon it is4 ,i quite long to get among common people40 ,in fact1 a solid post of snow-white cloud showed like a motionless figure over the balcony1 changing neither shape nor position while they looked at it4 ,there was1 evidently1 something behind worth seeing1 and they took a carriage to the ,janiculum for a better view4 ,when they reached the parapet of ,san ,pietro in ,montorio1 they saw the horizon beyond the city bound by a wonderful mountain-rangenot the accustomed ,sabine ,apennines and ,monte ,cimino2 these had disappeared1 and over their places rose a solid magnificence of cloud that made the earth and sky look unstable4 ,ruby peaks splintered here and there against the blue in sharp pinnacles1 their sides cleft into gorges of fine gold1 their bases wrapped about with the motionless smoke and flame of a petrified conflagration4 ,beneath all were rough masses of uneasy darkness1 in which could be seen faintly the throb of a pulse of fire4 ,the royal progress had begun1 and promised to be a costly one to some4 ,the poor farmers would have to pay1 at least4 ,they leaned on the parapet1 and took a new lesson in shape and color from the inexhaustible skies1 and the ,signora told them one of the many legends of the ,janiculum4 8,it is said that after the ,flood ,noe came here to live1 held in high honor1 as we may well imagine1 by his descendants4 ,as time passed1 after his death1 the truth became mixed with error1 and the patriarch ,noe became the god ,janus1 with two faces1 because he had seen the old world and the new4 ,so all antique truth1 left to human care1 became corrupted little by little4 ,it was only when the ,holy ,spirit came down to stay on earth that truth could be preserved unadulterated4 #8,teaching you all truth4' ,am ,i preaching8 ,excuse me60 ,turning her face1 as she spoke slowly and dreamily1 she had found ,mr4 ,vane looking at her with a steady and grave regard which did not evade1 but lingered an instant1 when it met hers4 ,she recollected that he had not her faith1 and thought he might be displeased a little at having alien doctrines so constantly held up before him4 ,on the contrary1 he was admiring her fair1 pale face1 which the glowing west and a glowing thought were tinting with soft rose1 and was thinking he had never known a woman who so habitually lived in a high atmosphere1 who so easily gathered about her the beauties of the past and the present1 and who had so little gossip to talk4 ,when she descended to trifling things1 it was to invest them with a charm that made them worthy of notice as pretty and interesting trifles1 but never to elevate them to places they were not made for4 ,besides1 he liked her way of talkinga certain cool sweetness of manner1 like the sweetness of a rose1 that touched those who came near1 but was not awakened by their presence1 and would be as sweet were no one by to know4 ,he glanced at her again when she was again looking off thoughtfully into the west1 and marked the light touch with gold the strands of a braid that crowned her head under the violet wreath4 ,she was certainly a very lovely woman1 he thought4 ,why had she never married8 ,for1 though we call her ,signora1 the ,vanes' padrona was1 in fact1 a signorina4 8,well1 what is it80 she asked smilingly1 turning again1 aware of his eyes4 ,she was one of those persons who always feel the stress of another mind brought to bear on them4 8,you should tell me what it is40 ,the two girls had gone to a little distance1 and he ventured to put the question4 8,it is an impertinence10 he said hastily1 8but ,i was wondering why you never married4 ,you are thirty-five years old1 and have had time and opportunities4 ,if you command me to ask no more1 ,i shall not blame you40 8,it is not an impertinence10 she replied quite easily4 8,there is no tragedy hidden behind my #8maiden meditation4' ,the simple truth is that ,i have never had an offer from any one whom ,i could willingly or possibly promise to love1 honor1 and obey for my whole life1 though ,i have refused some with regret2 and if ,i have known any person to whom ,i could have so devoted myself1 no approach on his part and no consciousness on mine have ever revealed the fact to me4 ,my mind and life were always full4 ,my mother taught me to love books and nature1 and said nothing about marriage4 ,there is nothing like having plenty to think of4 ,are you satisfied80 8,perfectly10 he replied1 but seemed not altogether pleased4 ,perhaps he would have found a less self-sufficing woman more interesting and amiable4 8,still1 ,i beg your pardon for a question which1 after all1 no one should ask4 ,one never knows what may have happened in a life40 8,that is true10 she replied4 8,and it is true that the question might be to some an embarrassing one to answer4 ,it does not hurt me1 however40 8,papa does not allow us to ask questions10 ,isabel said a little complainingly1 having caught a few words of their talk4 8,you have no idea how sharply he will speak to us1 or1 at least1 look at us1 if he hears us asking the simplest question that can be at all personal4 ,and yet people question us unmercifully4 ,i think one might retort in self-defence40 8,how ,i wish you could have a larger number of pupils than these two1 ,mr4 ,vane60 the ,signora sighed4 8,i would like to send some of my lady friends to school to you4 ,the questions that some ladies1 who consider themselves well bred1 will ask1 are astonishing4 ,indeed1 there is1 ,i think1 more vulgarity in fine society than among any other class of people in the world4 ,delicacy and refinement are flowers that need a little shade to keep their freshness4 ,i have more than once been shocked to see1 in a momentary revelation1 how slight was the difference of character between a bold1 unscrupulous virago of the streets1 and some fine lady when an unpleasant excitement had disturbed the thin polish of manner with which she was coated4 ,madame de ,montespannot a model by any means1 thoughrelates that1 when she came to ,paris to be trained for polite life1 among the admonitions and prohibitions1 one of the strongest was that she must not ask questions4 ,not long ago1 on thinking over a conversation ,i had with a lady whom ,i had known just three weeks1 ,i found that these questions had been propounded to me in the course of it3 ,how old are you8 ,who visits you8 ,what is your income8 ,have you any money laid up8 ,have you sold your last story8 ,to whom have you sold it8 ,how much do they pay you8 ,is it paid for8 ,of course the lady was fitting herself to speak with authority of my affairs40 ,the ,signora made an impatient motion of the shoulders1 as if throwing off a disagreeable burden4 8,how did we fall into this miserable subject8 ,let us walk about awhile and shake it off4 ,we might go into the church and say a little prayer for poor ,beatrice ,cenci1 who is buried here4 ,one glance at ,piombo's ,scourging of ,christ1 one thought of that girl's terrible tragedy1 will scorch out these petty thoughts1 if one breath of the ,lord's presence should not blow them away40 ,she hurried up the steps and ran into the church1 as one soiled and dusty with travel rushes into a bath4 ,coming out again1 they strolled back into the gardens1 and looked off over the green sea of the luxuriant ,campagna1 where ,st4 ,paul's ,church floated like an ark1 half swamped in verdure and flowers1 and a glistening bend of the ,tiber bound the fragrantly breathing groves like a girdle1 the bridge across it a silver buckle4 ,beneath the wall that stopped their feet a grassy angle of the villa beyond was red with poppies growing on their tall stems in the shade4 ,so everywhere in ,italy the faithful soil commemorates the blood of the martyrs that has been sprinkled over it1 a scarlet blossom for every precious drop1 flowering century after century2 to flower in centuries to come1 till at last the scattered dust and dew shall draw together again into the new body1 like scattered musical notes gathering into a song1 and the glorified spirit shall catch and weld them into one for ever6 ,looking awhile1 they turned silently back into the garden4 ,the two girls wandered among the flowers2 ,mr4 ,vane and the ,signora walked silently side by side4 ,now and then they stopped to admire a campanile of lilies growing around a stem higher than their heads1 springing from the midst of a sheaf of leaves like swords4 ,one of these leaves1 five feet long1 perhaps1 thrown aside by the gardener1 lay in the path4 ,it was milk-white and waxy1 like a dead body1 through its thickness of an inch or two4 ,long1 purple thorns were set along its sides and at the point1 and a faint tinge of gold color ran along the centre of its blade4 ,it was not a withered leaf1 but a dead one1 and strong and beautiful in death4 ,mr4 ,vane glanced over the bristling green point of the plant1 and up the airy stem where its white bells drooped tenderly4 8,so ,god guards his saints10 he said4 ,isabel came to them in some trepidation with her fingers full of small thorns4 ,she had been stealing1 she confessed4 ,seeing that1 in all the crowds of great1 ugly cacti about1 one only had blossomed1 she had been smitten by a desire to possess that unique flower4 8,i called up my reasoning powers1 as people do when they want to justify themselves10 she said1 8and ,i reasoned the matter out1 till it became not only excusable but a virtue in me to take the flower4 ,i spare you the process4 ,if only you would pick the needles out of my fingers1 papa6 ,isn't it a pretty blossom8 ,it is a bell of golden crystal with a diamond heart40 ,when the tiny thorns were extracted and the young culprit properly reproved for her larceny1 the clouds of the west had lost all their color but one lingering blush1 and were beginning to catch the light of the moon1 that was sailing through mid-air1 as round as a bubble4 ,they went down the winding avenue on foot1 sending the carriage to wait for them in the street below4 ,the trees over their heads were full of blossoms like little flies with black bodies and wide-spread1 whitish wings1 and through the heaps of these blossoms that had fallen they could see a green lizard slip now and then2 the fountains plashed softly1 lulling the day to sleep4 ,near the foot of the hill all the lower wall of one of the houses was hidden by skeins of brilliant1 gold-colored silk1 hung out to dry1 perhaps1 making a sort of sunshine in the shady street4 ,it was a lovely drive home through the ,ave ,marias ringing all about1 through the alternate gloom and light of narrow streets and open piazze1 where they spoke no word1 but only looked about them with perhaps the same feeling in all their minds3 8,how good is our lifethe mere living60 ,not only the beauty they had seen and their own personal contentment pleased them2 the richness and variety of the human element through which they passed gave them a sense of freedom1 a fuller breath than they were accustomed to draw in a crowd4 ,it was not a throng of people ground and smoothed into nearly the same habits and manners1 but a going and coming and elbowing of individuals1 many of whom retained the angles of their characters and manners in all their original sharpness4 8,the moon will be full to-morrow in honor of your festa10 ,isabel said as they went into the house2 8and there is a prospect that the roads may be sprinkled40 ,the roads were sprinkled with a vengeance2 for the delectable mountains of sunset came up in the small hours and broke over the city in a torrent4 ,there had not been such a tempest in ,rome for years4 ,it was impossible to sleep through it1 and soon became impossible to lie in bed4 ,not all their closing of blinds and shutters could keep out the ceaseless flashes1 and the windows rattled with the loud bursts of thunder4 ,the three ladies dressed and went into the little sala1 where the ,signora lighted two blessed candles and sprinkled holy water1 like the old-fashioned ,catholic she was2 and presently ,mr4 ,vane joined them4 8,i should have expected to hear more cultivated thunders here10 he said4 8,these are ,goths and ,vandals40 8,speak respectfully of those honest barbarians10 exclaimed the ,signora4 8,they were strong and brave1 and some things they would not do for gain4 ,do you recollect that ,alaric's men1 when they were sacking ,rome1 being told that certain vessels of silver and gold were sacred1 belonging to the service of the church1 took the treasure on their heads and carried it to ,st4 ,peter's1 the ,romans falling into the procession1 hymns mingling with their war-cries8 ,fancy ,victor ,emanuel's people making restitution6 ,fancy ,signor ,bonghi and his associates marching in procession through the streets of ,rome1 bearing on their heads the libraries they have stolen from religious houses to make their grand library at the ,roman ,college1 which they have also stolen4 ,honor to the barbarians6 ,there were things they respected4 ,ugh6 what a flash4 ,and what about cultivated thunders1 ,mr4 ,vane80 8,do you not know that there are thunders and thunders80 he replied4 8,some roll like chariot-wheels from horizon to horizon1 rattling and crashing1 to be sure1 but following a track4 ,others go clumsily tumbling about1 without rhyme or reason1 and you feel they may break through the roof any minute40 ,the rain fell in torrents1 and came running in through chinks of the windows4 ,the storm seemed to increase every moment4 ,bianca drew a footstool to the ,signora's side1 and1 seating herself on it1 hid her face in her friend's lap4 ,isabel sought refuge with her father1 holding his arm closely1 and they all became silent4 ,talk seems trivial in face of such a manifestation of the terrible strength of nature2 and at night one is so much more impressed by a storm1 all the little daylight securities falling off4 ,they sat and waited1 hoping that each sharp burst might be the culminating one4 ,while they waited1 suddenly through the storm broke loudly three clear strokes of a bell4 8,oh60 cried ,bianca1 starting up4 8,fulgura frango10 exclaimed the ,signora triumphantly4 ,four strokes1 five1 and one followed with the sweet and deliberate strength of the great bell1 then the others joined and sang through the night like a band of angels4 8,brava1 ,maria ,assunta60 exclaimed the ,signora4 8,where is the storm1 ,mr4 ,vane80 ,he did not answer4 ,in fact1 with the ceasing of the fifteen minutes' ringing the storm ceased1 and there was left only a low growling of spent thunders about the horizon1 and a flutter of pallid light now and then4 ,it was only the next morning at the breakfast-table that ,mr4 ,vane thought to remark that the bell-ringer of the basilica must be a pretty good meteorologist1 for he knew just when to strike in after the last great clap4 8,it was a most beautiful incident10 ,bianca said seriously4 8,please do not turn it into ridicule1 papa60 ,they were just rising from the table1 and1 in speaking1 the daughter put her arm around her father's shoulder and kissed him1 as if she would assure him of her loving respect in all that was human1 even while reproving him from the height of a superior spiritual wisdom4 ,the father had been wont to receive these soft admonitions affectionately1 indeed1 but somewhat lightly4 ,lately1 however1 he had taken them in a more serious manner4 ,perhaps the presence of the ,signora1 whose sentiments in such matters he could not regard as childish1 and whose displeasure he could not look upon with the natural superiority of a father1 put him a little more on his guard4 ,he glanced at her now1 biting his lip2 but she did not seem to have heard4 8,may not the effect bell-ringing has on tempests be accounted for on natural principles80 ,isabel asked1 with the air of one making a philosophical discovery4 8,my dear ,isabel1 it is said that the miracles of ,christ may be so accounted for10 the ,signora replied4 8,but who is to account for the natural principles8 ,we have no time to spare10 she added brightly4 8,the train starts in fifteen minutes4 ,hurry1 children60 ,but1 brightly as she spoke1 a slight cloud settled over her feelings after this little incident4 ,she was not displeased with ,mr4 ,vane2 for she had learned that no real irreverence underlay these occasional gibes1 and had observed that they grew more rare1 and were rather the effect of habit than of intention4 ,she was grateful to him1 indeed1 for the delicacy and consideration he showed1 and for the patience with which he submitted himself to a ,catholic atmosphere and mode of life which did not touch his convictions1 though it might not have been foreign to his tastes4 8,we are frequently as unjust to ,protestants as they are to us10 she constantly said to her over-zealous friends4 8,if they are sincere in their disbelief1 it would show a lack of principle in them to be over-indulgent and complacent to us4 ,you must recollect that many a ,protestant cannot help believing us guilty of something like1 at least1 unconscious idolatry2 cannot help having a sort of horror for some of our ways4 ,besides1 we must not claim merit to ourselves for having faith4 #8,non nobis1 ,domine1 non nobis1 sed nomini tuo da gloriam4' ,then1 again1 here is an inquiry worth making3 ,look about among your ,catholic acquaintances1 including yourself among them1 and ask1 from your knowledge of them and of yourself1 #8,if the drama of salvation were yet to be acted1 and ,christ were but just come on earth1 poor1 humble1 and despised1 how many of these people would follow him8 ,would ,i follow him8 ,what instance of a sacrifice of worldly advantages1 a giving up of friends and happiness1 a willingness to be despised for ,god's sake1 have ,i or any of these given8' ,it is easy1 it is a little flattering1 indeed1 to one's vanity1 and pleasing to one's imagination1 to stand in very good company1 among people many of whom are our superiors in rank and reputation1 and have our opponents fire their poor little arrows at us4 ,we feel ourselves very great heroes and heroines indeed1 when1 in truth1 we are no more than stage heroes1 with tinsel crowns and tin swords1 and would fly affrighted before a real trial4 ,it is easy to talk1 and those who do the least talk the most and the most positively4 ,some of the noblest natures in the world are outside of the fold1 some of the meanest are inside4 ,god's ways are not our ways1 and we cannot disentangle these things4 ,only we should not take airs to ourselves4 ,when ,i see the primitive ardor and nobleness of ,christianity in a person1 ,i hold that person as independent of circumstances1 and am sure that he would join the company of the fishermen to-day1 if they were but just called4 ,the others ,i do not wish to judge1 except when they make foolish pretences40 ,the ,signora had sometimes displeased some of her friends by talking in this manner and pricking their vainglorious bubbles2 and she consistently felt that1 according to his light1 ,mr4 ,vane was forbearing with his daughters and with her1 and that they should show some forbearance with him4 ,she was1 therefore1 not displeased with him for his unintentional mocking4 ,her cloud came from another direction4 ,she found herself changing a little1 growing less evenly contented with her life1 alternating unpleasantly between moods of happiness and depression4 ,while she lived alone1 receiving her friends for a few hours at a time1 she had found her life tranquil and satisfying4 ,sympathy and kind services were always at hand1 and there was always the equal or greater pleasure of sympathy and kind services demanded to make of friendship a double benefit4 ,but the question had begun to glance now and then across her mind whether she had been altogether wise in taking this family into her house1 having before her eyes the constant spectacle of an affection and intimacy such as she had left outside her own experience1 and had no desire to invite or admit1 even while she felt its charm4 ,she1 quite deprived of all family ties1 felt sometimes a loneliness which she had never before experienced1 in witnessing the affection of the father and his daughters2 and1 at the same time that she saw them as enclosed in a magic circle from which she was excluded1 she looked forward with dread to the time when they should leave her1 with a new void in her life1 and a serenity permanently disturbed1 perhaps4 ,there were little moments1 short and sharp1 when she could have sympathized with ,faust casting aside with passionate contempt his worthless gifts and learning at sight of the simple happiness of love and youth4 ,but these moments and moods were short and disconnected4 ,she was scarcely aware of them1 scarcely remembered that each1 as it came1 was not the first1 and her life flowed between them always pleasantly1 sometimes joyfully4 ,she was quite gay and happy when they ran down to the carriage and hurried to the station4 ,the morning was delicious1 everything washed clean and fresh by the plentiful shower4 ,a light1 pearly cloud covered the sky1 veiling all with a delicate softness that was to sunshine as contentment is to joy4 ,here and there a deep shadow slept on the landscape4 ,our little party took possession of a first-class car1 and seated1 each at a corner of it1 were every moment calling attention to some new beauty4 ,isabel glanced with delight along the great aqueduct lines and the pictures they framed1 all blurred and swimming with the birds with which the stone arches were alive2 ,bianca watched the mountain1 her eyes full of poetical fancies2 and ,mr4 ,vane presently fell in love with a square of solid green he espied in the midst of the bare ,campagna1 a little paradise1 where the trees and flowers seemed to be bursting with luxuriance over the walls1 and regarding with astonishment the dead country about them1 that stretched off its low waves and undulations in strong and stubborn contrast with that redundant spot4 8,aladdin's lamp must have done it10 he said2 and after a moment added1 having followed the subject a little in his own mind3 8,i am inclined to think that one element of the picturesque must be inconsistency4 ,ah6 here are your white ,campagna cattle we have heard so much about4 ,aren't they of rather a bluish color80 8,but look and see what they are eating1 papa10 ,bianca said4 8,no wonder it turns them blue40 ,the ground all about was deeply colored with blue flowers1 in the midst of which these large1 white cattle wandered1 feeding lazily1 as if eating were a pleasure1 not a necessity4 ,they were like people reading poetry4 8,we do not often have such a day here10 the ,signora said1 8and to me the clouds are a luxury4 ,i own that ,i have sometimes grown weary of seeing that spotless blue overhead week after week1 month after month1 even4 ,clouds are tender1 and give infinite lights and shades4 ,the first winter ,i spent in ,rome there were a hundred days in succession of windless1 cloudless1 golden weather1 beginning in ,october1 and lasting till after ,new ,year's day4 ,then came a sweet three days' rain1 which enchanted me4 ,i went out twice a day in it40 8,this reminds me10 ,isabel said1 8of our first visit to the ,white ,mountains4 ,we went there under the #8rainy ,hyades1' apparently2 for we hadn't seen sunshine for a week4 ,when we reached ,lancaster1 at evening1 the fog touched our faces like a wet flannel1 and there was a fine1 thick rain in the morning when ,i awoke4 ,about nine o'clock there was a brightening1 and ,i looked up and saw a blue spot4 ,the clouds melted away from it1 still raining1 and sunbeams shot across1 but none came through4 ,first ,i saw a green plain with a river winding through it1 and countless little pools of water1 everything a brilliant green and silver4 ,a few trees stood about knee-deep in grass and yellow grain4 ,and then1 all at once1 down through the rain of water came a rain of sunshine2 and1 lastly1 the curtains parted1 and there were the mountains6 ,they are a great deal more solemn looking and impressive than these10 she said1 with a depreciatory glance toward the ,alban ,mountains4 8,on the whole1 ,i think the scene was finer and more brilliant40 ,as if in answer to her criticism1 a slim1 swift sunbeam pierced suddenly the soft flecks of mist overhead1 shot across the shadowed world1 and dropped into ,rome4 ,out blazed the marvellous dome1 all golden in that light1 the faint line of its distant colonnades started into vivid clearness with all their fine-wrought arches1 and for a moment the city shone like a picture of a city seen by a magic-lantern in a dark room4 8,very true60 the young woman replied quite coolly1 as if she had been spoken to4 8,we have no such city1 no such towns and villages and villas set on the mountainside2 but we are young and fresh and strong1 and we are brave1 which you are not4 ,your past1 and the ruins left of it1 are all you can boast of4 ,we have a present and a future4 ,and after all10 she said1 turning to her audience1 who were smilingly listening to this perfectly serious address1 8it is ungrateful of the sun to take the part of ,italy so1 when we welcome him into our houses1 and they shut him out4 ,why1 the windows of the ,holy ,father's rooms at the ,vatican are half walled up40 8,maybe the sun doesn't consider it such a privilege to come into our houses10 her father suggested4 8,and as for ,rome10 the young woman went on1 8to me it seems only the skull of a dead ,italy1 and the ,romans the worms crawling in and out4 ,but there6 ,i won't scold to-day4 ,how lovely everything is60 ,the yellow-green vineyards and the blue-green canebrakes came in sight1 the olive-orchards rolled their smoke-like verdure up the hills1 and at length the cars slid between the rose-trees of the ,frascati station1 and the crowd of passengers poured out and hurried up the stairs to secure carriages to take them to the town4 ,the family ,ottant'-,otto1 finding themselves in a garden1 did not make haste to leave it1 but stayed to gather each a nosegay1 nobody interfering4 ,more than one1 indeed1 of the passengers paused long enough to snatch a rosebud in passing4 ,going up then to the station-yard1 they found it quite deserted1 except for the carriage that had been sent for them1 and another drawn by a tandem of beautiful white horses1 in whose ears their owner1 one of the young princes living near the town1 was fastening the roses he had just gathered below4 ,the creatures seemed as vain of themselves as he evidently was proud of them1 and held their heads quite still to be adorned1 tossing their tails instead1 which had been cut short1 and tied round with a gay scarlet band4 ,every traveller knows that ,frascati is built up the sides of the ,tusculan hills1 looking toward ,rome1 the railway station on a level with the ,campagna1 the town rising above with its countless street-stairs1 and1 still above1 the magnificent villas over which look the ruins of ancient ,tusculum4 ,on one of the lower streets of the town1 in ,palazzo ,simonetti1 lived a friend of the ,signora1 and there rooms had been provided for the family1 and every preparation made for their comfort4 ,they found a second breakfast awaiting them1 laid out in a room looking up to one of the loveliest nooks in the worldthe little piazza of the duomo vecchio1 with its great arched doorway1 and exquisite fountain overshadowed by a weeping willow4 ,if it had been a common meal1 they would have declined it2 but it was a little feast for the eyes rather3 a dish of long1 slim strawberries from ,nemi1 where strawberries grow every month in the year by the shores of the beautiful lake1 in a soil that has not yet forgotten that it once throbbed with volcanic fires2 tiny rolls1 ring-shaped and not much too large for a finger-ring1 and golden shells of butter2 all these laid on fresh vine-leaves and surrounded by pomegranate blossoms that shone like fire in the shaded room4 ,the coffee-cups were after-dinner cups1 and so small that no one need decline on the score of having already taken coffee2 and there was no sign of cream1 only a few lumps of sugar1 white and shining as snow-crust4 8,it is frugal1 dainty1 and irresistible10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,let us accept by all means40 ,they were going up to ,tusculum1 and1 as the day was advancing1 set off after a few minutes1 going on foot4 ,they had preferred that way1 being good walkers1 and having1 moreover1 a unanimous disinclination to see themselves on donkeys4 8,a gentleman on a donkey is less a gentleman than the donkey10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,i would walk a hundred miles sooner than ride one mile on a beast which has such short legs and such long ears4 ,the atmosphere of the ridiculous which they carry with them is of a circumference to include the tallest sort of man4 ,besides1 they have an uncomfortable way of sitting down suddenly1 if they only feel a fly1 and that hurts the self-love of the rider1 if it doesn't break his bones40 8,poor little patient wretches6 how they have to suffer10 said the ,signora4 8,even their outcry1 while the most pitiful sound in the world1 a very sob of despairing pain1 is the height of the ridiculous4 ,if you don't cry hearing it1 you must laugh1 unless1 indeed1 you should be angry4 ,for they sometimes make a #8situation' by an inopportune bray1 as a few weeks ago at the ,arcadia4 ,the ,academy was holding an adunanza at ,palazzo ,altemps1 and1 as the day was quite warm and the audience large1 the windows into the back court were opened4 ,the prose had been read1 and a pretty1 graceful poetess1 the ,countess ,g1 had recited one of her best poems1 when a fine-looking monsignore rose to favor us with a sonnet4 ,he writes and recites enthusiastically1 and we prepared to listen with pleasure4 ,he began1 and1 after the first line1 a donkey in the court struck in with the loudest bray ,i ever heard4 ,monsignore continued1 perfectly inaudible1 and the donkey continued1 obstreperously audible4 ,a faint ripple of a smile touched the faces least able to control themselves4 ,monsignore went on with admirable perseverance1 but with a somewhat heightened color4 ,a sonnet has but fourteen lines1 and the bray had thirteen4 ,they closed simultaneously4 ,monsignore sat down2 ,i don't know what the donkey did4 ,one only had been visible1 as the other only had been audible4 ,the audience applauded with great warmth and politeness4 #8,who are they applauding1' asked my companion of me#8the one they have heard1 or the one they have not heard8' ,if it had been my sonnet1 ,i should instantly have gone out1 bought that donkey1 and hired somebody to throw him into the ,tiber40 8,here we are at the great piazza1 and here is the cathedral4 ,see how the people in the shops and fruit-stands water their flowers60 ,in fact1 all the rim of the great fountain-basin was set round with a row of flower-pots containing plants that were dripping in the spray of the falling cascades4 ,just out of reach of the spray were two fruit shops large enough to contain the day's store and the chair of the person who sold it4 ,temporary pipes from the fountain conducted water to the counters1 where a tiny fountain tossed its borrowed jet1 constantly renewed from the cool cascade1 and constantly returning to the basin4 8,we must take excelsior for our motto10 the ,signora said to the two girls1 who wanted to stop and admire everything they saw4 8,we are for the mountain-height now4 ,when we return1 you may like to dress up with flowers two shrines on the road4 ,i always do it when ,i come this way40 ,they climbed the steep and rocky lane between high walls1 passed on the one side the house where ,cardinal ,baronius wrote his famous ,annals1 which had an interest too dry to fascinate the two young ladies2 passed the wide iron gate of a villa to left1 and another to right1 giving only a glance at the paradises within2 passed the large painting of the ,madonna embowered in trees at the foot of the ,cappucini ,avenue2 passed under the stone portal1 and the rod of verdant shadow almost as solid1 that formed the entrance to ,villa ,tuscolana1 ravished now and then by glimpses of the magnificent distance2 on into the lovely wood-road1 the ancient ,via ,tusculana2 and presently there they were at last in the birthplace of ,cato1 the air-hung city that broke the pride of ,rome1 and that1 conquered at last1 died in its defeat1 and remained for ever a ruin4 ,not a word was spoken when they reached the summit1 and stood gazing on what is1 probably1 the most magnificent view in the world4 ,only after a while1 when the three new-comers began to move and come out of their first trance of admiration1 the ,signora named some of the chief points in the landscape and in the ruins4 ,the old historical scenes started up1 the old marvellous stories rushed back to their memories1 the mountains crowded up as witnesses1 and the towns1 with all their teeming life and countless voices of the present hushed by distance1 became voluble with voices and startling with life of the past4 ,after a while they seated themselves in the shade of a tree1 facing the west1 and silently thought1 or dreamed1 or merely looked1 as their mood might be4 ,their glances shot across the bosky heights that climbed to their feet1 and across the wide ,campagna1 to where ,rome lay like a heap of lilies thrown on a green carpet1 and the glittering sickle of the distant sea curved round the world4 ,day deepened about them in waves4 ,they could almost feel each wave flow over them as the sun mounted1 touching degree after degree of the burning blue1 as a hand touches octaves up an organ4 ,the birds sang less1 and the cicali more1 and the plants sighed forth all their perfume4 ,isabel slipped off her shoes1 and set her white-stockinged feet on a tiny laurel-bush1 that bent kindly under them without breaking1 making a soft and fragrant cushion4 ,all took off their hats1 and drank in the faint wind that was fresh1 even at noon4 8,the first time ,i came here10 the ,signora said after a while1 8was on the festa of ,,ss4 ,roch and ,sebastian1 in the heat of late summertime4 ,that is a great day for ,frascati1 for these two saints are their protectors against pestilence1 which has never visited the city4 ,when1 in '#fi1 the cholera dropped one night on ,albano1 just round the mountain there a few miles1 and struck people dead almost like lightning1 and killed them on the road as they fled to other towns1 so that many died1 perhaps1 from fear and horror1 having no other illness1 none who reached ,frascati in health died4 ,the nobility died as well as the low1 and the cardinal bishop died at his post taking care of his people4 ,whole families came to ,frascati1 the people told me1 flying by night along the dark1 lonely road1 some half-starving2 for all the bakers were dead1 and there was no bread except what was sent from ,rome4 ,the saints they trusted did not refuse to help them4 ,in ,frascati they found safety4 ,if any died there1 certainly none sickened there4 ,so1 of course1 the saints were more honored than ever4 ,i sat here and heard the bells all ringing at noon1 and the guns firing salutes1 and saw the lovely blue wreaths of smoke curl away over the roofs after each salvo4 ,in ,italy they do not praise ,god solely with the organ1 but with the timbrel and the lute4 ,anything that expresses joy and triumph expresses religious joy and triumph1 and the artillery and military bands come out with the candles and the crucifix to honor the saint as well as the warrior4 ,then in the evening there was the grand procession1 clergy1 church choirs1 military bands1 crucifixes1 banners1 women dressed in the ancient costume of the town1 and the bells all ringing1 the guns all booming1 and the route of the procession strewn with fragrant green4 ,the evening deepened as they marched1 and their candles1 scarcely visible at first1 grew brighter as they wound about the steep streets and the illuminated piazzas4 ,all the houses had colored lamps out of their windows1 and there were fireworks4 ,but my noon up here impressed me most4 ,my two guides1 trusty men1 and my only companions1 sat contentedly in the shade playing ,morra after their frugal bread and wine4 ,sitting with my back to them1 only faintly hearing their voices as they called the numbers1 ,i could imagine that they were ,achilles and ,ajax1 whom you can see on an ancient ,etruscan vase in the ,vatican playing the same game4 ,the present was quite withdrawn from me4 ,i felt like ,annus ,mundi looking down on ,annus ,domini1 and seeing the whole of it1 too4 ,i could have stayed all day1 but that hunger admonished me2 for ,i had not been so provident as my guides1 nor as ,i have been to-day4 ,going down1 however1 just below the ,capuchin convent1 ,i saw a man on a donkey coming up1 with a large basket slung at each side of the saddle in front of him4 ,no one could doubt what was under those cool vine-leaves4 ,he was carrying fresh figs up to the ,villa ,tuscolana1 where some college was making their villigiatura4 ,i showed him a few soldi1 and he stopped and let me lift the leaves myself4 ,there they lay with soft cheek pressed to cheek1 large1 black figs as sweet as honey4 ,the very skins of them would have sweetened your tea4 ,where we stood a little path that looked like a dry rivulet-bed led off under the wall of the convent grounds4 ,when ,i asked where it went1 they answered1 #8,to the ,madonna4' ,we will go there on our way down4 ,meantime1 has ,isabel nothing hospitable to say to us80 ,miss ,vane displayed immediately the luncheon she had been detailed to prepare1 a bottle of ,orvieto1 only less delicate because richer than champagne1 a basket of cianbelli1 and lastly a box4 8,in the name of the prophet1 figs60 she said1 opening it4 8,they are dried1 it is true2 but then they are from ,smyrna40 ,they drank felicissima festa to ,bianca1 drank to the past and the present1 to all the world2 and ,mr4 ,vane1 when their little feast was ended1 slipped a beautiful ring on his younger daughter's finger4 8,to remember ,tusculum by1 my dear10 he said2 and1 looking at her wistfully1 seeming to miss some light-heartedness even in her smiles1 he added3 8,is there anything you lack1 child80 ,she dropped her face to his arm only in time to hide a blush that covered it4 8,what could ,i lack80 she asked4 ,but a few minutes afterward1 while the others recalled historical events connected with the place1 and the ,signora pointed out the cities and mountains by name1 the young girl walked away to the ,roman side1 and stood looking off with longing eyes toward the west4 ,she lacked a voice1 a glance1 and a smile too dear to lose1 and her heart cried out for them4 ,she was not unhappy1 for she trusted in ,god1 and in the friend whose unspoken affection absence and estrangement had only strengthened her faith in2 but she wanted to see him1 or1 at least1 to know how he fared4 ,it seemed to her at that moment that if she should look off toward that part of the world where he must be1 fix her thoughts on him and call him1 he would hear her and come4 ,she called him1 her tender whisper sending his name out through all the crowding ghosts of antiquity1 past pope and king and ambassador1 poet and orator1 armies thrust back and armies triumphantthe little whisper winged and heralded by a power older and more potent than ,tusculum or the mountain whereon its ruins lie4 ,they went down the steep way again1 gathering all the flowers they could find1 and1 when they reached the shrine at the turn of the ,cappucini road1 stuck the screen so full of pink1 white1 and purple blossoms that the faces of ,our ,lady and the ,child could only just be discerned peeping out4 ,then they turned into the pebbly path under the ,cappucini wall1 where the woods and briers on one side1 and the wall on the other1 left them room only to walk in ,indian file2 came out on the height above beautiful ,villa ,lancilotti1 with another burst of the ,campagna before their eyes1 and the mountains with their coronets of towns still visible at the northeast over the ,borghese ,avenue and the solid pile of ,mondragone4 ,here1 set so high on the wall that it had to be reached by two or three stone steps1 was the picture of the ,madonna1 looking off from its almost inaccessible height over the surrounding country4 ,it was visible from the villas below1 and many a faithful soul far away had breathed a prayer to ,mary at sight of it1 though nothing was visible to him but the curve of high1 white wall over the trees1 and the square frame of the picture4 ,now and then a devout soul came through the lonely and thorny path to the very foot of the shrine1 and left a prayer and a flower there4 ,the others gave their flowers to ,bianca1 who climbed the steps1 and set a border of bloom inside the frame1 and pushed a flower through the wires to touch the ,madonna's hand1 and set a little ring of yellow blossoms where it might look like a crown4 ,as she stood on that height1 visible as a speck only if one had looked up from the villa1 smiling to herself happily while she performed her sweet and unaccustomed task1 down in the town below1 a speck like herself1 stood a man leaning against the eagle-crested arch of the ,borghese ,villa gate1 and watching her through a glass4 ,he saw the slight1 graceful form1 whose every motion was so well known to him2 saw the ribbon flutter in her uncovered hair1 the little gray mantle dropped off the gray dress into the hands of the group at the foot of the steps2 saw the arms raised to fix flower after flower2 finally1 when she turned to come down1 fancied that he saw her smile and blush of pleasure1 and1 conquered by his imagination1 dropped the glass and held out his arms1 for it seemed that she was stepping down to him4 ,the party went home tired and satisfied1 and did not go out again that day4 ,it was pleasure enough to sit in the westward windows as the afternoon waned and watch the sun go down1 and see how the mist that for ever lies over the ,campagna caught his light till1 when he burned on the horizon in one tangle of radiating gold1 the whole wide space looked as if a steady rainbow had been straightened and drawn across it1 every color in its order1 glowing stratum upon stratum pressed over sea and city and vineyard1 blurring all with a splendid haze1 till the earth was brighter than even the cloudless sky4 8,it is so beautiful that even the stars come out before their time to look10 the ,signora said4 8,your ,madonna on the wall can see it too1 ,bianca4 ,but as for the poor ,madonna in her nest of trees1 she can see nothing but green and flowers40 8,i wonder why ,i prefer the ,madonna of the wall80 asked ,bianca dreamily4 8,i feel happy thinking of it40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,text-,,books ,,in ,,catholic ,,colleges4 ,after many advances on the part of editors and correspondents towards approaching this question in a tangible form1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,engbers1 a professor of the ,seminary of ,mount ,st4 ,mary's of the ,west1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 has been the first to take up the subject in earnest4 ,often have we heard men1 admirably adapted to handle this question1 express the wish that some one would come forward and propose a system of improvement3 we need better books1 we are at the mercy of non-,catholic compilers1 in every department of learning1 except divinity4 8,well1 why do you not set to work and give us such text-books as can be safely adopted in our schools8books of history1 sacred1 ecclesiastical1 secular2 books of mental or rational and natural philosophy2 treatises on the philosophy of religion2 books of geography1 sadly wanted to let our boys know how wide the ,catholic world is2 then grammars2 then ,greek and ,latin text-booksall and each of them fit to be placed in the hands of ,catholic young men and women1 for the salvation of whose souls some one will be called to an account1 etc4 etc40 8,oh6 you see1 ,i cannot tax my time to such an extent2 ,i cannot afford it4 ,then do you think ,i can face the apathy1 perhaps the superciliousness1 of those who should encourage1 but will be sure to sneer at me and pooh-pooh me down8 ,no1 no2 ,i cannot do it40 ,time and again have we heard such remarks4 ,but1 luckily1 it seems as if at this propitious moment rerum nascitur ordo4 ,all praise to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,engbers6 ,not only has he raised his voice and uttered words expressive of a long1 painful experience1 and resolutely cried out that something must be done1 but has actually addressed himself to the work1 and has broken ground on a road whereon we can follow him1 whether pulling with him or not4 ,that we need text-books for our schools is admitted by all who give a thought to the importance of a proper training in ,catholic schoolsthat training which should distinguish the ,catholic citizen from all others4 ,there is no doubt but a judicious training in a properly-conducted ,catholic college will stamp the pupil with a character we may dare to call indelible4 ,there must needs be a character imprinted on the mind of the graduate1 whether he goes forth from the halls of his ,alma ,mater as a literary man or a philosopher1 a scientist or a professional man4 ,we cannot refrain from transcribing the beautiful sentiments uttered by the ,hon4 ,george ,w4 ,paschal1 in his annual address before the ,law ,department of the ,university of ,georgetown1 on the #c;d of ,june1 #ahge3 8,you go forth from an institution long honored for its learning1 its high moral character1 its noble charities1 which have been bestowed in the best possible waymental enlightenment1 and its watchful sympathy for its learned children spread all over the land4 ,the fathers of that institution expect much from you1 and they will be ever ready to accord to you every possible encouragement4 ,your immediate instructors in your profession cannot fail to feel for you the deepest interest40 ,surely the gist of the above is that the graduates who 8stand upon the threshold of their profession1 holding passes to enter the great arena0as ,mr4 ,daly has so happily expressed it in his valedictory on the same occasionmust bear imprinted on their brows the parting kiss of their ,alma ,mater4 ,now1 if bonum ex integr caus1 malum ex quocumque defectu1 everything in a collegiate course must tend to give the graduate a ,catholic individuality in the world of science and of letters4 ,and here it is that we cannot fail to admire the great wisdom of the ,holy ,father1 who1 when the question of classics in the ,catholic schools began to be mooted1 ex professo and in earnest1 would not sanction a total and blind exclusion of the pagan classicsfor that would be obscurantismbut advised the use of the classics1 with a proviso that the rich wells of ,christian classicism should not be passed by4 ,then it cannot be gainsaid that the use of pagan classics is necessary in the curriculum of belles-lettres1 just as1 if we may be allowed the comparison1 the study of the sacred books is indispensable to the student of divinity2 although even in ,holy ,writ there are passages which should not be wantonly read1 and much less commented upon4 ,and here we must differ from the admirable letter of ,dr4 ,engbers1 who certainly is at home on the subject and makes some excellent points4 ,he avers that it is neither possible nor necessary 8to prepare ,catholic books for the whole extent of a college education40 ,for brevity's sake we shall not give his reasons1 but shall limit ourselves to our own views on the subject4 ,in the first place1 it is necessary to prepare text-books of the classics for our schools4 ,for1 surely1 we cannot trust to the scholar's hand ,horace1 or ,ovid1 or even ,virgil1 as they came from their authors2 and this on the score of morality4 ,secondly1 we have no hesitation in saying that we do not possess as yet a single ,latin classic 7to speak of ,latin alone7 so prepared to meet all the requirements of the youthful student4 ,we may almost challenge contradiction when we assert that1 in all such editions as are prepared for ,american schools1 the passages really difficult are skipped over4 ,true1 it is many years since we had an opportunity of examining such works thoroughly2 but from what we knew then1 and have looked into lately1 we find no reason for a change of opinion4 ,the work of such editions is perfunctorily done4 ,the commentators1 annotators1 or whatsoever other name they may go by1 seem to have only aimed at doing a certain amount of work somewhat la penny-a-liner2 but nothing seems to be done con amore1 and much less according to thorough knowledge4 ,let our readers point to one annotator or editor of any poet adopted in ,american schools who is truly sthetic in his labors4 ,classics must1 then1 be prepared4 ,dr4 ,engbers avers that we can safely use what we have1 no matter by whom they have been prepared2 and in this we must willingly yield to his judgment1 because it would be temerity in us1 who are not a professor and have so far led a life of quite the reverse of classical application1 to make an issue with him4 ,but we must be allowed to differ from him in that 8we have not the means to provide for all1 and our educators are unable to satisfy the wants for the whole college course40 ,let us bear in mind that we limit our disquisition to the ,latin classics for the present4 ,what we say about them will be equally applicable to the ,greek1 as well as to the authors of all nations4 ,it seems to us abundantly easy to prepare books for this department4 ,let a certain number of colleges1 schools1 and seminaries join together1 and through their faculties make choice of a competent scholar4 ,set him apart for one year for the purpose of preparing a neat1 cheap school edition of the ,latin classics for our ,catholic schools4 ,he must limit himself to the tas aurea1 giving some of those authors in their entirety1 such as ,nepos2 some with a little pruning1 such as the neid2 others1 again1 summo libandi calamo2 while of ,cicero and ,livy we would advise only selections for a beginning4 ,of ,cicero1 e4g41 give us a few letters ,ad ,familiares1 his ,de ,oratore1 six ,orations1 ,somnium ,scipionis1 ,de ,officiis1 and ,de ,senectute4 ,from what we are going to say it will be evident that no more will be necessary at first4 ,teach the above well1 et satis superque satis6 ,exclude from your classes the cramming system4 ,prof4 ,cram is the bane1 the evil genius of our classical halls4 ,supporters of the 8forty lines a day0 rule1 listen6 ,it was our good fortune to learn the classics in a ,jesuit college4 ,we were in rhetoric4 ,our professor gave ,monday and ,wednesday afternoons to ,virgil1 ,tuesday to ,homer1 and ,friday to ,horace4 ,of ,virgil we read book vi41 and of ,horace the third book of ,odesthat is1 what we did read of them4 ,the professor was a perfect scholar1 an orator1 a poet1 as inflammable as petroleum1 and as sensitive as the 8touch-me-not0 plant1 with a mind the quickest we ever knew1 and a heart most affectionate1 besides being truly a man of ,god4 ,well1 the session had entered its fourth month1 and we had gone through about three hundred verses of ,virgil1 while from ,horace we were just learning not magna modis tenuare parvis4 ,one afternoon the rector suddenly put in an appearance with some of the patrassi4 ,as they had taken their seats1 the former asked what portions of the ,latin classics we had been reading4 8,cicero and ,livy of the prose1 ,horace and ,virgil of the poets40 8,but what part80 quoth he4 8,any part10 replied the master4 ,the rector looked puzzled2 the boyswell1 we do not know1 for we had no looking-glass1 nor did we look at one anotherbut perfectly astounded at the coolness of the teacher4 ,one thing1 however1 all who have survived will remember3 the strange feeling that seized us2 for 8,was he going to make a fool of every one of his boys80 ,we were eleven in the class4 ,it was a small college1 in a provincial town1 that has given some very great men to the world1 but of which ,lord ,byron did not sing enthusiastically4 ,there we were3 on the pillory1 in the stocks1 billeted for better for worse1 for 8what not80 ,the rector1 with ill-disguised impatience1 called for one of the boys1 and1 opening ,virgil at random1 chanced on the very death of ,turnus4 ,the poor boy1 pale and trembling1 began to read1 and on he went1 while the relentless questioner seemed carried away by the beauty of the passage1 unconscious of the torture to which he had doomed the unlucky pupil4 ,but1 no2 we take the word back3 because as he was advancing he seemed to become more self-possessed1 and so much so that at the end he described the last victim of the ,lavinian struggle with uncommon pathos1 until1 with a hoarse sound of his voice1 he launched the soul of the upstart sub umbras1 just as the teacher would himself have read to us a parallel passage4 ,it was evident that1 although he had never before read those lines1 he had caught their spirit1 and the recitation ended perfectly4 ,then1 as he was requested to render the whole passage into vernacular1 with a fluent diction1 choice words1 and not once faltering1 he acquitted himself with universal applause4 ,one or two more boys were called up1 and the visitors took their leave much pleased4 ,then it was our turn to ask the master why he had done that4 8,well1 boys10 said he1 8,i expected it all along4 ,you see it now4 ,how many times you have wondered at my keeping you so long on perhaps only three or four lines a whole afternoon6 ,now you understand4 ,we have not read ,virgil1 but we have studied ,latin poetry1 and you have learned it4 ,in future we shall skim the poets here and there1 as ,i may choose1 and at the final exhibition you shall be ready to read to the auditorium any part of the ,greek and ,latin authors the audience may think fit to call for40 ,and so we did1 and did it well4 ,once1 being on a school committee1 we asked the master of the high-schooland a learned man he waswhy he hurried through so many lines4 8,i cannot help it10 said he2 8they must have read so many lines sic when they present themselves for examination at ,harvard06 ,nor shall we omit here to note that young men have failed in their examinations to enter ,harvard because1 in sooth1 they could not get through the recitation4 ,prof4 ,agassiz himself told us that one of his favorite students 7whom we knew well7 failed because he could not repeat verbatim a certain portion of a treatise on some point of natural philosophy4 ,however1 the good professor insisted on the youth being examined as to the sense1 and not1 parrot-like1 repeating sentence after sentence1 and the candidate carried the palm4 ,this 8recitation0 system1 the 8forty lines0 routine1 is a curse4 ,we are sure professors will bear us out in our assertion4 ,dr4 ,becker1 in his excellent article in the ,american ,catholic ,quarterly1 deals with this matter in a very luminous style4 ,what use1 then1 of so many authors1 or of the whole of any one of them1 for a text-book8 ,non multa sed multum1 and multum in parvo4 ,the bee does not draw all that is garnered in the chalice1 but just that much which is necessary to make the honey4 ,no wonder that so few are endowed with the nescio quo sapore vernaculo1 as ,cicero would call it4 ,we have treasured for the last three-and-forty years the paper on which we copied the description of the war-horse1 as rendered by our professor of rhetoric1 who gave two lectures on it1 bringing in and commenting on parallel descriptions in prose and verse4 ,nearly half a century has passed away1 and those two charming afternoons in that old class-room are yet fresh in our remembrance4 ,if some prelates have gone so far as to exclude profane classics from the schools in their seminaries altogether1 the ,holy ,father1 on the other hand1 does not approve of such indiscriminate ostracism2 nay1 he recommends that a judicious adoption be made of the pagan classics1 at the same time bringing before the ,catholic student the great patterns of sacred writings which have been preserved for us from the ,greek and ,latin fathers4 ,surely only a senseless man would withhold from the 8golden-mouthed ,john0 that meed of praise which is allowed to the ,athenian ,demosthenes4 ,are they not both noble patterns on which the youthful aspirant to forensic or ecclesiastical eloquence should form himself8 ,and here it is that the necessity of preparing ,catholic text-books becomes self-evident4 ,outsiders cannot furnish us with the materials we need for a thorough and wholesome ,catholic trainingeven more important1 in our estimation1 when we take into consideration that such works in extenso are too costly and far beyond the means of the average of scholars4 ,hence if we are really in earnest in our desire of having perfect ,catholic schools1 such books must needs be prepared4 ,after we have carefully prepared proper editions of the pagan classics1 tatis aure1 for our schools1 what else have we to do to furnish our arsenal with a well-appointed complement8 ,we must look about for a choice of the best ,christian ,latin classics4 ,as for ,christian ,latin poets of antiquity1 the choice will be less difficult1 because there is not an embarrassing wealth of them1 yet enough to learn how to convey the holiest ideas in the phraseology of ,parnassus1 how to sing the praises of ,our ,lady with the rhythm of the ,muses4 ,it is well known that a new departure is about to take place1 nay1 has taken place1 in the ,catholic schools of ,europe4 ,the great patristic patterns of oratory and poetry will in future be held before the ,catholic student for his imitation and improvement4 ,the movement inside the ,catholic world has become known1 because there is no mystery about it1 and the ,catholic ,church1 faithful to her ,founder's example1 does and says everything 8openly40 ,the debate on the classics is over1 and every one is satisfied of the necessity of the new arrangement4 ,outside the church some one stood on tiptoe1 arrectis auribus2 all at once a clapping of handspresto6 ,the chance is caught1 the opportunity improved4 ,we have used pagan classics in our schools as they came from a non-,catholic press1 and we felt safe in adopting them6 ,moreover1 it has been1 so far1 next to impossible to detail any one1 chosen from our bands1 to prepare new sets4 ,now a plan seems to be maturing1 and a line drawn1 following which one will know how to work2 and it is on this line that the writer is adding his feeble efforts to aid a great cause4 ,but what of the ,christian classics8 ,obstupescite1 cli6 ,harper ,brothers have come to the rescue4 ,to them1 then1 we must suppliantly look for help to open this avenue of ,christian civilizationthe blended instruction1 in our schools1 of pagan and ,christian training in belles-lettres6 8,latin ,hymns1 with ,english ,notes4 ,for use in schools and colleges4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 ,publishers1 ,franklin ,square4 #ahge4 ,pp4 #ccc4 #abmo1 tinted paper1 #a #ge40 ,the book is to be the first of a series of what may be called sacred classics4 ,the second of the series1 already printed1 is ,the ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,eusebius2 it will be followed by ,tertullian and ,athanagoras 7surely a worse choice as regards style could not be made71 both in press4 ,then1 8should the series be welcomed1 it will be continued with volumes of ,augustine1 and ,cyprian1 and ,lactantius1 and ,justin ,martyr1 and ,chrysostom1 and others2 in number sufficient for a complete college course40 ,from a notice intended to usher the whole series before the public we learn that 8for many centuries1 down to what is called the pagan ,renaissance1 they the writings of early ,christians were the common linguistic study of educated ,christians40 ,a startling disclosure to us4 ,for the future1 pagan classics are to be eliminated4 ,is it not evident that the industrious editors have taken the clue from us8at least for a part of their programme2 for they push matters too far4 ,but here is the mishap4 ,if we have to judge by the first book1 their works will be unavailable1 their labor bootless4 ,dr4 ,parsons closes his admirable translation of ,dante's ,inferno 7albeit with a little profanity1 which we are willing to forgive1 considering the subject and its worth7 with those imploring words1 ,tantus labor non sit cassus6 ,mr4 ,march will find them at page #aee of his book4 ,he may as well appropriate them to himself1 with a little suppression1 however2 nor should he scruple to alter the text1 seeing that he has taken other unwarrantable liberties with the ancient fathers4 ,what right has he to mutilate ,prudentius' beautiful hymn ,de ,miraculis ,christi1 and of thirty-eight stanzas give us only eight1 therewith composing1 as it were1 a hymn of his own1 and entitling it ,de ,nativitate ,christi8 ,without entering into other damaging details1 we assure the projectors of this new enterprise that they have undertaken a faithless job4 ,catholic teachers cannot adopt their books4 ,for1 surely1 we are not going to make our youth buy publications which tell us1 e4g41 that the hymn ,stabat ,mater is 8simple ,mariolatry10 to say nothing of other notes equally insulting1 especially when we come to the historical department4 ,nor can it be said that they give proof either of knowledge or of taste when they choose ,eusebius for the very first sample of patristic classicism4 ,ah6 sutor1 sutor6 ,but enough4 ,we have dwelt on this new departure of ,protestant zeal for the study of the fathers1 to give an additional proof in favor of our opinion as to how far we can trust non-,catholic text-books4 ,even the most superficial reader will at once discover that we only take up side questions1 and our remarks and arguments do not in the least clash with the argument and judgment of ,dr4 ,engbers1 with whom we agree in the main4 ,we only assert that it would be better were we to strain every nerve in preparing text-books of our own1 whilst we also believe it would not be so very difficult to attain the long-wished-for result4 ,it will take some time1 it will require sacrifices1 yet the object can be accomplished4 ,a beginning has been made already in two ,american ,catholic colleges4 ,nor should we forget that none but ,catholics can be competent to perform such a work4 ,the fathers are our property2 and the same divine ,spirit that illumined their minds will not fail to guide the pens of those who1 in obedience to authority1 undertake this work4 ,as for the ,christian authors1 the difficulty is in the choice1 as ,dr4 ,engbers points out4 ,for the sake of brevity we limit ourselves to the ,latin fathers4 ,from the works of ,st4 ,augustine 7a mine of great wealth7 might be compiled a series of selections which1 put together with some from the ,ciceronian ,jerome and a few others1 would furnish an anthology of specimens of eloquence1 whether sacred1 historical1 or descriptive1 that could not be surpassed4 ,a judicious spicilegium from the ,acta ,martyrum and the liturgies of the first ages should form the introductory portion4 ,this first volume would be characteristic4 ,we would suggest that it were so prepared as at once to rivet the attention of the scholar and enamor him with the beauties of apostolic literature4 ,dr4 ,engbers is very anxiousand justly so1 when we consider our needsthat something were done to supply our schools with works of 8history1 natural science1 and geography40 ,indeed1 it is high time that we had a supply of such works4 ,but here many will ask3 8,have we resources in our own ,catholic community on which to depend for such works80 ,most assuredly we have4 ,for1 to quote only a few1 is not ,professor ,james ,hall1 of ,albany1 a ,catholic8 ,indeed he is1 and one of the first men in the department of natural history1 acknowledged as such by all the eminent societies of the ,european continent4 ,and who is superior to ,s4 ,s4 ,haldeman1 of ,pennsylvania8 ,and is he not 8one of ours08 ,the fact is1 we do not know our own resources4 ,here we have two men1 inferior to none in their own departments of learning1 and they are totally ignored by the ,catholic body1 to which they nevertheless belong6 ,indeed1 ,john ,gilmary ,shea1 another of our best men1 has touched a sad chord in his article in the first number of the new ,catholic ,quarterly4 ,we have allowed our best opportunities to slip by unnoticed1 and may ,god grant it is not too late to begin the seemingly herculean task before us6 ,we have written under the inspiration and after the guidance of the well-known wishes1 nay1 commands1 of our ,holy ,father4 ,he insists upon education being made more ,christian4 ,his ,holiness does not exclude the pagan authors2 he wishes them to be so presented to our youth that no harm may result therefrom to the morals of the student2 and we have no doubt that the programme we have only sketched will meet with the approval of all who are interested in the matter1 and who will give us the credit of having most faithfully adhered to our ,holy ,father's admonition4 ,nor will the reader charge us with presumption if we dare to quote the words of our great ,pope1 with the pardonable assurance that no more fitting close could be given to our paper4 ,monseigneur ,bishop of ,calvi and ,teano1 in the kingdom of ,naples1 now a cardinal1 is a most determined advocate of the needed reform1 and justly claims the merit of having been the first to inaugurate it in ,italy4 ,in a letter to him ,pius ,,ix4 sets down the importance of the movement1 and distinctly places the limits within which it should be confined in order to attain complete success4 8,r4 ,p4 ,d4 ,d',,avanzo1 ,episcopo ,calven1 ,theanen4#de 8,,pius ,p4,p4 ,,ix41 ,venerabilis ,frater1 ,salutem et ,apostolicam ,benedictionem4 8,quo libentius ab orbe ,catholico indicti a ,nobis ,jubili beneficium fuit exceptum1 ,venerabilis ,frater1 eo uberiorem inde fructum expectandum esse confidimus1 divina favente clementia4 ,grati propterea sensus animi1 quos hac de causa prodis1 iucunde excipimus1 ,deoque exhibemus1 ut emolumentum ltiti a te concept respondens dicesibus tuis concedere velit4 ,acceptissimam autem habemus eruditam epistolam a te concinnatam de mixta latin lingu institutione4 ,scitissime namque ab ipsa vindicatur decus christian latinitatis1 quam multi corruptionis insimularunt veteris sermonis2 dum patet1 linguam1 utpote mentis1 morum1 usuum publicorum enunciationem1 necessario novam induere debuisse formam post invectam a ,christo legem1 qu sicuti consortium humanum extulerat et retinxerat ad spiritualia1 sic indigebat nova eloquii indole ab eo discreta1 quod societatis carnalis1 fluxis tantum addict rebus1 ingenium diu retulerat4 ,cui quidem observationi sponte suffragata sunt recensita a te solerter monumenta singulorum ,ecclesi sculorum2 qu dum exordia nov form subjecerunt oculis1 ejusque progressum et prstantiam1 simul docuerunt constanter in more fuisse positum ,ecclesi1 juventutem latina erudire lingua per mixtam sacrorum et classicorum auctorum lectionem4 ,qu sane lucubratio tua cum diremptam iam disceptationem clariore luce perfuderit1 efficacius etiam suadebit institutoribus adolescenti1 utrorumque scriptorum opera in eius usum esse adhibenda4 ,hunc ,nos labori tuo successum ominamur2 et interim divini favoris auspicem et prcipu nostr benevolenti testem tibi1 ,venerabilis ,frater1 universoque ,clero et populo tuo ,benedictionem ,apostolicam peramanter impertimus4 8,datum ,rom apud ,s4 ,petrum die #a ,aprilis anno #ahge1 ,pontificatus ,nostri anno ,vigesimonono4 8,,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix40 ,this very letter is an instance of the results to which a thorough and judicious mixed ,latin classical education will lead the student of ,latinitythe resources of the pagan ,latin made classically available even to him who is secretary to the ,pope ab epistolis ,latinis1 to which post are appointed those who1 with other proper qualifications1 are good ,latin scholars4 ,some of these letters1 especially those issued under the pontificates of ,benedict ,,xiv4 and ,pius ,,vi4 and ,,vii41 are truly ,ciceronian in style and language4 ,we call the closest attention of such of our readers as are not acquainted with ,latin to the following translation of the above most important document3 8,to the ,,rev4 ,,father ,,bartholomew ,d',,avanzo1 ,bishop of ,calvi and ,teano4 8,,pius ,,ix41 ,pope4 8,venerable ,brother1 health and ,apostolic ,benediction3 ,in proportion1 ,venerable ,brother1 to the eager good-will with which our proclamation of the ,jubilee has been received by the ,catholic world1 is the harvest of good results we expect therefrom under favor of divine mercy4 ,heartily1 therefore1 do we welcome the sentiments of gratitude which you express1 and offer them to ,god1 that he may vouchsafe to your dioceses a share in your joy4 ,most seasonable1 moreover1 do we account the learned letter you have written on the mixed teaching of the ,latin language4 ,for with great erudition have you therein vindicated the honor of ,christian ,latinity1 which many have charged with being a corruption of the ancient tongue2 whereas it is clear that speech1 as the expression of ideas1 manners1 and public usages1 must necessarily have assumed a new garb after the law introduced by ,christa law which1 while it elevated human intercourse1 and refashioned it to spiritual requirements1 needed a new form of conversation1 distinct from that which had so long reflected the bent of a carnal society swayed only by transitory things4 ,and truly the monuments you have skilfully gathered from the several ages of the church afford a self-evident proof of our assertion2 for1 while they lay before the eyes of the reader the beginnings of the new form1 its progress and importance1 they also aver it to have been an established practice in the church to train youth in the ,latin tongue by a mixed reading of sacred with classic authors4 ,and assuredly this your dissertation1 in throwing greater light on a question already well ventilated1 will the more effectually urge upon the instructors of youth the advisability of calling to their aid the works of authors of both kinds4 ,such is the result we predict for your labors2 and in the meanwhile1 as a pledge of divine favor and a token of our own good-will1 we most affectionately bestow upon yourself1 ,venerable ,brother1 and upon all your clergy and people1 the ,apostolic ,benediction4 8,given at ,rome1 at ,st4 ,peter's1 on the #ast of ,april1 in the year #ahge1 the twenty-ninth of our pontificate40 8,,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix40 ,and thus ,roma locuta est6 #de ,acta ,sanct ,sedis1 vol4 viii4 p4 #efj4 ,,flywheel ,,bob4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,romance ,,of ,,charter ,,oak10 8,,pride ,,of ,,lexington10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,down in a dismal cellar1 so poorly lighted1 indeed1 that you could scarce distinguish his tiny figure when it came into the world1 ,bob was born4 ,our little hero began life where we all must end itunderground2 and certainly many a burial-vault might have seemed a less grimy1 gloomy home than his4 ,but ,bob's wretchedness being coeval with his birth1 he never knew what it was to be otherwise than wretched4 ,he cried and crowed pretty much like other infants1 and his mother declared he was the finest child ever born in this cellar4 8,and1 ,o darling60 she sighed more than once1 while he snugged to her bosom8,o darling6 if you could stay always what you are40 ,it was easy to feed him1 easy to care for him1 now4 ,how would he fare along the rugged road winding through the misty future8 ,nothing looked so beautiful to his baby eyes as the golden streak across the floor which appeared once a day for a few minutes2 and as soon as he was able to creep he moved towards it and tried to catch it1 and wondered very much when the streak faded away4 ,bob's only playmate was a poodle dog1 who loved the sunshine too1 and was able at first to get more of it than he2 and the child always whimpered when ,pin left him to go bask on the sidewalk4 ,but by and by1 when he grew older1 he followed his dumb friend up the steps1 and would sit for hours beside him2 and the dog was very fond of his little master1 if we may judge by the constant wagging of his bushy tail4 ,when ,bob was four years old his mother died4 ,this was too young an age for him to comprehend what had happened4 ,it surprised him a little when they carried the body away2 and when she breathed her last words3 8,i am going1 dear one2 ,i wish ,i could take you with me10 he answered3 8,going where1 mammy80 8,when is mammy coming home80 he asked of several persons who lodged in the cellar with him1 and stayed awake the first night a whole hour waiting for her to return4 ,but ere long ,bob ceased to think about his mother1 and in the course of a month 'twas as if she had never been2 there was rather more space in the underground chamber than before1 and now he had all the blanket to himself4 ,thus we see that the boy began early the battle of life4 ,when he felt hungry1 he would enter a baker's shop near by1 and stretch forth his puny hand2 and sometimes he was given a morsel of bread1 and sometimes he was not4 ,but ,bob was too spirited to lie down and starve4 ,so1 when the baker shook his head1 saying1 8,you come here too often10 he watched a chance and stole peanuts from the stand on the corner4 ,the ,ten ,commandments did not trouble him in the least2 for he had never heard of them4 ,bob only knew that there was a day in the week when the baker looked more solemn than on other days1 and when the streets were less crowded4 ,the one thing in the world ,bob cherished was ,pin4 ,and the feeling was mutual2 for not seldom1 when the dog discovered a bone or crust of bread among the rubbish-heaps1 he would let himself be deprived of the treasure without even a growl4 ,then1 when ,christmas came round1 ,bob and the poodle would stand by the shop-windows and admire the toys together2 and the child would talk to his pet1 and tell him that this was a doll and that a ,noe's ark4 ,once he managed to possess himself of a toy which a lady let drop on the side-walk4 ,but he did not keep it long2 for another urchin offered him a dime for it1 which ,bob accepted1 then forthwith turned the money into gingerbread1 which he shared with ,pin4 ,such was the orphan's childhood4 ,he was only one vagrant amid thousands of others4 ,in the great beehive of humanity his faint buzz was unheard1 and he was crowded out of sight by the swarm of other bees4 ,still1 there he was1 a member of the hive2 moving about and struggling for existence2 using his sting when he needed it1 and getting what honey he could4 ,when the boy was in his seventh year1 a misfortune befell him which really smote his heartthe poodle disappeared4 ,and now1 for the first time in his life1 ,bob shed tears4 ,he inquired of everybody in the tenement-house if they had seen him2 he put the same query to nearly every inhabitant of ,mott ,street4 ,but all smiled as they answered3 8,in a big city like ,new ,york a lost dog is like a needle in a haystack40 ,many a day did ,bob pass seeking his friend4 ,he wandered to alleys and squares where he had never been before1 calling out1 8,pin6 ,pin60 but no ,pin came4 ,then1 when night arrived and he lay down alone in his blanket1 he felt lonely indeed4 ,poor child6 ,it was hard to lose the only creature on earth that he lovedthe only creature on earth1 too1 that loved him4 8,i'll never forget you10 he sighed8never forget you40 ,and sometimes1 when another dog would wag his tail and try to make friends1 ,bob would shake his head and say3 8,no1 no1 you're not my lost ,pin40 ,it took a twelvemonth to become reconciled to this misfortune4 ,but ,time has broad wings1 and on them ,time bore away ,bob's grief1 as it bears away all our griefs2 otherwise1 one sorrow would not be able to make room for another sorrow1 and we should sink down and die beneath our accumulated burdens4 ,we have styled ,bob a vagrant4 ,here we take the name back1 if aught of bad be implied in it4 ,it was not his fault that he was born in a cellar2 and if he stole peanuts and other things1 'twas only when hunger drove him to it4 ,doubtless1 had he first seen the light in ,fifth ,avenue1 he would have known ere this how to spell and say his prayers2 might have gone1 perhaps1 to many a children's party1 with kid gloves on his delicate hands and a perfumed handkerchief for his sensitive little nose4 ,but ,bob was not born in ,fifth ,avenue4 ,he wore barely clothes enough to cover his nakedness4 ,his feet1 like his hands1 had never known covering of any sort2 they were used to the mud and the snow1 and once a string of red drops along the icy pavement helped to track him to his den after he had been committing a theft4 ,in this case1 however1 the blood which flowed from his poor foot proved a blessing in disguise1 for ,bob spent the coldest of the winter months in the lock-up3 clean straw1 a dry floor1 regular mealswhat a happy month6 ,as for not being able to readwhy1 if a boy in such ragged raiment as his were to show himself at a public school1 other boys would jeer at him1 and the pedagogue eye him askance4 ,but ,bob proved the metal that was in him by taking1 when he was just eight years of age1 a place in a factory4 8,yes10 he said to the man who brought him there1 8,i'd rather work than be idle40 ,it were difficult to describe his look of wonder when he first entered the vast building4 ,there seemed to be no end of peopleold men1 young men1 and children like himself1 all silent and busy4 ,around them1 above them1 on every side of them1 huge belts of leather1 and rods of iron1 and wheels and cog-wheels were whirring1 darting in and out of holes1 clearing this fellow's head by a few inches1 grazing that one's back so close that1 if he chanced to faint or drop asleep1 off in an eye's twinkle the machinery would whirl him1 rags1 bones1 and flesh making one ghastly pulp together4 ,and the air was full of a loud1 mournful hum1 like ten thousand sighs and groans4 ,presently ,bob sat down on a bench2 then1 like a good boy1 tried to perform the task set for him4 ,but he could only stare at the big flywheel right in front of him and close by2 and so fixed and prolonged was his gaze that1 by common consent1 the operatives christened him ,flywheel ,bob4 ,next day1 however1 he began work in earnest1 and it was not long ere he became the best worker of them all4 ,when ,bob was an infant1 we remember1 he used to creep toward the sun-streak on the cellar floor1 and cry when it faded away4 ,now1 although the building where he toiled twelve hours a day was gloomy and depressing1 and the sunshine a godsend to the spirits1 the boy never lifted his eyes for a single moment when it shimmered through the sooty windows4 ,at his age one grows apace2 one is likewise tender and easily moulded into well-nigh any shape4 ,so1 like as the insect1 emerging from the chrysalis1 takes the color of the leaf or bark to which it clings1 ,bob grew more and more like unto the soulless machinery humming round him4 ,if whispered to1 he made no response4 ,when toward evening his poor back would feel weary1 no look of impatience revealed itself on his countenance4 ,if ever he heaved a sigh1 no ears heard it1 not even his own2 and the foreman declared that he was a model boy for all the other boys to imitateso silent1 so industrious1 so heartily co-operating with the wheels and cog-wheels1 boiler1 valves1 and steam2 in fact1 he was the most valuable piece in the whole complicated machinery4 ,bob was really a study4 ,there are children who look forward to happy days to come2 who often1 too1 throw their mind's eye backward on the ,christmas last gone by4 ,this ,bob never did4 ,his past had no ,santa ,claus1 his present had none1 his future had none4 ,it were difficult to say what life did appear to him1 as day after day he bent over his task4 ,mayhap he never indulged in thoughts about himselfwhat he had been1 what he was1 what he might become4 ,certainly1 if we may judge by the vacant1 leaden look into which his features ere long crystallized1 ,bob was indeed what the foreman saida bit of the machinery4 ,and more and more akin to it he grew as time rolled by4 ,bob had never beheld it except in motion2 and on ,sundays1 when he was forced to remain idle1 his arm would ever and anon start off on a wild1 crazy whirl2 round and round and round it would go2 whereupon the other children would laugh and shout3 8,hi6 ho6 ,look at ,flywheel ,bob60 ,the child's fame spread4 ,in the course of time ,richard ,goodman1 the owner of the factory1 heard of him4 ,this gentleman1 be it known1 was subject to the gout2 at least1 he gave it that name1 which sounded better than rheumatism1 for it smacked of family1 of gentle birth2 though1 verily1 if such an ailment might be communicated through a proboscis1 there was not enough old ,madeira in his veins to have given a mosquito the gout4 ,when thus laid up1 ,mr4 ,goodman was wont to send for his superintendent to inquire how business was getting on2 and it was upon one of these occasions that he first heard of ,bob4 ,although not a person given to enthusiasm1 not even when expressing himself on the subject of moneymoney1 which lay like a little gold worm in the core of his hearthe became so excited when he was told about the model child1 who never smiled1 who never sulked1 who never asked for higher wages1 that the foreman felt a little alarm2 for he had never seen his employer's eyes glisten as they did now1 and even the pain in his left knee did not prevent ,mr4 ,goodman from rising up out of the easy-chair to give vent to his emotion4 8,believe me10 he exclaimed1 8this child is the beginning of a new race of children4 ,believe me1 when our factories are filled by workers like him1 then we'll have no more strikes2 strikes will be extinguished for ever60 ,here ,mr4 ,goodman sank down again in the chair1 then1 pulling out a silk handkerchief1 wiped his forehead4 ,but presently his brow contracted4 8,there is some talk10 he continued1 8of introducing a bill in the legislature to exclude all children from factories under ten years of age4 ,would such a bill exclude my model boy80 8,i can't say whether it would10 replied the manager4 8,bob may be ten1 or a little under1 or a little over4 ,i don't think he'll change much from what he is1 not if he lives fifty years4 ,his face looks just like something that has been hammered into a certain shape that it can't get out of40 8,and they talk1 too1 of limiting the hours of work to ten per day for children between ten and sixteen years10 went on ,mr4 ,goodman1 still frowning2 8and1 what's more1 the bill requires three months' day-schooling or six months' night-schooling4 ,i declare1 if this bill becomes a law1 ,i'll retire from business4 ,the public has no right to interfere with my employment of labor4 ,it is sheer tyranny40 8,well1 it would throw labor considerably out of gear10 remarked the superintendent2 8for there are a hundred thousand children employed in the shops and factories of this city and suburbs40 8,but1 no2 the bill sha'n't pass60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,goodman1 thumping his fist on the table4 8,why1 what's the use of a lobby1 if such a bill can go through80 ,here the foreman smiled1 whereupon his employer gave a responsive smile2 then pulling the bell1 8,now10 said the latter1 8let us drink the model boy's health40 ,in a few minutes there appeared a decanter of sherry4 8,here's to ,flywheel ,bob60 cried ,mr4 ,goodman1 holding up his glass4 8,to ,flywheel ,bob60 repeated the other2 and they both tossed off the wine4 8,flywheel ,bob6 ,why1 what a funny name60 spoke a low1 silvery voice close by4 ,mr4 ,goodman turned hastily round1 and there1 at the threshold of the study1 stood a little girl1 with a decidedly pert air1 and a pair of lustrous black eyes fixed full upon him2 they seemed to say3 8,i know you told me not to enter here1 yet here ,i am40 ,a profusion of ringlets rippled down her shoulders1 and on one of her slender fingers glittered a gold ring4 8,daisy1 you have disobeyed me10 said her father1 trying to appear stern2 8and1 what is more1 you glide about like a cat40 8,do ,i80 said ,daisy1 smiling4 8,well1 pa1 tell me who ,flywheel ,bob is2 then ,i'll go away40 8,something down at my factorya little toy making pennies for you4 ,there1 now1 retire1 darling1 retire40 8,a little toy8 ,then give me ,flywheel ,bob2 ,i want a new plaything10 pursued the child1 quite heedless of the command to withdraw4 8,well1 ,i'd like to know how many toys you want80 said ,mr4 ,goodman impatiently4 8,you've had dear knows how many dolls since ,christmas40 8,nine1 pa40 8,and pray1 what has become of them all1 miss80 8,given away to girls who didn't get any from ,santa ,claus40 8,i declare6 she's her poor dear mother over again10 sighed the widower4 8,margaret would give away her very shoes and stockings to the poor40 ,the sigh had barely escaped his lips when the foreman burst into a laugh1 and presently ,mr4 ,goodman laughed too2 for1 lo6 peeping from behind the girl's silk frock was the woolly head of a poodle4 ,in his mouth was a doll with one arm broken off1 hair done up in curls like ,daisy's1 and a bit of yellow worsted twined around one of the fingers to take the place of a ring4 8,humph6 ,i don't wonder you've had nine dolls in five months10 ejaculated ,mr4 ,goodman after he had done laughing4 8,rover1 it seems1 plays with them too2 then tears them up40 8,well1 pa1 he is tired of dolls now1 and wants ,flywheel ,bob2 and so do ,i40 8,i wish ,i hadn't mentioned the boy's name10 murmured ,mr4 ,goodman4 ,then aloud3 8,daisy dear1 ,i am going out for a drive by and by2 which way shall we go8 ,to the ,park80 8,no2 to ,tiffany's to have my ears pierced40 ,at this he burst into another laugh4 8,why1 pa1 ,i'm almost ten1 and old enough for earrings10 added ,daisy1 tossing her head and making the pretty ringlets fly about in all directions4 8,well1 well1 darling2 then we will go to ,tiffany's40 8,and afterwards1 pa1 we'll get ,flywheel ,bob40 8,oh6 hush1 my love4 ,you cannot have him40 8,him6 ,is he a little boy1 pa80 ,mr4 ,goodman did not answer4 8,well1 whatever ,flywheel ,bob is10 she continued1 8,i want a new plaything4 ,this doll ,rover broke all by accident4 ,and ,i scolded you hard2 didn't ,i1 ,rover80 ,here she patted the dog's head4 8,but1 pa1 he sha'n't hurt ,flywheel ,bob40 8,well1 well1 we'll drive out in half an hour10 said her parent1 who would fain have got the notion of ,flywheel ,bob out of his child's head1 yet feared it might stick there4 8,in half an hour10 repeated ,daisy1 feeling the tips of her ears1 while her eyes sparkled like the jewels which were shortly to adorn them4 ,then1 going to the bell1 she gave a ring4 ,mr4 ,goodman1 of course1 imagined that it was to order the carriage4 ,but when the domestic appeared1 ,daisy quietly said3 8,jane1 ,i wish the boned turkey brought here40 ,no use to protestto tell the child that this room was his own private business room1 and not the place for luncheon4 ,in the boned turkey was brought1 despite ,mr4 ,goodman's sighs4 ,but it was well-nigh more than he could endure when presently1 after carving off three slices1 she bade ,rover sit up and beg4 ,in an instant the poodle let the doll drop1 then1 balancing himself on his haunches1 gravely opened his mouth4 8,he never eats anything except boned turkey10 observed ,daisy in answer to her father's look of displeasure4 8,bones are bad for his teeth40 ,then1 while her pet was devouring the dainty morsels3 8,pa10 she went on1 8you haven't yet admired ,rover's blue ribbon40 8,umph6 he certainly doesn't look at all like the creature he was when you bought him three years ago10 answered ,mr4 ,goodman4 8,well1 pa1 this summer ,i will not go to the ,white ,mountains4 ,remember60 8,why not80 inquired ,mr4 ,goodman1 who failed to discern any possible connection between the poodle and this charming summer resort4 8,because ,i want surf-bathing for ,rover4 ,i love to throw your cane into the big waves1 then see him rush after it and jump up and down in the foam4 ,this season we must go to ,long ,branch40 ,her father made no response1 but turned to address a parting word to the superintendent1 who presently took leave1 highly amused by the child's bold1 pert speeches4 8,now1 ,daisy1 for our drive10 said ,mr4 ,goodman1 rising stiffly out of the arm-chair4 ,but he had only got as far as the door when another visitor was announced4 ,it proved to be a member of the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animalsa society which has already done much good1 and whose greatest enemy is the ill-judged zeal of some of its own members4 8,what on earth can he want80 thought ,mr4 ,goodman1 motioning to the gentleman to take a seat4 8,i am come1 sir10 began the latter1 8to inquire whether you would accept the position of president of our society8 ,we have much to contend with1 and gentlemen like yourselfgentlemen of wealth and influence in the communityare needed to assist us40 ,mr4 ,goodman1 who in reality cared not a rush how animals were treated1 yet was ambitious to be known as a citizen of influence1 bowed and replied3 8,i feel highly honored1 sir1 and am willing to become your president40 ,then1 filling anew the wine-glasses1 he called out3 8,here is success and prosperity to0 8,flywheel ,bob10 interrupted ,daisy4 8,for1 pa1 he is a little boy1 isn't he8 ,a little boy making pennies80 ,mr4 ,goodman frowned1 while the child laughed and ,rover barked4 ,but presently the toast to the society was duly honored1 after which the visitor proceeded to speak of several cruel sports which he hoped would soon be put a stop to4 8,turkey-matches on ,thanksgiving day must be legislated against1 ,mr4 ,president40 ,mr4 ,president bowed and waved his hand4 8,and there is talk1 sir1 of introducing fox-chases1 as in ,england4 ,this sport must likewise be prevented by law40 ,another bow and wave of the hand4 8,well1 pa1 you sha'n't stop me killing flies2 for flies plague ,rover10 put in ,daisy1 with a malicious twinkle in her eye4 ,again the poodle barked4 ,then1 clapping her hands1 off she flew to get her hat and gloves1 leaving the gentlemen smiling at this childish remark4 8,my darling10 said ,mr4 ,goodman a quarter of an hour later1 as they were driving down ,fifth ,avenue together8my darling1 ,i have been placed at the head of another societya society to prevent cruelty to animals40 8,i am glad10 replied ,daisy1 looking up in his face4 8,everybody likes you1 pa2 don't they80 ,daisy1 let us here observe1 was the rich man's only child4 ,his wife was dead2 but whenever he gazed upon the little fairy at this moment seated beside him1 he seemed to behold his dear ,margaret anew3 the same black eyes1 the same wilful1 imperious1 yet withal tenderly affectionate ways4 ,no wonder that ,richard ,goodman idolized his daughter4 ,to no other living being did he unbend1 did his heart ever quicken4 ,but to ,daisy he did unbend4 ,he loved to caress her1 to talk to her1 too1 about matters and things which she could hardly understand4 ,and she would always listen and appear very pleased and interested4 ,search the whole city of ,new ,york1 and you would not have found another of her age with so much tact when she chose to play the little lady1 nor a better child1 either1 considering how thoroughly she had been spoilt4 ,if ,daisy was a tyrant1 she was a very loving one indeed1 and none knew this better than her father and the poodle1 who is now perched on the front cushion of the barouche1 looking scornfully down at the curs whom he passes1 and saying to himself3 8,what a lucky dog ,i am60 8,i am sure the ,society to prevent ,cruelty to ,animals will do good10 observed ,daisy1 after holding up her finger a moment and telling ,rover to sit straight4 8,but1 pa1 is ,flywheel ,bob an animal or a toy8 ,or is he really a little boy1 as ,i guessed awhile ago80 8,there it comes again10 murmured ,mr4 ,goodman4 ,then1 with a slight gesture of impatience1 he answered3 8,a boy1 my love1 a boy40 8,well1 what a funny name1 pa6 ,oh6 ,i'm glad we're going to see him40 8,no1 dear1 we are going to ,tiffany'sto ,tiffany's1 in order to have your darling ears pierced and elegant earrings put in them40 8,i know it1 pa1 but ,i ordered ,james to drive first to the factory40 ,no use to protest4 ,the coachman drove whither he was bidden4 ,but not a little surprised was he1 when they arrived1 to see his young mistress alight instead of his master4 8,i am too lame with gout to accompany her10 whispered ,mr4 ,goodman to the foreman1 who presently made his appearance4 8,it is an odd whim of hers4 ,don't keep her long1 and take great care about the machinery40 8,i'll be back soon1 pa10 said ,daisy8very soon40 ,with this she and ,rover entered the big1 cheerless edifice1 which towered like a giant high above all the surrounding houses4 8,now1 ,miss ,goodman1 keep close to me and walk carefully10 said her guide4 8,let me hold your hand10 said the child1 who already began to feel excited as the first piece of machinery came in view4 ,then1 pausing at the threshold of floor number one1 8,oh6 what a noise10 she cried1 8and what a host of people6 ,which one is ,flywheel ,bob80 8,yonder he sits1 miss10 replied the superintendent1 pointing to the curved figure of a boywe might better say child2 for1 in the two and a half years since we last met him1 ,bob has hardly grown a quarter of an inch4 8,why doesn't he sit straight80 asked ,daisy1 approaching him4 8,because1 miss1 ,bob minds his task40 8,well1 he does indeed2 for he hasn't looked at me once1 while all the rest are staring40 8,you are the first young lady that has ever honored us by a visit10 answered the foreman4 8,am ,i80 exclaimed ,daisy1 not a little gratified to have so many eyes fastened upon her4 ,at children's parties1 pretty as she was1 she had rivals2 here there were none4 ,and now1 as she moved daintily along1 with her glossy curls swaying to and fro1 and her sleeves not quite hiding the gold bracelets on her snowy wrists1 she formed indeed a bewitching picture4 ,presently they arrived beside ,flywheel ,bob2 then ,daisy stopped and surveyed him attentively1 wondering why he still refused to notice her4 8,how queerly he behaves60 she said inwardly1 8and how pale he is6 ,i wonder what he gets to eat8 ,his fingers are like spiders' claws4 ,i'd rather be ,rover than ,bob40 ,while she thus soliloquized the poodle kept snuffing at the boy's legs1 and his tail1 which at first had evinced no sign of emotion1 was now wagging slowly from side to side1 like as one who moves with doubt and deliberation4 ,mayhap strange thoughts were flitting through ,rover's head at this moment4 ,perchance dim memories were being awakened of a damp abode underground2 of a baby twisting knots in his shaggy coat2 of hard times1 when a half-picked bone was a feast4 ,who knows8 ,but while the dog poked his nose against the boy's ragged trowsers1 while his tail wagged faster and faster1 while his mistress said to herself3 8,i'll tell pa about poor ,bob1 and he shall come to ,long ,branch with us10 the object of her pity continued as unmoved by the attention bestowed on him as if he had been that metal rod flashing back and forth in yon cylinder4 8,how many hours does ,bob work80 inquired ,daisy1 moving away and drawing ,rover along by the ear2 for ,rover seemed unwilling to depart4 8,twelve1 miss10 replied the foreman4 8,twelve60 repeated ,daisy1 lifting her eyebrows4 8,does he really8 ,why1 ,i don't work two4 ,my governess likes to drive in the ,park1 and so do ,i2 and we think two hours long enough40 8,well1 ,i have seen him1 pa10 said ,daisy a few minutes later1 as she and her father were driving away4 8,have you8 ,humph6 then ,i suppose we may now go to ,tiffany's10 rejoined ,mr4 ,goodman somewhat petulantly4 8,and1 pa1 ,flywheel ,bob isn't a bit like any other boy ,i have ever seen4 ,why1 he is all doubled up2 his bony fingers move quick1 quick1 ever so quick2 his eyes keep always staring at his fingers1 and0here an expression of awe shadowed the child's bright face a moment8and really1 pa1 ,i thought he said #8hiss-s-s' when the steam-pipe hissed40 8,humph60 ejaculated the manufacturer4 ,then1 after a pause3 8,well1 now1 my dear1 let us talk about something elseabout your earrings2 which shall they be1 pearls or diamonds80 8,diamonds1 pa1 for they shine prettier40 ,then clapping her hands3 8,oh6 wouldn't it surprise ,bob if ,i gave him a holiday8 ,he is making pennies for me1 isn't he8 ,you said so this morning4 ,well1 pa1 ,i have pennies enough1 so ,bob shall play awhile2 he shall come to ,long ,branch40 8,my daughter1 do not be silly10 said ,mr4 ,goodman4 8,silly6 ,why1 pa1 if ,rover likes surf-bathing1 ,i'm sure ,flywheel ,bob'll like it too40 8,he is too good a boy to idle away his time1 my love40 8,well1 but1 pa1 ,i heard you say that bathing was so healthy2 and ,bob doesn't look healthy40 8,thank heavens6 here we are at ,tiffany's10 muttered ,mr4 ,goodman when presently the carriage came to a stop4 ,but before his daughter descended he took her hand and said3 8,daisy1 you love me1 do you not80 8,love you1 pa8 ,of course ,i do40 ,and to prove it the child pressed her lips to his cheek4 8,then1 dearest1 please not to speak any more about ,flywheel ,bob2 otherwise your governess will think you are crazy1 and so will everybody else who hears you40 8,crazy60 cried ,daisy1 opening her eyes ever so wide4 ,then turning up her little1 saucy nose3 8,well1 pa1 ,i don't care what ,mam'selle thinks60 8,but you care about what ,i think80 said ,mr4 ,goodman1 still retaining her hand2 for she seemed ready to fly away4 8,oh6 indeed ,i do40 8,then ,i request you not to mention ,flywheel ,bob any more40 8,really80 ,and ,daisy gazed earnestly in his face1 while astonishment1 anger1 love1 made her own sweet countenance for one moment a terrible battle-field4 ,it was all she spoke2 in another moment she and ,rover were within the splendid marble store4 ,as soon as she was gone ,mr4 ,goodman drew a long breath4 ,yet he could not bear to be without his daughter1 even for ever so short a time2 and now she was scarcely out of sight when he felt tempted to hobble after her4 ,he worshipped ,daisy4 ,but who did not8 ,she was the life of his home4 ,without her it would have been sombre indeed2 for ,no4 ,fifth ,avenue was a very large mansion1 and no other young person was in it besides herself4 ,but ,daisy made racket enough for six1 despite her ,french governess1 who would exclaim fifty times a day3 8,mademoiselle ,marguerite1 vous vous comportez comme une bourgeoise40 ,if an organ-grinder passed under the window1 the window was thrown open in a trice1 and down poured a handful of coppers2 and happy was the monkey who climbed up to that window-sill1 for the child would stuff his red cap with sugar and raisins1 and send him off grinning as he had never grinned before4 8,o darling6 do hurry back10 murmured ,mr4 ,goodman1 while he waited in the carriage1 longing for her to reappear4 ,at length she came1 and the moment she was beside him again he gave her an embrace2 then the rich man drove home1 feeling very1 very happy4 ,but not so ,daisy4 ,and this afternoon she stood a whole hour by the window1 looking silently out4 ,in vain the itinerant minstrel played his finest tunes2 she seemed deaf to the music4 ,rover1 too1 looked moody and not once wagged his tail2 nor when dinner-time came would he touch a mouthful of anythingwhich1 however1 did not surprise the governess1 who observed3 8,ma foi6 l'animal ne fait que manger40 ,but when a whole week elapsed1 and ,daisy still remained pensive1 her father said3 8,you need change of air1 my love2 so get your things ready4 ,to-morrow we'll be off for ,long ,branch40 8,so soon60 exclaimed ,daisy4 ,it was only the first of ,june4 8,why1 my pet1 don't you long to throw my cane into the waves1 to see ,rover swim after it80 ,then1 as she made no response1 8,daisy10 he went on1 8why do you not laugh and sing and be like you used to be8 ,tell me what is the matter40 ,without answering1 ,daisy looked down at the poodle1 who turned his eyes up at her and faintly moved his tail4 8,yes1 yes2 ,i see you need a change10 continued ,mr4 ,goodman4 8,so to-morrow we'll be off for the seaside4 ,there ,i know you will laugh and be happy40 8,is ,flywheel ,bob happy80 murmured the child under her breath4 8,a little louder1 dear one1 a little louder4 ,i didn't catch those last words40 8,you asked me1 pa1 not to speak of ,flywheel ,bob to you2 so ,i only spoke about him to myself40 8,well1 ,i do declare60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,goodman in a tone of utter amazement2 then1 after staring at her for nearly a minute1 he rose up and passed into his private room1 thinking what a very odd being ,daisy was4 8,she is her poor1 dear mother over again10 he muttered4 8,i never could quite understand ,margaret1 and now ,i cannot understand ,daisy40 ,mr4 ,goodman had not been long in his study when a visitor was announced4 ,the one who presently made his appearance was as unlike the benevolent and scrupulous gentleman who came here once to beg the manufacturer to become president of the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animalsas unlike him1 we repeat1 as a man could possibly be4 ,this man's name was ,fox2 and verily there was something of his namesake about him4 ,explain it as we may1 we do occasionally meet with human beings bearing a mysterious resemblance to some one of the lower animals2 and if ,mr4 ,fox could only have dwindled in size1 then dropped on his hands and knees1 we should have fired at him without a doubt1 had we discovered him near our hen-roost of a moonlight night4 8,glad to see you1 ,mr4 ,fox10 said ,mr4 ,goodman1 motioning to him to be seated4 8,i sent for you to talk about important business40 8,at your service1 sir10 replied the other1 with a twinkle in his gray eye which pleased ,daisy's father2 for it seemed to say1 8,i am ready for any kind of business40 8,very good10 said ,mr4 ,goodman2 then1 after tapping his fingers a moment on the table3 8,now1 ,mr4 ,fox1 ,i would like you to proceed at once to ,albany4 ,can you go80 ,mr4 ,fox nodded4 8,very good4 ,and when you are there1 sir1 ,i wish you to exert yourself to the utmost to prevent the passage of a bill known as #8,the ,bill for the protection of factory children4'0 ,here ,mr4 ,fox blew his nose1 which action caused his cunning eyes to sparkle more brightly4 ,then1 having returned the handkerchief to his pocket1 8,mr4 ,goodman10 he observed1 8of course you are aware that it takes powder to shoot robins4 ,now1 how much1 sir1 do you allow for this bird80 ,mr4 ,goodman smiled2 then1 after writing something on a slip of paper1 held it up before him4 8,humph60 ejaculated ,mr4 ,fox4 8,that sum may doit may4 ,but you must know1 sir1 that this legislature is not like the last one4 ,this legislature0here ,mr4 ,fox himself smiled8is affected with a rare complaint1 which we gentlemen of the lobby facetiously call #8,ten-,commandment fever'2 and the weaker a man is with this complaint1 the more it takes to operate on him40 8,then make it this40 ,and ,mr4 ,goodman held up another slip with other figures marked on it4 8,well1 yes1 ,i guess that'll cure the worst case10 said ,mr4 ,fox1 grinning4 8,good60 exclaimed ,daisy's father4 8,then1 sir1 let us dismiss the subject and talk about something elseabout a bill introduced by the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 of which society ,i am president4 ,it relates to chasing foxes40 8,and this bill you don't want killed80 said ,mr4 ,fox4 8,precisely40 8,well1 sir1 how much are you willing to spend for that purpose80 ,again ,mr4 ,goodman held up a piece of paper4 8,why1 my stars60 cried the lobby-member1 after glancing at the figures8my stars6 isn't it as important a bill as the other80 8,i won't alter my figures10 replied ,mr4 ,goodman4 8,but remember1 sir1 you are president of the ,so0 8,i won't alter my figures10 repeated ,mr4 ,goodman1 interrupting him4 8,then1 sir1 you cannot count on a law to prevent people running after foxes10 answered ,mr4 ,fox dryly2 but presently1 shrugging his shoulders1 8,however1 as much as can be accomplished with that small sum of money1 ,i will accomplish40 8,i don't doubt it10 observed ,mr4 ,goodman2 then1 turning toward the table1 8,and now1 sir1 suppose we drink a glass of wine1 after which you will proceed to ,albany40 ,accordingly1 to ,albany ,mr4 ,fox went1 while ,richard ,goodman and his daughter took wing for ,long ,branch4 ,but1 strange to relate1 the change of air did not work the beneficial effects which her father had expected4 ,there was evidently something the matter with ,daisy4 ,she had grown thoughtful beyond her years1 and would ever and anon sit down on the beach1 and1 with ,rover's head resting on her lap1 gaze out over the blue waters without opening her lips for perhaps a whole hour4 8,what can ail my darling child80 ,mr4 ,goodman often asked himself during these pensive moods4 ,then he consulted three physicians who happened to be taking a holiday at the ,branch2 one of whom recommended iron1 another cod-liver oil1 while the third doctor said3 8,fresh milk1 sir1 fresh milk40 ,while he was thus worried about ,daisy1 the torrid1 sunstroke heat of summer flamed down upon the city1 and more and more people followed his example and fled to ,newport and the ,white ,mountains1 to ,saratoga and ,long ,branch4 ,but those who went away were as a drop in the ocean to those who remained behind4 ,the toilers are ever legion4 ,we see them not1 yet they are always near1 toiling1 toiling2 and our refinement1 our luxury1 our happiness1 are too often the fruit of their misery4 ,the deeper the miner delves in the mine1 the higher towers the castle of ,mammon4 ,so in these sultry dog-days ,flywheel ,bob's spider fingers were at work for ,richard ,goodman's benefit1 as deftly as in the depths of winterno holiday for those poor fingers4 ,yet not even a sigh does ,bob heave1 and he cares less now for the blessed sunshine than he did in his baby days1 when it painted a golden streak on the cellar floor4 ,o foolish boy6 why didst thou not go with thy mother8 ,there was room enough in the pine box to have held ye both1 and in ,potter's field thy weary body would have found rest long ago4 ,but ,bob1 instead of dying1 lived2 and now behold him1 in his eleventh year1 in the heart of this big factory1 the biggest in the metropolis1 and the clatter and din of it are his very life4 ,oh6 show him not a rose1 ,daisy dear4 ,keep far from his ears the song of the birds6 ,let him be1 let him be where he is6 ,and ,o wheels and cogwheels1 and all ye other pieces of machinery6 whatever name ye go by1 keep on turning and rumbling and groaning2 for ,flywheel ,bob believes with all his heart and soul that he is one with you1 that ye are a portion of himself4 ,break not his mad illusion6 ',tis the only one he has ever enjoyed4 ,and on the machinery wenton1 on1 on1 all through ,june1 ,july1 ,august1 earning never so much money before2 and the millionaire to whom it belonged would have passed never so happy a summer 7for his manager wrote him most cheering reports71 if only ,daisy had been well and cheerful4 ,it was the #ast of ,september when ,mr4 ,goodman returned to ,new ,yorkthe #ast of ,september2 a memorable day it was to be4 ,hardly had he crossed the threshold of his city home when he received a message which caused him to go with all haste to the factory4 ,what had happened8 ,the machinery had broken down1 come to a sudden dead pause2 and the moment's stillness which followed was not unlike the stillness of the death-chamberjust after the vital spark has fled1 and when the mourners can hear their own hearts beating4 ,then came a piercing1 agonizing cry2 up1 up from floor to floor it shrilled4 ,and lo6 ,flywheel ,bob had become a raving maniac1 and far out in the street his voice could be heard3 8,don't let the machine stop6 ,don't let the machine stop6 ,oh6 don't1 oh6 don't4 ,keep me going6 keep me going60 ,immediately the other operatives crowded about him2 a few laughed1 many looked awe-stricken1 while one stalwart fellow tried to prevent his arms from swinging round like the wheel which had been in motion near him so long4 ,but this was not easy to do1 and the mad boy continued to scream3 8,keep me going1 keep me going1 keep me going60 until finally he sank down from utter exhaustion4 ,then they carried him away to his underground home1 the same dusky chamber where he was born1 and left him4 ,but ere long the place was thronged with curious people1 drawn thither by his cries1 and who made sport of his crazy talk2 for ,bob told them that he was a flywheel1 and it was dangerous to approach him4 ,then they lit some bits of candle1 and formed a ring about him1 so as to give his arms full space to swing4 ,and now1 while his wild1 impish figure went spinning round and hissing amid the circle of flickering lights1 it was well-nigh impossible to believe that he was the same being who eleven years before had crept and crowed and toddled about in this very spot1 a happy babe1 with ,pin and a sunbeam to play with4 ,it was verging towards evening when ,mr4 ,goodman received the message alluded to above2 and ,daisy1 after wondering a little what could have called her father away at this hour1 determined to sally forth and enjoy a stroll in the avenue with ,rover4 ,her governess had a headache and could not accompany her2 but this did not matter1 for the child was ten years old and not afraid to go by herself4 ,accordingly1 out she went4 ,but1 to her surprise1 when she reached the sidewalk her pet refused to follow4 ,he stood quite still1 and you might have fancied that he was revolving some project in his noddle4 8,come1 come60 said ,daisy impatiently4 ,but the dog stirred not an inch1 nor even wagged his tail4 ,and now happened something very interesting indeed4 ,rover presently did move1 but not in the direction which his young mistress wishedup towards the ,parkbut down the avenue4 ,nor would he halt when she bade him1 and only once did he glance back at her4 8,well1 well1 ,i'll follow him10 said ,daisy4 8,he likes ,madison ,square2 perhaps he is going there40 ,she was mistaken1 however4 ,past the ,square the poodle went1 then down ,broadway1 and on1 on1 to ,daisy's astonishment and grief1 who kept imploring him to stop2 and once she caught his ear and tried to hold him back1 but he broke loose1 then proceeded at a brisker pace than before1 so that it was necessary almost to run in order to keep up with him4 ,by and by the child really grew alarmed2 for she found herself no longer in ,broadway1 but in a much narrower street1 where every other house had a hillock of rubbish in front of it1 and where the stoops and sidewalks were crowded with sickly-looking children in miserable garments1 and who made big eyes at her as she went by4 ,the curs1 too1 yelped at ,rover1 as if he had no business to be among them2 and one mangy beast tried to tear off his pretty blue ribbon4 ,but1 albeit no coward1 ,rover paused not to fight2 steadily on he trotted1 until at length he dived down a flight of rickety steps4 ,daisy had to follow1 for she durst not leave him now2 she seemed to be miles away from her beautiful home on ,murray ,hill1 and there was no choice left1 save to trust to her pet to guide her back when he felt inclined4 ,but it was not easy to penetrate into the cavern-like domicile whither the stairway led2 for it was very full of people4 ,the dog1 however1 managed to squeeze through them2 and ,daisy1 who was clinging to his shaggy coat1 presently found herself in an open space lit up by half a dozen tapers1 and in the middle of the ring a boy was yelling and swinging his arms around with terrific velocity1 and the boy looked very like ,flywheel ,bob4 8,hi6 ho6 ,here's a fairy1 ,boba fairy60 cried a voice1 as ,daisy emerged from the crowd and stood trembling before him4 8,it's ,cinderella10 shouted another4 8,isn't she a beauty60 exclaimed a third voice4 ,while they were passing these remarks upon the child1 ,rover was yelping and frisking about as she had never seen him do before2 he seemed perfectly wild with delight4 ,but the one whom the poodle recognized and loved knew him not4 8,o ,bob6 ,bob60 cried ,daisy presently1 stretching forth her hands in an imploring manner1 8don't kill my ,rover6 ,don't1 don't60 ,there was indeed cause for alarm4 ,the mad boy had suddenly ceased his frantic motions and clutched her pet by the throat1 as if to choke him4 ,yet1 although in dire peril of his life1 ,rover wagged his tail1 and somebody shouted3 8,bully dog6 ,he'll die game60 8,come away1 come away quick60 said a man1 jerking ,daisy back by the arm4 ,then three or four other men flew to the rescue of the poodle1 and not without some difficulty unbent ,bob's fingers from their iron grip2 after which1 still wagging his poor tail1 ,rover was driven out of the room after his mistress4 ,oh6 it seemed like heaven to ,daisy when she found herself once more in the open air4 ,but what she had heard and witnessed in the horrible place which she had just quitted wrought too powerfully on her nerves1 and now the child burst into hysterical sobs4 ,while ,daisy wept1 somebodyshe hardly knew whether it was a man or womanfondled her and tried to soothe her1 and at the same time slipped off her ring1 earrings1 and bracelets4 ,the tender thief was in the very nick of time2 for in less than five minutes1 to ,daisy's unutterable joy1 who should appear but her father1 accompanied by a policeman and the superintendent of the factory4 8,o my daughter6 my daughter6 how came you here80 cried ,mr4 ,goodman1 starting when he discovered her4 8,have you lost your senses too80 8,oh6 no1 no1 pa10 answered ,daisy1 springing into his arms4 8,rover brought me here40 ,then after a brief silence1 during which her father kissed the tears off her cheek3 8,and1 pa10 she added1 8,i have seen ,flywheel ,bob1 and do you know ,i think they have been doing something to him2 for he acts so very strangely4 ,poor1 poor ,bob60 ,while she was speaking the object of her commiseration was carried up the steps4 ,happily1 he was tired out by his crazy capers and was now quite calm1 nor uttered a word as they laid him on the sidewalk4 8,dear ,bob1 what is the matter8 ,what have they done to you80 said ,daisy1 bending tenderly over him4 ,bob did not answer1 but his eyes rolled about and gleamed brighter than her lost diamonds4 8,don't disturb him1 darling4 ,he is going to the hospital1 where he will soon be well again10 said ,mr4 ,goodman4 8,well1 pa1 he sha'n't go back to that horrid factory10 answered ,daisy2 8and1 what's more1 now that he is ill1 he sha'n't go anywhere except to my house40 8,darling1 don't be silly10 said ,mr4 ,goodman1 dropping his voice4 8,how could a little lady like you wish to have him in your house80 8,why1 pa1 ,bob is ill2 look at the foam on his lips4 ,yes1 ,i'm sure he is ill1 and ,i wish to nurse him40 8,well1 my child1 you cannot have him2 therefore speak no more about it10 replied ,mr4 ,goodman1 who felt not a little annoyed at the turn things were taking4 8,then1 pa1 ,i'll go to the hospital too1 and nurse him there2 upon my word ,i will40 8,no1 you sha'n't40 8,but ,i will4 ,o father60 ,here the child again burst into sobs1 while the crowd looked on in wonder and admiration1 and one man whispered3 8,what a game thing she is60 ,three days have gone by since ,daisy's noble triumph1 and now1 on a soft1 luxurious couch in an elegant apartment1 lies ,flywheel ,bob1 while by the bedside watches his devoted little nurse4 ,the boy's reason has just returned1 but he can hardly move or speak4 8,o ,bob6 don't die10 said ,daisy1 taking one of his cold1 death-moistened hands in hers4 8,you sha'n't work anymore4 ,don't1 don't die60 ,the physician has told her that death is approaching4 8,where am ,i80 inquired ,bob in a faint1 scarce audible whisper1 and turning his hollow1 bewildered eyes on the child4 8,you are here1 ,bob1 in my home1 and nobody shall put you out of it2 and when you get well1 you shall have a long1 long holiday40 ,the boy did not seem to understand2 at least1 his eyes went roving strangely round the room1 and he murmured the word 8,pin40 8,what do you mean1 dear ,bob80 asked ,daisy4 8,pin10 he repeated 8my lost ,pin40 ,here the door of the chamber was pushed gently open and ,rover thrust his head in4 ,the dog had been thrice ordered out for whining and moaning1 and ,daisy was about to order him away a fourth time1 when ,bob looked in the direction of the door4 ,quick the poodle bounded forward1 and as he bounded ,flywheel ,bob rose up in the bed1 and cried in a voice which startled ,daisy1 it was so loud and thrilling3 8,o ,pin6 ,pin6 ,pin60 ,in another moment his arms were twined round the creature's neck2 then he bowed down his head4 ,bob spoke not again,bob never spoke again and when ,daisy at length discovered that he was dead1 she wept as if her heart would break4 99 99 99 99 99 8,father1 ,i think poor ,bob would not have died1 if you had let me have him sooner10 said ,daisy the evening of the funeral4 8,alas6 my child1 ,i believe what you say is too true10 replied ,mr4 ,goodman4 8,but his death has already caused me suffering enough2 do let me try and forget it4 ,i promise there shall be no more ,flywheel ,bobs in my factory40 8,oh6 yes1 pa2 give them plenty of holidays4 ,why1 ,rover1 ,i think1 is happier than many of those poor people40 ,then1 patting the dog's head3 8,and1 pa1 ,i am going now to call ,rover ,pin2 for ,i am sure that was his old name40 8,perhaps it was1 darling10 said ,mr4 ,goodman1 fondling with her ringlets4 ,then1 with a smile1 he added3 8,daisy1 do you know both ,mr4 ,fox and my superintendent believe that ,i am gone mad60 8,mad8 ,why1 pa80 8,because ,i have sworn to undo all ,i have done4 ,ay1 ,i mean to try my best to be elected president of another societythe ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,children2 and ,i will try to make them all happy40 8,oh6 yes1 yes1 as happy as ,pin is10 said ,daisy1 laughing4 8,why1 pa1 ,i only work two hours a day1 and ,mam'selle is always pleased with me40 ,then1 her cherub face growing serious again3 8,and now10 she added1 8,i must have a pretty tombstone placed on ,bob's grave1 and ,i will pay for it all myself out of my own money40 8,have you enough1 darling80 8,well1 if ,i haven't1 pa1 you'll give me more money2 for ,i wish to pay for it all1 all myself40 8,so you shall1 my love10 said ,mr4 ,goodman1 smiling4 8,but what kind of a monument is it to be80 8,a white marble cross1 pa4 ,then ,i'll often go and hang wreaths upon itwreaths of beautiful flowers2 for ,i never1 never1 never will forget ,flywheel ,bob40 ,,the ,,pontifical ,,vestments ,,of ,,egypt ,,and ,,israel4 ,much discussion has arisen among commentators and archologists with regard to the sacred vestments of the ,jewish high-priest and the ,levites2 and yet it does not appear to have hitherto occurred to them to refer to the only sources whence additional and authentic information respecting these vestments can be obtainednamely1 the monuments of ancient ,egypt4 ,age after age have repeated attempts been made to remake the vestments of the ,hebrew priesthood solely from the descriptions given in the ,pentateuch2 but hitherto the words of ,moses have been subjected to the most discordant interpretations4 ,in a book by the ,abb ,ancessi1 entitled ,egypt and ,moses1#df the first part only of which has as yet appeared1 we at last obtain a lucid idea of the ,mosaical directions1 the very vagueness of which testifies that the great ,lawgiver is speaking of things already familiar to those whom he addresses4 ,so much in this work is new1 and so much is suggestive of what farther discoveries may bring to light1 that we shall1 with the kind permission of the learned author1 make free use of it in the present notice4 ,at the very epoch to which chronologists are wont to refer the origin of the human race we find on the borders of the ,nile an already powerful nation4 ,most of the peoples whose names were in after-times to be renowned in history were then tribes of mere barbarians1 dwelling in the depths of forests1 in caverns1 or on the islets of the lakes1 their weapons rude flint-headed axes and arrows1 and their ornaments the teeth of the wild beasts they had slain in the chase1 a few amber beads or rings of cardium1 threaded on tendons dried in the sun4 ,at this time the nobles of ,egypt inhabited sumptuous palaces1 wore necklaces of gold adorned with brilliant enamels1 and hung from their girdles lamin of bronze1 damascened in gold with marvellous delicacy4#dg ,already during a long period had the ,egyptians depicted their annals1 their symbolism1 and their daily life and surroundings on the massive pages of stone which fill the museums of two of the greatest capitals of modern ,europe1 and on the rolls of linen and papyrus which enfold their mummies in the depth of those ,eternal ,abodes#dh whose sleep of ages has been disturbed by our unsparing hands4 ,the bold chisel of the ,egyptian sculptors carved from the hardest rock these statues of strange aspect1 these grave and tranquil countenances of the sovereigns contemporary with ,abraham or ,moses1 which1 after long centuries1 passed in their own unchanging and conservative clime1 we find amongst us1 under our own changeful skies1 and amid the noise and unrepose of our modern existence4 ,the deciphering of inscriptions has given an insight into the history of ,egypt1 and 8there are10 as ,m4 ,ancessi observes1 8kings of the middle ages who are less known to us than these ,pharaos of every dynasty10 who1 by way of relaxation from the long1 funereal labors in the building of the ,pyramids imposed upon each prince by the belief and traditions of his ancestors1 would ravage ,africa or ,asia2 then1 returning from these expeditions1 exchange the fatigues of arms for the pleasures of the chase4 ,in the desert or on ,mount ,sinai we find them hunting the lion and the gazelle1 after having carried their thank-offerings to the temples of ,memphis or of ,thebes4 ,thus we find in remote ages the fame of ,egypt reaching to distant regions1 besides exercising an immense influence on neighboring nations4 ,it was what1 later on1 ,athens became1 and after ,athens ,romean object of wonder1 interest1 and envy for its power1 its wealth1 and splendor4 ,such were the position and influence of ,egypt when the family of shepherds which was one day to become the ,hebrew nation wandered in the valley of the ,jordan and on the plains of ,palestinethat family to whom those pastures1 streams1 and mountain gorges were already peopled with precious memories1 and who were farther bound to the land by the promises of ,god and their own most cherished hopes4 ,too feeble then to overcome the races of ,amalec and ,chanaan1 it was needful that this tribe should be for a time withdrawn into a country in which they would forget their nomadic habits and become habituated to the settled life of civilized nations2 in which1 moreover1 they would be disciplined and strengthened1 and where their numbers would increase1 until the time appointed should arrive when ,god would deliver into their hands the country so repeatedly promised to their race4 ,this time being come1 he had recourse1 if one may say so1 to a touching stratagem1 and drew the sons of ,jacob into the land of the ,pharaos by placing ,joseph on the steps of the throne4 ,during the gradual transformation of a wandering tribe into a settled people1 another process1 no less slow and difficult1 was also preparing them for the future to which they were destined4 ,on the arrival of the patriarch ,jacob in the fertile plains of the ,delta the great and powerful of that day hastened to meet him with royal magnificence4 ,these shepherds1 accustomed only to the shelter of the tents which they carried away at will on their beasts of burden1 found themselves face to face with palaces and temples of which the very ruins strike us with amazement4 ,and farther1 what marvels were in store for the strangers in the various arts of civilization carried on in the cities of ,mizraim1 where painting and music flourished1 where gravers and goldsmiths produced their excellent works1 where unceasingly resounded the hammers of those who wrought in wood and stone1 and the hum of a thousand looms1 weaving those wondrous tissues#di famous alike in the time of ,solomon1 of ,ezechiel1 and of ,plinythe 8fine linen of ,egypt40 ,the sight of all this must have vividly struck the imagination of the strangers2 nevertheless1 the prejudices and antipathies of race which speedily declared themselves1 doubtless on the occasion of changes on the throne1 would have kept them aloof from sharing in the pursuits by which they were surrounded1 had not their new masters forced them away from tending their flocks and herds in the land of ,goshen1 and scattered them in the cities1 mingling them with the ,egyptian people4 ,they now found themselves compelled to make brick1 hew stone1 and handle the workman's hammer2 to build1 to cultivate the ground1 and1 in spite of any hereditary repugnance which might exist1 to suffer themselves to be initiated into the arts and manufactures of ancient ,egypt4 ,that which at first was only submitted to under coercion soon grew into the habits1 tastes1 and customs of the ,israelites4 ,they had entered upon a new phase of their existence1 thence to issue1 after a period of four hundred years1 transformed into a people ripe for a constitution1 laws1 government1 and national worship4 ,a man alone was wanting to them1 and this man ,god provided4 ,when ,moses arose amongst them1 they were familiar with all the secrets of ,egyptian art and manufacture4 ,but it was not only by the formation of skilful craftsmen that the influence of this mighty nation made itself felt4 ,it penetrated the whole of their daily life2 and this indelible impression was not effaced when ,israel had traversed a career of well-nigh twenty centuries4 ,after the fall of ,jerusalem and the dispersion of the ,jewish people1 it still attracted the attention of historians and thoughtful men4 ,it did not even occur to those not well acquainted with the customs of the ,hebrews and of ancient ,egypt1 such as ,tacitus1 to separate the names of the two peoples1 which were included by them in one and the same judgment1 meriting in their eyes the same reproaches and together sharing the scanty praise which their new masters allowed at times to fall from their disdainful lips4 ,but there were others1 more attentive and better informed1 who entered more deeply into the study and comparison of the two racesto name only ,tertullian1 ,origen1 ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,st4 ,augustine4 ,eusebius had been attracted by the problem1 as is proved by the few almost parenthetical lines in his great work1 ,the ,preparation of the ,gospel1 where he says3 8,during their sojourn in ,egypt the ,israelites adopted so completely the habits and customs of the ,egyptians that there was no longer any apparent difference in the manner of life of the two peoples40#ej ,nearer to our own time the learned ,kircher devoted long years to searching out those points of resemblance which could not at that time be studied by the light of original documents4 ,the severest censors would be disarmed by the telling1 though somewhat barbaric1 form in which he has presented the true relationship existing between the ,mosaic and ,egyptian constitutions3 8,hebri tantam habent ad ritus1 sacrificia1 cremonias1 sacrasque disciplinas gyptiorum affinitatem1 ut vel gyptios hebrazantes1 vel ,hebros gyptizantes fuisse1 mihi plane persuadeam40#ea ,kircher is right4 ,these men of ,asiatic race1 born at ,memphis1 ,tanis1 or ,ramses1 were practically ,egyptians1 and had forgotten their ancient habits1 their pastoral life1 and the land where the ashes of ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob were awaiting them4 ,they had grown up and lived amongst a people whose tongue they had learned1#eb whose toils they shared1 and whose gods they worshipped4#ec ,the children of ,jacob could only be distinguished by the aquiline nose and slight beard from the brickmakers and masons of the country1 as we see them frequently represented in the monuments of this epoch4 ,moses1 who was to become their lawgiver1 was a learned and accomplished ,egyptian in everything but the fact of race4 ,early separated from his family and countrymen1 he had grown up at the court of ,pharao1 among the near attendants and favorites of the king1 and was 8instructed in all the wisdom of the ,egyptians40#ed ,he had beheld the statues of the gods borne in the long processions1 and had entered the now silent temples of ,memphis2 he had looked upon the arks whereon were portrayed the divine symbols1 hidden under the guarding wings of mysterious genii2#ee and he had been present when the king1 who was also sovereign pontiff1 removed on solemn occasions the seals of clay from this sombre abode where1 veiled in mystery1 dwelt the name and the glory of ,god4 ,into this inner sanctuary1 the ,egyptian ,holy of ,holies1 the pontiff alone entered1 but ,moses could behold him from afar1 when he burnt the incense before the veiled ark1 where1 concealing itself from mortal sight1 dwelt the invisible majesty of ,ra1 8,creator and lord of the world40 ,many a time must ,moses have been present when the ,pharao arrayed himself in the sacerdotal vestmentsthe long linen tunic and the bright1 engirdling ephod4 ,with his own hands he may have tied the cords of the sacred tiara upon the monarch's head1 and clasped on his shoulders the golden chains of the pectoral4 ,with the colleges of the priests he had chanted the hymns and litanies it was customary to sing in procession around the sanctuaries during the octaves and on the vigils of great solemnities4 ,he was familiar with the legislative and moral code of the ,egyptians1 and all the ancient traditions of their race4 ,and after he had crossed the frontier and the ,red ,sea1 all these things could not disappear from his remembrance2 in fact1 they were intended to live in the constitution1 laws1 and religious ceremonial of the ,israelites1 but purified and freed from the corrupt elements of ,egyptian mythology4 ,to show this in detail is the object of ,m4 ,ancessi's interesting work1 in which1 with minute care and research1 he proceeds1 in the first place1 to consider the material portion of the worshipthe sacerdotal garments1 the ark1 the altars1 and the sacrificeswith the intention later of approaching the moral code1 and1 lastly1 the literature of the two peoples4 ,the first of the sacerdotal garments described by ,moses is the ephod4 ,this vestment1 conspicuous for its richness1 was woven of threads of brilliant colors and adorned with precious stones set in gold4 ,but it owed its peculiar excellence to the pectoral with the ,urim and ,thummim1 that mysterious organ of the divine oracles which manifested ,god's care over his people by a perpetual miracle4#ef ,tradition makes frequent mention of this marvellous vestment4 ,after the ruin of the ,temple1 ,oriental writers gave free scope to their imagination and to the influence of family reminiscences in their descriptions of the ephod4 ,we must not1 however1 take these as guides by any means trustworthy1 but endeavor to arrive at the exact meaning of the ,mosaic description1#eg as this1 though brief and obscure1 suffices to enable us to recognize the representations of the vestment which come to us from those remote ages4 ,referring to the ,vulgate1 we find as follows3 8,facient autem superhumerale ephod de auro et hyacintho et purpura1 coccoque bis tincto1 et bysso retorta1 opere polymito40#eh ,and farther on3 8,inciditque bracteas aureas1 et extenuavit in fila1 ut possint torqueri cum priorum colorum subtegmine40#ei ,this gives us the tissue of which the ephod was madenamely1 a rich stuff of fine linen1 composed of threads of blue1 purple1 and scarlet worked in with filaments of gold4 ,so far there is no difficulty4#fj ,in the following verses ,moses describes its form1 and his words are3 8,duo humeralia juncta erunt ei ad ejus duas extremitates et jungetur0that is to say1 literally3 8,two joined shoulder-bands shall be fixed to the ephod at its two extremities1 and thus it shall be fastened40 ,now1 if we compare with this the drawings representing the gods or kings of ,egypt in their richest apparel1 our attention is at once attracted by a broad belt of precious material and brilliant colors which encircles the body from the waist upwards to a little below the arms1 and is upheld by two narrow bands1 one passing over each shoulder1 and joined together at the top1 their lower extremities being sewn to the vestment before and behind4 ,these are clearly the two humeralia spoken of by ,moses4 ,in the ,egyptian paintings we notice that the buttons by which the bands are fastened together on the shoulders are precious stones in a gold setting1 and fixed1 not on the top1 but a little lower down towards the front1 and at the exact place where ,moses directs two gems to be placed1 each on a disc of gold4 ,we know from ,josephus that in the vesture of the high-priest these two uncut stones joined the shoulder-bands of the ephod together2#fa the parallel is therefore complete4 ,indeed1 if we may believe ,dom ,calmet1 a reminiscence of ancient ,egypt is to be found even in the form of the hooks affixed to the two precious stones4 ,these hooks1 he tells us1 had the form of an asp biting into the loop or eye of the opposite shoulder-band3 8,dicunt ,grci uncum illum exhibuisse formam aspidis admordentis oram hujus hiatus40#fb ,the head of the asp is a favorite object in ,egyptian decoration4#fc ,this detail1 however1 is not insisted on1 but merely mentioned in passing1 as we find no allusion to it in the ,pentateuch1 nor is it based upon a tradition of ascertained authority4 ,we read further3 8,and thou shalt take two onyx stones1 and shalt grave on them the names of the children of ,israel3 six names on one stone1 and the other six on the other1 according to the order of their birth4 ,with the work of an engraver and a jeweller thou shalt engrave them with the names of the children of ,israel1 set in gold and compassed about3 and thou shalt put them on both sides of the ephod1 a memorial of the children of ,israel4 ,and ,aaron shall bear their names before the ,lord upon both shoulders1 for a remembrance40#fd ,our ,european museums1 and more so still that of ,boulaq1 near ,cairo1 possess a large number of gems of every form1 engraven with mystic inscriptions or the names of the members of a noble family4 ,the exact destination of many of these stones is often unknown1 and it is probable that some of them have belonged to sacerdotal garments1 or may have adorned the shoulder-bands we are considering4 ,in any case1 we know not only that the ,egyptians engraved precious stones with marvellous skill1 but also that they were in the habit of dedicating1 as ex voto1 gems bearing the names of a whole family1 to render each of its members always present to the remembrance of the gods4 ,thus many of the stones now in the ,louvre were offered by princely houses to the gods whose protection they sought to secure4#fe ,moses1 by the command of ,god1 adopted this idea in composing the vestments of ,aaron1 placing on the shoulders of the high-priest two precious stones1 upon which were engraven the names of the twelve tribes of ,israel2 expressing under this graceful symbolism the office and character of the priesthood4 ,he thus reminded his people that the priest is a mediator between ,god and men1 and that he presents himself before ,,jehovah in the name and on behalf of this people1 whose whole weight1 so to speak1 he seems to bear upon his shoulders4 8,the ephod10 says ,josephus1 8is a cubit in width1 and leaves the middle of the chest open40#ff ,these words have been a great perplexity to the learned1 but are easily explained when we look at the ,egyptian vestment1 which is not more than a cubit in width1 and leaves open the middle of the chest in the space between the two shoulder-bands and the upper edge of the corselet4 8,it is there10 adds ,josephus1 8that the pectoral is placed40 ,this was a span square1 of the same fabric as the ephod1 enriched with precious stones1 and called 1 7essenes71 which signifies also 1 oracle4 ,this exactly filled up the space left bare by the ephod4 ,it would be difficult to give a more accurate description of the ,egyptian vestment4 ,in the eighth verse of the twenty-eighth chapter of ,exodus we read3 8,and the belt of the ephod1 which passes over it1 shall be of the same stuff40 ,in the ,egyptian paintings the lower edge of the ephod is encircled by a girdle usually made of the same material as the corselet itself4 ,the resemblance in every particular between the ,hebrew and the ,egyptian ephod is1 in fact1 perfect4 ,we must now proceed more fully to consider the pectoral1 the importance of which renders it worthy of very careful study4 8,and thou shalt make the rational of judgment10#fg the ,lord ,god commands ,moses1 8with embroidered work of divers colors1 according to the workmanship of the ephod1 of gold1 violet1 and purple1 and scarlet twice dyed1 and fine twisted linen4 ,it shall be four-square and doubled3 it shall be the measure of a span both in length and breadth4 ,and thou shalt set in it four rows of stones3 in the first row shall be a sardius stone1 a topaz1 and an emerald2 in the second a carbuncle1 a sapphire1 and a jasper2 in the third a ligurius1 an agate1 and an amethyst2 in the fourth a chrysolite1 an onyx1 and a beryl4 ,they shall be set in gold by their rows4 ,and they shall have the names of the children of ,israel3 with twelve names shall they be engraved1 each stone with the name of one according to the twelve tribes4''' ,and ,aaron shall bear the names of the children of ,israel in the rational of judgment upon his breast1 when he shall enter into the sanctuary1 a memorial before the ,lord for ever40 ,this passage has been compared by commentators with the following from ,elian3 8,among the ,egyptians1 from the remotest ages1 the priests were also the judges2 the senior being chief1 and judge over all the rest4 ,it was required of him that he should be the most just and upright of men4 ,he wore suspended from his neck an image made of sapphire1 and which was called ,,truth40#fh ,and ,diodorus ,siculus1 respecting the same symbol1 writes as follows3 8,the chief of the judges of ,egypt wore round his neck1 suspended from a chain of gold1 a symbol made of precious stones1 and called ,truth4 ,until the judge had put on this image no discussion began40#fi ,in examining the ,egyptian monuments we find that the personages who are represented wearing the vestment corresponding to that which1 by ,moses1 is designated the ephod1 usually also wear upon the breast a square ornament adorned with precious stones4 ,it is placed between the shoulder-bands1 and rests1 as it were1 on the upper edge of the ephod1 its position exactly corresponding to that of the pectoral of ,aaron4 ,the museums of ,boulaq and the ,louvre possess pectorals of rare beauty4 ,that of ,boulaq was sent to ,paris1 with the other jewels of ,queen ,aa ,hotep1 to the ,exhibition of #ahfg4 ,it is a chef-d'uvre of ancient jewelry4 ,the frame1 which is almost square1 encloses a mythological scene much in favor with the ,egyptians4 ,king ,amosis is standing in a bark of lapis lazuli and enamel1 while two divinities pour upon his head the waters of purification4#gj ,this pectoral1 which belonged to the mother of ,amosis1 is worthy of particular notice1 not only because of its admirable workmanship1 but also because its date is known to us as being to a certainty anterior to ,moses4 ,in the pectoral of ,aaron the precious stones were attached to the rich stuff which formed the foundation by little rings of fine gold1 instead of being held in place by small plates of gold1 as they usually are in the ,egyptian pectorals4 ,there is1 however1 in the museum at ,boulaq1 a splendid necklace1 the arrangement of which proves that if the idea of the pectoral is ,egyptian1 so also is the manner of its workmanship4 ,this necklace is composed of a multiplicity of tiny objects1 garlands1 twisted knots1 four-petalled flowers1 lions1 antelopes1 hawks1 vultures1 and winged vipers1 etc41 all of which are arranged so as to lie in parallel curves on the breast of the wearer4 ,now1 each one of these objects forms a piece apart1 quite separate from the others1 and is sewn to the stuff serving for a foundation by minute rings fastened behind each4 ,it seems to have been by a similar arrangement that the precious stones were attached to1 or1 to speak in more exact accordance with the meaning of the ,hebrew1 embedded in1 the pectoral of ,aaron4 ,with regard to the word caphulduplicatum3 8it shall be square and doubled or double0it is1 with our present knowledge1 impossible to say whether ,moses intended to direct that the ornamentation of the back of the pectoral was not to be neglected1 or that the stuff was to be doubled1 so as the better to support the weight of the precious stones4 ,some of these stones it is now difficult to identify2 but we cannot leave this part of the subject without giving an abridged quotation from the ingenious work of ,m4 de ,charancey1 ,actes de la ,socit philologique1 v4 iii4 ,no4 #e3 8,de quelques ,ides symboliques10 etc4 ,according to ,m4 de ,charancey1 the twelve stones of the pectoral ought to be divided into two series1#ga the first of seven stones1 answering1 in accordance with ,judaic symbolism1 to the celestial spheres and the seven planets2 while the second1 of five stones1 related to the terrestrial sphere1 to the five regions of space1 including the central point2 the whole creation being gathered up1 as it were1 into this microcosm1 resplendent with the wisdom and goodness of ,god in the oracles of the urim and thummim4 ,it is in any case certain that the church1 in her liturgy1 makes occasional allusion to this symbolism2 as1 for instance1 in the second response for the ,tuesday following the third ,sunday after ,easter we find3 8,in diademate capitis ,aaron magnificentia ,domini sculpta erat4''' ,in veste poderis quam habebat totus erat orbis terrarum et parentum magnalia in quatuor ordinibus lapidum sculpta erant0 7,brev4 ,romanum74 ,the ,egyptian pectorals1 being usually made with a ground-work of metal1 were simply suspended from a gold chain which passed round the neck2 but the foundation of the ,aaronic pectoral1 being of woven material1 needed a different kind of support to keep it stretched out and in place4 ,we accordingly find exact directions given that to each of the two upper corners should be fastened a ring of pure gold1 and to each ring a chain1 the other end of which should be fixed to one of the gems on the shoulders4 ,these gems are also directed to be placed1 not on the top of the shoulders1 but a little lower and towards the front1 exactly as we see them in the sculptures and paintings of ,egypt4 ,to the lower corners of the pectoral rings were also attached1 and again at the joining1 in front1 of the bands with the ephod1 while a violet-colored fillet passed through the two on the right1 and tied1 and another similarly through the two on the left4 ,the directions 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ac1 #ad1 #bc1 #be7 are so explicit as to give evidence that we have here some departure from the well-known arrangements with which the ,israelites were familiar4 ,we must now consider the question of the urim and thummim1 celebrated for its inextricable difficulties2 but as no authoritative document has as yet given the solution of this problem1 it is impossible to explain it with certainty4 ,it would be useless to take up the reader's time with all the opinions of the learned upon this subject1 especially as they are for the most part as unsatisfactory as they are diverse4 ,the hypothesis advanced by the ,abb ,ancessi appears to rest upon the most reasonable foundation4 ,we give it in his own words3 8,without entering into lengthy philological discussions1 it is easy to show that the word urim must have originally signified light4 ,this is the sense of aor1 to sparkle1 to shine2 it is the sense of iara1 which has a relationship with iara to see1 and with the analogous root of the ,indo-,germanic languages from which come ordo1 orior1 ,iris1 ,jour1 ,giorno1 etc41 etc4 ,in ,egyptian we also find this radical in the name of ,horus1 the ,shining ,one1 the ,morning ,sun4 ,with this root again is connected iara1 the river1 the sparkling1 and in ,hebrew nahar1#gb which has the same sense4 8,besides1 the meaning of the word urim is scarcely contested1 and it is generally admitted that its original signification is lights1 or beams4 8,the word thummim has been less easy to interpret4 8,the ,egyptian radical tum signifies to be shut up1 veiled1 hidden1 dark1 obscure4 ,this meaning reappears in the triliterate form of the ,semitic ,tamam4#gc 8,as from the radical aor the ,egyptians had made the god of light1 so from the radical tum they made the name of the hidden god1 the god veiled in darkness and obscurity1 who had not manifested himself in the bright vesture of creationthe god ,tum1 hidden in the silence and darkness of eternity1 in opposition or contrast to ,horus1 the god of the morning of creation1 shining in the sunbeams1 and glittering in the bright gems of the midnight skies4 8,thus1 according to the etymology of these words1 we have in the urim the lights1 beams1 or rays1 and in the thummim the obscurities and shadows1 which doubtless passed over the face of the pectoral4''' ,the high-priest grouped the luminous signs according to a system which remained one of the mysteries of the tabernacle4 ,this key alone could give the interpretation of the will of ,,jehovah1 and this may explain the curious episode in the time of the ,judges to which allusion has already been made1 when we find one of the tribes of ,israel hire a ,levite to place the ephod and interpret its oracles40 ,what rule was followed in interpreting the answerswhether it was formed by grouping all the luminous letters1 or only that one which was brightest in the name of each tribewe know not4 ,we do not even know whether the foregoing explanation is the true one1 although we may safely allow that it answers to all the requirements of the ,scriptural texts1 as well as to the indications of tradition4 ,it is thus that ,josephus explains the manner in which the oracles were given by the 8rational of judgment10 and well-nigh the whole of ,jewish and ,christian tradition follows in his steps4 ,some have found a difficulty in the thirtieth verse of ,exodus xxviii43 8,thou shalt place on the pectoral of judgment the urim and the thummim1#gd which shall be upon the heart of ,aaron when he shall come before the ,eternal40 ,but this text opposes no serious difficulty1 as it is evident that ,moses here speaks of the twelve stones4 ,besides1 he is merely returning upon his subject at the end of a description 7as is so frequently the case in the ,pentateuch71 as if to give a short summary of what he had previously been saying4 ,we have now1 as briefly as may be1 to consider the remaining 8ornaments of glory0 exclusively appropriated to the high-priest4 ,the tiara1 which ,moses calls ,menizophet1 is evidently too well known to those whom he is addressing to need description4 ,we1 however1 have unfortunately no means of forming from this word any precise idea of its form1 and are able only to indicate some of its adjuncts4 ,the ,israelites were familiar with the symbols and rich ornaments which in ,egypt characterized the head-dress of the deities and kings2 each god and goddess wearing on the head a particular sign indicative of his or her attributes or functions1 and consecrated by a long tradition4 ,among these symbols that of most frequent occurrence is the serpent ,urus1 which encircles with its coils the heads of kings1 raising broad1 inflated chest over the middle of the forehead4 ,the ,urus1 by some capricious association1 signified the only true and eternal king1 of whom all earthly monarchs are but the image and representative incarnation4 ,at the time the ,hebrews were in ,egypt the form of this serpent had been gradually modified into that of the fleur-de-lys1 which we so often find carved on the brow of kings and sphinxes1 springing from a fillet at the border of the head-attire4 ,instead of passing round the head1 this fillet is only visible on the forehead1 disappearing over the ears in the folds of a kind of veil4 ,now1 ,moses is directed to place upon the forehead of ,aaron a band of gold engraven with the name of the ,most ,holy4 ,he gives to the high-priest not only an ornament analogous to that worn by the ,egyptian kingsthat is to say1 the chiefs of the priesthood and the representatives of the ,deitybut he preserves also the same symbolical idea which it had for the people of ,egypt4 ,no created thing could either represent or even symbolize ,,jehovah2 nothing but the most holy name itself could remind them of the uncreated ,essence1 who1 being pure spirit1 has no form4 ,hence the great importance of the name of ,jehovahor1 more exactly1 ,,yahvehin the history of ,israel4 ,the name of ,him who dwelt in the most holy place1 whose glory shone above the mercy-seatthis name alone1 with the ascription of sanctity1 was engraven on the golden fillet on the brow of his high-priest4#ge 8,and the band shall be always upon his forehead1 that the ,lord may be well pleased with him40 ,this idea of the abiding of ,god on the head of the pontiff-kings was one very familiar to the ,egyptians1 and has been expressed by them in a variety of ways4 ,for example1 we find the 8divine ,horus0 forming with his wings a graceful ornament on the head-attire of some of the statues of the ,pharaos1 or again spreading his wings upon them to communicate the divine life4 ,the sign of the ,god of ,israel was placed on the forehead of the high-priest1 as if to overshadow him with his majesty1 and to give merit and value to his offerings2 supplying what was lacking to the perfection of the sacrifice by enveloping him who offered it with his own glory4 ,under the ephod was worn the long tunic1 called in ,hebrew ,mehil1 the most noticeable part of which is its fringe1 composed of little bells of gold alternating with colored pomegranates4 ,the description given by ,moses 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ca1 #cd7 is very simple3 8,and thou shalt make the tunic of the ephod all of violet2 in the midst whereof above shall be a hole for the head1 and a border round about it woven1 as is wont to be made in the outmost part of garments1 that it may not easily be broken4 ,and beneath1 at the feet of the same tunic1 round about1 thou shalt make as it were pomegranates1 of violet1 and purple1 and scarlet twice-dyed1 with little bells between3 so that there shall be a golden bell and a pomegranate1 and again a golden bell and a pomegranate40 ,the ,mehil was not only the counterpart of an ,egyptian vestment worn by the ,pharaos1 and which we see represented with a broad hem round the neck1 but we find upon it the same ornaments as those mentioned in ,exodusnamely1 acorns or tassels of colored threads alternating with pendants of gold4#gf ,there are in the ,louvre some pomegranates of enamelled porcelain1 furnished with a ring by which to hang1 and which have evidently formed part of the border of a garment or a very large necklace4 ,we find there blue1 yellow1 red1 and white ones1 of a shape that might have been run in the very mould of those which adorned the vestments of ,aaron4 ,others1 again1 are made in the form of an olive1 encased in a sort of network of colored threads4 ,nor are the little golden bells wanting4 ,some of those which have come down to us are of very pleasing and varied design4 ,it must not be forgotten that there was1 in the ornamentation of the period we are considering1 a singular admixture of ,assyrian with ,egyptian forms4 ,assyrian garments were also bordered with heavy fringes1 the tassels of which sometimes take the form of pomegranates4 ,moses must have seen at the palace of the ,pharaos1 as ambassadors1 as tributaries1 or as captives1 some of those ,eastern princes whose majestic countenances and kingly garments long ages have preserved to us on the sculptured blocks of the palaces of ,babylon and ,ninive4 ,in a fragment of a ,coptic translation of the ,acts of the ,council of ,nica1 which has lately been discovered by ,m4 ,revillout among the ,oriental ,,mss4 of the ,museum of ,turin1 the fathers of the holy council give the following advice to a young man just entering into life3 8,my son1 avoid a woman who loves gay clothing2 for displays of rings and little bells#gg are but her signals of wantonness40#gh ,the piety of the middle ages brought back these ornaments to their ancient and sacred uses4 ,the memory of ,aaron's vestments gave the idea of fastening long borders of little bells to the edges of sacerdotal garments4#gi ,claude ,quitton1 librarian of ,clairvaux1 passing by the ,chteau de ,larrey in ,burgundy1 the #eth and #fth of ,september1 #agdd1 saw there certain rich vestments1 among others a chasuble1 closed everywhere1 save at the top to pass the head through1 and having little bells 7grelots7 hanging all round its lower edge or border4 ,thus through a long series of ages this custom of adorning vestments with bells has come1 almost without a break1 down to these latter centuries4 ,the other vestments of the high-priest were common also to the ,levites1 and1 as well as the striking analogies between the ,egyptian and ,mosaic manner of offering sacrifice1 may furnish matter for consideration at some future time4 ,meanwhile1 we will close the present notice with the appropriate words of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom3 8,deus ad errantium salutem his se coli passus est quibus dmonas gentiles colebant aliquantulum ilia in melius inflectens08,god1 for the salvation of the erring1 suffered himself to be honored in those things which had served in the worship of idols1 modifying them in some measure for the better40 ,and1 continues this great doctor1 ,god1 by thus introducing into his temple all that was richest in the vestments of the ,egyptians1 all that was most solemn in their sanctuaries1 most elevated in their symbolism1 and most impressive in their ceremonies1 willed that his people should feel no regret1 and experience no want or void1 in their worship of him1 when1 amid the new ceremonial1 they should call to mind that which they had seen in ,egypt3 8,ne unquam postea gyptiorum aut eorum qu apud gyptios fuerant experti cupiditate tangerentur40 ,it was not only fitting but also necessary that the worship of the ,lord ,,jehovah should not in any point appear inferior to that of idols2 for the unspiritually-minded nation of whom ,moses was the leader was incapable of appreciating the greatness and majesty of ,god1 except in some proportion to the splendor of his worship4 #df ,l',egypte et ,mose4 ,premire ,partie4 ,par l',abb ,victor ,ancessi4 ,paris3 ,leroux1 ,editeur1 #bh ,rue ,bonaparte4 #dg ,the secret of this art was only recovered by the engravers of ,damascus in the time of the caliphs4 #dh ,the name given by the ,egyptians to their tombs4 #di ,see ,prov4 vii4 #af3 8,intexui funibus lectulum meum1 stravi tapetibus pictis ex gypto02 ,ezech4 xxvii4 #g2 ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 xix4 #b4 #ej ,euseb41 ,evang4 ,prep41 #a4 vii4 c4 viii42 ,pat4 ,grec41 #a4 xxi4 p4 #ecj4 #ea 8,the ,hebrews have so much affinity with the rites1 sacrifices1 ceremonies1 and sacred customs of the ,egyptians that ,i am fully persuaded we have before us either ,hebraizing ,egyptians or ,egyptizing ,hebrews40 #eb ,exod4 xii4 #ec ,the ,apis of gold1 worshipped by the ,israelites in the desert4 #ed ,acts vii4 #bb4 #ee ,see in ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilkinson's work1 ,a ,popular ,account of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bfg and #bgj1 two arks1 covered with the symbols of divinity4 ,the long wings of the genii are there represented as veiling the face of ,ammon ,ra and ,ra ,keperthe ,creator-,god and the ,hidden ,god4 ,the two genii are face to face1 and veil the divine mystery with their wings1 like the cherubim over the ,ark of the ,covenant4 #ef ,the following episode in the life of ,david shows the importance and purpose of the ephod in ,israel3 8,now when ,david understood that ,saul secretly prepared evil against him1 he said to ,abiathar the priest3 ,bring hither the ephod4 ,and ,david said3 ,o ,lord ,god of ,israel1 thy servant hath heard a report that ,saul designeth to come to ,ceila1 to destroy the city for my sake3 will the men of ,ceila deliver me into his hands8 and will ,saul come down as thy servant hath heard8 ,o ,lord ,god of ,israel1 tell thy servant4 ,and the ,lord said3 ,he will come down4 ,and ,david said3 ,will the men of ,ceila deliver me1 and my men1 into the hands of ,saul8 ,and the ,lord said3 ,they will deliver thee up40#a ,kings xxiii4 #i4 ,see also #a ,kings xxx4 #g1 #h4 ,thus ,god answered by the ephod4 #eg ,we find the following1 for example1 in ,suidas1 under the word ephod3 8,ephod signifies in ,hebrew science and redemption4 ,in the middle of this vestment there was1 as it were1 a star of gold1 and on its sides two emeralds2 between the two emeralds a diamond4 ,the priest consulted ,god by these stones4 ,if ,jehovah were favorable to the projects of ,israel1 the diamond flashed forth light2 if they were displeasing to him1 it remained in its natural state2 and if he were about to strike his people by war1 it became the color of blood2 or by pestilence1 it turned black40 7,suidas is here commenting upon ,josephus47 ,ant4 ,jud4 i4 iii4 c4 #h1 n4 #i4 #eh ,exod4 xxviii4 #f3 8,and they shall make the ephod of gold1 and violet1 and purple1 and scarlet twice-dyed1 and fine twisted linen1 embroidered with divers colors40 #ei ,exod4 xxxix4 #c3 8,and he cut thin plates of gold1 and drew them small into threads1 that they might be twisted with the woof of the aforesaid color40 7,douai74 #fj ,neither ,st4 ,jerome nor the ,,lxx4 are successful in conveying any clear idea of the vestment4 #fa 8,in utroque humero1 singuli sardonyches1 auro inclusi1 fibularum vice epomidem adnectunt0,antiq41 lib4 iii4 c4 vii4 #fb ,calmet1 ,commentary upon ,exodus1 chap4 xxviii4 v4 #aa1 ,edit4 of ,mansi4 #fc ,the exquisite chain of gold found in the tomb of ,queen ,aa ,hotep is terminated by two hooks shaped like the head of the asp4 ,many very similar ones are to be seen among the ,egyptian antiquities in the ,louvre and in the ,british ,museum4 ,the eyes of the serpent1 enamelled in blue and black1 have a striking effect4 #fd ,exod4 xxviii4 #i-ab4 #fe ,glass case ,no4 #d1 in the ,salle ,historique du ,muse ,egyptien at the ,louvre1 contains jewels found in the tomb of an ,apis1 and dedicated by a powerful prince4 ,some of the most beautiful objects in the collection are contemporary with ,moses4 ,see ,notice du ,muse ,egyptien1 by ,m4 ,roug1 p4 #fd4 #ff ,ant4 ,jud41 lib4 iii4 c4 #g1 n4 #e4 #fg ,exod4 xxviii4 #ae-bb1 #bi4 #fh ,elian4 ,hist4 ,div41 lib4 xiv4 c4 #cd4 #fi ,diod4 ,sic41 lib4 i4 c4 #ge4 #gj 8,the workmanship of this little gem10 says ,m4 ,mariette1 8is exceptionally admirable4 ,the ground of the figures is cut in open-work4 ,the figures themselves are designed in gold outlines1 into which are introduced small cuttings of precious stones2 carnelian1 turquois1 lapis lazuli1 something resembling green feldspar1 are introduced so as to form a sort of mosaic1 in which each color is separated from its surrounding ones by a bright thread of gold2 the effect of the whole being exceedingly rich and harmonious40 ,the fineness and precision of the work on the back of this pectoral is as remarkable as that on the front4,notice sur les principaux monuments du ,muse de ,boulaq1 par ,m4 ,mariette1 p4 #bfb4 #ga ,a traditional symbolism attached the greatest importance to this division of the twelve tribes and the twelve stones into two unequal numbers4 ,the prophecy of ,jacob is divided into two parts by the exclamation into which he breaks forth after the name of the seventh patriarch3 8,i will look for thy salvation1 ,o ,,lord0 7,gen4 xlix4 #ad74 ,ezechiel also1 in the last chapter of his prophecy1 interrupts his narrative after the mention of the seventh tribe by the description of the temple1 and then resumes his enumeration of the territories4 #gb ,with regard to the ,n pre-formative1 see ,m4 ,ancessi's ,etudes sur la ,grammaire compare des ,langues de ,sem et de ,chamthe ,s causative1 and the subject ,n4 ,paris3 ,maisonneuve4 #gc ,on the formation of trihterate radicals see1 in the above ,etudes1 8the fundamental law of the triliterate formation40 #gd ,in the ,douai version translated 8doctrine and truth40 #ge 8,thou shalt make a plate of purest gold1 wherein thou shalt grave with engraver's work1 ,,holiness ,,to ,,the ,,lord4 ,thou shalt tie it with a violet fillet1 and it shall be upon the borders of the mitre1 over the forehead of the high-priest40,exod4 xxviii4 #cf-ch4 ,the description given by ,josephus of the crown of the high priest would lead to the supposition that the fillet of ,aaron did not always preserve its primitive simplicity4 ,speaking of a section of a diadem ornamented with the cups of flowers1 which passed round the back of the head and reached to the temples1 he adds1 however1 that in front there was only the golden band engraven with the name of ,jehovah4 ,the course of ages1 broken by captivity and troubles1 as well as successive influences1 first ,assyrian and afterwards ,greek1 may have occasioned some modification in the form of the sacred vestments of the ,temple2 and thus it is not surprising that the descriptions of ,josephus sometimes vary from the ,mosaic texts4 #gf ,see ,wilkinson1 vol4 ii4 ch4 ix4 p4 #cb4 #gg ,holk et ,schiikil4 #gh ,concile de ,nice d'aprs les textes ,coptes4 ,par ,e4 ,revillout4 ,journal ,asiatique1 ,fev4-,mars1 #ahgc4 #gi ,in a valuable ,,ms4 preserved in the library of ,tournus we read3 8,in aurifedo sancti ,filiberti sunt xlix4 tintinnabula3 inter stolam nigram et manipulum1 xxi42 inter stolam rubram et manipulum1 xx42 in candida vero cum manipulo1 xxviii42 manipulus unus restat1 ubi sunt tredecim baltei cum quinquaginta tintinnabulis40 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,orleans1 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahfh4 ,dear1 sweet ,kate1 ,i have seen ,sainte-,croix again1 and now ,i write to you4 ,the general installation has scarcely begun2 great agitation and noise in all directions4 ,everybody is surprised to see me so soon settled down and quiet1 but ,marianne and ,antoine are of a fairy-like agility4 ,ren is busy2 ,marcella still asleep1 having watched till very late by her little ,anna1 who was rather feverish4 ,thrse and ,madeleine will regularly attend catechism at ,sainte-,croix during some weeks1 unless their mother consents to their speedy departure4 ,this good and amiable ,berthe has promised the superior of to send her daughters to her for a year at the time of their ,first ,communion2 now she hesitates1 and none of us1 to say the truth1 persuades her to send themthey are so gentle and sweet1 so truly two in one4 ,this is but a sign of life1 dear sister4 ,good-by for the present4 ,,february #ag4 ,my good paralytic showed much pleasure at seeing me again4 ,it is arranged that ,marcella and ,i are to go to her by turns1 and ,gertrude1 who ardently desires some active occupation1 claims her share of presents of poor4 ,not a minute is wasted here1 dear ,kate4 ,we are keeping the twins1 not wishing to place them under any external influence2 and although ,arthur has entered at the ,jesuits'1 the good abb has consented to remain permanently the guest of ,mme4 de ,t1 as preceptor to these lovable children1 whom he finds so attractive4 ,marcella is giving them lessons in ,italian4 ,how learned they are already6 ,every month1 in accordance with ,adrien's decision1 there are solemn examinations4 ,the delicate little ,anna studies with zeal1 finding herself very ignorant by the side of the twins4 ,i have knelt again before ,notre ,dame des ,miracles1 and have done the honors of ,recouvrance to our fair ,roman4 ,did ,i tell you that ,margaret is a little jealous8 8,keep me at least a tiny little corner in your heart1 which ,i see invaded from so many quarters40 ,her happiness has undergone no alteration2 she is expecting and wishing for me4''' ,read ,emilia ,paula1 a story of the ,catacombs4 ,mgr4 ,la ,carrire1 formerly ,bishop of ,guadaloupe1 will preach the ,lent1 and ,mgr4 ,dupanloup will speak in the runions of the ,christian ,mothers4 ,it is also said1 though it is not very likely1 that the great bishop will this year deliver the panegyric of ,joan of ,arc4 ,marcella is in a state of enthusiasm4 ,her heart opens out in the warm atmosphere created for her by our friendship4 ,anna is wellstill a little shy2 the delicate temperament of the dear orphan having for so long kept her at a distance from anything like noisy play4 ,margurite and ,alix teach her her lessons4 ,what pretty subjects for my brush6 ,we all communicated this morning1 the anniversary of ,mme4 de ,t's marriage4 ,o my ,god6 what can the soul render to thee to whom thou givest thyself8 ,oh6 how ,i pity those who know thee not1 who never receive thee as their ,guest1 who never weep at thy feet like ,magdalen1 who return not to thee like the prodigal1 who lean not upon thy heart like ,st4 ,john4 ,oh6 with the divine and fiery beams of thy bright dawn illuminate this earth1 wherein the evil fights against the good4 ,still more deaths1 dear ,kate4 ,see what ,isa writes to me3 8,my grandfather suffers continually more and more from fearful pain and extreme weakness4 ,his patience and resignation are admirable4 ,we pray together2 ,i read him the ,imitation2 the ,sick ,man's ,day1 by ,ozanam1 which ,lizzy has translated for me1 since your friendly kindness made me acquainted with ,eugnie de ,gurin2 also a book most effectually consoling1 and to which my grandfather listens with tears4 ,we make ,novenas4 ,he has received the #8,bread of the strong1' and the help of ,heaven cannot fail this manly soul1 who has passed through life so nobly40 ,jenny has lost her sister-in-lawanother house disorganized and without its soul4 ,the little nephew is given to the two sisters1 who are going to bring him up and educate him2 and ,jenny1 who had a horror of ,latin1 is going to learn it in order to lessen its difficulties to the pretty darling4 ,mother ,st4 ,andr is in heaven4 ,it makes my heart bleed to think of the grief of ,mother ,st4 ,maurice4 ,it is so cruel a sorrow to lose one's mother1 and such a motheran exceptionally holy soul1 friend of the saintly foundress1 destined by ,providence to such great things2 who has known the brightest joys and the most deadly sorrows1 seeing her children die after she had given them up to ,god4 ,what holy joy gladdened her soul on that day when1 herself a religious1 she beheld her two daughters clothed in the livery of ,christ1 and her son1 her third treasure1 the third pearl in her maternal crown1 a priest6 ,what a family of chosen ones1 and what sorrows6 ,oh6 when this mother1 at the same time austere and tender1 was called upon to close her children's eyes1 were there not1 side by side with the feelings of the ,christian and the saint1 those also of the wife and mother8 ,dear ,kate1 ,i can understand that a religious loves more deeply than other women4 ,the love of ,god1 sanctifying her affections and rendering them almost divine1 communicates to them something of the infinite1 which is not broken without indescribable suffering4 ,i am writing to ,mother ,st4 ,maurice4 ,how much ,i pray ,god that ,he may console herhe1 the ,comforter above all others1 who alone touches our wounds without wounding us still more6 ,ren is sending you a volume4 ,the affection of all those who love you would fill many4 ,may all good angels of holy affections protect you1 dear ,kate6 ,,february #bf1 #ahfh4 ,behold me with ashes on my browashes placed there by the great bishop4 8,memento1 homo1 quia pulvis es1 et in pulverem reverteris40 ,but1 ,o my soul6 it is but the envelope of flesh and clay which must return to dust4 ,the immaterial being escapes the corruption of the grave2 my soul1 come from ,god1 must ascend again to him4 ,yesterday the dressed-up figures going about the streets were anything but attractive1 but there were others elsewhere at which the angels would smile4 ,m4 l',abb ,baunard1 director of the catchisme of ,sainte-,croix1 a few days ago organized a lottery1 with the produce of which some little girls1 disguised as scullions1 gave yesterday an excellent dinner to the old people of the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor4 ,this feast of charity was a charming idea1 bringing together under the eye and the blessing of ,god smiling and happy childhood with suffering and afflicted decrepitudepoverty and riches1 two sisters in the great ,catholic communion4 ,and the twins were not there6 ,our good cur in ,brittany requested as a favor that they might make their ,first ,communion in his church4 ,the good abb is preparing them for it1 and the ceremony is fixed for the #b;d of ,july1 the ,feast of the ,magnificat4 ,we are all in deep mourning for my ,aunt de ,k1 and neither visit nor receive company this winter2 thus we shall have more leisure for our different works4 ,adrien and ,raoul were present at the funeral4 ,my mother feels this death very much4 ,bought a pamphlet by the great bishop4 ,it is admirableworthy of ,bossuet4 ,what a portrait of the ,christian ,frenchwoman6 ,what vehement and sublime indignation against those who would make this noble type disappear from our ,france6 ,what nobility of soul6 ,oh6 if all fathers1 if all mothers1 heard these accents1 which proceed from a more than paternal heart1 how they would reflect upon themselves1 and long to become worthy of the mission entrusted to them by ,providence4 ,poor ,france6 what will become of her8 ,i was glad to hear one of the vicaires of ,sainte-,croix1 ,m4 ,berthaud1 in speaking of the horoscope of the impious against religion1 say3 8,prophecy for prophecy4 ,i prefer to believe the words of the ,count de ,maistre1 the noble genius who saw so deeply and so far into the events of the present time1 and who said fifty years ago3 #8,in a hundred years ,france will be wholly ,christian1 ,germany will be ,catholic1 ,england will be ,catholic2 all the peoples of ,europe will go into the basilica of ,st4 ,sophia at ,constantinople to sing a ,te ,deum of thanksgiving4'0 ,god grant it may be so6 ,lizzy announces to me the mourning of ,isa1 who is not well enough to write to me4 8,there is a yoke upon all the children of ,adam40 ,these words of ,holy ,scripture often come into my mind as ,i see all around me darkened by mourning4 ,spes unica6 ,hope remains1 and the love of ,god shows heaven open4 ,dear sister of my life1 this letter1 begun yesterday1 is to contain yet a third funereal announcement3 ,nelly has been suddenly summoned from this world4 ,i know how much you loved her4 ,thus this time of penitence opens for us4 ,dead6,nelly1 in her spring-time1 her grace1 her youth2 dead1 after a long and holy prayer1 which had preceded a walk with ,madame ,d4 ,imagine the distress of this poor mother1 roused from her sleep by the cry3 8,mother1 ,i think ,i am dying60 ,mme4 ,d rushes1 terrified1 into ,nelly's room2 her child embraces her with only these words3 8,adieuon highheaven6'''0 and expires4 ,the whole town is in consternation4 ,margaret is inconsolable2 all our friends are weeping4 ,what a death6 ,god has spared her all suffering4 ,let us pray for her1 or rather for her unhappy mother2 for ,i cannot believe that ,nelly is not in heaven4 ,do you recollect that she used to be called the ,angel in prayer8 ,ren wishes me to stop here4 ,adieu1 dear ,kate4 ,,march #e1 #ahfh4 ,i have been rather ill1 dear ,kate1 and to-day ,i am beginning to get up4 ,the doctor forbids me emotion1 but as soon might he forbid me to live4 ,marcella has nursed me like a sister4 ,anna is growing stronger4 ,how pretty she was1 playing with her doll near my bed1 silently and gravely1 without any demonstrative gayety1 but often raising her beautiful eyes to look at me6 ,i have thus missed the two first ,lenten sermons4 ,ren has never left me a moment4 ,dear1 kind ,ren6 how thoughtful he is1 even about the smallest details4 ,a letter from ,isa3 still in bed2 weak1 very weak1 but wishing to live1 that she may be a comfort to her much-tried family4 8,aunt ,d finds no peace but when she is with me4 ,oh6 ,i can truly say with ,st4 ,augustine that the ,christian's life is a cross and martyrdom60 ,hear what ,ren was reading to me this morning3 8,every ,christian10 says ,mgr4 de ,sgur1 8receives in baptism the all-powerful lever of faith and love1 capable of moving more than the world4 ,its fulcrum is heaven2 it is ,jesus ,christ himself1 the ,king of ,heaven1 whose love brings him down into the heart of each one of his faithful4 ,the prospect of eternity keeps us from fainting4 ,how everything there will change its aspect6 ,tears will be turned into joya joy divine1 eternal1 infinite1 ineffable1 of which none can deprive us for ever40 ,may ,god guard you1 dear ,kate1 and may he guard our ,ireland1 her cradles and her tombs6 ,,march #h1 #ahfh4 ,beautiful sunshine2 your ,georgina in the drawing-room2 ,ren at the piano1 making the children sing a quartette4 ,this harmony penetrates my heart4 ,all these deaths had overwhelmed me2 ,i have now recovered my balance of mind4 ,oh6 it is undeniably sad to see so many sister-souls disappear2 but they go to ,god4 ,each day brings us nearer to the eternal reunion2 and your ,georgina says1 with ,mme4 ,swetchine1 that 8life is fair and happy1 and yet more and more happy1 fair1 and full of interest40 ,yesterday ,monsignor preached at ,saint-,euverte2 ,i wished very much to go1 but the wish was not reasonable4 ,i must wait until ,saturday for my ecstasy4 ,heard a strange bishop this evening4 8,i will give thee every good thing40 8,the eye of man hath not seen1 nor his ear heard1 nor his heart conceived what ,god hath prepared for them that love him40 ,the preacher employed a profusion of words1 thoughts1 and images which interfered with his principal idea2 and it was only with the greatest difficulty that one could keep hold of it under this overflow1 this torrent1 this avalanche of expressions1 which1 although rich and well chosen1 were far too superabundant4 ,monsignor was there4 ,how well he would have treated this fruitful subject6 ,with what genius would he have depicted the immense suffering of man1 who1 being made for heaven1 finds happiness nowhere upon earth1 is never satisfied1 whilst everything around him is at rest4 8,without being ,newton1 every man is his brother1 and1 in proceeding along the paths of science1 he can repeat that we are crushed beneath the weight of the things of which we are ignorant40 ,lamartine describes this when he says3 8,mon me est un rayon de lumire et d'amour1 ,qui du flambeau divin dtach pour un jour1 ,de dsirs dvorants loin de ,dieu consume ,brle de remonter sa source enflamme60#hj ,dear1 sweet ,kate1 all the lovable little singing party salutes you4 ,god be with you6 ,,march #aa1 #ahfh4 ,dear ,kate1 again there are separations and adieux6 ,george and ,amaury are entering ,la ,trappe6an unmistakable vocation1 ,i assure you4 ,adrien and ,gertrude are so far above nature since they have seen ,pius ,,ix4 and suffered for him1 that they gave their consent at once4 ,grandmother clasps her hands and utters the fiat of ,job4 ,brothers and sisters wonder and admire4 ,happy family6 ,all three chosen1 all three marked with the seal of ,god6 ,i should regret them1 if ,i were their motherso young1 so handsome1 rich in every gift of heart and understanding4 ,o life of mothers6,calvary and ,thabor6 ,i knew nothing of it2 they feared ,i should feel it too much4 ,we all went to ,communion this morning1 and this evening they leave us4 ,what6 have ,i not yet spoken to you about ,benoni1 who says my name so prettily1 and who is growing superb8 ,it is an unpardonable forgetfulness on my part4 ,it was a pleasure to see this baby again1 and his parents also1 so sincere in their gratitude for the little that a kind ,providence has allowed me to do for them6 ,evening4,they are gone4 ,adrien accompanies them2 and ,gertrude1 whom ,i have just been to see1 said to me simply3 8,dear ,georgina1 now ,i can say ,nunc dimittis4 ,will you thank ,god with me80 ,i knelt down by her side1 breathless with admiration4 ,o this scene of the adieux6 ,those two noble heads bent down to receive their grandmother's blessing2 the assembled family2 the emotion of all2 the last pure kissesall this may be felt1 but cannot be described4 ,i know1 ,i understand1 how the ,christian cannot render too much to ,god1 who has given him all2 but my heart is struck by the contrast between ,la ,trappe and the world4 ,on the one side austerities1 silence1 anticipated death1 manual labor1 and forgetfulness of earth2 on the other a great name1 a large fortune1 easy access to any position1 renown1 and glory4 ,oh6 how well they have chosen4 ,how ,i love you1 dear ,kate6 ,how ,i love ,ireland6 ,i speak of it to the children1 and love to hear them say to me1 as the multitudes of ,ireland said to our great ,o',connell3 8,yes1 we love it2 we love ,ireland60 ,,march #ad1 #ahfh4 ,before going to rest1 my beloved sister1 ,i want to tell you that ,i was this morning at ,saint-,euverte1 and that ,i have heard the great bishop4 ,marcella was with me1 especially happy1 she said1 because of the joy which she read in my looks4 ,i sent back the horses1 and we came home by the longest way1 as the charming ,picciola says1 under a bright sun1 which illuminated our bodily eyes1 whilst the sunshine of the holy and noble words we had just heard illuminated the vision of our souls and opened out to us vistas of beauty4 ,dear sister of my life1 sister unspeakably beloved1 ,i found you on re-enteringa whole packet of letters1 in which at first ,i saw only your dear handwriting4 ,how truly it is yourself6 ,i gave your beautiful pages to ,gertrude3 she will tell you herself what effect they have produced4 ,then ,madame ,d with a photograph of the departed childof ,nelly dead6 ,how well ,i recognized her6 ,this image of death moved me with pity for the poor mother1 but ,i felt nothing like fear4 ,why should death make me afraid8 ,would the exiled son returning to his father fear the rapid crossing which would restore him to his country1 his affections1 and his happiness8 ,and where is our country1 where are our affections and happiness to be found1 except in heaven1 in ,god1 who alone can satisfy our desires8 ,mother ,st4 ,maurice only sends me a few words1 but so kind and tender4 ,margaret writes me the sweetest things2 she complains of my silence1 and informs me that the little cradle she is adorning with so much care and love will soon receive its expected guest4 ,karl is coming to us2 reasons of fitness and of affection have detained him1 but his desire is more ardent than ever4 ,oh6 to think of seeing him without ,ellen4 ,kate1 what is life8 ,i am going to sleep1 but first ,i wish to ascertain whether ,anna is free from fever4 ,marcella was uneasy this evening4 ,they are both asleep1 beautiful enough to charm the angels4 ,the little one's breathing is calm and gentle4 ,i prayed by her1 placing myself also under the sheltering wing of the invisible ,guardian4 ,i salute yours1 and embrace you1 dearest ,kate4 ,,march #af1 #ahfh4 8,as on high1 so also here below1 to love and to be lovedthis is happiness40 ,oh6 how truly he speaks1 and how ,i realize it every day6 ,your tender affection1 dearest ,kate1 that of ,ren1 and of all the kind hearts around methis is heaven1 or1 at least1 that which leads one thither4 ,mid-,lent1 and the ,feast of ,st4 ,josephthis sweet and great saint1 so powerful in heaven4 ,o most glorious patriarch1 who didst behold1 and bear in thy arms the ,messias desired by thy fathers1 foretold by thine ancestor ,david and all the prophets1 how favored wert thou of the ,lord6 ,marcella said to me3 8,i have a particular devotion for ,st4 ,joseph1 and a boundless confidence in him2 ,i have often thought that he must have known a multitude of things about our ,lord which no one has ever known40 ,o ,st4 ,joseph6 remember those who invoke you in exile4 ,what an admirable existence6 ,what a long poem from the day when the rod of the carpenter blossomed in the ,temple to that when ,joseph expires in the arms of ,jesus and ,mary1 the two whom every ,christian would wish to have by him when on his death-bed6 ,never did any man receive a mission more divine than was entrusted by the ,almighty to ,st4 ,joseph4 ,i love to picture him to myself1 grave1 recollected1 seraphic1 accompanying ,mary1 that sweet young flower whom the angels loved to contemplate1 leading her over the mountains to ,hebron1 to the abode of ,elizabeth1 then to ,bethlehem and the ,crib1 then into ,egypta long and painful journey through the desert4 ,did those who met the ,patriarch1 the humble and holy ,virgin1 and her dear ,treasure suppose that it was the ,salvation of the world who was passing by8 ,evening4,karl is here1 dear ,kate1 more grave and saintly than ever2 his feet on earth1 his heart in heaven6 ,he gives us a week4 ,adrien arrived at the same timetwo souls formed to understand one another4 ,letters from ,ireland1 where ,karl's departure is causing general regret4 ,we spoke of ,ellenan inexhaustible subject4 ,karl was moved as he listened to me2 there are so many memories of my childhood to which those of ,ellen are united1 making them doubly sweet4 ,marcella1 ,ren1 and ,karl are wanting this letter to send to the post4 ,good-night1 dear sister4 ,,march #ba1 #ahfh4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i send you my notes1 freshly made2 you will kindly return them to me1 that ,i may send them off to ,margaret4 ,we are visiting the churches with ,karl4 ,anna and all the dear little people salute ,mme4 ,kate4 ,god guard you from all harm1 dear sister6 ,,march #be1 #ahfh4 ,dearest ,kate1 what will you think of your ,georgina getting the ,confrences aux ,femmes du ,monde#ha into a religious house8 ,but my ,kate understands me2 that is enough for me4 ,o amica mea1 gaudium meum et corona mea6 ,the beautiful ,saturday did not end at ,saint-,euverte3 splendid festival at ,sainte-,croix1 the fiftieth anniversary of the priesthood of the good cur4 ,it was magnificent1 and the music alsolike the hymns of heaven4 ,to-day the ,annunciation1 the commencement of the ,redemption4 ,what a feast6 ,how ,i should like1 as in our childhood1 to spend the day in prayer6 ,o sweetest ,virgin1 what a most fair memory in your glory6 ,gabriel1 one of the seven archangels continually at the feet of the ,eternal1 spreads his wings1 and from the heights of the everlasting hills descends into the valleys of ,judea4 ,celestial messenger1 you doubtless cast a glance of pity on the abodes of opulence and the vanities of the world2 or rather1 you saw them not4 ,absorbed in your admiration at the mercy of the ,almighty1 you adored and gave thanks4 ,and now a ,virgin of ,nazareth1 in the tranquillity of prayer and love1 is suddenly dazzled by an unknown light1 and the archangel salutes her in the sublime words which will be repeated by ,catholic hearts to all generations3 8,ave1 gratia plena60 ,o ,mary6 from this day forth you are our ,mother1 the ,mother of our ,salvation4 ,o ,handmaid of the ,lord1 humble and sweet ,mother6 obtain for my soul humility and love4 ,hail to the spring1 the swallows1 the periwinkles1 all the renewal of nature6 ,how good is ,god1 to have made our exile so fair6 ,oh6 how ,i enjoy everything1 dear ,kate4 ,presented ,karl with the portrait of ,ellen1 painted from memory4 ,his silent tears expressed his thanks4 ,i have made him also sit for his likeness2 it will be a precious remembrance of this true friend4 ,who knows whether we shall ever meet again in this world8 ,thus the days pass away1 shared between regret and hope4 ,the good abb is delighted with the progress of his pupils4 ,anna grows visibly stronger4 ,i am reading ,dante with ,ren4 ,ah6 dearest1 how magnificent it is4 ,marcella speaks ,greek and ,latin1 and wishes me to read ,homer and ,virgil in the original4 ,wish me good success1 dear4 ,a long walk2 met a little beggar1 whom ,picciola fraternally embraced4 ,what a pretty scene1 and how ,i afterwards kissed my dear pet6 ,love me always1 dear ,kate4 ,,march #bh1 #ahfh4 ,darling ,kate1 ,i send you my notes without adding anything1 because we have ,karl with us for only one more day4 ,o these departures6 ,laus ,deo always1 nevertheless4 ,,march #cj1 #ahfh4 ,dear sister1 ,karl is gone6 ,i am not sorry2 ,i shall see him again1 and he will then be nearer to ,god4 ,how happy it is to feel that ,god is the bond of our souls6 ,yesterday1 ,sunday1 his last in the life of the world1 we went together to ,sainte-,croix1 where we heard a long sermon1 a veritable encyclopdia3 ,godfrey de ,bouillon at ,jerusalem2 ,maria ,theresa in ,hungary1 with the shout of the magnates in ,french and in ,latin2 the proud ,sicambre listening to the ,bishop ,remy2 ,st4 ,elizabeth on the throne1 and then in penury2 ,st4 ,thomas writing sublime pages before his crucifix2 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi receiving the stigmata2 ,st4 ,bernard2 ,st4 ,catherine of ,genoa2 the ,crusaders2 ,magdalen at the foot of the cross2 ,veronica wiping the face of our ,saviour1 etc41 etc41 appearing in it by turns4 ,a day of unspeakable serenity4 ,karl sang the ,ltatus for his adieu4 ,dearest sister1 how happy ,ellen must be6 ,you will see ,karl4 ,tell me if you do not find him transfigured4 ,we read1 during his too short stay with us1 the life of ,mme4 ,st4 ,notburg1 by ,m4 de ,beauchesneanother saint in ,protestant ,germany1 a ,french saint1 though her tomb is there4 ,i have asked ,karl to take you this book2 read1 and see how excellent it is6 ,and so the month of ,st4 ,joseph is ended6 ,o protector of temporal things6 guard well all whom ,i love4 ,marcella1 my winning ,marcella1 is a poet2 ,i ought to have told you this4 ,i gave her a surprise3 her most feeling lines have been printed in a newspaper1 which ,i managed to put before her eyes4 ,she blushed and grew palethe first emotion of authorship4 ,poor heart6 for so long severed from love1 and which so soon lost that whereon it leaned4 8,o ,madonna mia6 how good ,god is10 she often repeats with ecstasy in admiring her beautiful little ,anna1 who grows wonderfully4 ,i think this child was too much kept in a hot-house1 when she had need of air1 space1 and movement4 ,i can understand how her mother may well doat on her3 she has a way of looking at you1 kissing you1 and of bending her forehead to be kissed1 quite irresistible4 ,carissima1 how ,i love her1 and how fondly ,i love my ,kate6 ,ren is writing to you2 everybody would like to do the same4 ,,april #c1 #ahfh4 ,feast of the ,compassion4 ,stabat ,mater ,dolorosa6 ,have ,i mentioned to you the new frescoes of ,recouvrance1 dear ,kate8the birth and espousals of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the first does not impress me2 but the second6 ,the high-priest is admirable2 his purple robe gleams like silk4 ,mary is not so beautiful as in ,raphael's pictures4 ,i have undertaken a painting on ivory which ,i wish to send to the amiable ,chtelaine in ,brittany1 whom ,i think you cannot have forgotten4 ,i am making ,anna sit for her portrait1 she looks so sweet4 ,mgr4 de ,sgur1 author of the poem of ,st4 ,francis1 has just written a tragic poem1 ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,what a fine subject1 and how well the writer has been inspired6 ,isa must read it4 ,you see whether my life is occupied or not4 ,god1 the poor1 the family1 friendship1 studymy mind is full6 ,the language of ,homer no longer appears to me so difficult as at first4 ,but ,latinoh6 this is charming1 and ,i delight in it2 in the first place1 because ,i am still at rosa and rosarium4 ,what a head ,marcella has6 ,she has learnt everything1 and sings like ,nilsson4 ,if only you could hear her in ,la ,juive6 ,this is profane music2 but we have pious also1 and ,marcella enjoys ,hermann4 ,this note will be slipped into the envelope destined for ,karl4 ,lizzy announces to me her visit4 ,good-night1 carissima sorella4 ,,april #e1 #ahfh4 ,and so we are in ,holy ,week1 my sister4 ,i have here a blessed palm1 sweet and gracious souvenir of the ,saviour's entry into ,jerusalem4 ,o ,king of ,peace6 bring peace to souls4 ,have pity upon us2 assemble together at thy holy table both the prodigal sons and the faithful2 grant peace to thy church6 ,to all troubled hearts1 to all those who suffer1 to those who are oppressed and persecuted1 give the hope of heavenof that eternal dwelling where all tears will be wiped away1 where all lips will drink of the stream of delights1 and where every heart will receive the fulfilment of its desires4 ,why does ,lent come to an end8 ,i could listen for ever to the lovely chants of the ,miserere1 the ,attende1 the ,stabat ,mater1 and the ,parce ,domine4 ,no sermon1 to my mind1 equals the ,stabat ,mater1 sung alternately by the choir-boys1 with their pure1 melodious1 arial voices1 and the men who fill the nave1 and who1 varying in their social position1 fortune1 and a thousand things besides1 are one in the same faith1 the same hope1 and the same charity4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i shall send you on the day of ,alleluias my journal of the week4 ,thanks for having allowed me to come to you as usual during this ,lent2 to read you and talk to you is a part of my life4 ,a thousand kisses1 my very dearest4 ,,april #f1 #ahfh4 ,my sweet sister1 ,i have just come in with ,ren from ,mass4 ,we communicated side by side1 like the martyrs of the catacombs4 ,as we came out1 and while still under the deep impression of the presence of ,god1 ,ren proposed to me a sacrificethat of not speaking to each other1 at any rate without absolute necessity1 during this week4 ,my heart felt rather fullit will cost me so much2 but how could ,i help consenting8 ,oh6 but how love longs to speak to the object loved4 ,i shall have to throw myself into a whirl of things1 and absorb myself in them1 that ,i may not find this privation quite insupportable4 #gth4,yesterday evening1 at ,sainte-,croix1 ,monsignor spoke for about twenty-five minutes4 ,i was too far off to hear1 but ,i was none the less happy4 ,i am reading ,mgr4 de ,sgur2 his teaching is gentle and loving1 even when he speaks of self-renunciation and sacrifice4 ,nothing is more comforting than his little work1 ,jesus ,living in ,us4 ,i remarked this thought of ,origen's3 8,thou art heaven1 and thou wilt go to heaven60,confession4 ,how well the good father was inspired6 ,what wise directions6 ,i came out strengthened and courageous2 but alas6 alas6 poor1 sorrowful me1 on coming in ,i found a letter awaiting mea letter from ,margaret4 ,lizzy is greatly indisposed1 and obliged to give up her journey4 ,this made me shed tears1 and1 as ,ren did not ask the cause of my pain1 ,i repented for a moment that ,i had undertaken so hard a sacrifice4 ,dear ,kate1 it was very wrong1 and your ,georgina is always the same4 #hth4,letter from ,sarah1 full of joy2 her sister ,betsy is to be married on the #bb;d1 and wishes for me to be at her wedding4 ,kind friend6 ,god grant that she may be happy6 ,until this present time1 with the exception of the terrible strokes of death which have fallen not far from her on the friends of her childhood1 her life has been calm and happy1 almost privileged4 ,she has never left her mother4 ,marcella1 ,lucy1 and ,i are preparing an ,easter-tree for all the darlings4 ,i have been studying very much lately2 ,marcella mia assures me that ,i make wonderful progress4 ,benoni does not expect to share in the festivity1 but he must2 and how joyfully he will clap his hands at the sight of the playthings hung there for him6 ,my paralytic told me yesterday that she would like to make her ,easter ,communion next ,thursdaythat is1 to-morrow4 ,gertrude and ,i must rise with the dawn to make an escort for the gentle ,jesus1 the ,comforter of the infirm and poor4 ,ah6 dear ,kate1 how much ,i should dislike the life of a ,chartreux4 ,to see ,ren and not be able to speak to him1 when ,i feel such a want to pour out my thoughts to him1 is a martyrdom4 ,so far1 thanks to our good angels1 we have not been found out1 and we have not said a single word to each other4 #ith4,what emotions6 ,my poor and venerable paralytic has just died in my arms4 ,i return to pass the night by her4 ,gertrude undertook to obtain ,ren's permission4 ,she communicated this morning in ecstasy1 and blessed us afterwards4 ,as ,i observed something unusual about her1 ,i begged ,marianne to go several times4 ,a long walk to the different sepulchres in the churches with our train of little angels1 and without ,ren1 who avoids me1 from which we returned home at six o'clock4 ,i found a line from ,marianne1 entreating me to join her as soon as possible2 so ,i hurried away with ,gertrude4 ,the dear sufferer had scarcely a breath of life left4 8,i was waiting for you that ,i might die4''' ,thanks6''' ,may ,god reward you60 ,dear ,kate1 ,i was ready to drop from fatigue1 but ,i know not what exciting power sustains me4 #ajth4,o ,christ ,jesus6 who saidst3 8,when ,i shall be lifted up from the earth1 ,i will draw all unto me10 draw all hearts for ever unto thyself4 ,ren passed the night by the lowly couch with me1 and we came home together1 still without speaking4 ,this evening1 at ,sainte-,croix1 heard ,mgr4 ,dupanloup4 ,the force and authority of his language make a deep impression upon his hearers4 8,there is in ,christianity everything which can naturally go to the heart of man40 ,how he speaks of the ,crib and of ,calvary2 of the ,mother whom we find with the ,holy ,child at ,bethlehem1 and again with him upon the cross6 ,when the clock struck eight1 he stopped4 ,how eloquent he is6 ,he quoted our ,lord's words1 8,he who shall say ,lord1 ,lord1 will not1 for that reason only1 enter into the kingdom of heaven1 but he that shall do the will of my ,father who is in heaven02 8,the same shall be to me as a brother1 a sister1 a mother02 and this thought of ,rousseau's3 8,there is in ,christianity something so divine1 so intensely inimitable1 that ,god alone could have been its author4 ,if any man had been able to invent such a doctrine1 he would be greater than any hero40 ,mgr4 la ,carrire preached an hour and a half4 ,remarked this passage3 8,pilate washes his hands4 ,oh6 there is blood upon those hands4 ,were the waters of the ,deluge to pass over them1 still would they keep the stain of blood60 ,this reminds me of ,macbeth1 where1 looking on his murderous hands1 he says3 8,what hands are here8 ,ha6 they pluck out mine eyes4 ,will all great ,neptune's ocean wash this blood ,clean from my hand8 ,no2 this my hand will rather ,the multitudinous seas incarnadine1 ,making the green one red40 #aath4,was present at the funeral of this saintly friend1 whom ,god had given me through ,hlne4 ,looked through ,marcella's manuscript books1 in one of which she wrote a year ago3 8,cymodoceus said3 #8,when shall ,i find again my bed of roses1 and the light of day1 so dear to mortals8' ,and all this harmonious page put in his mouth by ,chateaubriand4 ,and ,i1 for my part1 say3 ,when shall ,i again find heaven1 from whence ,i feel that ,i came8 ,when shall ,i find the happiness of which ,i dream1 and which ,i know too well there is no possibility of finding here below8 ,when shall ,i find eternal beauty1 eternal light1 eternal life8 ,but before that hour grant1 ,o ,lord6 that in this world ,i may find1 in the shadow of thy cross1 that peace which thou hast promised to men of good-will2 grant that1 for myself and my child1 ,i may find a little rest after the storm6 ,give us the heavenly manna2 overshadow us with the bright cloud2 grant us1 above all1 to be beloved by thee60 ,st4 ,teresa used to say3 8,the soul ought to think that there is nothing in the world but ,god and herself40 ,ren must have meditated on that4 #abth4,alleluia6 dear ,kate1 ,alleluia6 ,no more penance1 no more of this torturing silence which so resembles death2 but now talking to each other without ceasing1 songs1 letters1 walksand always prayers4 ,what will you think of my week1 carissima8 ,oh6 ,i could not have borne it longer2 ,i found ,ren too holy for my unworthiness4 ,not a word1 not a look4 ,it was like the visible presence of my guardian angel4 ,how delightful it is to hear his voice again6 ,went to the ,mass for the general communion of the men2 no spectacle on earth can be more admirable or more touching4 ,this scene was worth far more than a sermonthis multitude of men1 so perfectly attentive and earnest1 singing heartily the sweet hymns they all had sung on the day of their ,first ,communion6 ,and what joy to see in this ,christian assembly those to whom ,i am bound by affection1 and to feel myself united in the grand fraternity of the faith to all these happy guests at the ,lord's table6 ,the benediction was all that can be imagined of religious and magnificent4 ,what singing1 what alleluias1 making one think of those of the angels6 ,why do such days ever end8 ,o risen ,saviour6 grant that we may rise with thee4 ,benoni was out of himself with joy4 ,the meditative ,anna jumped about in her delight4 ,the festivity was perfect1 and1 to crown it1 news arrived which ,i will send you as my adieu4 ,margaret is at the summit of happiness1 the ,doux berceau qu'une main jalouse ,orne et visite chaque instant1 ,charme des songes d'pouse ,doux nid1 o l'esprance attend4#hb has received the little stranger sent by ,heaven4 ,let us bless ,god1 dear ,kate6 ,alleluia6 ,christ is risen6 ,happy they who live and die in his love6 ,alleluia6 ,,april #af1 #ahfh4 ,thanks1 dear sister6 ,i have translated ,mgr4 ,dupanloup at ,saint-,euverte for ,isa4 ,lizzy is better2 they had been too much alarmed about her1 but they are expecting us there4 ,lord ,william sends us the most pressing and affectionate appeals4 ,sarah also writes to me1 gravely this time3 8,my sister's marriage will separate her from us4 ,two sisters will henceforth be wanting to this family group2 the one1 and that the happiest1 enkindled with love for the ,best-,beloved of her soul1 left the world for ,god and his poor1 and1 shortly afterwards1 the poor for eternity2 the other is going into ,spain40 ,imagine ,margaret's joy6 ,dear1 sweet friend1 how1 with her1 ,i bless ,god6 8,no baptism without ,georgina40 ,oh6 how ,i long to embrace the dear little creature1 to whom ,i send my guardian angel a hundred times a day4 ,i am so anxious he should live6 ,walk in the country1 alone with ,ren1 who read me some letters from ,karl1 ,george1 and ,amaury2 the latter will write to their uncles no more4 ,what detachment6 ,ren read to me also this beautiful passage from ,madame ,swetchine from the notes of ,hlne3 8,the day of the ,lord is not of those days which pass away4 ,wait for it without impatience2 wait1 that ,god may bless the desires which lead you toward a better life1 more meritorious and less perilous2 wait1 that he may give abundant work to your hands from henceforth laborious1 for the opportunity of labor is also a grace by which the good-will of the laborer is recompensed4 ,let not your delays and miseries trouble you2 wait1 learn how to wait4 ,efforts and will1 means and endsubmit all to ,god40 ,it is not ,monsignor who will preach the panegyric4 ,the great bishop waits until next year4 ,it appears that various beatifications are about to be taken under consideration1 amongst others those of ,christopher ,columbus and ,joan of ,arc4 ,the first discovered a world1 the second saved ,france by delivering it from a foreign yokeliving as a saint and dying as a martyr2 the former1 a marvellous genius1 was tried and persecuted1 like everything which is specially marked with the seal of ,god in this world4 ,i have seen persons smile when any one spoke before them of the possibility of the canonization of ,joan of ,arc4 ,what life1 however1 was more extraordinary and more miraculous8 ,would this shepherdess of sixteen years old1 so humble1 gentle1 and pious1 have quitted her hamlet and her family for the stormy life of camps1 without the express will of ,god1 manifested to her by the voices8 ,poor ,joan6 ,how often have ,i pictured her to myself1 after the saving of the gentil dauphin who had trusted in her words1 weeping because the king insisted on her remaining4 ,from that moment her life was a preparation for martyrdom4 ,she knew that shortly she should die4 ,adrien has given me the history of ,christopher ,columbus in ,english4 ,you are aware that this son of ,genoa1 this heroic discoverer1 wore the tunic and girdle of the ,third ,order when he landed on that shore1 so long dreamed of1 which gave a new world to the church of ,god4 ,it is said that this great man had at times ecstasies of faith and love4 ,what glory for the family of the patriarch of ,assisi6 ,edouard assured me yesterday that ,raphael and ,michael ,angelo were also of the ,third ,order4 ,this austerity appears naturally to suit the painter of the ,last ,judgment1 but ,i cannot picture to myself the young1 brilliant1 and magnificent ,sanzio in a serge habit4 ,what centuries were those1 my sister1 when power and greatness and splendor sought after humility as a safeguard1 and followed in the footsteps of the chosen one of ,god1 who1 in the lofty words of ,dante1 had espoused on ,mount ,alverna noble ,poverty1 who had had no spouse since ,jesus ,christ had died on ,calvary6 ,poetry was not wanting to the crown of the ,seraph of ,assisi1 himself so admirable a poet4 ,lopez de ,vega was also of the ,third ,order4 ,adrien says that our age has had its ,francis of ,assisi in the heavenly ,cur d',ars1 who is perhaps the greatest marvel in this epoch1 fertile as it is in miracles4 ,how much we regret not having seen him1 especially as we passed so near6 ,picciola has the measles4 ,this pretty child is attacked by a violent fever2 it is sad to see her1 but she will not suffer herself to be pitied4 8,our ,lord suffered much more10 she says4 8,what is this80 ,you see1 sister1 that hereabouts the children of the saints have not degenerated4 ,anna1 who had the measles last year1 faithfully keeps the sick child company4 ,i overheard them talking just now4 8,would you like to get well quickly80 asked the ,italiana4 8,oh6 no1 ,i am not sorry to suffer a little to prepare for my ,first ,communion40 8,for my part1 though1 ,i pray with all my heart that you may soon get up2 it is too sad to see you so red under your curtains1 whilst the sun is shining out there40 8,listen to me1 dear3 ask the good ,god to help me to suffer well1 without my mother being troubled about it4 ,we are not to enjoy ourselves in this world1 as ,m4 l',abb says1 but to merit heaven40 ,i slipped away1 lest my tears should betray me3 ,i am afraid that ,picciola may also leave us4 ,pray for your ,georgina1 dear ,kate4 ,,april #bb1 #ahfh4 ,the wish of this little angel has been granted3 her measles torture her2 there are very large spots which greatly perplex the doctor4 ,she is as if on fire1 but always smiling and thoughtful1 and so grateful for the least thing done for her6 ,what an admirable disposition she has6 ,last night the femme de chambre1 whose duty it was to watch by her1 went to sleep1 and the poor little one was for six hours without drinking2 the doctor having ordered her to take a few spoonfuls of tisane every quarter of an hour4 ,it was the sleeper who told us of this2 and when ,i gently scolded the darling ,picciola1 she whispered to me3 8,dear aunt1 ,i heard you mention what the good gentleman said who founded the company of ,st4 ,sulpice3 #8,a ,christian is another ,jesus ,christ on earth4' ,let me1 then1 suffer a little in union with our ,lord40 ,what do you say to this heavenly science1 this perfect love1 in a child of twelve years old8 ,o my ,god6 is she too pure for this world8 ,they assure me that there is no danger1 but my heart is in anguish4 ,kate1 ,i do so love this child6 ,it is to-day that ,betsy becomes madame4 ,what a day for her6 ,yesterday she was still a young girl1 to-morrow will begin her life as a wife2 she will begin it by sacrifice4 ,oh6 why must we quit the soft nests which have witnessed our childhood and our happiness8 ,why comes there an hour when we must bid adieu to those who1 with their love and care1 protected our first years8 ,poor mothers6 you lose your much-loved treasures2 they will some day belong to others4 ,pre ,gratry was received at the ,academy on the #bfth of ,march4 ,on his reception he made a magnificent discourse4 ,he was presented by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup4 8,gentlemen10 said the father on beginning his address1 8it is not my humble person1 it is the clergy of ,france1 the memories of the ,sorbonne and the ,oratory1 which you have intended to honor in deigning to call me to the seat occupied by ,massillon4 8,voltaire1 gentlemen1 who occupied the same1 thus finds himself1 in your annals1 between two priests of the ,oratory1 and his derision of mankind is enclosed between two prayers for the world1 as his century itself will also be1 one day in our history1 enclosed between the great seventeenth century and the age of luminous faith which will love ,god and man in spirit and in truth40 ,kate1 dearest1 amica mia1 pray for us4 ,,april #bf1 #ahfh4 ,she is better2 the ninth day was good4 ,god be praised6 ,last night1 while watching by the sweet child1 ,i turned over ,marcella's manuscript4 ,how the thorns have wounded her6 ,oh6 it is a nameless grief1 at the age of twenty years1 when the soul is overflowing with life and love1 to be forced to shrink within one's self1 to hide one's sufferings and joys1 and repress all the ardor of youth which is longing to break forth4 ,everywhere in these rapidly-written pages ,i find this prayer3 8,lord1 grant me the love of the cross2 give me the science of salvation6 ,st4 ,bonaventure used to say that he had learnt everything at the foot of the crucifix2 ,st4 ,thomas1 when he did not understand1 was wont to go and lean his powerful head against the side of the tabernacle2 and ,suarez1 who devoted eight hours a day to study and eight to prayer1 loved to say that he would give all his learning for the merit of a single ,ave ,maria4 ,my ,god1 my ,god6 will the desires which thou hast implanted within me never be realized8 ,must ,i lead always a wandering and isolated existence1 beneath distant skies1 mourning my country and my mother1 and seeing around me nothing which could in some little measure replace these two blessings8 ,must the sensitiveness of my thoughts and feelings be hourly wounded8 ,lord1 thy will be done6 ,and if this is to be my cross1 then give me strength to bear it lovingly1 even to the end1 until the blessed time when thy merciful ,providence shall reunite me to my mother60 ,my beloved ,kate1 ,ren is writing to you1 and ,i send this sheet with his4 ,whenever ,i read anything beautiful1 ,i long to show it to you4 ,god guard you1 my second mother6 ,,april #cj1 #ahfh4 ,complete and prosperous convalescencelaus ,deo6 ,i sent you a few words only1 dear ,kate1 on the morning of the #bfth4 ,this was a most happy day4 ,heard three ,masses2 received1 with deep joy1 him who is the ,supreme ,good4 ,it was the ,feast of the ,adoration4 ,the cathedral was splendid4 ,sermon by ,m4 ,berthaud on the ,real ,presence4 ,it contained some admirable passages1 especially on ,luther and the ,mass of the ,greeks4 ,on the #bgth was at the ,benediction4 ,heard a ,quid ,retribuant and ,regina ,cli which carried one away4 ,in the evening ,ren read with me a page of ,hlne's journal2 ,i should like to enshrine all the thoughts of this exquisite soul4 ,last year1 at ,paris1 she wrote the following3 8,was present this morning at the profession of ,louise de ,c4 ,sermon by the ,pre ,g4 ,i was much moved when the sisters sang the ,de ,profundis whilst ,sister ,st4 ,paul1 prostrate under the funeral pall1 consecrated to ,god for ever her being and her life2 then the priest said aloud3 #8,arise1 thou who art dead6 ,go forth from among the dead6' ,happy death6 ,henceforth ,louise lives no more for the world2 it is no longer anything to her4 ,she is here below as if alone with ,god1 and with ,god alone4 ,happy1 says ,pope1 the spotless virgin who1 #8the world forgetting1' is #8by the world forgot4' ,o religious life6 how admirable and divine4 ,i remember that a few years ago1 in the youthful and poetic ardor of my enthusiastic soul1 ,i wondered that the world was not an immense convent1 that all hearts did not burn with the love of ,jesus1 and thought it strange that any should affiance themselves to man instead of to ,christ4 ,what disappointments and misery are in all terrestrial unions6 ,even in such as are sanctified and blessed is there not the shadow which1 on one side or another1 darkens all the horizon of this world8 ,no union could be ever more perfect than that of ,alexandrine and ,albert1 and ,alexandrine had ten days of perfect happiness1 of unmixed felicityten days2 and afterwards1 how many tears for this admirable wife by her suffering ,albert1 and1 later1 over his tomb6 ,o joys of this world6 do you deserve the name8 8,my family has been greatly privileged hitherto1 so united1 so happy6 ,but ,i am going away1 mixing wormwood with the honey in my mother's cup4 ,how ,aunt ,georgina will also suffer6 ,o grief to cause so many griefs6 ,this evening ,i went to ,ernestine's with mamma4 ,the mother and two daughters were magnificentjust ready to go to the ball4 ,what a contrast6 ,this morning the ,virgin of the ,lord1 this evening the world and its pomps4 ,mme4 de ,v looked like a queen2 my two friends were in clouds of tulle4 ,may all the angels protect them6 ,are there angels at a ball8 ,oh6 it is there above all that we need to be guarded4 ,blessed are the pure in heart1 for they shall see ,god60 ,dear ,kate1 you can understand how such reading as this consoles ,gertrude4 ,oh6 how good ,god is4 ,we are going to have great festivities4 ,the ,concours ,rgional#hc begins on the #b;d2 the emperor and empress will be here on the #ajth4 ,on the #abth ,ren and ,i are going to see you1 dear ,kate1 while all the rest of the family take flight into ,brittany4 ,then1 after the best and happiest day of the twins1 in ,july1 we shall1 ,i hope1 go all together to see 8merry ,england0 and our dear ,ireland4 ,good-night1 dear ,kate2 ,i have studied so much to-day that my head feels heavy4 ,adieu1 my dear heart1 as ,madame ,louise used to say4 ,,may #c1 #ahfh4 ,the month dear to poets1 and still dearer to pious hearts1 is come4 ,three ,masses1 visits1 a walk on the ,mall1 a family concert after the month of ,marythis1 dearest1 is my day4 ,yesterday ,ren set out at dawn on an excursion with ,adrien4 ,they have a passion for these long walks through the woods4 ,while waiting until ,marcella could receive me1 ,i plunged into the ,history of ,st4 ,paula1 which my mother-in-law has given me4 ,this beautiful book is written by ,m4 l',abb ,lagrange4 ,a disciple of the great bishop is easily recognizable in these magnificent pages4 ,st4 ,jerome1 whom ,m4 de ,montalembert calls the lion of ,christian polemics1 is there fully portrayed4 8,this ardent soul which breathes of the desert40 ,remarked this passage in the introduction3 8,god has not bestowed all gifts upon them0 7women71 8nor spared them all weaknesses2 but it is the privilege of their delicate and sensitive natures that the faith1 when it has penetrated them1 not only enlightens but enkindles themit burns2 and this sacred gift of passion and enthusiasm carries them on to wondrous heights of virtue40 ,and elsewhere3 8,will not the accents of ,st4 ,jerome1 filled as they are1 according to the expression of an illustrious writer1 with the tears of his time1 wonderfully impress souls wearied by the spectacles with which we are surrounded1 and which have within them1 as the poet says1 the tears of all things8 ,for those who have other sadnesses and other tears1 inward sorrows1 hidden wounds1 some of those sorrows of which life is fullthese1 at least1 will not weary of contemplating a saint who has herself suffered so much1 and who was transfigured in her sufferings because she had the secret of knowing how to suffer1 which is knowing how to love40 ,do you not seem to hear ,mgr4 ,dupanloup in this8 8,there are times when a struggle is necessary1 and when1 in spite of its bitterness and dangers1 we must plunge into it1 cost what it may4 ,no doubt that1 as far as happiness is concerned1 tranquillity and repose would be far preferablerepose1 allowable for timid hearts incapable of defending a cause and holding a flag1 or of comprehending a wide range of view1 or the generosity of militant souls2 but we ought to know how to respect and honor those who engage in the combatoften at the price of unspeakable inward sorrows1 and even at times giving evidence of weakness and human passionin the cause of truth and justice40 ,how fine it is6 ,i want to read this book with ,ren4 ,reading is a delightful relaxation4 ,i sometimes read to my mother1 who finds herself more solitary since ,i became so studious1 and since the house is changed into an academy4 ,highly educated herself1 she takes much interest in our studies1 but is quickly fatigued4 ,what pleasure it is to sit at her feet on a footstool which her kind hands have worked for me1 whilst she leans back her fine1 intellectual head in her large easy-chair2 to listen to her narratives1 and to revisit the past with her6 ,how truly she is a mother to me6 ,marcella has an enthusiastic veneration for her1 and calls her by the same name that we do4 ,was not our meeting at ,hyres providential1 dear ,kate8 ,picciola is pressing me to go out4 ,good-by1 dearest4 ,,may #h1 #ahfh4 ,what splendid festivities1 dear sister6 ,sumptuous carpets and hangings of velvet have been sent from the crown wardrobe4 ,the cathedral resembled the vestibule of heaven2 and yet ,i prefer the austere grandeur of the bare columns to all this pomp4 ,it was a beautiful sight1 nevertheless1 with the paintings1 the banners1 the escutcheons4 ,it was imposing1 but the presence of the ,creator was forgotten in the vanities of earth2 people were talking and laughing in this cathedral1 usually full of subdued light and of silence4 ,the panegyric was equal to the occasion4 ,i was delighted4 ,what eloquence6 ,it was the ,abb ,baunard1 the gentle author of the ,book of the ,first ,communion and of the ,perseverance1 who pronounced it4 ,this quiet city is in a state of agitation not to be imagined2 the streets are encumbered with strangers1 and there is noise enough to split one's head4 ,last year there was a general emulation to point out to me the minutest details of the fte2 to-day ,marcella was the heroine4 ,i like to see her1 radiant1 enchanted1 eager1 while the delicate ,anna clings to my arm1 her large eyes sparkling with pleasure4 ,we are so numerous that we divide1 in order to avoid in some degree the looks of curiosity4 ,my dear ,italians are much disputed for4 ,the twins care no more to be here4 ,brittany has for them an invincible attraction4 ,happy souls1 who are about to live their fairest day6 ,pray for them and for us1 dear ,kate6 ,,may #aj1 #ahfh4 ,dearest1 the sovereigns are come and gone4 ,did ,i tell you about the ,concours ,rgional8 ,every day ,i take the little people thither2 there is a superb flower-show1 orange-trees worthy of ,campania1 etc4 ,m4 ,bougaud pronounced a discourse upon agriculture1 and with admirable fitness quoted our ,lamartine3 8,objets inanims1 avez-vous donc une me1 ,qui s'attache notre me et la force d'aimer80#hd ,but ,i shall see you soona happiness worth all the rest1 dear ,kate4 ,shall ,i own to you that ,i regret ,orleans because of ,sainte-,croix1 ,notre ,dame des ,miracles1 and our poor1 besides so many things one feels but cannot express in words8 ,benoni cries as soon as he hears us speak of going away4 ,i observed in the ,annales the following gloomy words by ,m4 ,bougaud3 8,gratitude is in great souls1 but not in the vulgar2 and as the soul of human nature is vulgar1 it is only allowable in childhood to reckon upon the gratitude of men2 but when we have had a nearer view of them1 we place our hopes higher1 since only ,god is grateful40 ,may ,god preserve me from learning this truth by experience6 ,hitherto ,i have found none but good hearts1 the poor of ,paradise6 ,margaret presses me affectionately to make all diligence to go and embrace her baby4 ,isa is looking for me 8as for a sunbeam40 ,lizzy also unites her reiterated entreaties4 ,betsy is installed at ,cordova1 and praises her new country so highly that ,i am longing to see it4 ,dear ,kate1 the twins are just come to me as a deputation to say that ,i am waited for1 to go in choir to the exhibition of the ,society of the ,friends of ,art at the ,htel de ,ville2 it appears that there is no one just now4''' ,later ,i will return to you4 ,i will not conclude without giving you another quotation from ,m4 ,lagrange3 8,great sacrifices1 which touch all that is most delicate1 tender1 and profound in the heart1 even to the dividing asunder of the soul1 according to the words of ,holy ,scripture1 possess a sternness which cannot be measured or even suspected beforehand4 ,there is a strange difference between wishing to make a sacrifice and making it4 ,in vain we may be ready and resolute2 the moment of accomplishment has always something in it more poignant than we had thought2 the stroke which cuts away the last tie always gives an unexpected wrench4 ,every great design of ,god here below would be impossible1 if the souls whom he chooses were always to let themselves be stopped by human obstacles40 ,kate1 ,hlne1 ,ellen1 ,karl1 ,georgina1 have felt this6 ,did ,i mention to you the impression made on me by a story in the ,revue1 8,flaminia08 ,it is singularly beautiful1 and quite in agreement with my belief4 ,would you believe that here there are ,jews and a synagogue1 and also an 8,evangelical ,church08 ,they say that the minister is very agreeable1 and that he goes into society4 ,protestants inspire me with so much compassion6 ,a ,protestant boarding-school was pointed out to me4 ,what a pity that one cannot snatch away these poor young girls from a loveless worship6 ,good-by1 dear ,kate1 until the day after to-morrow4 ,ren sends all sorts of kind messages4 ,,may #be1 #ahfh4 ,our oasis is resplendent1 dear sister4 ,your good angel ,raphael has sweetly protected us2 not the smallest inconvenience2 the delicious sensation that our sister-souls are more united than ever4 ,to be alone with ,ren1 who is worth a thousand worldswhat delight6 ,the air was pure1 the country bright with fresh verdure1 the birds joyous4 ,charming journey6 ,at ,tours a letter from ,gertrude apprises me that all the ,w family is in villeggiatura at ,x4 ,we hasten thither1 and are received like welcome guests4 ,what a happy meeting6an enchantment which lasted two days1 at the end of which we bade a tearful adieu4 ,but the arrival hereoh6 what heart-felt joy6 ,everybody out to meet us1 with flowers1 shouts1 and vivats4 ,dearest ,kate1 earth is too fair6 ,marcella is in love with ,brittany1 our coasts and wild country-places4 ,everything around us is budding or singing2 the children run about in the fields of broom4 ,we read1 we play music2 and our poor are not forgotten4 ,the twins are preparing themselves with great earnestness4 ,m4 l',abb gives them sermons1 to which we all listen with much profit4 ,kate1 do you remember my ,first ,communion8 ,good-by1 carissima4 ,,may #bh1 #ahfh4 ,ren is gone away to see his farms4 ,why am ,i so earthly that a single hour without him should be painful8 ,adrien was just now reading that fine page of ,st4 ,augustine where he says3 8,human life is full of short-lived joys1 prolonged sorrows1 and attachments which are frail and passing40 ,when will heaven be ours1 that the joys of meeting again may never end8 ,we are preparing some beautiful music for ,sunday4 ,why are not you to be there with your sweet voice1 dear sister8 ,my mother would have liked to see you1 but she made the sacrifice of not doing so that we might have the pleasure of a tte--tte4 ,what do you think of that6 ,dear1 kind mother6 ,do you know she had a charming and idolized daughter1 who died at the age of sixteen8 ,she died here1 where everything speaks of her2 and it is for this reason that ,mme4 de ,t likes to return hither1 and goes daily to the cemetery4 ,i am told that ,i resemble her1 this soul ascended to heaven1 and every one finds it natural that there should be the perfect intimacy which exists between my mother and myself4 ,marcella and ,greek are waiting for me4 ,long live old ,homer1 long live ,brittany1 long live ,kate6 ,evening4,it is ten o'clock1 and ,ren is not come in4 ,adrien and ,edouard are gone to wait for him1 while ,i am dying of anxiety4 ,prayers without him seemed to me so sad6 ,my mother also is uneasy4 ,where is he8 ,oh6 where can he be8 #bith4,the night has been a long one4 ,adrien and ,edouard came back after having sought for him in all the neighborhood4 ,the servants were sent out in different directions4 ,i went in and out1 listening to the slightest noise4''' ,nobody6 ,my mother sent every one away and was praying4 ,impossible to remain in any one place4 ,i was full of the most terrible conjectures4 ,at last1 at four o'clock in the morning1 ,i hear a carriage4 ,it is he6 it is ,renpoor ,ren1 covered with dust1 more anxious than we1 on account of our alarm4 ,would you like to know the cause of this delay8 ,it is like the parable of the ,good ,samaritan4 ,ren met with a poor old man who had hurt himself in cutting wood1 and after binding up the wound with some herbs and a pocket-handkerchief1 he put him in the carriage and took him back to his cottage1 which was at a great distance off4 ,there he found a dying woman1 who asked for a priest4 ,to hasten to the nearest village and fetch the cur was ,ren's first thought4 ,there was no sacristan1 so ,ren took the place of one1 and passed the whole night between the dying woman and the wounded man4 ,the good cur had other sick to attend to1 but at two o'clock he arrived1 and relieved ,god's sentinel#he 7this is what the sweet ,picciola calls him71 who started homewards at a gallop4 ,you may imagine whether ,i am not very happy at this history4 ,and yet ,i suffered very much2 ,i feared everything1 even death4 ,love us1 dear ,kate4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #hj ,my soul is a ray of light and love1 which1 being separated for a day from the torch of divinity1 far from ,god1 is consumed by ardent aspirations1 and burns to reascend to its fiery source4 #ha ,conferences for ,women in the ,world4 #hb 8,soft cradle which a jealous hand ,adorns and visits every hour1 ,charm of the wife's imaginings1 ,soft nest1 whereby hope waits40 #hc ,provincial ,exhibition4 #hd ,objects inanimate1 have you1 then1 a soul which binds itself to ours and forces it to love8 #he ,le factionnaire du ,bon ,dieu4 ,,how ,,rome ,,stands ,,to-,,day4 ,several articles have been published in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world on the subject of which this paper is to treatthe condition of the ,sovereign ,pontiff consequent on the seizure of ,rome1 which thereby became the capital of the kingdom of ,italy4 ,as these articles marked the successive stages in the novel relations of the ,head of the church1 they could not fail to excite the interest of our readers4 ,we look to a like interest1 and invite it1 for the present article1 because it tells of new phases1 and of the logical results of the schemes which their authors were bold enough to say were initiated 8to secure the spiritual independence and dignity of the ,holy ,see40 ,with this cry the attempts against ,rome were begun1 were carried on1 and their success finally secured4 ,so familiar1 in fact1 is this profession of zeal for the welfare of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 that we do not stop to cite one of the thousand documents in which it appeared1 from the letter of ,victor ,emanuel1 presented to ,pius ,,ix4 by ,count ,ponza di ,san ,martino1 down to the instructions of the ministers to their subordinates or the after-dinner speeches of ,italian politicians4 ,nor need we persuade ourselves that no one believed such an assertion any more than did those who first uttered it1 nor than do we1 who know what a hollow pretext it was and what fruit it has produced4 ,twenty years of revolution in ,italy1 and a vast ignorance of political matters1 of the relations between church and state1 rendered many in ,italy and elsewhere ready dupes of the cunning devisers of ,italian independence and clerical subjugation4 ,these went with the current2 and though not a few have had their eyes opened1 and now deplore the excesses against religion they are doomed to witness1 they are impotent to remedy what they aided in bringing about1 and behold their more determined and less scrupulous companions hurry onward with the irresistible logic of facts4 ,now and then some voice even among these latter is heard above the din1 asking3 ,dove andiamo8,whither are we going8 ,that is a question no one can answer4 ,the so-called directors of revolutionary movements often look with anxiety at the effects of the raging passions they have let loose2 but as for guiding them permanently1 that is out of the question1 for they have a way of their own4 ,the skilful manipulators of revolution ride with the tide2 they now and then see a break by which the waters may be diverted1 and they succeed in making them take that course1 but stop them they cannot4 ,they can only keep a sharp look-out for what comes next1 and trust to fortune to better matters for themselves or others4 ,and so it is just now with the state of ,italy4 ,things are taking their logical course1 and every one who can lay claim to a little knowledge of politics and a moderate share of common sense will say what ,cavour1 in perhaps more favorable circumstances1 remarked3 8,he is a wise statesman who can see two weeks ahead40 ,we are not going to dwell on the political and financial state of ,italy in itself2 on the fact of its ,chamber of ,deputies representing only the one hundredth part of its people2 on the saying1 now an adage1 as often in the mouths of liberals as in those of the clerical party1 8that there is a legal ,italy and a real ,italy10 the former with the government and the deputies1 the other with the ancien rgime and the church2 nor on the debtimmense for so impoverished a landthe exhausting taxation1 and the colossal expenditures for army1 navy1 and public works that add every day to the debt1 and weigh as an incubus on the people1 increasing to a fearful extent poverty and crime1 peculation1 brigandage1 suicide1 and murder4 ,this would of itself require all the space at our disposal4 ,nor is it necessary1 when we have one of the most accredited liberal papers of ,rome1 the ,libert of ,sept4 #c1 speaking of the trial of the ,marchese ,mantegazza1 who was accused of forging the signature of ,victor ,emanuel to obtain money1 that tells us3 8,too truly and by many instances does our society show that it is ailing1 and it is needful that justice take the matter in hand1 and strive to stop the evil with speedy and efficacious cure40 ,we propose1 therefore1 to confine our remarks to the condition of the ,sovereign ,pontiff at the present moment2 to the consequent necessary examination of the relation of the state with the church2 and to a look into the future1 as far as events will justify us4 ,what is the condition of the ,pope8 ,is he a prisoner or is he not8 ,we had better start out with establishing what the word prisoner means2 otherwise some misunderstanding may arise4 ,webster gives us a triple meaning of it4 ,according to him1 it means 8a person confined in prison2 one taken by an enemy2 or a person under arrest40 ,ogilvie1 besides the above1 adds as a meaning 8one whose liberty is restrained1 as a bird in a cage40 ,let us see if any of these meanings apply to the condition of the ,pope2 for if any one of them do1 then the ,pope is a prisoner4 ,the ,holy ,father1 in his letter to the bishops immediately after ,rome was taken by the ,italian army1 declared himself to be sub hostili dominatione constitutusthat is1 subjected to a power hostile to him4 ,and this is the fact2 for friendly powers do not come with an army and cannon to batter down one's gates and slay one's faithful defenders4 ,any one who is taken by a power that1 like the ,italian government1 did batter down walls and kill his defenders1 it seems to us1 looking at the matter calmly1 would be declared by thinking people everywhere sub hostili dominatione constitutussubjected to a hostile power4 ,after a course like this one might as well say that ,abdul ,aziz was made to abdicate his throne1 and put out of the waysuicided1 as the phrase goesto farther his own interests1 as to assert that ,pius ,,ix4 was dethroned and deprived of the free exercise of the prerogatives he lays claim to in order to secure his independence and protect his freedom of action4 ,under this title1 then1 of 8having been taken by an enemy10 ,pius ,,ix4 is a prisoner4 ,but it is said ,pius ,,ix4 is not in a prison2 he is in the splendid palace of the ,vatican1 with full liberty to come out when he will4 ,with due respect to the sincerity of many who say this1 we beg leave to remark1 first1 that there are prisoners who are not necessarily confined in jail2 and1 secondly1 that there are excellent reasons for styling the residence of ,pius ,,ix4 his prison4 ,to illustrate the first point1 there are prisoners on parole2 there are1 or were under the ,crispi law1 in ,italy1 men condemned to the domicilio coattoto a forced sojourn in some place other than that in which they habitually dwelt before1 just as the venerable ,cardinal de ,angelis was compelled to leave his see1 ,fermo1 and reside for years at ,turin4 ,it is plainly not necessary1 then1 that1 in order to be a prisoner1 a man should be obliged to live in a building erected for penal purposes4 ,it is enough that there should be powerful motives1 such as honor1 or conscientious duties1 or just fear of consequences1 to prevent the free use of his physical power of going from one place to another1 to render him really a prisoner4 ,in the case of ,pius ,,ix4 there do exist such powerful motives in the highest degree4 ,there exist powerful motives of honor4 ,pius ,,ix4 is under oath not to give up1 or do any detriment to1 the rights of the ,roman ,church and of the universal church4 ,he inherited vested rights from his predecessors1 and1 as far as depends on him1 he is bound to transmit them unimpaired to his successor4 ,he is a man of honor1 pre-eminently so1 and will not1 cannot prove false to his oath or fail in protecting the rights entrusted to his keeping4 ,the effect of ,pius ,,ix4's leaving the ,vatican and going about ,rome1 as he did in former times1 would be a persuasion in the minds of all that he had accepted the situation created for him by the act of the ,italian government2 that he was1 in fact1 coming to terms with the revolution2 that he no longer protested against the violations of the divine and natural law embodied in the ,italian code1 which one of ,italy's public men declared1 a short time ago1 to be made up of the propositions condemned in the ,syllabus4 ,talk about parole after such a picture6 ,parole regards the personal honor only2 but the motives of ,pius ,,ix4 not only regard honor1 but the highest interests of mankind4 ,again1 a further effect of ,pius ,,ix4's leaving the ,vatican would be trouble in the city4 ,had we not facts to prove this1 there might be many who would doubt it4 ,on occasion of the ,te ,deum1 on the recurrence of the anniversary of his elevation and coronation1 in ,june1 #ahgd1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 who had been present1 unseen1 in the gallery above the portico of ,st4 ,peter's1 on reaching his apartments chanced momentarily to look from the window at the immense crowd in the piazza4 ,his figure1 clad in white1 against the dark ground of the room behind him1 attracted the attention of some one below and excited his enthusiasm4 ,his cry of ,viva ,pio ,nono1 ,pontifice e ,re6 had a magical effect4 ,it was taken up by the thousands present1 whose waving handkerchiefs produced the effect1 to use the words of a young ,american poet present1 of a foaming sea4 ,in vain the agents of the government scattered through the mass of peoplegend'armes and questurinidid their best to stop the demonstration and silence a cry guaranteed by law1 but discordant to the liberal ear1 and significant of opposition to their views4 ,they could not succeed4 ,they had recourse to the soldiery4 ,a company of ,bersaglieri was called from the barracks near by1 who1 after giving with their trumpets the triple intimation to disperse1 charged with fixed bayonets1 and drove the people out of the piazza4 ,the arrests of men and of ladies1 and the resulting trials1 with condemnation of the former1 but release of the latter1 are fresh in our memories4 ,how1 in the face of a fact like this1 could the ,pope come out into the city8especially when we consider his position1 the delicate regard due it1 the danger1 not only of harm to those who favor him1 but of injury to the respect in which people of all classes hold him4 ,even those who would be the first to turn such an act to their account at his expense cannot withhold the respect his virtues1 consistency1 and courage exact4 ,these1 however1 are prepared for the first mistake2 they are ready to give him a mock triumph at the very first opportunity4 ,but they have to do with a man who knows them2 who1 being in good faith himself1 learnt his lesson in #ahdh1 and understood what reliance is to be placed on ,european revolutionists4 ,we conclude1 then1 this portion of our paper by saying that the condition created for the ,pope by the taking of ,rome1 added to considerations of the highest order1 has kept ,pius ,,ix4 from putting his foot outside the ,vatican since ,september #ai1 #ahgj1 and that consequently 8his liberty is restrained0 and he is a prisoner4 ,having thus shown that ,pius ,,ix4 is a prisoner1 we can safely draw the inference that the place in which circumstances oblige him to remain is his prisonprisoner and prison being correlative terms4 ,he is 8a prisoner in his own house10 though certainly we know that house was not built for penal purposes4 ,but we have more than inference1 logical as it is4 ,we have facts to show that the same precautions were and still are used that it is the custom to adopt with regard to ordinary prisons4 ,for example1 it is well known that in the beginning of the ,italian occupation of ,rome the utmost surveillance was kept up on all going into or coming out from the ,vatican4 ,one met the ,piedmontese sentinel at the entrance1 and by him the government police2 people were occasionally searched2 and the guards had orders not to allow persons to show themselves from the windows or balconies of the palace4 ,the lamented ,mgr4 de ,merode1 almoner to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 a soldier by early education1 could hardly give credit to the facts that proved this4 ,full of indignation1 he went himself to the spot1 and from the balcony looked down upon the street below where the sentinel stood4 ,he was at once saluted with the words1 8,go back60 ,again the command was repeated1 and then the levelled rifle admonished the prelate that further refusal to obey was imprudent4 ,the affair made a good deal of noise at the time1 and the guards were removed from close proximity to the palace1 remaining only a few hundred feet away4 ,all things1 then1 considered1 ,pius ,,ix4 is a prisoner and the ,vatican is his prison4 ,but not only is the liberty of the ,sovereign ,pontiff directly interfered with in this way2 he is trammelled also in purely spiritual matters4 ,the ,pope1 the rulers of ,rome say1 may talk as he pleases in the ,vatican1 as we cannot prevent him1 and he will not be put down2 nay1 he may even promulgate his decrees1 encyclicals1 and constitutions by putting them up as usual at the doors of the basilicas of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,john ,lateran2 but any one who dares to reprint them will do so at his peril2 his paper will be sequestrated1 if the document published be judged by the authorities of the ,italian kingdom to contain objectionable matter1 and he will be tried by due course of law4 ,this mode of proceeding has been put in practice2 the seizure of the issue of the ,unit ,cattolica for publishing an encyclical is well known1 and was remarkable for an amusing feature4 ,the edition for the provinces escaped the vigilance of the fiscal agents1 and the ,florentine liberal press1 anxious to show how much freedom was allowed the ,pope1 on getting the ,unit1 printed the document4 ,to their surprise1 their issues were sequestrated4 ,the letter of instruction on the subject of papal documents1 and of surveillance1 by the police1 of the ,catholic preachers1 issued by the late ministry1 to our knowledge never was recalled1 and is therefore still in force2 worse is contemplated1 as we shall see later on4 ,this coercion of his freedom of action extends also to the ,pope's jurisdiction in spirituals and in temporals4 ,the first instance of this is the exaction of the royal exequatur4 ,we cannot do better than cite the words of the able legal authority1 ,sig4 ,a4 ,caucino1 of ,turin1 who has lately written a series of articles on the law of guarantees1 passed by the chambers and confirmed by the king1 of which we are speaking4 ,on this subject of the exequatur he writes3 8,after the discourse of the avvocato ,mancini1 on the #c;d of ,may1 #ahge1 and the #8order of the day' by the deputy ,barazzuoli1 no one wonders that the nature of the application of the law of guarantees has been changed1 and that all the promises solemnly made when it was necessary to forestall public opinion1 and promising cost nothing1 have been broken4 ,from that time to this the bishops named by the ,pontiff1 but not approved of by the royal government1 have been put in the strangest and most unjust position in the world4 ,it is hardly needful to recall that the first and principal guarantee in the law of ,may #ac1 #ahga1 was that by which the government renounced1 throughout the whole kingdom1 the right of naming or presenting for the conferring of the greater benefices 7bishoprics1 etc47 ,well1 after ,may1 #ahge1 the bishops who were without the exequatur were treated with two weights and two measures3 they are not to be considered as bishops with respect to the ,civil ,code and the code of civil procedure1 of equityand logically2 but they are to be looked on as such with regard to the ,penal ,code1 the code of criminal procedure1 and the whole arsenal of the fiscal laws of the ,italian kingdom40 ,incredible1 but true4 ,let us see the proofs4 ,mgr4 ,pietro ,carsana1 named ,bishop of ,como1 instituted a suit against the ,administration of the ,demain to have acknowledged as exempt from conversion into government bonds1 and from the tax of thirty per cent41 a charitable foundation by the noble ,crotta-,oltrocchi1 assigned to the ,bishop of ,como for the time being1 that the revenues of it might be used for missions to the people and for the spiritual retreat or exercises of the clergy4 ,the ,demain raised the question as to whether ,mgr4 ,carsana had the character required for the prosecution of such a cause before the tribunal4 ,the tribunal of ,como was for the bishop2 but the ,court of ,appeal of ,milan decided in favor of the ,demain1 for the following reasons1 drawn up on ,june #bh1 #ahge3 8,it cannot be doubted but that the episcopal see of ,como is to be held as still vacant as to its civil relations1 since ,mgr4 ,pietro ,carsana1 named to that see by the supreme ecclesiastical authority1 has not yet received the royal exequatur1 according to the requirements of the sixteenth article of the laws of ,may #ac1 #ahga4hf ,if the act of the supreme ecclesiastical authority0we call attention to that word supreme8directed to providing an occupant for the first benefice of the bishopric of ,como1 by the nomination of ,mgr4 ,carsana1 has not obtained the royal exequatur1 as peace between the parties requires1 this act before the civil law is null and of no effect1 the appointment to the said benefice is to be looked on as not having taken place1 and the episcopal see of ,como is to be considered as still vacant1 and the legitimate representation of it1 in all its right1 belongs to the vicar-capitular0 7,unit ,cattol41 ,july #be1 #ahgf74 ,a like decision was given by the ,court of ,appeal of ,palermo1 ,october #af1 #ahge4 ,thus1 to use the words of this writer1 8the ,pope has a right to name the bishops to exercise their episcopal functions1 but1 as far as their office has a bearing affecting external matters of civil nature1 bishops without the exequatur cannot exercise it40 ,these external matters of a civil nature1 which might be misunderstood1 be it said1 are none other than the acts without which the temporalities of a bishopric cannot be administered4 ,the bishop may say ,mass1 preach1 and confirm1 but not touch a dollar of the revenues of his see4 ,it needs no great acumen to perceive how the ,sovereign ,pontiff is thus hampered in his jurisdiction4 ,his chief aids are his bishops2 but they are not free unless they subject themselves1 against conscience1 to the civil power4 ,every exequatur is an injustice to the church1 no matter whether exacted by concordat or no4 ,the church may submit under protest to the injustice1 but the nature of the act of those requiring such submission does not change on that account4 ,hence it is clear that the ,pope is at this moment most seriously hampered in the exercise of his spiritual jurisdiction4 ,if to this fact of the exequatur we add the election of the parish priests by the people1 favored by the government1 the case becomes still clearer4 ,but of this we shall speak fully at the end of the article4 ,to the impediments put in the way of the exercise of the ,sovereign ,pontiff's spiritual jurisdiction are to be added those of a material nature1 resulting from the heavy pecuniary burdens he1 his bishops1 and his clergy are obliged to bear4 ,the scanty incomes of the clergy of the second order are in many cases reduced to two-thirds1 while living costs one-fifth more than it did before ,rome was taken4 ,the very extensive suffering1 from poverty1 stagnation of business1 the necessity of supporting the schools of parishes and institutions established to supply the place of those suppressed by the government1 or whose funds have gone into the abyss of public administrationall have the effect of keeping the people from giving as largely to the clergy as they used to give1 although that source of revenue to them was not very great1 as nearly everything was provided for by foundations4 ,with reference to the bishops1 and the ,sovereign ,pontiff especially1 the case is much more aggravating4 ,those prelates who have not obtained the exequatur have no means of support1 as the temporalities of their sees are withheld4 ,pius ,,ix41 whose trust in ,providence has been rewarded with wonderful abundance of offerings from the faithful throughout the world1 came to the assistance of these persecuted successors of the apostles4 ,out of his own resources1 the gratuitous generosity of his flock everywhere1 he gives to each one of them five hundred francs a month4 ,the drain on the papal treasury by this and other necessary expenses forced upon him by the taking of ,rome1 amounts in the gross1 yearly1 to #a1bjj1jjj1 which1 as the ,pope consistently refuses to take a sou of the #fdj1jjj offered him by the government1 comes from the contributions of the faithful given as ,peter-pence4 ,in this way are the ,catholics of the whole world taxed by the action of the ,italian government4 ,besides this direct action on the ,head of the church and on her pastors that interferes with their freedom1 there are other modes of proceeding which we hardly know whether we are justified in styling indirect1 so sure and fatal are their effects on the spiritual jurisdiction and power of the ,pope4 ,the first of these is the claim on the part of the state1 enforced by every means in its power1 to direct the education of the young4 ,no education is recognized except that given by the state schools4 ,without state education no one can hold office under the government1 no one can practise law or medicine1 or any other liberal profession4 ,moreover1 every youth1 boy or girl1 must undergo an examination before examiners deputed by the state4 ,it stands to reason that no one can teach unless he have a patent or certificate from the state4 ,now1 what does this mean8 ,it means simply that the most powerful engine for moulding the mind of man1 poisoning it1 prejudicing it1 giving it the bent one wants1 is in the hands of the avowed enemies of the church2 moreover1 that those who are so acted on by this mighty agency are the spiritual subjects of ,pius ,,ix42 and that this is being done not only in all ,italy1 but especially in ,rome4 ,the most strenuous efforts are being made to remedy this evil1 with a good deal of success2 and the success will be greater farther on4 ,but in the meantime a vast harm is done and a generation is perverted4 ,the next of these indirect means is the conscription1 which seizes on the young men even who have abandoned the world and embraced the ecclesiastical life4 ,at first sight one may be inclined to think the damage done not so extensive1 as only a certain percentage after all will be taken4 ,even were this so1 the injustice done to the persons concerned1 and the harm to the church1 would not the less be real4 ,the fact is that this course of the government affects a comparatively small number in time of peace2 but in time of war the number remains no longer small4 ,besides1 the uncertainty of being able to pursue their career must have a bad effect on young men1 while the associations which they are obliged to see around them1 if they undertake the year of voluntary service to escape the conscription1 must often have a result by no means beneficial to their vocation4 ,facts are in our possession to show deliberate attempts to corrupt them and make them lose the idea of becoming priests4 ,what is more weighty than these reasons is the fact of the diminishing number of vocations for the priesthood in ,italy4 ,the army of the government is swelling1 while the army of ,pius ,,ix4 in ,italy is decreasing4 ,a late measure of the government has also a tendency to diminish the fervor of attachment in the people to their religion1 and that measure is the prohibition of public manifestation of their belief outside the churches4 ,a circular letter from the ,minister of the ,interior to the prefects of ,italy forbids religious processions in the public streets4 ,this in a ,catholic country is a severe and deeply-felt blow at the piety of the people4 ,processions have always been one of the most natural and favorite ways of professing attachment to principles1 and this is particularly true of religious processions4 ,they have a language of their own that goes straight to the heart of the people4 ,the discontinuance of them will have a dampening effect1 on those especially who are a little weak2 while those who go to church as seldom as possible1 or rarely1 will be deprived of a means of instruction that constantly served to recall to their minds the truths of religion2 and instead of the enjoyment that came from beholding or assisting at some splendid manifestation of their faith1 and from the accompanying festivities never wanting1 will be substituted forgetfulness of religion and religious duties1 the dissipation of the wine-shop and saloon1 and those profane amusements1 often of the most questionable character1 that are beginning to be so frequent on days of obligation1 offered to the masses at hours conflicting with those of religious ceremonies4 ,what has especially shocked every unprejudiced person1 even liberals and non-,catholics1 is the prohibition of the solemn accompaniment of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,besides the ordinary carrying of the ,viaticum to the sick1 and occasional communion to those unable to come to the church1 some three or four times a year the ,blessed ,sacrament was borne to the bedridden with much solemnity1 the most respectable people of the parish taking part in the procession or sending those who represented them4 ,it was always an imposing and edifying spectacle to ,catholics4 ,this has been put a stop to4 ,in ,frascati1 where1 after prohibition of public processions had been notified to all1 the ,blessed ,sacrament was carried to the sick with only the ordinary marks of respect1 that there might be no violation of the unjust and illegal order1 there was an exhibition of the animus of the authorities that almost exceeds belief4 ,the people1 to honor the ,blessed ,sacrament1 were present in greater numbers than usual1 and1 as is the custom1 prepared to follow it to the houses of the sick persons4 ,the government authorities determined to prevent them4 ,hardly had the priest come out of the church1 with the sacred pix in his hands1 when he was accosted by the police officer1 was laid hold of by him1 and made to come from under the canopy1 which from time immemorial is used during the day for the ordinary visits for the communion of the sick at ,frascati4 ,he was permitted to go with some four or five assistants4 ,the people persisted in following1 whereupon the troops were called and they dispersed the crowd4 ,the result was a spontaneous act of reparation to the ,blessed ,sacrament in the form of a ,triduum in the cathedral1 at which the first nobility of ,rome1 very numerous in the neighborhood of this city1 assisted1 while the attendance in the church was so great1 including even liberals1 that many had to kneel out on the steps and in the piazza4 ,the effect on good ,catholics thus far1 though painful1 has been beneficial2 but the continuation of this course on the part of the government1 with the means of coercion at their disposal1 cannot but be hurtful to the cause of religion1 and cannot but diminish the respect and obedience of the people to their pastors4 ,all this1 as a matter of course1 has a decided effect on the power and influence of the ,pope himself4 ,there are indeed ,catholics to whom ,god has vouchsafed so great an abundance of faith that1 no matter what happens1 they rise under trial and show a sublimity of trust and courage that extorts admiration even from their enemies2 but1 unfortunately1 these are not the majority4 ,faith is a gift of ,god1 and requires careful cultivation and fostering watchfulness2 negligence1 and above all wilful exposure to the danger of losing it1 ordinarily weaken it much1 and not unfrequently in these days bring about its total loss4 ,this is one reason1 and the principal one1 why the church prays to be delivered from persecution1 because1 though some die martyrs or glorify ,god by a noble confession and unshaken firmness1 many1 very many1 fall away in time of danger4 ,history is full of instances of this4 ,the lapsi in the early centuries were unfortunately a large class1 and in the persecutions of ,china and ,japan1 in our day1 we hear1 indeed1 of martyrs1 but we hear1 too1 of large numbers that fall away at the sight of torture or in the presence of imminent peril4 ,such is the state of things in ,italy with respect to the ,sovereign ,pontiff and the church over which he rules3 persecution1 oppression1 hate1 are the portion of ,catholics and their ,head2 protection1 favoritism1 and aid1 that of all who are adversaries of the church1 from the latest-come ,protestant agents of the ,bible societies of ,england or ,america to the most avowed infidel and materialist of ,germany or ,france4 ,a ,renan and a ,moleschott are listened to with rapture2 a ,dupanloup or a ,majunke are looked on as poor fanatics who cling to a past age4 ,we do not wish to weary our readers with further instances of tyrannical action2 though readily at hand1 we may dispense with them1 for the matter cited above is enough for our purpose1 and certainly speaks for itself4 ,we simply ask1 ,what prospect lies before us8 ,what is the promise of the future8 ,on such a foundation can anything be built up that does not tell of sorrow1 of trouble1 and of ruin8 ,of a truth no one who loves virtue and religion can look upon the facts without concern2 and that concern for an earnest ,catholic will increase a hundred-fold1 if he take into consideration the plans just now showing themselves for the warfare of to-morrow4 ,these prove the crisis to be approaching1 and that far greater evils are hanging over the ,papacy than yet have threatened it1 demonstrating more evidently and luminously than words what a pope subject of another king or people means4 ,any one who is even a superficial observer of matters in ,italy cannot fail to see how closely ,italian statesmen and politicians ape the ideas and the measures of ,germany1 particularly against the church4 ,there1 it is well known1 strenuous efforts are being made to construct a national church1 and with partial success4 ,the pseudo-bishops ,reinkens in the empire and ,herzog in ,switzerland are doing their utmost to give form and constitution to the abortions they have produced4 ,the example is followed in ,italy4 ,the apostate ,panelli1 in ,naples1 made an unsuccessful attempt to begin the chiesa nazionale2 but disagreement with his people caused him to be supplanted1 though he still styles himself national bishop4 ,agreeing with him in sentiments are a certain number of ecclesiastics1 insignificant if compared with the clergy of the ,catholic ,church in ,italy2 yet to these men1 who certainly did not and do not enjoy the esteem of the sanior pars1 the wiser portion of the people1 the government1 holding power under a constitution the first article of which declares that the ,roman ,catholic and apostolic religion is the religion of the state1 show favor and lend aid and comfort4 ,let us listen for a moment to their language and to that of their supporters4 ,sig4 ,giuseppe ,toscanelli is a deputy in the ,italian parliament1 and a man of so-called liberal views1 an old soldier of ,italian independence1 and an old ,freemason4 ,he has the merit of seeing something of the inconsistency and injustice of the action of the authorities1 in parliament and out of it1 with regard to the church1 is a ready speaker1 and has the courage to say what he thinks1 thus incurring the enmity of his fellow-,masons1 some of whom1 in #ahfd1 in the lodge at ,pisa1 declared him unworthy of their craft1 and cast him out of the synagogue4 ,we are not aware that he troubles himself much about the matter1 nor that he looks on himself as any the less an ardent supporter of united ,italy4 ,when the law of guarantees for the ,sovereign ,pontiff was up for discussion1 ,toscanelli said3 8,report has it that in #ahfa some public men of ,lombardy conceived the idea of a national church1 which they made known to ,count ,cavour1 and urged him to bring it about2 and that ,count ,cavour decidedly refused to do so4 ,in #ahfd this idea showed itself again1 and a bill in accordance with it was presented in parliament4 ,the civil constitution of the church was most strongly maintained by the ,hon4 ,bonghi4 ,at present we see papers1 some most closely connected with the government1 printing articles professedly treating of a national church1 even to the point of going to the extremes ,henry ,,viii4 reached40 ,but not only papers favor the project4 ,we have heard lately of cabinet ministers using the same language4 ,the head of the late ministry1 ,sig4 ,marco ,minghetti1 did so at ,bologna in a public speech4 ,yet he was the leader of the so-called moderate party4 ,it is therefore not surprising that the recognized prince of ,italian lawyers1 ,sig4 ,stanislas ,mancini1 the ,minister of ,public ,worship of the present radical cabinet1 should speak in the same style4 ,we have a letter of his to a notorious person1 ,prota ,giurleo1 ,president of the ,society for the ,emancipation of the ,clergy1 vicar-general of the national church1 in the ,libert ,cattolica of ,august #b1 #ahgf4 ,it is worth translating3 8,,honored ,,sir3 ,hardly had ,i taken the direction of the ministry of grace1 justice1 and worship1 when you1 in the name of the society over which you preside1 thought fit to send me a copy of the memorandum of ,nov4 #i1 #ahgc1 which1 under the form of a petition1 ,i had myself the honor of presenting to the ,chamber of ,deputies1 recalling to my mind the words uttered by me at the meeting of ,dec4 #ag of that year1 when ,i asked and obtained that the urgency of the case should be recognized1 and demanded suitable provision4 8,it is scarcely necessary for me to say that ,i remembered very well the expressions used by me on that occasion1 because they give faithful utterance to an old1 lively1 and deep feeling of my soul4 8,as minister ,i maintain the ideas and the principles ,i defended as deputy4 ,still1 ,i did not conceal the fact that the greatest and most effectual measures were to be obtained only by way of legislation1 without omitting to say1 however1 that by way of executive action something might be done4 ,to-day1 then1 faithful to this order of ideas1 ,i have no difficulty in opening my mind on each of the questions recapitulated in the memorandum4 8#ast4 ,the first demand of the worthy society over which you preside was made to the ,chamber of ,deputies1 in order that steps might be taken to frame a new law to regulate definitively the new relations between the state and the church1 in accordance with the changed condition of the political power and of the ecclesiastical ministry4 ,on this point ,i am happy to assure you that this arduous problem constitutes one of the most important cares1 and will form part of study and examination1 to which the distinguished and competent men called by me to compose the commission charged with preparing the law reserved by the eighteenth article of the law of ,may #ac1 #ahga1 for the rearrangement and preservation of ecclesiastical property1 will have to attend4 8#b;d4 ,in the second place1 this memorandum asks the revindication1 for the clergy and people1 of the right to elect their own pastors in all the grades of the hierarchy4 ,you are not ignorant that such a proposition made by me in parliament1 during the discussion of the above-mentioned law of ,may #ac1 #ahga1 relative to the nomination of bishops1 did not meet with success1 nor would there be reasonable hope1 at present1 of a different legislative decision4 ,it results from this1 therefore1 that efforts in this direction must be limited to preparing by indirect ways the maturity of public opinion1 which is wont1 sooner or later1 to influence the deliberations of parliament4 ,the manifestation of the will of the people in the choice of ministers and pastors1 that recalls the provident customs and traditions of the primitive church1 to which the most learned and pious ecclesiastics of our dayit is enough to name ,rosminiearnestly desire to return1 must first be the object of action to propagate the idea1 in the order of facts1 by spontaneous impulse1 and by the moral need of pious and believing consciences2 and afterward1 when these facts become frequent and general1 it will be the duty of the civil power to interfere to regulate them1 and secure the sincerity and independence of them1 without prejudice to the right of ecclesiastical institution4 8,already some symptoms have shown themselves1 and some examples have been had1 in certain provinces of the kingdom1 and ,i deemed it my duty not to look on them with aversion and distrust1 but at the same time to reconcile with existing discipline regarding benefices all such zeal and the protection that could be given to the popular vote and to ecclesiastics chosen by it1 not only by providing for these the means needed for the becoming exercise of their ministry1 but also to benefit at the same time the people by works tending to their instruction and assistance4 ,i will not neglect opportunities of aiding by other indirect measures the attainment of the same end4 ,the future will show whether this movement1 a sign of the tendencies of the day1 may be able to exercise a sensible influence on religious society and claim the attention of the legislator4 8#c;d4 ,the same commission referred to above will be able to examine how1 by means of opportune expedients1 some of the dispositions of the forthcoming law on the administration of the ecclesiastical fund may be made serve to relieve and encourage the priests and laymen belonging to associations the aim of which is to fulfil scrupulously at one and the same time the duties of religion and of patriotism4 ,still1 despite the fact that the actual arrangement and the accustomed destination of the revenues of vacant benefices succeed with great difficulty in meeting the mass of obligations that weigh upon them1 ,i have earnestly sought for the readiest and most available means to afford some help and encouragement to the well-deserving society over which you preside1 especially to promote the diffusion of the earnest and profound studies of history and ecclesiastical literature2 and ,i am only sorry that insuperable obstacles have obliged me to keep within very modest limits4 ,i will not neglect to avail myself of every favorable occasion to show the esteem and the satisfaction of the government with respect to those ecclesiastics and members of the association who join to gravity of conduct the merit of dedicating themselves to good ecclesiastical studies1 and render useful service to their fellow-citizens4 8#dth4 ,in the fourth place1 by this memorandum the demand is presented that one of the many churches in ,naples1 once conventual1 be assigned to the society1 endowing it with the property acquired by the laws affecting the title to such property of ,february #ag1 #ahfa1 ,july #g1 #ahff1 and ,august #ae1 #ahfg4 ,on this point ,i have to say that many years ago there was brought about a state of things which certainly is not favorable to the granting of the demand2 for the twenty-fourth article of the law of ,february #ag1 #ahfa1 was interpreted in the sense that churches formerly conventual should be subject1 as regards jurisdiction1 to the archiepiscopal curia4 ,notwithstanding this1 and although ,i intend to have examined anew the interpretation given to ,article #bd1 seeing in the meantime that this state of things be not in the least changed for the worse1 ,i will immediately put myself in relation with the prefect of the province1 to know whether1 keeping in view the facts as above1 there be in your city a church we may dispose of that presents all the conditions required1 in order that it may be given for the use of the society4 ,it is hardly necessary to speak of the absolute impossibility of assigning an endowment from the property coming from the laws changing the title to such property1 because1 even apart from any other reason1 the very laws themselves determine1 in order1 the use to which the revenues obtained by the consequent sale of the property are to be put4 8#eth4 ,finally1 as regards guaranteeing efficaciously1 against the arbitrary action of the episcopate1 the lower clergy who are loyal to the laws of the country and to the dynasty1 ,i do not deem it necessary to make any declarations or give any assurances1 because my principles and the first acts of my administration are a pledge that1 within the bounds allowed me by law1 and urging1 if needful1 the action of the courts1 in accordance with the law of ,may #ac1 #ahga1 ,i shall not fail to show by deeds that the government of the king is not disposed to tolerate that good ecclesiastics of liberal creed should be subject to abuse on the part of their ecclesiastical superiors1 when the legal means are in their power to prevent it4 8,be pleased to accept1 honored sir1 the expression of my esteem and consideration4 8,the ,keeper of the ,seals1 8,,mancini40 ,we shall adduce only one other document as prefatory to what we are going to say1 and that is the letter of a certain ,professor ,sbarbaro1 who is a prominent writer of extreme views1 possessing a frankness of character that makes him attack the government at one time1 even in favor of the church1 though through no love of it1 at another launch forth against it an amount of invective and false accusation that would warrant us in looking on him as the crater of the revolutionary volcano4 ,this personage has written quite recently one of his characteristic letters1 in which he uses all his eloquence against the church1 recommending everywhere the establishment of ,protestant churches and schools2 because1 he says1 this is the only way to destroy the ,catholic ,church1 the implacable enemy of the new order of things4 ,every nerve must be strained to effect this4 ,there can be no peace till it be accomplished1 and the edifice of ,italian unity and freedom tower over the ruins of ecclesiastical oppression4 ,with the express declaration of the deputy1 ,sig4 ,giuseppe ,toscanelli1 the letter of his ,excellency the ,keeper of the ,seals and that of ,professor ,sbarbaro1 before our eyes1 we are prepared to see some fact in accordance with the ideas and sentiments therein expressed4 ,the fact is at hand2 it is a movement set on foot to obtain adhesion and subscriptions to the scheme of electing1 by the people1 to their positions ecclesiastics even of the highest grade4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff himself alluded to this in his discourse to the foreign colleges1 ,july #be1 #ahgf1 when he warned them that steps were taking to prepare the way to a popular election1 8a tempo suo1 anche al maggior beneficio della chiesa08at the proper time1 to even the first benefice of the church0in other words1 the ,papacy4 ,it is worth while examining this question1 because the agitation having begun1 specious arguments having been advanced1 and illustrious names1 such as that of ,rosminiwho1 it is well known1 retracted whatever by overzeal he had written that incurred censure at ,romehaving been brought forward to support such views1 it is not unlikely that elsewhere we may hear a repetition of them4 ,say what people may1 ,rome is the centre of the civilized world2 the agitations that occur there1 especially in the speculative order1 are like the waves produced by casting a stone in the water3 the ripples extend themselves from the centre to the extreme circumference4 ,so thence the agitations strike ,france and ,germany and ,spain1 extend to ,england1 ,russia1 the ,east1 and finally reach us and the other extra-,european nations4 ,the errors on this subject of popular election in the church1 where they are not affected1 come from a confusion of ideas and a want of knowledge of what the church is4 ,protestantism has had the greatest part in misleading men2 for it completely changed the essential idea of this mystic body of ,christ4 ,our ,lord1 when founding his church on earth1 spoke of it continually as his1 as his kingdom1 as his house1 as his vineyard4 ,he told his disciples that to him all power had been given in heaven and on earth4 ,nowhere do we see him giving to any one a title that would make him a sharer in that power2 the unity of command signified by the idea of the kingdom1 the absolute power of imposing laws1 is his1 his alone1 and is entrusted to those he selected to continue his work4 ,his words to his apostles were3 8,as the ,father hath sent me1 ,i send you0the fulness of power ,i have ,i bestow upon you1 that you may act in my name1 in such a way that 8he who hears you hears me2 and he who will not hear you1 let him be to you as the heathen and the publican40 ,he makes the distinction between those who are to hear and those who are outside his church2 he constitutes in his kingdom1 his church1 those who are to command with his authority and those who are to obey3 the apostles and their successorsthe ,sovereign ,pontiff with the bishopsand the people or the laity4 ,the duty of the laity is to obey1 not to command1 not to impose1 not to exact1 much less to name those who are to hold positions in the churchan act proper of its nature only to those who hold power of command1 just as in a kingdom the naming to offices resides with the king or with those he may depute for such purpose4 ,the duty of the laity is summed up in the words of the ,prince of the ,apostles3 ,obedite prpositis vestris,obey your prelates4 ,such is the divine constitution of the church1 and1 like everything of divine right1 that constitution is unchangeable4 ,alongside of this fact1 however1 we find another that apparently conflicts with it4 ,we see the people1 even in the first period of the preaching of ,christianity1 taking part in the election of those who were to hold places in the church1 and this at the instance of the apostles themselves4 ,it is1 however1 not the rule1 but the exception1 in the sacred text2 for we find the apostles acting directly1 themselves selecting and bestowing power of orders and jurisdiction2 as1 for example1 when ,st4 ,paul placed ,timothy over the church of ,ephesus1 and ,titus over those of ,crete4 ,this is in accordance with what we might expect from the constitution of the church4 ,had the election to such places been of divine right1 ,st4 ,paul would have violated that right in so naming both ,timothy and ,titus4 ,it follows1 then1 that this power of taking part in the election of prelates1 priests1 and deacons was introduced by the apostles and used in the early church as a matter of expediency1 the continuation or interruption of which would depend upon circumstances4 ,what was the meaning of it8 ,was it a conferring of power1 a naming to fill a place1 or a presentation1 a testimony of worth of those thus selected1 which the apostles and their successors sought from the people8 ,it was a testimony of worth only4 ,this is evident from the words of ,st4 ,peter to the one hundred and twenty gathered with him for the nomination of ,st4 ,matthias4 ,it is ,st4 ,peter who regulates1 orders what is to be done1 and commands the brethren to select one from their number4 ,they could not agree on one2 two were nominated1 and the prayer and choice by lot followed4 ,this was1 of course1 an extraordinary case1 and we do not see this mode of election afterwards resorted to1 leaving the matter to be decided by the power of ,god4 ,what we do see here that is of interest to us is the act of the ,prince of the ,apostles prescribing what was to be done2 this shows his supreme authority1 and is the source of the legality of the position of ,st4 ,matthias4 ,the testimony of the people was required to ascertain his worth and fitness4 ,it was very natural that this testimony of the people should be resorted to1 especially in the early church1 in which affairs were administered and the work of the ,gospel carried on rather through the spirit of charity1 8that hath no law10 than by legal enactments2 though we begin to see quite early traces of these1 as required by the nature of the case4 ,this example of the apostles continued in use in the church for centuries1 the testimony of the people to the worth of their bishops being required2 for it has always been an axiom in the conduct of affairs in the church that the bishop must be acceptable to his people2 nor is any great examination needed to arrive at such a conclusion1 for the office of a bishop regards the spiritual interests of his flock1 and such interests cannot be furthered by one against whom his people have just cause of complaint and dissatisfaction4 ,to obtain such testimony1 or to be able to present an acceptable and worthy bishop to a flock1 there is no one essentially necessary way4 ,provided testimony beyond exception can be had1 it matters little by what channel it comes4 ,in process of time1 when persecution1 and persistent struggle with paganism for centuries after persecution1 ended1 8the charity of many having grown cold10 the strife that too often ensued in the choice of bishops1 and the success of designing men through bribery or intrigue1 brought about the change in the discipline of the church4 ,we find the eighth general council legislating with regard to elections to patriarchates1 archbishoprics1 and bishoprics4 ,we see that the powerful were making use of the means at their command either to influence the people in the choice1 where this was possible1 or by their own authority placing ecclesiastics in possession of sees4 ,the council was held in the year #hfi1 and was called on to act against ,photius1 the intruded patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,it drew up and promulgated these two canons3 8,,can4 ,,xii4 ,the apostolic and synodical canons wholly forbidding promotion and consecration of bishops by the power and command of princes1 we concordantly define1 and also pronounce sentence1 that1 if any bishop have received consecration to such dignity by intrigue or cunning of princes1 he is to be by all means deposed as having willed and agreed to possess the house of the ,lord1 not by the will of ,god and by ecclesiastical rite and decree1 but by the desire of carnal sense1 from men and through men4 8,,can4 ,,xxii4 ,this holy and universal synod1 in accordance with former councils1 defines and decrees that the promotion and consecration of bishops are to be done by the election and decree of the college of bishops2 and it rightly proclaims that no lay prince or person possessed of power shall interfere in the election of a patriarch1 of a metropolitan1 or of any bishop whatsoever1 lest there should arise inordinate and incongruous confusion or strife1 especially as it is fitting that no prince or other layman have any power in such matters0 7,version of ,anastasius74 ,in the ,roman ,church1 however1 while the active interference of secular princes and nobles1 despite the canons of the church1 continued to be the rule during the middle ages1 to the great harm of religion and dishonor of the ,see of ,peter1 to the intrusion even of unworthy occupants who scandalized the faithful1 the popes and the clergy wished to have the people present as witnesses of the election1 and consenting to it1 that in this way there might be a bar to calumny1 affecting the validity of it1 and an obstacle to the ambition of the surrounding princes4 ,still1 the election proper belonged to the clergy1 the people consenting to receive the one so elected4 ,prior to the pontificate of ,nicholas ,,ii4 the people1 so often the willing servants of the ,german emperors or of their allies1 used not unfrequently to impose their will on the clergy1 or made ,rome the theatre of factional strife4 ,to put a stop to this1 ,nicholas1 having called a council of one hundred and thirteen bishops at ,rome1 published in it the following decree3 #a4 8,god beholding us1 it is first decreed that the election of the ,roman ,pontiff shall be in the power of the cardinal bishops2 so that if any one be enthroned in the apostolic chair without their previous concordant and canonical election1 and afterwards with the consent of the successive religious orders1 of the clergy1 and of the laity1 he is to be held as no pope or apostolic man1 but as an apostate40 ,in the centuries of contention between the lay powers and the ecclesiastical authorities1 the discipline on the subject of election to the higher benefices became more and more strict1 till finally the selection has1 as a rule1 come to be reserved to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 to whom1 even after election by chapter1 the confirmation belongs4 ,the ,council of ,trent has been very explicit on this point4 ,in ch4 iv4 of sess4 xxiii4 we read3 8,the holy synod1 moreover1 teaches that1 in the ordination of bishops1 priests1 and of the other grades1 the consent1 or call1 or authority neither of the people nor of any secular power and magistracy is so required that without this it be invalid2 nay1 it even decrees that those who ascend to the exercise of this ministry1 called and placed in position only by the people or lay power and magistracy1 and who of their own rashness assume them1 are all to be held1 not as ministers of the church1 but as thieves and robbers who have not come in by the door40 ,can4 vii4 of this session condemns those who teach otherwise4 ,we are1 therefore1 not surprised to find duly promulgated the following document referring to the 8,italian society for the reassertion of the rights that belong to ,christian people1 and especially to ,roman citizens10 under whose auspices the movement for election to ecclesiastical benefices by the people has been set on foot4 ,the ,sacra ,penitentiaria is the tribunal to which cases of conscience are submitted for decision1 and its answers are given according to the terms of the petition or case submitted4 ,we give the case as submitted1 and the reply3 8,,most ,,eminent ,,and ,,reverend ,,sir3 ,some confessors in the city of ,rome humbly submit that1 at the present moment1 there is in circulation in it a paper containing a printed programme1 with accompanying schedules of association1 by which the faithful are solicited to join a certain society1 established or to be established to the end that1 on the vacancy of the ,apostolic ,see1 the ,roman people may take part in the election of the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,the name of the society is3 ,societ ,cattolica per la rivendicazione dei diritti spettanti al popolo cristiano ed in ispecie al popolo ,romano4 ,whoever gives his name to this society must expressly declare1 as results from the schedules1 that he agrees to the doctrines set forth in the programme1 and contracts the obligation1 before two witnesses1 of doing all he can to further the propagation of these doctrines and the increase of the society4 ,wherefore1 the said confessors1 that they may properly absolve1 when by the grace of ,god they come to the sacrament of penance1 those who have been the promoters of this evil society1 or have subscribed their names thereto1 and other adherents and aiders of it1 send a copy of the programme and schedules to be examined by the ,sacred ,penitentiary1 and ask an answer to the following questions3 8#a4 ,whether each and all1 giving their names to this society1 or aiding it1 or in any way abetting it1 or adhering to it1 by the very fact incur the penalty of the major excommunication8 8#b4 ,and if so1 whether this excommunication be reserved to the ,sovereign ,pontiff80 8,the ,sacred ,penitentiary1 having considered all that has been laid before it1 and duly examined into the nature and end of this society1 having referred the foregoing to our most holy lord1 ,pius ,,ix41 with his approbation1 replies to the proposed questions as follows3 8,to the first1 affirmatively4 8,to the second3 ,the excommunication is incurred by the very fact1 and is in a special manner reserved to the ,roman ,pontiff4 8,given at ,rome1 in the ,sacred ,penitentiary1 ,august #d1 #ahgf4 8,r4 ,,card4 ,,monaco1 for the ,grand ,penitentiary4 8,,hip4 ,,canon ,,palombi1 ,s4 ,p4 ,secretary40 ,such is the state of things we have to present to our readers as a result of the triumph of ,freemasonry in ,italy and of the seizure of ,rome3 the ,pope a captive2 his temporal power gone2 his spiritual power trammelled2 his influence subject to daily attacks that aim at its destruction2 and1 to crown all1 looming up in the distance1 a possible schism1 resulting from interference1 patronized by the ,italian government1 in the future election of the ,head of two hundred millions of ,catholics throughout the world1 whose most momentous interests are at stake4 ,surely nothing could be of more weight to show how impossible a thing a pope under the dominion of a sovereign is2 nor could we desire anything better adapted to show the necessity of the restoration of his perfect independence in the temporal order4 ,we believe this will be2 and1 as things are1 we can see no other way possible than by the restoration of his temporal power2 how1 or when1 is in the hands of divine ,providence4 #hf ,art4 ,,xvi4 8,the disposition of the civil laws with regard to the creation and the manner of existence of ecclesiastical institutions1 and the alienation of their property1 remains in force40 ,there is no mention of the exequatur being required for a bishop to plead before a court2 that is1 to begin to act under the provisions of ,art4 ,,xvi4 ,a ,,glimpse ,,of ,,the ,,adirondacks4 ,,lake ,,george1 ,sept4 1 #ahgf4 ,,my ,,dear ,,friend3 ,not content with being told that we enjoyed our trip immensely1 you demand a descriptionof1 at least1 the chief part of it4 ,now1 an adequate description of any kind of scenery is by no means an easy thing4 ,i have read since my return those ,adventures of a ,phaeton which your high praises made me promise to try4 ,and1 certainly1 the author's plan is admirably executed2 his pages are fragrant with rural freshness2 but can you aver that your mind carries away a single picture from his numerous descriptions8 ,i have1 as you know1 the advantage over you of having visited some of the places through which he conducts the party1 particularly ,oxford and its vicinity2 but ,i assure you1 had ,i not seen old ,iffley1 for instance1 with its church and mill1 the strokes of his pen would have given me no idea of them4 ,poets understand description better than other writers4 ,lord ,byron is the greatest master of the art in our language1 and1 ,i venture to say1 in any4 ,what is their secret8 ,to go into the least possible detailsketching but a few bold outlines1 and leaving you to contemplate1 as they did4 ,i shall make no apology1 then1 for following in their wake4 ,well1 the time we spent in the woods properor mountains proper1 if you prefer itwas barely five days4 ,it took us a whole day to voyage down ,lake ,george and part of ,lake ,champlain1 and then stage 7or vehicle7 it to a place with the euphonious name of ,keene ,flats4 ,lake ,george looked as lovely as it always does under a clear morning sky2 and when the ,minnehaha had finished her course1 we foundsomething new to usa railway station1 and a train waiting to convey us to ,lake ,champlain4 ,i cannot deny that the unromantic train is an improvement on the coach-ride of other days2 for the old road was so absurdly bad1 one had to hold on to the coach like grim death to avoid being jolted off4 ,the ,champlain boats are all that can be desired4 ,besides other accommodations1 they serve you with a dinner which is well worth the dollar you pay for it4 ,the lake itself1 though1 makes a very poor show after the beautiful ,george2 and on this occasion what charms it had were veiled by a thick smokefrom ,canadian forests 7we were told74 ,we had not more than time for a post-prandial cigar before we reached ,westport1 our aquatic terminus4 ,landing1 we found it no difficult matter to discover the stage for ,keene ,flats4 ,two men1 if not three1 vociferously greeted us with 8,keene ,flats60 8,stage for ,keene ,flats60 ,the stage we had expected to meet was not there4 ,it ran only ,tuesdays and ,fridays1 they saidor ,mondays and ,fridays1 ,i forget whichand this was ,wednesday4 ,so we took the only one to be had1 and started on a journey of some twenty-four miles1 but which lasted over five hours4 ,the journey was broken by having to change vehicles at ,elizabethtowna strikingly pretty place1 and evidently popular4 ,the drive thus far had been through a continuous cloud of dust1 and the thickest of its kind ,i was ever in4 ,the remaining fourteen miles were really delightful4 ,while evening fell softly from a cloudless sky1 the scenery grew bolder and wilder4 ,the heights on either side took a deeper blue1 the woods a darker green4 ,and presently the chill air made us wrap ourselves against it4 ,very long seemed the drive1 and weary2 but many a violet peak beguiled us with its beauty1 and the large star drew our thoughts from earth1 till at last1 as we descended into ,keene ,valley1 the moon rose to light us to our rest4 ,it was after nine o'clock when we alighted at ,washbond's4 ,mine host had gone to bed1 but was not slow to answer our summons2 and then his wife and daughter came down to get us supper4 ,we did justice to the repast1 which was simple but well served1 and in the meantime made arrangements with ,trumble1 the guide1 whom we were fortunate in finding at home4 ,our beds were in a new house ,washbond had just built4 ,everything was clean and comfortable1 and ,i need not say we slept4 ,breakfasting about eight next morning1 we made preparations for our tramp through the woods4 ,the guide was very useful to us in knowing what provisions to get4 ,his younger brother1 toohimself training for a guidecame along with us1 for a consideration1 to help carry our load4 ,taking one more meal at ,washbond's1 we started in the heat of noon4 ,a couple of miles brought us to the woods proper4 ,here the character of the road changed1 of course1 and the 8pull0 began4 ,it was surprising how cool the air of the woods was when we stopped to breathe and sat down with our packs2 whereas1 wherever the sun got at us through the trees1 he 8let us know he was there40 ,but had the fatigue of those first miles through the woods been twice or ten times as great1 it would have been more than repaid when1 suddenly1 a turn in the road brought us in view of the ,lower ,au ,sable ,lake4 ,one of our trio1 whom we called ,colonel 7for we thought it wise to travel incog4the second being ,judge1 and myself ,doctor71 had run on ahead of the guidesa practice he kept up throughout the trip4 ,we heard him shout as he came upon the lake1 and he told us afterwards that he had taken off his hat and thanked ,god for having lived to see that view4 ,there lay the water in the light of afternoon1 long1 narrow1 and winding out of sight4 ,to either shore sloped a mountain1 wooded1 clear-cut1 precipitous4 ,it was quite romantic to be told we had to navigate this lake4 ,but first there were the ,rainbow ,falls to see4 ,our end of the lake 7not included in the above view7 was choked up with fallen timber4 ,crossing on some trunks to the other shore1 we had but a few minutes' walk before we came into a rocky hollow of wildest beauty1 where1 from a cliff some hundred and fifty feet high1 leapt the torrentscarcely 8with delirious bound10 nor1 of course1 with the bulk it would have had in winter1 yet with terrible majestyinto a channel below us4 ,it did not wear the rainbow coronal1 the time of day being too late4 ,but the glen was well worth a visit1 and deliciously cool from the spray4 ,the boat we were to voyage in was the property of the guidea light craft1 and rather too crank to be comfortable1 particularly with a load of five on board1 to say nothing of the dog and the baggage2 so that1 in fact1 our passage along the lake and between the giant slopes was not as pleasant as it might have been4 ,after some difficult navigation at the other end of the lake1 the crew was safely landed with the baggage1 and the boat hidden in some bushes4 ,then a trudge through the woods again for a couple of miles at least 7distances1 by the bye1 are peculiar in these regions71 till we issued on the bank of the ,au ,sable ,river where it leaves the ,upper ,lake4 ,it was during this march that the ,colonel 7who had brought his gun7 got a shot at a certain bird1 and knocked too many feathers from her not to have killed her1 though neither he nor the dog could find her2 and this was1 positively1 the only game he sighted the whole trip through4 ,but here a second boat was found hidden and ready1 and one a little larger than the first4 ,and now came the scene of our excursion4 ,we seemed to have entered an enchanted landto be floating on a veritable fairy lake4 ,the vision stole over us like a dream4 ,then1 too1 it was 8the heavenliest hour of heaven0 for such a scene3 the sun set1 and twilight just begun4 ,the picture1 as a whole1 will ever remain in my memory as1 of its kind1 the loveliest it has been my happiness to see4 ,but1 my dear friend1 it 8beggars all description40 ,i can only ask you to imagine it1 while ,i jot down a few points of detail4 ,the ,upper ,au ,sable differs strikingly from the ,lower1 although1 of course1 equally formed by1 and a part of1 the same river4 ,it is less long1 but also less narrow2 and while to the left1 as you glide up it1 there stands but one mountain from shore to sky1 to the right you behold other majestic summits towering above the wooded slope4 ,so1 again1 on looking back1 you see a gap of fantastic grandeur1 and1 fronting you1 is a wide opening1 relieved by a single peak4 ,this peak1 as we then saw it1 wore the bewitching blue that distance and evening combine to 8lend0a charm which ,i1 for one 7and surely all lovers of nature71 can never enough feast my eyes upon4 ,the summits to the right and behind us were also robed in various shades of 8purple10 which deepened with the twilight4 ,the glassy water was covered here and there with yellow-blossomed lilies4 ,even the green of the woods partook with the sky 8,that clear obscure1 ,so softly dark1 and darkly pure40 ,along the right bank two campfires were burning brightly4 ,toward one of these our guide was steering4 ,he knew that his camp 7constructed by himself1 and therefore his by every right7 was occupied1 but was bent on turning the intruders out4 ,we found a guide sitting calmly by the fire1 and awaiting the return of his party to supper4 ,they had gone up 8,marcy10 he said1 and two of them were ladies1 and it would be very hard for them to have to seek another camp after their day's climb4 ,he had supposed our camp would not be wanted4 ,there was one of his own on the other side1 just as good1 and we could have that4 ,well1 of course1 we three1 when we heard of ladies1 used our influence with ,trumble1 who slowly relented1 and then rowed us over to the other shore4 ,yes1 the camp was as good1 and all about it2 but we were on the wrong side for seeing the moon rise1 and felt not a little disappointed4 ,while the guide was making the fire the ,colonel proposed that we should row up the lake and look for deer4 ,so we went2 but not a sign of any such quadruped could we see4 ,our view of the lake1 though1 repaid us2 and when we returned1 we found a splendid fire and a savory supper4 ,these fires are kept up all night4 ,they are close in front of the camp4 ,this species of 8camp0 is a hut or shed1 built of logs and securely roofed with birch bark4 ,sloping upward from behind1 it stands open to the air in front4 ,the floor is strewed with spruce boughs1 or some other equally suitable2 and when over this covering a 8rubber blanket0 is placed1 you have quite a comfortable bed4 ,did we sleep1 though8 ,very fairly for the first night out4 ,and here ,i am tempted to end this epistle2 for no other day of our whole trip brought anything to compare with the exquisite surprises of this first day in the woods4 ,but ,i know you will not be satisfied if ,i fail to take you up ,mt4 ,marcy and round through ,indian ,pass4 ,well1 then1 we started for 8,marcy0 7as the guides call it7 next morning1 right after breakfast4 ,our breakfast1 by the way1 was unusually good for ,friday4 ,the ,colonel and ,trumble had risen early and caught a nice string of brook trout4 ,the brook was near the head of the lake4 ,we also supped on trout1 which the ,colonel and ,i got from ,marcy ,brook1 a mountain stream we reached about noon4 ,the ascent from the lake was decidedly a 8pull10 the more so1 no doubt1 from the reluctance with which we took leave of the lake4 ,we felt the climb that day more than any climb we had afterward4 ,a mile1 too1 of this kind seems equal1 in point of distance1 to three or four miles on ordinary ground4 ,having rested by ,marcy ,brook for dinner1 we pushed on in the afternoon for ,panther ,gorge1 where we found a good camp unoccupied1 which served us for the night4 ,the ,judge was very eager to scale ,marcy that evening1 in order to get the view from it by moonlight4 ,we met a gentleman coming down1 who said he had been on ,marcy the night before1 and described the moonlight view as the finest sight he had ever witnessed4 ,we also met some ladies belonging to the same party4 ,still1 ,i think it was as well we did not go up that night2 for it would have sorely taxed our strength4 ,i have recently been told of persons who brought on disease1 and died within a year or two after1 by rash exertion among these mountains4 ,this sort of thing seems to me consummate folly4 ,more than that1 it is a sin4 ,we had come on the excursion not only to see1 but1 equally1 to gain vigor4 ,having1 then1 plenty of time and ample provisions1 there was no use in straining ourselves to gratify vanity or anything else4 ,panther ,gorge must have taken its name from that truculent animal having 8infested0 there 7as ,josh ,billings would say74 ,but the bounty set on beasts of prey current in these woods seems to have made them very scarce2 for the only specimen we met with all the way was a dead bear rotting in a trap4 ,the gorge itself is wild1 but not particularly romantic4 ,we got a view of it from a place called 8,the ,notch10 near the summit of ,mt4 ,marcy1 where we rested to dine4 ,there is a sort of camp at this spot1 but a poor thing to pass a night in4 ,there is also a most convenient spring4 ,indeed1 we had reason to be very grateful for the springs and rills of delicious water which abounded all along our line of march4 ,the ascent of ,marcy is singularly easy for a mountain of such heightone of the highest1 indeed1 this side of the ,rocky range4 ,i confess ,i had rather dreaded the climb1 from an experience of ,black ,mountain1 on ,lake ,george4 ,i was therefore quite agreeably surprised4 ,on the other hand1 ,i was almost equally disappointed by the view from the ,cloud-splitter's top4 7,tahawusi4e41 ,cloud-splitteris the old ,indian name for the mountain4 ,what a pity it was changed6nearly as barbarous as giving the name of one of ,thackeray's 8,four ,georges0 to the beautiful ,lac du ,saint-,sacrement4 ,far better to have restored the ,indian name,horicon1 ,holy ,lake47 ,it is rarely1 ,i suppose1 that a perfectly clear view is to be had from these mountains4 ,we1 probably1 saw little more than half the horizon commanded by the height at which we stood4 ,what we did see was worth seeing1 certainly4 ,still1 ,i1 at least1 remembered an incomparably finer view from the well-named ,prospect ,mountain at the head of ,lake ,george4 ,lake ,george we could not see1 but only where it was4 ,a number of small lakes were pointed out to us by the guide1 among them the 8,tear of the ,clouds10 one of the reputed sources of the ,hudson4 ,this wretched little pondfor such it proved when we passed it on our way towards ,lake ,colden that afternoonlooked far from deserving of its poetical name1 even at a distance2 for we could see that it was yellow1 being1 in fact1 a very shallow affair1 and more like a stagnant marsh than a crystalline tear4 ,they might as well have given some sidereal appellation to the sun-reflector which ,mr4 ,colvin has erected on the exact apex of ,marcya few sheets of tin1 some of which had been torn off2 for when1 three days later1 we were many miles away1 we beheld this apparatus glittering like a star in the rays of the setting sun4 ,but here let me moralize a moment4 ,those to whom 8high mountains are a feeling10 as they were to the 8,pilgrim poet10 will not scale them purely for the view they afford1 much less for the sake of vaunting a creditable feat4 ,they will understand the longing so nobly expressed by ,keats3 8,to sit upon an ,alp as on a throne1 ,and half forget what world and worldling meant40 ,that is1 they will feel at home on mountain-tops1 because uplifted from the transitory and the sordid1 and reminded what it is to belong to eternity4 ,but then1 on the other hand1 unless1 with ,wordsworth1 they 8have ears to hear0 8,the still1 sad music of humanity10 they will miss the real lesson which the 8wonder-works of ,god and ,nature's hand0 are meant to teachto wit1 the infinitely greater worth and beauty of a single human soul1 even the lowest and most degraded1 as a world in which are wrought1 or can be wrought1 the 8wonder-works0 of grace4 ,the love of ,nature never yet made a misanthrope4 ,the poet who could write 8,to me ,high mountains are a feeling1 but the hum ,of human cities torture10 had been stung into misanthropy before he 8fled0 to ,nature1 and would rather have found in ,nature's bosom a sublime and tender love of mankind1 had he not possessed 7as some one has well said of him7 8the eagle's wing without the eagle's eye10 so that 8while he soared above the world0 he 8could not gaze upon the sun of ,truth40 ,such having been my cogitations as ,i stood on ,mt4 ,marcy1 you will not think it pedantry that ,i record them here4 ,descending1 we returned to the camp at the ,notch1 where we had left our baggage1 then struck into the trail for the ,iron-,works 7of which anon74 ,this trail1 though well worn1 is very tiresome1 owing to the number of trees that have fallen across it1 obliging you to crawl a good deal4 ,but we were glad to have seen the 8,flumes0 of the 8,opalescent0another poetic name1 which obviously means 8beginning to be opal10 or resembling that hue4 ,but1 unfortunately1 there are various kinds of opal2 and since the water had nothing of a milky tinge1 the bestower of the name must have meant the brown opal1 an impure and inferior sort4 ,i therefore deem the name infelicitous4 ,the only color-epithet for clear and shallow waters1 whether running or still1 is amber4 ,witness ,milton1 in ,paradise ,lost3 8,where the river of bliss through midst of heaven ,rolls o'er ,elysian flowers her amber stream40 ,and again1 in ,comus3 8,sabrina fair6 ,listen where thou art sitting ,under the glassy1 cool1 translucent wave1 ,in twisted braids of lilies knitting ,the loose train of thy amber-dropping hair60 ,the 8,flumes0 are finetoo fine to be called flumes1 according to the dictionary sense of the term4 ,they are chasms of considerable depth and length4 ,but ,i must hasten on1 like the river by which we are loitering4 ,our camp that night was on the shore of ,colden ,lakequite a pretty little lake of its kind4 ,but all lakes seemed 7to me1 at least7 apologies for lakes after the ,upper ,au ,sable4 ,from our camp we could see where ,lake ,avalanche laynot a mile1 we were told1 from ,colden4 ,the ,judge and ,colonel made an agreement with the guide to visit ,lake ,avalanche next morning early3 but1 when the time came1 they found slumber too sweet1 as ,i had anticipated they would4 ,i had no hankering to accompany them1 because1 for one thing1 they would have had to trudge through a regular swamp1 the guide saida kind of walking ,i particularly dislike2 while1 for another thing1 it was easy to imagine the lake from the sloping cliffs that shut it in4 ,these reminded us of the ,lower ,au ,sable1 but1 being bare and scarred1 would have evidently a very inferior effect4 ,so ,avalanche1 like 8,yarrow10 went 8unvisited40 ,it was a matter of necessity now to push on to the ,iron-,works4 ,our provisions had run out2 so we made the seven miles that ,sunday morning1 and reached our destination in good time for dinner4 ,the trail was the best we had seen yet4 ,we passed 8,calamity ,pond10 so called from a ,mr4 ,henderson1 one of the owners of the ,iron-,works1 having shot himself there accidentally4 ,he laid his revolver on a rock near the pond1 and1 on taking it up1 discharged it into his side4 ,on this rock now stands a neat monument erected by filial affection4 ,as we entered the deserted village still called the ,iron-,works 7though said works have been abandoned twenty years71 a shower of rain fellthe first we had met4 7,such a run of fine weather as we had been favored with is very rare in the ,adirondacks47 ,the only occupied house belongs to a ,mr4 ,m1 who1 while disclaiming to keep an inn or public-house of any kind1 accommodates passing tourists1 and even boarders4 ,the table was good enough1 especially after our frugal meals in the woods2 but ,i cannot say as much for the beds in comparison with the camps4 ,he had to put us for the night in another house belonging to him1 but which had not been used1 he said1 this year1 and looked as if it had not been used for several years4 ,the bedsteads1 too1 surprised us by not breaking down in the night2 and two of us had to occupy one bed4 ,however1 we contrived to sleep pretty well1 and rose next morning quite ready for 8,indian ,pass40 ,fortunately1 ,mrs4 ,m was able to let us have enough provisions for the remainder of our tramp2 but when we came to 8foot0 the bill1 it was unexpectedly 8steep40 ,people must 8make10 you see1 in a place like this4 ,starting after breakfast that ,monday morning1 we took the shorter route by way of ,lake ,henderson4 ,we were not sorry to get a good view of this lake1 but our voyage on it was far from pleasant4 ,a guide from ,m's came with us4 ,he had two boats3 one a sort of 8scow0 with a paddle1 the other a boat like ,trumble's1 only lighter and smaller4 ,trumble and brother1 dog and baggage1 went in the scow2 we three in the other1 with the guide for oarsman4 ,our boat was loaded to within three inches of the water's edge1 and1 there being a slight breeze1 it was the greatest risk ,i ever ran of an upset4 ,had the breeze increased1 we must have gone over4 ,all three of us could swim2 but to risk a drenching with its consequences1 and under such circumstances1 seemed to me the most provoking stupidity4 ,one of us might easily have gone in the scow4 ,the guide was to blame1 for he knew the boat's capacity4 ,however1 through the favor of ,our ,lady and the angels1 under whose joint protection our excursion had been placed1 we were safely landed1 and soon found ourselves in the woods once more1 and on a trail that seemed made for wild-cats4 ,but now our fears of rain were verified4 ,the menacing west had not hindered us from setting out2 but we found the shelter of trees inadequate1 and1 of course1 they kept dripping upon us after the shower had passed over4 ,in short1 we got wet enough to feel very uncomfortable2 and the sun could not penetrate to us satisfactorily4 ,we had hoped the rain was a mere thunder-shower2 but when we saw more clouds1 dense and black1 we made up our minds that we were 8in for it40 ,trumble put forth the assurance that nobody ever caught cold in the woods4 ,but ,i1 less contented with this than the others1 resolved to try the supernatural4 ,i vowed ,our ,blessed ,lady some ,masses for the souls in purgatory most devoted to her2 and behold1 as each succeeding cloud came resolutely on1 the sun broke through it triumphantly1 till1 after an hour or two1 all danger had disappeared1 and we were left to finish our journey under a cloudless sky4 ,of course this favorable turn may have been due to purely natural causes2 but ,i mention it as what it seemed to me1 because ,i know you believe in 8special providences10 and always rejoice in acknowledging ,our ,blessed ,mother's goodness and power4 ,the trail became more perilous to eyes and ankles than any we had followed yet4 ,indeed1 it was a constant marvel that we met with no sprain or fracture4 ,such an accident would have been extremely awkward1 remote as we were from the habitations of men1 to say nothing of surgical aid4 ,but1 of course1 we took every care1 and the prayers of friends1 together with our own1 drew ,heaven's protection round us4 ,at last we came in sight of the gigantic cliff which forms the western side of the passvery grand1 certainly1 but not what we had anticipated from the glowing accounts of brother-pilgrims4 ,then1 too1 we saw but that one side2 being on the other ourselves1 and not between the two1 as we had supposed we should be4 ,when we reached 8,summit ,rock10 we stopped for dinner4 ,the view that met our retrospection from this rock repaid our climb4 ,in fact1 it was this view alone that made us think anything of 8,indian ,pass40 8,summit ,rock10 though1 is not easy to scale2 and ,i1 having taken the wrong track1 in turning to descend had the narrowest escape from a very serious fall4 ,i shall always feel grateful for that preservation when ,i recall our ,adirondack experiences4 ,how forcibly and consolingly the words of the ,psalmist came to me then1 as they do now3 8,quoniam angelis suis mandavit de te1 ut custodiant te in omnibus viis tuis4 ,in manibus portabunt te1 ne forte offendas ad lapidem pedem tuum0 7,ps4 xc4 #aa1 #ab4hg7 ,we camped that afternoon1 and for the night1 at a spot about 8half way0that is1 half way between the ,iron-,works and ,north ,elba 7a distance of eighteen miles72 for the pass proper is of no great length4 ,the camp there is excellent4 ,we reached it in time for the ,judge and myself to get a capital bath1 while the ,colonel caught a string of trout1 before supper4 ,we did not cook all the fish for that meal1 but kept a supply for the morrow's breakfast4 ,the trout thus reserved were hung upon a stump about fifteen yards from the camp1 at the risk of having them stolen in the night by some animal4 ,and1 sure enough1 some animal was after them in the night1 for the dog got up and growled1 and went outside2 but this scared the marauder away1 for we found the fish untouched in the morning4 ,tuesday dawned serenely1 and we lost no time after breakfast in getting under way for ,blinn's ,farmour chosen destination in ,north ,elba ,county4 ,the walk seemed interminably long1 but was almost all down-hill1 and over ground covered with dried leaves4 ,we lunched1 rather than dined1 on the march2 for we knew a good dinner was to be had at the farm4 ,the last difficult feat to be performed was crossing our old friend the ,au ,sable1 which flows between the hill we had descended and the slope leading up to ,blinn's4 ,we had to take boots and socks off1 and make our way over a few large stones1 some of which were awkwardly far apart4 ,the others managed it all right4 ,i might as well have kept boots and socks on2 for just as ,i got to the last stone but one1 and where a jump was necessary1 ,i slipped and came down on my hands1 sousing boots and socks under water4 ,even this1 though1 was preferable to slipping ankle-deep into black mud1 as ,i had done again and again on the tramp2 and when we gained the house and changed our things1 ,i was as well off as anybody4 ,fortunately1 they had room for us4 ,very pleasant people4 ,and they got us up a first-rate dinner1 the most delectable feature whereof was 7to me1 at least7 some rashers of ,english bacon4 ,this and the farm itself1 with its look of peace and honest toil1 took me back to long agoto my first ,english home2 for the pretty little parsonage where ,i was born was close to two farmhouses4 ,but farm1 dinner1 and all were nothing to the view commanded by this spotthe most exquisite panorama of mountains it had ever been my happiness to contemplate4 ,facing us1 as we turned to look back on the wilderness we had escaped from1 was ,indian ,pass1 the true character of which is best seen from this distance4 ,to the left of us stood ,marcy in majestic silence4 ,between him and the pass were the 8scarpd cliffs0 of ,avalanche4 ,from south to west was a lower line of heights1 apparelled in a thick blue haze4 ,and when1 an hour later1 we saw the sun set along this line1 the evening azure settled on the other peaks around us1 and ,marcy's signal gleamed and flashed like a red star4 ,and here ,i must bid you adieu1 my dear friend4 ,however poorly ,i have complied with your request1 it has been no small pleasure to me4 ,i hope you will catch a fair glimpse of the ,adirondacks1 which is all ,i pretend to give4 ,but ,i must add that when we three travellers got back to this dear old lake1 we were unanimous in declaring that1 after all we had seen1 there was nothing to surpass ,lake ,george1 nor anything that would wear so well4 ,vale4 #hg 8,for he hath given his angels charge over thee1 to keep thee in all thy ways4 ,in their hands they shall bear thee up1 lest1 perchance1 thou dash thy foot against a stone40 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,xv4 ,as the night wore away the bonfires lighted in the public places were extinguished4 ,quiet and silence succeeded the tumult1 the shouts1 dances1 and the surging waves of an excited populace rushing wildly through the streets of the capital4 ,the ladies had deposited their borrowed charms upon the ebony and ivory of their solitary and hidden toilets4 ,themselves wrapped in slumber within the heavy curtains of their luxurious couches1 their brocade robes and precious jewels still waited 7hanging up or thrown here and there7 the care of the active and busy chambermaids4 ,of all the sensation1 triumphs1 and irresistible charms there was left nothing but the wreck1 disorder1 and faded flowers4 ,and thus passes everything appertaining to man4 ,beauty lives but a day2 an hour even may behold it withered and cut down4 ,the sun had scarcely risen when a number of carts1 mounted by vigilant upholsterers1 were driven up1 in order to remove the scaffolds1 the triumphal arches1 and strip them of their soiled drapery and withered garlands4 ,the avenues of the palace were deserted1 and not a courtier had yet appeared4 ,one man1 however1 all alone1 slowly surveyed the superb apartments of the ,tower4 ,he paused successively before each panel of tapestry1 examining them in all their details1 or he took from their places the large chairs with curved backs1 that he might inspect them more closely2 he then consulted a great memorandum-book he held in his hand4 8,ah6 ,master ,cloth1 you are not to be cheated4 ,it is not possible that ,signor ,ludovico ,bonvisi has sold you this velvet at six angels the piece2 and six hundred pieces more1 do you say8 ,but ,i will show you ,i am not so easily duped as you would think by the thieving merchants of my good city4 ,the rascals understand very well how to manage their affairs2 but we will also manage to clip some of their wings40 ,and ,henry ,,viii4 gave a stroke with his penknife through the column he wished to diminish2 it was in this way he made his additions4 8,the devil6 ,this violet carpet covering the courtyard is enormously dear4 8,mistress ,anne1 your reception here has ruined me4 ,we must find some means of making all this up4 ,these women are full of whims1 and of very dear whims too4 ,a wife is a most ruinous thing2 everything is ruinous4 ,they cannot move without spending money4 ,it has been necessary to give enormous sums right and leftto doctors of universities1 to ,parliament2 and all that is an entire loss1 for they will clamor none the less loudly4 ,there are men in ,parliament who will sell themselves1 and yet they will ridicule me just as much as the others1 in order to appear independent4 ,verily1 it is terror alone that can be used to advantage2 with one hand she replenishes the purse1 while with the other she at the same time executes my commands4 8,this fringe is only an inch wide2 it cannot weigh as much as they say it does here4 ,i counted on the rest of the cardinal's money2 but nothinghe had not a penny1 or at any rate he has been able to hide his pieces from me1 so that ,i could not find a trace of them4 8,northumberland has written me there was nothing at ,cawood but a box1 where he found1 carefully tied up in a little sack of red linen1 a hair shirt and a discipline1 which have doubtless served our friend ,wolsey to expiate the sins ,i have made him commit40 ,and as these reflections were passing through his mind1 the king experienced a very disagreeable sensation at the sight of a man dressed in black1 who approached him on tiptoe4 ,henry ,,viii4 did not at all like being surprised in his paroxysms of suspicion and avarice4 8,what does that caterpillar want with me at this early hour80 he said1 looking at ,cromwell1 who was in full dress1 frizzled1 and in his boots1 as though he had not been to bed1 and had not had so much to do the day before4 ,the king endeavored to conceal the memorandum he held in his hand2 but who could hide anything from ,cromwell8 ,he was delighted to perceive the embarrassment and vexation of his master1 because it was one of his principles that he held these great men in his power1 when favor began to abate1 through the fear they felt of having their faults publicly exposed by those who had known them intimately4 ,he therefore took a malicious pleasure in proving to the king that his precautions had been useless1 and that he knew perfectly well the nature of his morning's occupation1 for which he feigned the greatest admiration4 8,what method60 he exclaimed4 8,what vast intellect6 ,how is your majesty able to accomplish all that you undertake1 passing from the grandest projects to the most minute details1 and that always with the same facility1 the same unerring judgment80 ,henry ,,viii4 regarded ,cromwell attentively1 as if to be assured that this eulogy was sincere2 but he observed an indescribable expression of hypocrisy hovering on the pinched lips of the courtier4 ,he contracted his brow1 but resolved to carry on the deception4 8,yes10 he said1 8,i reproach myself with this extravagance4 ,i should have kept the furniture of my predecessors4 ,there are so many poor to relieve6 ,i am overwhelmed with their demands2 the treasury is empty1 ,i cannot afford it1 and ,i have done very wrong in granting myself this indulgence40 8,come60 replied ,cromwell1 8think of your majesty reproaching yourself for an outlay absolutely indispensable4 ,very soon1 ,i suppose1 you will not permit yourself to buy a cloak or a doublet of ,flanders wool1 while you leave in the enjoyment of their property these monks who have never been favorable to your cause4 ,the treasury is empty1 you say2 give me a fortnight's time and a commission1 and ,i will replenish it to overflowing40 ,the king smiled4 8,yes1 yes1 ,i know very well2 you want me to appoint you inspector of my monks4 ,you would make them disgorge1 you say40 8,a set of drones and idlers60#hh cried ,cromwell4 8,you have only to drive them all out1 take possession of their property1 and put it in the treasury2 it will make an immense sum4 ,they are to be found in every corner4 ,when you have dispossessed them1 you will be able to provide for them according to your own good pleasure1 your own necessities1 and those of the truly poor4 ,give me the commission60 ,cromwell burned to have this commission1 of which he had dreamed as the only practicable means of enriching himself at his leisure1 and making some incalcuable depredations2 because how could it possibly be known exactly how much he would be able to extort by fear or by force8 ,having the king to sustain him and for an accomplice1 he had nothing to fear4 ,he had already spoken of it to him1 but in a jesting manner1 apparently2 it was his custom to sow thus in the mind of ,henry ,,viii4 a long time in advance1 and as if by chance1 the seeds of evil from which he hoped ultimately to gather the fruits4 ,at the moment this idea appeared very lucrative to the king2 but a sense of interior justice and the usage of government enlightened his mind4 8,this10 said he1 8is your old habit of declaiming against the monks and convents4 ,as for idleness1 methinks the life of the most indolent one among them would be far from equalling that which yourself and the gallants of my court lead every day in visits1 balls1 and other dissipations4 ,verily1 it cannot be denied that these religious live a great deal less extravagantly than you1 for the price of a single one of your ruffs would be sufficient to clothe them for a whole year4 ,all these young people speak at random and through caprice1 without having the least idea of what they say4 ,i love justice above all things4 ,had you the slightest knowledge of politics and of government1 you would know that an association of men who enjoy their property in common derive from it much greater advantages1 because there are a greater number to partake of it4 ,these monks1 who are lodged under the same roof1 lighted and warmed by the same fire1 nursed1 when they are sick1 by those who live thus together1 find in that communion of all goods an ease and comfort which it would be impossible to attain if they were each apart and separated from the other4 ,if1 now1 ,i should drive them from their convents and take possession of their estates1 what would become of them8 ,and who would be able so to increase in a moment the revenues of the country as to procure each one individually that which they enjoyed in common together8 ,and1 above all1 these monks are men like other men2 they choose to live together and unite their fortunes3 ,i see not what right ,i have to deprive them of their property1 since it has been legally acquired by donations1 natural inheritance1 or right of birth4 #8,these church people monopolize everything1' say the crack-brained fools who swarm around me2 and where would they have me look for men who are good for something8 ,among those who know not either how to read or write1 save in so far as needs to fabricate the most insignificant billet1 or who in turn spend a day in endeavoring to decipher it8 ,i would like to see them1 these learned gentlemen1 holding the office of lord chancellor and the responsibility of the kingdom4 ,they might be capable of signing a treaty of commerce with ,france to buy their swords1 and with ,holland to purchase their wines4 ,these coxcombs1 these lispers of the 8,romance of the ,rose10 with their locks frizzled1 their waists padded1 and their vain foolishness1 know naught beyond the drawing of their swords and slashing right and left4 ,or it would be necessary for me to bring the bourgeois of the city1 seat them on their sacks1 declaring before the judge that they do not know how to write1 and sending to bring the public scribe to announce to their grandfathers the arrival of the newly born4 ,cromwell1 you are very zealous in my service2 ,i commend you for it2 but sometimesand it is all very naturalyou manifest the narrow and contracted ideas of the obscure class from whence you sprang1 which render you incapable of judging of these things from the height where ,i1 prince and king1 am placed40 ,cromwell felt deeply humiliated by the contempt ,henry ,,viii4 continually mingled with his favor in recalling incessantly to his recollection the fact of his being a parvenu1 sustained in his position only by his gracious favor and all-powerful will1 and then only while he was useful or agreeable4 ,he hesitated a moment1 not knowing how to reply2 but1 like a serpent that unfolds his coils in every way1 and whose scales fall or rise at will at the same moment and with the same facility1 he said3 8,your ,majesty says truly4 ,i am only what you have deigned to make me2 ,i acknowledge it with joy1 and ,i would rather owe all ,i am to you than possess it by any natural right4 ,i will be silent1 if your majesty bids me2 though ,i would fain present a reflection that your remark has suggested40 8,speak10 said the king1 with a smile of indulgence excited by this adroit admission4 8,i will first remark that your majesty still continues to sacrifice yourself to the happiness and prosperity of your people2 consequently1 it seems to me that they should be willing1 in following the grand designs of your majesty1 to yield everything4 ,thus they would only have to unite the small to the greater monasteries1 and oblige them to receive the monks whose property had been annexed to the crown4 ,the treasury would in this way be very thoroughly replenished1 and no one would have a right to complain or think himself wronged40 8,but10 said the king1 8they are of different orders40 ,however1 he made this objection with less firmness2 and it appeared to ,cromwell that his mind was becoming familiarized with this luminous idea of possessing himself of a number of very rich and well-cultivated ecclesiastical estates1 which1 sold at a high price1 would produce an enormous sum of money4 ,cromwell1 observing his success1 feared to compromise himself and make the king refuse if he urged the matter too persistently2 promising himself to return another time to the subject1 he said nothing more1 and1 adroitly changing the conversation1 spoke of all that had occurred the day before1 and dwelt strongly on the enthusiasm of the people4 8,oh60 said the king1 8that enthusiasm affects me but little6 ,the people are like a flea-bitten horse1 which we let go to right or left1 according to circumstances2 and ,i place no reliance on these demonstrations excited by the view of a flagon of beer or a fountain of wine flowing at a corner of the street4 ,there are1 nevertheless1 germs of discord living and deeply rooted in the heart of this nation4 ,appearances during a festival day are not sufficient1 ,cromwell4 ,listen to me4 ,it is essential that all should yield1 all obey4 ,i am not a child to be amused with a toy60 ,and he regarded him with an expression of wrath as sudden as it was singular4 8,think you10 he continued with gleaming eyes1 8that ,i am happy1 that ,i believe ,i have taken the right direction8 ,it is not that ,i would retract or retrace my steps2 so far from that1 the more ,i feel convinced that it is wrong1 the more resolved am ,i to crush the inspiration that would recall me4 ,no6 ,henry ,,viii4 neither deceives himself nor turns back2 and you1 if ever you reveal the secret of my woes1 the violence and depth of your fall will make you understand the strength of the arm you will have called down on your head40 ,cromwell felt astounded4 ,how often he paid thus dearly for his vile and rampant ambition6 ,what craft must have been continually engendered in that deformed soul1 in order to prevent it from being turned from its goal of riches and domination1 always to put a constraint upon himself1 to sacrifice in order to obtain1 to yield in order to govern1 to tremble in order to make himself feared6 8,more10 he said in desperation4 8,more60 replied the king4 8,that name makes me sick6 ,well1 what of him now80 8,sire10 replied ,cromwell vehemently1 8you speak of discords and fears for the future2 ,i should be wanting in courage if ,i withheld the truth from the king4 ,more and ,rochesterthese are the men who censure and injure you in the estimation of your people4 ,there are proofs against them1 but they are moral proofs1 and insufficient for rigid justice to act upon4 ,they refuse to take the oath1 and it is impossible to include them in the judgment against the ,holy ,maid of ,kent4 ,they would be acquitted unanimously4 ,however1 you have heard it from her own lips4 ,you know that she is acquainted with them1 has spoken to them2 this she has declared in presence of your majesty4 ,they were in the church2 she had let them know she was to appear at that hour4 ,well1 it is impossible to prove anything against them2 they will be justified1 elated1 and triumphant4 ,parliament1 reassured1 encouraged by this example of tenacity and rebellion1 will recover from the first fright with which the terror of your name had inspired them4 ,they will raise their heads2 your authority will be despised2 they will rise against you2 they will resist you on every side1 and compel you to recall ,queen ,catherine back to this palace1 adorned by the presence of your young wife4 ,and then what shame1 what humiliation for you1 and what a triumph for her6 ,and this is why1 sire1 ,i have not been able to sleep one moment last night1 and why ,i am the first to enter the palace this morning1 where ,i expected to wait until your majesty awoke4 ,but10 he continued1 8zeal for your glory carries me1 perhaps1 too far4 ,well then you will punish me1 and ,i shall not murmur40 8,recall ,catherine60 cried the king1 who1 after this name1 had not heard a syllable of ,cromwell's discourse2 and he clenched his fists with a contraction of inexpressible fury4 8,recall ,catherine1 after having driven her out in the face of all justice1 of all honor6 ,no1 ,i shall have to drink to the dregs this bitter cup ,i have poured out for myself2 and coming ages will for ever resound with the infamy of my name4 ,though the earth should open1 though the heavens should fall and crush me1 yet ,thomas ,more shall die6 ,go1 ,cromwell10 he cried1 his eyes gleaming with fury2 8let him swear or let him die6 ,go1 worthy messenger of a horrible crime2 get thee from before my eyes4 ,it is you who have launched me upon this ocean1 where ,i can sustain myself only by blood4 ,cursed be the day when you first crossed my sight1 infamous favorite of the most cruel of masters6 ,go1 go6 and bring me the head of my friend1 of the only man ,i esteem1 whom ,i still venerate1 and let there no longer remain aught but monsters in this place40 ,cromwell recoiled4 8,infamous favorite60 he repeated to himself4 8,may ,i but be able one day to avenge myself for the humiliations with which you have loaded me1 and may ,i see in my turn remorse tear your heart1 and the anger of ,god punish the crimes ,i have aided you in committing60 ,he departed4 ,henry ,,viii4 was stifled with rage4 ,he crushed under his foot the upholsterer's memorandum2 he opened a window and walked out on the balcony1 from whence the view extended far beyond the limits of the city4 ,as he advanced1 he was struck by the soft odor and freshness which was exhaled by the morning breeze from a multitude of flowers and plants placed there4 ,he stooped down to examine them1 then leaned upon the heavy stone balustrade1 polished and carved like lace1 and looked beyond in the distance4 ,the immense movement of an entire population began in every direction4 ,there was the market1 whither flocked the dealers1 the country people1 and the diligent and industrious housewives4 ,farther on was the wharf1 where the activity was not less2 soldiers of the marine1 cabin boys1 sailors1 ship-builders1 captainsall were hurrying thither4 ,troops of workmen were going to their work on the docks1 with tools in hand and their bread under their arms4 ,the windows of the rich alone remained closed to the light of day1 to the noise and the busy stir without4 ,there they rolled casks2 here they transported rough stones1 plaster1 and carpenter's timber4 ,horses pulled1 whips crackedin a word1 the entire city was aroused2 every minute the noise increased and the activity redoubled4 8,these men are like a swarm of bees in disorder10 said ,henry ,,viii42 8and yet they carry tranquil minds to their work1 while their king is suffering the keenest tortures in the midst of them2 yet is there not one of them who1 in looking at this palace1 does not set at the summit of happiness him who reigns and commands here4 #8,if ,i were king6' say this ignorant crowd when they wish to express the idea of happiness and supreme enjoyment of the will4 ,do they know what it costs the king to accomplish that will8 ,why do ,i not belong to their sphere8 ,i should at least spend my days in the same state of indifference in which they sleep1 live1 and die4 ,they are miserable1 say they2 what have they to make them miserable8 ,they are never sure of bread1 they reply2 but do they know what it is to be satiated with abundance and devoured by insatiable desires8 ,then death threatens us and ends everythingthat terrible judgment when kings will be set apart1 to be interrogated and punished more severely4 ,more1 the recollection of your words1 your counsel1 has never ceased to live in my mind4 ,had ,i but taken your advice1 if ,i had sent ,anne away1 to-day ,i should have been free and thought no more of her2 while now1 regarded with horror by the universe1 ,i hate the whole world4 ,but let me drown these thoughts4 ,i want winedrunkenness and oblivion40 ,and pronouncing these words1 he rushed suddenly from the balcony and disappeared4 ,in the depths of his narrow prison there was another also who had sought to catch a breath of the exhilarating air with which the dawn of a beautiful day had reanimated the universe4 ,it was not upon a balustrade of roses and perfumes that he leaned1 but upon a miserable1 worm-eaten table1 blackened by time1 and discolored by the tears with which for centuries it had been watered4 ,it was not a powerful city1 a people rich1 industrious1 and submissive1 that his eyes were fixed upon1 but the sombre bars of a small1 grated window1 whose solitary pane he had opened4 ,he sat with his head bowed upon one of his hands4 ,he seemed tranquil1 but plunged in profound melancholy2 for ,god1 in the language of holy ,scripture1 had not yet descended into ,joseph's prison to console him1 nor sent his angel before him to fortify his servant4 ,and yet1 had any one been able to compare the speechless rage1 the frightful but vain remorse1 which corroded the king's heart1 with the deep but silent sorrow that overwhelmed the soul of the just man1 such a one would have declared ,sir ,thomas ,more to be happy4 ,and still his sufferings were cruelly intense1 for he thought of his children2 he was in the midst of them1 and his heart had never left them4 8,they know ere this10 he said to himself1 8that ,i shall not return4 ,margaret1 my dear ,margaret1 will have told them all60 ,and he was not there to console them4 ,what would become of them without him1 abandoned to the fury of the king1 ready1 perhaps1 to revenge himself even upon them for the obstinacy with which he reproached their father8 ,whilst indulging in these harrowing reflections he heard the keys cautiously turned in the triple locks of his prison2 and soon a man appeared1 all breathless with fear and haste4 ,it was ,kingston1 the lieutenant of the ,tower4 ,he entered1 and1 gasping for breath1 held the door behind him4 8,my dear ,sir ,thomas10 he cried1 8blessed be ,god6 you are acquitted1 your innocence is proclaimed4 ,the council has been assembled all night1 and they have decided that you could not in any manner be implicated in the prosecution4 ,oh6 how glad ,i am4 ,but the ,holy ,maid of ,kent has been condemned to be hanged at ,tyburn4 ,judge now if this was not a dangerous business6 ,i have never doubted your innocence2 but you have some very furious and very powerful enemies4 ,that ,cromwell is a most formidable man4 ,my dear ,sir ,thomas1 how rejoiced ,i am60 ,a gleam of joy lighted the heart of ,sir ,thomas4 8,can it be80 he cried4 8,say it again1 ,master ,kingston4 ,what6 ,i shall see my children again8 ,i shall die in peace among them8 ,no1 ,i cannot believe in so much happiness4 ,but that poor girlis she really condemned80 8,yes10 cried ,kingston2 8but here are you already thinking of this nun4 ,by my faith1 ,i have thought of nobody but you4 ,and the ,bishop of ,rochester has also been acquitted40 8,he has1 then1 already been in the ,tower80 cried ,more4 8,just above youdoor to the left,no4 #c10 replied ,kingston briefly1 in the manner of his calling4 8,what60 cried ,sir ,thomas1 8is it he1 then1 ,i have heard walking above my head8 ,i knew not why1 but ,i listened to those slow and measured steps with a secret anxiety4 ,i tried to imagine what might be the age and appearance of this companion in misfortune2 and it was my friend1 my dearest friend6 ,o my dear ,kingston6 that ,i could see him4 ,i beg of you to let me go to him at once60 8,of what are you thinking80 exclaimed ,kingston8without permission6 ,you do not know that ,i have come here secretly1 and if they hear of it ,i shall be greatly compromised4 ,the order was to hold you in solitary confinement2 it has not been rescinded1 and already ,i transgress it40 8,ah6 ,i cannot see him10 repeated ,sir ,thomas4 8,i am in solitary confinement40 ,and his joy instantly faded before the reflection which told him that the real crime of which he was accused had not been expiated4 ,penetrated by this sentiment1 he took the keeper's hand4 8,my dear ,kingston10 he said1 8you are rightyou would surely compromise yourself2 for my case is not entirely decided yet4 ,as you say1 ,i have some very powerful enemies4 ,however1 they will be able to do naught against me more than ,god permits them1 and it is this thought alone that animates and sustains my courage40 8,nay1 nay1 you need not be uneasy10 replied ,kingston2 8they can do nothing more against you4 ,i have listened to everything they have said1 and have not lost a single word4 ,you will be set at liberty to-day1 after you have taken an oath the formula of which they have drawn up expressly for you1 as ,i have been told by the secretary40 8,ah6 the oath10 cried ,sir ,thomas1 penetrated with a feeling of the keenest apprehension4 8,i know it well60 8,fear naught1 then1 ,sir ,thomas10 replied ,kingston1 struck by the alteration he observed in his countenance1 a moment before so full of hope and joy4 8,they have arranged this oath for you2 they know your scrupulous delicacy of conscience and your religious sentiments4 ,this is the one they will demand of the ecclesiastics1 and you are the only layman of whom they will exact it4 ,you see there is no reason here why you should be uneasy40 8,oh60 said ,sir ,thomas1 whose heart was pierced by every word of the lieutenant1 8you are greatly mistaken1 my poor ,kingston4 ,it is to condemn and not to save me they have done all this4 ,the oathyes2 it is that oath1 like a ferocious beast1 which they destine to devour me4 ,ah6 why did the hope of escaping it for a moment come to gladden my heart8 ,my ,lord and my ,god1 have mercy on me60 ,sir ,thomas paused1 overcome by his feelings1 and was unable to utter another word4 8,my dear ,sir ,thomas10 said ,kingston1 amazed1 8what means this8 ,even if you refuse to take this oath they will doubtless set you at liberty4 ,cromwell has said as much to the secretary4 ,but what should prevent you from taking it1 if the priests do not refuse80 8,dear ,kingston10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8,i cannot explain that to you now1 as it is one of the things ,i keep between ,god and myself4 ,i know right well1 also1 that these prison walls have ears1 that they re-echo all they hear1 and that one cannot even sigh here without it being reported40 8,you are dissatisfied1 then1 with being under my care60 exclaimed ,kingston1 who was extremely narrow-minded1 and whose habit of living1 and still more of commanding1 in the ,tower had brought him to regard it as a habitation by no means devoid of attractions4 8,you may very well believe1 ,sir ,thomas10 he continued1 8that ,i have not forgotten the many favors and proofs of friendship ,i have received from you2 that ,i am entirely devoted to you2 and what ,i most regret is not having it in my power to treat you as ,i would wish in giving you better fare at my table4 ,fear of the king's anger alone prevents me1 and ,i at least would be glad to feel that you were satisfied with the good-will ,i have shown40 ,more smiled kindly3 for the delicate sensibility and exquisite tact which in an instant discovered to him how entirely it was wanting in others never permitted from him other expressions than those of a pleasantry as gentle as it was refined4 8,in good sooth1 my dear lieutenant1 ,i am quite contented with you2 you are a good friend1 and would most certainly like to treat me well4 ,if1 then1 ,i should ever happen to show any dissatisfaction with your table1 you must instantly turn me out of your house40 ,and he smiled at the idea4 8,you jest1 ,sir ,thomas10 said ,kingston4 8,in truth1 my dear friend1 ,i have nevertheless but little inclination to jest10 replied ,more4 8,well1 all that ,i regret is not having it in my power to treat you as ,i would wish10 continued ,kingston in the same tone4 8,i should have been so happy to have made you entirely comfortable here60 8,come10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8let us speak no more of that2 ,i am very well convinced of it1 and ,i thank you for the attachment you have shown me to-day4 ,i only regret that ,i cannot be permitted to see the ,bishop of ,rochester for a moment40 8,impossible60 cried ,kingston4 8,if it were discovered1 ,i should lose my place40 8,then ,i no longer insist10 said ,sir ,thomas2 8but let me1 at least1 write him a few words40 ,kingston made no reply and looked very thoughtful4 ,he hesitated4 8,carry the letter yourself10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8and1 unless you tell it1 no person will know it40 8,you think so80 said ,kingston1 embarrassed4 8,but then my ,lord ,rochester must burn it immediately2 for if they should find it in his hands1 they would try to find out how he received it2 and1 ,sir ,thomas1 ,i know not how it is done1 but they know everything40 8,they will never be able to find this out4 ,o ,master ,kingston60 said ,more1 8let me write him but one word40 8,well1 well1 haste1 then2 for it is time ,i should go4 ,if they came and asked for me1 and found me not1 ,i would be lost40 ,sir ,thomas1 fearing he might retract1 hastened immediately to write the following words on a scrap of paper3 8,what feelings were mine1 dear friend1 on learning that you are imprisoned here so near me1 you may imagine4 ,what a consolation it would be to clasp you in my arms6 ,but that is denied me2 ,god so wills it4 ,during the first doleful night ,i spent in this prison my eyes never once closed in sleep4 ,i heard your footsteps2 ,i listened1 ,i counted them most anxiously4 ,i asked myself who this unfortunate creature could be who1 like myself1 groaned in this place2 if it were long since he had seen the light of heaven1 and why he was imprisoned in this den of stone4 ,alas6 and it was you4 ,now ,i see you1 ,i follow you everywhere4 ,what anguish is mine to be so near you1 yet not be able to see or speak to you6 ,rap from time to time on the floor in such a manner that ,i may know you are speaking to me2 my heart will understand thine4 ,it seems to me the voice of the stones will communicate your words4 ,i shall listen night and day for your signals1 and this will be a great consolation to me40 8,hasten1 ,sir ,thomas10 said ,kingston4 8,i hear a noise in the yard2 they are searching for me40 8,yes1 yes10 replied ,sir ,thomas4 8,my friend1 they hurry me4 ,do you remember all you said to me at ,chelsea the night you urged me not to accept the chancellorship8 ,o my friend6 how often ,i have thought of it4 ,and youyou also will be a victim1 ,i fear4 ,they hurry me1 and ,i have so many things to say to you since the time ,i saw you last6 ,i fear you suffer from cold in your cell4 ,ask ,kingston for covering2 for my sake he will give it you4 ,implore him to bring me your reply4 ,a letter from youwhat happiness in my abandoned condition2 for they will not permit ,margaret to visit me4 ,i am in solitary confinement4 ,they will probably let me die slowly of misery1 immured within these four walls4 ,they fear the publicity of a trial2 and men so quickly forget those who disappear from before their eyes4 ,god1 however1 will not forget us1 and we are ever in his keeping2 for he says in holy ,scripture3 #8,i carry you written in my hand1 and a mother shall forget her child before ,i forget the soul that seeks me in sincerity of heart4' ,farewell1 dear friend2 let us pray for each other4 ,i love and cherish you in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 our precious ,saviour and our only ,redeemer4 8,,thomas ,,more40 ,meanwhile1 ,rumor1 on her airy wing1 in her indefatigable and rapid course1 had very soon circulated throughout the country reports of ,henry's enormities4 ,the great multitudes of people who prostrated themselves before the cross1 carried it with reverence in their hands1 and elevated it proudly above their heads1 were astonished and indignant at these recitals of crime4 ,princes trembled on their thrones1 and those who surrounded them lived in constant dread4 ,thomas ,more1 the model among men1 the ,bishop of ,rochester1 that among the angelsthese men cast into a gloomy prison1 separated from all that was most dear to them1 scarcely clothed1 and fed on the coarse fare of criminalssuch outrages men discussed among themselves1 and reported to the compassionate and generous hearts of their mothers and sisters4 ,will1 then1 no voice be raised in their defence8 ,will no one endeavor to snatch them from the tortures to which they are about to be delivered up8 ,are the ,english people dead and their intellects stultified8 ,do relatives1 friends1 law1 and honor no longer exist among this people8 ,have they become but a race of bloodthirsty executioners1 a crowd of brutal slaves1 who live on the grain the earth produces1 and drink from the rivers that water it8 ,such were the thoughts which occupied them1 circulating from mouth to mouth among the tumultuous children of men4 ,but if this mass of human beings1 always so indifferent and so perfectly selfish1 felt thus deeply moved1 what must have been the anguish of heart experienced by the faithful and sincere friend1 what terror must have seized him1 when1 seated by his own quiet fireside1 enjoying the retreat it afforded him1 the voice of public indignation came to announce that he was thus stricken in all his affections6 ,for he also1 a native of a distant country1 loved ,more4 ,he had met him1 and immediately his heart went out toward him4 ,who will explain this sublime mystery1 this secret of ,god1 this admirable and singular sympathy1 which reveals one soul to another1 and requires neither words nor sounds1 neither language nor gestures1 in order to make it intelligible8 8,i had no sooner seen ,pierre ,gilles10 said ,more1 8than ,i loved him as devotedly as though ,i had always known and loved him4 ,then ,i was at ,antwerp1 sent by the king to negotiate with the prince of ,spain2 ,i waited from day to day the end of the negotiations1 and during the four months ,i was separated from my wife and children1 anxious as ,i was to return and embrace them1 ,i could never be reconciled to the thought of leaving him4 ,his conversation1 fluent and interesting1 beguiled most agreeably my hours of leisure2 hours and days spent near him seemed to me like moments1 they passed so rapidly4 ,in the flower of his age1 he already possessed a vast deal of erudition2 his soul above allhis soul so beautiful1 superior to his geniusinspired me with a devotion for him as deep as it was inviolable4 ,candor1 simplicity1 gentleness1 and a natural inclination to be accommodating1 a modesty seldom found1 integrity above temptationall virtues in fact1 that combine to form the worthy citizenwere found united in him1 and it would have been impossible for me to have found in all the world a being more worthy of inspiring friendship1 or more capable of feeling and appreciating all its charms40 ,in this manner he spoke before his children1 and related to ,margaret how painful he found the separation from his friend4 ,often during the long winter nights1 when the wind whistled without and heavy snow-flakes filled the air1 he would press his hand upon his forehead1 and his thoughts would speed across the sea4 ,in imagination he would be transported to ,antwerp1 would behold her immense harbor covered with richly-laden vessels1 her tall roofs and her long streets1 and the beautiful church of ,notre ,dame1 with the court in front1 where he so often walked with his friend4 ,then he entered the mansion of ,pierre ,gilles2 he traversed the court1 mounted the steps2 he found him at home in the midst of his family2 it seemed to him that he heard him speak1 and he prepared to give himself up to the charms of his conversation4 ,the cry of a child1 the movement of a chair1 came suddenly to blot out this picture1 dispel this sweet illusion1 and recall him to the reality of the distance which separated them4 ,an expression of pain and sorrow would pass over his features2 and ,margaret1 from whom none of her father's thoughts escaped1 would take his hand and say3 8,father1 you are thinking about ,pierre ,gilles60 ,a close correspondence had for a long time sweetened their mutual exile2 but since the divorce was set in motion the king had become so suspicious that he had all letters intercepted1 and one no longer dared to write or communicate with any stranger4 ,thus they found themselves deprived of this consolation4 ,eager to obtain the slightest intelligence1 questioning indiscriminately all whom he metmerchants1 strangers1 travellers,pierre ,gilles endeavored by all possible means to obtain some intelligence of his friend ,thomas ,more4 ,whenever a sail appeared upon the horizon and a ship entered the port1 this illustrious citizen was seen immediately hastening to the pier1 and patiently remaining there until he had ascertained whether or not the vessel hailed from ,england2 or else he waited1 mingling with a crowd of the most degraded class1 until the vessel landed4 ,alas6 for several months all that he could learn only increased his apprehensions1 and he vainly endeavored to quiet them4 ,he had already announced to his family his intention of making the voyage to ,england to see his friend1 when the fatal intelligence of ,more's imprisonment was received4 ,then he no longer listened to anything1 but1 taking all the gold his coffers contained1 he hastened to the port and took passage on the first vessel he found4 8,o my friend60 he cried1 8if ,i shall only be able to tear you from their hands4 ,this gold1 perhaps1 will open your prison4 ,let them give you to me1 let my home become yours1 and let my friends be your friends4 ,forget your ungrateful country2 mine will receive you with rapturous joy40 ,such were his reflections1 and for two days the vessel that bore him sailed rapidly toward ,england2 the wind was favorable1 and a light breeze seemed to make her fly over the surface of the waves4 ,the sails were unfurled1 and the sailors were singing1 delighted at the prospect of a happy voyage1 while ,pierre ,gilles1 seated on the deck1 his back leaning against the mast1 kept his eyes fixed on the north1 incessantly deceived by the illusion of the changing horizon and the fantastic form of the blue clouds1 which seemed to plunge into the sea4 ,he was continually calling out3 8,captain1 here is land60 ,but the old pilot smiled as he guided the helm1 and leaning over1 like a man accustomed to know what he said1 slightly shrugged one shoulder and replied3 8,not yet1 ,sir ,passenger40 ,and soon1 in fact1 ,pierre ,gilles would see change their form or disappear those fantastic rocks and sharp points which represented an unattainable shore4 ,then it seemed to him that he would never arrive1 the island retreated constantly before him1 and his feet would never be permitted to rest upon the shores of ,england4 8,alas60 he would every moment say to himself1 8they are trying him now1 perhaps4 ,if ,i were there1 ,i would run1 ,i would beg1 ,i would implore his pardon4 ,and his youthful daughter1 whom they say is so fair1 so goodinto what an agony she must be plunged6 ,all this family and those young children to be deprived of such a father60 ,pierre was unable to control himself for a moment2 he arose1 walked forward on the vessel2 he saw the foaming track formed by her rapid passage through the water wiped out in an instant1 effaced by the winds1 and yet it seemed to him that the vessel thus cutting the waves remained motionless1 and that he was not advancing a furlong4 8,an hour's delay10 he mentally repeated1 8and perhaps it will be too late4 ,let them banish him2 ,i shall at least be able to find him60 ,already the night wind was blowing a gale and the sea grew turbulent2 a flock of birds flew around the masts1 uttering the most mournful cries1 and seeming1 as they braved the whirlwind which had arisen1 to be terrified4 8,comrades1 furl the sails60 cried the steersman2 8a waterspout threatens us6 ,be quick10 he cried1 8or we are lost40 ,in the twinkling of an eye the sailors seized the ropes and climbed into the rigging4 ,vain haste1 useless dexterity2 their efforts were all too late4 ,a furious gust of wind groaned1 roared1 rent the mainmast in twain1 tore away the ropes1 bent and broke the masts2 a horrible crash was heard throughout the ship4 8,cut away6 ,pull6 ,haul down6 ,hold there6 ,hoist away6 ,let go60 cried the captain1 who had rushed up from his cabin4 8,bravo6 ,courage1 there6 ,stand firm60 8,ay1 ay60 cried the sailors4 ,a loud clamor arose in the midst of the horrible roaring of the winds4 ,the sailor on watch had fallen into the sea4 8,throw out the buoy6 throw out the buoy60 cried the captain4 8,knaves1 do you hear me80 ,impossible2 the rope fluttered in the wind like a string1 and the tempest drove it against the sides of the vessel4 ,they saw the unfortunate sailor tossing in the sea1 carried along like a black point on the waves1 which in a moment disappeared4 8,all is over6 ,he is lost60 cried the sailors4 ,but the howling winds stifled and drowned their lamentations4 ,in the meantime ,pierre ,gilles bound himself tightly as he could to a mast2 for the shaking of the vessel was so great that it seemed to him an irresistible power was trying to tear him away and cast him whirling into the yawning depths of the furious element4 8,the mizzen-mast is breaking60 cried the sailors2 and by a common impulse they rushed toward the stern to avoid being dragged down and crushed by its fall4 ,the gigantic beam fell with a fearful crash1 catching in the ropes and rigging4 8,cut away6 ,let her go60 cried the captain4 ,he himself was the first to rush forward1 armed with a hatchet1 and they tried to cut aloose the mast and let it fall into the water4 ,but they were unable to succeed2 the mast hung over the side of the ship1 which it struck with every wave1 and threatened to capsize her4 ,every moment the position of the crew became more dangerous4 ,the shocks were so violent that the men were no longer able to resist them2 they clung to everything they could lay hold of2 they twined their legs and arms in the hanging ropes4 ,all efforts to control the vessel had become useless1 and1 seeing no longer any hope of being saved1 the sailors began to utter cries of despair4 ,pierre ,gilles had fastened himself to the mainmast4 8,if this also breaks10 he thought1 8well1 ,i shall die by the same strokedie without seeing him60 he cried1 still entirely occupied with ,more4 8,he will not know that ,i have tried to reach him1 and will1 perhaps1 believe that ,i have deserted him in the day of adversity4 ,oh6 how death is embittered by that thought4 ,he will say that1 happy in the bosom of my family1 ,i have left him alone in his prison1 and he will strive to forget even the recollection of my friendship4 ,o ,more1 ,more6 my friend1 this tempest ought to carry to you my regrets40 ,looking around him1 ,pierre saw the miserable men tossing their arms in despair2 for the night was advancing1 their strength nearly exhausted1 while the vessel1 borne along on the crest of the waves1 suddenly pitched with a frightful plunge1 and the water rushed in on every side4 ,the captain had stationed himself near ,pierre ,gilles2 he contemplated the destruction of his ship with a mournful gaze4 8,here is this fine vessel lostall my fortune1 the labor of an entire life of toil and care4 ,my children now will be reduced to beggary6 ,here is the fruit of thirty years of work10 he cried4 8,sir10 he said to ,pierre ,gilles1 8,i began life at twelve years2 ,i have passed successively up from cabin-boy1 mariner1 boatswain1 lieutenant1 captain finally1 and nowthe sea4 ,i shall have to begin anew60 8,begin anew1 sir80 said ,pierre ,gilles4 8,but is not death awaiting us very speedily80 8,that remains to be seen10 answered the captain1 folding his arms4 8,i have been three times shipwrecked1 and ,i am here still1 sir4 ,it is true there is an end to everything2 but the ocean and myself understand each other4 ,we shall come out of it1 if we gain time4 ,after the storm1 a calm2 after the tempest1 fine weather40 ,here he attentively scanned the heavens4 8,a few more swells of the sea1 and1 if we escape1 courage6 ,all will be well40 8,hold fast1 my boys60 he cried2 8another sea is coming40 ,he had scarcely uttered the words when a frightful wave advanced like a threatening mountain1 and1 raising the vessel violently1 swept entirely over her2 but the ship still remained afloat4 ,other waves succeeded1 and the unfortunate sailors remained tossing about in that condition until the next morning4 ,however1 as the day dawned1 hope revived in their hearts2 the horizon seemed brightening2 the wind allayed by degrees4 ,pierre ,gilles and his companions shook their limbs1 stiffened and benumbed by the cold and the water which had drenched them1 and thought they could at last perceive the land4 ,they succeeded in relieving the vessel a little by throwing the mast into the sea4 ,every one took courage1 and soon the coast appeared in sight4 ,there was no more doubt3 it was the coast of ,england4 ,there were the pointed rocks1 the whitened reefs4 ,they were in their route2 the tempest had not diverted the ship from its course4 ,on the fourth day they entered the mouth of the ,thames4 ,the poor vessel1 five days before so elegant1 so swift1 so light1 was dragged with difficulty into that large and beautiful river4 ,badly crippled1 she moved slowly1 and was an entire day in reaching ,london4 ,pierre ,gilles suffered cruelly on account of this delay1 and would have made them put him ashore1 but that was impossible4 ,besides1 he wished to arrive more speedily at ,london1 and that would not hasten his journey4 ,from a distance he perceived the ,english standard floating above the ,tower1 and his heart swelled with sorrow4 8,alas6 ,more is there10 he cried4 8,how shall ,i contrive to see him8 how tear him from that den80 ,absorbed in these reflections1 he reached at length the landing-place4 ,he knew not where to go nor whom to address in that great city1 where he had never before been1 and where he was entirely unacquainted4 ,he looked at the faces of those who came and went on the wharf1 without feeling inclined to accost any of them4 ,suddenly1 however1 he caught the terrible words1 8,his trial has commenced02 and1 uncertain whether it was the effect of his troubled imagination or a real sound1 he turned around and saw a group of women carrying fish in wicker baskets1 and talking together4 8,at ,lambeth ,palace1 ,i tell you4 ,he is there2 ,i have seen him40 8,who80 said ,pierre in good ,english1 advancing in his ,flemish costume1 which excited the curiosity and attention of all the women4 8,thomas ,more1 the ,lord ,chancellor10 answered the first speaker4 8,thomas ,more60 cried ,pierre ,gilles1 with a gesture of despair and terror which nothing could express4 8,who is trying him8 ,speak1 good woman1 speak6 ,say who is trying him8 ,where are they trying him8 ,conduct me to the place1 and all my fortune is yours60 ,the women looked at each other4 8,a foreigner60 they exclaimed4 8,yes10 he replied1 8a stranger1 but a friend1 a friend4 ,leave your fish,i will pay you for themand show me where the trial of ,sir ,thomas is going on40 ,the fisherwoman1 having observed the gold chain he wore around his neck1 his velvet robe1 and his ruff of ,ypres lace1 judged that he was some important personage1 who would reward her liberally for her trouble2 she resolved to accompany him4 ,she walked on before him1 and the other women took up their baskets1 and followed at some distance in the rear4 ,meanwhile1 ,pierre ,gilles and his conductress1 having followed the quay and walked the length of the ,thames1 crossed ,westminster ,bridge1 and he found himself at last in front of ,lambeth ,palace4 ,a considerable crowd of people1 artisans1 workmen1 merchants1 idlers1 began to scatter and disperse4 ,some stopped to talk1 others left2 they saw that something had come to an end1 that the spectacle was closed1 the excited curiosity was satisfied4 ,the juggler's carpet was gathered up1 the lottery drawn1 the quarrel ended1 the prince or the criminal had passed2 there was nothing more to see1 and every one was anxious to departcareless crowd1 restless and ignorant1 which the barking of a dog will arrest1 and a great misfortune cannot detain6 8,here it is1 sir10 said the woman1 stopping2 8this is ,lambeth ,palace just in front of you1 but ,i don't believe you can get in40 ,and she pointed to a large enclosure and a great door1 before which was walking up and down a yeoman armed with an arquebuse4 ,standing close to one of the sections of the door was seen a beautiful young girl1 dressed in black1 and wearing on her head a low velvet hat worn by the women of that period4 ,a gold chain formed of round beads1 from which was suspended a little gold medal ornamented with a pearl pendant1 hung around her neck1 and passed under her chemisette of plaited muslin bordered with narrow lace4 ,she stood with her hands clasped1 her beautiful countenance pale as death1 and her arms stretched at full length before her1 expressive of the deepest sorrow4 ,near her was seated a handsome young man1 who from time to time addressed her4 ,pierre ,gilles approached these two persons4 8,margaret10 said ,roper1 8come40 8,no10 said the young girl1 8,i will not go2 ,i shall remain here until night4 ,i will see him as he goes out2 ,i will see him once more2 ,i will see that ignoble woollen covering they have given him for a cloak2 ,i will see his pale and weary face4 ,he will say3 #8,margaret is standing there6' ,he will see me40 8,that will only give him pain10 replied ,roper4 8,perhaps10 said the young girl4 8,indeed1 it is very probable60 ,and a bitter smile played around her lips4 8,if you love him10 replied ,roper1 8you should spare him this grief40 8,i love him1 ,roper2 you have said well6 ,i love him6 ,what would you wish8 ,this is my father60 ,pierre ,gilles1 who had advanced1 seeking some means of entering1 paused to look at the young girl1 and was struck by the resemblance he found between her features and those of her father1 his friend1 who was still young when he knew him at ,antwerp4 8,can this be ,margaret80 murmured the stranger4 8,who has pronounced my name80 asked the young girl1 turning haughtily around4 ,pierre ,gilles stood in perfect amazement4 8,how much she resembles him6 ,pardon me1 damsel10 he said2 8,i have been trying to get into this place to see my friend1 ,sir ,thomas ,more40 8,your friend60 replied ,margaret1 advancing immediately toward him4 ,then a feeling of suspicion arrested her4 ,she stepped back and fixed her eyes on the stranger1 whose ,flemish costume attracted her attention4 8,and who10 she said1 8can you be8 ,oh6 no2 he is not here4 ,sir ,thomas ,more has no friends4 ,you are mistaken1 sir10 she continued2 8it is some one else you seek4 ,my fatherno1 my father has no longer any friends2 has any one when he is in irons1 when the scaffold is erected1 the axe sharpened1 and the executioner getting ready to do his work80 8,what do you say80 cried the stranger1 turning pale4 8,is he1 then1 already condemned80 8,he is going to be60 8,no1 no1 he shall not be6 ,pierre ,gilles will demand1 will beseech2 they will give him to him2 he will pay for him with his gold1 with his life-blood1 if necessary40 8,pierre ,gilles60 cried ,margaret2 and she threw herself on the neck of the stranger1 and clasped him in her arms4 8,pierre ,gilles6 ,pierre ,gilles6 it is you who love my father4 ,ah6 listen to me4 ,he is up there2 this is the second time they have made him appear before them4 ,alas6 doubtless to-day will be the last2 for they are tiredtired of falsehoods1 artifices1 and base1 vile manuvres2 they are tired of offering him gold and silverhe who wants only heaven and ,god2 they are weary of urging1 of tormenting this saintly bishop and this upright man1 in order to extort from them an oath which no ,christian can or ought to take4 ,then it will be necessary for these iniquitous and purchased judges to wash out their shame in blood4 ,they must crush these witnesses to the truth1 these defenders of the faith6 ,my father1 child of the martyrs1 will walk in their footsteps1 and die as they died2 ,rochester1 successor of the apostles1 will give his life like them2 but ,margaret1 poor ,margaret1 she will be left6 ,and it is ,i1 yes1 it is ,i1 who am his daughter1 and who is named ,margaret60 ,as she said these words1 she clasped her hands with an expression of anguish that nothing can describe4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #hh ,these words1 which we find in the mouth of this hypocrite1 the impious ,cromwell1 have been the watchword from all time of those who wished to attack the monks and destroy them4 ,well-informed and educated persons know1 by the great number of works coming from their pens1 whether they were idlers1 and the poor in all ages will be able to say whether they have ever been selfish or uncharitable4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,sermons ,,on ,,the ,,sacraments4 ,by ,thomas ,watson1 ,master of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,dean of ,durham1 and the last ,catholic ,bishop of ,lincoln4 ,first printed in #aeeh1 and now reprinted in modern spelling4 ,with a ,preface and ,biographical ,notice of the ,author by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,e4 ,bridgett1 of the ,congregation of the ,most ,holy ,redeemer4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,after ,father ,bridgett's beautiful work1 ,our ,lady's ,dowry1 we may be sure that whatever he puts forth1 whether original or edited1 will repay perusal4 ,he has a penchant for forgotten treasures of ,england's ,catholic past1 and spares himself no pains to give us the benefit of his researches4 ,not content with editing the present volume1 he has gone to the trouble of a biographical notice1 and quite a long one1 of his author4 ,we cannot do better than let him speak for himself in the opening lines of his preface3 8,here is a volume of sermons1 printed more than three centuries ago in black-letter type and uncouth spelling1 and the existence of which is only known to a few antiquarians4 ,why1 it will be asked1 have ,i reprinted it in modern guise and sought to rescue it from oblivion8 ,i have done so for its own sake and for the sake of its author4 ,it is a book that deserves not to perish1 and which would not have been forgotten1 as it is1 but for the misfortune of the time at which it appeared4 ,it was printed in the last year of ,queen ,mary1 and the change of religion under ,elizabeth made it almost impossible to be procured1 and perilous to be preserved4 ,the number of ,english ,catholic books is not so great that we can afford to lose one so excellent as this4 8,but even had it less intrinsic value1 it is the memorial of a great man1 little known1 indeed1 because1 through the iniquity of the times1 he lacked a biographer4 ,i am confident that any one who will read the following memoir1 imperfect as it is1 will acknowledge that ,i have not been indulging an antiquarian fancy1 but merely paying1 as far as ,i could1 a debt of justice long due1 in trying to revive the memory of the last ,catholic bishop of ,lincoln40 ,father ,bridgett further explains that these sermons belong to the class which 8are written that they may be preached by others40 ,their author undertook to write them as a 8,manual of ,catholic ,doctrine on the ,sacraments10 and in compliance with the order of a council under ,cardinal ,pole in ,december1 #aeee4 8,being intended for general preachingor rather1 public readingthese sermons are1 of course1 impassioned and colorless4 ,we cannot judge from them of ,bishop ,watson's own style of preaching4 ,we cannot gather from them1 as from the sermons of ,latimer and ,leaver1 pictures of the manners and passions of the times4 ,they scarcely ever reflect ,watson's personal character1 except by the very absence of invective and the simple dignity which distinguishes them4 ,as specimens of old ,english before the great ,elizabethan era1 they will be interesting to students of our language1 especially as being the work of one of the best classical scholars of the day0 7,preface1 p4 xii474 ,father ,bridgett characterizes these sermons as 8eminently patristic40 8,i have counted10 he says1 8more than four hundred marginal references to the fathers and ecclesiastical writers2 and ,i may say that they are in great measure woven out of the ,scriptures and the fathers40 ,then1 after remarking that1 8with regard to their doctrine1 it must be remembered that they were published before the conclusion of the ,council of ,trent10 he tells us3 8,i have added a few short theological notes only2 for the doctrine throughout these sermons is both clearly stated and perfectly ,catholic4 ,as they certainly embody the traditional teaching of the ,english ,church before the ,council of ,trent1 they are an additional proof that ,catholics of the present day are faithful to the inheritance of their forefathers40 ,from what we have had time to read of these pages1 we have been struck with at once the fulness and simplicity of the instructions they contain4 ,the style1 too1 in our eyes1 has both unction and charm4 ,we thank ,father ,bridgett that he has 8exactly reproduced the original1 with the exception of the spelling40 8,no educated reader10 he says1 8will find much difficulty in the old idiom4 ,the sentences1 indeed1 are rather long1 like those of a legal document2 yet they are simple in construction1 and1 when read aloud1 they can be broken up by a skilful reader without the addition of a word40 ,we will only add that1 perhaps1 not the least attractive feature of these sermons 7to the modern reader7 is their brevity4 ,,the ,,constitutional ,,and ,,political ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,by ,dr4 ,h4 von ,holst1 ,professor at the ,university of ,freiburg4 ,translated from the ,german by ,john ,j4 ,lalor and ,alfred ,b4 ,mason4 #agej-ahcc4 ,state ,sovereignty and ,slavery4 ,chicago3 ,callaghan ,co4 #ahgf4 ,the efforts of ,europeans to study and write upon the ,american ,constitution and the political life of our people1 though partial and somewhat prejudiced1 have always been interesting and instructive4 ,de ,tocqueville1 in his ,democracy in ,america1 studied rather to teach us than to learn from our theory of government and its practice1 and this from his transient observations as a tourist4 ,professor von ,holst resided in this country from #ahfg to #ahgb1 and thus may be supposed to have studied more profoundly our system1 and to have seen more thoroughly our practice4 ,no one1 however1 could rightly judge of our political history or the system of our government who had not seen and known us both before and after our civil war4 ,de ,tocqueville saw us before1 and ,von ,holst after1 that great crisis in our history4 ,hence we think that both authors should be read1 in order to appreciate the efforts of learned and distinguished foreigners to comment upon a theme so difficult to any ,european4 ,this is especially desirable now1 as in this case the ,frenchman and the ,german are not admirers of each other's respective political systems4 ,the present volume1 however1 is able1 spirited1 and well written1 and shows a remarkable acquaintance with our history and institutions1 and with the lives and characters of our public men4 ,the author is not in love with our government1 and yet is not without sympathy for it and for our people4 ,he is1 no doubt1 more in sympathy with our present than with our past4 ,from his vigorously-written pages ,americans may learn something of their virtues and of their faults4 ,the animus and style of the work might be inferred from the title of the second chapter3 8,the ,worship of the ,constitution1 and its real ,character40 ,we have often been accused of making the ,constitution our political bible1 and ,washington our political patron saint4 ,such seems to be the impression of ,professor von ,holst4 ,but it must be said that his able and interesting work is well calculated to promote the study of the ,american republican form of government2 for we are certainly a terra incognita to most ,europeans4 ,having ably studied his subject1 he has ably and learnedly communicated his researches to his countrymen and to the world4 ,his work will appear in a series of volumes1 of which we have now only the first1 and the ,english translation will hereafter appear in this country simultaneously with the original ,german publications4 ,the work seems to deal exclusively with political questions1 and handles them ably4 ,we commend its perusal to our readers4 ,,alice ,,leighton4 ,a ,tale of the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this story of the wars between ,roundhead and ,cavalier will prove an agreeable disappointment to the reader who contrives to wade through its first few pages1 which are rather silly4 ,we tremble for the fate of a story which in the very first page tells us of its youthful hero3 8,his brow was1 however1 clouded1 either with emotion or with sorrow1 perchance with both2 and a careful observer might have marked a tear in his soft dark eyes as he turned his gaze upon the fair view before him40 ,in the second page the hero tells us1 or rather nobody in particular1 that eighteen summers have at last passed over him1 whereupon he proceeds to deliver a page of an address to his 8own dear home10 in the course of which he remarks that 8the accents of a dethroned monarch are calling for assistance10 but 8the long-listened-to maxims0 of his childhood hold him back from joining the king4 ,in the third page he encounters a mild sort of witch1 who is gifted with that very uncertain second sight that has been the peculiar property of witches from time immemorial1 and who prophesies to him1 in ,scotch dialect1 in the usual fashion of such prophets4 ,nothing could be more inauspicious than such a beginning2 and yet as one reads on all this clap-trap disappears1 and a very interesting story1 though by no means of the highest order1 unfolds itself4 ,there is abundance of incident1 battle1 hair-breadth escape1 varying fortunes1 misery1 ending with the final happiness of those in whom we are chiefly interested4 ,some of the characters are very well drawn1 and the author shows a competent knowledge of the scenes1 events1 and period in which the story is laid4 ,it affords a healthy and agreeable contrast to the psychological puzzles generally given us nowadays as novels4 ,it looks to us as though the writer were a new hand4 ,if so1 ,alice ,leighton affords every promise of very much better work in a too weak department of letters,catholic fiction4 ,if the writer will only banish for ever that antiquated deus or dea ex machin1 the witch1 especially if she speak with a ,scotch accent1 give much more care than is shown in the present volume to ,english1 not force fun for fun's sake1 we shall hope soon to welcome a new volume from a lively1 pleasant1 and powerful pen4 8,,my ,,own ,,child40 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,florence ,marryat4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgf4 ,florence ,marryat has become1 and deservedly1 quite a popular novelist4 ,she has1 we understand1 become something in our opinion very much bettera ,catholic4 ,we see no reason why her faith should interfere with the interest or power of her stories4 ,on the contrary1 it should steady her hand1 widen her vision1 chasten her thought1 give a new meaning to very old scenes and types of character2 and we have no doubt at all that such will be the case4 ,my ,own ,child is neither her best story nor her worst4 ,it is a very sweet and pathetic one1 simple in construction and plot1 yet full of sad interest throughout1 lightened here and there by bits of lively description or pictures of quaint character4 ,it is easy to recognize a practised hand in it4 ,the chief characters of the story are ,catholics4 ,we have only one fault to find1 but that a very serious one4 ,it is too bad to make a young lady1 and so charming a young lady as ,may ,power is represented to be1 talk slang4 ,where in the world did she learn it1 this bright1 beaming1 ,irish1 ,catholic girl8 ,certainly not from her mother1 for she never indulges in it1 and surely not from the good ,sisters in ,brussels by whom she was educated4 ,yet she bounds out of the convent perfect inslang6 ,for instance3 8#8,i'll get some nice1 jolly fellow to look after it her property for us1 mother4' #8,you'll never get another ,hugh6' ,i exclaimed indignantly4 #8,well1 then1 we'll take the next best fellow we can find1' replied my darling40 ,the first 8best fellow10 the ,hugh alluded to1 happened to be the 8darling's0 dead father4 ,the same darling1 only just out of convent1 is anxious to make her first appearance 8with a splash and a dash40 ,it is only natural that she should discover her mother looking 8rather peaky0 when that lady is threatened with an illness that endangers her life4 ,this is to be regretted4 ,young ladies are much more acceptable as young ladies than when indulging in language supposed to be relegated to 8fast0 young women4 ,slang is bad enough in men's mouths1 whether in or out of books2 but1 spoken by a woman1 it at once places her without the pale of all that is sweet and pure and calculated to inspire that admiration and reverence in men which are the crown and pride of a ,christian woman's life4 ,miss ,marryat is clever enough to dispense with such poor material4 ,meanwhile1 what becomes of this slangy young lady the reader will discover for himself4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #ada4;,,december1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,unitarian ,,conference ,,at ,,saratoga4#hi ,the ,unitarians in ,september last held at ,saratoga their biennial conference1 and we have looked over the issues of the ,liberal ,christian1 a weekly publication of this city1 for a full report of its proceedings1 and looked to no purpose4 ,it has1 however1 printed in its columns some of the speeches delivered in the conference1 and given in extenso the opening sermon of the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale4 ,before the conference took place the ,liberal ,christian spoke of ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale 8as one of the few thoroughly-furnished and widely-experienced men in their ranks40 ,this notice prepared us to give special attention to the opening sermon1 and to expect from it a statement of ,unitarian principles or beliefs which would at least command the assent of a considerable portion of the ,unitarian denomination4 ,more than this it would have been unreasonable to anticipate2 for so radical and extreme are their divergencies of belief that it may be said ,unitarians agree on no one common objective truth2 certainly not1 if ,mr4 ,frothingham and the section which the latter gentleman represents are to be ranked within the pale of ,unitarianism4 ,the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale has not altogether disappointed our anticipations1 for he has given expression to some of the ideas most prevalent among ,unitarians2 but before entering upon the consideration of these there are certain preliminary statements which he makes deserving some attention4 ,in the closing sentence of the first paragraph of his sermon ,mr4 ,hale gives us a noticeable piece of information4 ,he says3 8,we were taught long since by ,macaulay1 in fervent rhetoric1 that the republic of ,venice is new in comparison with the papacy1 and that the ,roman ,church was in its vigor when ,augustine landed in ,kent in the sixth century4 ,so it was4 ,but earlier than all this1 before there was a bishop in ,rome1 there were independent ,christian churches1 liberal in their habit and ,unitarian in their creed1 in ,greece1 in ,asia1 and in ,cyprus4 ,nay1 before those churches existed there had gathered a group of peasants around the ,saviour of men1 and he had said to them3 #8,fear not1 little flock2 it is your ,father's good pleasure to give you the kingdom4' ,the ,congregational ,church order1 with the ,unitarian theology1 is the oldest ,christian system known to history40 ,what authentic history goes back of the account given in the ,new ,testament of the founding of the ,catholic ,church and her hierarchy by ,christ the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale does not deign to inform us4 ,when he does1 it will be time enough to pay attention to the assertion1 8,the ,congregational ,church order is the oldest ,christian system known to history40 ,the church is in possession2 the plaintiffs must make out their case4 ,until then1 8quod gratis asseritur gratis negatur02 for an assertion without proof counts for nothing4 ,but he does attempt to prove his assertion about 8,unitarian theology0 by what follows3 8,i make no peculiar partisan claim or boast in this statement4 ,as to the statement of theology1 ,i do but condense in a few words the statement made by the ,roman ,catholic writer in highest esteem among ,englishmen to-day4 ,he says what ,i say1 that he may argue from it that you require the development of doctrine which only the perpetual inspiration of a line of pontiffs gives you1 unless you choose to hold by the simple ,unitarian creeds of the fathers before ,constantine40 ,from which of the many volumes of the writings of ,dr4 ,newman ,mr4 ,hale has ventured to condense his language we are not told2 but we are led to suppose that it was written by ,dr4 ,newman since he became a ,catholic1 for he speaks of him as 8the ,roman ,catholic writer in the highest esteem among ,englishmen to-day40 ,as a ,catholic1 ,dr4 ,newman never used language which could be condensed by a 8thoroughly-informed0 man to what ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale has made him say2 and we have our doubts whether before he was a ,catholic he used it4 ,it would not be amiss if ,mr4 ,hale had something of ,dr4 ,newman's clearness of thought and accuracy of expression4 ,if he had1 of this we are sure3 he would never venture to utter in a public speech or put in print that any ,catholic writer who has any claim of being a theologian believed or maintained 8the perpetual inspiration of a line of pontiffs40 ,in the next paragraph ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale literally quotes a passage from ,dr4 ,newman's writings to sustain his thesis1 but he fails4 ,here is the quotation3 8,the creeds of that early day10 says ,dr4 ,newman1 8make no mention in their letter of the ,catholic doctrine of the ,trinity at all4 ,they make mention1 indeed1 of a three1 but that there is any mystery in the doctrine1 that the three are one1 that they are co-equal1 co-eternal1 all increate1 all omnipotent1 all incomprehensible1 is not stated1 and never could be gathered from them40 ,he fails1 because he proceeds on the supposition that the ,catholic ,church teaches that her creeds contain the whole body of truth of the ,christian faith4 ,the ,catholic ,church at no time or nowhere taught this4 ,her creeds never did contain explicitly the whole body of the ,christian faith1 they do not even now2 for such was not her intention or purpose4 ,had it not been for the errors of ,arius and his followers1 the ,christian doctrine of the ,trinity might not have been contained in the creeds of the church explicitly1 even down to our own day4 ,the supposition1 however1 that the mystery of the ,trinity was not believed in the church 8before ,constantine0 is as absurd as to suppose that the necessity of good works for salvation1 or there being a purgatory1 was not believed and maintained in the ,catholic ,church before the time of ,charles ,v41 or that ,papal ,infallibility was not believed and held in the church before the time of ,william of ,prussia1 the ,german kaiser6 ,the discussions and definitions of the councils render ,christian truths more explicit and intelligible than they were before2 this is a matter of course1 but who is so ignorant as to suppose that the councils originated these truths8 ,that the creeds 8before ,constantine0 implied the ,trinity and intended it ,dr4 ,newman would have taught the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale1 if he had ingenuously quoted the two sentences which follow his extract4 ,dr4 ,newman continues thus3 8,of course we believe that they the early creeds imply it the ,trinity4 ,god forbid we should do otherwise60#ij ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale ought to know that the ,catholic ,church repudiates with instinctive horror the idea of adding to1 or taking away from1 or altering in the least1 the body of the ,christian truth delivered once and for all to her keeping by her divine ,founder when upon earth4 ,the mistakes he makes on these points arise from his viewing the church solely as an assembly1 overlooking that she is also a corporated body1 informed by the indwelling ,holy ,spirit1 and the constitution given to her by ,christ includes the commission to 8teach all things whatsoever he commanded40 ,following what has gone before1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale makes another surprising statement4 ,he says3 8,it was not to be expectednor1 in fact1 did anybody expectthat a religion so simple and so radical should sweep the world without contaminating its own simplicity and blunting the edge of its own radicalism in the first and second contact1 nay1 in the contact of centuries4 ,least of all did ,jesus ,christ himself expect this4 ,nobody so definite as he in the statement of the obscurities and defilements which would surround his simple doctrine of #8,love ,god and love men4'0 ,in all deference to ,mr4 ,hale1 this is precisely what everybody did expect from the church of ,christto teach the truth with purity and unswerving fidelity1 8without contamination in the contact10 for all 8centuries40 ,for this is what the promises of ,christ led them precisely to expect when he founded his church4 ,he promised that 8the gates of hell shall not prevail against it40#ia ,he promised also that he would be with his church through all ages3 8,behold1 ,i am with you all days1 even to the consummation of the world40#ib ,does ,mr4 ,hale read the ,holy ,scriptures and believe what he reads8 ,listen1 again1 to ,st4 ,paul's description of the church4 ,after saying that 8,christ is the head of the church10 and 8the church is subject to ,christ10 he adds3 8,christ also loved the church1 and delivered himself up for it1 that he might sanctify it1 cleansing it by the laver of water in the word of life2 that he might present it to himself a glorious church1 not having spot or wrinkle1 nor any such thing40#ic ,now1 although the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale has thrown overboard the belief in the divinity of ,christ and the supernatural inspiration of the ,holy ,scriptures1 nevertheless the words of ,christ and his apostle1 measured only by the standard of personal holiness and learning1 ought to be esteemed1 when speaking of ,god's church1 of equal authority1 at least1 to his statement1 even though he ranks 8as one of the few thoroughly-furnished and widely-experienced men0 among ,unitarians4 ,but how did the church of ,christ become 8contaminated08 ,this is an important point1 and here is the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale's reply to it3 8,and1 in truth1 so soon as the church met with the world1 it borrowed while it lent1 it took while it gave4 ,so1 in the face of learned ,egypt1 it ,egyptianized its simple ,trinity2 in the face of powerful ,rome it heathenized its nascent ritual2 in the face of wordy ,greece it ,hellenized its dogmatics and theology2 and by way of holding well with ,israel it took up a rabbin's reverence even for the jots and tittles of its ,bible4 ,what history calls #8,christianity1' therefore1 is a man-adorned system1 of which the methods can be traced to convenience1 or even to heathen wisdom1 if we except that one majestic method by which every true disciple is himself ordained a king and a priest1 and receives the charge that in his daily life he shall proclaim glad tidings to every creature40 ,the common error of the class of men to whom the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale belongs1 who see the church1 if at all1 only on the outside1 is to 8put the cart before the horse40 ,it is not the ,egyptians1 the ,greeks1 the ,romans1 who teach the church of ,christ1 but the church of ,christ which teaches the truth to the ,egyptians1 the ,greeks1 and the ,romans4 ,christ came to teach all nations1 not to be taught by them4 ,hence1 in communicating his mission to his church1 he said3 8,all power is given to me in heaven and in earth4 ,going1 therefore1 teach ye all nations40#id ,the church1 in fulfilling this divine commission of teaching all nations1 utilizes their gifts in bringing out the great truths committed to her care by her divine ,founder4 ,it is in this cooperation with the work of the church that the different nations and races of men find the inspiration of their genius1 the noblest employment of their highest faculties1 and the realization of their providential mission upon earth4 ,for the scattered rays of religious truth which were held by the different nations and races of men under paganism were derived from primitive revelation1 and it is only when these are brought within the focus of the light of universal truth that their complete significance is appreciated1 and they are seen in all their original splendor4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 in this aspect1 is the reintegration of natural religion with the truths contained in primitive revelation and their perfect fulfilment4 ,moreover1 there is no truth contained in any of the ancient religions before the coming of ,christ1 or affirmed by any of the heresies since that event1 or that may be hereafter affirmed1 which is not contained1 in all its integrity1 in ,catholicity4 ,this is only saying1 in other words1 ,the ,catholic ,church is catholic4 ,but these men do not see the church1 and they appear to regard ,christianity as still an unorganized mass1 and they are possessed with the idea that the task is imposed upon them to organize the ,christian ,church2 and this work occupied and perplexed them not a little in their ,unitarian biennial conference held in the town of ,saratoga1 in the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 in the month of ,september1 in the year of our ,lord eighteen hundred and seventy-six6 8,poor wanderers6 ye are sore distrest ,to find the path which ,christ has blest1 ,tracked by his saintly throng2 ,each claims to trust his own weak will ,blind idol6so ye languish still1 ,all wranglers1 and all wrong40#ie ,were the veil taken from their spiritual eyes1 and did they behold the church as she is1 they would easily comprehend that her unbroken existence for nineteen centuries alone1 saying nothing of what glory is in store for her in the future1 is a more evident and conclusive proof to us of the divinity of her ,founder than the miracle of his raising ,lazarus from the dead was to those who were actual witnesses to it4 ,for1 in raising ,lazarus from the dead1 he had but to deal with passive matter1 and that for only an instant2 whereas in founding his church he had to exert his power and counteract all the attacks of the gates of hell1 combined with the persecutions of the world and the perversities of men1 during successive centuries until the end of all time4 ,none but the living ,god could be the author of so potent1 comprehensive1 and indestructible a body as the ,catholic ,church4 ,of all the unanswerable testimonies of the divinity of ,christ1 there is none so forcible as that of the perpetual existence of the one1 holy1 ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,she is the standing miracle of ,christ4 ,the reverse sense of the statement of the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale on this point contains the truth4 ,the ,catholic ,church welcomes all nations and races to her fold1 and reintegrates the scattered truths contained in every religious system1 not by way of reunion or composition1 but by simplicity and unity in a divine synthesis2 and as the ancient ,egyptians1 and the ,greeks1 and the ,romans1 so also the modern ,franks and ,celts1 have served by their characteristic gifts to the development and progress of ,christian truth4 ,in like manner the ,saxons1 with their peculiar genius and instincts1 will serve1 to their own greater glory1 in due season1 in the same great cause1 perhaps1 by giving a greater development and a more scientific expression to the mystic life of the church1 and by completing1 viewed from intrinsic grounds1 the demonstration of the truth of her divine mission4 ,leaving aside other misstatements and errors contained in the first part of this sermon from want of space1 we pass on to what may be termed its pith4 ,mr4 ,hale starts with the hazardous question1 8,what is the ,unitarian ,church for80 ,as far as we can make out from repeated reading of the main portion of the sermonfor there reigns a great confusion and incoherence in his ideasthe ,unitarian ,church has for its mission to certify anew and proclaim the truth that 8,god is in man40 8,god in man10 he says1 8is in itself the basis of the whole ,gospel40 ,undoubtedly 8,god is in man10 and ,god is in the brute1 and ,god is in every grain of sand1 and ,god is in all things4 ,god is in all things by his immensitythat is1 by his essence1 and power1 and presence4 ,but this is a truth known by the light of human reason1 and taught by all sound philosophers1 heathen and ,christian4 ,there was no need of the ,gospel1 nor of that 8fearlessness0 which1 he tells us1 8was in the ,puritan blood10 nor of the ,unitarian ,church1 to teach this evident and common truth to mankind4 ,the ,gospel message means more than that1 and the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale has some idea that it does mean more4 ,he adds3 8,every man is ,god's child1 and ,god's ,spirit is in every life40 ,again3 8,men are the children of ,god really and not figuratively02 8,the life of ,god is their life by real inheritance40 ,after having made these statements1 he attempts to give the basis and genesis of this relation of ,god as father to man as child1 as follows3 8,that the force which moves all nature is one force1 and not many1 appears to all men1 as they study it1 more and more4 ,that this force is conscious of its own existence1 that it is conscious of its own work1 that it is therefore what men call spirit1 that this spirit has inspired and still inspires us1 that we are therefore not creatures of dumb power1 but children of a ,father's lovethis is the certainty which unfolds itself or reveals itself1 or is unfolded or is revealed1 as higher and higher man ascends in his knowledge of what ,,is40 ,that man1 by the light of his reason1 can1 by the study of nature1 attain to this idea of ,god and his principal attributes1 as ,spirit1 as ,creator1 upholder of the universe1 and as ,providence1 is no doubt true2 but that1 by the study of 8the force which moves all nature10 our own consciousness included1 we can learn that we are the 8children of a ,father's love10 does not follow1 and is quite another thing4 ,it is precisely here that ,unitarianism as a consistent1 intelligible religious system crumbles into pieces4 ,nor can ,unitarians afford to follow the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale in his attempt to escape this difficulty by concealing his head1 ostrich-like1 under the sand of a spurious mysticism1 and virtually repudiating the rational element in religion by saying3 8,the mystic knows that ,god is here now4 ,he has no chain of posts between child and ,father4 ,he relies on no long1 logical system of communication10 etc4 ,the genuine mystic1 indeed1 8knows ,god is here10 but he knows also that ,god is not the author of confusion1 and to approach ,god he does not require of man to put out the light of his reason4 ,he will tell us that the relation of ,god to all things as created being1 and the relation of ,god to man as rational being1 and the relation of ,god to man as father to child1 are not one and the same thing1 and ought not1 therefore1 to be confounded4 ,the true mystic will further inform us that the first relation1 by way of immanence1 is common to all created things1 man included2 the second1 by way of rationality1 is common to the human race2 the third1 by way of filiation1 is common to those who are united to ,god through the grace of ,christ4 ,the first and second are communicated to man by the creative act of ,god1 and are therefore ours by right of natural inheritance through ,adam4 ,the third relation is communicated to us by way of adoption through the grace of the new ,adam1 ,christ1 who is 8the only-begotten ,son of ,god40 ,this relation is not1 therefore1 ours by inheritance4 ,we 8have received from ,christ10 says ,st4 ,paul to the ,romans1 8the spirit of adoption1 whereby we cry3 ,abba1 ,father40#if 8,by whom also we have access through faith into this grace1 wherein we stand1 and glory in the hope of the glory of the sons of ,god40#ig ,it is proper to remark here that it is an error very common among radicals1 rationalists1 and a certain class of ,unitarians to suppose that the relation of the soul to ,god by way of filiation1 due to ,christ1 is intended as a substitute for our natural relations to ,god by way of immanence and rationality2 whereas ,christianity presupposes these1 reaffirms1 continues1 completes1 and perfects them1 by this very gift of filiation with ,god4 ,for it is a maxim common to all ,catholic theologians that gratia supponit et perficit naturam4 ,our intelligent mystic would not stop here4 ,proceeding further1 he would say that to be really and truly children of ,god by inheritance implies our being born with the same identical nature as ,god4 ,for the nature of a child is not a resemblance to1 or an image of1 that of his father1 but consists in his possessing the same identical essence and nature as his father4 ,if the son is equal to his father by nature1 then he is also equal to his father in his capacities as such4 ,now1 if every man1 by nature1 has the right to call ,god father1 as the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale and his co-religionists pretend1 then all men by nature are equal to ,god1 both in essence and attributes6 ,is this what ,unitarians mean by 8the divinity of human nature08 ,the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale appears to say so when he tells us3 8,what we are struggling for1 and what1 if words did not fail us1 we would fain express1 is what ,dr4 ,james ,walker called #8the identity of essence of all spiritual being and all spiritual life4'0 ,all1 then1 that the believers in the divinity of ,christ claim exclusively for him is claimed by ,unitarians equally for every individual of the human race4 ,but the belief in the divinity of ,christ is 8the latest and least objectionable form of idolatry0so the ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,bellows informs us in his volume entitled ,phases of ,faith4 ,the ,unitarian cure1 then1 for the evil of idolatry is by substituting an indefinite multitude of idols for one single object of idolatrous worship4 ,there is one class of ,unitarians1 to whom the author of this sermon seems to belong1 who accept boldly the consequences of their premise1 and maintain without disguise that all men are by nature the equals of ,christ1 and that there is no reason why they should not1 by greater fidelity1 surpass ,christ4 ,up to this period of time1 however1 they have not afforded to the world any very notable specimen of the truth of their assertion4 ,another class attempt to get over the difficulty by a critical exegesis of the ,holy ,scriptures1 denying the authenticity or the meaning of those parts which relate to the miraculous conception of ,christ1 his miracles1 and his divinity4 ,a representative of the extreme wing on the right of ,unitarianism replied1 when this point was presented to him3 8,oh6 we ,unitarians reject the idea of the ,trinity as represented by ,calvinists and other ,protestants1 for they make it a tritheism2 but we accept the doctrine as holy mother ,church teaches it02 while a leader of the extreme left admitted the difficulty1 and in speaking of ,dr4 ,channing1 who championed the idea of the filiation of man to ,god1 he said3 8,no intelligent ,unitarian of to-day would attempt to defend the ,unitarianism of ,dr4 ,channing40 ,he was right2 for no ,unitarian1 on the basis of his belief1 can say consistently the ,lord's ,prayer2 for the ,catholic doctrine of the ,incarnation is a rigorous necessity to any one who admits the infinite and the finite1 and the necessity of a union of love between them which authorizes the finite to call the ,infinite ,father6 ,one may bestow sympathy upon the pious feelings of that class of ,unitarians of which ,dr4 ,channing is the representative1 but the less said about their theological science the better4 ,our genuine mystic would not stop here4 ,he would continue and show that the denial of the ,incarnation involves the denial of the ,trinity1 and the denial of the ,trinity reduces the idea of ,god to a mere abstraction4 ,for all conception of real life is complex4 ,intellectual life in its simplest elements1 in its last analysis1 will be found to consist of three factors3 ,man as the thinker1 one factor2 the thing thought1 the second factor2 and their relation1 the third factoror the lover1 the beloved1 and their relation2 again1 the actor1 the thing acted upon1 and their relation4 ,man cannot think1 love1 or act where there is nothing to think1 to love1 or to act upon4 ,place man in an absolute vacuum1 where there is nothing except himself1 and you have man in posse1 but not man as being1 as existing1 as a living man4 ,you have a unit1 an abstraction1 nothing more4 ,but pure abstractions have no real existence4 ,our conception of life in accordance with the law which governs our intelligence is comprised in three termssubject1 object1 and their relation4#ih ,there is no possible way of bringing out of a mere unit1 as our absolute starting point of thought1 an intellectual conception of life4 ,but the ,unitarian idea of ,god is ,god reduced to a simple1 absolute unit4 ,hence the ,unitarian idea of ,god is not the conception of the real1 living ,god1 but an abstraction1 a non-existing ,god4 ,our genuine mystic would proceed still further2 for infused light and love from above do not suspend or stultify the natural action of our faculties1 but quicken1 elevate1 and transform their operations4 ,he would apply1 by way of analogy1 the same process of thought in confirmation of the ,catholic doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,if there had been a time1 he would say1 when there was no object before ,god1 then there would have been a period when ,god was not the real1 living ,god1 but only ,god in posse1 non-existing4 ,but this is repugnant to the real conception of ,god2 therefore the true idea of ,god involves a co-eternal object4 ,if1 however1 this co-eternal object was not equal to ,god in substance as well as in attributes1 then there would have been a period when ,god did not exist in all his fulness4 ,now1 this object1 co-eternal and equal to ,god the ,father1 is what the ,catholic doctrine teaches concerning ,christ1 the only-begotten ,son of the ,father1 8begotten before all ages1 consubstantial with the ,father40 ,but the ,father and the ,son being co-eternal and co-adequate1 their relations to each other must have been eternal and equal1 outflowing toward each other in love1 commensurate with their whole nature4 ,this procession of mutual love between ,father and ,son is what the ,catholic doctrine teaches concerning the ,holy ,spirit4 ,thus we see1 however imperfectly1 that the ,catholic doctrine concerning the ,trinity presents to our minds nothing that is contrary to our reason1 though it contains an infinite abyss beyond the present scope of our reason1 but which we shall know when our reason is increased1 as it will be1 by the gift of the light of glory4 ,but every mystery of ,christianity has an intelligible side to our natural reason1 and by the light of faith it is the privilege and joy of a ,christian while here upon earth to penetrate more deeply into their hidden1 divine truth4 ,again1 the ,unitarian is mistaken when he supposes that ,catholics1 in maintaining the ,trinity1 exclude the divine ,unity4 ,they include both in one4 ,herein again is found in man an analogy4 ,man is one in triplicity4 ,man is thought1 love1 and activity1 and at the same time man is one4 ,he thinks1 he loves1 he acts2 there are not three distinct men1 one who thinks1 another who loves1 and still another who acts4 ,there is1 therefore1 a sense in which man is one in three and three in one4 ,so there is in the ,trinity4 ,the ,unitarians are right in affirming the divine ,unity2 their error consists in excluding the divine ,trinity4 ,all heresies are right in what they affirm1 and wrong in what they exclude or deny2 which denial is the result of their breaking away from that divine ,unity in whose light alone every truth is seen in its co-relation with all other truths4 ,our true mystic would not be content to rest here1 but1 soaring up upon the wings of divine light and love1 and taking a more extended view1 he would strive to show that where the doctrine of the ,trinity is not held either explicitly or implicitly1 there not only the theory of our mental operations and the intellectual foundation of religion dissolve into a baseless fabric of a vision2 but that also the solid basis of society1 the true idea of the family1 the right conception of the state and its foundations1 and the law of all genuine progress1 are wanting1 and all human things tend towards dissolution and backward to the reign of old chaos4 ,we give another characteristic statement of the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale's opening sermon which must have grated harshly on the ears of the more staid and conservative portion of his audience2 it is under the head of 8,the immanent presence of ,god40 ,he says3 8,the ,roman ,church will acknowledge it1 and ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,vincent and ,fnelon will illustrate it4 ,but1 at the same time1 the ,roman ,church has much else on her hands4 ,she has to be contending for those seven sacraments1 for this temporal power1 all this machinery of cardinals and bishops1 and bulls and interdicts1 canon law and decretals1 so that in all this upholstery there is great risk that none of us see the shrine4 ,so of the poor little parodies of the ,roman ,church1 the ,anglican ,church1 the ,lutheran ,church1 and the rest of them40 ,again3 8,all our brethren in the other confessions plunge into their infinite ocean with this hamper of corks and floats1 water-proof dresses lest they be wet1 oil-cloth caps for their hair1 flannels for decency1 a bathing-cart here1 a well-screened awning thereso much machinery before the bath that one hardly wonders if some men refuse to swim6 ,for them there is this great apology1 if they do not proclaim as we must proclaim1 ,god here and ,god now2 nay1 if they do not live as we must live1 in the sense of ,god here and ,god now4 ,for us1 we have no excuse4 ,we have stripped off every rag4 ,we have destroyed all the machinery40 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale regards the seven sacraments1 the hierarchy1 the canon lawbriefly1 the entire visible and practical side of the churchas a 8hamper10 8machinery10 8rags10 and thinks there 8is great risk that none of us see the shrine40 ,the difficulty here is not where ,mr4 ,hale places it4 8,night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing40 ,the visible is not the prison of the invisible1 as ,plato dreamed1 but its vehicle1 as ,st4 ,paul teaches4 8,for the invisible things of ,god1 from the creation of the world1 are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made1 his eternal power also and divinity40#ii ,the author of this sermon is at least consistent in his error2 as he believes in an abstract ,god1 so he would reduce 8the church of the living ,god10 8the body of ,christ10 to an abstract non-existence4 ,suppose1 for example1 that the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale had reduced 8all the machinery0 of his curiously-devised body to an abstraction before the ,unitarian biennial conference was held at ,saratoga2 the world would have been deprived of the knowledge of that 8simplicity which it is the special duty of the ,unitarian ,church to proclaim40 ,think of the loss6 ,for it was by means of the complex 8machinery0 of his concrete body that the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale came in contact with the 8machinery0 of the ,unitarian biennial organization at ,saratoga1 and1 thus 8upholstered10 he publicly rants against all 8machinery40 ,there may be too complex an organization1 and too many applications of it1 and too much made of these1 owing to the necessities of our times1 in the ,catholic ,church1 to suit the personal tastes and the stage of growth of the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale4 ,but the ,catholic ,church does not exist solely for the benefit of ,mr4 ,hale1 or for any peculiar class of men1 or any one race alone4 ,he has and should have1 and they all have1 their own place and appropriate niche in her all-temple2 for the ,catholic ,church takes up in her scope every individual1 and the human race entire4 ,but there are others1 with no less integrity of spiritual life and intelligence than he1 who esteem those things of which he speaks so unappreciatingly as heavenly gifts and straight pathways to see more clearly the inner shrine and approach more nearly to the divine ,presence4 ,are the idiosyncrasies of one man1 though 8thoroughly furnished and widely experienced10 to be the norm of all other men1 and of every race8 ,men and races differ greatly in these things1 and the church of ,god is not a sect or conventicle2 she is ,catholic1 universal1 and in her bosom1 and in her bosom alone1 every soul finds its own place and most suitable way1 with personal liberty and in accord with all other souls and the whole universe1 to perfect union with ,god4 ,the matter with the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale is1 he has missed his vocation4 ,his place evidently was not in the assembled conference at ,saratoga2 for his calling is unmistakably to a hermit life4 ,let him hie to the desert1 and there1 in a forlorn and naked hermitage1 amid 8frosts and fasts1 hard lodgings and thin weeds10 in an austere and unsociable life1 8unswathed and unclothed10 in puris naturalibis1 8triumphantly cease to be40 ,the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale is one-sided1 and seems to have no idea that the ,catholic ,church is the organization of that perfect communion of men with ,god and each other which ,christ came to communicate and to establish in its fulness upon earth1 and is its practical realization4 ,god grant him1 and others like him1 this light and knowledge6 ,but we would not have our readers think that all ,unitarians agree with the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale in his estimate of the visible or practical side of the church4 ,we quote from a leading article in the ,liberal ,christian of ,august last1 under the head of 8,spirit and ,form in ,religion10 the following passage3 8,it seems painfully indicative of the still undeveloped condition of our race that no truce or medium can be approximated in which the two great factors of human nature and society1 the authority and supremacy of spirit and the necessity and usefulness of form1 are reconciled and made to serve each other or a common end4 ,must inward spirituality1 and outward expression of it in forms and worship1 be for ever in a state of unstable equilibrium8 ,must they ever be hostile and at cross-purposes8 ,must all progress be by a displacement in turn of each othernow an era of honored forms1 and then of only disembodied spirituality8 ,there is probably no entire escape from this necessity4 ,but1 surely1 he is the wisest man who can hold this balance in the evenest hand2 and that sect or school1 whether political1 social1 or religious1 that pays the finest justice and the most impartial respect to the two factors in our nature1 spirit and form1 will hold the steadiest place and do the most good for the longest time4 ,this is the real reason why ,quakerism1 with all its exalted claims to respect1 has such a feeble and diminishing importance4 ,it has oil in the lamp of the purest kind1 but almost no wick1 and what wick it has is made up of its thee-ing and thou-ing1 and its straight coat and stiff bonnet4 ,these are steadily losing authority2 and when they are abandoned1 visible ,quakerism will disappear4 ,on the other hand1 ,roman ,catholicism maintains its place against the spirit of the age1 and in spite of a load of discredited doctrines1 very largely because of its intense persistency in forms1 its highly-illumined visibility1 its large-handed legibleness2 but not without the unfailing aid and support of a spirit of faith and worship which produces a devoted priesthood and hosts of genuine saints4 ,no form of ,christianity can boast of lovelier or more spiritual disciples1 or reaches higher up or lower down1 including the wisest and the most ignorant1 the most delicate and the coarsest adherents4 ,it has the subtlest and the bluntest weapons in its arsenal1 and can pierce with a needle1 or mow with a scythe1 or maul with a mattock40 ,the same organ1 in a later number1 in speaking of the ,saratoga conference1 says3 8,the main characteristic of the meeting was a conscientious and reverent endeavor to attain to something like a scientific basis for our faith in absolute religion1 and in ,christianity as a consistent and concrete expression of it10 and adds that the opening sermon of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hale 8had the merit of starting us calmly and unexcitedly on our course40 ,our readers will form their own judgment about what direction the course leads on which the ,rev4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale started the ,unitarians assembled at ,saratoga in their seeking after a 8scientific basis0 for 8absolute religion1 and ,christianity as a concrete expression of it06 #hi 8,a ,free-born ,church40 ,the sermon preached before the ,national ,conference of ,unitarian and other ,christian ,churches at ,saratoga1 ,tuesday evening1 ,sept4 #ab4 ,the ,liberal ,christian1 ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #af1 #ahgf4 #ij ,an ,essay on the ,development of ,christian ,doctrine1 p4 #ad4 ,appleton1 ,n4 ,y4 #ia ,matt4 xvi4 #ah4 #ib ,matt4 xxviii4 #ah4 #ic ,eph4 v4 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 #id ,st4 ,matt4 xxviii4 #ah1 #ai4 #ie ,dr4 ,newman4 #if ,rom4 viii4 #ae4 #ig ,ibid4 v4 #b4 #ih 8,liquido tenendum est1 quod omnia res1 quamcumque cognoscimus1 congenerat in nobis notitiam sui4 ,ab utroque enim notitia paritur1 a cognoscente et cognito40,st4 ,augustine1 ,de ,trinitate1 s4 ix4 c4 xii4,wherefore it must be clearly held that everything whatsoever that we know begets at the same time in us the knowledge of itself2 for knowledge is brought forth from both1 from the knower and from the thing known4 ,again1 8,behold1 then1 there are three things3 he that loves1 and that which is loved1 and love40s4 viii4 c4 x41 ibid4 #ii ,romans i4 #bj4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,an ,,unexpected ,,proposal4 ,the next morning coffee was brought to the bed-rooms at the first peep of dawn1 and when the little party went out for their walk the sun had only just begun to set the sea-line on fire4 ,they stepped for a moment into the ,franciscan church next door1 then went down the road leading past it to the ,campagna4 ,fresh and sweet the morning air touched them as they sauntered alongnot the morning breeze of ,new ,england1 simple in associations as the breath of a newly-created being1 but like the breath of one1 immortally beautiful1 about whom ,calliope1 ,clio1 and ,erato have circled in their stately dance through the unfading centuries4 ,not only every spot of earth1 but every waft of air1 was haunted4 ,mr4 ,vane stopped them presently with a silent gesture1 and pointed to a near height1 where a solitary cloud1 softly resplendent in all its beautiful undulations1 was slowly and loathly detaching itself to float upward and disappear in the sky1 as if the door of a sapphire palace had opened to receive it4 8,is it ,diana80 he whispered4 8,the ,jew has touched nature with a pen of fire10 the ,signora said as they walked on again2 8but the pagan has dominated1 and still in a certain sense possesses that beautiful realm4 ,if1 as ,milton sings1 #8the parting genius was with sighing rent' from tree and grove at the birth of ,christ1 its ghost still haunts the spot1 and ,milton himself uses pagan language when he sings the beauties of nature4 ,why does not some ,christian ,job dislodge these #8mythic fancies1' and make nature live with a life that is something more than the rustling of a garment8 ,job made the lightnings go and return at the command of ,god1 saying1 #8,here we are6' and he speaks of the #8store-houses of the snow4' ,the ,christian poet seems to fear his imagination1 to find it tainted1 and1 instead of purifying it1 and setting it flying1 like a bird or a butterfly1 through the garden of the earth1 he puts it in a cage or under a glass along with the pagan images he only glances askance at4 ,now and then one meets with a saint whose heart overflows in that direction1 like ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 calling the birds his sisters4 ,blessed ,fra ,egidio made the flowers bear witness1 as when he proved the miraculous motherhood of the ,virgin to the doubting ,predicatore4 ,at each of the three strokes of his staff in the road1 following his three assertions of ,our ,lady's purity1 up sprang a beautiful lily4 ,our ,lord set the example in his reference to the lilies of the field3 they toiled not1 neither did they spin1 yet the ,creator had arrayed them as ,solomon in all his glory was never arrayed4 ,did he talk to his mother about the flowers1 ,i wonder8 ,when the boat was tossed by a tempest1 he spoke to the waves1 as to living creatures1 saying1 #8,peace1 be still6' ,do spirits troublesome and troubled take shape1 or1 stretching their invisible hands1 catch the shapes of nature as weapons1 and lash with foam or strike with lightning8 ,we cannot know1 and we need not know2 and we must not assert4 ,it is not1 however1 forbidden to fancy4 ,nature may serve as the playground wherein our imagination and fancy shall exercise themselves and prepare our minds for the wonders of the spiritual life4 ,fancy and imagination are as really a part of ourselves1 and as truly and wisely given by ,god1 as reason and will4 ,they are the sweet little enticements inviting us to fly off #8,from the dark edges of the sensual ground1' as the bird-mother coaxes her young to try its wings in little flights from twig to twig before it soars into the heavens4 ,no1 it is not forbidden to the fancy to play around the mysterious life that makes the bud swell into the flower and the seed grow into the lofty tree1 so long as we see all in ,god1 and see in ,god the ,trinity1 and1 in the aspiring flame of created adoring spirits1 behold ,maria ,santissima as the white point that touches the foot of the throne40 ,the ,signora had been speaking slowly and dreamily1 pausing now and then2 but at the last1 growing earnest1 had1 as it were1 waked herself1 and become aware that she was talking aloud and was listened to4 ,smiling1 and blushing too a little1 8,scusino60 she said4 8,i cannot help it4 ,i preach as the sparks fly upward40 8,i speak for a seat in your meeting-house for the rest of my life10 ,mr4 ,vane replied promptly4 8,apropos of meeting-houses10 she said1 8what do you think of those for spires80 pointing to four gigantic cypresses in the villa they were passing4 ,this villa was a strange1 deserted-looking place just above the ,campagna4 ,nothing in it flourished but the four cypresses1 which rose to a magnificent height1 their huge cones sloping at the top to a feather so slender that it was always tipped to one side4 ,stern1 dark1 and drawn close together1 they looked down on the place as if they had cursed it and were waiting to see the consummation of its ruin4 ,all their shadows were full of a multitudinous grit of cicali voices that sounded like the sharp grating together of teeth4 ,at their feet stood the house1 half-alive1 half-dead1 hidden from the street by the walls it was not high enough to overlook4 ,it was like the upper part of a house that the earth had half swallowed4 ,at each side of the door stood a statue dressed in some antique fashion1 hat on head and sword on thigh4 ,they might have been two men who were petrified there long before4 ,at each side of the gate1 inside1 a stone dog1 petrified too1 in the act of starting up with open jaws1 crumbled in a blind rage1 as if a paralyzed life yet dwelt under the lichen-covered fragments1 and struggled to pour forth its arrested anger4 ,a little farther on was another decaying villa1 where green moss and grasses grew all over the steps1 half hid the paving-stones of the court1 and choked the fountain dry4 ,the house1 once a gay and noble mansion1 had now got its shutters decently closed over the sightless windows1 and resigned itself to desolation4 ,the long1 dim avenues had a damp1 unhealthy breath1 and not a flower was to be seen4 ,they went in and seated themselves on the steps1 where the shadow of the house1 covering a verdant square in the midst of the sunshine1 looked like a block of verd-antique set in gold4 8,it reminds me of the funeral we went to in ,st4 ,peter's10 ,mr4 ,vane said1 glancing about the sombre place1 and over the walls into the outside splendor4 8,the mournful pageant looked as small in that bright temple as this villa in the landscape40 ,the two girls gathered grasses and leaves and bits of moss1 binding them into tiny bouquets to keep as mementos1 and ,bianca made a sketch of the two villas4 ,they talked but little1 and1 in that silent and quiescent mood1 perceived far more clearly the character and influence of the scenethe melancholy that was not without terror2 the proud beauty that survived neglect and decay1 and might at any time burst into a triumphant loveliness1 if but some one should care to call forth the power hidden there2 the dainty graces that would not thrust themselves forward1 but waited to be sought4 ,yet it needed that summer and sunshine should be all about to keep the sadness from being oppressive4 ,with those cheering influences so near and so dominantly larger1 the touch of melancholy became a luxury1 like a scattering of snow in wine4 ,isabel came back to the steps from her ramble about the place1 and found her father and the ,signora sitting there with no appearance of having uttered a word since she left them4 8,it is just the time to read something ,i found and brought with me from ,rome10 she said4 8,i tucked it into my note-book1 see1 and something at this moment reminded me of it4 ,bianca was saying that if the place should be sprinkled with holy water1 she did not doubt that flowers would immediately begin to grow again1 and the track was not long from her notion round to this poem4 ,it had no name when ,i found it1 but ,i call it #8,at ,benediction4' ,the ,signora told me that it was rude and unfinished2 but no matter40 ,she read3 ,,at ,,benediction4 8,like a dam in which the restless tide ,has washed1 till1 grain by grain1 ,it has sapped the solid barrier ,and swept it down again1 ,the patience ,i have built and buttressed ,like a fortress wall1 ,fretted and undermined1 gives way1 ,and shakes me in its fall4 8,for ,i have vainly toiled to shun ,the meaner ways of life1 ,with all their low and petty cares1 ,their cold and cruel strife4 ,my brain is wild with tangled thoughts1 ,my heart is like to burst6 ,baffled and foiled at every turn ,my ,god1 ,i feel accursed6 8,it was human help ,i sought for1 ,and human help alone2 ,too weary ,i for straining ,to a height above my own4 ,but thy world1 with all its creatures1 holds ,nor help nor hope for me2 ,i fly to sanctuary1 ,and cast myself on ,thee6 99 99 99 99 99 8,the priest is at the altar ,praying with lifted hands1 ,and1 girdled round with living flame1 ,the veild ,presence stands4 ,wouldst thou kindle in our dying hearts ,some new and pure desire1 ,that thou com'st1 my ,lord1 so wrapt about ,in robes of waving fire8 8,hast thou come1 indeed1 for blessing1 ,o silent1 awful ,host8 ,thou ,one with the ,creator1 ,one with the ,holy ,ghost6 ,hast thou come1 indeed1 for blessing1 ,o pitying ,son of ,man8 ,for if that thou wilt bless me1 ,who is there that can ban8 8,hast thou come1 indeed1 for blessing1 ,within whose knowledge rest ,the labyrinthine ways of life1 ,the cares of every breast8 ,my doubting hope would fain outshake ,her pinions1 if she durst2 ,for if truly thou wilt bless me1 ,i cannot feel accursed6 8,the ,tantum ,ergo rises ,in a chorus glad and strong1 ,and1 waking in their airy height1 ,the bells join in the song4 ,and priest1 and bells1 and people1 ,as one1 in loud accord1 ,are pouring forth their praises ,of the ,sacramental ,lord4 8',tis as though1 from out of sorrow stepping1 ,and a darksome way1 ,the singers' eyes had caught the dawn ,of the celestial day4 ',tis as though1 behind them casting off ,each clogging human load1 ,these happy creatures1 singing1 walked ,the open heav'nly road4 8,the hymn is stilled1 and only ,the bells ring on above4 ,oh6 bless me1 ,god of mercy2 ,have mercy1 ,god of love6 ,for ,i have fought a cruel life1 ,and fallen in the fray4 ,oh6 bless me with a blessing ,that shall sweep it all away6 99 99 99 99 99 8,it is finished4 ,from the altar ,the priest is stepping down2 ,his incense-perfumed silver train ,brushes my sombre gown4 ,the mingled crowd of worshippers ,are going as they came2 ,and the altar-candles drop to darkness1 ,tiny flame by flame4 8,silence and softly-breathing ,peace ,float downward1 hand in hand1 ,and either side the threshold1 ,as guardian angels stand4 ,i see their holy faces1 ,and fear no face of man2 ,for when my ,god has blessed me1 ,who is there that can ban80 ,the ,signora rose rather hastily4 8,if we are going to ,monte ,compatri this afternoon1 we have no time to linger about reading rhymes10 she said4 ,they went out into the sunshine1 already burning hot1 and stole along1 one by one1 in the shadow of the high wall1 walking over crowds of little pale1 pink morning-glories1 that crept humbly on the ground1 not knowing themselves to be vines with a power to rise and climb to the height of a man1 any more than dear ,hans ,andersen's ugly duck knew that he was a swan1 though at one point they might have seen1 through an opening in the stonework1 better-instructed morning-glories climbing hedge and shrub1 and blowing out a rhythmic joy through their great white trumpets far up in the air4 ,the greatest pride or aspiration these little creatures seemed capable of was when1 now and then1 one grew1 breath by breath1 over some small obstacle in its path1 and bloomed with its pretty pink cheek against a gray bit of stone4 ,the whole ground blushed softly with their sweet humility4 ,they entered the shaded avenue that circles the lower part of the town1 and saw the beautiful city climbing on the one hand1 and the beautiful ,campagna spread out on the other2 passed the little wooden chalet where ,garibaldi was holding his courta wooden house is such a wonder in ,italy6and the public garden1 sweet with the infantine breath and bright with the infantine hues of countless petunias1 and at length found refuge in ,villa ,torlonia4 ,thick and dark1 the lofty trees knit their branches over the seats where the travellers sat and looked at the grand fountain-front1 with its stone eagle and rows of huge stone vases along the top1 and its beautiful cascade and basin in the centre4 ,at either side this cascade1 in the ten or twelve niches1 tall stone vases overflowed with wild-flowers that had once overflowed with water1 the masks above still holding between their dry lips the pipes from which the sunny streams had sprung4 ,far above could be seen1 in the rich green gloom of overarching trees1 cascade after cascade dancing down the steep slope1 and1 farther yet1 the top of a great column of water that marked the uppermost fountain4 8,it is too late to go up now10 the ,signora said2 8but you can see the way4 ,it goes round in a circling avenue1 or up the steps that are at each side of the ten cascades4 ,i think there are ten4 ,but the steps at the right are constantly wet with the spray1 and covered with ferns and moss4 ,you go up at the left1 which the sun sometimes touches1 and which is always dry4 ,below here1 too1 there are two ways of going up1 either by the parting avenues or by the little dark door you see beside the cascade4 ,that door leads through a dim passage1 where the walls are all a green tremble with maidenhair fern growing as thick as feathers on a bird1 and up a little dim winding stair that brings you out beside the stone eagle there4 ,i gathered one of those ferns once that was half a yard long4 ,you see they build palaces here for waters as well as for princes40 ,the day went by like a dream1 steeped in dazzling light1 embalmed with the odors of flowers growing in a luxuriance and beauty new to their northern eyes1 sprinkled over with a ceaseless fountain-spray1 sung through by countless larks1 and made magnificent by palace after palace1 and by constantly-recurring and incomparable views4 ,for many a year to come they would remember the honey-snow of the orange-trees and the clustered flames of the pomegranates2 they would compare their rose-bushes with the tree which1 in one of these gardens1 held its tea-roses nodding over their heads1 nor love their own shyer gardens the less1 indeed2 and in their trim walks1 and loath and delicate blooming1 they would sometimes think with longing of the careless profusion of the land where the best of nature and the best of art dwelt together in the familiar and graceful intercourse of daily life4 ,an hour before sunset they were again in their carriage1 and1 after a short drive1 found themselves following the long loops of the road that lead leisurely up the side of ,monte ,compatri1 through the rich woods1 through the pure and exquisitely invigorating air1 with all the world unrolling itself again before their eyes in a view almost equal to that of ,tusculum4 ,they were obliged to alight in the piazza of the fountain2 for the steep and narrow streets did not admit of carriages4 ,from this piazza the streets straggled1 climbing and twisting1 breaking constantly into little flights of stairs1 and sometimes ending in a court or at a door4 8,prepare to be stared at10 the ,signora said1 as they took their way up the ,via ,lunga4 8,we are the only ladies in the town whose headgear is not a handkerchief2 and as for ,mr4 ,vane1 they are very likely to take him for ,prince ,borghese4 ,and1 come to think of it10 she said1 looking at him attentively1 8you are very much like the prince1 ,mr4 ,vane40 ,the gentleman smiled quietly1 without answering4 ,he recollected what the ,signora had forgottenthat she had once expressed the greatest admiration for ,prince ,borghese4 ,he took the lady's parasol and travelling-bag from her hand1 and offered his arm1 which the steep way and her fatigue made acceptable1 and the two girls followed1 searching on every side with bright and curious eyes1 and murmuring little exclamations to each other4 ,the irregular stone houses1 so near each other1 face to face1 that one could easily toss a ball from window to window across the street1 were quite vacant1 except for pigeons that flew in at the windows1 or a cat that might be seen sleeping on a chair or window-ledge1 or1 perhaps1 for a few hens searching for crumbs4 ,the families were all out of doors4 ,in one little corner portico sat a handsome woman1 with her dark hair beautifully plaited1 and a bright handkerchief laid over her massive shoulders4 ,her hands were folded in her lap1 and she sat smiling1 chatting with a neighbor now and then1 and enjoying a conscious queenship of the place4 ,at either side of her was a young girl1 slim1 dark1 and bright1 a mere slip of the mother4 ,these girls kept their eyes cast down1 and appeared to think only of their knitting4 ,on the next step was ,carlin's group4 ,further on1 a young mother steadied her year-old child between her knees and a chair1 while she darned a stocking4 ,one perceived that the whole and snowy-white stockings worn even by the poorest were not kept in order without constant care and labor4 ,near by1 an old woman with a distaff spun flax1 and entertained a company of men with her lively talk4 ,this antique goddess was1 perhaps1 the wit of the place4 ,she was1 however1 in no manner allied to the graces2 for the thin gray hair gathered tightly with a comb to the top of her head1 and entirely uncovered1 and the white kerchief knotted round her neck1 instead of being draped in the becoming ,italian fashion1 showed that she had long since ceased to hold by even the shadow of a personal charm4 ,outside the door of a little caf1 the only one in the place1 half a dozen men sat at tables1 drinking coffee and smoking1 while on the door-step a man with a furnace and rotary stove1 and a basket of charcoal beside him1 roasted coffee to keep up the supply1 lazily turning the crank while he listened to the gossip going on at the tables4 ,on a neighboring step were gathered several women in a little sewing-circle4 ,to these came a woman up the street1 bearing on her head a tub covered over with nodding fern-leaves1 which she set down on the wide top of the balustrade4 ,the circle suspended their work while the woman displayed a sample of her warestwelve frogs run on to a stick4 ,she was met with shrugs and exclamations of disapproval4 8,poor frogs60 said ,isabel4 8,they look like little white babies40 ,they were very poor little babies indeed1 thin and small as spiders4 ,the frog-merchant1 nothing disconcerted1 laid aside her first sample and displayed another4 8,oh6 those are better10 the women cried1 and immediately began to chaffer about the price4 ,children swarmed everywhere4 ,the close little town was as full of them as the shoe where the old woman we all know so well dwelt with her tribe of young ones4 ,it did not need a powerful imagination to picture the place boiling over like a pot some day1 with a many-colored froth of bambini down the mountain-side4 ,it was out of the question that there should be room for the rising generation to stay in the town when they should have become a risen generation2 for they were six or seven in a family1 and already the houses were full4 8,perhaps one of them will go to ,america1 and set up on some sidewalk a furnace for roasting chestnuts10 ,bianca said4 8,and perhaps1 some day1 ten or fifteen years hence1 we may stop and ask such a person what part of ,italy he came from1 and he will answer1 #8,from ,monte ,compatri'2 and we will say1 #8,ah6 we have been there1 at such a time2 and perhaps it was you we saw playing in ,via ,lunga or in the piazza8' and he will brighten an instant1 and then1 all at once1 begin to cry4 ,and ,isabel will almost cry for him1 and will give him her best handkerchief to wipe his tears away1 perhaps wiping them for him2 and ,i will buy all his chestnuts1 which will be cold by the time we get home1 and papa will slip some money into his hand1 and ask him if he wants work to do1 and we will all tell him where we live1 and to come to us if he should get into trouble4 ,and then we will go home and talk for all the rest of the day about nothing but ,italy1 and that day we went up ,monte ,compatri4 ,and ,isabel will insist that she recognizes the fellow perfectly1 and try to coax papa to take him for a gardener or something40 8,and then10 resumed ,mr4 ,vane1 continuing the story1 8we shall have the lazy vagabond coming to us every day begging1 and we shall miss things out of the room where he is left alone a few minutes1 and ,isabel will give him my clothes1 till ,i shall have nothing left to wear40 8,meantime1 what will the ,signora be doing80 that lady demanded1 finding herself left out4 8,is she to have no part80 ,she did not see the pleasant glance that fell on her from the eyes of the gentleman at her side4 ,she was looking down1 a little hurt1 she hardly knew why4 ,for was it not a matter understood that her home was in ,italy1 and theirs in ,america8 8,why1 you10 said ,isabel8you will be in ,casa ,ottant',otto1 thousands of miles away1 and we shall be writing you all about it40 8,not so60 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,she will be with us at the time1 ,i think1 and will correct all our mistakes1 and reward all our well-doing with her approbation40 8,there1 that sounds comfortable10 the lady said1 smiling4 8,i was really feeling neglected and left out in the cold40 ,they had come to the street that encircles the town1 and on the outside of which a row of houses hangs on the mountain-edge4 ,in one of these they were to spend the night1 and1 as she spoke1 the ,signora looked up brightly1 and beckoned some one in a window above to come down and open the door for them4 ,mr4 ,vane spoke rather hastily in answer to her remark1 and apparently for her ear alone4 8,if you should be outside1 the cold will then be inside the circle10 he said4 8,it is you who are to choose40 8,oh6 thank you10 she replied lightly4 8,and now mind the steps4 ,they are rather dark40 ,the street from which they entered this house was so narrow1 and the houses so joined1 that they seemed to be still in the heart of the town2 but when they had passed the dusky stairs1 and entered the long1 low sala at the head of them1 they found the place like a nest in a tree-top4 ,the mountain-side dropped sheer from under the very windows1 and the view swept round from ,rome and the sea to ,palestrina and the mountains4 ,in this sala the whole family of the padrone had assembled to welcome and stare at the strangers before giving the room up to their use4 ,a dozen or so smiling faces1 full of good-will and curiosity1 clustered about without the slightest sign of any thought that they might be intruding1 or that there was to be any limit to the free use of their eyes4 ,an old woman leaning on a cane muttered unintelligible blessings and made innumerable little bows right and left1 a hale young matron talked and welcomed1 a servant smiled unceasingly1 a young girl with a baby in her arms asked abrupt questions in a loud voice1 and children of all ages filled up the gaps4 ,the young ladies resigned their clothes to examination1 and began shyly petting the little ones1 and the ,signora gave orders for their entertainment4 ,while she was talking the servant and two of the boys ran skurrying out of the room and presently returned with an air of great pride1 bearing in their hands beautiful white pigeons1 which they caressed while displaying4 ,the young ladies admired them and smoothed their snowy plumage1 without being in the least aware why they had been brought4 8,they are for our dinner to-morrow10 the ,signora remarked with great composure4 ,there was a little duet of dismayed exclamations4 8,i thought they were family pets60 ,bianca said1 recoiling4 8,and so they are1 my dear10 was the reply4 8,they pet them up to the moment of killing them1 and praise while they are eating them4 ,their fondness never ceases4 ,and now let us take off our bonnets and have supper40 ,the room was long1 low1 and paved with coarse red bricks4 ,the ceiling1 crossed by several large beams1 was papered in compartments representing squares of blue sky with light clouds floating over1 and a bird or two here and there in the space1 and the flowery walls were nearly hidden by great presses holding linen1 by sideboards laden with dishes1 and by the high backs of patriarchal old chairs1 very picturesque to look at and very penitential to sit in4 ,all the centre of this room was taken up by a long table1 at one end of which their supper was speedily prepared4 ,there was bread1 as good as could be had in ,rome1 and such a salad as could scarcely be had in any city1 the oil as sweet as cream1 and the lettuce so crisp and delicate that it could be almost powdered between the hands4 ,just as they sat down a large decanter of gold-colored wine1 ice-cold from the grotto1 was placed before them4 ,for in these little ,italian towns1 however they may lack the necessities of life1 they are never without the luxuries4 ,they sat down merrily1 only one of the family remaining to wait on them1 the others hovering about the door1 and watching the faces of their guests as they ate1 to see how the food pleased them4 8,papa10 said ,isabel1 pointing to a plate before her1 on which a small onion shone like silver1 8do you recognize that vegetable80 8,i recognose it10 replied ,mr4 ,vane1 who would sometimes play upon words4 8,well1 ,i propose that we agree to divide it in four parts1 each a little larger than the last1 the largest for you1 the smallest for ,bianca1 and that we all eat our portions1 and so find no fault with each other40 ,bianca instantly declined the invitation1 and blushed deeply when they rallied her on her daintiness4 8,these onions are very delicate and sweet10 the ,signora said4 8,i used to avoid them1 till one day ,i received a call from a personage of the most dignified position and unexceptionable manners1 from whose breath ,i perceived1 in the course of the conversation1 that he had been eating these little onions4 ,but the faint odor that reached me as he spoke was as though a rose and an onion had been grafted together4 ,since then ,i have eaten without scruple40 ,but ,bianca still declined1 still blushing4 ,why8 ,was it that her affection for the friend ever tenderly remembered had so consecrated her to him that nothing but what was sweetest and purest must touch where his image was enshrined1 whether he were present or absent8 ,she was quite extreme enough in her sensitive delicacy for such a thought4 ,supper over1 they went out into a loggia attached to their sala and overhanging the steep mountainside1 and watched the sun go down over the sea4 ,the globe of fire had already touched the water-line1 that by day showed only like a line of purple cloud1 and kindled it to an intense lustre2 and1 as they looked1 there was half a sun above the horizon1 and another half visible as though seen through the transparent edge of the world over which it disappeared2 then1 without diminishing1 it dropped out of sight1 leaving an ineffable1 silent glory over the scene4 ,the fire of the sea faded to a faint gold1 the rosy violet of the ,campagna changed to a deep purple1 and ,earth1 raising her shadowy hands1 put aside the curtaining light of day1 and looked out at the stars4 ,the sisters withdrew presently1 and left the two elders to admire the beauties of nature at their leisure4 ,isabel1 screened off in one corner of the sala1 made voluminous notes of her experiences1 and planned a wonderful story1 into which they should all be woven4 ,seated on a footstool1 with a brass lamp hanging to the back of a chair near her1 and her writing on her knees1 she saw one character after another emerge from the shades and take form and individuality before her eyes1 as if they grew there independent of her will4 ,they spoke and moved of themselves1 and she only looked and listened4 ,now and then some trait1 some feature1 some word1 was such as she had seen in real life1 but these people were not portraits1 though they might have such resemblances1 and even might have been suggested by persons she had known4 ,the shades grew more and more alive1 gathering into substance4 ,stone walls built themselves up silently and with a more than ,aladdin-like celerity1 and gardens burst into instantaneous bloom4 ,if she willed the sea present1 its waves rolled up to her feet in foam1 or caught and tossed her in their strong arms2 if she called for forests1 swiftly their darkening branches shut her in1 and her light feet trod their dry1 crackling twigs and rich1 disordered flowers4 ,the very accidents of a great pine-cone to stumble over1 or an unexpected lizard running across the path1 were there4 ,the dull walls of the room she sat in1 the rough bricks under her feet1 the crowded town about her1 were as though they were not4 ,she was free of the world4 ,o precious gift of the magical lamp6 which1 at a touch1 calls about its possessor all that men wish1 and work1 and strive for of earthly good1 without the pain or responsibilities of earthly possession2 which gives the rose without its thorn1 the wine without its lees1 the friend without the doubt1 the triumph without disappointment6 ,happy they who1 when what we call real life presses too hard or becomes too dull1 can put it aside for the time1 and enter a world of their own1 for ever beautiful and satisfying1 who1 walking the common street1 see things unseen of common eyes1 and for whom many a beauty smiles under an ugly mask4 ,bianca was in no such exalted mood of fancy1 but1 withdrawn to the chamber she was to occupy with the ,signora1 was lifting the holier eyes of faith1 and1 with childlike simplicity and confidence1 laying all her heart open to ,god1 sending up her petitions for earthly happiness on a cloud of the ,acts1 said after her own manner3 8,o my ,god6 ,i believe in thee1 ,i hope in thee1 ,i love thee1 ,i thank thee1 and ,i am sorry for having offended thee02 and then1 as a thought or wish more earthly thrust itself forward1 presenting it1 unafraid and undoubting4 ,living and dead1 friends and strangers1 the poor1 and those who had no one to pray for themall were remembered by this tender heart2 but ever1 like the refrain of a song1 came back the petition1 8,bless1 and guard from all ill of soul or body1 him who is so much more to me than all other men1 and1 if it be thy will1 give him to me for a friend and companion as long as ,i shall live40 ,the two in the balcony1 left to themselves1 were talking quietly1 having no mind to separate4 ,the ,signora found in the society of ,mr4 ,vane a pleasure altogether new to herthe pleasure of being able to depend on some one4 ,it was only now1 when she was surrounded with a constant1 friendly care1 that she became aware how unprotected and unhelped her former life had been1 and how sweet was that repose which the protected enjoy4 ,besides1 ,mr4 ,vane's care was of a particularly agreeable kind4 ,it did not1 by watching and seizing on opportunities of serving1 suggest the existence of an emotional care which might change to neglect1 but was simply a calm readiness1 which assumed1 as a matter of course1 that it should help when help was needed4 8,i shall never be sufficiently thankful for having been led to make this ,european journey10 ,mr4 ,vane said after a little silence4 8,it has done me good in many ways1 and promises more even than it has performed as yet40 8,i am glad you say thankful instead of glad10 the ,signora said1 smiling4 8,perhaps1 too1 ,i should say1 ,i am thankful you say so40 ,he thought a moment before speaking1 and recollected that only a few months before he would not have used the word4 ,the change had come so gradually that he had scarcely been aware of it4 8,yet ,i believe that ,i always recognize the ,source from which all good flows10 he resumed seriously4 8,at least1 ,i never denied it4 ,here religion is such a household affair1 one falls after awhile into the habit of expressing what before was only felt1 and felt1 perhaps1 unconsciously40 8,it is better so10 was the reply4 8,we strengthen a true feeling when we give it utterance4 ,besides1 we may thus communicate it to others40 8,one of my causes of thankfulness10 he resumed1 8is that my daughters should be associated with you4 ,i wish you could make them more like yourself1 and ,i am sure that their admiration and affection for you will lead them naturally to imitate you and to receive your instructions willingly4 ,they have been to me a source of great anxiety1 and ,i feel myself utterly incapable of directing them2 for1 while ,i wish them to be modest and womanly1 on the one hand1 ,i as certainly wish them to be capable of finding in life an object and a happiness which shall not depend on any other person4 ,it would please me to see them well married2 but ,god forbid that an unmarried life should be for them a disappointed life6 ,what ,i could do for them ,i have done1 but with an immense self-distrust2 and ,i have felt safer when leaving them to themselves than when interfering or seeking to guide them40 8,i should think you had done well both in guiding and in leaving them free10 the lady replied4 8,many parents do too much either one way or the other4 ,does not the result satisfy you so far80 ,she was surprised at the emotion with which he spoke1 not knowing anything of his married life4 8,the result is not yet4 ,everything depends on their marriage1 or their reason for not marrying40 ,he hesitated1 then went on1 as if incapable of keeping silence longer on a subject of which he had never spoken3 8,the fate of their mother is to me a constant warning and a constant pain4 ,in one respect ,i can save them from that2 for ,i shall never urge them to marry1 and shall never oppose any choice of theirs1 unless it should be a manifestly bad one4 ,but ,i cannot guard them from the tyranny of some mistaken sense of duty1 or mistaken pride or delicacy which they might conceal from all the world40 ,startled by this half-revelation1 his companion kept silence1 waiting for him to speak4 ,it was impossible he should not speak after such a beginning4 8,i do not know which was the more deeply wronged1 ,i or my poor ,bianca10 he said presently4 8,it all came from the blundering coarseness of parents who overstepped1 not their authorityfor they never commanded herbut their power to influence1 which1 with one like her1 was quite as strong4 ,their mistake has taught me to interfere and control less the gentle1 silent one than the one who speaks her mind out clearly and loudly4 ,i have always thought that the mother of my daughters had some preference which she never acknowledged4 ,often1 more often than not1 these preferences come to nothing and are soon forgotten2 but not always4 ,she did not wish to marry me1 but she consented without hesitation1 and ,i believed that the slight reserve would vanish with time4 ,perhaps she believed it too4 ,her conscience was as pure as snow4 ,she did perfectly1 with all her power1 what she believed to be her duty4 ,but that preoccupation1 whether for another person or for a single life1 was never vanquished4 ,you have1 perhaps1 chased a butterfly when you were a child1 beaten it with your hat from flower to flower1 and at last imprisoned it under a glass2 or you have caught a hummingbird that has strayed into your room1 and flown from you as long as it had strength4 ,neither resisted when it was caught2 but the down was brushed off the butterfly's wings1 and the bird was dead in your hand4 ,my wife omitted nothing that a good will could accomplish4 ,she was grateful for my efforts to make her happy2 she was calm1 and even cheerful2 and ,i am sure that she never said to herself1 even1 that she was sorry for having married me4 ,but the only beaming smile ,i ever saw on her face was when she knew that she was going to die40 ,his voice trembled a little1 and he stopped a moment1 as if to steady it before going on4 8,was not ,i wronged too8 ,was not the unwilling jailer as unfortunate as the unwilling prisoner8 ,i say nothing of my own personal disappointment1 though that was great4 ,the mutual confidence1 the delightful companionship1 the perfect union1 to which ,i had looked forward1 and which were my ideal of marriagewhere were they8 ,in place of them ,i never lost the feeling that ,i had a victim for ever at my side4 ,i felt as if ,i had been unmanly and cruel2 yet the fault was not mine4 ,she gave herself to me in all that she could1 yet she was never mine40 ,he paused again2 yet this time his voice trembled more in resuming than in leaving off his story4 8,i rejoiced in her release2 and ,i look forward to no future meeting with her that shall be different from that meeting which we are permitted to look forward to with all the good in heaven4 ,if other husbands and wives expect some closer partnership in heaven1 ,i neither expect nor wish it4 ,i have resigned her absolutely and for ever4 ,i do not think that ,i am morbid4 ,you should know her peculiar character to understand well how ,i could be made to feel that crystal wall that always stood between us4 ,i felt it so that ,i really believe1 if the children were not demonstrative in their affection for me1 ,i should not have the courage to show any fondness for them4 ,i used1 when they were little ones1 to look at them sometimes with a kind of terror when ,i came home1 to see if they would smile brightly1 and run to me as if they were glad from the heart to see me4 ,i always waited for them1 and1 thank ,god6 they never failed me4 ,duty and submission are there1 but a perfect affection makes them almost unnecessary40 ,finishing1 he glanced for the first time at his companion1 and saw that she was in tears4 8,my dear friend60 he exclaimed1 8how selfish ,i have been6 ,forgive me60 8,no10 she replied gently1 wiping her eyes1 8you are not selfish4 ,it seems to me that you are one of the least selfish of men4 ,i am glad you have confidence enough in me to tell me such a story1 which1 ,i can well believe1 you seldom or never speak of4 ,it is quite natural that you should confide it to some one1 and you could not expect any one to hear it unmoved40 ,what an exquisite moonlight covered the world1 and made a fairy-like1 silvery day in the little balcony where the two sat6 ,the air sparkled with it1 and one tear still hanging to the ,signora's eyelashes shone like a diamond in its beams4 8,you are the first person to whom ,i have ever spoken on this subject1 and the only person to whom ,i could confide it10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,can you guess why1 ,signora80 ,she looked at him with a startled glance and read his meaning1 and1 in the first astonishment and confusion1 was utterly incapable of replying4 8,shall ,i tell you why80 he asked4 ,she rose hastily1 blushing and distressed4 8,do not say any more60 she exclaimed1 and was on the point of leaving him abruptly1 but checked herself1 and1 turning in the open low window1 held out her hand to him4 8,you have called me friend4 ,let us remain friends10 she said4 ,he touched the hand1 and released it without a word1 and they separated4 ,half an hour afterward ,bianca's face peeped out into the moonlight4 8,are you still here1 papa80 she said1 and went to him4 8,good-night1 dear40 ,he embraced her gently1 and echoed her good-night1 but did not detain her a moment4 8,what6 papa romancing here all alone80 exclaimed ,isabel in her turn4 8,it isn't good for your complexion nor for your disposition4 ,late hours and too much thinking make one sad40 8,therefore you should go to bed directly10 was his reply4 ,she kissed him merrily and left him alone4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,mivart',s ,,contemporary ,,evolution4#ajj ,if in our contemporary evolution a great genius should appear1 worthy to continue the work of ,st4 ,thomas1 it would be requisite that he should combine in himself the gifts and acquirements of a metaphysician1 a theologian1 and a master of natural science4 ,we accentuate strongly the last of these requisites1 because we are not so much in need of pure metaphysics and theology1 possessing both already in a state of high perfection and completeness1 as we are of the mixed science in which the relations of the higher and the lower orders of being1 truth and good1 are developed and manifested4 ,there have been some men already1 since the modern period began1 who have combined metaphysical and natural science in a remarkable degree4 ,such a man was ,leibnitz4 ,the famous ,jesuit ,boscovich was perhaps superior intellectually1 as he certainly was morally1 even to this prodigy of talent and learning4 ,he was a great mathematician and physicist1 a great metaphysician1 and a great statesman1 besides being eminent in ,christian perfection and apostolic zeal4 ,balmes was a man of a similar stamp1 though especially eminent in social science4 ,among living men a high place belongs to ,father ,bayma as a metaphysician1 mathematician1 and physicist1 although he has published little under his own name1 except his remarkable work on ,molecular ,mechanics4 ,such men are invaluable at the present time4 ,and for all those who are aiming at a thorough education for important positions in the service of the church and humanity1 the conjoined cultivation of these various branches of science1 in the due proportion for acquiring what we have called the mixed science1 is of the highest importance4 ,we are happy to know that it is not neglected1 and is likely to be advanced to a higher and more extensive state of excellence in the near future4 ,one who has the chance of looking over the theses in physics which are prepared for the examinations at ,woodstock will be convinced that there is one ,catholic seminary1 at least1 in this country where such matters receive due attention4 ,the articles published from time to time in the ,catholic reviews of ,europe1 as well as an occasional volume from the pen of a ,catholic professor1 are another evidence of what we have stated4 ,the ,english hierarchy1 aided by the band of gifted and learned priests and laymen who adorn the ,catholic ,church of ,england1 is distinguishing itself in the promotion of this scientific culture4 ,dr4 ,mivart is one of this band4 ,we have1 in former numbers1 taken occasion to notice several of his works1 and express our high estimation of the courage and ability with which he is constantly laboring for the advancement of true1 ,catholic science4 ,dr4 ,mivart's specialty is natural science2 but he is not a mere physicist or scientist4 ,he has the genuine philosophical spirit1 and shows in his writings that he has studied to some purpose metaphysics1 theology and ethics1 history1 politics1 and belles-lettres4 ,the essays contained in the volume we are at present reviewing were first published in the ,contemporary ,review1 with the exception of the last one1 which appeared in the ,dublin ,review4 ,we propose1 at present1 to do little more than give an analysis of their contents and of the author's argument4 ,the title informs us that his topic of discussion is1 8,some great ,social ,changes40 ,these social changes1 in his idea1 are very deep and universal alterations in the social fabric which have been going on during the entire post-medival period1 are still in progress1 and are likely to proceed much further as time goes on4 ,it is in view of their bearing on the perpetuity and action of the ,catholic ,church that they are considered4 ,in the introductory chapter a general view is taken of their nature1 origin1 causes and probable development1 and the plan to be followed in pursuing the particular scope of the essay is laid down4 ,the second chapter is on ,political ,evolution4 ,the third presents the three ideals of social organization1 which are proposed by as many different classes of political philosophers3 #a4 ,the pagan1 or monistic4 #b4 ,the civic1 or that which is based on some maxims of natural right and expediency4 #c4 ,the theocratic or medival4 ,the fourth chapter treats of ,scientific ,evolution1 the fifth of ,philosophical and the sixth of sthetic ,evolution4 ,we may as well premise a statement of ,dr4 ,mivart's idea of evolution before we proceed to analyze his argument4 ,it is a procession from an indefinite1 incoherent homogeneity to a definite1 coherent heterogeneity1 whose origin is ,god as first cause1 whose ultimatum is ,god as final cause or end1 whose principle of continuity is the intelligent volition of ,god as ruler1 embracing all the phenomena of the universe1 physical1 biological1 political1 moral1 and religious1 in one enchainment of activities1 which rise in a graduated series from the lowest to the highest toward their ,ideal in ,god4#aja ,a similar idea is laid by ,leo at the foundation of his ,universal ,history3 8,the ,christian view of the history of the world takes all facts1 not as something new superadded by the power of man to the creative act of ,god1 but only as a further evolution of the facts of creation40#ajb ,in the introductory chapter ,dr4 ,mivart begins by noting the fact that there are crises or great epochs in this historical evolution1 and expressing his conviction that the present is one of these1 and particularly marked by being a period of conscious development4 ,as the outcome of the changes occurring in the past1 he traces its logical connection with the periods of the ,french ,revolution1 the revolt of the sixteenth century1 the ,renaissance1 and the conflict of ,philip the ,fair with the ,holy ,see4 ,the process of this evolution is designated as a struggle of reviving paganism to reject the domination of medival theocracy1 which1 gradually obtaining success1 is likely to be carried to a much further point than it has yet reached4 ,two questions are proposed for consideration3 #a4 8,the effect on ,christianity of the further development of the great movement40 #b4 8,the probable result of the renewed conflict between such a modified ,christianity and a revived paganism40 ,in order clearly and fully to understand the author's method of treating these questions1 it is necessary to place and keep distinctly in view with whom he is arguing and on what principles4 ,it is not with professed ,christians or ,catholics that he primarily intends to discuss these topics1 on their principles1 but with those who are mere naturalists1 and who admit nothing but what is evident or provable by purely scientific and rational arguments4 ,the truth of revelation and the ,catholic faith is therefore left on one side1 and nothing is taken into consideration except 8obvious or admitted tendencies of known natural forces and laws40 ,it is the author's purpose to extort from the enemies of revelation and the ,catholic ,church1 by using their own principles and ideas1 evidence for the ability of the church to cope with1 overcome1 and bend to her own superior force of intelligence and will the new and hostile environments1 political1 scientific1 and philosophical1 by which she is surrounded4 ,in respect to the political aspect of the question1 he argues that1 supposing the changes in this order to proceed in their evolution until a complete disintegration of the medival1 theocratic system is effected1 an interior1 latent capacity will be evolved in the church1 by which she will be integrated and strengthened for a more complete and extensive triumph than was ever before achieved4 ,briefly1 his argument amounts to this3 ,violent1 red-republican1 or despotic subversions of the liberty of the masses and social order cannot be lasting4 ,some kind of basis for liberty with order must be found in natural law and right1 consisting of maxims of ethical truth and expediency4 ,the political maxims of ,england and the ,united ,states are referred to for illustration1 and the author anticipates for the ,english-speaking nations1 their maxims of policy and their language1 an universal1 predominating influence in the future4 ,now1 the church1 he argues1 can avail herself of this liberty4 ,the laboring classes1 once liberated from and raised above that misery and oppression which are the active cause of their hostility against both the hierarchy and the aristocracy1 can be won over to the cause of the church4 ,religious orders1 founded on poverty and labor1 whose members are drawn from these classes and associated with them1 can gain new life1 power1 and extension4 ,opposition and persecution will only purify and invigorate the intellectual and moral constitution of the church1 and intensify its unity of organic life and action4 ,that part of society which is corrupted by pagan immorality will be weakened and diminished by its errors and vices1 while the ,catholic portion will become always stronger and more numerous by the effect of its ethical maxims carried out in practice4 ,the past history of the church enables us to augur for her future history that there are no circumstances1 however difficult and apparently destructive to her life1 which she cannot surmount1 and over which she cannot achieve a complete triumph1 in virtue of the organic strength which she possesses4 ,at the end of his long and minute process of argument1 in which he says he has 8endeavored dispassionately to estimate what1 at the very utmost1 must be the destructive effects on ,christianity of the greatest amount of anti-theocratic change which can possibly be anticipated10 the author considers that a ,catholic may be fairly entitled to express the following conviction3 8,by the continuance1 then1 of this evolutionary process1 there is plainly to be discerned in the distant future a triumph of the church compared with which that of medival ,christendom was but a transient adumbrationa triumph brought about by moral means alone1 by the slow process of exhortation1 example1 and individual conviction1 after every error has been freely propagated1 every denial freely made1 and every rival system provided with a free field for its displaya triumph infinitely more glorious than any brought about by the sword1 and fulfilling at last the old pre-,christian prophecies of the kingdom of ,god upon earth40#ajc ,one-half of the volume is taken up with the consideration of political evolution and the three political ideals4 ,nevertheless1 the author considers that the questions respecting science and philosophy are much the most important4 ,for1 although he concludes from his course of reasoning that political changes will be harmless to the church1 and even give her increased strength1 coherence1 and efficiency1 so that a ,catholic may reasonably expect for her all that triumph which he thinks her ,author has foretold1 in spite of such changes2 yet1 in arguing with an unbeliever1 such a ground of confidence cannot be assumed4 ,if the claims of the church to authority1 and the dogmatic truth of her doctrine1 can be successfully assailed by science and philosophy1 then scientific and philosophical evolution must be fatal to ,christianity1 and political changes will facilitate and hasten the catastrophe1 though they are powerless to produce it by their own solitary1 unaided force4 ,here we arrive at that part of the subject which is to us the most interesting1 and which the author has treated in the most satisfactory manner4 ,on this field ,dr4 ,mivart is at home2 for it is his own peculiar ground1 where he has already labored with eminent success1 and where we confidently hope he will hereafter gather a still greater and richer harvest4 ,we anticipate a great revolution in the attitude of what is in common parlance rather incorrectly called 8science0i4e41 the complex of various branches of physicstoward the ,catholic ,church4 ,a hostile attitude is wholly unnatural4 ,second-class scientists1 sciolists in knowledge1 men of an imperfect and one-sided culture1 are intellectually swamped in the morass of facts1 theories1 and hypotheses in which they pass their lives4 ,the imperfect beginnings of natural sciences present phases of apparent contradiction to revealed truths4 ,imperfect theological systems1 and opinions which rest on merely human authority1 but are erroneously supposed to be revealed doctrines1 frequently clash with science1 or with scientific hypotheses which are more or less probable or plausible4 ,but there is in genuine natural science1 in the methods by which it proceeds1 in the spirit which actuates its great masters1 something eminently favorable to genuine sacred science and akin to it4 ,the wild1 anti-,christian hypotheses which are put forth under the name of science are not unfrequently crushed by the masters in science1 even though they are not themselves ,christians4 ,inductive science is modest1 calm1 impartial1 slow1 and just1 in its procedure4 ,it is like the law in its accepting and examining evidence on all sides of every question4 ,the masters in science who are unbelievers are so in spite of1 and not because of1 their scientific spirit and method4 ,if they are actively hostile to ,christianity1 it is because of some false philosophy which is accidentally connected with their science1 or by reason of their ignorance of real ,christianity4 ,no false system can stand the application of the genuine principles and method of scientific inquiry4 ,it is precisely by that method and those principles that the truth of the ,catholic ,church is established1 corroborated1 and confirmed4 ,an amiable friend1 a ,unitarian minister1 once remarked to us that men's minds were going back1 by a circuitous route1 to the ,catholic ,church4 ,this is what ,dr4 ,mivart endeavors to show4 ,having tried all false routes and traced up all errors to their ending in ,no-,land1 men work back across lots and through thickets to the old travelled road which they abandoned through caprice4 ,in respect to physical science1 ,dr4 ,mivart's principal line of argument goes to show that it has nothing to do directly with theology1 because it is conversant exclusively with 8phenomenal conceptions40 ,facts as to the coexistences and sequences of phenomena do not furnish the philosophy by which they are to be explained4 ,this philosophy1 and the theology which rests on it as its natural basis1 have their own distinct sphere4 ,it is only where theology affirms something as a revealed truth respecting facts of this kinde4g41 that the sun revolves around the earth1 that creation began four thousand years before ,christ1 and was completed in six literal daysthat it comes upon the common ground where it can clash with physical science4 ,in regard to ,catholic doctrine1 he shows that such affirmations are but few1 and that none have ever been made into dogmas by the authority of the church which have been afterwards proved by scientific evidence to be false4 ,the complete revolution in cosmology effected by the demonstration of the ,copernican system is referred to as an instance of apparent conflict between science and dogma which turned out to be no conflict at all4 ,so1 also1 the apparent conflict between evolutionary biology and ,christian dogma1 which the author has more fully discussed in other works1 is succinctly treated4 ,the antagonism between physics and theology1 though of long standing1 is accidental1 and 8physical science should be considered1 alike by the philosophic ,christian and anti-,christian1 as neutral and indifferent40 ,the only influence1 therefore1 which physical science can have on ,christianity is through the philosophy which is connected with it4 ,it is philosophy which affords the real battle-ground for the final and decisive conflict between the ,christian and anti-,christian forces4 ,notwithstanding the narrow-minded1 ignorant1 and absurd contempt for philosophy which many modern scientists express1 and which has been quite common for some time past1 the author thinks that the scientists themselves1 even by their destructive efforts1 are aiding powerfully in bringing about a great philosophic reaction4 ,the author most justly observes that fundamental questions of philosophy underlie all physical science1 and that1 for this reason1 the great development and wide popularity of physical science must drive many minds into philosophy4 ,reviving paganism1 which is only a return to the old ,aryan predilection for pantheistic naturalism1 and is theoretically based on ancient philosophical ideas revived in new dresses by modern sophists1 can only come into that internecine conflict with ,christianity1 after which it pants1 on the ground of philosophy4 ,both sides must therefore give themselves to philosophical study and discussion1 and they have already begun to do so4 ,the supreme question1 therefore1 in respect to the movement of contemporary evolution1 is the philosophical direction it is likely to take4 ,we arrive1 then1 at the last topic but one considered by ,dr4 ,mivartviz41 ,philosophic ,evolution1 and the process by which he endeavors to 8form a final judgment as to the result of the great conflict between reviving paganism and the ,christian church40 ,in ,dr4 ,mivart's opinionone in which we need not say we most heartily concurwhat is needed is a return1 8not to a philosophy1 but to the philosophy4 ,for if metaphysics are possible1 there is not1 and never was or will be1 more than one philosophy which1 properly understood1 unites all speculative truths and eliminates all errors3 the philosophy of the philosopher,aristotle40#ajd ,moreover1 he declares his conviction that evolution will infallibly bring about this return4 ,in his view1 scholastic philosophy simply went out of fashion in the same way that medival architecture came to be despised as barbarous1 and will again resume its sway just as the architectural glories of northern ,europe have come to be universally appreciated4 ,one or two testimonies to the grandeur of the medival philosophy from distinguished opponents are given4 ,the widespread and earnest revival of the same among ,catholics all over the world is a fact too patent to need any proof4 ,dr4 ,mivart's almost chivalric enthusiasm for scholastic philosophy is of itself a signal instance of a movement in this direction from a new quarteri4e41 from the ranks of the devotees of physical science4 ,it would seem that he himself has been led through science to philosophy1 and therefore his views and reasonings on the matter have a peculiar interest4 ,he presents two distinct phases of the question4 ,one represents the inability of the anti-,christian scientists to construct a philosophy which may successfully oppose ,christianity4 ,the other presents positive tendencies in scientific evolution toward the peripatetic philosophy of the ,christian schools4 ,in respect to the first1 his line of argument shows that these anti-,christian scientists are at war with each other and can never agree upon any one system2 furthermore1 that their reasonings end in absolute scepticism1 and thus undermine their own foundations4 ,human nature and common sense invariably cause a reaction against idiotic and suicidal systems of this sort4 ,even the cultivation of natural science1 therefore1 must produce a tendency to seek for a satisfactory system of psychology and ontology4 ,and as the philosophy which ,des ,cartes brought into vogue1 ending with the transcendentalism of ,kant and his successors1 is no better than a philosophy of scepticism1 it seems that a return to the medival and ,grecian school1 to ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas1 is unavoidable4 ,there is but one other system which holds out the promise of a refuge from materialism and scepticismthat of the ,ontologists4 ,this system1 however1 is too contrary to the spirit and method of the natural sciences to offer any attractions to minds seeking for a synthesis of the spiritual and the material4 ,the exposition of positive tendencies toward ,catholic philosophy in the evolutionary processes of modern thought is on too abstruse and extensive a range to admit of being more compendiously treated than it actually is in the author's text4 ,we will1 therefore1 content ourselves with quoting his own words1 in which he summarily expresses the result of his arguments in his conclusion3 8,glancing backward over the course we have traversed1 it seems borne in upon us that the logical development of that process which ,philip the ,fair began is probably advancing1 however slowly1 to a result very generally unforeseen4 ,but if such result as that here indicated be the probable outcome of philosophical evolution1 ,christianity has once more evidently nothing whatever to fear from it4 ,a philosophy which as a complement unites in one all other systems will harmonize with a religion which as a complement synthesizes all other religions1 and not only religions properly so called1 but atheism also4 ,atheism1 pantheism1 and pure deism1 running their logical course and mutually refuting each other1 find an ultimate synthesis in ,christianity1 as we have before found them to do in nature4 ,christianity affirms the truth latent in atheismnamely1 that ,god1 as ,he is1 is unimaginable and inscrutable by us2 in other words1 no such ,god as we can imagine exists4 ,it also affirms the truth in pantheism1 that ,god acts in every action of every created thing1 and that in him we live and move and are4 ,finally1 it also asserts the truths of deism1 but by its other assertions escapes the objections to which deism is liable from opposing systems4 ,similarly1 ,christianity also effects a synthesis between theism and the worship of humanity1 and that by the path1 not of destruction1 but through the nobler conception of #8taking the manhood into ,god4' 8,our investigations have led us to what we might have priori anticipatedthe conclusion that the highest and most intellectual power is that which must ultimately dominate the inferior forces4 ,neither political nor scientific developments can avail against the necessary consequences of philosophical evolution4 ,no mistake can be greater than that of supposing that philosophy is but a mental luxury for the few4 ,an implicit1 unconscious philosophy possesses the mind and influences the conduct of every peasant4 ,metaphysical doctrines1 sooner or later1 filter down from the cultured few to the lowest social strata1 and become1 for good or ill1 the very marrow of the bones1 first of a school1 then of a society1 ultimately of a nation4 ,the course of general philosophy1 it is here contended1 is now returning to its legitimate channel after a divergence of some three centuries' duration4 ,this return cannot affect prejudicially the ,christian church1 but must strengthen and aid it2 and thus that beneficial action upon it of political and scientific evolution1 before represented as probable1 will be greatly intensified1 and the great movement of the ,,renaissance hereafter take its place as the manifestly efficient promoter of a new development of the ,christian organism such as the first twenty centuries of its life afforded it no opportunity to manifest40#aje ,the author's last chapter1 on sthetic ,evolution1 is a kind of appendix to the essaywhich is really concluded with the passage just now quotedbut it is nevertheless an ingenious and elaborate essay in itself4 ,the author begins by remarking that the question of evolution in religion is one which would furnish an interesting subject of inquiry4 ,he then pays a very high but just tribute to the genius of ,dr4 ,newman1 whose influence over ,dr4 ,mivart's mind may be traced in all his writings1 as the one who1 in his great essay on ,development1 has elucidated with a master-hand the evolutionary process within the church1 and anticipated the doctrines of ,spencer1 of ,darwin1 and of ,haeckel4 ,with a passing allusion to the great ,vatican decree as the culmination of this process and the keystone of the great arch of civil and religious liberty2 and to the two distinct though intermixed processes of evolution outside the church1 one simply pagan1 the other sectarian2 and to the process of disruption and dissolution which is tending to carry the adherents of the sects either toward anti-theism or toward the churchthe author turns aside to consider a subject closely connected with religious evolution3 the probable effect of the great modern movement of contemporary evolution upon ,christian art4 ,most of his remarks are upon architecture1 although he touches lightly upon music1 painting1 and sculpture4 ,in music he appears to give his vote for ,st4 ,gregory and ,palestrina4 ,in respect to painting and sculpture1 he anticipates progress in these arts by the blending of the best elements of the ,preraphaelite period and those of the ,renaissance4 ,in handling the topic of architecture he analyzes the arguments for and against both the ,gothic and ,italian styles1 and ends by declining to advocate the side of the exclusive champions of either of the two styles4 ,after discussing some of the general principles of the art1 he proposes a return to the style which prevailed before the introduction of the pointed arch1 as a starting point for an improved style combining some features of the ,gothic with some others of the ,romanesque style of architecture4 ,one consideration which he presents respecting the use of stained-glass windows strikes us as especially worthy of attention4 ,as ornaments and as objects of devotion1 the paintings upon glass in church-windows are far inferior to statues and pictures1 and they nevertheless exclude them and occupy their place by reason of the quality of the light which is reflected through stained glass4 ,it is desirable1 therefore1 to find some way of making the windows beautiful and ornamental as well as useful1 and at the same time admitting light of that quality and in that direction which is requisite in a church decorated with paintings and statuary4 ,dr4 ,mivart says3 8,in the first place1 the absence of any rigid rule of symmetry will allow the admission of light just wherever it may be required4 ,secondly1 the windows may be of any shape found the most convenientsquare1 elongated1 and narrow windows1 rose-windows or semi-circular windows1 as in the nave of ,bonn cathedral4 ,they may also be made ornamental by mullions1 while tracery need not by any means be confined to the upper part of each window1 since each window may be all tracery1 the stone-work being of such thickness as may combine strength and security with a copious admission of light4 ,the absence of that beautiful but self-contradictory feature1 brilliant stained glass1 will allow an ample supply of light without too great a sacrifice of wall-space1 and without any impairment of stability4 ,not that the glazing should not be ornamental and artistic2 the pieces of glass might be so designed that their lead frame-work may form elegant patterns1 while the glass itself1 of delicate grays and half-tints1 will afford a wide scope for the skilful designer40#ajf ,finally1 the author winds up by expressing his belief in a future development of ,christian art in language which we condense a little from his concluding pages3 8,nullum tempus occurrit ecclesi6 ,the ever-fruitful mother of beauty and of truth1 of holy aspirations and of good works1 has not come to the end of her evolution even in the world of art1 and it may be affirmed that there appear to be grounds for thinking that in the whole field of art1 music1 painting1 sculpture1 and architecture1 our successors may witness a vast1 new1 complex1 and stable artistic integration of a special and distinctly ,christian charactera self-consciousness1 as it were1 in ,christian art such as never was before1 and which will appropriately serve to externally clothe and embody that vast and magnificent ,christian development for which all phases of evolution are preparing the way1 and to which ,christians may look forward with joy and hope as the one supreme end of the whole evolutionary process1 so far as the ,author of nature has revealed to us his purposes either by the lessons which the universe of mind and matter displays before our eyes1 or by supernatural revelation40#ajg ,the essay of which we have given an analysis1 and all the other works of ,dr4 ,mivart1 are well worthy of attentive perusal4 ,their great merit lies in the fact that they break up new ground and lead the way to investigations in new fields of thought4 ,of course it could not be expected that subjects so wide-spreading and far-reaching as those which the author has discussed in this volume should be thoroughly and completely handled within so small a compass4 ,each chapter would require an elaborate volume even for the full elucidation of the author's own ideas4 ,whatever difference of opinion may exist in regard to particular views and theories1 there is one grand1 predominant idea pervading them all1 in which ,dr4 ,mivart expresses in his own peculiar way what is a very common belief and expectation of great numbers of the most illustrious champions of the ,catholic ,church in the present eventful period4 ,that this is really a great and critical era in the church's history1 and that present changes and events1 however painful and unpromising they may be1 are preparing the way for one of her grand and decisive triumphs1 is a general conviction in the minds of her devoted adherents1 the truth of which her most embittered enemies seem to forebode with a dread anticipation4 ,all things created by ,god have a potentiality in them which is infinite4 ,much more1 the greatest of his works on this earth1 the church4 ,the mere observation of what she has done1 and of the capabilities which are contained within her1 looked at from a purely rational viewing-point1 is sufficient for prognosticating a future evolution to which no limits are assignable4 ,a ,catholic must1 however1 look upon her origin1 her past action1 and her future destiny as belonging to the supernatural order4 ,she has been created to fulfil ,god's purpose4 ,that his purpose is the final triumph of good over evil is certain4 ,but1 in particulars1 we only know how far1 how long1 and in what way this triumph is decreed to take place on this earthly arena where the church is militant2 in so far as the purposes of ,god are made manifest to us by actual history or by prophecy4 ,the general sense of the most approved interpreters of prophecy in the sacred ,scriptures justifies the expectation of some signal triumph of the church on the earth yet to come4 ,there seems to be a presentiment in the hearts of the faithful that it is now drawing near4 ,we have a strong warrant for attributing this presentiment to a secret movement of the ,holy ,spirit1 in the repeated and emphatic utterances of the august and holy ,vicar of ,christ upon earth1 our gloriously reigning ,sovereign ,pontiff ,pius ,,ix4 ,as to the time1 the means1 the nature1 and the duration of this triumph of the church upon earth1 and the exact1 precise sense of the unfulfilled prophecies respecting the temporal kingdom of ,jesus ,christ1 there is room for much diversity of opinion4 ,the great social changes and evolutionary movements of which ,dr4 ,mivart writes present a problem to a thoughtful ,christian mind very difficult of solution4 8,o allons nous60 is the anxious exclamation of ,bishop ,dupanloup in respect to ,france1 and a similar questioning of the future agitates the minds of men throughout the world4 ,whoever has any sagacious and well-reasoned answer to this interrogation is1 therefore1 likely to find eager and interested listeners1 and deserves a respectful hearing4 ,dr4 ,mivart thinks that he sees the way out of present complications1 and discovers signs which herald the advent of a new and long period of human history under the influence of ,christianity which will be the culmination of ,god's work on the earth4 ,whatever may be thought by different persons of this horoscope and of the signs in our present sky1 all must admit the ingenuity and force of reasoning which the author has displayed1 admire his chivalrous and generous spirit1 and recognize the great amount of valuable knowledge and genuine truth1 both in physics and metaphysics1 contained in the volume now reviewed and in ,dr4 ,mivart's other productions4 #ajj ,contemporary ,evolution4 ,an ,essay on some ,recent ,social ,changes4 ,by ,st4 ,george ,mivart4 7,dedicated to the ,marquis of ,ripon47 ,henry ,s4 ,king ,co41 ,london4 #ahgf4 7,an ,american edition of the work is announced by the ,messrs4 ,appleton47 #aja ,see p4 #aid4 #ajb ,lehrb4 der ,univ4 ,gesch41 vol4 i4 p4 #ag4 #ajc ,p4 #aba4 #ajd ,p4 #agi4 #aje ,p4 #bae4 #ajf ,p4 #bdg4 #ajg ,p4 #bec4 ,,the ,,devil',s ,,christmas ,,gift4 ,let fastidious and fashionable people say what they will about shanties1 there was something in ,mike ,roony's humble dwelling that was really attractive4 ,perched on the top of a broad and lofty rock near the corner of ,broadway and ,forty-ninth ,street1 it commanded a magnificent view of the ,hudson ,river and the ,sound2 and as the only way to reach it was by a flight of steps which ,mike had cut in the rock1 'twas known among the neighbors by the name of ,gibraltar4 ,some said ,roony was a squatter2 that he paid neither tax nor rent for the small piece of ,manhattan ,island which he occupied4 ,well1 be this as it may1 one thing is certainhe always declared his readiness to move when they blasted him out4 ,nothing grew upon this homesteadnot a bush1 not a weed1 not a blade of grass2 it was a little desert1 roamed over by a goat1 and swept clean by the winds1 which made it their romping-ground from every quarter of the compass4 ,but ,mike had a wife who loved flowers1 and in the window fronting south stood a flower-pot wherein there bloomed a sweet red rose4 ,helenfor this was her namehad the true instincts of a lady1 albeit her garment was not of silk and she sometimes went barefoot4 ,she kept herself scrupulously neatfor water does not cost anythingand was fairer to behold than the flower she cherished4 ,born in ,america1 of ,irish parents1 hers was one of those ideal faces which we not seldom meet with among ,american women4 ,a freckle or two only helped to set off the perfect whiteness of her skin2 her eyes had taken their hue from the blue sky of her native land1 and like the raven's wing was the color of her hair4 ,but although ,helen knew that she was beautiful1 and there was a small mirror in the shanty1 she did not waste any time before it1 unless1 perhaps1 of a ,sunday morning ere going to ,high ,mass4 ,a true helpmate was this wife in every sense of the word4 ,she arose betimes1 no matter how cold the weather might be1 to prepare her husband's breakfast1 and1 if a button was missing off his coat1 always found time to sew it on before he went to his work4 ,the floor of the shanty was daily sprinkled with fresh sand2 the pictures on the wallone of the ,blessed ,virgin at the foot of the cross1 the other of ,st4 ,josephwere never hung awry2 you saw no broken panes in the windows2 and the faces of her two little children1 ,michael and ,helen1 were kept as bright and clean as her own4 ,she never quitted home during her husband's absence to gossip and talk scandal with other women2 and1 monotonous as her life may seem1 'twas a happy one4 ,mike1 too1 was happy1 and no mariner homeward bound ever watched for the beacon-light on his native coast more impatiently than he watched for the light which ,helen used to place in the window1 whence he might see it from afar as he trudged back from his day's work4 ,and no matter how hard it might be raining1 or snowing1 or freezing1 at the first glimpse of its welcome rays ,mike always burst out into a merry song4 ,in the evening she would read him to sleep with some story from the ,catholic ,review2 then1 when his head began to nod1 she gently drew the pipe out of his mouth and whispered3 8,love1 'tis bed-time40 ,oh6 happy were those daysso happy that ,helen would sometimes tremble2 for surely they could not last for everotherwise it would be heaven on earth4 ,but1 sober and inoffensive as ,roony was1 he was not without enemies2 indeed1 for very reason of his sobriety and inoffensiveness some hated him4 ,and one evening,christmas evehe and his young wife were seated by the stove1 talking about the ,black-eye ,club1 whose head-quarters were in a liquor-store close by1 and whose members had sworn vengeance on ,mike for refusing to join them4 8,they have threatened to beat me10 he said2 8but if they only give me fair play1 ,i'll be a match for the biggest of 'em40 8,ay1 fair play60 said ,helen1 shuddering4 8,savages like them always take a man unawares1 and1 like wolves1 they hunt in packs40 8,they carry pistols1 too10 added ,mike1 8while ,i carry nothing but my fists40 8,well1 bad as ,i feel about it1 husband dear1 ,i'd a thousand times rather have you brave the whole villanous gang than see you join them2 for now we are so happy40 ,here ,helen twined her arm round his neck1 then1 gazing on him with loving eye1 she continued3 8,you have never touched liquor1 you do not get into fights1 you are so good2 and this rock is dearer to me than the greenest farm in the land40 8,with you any spot would be a paradise10 rejoined ,mike2 8and ,i hope to-morrow will be the last ,christmas that we'll go without a turkey and some toys for the children40 8,oh6 ,i'm sure it will10 said ,helen4 8,but you are right to pay all our debts first2 and already the boards which the shanty cost are paid for1 and so is the stove1 and there is nothing owing except the coal02 then1 with a smile3 8,and ,i've promised a pailful of coal to ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 who lives on the next rock4 ,you see1 poor as we are1 we can afford to give something away4 ,oh6 isn't that sweet80 8,it is indeed10 answered ,roony2 then1 after a pause3 8,but now tell me1 wife1 who do you think is going to preach to-morrow80 8,father ,h40 8,really6 ,oh6 ,i'm so glad2 he always knows when to stop40 8,a good sermon can't be too long10 said ,helen4 8,well1 ,i own it isn't easy to leave off when once you get a-going4 ,i was a brakeman five years1 and know what it is to stop a train of cars4 ,but if ,i was in the pulpit ,i'd know how to do it40 8,how80 8,well1 ,i'd just fix my eye on the sleepiest-looking fellow in the congregation1 and the very moment his head began to nod ,i'd lift up my hand and say1 #8,a blessing ,i wish you all4'0 ,here ,helen laughed1 and while she was laughing ,mike added3 8,and ,i've sometimes thought ,father ,h kept his eye on me40 ,while they were thus chatting by the little stove the northwest wind went howling round the house1 and ,jack ,frost tried his best1 his very best1 to get in1 but did not succeed1 not even through the keyhole2 for ,roony was not sparing of fuel1 and the stove-pipe was red hot4 ,indeed1 'twas rather pleasant to hear the voice of the blast and the rattling of the window-panes2 while at times the whole building seemed to rise up off the rock1 and then ,helen would throw an uneasy glance at her husband1 who would grin and say3 8,it's well anchored1 darling2 never fear40 ,at length the clock struck midnight1 and the children1 who had been sleeping on their parents' laps1 were taken gently up and put to bedso gently that their slumber was scarcely broken4 ,then husband and wife retired too2 but1 ere placing their heads on the pillow1 they knelt and gave thanks to ,god for the many blessings they had enjoyed since last ,christmas4 ,oh6 sweet was the sleep which followed the prayer1 and happy were their dreams2 and when ,christmas morning came1 the sun did not rise on a happier home than this one4 ,scarcely had its rays flashed through the east window when ,mike sprang up1 and1 clapping his hands1 shouted3 8,o ,helen1 ,helen6 open your eyes and see what ,santa ,claus has brought you40 ,obedient to his call1 ,helen awoke2 and sure enough1 to her great surprise1 discovered one of her stockings dangling from the latch of the door1 and there was something in it1 but what it might be she had not the least notion1 nor her husband either4 8,oh6 go quick and see what it is10 she said4 8,i'm so curious to know40 ,accordingly1 ,mike went to the stocking2 then1 plunging his hand into it1 drew fortha bottle1 and on it was marked1 8,whiskey40 8,well1 ,i declare10 he said1 grinning1 as he held it up1 8here is something1 ,nell1 to drink your health with this ,christmas day40 ,but the wife's bright look had vanished in a moment when she heard what the bottle contained2 and now1 in a grave tone1 she answered3 8,no1 dear1 do not drink my health with that4 ,thank ,god6 you have never yet touched liquor1 so do not begin the bad habit on this sacred day1 nor on any other day4 ,throw the bottle out of doorsdo60 8,well1 now1 can't a fellow take just a sip in honor of ,santa ,claus1 who brought it80 8,no1 no2 the devil brought it4 ,don't take even one drop2 throw the poison awayquick60 8,oh6 but it's a bitter cold morning1 ,nell1 and the fire isn't lit1 and a sip of whiskey'll keep me warm while ,i make itonly just one sip40 8,husband1 ,i beg you0here the wife clasped her hands8,i implore you to get rid of the devil's gift as quick as possible4 ,i see that you are already tempted4 ,o husband6 listen to my voice40 ,to calm herfor she seemed much excited,roony opened the door1 and1 stepping out into the frosty air1 struck the neck of the bottle against the rock1 so as to make her believe that it was broken in pieces2 but only the neck came off4 8,really10 he said within himself1 after moistening his lips with a drop1 8this doesn't taste bad2 surely a little won't hurt me40 ,then1 concealing the bottle in the goat-house1 he went back and told his wife what he had never told her beforea lie4 8,you broke it6 ,oh6 ,i'm so glad10 she exclained1 8so very glad60 ,but there was a tear in her eye as she spoke2 then1 while ,mike busied himself kindling the fire1 ,helen knelt down and remained a good while on her knees4 8,why1 ,nell1 what ails you80 he asked1 drawing near her after she had finished the prayer4 8,this is ,christmas morning2 let's be merry40 8,oh6 yes1 ,i must be merry10 she replied1 trying to assume a cheerful air4 ,but there was something in her tone which struck ,mike as peculiar1 and for a moment he blushed4 ,did she suspect the untruth which he had told8 ,no2 her faith in him was unbroken1 and she could not account to herself for the heavy weight upon her heart1 which even the prayer had not taken away2 and now1 despite the glorious sunbeams flooding the room and the sweet voices of her children1 ,helen felt sad4 ,who had entered their happy home in the stillness of night1 and placed that ill-omened gift in her stocking8 ,might it really be the ,evil ,one8 ,and while she wondered over this mysterious occurrence1 she thought of the many families1 once happy and well-to-do1 who had come to grief and misery through intemperance4 ,was her own day of trial approaching8 ,what did this ,christmas gift portend8 8,but no1 no2 ,i will not be sad2 ,i'll be cheerful4 ,for ,michael's sake ,i will10 she said to herself4 ,then1 as the bright look spread over her face1 ,mike clapped his hands and shouted3 8,that's right1 my darling4 ,hurrah60 ,and so the early hours went by2 and when ten o'clock struck1 they set out for ,st4 ,paul's ,church1 which was about nine blocks off1 the mother holding her little boy by the hand1 the father carrying little ,nell1 who was not yet old enough to walk so far4 ,but when they were within a few paces of the church door1 ,roony stopped and declared that he had forgotten to feed the goat4 8,well1 dear1 it's too late now10 said ,helen4 8,nanny can wait2 you'll miss ,mass if you go back40 8,o wife6 how would you like to miss your breakfast80 rejoined ,mike4 8,nanny is hungry4 ,i must return40 8,and lose ,mass80 she said1 with a look of tender reproach4 ,roony did not answer1 but turned on his heel and went away1 leaving her too overcome with surprise to utter another word4 ,the priest was already at the altar when ,helen arrived1 and the church very full2 yet more people continued to push their way in1 and ever and anon she would look round to see if her husband were among the late-comers4 ,she tried to keep her thoughts from wandering1 but did not succeed4 ,never had ,helen felt so distracted before1 and the foreboding of evil which had oppressed her in the early morning now returned and shrouded her in such gloom that she could hardly pray4 ,but1 troubled as the poor woman was1 no suspicion of the truth had yet entered her mind4 ,she was very innocent1 and did not doubt but ,mike1 having come late1 was hidden among the crowd by the door4 ,at length the service ended2 and now she felt quite certain that he would join her4 ,but five minutes elapsed1 and then tena whole quarter of an hour passed away4 ,the congregation was fast dispersing2 still1 her husband did not appear4 8,oh6 where can he be80 she asked herself4 8,where can he be80 ,at every voice that greeted her ,helen started2 for many knew her and wished her a merry ,christmas1 and ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan1 who had a keen eye1 exclaimed3 8,why1 what ails you1 ,mrs4 ,roony80 ,how lonesome the wife felt as she plodded homeward6 ,yet her children were prattling merrily1 and the street was full of happy people4 ,she was blind to them all1 she was deaf to every word that was spoken1 and kept murmuring again and again3 8,where can ,michael be80 ,finally ,helen reached home1 and was about to cross the threshold1 when suddenly she paused and uttered a cry which might have been heard afar1 'twas so loud and piercing2 while little ,mike and ,nell exclaimed at one breath3 8,mamma1 look at papa sleeping40 ,yes1 there lay their father stretched upon the floor1 breathing heavily4 ,but 'twas not the pleasant slumber into which ,helen loved to see him fall when he returned weary from a hard day's work2 and after gazing on him a moment with an expression impossible to describe1 she buried her face in her hands4 ,poor thing6 well might she weep2 and if a feeling of disgust mingled with her grief1 may we not forgive her8 ,he was breathing heavily2 by his right hand lay an empty bottle with the neck broken off1 and the air of the room was tainted with the fumes of liquor4 8,stop6 let your father sleep10 she said to her son1 who had knelt down and was playfully brushing the hair off his parent's face4 ,but this precaution was needless2 the latter was too deep in his cups to be roused by the touch of the child's hand1 and presently1 with a heavy heart1 ,helen turned away and set to work to prepare the dinner4 ,there was no turkey to cook2 still1 she had intended to provide a somewhat better repast than ordinary1 it being ,christmas day4 ,but1 alas6 she hardly knew what she was doing as she bustled about the stove2 and when1 by and by1 dinner was ready1 she tasted not a mouthful herselfall appetite had fled4 ,the children1 however1 ate heartily1 pausing now and again to say3 8,mamma1 why don't you call papa80 ,it was evening when ,roony awoke1 and the moment ,helen perceived that his eyes were open she began to tremble2 for1 though she did not doubt but he was sober by this time1 she felt as if another man were near her1 and not the one whom she had once so honored and trusted4 ,and as he stared at her from the floor1 he did indeed appear changed2 there was a silly1 vacant look on his face1 his eyes were bloodshot1 and it was almost five minutes before he attempted to rise4 ,then1 without opening his lips1 he got up and went out of the house1 closing the door behind him with a slam4 8,well1 ,i declare10 he said1 tossing away the broken bottle8,i declare ,i've been drunk2 and1 what's more1 ,i told a lie and missed ,mass4 ,will she ever forgive me80 ,then stamping his foot3 8,oh6 what a fool ,i've beenwhat a wicked fool60 ,presently1 while he was thus lamenting his sins1 the door opened and a voice said3 8,come to me1 dear2 come to me40 8,o ,helen60 he cried1 turning toward her1 8can you forgive me1 will you80 8,come to me10 she repeated1 opening wide her arms1 but at the same time drawing back a step from the threshold2 for curious eyes were watching them from a neighboring rock4 ,quick ,roony flew into the shanty1 then1 dropping down on his knees1 burst into tears4 ,the wife wept too1 while little ,mike and ,nell looked on in childish wonder at the scene4 8,but1 darling1 why do you cry80 he exclaimed presently1 rising to his feet4 8,you've done nothing wrong40 ,helen made no response1 but brushing the tears away1 twined her arms around his neck4 8,well1 speak1 darling4 ,what have you done to cry80 repeated ,roony4 8,o ,michael60 she answered in faltering accents1 8you have been such a good1 kind husband to me4 ,we have been so happy togetherso very1 very happy4 ,god has blest us with two darling children4 ,we might live1 perhaps1 years and years in this sweet spot2 and when at length death parted us1 'twould not be for longwe should meet again in heaven4 ,o ,michael6 ,i weep because all this may be changedbecause death might part us for ever and ever60 8,no1 no1 darling1 it shall not6 ,it shall not60 8,well1 ,i will pray with heart and soul1 husband dear1 that you may not fall a second time4 ,alas6 if the habit of drink once fasten upon you1 it may be impossible to shake it off2 and intemperance not only ruins many a family1 but damns many a soul40 ,at her own words the wife shuddered and began to weep anew4 8,well1 ,i say never fear4 ,not another drop of liquor will ,i touch10 said ,mike8no1 not another drop as long as ,i live40 8,oh6 thank ,god60 exclaimed ,helen1 8thank ,god60 8,yes1 yes1 ,i solemnly promise it4 ,and now1 darling1 try and forget all about my wickedness to-day1 won't you80 8,yes1 ,i'll forget all about it10 she answered4 ,with this ,helen began to sing a merry song1 in which her husband joined1 while the children went romping around the room1 and the cricket came out of his tiny hole beneath the stove and chirped merrily too4 ,but although ,helen had forgiven him1 yet ,mike's conduct had wrought a deep impression on her2 and when bedtime arrived and they retired1 he slept soundly enough1 but she lay awake for hours4 ,and whenever the wind shook the house1 she would tremble2 and once the door seemed to open4 ,but no1 this was merely fancy4 ,the noise1 however1 which startled her at midnight was real and not imagination4 ,it proceeded from the den where the ,black-eye ,club was celebrating ,christmas1 and mingled with their yells were horrible oaths4 ,helen did not doubt but a fight was going on2 perhaps some one was being beaten to death4 ,then she turned toward her husband1 and even touched him1 to make quite sure that he was lying beside her4 ,the following day ,roony went off to work as usual1 and came back in the evening1 cheered as usual1 too1 by the light in the window2 and immediately its welcome rays flashed upon him1 he exclaimed3 8,oh6 what a good wife ,i have4 ,god bless her60 ,ay1 ,helen is good6 ,her heart is with you1 ,mike1 wherever you go2 and at this very moment she is kneeling by the little beacon1 praying that it may guide you safely to her side1 and that you may not be tempted to stray into the bar-room on the corner4 ,but not the next day only1 the whole week1 ,roony was his old1 good-natured1 hard-working1 sober self2 and what had marred the joy of ,christmas was fast fading from ,helen's memory4 ,but one ,saturday evening1 as he was trudging homeward with his pocket full of wages1 there came over him a sudden craving for spirits2 the broken bottle out of which he had taken his maiden drink seemed to rise up before his eyes2 the delicious taste of the whiskey was on his lips afresh4 ,in fact1 the craving was so very strong1 so wholly unexpected1 that it startled him1 and his heart beat violently4 8,oh6 ,i never thought ,i should be seized in this way10 he groaned4 8,how very strange6 ,i can't resist2 yet ,i must4 ,o ,helen6 would to ,god ,i had not taken that first drink40 ,the words were scarcely breathed when the beams of the home-light flashed upon him4 ',twas still a good distance off1 and the air was muggy and thick1 yet it shone brighter than ,mike had ever seen it shine before4 ,for about a minute he watched it yearningly2 he even quickened his steps and twice groaned1 8,o ,helen60 ,then1 muttering a curse upon himself1 he turned his eyes away from the light1 and at the same time1 swerving out of the dear home-path1 he hurried on to the liquor-saloon4 8,three cheers for ,mike ,roony60 was the salutation which greeted him from a dozen voices as he entered4 8,i knew you'd join us afore long10 said the ,president of the ,black-eye ,club1 advancing and shaking him warmly by the hand2 then1 motioning to the others1 their empty glasses were refilled and the new-comer's health toasted4 ,presently ,roony wanted to treat2 but 8,no1 no10 they all shouted2 8'tis our privilege to treat you this evening40 ,whereupon the bottle was passed round again2 while poor ,mike1 flattered beyond measure by this unlooked-for reception1 thought to himself3 8,what a fool ,i was not to join the club long ago60 ,and so on they went carousing1 and ,helen's husband growing more and more intoxicated1 until at length1 when he was barely able to stand1 a voice exclaimed3 8,now1 boys1 let's christen him40 ,quick as lightning a violent blow on the eye followed these words2 then down dropped ,roony unconscious to the floor4 8,where can he be80 said the anxious wife1 seeing that he did not return at the usual hour4 8,i pray ,god nothing has happened4 ,the dear fellow came near being killed by a blast last year4 ,o my ,god6 ,i hope nothing has happened40 ,after waiting for him awhile1 ,helen and her young ones took their places at the supper-table2 but not a morsel did she eat4 ,a vague fear possessed her4 ,the children spoke1 but the mother answered them not2 the cricket chirpedshe was deaf to its merry song2 and every few minutes she would open the door1 and look out and listen4 ,but no husband appeared4 ,and now1 without him1 how everything seemed to change6 ,the rock1 the shanty1 the pretty rosebush she cherished1 even the children whom she loved ten thousand times more than the roseall appeared different to her eyes2 nothing was the same when he who was the corner-stone of home was missing2 and ,helen realized as never before what a link of adamant bound her heart to his4 8,oh6 if anything has happened4 ,if he is killed1 'twill kill me too10 she sighed4 ,then1 when little ,mike asked1 8,where is papa80 she answered1 8,coming soon40 ,and even to speak these words brought her a moment's peace of mind1 and she would try to think of some good cause which might detain him4 ,but the clock went on ticking1 and the hour-hand moved further and further toward midnight2 still1 no husband came4 ,the children were put to bed1 and soon were fast asleep2 the fire in the stove died out2 the cricket became silent2 but the wife grew more and more wakeful1 while ever and anon she would go to the window and nervously snuff the candle burning there4 ,then again she would open the door and listenlisten with all her ears2 but she heard only the throbbing of her heart and boisterous voices in the direction of the liquor-saloon4 8,well1 ,i'll watch and pray till he arrives10 said ,helen2 then kneeling beside the crib where her children were sleeping1 she lifted her thoughts to ,god4 ,but the many hours she had been awake1 the busy day prolonged so far into night1 proved at last too much for her2 and just as the clock struck one her weary eyes closed and her guardian angel took up the prayer which she left unfinished4 ,how long ,helen slept she did not know2 but when she awoke the candle had burned out and the chamber was pitch dark4 8,oh6 what is the matter8 ,what did ,i hear8 ,was it only a dream80 she cried1 starting to her feet4 8,come1 now1 ,i want my supper60 growled ,mike1 staggering further into the room4 8,where's my supper80 ,pen cannot describe the wife's feelings as she groped about for the match-box4 ,and when finally1 after letting three or four matches drop out of her quivering fingers1 she succeeded in lighting a fresh candle1 what a sight did she behold6 ,was this man scowling at her1 with one eye battered and swollen1 her own ,michael8 8,i say1 where's my supper80 he repeated with an oath4 ,without uttering a word1 but with a sinking of the heart which she had never experienced till now1 ,helen made haste to kindle a fire and heat up the potatoes and pork which she had laid aside for him in the evening4 ,while thus employed ,roony dropped down on a bench2 then1 after grumbling at her a few minutes1 began suddenly to giggle4 8,i want you to know10 said he1 8that ,i'm now a member of the ,black-eye ,club4 ,but that's plain enough by looking at me1 eh8 ,and when ,i've eaten supper1 ,i'm going to make you cut my haircut it short to fighting trim40 8,o husband60 replied ,helen1 in a voice of sorrowful entreaty1 8do not break my heart1 ,i love you so40 8,break your heart6 ,ha6 ha6 that's a good joke40 ,then1 glancing up at the clock3 8,well1 by jingo1 ,nell1 ,i'd better call this meal breakfast4 ,why1 it's pretty nigh four1 isn't it80 ,encouraged1 perhaps1 by the somewhat milder tone in which these last words were spoken1 she now approached him1 and1 bending down1 proceeded to examine his wounded eye4 8,yes1 bathe it for me10 he continued4 8,but1 for all it hurts1 ,i'm deuced proud of it2 for it's the christening mark of the ,black-eye ,club40 8,oh6 hush1 dear4 ,don't mention that wicked gang any more10 said the wife4 8,i hate them2 they are fiends40 8,fiends8 ,ha1 ha6 ,well1 well1 hurry up with my breakfast or supper1 whichever you choose to call it2 then get the scissors and cut off my hair40 8,let me bathe your poor eye first10 she answered2 8then1 after you have done eating1 'twill be daylight1 and ,i want you1 love1 to come to ,mass this morning1 and to see the priest2 we'll go together4 ,o ,michael6 dark clouds are lowering over us2 come with me to the priest40 8,to the priest8 ,no1 indeed6 ,the ,black-eye ,club have nothing to do with priests40 8,o husband6 do not talk so2 save yourself before it is too late10 she went on1 as she sponged the clotted blood off his cheek4 8,i can't1 wife4 ,the craving for spirits is too strong4 ,it all comes1 ,i know1 from that one little drink ,christmas morning4 ,now ,i'm not master of myself2 ,i believe there's a devil in me40 ,a long1 shadowy silence followed1 during which ,helen wept1 while ever and anon ,roony would say1 8,it's no use crying40 ,while he was at his breakfast she once more begged him to go with her to ,mass4 ,but again he refused1 saying1 8,our club don't go to ,mass2 nor must you1 until you have trimmed my hair40 8,why1 'tis short enough10 replied ,helen4 8,is it8 ,look60 ,and as ,mike spoke he clutched a fistful of it1 then gave a pull4 8,now1 don't you see that some chap might grab me and get my head in #8chancery'8 ,i want my hair short as pig's bristles1 and well greased too2 then ,i'll be like an eel1 and grab me who can40 ,the wife obeyed without a murmur1 performing the operation to his entire satisfaction2 after which1 approaching the crib where her children were sleeping1 she gave each a soft kiss1 then went off by herself to church4 ,helen had never been wanting in devotion2 her faith had always been strong4 ,but now1 as she took her way along the lonely street1 with the morning star still shining in the heavens1 she felt as though ,god were come nearer to her2 and all her former prayers were cold compared with the prayers which she offered this morning at the foot of the altar4 ,and when ,mass was over and she turned her steps homeward1 'twas with a more cheerful heart and a firm resolution to be a loving and faithful wife to the end1 the bitter end1 whatever it might be4 ,when ,helen entered the shanty she found her husband gone4 ,but little ,mike was there1 and he looked so like his father2 and little ,nell was there too4 ,oh6 surely they would not be abandoned4 8,no1 ,god is with us10 she murmured4 8,my prayers will be heard1 and ,michael will one day be what he used to be4 ,yes1 yes6 ,i know it40 ,as she spoke a radiant look spread over her face2 then1 making the sign of the cross1 she straightway set about her daily duties as if nothing had happened4 ,o blessed ,faith6 which makest the darkest hour bright2 richer1 indeed1 in gifts than a gold-mine art thou1 and stronger than a mountain to lean upon in moments like these6 ,when evening came round1 ,helen placed the candle in the window as usual1 although she had faint hope that ,mike had been at work4 ,and again she set up till a very late hour1 keeping the fire burning and taking good care not to fall asleep this time4 ,it was one o'clock when ,roony returned4 ,he was not tipsy1 but surly1 and when she laid her hand on his arm he flung it away1 saying1 8,now1 ,i want no preaching and petting2 ,i want my supper40 ,the poor woman was a little frightened1 and waited upon him awhile in silence4 8,yet ,i must speak10 she murmured2 8,i must brave his anger4 ,no husband was ever kinder than he1 no spouse happier than ,i have been till now2 ,i must make one more effort to save him from ruin40 ,with this1 she again gently touched his arm and said1 8,dear love0 8,d your preaching2 ,i won't listen to it10 he snarled1 cutting short her words1 and in a voice so loud that it awoke the children4 ,then1 presently1 shrugging his shoulders1 8,oh6 you needn't whimper4 ,i'm bound to be master here40 8,have ,i ever denied your authority80 inquired ,helen1 looking calmly at him through her tears4 8,oh6 hush4 ,don't bother me10 continued ,roony1 lifting up his plate4 ,then1 as if he had changed his mind about throwing it at her1 he dashed it into shivers on the floor4 8,alas6 what a curse liquor is10 she cried in a tone of passionate energy4 8,what a terrible curse60 8,well1 ,i'm not drunk1 am ,i80 8,but you have been drinking2 and the poison is in your veins4 ,o ,michael6 for ,god's sake abandon the villanous set you belong to60 ,here he clenched his fist4 ,but heedless of the threat she went bravely on3 8,think how happy we were1 ,michael4 ,this bare rock was more lovely than a garden to us4 ,and we have two dear children2 look at them yonder6 ,look at them60 8,i say1 woman1 go to bed and leave me alone10 thundered ,roony1 bringing down his huge fist on the table with a thump which made everything in the shanty rattle4 ,poor1 poor ,helen6 ,with a heart torn by anguish1 she obeyed4 ,but not a wink of sleep came to herno1 not a wink1 and never night seemed longer than this one4 ,but her husband slept like a top1 nor opened his eyes until ten the next morning2 then1 as soon as he was dressed1 and without waiting for breakfast1 out he went to take a drink4 8,oh6 what is coming8 ,what is going to happen now80 thought ,helen1 as she watched him enter the bar-room4 ,then kneeling down1 she said a prayer4 ,the clock had just struck noon when ,mike returned1 accompanied part of the way by another man1 who helped him mount the difficult path which wound up the rock2 and ,roony needed assistance1 for even when he gained the summit he could not walk straight1 and fell within a yard of his door4 ,quick ,helen ran to him2 for1 although his condition filled her with disgust1 yet she could not abide the thought of other eyes than hers discovering him thus4 8,come in1 husband1 come in the house10 she said1 taking his arm4 ,scarcely1 however1 had she got him on his feet again when he caught her by the throat and exclaimed1 in the voice of a wild beast1 8,ah1 ha6 now ,i'm going to beat you40 ,but in an instant ,helen broke loose from him2 then rushing back into the shanty1 she called her children and bade them hurry out on the rock4 ,the little things obeyed1 too innocent to know what the trouble was4 ,then facing her husband1 who was scowling at her from the threshold1 8,now enter10 she said1 8and beat me if you will4 ,here1 at least1 nobody will witness the deed40 ,roony staggered in and ,helen closed the door4 ,that evening1 after pressing her children many times to her poor bruised heart1 ,helen went away4 ,she quitted the home where she had once been so happy1 and1 as she went1 she said to herself3 8,if on my wedding day an angel from heaven had told me this1 ,i should not have believed him40 ,but the step she was now taking was all for the best4 ,in his madness ,roony had threatened to kill her4 8,and he might do it10 she sighed1 8for when he is intoxicated he doesn't know what he is doing4 ,and then all his life afterward he would be haunted by remorse4 ,poor ,michael6 ,i believe he still loves me4 ,for his own sake ,i am going away40 ,it was ,helen's intention to seek refuge with a family who dwelt not far off1 and for whom she had once done some work4 ,they received her very kindly1 and wondered ever so much at the ugly cut under one of her eyes1 from which the red drops were still oozing2 and her upper lip1 too1 was cut4 ,but ,helen refused to tell who had ill-used her4 8,pray1 ask no questions10 she said4 8,only furnish me with employment2 ,i'll drudge2 ,i'll do anything to earn a little money40 ,accordingly1 they gave her a number of shirts to make2 and being a deft hand at needle-work1 she was able to gain quite a good livelihood4 ,but it was not for herself that ,helen labored1 'twas for those whom she loved better than herself4 ,and every evening1 when the stars began to twinkle1 she visited her old home1 and there1 peeping through the window1 would watch little ,mike and ,nell with yearning eyes4 ,and once she saw her husband seated by the stove1 eating a piece of the bread and meat which she had left at the door the previous evening4 8,oh6 thank ,god60 she said1 8that ,i am able to support him and the children4 ,perhaps ere long my prayers will be heard1 and ,i shall be happy again40 ,but ,roony was still drinking steadily2 even now1 as he ate the cold victuals1 he was barely able to sit on the chair1 and so the poor woman did not venture to show herself4 ,next day1 however1 the fifth since she left home1 the longed-for opportunity presented itself2 ,mike was sober1 and with bounding heart ,helen went into the shanty4 8,o wife60 he exclaimed1 rising to meet her1 8'tis an age since ,i laid eyes on you4 ,where have you been80 ,then his countenance suddenly growing dark as a thundercloud1 8but1 by heaven6 what's happened8 ,how came those bruises on your face8 ,somebody has ill-treated you6 ,tell me the villain's name1 that ,i may take his heart's blood40 8,i'll never tell his name10 answered ,helen1 in a low but firm voice4 8,never60 ,for about a minute ,roony gazed on her in silence2 the mournful1 the shocking truth seemed to be gradually dawning upon him4 8,oh6 is it possible8 ,could ,i have done itdone such a wicked1 brutal thing80 he asked himself4 ,then1 falling on his knees1 he bathed her feet with bitter tears4 ,helen wept also1 while the children ceased their gambols and wondered what was the matter4 ,but presently the wife bade him rise1 then1 twining her arms round his neck1 gave him a tender embrace1 by which he knew that he was forgiven4 ,and now for a brief half-hour1 oh6 how happy he was1 and how happy she was6 ,during the dark days which followed ,helen often looked back to those fleeting moments2 'twas like a gleam of sunshine flung across a scathed and desolate landscape4 8,now1 husband dear10 she said after he had fondled her a little while1 8let me put things to rights40 ,whereupon she took her broom1 swept the floor1 and sprinkled it with clean sand2 the pictures were dusted2 the clock set agoing2 the rosebush watered2 nor was the poor goat forgotten4 ,and delighted1 indeed1 was the half-starved creature to see her again4 8,helen60 exclaimed ,mike1 while she was thus employed1 8a wife like you is a priceless treasure4 ,would to ,heaven ,i had listened to you ,christmas morning6 ,what a different man ,i'd be now60 8,well1 love1 all is bright once more10 answered ,helen1 cheerily4 ,he made no response save a deep sigh4 8,why1 husband dear1 what troubles you80 she asked1 her look of joy vanishing in a moment4 8,no slave was ever bound by such chains as bind me10 he groaned1 dropping his forehead in his hands4 8,and it all comes from that one fatal drink40 8,well1 pray1 dear1 pray to ,god1 and ,i will pray with you40 8,too late6 ,the craving for liquor which seizes me at times is irresistible2 'tis seizing me nowthe demon60 8,o my ,saviour60 cried ,helen1 trembling and turning pale4 ,the words had hardly left her lips when the door opened and a strange faceat least it was new to herpeeped in4 8,time60 spoke the chief of the ,black-eye ,club in a voice which caused ,roony to start to his feet4 8,begone60 cried ,helen1 advancing boldly toward the intruder4 8,time60 he repeated1 now holding up a pistol4 ,but1 nothing daunted1 she was about to try and close the door on him1 when her husband slipped past1 and ere she could recover from her amazement they were both beyond the rock and half way to the grog-shop4 ,that night the poor woman remained in the shanty1 watching1 and weeping1 and praying4 ,but her husband did not come back till sunrise2 and then he was so crazy with drink that she deemed it best to quit her home once more4 ,accordingly1 she returned to the kind people who had given her shelter and employment4 ,but it was not easy to settle down anew to her sewing2 the needle would drop from her fingers and a cold fear thrill through her veins as she thought of the repulsive1 sin-stamped face which had peeped into the shanty and enticed her dear ,michael away4 ,we may imagine1 also1 her agony of mind when it was reported that a burglary1 accompanied by murder1 had been committed during the night1 and that suspicion pointed to certain members of the ,black-eye ,club4 ,but1 to her unspeakable relief1 ,mike was not among those who were arrested4 ,the chief of the gang1 however1 was2 and condemned1 too1 to be hanged2 which sentence would doubtless have been carried out had he not managed to escape from prison4 ,this incident1 far from ruining the ,black-eyes1 only afforded them a pleasing excitement2 like rats when the cat comes1 they dived into their holes for a space2 then out they came as flourishing as ever1 and ,roony was one of their most popular members4 ,but let us be brief with our story4 ,why linger over poor ,helen's misery8 ,why tell of all the brutal treatment she suffered8 ,month after month rolled by4 ,spring came2 summer followed spring4 ,yet there was no change for the better in ,mike4 ,his shanty1 once the prettiest and cleanest of all the shanties on ,manhattan ,island1 grew to be the dirtiest and most forlorn-looking4 ,the door was kicked off its hinges1 ugly rags and papers fluttered in the broken windows1 and occasionally the ,black-eye ,club assembled on the rock1 making it the scene of a drunken revel4 ,but brave1 faithful ,helen continued to visit her children every evening after dark1 carrying them food and clothing4 ,she would not remove them from the spot which she still called home1 for she hoped that the sight of the little innocents would sooner or later call her husband back to his old self again4 ,and every day ,helen went to ,st4 ,paul's church and made the ,stations of the ,cross2 this was her favorite devotion4 8,and if my ,saviour suffered so much10 she would say1 8oh6 surely1 ,i can bear my load40 ,yet there were moments when she seemed well-nigh ready to sink under it4 ,ay1 more than once ,hope wrestled with ,despair2 but ,hope always came off victorious4 ,if the wife's faith was still glowing1 if her trust in ,god continued strong as ever1 nevertheless in one respect a woful change appeared in her4 ,oh6 sad was the havoc which this year of grief1 of cruel ill-treatment wrought on her once bright and lovely face6 ',twas as if a coarse hand had rubbed off the delicate tints of that sweet picture1 and left behind1 not the ruins of her beauty1 but the ruins of those ruins4 ,and now in time's monotonous circle winter is come round again2 another ,christmas is at hand4 ,evergreens and toys1 laughing children and good-humored parents1 with well-filled purses1 all tell it to you4 ,and papa and mamma1 as they dash hither and thither in their jingling sleighs1 doubt not but everybody else is happy too3 ,santa ,claus will visit every home2 ,santa ,claus will fill every stocking4 ,why1 who could help feeling merry at this holy season8unless1 perhaps1 the turkeys4 ,yes1 it is ,christmas ,eve4 8,how well ,i remember last ,christmas60 sighed poor ,helen as she leaned back in her chair and gazed with tearful eyes at the shirt which1 alas6 she was unable to finish4 ,how could she finish it8 ,she was barely able to see4 ,yet those livid1 tell-tale marks on her visage1 painful as they are1 are easier to bear than the curses and unfeeling words which have broken her heart at last4 ,as night approached1 snow began to fall and the wind to blowa keen1 angry wind from the north-east2 one of those winds we love so to hear howling round the house while we sit toasting our slippers by the fire4 ,but1 bitter cold as it was1 ,helen did not shrink from going to church2 although half-blind1 she could still find the way there4 ,she went2 she made anew the stations of the ,cross1 and said1 as she had so often said before1 8,if my ,saviour suffered so much1 oh6 surely ,i can bear my load40 ,as she breathed these words to herself the ugly black-and-blue marks which disfigured her seemed to fade away1 a glow of heaven shone in her face1 and for a moment1 one brief moment1 she became once more the beautiful ,helen,helen1 8the ,belle of the ,shanties10 as ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan used to call herthen suddenly she gave a start and the mien of rapture changed to a look of wonder and alarm4 ,who had spoken her name8 ,there was nobody near2 who could it be8 ,while ,helen was gazing about her1 she heard the voice again4 8,who is calling me80 she asked1 her heart now throbbing violently4 ,the words were scarcely uttered when for the third time1 and more distinctly1 8,helen60 sounded in her ear4 8,it is ,michael60 she exclaimed1 hastening to the door4 8,yes1 it is he calling me40 ,but ere she passed out of the church she broke off a sprig of evergreen and dipped it into the holy-water font4 ,then hiding it in her bosom1 so that the angry wind might not snatch it away1 she sped homeward on winged feet4 ,but 'twas no easy matter to get to the rock at this hour with her poor bruised eyes and in such a driving storm4 ,yet she did find the way4 ,and up the rude path she climbed with marvellous agility2 'twas as though an invisible hand were leading her on4 ,the sight which ,helen beheld on entering the shanty might have appalled any heart but hers4 ,her husband1 his face streaming with blood1 was engaged in a deadly struggle with a horrible-looking being much larger than himself1 who seemed striving to make him drink from a cup which he pressed to his lips4 8,o ,ellen60 cried ,michael in a tone of despair1 8save me6 save me60 ,quick she flew towards him1 stretching forth at the same time the branch of evergreen4 ,in another instant 'twas in his hand2 then1 just as he grasped it1 his strange adversary uttered a demoniac cry and the cup fell to the floor1 shattered in many pieces4 8,oh6 ,i am saved10 exclaimed ,roony8saved6 saved6 ,thank ,god60 ,but while his joyful words were ringing through the house1 the fiend turned upon his deliverer and out into the black night ,helen was driven4 ,vainly she struggled2 a powerful hand1 which seemed mailed in iron1 thrust her out1 and presently1 when released from its ruthless grip1 she found herself blindly groping here and there in the darkness4 ,round and round the house she wanderednear it always1 yet never finding it4 ,and during these sad moments1 the last moments of her life1 her husband was anxiously seeking her4 ,but it was easy to miss each other in such a snow-storm1 and when he shouted her name the wild wind carried away her response1 until at length1 numbed by the cold1 she answered him no more4 ,and so1 within a few feet of home1 the brave ,helen1 the faithful ,helen1 was wrapt in a winding-sheet of snow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,next morningsweet ,christmas morningthe sun rose in a cloudless sky2 and as its bright beams flashed from window to window1 from spire to spire1 every object1 the humblest1 the least beautiful1 became suddenly transformed into a thing of beauty4 ,ay1 even those two icy hands peeping above the snow hard by ,mike ,roony's shanty door sparkle as if they were covered with gems and have a golden halo round them4 ,they were clasped as if in prayer1 and when poor ,mike discovered them he cried aloud3 8,oh6 she prayed for me to the last2 she prayed for me to the last60 ,his wail was heard at the next rock1 and far beyond it4 ,then a crowd began to collect1 a very large crowd2 for ,helen was known to many1 and her husband was not the only one who shed tears over her remains this bright ,christmas morning4 8,i had a feeling that something was going wrong10 spoke ,mrs4 ,mc,gowan4 ,then1 when ,roony told of the infernal being who had attacked him1 and how he had been rescued by the blessed evergreen which ,helen had brought1 the good woman solemnly shook her head1 and whispered3 8,this house ought to be exorcisedindeed it ought40 8,well1 one thing ,i vow by all that's holy10 ejaculated ,mike1 crossing himself and lifting his voice so that the crowd might hear him8,i vow never again to touch liquornever1 never1 never60 8,i join you60 exclaimed a bystander4 8,so do ,i60 8,and ,i too60 8,and ,i60 shouted a number of voices4 ,and those who spoke were members of the notorious ,black-eye ,club4 ,then they all knelt around the body and swore1 hand-in-hand together1 never to drink another drop of intoxicating spirits4 ,and thus by ,helen's death many sinners were converted1 many a drunkard's home made happy again2 for the ways of the ,lord are mysterious4 ,good is not seldom wrought out only through tears and suffering4 ,oh6 who will say it was not well for ,helen to die8 ,but poor ,mike was inconsolable4 ,he who had once been so blithe and frolicsome now spoke scarcely a word4 ,days and weeks rolled by1 yet he did not change4 ,we may pity him indeed6 ,there was no light in the window now to welcome him from afar as he trudged back from his work in the dusk4 ,and when he sat down to warm himself by the stove1 instead of lighting his pipe as of yore and falling into a pleasant doze1 he became strangely wakeful4 ,then the spectre remorse would glide out of some shadowy corner and whisper bitter words in his ear4 ,if at times he succeeded in silencing its voice1 and would give himself up to a reverie of other days1 when this miserable shanty was more gorgeous to him than a palace1 oh6 the pleasure which the sweet vision brought was like music heard from withinside a prison wall1 like sunshine seen through the bars2 for those golden days would come never more4 ,eternity stood between him and them4 ,then back remorse would creep and whisper3 8,you beat heryou broke her heartyou killed heryou didyou did60 ,and one evening1 while these torturing words were wringing his soul1 he threw up his right handthe hand which had struck her so oftenand groaned aloud3 8,oh6 this is hell4 ,where's the axe80 ,forlorn wretch6 well it was that as he bared his arm and clutched the axeay1 well it was that at that very moment the minister of ,god appeared to check the rash deed he contemplated1 to speak soothing words1 to save him1 perhaps1 from madness4 ,and as from this hour forth a new life began for ,michael ,roony1 we end our tale with the closing advice which the priest addressed him4 8,my dear friend10 he said1 8do not weep any more1 for tears will not bring back your wife4 ,there is nothing in this world so vain as regret4 ,therefore cease to mourn2 strive your best to be cheerful40 ,then pointing to little ,mike and ,nell1 who were playing at his feet1 8work hard1 too1 for these children whom she bore you4 ,for their sake1 as well as your own1 keep true to the pledge of temperance1 and so live here on earth that one day you may meet again your dear ,helen in heaven40 ,,siena4 ,cor magis ,sena pandit4 ,the railway from ,empoli to the south passes through a rough1 hilly country1 following its sinuosities1 spanning the valleys on gigantic arches1 or plunging through the tunnelled mountains4 ,one tunnel is a mile longthrough the hill of ,san ,dalmazzo2 and when you issue from it1 you see before you another hill1 on which rises1 stage after stage1 the strange1 medival city of ,siena1 to the height of nearly a thousand feet above the level of the sea4 ,it was rather a disappointment not to enter it1 as carriages from ,florence do1 by the celebrated ,porta ,camollia1 where the traveller is greeted by the cordial inscription1 ,cor magis ,sena pandit,siena opens her gates even more willingly than her hearttestifying to the hospitable character of the inhabitants4 ,the city is built on three hills1 with deep ravines between them4 ,these hills are crossed by three main streets1 meeting at the ,piazza del ,campo1 around which the city radiates like a star4 ,there is scarcely a level spot in the whole place4 ,even the central square descends like the hollow of a cone4 ,nothing could be more favorable to the picturesque4 ,the old brick walls of the thirteenth century1 with their fortifications and thirty-eight gate-ways1 go straggling up the heights4 ,narrow1 lane-like streets1 inaccessible to carriages1 rush headlong down into deep ravines1 sometimes through gloomy arches1 the very houses clinging to the steep sides with a giddy1 top-heavy air4 ,on one of these three hills stands the cathedral1 with its lofty arches and magnificent dome1 a marvel of art1 full of statues and bronzes1 carvings and mosaics4 ,on another is the enormous brick church of ,san ,domenico1 for ever associated with the divine raptures of ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena4 ,palaces1 as well as churches1 adorn all the heightspalaces grim and time-worn1 that bear old1 historic names1 famed in the great contests between the ,guelphs and ,ghibellines1 in which live1 secluded in their own dim halls1 the aristocratic owners1 keeping up their ancient customs1 proud as the imperial ,ghibellines or lordly ,guelphs from whom they sprang4 ,amid all the towers1 and domes1 and palaces1 rises1 from the central square1 light and slender1 the tall1 arrow-like ,torre del ,mangia1 which shoots up to a prodigious height into the sapphire sky1 crowned with battlements1 as if to defend the city against the spirits of the air4 ,yes1 ,siena is singularly picturesque and striking as no other city in ,italy is1 but sad and melancholy with its recollections of past grandeur4 ,it cannot forget the time when it sent forth its legions to triumph over the ,florentines1 and had two hundred thousand inhabitants4 ,now it has only about a tenth of that number4 ,once it was great in war4 ,it was a leader in art4 ,eight popes sprang from its territory1 among whom were ,pius ,,ii41 the poet1 diplomatist1 and lover of art1 from the ,piccolomini family2 the great ,hildebrand1 so prominent in the history of the church2 and ,alexander ,,iii41 who deposed ,frederick ,barbarossa1 and gave his name to a citystyled by ,voltaire himself the benefactor of the human race4 ,and like so many stars that blaze in the heaven of the ,italian ,churchnay1 the church universalare the ,sienese saints1 wondrous in life and glorified by art4 ,the first place into which the traveller inevitably drifts1 if he attempts to explore the city alone1 is the ,piazza del ,campo1 now called1 of course1 ,vittorio ,emmanuele1 in spite of ,dante4 ,this piazza is singularly imposing from its unchanged1 medival aspect4 ,it slopes away like an amphitheatre1 being intended for public games and spectacles2 ,murray says1 like a shell4 ,yes1 a shell that whispers of past stormsof the tempestuous waves that have swept over the city2 for it has witnessed many a popular insurrection1 many a struggle between the nobles and people4 ,among the interesting associations we recall the haughty ,ghibelline leader1 ,provenzano ,salvani1 whose name1 as ,dante says3 8,far and wide ,through ,tuscany resounded once2 and now ,is in ,siena scarce with whispers named40 ,it was here1 when a friend of his1 taken prisoner by ,charles of ,anjou1 lay under penalty of death1 unless his ransom of a thousand florins in gold should be paid within a certain time1 that ,provenzano1 the first citizen of the republic1 the conqueror of ,monte ,aperti1 unable to pay so large a sum1 humbled himself so far as to spread a carpet on this piazza1 on which he sat down to solicit contributions from the public4 8,when at his glory's topmost height1 ,respect of dignity all cast aside1 ,freely he fixed him on ,siena's plain1 ,a suitor to redeem his suffering friend1 ,who languished in the prison-house of ,charles2 ,nor1 for his sake1 refused through every vein to tremble40 ,dante1 who meets him in ,purgatory1 alludes to the grandeur of this act as atoning for his ambition1 which 8,reached with grasp presumptuous at the sway ,of all ,siena40 ,so stanch a friend would seem to have deserved a less terrible fate4 ,on the disastrous day of ,colle he was taken by the ,florentines1 who cut off his head1 and carried it around the battle-field1 fastened on a lance4 ,on one side of the piazza is the massive ,palazzo ,pubblico1 bristling with battlements4 ,on its front blazes the holy name of ,jesus1 held up by ,st4 ,bernardin of ,siena for the reverence of the whole world4 ,the busy throng beneath looks up in its toilsome round1 and goes on1 the better for a fleeting thought4 ,below is a pillar with the wolf of pagan ,rome that bore ,siena4 ,from this palace rises the beautiful tower del ,mangia1 seen far and wide over the whole country1 so called from the automaton which used to come forth at mid-day1 like the ,moor at ,venice1 to strike the hours4 ,this figure was to the ,sienese what ,pasquino was to ,rome4 ,to it were confided all the epigrams of the city wits2 but1 alas for them6 one day1 when it came forth to do its duty1 a spring gave way1 and it fell to the ground and was dashed in pieces4 ,this tower commands an admirable view4 ,north1 the country looks barren1 but the slopes of ,chianti are celebrated for their wines1 and ,monte ,maggio is covered with forests4 ,south and west1 it is fresher and more smiling1 but leads to the fatal marshes of ,maremma4 ,santa ,fiora1 the most productive mountain1 annually yields vast quantities of umber4 ,the happy valleys are full of olives and wheat-fields4 ,farther off1 to the south1 the volcanic summits of ,radicofani1 associated with ,boccaccio's tales1 blacken the horizon4 ,to the east everything is bleak and dreary1 the whole landscape of a pale1 sickly green4 ,at the foot of the tower is a beautiful votive chapel of the ,virgin1 built in the fourteenth century after a pestilence which carried off eighty thousand people from ,siena and its environs4 ,it is like an open porch resting on sculptured pillars4 ,over the altar within are statues and a fresco of the ,madonna1 before which are flowers and lamps burning in the bright sunlightall open to the air1 as if to catch a passing invocation from the lips of those who might otherwise spare no thought1 amid their toils1 for heaven4 ,siena is peculiarly the city of ,mary4 ,before the great battle with the ,florentines1 8,that colored ,arbia's flood with crimson stain10 the ,sienese solemnly placed their city under the protection of the ,virgin1 and vowed1 if victorious1 to regard her as the ,sovereign ,lady of the land1 from whom they would henceforth hold it as her vassals4 ,after their triumph they came to lay their spoils at her feet1 and had her painted as ,our ,lady of ,victory1 throned like a queen1 with the ,infant standing on her knee4 ,when ,duccio1 some years later1 finished his ,madonna1 he wrote beneath it3 ,mater sancta ,dei1 sis causa ,senis requiei6,give peace to ,siena6and the painting was transported1 amid public rejoicings1 to the cathedral4 ,business was entirely suspended4 ,all the shops were closed4 ,the archbishop1 at the head of the clergy and magistrates1 accompanied it with a vast procession of people1 with lighted tapers in their hands1 as if around a shrine4 ,the trumpets sounded2 the bells rang2 nothing could equal the enthusiasm4 ,the picture was placed over the high altar of the church4 ,this was during the height of ,siena's grandeur1 when the wisdom of its laws corresponded to the depth of its religious sentiments1 so that1 while most of the ,italian republics were ruined by intestine commotions between the nobles and people1 ,siena had the wisdom to modify its constitution in such a way as to admit the representatives of both parties to the government1 and so preserve the vigor of the nation4 ,it was thus she was enabled to extend her dominion and win the great victory of ,monte ,aperti1 in which ten thousand ,florentines were left dead on the field4 ,on one side of the piazza is the palace of the ,sansedoni1 one of the great ,ghibelline families belonging to the feudal aristocracy of ,sienaa frowning1 battlemented palace1 with a mutilated tower built by a special privilege in #abae4 ,in it is a chapel in honor of the ,beato ,ambrogio ,sansedoni1 a ,dominican friar who belonged to this illustrious family4 ,it was he whom ,pope ,clement ,,iv41 after a vain effort to save the unfortunate ,conradin of ,souabia from death1 sent to administer the sacraments and console the young prince in his last moments4 ,ambrogio distinguished himself as a professor of theology at ,paris1 ,cologne1 and ,rome4 ,close beside the ,palazzo ,buonsignori1 one of the finest in the city1 is the house said by tradition to have been inhabited by the unhappy ,pia de ,tolomei1 indebted for her celebrity to ,dante1 rather than to her misfortunes4 ,he meets her in the milder shades of ,purgatory1 among those who had by violence died1 but who1 repenting and forgiving1 8,did issue out of life at peace with ,god40 ,her death was caused by the deadly miasmas of 8,maremma's pestilential fen10 to which her cruel husband had banished her4 ,it was a member of the ,tolomei familythe ,beato ,bernardinowho1 in the fourteenth century1 founded the ,olivetan ,order4 ,he was previously a professor at the university of ,siena1 but1 being struck blind while discussing some philosophical subject in his lecture-room1 he resolved1 though he soon recovered his sight1 to embrace the religious life2 and when he next appeared in his chair1 instead of resuming his philosophical discussions1 he astonished his audience by insisting on the vanity of all earthly acquirements1 and the importance of the only knowledge that can save the soul4 ,several of his pupils were so impressed by his words that they followed him when he retired to one of the family estates not far from ,siena1 which he called ,monte ,oliveto1 whence the name of the order4 ,bernardino fell a victim to his zeal in attending to the sick in the time of a great plague4 ,the convent he founded became a magnificent establishment1 with grounds luxuriantly cultivated1 a church adorned by the arts1 and apartments so numerous that the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 and his train of five thousand1 all lodged there at once4 ,the ,palazzo ,bandanelli1 where ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 was born1 is gloomy and massive as a prison1 with iron gratings at the arched windows1 brick walls black with age1 from which project great iron rings1 and on the doors immense knockers of wrought iron1 made when blacksmiths were genuine artists4 ,but1 however dismal his birthplace1 ,alexander ,,iii4 was enlightened in his views4 ,it was in #aafg he declared1 in the name of a council1 that all ,christians ought to be exempted from servitude4 ,to go back to the ,piazza del ,campo4 ,before the ,sansedoni palace is the ,fonte ,gajaso called from the joyful acclamations of the people1 when water was brought into the square in #acdc4 ,it is surrounded by an oblong basin of white marble1 elegantly sculptured by ,giacomo della ,quercia1 to whom was henceforth given the name of ,del ,fonte4 ,siena1 being on a height1 was1 from the first1 obliged to provide water for its inhabitants at great expense4 ,aqueducts were constructed in the time of the ,romans4 ,but a still grander work was achieved in the middle ages1 when water was brought from the neighboring mountains by an aqueduct about twenty miles long1 that passed beneath the city1 giving rise1 perhaps1 to the derisive report in ,dante's time that the hill was tunnelled in search of the river ,diana3 8,the fancied stream ,they sought1 of ,dian called40 ,these vast subterranean works so excited the admiration of ,charles ,v4 that he said ,siena was more wonderful below ground than above4 ,now there are three hundred and fifty-five wells in the city1 and eighteen fountains4 ,the deep well in the cloister of the ,carmine is called the ,pozzo di ,diana4 ,the most noted of the fountains is ,fonte ,branda1 whose waters were so famous in ,dante's time for their sweetness and purity that he makes ,adamo of ,brescia1 the coiner of counterfeit money1 exclaim1 amid the flames of the ,inferno1 that to behold the instigators of his crime undergoing a like torture would be sweeter to him than the cool waters of ,fonte ,branda3 8,for ,branda's limpid font ,i would not change ,the welcome sight40 ,this fountain has also been celebrated by ,alfieri1 who often came to ,siena to visit his friend1 ,francesco ,gori1 with whom he remained months at a time4 ,he liked the character of the people1 and said1 when he went away1 that he left a part of his heart behind4 ,and yet ,dante1 perhaps because a ,florentine1 accused the ,sienese of being light and vain3 8,was ever race ,light as ,siena's8 ,sure1 not ,france herself ,can show a tribe so frivolous and vain40 ,formerly1 if not still1 giddy people in ,tuscany were often asked if they had been drinking water from the ,fonte ,branda1 as if that would account for any excess4 ,the ,sienese are proud of the fame and antiquity of this fount1 which is known to have existed in #ajha4 ,it flows at the very bottom of one of the deep ravines which makes ,siena so peculiar1 between two precipitous hills1 one crowned by the ,duomo1 and the other by the church of ,st4 ,dominic1 and you look from one to the other in silent wonder4 ,the whole quarter is densely populated4 ,the people are called ,fontebrandinimostly1 as five centuries ago1 tanners1 dyers1 and fullers1 who are reputed to be proud1 and are to ,siena what the ,trasteverini are to ,rome4 ,the streets around diverge from a market-place1 on one side of which is the fount under a long1 open arcade of stone1 of immense thickness1 built against the hillside4 ,you go down to a paved court1 as to something sacred1 by a flight of steps as wide as the arcade is long4 ,here are stone seats around1 as if to accommodate the gossips of the neighborhood4 ,three pointed archways1 between which lions look out with prey between their outstretched paws1 open into the arcade1 where flow the waters1 gathered from the surrounding hills1 by three apertures1 into an enormous stone reservoir4 ,the surplus waters pass off into other tanks beyond the arcade1 for the use of the workmen of the quarter4 ,lemon-trees hang over the fount1 and grape-vines trail from tree to tree4 ,the steep hillside is covered with bushes and verdure up to the church of ,san ,domenico1 which stands stern and majestic1 with its crenelated tower amid the olive-trees4 ,an old ,sienese romance is connected with the ,fonte ,branda4 ,cino da ,pistoja1 a poet and celebrated professor of jurisprudence at ,siena in the fourteenth century1 whose death ,petrarch laments in a sonnet1 promised his daughter1 a young lady of uncommon beauty1 to any one of his pupils who should best solve a knotty law-question4 ,it was a young man1 misshapen in form1 to whom the prize was adjudged1 and the poor girl1 in her horror1 threw herself into the ,fonte ,branda4 ,her suitor1 sensible of the value of the prize1 plunged in after her1 and not only saved her life1 but fortunately succeeded in winning her affections4 ,turning to the right1 and ascending the ,costa dei ,tintori1 you come in a few moments to the house of ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena1 once the shop of her father1 a dyer1 but now a series of oratories and chapels1 sanctified by holy memories and adorned by art4 ,it is built of brick1 with two arched galleries1 one above the other1 of a later period4 ,spos ,,xpi4 ,katharin ,domvs is on the front1 with a small head of the saint graven in marble1 and another tablet styling her the ,seraphic ,catharine4 ,below hang tanned skins1 probably for sale4 ,the memories of the place are truly seraphic1 but the odors would by no means be considered so by those who do not believe in the dignity and sacredness of labor2 for the whole quarterat least1 when we were therewas redolent of tan4 ,skins hung on all the houses4 ,tan-cakes for fuel were displayed on shelves for sale at every door4 ,everybody seemed industrious4 ,there was none of the far niente we like to associate with ,italy4 ,it was a positive grievance to find great heaps of tan around the ,fonte ,branda1 so poetical to us1 because associated with the ,divine ,poet4 ,but it was still harder to have the same odors follow us to the very house of the seraphic ,st4 ,catharine1 the mystic ,bride of ,christ4 ,very little change can have taken place during the last five centuries in the neighborhood where bloomed this fair lily of the church1 and1 in one sense1 this is a satisfaction4 ,the house itself is of the most touching interest4 ,there are the stairs ,catharine1 when a child1 used to ascend1 with an ,ave at every step1 and over which the legend says she was so often borne by the angels4 ,everywhere through the passages are the emblematic lily and heart4 ,an oratory has been made of the kitchen which became to ,catharine a very sanctuary1 instead of a place of low cares1 where she served ,christ under the form of her father1 the ,blessed ,virgin under that of her mother1 and the disciples in the persons of her brothers and sisters4 ,her father's ,bottega has also been converted into an oratory4 ,in the garden where she loved to cultivate the symbolic rose and lily and violet for the altar1 is a chapel in which hangs the miraculous crucifix painted by ,giunta of ,pisa1 framed in pillars of black marble1 over the altar4 ,before this crucifix she received the stigmata in the church of ,st4 ,christina at ,pisa4 ,in these various oratories are a profusion of paintings by ,sodoma1 ,vanni1 and other eminent artists4 ,del ,pacchia has attained the very perfection of feminine beauty in his painting of ,st4 ,catharine's visit to the shrine of ,st4 ,agnes of ,monte ,pulcianoa genuine production of ,christian inspiration4 ,salimbeni represents her calm amid the infuriated1 ungrateful ,florentines after her return from ,avignon2 and ,sebastian ,folli1 her appearance before ,gregory ,,xi4 ,but the most sacred part of the house is her chamber1 a little1 dark cell about fifteen feet long and eight or nine wide4 ,a bronze door now opens into this sanctuary4 ,here you are shown the board on which she slept1 and other relics of the saint4 ,here she passed nights in prayer and converse with the angels4 ,here she scourged her frail body1 unconscious that her mother was weeping at the door4 ,here she wrote the admirable letters so remarkable for their purity and elegance of style4 ,here took place the divine ,sposalizio which1 immortalized by art1 we see all over ,italy4 ,here1 when calumniated by the repulsive object of her heroic charity1 she came to pour out her pure soul1 that shrank from the foul accusations1 before the heavenly ,bridegroom2 but when he appeared with two crowns1 one of gold set with jewels1 and the other of thorns1 she unhesitatingly chose the latter1 pressing it deep into her head1 thus becoming for all time1 in the world of art1 the thorn-crowned ,catharine4 ,pius ,,ix41 when he visited the house in #aheg1 prayed long in this cell1 where lived five centuries ago the obscure maiden who1 for a time1 almost guided ,st4 ,peter's bark4 ,on ,st4 ,catharine's day the house is richly adorned and resplendent with light4 ,the walls are covered with emblems and verses commemorating her life4 ,the altars have on their finest ornaments4 ,the neighboring streets are strewn with flowers and hung with flags4 ,hangings are at all the windows4 ,a silver statue of the saint is borne into the street by a long procession of clergy and people4 ,the magistrates join the cortge1 and they all go winding up to ,san ,domenico with chants1 perfumes1 and flowers1 where a student from the college ,tolomei pronounces a eulogy on their illustrious townswoman4 ,when night comes on1 the whole hill around ,fonte ,branda is illuminated1 the rosary is said at the foot of the ,madonnas1 and hymns are sung in honor of the saint4 ,st4 ,catharine's life1 in which everything transcends the usual laws of nature1 has been written by her confessor1 the ,blessed ,raymond of ,capuathe life of one saint by another4 ,he was not a credulous man easily led away by fantasies of the imagination1 but one of incontestable ability and knowledge1 who relates what he witnessed in the soul of whose secrets he was the depositary1 who scrutinized every prodigy1 but only to give additional splendor to the truth4 ,raymond was a descendant of ,piero della ,vigna 7the celebrated chancellor of ,frederick ,,ii471 whose spirit ,dante finds imprisoned in 8the drear1 mystic wood0 of the ,inferno1 and1 plucking a limb unwittingly from 8,the wild thorn of his wretched shade10 to his horror brings forth at once cries and blood4 ,for nineteen years ,raymond was general of the ,dominican ,order4 ,pope ,urban ,,vi4 confided the most delicate and difficult missions to him2 called him his eyes1 his tongue1 his feet1 and his hands2 held him up to the veneration of princes and people2 and would have raised him to the highest dignities but for the opposition of the saint4 ,no one1 therefore1 could have greater claims to our confidence4 ,catharine ,benincasa was born in #acdg4 ,from her earliest years she was a being apart1 and favored with divine communications4 ,uncomprehended at first by those around her1 her home became to her a place of trials4 ,her parents tried to draw her into the world1 and she cut off her long1 golden hair4 ,they wished her to marry1 and she consecrated herself to a higher love4 ,they then subjected her to household labor1 but she found peace in its vulgar details4 ,she worked by day4 ,at night she prayed till lost in ecstasy1 insensible to everything earthly4 ,she wished to enter the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,dominic1 but was refused admission because she was too young and beautiful4 ,it was only after an illness that made her unrecognizable that she was received2 but she continued1 like all the members1 an inmate of her father's house4 ,her soul was peculiarly alive to the sweet harmonies of nature4 ,she liked to go into the woods1 at springtime1 to listen to the warbling of the birds and watch the mysterious movements of awakening vegetation4 ,she loved the mountain heights1 with their wild melodies of winds and torrents1 as well as the gentle rustling of the air among the leaves1 which seemed to her like nature's whispered prayer4 ,she said1 as she looked at the ant1 a thought of ,god had created it4 ,she loved flowers4 ,she had a taste for music1 and liked to sing hymns as she sewed4 ,the name of ,mary from her lips was said to leave a singular harmony in the ears of her listeners4 ,she sympathized in every kind of misery to aid it2 lent a helping hand to every infirmity1 and often served in the hospital1 choosing those who were abandoned by the rest of the world as the objects of her care4 ,she rose above the wants of the body4 ,from her childhood she never ate meat1 the very odor of which became repugnant to her4 ,for years she subsisted from ,ash ,wednesday till ,whitsuntide solely on the ,holy ,eucharist1 which she received every morning4 ,she entered into all the troubles of the times1 diffusing everywhere the pure light of divine charity4 ,though without human instruction1 she astonished the doctors of the church by her profound knowledge of theology4 8,the purest ,italian welled from her untutored lips40 ,she wrote to popes1 cardinals1 princes1 and republics4 ,some of her letters are to ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 or1 as the ,italians call him1 ,giovanni ,aguto1 the ferocious ,english condottiere1 who stained the flag of the church1 and then entered the service of her enemies4 ,she takes a foremost rank among the writers of the agethat of ,boccaccio1 who lacks her touching grace and simplicity4 ,siena1 at the time of ,st4 ,catharine1 was no longer the powerful1 united city it had been a century before1 but in its turn had become the prey of anarchy and division4 ,the different classes of people were at war with each other4 ,they proscribed each other2 and private hatred took advantage of the disorder to indulge in every kind of revenge4 ,the ,macconi were at variance with the ,rinaldini2 the ,salimbeni with the ,tolomei2 the ,malvotti with the ,piccolomini4 ,war reigned all over ,italy4 ,milan and all ,lombardy were ravaged by the ,visconti4 ,naples was a prey to the excesses caused by ,queen ,joanna4 ,florence1 that had been devoted to the church1 was now governed by the ,ghibellines1 who went to every extreme against the ,guelphs1 whose cause1 says ,dean ,milman1 8was more 767 than that of the church3 it was that of freedom and humanity40 ,the ,states of the church were ravaged4 ,rome itself1 widowed and abandoned1 8with as many wounds as she had palaces and churches10 as ,petrarch says1 was in a complete state of anarchy4 ,amid all these horrors ,st4 ,catharine moved1 an angel of peace4 ,god gave her a wonderful power of appeasing private resentments and calming popular tumults4 ,inveterate enemies clasped hands under her influence4 ,veteran warriors1 and republics themselves1 listened respectfully to her voice4 ,she wrote to ,pope ,gregory ,,xi4 at ,avignon1 pleading the cause of all ,italy1 and urging him to return to ,rome1 where he could overrule the passions that agitated the country1 and restore dignity to the ,apostolic ,see4 ,her heart bled at the sight of so much misery and crime4 8,peace6 peace60 she wrote to the pope8peace for the love of a crucified ,god6 ,do not regard the ignorance and blindness and pride of your children4 ,you will perhaps say you are bound by conscience to recover what belongs to holy church4 ,alas6 ,i acknowledge it2 but when a choice is to be made1 it should be of that which is most valuable4 ,the treasure of the church is the ,blood of ,christ shed for the redemption of souls4 ,this treasure of blood has not been given for temporal dominion1 but for the salvation of the human race4 ,if you are obliged to recover the cities and treasures the church has lost1 still more are you bound to win back the souls that are the true riches of the church1 which is impoverished by losing them4 ,it is better to let go the gold of temporal than the gold of spiritual wealth4 ,you must choose between two evilsthat of losing grandeur1 power1 and temporal prosperity1 and the loss of grace in the souls that owe obedience to your ,holiness4 ,you will not restore beauty to the church by the sword1 by severity and war1 but by peaceful measures4 ,you will combat more successfully with the rod of mercy and kindness than of chastisement4 ,by these means you will recover what belongs to you both spiritually and temporally40 ,noble liberty on the part of the dyer's daughter6 ,and it is to the honor of ,pope ,gregory that he listened to her with respect4 ,it was time to pour oil on the troubled waters4 ,the proud republic of ,florence1 after revolting against all spiritual authority1 torturing the priests1 declaring liberty preferable to salvation1 and exciting the papal cities to rebellion1 had been laid under an interdict4 ,the people began to feel the disastrous effects on their commerce1 and came to solicit ,catharine's intervention with the pope4 ,she went to ,avignon1 where she made known her mission in a public consistory4 8,she passed from her father's shop to the court of princes1 from the calmness of solitude to the troubles of factions2 and everywhere she was in her place1 because she had found in solitude a peace above all the agitations of the world1 and a profound charity40 ,pope ,gregory left her to dictate the terms of peace with the ,florentines1 though he foresaw their ingratitude4 ,nay1 more3 after some hesitation he decided to return to ,rome4 ,nor was ,st4 ,catharine the only woman that urged him to do so4 ,st4 ,bridget of ,sweden added the influence of her prophetic voice4 ,ortensia di ,gulielmo1 one of the best poets of the day1 thus begins a sonnet3 8,ecco1 ,signor1 la greggia tua d'intorno ,cinta da lupi a divorla intenti4 ,ecco tutti gli onor d',italia spenti1 ,poich fa altrove il gran ,pastore soggiorno40#ajh ,catharine's return to ,siena was celebrated by festive songs3 8,thou didst go up to the great temple1 ,thou didst enter the mighty consistory2 ,the words of thy mouth were full of power2 ,pope and cardinals were persuaded to depart4 ,thou didst direct the course of their wings towards the ,see of ,peter4 ,o virgin of ,siena6 how great is thy praisesoul prompt in movement1 energetic in action40 ,on the tomb of ,gregory ,,xi41 in the church of ,st4 ,francesca at ,rome1 ,st4 ,catharine is represented walking before the pope's mule as he makes his triumphal entrance into the citya symbol of her guiding influence4 ,from this time she took a prominent part in all the affairs of ,italy4 ,but the re-establishment of the papal throne at ,rome was her last joy on earth4 ,at the death of ,pope ,gregory fresh disorders broke out4 ,catharine's life slowly wasted away1 inwardly consumed1 as she declared1 for the church4 ,she died in ,rome at the age of thirty-three1 and lies buried under the high altar of the ,minerva1 surrounded by lamps and flowers4 ,her countryman1 ,pius ,,ii41 canonized her1 not only at the request of the magistrates of ,siena1 but of several of the sovereigns of ,europe4 ,siena boasts of other saints3 ,st4 ,ansano1 the first apostle of the country1 beheaded on the banks of the ,arbia in the time of ,diocletian2 ,galgano di ,lolo1 who led an angelic life in the mountains2 the founder of ,monte ,oliveto1 whose order sheltered ,tasso2 ,ambrogio ,sansedoni1 the confessor of ,conradin1 noted for his eloquence and sanctity2 ,st4 ,bernardin1 on whose breast glows the potent ,name2 ,beata ,nera ,tolomei1 noted for her ascetic charity2 the poor ,pietro ,pettinajo1 who devoted himself to the plague-stricken in the hospital della ,scala2 ,aldobrandescha ,ponzi1 who wished to be crowned with thorns like ,christ2 the ,blessed ,john ,colombini1 whose only passion was to be like ,jesus2 and many more besides4 ,but ,st4 ,catharinethe heroine of divine loveis the most sublime expression of ,sienese piety1 and of her is the city especially proud4 ,her statue was placed by the republic on the front of its glorious cathedral1 and she is represented in the gorgeous picture of ,pinturicchio in the library1 where1 as ,mrs4 ,stowe says1 8borne in celestial repose and purity amid all the powers and dignitaries of the church1 she is canonized as one of those that shall reign and intercede with ,christ in heaven40 ,from ,st4 ,catharine's house you go winding up under the mulberry-trees to ,san ,domenico1 soon leaving the tops of the houses below you4 ,on the way is the place where ,catharine1 when a child1 coming down the hill one evening with ,stefano1 her favorite brother1 turned to look back1 and saw the heavens opened above the campanile of the church1 and the ,great ,high-,priest seated on a radiant throne1 around which stood ,,ss4 ,peter1 ,paul1 and ,john1 who seemed with uplifted hands to bless her4 ,keeping on to the top of the hill1 you come to a large green1 silent and deserted1 before the church4 ,the street that properly leads to it is well named the ,via del ,paradiso4 ,the church of ,st4 ,dominic is vast and imposing1 though of severe simplicity of style1 offering a marked contrast to the richness of the ,duomo4 ,it is shaped like the letter ,t1 without aisles or apsis4 ,rafters support the vault1 but at the entrance to the transepts is an enormous arch of singular boldness4 ,there is something broad and expansive about the atmosphere of the church1 as often found in the churches of the ,dominican ,order4 ,even with a considerable number of worshippers it would seem solitary4 ,in one of its chapels is a ,madonna1 celebrated in the history of art1 long attributed to ,guido of ,siena1 but now proved to be by ,guido di ,graziano1 a contemporary of ,cimabue1 whose ,madonnas it resembles1 with its oblique eyes1 large head1 and a certain angular stiffness4 ,among other noted paintings is one of ,santa ,barbara by ,matteo da ,siena1 very beautiful in expression4 ,she sits1 crowned by two angels1 with a palm in one hand and a tower-like tabernacle in the other1 in which the ,host is exposed above a chalice4 ,,ss4 ,magdalen and ,catharine are at her side4 ,a domed chapel1 protected by a balustrade of alabaster1 has been built on the east side of the church1 in which is enshrined the head of ,st4 ,catharineevidently the most frequented part of the church1 from the numerous seats before it1 mostly with coats of arms and carved backs4 ,framed prayers1 as is common in ,italy1 are chained to a prie-,dieuone to ,st4 ,catherine with the anthem3 ,regnum mundi et omnem ornatum sculi contempsi propter amorem ,domini mei ,jesu ,christi1 quem vidi1 quem amavi1 in quem credidi1 quem dilexi4 ,three lamps were burning before the relics of ,st4 ,catharine4 ,the walls are covered with exquisite paintings by ,sodoma1 which were lit up by the morning sun4 ,nothing could be more lovely than ,st4 ,catharine swooning at the ,saviour's apparitiona figure full of divine languor1 grace1 and softness4 ,two nuns tenderly sustain her4 ,her stigmata are radiant4 ,an angel bears a lily4 ,the whole painting is delicate1 ethereal1 and heavenly as a vision4 ,it is on the gospel side of the altar2 on the other side she kneels between two nuns with her eyes raised to heaven1 where1 above the ,virgin and ,child1 appears the ,padre ,eterno4 ,angels bear the cross and crown of thorns4 ,another brings the ,host4 ,a death's head and lily are at her feet4 ,the whole is of wonderful beauty4 ,on the left wall1 as you enter the chapel1 is painted the execution of a young knight1 beheaded at ,siena for some slight political offence4 ,st4 ,catharine went to comfort him in his despair1 and induced him to receive the sacraments4 ,she even accompanied him to the block1 where his last words were 8,jesus0 and 8,catharine10 leaving her inundated with his blood1 but in a state of ecstasy that rendered her insensible to everything but his eternal welfare4 ,the odor of his blood seemed to intoxicate her4 ,she could not resolve to wash it off4 ,she only saw his soul ransomed by the blood of the ,lamb1 and1 in describing her state of mind to her confessor1 she cries3 8,yes1 bathe in the ,blood of ,christ crucified1 feast on this ,blood1 be inebriated with this ,blood1 weep in ,blood1 rejoice in ,blood1 grow strong in this ,blood1 then1 like an intrepid knight1 hasten through this ,blood to defend the honor of ,god1 the liberty of the church1 and the salvation of souls40 ,her letters often begin3 8,i1 ,catharine1 servant and slave of ,jesus ,christ1 write you in his precious ,blood10 as if it was there she derived all her strength and inspiration4 ,in the picture before us nothing could be more peaceful than the face of the young knight just beheaded1 whose soul two beautiful angels are bearing to heaven4 ,on the pavement is traced in the marble ,adam amid the animals in ,paradise1 among whom is the unicorn1 the ancient emblem of chastity4 ,at the extreme end of the church is the ,chapel delle ,volte1 to which you ascend by six steps4 ,over the door is this inscription3 ,en locus hic toto sacer et venerabile orbe1 ,hic ,spons ,catharina suum sanctissima sepe1 ,vidit ovans ,christum dictu mirabile1 sed tu ,quisquies ades hic funde preces venerare beatam ,stigmata gestantem ,divini insignia amoris2 ,behold this place1 sacred and venerable among all on earth2 here holy ,catharine rejoicing often beheld1 wondrous to say1 the ,christ1 her spouse4 ,but thou1 whosoever approachest1 here pour forth thy prayers1 to venerate the holy one who bore the sacred stigmata1 the insignia of divine love4 ,this chapel1 the scene of so many of ,st4 ,catharine's mystic visions1 is long and narrow1 with one window4 ,the arches are strewn with gilt stars on a blue ground4 ,the floor is paved with tiles1 with tablets here and there4 ,on one1 before the altar1 are the words3 ,cath4 cor mutat ,,xpus,christ changes the heart of ,catharine2 for it was here she underwent that miraculous change of heart which transformed her life4 ,our ,saviour himself appeared to her1 surrounded by light1 and gave her a new heart1 which filled her with ecstatic joy1 and inspired a love for all mankind4 ,over the plain altar is an authentic portrait of ,st4 ,catharine by the poetic ,andrea ,vanni1 a pupil of ,sano di ,pietro4 ,he was one of her disciples and correspondents1 though a ,capitano del ,popolo4 ,he painted this portrait in #acfg1 while she was in an ecstatic state in this very chapel4 ,it represents her with delicate features1 a thin1 worn face1 and must have been a charming picture originally1 but it is now greatly deteriorated4 ,on one of the pillars of the chapel is the inscription3 ,cat4 cruce erogat ,,xpo,catharine bestows the cross on ,christ2 referring to the silver cross she one day gave a beggar in this church1 which was afterwards shown her set with precious stones4 ,and on another pillar is3 ,cat4 vesti induit ,,xpum,catharine clothes ,christ with her garment2 in memory of the tunic she here gave our ,saviour under the form of a beggar1 who showed it to her some hours after1 radiant with light and embroidered with pearlsacts of charity full of significance4 ,three lovely little paintings by ,beccafumi1 at the ,belle ,arti1 represent the three mystic scenes commemorated in this chapel4 ,in the adjoining convent1 now a school-house1 lived for a time ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin and the ,blessed ,ambrogio ,sansedoni1 whose tomb is in the cloister4 ,here1 in #adfb1 was held a chapter of fifteen hundred ,dominicans1 and here ,pius ,,ii4 blessed the standard of the ,crusaders4 ,on our way to the ,porta ,camollia we turned down at the left1 by a steep1 paved way1 to the church of ,fonte ,giusta1 erected in memory of a victory over the ,florentines4 ,it is a small brick church with four small windows1 four pillars to which are attached four bronze angels holding four bronze candlesticks1 and on the walls hang four paintings of note4 ,one is a beautiful coronation of the ,virgin with four saints1 by ,fungai4 ,then there is a ,visitation by ,anselmi1 in which two majestic women look into each other's eyes1 as if to fathom each the other's soul4 ,in an arch of the right aisle is the sibyl of ,peruzzia noble figuresaid to have been studied by ,raphael when ,agostino ,chigi1 the famous banker of the ,farnesina palace 7a ,sienese by birth71 commissioned him to paint the celebrated sibyls of the ,della ,pace at ,romesibyls that have all the grandeur of ,michael ,angelo1 and the grace that ,raphael alone could give4 ,but what particularly brought us to this church was to see the ,madonna of ,fonte ,giusta1 to which ,columbus made a pilgrimage after the discovery of ,america1 and presented his sword1 shield 7a round one71 and a whale's bone1 which are still suspended over the entrance4 ,the ,madonna turns her fair1 sweet face towards you1 while the ,child has his eyes turned towards his mother1 with his hands crossed on his breast4 ,both have on silver crowns1 and pearls around their necks4 ,the picture is in a frame of cherubs' heads1 surrounded by delicate arabesques4 ,beneath is the inscription3 ,hic requies tranquilla1 ,salus hic dulce levamen3 ,hic est spes miseris sidiq reis ,here is tranquil repose2 here safety and sweet consolation2 here is hope for the wretched1 and for the guilty an unfailing refuge4 ,columbus' devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin is well known4 ,it was under her auspices he undertook1 in a vessel called by her name1 the discovery of a new world4 ,he daily said her office on board ship from a valuable ,,ms4 given him by ,alexander ,,vi4 before his departure and afterwards bequeathed to ,genoa1 and the ,salve ,regina was sung every evening by his followers4 ,porta ,camollia is not remarkable in an architectural point of view1 but it has its sacred associations4 ,it was here ,st4 ,bernardin of ,siena used to come every night1 when a boy1 to pray before the tutelar ,madonna of the gate4 ,his aunt1 hearing him speak of going to see the fairest of women1 followed him at a distance one night and discovered his secret4 ,the chapel of the ,confraternity of ,san ,bernardin is a museum of art4 ,the walls are covered with fine frescoes of the life of the ,virgin by ,beccafumi1 ,sodoma1 and ,pacchia4 ,one of the most beautiful is ,sodoma's 8,assumption10 in which ,marypulchra ut lunain a mantle like a violet cloud1 is borne up to her native heaven by angels full of grace4 ,the apostles1 with thoughtful1 devout1 but not astonished faces1 stand around the tomb1 out of which rise two tall lilies amid the white roses4 ,st4 ,thomas lifts his hands to receive the sacred girdle4 ,everywhere about this chapel is the sacred monogram so dear to ,san ,bernardin4 ,the holy name of ,jesus is inscribed on the front1 on the holy-water basin1 on the walls2 placed there in more devout times1 when even genius sought to 8,embalm his sacred name ,with all a painter's art and all a minstrel's flame40 ,there are more than sixty churches and chapels at ,siena1 but perhaps not one without some work of art that is noteworthy4 ,siena was the cradle of art in the thirteenth century1 and has its aureola of artists as well as of saints4 ,the school of ,florence only dates from the fourteenth century4 ,guido da ,siena1 ,bonamico1 and ,diotisalvi were the glorious precursors of ,cimabue1 and ,simone ,memmi1 a century later1 shared with ,giotto the friendship and admiration of ,petrarch4 8,ma cert il mio ,simon f in ,paradiso40 ,the old ,sienese artists were profoundly religious4 ,in their statutes of #acee they say3 8,we1 by the grace of ,god1 make manifest to rude and ignorant men the miraculous events operated by virtue1 and in confirmation1 of our holy faith40 ,the efflorescence of the arts is one of the expressions of a profound faith4 ,we have only to visit the galleries of ,italy1 filled with the sad spoils of numberless churches and convents1 to be convinced of this4 ,and there is not a tomb of a saint of the middle ages out of which does not bloom some flower of art1 fair as the lilies that spring from the sepulchre of the ,virgin4 ,what wreaths of art entwine the tombs of ,st4 ,francis1 ,st4 ,dominic1 and ,st4 ,antony of ,padua6 ,the collection of paintings at the ,academy of ,siena is very interesting4 ,here ,beccafumi represents ,st4 ,catharine receiving the stigmata4 ,she is in soft1 gray robes1 with a lovely face1 kneeling before a crucifix under an archway1 through which you see the landscape4 ,a dead1 thorny tree is behind her4 ,by way of contrast to her beauty and grace is the austere ,st4 ,jerome1 haggard and worn1 with his lion1 before one of the pillars of the arch4 ,at the other is a ,dominican in black and white garments4 ,above are the ,madonna and ,child attended by angels4 ,the whole picture is very soft and charming4 ,sodoma has also here a ,st4 ,catharine with a delicate1 thoughtful face1 and a crucifix in her pierced hands4 ,perhaps the most striking picture in the gallery is ,sodoma's 8,christ ,bound10 which is wonderful in expression4 ,the face and form are very human and of grand development4 ,from under the crown of thorns flows the long1 amber hair4 ,the eyes are sad1 inexpressibly sad1 and the bleeding form is infinitely pathetic4 8,it is a thing to stand and weep at10 says ,hawthorne4 8,i suffer binding who have loosed their bands4 ,was ever grief like mine80 ,sodoma's 8,judith10 in a blue dress and orange mantle1 stands beside a leafless tree1 holding up the bloody knife with one hand1 and the head of ,holofernes with the other4 ,she has a gleaming jewel on her forehead1 though the old rabbis represent her with a wreath of lilies1 believed by the ancients to be a protection against witchcraft and peril4 ,the university of ,siena existed in the thirteenth century4 ,among its noted members was ,cisto da ,siena1 a ,jew1 who became a ,catholic and a monk1 and finally a ,calvinist4 ,condemned to death for his apostasy1 he was indebted for his life to the friendship of ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 and ,cardinal ,ghislieri1 afterwards ,pius ,v4 ,m4 ,taine speaks of the deplorable ignorance of the present ,sienese1 and says there is no library1 not a book1 in the place4#aji ,as he seems1 by his journal1 to have been there only two days1 he probably1 like many travellers1 noted down his preconceived opinion4 ,the library of ,siena1 one of the oldest in ,italy1 has always been famous4 ,it was founded by ,niccolo ,oliva1 an ,augustinian friar1 and contains fifty thousand volumesa respectable number for an inland town4 ,about seven hundred belong to the very first age of printing4 ,there are also five thousand manuscripts1 among which are a ,greek ,gospel of the tenth century that came from the imperial chapel at ,constantinople1 bound in silver1 and many other rare ,,mss4 and documents1 such as the original will 7in ,latin7 of ,boccaccio1 and autograph writings of ,metastasio1 ,st4 ,catharine1 and ,st4 ,bernardin4 ,siena has several charitable institutions4 ,the asylum for deaf mutes1 founded by ,padre ,pendola is spacious and agreeable4 ,the great hospital della ,scala1 opposite the cathedral1 founded by ,fra ,sorore1 is one of the most ancient in ,italy4 ,it is vast and sunny1 with a fine view over the valley around ,siena4 ,its atmosphere is thoroughly religious1 with its walls frescoed by the old masters1 its numerous altars and religious emblems4 ,st4 ,catharine used to come here to attend the sick4 ,it is now served by ,sisters of ,charity4 ,it is dreadful to say1 but the first glimpse we had of the ,duomo1 with its striped wall of black and white marble1 reminded us of good old ,sarah ,battles8now with ,god0and her cribbage-board1 which ,charles ,lamb tells us was made of the finest ,sienese marble1 and brought by her uncle from ,italy4 ,but on coming nearer to it every trivial thought vanishes before its grandeur and expressive richness of detail4 ,the impression it makes on the mind is so profound1 ,m4 ,taine says1 that 8what we feel on entering ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome cannot be compared to it40 ,he calls it 8a most admirable ,gothic flower1 but of a new species that has blossomed in a more propitious clime1 the production of minds of greater cultivation and genius1 more serene1 more beautiful1 more religious1 and yet healthy2 and which is to the cathedrals of ,france what the poems of ,dante and ,petrarch are to the chansons of the ,french trouvres40 ,on the pavement before the entrance is represented the parable of the ,pharisee and the ,publican who went up into the ,temple to praya lesson to ponder over as we enter the house of prayer4 ,the faade is of marvellous workmanship4 ,amid angels and prophets and symbolic sculpture1 delicate as lace-work1 are ,st4 ,ansano1 ,st4 ,catharine1 and ,san ,bernardinthe special patrons of ,siena4 ,on entering the church you are at first dazzled by its richness4 ,the pavement is unrivalled in the world1 with its pictures in niello1 by an art now lost1 where we find page after page from the ,scriptures1 some written by the powerful hand of ,beccafumi1 whose cartoons are to be seen at the ,belle ,arti2 sibyls noble as goddesses2 ,trismegistus1 who received his knowledge from ,zoroaster1 offering the ,pimandra in which is written3 8,the ,god who created all things1 the maker of the earth and starry heavens1 so greatly loved his ,son that he made him his ,holy ,word02 and ,socrates climbing the mountain of ,virtue1 who sits on its summit1 holding forth a palm to him1 while with the other hand she offers the book of wisdom to ,crates1 who empties a casket of jewels to receive it4 ,the walls are covered with paintings1 by ,duccio1 of twenty-six scenes of the ,passion1 full of life and power1 dramatic and yet strictly ,scriptural1 forming a book one is never weary of studying as ,christian or artist4 ,the stalls by ,fra ,giovanni1 the ,olivetan monk1 are the very perfection of intarsia work1 which here1 as ,marchese says1 8almost rises to the dignity of painting40 ,the wondrous pulpit1 with its nine columns resting on lions1 its sides covered with scenes from the life of ,christ by ,nicholas of ,pisa1 and the seven sciences on the central octagonal pillar1 is a prodigy of richness and elegance4 ,the frieze around the nave is adorned with the heads of the popes down to ,alexander ,,iii4 ,among these1 strange to say1 was once ,pope ,joan1 such hold had that popular error on the public mind4 ,it was ,florimond de ,raymond1 a counsellor of the parliament of ,bordeaux1 and a friend of ,montaigne and ,justus ,lipsius1 who1 in the sixteenth century1 protested against such an insult to the ,papacy1 and by his efforts had it effaced4 ,he wrote to the ,sovereign ,pontiff himself3 8,avenge the injury done to your predecessors4 ,order this monster to be removed from the place where ,satan1 the father of lies1 has had it set up4 ,do not suffer an image to remain of that which never existed4 ,if there was no body1 let there be no shadow02 and he calls upon the pope to destroy this idol1 raised to the disgrace of the church4 ,besides this1 he wrote a book1 now rare1 completely exploding the fable1 showing by incontestable documents there was not the least place for ,joan in the succession of popes4 ,this work1 together with his appeal1 produced such an effect as to procure the removal of her portrait from the cathedral of ,siena4 ,the illustrious ,cardinal ,baronius wrote to him in #afjj that it had just been removed by order of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany according to his wishes1 and he congratulated him in magnificent terms on such a triumph4 ,on an altar in the left nave is the crucifix borne by the ,sienese at the battle of ,monte ,aperti1 and beneath the arches are still suspended1 after so many centuries1 the long flag-poles captured from the ,florentines ,sept4 #d1 #abfj1 the most glorious day in the history of ,siena4 ,at the right is the chapel of the ,madonna del ,voto1 built by ,alexander ,,vii41 a ,sienese pope 7,fabio ,chigi71 with its ,byzantine-looking ,virgin amid paintings1 bronzes1 mosaics1 and precious stones4 ,the family of ,piccolomini is glorified in this church4 ,to it belonged the great neas ,silvius1 as well as ,pius ,,iii41 also a lover of the arts1 and ,ascanio ,piccolomini1 ,archbishop of ,siena1 a friend of ,galileo1 to whom he gave hospitality when he came forth from what people are pleased to call the dungeons of the ,inquisition at ,romethat is1 from pleasant apartments in the delightful palace of the ,tuscan ambassador on the ,trinit de' ,monti1 now the ,french ,academy4 ,the ,piccolomini chapel has five statues sculptured by ,michael ,angelo1 and the beautiful hall1 known as the ,library1 is world-famous for its frescoes of the life of ,pius ,,ii4 by ,pinturicchio4 ,the whole church is a temple of art1 with its sculptured altar1 its bronze tabernacle1 its rare paintings1 its beautiful pillars of differently-colored marbles1 and its rich windows of stained glass4 ,nothing could be more serene and calm than the atmosphere of this glorious church4 ,amid the sacred silence1 the struggling light1 with the grandest symbols of religion on every side1 you feel lifted for a moment out of your own mean imprisonments into a very heaven of art and piety4 #ajh ,behold1 ,o ,lord6 thy flock surrounded by wolves eager to devour it4 ,behold all the honor of ,italy spent1 because its ,chief ,pastor sojourns in a foreign land4 #aji 8,point de bibliothque3 aucun livre10 are his words4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,xvi4 ,whilst ,margaret and ,pierre ,gilles were thus conversing1 above their heads1 in a magnificent gallery flashing with gilt1 and adorned with portraits of all the archbishops who had occupied this palace1 destined for their residence1 the court had assembled1 and there the jury was called which was to try1 or rather to condemn1 ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,at the extremity of this hall1 upon an elevated platform all covered with carpet and fringe1 were seated the new lord chancellor1 ,thomas ,audley2 near him1 ,sir ,john ,fitz-,james1 ,lord ,chief-,justice2 and beyond1 ,cranmer1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury2 the ,duke of ,norfolk1 several lords of the ,privy ,council1 among them the ,duke of ,suffolk1 the ,abbot of ,westminster1 and ,cromwell1 who on this occasion acted as secretary4 ,to the left of the court1 and near the jury1 was seated ,richard ,rich1 the creature of ,cromwell1 and his worthy associate1 newly appointed1 on account of his efficient services1 solicitor-general4 8,sir ,thomas ,palmer1 knight80 said the clerk4 8,sir ,thomas ,peint1 knight8 ,george ,lowell1 esquire8 ,thomas ,burbage1 esquire8 ,geoffrey ,chamber1 gentleman8 ,edward ,stockmore1 gentleman8 ,joseph ,leake1 gentleman8 ,william ,brown1 gentleman8 ,thomas ,bellington1 gentleman8 ,john ,parnell1 gentleman8 ,richard ,bellam1 gentleman8 ,george ,stokes1 gentleman80 ,all responded to their names4 8,sir ,thomas ,more10 said the lord chancellor1 in a slow and hard tone1 8do you challenge any one of these gentlemen of the jury80 8,no1 my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 who was standing up before the court1 leaning upon a cane he held in his hand1 and which had been of great assistance to him during the long sessions he had already been obliged to endure in that fatiguing and inconvenient position4 ,meanwhile1 he anxiously watched the door through which the accused entered1 and was uneasy at not seeing the ,bishop of ,rochester2 for they met only in court1 and it was a moment of relief when he beheld his friend near him1 although he every day remarked with sadness that ,rochester was failing in a lamentable manner4 8,the accused challenges none of the members of the jury10 proclaimed the lord chief-justice4 ,he then arose1 and began to recite the formula of the oath to be taken by each member of the jury4 8,now1 ,sir ,thomas10 said the chancellor1 8,i desire to address you yet a last observation1 and ,i wish with all my heart that you may yield to it2 because the king1 not having forgotten your long services1 is deeply grieved at the perilous position in which your obstinacy1 too evidently the result of malice1 has placed you4 ,he has ordered us to unbend again1 and for the last time1 so far as to implore you1 in his own name and for the love of him1 to take the oath of obedience which you owe to the statute of ,parliament1 and of fidelity to his royal personan oath he has a right to exact of you according to all laws1 divine and human40 8,in fidelity1 my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8in respect1 in attachment1 ,i have never been wanting to the king4 ,it has been a long time1 a very long time1 an entire lifetime1 since ,i took the oath4 ,it cannot be changed2 therefore it can never be necessary to have it renewed40 8,you persist1 then1 in your culpable obstinacy80 said the lord chancellor4 8,nay1 my lord1 ,i am not obstinate40 8,then say1 at least10 cried ,cranmer1 wishing to appear animated by an officious zeal1 8what offends you in this oath1 what word you would rejectwhat is the reason1 in fine1 that prevents you from taking it40 ,sir ,thomas raised his head1 and paused a moment to consider the court4 ,there was the ,abbot of ,westminster1 who1 during the days of his prosperity and favor1 had overwhelmed him with visits and surfeited him with flattery2 by his side the ,duke of ,norfolk1 who without emotion beheld him to-day near death1 and yet he had formerly loved him as a friend in whom he felt honored2 ,cromwell1 whom he had always treated with respect1 in spite of the antipathy he felt for him2 the ,duke of ,suffolk1 who had solicited him unceasingly1 and almost gone down on his knees to him to obtain money from the king or a place for one of his creatures2 ,sir ,john ,fitz-,james1 finally1 to whom he had rendered an eminent service1 and who had in other times sworn eternal gratitude to him1 and to remain devoted to him in life and in death4 ,now death was approaching him1 and he counted ,sir ,john ,fitz-,james among the judges who were going to demand his head4 ,absorbed in the sad and dolorous conviction that in this world he could rely upon no one1 he hesitated for a reply4 8,you have heard1 prisoner80 said ,richard ,rich brusquely4 8,pardon me1 sir10 answered ,sir ,thomas gently2 8but the lords have already spoken so much about the king's displeasure that1 if ,i should refuse to take this oath of supremacy1 ,i fear to augment it still more by giving the reasons40 8,ah6 this is too much10 cried all the lords4 8,you not only refuse to take the oath1 but you are not even willing to say why you refuse40 8,i would rather believe10 said ,cromwell1 8that ,sir ,thomas has returned to reason1 and that he is no longer so sure that the oath may wound his conscience4 ,sir ,thomas1 is it not the case that you are now rather in a state of doubt and uncertainty in this regard8 ,you know10 he continued1 8that we owe entire obedience to the king2 therefore you should take the oath he demands of you1 and the scruples you feel would be removed by this imperious necessity40 8,it is true1 my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8that ,i ought to obey the king in all things as a faithful subjectwhich ,i am1 and will be until death4 ,but this is a case of conscience1 in which ,i am not bound to obey the prince4 ,listen to me1 my lord of ,canterbury10 he said1 fixing his eyes upon him with an expression full of benevolence4 8,i would blame none of those who have taken the oath2 but1 at the same time1 ,i must say1 if your argument was solid1 there would be no more cases of doubtful conscience1 because it would be sufficient for the king to pronounce yes or no in order to annihilate them all40 8,truly10 cried the ,abbot of ,westminster1 hurriedly interrupting him1 8you are very obstinate in your own opinions2 you ought to see that1 from whatever point you view this question1 you are necessarily mistaken1 since you are entirely in opposition to the chief council of the kingdom1 and that without doubt it possesses light enough to remove and destroy the scruples of your conscience40 8,my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8if it is true that ,i am alone in my opposition to the entire ,parliament1 ,i ought certainly to feel alarmed4 ,nevertheless1 in refusing the oath ,i listen to and follow the voice of the greatest of all counsellorsone to which every man should listen before any other2 a monitor which he carries always within his own bosom4 ,besides1 ,i will add that the opinion of the ,english ,parliament cannot overbalance that of the ,council of all ,christendom40 8,then you blame the ,parliament1 and refuse to adhere to the act of succession it has established80 angrily exclaimed ,norfolk1 the uncle of ,anne ,boleyn4 8,my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8your lordship knows that my intention is not1 as ,i have already explained1 to find fault either with the act or with the men who have drawn it up1 nor to blame the oath nor those who have taken it4 ,as far as ,i am personally concerned1 ,i cannot take this oath without exposing myself to eternal damnation2 and if you doubt that it is my conscience which causes me to refuse1 ,i am ready to swear to the sincerity of my declaration4 ,if you do not believe what ,i say1 it is a great deal better not to impose the oath2 and if you believe me1 ,i hope you will not demand one in opposition to my conscience40 ,norfolk made a gesture of impatience4 ,then ,audley1 lord chancellor1 turned toward his colleagues4 8,you see1 you hear10 he said1 8that ,sir ,thomas believes that he knows more than all the priests in ,londonthan the ,bishop of ,rochester himself60 ,and he dwelt with a slight tone of irony on the last sentence4 8,what6 the ,bishop of ,rochester10 cried ,sir ,thomas4 8,without doubt1 the ,bishop of ,rochester10 repeated ,audley4 8,mr4 ,secretary10 he said1 turning towards ,cromwell and giving him a preconcerted signal1 8communicate to the accused a certain fact in which he is interested40 ,cromwell1 descending from the platform1 approached ,sir ,thomas and whispered in his ear3 8,the ,bishop of ,rochester has consented to swear2 they have conducted him to the king1 who has forgotten all his past conduct1 and intends to load him with new favors40 8,fisher has sworn60 cried ,sir ,thomas2 and he was struck with consternation4 8,certainly60 said ,cromwell1 with an ill-disguised expression of irony and satirical joy2 8they concealed it from you1 that it might not be said you had pinned your opinion to the sleeve of another40 8,sir10 answered ,more in a tone of profound sorrow1 but with an expression of dignity greater still1 8rest perfectly satisfied they will not say that4 ,while bishops are appointed to do good and teach us to do it1 it does not follow that1 if they fall into error1 we should imitate them4 ,i am deeply afflicted by what you tell me1 but do not change my opinion for all that4 ,my conscience alone has directed me2 now she alone remains with me1 but ,i cannot1 neither must ,i1 cease to listen to her4 ,i blame nobodynobody6 ,o my friend6 what anguish has been reserved for me4 ,my ,god6 thou hast permitted it4 ,rochester has fallen60 said ,more in a low voice4 8,lord1 if the cedars break1 what1 then1 will become of the reeds80 ,sir ,thomas was unable to comprehend how ,fisher could have been induced to yield or become so weak1 and he was reduced to a state of mortal affliction4 8,what60 said ,cromwell1 8can you not make up your mind80 8,nay1 sir1 nay2 ,i cannot make up my mind to this4 ,there remains nothing more for me to do in this world1 and ,i pray the ,lord to remove me from it60 8,the accused refuses everything10 replied ,cromwell in a loud voice1 as he turned away from him4 8,what obstinacy60 exclaimed the lords in one voice4 8,sir ,thomas1 swear6we conjure you in the name of all you hold most dear40 8,alas60 said ,sir ,thomas to himself1 8this is why he has not appeared4 ,alas6 each day when ,i have suffered so much seeing him stand so long by my side1 pale with fatigue and weakness1 ,i was nevertheless happy4 ,to-daycan it be8 ,no1 he has not been able to endure their tortures longer4 ,god forgive them and save this country6 ,your pardon1 my lords10 he said1 remembering that they had addressed him4 8,what were your words to me80 8,he does not even listen10 they remarked4 8,we conjure you to swear2 we implore you to do so with all our power40 8,i cannot10 replied ,sir ,thomas firmly1 8and ,i positively refuse40 ,on hearing him pronounce these words1 which left them no alternative1 there was a sudden commotion among the lords2 they regarded each other with anxiety4 8,a man of such merit1 of such virtue10 thought ,fitz-,james1 filled with remorse8what business have ,i here80 8,truly1 ,sir ,thomas10 cried ,secretary ,cromwell1 feigning compassion1 8,i am sorely grieved to hear you speak thus1 and ,i declare here1 before all this respectable assembly1 that ,i would like better to lose an only son than to see you refuse the oath in this manner4 ,for very certainly the king will be deeply wounded by it2 he will conceive the most violent suspicions1 and will not be able to believe that you have had no part in that affair of the ,maid of ,kent40 8,i am very much moved by your affection10 replied ,sir ,thomas2 8but whatever penalties ,i may have to undergo1 it is impossible for me to redeem them at the price of my soul40 8,you hear him1 my lords10 said the chancellor1 looking at his colleagues4 8,sir ,thomas1 deaf to all our prayers1 forgetting the favors with which the king has overwhelmed him for twenty years1 tramples under foot the authority of ,parliament1 the laws of the kingdom1 and persists traitorously1 maliciously1 and in your presence1 in refusing to take an oath which every subject of this kingdom cannot and ought not to refuse4 ,consequently1 ,i order the act of accusation to be read to the court1 after which it will render judgment and pronounce its sentence40 ,the clerk then began reading1 in a nasal voice and monotonous tone1 an accusation so long1 the grievances of which were so multiplied1 divided1 extended1 and diluted by a crowd of words and phrases1 inductions1 prejudices1 and all kinds of suspicions1 that it would require too much time to report them2 but it was easy to see that it had been fabricated in bad faith and with the absence of all reasonable proofs4 ,this reading continued for two hours1 and1 when it was finished1 the lord chancellor began3 8,what have you to reply to all this80 said ,audley4 8,you see1 ,sir ,thomas1 and you should acknowledge1 that you have gravely offended his majesty2 nevertheless1 the king is so merciful1 and is so much attached to you1 that he would pardon your obstinacy1 if you changed your opinion1 and we would be sure of obtaining your pardon1 and even the return of his favor40 ,he looked at ,sir ,thomas to see if he was relenting2 for1 except ,cromwell1 who desired ,more's death1 all the others1 while too ambitious1 too base1 or too cowardly to dare sustain him1 would have preferred seeing him yield to their entreaties4 8,it would rejoice us greatly60 said ,sir ,john ,fitz-,james4 8,most surely10 cried the ,duke of ,norfolk4 8,ay1 verily10 slowly repeated ,cromwell4 8,he will listen to nothing60 said the ,abbot of ,westminster4 8,noble lords1 ,i am under infinite obligations to your lordships for the lively interest you have manifested in my case2 but1 by the help of ,god1 ,i wish to continue to live and die in his grace4 ,as to the accusation ,i have just heard1 it is so long1 the hatred which has dictated it so violent1 that ,i am seized with fear in realizing how little strength and understanding the sufferings of my body have left in my mind40 8,he should be permitted to sit down10 said ,sir ,john ,fitz-,james in a low voice1 the tears gathering in his eyes4 8,nobody objects10 said the ,duke of ,norfolk4 8,i demand it1 on the contrary10 he added1 elevating his voice4 8,this will never end1 then10 murmured ,cromwell4 8,let a chair be brought to the accused10 said ,audley1 who dared not resist the ,duke of ,norfolk4 ,sir ,thomas seated himself for a moment1 because he was able to stand no longer2 then1 summoning all his strength1 he again arose to his feet1 and spoke3 8,my accusation can be reduced1 it seems to me1 to four principal heads1 and ,i will try and take them in order4 ,the first crime with which ,i am accused is of being in my heart an opponent of the king's second marriage4 ,i confess that ,i have said to his majesty what my conscience dictated1 and in that ,i can see no treason4 ,but1 on the contrary1 if1 being required by my prince to give him my opinion on a matter of such great importance1 and which so deeply concerns the peace of the kingdom1 ,i had basely flattered him1 then indeed ,i should have been a treacherous and perfidious subject to ,god and to the king4 ,i have not1 then1 offended1 nor wished to offend1 my king in replying1 with the integrity of my heart1 to the question he has asked me2 moreover1 admitting that ,i have been at fault in this1 ,i have been punished for it already by the afflictions ,i have endured1 the loss of my office1 and the imprisonment ,i have undergone4 ,the second charge brought against me1 and the most explicit1 is of having violated the act of the last ,parliament1 in this3 that being a prisoner and examined by the council1 ,i have not been willing1 through a spirit of malice1 of perfidy1 of treachery1 and obstinacy1 to say whether or not the king was supreme head of the church1 and that ,i have not been willing to confess whether that act was just or unjust1 for the reason which ,i gavethat1 having no other rank in the church than that of a simple layman1 ,i had no authority to decide those things4 ,now1 ,i will avow to your lordships that this was my reply3 #8,i had neither done nor said anything which could be alleged and produced against me on the subject of this statute'2 and ,i added that ,i no longer desired to occupy myself with anything here below1 in order to be entirely absorbed in meditating on the ,passion of my ,saviour ,jesus ,christ in this miserable world1 where ,i have such a short time to remain2 that ,i wished ill to no oneon the contrary1 every kind of prosperity2 and also1 if that was not sufficient to preserve my life1 ,i did not desire to live2 ,i had violated no law1 and that ,i was not willing to surrender myself as guilty of any crime of high treasonfor there are no laws in the world by which a man can be punished for his silence2 they can do no more than punish him for his words and actions1 and it is ,god alone who judges the heart40 ,as ,sir ,thomas said these words1 the advocate-general1 ,christopher ,hales1 suddenly interrupted him3 8,you say you have not uttered a word nor committed an act against this law2 but you admit that you have kept silence1 which is a conclusive sign of the malice of your heart1 no good subject being able to refuse without crime to reply to this question when it is set before him as the law ordains40 8,my silence10 replied ,more1 8is not a sign of the malice of my heart1 since ,i have answered the king when he has consulted me on divers occasions2 and ,i do not believe a man can be convicted of having attacked a law by keeping silence1 since this maxim1 #8,qui tacet consentire videtur1' is adopted and recognized as true by all the most learned and enlightened men of the law4 ,with regard to what you say about a good subject having no right to refuse a direct reply to this question1 ,i believe1 on the contrary1 that such is his duty1 unless1 indeed1 he wish to be a bad ,christian4 ,now1 it is better to obey ,god than man1 and it is better not to offend one's conscience than everything else in the world1 above all when this conscience cannot be the occasion of revolt against1 or injury to1 the king and the country4 ,i protest to you1 on this subject ,i have not revealed my opinion to any man living40 8,you know very well1 on the contrary10 said the ,duke of ,norfolk sharply1 8that your example will be followed1 and a great many will refuse the oath on seeing you reject it40 8,pardon me1 my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas2 8but ,i have the right to think thus1 since a moment ago my lord the chancellor reproached me with being the only one of my opinion in the kingdom4 ,i can say1 then1 that my silence is neither injurious to the prince nor dangerous to the state40 8,how can you assert10 cried ,christopher ,hales1 8that your refusal will not be the cause of any sedition or of any injury toward the king8 ,do you not know1 then1 that all his enemies have their eyes fixed on you1 in order to confirm themselves by your audacity1 and take advantage of the malice of which you have given proof8 ,what1 then1 would you call an injury1 if not a refusal thus contemptuous and unlawful with respect to the submission you owe to the will of your king1 the living image of ,god upon earth80 8,the king has no enemies1 sir10 replied ,sir ,thomas2 8he has only some faithful subjects who wish to sigh in silence over the perfidious counsel which has been given him4 ,i will dare almost to say10 he cried1 laying his hand on his breast1 8some tender and respectful friends1 who would have given all for his glory1 sacrificed all for his salvation1 but who1 for that same cause1 cannot approve the error into which he has been made to fall40 8,alas6 he is lost10 thought ,sir ,john2 and he turned away his head4 8,well10 said ,cromwell to himself1 8the case becomes clear2 they cannot draw back40 ,while a low murmur of surprise and admiration arose among the jury1 their foreman leaned toward ,mr4 ,rich1 and whispered to him excitedly4 8,truly6 ,it is so1 sir60 said the latter1 looking fixedly at him4 8,it seems to me1 ,sir ,thomas ,palmer1 that your remarks have much weight4 ,have you been called here to interpret the wishes of the king1 or have you1 by chance1 a mind to make a short sojourn in the ,tower or some part of its environs80 ,and he made his fingers crack4 8,with your short-sighted justice10 he replied1 8do you believe that there are not some great reasons1 which they do not wish you to know1 which have led ,sir ,thomas to the bar of this tribunal8 ,and if ,i should say to you0 ,he paused4 8,the dogs60 he murmured1 looking at the faces of the jurors4 8,and if ,i should say to you10 he continued1 8that this is an extortioner1 and that he has devoured the revenues of the statesuckedsucked the hearts' blood of the poor people60 8,it cannot be possible60 said ,palmer1 awaiting each word of ,rich1 which seemed to fall drop by drop from his lips4 8,what6 like the other80 8,exactly1 precisely like the other6 ,wonderful60 said ,rich to himself4 8,they themselves furnish me with the words1 the fools6 ,i hope1 indeed1 that ,i may be exalted a grade from this2 for this herd of jurors make me sweat blood and water4 ,they called them so well chosen6 ,so it appears2 one goes to the right1 the other to the left1 a third to the middle4 ,to the deaththat is too hard2 no1 confiscation1 or rather imprisonment4 ,they wish to enter into the spirit of the law1 as if they regarded the law6 ,condemn him1 sirsthat is all they ask of youand then go to your beds6 ,every one to his trade2 theirs is not to inquire what we do1 but what we wish them to do60 ,and ,rich1 much excited1 shaking his great sleeves1 leaned forward in order to listen4 8,i come1 then1 to the third article of my accusation10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8by which ,i am accused of malicious attempts1 efforts1 and perfidious practices against the statute1 because1 since being confined in the ,tower1 ,i have sent several packages of letters to ,bishop ,fisher1 and in those letters ,i have exhorted him to violate this same law1 and encouraged him in the resistance he has made to it4 ,i have already demanded that those letters should be instantly produced and read to the court2 they could thus have acquitted me or convicted me of falsehood4 ,but as you say the bishop has burned them1 ,i am only able to prove what ,i advance here by my own words2 therefore ,i will state what they contained4 ,the greater portion of those letters related to my private affairs1 especially to our old friendship2 in one of them alone ,i responded to the demand he had made to know how ,i would reply in my interrogatory upon the oath of supremacy1 and ,i wrote to him thus3 that ,i had examined this question in conscience1 and he must be content with knowing that it was decided in my mind4 ,god is my witness1 as ,i hope to save my soul1 that ,i have made no other reply1 and ,i cannot presume that this could be considered an attack upon the laws40 8,oh6 no1 by no means10 said several of the jurors4 8,nevertheless1 it would be necessary to see these documents40 8,that is the custom10 said a voice loudly enough4 8,the jury examines the documents10 said another2 8that is always done40 8,my lord judge6 my lord advocate6 it is necessary1 it is customaryindispensable0 ,audley looked angrily at ,rich4 8,gentlemen1 the jurors are perfectly right10 he cried in a shrill voice2 8but these letters have been destroyed4 ,they will proceed to examine other documents2 then the witnesses of these facts will be heard40 8,silence6 silence60 cried the court usher4 8,gentlemen1 do not interrupt the court10 said ,cromwell gravely2 8we should listen religiously to the least word of the prisoner's defence40 ,and thus he stifled by his awful voice the truth which had been excited in those troubled hearts4 ,fatigued and weary1 ,more kept silence2 he was thinking1 moreover1 of his letters to the ,bishop of ,rochester4 8,if ,i had spoken more strongly to my friend10 he sorrowfully reflected1 8perhaps he would not have succumbed4 ,my ,god and my only ,saviour6 behold the afflictions that overwhelm my soul2 for ,i fear ,i have only listened to the cowardly prudence of the children of men4 ,and yet what could ,i do80 ,more reproached himself with not having done enough1 with having been mistaken4 ,he groaned in spirit and humbled himself to the dust before ,god2 whereas this tribunal by which he was being judged1 in the face of which he found himself placed1 before which he was traduced1 was composed of men whom avarice1 fear1 and ambition caused to walk rapidly and firmly1 without remorse and without shame1 in the road1 strewn with thorns1 of vice1 falsehood1 and slavery4 8,speak on10 said ,cromwell1 provoked by his silence2 8they will not dare to interrupt you again40 ,sir ,thomas raised his eyes to his face1 and regarded him fixedly4 ,so much suffering1 so many conflicting emotions1 were weighing on his mind1 that he no longer knew how to resume his discoveries or where he had left the thread of his ideas4 8,you had replied to the third article10 said ,cromwell1 promptly assisting him1 for fear of giving the assembly time for reflection4 8,now1 what else have you to say1 and what have you to oppose to the testimony of ,master ,rich1 who has heard you say in the ,tower that the statute was a two-edged sword which killed necessarily either the soul or the body80 8,what ,i have to reply to that10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8is that ,master ,rich called on me continually while they were removing the books ,i had in my prison4 ,fatigued by his importunate demands1 ,i replied to him conditionally 7which makes the case very different7 that1 if it was true1 it was equally dangerous to avow or disavow this act2 and that if it was similar to a two-edged sword1 it was very hard to make it fall on me1 who had never contradicted the statute either by my words or my actions4 ,as to their accusing me of having drawn the ,bishop of ,rochester into my conspiracy1 and induced him to make a reply similar to my ownalas6 no1 ,i have not done so4 ,i have nothing more to add40 ,and he took his seat without a word more4 8,you have nothing more to say80 repeated the chancellor4 8,no1 my lord40 8,that is well10 said ,audley4 8,he is here no longer10 said ,more2 and he looked around him4 8,where have they dragged him8 ,to the king1 perhaps4 ,we should have received our sentence together4 ,o ,fisher6 ,o my friend6 ,no1 it cannot be10 said ,more2 8they are surely deceiving me6 ,does not falsehood flow naturally from their lips8 ,oh6 how ,i would joy to see him1 for one moment only4 ,however1 if he has not taken the oath1 he will be here40 ,and he sank again into his silent sadness4 8,we will proceed to examine the witnesses10 said the chancellor4 ,master ,rich1 relieving himself immediately of his great robe1 slowly descended from the platform and the chair from which he had surveyed the jury1 and took his seat in the midst of the hall1 in front of the tribunal4 ,he raised his hand and took the oath without hesitation4 ,he then related how1 having entered the prison cell of ,thomas ,more with ,palmer and ,sir ,richard ,southwell1 he had heard ,sir ,thomas express himself strongly against the statute and declare that no ,parliament in the world would be able to submit to the question of the supremacy4 8,you hear1 ,sir ,thomas60 cried all the lords4 8,there is nothing to reply to this40 ,sir ,thomas arose immediately1 and an expression of deep emotion showed itself on his weary features4 8,my lords10 he replied1 8if ,i was a man who had no regard for my oath1 ,i would not be here before you as a criminal4 ,and you1 ,master ,rich10 he continued1 turning toward him1 8if what you have declared be true1 and the oath you have taken be not perjury1 then may ,i never look upon the face of ,god6and this ,i would not assert for all the world contains1 if what you have testified was the truth4 ,listen to me1 my lords2 judge between us1 and learn what ,i have said to ,master ,rich4 ,when he came to carry away my books from the dreary prison where ,i was confined1 he approached me1 took my hands1 overwhelmed me with compliments1 and1 protesting to me that he had no commission touching the supremacy1 during the course of a long conversation he recalled all the circumstances of our childhood1 and proposed to me this question3 #8,if ,parliament recognized me as king1 would you recognize me8 and would it be treason not to do it8' ,i answered that ,i would recognize him1 but it was a casus levis4 ,and in my turn ,i said to him3 #8,if an act of ,parliament should declare that ,god is not ,god1 do you think it would be treason not to submit to that act8' 8,then ,master ,rich said that this question was too remote1 and they could not discuss it4 ,whereupon he left me1 and went away with those whom he had brought with him4 8,in good faith1 ,master ,rich10 pursued ,sir ,thomas1 8,i am more concerned on account of your perjury than because of the danger into which you have so heartlessly thrown me1 and ,i must tell you that neither ,i nor any one else has ever regarded you as a man to whom they could confide a thing of so much importance as this4 ,you know that ,i am acquainted with your life and conversation from your youth up to the present time4 ,we were of the same parish2 and you know right well1 although ,i am very sorry to say and speak of it1 that you always bore the reputation of having a very flippant and very lying tongue1 that you were a great gambler1 and you had not a good name in your parish and in the ,temple1 where you have been reared4 8,your lordships10 continued ,sir ,thomas1 8can you believe that1 in an affair of so great moment1 ,i would have had so little discretion as to confide in ,master ,rich1 entertaining the opinion ,i do of his want of truth and honesty2 that ,i would have disclosed to him the secret of my conscience touching the supremacy of the kinga subject upon which ,i have been so strongly pressed1 and which ,i have always refused to reveal to any of his grave and noble counsellors1 who1 your lordships know well1 have been so often sent to the ,tower to interrogate me8 ,i submit it to your judgment1 my lords3 does this appear to you credible or possible8 8,moreover10 he immediately continued1 8supposing ,master ,rich speaks the truth1 it should still be remarked that this might have been said in a secret and private conversation upon some supposed questions and without any offending circumstances4 ,therefore they cannot1 at least1 say there was any malice on this occasion2 and that being so1 my lords1 ,i cannot believe so many reverend bishops1 honorable personages1 so great a number of wise and virtuous men of which the ,parliament is composed1 would wish to punish a man with death when he has had no malice in his hearttaking1 most certainly1 this word malice in the sense of ill-will and open rebellion4 ,finally1 ,i would again recall to your lordships' attention the inexpressible kindness his majesty has manifested toward me during more than twenty years since he called me into his service1 constantly appointing me to some new charge1 some new office1 and finally to the position of lord chancelloran honor he had never bestowed on any lawyer before1 this dignity being the greatest in the kingdom1 and coming immediately after that of the crown2 lastly1 in relieving me of this charge1 and permitting me to retire1 and allowing me1 at my own request1 the liberty of passing the remainder of my days in the service of ,god1 in order that ,i might occupy myself no more with aught but the salvation of my soul4 ,and therefore ,i say that all the benefits his majesty has for so long a time and so abundantly showered upon me1 in elevating me far beyond my merits1 are enough1 in my opinion1 to break down the scandalous accusation so injuriously formulated by this man against me40 ,having said these words1 ,sir ,thomas was silent4 ,the tribunal looked at him4 ,this earnest and truthful attack on the reputation of ,master ,rich was hard to weaken1 although the latter1 after having resumed his seat1 had already cried out sneeringly three or four times3 8,palmer and ,southwell will testify if ,i have told the truth1 yes or no40 8,yes or no10 repeated ,cromwell to himself8the world is summed up in those two words2 only it is necessary to manage them well4 ,go1 clerk10 he said1 8call ,master ,southwell40 ,and the clamorous voice of the clerk resounded through the vast enclosure where he kept the witnesses4 8,master ,palmer6 ,master ,richard ,palmer60 he repeated2 and ,master ,palmer presented himself4 8,you swear10 said ,audley to the witness1 8that the testimony you are about to render before this court1 and before the jury interposed between your sovereign lord the king and the prisoner here present at the bar1 will be the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth1 so help you ,god60 ,as the chancellor said these words1 they brought the book of the ,holy ,evangelists1 and opened it1 in order that ,palmer might lay his hand on it to swear4 8,but1 my lord10 said ,palmer1 anxiously looking around him1 8,i know nothing1 nothing at all1 about what you are going to ask me40 8,well1 you need only tell what you know10 said ,audley brusquely4 8,very well1 then10 said ,palmer in a low voice2 and laying his hand on the book1 he was sworn in the usual manner4 8,what did you hear while removing the books belonging to ,sir ,thomas80 8,nothing1 my lord4 ,i threw the books as fast as possible into a sack4 ,they made some noise in falling one upon the other1 and ,i heard nothing else40 8,that is not possible60 said ,audley4 8,the chamber is very small2 you would have been very near ,sir ,thomas and ,master ,rich1 who were conversing together1 and you must have heard their conversation40 8,i have heard that ,sir ,thomas stooped down to pick up a book ,i let fall from my hands1 and that it seemed to give him pain when they took his books away from him2 so that when ,i saw the dismal little cell1 the pallet they had given him for a bed1 the broken earthen pitcher which was in one corner1 with an old candle standing in the neck of a bottle1 and that they had forbidden him for the future to light that candlefor fear1 they said1 that he might set fire to the prisonthe tears came into my eyes1 and ,i felt my heart ache with sorrow as ,i thought ,i had seen him lord chancellor such a little while ago4 ,that is all1 my lord40 8,but10 said ,cromwell1 provoked by this recital1 8,sir ,thomas spoke2 you have declared that already40 8,oh6 he spoke1 without doubt4 ,i do not deny that he could speak2 certainly he spoke4 ,for instance1 when he saw the sack of books carried away he said3 #8,now that the tools are removed1 there is nothing more to do but close the shop4' ,but we saw1 in spite of this pleasantry1 that it distressed him very much10 added ,palmer after a moment's silence4 8,how prolix is this witness60 said the ,abbot of ,westminster in a contemptuous tone4 8,come1 that's enough10 said ,cromwell4 8,you know nothing more80 8,no1 my lord1 nothing morenothing at all40 ,and he hastened to withdraw4 ,as he retired1 ,richard ,southwell appeared4 ,audley immediately began to interrogate him4 8,your name80 8,richard ,southwell40 8,your age80 8,twenty-four years40 8,your profession80 8,the king's clerk40 8,you swear10 said the chancellor to the witness1 8that the testimony you are about to render before the court1 and before the jury interposed between our sovereign lord the king and the prisoner at the bar1 will be the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth1 so help you ,god40 8,i have no testimony to offer10 said ,richard4 8,what60 exclaimed ,audley4 8,here is ,master ,rich1 who cites you as having been present at a conversation he had in the ,tower prison with ,sir ,thomas ,more40 8,master ,rich says just what it suits him to say4 ,the truth is1 ,i went with ,master ,palmer to remove the books of ,sir ,thomas because ,i was obliged to do it4 ,i found ,master ,rich there1 whereat ,i was surprised4 ,everybody knows what ,rich is1 and what confidence should be placed in anything he asserts4 ,i will swear1 then1 to nothing1 nor take any oath on a matter of business in which he is mixed up1 being well assured in advance that it can only be something bad40 ,rich's face became purple4 8,my lord chancellor10 cried the new solicitor-general1 8the witness insults the court40 8,master ,rich1 yes2 but the court1 no10 growled ,audley4 ,he answered nothing1 and had not the appearance of heeding what ,richard ,southwell was saying1 if even he was not pleased with it2 for the vile and corrupt men with whom ,henry ,,viii4 each day surrounded himself1 in order to serve his frenzies1 abhorred him and sought only his destruction1 or to elevate themselves one above another by crushing each other4 8,you refuse to swear1 then80 said he to the witness1 without deigning to listen to the recriminations of ,rich4 8,yes1 my lord10 replied ,southwell4 8,the witness will pay a fine40 8,very well1 my lord6 ,i know that ,i owe it40 ,and ,southwell retired4 ,then a profound silence reigned throughout the assembly1 because the decisive moment approached4 ,meanwhile1 the lord chief-justice1 the timid ,fitz-,james1 arose at a sign given him by ,audley1 and in a trembling voice propounded the following questions to the jury3 8,has ,sir ,thomas ,more rendered himself guilty of the crime of high treason towards our lord the king in refusing1 through a spirit of malice1 treachery1 and obstinacy1 the oath which he demands of him as supreme head of the church on earth8 ,is ,sir ,thomas ,more guilty of resisting the statute of ,parliament which has conferred this dignity on our lord and master1 ,king ,henry ,,viii480 ,the court officers struck a blow with their maces4 ,the judges all arose1 and the court marched out majestically1 while the jury retired into another room4 8,now we shall see if ,rich is sure of his jury10 said ,cromwell to himself1 following them with his eyes2 and not looking before him1 he trod on the train of the chancellor's robe1 who turned round1 impatiently saying that he had offended his dignity4 ,cromwell began to laugh2 for he cared little for the dignity of this chancellor of recent date and mediocre worthand he continued to look behind him4 8,well6 this will soon be ended10 said ,sir ,thomas2 and he asked the yeomen who guarded him permission to approach one of the windows looking out on the courtyard4 ,more humane than the tigers who had just gone out1 these rude men granted his request4 ,sir ,thomas looked out1 but a broad1 sculptured cornice extending around the gallery prevented him from seeing if his daughter was still below1 and his eyes rested only on the magnificent view to be enjoyed from the apartments of ,lambeth ,palace4 ,the sun was reflected upon the surface of the river1 and he could see even the smallest boat that glided on the water4 8,is she still there80 thought ,sir ,thomas1 as he leaned his head against the window4 8,well1 it is all over40 ,he stepped back1 and gazed out into the distance4 8,this whole city10 he said1 8comes1 goes1 stirs1 agitates itself4 ,what matters it to them that a man is condemned in a corner8 ,had they need of my services1 they would run#8,sir ,thomas6 there is ,sir ,thomas6' ,they would follow2 they would call me4 ,now the crowd forgets us in two days6 ,an immense abyss1 an entire chaos1 almost a generation1 separates the evening from the morrow6 ,my friends are afraidthose1 at least1 who remain to me4 ,they grieve in secret4 ,the tears will be wiped from their eyes in obscurity2 but my daughter1 who will dry hers8 ,she will pass away like myself1 alone in this world2 she will have need to pass quickly1 and without looking around her40 ,he wiped his forehead2 for it was damp and hot4 8,it is impossible for them not to condemn me60 ,and he leaned against the window-sill1 scarcely able to stand on his feet2 he experienced a sort of faintness for which he could not account1 and which obliged him to change his posture every moment4 8,nothing6 ,there is no word from them4 ,my ,god6 they are a long time4 ,and for what purpose1 when all was decided in advance8 ,o ,rochester6 where art thou8 ,it is this that lowers my courage4 ,well6 they do not return4 ,what can this jury be doing8 ,it seems to me that it is already two hours since they went out40 ,he looked around him1 and saw that the two guards had commenced a game of cards4 8,how much a game80 said the bigger of the two4 8,a penny40 8,a penny60 cried the other4 8,of what are you dreaming1 ,scotchman8 ,the profit of a week6 ,a half-penny now1 and more on trust if,you understand me80 ,and he made a gesture as if drinking4 8,always drinking1 always drinking60 replied his adversary4 ,they were dealing the cards1 when the maces of the court officers resounded on the floor1 announcing that the deliberations were ended and the court was returning4 8,what60 cried the two gamesters1 8they have finished already8 ,how they have hurried over this business6 ,ordinarily they take an hour1 at least40 ,they hastened to gather up their cards and conceal them under their jackets4 ,at a signal given by the officers ,sir ,thomas came hurriedly out from the deep embrasure of the window where he was leaning4 ,he then observed a man and a young girl1 who1 alone in the midst of this vast enclosure1 were gazing in every direction1 astonished at the solitude in which they found themselves1 and seeking him whom their hearts loved4 8,margaret60 cried ,sir ,thomas8,margaret here at this fatal moment6 ,no grief must1 then1 be spared me60 ,at the voice of ,more his daughter rushed toward him4 ,she covered his face with kisses and tears4 ,pierre ,gilles was at her side4 8,pierre ,gilles here60 cried ,more4 ,meanwhile1 the heavy doors rolled on their hinges1 and the judges approached4 8,o ,more6 ,o my friend6 is the trial ended1 that ,i see you alone and at liberty here80 8,yes6 it is over10 said ,more2 8but not as you think10 he added1 lowering his voice4 8,my friend1 in the name of our tender friendship1 take ,margaret away6 ,i will see you again in a moment4 ,i pray you1 one minute1 one minute only1 go1 take her out1 if you love me1 if you have loved me6 ,ah6 ,pierre ,gilles1 thou here8 ,i confide her to thee60 ,and ,sir ,thomas cast on him a glance so imploring1 and an expression so deep1 that the heart of one father was immediately comprehended by the other4 ,pierre ,gilles made a rapid movement to lead the young girl out4 ,he was too late2 the court had entered1 and the judges had taken their places4 ,the chancellor remained standing in the midst of them1 and1 turning to the foreman of the jury1 who advanced1 he put the terrible question3 8,is the accused guilty80 8,yes10 said the foreman1 8upon all the counts40 ,and his voice failed in adding the last words4 8,upon all the counts60 repeated ,pierre ,gilles4 8,what did he say80 cried ,margaret1 transfixed with expectation and terror4 8,my father guilty8 ,no1 never6 ,pierre ,gilles1 what did he say8 ,guilty8 ,oh6 no1 no4 ,my father60 ,the young girl pronounced this word so tenderly1 with a cry so piercing1 an accent of despair so heartrending1 that ,sir ,thomas trembled from head to foot1 and it seemed his soul was shaken to its very depths4 8,in mercy take her away60 he said in a faint voice4 8,guilty60 repeated ,margaret8guilty6 ,they have dared say it4 ,guilty6 ,then all is finished6 ,he is lost1 condemned6 ,o cowardice6 ,o horror6 ,guilty60 ,and a change so horrible came over her features that ,margaret was unrecognizable4 8,sir ,thomas ,more guilty before ,god and before man60 she pursued with a smile of frightful bitterness1 while her eyes remained dry4 8,pierre ,gilles1 you have heard it2 have ,i not told you8 ,o ignoble creatures6 ,behold them1 these bloody judgesthis ,cromwell1 with his livid face1 and envy corroding his heart2 this ,audley1 vender of consciences2 this ,cranmer1 renegade archbishop6 ,no1 you do not know them6 ,there they are before your eyes1 and they invoke the name of ,almighty ,god6 ,one day1 yes1 one day1 we also will see them before the tribunal of the ,sovereign ,judgebefore that tribunal without appeal and without mercyto receive the reward of perjury and of murder4 ,may ,heaven hear my cry2 may my tears mount to the skies1 and fall back upon them to add new strength to the remorse which they have so long sought to tear from their hearts60 8,what woman is this10 said ,cromwell1 8who dares to disturb the court80 8,nay1 ,master ,cromwell10 replied ,more in a stifled voice1 8pardon her6 ,she is a child4 ,alas6 you know her well40 8,bear her away10 said ,audley instantly4 8,officer1 lead that woman out60 exclaimed ,cromwell in a voice of thunder4 8,my daughter1 my cherished daughter1 follow ,pierre ,gilles6 ,my friend1 take her out60 cried ,sir ,thomas4 8,i will not go60 exclaimed ,margaret1 bracing her feeble feet against the long stone slabs4 8,will you suffer a varlet to lay his hands on you1 ,margaret80 said ,pierre ,gilles1 whose tears streamed down his cheeks and stifled his voice4 8,yes1 anything6 ,if ,i leave him1 they will let me see him no more40 8,sheriff1 do you hear80 cried ,cromwell4 8,o ,master ,cromwell60 exclaimed ,margaret1 falling on her knees and raising her suppliant hands toward him4 8,but1 no10 she said1 immediately rising again1 8,i will not descend so low6 ,implore him8 ,you may annihilate but never demean me60 ,and casting a withering glance upon ,cromwell1 she seized the arm of ,pierre ,gilles1 and1 dragging him away1 left the place without even looking toward her father4 ,this scene created some disturbance in the horrible assembly1 and a moment of silence and hesitation followed1 when ,cromwell made a sign to the lord chancellor not to let it be prolonged4 ,audley then began to pronounce the formula of the sentence1 but ,sir ,thomas interrupted him4 8,my lord chancellor10 he said1 8when ,i had the honor of being at the head of justice1 the custom was to demand of the prisoner1 before pronouncing sentence1 if he had anything to say that might arrest the judgment about to be rendered against him4 ,i ask1 then1 to say a few words40 8,and what can you have to say80 asked ,audley brusquely4 8,much1 my lord10 answered ,sir ,thomas2 8for1 now that ,i have been condemned1 and it can no more seem like presuming on my own strength in exposing myself to death1 ,i can discharge my conscience1 and speak freely and without restriction4 ,i therefore declare1 in the presence of your lordships here present1 that ,i regard the statute of ,parliament as entirely illegal and contrary to all laws1 divine and human1 and my accusation1 consequently1 as being completely null4 ,parliament has no right1 and cannot in any manner have the power1 to give the church a temporal head4 ,in conferring the spiritual government of one portion of ,christendom on another than the ,bishop of ,rome1 whose universal supremacy has been established in the person of ,st4 ,peter1 chief of the apostles1 by the mouth of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ himself when he was present and visible on earth1 ,parliament has exceeded the limits of its authority4 ,there are not1 therefore1 and there cannot be1 among ,catholic ,christians1 laws sufficient to oblige a ,christian to obey a power which might have been usurped in order to prove this assertion4 ,i will say1 moreover1 that the ,parliament of this kingdom can no more bind all ,christendom by such an act than one small portion of the church can make a law in opposition to the general law of the church universal2 or than the city of ,london1 which is only a member in comparison with the body of the state1 can make a law against an act of ,parliament which would bind the whole kingdom4 ,i will add1 furthermore1 that this law is contrary to all the statutes and to all the laws in force until this day1 and any yet reported1 especially to these words written in the great charter3 #8,the ,english ,church is free1 her rights shall remain untouched1 and none of her liberties shall be cut off'2 finally1 that it is contrary to the oath taken by the king at his consecration1 in presence of all the assembled people4 ,and ,i say that there is far more ingratitude in the ,english ,parliament refusing to acknowledge the authority and spiritual supremacy of the pope than there would be in a child refusing to obey its father2 because it is to ,pope ,st4 ,gregory that we are indebted for the knowledge of the ,holy ,gospel2 it is he who regenerated usa heritage richer and more desirable than that which any father according to the flesh can bequeath to his children4 ,yes1 noble lords1 ,i confess before you that1 since this question has been raised among us1 ,i have spent days and nights in examining it1 and ,i have been unable to find in the centuries passed1 or in the works of any doctors1 a single example1 or even a sentiment1 which may authorize a temporal king to usurp the spiritual government of the church4 ,and consider3 this divine authority1 necessary to the unity and the purity of the ,christian faith1 would then be committed1 in the course of time1 in following the order of succession established in this kingdom1 to the feeble hands of a woman or the blind keeping of an infant in its cradle6 ,truly1 my lords1 it is a thing which shocks not only the unchangeable rule followed up to our day1 but even the most ordinary judgment and common sense40 8,then10 said ,audley1 interrupting him with a smile of mockery and disdain1 8you esteem yourself wiser than1 and believe you possess a knowledge and degree of enlightenment far above that of1 the bishops1 the reverend doctors1 the nobility1 and the people of the kingdom generally60 8,i doubt1 my lord10 replied ,sir ,thomas firmly1 8of there having been this unanimity between them in which your lordship appears to believe2 but1 supposing it existed1 if we are to judge by the number1 it must be very much less even than that of the ,christians who are spread throughout the whole world1 and of those who1 having gone before them in life1 are now among the glorious saints in heaven40 8,sir ,thomas10 cried the ,duke of ,norfolk1 reddening1 8you show clearly how far your malice and obstinacy extend40 8,noble duke10 replied ,more1 8you are mistaken3 it is neither malice nor obstinacy which makes me speak thus1 but rather the desire and the necessity of clearing my conscience2 and ,i call upon ,god1 who sees and hears us1 to witness that this is the only sentiment inspiring my heart60 ,cromwell1 in the meantime1 grew very impatient at this debate1 and made signals in vain to ,audley that he should impose silence on ,sir ,thomas2 but the former hesitated1 stammered1 and delayed pronouncing his sentence1 resolving in his mind not to take upon himself the responsibility of the proceeding4 ,all at once he turned toward the lord chief-justice1 ,fitz-,james4 8,why10 said he1 8,sir ,john1 do you not assist me with your opinion8 ,could it be true that our sentence were unlawful8 ,speak6 ,are you not the lord chief-justice80 ,at this question a frightful apprehension arose in the soul of the weak judge2 he was conscious of the adroit snare into which he had been drawn4 ,they questioned him directly2 they placed in the hollow of his hand the weights which were to turn the balance and decide the fate of ,sir ,thomas1 his benefactor and friend4 ,he paled visibly and answered nothing4 8,well60 said ,cromwell1 8the chancellor interrogates you1 my lord1 and it seems you hesitate in your reply60 ,if he had had courage1 he might1 perhaps1 have saved ,more2 it failed him4 8,i think10 he answered in an evasive way1 less odious perhaps1 but none the less criminal1 8that if the statute of ,parliament was illegal1 the process of law would be equally so40 8,assuredly10 said ,cromwell with a bitter smile1 8this is very judicious4 ,if there was no law1 there could be no criminal2 and if there was no day1 there would be no nightthere are some things which reason themselves so naturally that we cannot but concede them40 ,as he said these words1 he passed to the chancellor the sentence of condemnation4 ,audley read it in a very loud tone1 which he lowered1 however1 when he came to the details of the execution1 which set forth that ,sir ,thomas1 after having been carried back to the ,tower by ,lieutenant ,kingston1 should be dragged through the streets of the city on a hurdle2 led afterward to ,tyburn1 where1 after having been hanged by the neck1 he should be taken down1 when half dead1 from the gallows1 to be disembowelled and his entrails cast into the fire2 after which his body should be cut into four pieces1 to be placed above the gates of the city1 the head excepted1 because the head must be exposed on ,london ,bridge in an iron cage4 ,while the sentence was being read the face of ,sir ,thomas ,more remained impassible4 ,at the end only a slight start seemed to denote some feeling4 ,he lowered his head1 and it was seen1 by an almost imperceptible movement of his lips1 that he prayed4 ,a profound silence reigned around him1 and it seemed that no human voice or respiration dared be raised in the presence of such cool atrocity4 ,after a moment a slight sigh was heard4 8,a death of infamy may not be10 murmured the ,duke of ,norfolk2 8he has been lord chancellor60 ,he leaned over toward ,cromwell4 8,you have deceived me10 he said4 8,decapitation is the only punishment which can be inflicted on him4 ,he has been lord chancellor6 ,have you thought of that80 8,but10 replied ,cromwell1 8the law is positive2 such is the penalty that follows the refusal of the oath40 8,the king will dispense with the gibbet10 said ,norfolk angrily1 8or ,i am not chief of his council60 8,we will see10 said ,cromwell4 8,that will matter nothing1 provided he dies10 he added to himself4 ,lord ,fitz-,james had heard ,norfolk's remark1 and1 unable to restrain his tears1 addressed him4 8,my lord10 he said in an oppressed voice1 8the king might be willing to grant his pardon4 ,ask ,sir ,thomas if he have not yet something to say4 ,perhaps1 alas6 perhaps he may be induced to make some act of submission40 ,norfolk made a sign of approval4 8,sir ,thomas10 he said1 8you have heard what are the rigors of the law1 and the penalty that your inconceivable obstinacy calls down upon your head4 ,speak1 then2 have you nothing to reply that may give us the means of mitigating it80 ,sir ,thomas raised his head1 and looked at him for a moment with an expression of calmness1 of gentleness1 benevolence1 and dignity which it is impossible for any human pen to describe4 8,noble duke10 he answered1 8no1 ,i have nothing more to say2 ,i have only to submit to the sentence you have passed on me4 ,there was a time when you honored me with the name of friend2 ,i dare believe that ,i still remain worthy of it4 ,i regard the words you have addressed to me as a souvenir of that good-will1 old and proven1 which you have felt for me4 ,i would thank you for it at this last moment2 for ,i hope that we may meet again in a better world1 where all these dissensions shall have passed away4 ,and even as the holy ,apostle ,paul1 who was one of those who stoned ,st4 ,stephen1 is now united with him in heaven1 where they love with an eternal love1 so ,i hope also that your lordships1 who have been my judges here on earth1 and all those who have participated in any way in my death1 may be eternally reunited and happy in possession of the salvation which our divine ,saviour ,jesus ,christ has merited for us on the cross4 ,to this end ,i will pray from my heart for your lordships1 and above all for my lord the king1 that ,god may accord him faithful counsellors1 and that the truth may no longer remain hidden from him40 ,and saying these words with much sweetness and fulness of heart1 ,sir ,thomas was silent4 ,as soon as he had ceased speaking the guards1 by ,cromwell's order1 pressed around him4 ,an axe was raised1 the edge of which was turned toward the condemned by a man who walked before him4 ,and so he was led back on foot1 through the streets1 to the ,tower1 there to wait until the hour of execution should be appointed by the king1 after he had affixed his signature to the death-warrant4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,catacombs ,,to ,,prayers ,,for ,,the ,,dead ,,and ,,the ,,invocation ,,of ,,saints4#aaj ,mr4 ,withrow claims to have produced the only ,english book on the ,catacombs in which the latest results of exploration are fully given and interpreted from a ,protestant point of view4 ,we must decline to acknowledge the justice of his claim4 ,his book is very far indeed from giving the latest results of exploration1 and he certainly is not the first who has attempted to interpret them from a ,protestant point of view4 ,he is1 however1 as far as we know1 the last2 and as he has pretty faithfully repeated all the misstatements and mistakes of his various predecessors in the same subject1 only adding a few more of his own1 it will be worth while to set before our readers a short refutation of some of them4 ,indeed1 this work of refutation is the more necessary because 8the testimony of the ,catacombs relative to primitive ,christianity0 is daily increasing in value1 as our knowledge of the ,catacombs is becoming more exact and scientific4 ,some years ago1 and to some intelligences even now1 a painting or an inscription from the ,catacombs was 8a monument of ancient ,christianity10 and one such monument was as good evidence as another of primitive ,christian doctrine4 ,it has been reserved to the labors of ,de ,rossi to introduce light and order into this chaos2 and those who profess to publish the fruits of his discoveries ought not to withhold this most important portion of them2 at least1 they ought scrupulously to follow the lines of chronology which he has established1 or else themselves to establish others on surer foundations4 ,mr4 ,withrow's neglect of these distinctionsindeed1 of all chronological order whateveris quite unpardonable4 ,whilst in the title of his work he promises to examine 8the testimony of the ,catacombs relative to primitive ,christianity10 we sometimes find that the greater portion of the evidence he adduces on some of the most important questions of ,christian doctrine is not even taken from the ,catacombs at all4 ,let us look1 by way of example1 at a single doctrinethe elementary doctrine of the ,resurrectionand see how he deals with it4 8,this glorious doctrine10 he says1 8which is peculiarly the characteristic of our holy religion as distinguished from all the faiths of antiquity1 was everywhere recorded throughout the ,catacombs4 ,it was symbolized in the ever-recurring representations of the story of ,jonas and of the raising of ,lazarus1 and was strongly asserted in numerous inscriptions0 7p4 #dca74 ,but of the inscriptions which he proceeds to quote1 one is spurious 7,alexander mortuus non est1 etc472 others belong to the years #ddi1 #edd1 etc41 long after the practice of burial in the ,catacombs had ceased4 ,and we shall presently have occasion to notice other sins1 scarcely less flagrant1 against every canon of chronology belonging to the subject which he professes to handle4 ,but first let us say a few words as to what those canons are1 and how they have been established4 ,it is only in our own day that the study of inscriptions generally1 and especially of ,christian inscriptions1 has received that development which entitles it to a place among real sciences4 ,it has now acquired a light and a solidity which constitute it one of the most trustworthy founts of ancient history4 ,to confine ourselves1 however1 strictly within the limits of our present argument1 we will speak only of the method which has been followed by ,de ,rossi during the thirty years he has devoted so assiduously to this subject1 and whereby he has been enabled to discover the laws which regulated the gradual development of ,christian epigraphy4 ,if we must summarize his method in a single word1 we should say that his secret consists in a minute study of the topography of all inscriptions4 ,in every fresh excavationi4e41 in every reopening of the galleries and chambers of the ,catacombs1 and clearing away the dbris with which they have been so long encumberedhe has carefully marked and registered every stone1 and even every fragment of every stone1 bearing so much as a single letter or symbol engraved upon it1 and taken note of the precise spot where it has been found4 ,when a sufficient space has been cleared to enable him to make a study of its contents1 he collects all the stones that have been discovered within this area2 carefully eliminates all those which have evidently fallen through the luminaria1 or in other ways have been introduced from the upper world2 next1 makes a separate class of those whose place of origin is doubtfulthose which there is some reason1 either from their size1 their shape1 or for some other cause1 to suspect may have come from outside2 and then there remain1 finally1 those only which beyond all question belong to the subterranean cemeteries4 ,many of these he has1 perhaps1 discovered in situ1 still closing the graves to which they were originally attachedand these1 of course1 are cardinal points in his system of arrangement2 of many others he knows the chamber or gallery whence they came2 and of all he minutely examines the language1 the symbols1 monograms or other ornaments1 the form of the letters1 the names1 and1 finally1 the style and epigraphic formul2 and the minute study of the inscriptions of innumerable are of various cemeteries according to this strict topographical system has led to wonderfully interesting and important discoveries1 both as to their history and chronology4 ,this process of examination1 it need hardly be said1 is laborious and wearisome in the extreme2 even the material difficulties which surround it are not slight4 ,it sometimes happens that within the limits of a single areae4g41 in that of ,st4 ,eusebio's monument in the cemetery of ,san ,callistothere are upwards of a thousand fragments of epitaphs to be sifted and classified4 ,de ,rossi1 therefore1 occasionally gives utterance to a pathetic lament as to the dry and tedious character of the task he has imposed upon himself4 ,nevertheless1 he has persevered in it with the most conscientious fidelity1 even when at times the attempt at arrangement seemed almost desperate1 and the results have in the end abundantly rewarded his labors4 ,it is with these results that we are at present concerned2 and it is obvious that in these pages we can only reproduce them3 we cannot enter into an examination of the evidence upon which they rest4 ,this is the less necessary1 however1 since even the most bitter of ,protestant controversialists admit that 8,de ,rossi has the rare merit of stating his facts exactly and impartially1 precisely as he finds them10 and that 8his assiduous researches have been conducted with a sincere zeal for truth40 ,let us proceed1 then1 to state some of the conclusions to which ,de ,rossi's researches have led himfirst1 upon the general subject of the chronology of the inscriptions which have come to us from the ,catacombs1 and next as to the dogmatic allusions contained in them4 ,and first1 as to the inscriptions1 it is patent that not one in ten bears its date on the face of it4 ,are the other nine 7speaking generally7 older or more recent8 ,de ,rossi pronounces quite positively in favor of their greater antiquity4 ,he says that the most ancient ,christian epitaphs make no mention either of the day or year of decease2 that during the time of the first emperors there are very few exceptions to this rule2 that in the third century the mention of the day and month of the decease was not uncommon1 though the year was still passed over in silence2 finally1 that in the fourth century this also was added4#aaa ,but he says that there are other tokens1 such as the number and character of the names or of the symbols employed1 the style of diction1 the form of the letters1 etc41 which1 if carefully examined and compared with one another1 enable us not unfrequently to make a very probable statement as to the age of undated inscriptions 7probabili non raro sententi definies72 if1 in addition to this1 we know the place where the inscription was found1 and have had the opportunity of examining other inscriptions found in the same neighborhood1 then it will rarely happen that there is any doubt at all about the age to which it belongs4 ,it is not1 of course1 meant that it is possible to fix the year1 or even the decade or score of years1 perhaps1 to which it belongs2 but ,de ,rossi would certainly fix its chronology within the limits of half a century or less 7tum de tate lat saltem sumpt vix unquam grave dubium supererit72 he certainly would never be in doubt with reference to any particular inscription1 still less with reference to a whole class of inscriptions1 whether it belongs to the ages of persecution or to the end of the fourth century4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,withrow is either aware of these canons whereby the chronology of the inscriptions from the ,catacombs is fixed1 or he is not4 ,if he is not1 he is quite incompetent to follow by their means 7as he professes to do1 p4 #dae7 8the development of ,christian thought from century to century1 and to trace the successive changes of doctrine and discipline40 ,if he is aware of them1 his reasoning is most disingenuous when he first seeks to settle a disputed question by the testimony of the dated inscriptions of the first three centuries 7p4 #dbf7which are not more than thirty in number altogetherand then proceeds to argue that 8if those inscriptions which apparently favor ,romish dogmas1 of which we know the date1 are all of a late period1 we may assume that those of a similar character which are undated are of the same relative age1 and therefore valueless as evidence of the antiquity of such dogmas0 7p4 #ddf74 ,there is no necessity1 and indeed no room1 for 8assumption0 at all4 ,the question can be decided by scientific rules whether such and such inscriptions belong to the third century or the fifth1 and he ought honestly to have told his readers as much1 and to have stated what that decision is4 ,as he has failed to do so1 we must supply the omission4 ,first1 however1 let the limits of our task be clearly defined4 ,we are not undertaking to establish any point of ,christian doctrine by the unaided evidence of inscriptions or paintings from the cemeteries1 though we are far from saying that there are none which might be so established4 ,but at present we are only concerned to refute ,mr4 ,withrow's ,protestant interpretation of these monuments1 and to show that they at least favor1 if they do not demand1 a ,catholic interpretation4 ,we know that not even the writings of the ,fathers present a complete picture of the whole doctrinal system of the age to which they belong1 but must be studied by the light reflected upon them from the more developed and systematic expositions of those who came after them4 ,still less do we think it reasonable to look in a collection of epitaphs for a clear statement of the articles of faith professed by those who wrote them2 the utmost that can be expected is that they should contain what ,de ,rossi calls 8dogmatic allusions0more or less distinct1 if you will1 but always1 or at least generally1 merely indirect and casual4 ,and as to drawing any trustworthy conclusions with reference to the antiquity of this or that ,christian doctrine from the supposed absence of all allusion to it in the dated tombstones of the first three centuries1 the mere enunciation of such a theory is enough to demonstrate its absurdity4 ,yet we are sorry to say that ,mr4 ,withrow has been guilty of even worse absurdity than this1 if it ought not rather to be called dishonesty4 ,it is certainly worse than mere literary or dialectic triflingit looks like a wilful throwing of dust in the reader's eyesto assert in the text 7p4 #eag7 that the order of acolytes1 8discontinued in the ,protestant communion10 was 8probably the offspring of the increasing pomp and dignity of the bishops to whom they acted as personal attendants1 especially in public processions and religious festivals10 and that 8the only dated epitaphs of acolytes are of a comparatively late period10 whilst forced to acknowledge in a note that 8,cornelius1 ,bishop of ,rome in the third century0 7,a4,d4 #bej7;i4e41 at a time when 8the pomp and dignity of bishops0 consisted in their being the special objects of imperial persecution1 and the only 8public processions0 in which they can have taken part were those in which they were led forth to public executionthat ,cornelius1 ,bishop of ,rome in the middle of the third century1 8says there were in that church forty-two acolytes40 ,what does ,mr4 ,withrow mean by placing these two statements together in the way we have described8 ,does he really wish to insinuate that the absence of an ancient dated epitaph of a deceased acolyte ought to counterbalance the testimony of the bishop to the existence of forty-two living ones8 or does he think that the ,protestant public1 for whose tastes he so unscrupulously caters1 will read his text and overlook his notes8 or1 finally1 that1 reading the notes1 they will nevertheless give greater weight to the uncharitable suggestion of a ,protestant clergyman in the nineteenth century than to the testimony of an eye-witness1 who was also pope1 in the third8 ,had the order of acolytes been retained instead of being rejected by the ,protestant communion1 doubtless ,mr4 ,withrow would have recognized the conclusiveness of the evidence of ,pope ,cornelius2 he would have seen that the forty-two acolytes who were alive in ,a4,d4 #bej must sooner or later have died1 and been buried in ,christian cemeteries1 and consequently that the non-discovery there of any dated epitaphs recording their decease is 8valueless as evidence0 against the antiquity of their order4 ,but we will not detain our readers any longer by pointing out the curiosities with which ,mr4 ,withrow's volume abounds1 but proceed at once to redeem our promise of setting before them the real state of 8the testimony of the ,catacombs relative to primitive ,christianity0 on one or two of the more prominent doctrines of the ,catholic faith4 ,we have said that it is unreasonable to look for a profession of faith in an epitaph4 ,but there is one point on which we should be disposed to make an exception to this remark4 ,we think it is quite natural to expect from a large collection of sepulchral inscriptions considerable information as to the belief of those to whom they belonged with reference to the present condition or future prospects of the dead1 and their relations with the survivors2 and in this expectation the inscriptions from the ,catacombs do not disappoint us4 ,let us call them into court1 and hear what evidence they can give4 ,mr4 ,withrow shall open the pleadings1 and it must be allowed that he does so with a very loud blast of his trumpet1 and one which 8gives no uncertain sound0 7p4 #dah74 8,there is not a single inscription10 he says1 8nor painting1 nor sculpture1 before the middle of the fourth century1 that lends the least countenance to the erroneous dogmas of the ,church of ,rome4 ,all previous to this date are remarkable for their evangelical character1 and it is only after that period that the distinctive peculiarities of ,romanism begin to appear40 ,presently he quotes what he calls 8the first dated inscription possessing any doctrinal character40 ,it belongs to the year #bag1 and states of the deceased that he was 8received to ,god0 7receptus ad ,deum7 on such a day2 whereupon our author exclaims3 8,we have here the earliest indication of doctrinal belief as to the condition of the departed4 ,it is not1 however1 a dark and gloomy apprehension of purgatorial fires1 but1 on the contrary1 the joyous confidence of immediate reception into the presence of ,god40 ,twenty pages later1 however1 he is obliged to acknowledge that 8there occur in the ,catacombs frequent examples of acclamations addressed to the departed1 expressive of a desire for their happiness and peace2 and these acclamations have been quoted by ,romanist writers as indicating a belief in the doctrine of purgatory and in the efficacy of prayers on behalf of the dead02 and he proceeds to give a score of examples1 such as these3 ,vivas in ,deo1 in ,deo ,christo,mayest thou live in ,god1 in ,god ,christ2 ,vivas inter sanctos,mayest thou live among the saints2 ,deus tibi refrigeret1 spiritum tuum refrigeret,god refresh thee1 or refresh thy spirit2 ,pax tibi,peace be to thee1 etc4 ,but1 he says1 8it will be perceived that these are not intercessions for the dead1 but mere apostrophes addressed to them2 they were no more prayers for the souls of the departed than is ,byron's verse1 #8,bright be the place of thy rest4'0 ,mr4 ,withrow continues1 and is presently obliged to make a still further concessionviz41 that 8the wish does sometimes take the form of a prayer for the beloved one10 and he gives half a dozen examples1 one of which he curiously misunderstands1 and another we do not recognize as belonging to the ,catacombs4 ,however1 five at least are genuine1 and we could have furnished him with a score or two of others1 all containing distinct prayers 8to ,god10 8to the ,lord10 8to the ,lord ,jesus10 8to remember the deceased10 8to remember him for ever10 8to refresh his spirit10 8not to suffer his spirit to be brought into darkness10 etc4 ,how is such evidence as this to be withstood8 ,mr4 ,withrow shows himself quite equal to the occasion3 8,they are intense expressions of affection of the ardent ,italian nature1 that would fain follow the loved object beyond the barrier of a tomb0 7p4 #ddc74 8,they are the only witnesses that keen ,roman ,catholics can adduce from the ,christian inscriptions of the first six centuries10 but 8no accumulation of such evidence affords the slightest warrant for the corrupt practice of the ,church of ,rome40 ,we need hardly say that ,mr4 ,withrow is not the first who has thus 8interpreted0 these epitaphs 8from a ,protestant point of view40 ,mr4 ,burgon had long since given the same explanation1 and even quoted the same poetical illustration from ,byron4 ,but we must confine ourselves to ,mr4 ,withrow1 and follow him through his graduated scale of confessions4 ,they may be cast in this form3 the earliest inscription bearing on the subject of prayers for the dead discountenances them2 there are frequent examples of acclamations or good wishes for the departed1 but these are not prayers2 moreover1 they are1 comparatively speaking1 few in number,bishop ,kip puts them as 8half a dozen among thousands of an opposite character0and1 being undated1 we may 8assume0 that they are of a late age2 finally1 there are a few prayers1 but these are only the untutored outburst of the ardent ,italian nature4 ,let us set side by side with these the statements of ,de ,rossi on the same subjects4 ,and1 first1 as to the antiquity of these formul4 ,he says3 8,there are two distinct classes of epitaphs to be found in the ,catacombs2 the one1 brief and simple1 written apparently without a thought of handing down anything to the memory of posterity1 but designed by the survivors mainly as a means of identifying1 amid so many thousands of graves of the same outward form1 those in which they were specially interested4#aab ,these are the more ancient1 and most of them contain nothing beyond the name of the deceased and some of those short acclamations or prayers of which we have just given examples4 ,inscriptions of the second class record the age of the deceased1 the day of his death1 or more specially of his burial1 and1 in fact1 omit nothing which is wont to be found on sepulchral monuments4 ,they are also often defaced by bombastic exaggerations of praise and flattery2 and the pious acclamations or prayers we have spoken of are rarely or never found40 ,it appears1 then1 according to the evidence of ,de ,rossiwhich on this question is surely of supreme authoritythat the presence on a tombstone of acclamations or prayers for the dead1 so far from being evidence of the corruption of a later age1 is an actual test or token of primitive antiquity4 ,some indication of this may be gathered1 by a careful observer1 even from an inspection of the volume of dated inscriptions already published4 8,may you live among the saints0 is engraved on a tombstone of the year #bdi1 and 8,refresh thyself1 or ,be thou refreshed1 with the holy souls10 on another of #bia2 that is to say1 there are two distinct examples out of the #cb dated inscriptions prior to the conversion of ,constantine4 ,among the #a1cdj dated inscriptions subsequent to that event you will scarcely find another4 ,and next1 as to the relative numbers of the epitaphs which speak positively 7in the indicative mood7 of the present happiness of the deceased1 and of those which speak only optatively and breathe the language of prayer4 ,we cannot1 indeed1 give any exact statement of figures until ,de ,rossi's great work on the inscriptions shall have been completed and the whole number brought together in print4 ,but wherever we have had an opportunity of instituting a comparison1 we have always found the optative or deprecatory form in the ascendant4 ,it is so in the epitaphs collected in the ,lapidarian ,gallery of the ,christian ,museum at the ,lateran in ,rome2 it is so in the inscriptions of each separate area of the great cemetery of ,san ,callisto1 so minutely registered by ,de ,rossi in his ,roma ,sotterranea2 and he himself writes as follows3 8,some of these acclamations are affirmative1 and these may be considered as salutations to the deceased1 full of faith and ,christian hope1 substituted for the cold1 hopeless dreariness of the pagan vale2#aac but for the most part they are optative1 and ask for the deceased life in ,god1 peace1 and refreshment4 ,we should inquire whether these have not often a real deprecative value1 and were not uttered or written with the intention of praying to ,god for the peace and refreshment of the departed souls40 ,a full and satisfactory answer to this question1 he says1 cannot be given till all the inscriptions of this class have been brought together1 so that they may mutually explain and illustrate one another4 ,nevertheless1 he refers to what he had said in another place#aad on the same subject2 and there we read3 8,these auguries or good wishes are not mere apostrophes1 giving vent to the feelings of natural affection 7sfoghi d'affetto72 some of them express confidence that the soul received into the heavenly peace of ,god and his saints is already in the enjoyment of a life of bliss1 and these speak positivelyvives2 others1 again1 are equivalent to real prayers to obtain that peace1 and are expressed in another moodvivas40 ,mr4 ,withrow1 however1 and his co-religionists1 may plead that1 though constrained to yield to ,de ,rossi's statement of facts1 they are not bound by his interpretation of them4 ,waiving1 therefore1 all dispute as to the number and antiquity of the inscriptions which seem to favor the practice of prayers for the dead1 they may still persist that they should be taken1 not as the voice of the church1 but the errors of individuals2 or1 as ,mr4 ,withrow himself expresses it1 8they are not a formulated and authoritative creed formed by learned theologians1 but the untutored utterances of humble peasantry1 many of whom were recent converts from paganism or ,judaism1 in which religions such expressions were a customary sepulchral formula40 ,if ,mr4 ,withrow merely means to say that ,christian epigraphy was the spontaneous growth of the natural feelings and supernatural faith of the people1 rather than the result of any written or traditional law devised and imposed by ecclesiastical authority1 we are heartily at one with him4 ,we do not doubt that it was the natural fruit of the religious feeling which pervaded all classes of the new society1 that was reflected in their epigraphy as in a mirror4 ,but ,mr4 ,withrow clearly meant something different from this2 he intended to insinuate that these inscriptions which are distasteful to himself would have been disapproved of also by all well-instructed members of the church1 especially by her pastors and doctors4 ,yet ,tertullian1 at least1 could hardly have disapproved1 who takes for granted in one of his treatises1 and uses it as the foundation of an argument1 that every ,christian widow will be continually praying for the soul of her departed husband1 and asking for him refreshment 7refrigerium71 and offering sacrifice for him on the anniversary of his decease4 ,neither could such prayers have been deemed either objectionable or useless by ,st4 ,cyprian and his predecessors in the see of ,carthage1 who decreed the loss of them as a fitting punishment for any man who should presume to leave the care of his children or of his property after his decease to a cleric1 because 8he does not deserve to be named in the prayer of the priest at the altar of ,god who has done what he could to withdraw a priest from the service of the altar40#aae ,however1 it is not worth while1 easy as the task would be1 to justify the inscriptions in question by a catena of venerable authorities from among the bishops and teachers of the primitive church2 we will only mention one fact about them which seems to us conclusiveviz41 that they are in exact accordance1 not to say in verbal and literal agreement1 with the most authoritative formularies that have come down to us from ancient days2 we mean the ancient liturgies4 ,the language of the public offices of the churchif not an apostolic tradition1 which ,mr4 ,withrow would not easily admitwas surely formulated by somebody and formulated according to the dogmas of the faith1 and not in a spirit of weak indulgence to any poetical fancies or excess of passionate feeling1 whether of affection or of grief4 ,we turn1 then1 to the oldest sacramentaries1#aaf and the prayers we find there run as follows3 8,we pray that thou wilt grant to all who rest in ,christ a place of refreshment1 light1 and peace02 8,grant to our dear ones who sleep in ,christ refreshment in the land of the living02 8,refresh1 ,o ,lord6 the spirits of the deceased in peace02 8,cause them to be united with thy saints and chosen ones0the very words and phrases which we have read on the ancient tombstones1 and which we still hear from the lips of all devout ,catholics when they pray1 either in public or in private1 for those who are gone before them4 ,not without reason1 then1 does ,de ,rossi describe these prayers for the dead1 which are of such frequent recurrence in the ,catacombs1 as a faithful echo of the prayers of the liturgy4 ,of such an inscription as this1 ,in pace ,spiritus ,silvani1 amen1 he says very truly that one seems to hear in it the last words of the solemn burial rite1 just as the tomb is being closed and the sorrowing survivors bid farewell to the grave4#aag ,but ,mr4 ,withrow would have us look for the original of these prayers1 not to the ,christian liturgy1 but to the monuments of 8paganism and ,judaism1 in which religions such expressions were a customary sepulchral formula40 ,no doubt there was in many pagan epitaphs an address1 or acclamation1 or apostrophecall it what you willto the deceased4 ,but it was either a brief and sad farewellan 8everlasting farewell10 as they mournfully felt it to beor it was an idle wish 8that his bones might rest well10 or 7far more commonly7 8that the earth might lie lightly upon him02 or there was a still more unmeaning and unnatural interchange of salutations between the living and the dead4 ,the passer-by was exhorted to salute the deceased with the customary ,ave or ,salve1 and the imaginary response of the dead man stood engraven on the stone1 ready for all comers4 ,surely it is impossible that anybody 7 1 as old ,aristotle has it7 can be so blind as to confound this empty trifling of the pagan with the hearty yet simple and touching prayers of the ,christian4 ,between the ,christian epitaphs and those of the ancient ,jews we might naturally have expected a somewhat closer degree of affinity2 and so there is4 ,yet even here the closest point of resemblance that we are able to find is this3 that the ,jews ordinarily spoke of death as sleep1 and very commonly wrote on the grave-stones1 8,his sleep is in peace40 ,we do not remember ever to have seen one of ancient date in which peace is prayed for1 neither does ,mr4 ,withrow produce one1 though it has suited his purpose to give a deprecatory form to his translation of ,dormitio in bonis4 ,the ,christian epitaphs1 then1 have this in common with ,jewish epitaphs3 that they speak of the dead as sleeping in peace2 it still remains as peculiar to themselves that they supplicate for the deceased lifelife in ,god1 life everlasting1 life with the saintslight1 and refreshment4 ,but we must pass on to another point of doctrine connected with the dead1 on which inscriptions in the ,catacombs might reasonably be expected to throw some light1 and on which the testimony they give is sometimes disputed4 ,mr4 ,withrow shall again be permitted to make his own statement of the case3 8,associated with the ,romish practice of praying for the dead is that of praying to them4 ,for this there is still less authority in the testimony of the ,catacombs than for the former4 ,there are1 indeed1 indications that this custom was not unknown1 but they are very rare and exceptional4 ,in all the dated inscriptions of the first six centuries there is only one invocation of the departed40 ,it is of the year #chj1 and by an orphan4 8,but the yearning cry of an orphaned heart for the prayers of a departed mother is a slight foundation for the ,romish practice of the invocation of the saints4 ,previous to this date we have found not the slightest indication of ,romish doctrine4''' ,the few undated inscriptions of a similar character are probably of as late1 or it may be of a much later1 date than this40 ,we have already had occasion to expose the fallacy of this favorite argument of ,mr4 ,withrow's founded on the paucity and relative antiquity of dated inscriptions4 ,we have pointed out its direct contradiction to all the canons of chronology so laboriously and conscientiously established by ,de ,rossi4 ,here1 however1 we must be allowed again to quote his testimony1 given precisely upon this particular subject3 8,invocations of the deceased10 he says1 8asking them to pray for the survivors1 are found only in the subterranean cemeteries1 not in those made above ground2 always in epitaphs without dates1 never in those bearing dates of the fourth and fifth centuries4 ,they belong to the period before peace was given to the church1 and the new style inspired by the changed conditions of the times sent them quickly into disuse40 ,the simple and natural character of earlier ,christian epigraphy gave place to colder and more artificial announcements4 ,but whilst the more ancient and more religious style prevailed the following are fair specimens of the epitaphs that were written3 ,vivas in pace et pete pro nobis4 ,christus spiritum tuum in pace et pete pro nobis4 ,bene refrigera et roga pro nos4 ,spiritus tuus bene requiescat in ,deo petas pro sorore tu4 ,vincentia in ,christo petas pro ,phbe et pro ,virginio ejus4 ,vivas in ,deo et roga4 ,spiritus tuus in bono1 ora pro parentibus tuis4 ,in orationis tuis roges pro nobis quia scimus te in ,christo8,mayest thou live in peace1 and pray for us4 ,may ,christ refresh thy spirit in peace1 and pray for us4 ,mayest thou be well refreshed1 and pray for us4 ,may thy spirit rest well in ,god2 pray for thy sister4 ,vincentia in ,christ1 pray for ,phbe and for her husband4 ,mayest thou live in ,god1 and pray4 ,thy spirit is in good2 pray for thy parents4 ,in thy prayers make petition for us1 because we know thee to be in ,christ40 ,in all these instancesand many more might easily be given1 in ,greek as well as in ,latin1 some edited1 others still ineditedit is clear that the survivors had a firm hope that their departed friends had been called by the ministry of angels to the enjoyment of the promised bliss and heavenly peace1 and this faith was the foundation of these fervid petitions for their prayers4 ,but1 objects our author1 8these invocations are almost invariably uttered by some relative of the deceased1 as if prompted by natural affection rather than by religious feeling40 ,no doubt the invocations that have been quoted are the utterances of loving and sorrowing relatives2 for to them it usually belongs to bury their dead and to write the epitaphs on their tombstones4 ,but does it therefore follow that they were extravagant1 unwarranted1 and out of harmony with the teaching of the church8 ,first1 their very number and antiquity is prim facie evidence against so unjust a suspicion2 and1 next1 they in no way go beyond the eloquent invocations of the martyrs1 whether in the graffiti on the walls near their tombs or in the more formal inscriptions of the bishops themselvese4g41 of ,pope ,damasus at the tomb of ,st4 ,agnes2 but1 lastly and above all1 these again are in exact agreement with the public liturgy of the church4 ,in a fragment of a very ancient liturgy1 only published in our own day1 and bearing internal evidence of having been used during the days of persecution1 the priest is instructed to pray 8for grace to worship ,god truly in times of peace1 and not to fall away from him in times of trial10 and then1 after the accustomed reading of the diptychsi4e41 reading the names of the martyrs1 the bishops1 and the dead for whom the ,holy ,sacrifice was being offeredhe proceeds as follows3 8,may the glorious merits of the saints excuse us or plead for us1 that we may not come into punishment2 may the souls of the faithful departed who are already in the enjoyment of bliss assist us1 and may those which need consolation be absolved by the prayers of the church40 ,the different gradation of ranks and the different sense of the liturgical commemoration of the saints1 the faithful who are dead and those who are still living1 could hardly be defined with greater distinctness in 8a formulated and authoritative creed formed by learned theologians40 ,we need hardly add that the same doctrine is to be found more or less explicitly in all the old liturgiese4g41 in a prayer that 8,christ will1 through the intercession of his holy martyrs1 grant to our dear ones who sleep in him refreshment in the abode of the living02 8that the prayers of the blessed martyrs will so commend us to ,christ that he will grant eternal refreshment to our dear ones who sleep in him10 and several other petitions to the same effect4 ,but we are already exceeding the limits of space assigned to us1 and we must be content with a general reference to the old sacramentaries2 neither can we find room for the passages which are at hand from ,st4 ,cyril1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 and other patristic authorities containing the same doctrine4 ,we must not1 however1 altogether omit another branch of evidence belonging to the ,catacombs themselvesnamely1 the frescoes and other monuments in which the saints are represented as receiving and welcoming the deceased into heaven1 conversing with them1 lifting up the veil1 and introducing them into the garden of ,paradise1 etc4 ,everybody knows the inscription scratched in the mortar round a grave in the cemetery of ,pretextatus fifteen centuries ago1 and now brought to light again some twenty years since1 in which the martyrs ,januarius1 ,agapetus1 and ,felicissimus are invoked to refresh the soul of some departed one1 just buried near their own tombs2 and the anxiety of the faithful of old to obtain a place of burial near the graves of the martyrs is too notorious to need confirmation in this place4 ,this practice had1 of course1 a doctrinal foundation4 ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 ,paulinus of ,nola1 or other ,christian poets may use the language of mere poetical fancy when they talk of the blood of the martyrs penetrating the adjacent sepulchres2 but the spiritual meaning that underlies their words is plainviz41 that the merit of the martyrs' pains and sufferings1 and the intercession of their prayers thus sought by the living1 were believed to profit the souls of the deceased4 ,in a recently-discovered fresco in the cemetery of ,,ss4 ,nereus and ,achilleus1 a deceased matron1 ,veneranda1 is manifestly commended to the patronage of ,st4 ,petronilla1 who is represented standing at her side2 and there are not wanting inscriptions in which the survivors distinctly commend the souls of their children or others whom they have buried to the care of that particular martyr in whose cemetery they have been laid4 ,we do not quote them at length1 not only from want of space1 but also because this class of monuments belongs1 generally speaking1 to the fourth century1 when no one doubts that invocation of the saints was in common use2 and we have already quoted a large class of inscriptions1 more ancient and quite as conclusive to all minds of ordinary candor4 ,we mention them1 however1 because they are links in the chain of evidence we have been inquiring aboutevidence given by the ,catacombsand yet more especially because they remind us of the beautiful language of our ritual1 which none can forget who have ever heard it sung to the solemn chant of the church3 ,in ,paradisum deducant te angeli2 in tuo adventu suscipiant te martyres1 et perducant te in civitatem sanctam ,jerusalem4 ,we cannot help suspecting that these prayers or acclamations are as old as the monuments which they so faithfully interpret4 ,the invocation of the martyrs1 and of them only amongst 8the spirits of the just made perfect0 who have already 8come to ,mount ,sion1 and to the city of the living ,god1 the heavenly ,jerusalem1 and to the company of many thousands of angels10 seems to point to such a conclusion2 it has a flavor of quite primitive times about it1 certainly of the age of persecution4 ,it may well have been contemporary with the following inscription1 at present in a private museum1 but originally taken from the ,catacombs3 8,paulo filio merenti in pacem te suscipiant omnium ispirita sanctorum40 #aaj ,the ,catacombs of ,rome1 and their ,testimony relative to ,primitive ,christianity4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,withrow1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,nelson ,phillips4 #ahgd4 #aaa ,inscr4 ,christ41 i4 c4 ix4 #aab ,inscr4 ,christian41 i4 c4 x4 #aac ,r4 ,s41 ii4 #cje4 #aad ,ib41 i4 #cda4 #aae ,epist4 i4 aliter #ff4 #aaf ,bullett4 #ahge1 pp4 #ag-cb4 ,muratori1 ,liturg4 ,rom41 i4 #gdi1 #iaf1 #iha1 #iif1 #ajjb2 ii4 #d1 #fid1 #gjb1 #ggi1 #fdb1 #fec1 #fdf4 #aag ,r4 ,s41 ii4 #cje4 ,,on ,,our ,,lady',s ,,death ,i4 8,and didst thou die1 dear ,mother of our ,life8 ,sin had no part in thee3 then how should death8 ,methinks1 if aught the great tradition saith ,could wake in loving hearts a moment's strife0 7,i saidmy own with ,her new image rife71 8',twere this40 ,and yet 'tis certain1 next to faith1 ,thou didst lie down to render up thy breath3 ,though after the ,seventh ,sword no meaner knife ,could pierce that bosom4 ,no1 nor did4 ,no sting ,of pain was there1 but only joy4 ,the love1 ,so long thy life ecstatic1 and restrained ,from setting free thy soul1 now gave it wing3 ,thy body1 soon to reign with it above1 ,radiant and fragrant1 as in trance1 remained4 ,,ii4 ,yes1 ,mother of ,god1 though thou didst stoop to die1 ,death could not mar thy beauty4 ,on thy face ,nor time nor grief had wrinkle left or trace3 ,it had but aged in ,god-like majesty3 ,mature1 yet1 save the mother in thine eye1 ,as maiden-fresh as when1 of all our race1 ,thou1 first and last1 wast greeted 8full of grace0 ,ere thrice five years had worshipped and gone by4 ,mortal thy body2 yet it could not know ,mortality's decay4 ,like sinless ,eve's1 ,it waited but the change on ,thabor shown4 ,and when1 at thy sweet will1 'twas first laid low1 ,untainted as a lily's folded leaves ,it sleptthe angels watching by the stone4 ,,iii4 8,at thy sweet will40 ,then wherefore didst thou will ,to pass death's portal8 ,to the outward ear ,there comes no answer2 but the heart can hear4 ,thy ,son had passed it4 ,thou upon the hill ,of scorn hadst stood beside his cross2 and still ,wouldst 8follow the ,lamb where'er he went40 ,of fear ,thou knewest naught4 ,the cup's last drop1 so dear ,to ,him1 thy love must shareor miss its fill4 ,but more4 ,thy other childreneven we ,must enter life through death4 ,and couldst thou brook ,to watch our terrors at the dark unknown1 ,powerless to stay us with a sympathy ,better than any tender word or look ,bidding our steps tread firmly in thine own8 ,,amid ,,irish ,,scenes4 ,the very thought of a journey to distant lands is invigorating4 ,we throw off the dust of old habits1 quit the routine of daily life1 shut out the customary thoughts of business1 and1 with hearts that in some mysterious way seem suddenly to have grown younger1 turn towards other worlds4 ,even the uncertainty which is incident to travel has a peculiar charm4 ,the love we bear our country and friends grows warmer and assumes unwonted tenderness when we leave them1 not knowing whether it will be given us to look upon them again2 and as the distance widens1 the bonds of affection are drawn closer4 ,amid strange faces we reflect how sweet it is to dwell with those who love us2 a thousand thoughts of home and friends come back to us1 the heart is humanized1 and we resolve to become more worthy of blessings for which we have been so little grateful4 ,indeed1 ,i think that the chiefest pleasure of travel is in the thought and hope of communicating to others our own impressions of all the lovely things we see4 ,who would care to look on blue mountains1 or ocean sunset1 or green isles1 if he might never speak of their beauty1 never utter the deep feelings which they awaken8 ,all strong emotion1 whether of joy or sorrow1 seeks to express itself4 ,nature is beautiful only when we associate it with ,god or man4 ,no greater torment can be imagined than to think and feel1 and yet to live alone for ever with that which has no thought or feeling4 ,i remained in ,ireland too short a time to be able to form well-founded opinions or to reach just conclusions concerning the present condition or the future prospects of the country4 ,i was compelled to travel hurriedly1 and therefore observed superficially2 and in my haste ,i doubtless often failed to remark what was most worthy of attention4 ,at least1 ,i approached the sacred island with reverence4 ,whatever ,i might see1 ,i knew that my feet were upon holy ground1 and that ,i was in the midst of the most ,catholic people on earth2 ,i felt that if sympathy could give insight or reveal beauty1 ,i should not look in vain4 ,and now1 with the liberty and quickness of thought1 passing the vast expanse of ocean1 ,i shall place myself at ,oban1 on the western coast of ,scotland1 opposite the island of ,mull2 for though we are not here on ,irish soil1 yet this whole region is so full of ,irish memories and ,irish glories that we may not pass it in silence4 ,the scenery is sombre1 bleak1 and wild4 ,it is not lovely nor yet sublime1 though there is about it a kind of gloomy and desolate grandeur2 and1 indeed1 this is the general character of all scenery in the ,scotch ,highlands4 ,it is rugged1 harsh1 and waste4 ,it does not invite to repose4 ,amid these barren moors and fog-covered hills we are chilled1 driven back upon ourselves4 ,we involuntarily move on1 content with a passing glance at dark glens and lochs from whose waters crags and peaks lift their heads and frown in stern defiance4 ,the gloomy tales of murder and treachery1 of war and strife1 and the ruined castles which tell of battles of other days1 deepen the impressions made by nature's harsh aspect4 ,even in summer the air is heavy with mist and fog4 ,a day rarely passes without rain1 and in the middle of ,august the traveller finds himself in an atmosphere as damp1 cold1 and dreary as that of ,london in ,november4 ,before us is the dark sea of the ,hebrides1 from whose sullen waters a hundred naked and desert islands rise in rough and jagged outlines4 ,as we sail through the narrow straits of this archipelago1 we see nothing but barren rocks1 covered with black fog4 ,there is no grass1 there are no pleasant landscapes1 no cultivated fields4 ,we hear only the moaning of the waves1 the howling wind1 and the hoarse cry of the sea-bird4 ,nothing could be less beautiful or less attractive2 and yet it is in this wild sea and among these rocky islands that we find the sacred spot from which ,scotland and northern ,england received religion and civilization4 ,during the summer a boat leaves ,oban every morning to make the tour of the island of ,mull1 taking ,staffa and ,iona in the route4 ,the steamer stops at ,staffa to permit tourists to visit the ,cave of ,fingal1 of which so much has been written4 ,this cave1 which is about seventy feet high and forty feet in width1 with a depth of two hundred and thirty feet1 opens into the ocean on the southern coast of the little island of ,staffa4 ,its front and sides are formed of innumerable columns of basaltic rock1 precisely similar to those which are found in the ,giant's ,causeway4 ,they are perfectly symmetrical1 and one is almost tempted to think they must have been shaped by the hand of man4 ,but1 apart from this peculiarity1 the only thing which struck me as very remarkable in this celebrated cave is the mighty surge of the ocean1 whose angry waves1 rushing into this gloomy vault1 dash against its everlasting columns1 and1 with wild and furious roar that reverberates along the high arch in tones of thunder1 are driven back1 to be followed by others1 and still others4 ,and so all day long and through the night1 from year to year1 this concert of the waves far from human ears chants ,god's awful majesty and infinite power4 ,nine miles south of ,staffa lies ,iona1 ,st4 ,columba's blessed isle4 8,we were now10 wrote ,dr4 ,johnson one hundred years ago1 8treading that illustrious island which was once the luminary of the ,caledonian regions1 whence savage clans and roving barbarians derived the benefits of knowledge and the blessings of religion4 ,to abstract the mind from all local emotion would be impossible if it were endeavored1 and would be foolish if it were possible4 ,whatever withdraws us from the power of our senses1 whatever makes the past1 the distant1 or the future predominate over the present1 advances us in the dignity of thinking beings4 ,far from me and from my friends be such frigid philosophy as may conduct us indifferent and unmoved over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom1 bravery1 or virtue4 ,that man is little to be envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of ,marathon1 or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of ,iona40 ,it was in #efc1 more than thirteen hundred years ago1 that ,columkille1 a voluntary exile from ,erin1 which he loved with more than woman's tenderness1 landed upon this island4 ,twelve of his ,irish monks had accompanied him1 resolved to share his exile4 ,others soon followed1 drawn by the fame of his sanctity1 and in a little while ,columkille and his apostles issued forth from ,iona to carry the religion of ,christ to the pagans who dwelt on the surrounding islands and on the mainland of ,scotland2 and from this little island the light of faith spread throughout the ,caledonian regions4 ,all the churches of ,scotland looked to it as the source whence they had received ,god's choicest gifts1 and for two hundred years the abbots who succeeded ,st4 ,columba held spiritual dominion over the whole country4 ,the ,scottish kings chose ,iona as their burial-place1 in the hope of escaping the doom foretold in the prophecy3 8,seven years before that awful day ,when time shall be no more1 ,a watery deluge will o'ersweep ,hibernia's mossy shore2 ,the green-clad ,isla1 too1 shall sink1 ,while with the great and good ,columba's happy isle shall rear ,her towers above the flood40 ,in an age of ferocious manners and continual war this holy and peaceful isle1 far removed from scenes of strife and blood1 might well be regarded not only as the fit resting-place of the dead1 but as the happiest home of the living4 ,even to-day1 in its loneliness and desolation1 there is a calm1 sweet look about it that makes one linger as loath to quit so sacred a spot4 ,but the simple1 great ones of old are gone2 their bones lie buried beneath our feet4 8,to each voyager ,some ragged child holds up for sale a store ,of wave-worn pebbles4''' ,how sad a welcome6 ,where once came monk and nun with gentle stir1 ,blessings to give1 news ask1 or suit prefer40 ,a few poor fishermen with their families dwell upon the island4 ,they are all ,protestants4 ,after the ,reformation1 the ,calvinistic ,synod of ,argyll handed over all the sacred edifices of ,iona to a horde of pillagers1 who plundered and destroyed them4 ,during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries these ruins were given up to the ignorant inhabitants of the island1 who turned the cathedral into a stable1 used the church of the convent of canonesses as a quarry1 and broke and threw into the sea nearly all of the three hundred and sixty crosses which formerly covered the island4 ,as late as #aeid the three great mausoleums of the kings were to be seen1 with the following inscriptions3 ,tumulus regum ,scoti1 ,tumulus regum ,hiberni1 ,tumulus regum ,norwegi4 ,but these have also disappeared1 and nothing remains but the site4 ,here were buried forty-eight kings of ,scotland1 four kings of ,ireland1 and eight kings of ,norway2 and it is even said that one of the kings of ,france found here a last resting-place4 ,macbeth closes the line of ,scottish kings who were buried in ,iona4 ,his successor1 ,malcolm ,canmore1 chose the ,abbey of ,dunfermline as the royal cemetery4 ,shakspere does not fail to send ,duncan's body to ,iona3 8,,rosse4 ,where is ,duncan's body8 ,,macduff4 ,carried to ,colmekill1 ,the sacred storehouse of his predecessors1 ,and guardian of their bones40 ,there are still many tombs in this cemetery1 most of which are covered with slabs of blue stone upon which figures are sculptured in relief4 ,here a bishop or an abbot1 in cope and mitre1 holds the pastoral staff of authority1 and by his side lies some famous chieftain in full armor4 ,on one of these slabs the traveller may behold the effigy of ,angus ,mac,donald1 ,scott's ,lord of the ,isles1 and the contemporary of ,robert ,bruce4 ,in the centre of the graveyard stands the ruin of a chapel which was built at the close of the eleventh century by ,st4 ,margaret of ,scotland1 and dedicated to ,st4 ,oran1 the first ,irish monk who died in ,iona after the landing of ,st4 ,columba4 ,near by is the ancient ,irish cross which is said to mark the spot where ,st4 ,columba rested on the eve of his death1 when he had walked forth to take a last view of his well-beloved island4 ,a little farther north lies the cathedral1 ruined and roofless1 with its square tower1 which is the first object to attract the eye of the pilgrim as he approaches the sacred isle4 ,iona is but three miles in length and about two miles wide4 ,unlike the islands by which it is surrounded1 it has a sandy beach1 which slopes to the water's edge1 and its highest point is but little over three hundred feet above the level of the sea4 ,the ruins all lie on the eastern shore1 and are but a few paces from one another4 ,some little care is taken of them1 now that the facilities of travel have turned the attention of travellers to this former home of learning and religion4 ,the chapel of the nunnery is no longer used as a cow-house1 nor the cathedral as a stable1 as in the time of ,dr4 ,johnson's visit4 ,nevertheless1 many interesting relics which he saw have since disappeared4 ,still1 enough remains to awaken emotion in the breasts of those whom the thought of noble deeds and heroic lives can move4 ,in treading this sacred soil1 and walking among the graves of kings and princes of the church1 surrounded by broken walls and crumbling arches which once sheltered saints and heroes1 we are lifted by the very genius of the place into a higher world4 ,the present vanishes4 ,the past comes back to us1 and throws its light into the dim and awful future4 ,how mean and contemptible seem to us the rivalries and ambitions of men6 ,this handful of earth1 girt round by the sea1 holds the glories of a thousand years4 ,all their beauty is faded4 ,they are bare and naked as these broken walls1 to which not even the sheltering ivy clings4 ,the voice of battle is hushed2 the song of victory is silent2 the strong are fallen2 the valiant are dead1 and around forgotten graves old ocean chants the funeral dirge4 ,monuments of death mark all human triumphs4 ,and yet ,st4 ,columba and his grand old monks are not wholly dead4 ,to them more than to the poet belongs the non omnis moriar4 ,their spirit lives even in us1 if we are ,christians and trust the larger hope4 ,what heavenly privilege1 like them1 to be free1 and in the desert and ocean's waste to find the possibility of the diviner life2 like them1 to be strong1 leaning upon ,god only6 ,the very rocks they looked upon seem to have gained a human sense2 in the air is the presence of unseen spirits1 and the waves approach gently as in reverence for the shore pressed by their feet4 ,to have stood1 though but for a moment and almost as in a dream1 amid these sacred shrines1 is good for the soul4 ,it is as if we had gone to the house of one who loved us1 and found that he was dead4 ,the world seems less beautiful1 but ,god is nearer and heaven more real4 ,we have lingered too long among the ruins of ,iona4 ,our ship puffs her sail1 and we must go2 but our faces are still turned towards the blessed isle2 the cathedral tower rises sadly over the bleak shore1 and in a little while the rough and rock-bound coast of the ,ross of ,mull takes the vision from our eyes4 ,and now ,i am in ,ireland4 ,landing at ,belfast1 ,i went south to ,dublin2 thence to ,wicklow1 where ,i took a jaunting-car and drove through the ,devil's ,glen1 to ,glendalough1 through ,glenmalure and the ,vale of ,avoca1 and back to ,wicklow4 ,returning to ,dublin1 ,i went southwest to the ,lakes of ,killarney1 passing through nearly the entire extent of the island from east and west4 ,having made the tour of the lakes and visited ,muckross ,abbey and ,ross ,castle1 ,i went to ,cork1 where ,i took the train for ,youghal1 on the ,blackwater4 ,i sailed up this beautiful river to ,cappoquin1 near ,lismore4 ,from this point ,i visited the ,trappist monastery of ,mt4 ,melleray4 ,again taking a jaunting-car1 ,i drove over the ,knockmeledown ,mountains into ,tipperary1 along the lovely banks of the river ,suir1 into ,clonmel1 thence to ,cashel1 to ,holy ,cross ,abbey and to ,thurles4 ,returning to ,cork1 ,i of course visited ,blarney ,castle1 and then1 sailing down the noble sea-avenue that leads to ,queenstown1 went aboard the steamer which was to bring me home again4 ,in ,rome1 it has been said1 none are strangers4 ,so much of what is greatest and best in the history of the human race centres there that all men instinctively identify themselves with her life and are at home4 ,in ,ireland a ,catholic1 no matter whence he come1 forgets that he is in a foreign land2 and in proportion to the love with which he cherishes his faith is the sympathy that draws him to the people who have clung to it through more suffering and sorrow than have fallen to the lot of any other4 ,more than other races they have loved the church2 more than others they have believed that1 so long as faith and hope and love are left to the heart1 misery can never be supreme4 ,the force with which they realize the unseen world leaves them unbroken amid the reverses and calamities of this life4 ,they are to-day what they were in ages pastthe least worldly and the most spiritual-minded people of ,europe4 ,they live in the past and in the future2 cling to memories and cherish dreams4 ,the ideal is to them more than the real4 ,their thoughts are on religion1 on liberty1 honor1 justice1 rather than upon gold4 ,they fear sin more than poverty or sickness4 ,when the mother hears of the death of her son1 in some distant land1 her first thought is not of him1 but of his soul4 ,did he die as a ,catholic should die1 confessing his sins1 trusting in ,god1 strengthened by the sacraments8 ,when he left her weeping1 her great trouble was the fear lest1 in the far-off world to which he was going1 he should forget the ,god of his fathers1 the ,god of ,ireland's hope2 and when in her dreams she saw him back again1 her heart leaped for joy1 not that he was rich or famous1 but that the simple faith of other days was with him still4 ,the life that is to be is more than that which is4 ,the coldest heart is warmed by this strong faith4 ,in the midst of this simple and pure-hearted people1 so poor and so content1 so wronged and so patient1 so despised and so noble1 one realizes the divine power of religion4 ,whithersoever our little systems of thought may lead us1 whatsoever mysteries of nature they may reveal1 nothing that they can give us could compensate for the loss of honest faith and child-like trust in ,god4 ,whatever may be1 this is the best4 ,better to die in a hovel1 yearning for ,god and trusting to him1 than without hope 8to walk all day1 like the sultan of old1 in a garden of spice40 ,the first and deepest impression made upon me in travelling through ,ireland was that it is a country consecrated by unutterable suffering4 ,the shadow of an almost divine sorrow is still upon the land4 ,each spot is sacred to some sad memory4 ,ruined castles tell how her proudest families were driven into exile or reduced to beggary2 roofless cathedrals and crumbling abbeys proclaim the long martyrdom of her bishops and priests2 tenantless cottages and deserted villages speak of the multitudes turned upon the road to die1 or1 with weary step1 to seek shelter in a foreign land4 ,we pass through desolate miles of waste lands that might be reclaimed1 through whole counties that have been turned into sheep and cattle pastures1 through towns once busy1 now dead2 and ,john ,mitchel's cry of anguish1 when last year1 in triumphal funeral march1 he went to meet the electors of ,tipperary1 strikes upon the ear3 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 where are my people80 ,go to the abandoned ports of ,wexford1 of ,youghal1 of ,waterford1 of ,galway1 and you will be told of ships1 freighted with human souls1 that sailed away and never returned4 ,it seemed to me on those silent shores that ,i could still hear the wail of countless mothers1 wringing their hands and weeping for the loss of children whom a cruel fate had torn from them4 ,was ever history so sad as ,ireland's8 ,great calamities have befallen other nationsthey have been wasted by war and famine1 trodden in the dust by invading barbarians2 but their evils have had an end4 ,in ,ireland the sword has never wearied of blood4 8,the wild deer and wolf to a covert may flee10 but her people have had no refuge from famine and danger4 ,without home and country1 they have stood for centuries with the storm of fate beating upon their devoted heads1 and in their long night of woe some faint glimmer of hope has shone out1 only suddenly to disappear1 leaving the darkness blacker4 ,true were the poet's words of despair3 8,there are marks on the fate of each clime1 there are turns in the fortunes of men1 ,but the changes of realms or the chances of time shall never restore thee again4 ,thou art chained to the wheel of the foe by links which the world cannot sever2 ,with thy tyrant through storm and through calm shalt thou go1 ,and thy sentence is#8,banished for ever4' ,thou art doomed for the vilest to toil2 thou art left for the proud to disdain2 ,and the blood of thy sons and the wealth of thy soil shall be lavished1 and lavished in vain4 ,thy riches with taunts shall be taken2 thy valor with gibes is repaid2 ,and of millions who see thee now sick and forsaken1 not one shall stand forth in thy aid4 ,in the nations thy place is left void2 thou art lost in the list of the free4 ,even realms1 by the plague or the earthquake destroyed1 are revived2 but no hope is for thee40 ,i stood in ,glendalough1 by the lake 8,whose gloomy shore ,skylark never warbles o'er40 ,the sun was just sinking to rest behind ,st4 ,kevin's ,hill1 covered with the purple heather-bloom4 ,there was not a sound in the air1 but all the mountains and the valley held their breath1 as if the spirits of the monks of old were felt by them in this hour1 in which1 in the ages gone1 the song of prayer and praise rose up to ,god from the hearts of believing men1 and all the plain and the hillsides were vocal with sweet psalmody4 ,here1 a thousand years ago and more1 a city grew up1 raised by the power of holiness4 ,to ,st4 ,kevin flocked men who sought the better way1 and the ,irish people1 eternally drawn to religion and to their priests1 gathered round1 and ,glendalough was filled with the multitude of believers4 ,those were the days which ,st4 ,columba sang when in far-off ,iona he remembered his own sweet land3 8,from the high prow ,i look over the sea1 and great tears are in my gray eye when ,i turn to ,erinto ,erin1 where the songs of the birds are so sweet1 and where the monks sing like the birds2 where the young are so gentle and the old so wise2 where the great men are so noble to look at1 and the women so fair to wed40 ,from ,st4 ,kevin to ,st4 ,lawrence ,o',toole1 ,glendalough was the home of saints4 ,when the ,norman came1 in the twelfth century1 there was a bishop there4 ,the hills were dotted with the hermitages of anchorets1 and above the seven churches rose the round tower in imperishable strength4 ,to-day there is left only the dreariness and loneliness of the desert4 ,the hills that once were covered with rich forests of oak are bare and bleak2 the cathedral is in ruins2 the churches are crumbling walls and heaps of stones2 the ground is strewn with fragments of sculptured crosses and broken pillars2 and amid this wreck of a world are mingled in strange confusion the tombs of saints and princes and the graves of peasants4 ,still stands the round tower in lonely majesty1 like a sentinel of heaven1 to watch for ever over the graves of ,god's people4 ,what a weight of awe falls upon us amid these sacred monuments6 ,we speak not1 and scarcely breathe4 ,an unknown power draws us back into the dread bosom of the past4 ,the freshness of life dies out of us2 we grow to the spot1 and feel a kinship with stones which re-echoed the footsteps of saints1 which resounded with the voice of prayer4 ,it seems almost a sacrilege to live when the great and the good lie dead at our feet4 ,but why stop we here8 ,is not ,ireland covered with ruins as reverend and as sad as these8 ,throughout the land they stand 8,as stands a lofty mind1 ,worn1 but unstooping to the baser crowd1 ,all tenantless1 save to the crannying wind1 ,or holding dark communion with the cloud40 ,what need of history's blood-stained page to tell the sad story of ,ireland's wrongs and ,ireland's woes8 ,o',connell never spoke as speak these roofless cathedrals1 these broken walls and crumbling arches1 these fallen columns and shattered crosses4 ,the traveller who in ,jerusalem beholds the weary and worn children of ,israel sitting in helpless grief amid the scattered stones of ,solomon's ,temple1 need not be told how the enemies of the ,holy ,city compassed her about2 how the sword and famine and the devouring flame swallowed up the people2 how her walls were broken down1 her holy of holies profaned1 her priests slaughtered1 her streets made desolate1 until not a stone was left upon a stone4 ,the massacres of ,wexford and ,drogheda2 the confiscation in a single day of half the land of ,ireland2 the driving her people into the ports of ,munster to be shipped to regions of pestilence and death2 the expulsion of every ,catholic from the rich fields of ,ulster2 the exile of the whole nation beyond the ,shannon2 the violated treaty of ,limerick1 are but episodes in this tragedy of centuries4 ,even the ,penal ,code1 the most hideous and inhuman ever enacted by ,christian or pagan people1 tells but half the story4 ,that the ,irish ,catholic had for centuries been held in bondage by a law which violated every good and generous sentiment of the human heart1 ,i knew4 ,he could not vote1 he could not bear witness1 he could not bring suit1 he could not sit on a jury1 he could not go to school1 he could not teach school1 he could not practise law or medicine1 he could not travel five miles from his home2 he could own nothing which he might not be forced to give up or renounce his faith2 he could not keep or use any kind of weapon1 even in self-defence2 his children were offered bribes to betray him2 he could not hear ,mass1 he could not receive the sacraments2 in his death-agony the priest might not be near to console him4 ,all this ,i knew1 and yet ,i had never realized the condition to which such inhuman legislation must reduce a people4 ,that this ,code1 which ,montesquieu said must have been contrived by devils1 and which ,burke declared to be the fittest instrument ever invented by man to degrade and destroy a nation1 had failed to accomplish its fiendish purpose1 ,i also knew4 ,the ,irish people1 deprived of everything1 and almost of the hope of ever having anything in this world1 remained superior to fate4 ,with a fidelity to religious conviction without example in the history of the world1 they retained the chastity1 the unbroken courage1 the cheerful temper and generous love which had always distinguished them2 and that in travelling among them ,i should find it more and more impossible to doubt of this was but what ,i had expected4 ,but the generous1 pure1 and simple character of the people only made the impression which ,i received of the frightful wrongs and sufferings which have been and are still inflicted upon them the more painful4 ,there is not in the civilized world another country where the evils of tyranny and misrule are so manifest4 ,one cannot help but feel that ,ireland does not belong to the ,irish4 ,it is not governed in their interest2 it is not made to contribute to their welfare or happiness4 ,they are not taken into account by its rulers2 their existence is considered accidental2 a fact which cannot be ignored1 but which it is hoped time1 with famine1 poverty1 and petty persecution such as the age allows1 will eliminate4 ,the country belongs to a few men who have no sympathy with the mass of the people1 who do not even desire to have any4 ,they are for the most part the descendants of needy adventurers who1 under ,elizabeth1 ,cromwell1 and ,william of ,orange1 obtained as a reward of their servility or brutality the confiscated lands of ,ireland2 or if they belong to the ancient families1 they inherit their wealth from ancestors who owed it to a double apostasy from ,god and their country4 ,it was these men1 and not ,england1 who enacted the ,irish ,penal ,code4 ,they are the traditional enemies of ,ireland1 sucking out her lifeblood and trampling in contempt upon her people4 ,they have filled the land with mourning and death1 with the wail of the widow and the cry of the orphan2 they have freighted the ships which have borne the ,irish exiles to every land under heaven2 they have within our own memory crowded her highways with homeless and starving multitudes2 have pushed out her people to make room for sheep and cattle2 in ten years have taken from her three millions of her children4 ,my heart grew sick of asking to whom the domains through which ,i was passing belonged4 ,it seemed to me that the people owned nothing1 that the paucis vivitur humanum genus was truer here than ever in ancient ,rome4 ,the very houses in which the ,irish peasantry live tell the sad tale that in their own country they are homeless4 ,like the ,israelites in ,egypt1 they must stand with loins girt and staff in hand1 ready to move at a moment's warning4 ,if the little hut shelter them for a season1 it is enough2 for another year may find them where rolls the ,oregon or on the bitter plains of ,australia4 ,ask them why they build not better houses1 plant not trees and flowers1 to surround with freshness and beauty that family-life which to them is so pure and so sweet2 they will answer you that they may not1 they dare not4 ,the slightest evidence of comfort would attract the greedy eye of the landlord2 the rent would be raised1 and he who should presume to give such ill-example would soon be turned adrift4 ,the great lord wants cabins which he can knock down in a day to make room for his sheep and cattle2 he wants arguments to prove that the ,irish people are indolent1 improvident1 an inferior race1 unfit for liberty4 ,i know that there are landlords who are not heartless4 ,the people will tell you more than you wish to hear of the goodness of ,lord ,nincompoop1 of the charity of ,lord ,fiddlefaddle4 ,the intolerable evil is that the happiness or misery of a whole people should be left to the chance of an ,irish landlord not being a fool and yet having a heart4 ,to any other people who had suffered from an aristocracy the hundredth part of what has been borne by the ,irish1 the very name of 8lord0 would carry with it the odium of unutterable infamy2 among any other people the state of things which1 in spite of all the progress that has been made1 still exists in ,ireland1 would breed the most terrible and dangerous passions4 ,for my own part1 ,i could not look upon the castles and walled-in parks which everywhere met my view without feeling my heart fill with a bitterness which ,i could rarely detect in those with whom ,i spoke4 ,what it was possible to do has been done to hide the land itself from the eyes of the people4 ,around ,dublin you would think almost every house a prison1 so carefully is it walled in4 ,the poor1 who must walk1 are shut in by high and gloomy walls which forbid them even the consolation of looking upon the green hills and plains which surround that city4 ,in the same way the landlords have taken possession of the finest scenery of the island4 ,if you would see the ,powerscourt waterfall1 you must send your card to the castle and graciously beg permission4 ,people who have no cards are not supposed to be able to appreciate the beauty of one of the most picturesque spots in ,ireland4 ,at the entrance to the ,devil's ,glen the traveller is stopped by huge iron gates1 symbolical of those which ,milton has described as grating harsh thunder on their turning hinges2 and when he thinks he is about to issue forth again into the upper air1 suddenly other gates frown upon him to remind him of the lasciati ogni speranza voi ch'entrate1 of ,dante4 ,mr4 ,herbert has taken possession of half the ,lakes of ,killarney1 and exacts a fixed toll from all who wish to see what ought to be as free to all as the air of heaven4 ,if ten thousand dollars added to his annual income be a compensation for such meanness1 he is no doubt content4 ,it is on the demesne of this gentleman that lies the celebrated ruin of ,muckross ,abbey4 ,it stands embosomed in trees on a green slope1 overlooking the ,lower ,lake1 and commanding one of the loveliest views to be had anywhere4 ,the taste of 8the monks of old0 in selecting sites for their monasteries was certainly admirable4 ,a church was erected on this spot at a very early date1 but was consumed by fire in #aaib4 ,the abbey and church1 the ruins of which are now standing1 were built in #acdj1 by one of the ,mac,carthys1 ,princes of ,desmond1 for ,franciscan monks1 who still retained possession of them at the time of ,cromwell's invasion4 ,a ,latin inscription on the north wall of the choir asks the reader's prayers for ,brother ,thadeus ,holen1 who had the convent repaired in the year of our ,lord #afbf4 ,that such a place should have remained in the possession of the monks for more than a century after the introduction of ,protestantism is of itself enough to show to what extent the ,catholic monuments of ,ireland had escaped the destroyer's hand previous to the incursion of the ,cromwellian vandals4 ,the ruins of ,muckross ,abbey have successfully withstood the power of ,time's effacing finger4 ,the walls1 which seem to have been built to stand for ever1 are as strong to-day as they were five hundred years ago2 and to render the monastery habitable nothing would be required but to replace the roof4 ,the library1 the dormitories1 the kitchen1 the cellars1 the refectory with its great fire-place1 seem to be patiently waiting the return of the brown-robed sons of ,st4 ,francis2 and in the corridors the silence1 so loved of religious souls1 is felt like the presence of holy spirits4 ,in the centre of the court-yard there is a noble yew-tree1 planted by the monks centuries ago4 ,its boughs droop lovingly over the roofless walls to shelter them from the storm4 ,in the church the dead are sleeping1 and among them some of ,ireland's princes4 ,in the centre of the choir a modern tomb covers the vault where in ancient times the ,mac,carthys ,mor1 and later the ,o',donoghue ,mor of the ,glens1 were interred4 ,these are the opening lines of the lengthy epitaph3 8,what more could ,homer's most illustrious verse ,or pompous ,tully's stately prose rehearse ,than what this monumental stone contains ,in death's embrace1 ,mac,carthy ,mor's remains80 ,this abbey1 like most of the other sacred ruins of ,ireland1 is now used as a ,catholic cemetery4 ,no ,protestant is buried here4 ,mr4 ,herbert1 however1 has got possession of it1 and has secured the entrance with iron gates1 which open only to golden keys4 ,the living who enter here pay this needy gentleman a shilling1 the dead half a crown4 ,elsewhere we find the same state of things4 ,even the most sacred relics of ,ireland are in the hands of ,protestants4 ,it is not easy to find a more interesting collection of antiquities than that of the museum of the ,royal ,irish ,academy in ,dublin2 but the pleasure which we experience in contemplating these evidences of the ancient civilization of the ,irish people is mingled with pain when we see that even their holiest relics have been taken from them and given to those who have no sympathy with the struggles and triumphs with which these objects are associated4 ,we have here1 for instance1 the 8,sweet-sounding0 bell of ,st4 ,patrick1 together with its cover or shrine1 which is a fine specimen of the art of the goldsmith as it flourished in ,ireland before the ,norman invasion4 ,here1 too1 is preserved the famous 8,cross of ,cong10 upon which is inscribed the name of the artist by whom it was made for ,turlough ,o',conor1 father of ,roderick1 the last native king of ,ireland4 ,no finer piece of work in gold is to be found in any country of ,western ,europe4 ,those who examine it will be able to form an opinion of the state of the metallurgic and decorative arts in ,ireland before she had been blessed by ,english civilization4 ,another object of even greater interest is a casket of bronze and silver which formerly enclosed a copy of the ,gospels that belonged to ,st4 ,patrick4 ,the leaves of this1 the most ancient ,irish manuscript1 have become agglutinated through age1 so that they now form a solid mass4 ,another manuscript1 almost as ancient and not less famous1 is a ,latin version of the ,psalms which belonged to ,st4 ,columba4 ,this is the copy which is said to have led to the exile of the saint and to the founding of his monastery4 ,this was the battle-book of the ,o',donnells1 who in war always bore it with them as their standard4 ,one cannot contemplate the exquisite workmanship and precious material of these book-shrines without being struck by the extraordinary care with which the ancient ,irish preserved their manuscripts4 ,these sacred relics bear testimony at once to their religious zeal and to their love of learning4 ,they carry us back to the time when ,ireland was the home of saints and doctors2 when from every land those who were most eager to serve ,god and to improve themselves flocked to her shores1 to receive there the warm welcome which her people have ever been ready to give to the stranger who comes among them with peaceful purpose4 ,those were the days of her joy and her pride2 the glorious three centuries during which she held the intellectual supremacy of the world2 during which her sons were the apostles of ,europe1 the founders of schools1 and the teachers of doctors4 ,never did a nation give more generously of its best and highest life than ,ireland in that age4 ,these emblems of her faith and her science are in the hands of her despoiler4 ,the great schools of ,lismore and ,armagh are no more4 ,no more in the streets of her cities are heard all the tongues of ,europe1 which at matin hymn and vesper song lose themselves in the unity and harmony of the one language of the church4 ,they who were eager to teach all men were forbidden to learn4 ,knowledge was made impossible1 and they were reproached with ignorance4 ,but the end is not yet4 ,in contemplating the past we must not forget the present1 nor the future which also belongs to ,ireland4 ,the dark clouds which so long have wrapped her like a shroud are breaking4 ,in the veins of her children the full tide of life is flowing1 warm and strong1 as in the day when ,columba in his wicker-boat dared the fury of the waves1 or ,brian drove the ,dane into the sea1 or ,malachi wore the collar of gold4 ,they are old and yet young2 crowned with the glories of two thousand years1 they look with eyes bright with youthful hope to a future whose splendor shall make the past seem as darkness4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,june #a1 #ahfh4 ,what a beautiful ,whitsuntide1 carissima6 ,only a minute ago ,marcella was singing to me the ,tarantella della ,madonna1 8,pie di ,grotta40 ,do you recollect the pretty child in rags who used to make such long trills and quavers as she tossed back her dark tresses8 ,how far off now1 dear ,kate1 seems our time at ,naples6 ,margaret sends me a summons to go to her4 ,i answer by telling her how it is that we are detained in ,brittany until ,july4 ,you can understand what the family journey will then be4 ,oh6 it is so sweet and good a thing to be together that it costs much to each one of us to absent ourselves from the rest even for a day4 ,we have had ,high ,mass and ,vespers worthy of a cathedral4 ,on leaving the chapel ,anna1 whose musical organization leaves nothing to desire1 threw herself into my arms1 exclaiming3 8,it must be like that in ,paradise60 ,we all had the same impression4 ,what worldly festivities are worth ours8 ,this morning a walk with ,ren in the woods1 among the thyme and early dew4 ,made a resolution to go out in this way every day1 quietly1 before a single shutter is opened4 ,we pray and meditate4 ,ren draws me on to heights of faith and love4 ,if you heard him when he walks out with the twins6 ,and how they listen to him1 with their large eyes fixed on his6 ,would you like to have news of ,isa8 8,she is very thin10 ,margaret tells me1 8but is still beautiful2 she personifies the angel of charity4 ,the good she does all around her will never be known4 ,make haste1 then1 dear1 and come2 it is not good of you thus to refuse yourself to our desires40 ,god keep you1 my dear ,kate6 ,,la ,,tarantella ,,della ,,madonna1 ,,pie ,,di ,,grotta4 7,neapolitan ,ballad47 ,o lark that singest sweetly ,at the rising of the sun1 ,whose blithe wing bears thee fleetly ,to where the day's begun6 ,rise1 rise through rosy skies ,to the gate of ,paradise4 ,at that gate so fair ,what should be my quest8 ,shall ,i enter ,paradise ,with the angels blest8 ,thou shalt pray our ,mother fair1 ,with azure eyes and golden hair1 ,to touch our fruits with ripening hand1 ,and bless the harvests of our land4 ,by her soft eyes bending down1 ,watching over field and town ,eyes more fair than fairest day ,that from heaven hath strayed away ,entreat her from her throne above ,thus to recompense our love4 ,o my friends6 ,i will do so1 ,at the gate of ,paradise3 ,to ,mary with the brow of snow ,i will breathe your ardent sighs4 ,o lark that singest sweetly ,at the rising of the sun1 ,whose blithe wing bears thee fleetly ,to where the day's begun6 ,rise1 rise through rosy skies ,to the gate of ,paradise4 ,while at that gate so dear ,your ,mother ,i do pray ,to bless your hopes alway1 ,friends1 what will appear8 ,thou shalt see our ,mother there1 ,on her throne of rubies rare2 ,on her head the diamond crown ,set thereon by ,christ1 her ,son2 ,queen is she of ,paradise4 ,mercy raineth from her eyes1 ,pity flows from out her hands ,unto all the furthest lands4 ,heaven makes music round her throne1 ,happiness dwells there alone4 ,thou shalt see her shining fair1 ,more bright than envied princes are ,our ,queen all powerful1 yet all sweet1 ,with the sun beneath her feet4 ,o friends6 my heart would leave its place1 ,the brightness daze my eyes4 ,were ,i to look on ,mary's face1 ,the ,queen of ,paradise4 ,o lark that singest sweetly ,at the rising of the sun1 ,whose blithe wing bears thee fleetly ,to where the day's begun6 ,rise1 rise through rosy skies ,to the gate of ,paradise4 ,and at that threshold dread ,where all the angels throng1 ,when the golden gates are open spread1 ,what theme shall wake my song8 ,to our ,mother shalt thou say ,that for her hearts burn alway2 ,that to us her love's more sweet ,than native flowers to exiles' feet2 ,that her image graven deep ,on our hearts doth never sleep2 ,that gazing from this earthly shore1 ,above its tumult and its roar1 ,in dreams that come like blessed balm1 ,we see her heaven's unshaken calm4 ,i go1 ,i go6 ,sweet friends1 good-by2 ,for you to ,paradise ,i fly4 ,dearest1 the ,french is not equal to the naive language of the brown little ,neapolitan girl4 ,,june #ab1 #ahfh4 ,i have been ill1 my beloved sister4 ,what trouble they have all been giving themselves on my account6 ,happily1 it was nothingfever1 headache1 and general indisposition4 ,the doctor orders much exercise1 and from to-morrow we organize a cavalcade4 ,adrien has had some superb horses brought here2 what riding parties we shall have6 ,but sadness mingles with joy4 ,lucy's mother is very ill4 ,they have just set out2 will they arrive too late8 ,oh6 this journey1 how full it will be of anxiety and apprehension4 ,a despatch4''' ,poor ,lucy6 the goodness of ,god has spared her that last moment1 so full of cruel distress and yet of ineffable hopeshe did not see her mother die6 ,what mourning6 ,why is death like our shadow1 pitilessly mowing down the existences which are dearer to us than our own8 ,but to what purpose is it to ask why8 ,there is more true wisdom in a fiat than in curious researches4 ,on ,whitsunday1 at the 8drawing0 of the gifts of the ,holy ,spirit1 my lot was the ,gift of ,pietylove of ,god and of all that belongs to his service2 and the ,fruit of ,patiencegenerous acceptance of the crosses ,god sends us4 ,must ,i own to you that this gift made me afraid8 ,oh6 if my happiness were to be destroyed4 ,you will be scolding me for this dreaming1 and you will say to me with ,mgr4 ,landriot3 8,if you would keep mind and body in a healthy condition1 avoid with extreme care these states of reveriethe habit of taking aerial flights in which the heart and understanding exhaust themselves on emptiness40 ,dear ,kate1 my dreams speak but of heaven4 ,marcella1 so long a captive beneath the yoke of others1 regards independence as the first of terrestrial benefits2 on this subject our opinions differ4 ,the poor ,prisoner was quite right when he said to the swallows3 ,il n'est dans cette vie ,qu'un bien digne d'envie3 ,la libert6#aah ,yes1 assuredly1 liberty is a great good1 and therefore it is that our soul has been made free1 perfectly free4 ,and how sweet it is to feel one's self free1 and to bend generously beneath the yoke of love and sacrifice6 ,one of our first instincts is the need of liberty1 and even the word alone has in it a magic which carries the mind away with it1 and at critical times becomes the rallying word of revolutions4 ,o my ,god6 grant that ,i may love only the holy freedom of thy childrenthat freedom which can never be taken from me4 ,deliver the captivesthe captives of the world1 and above all of sin6 ,deliver also ,ireland6 ,visits3 an entire family1 antique in dress and appearance1 but modern in language1 grace1 and heart4 ,good ,bretons6,i love them4 ,this valiant faith1 this sublime indignation1 these courageous protestations for the church and her ,head in a race of granite1 is an incomparable spectacle4 ,brittany has indeed done well to preserve its customs1 its manners1 and its ancient faith eternally young and living4 ,one of these ladies questioned us about ,paris1 whither she wishes to accompany her son1 who is attacked by the fever of the times4 ,i admire her maternal devotion4 ,imagine the astonishment of this ,bretonne in the capital of mud and gold6 ,dear ,kate1 ,marcella and ,ren have some secrets to tell you4 ,love from us all4 ,,june #af1 #ahfh4 ,our first ride has been most prosperous1 dear sister4 ,it was a nineteenan unlucky day1 declares the superstitious ,marianne4 ,what matters8,god protects us4 8,who loves me follows me60 cried ,adrien1 and away we went1 cantering after him through the thickets4 ,don't suppose our expedition was for nothing but pleasure1 however legitimate1 but to make a wide circuit of poor4 ,what store of benedictions we gathered on our way6 ,a worthy tad coz#aai in his enthusiasm kissed the hem of ,marcella's riding-habit1 saying3 8,it is certainly a saint who is come to us40 7,marcella already speaks ,breton as if it were ,italian47 ,we had taken provisions with us1 and did not get home until nine o'clock1 tired out1 but so happy6 ,my mother followed us in the carriage4 ,she must be interested and have a little variety at any price2 the death of her friend 7the mother of our sister7 has greatly impressed her4 8,it is10 she says1 8the herald to warn me of the approach of my own death40 ,may ,god spare her to us6 ,yesterday1 soon after day-break1 the carriages were in readiness in front of the entrance for a visit to the old divor1 as the ,poles would call it3 a sort of pilgrimage ''' to the saint of the sea-coast4 ,it is so distant that we accepted an invitation to stay the night1 and are come home this evening1 not at all fatigued4 ,we are to go there again1 but have meanwhile obtained a kind promise4 ,the chtelaine of the lake will be here on the #b;d of ,july4 ,how shall ,i describe her to you8 ,on our way back we were speaking of the prestige of beauty1 and ,adrien quoted the words of an educational professor who says3 8,i have passionately loved both nature and study2 the fine arts have also made me feel the power of their charms2 but among all things under the sun ,i have found nothing comparable to man when he unites noble sentiments to physical beauty4 ,he is truly the chef-d'uvre of the creation40 8,i have often thought10 observed ,ren1 8that1 ,god being infinite and sovereign ,beauty1 physical beauty is a reflection of the divine4 ,without sin man would never have been ugly or plain4 ,we have in the soul the instinct of beauty1 the love of the beautiful under every form2 and although we say and know very well that human beauty passes in a day1 that it is nothing1 nevertheless there is no one living who has not some time in his life experienced the unique and irresistible charm which is shed around her by a creature who to high qualities of mind and heart joins the attraction of beauty and regularity of countenance40 ,and my mother3 8,the saints have a kind of beauty which ,i prefer to every other2 it is like a transfiguration4 ,this miserable mortal envelope which covers the soul becomes in some sort transparent1 so that one can see the peace1 the calm and serenity1 of this interior in which ,god dwells by his grace and love4 ,the sight of a saint is a foretaste of ,paradise4 ,oh6 how beautiful must the angels be4 ,why cannot our mortal eyes behold those who are here1 near to us80 8,as ,lamartine says10 added ,marcella3 8,tout mortel a le sien2 cet ange protecteur1 ,cet invisible ami veille autour de son cur2 ,l'inspire1 le conduit1 le relve s'il tombe1 ,le reoit au berceau1 l'accompagne la tombe1 ,et portant dans les cieux1 son me entre ses mains1 ,la prsente en tremblant au ,matre des humains40#abj ,dear ,kate1 do you not love these pious natures amongst whom ,god has placed me8 8,great souls1 great souls10 exclaimed a bishop8,i seek them1 but ,i find them not2 ,i call them1 and none answer60 ,yet some there are in ,france1 and especially in ,brittany4 ,in the midst of the refinement of luxury and effeminacy of the times in which we live1 everything dwindles and diminishes2 people act in the midst of narrow and despicable interests2 the life of the heart is daily deteriorating1 and 8soon we shall know no longer how to love with that generous love which thinks not of self1 but whose self-devotion places its happiness in the felicity of others40 ,how happy a thing1 then1 is it to take refuge near to ,god1 and within a circle where he is loved6 ,i spoke of you to the saint of the sands4 ,let us love each other1 dear ,kate4 ,,june #bb1 #ahfh4 ,fnelon said3 8,education1 by a capable mother1 is worth more than that which is to be had at the best of convents40 ,this often comes into my mind when ,i see ,berthe cultivating with so much care the two choice plants whose fragrance mounts so sweetly up to ,god4 ,the surname of duchesse is abandoned for ever4 ,at ,mass1 on the #ast of ,january1 ,thrse made the resolution to acquire humility2 and she has attained it4 ,how many charming actions the angels must have seen with joy6 ,her countenance1 naturally haughty and self-asserting1 has gained an expression of sweetness and gentleness4 ,she is delightful2 and what efforts it has cost her6 ,her mother has seconded1 helped1 and sustained her4 ,raoul1 the greater part of whose time is absorbed in his literary labors1 has not transferred to any one his own share in the education of his daughters4 ,kate1 since my marriage ,i have regretted more deeply than ever that ,i never knew my father4 ,i did not know before from what strength of affection we had been severed4 ,thank ,god6 so long as my mother lived her heart was enough for us4 ,kind1 saintly mother6 how ,i bless her memory4 ,the twins no longer wear anything but white4 ,it reminds me of the early ,christians' preparation for baptism4 ,their thoughtfulness is my admiration4 ,they count the days with a holy eagerness2 they ask us for the hymns of ,expectation4 ,we are making a retreat with them1 and all our friends of ,brittany will fill the chapel on the #b;d of ,july4 ,this is a memorable date in the familythe birthday of ,raoul1 ,berthe1 and the twins4 ,what a coincidence6the wedding-day of the former1 and the anniversary of our mother's ,first ,communion4 ,marcella is singing3 8,o jour trois fois heureux6 ,o jour trois fois bni6 ,viens remplir tous nos curs d'un bonheur infini60#aba ,anna has this year shared in the life of the twins2 she is only eleven years old4 ,her mother hesitated1 but ,m4 le ,cur has just given his decision1 and the delicate child embraced me with transports4 ,she also will be at the holy table2 she also1 clothed in white4 8,entreat ,mme4 ,kate to pray for me40 ,sweet little dove6 ,evening4,do you know what ,i have just heard8 ,the good little hearts6 ,unknown to every one1 even to the vigilant ,berthe1 the twins and ,anna rise every night to pray2 and1 besides this1 they regularly deprive themselves of their goter#abb for the benefit of a poor child who is also preparing herself for her ,first ,communion4 ,this child has on her arm a horrible wound1 and our little saints kiss it on their knees4 ,do you not think you are reading the ,acta ,sanctorum8 ,of the three1 ,picciola is still the most fervent4 ,i am suspected of partiality with regard to her4 ,oh6 if you saw her kneeling in the chapel1 when a ray of sunshine plays upon her fair locks1 you would say she was an angel4 ,dearest ,kate1 the great day draws near6 ,i say nothing about our processions1 our lovely reposoirs1 the babies scattering roses,i should write until to-morrow4 ,pray with me4 ,,june #bf1 #ahfh4 ,dearest1 ,i feel tired after my walk on the sands1 and would fain rest myself with you1 and talk to you again of the twins and of ,anna1 whose joy makes me fear for her1 so fragile is her pretty frame4 ,marcella has given me a holiday from my ,greek2 she and ,berthe no more quit their darlings4 ,and ,i1 who have no maternal rights over these almost celestial souls1 leave them a little to their mutual happiness1 and isolate myself the more with ,ren4 ,our subjects of conversation are always grave,god1 heaven1 eternity4 ,we had visitors on the #bdth2 beautiful fires of ,st4 ,john in the evening4 ,o son of ,elizabeth and ,zacharias1 voice of one crying in the desert1 the greatest among the children of men6 give me of your humility1 your love of penitence and sacrifice4 ,isa sends me a few lines1 all enkindled with the love of ,god4 ,sarah1 returned from ,spain1 is much amused at certain hidalgos1 and quotes me the words of ,shakspere3 8,were it only for their noses1 one would take them for the counsellors of ,pepin or ,clothair1 so high do they carry them and so imposing is their mark40 ,i have not told you of our fte on the #aith for the twenty-second anniversary of the elevation of the holy and venerated ,pius ,,ix to the pontificate4 ,what will arise out of all the trials of the ,papacy8 ,solomon1 after tasting every kind of enjoyment and happiness1 exclaimed3 8,vanity of vanities6 all is vanity40 ,it is deeply sad hitherto1 but consolation will come at last2 it is like a ray from heaven4 8,all is vanity1 except to love ,god and serve him40 ,let us love1 then1 let us serve1 ,god1 who is so full of love4 ,everything is there6 ,isa writes to me3 8,when shall we say1 ,quotidie morior80 ,alas6 ,i have not arrived at this perfection4 ,my good ,ren has published1 in an ,english periodical1 a remarkable article1 about which ,i want to have your opinion4 ,we are convinced here that no means ought to be neglected that may serve the cause of ,god1 and that every ,catholic's sphere of action is wider than he thinks4 ,oh6 how right you are1 dear ,kate4 8,all our actions ought to preach the ,gospel40 ,was present at a funeral yesterday eveninga young girl of fifteen4 ,i thought of the beautiful verses by ,brizeux on the death of ,louise4 ,what a picture6the poor and lowly funeral train amid the magnificence of ,nature1 who gave to the youthful dead that which was not afforded her by men4 ,i seem still to behold the scene4 ,the place1 also1 is suitable4 ,i am in presence of ,god's fair creation2 a thousand birds are singing around me4 ,oh6 these nests1 these poor little nests1 chef-d'uvres of love4 ,they showed me lately a goldfinch's nest suspended as if by miracle at the extremity of a branch at an immense height4 ,ce nid1 ce doux mystre1 ,c'est l'amour d'une mre1 ,enfants1 n'y touchez pas6#abc ,children have an innate inclination for destruction4 ,there are very few who think of the mother of the nestlings when they take possession of the nests2 and the poet has reason to say to them3 ,ne pouvant rien crer1 il ne faut rien dtruire1 ,enfants1 n'y touchez pas6#abd ,may the angel of mercy spread his wing over the cradles and the nests1 and may he protect you also1 my beloved1 and all of us with you6 ,,june #cj1 #ahfh4 ,the retreat and the singing take up all my time1 dear ,kate1 but ,i want to tell you that ,lucy has come back to us1 pale and weak1 and recommends herself to your prayers4 ,gaston was asking for me down there4 ,there is something so sad in this deep mourning2 but ,lucy looks above this earth4 ,edouard's voice was wanting to our choir2 it will be complete after to-morrow4 ,three poor children1 clothed by your ,georgina1 will accompany our chosen ones4 ,the ,,saint ,,of ,,the ,,sea-,,coast arrives to-morrow4 ,she will be lodged near to me4 ,i wish she could be there always6 ,why cannot one gather together in one same place those whom one loves8 ,kate dearest1 ,ren and all ,brittany are for you4 ,,july #b1 #ahfh4 ,quam dilecta tabernacula tua1 ,domine6 ,o ,kate6 what a day4 ,and the vigilthe pious tears1 the pardons1 the benedictions1 the watching of the arms in the chapelhow sweet it was6 ,this morning ,berthe asked me to be the mother of ,madeleine4 ,the sweet child was clad in her virginal robes in my room4 ,she was touched1 but not afraid4 ,when ready to go down1 she asked my blessing4 ,oh6 it is ,i rather who would have wished for hers4 ,then the ,mass1 the hymns1 the exhortations2 then1 as in a dream1 these fair apparitions prostrate before the altar1 and ,god within our souls4 ,what happiness for one day to contain6 ,the saintly chtelaine was there1 absorbed in ,god4 ,the day has gone by like a flash of lightning4 ,it is now eleven o'clock1 and ,i say with you the ,te ,deum4 ,one of our neighbors was telling me this evening of a lady whose little daughter1 pious as an angel1 shed tears1 the evening of her ,first ,communion1 for regret that the day was at an end4 ,this circumstance inspired the happy mother to write a charming poem1 which ended something as follows3 ,peu de jours dans la vie offrent assez de charmes ,pour qu'on pleure le soir en les voyant finir6#abe ,marcella wept in the chapel4 ,happy mother2 beloved children2 blessed house2 incomparable day6 ,the saint is really a saint4 ,hear this3 8,jesus in the ,blessed ,sacrament visits me every morning2 ,i know not how it is that ,i do not die of love4 ,god has allowed me everywhere to meet with souls who understand mine1 and who have loved me60 ,good-night1 my sister4 ,i whispered to my daughter3 ,my own sweet child1 ,o soul all pure and fair6 ,pray1 pray with me where holy feet have trod1 ,and let thy sinless pleading on the air ,mount like a perfume upwards to thy ,god6 ,for the poor mother who her son doth weep ,a last farewell in tears that rain like blood1 ,let thy prayer1 angel1 mount the starry steep ,mount like a perfume upwards to thy ,god6 ,for the poor orphan1 who in dire distress ,alone by fireless hearth hath famished stood1 ,oh6 let thy prayer1 with sister's tenderness1 ,like a sweet perfume mount towards thy ,god6 ,for the poor sinner who from ,god would flee1 ,who dies and turns him from the saving ,rood1 ,oh6 let thy prayer rise upward pleadingly ,like a sweet perfume mount towards thy ,god6 ,for all the weary souls who weep and wail ,to the sweet ,virgin raise thy voice aloud2 ,let thy clear tones for those who die and fail ,like saving perfume rise towards thy ,god6 ,i used to say this at ,venice to the pretty little ,rutti1 the little ,american girl2 do you remember her8 ,oh6 how well she used to pray1 this little dove from the ,new ,world4 ,dear1 ,i should like to cross the ocean to have a nearer view of that unknown land which attracts me so much1 with its freedom1 its immense spaces1 its splendid vegetation1 and its beautiful sun6 ,but1 nevertheless1 it is not ,ireland1 my country1 and the land of memories6 ,god keep you6 ,,july #f1 #ahfh4 ,dear ,kate1 in two days we start for my dear green ,erin1 to the great joy of ,marcella1 who is an enthusiast about ,o',connell4 ,margaret feels a thrill1 she tells me1 at the sound of a carriage4 ,it is high time to make acquaintance with the handsome baby4 ,ren has left me to accompany the saint1 whom ,i would fain have taken with us4 ,she smiled sadly in answer to my proposal3 8,the aged tree that grows in lonely places cannot thus be rooted up40 ,the ,annales ,orlanaises speak of nothing but deaths3 the ,abb ,debeauvais1 ,cur of ,st4 ,thomas d',aquin1 has just died at ,mgr4 ,dupanloup's2 ,madame de ,bannand2 the ,abb ,rocher1 almoner of the prisons1 etc41 etc4 ,prince ,michael of ,servia has been assassinated3 it is almost ancient history4 ,i must see to my packages2 so good-by for the present1 until we are with la belle ,anglaise4 ,,july #ai1 #ahfh4 ,it is from ,england1 and from ,margaret's magnificent residence1 that ,i now think of you1 dear ,kate4 ,a quick passage1 splendid weather1 everybody well and strong1 including baby ,gaston4 ,lord ,william was waiting for us on the pier2 we were soon in the carriage1 and next day in the arms of ,margaret1 who cannot fte us enough4 ,the children have already become used to ,english ways1 to this people of many footmen1 to this pomp and splendor1 and to the beauties of the ,isle of ,saints4 ,margaret is in the full bloom of her happiness2 her child is superb1 and resembles her4 ,dear1 dear ,kate1 how much ,i enjoy being here6 ,what emotion ,i felt on setting foot on this soil1 ,breton also1 but different from the other6 ,i wept much1 and feel ready to weep again4 ,what is wanting to me8 ,you1 you1 and the best beloved of mothers6 ,but you are both of you with ,godmy mother in the heaven of heavens1 and you in the heaven upon earth6 ,laus ,deo1 nevertheless1 and for ever4 ,marcella understood the inward grief ,i felt1 and delicately offered me her friendly consolations4 ,we shall soon see ,isa4 ,i shall undertake the pilgrimage of friendship with ,ren1 in which all the family will join us3 ,mme4 de ,t has so arranged it1 you can imagine with what thought4 ,meanwhile1 we are enjoying ,margaret's splendid hospitality4 ,her mother-in-law pleases me4 ,these few lines are only to say good-day4 ,,july #bd1 #ahfh4 ,adrien has brought here the numbers of the magazine containing the articles on 8,notre ,dame de ,lourdes10 by ,henri ,lasserre4 ,we want to persuade our dear ,english friends to make this pilgrimage with us in ,november4 ,we have just come from ,london4 ,how many things to see and to show6 ,this morning1 our dear convent of 4 ,i was very happy and delighted2 ,i love so much to meet friends again1 and especially these convent meetingsthere is something so heavenly about them4 ,under these black veils it seems as if nothing changes4 ,when a child ,i used to wonder because nuns did not seem to me to grow older4 ,ici viennent mourir les derniers bruits du monde3 ,nautonniers sans rivage1 abordez1 c'est le port4#abf ,this life of union with ,god1 and devotion to souls1 has within it something divine4 ,we know not how great is the calm and serenity resulting from the lofty choice of these hearts4 ,to belong to ,god in the religious life is heaven begun4 ,doubtless there1 as elsewhere1 there are sufferings1 trials1 and crosses2 the separation from all those most dear to one1 the crushing of nature1 the complete and absolute separation from everything which can charm in this world1 to give one's self exclusively to ,god1 in prayer and love1 is a beautiful thing1 but no one1 ,i think1 can say that it is free from pain4 ,assuredly the exchange of terrestrial affections for those which are imperishable cannot be regarded as a loss1 and yet what tears there are in this last farewell of the religious1 who while living consents to die to all her affections6 ,dear ,kate1 we spoke of you4 ,how they love us in this peaceful place of refuge6 ,oui1 c'est un de ces lieux1 o notre cur sent vivre ,quelque chose des cieux qui flotte et qui l'enivre2 ,un de ces lieux qu'enfant j'aimais et je rvais1 ,dont la beaut sereine1 inpuisable1 intime1 ,verse l'me un oubli srieux et sublime ,de tout ce que la terre et l'homme ont de mauvais6#abg #afth4,prayed much for ,france4 8,since this morning10 my mother said to me1 8,i have continually before my eyes the scaffold and the pale and noble countenance of ,marie ,antoinette40 ,poor saintly queen6 what a life and what a martyr's death4 ,after the first days of enchantment which followed her arrival in ,france1 what a long succession of troubles6 ,this ,dauphine of fifteen years old was so exquisitely beautiful that the ,marchal de ,brissac could say to her1 in his chivalrous language3 8,madame1 you have there before your eyes two hundred thousand men enamored of your person02 and a few years later the people cried1 8,death to the ,austrian60 ,never had woman such a destiny4 ,the ,greeks could not imagine a great soul in a body that had no beauty1 nor beauty of person without a noble soul4 ,marie ,antoinette would have been their idol1 their goddess4 ,o holy martyrs of the ,temple6 pray for ,france4 ,the magazine contains a story still more interesting than ,fabiola1 if that is possible3 ,virginia2 or1 ,rome under ,nero4 #aith4,feast of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 this man of miracles1 this humble and great saint1 whose memory will live as long as the world1 who founded admirable works1 who created the ,sister of ,charitythis marvel1 whom even the impious admire1 whom the poor and needy1 the aged1 the infirm1 the wounded1 call 8sister02 whom one finds tending abandoned children2 at the asylum1 the hospital1 on the field of battle1 and in the prison4 ,o charity6 ,letter from ,sister ,louise1 who is1 it seems to me1 drawing near to her ,eternity4 ,she tells me that labor has worn out her strength1 that she cannot write any more1 and sends me two very beautiful little pictures1 which have a sacredness in my eyes as the gift of a dying person4 ,is ,heaven so soon about to claim this sweet cloister-flower8 ,kate1 darling1 you see that ,i cannot lose my favorite habit of confiding to you my thoughts4 ,oh6 why are you not here1 admiring ,margaret1 resplendent with youth1 freshness1 and joy8 ,she is going to write to you1 to ask news of ,zo1 etc4 ,god keep you1 my beloved sister6 ,,july #bi1 #ahfh4 ,have ,i said anything to you about ,margaret's park8 of her conservatory1 worthy of ,italy1 and where ,marcella would like always to remain8 of her birds8 of all the fairy-land which she knows so well how to make us enjoy8 ,lucy's mourning prevents our hosts from issuing many invitations2 but how much ,i prefer our home-party as it is6 ,long excursions among the mountains4 ,many projects for next year4 ,margaret desires that a friendly compact should be agreed to1 which would be a continual interchange of visits3 ,brittany1 ,england1 ,ireland1 ,orleans1 and ,hyres would by turns receive our ,penates4 ,o dreams of youth1 ,o balmy days1 which never will return6 stay with us long4 ,yesterday ,lord ,b1 who had heard of my arrival1 hastened to come and see us4 8,what6 so soon grown up1 ,miss ,georgina80 he exclaimed1 to the exceeding amusement of ,alix4 ,to-morrow we start for ,ireland1 for my own home1 where everything is in readiness for our arrival4 ,what a sorrowful happiness6 ,gertrude lets me look through her manuscript books2 the following lines which ,i found there you will read with as much admiration as myself3 8,this morning ,hlne asked to speak with me1 and this day and hour ,i shall ever remember4 ,the beloved child of my soul1 of my thoughts1 and of my heart desires to become a daughter of ,st4 ,teresa2 she wishes to go1 and speedily4 ,i shall1 then1 see her no more but at long intervals and behind a threatening grating2 another mother will give her her love1 other hands than mine will guide her towards ,god4 ,but she will be thine1 ,o ,lord6 and1 while yet young1 ,i have felt too much the sorrows of this world not to be happy at seeing thee give to her the better part4 ,her avowals1 her innocent confidence1 her purity of soul and intentionall these appeared to me so peaceful that ,i also experienced an ineffable sense of inward peace4 ,go1 then1 since ,god calls thee1 sweet angel of this home1 in which thou wilt leave so great a voidgo2 father and mother will not refuse thee to ,god1 and our prayers and blessings will follow thee60 ,after these heavenly thoughts1 dear ,kate1 ,i leave you4 ,,august #f1 #ahfh4 ,i have received your letter1 dear sister1 joy of my soul1 and to-day must not pass away without my writing to you4 ,o deliciosa6 ,i behold ,ireland again1 my country1 my universe1 the first place in my heart1 where ,i have loved my mother and you4 ,o these memories6the past and present uniting their happiness1 their harmonies1 and their sweetness4 ,the house is the same as evera bit of heaven fallen upon the earth6 ,prayed on our dear tombs4 ,the rose-trees flourish which you planted there4 ,the good ,reginald does everything as well as possible1 as he always does4 ,but oh6 to live here without you1 to see your rooma reliquary which no one enters without me1 and where ,i have put together whatever belonged to you4 ,dear1 dear ,kate1 you say well that ,god has given me other sisterssisters loving and beloved1 but who cannot replace my ,kate4 ,all the village came out to meet us4 ,there were no songsthere were tears3 the ,irish understand one another4 ,poor martyr-country6 ,i am seized with a longing desire to stay here to console these poor people4 ,our dogs were wild with delight1 like that of ,ulysses4 ,dear friend and sister1 do not be uneasy2 that which surmounts all else in my heart is peace1 and peace founded on hope1 as on a foundation of gold4 ,god will deliver ,ireland6 ,he will give us back our forests and our hills1 and we shall no more return to the condition of the proscribed4 ,do you remember the last book we read together1 in the great drawing-room on the venerated spot where we used to see our mother8 ,this book is still on a side-table1 marked at the last page4 ,it is ,rosa ,ferrucci1 the charming ,italian1 who so loved ,milton4 ,nothing is changed2 the wide meadows1 the splendid landscape1 the sunsets behind the giants of the park1 the gold-dust gleaming through the foliage1 the decline of day which we used so to admire together,i have seen it again in its fantastic magnificenceall is there1 even to the smallest tufts of ivy3 but the absent and the dead6 8,and they also are present10 ,ren assures me4 8,they wish you to be courageous and truly ,christian4 ,death does not separate souls40 ,a fraternal letter from ,karl4 8,my heart feels all the impressions of yours in ,ireland4 ,i pray ,god that he may shed happiness upon your path1 and ,i join in all your memories40 ,isa1 ,lizzy1 ,mme4 ,d1 and all our friends must come in turn1 and all together4 ,isa is with me1 pale as a marble ,madonna1 with a heavenly expression in her eyes4 ,her mother almost adores her1 and clings to her in order to live4 ,mme4 ,d fainted away on seeing me4 ,lizzy has recovered her gayety and petulance1 and would fain enliven ,isa4 ,where have ,i read some words of a ,breton who1 in speaking of a young girl called to the religious life1 says1 8,her heart is like a desert08 ,such is ,isa1 athirst for ,god1 in love with the ideal1 a soul wounded with the thorny briers of life4 ,margaret takes in several ,french newspapers4 ,we are reading in the ,ouvrier1 ,les ,faucheurs de la ,mortthe 8,mowers of ,death0a historical drama of unhappy ,poland4 ,it is heartrending4 ,poland and ,ireland1 the two martyrs1 understand each other4 ,will not ,god raise them up a liberator8 ,darling ,kate1 what benedictions are showered upon you in return for your liberalities6 ,what touching questions are put to me6 ,o these good people6 how ,i love them4 ,for the first time ,i am mistress of the house4 ,ren calms my scruples1 and tells me that he is proud of me4 ,o the evening prayers in our own tongue6 ,yesterday ,i thought ,i saw you in your old place1 and nearly cried out4 ,send me your good angel1 ,o best-beloved of sisters6 ,send him to me in the land of ,o',connell 8,first flower of the earth1 first gem of the sea40 ,dear ,kate1 ,i am going to enclose in my letter some beautiful lines by ,marie ,jenna1 the sweet poetess who delights me so much4 ,this poetry is almost ,irish to my heart3 ,,le ,,retour4 ,oui1 je te reconnais1 domaine de mon pre1 ,vieux chteau1 champs fleuris1 murs tapisss de lierre1 ,o de mes jeunes ans s'abrita le bonheur2 ,votre image a partout suivi le voyageur4''' ,vous souvient-il aussi des quatre ttes blondes ,qui si joyeusement formaient de folles rondes8 ,de nos rires bruyants1 de nos clats de voix1 ,nous faisions retentir les chos des grands bois1 ,sans craindre d'offenser leur majest sereine1 ,et plus insouciants que l'oiseau de la plaine4 ,mais1 ainsi qu'un parfum goutte goutte panch1 ,le bonheur s'est tari dans mon sein dessch4 ,de ces bois1 chaque t rajeunit la couronne1 ,la mienne est pour toujours fltrie au vent d'automne2 ,au murmure des vents dans leurs rameaux touffus1 ,au concert gracieux de leurs nids suspendus4 ,au doux bruit du ruisseau qui borda leur enceinte1 ,aujourd'hui je n'ai rien mler qu'une plainte3 ,je ne ris plus4''' ,puis sous le marronnier voici le banc de pierre ,o1 pour nous voir de loin1 s'asseyait notre mre4 ,oh6 comme elle tait belle et comme nous l'aimions6 ,oh6 comme son regard avait de chauds rayons6 ,j'tais le plus petit3 souvent lorsque mes frres ,gravissaient en courant les coteaux de bruyres1 ,bien las1 tranant des fleurs et des branches de houx1 ,je revenais poser mon front sur ses genoux4 ,alors en doux accents vibrait sa voix chrie1 ,et dans mon sein d'enfant tombait la rverie4 ,et maintenant tranant mes pas irrsolus1 ,parmi les chers dbris de mes bonheurs perdus1 ,et les pieds tout meurtris des cailloux de la route1 ,je me retourne encor1 je m'arrte et j'coute3 ,je n'entends plus4''' ,et ce vieux monument1 c'est toi1 ma pauvre glise1 ,a l'ombre d'un sapin cachant ta pierre grise4 ,j'ai salu de loin le sommet de ta croix ,qui scintille au soleil et domine les bois4 ,ici1 je m'en souviens1 j'eus de bien belles heures1 ,qui me faisaient rver des celestes demeures2 ,je contemplais1 ravi1 les sraphins ails1 ,les gothiques vitraux1 les lustres loigns4 ,j'entendais la fois la prire du prtre1 ,et les petits oiseaux jasant la fentre1 ,les cantiques de l'orgue et des enfants de chur1 ,et l'ineffable voix qui parlait dans mon cur4''' ,oh6 que ,dieu soit bni6 que les mains de l'enfance ,au pied de son autel1 sainte arche d'alliance1 ,des fleurs de nos sentiers rpandent le trsor6 ,qu'on brle devant lui l'encens des urnes d'or6 ,que tout vive et tressaille et chante en sa prsence6 ,le bonheur en fuyant m'a laiss l'esprance3 ,je prie encor4'''#abh ,translation of the foregoing4 ,yes1 domain of my father1 well ,i know thee again ,old chteau1 flowery fields1 walls tapestried with ivy1 ,which sheltered the happiness of my youthful years2 ,everywhere your image has followed the wanderer4''' ,also1 remember ye the four flaxen headed children ,who danced so joyously their merry rounds8 ,our noisy laughter and our cries and shouts ,made the wide woods re-echo2 nor did we fear ,thus to offend their majesty serene4 ,more careless we than wild birds of the plain2 ,but like a perfume poured out drop by drop1 ,so happiness is dried up in my breast4 ,each summer1 of these woods renews the crown1 ,the autumn winds for ay have withered mine4 ,with the breeze murmuring in their tangled boughs1 ,with the sweet warblings from their hanging nests1 ,with the soft ripple of their engirdling stream1 ,now can ,i mingle nothing but a moan3 ,i laugh no more4 ,see the stone bench beneath the chestnut shade1 ,where mother sat1 and watched us from afar4 ,how beautiful she was1 and how we loved her6 ,and what warm rays beamed on us from her eyes6 ,i was the youngest2 often1 when my brothers ,climbed up and ran upon the heathy banks1 ,i1 wearily dragging my flowers and holly boughs1 ,would go and lean my head against her knees1 ,and hear the gentle accents of her voice1 ,while on my childish heart a reverie fell4 ,now ,i return again1 ,i stop and listen2 ,but hear no more4''' ,and this old buildingit is thou1 poor church1 ,hiding thy gray stones #8neath the pine-tree's shade4 ,the summit of thy cross ,i hailed from far1 ,in sunshine gleaming1 rising o'er the wood4 ,here1 ,i remember1 happy hours ,i spent1 ,which made me dream of heavenly abodes2 ,i gazed1 admiring1 at the cherubim1 ,the ,gothic windows1 candelabra high4 ,i heard1 together with the prayer of the priest1 ,the little birds about the windows chirping1 ,the organ1 and the children of the choir1 ,and the ineffable voice within my heart4''' ,blessed be ,god6 ,ever may childhood's hands1 ,before his altar1 the sacred ,ark of the ,covenant1 ,scatter the treasure of our way-side flowers6 ,may incense burn in golden urns before him6 ,may all things live1 sing1 gladden in his ,presence6 ,happiness1 fleeing1 still has left me hope3 ,and still ,i pray4''' ,i have wept over every line1 dear sister2 but as for me1 ,i laugh still1 alas6 ,oh6 what a treasure of memories hoarded within my soul of those fair years which your love made so sweet4 ,would you like to have one of my relics1 dearest8 ,,souvenir ,d',,enfance4 ,c'tait dans un bois1 l'ombre des chnes ,et de nos sept ans1 fires toutes trois1 ,n'ayant pas encor ni chagrin ni peines1 ,nous remplissions l'air du bruit de nos voix4 ,nous chantions toujours1 cherchant l'glantine1 ,la fraise sauvage et le joyeux nid1 ,jouant follement sur la mousse fine1 ,et dans ces bats la nuit nous surprit4 ,tremblantes de peur1 dans la fort sombre1 ,et pleurant tout bas1 craignant de mourir1 ,quand autour de nous s'paississait l'ombre1 ,nous ne songions plus nous rjouir4 ,dieu6 quelle terreur6 ,tout faisait silence4 ,sur le vert gazon tombait par instants ,un rameau jauni1 pour nous chute immense6 ,ah6 quelle pouvante et quels grands tourments6 ,mais un cri lointain1 le cri de nos mres1 ,un appel du cur parvint jusqu' nous2 ,nous vmes l-bas briller des lumires4 ,oh6 que ce moment pour toutes fut doux6 ,quels tendres baisers1 quels aims sourires ,calmrent soudain nos folles terreurs6 ,aprs les sanglots nous emes les rires1 ,et de nos rcits tremblrent nos surs4 ,seigneur1 que toujours1 l'heure d'alarmes1 ,quand gronde l'orage1 un ange gardien1 ,une mre tendre arrte nos larmes1 ,et pour nous guider nous donne la main6#abi ,what memories1 dear sister6 ,i had lost my way with ,lizzy and ,isa4 ,my mother was living then6 ,how pale and trembling she was when ,i fell into her arms6 ,and youyou1 my ,kate6 ,,august #ab1 #ahfh4 ,you have comforted me1 dear sister4 ,this place pleases me3 everybody likes it4 ,saw yesterday ,karl's family1 as well as that of ,ellen2 the day before yesterday1 the ,w's4 ,fanny is going to marry a ,german with a great name1 a fervent ,catholic1 in love with ,england1 where he intends to remain4 ,our evenings are delightful4 ,i had promised ,margaret not to read ,pre ,lacordaire1 by the ,pre ,chocarne1 without her4 ,it is admirably fine4 ,the introduction is the definition of the priest such as is given by the great orator of ,notre ,dame himself3 8,strong as the diamond1 tenderer than a mother40 ,there are a thousand things in this book which make my heart beat3 8,o paternal home6 where1 from our earliest years1 we breathed in with the light the love of all holy things1 in vain we grow old3 we return to you with a heart ever young2 and were it not ,eternity which calls us1 in separating us far from you1 we should be inconsolable at seeing your shadow daily lengthen and your sun grow pale60 8,there are wants for which this earth is sterile40 ,what a spring there is of faith and love in words like these3 8,riches are neither gold nor silver1 nor ships which bring back from the ends of the earth all precious things1 nor steam1 nor railways1 nor all that the genius of men can extract from the bosom of nature2 one thing alone is richesthat is love4 ,from ,god to man1 from earth to heaven1 love alone unites and fills all things4 ,it is their beginning1 their middle1 and their end4 ,he who loves knows2 he who loves lives2 he who loves sacrifices himself2 he who loves is content2 and one drop of love1 put in the balance with the universe1 would carry it away as the tempest would carry away a straw40 ,the ,pre ,lacordaire speaks admirably of cloisters3 8,august palaces have been built1 and magnificent tombs raised on the earth2 dwelling-places well-nigh divine have been made for ,god3 but the wisdom and the heart of man have never gone further than in the creation of the monastery40 ,the first disciple and brother of ,pre ,lacordaire1 the saintly young ,hippolyte ,rqudat 7whose soul was so pure that when1 at twenty years of age1 he threw himself at the feet of a priest1 owning that he had never1 since his ,first ,communion1 been to confession1 having nothing of which to accuse himself1 unless that he wished much evil to all the enemies of ,france7 used every day to say to the ,blessed ,virgin3 8,obtain for me the grace to ascertain my vocationto learn the way in which ,i could do the greatest possible amount of good1 lead back the greatest number of souls to the church1 and be most chaste1 humble1 charitable1 active1 and patient40 ,he died of consumption at the age of twenty-two1 and his death made a deep wound in the heart of the ,pre ,lacordaire4 8,rqudat was a soul as impassioned in its self-devotion as others are in selfishness4 ,to love was his life1 but to love to give rather than to receive2 to give himself always1 and to the greatest number possiblethis was his dream1 his longing1 his martyrdom4 ,devoted to an ardent pursuit of that which is good1 tyrannized over by this noble love1 he had not time to see any evil40 ,a friend of his was ,piel1 an eminent architect1 who joined him to become also a son of ,st4 ,dominic8,a lofty soul1 an heroic heart1 incapable of a divided affection1 and from the first moment aspiring after the highest perfection1 admirably formed to be a great orator as well as a saint1 of whom his friends used to say that his language reminded them of the style of ,pascal40 ,with the ,pre ,lacordaire was also ,hernsheim1 a converted ,jew1 a frank1 intelligent1 and profound mind1 from whence issued from time to time thoughts which had a peculiar charm about them1 mingled with a sweet and penetrating unction4 ,the ,pre ,besson1 an artist like ,piel1 and the ,fra ,angelico of ,france1 was also of the number2 and1 lastly1 the ,pre ,jandel1 now general of the order4 ,mme4 ,swetchine was like the good genius of ,pre ,lacordaire3 8,who does not know this1 now80 asks the ,pre ,chocarne4 8,who has not read the life and works of this woman1 whom death has crowned with a glory all the more pure and radiant because she had so carefully concealed it during her life8 ,who does not know this ,russian with a heart so ,french1 this convert to the ,catholic faith1 so gentle towards beliefs and opinions differing from hers1 the masculine understanding in the woman's heart1 the spirit of ,joseph de ,maistre in the soul of ,fnelon1 the charity1 so delicate and tender1 of this woman who said of herself3 #8,i would no more be made known to the children of men but by these words3 ,she who believes2 she who prays2 she who loves'60 ,this is beautiful4 ,can you picture to yourself the impression made upon us while ,adrien is reading this aloud8 ,every one is breathless2 the twins and ,anna1 their eyes wide open1 their hands joined1 seem to devour this eloquence4 ,the soul of the orator of ,notre ,dame has passed into that of his son in ,jesus ,christ4 ,all is magnificent1 and makes one deeply regret that the grand figure which appeared among us with the double aureole of sanctity and genius so soon disappeared from the world4 ,a great and wonderful history is this1 too little really known6 ,have we not heard the most absurd fables told in reference to ,pre ,lacordaire8 ,i want your prayers1 dear ,kate1 for a grand project3 we wish to bring ,isa's mother to agree to live with her sister4 ,lizzy would be the daughter of the two1 and the ,lord's dear chosen one would go to 8the place of repose which she has chosen40 ,it will be difficult to manage1 but ,i have a presentiment of victory4 ,good-by1 dear ,kate1 for the present4 ,,august #bj1 #ahfh4 ,o ,temps6 suspends ton vol1 et vous1 ,heures propices1 ,suspendez votre cours2 ,laissez-nous savourer les rapides dlices ,des plus beaux de nos jours4#acj ,we have been singing this while floating on the lake4 ,picciola proposes to take up her abode for a year at ,aunt ,georgina's4 ,i have installed her as dame and mistress of my little school4 ,what joy6 ,isa's mother is beginning to understand4 ,i have been getting so many prayers for this6 ,she yesterday said1 after having listened very calmly to what ,i had to say3 8,dear ,georgina1 ,i feel that ,god inspires you2 but only think how ,i have been broken down1 and what need ,i have of ,isa60 ,poor mother6 ,o these vocations6a terrible secret which rends so many souls4 8,let the dead bury their dead60 ,i need all my faith in the ,gospel to admit that these words were said by our merciful ,saviour4 ,st4 ,bernard1 the saint of ,mary1 the honey of ,mary1 will succeed in gaining this material heart1 which hesitates before the greatness of the sacrifice4 ,we have finished our splendid reading4 ,this evening we shall take ,klopstock4 ,we all find that nothing equals this intellectual pleasure of interchanging our impressions while reading together4 ,we separate at eleven4 ,i am taking some views1 being desirous of transporting my part of ,ireland into ,france4 ,margaret has written to ,mistress ,annah to offer her the post of governess to the charming baby4 ,we expect her answer to-day4 ,the baptism took place on the #aeth4 ,it was splendid4 ,have seen ,sarah1 whose son has been illalways amiable1 with a tinge of melancholy1 caught1 no doubt1 by the side of the cradle4 ,my duties are so multiplied that ,i should be quite unequal to them without ,ren4 ,what a pleasure it is to do for others what they have done for me6 ,send me always your good angel1 my best beloved4 ,,august #bf1 #ahfh4 ,what a fte for my mother1 the evening of the #bdth6 ,all the echoes resounded with it4 ,in two days hence we are to go to ,fanny's marriage1 which takes place in ,dublin4 ,great preparations2 but ,anna is unwell1 and this spoils our joy4 ,marcella has suffered so much that she trembles at the least shock4 ,lucy will remain here with our ,italians2 we cannot return for a week4 ,but the great piece of news ,i have to tell you is this3 ,isa enters the convent of on the #hth of ,october4 ,i have obtained this exchange4 ,carmel alarmed the poor mother too much2 and1 besides1 the health of our friend is too much shaken to be able to support the austerities of ,st4 ,teresa4 ,the two families of the ,d will go with us to ,dublin1 and we shall accompany ,isa4 ,what a ,te ,deum we ought to sing6 ,the timid child had never owned to her mother the ardor which consumed her2 the death of ,georgethe nephew so passionately loved1 sole heir of so noble a name1 and betrothed to ,isa from childhoodappeared to ,mme4 ,d the death of everything1 and she lived 8extinguished40 ,oh6 how ,i rejoice at this success4 ,margaret and ,isa1 both once so sad1 and now with their hearts in an eternal spring6 ,let us bless ,god together1 dear ,kate6 ,do you recollect ,mgr4 ,dupanloup's words3 8,one breathes1 in this land of ,ireland1 ,i know not what perfume of virtue which one finds not elsewhere40 ,,august #ca1 #ahfh4 ,ren is writing to you4 ,we know that ,anna is well1 and we are enjoying the worldlinesses of ,dublin4 ,fanny was touching under her veil4 ,your dear name1 my beloved ,kate1 was mentioned1 ,i know not how often4 ,o kind ,ireland6 ,if ,i had to tell you all the graceful things that were said to me1 ,i should fill my paper4 ,how pleasant it is to be loved6 ,fanny did not weep on seeing me2 she and her mother are unequalled in their serenity2 consolation has been sent them from on high4 ,a vision is spoken of4 ,i did not like to ask any questions1 but it is certain that something extraordinary has occurred4 ,o dear ,kate6 how fair is life4 ,i was saying so yesterday to ,ren while we were looking at the stars2 for the night was splendid4 ,do you know what he answered8 8,heaven is fairer2 earth is but its echo1 its far-off image1 its imperfect sketch2 and it is death which opens heaven to us40 ,words like these from the lips of ,ren make me shudder4 ,oh6 to die with him would be sweet1 but not to live without him4 ,pre ,lacordaire said3 8,death is man's fairest moment4 ,he finds assembled there all the virtues he has practised1 all the strength and peace he has been storing up1 all the memories1 the cherished images and sweet regrets of life1 together with the fair prospect of the sight of ,god4 ,if we had a lively faith1 we should be very strong to meet death40 ,fanny starts to-morrow for ,france1 ,switzerland1 and ,germanya long journey2 we remain at present1 so as in some measure to fill up the void a little4 ,why are you not here to witness our reunion8 ,oh6 how strong is the love of one's country4 ,i am inebriated with my native air2 we sing our old ballads2 we turn over with ,adrien the history of the past4 ,ask of our good ,god that this may last a long time1 dear ,kate6 ,erin mavourneen6 ,erin go bragh6 ,,september #f1 #ahfh4 ,mistress ,annah is come1 dear sister4 ,i wept with all my heart on embracing her4 ,dear old mistress ,annah6 how wrinkled and thin she has become2 always upright and stiff as an ,englishwoman1 and her memory enriched with ,italian stories which will charm baby's childhood4 ,margaret has chosen for the beautiful innocent the name of ,emmanuela blessed name1 which well bespeaks the happiness of our friend4 ,lord ,william made royal largesses to the poor in the name of the new-born heir4 ,twelve orphans will be provided for at the expense of ,emmanuel4 ,mistress ,annah is longing to see and hear you4 ,margaret promises her this happiness for next spring4 ,you may be sure that no fatigue will be imposed on the dear old lady4 ,the pension given her by ,lord ,william made her independent2 but our belle ,anglaise feared the isolation of old age for her devoted heart1 and it will be a happiness to both to watch the growth of baby4 ,a messenger has just arrived4 ,te ,deum1 dear ,kate6a little daughter is born to ,lizzy4 ,everybody is delighted2 they have sent for us2 ,i am going with ,ren4 #gth ,september4,in an hour the baptism1 so that ,isa may be present2 then she says farewell to her family1 and we take her away4 ,the angel fallen from heaven is to be called ,isa4 ,marcella1 ,adrien1 and ,gertrude have joined us4 ,joy and grief meet at this moment4 ,you will be astonished at the sudden departure of our ,isa2 but ,lizzy wishes it thus1 hoping that the poor mother will let herself be interested by the festivities and the visitors4 ,the last number of the magazine has caused me a sensation4 ,in it is an account of the beautiful scene on the ,pincio1 in ,october1 #ahfd1 8at the hour when the sun1 sinking towards the sea of ,ostia1 lights with a golden gleam the cross which surmounts the dome of ,st4 ,peter40 ,do you remember1 dear ,kate1 the ,pope appearing in the midst of the crowd1 which bent before him with so much reverence1 and the long shouts of ,viva ,pio ,nono which saluted his departure8 ,o ,rome1 ,rome1 my other country1 the eternal country of those who believe1 hope1 and love,rome of ,st4 ,peter and of ,pius ,,ix4,i salute thy image and thy memory6 ,dear sister1 ,lizzy requests your prayers4 ,she is well1 radiant1 and full of gratitude to ,god4 ,her good husband is in transports1 and the little one so pretty under her gauzy curtains4 ,she has not cried yet1 so we think she will resemble ,isa1 her godmother4 ,do you not like this prognostic8 ,let us both pray1 dear ,kate6 ,adrien has again read us the two fair contemporary pages about ,ireland,mgr4 ,dupanloup at ,st4 ,roch1 and ,mgr4 ,mermillod at ,st4 ,clotilde4 ,o these words68,the first powers of our time1 the two most illustrious and rich1 are a ,prince despoiled and a people in rags,pius ,,ix41 who extends to you his royal hand1 and ,ireland1 who asks you for bread60 #aah ,there is in this life but one possession worthy of envy,liberty4 #aai ,good or worthy father 7old74 #abj ,each mortal has his own2 this protecting angel1 ,this invisible friend1 keeps watch around his heart2 ,inspires and guides1 uplifts him if he fall1 ,receives him at the cradle1 stays by him to the tomb1 ,and1 bearing up to heaven his soul within his arms1 ,presents it1 trembling1 to the ,lord of all4 #aba ,o thrice happy1 thrice blessed day6 come to fill all our hearts with infinite happiness4 #abb ,a slight refreshment taken by ,french children between the morning and evening meal4 #abc ,this nest1 this soft mystery1 is a mother's love4 ,children1 touch it not6 #abd ,being unable to create anything1 you must destroy nothing4 ,children1 touch it not6 #abe ,few are the days in life which offer charms enough ,to make us weep when evening brings their close4 #abf ,hither the world's last echoes come to die3 ,land1 shipwrecked mariners2 the port is here4 #abg 8,yes1 'tis one of those abodes where our heart feels itself enlivened by something of heaven which floats around itone of those abodes which as a child ,i loved and of which ,i used to dream1 whose beauty1 serene1 inexhaustible1 penetrating1 sheds upon the soul a serious and sublime forgetfulness of all that is evil on earth or in man40 #abh ,marie ,jenna1 ,elvations ,potiques et ,religieuses4 #abi ,,memories ,,of ,,childhood4 ',twas in a wood1 in the shadow of the oaks1 ,we children three1 all proud of our seven years1 ,unknowing yet of trouble or of care1 ,with our resounding voices filled the air4 ,singing we wandered seeking the eglantine1 ,wild strawberries1 and nests of singing birds1 ,gambolling wildly on the fine1 soft moss1 ,till night o'ertook us in our careless play4 ,trembling with fear1 within the forest dark ,we wept in silence1 fearing we should die2 ,and when around us thicker shadows fell1 ,never1 we thought1 should we see joy again4 ,heavens6 what terror4 ,everything was still4 ,on the green1 mossy turf at times there fell ,a withered branch1 to us a fall immense2 ,for oh6 what fear and torment were we in4 ,but hark6 a distant cry1 our mother's call1 ,and loving voices reached our listening ears1 ,while through the wood we saw the gleam of lights ,oh6 to us all what sweet relief and joy4 ,what tender kisses1 and what welcome smiles1 ,now quickly tranquillized our foolish fears6 ,after our sobs1 we laughed for very joy1 ,e'en while our sisters trembled at our tale4 ,lord1 grant that ever1 in our anxious hours ,and stormy days1 an angel guardian1 ,a tender mother's hand1 may dry our tears1 ,and guide our steps along the path of life4 #acj ,o ,time6 suspend thy flight1 and ye1 propitious ,hours1 ,suspend your course2 ,suffer us to enjoy the swift delights ,of these our fairest days4 ,,aphasia ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,language ,,and ,,thought4 ,the relation of language to thought as a theme of discussion has busied the pens of philosophical writers from very early times1 and the later aspects of the controversy do not promise a speedy agreement of views4 ,whatever new light1 therefore1 recent discoveries in science may shed on this much-vexed question ought to be welcomed as helping to increase of knowledge concerning a matter which cannot escape the serious consideration of the teachers of philology4 ,at present ,messrs4 ,max ,mller and ,whitney most strongly incline to opposite views2 and before coming to the subject of aphasia as affecting the question1 it may be well to take a cursory view of the field of controversy4 ,the old or scholastic belief is that language was in the first instance divinely communicated1 and this opinion its upholders strove to maintain by a variety of reasons4 ,authority and tradition were chief among these1 though they did not by any means neglect philological and ethnological considerations4 ,in ,france the ,vicomte de ,bonald undertook the support of this view on the same line as that now held by ,max ,mllerviz41 that it is impossible to have a purely intellectual conception without a corresponding word or series of words to represent it2 whence1 according to him1 it follows that the word must have accompanied the thought1 and1 man being unable to originate the one without the other1 both must have been originally communicated4 ,max ,mller says3 8,as a matter of fact1 we never meet with articulate sounds1 except as wedded to determinate ideas3 nor do we ever1 ,i believe1 meet with determinate ideas1 except as bodied forth in articulate sounds40 ,he strongly insists on the correctness of this view1 and argues it at length4 ,professor ,whitney takes direct issue with him1 and maintains that there is the widest separation between language and thought4 ,according to him1 language can be said to be of divine origin only in so far as man was created with the capacity for its formation just as he was created capable of making clothes for himself1 and of wearing them4 ,such being the state of the question1 we will proceed to consider that abnormal condition of the nervous system which has been denominated aphasia1 and afterwards indicate our opinion as to which view the facts established by it go to sustain4 ,aphasia1 defined by ,dr4 ,hammond as a diseased condition of the brain1 was not understood till quite recently4 ,it is an affection of that organ by which the idea of language or of its expression is impaired4 ,it is not mere paralysis of the vocal chords1 nor of the muscles of articulation1 nor the result of hysteriawhich conditions are denominated aphonia1 or voicelessnessbut depends on a lesion or injury wrought in that portion of the brain which presides over the memory of words and their co-ordination in speech4 ,the loss of the memory of words is styled amnesic aphasia1 the other ataxic aphasiatwo ,greek derivatives which explain very clearly the two separate conditions4 ,a single typical case will exhibit the usual manner of the approach of this trouble1 its development and termination4 ,an ,english banker1 a resident of ,paris1 recently went out in his carriage well as usual1 and on his return1 as he was stepping to the sidewalk1 fell heavily forward1 but did not lose consciousness4 ,his whole right side was paralyzed1 and1 on attempting to speak1 he could not articulate a word2 he barely succeeded in uttering a few unintelligible sounds4 ,during twelve days the paralysis continued1 but after that gradually subsided1 till in the course of a few months he was able to move about4 ,strange to say1 however1 the power of speech did not return1 and for eight months he could no more than articulate a few words incoherently4 ,nothing in the case of this gentleman openly indicated an impairment of the intellect2 for he could neither read nor write in consequence of his paralyzed condition4 ,there was undoubted loss of the memory of words1 since his vocabulary was limited to two or three2 and there was likewise ataxic aphasia1 since his words were jumbled unmeaningly together4 ,the recorded cases of this disease are very numerous1 many of them differing in their individual features1 but all exhibiting a greater or less degree of both forms mentioned4 ,the case just cited will suffice to enable the reader to understand the interest felt by psychologists and physiologists alike to ascertain whether1 by the discovery of a uniform and constantly-recurring lesion in a certain portion of the brain1 the seat of language in that organ might be determined4 ,dr4 ,gall1 with the view of completing his system of phrenology1 referred speech-function to that part of the brain lying on the supra-orbital plate behind the eye4 ,spurzheim1 ,combe1 and others of the phrenological school held the same view4 ,but this was a mere conjecture on their part1 and it was not till minute anatomy had already localized several other important functions that a fair promise was held out that the brain-organ of speech might be likewise located4 ,experiments without number were made by ,bouillaud1 ,cruveilhier1 ,velpeau1 ,andral1 ,broca1 and ,dax in ,france2 ,hughlings1 ,jackson1 ,sanders1 ,moxon1 ,ogle1 ,bateman1 and ,bastian in ,england2 ,von ,benedict and ,braunwart in ,germany2 ,flint1 ,wilbur1 ,seguin1 ,fisher1 and ,hammond in ,americaall tending to confirm the localization of the function1 though not agreeing as to the exact spot4 ,the mode of procedure usually consisted in making a post-mortem examination of those who during life had suffered from aphasia2 and though it was an extremely difficult matter to bring all the cases under a uniform standard1 enough was discovered to assign the function in question to the left anterior lobe of the brain4 ,we do not pretend to regard the question as settled2 for no less authorities than ,hammond in our own country1 and ,prof4 ,ferrier in ,england1 seem to consider both hemispheres of the brain as equally concerned4 ,still1 it is significant that out of #ede cases examined by different authorities1 #ead favor the left anterior lobe of the brain1 while but #ca are opposed to such a conclusion4 ,assuming1 then1 as amply demonstrated that some portion of the anterior convolutions of the brain is the seat of the faculty of speech1 the question arises1 ,can that part of the brain which is concerned in the process of ideation continue to perform its functionsi4e41 originate true ideas of which the mind is consciouswithout the memory of the words which usually represent those ideas or the power to co-ordinate them8 ,it is evident that1 no matter how the question may be met1 we possess in the discoveries to which aphasia has led a most important contribution to the controversy concerning the relation of language to thought2 for if it can be shown that the mental faculties are unimpaired during the existence of the aphasic condition1 the conclusion would go to favor ,prof4 ,whitney's view that thought is independent of speech2 whereas if it can be shown that during the same condition the mental powers are very much debilitated or frequently suspended1 we find an unexpected support given to ,max ,mller's opinion that without language there can be no thought4 ,we would state in advance that the portion of the cerebral substance which is concerned in the production of thoughtor1 as neurologists have it1 is the centre of ideationentirely differs from that which is the reputed seat of the faculty of speech2 so that the question may read3 ,does the centre of ideation continue to operate while the speech-centres are in a diseased condition8 ,aphasic individuals usually retain all the appearances of intelligence3 their eyes are full of expression2 their manner of dealing with surrounding objects is quite the same as if they were in possession of all their faculties2 when asked to point out material objects1 they unhesitatingly do soin a word1 to the extent that objects are their own language their intellect remains unimpaired4 ,but they exhibit a remarkable deficiency in the power of co-ordination1 since this is a pure relation not symbolized by anything material4 ,material objects possess in their outlines and sensible qualities enough to discriminate and individualize them2 and hence1 through perception1 they reach the centres of ideation1 and are as readily understood by the aphasic as though their names were fully known4 ,this is made manifest in their writing when1 as occurs only in a few cases1 the aphasic retain the power of using the pen4 ,thus we read in ,trousseau of the case of an aphasic named ,henri ,gunier1 who could not write the word 8yes10 though capable of uttering it in an automatic way without seeming in the least to understand its meaning4 ,yet he could write his own name1 though nothing else1 evidently for the reason that the was the object of most frequent recurrence to his mind1 and that which consequently he could most readily apprehend through its sensible characteristics1 and could thereby connect with his own name2 whereas 8yes10 as the symbol of affirmation1 found no counterpart in the sensible order4 ,the same author relates the case of a man who1 so far as he could make himself intelligible1 boasted of retaining his intellective and memorative powers unimpaired1 and yet1 on being put to the test1 he could not construct the shortest sentence coherently4 ,when a spoon was held before him1 and he was asked what it was1 he gave no answer2 when asked if it was a fork he made a sign of denial1 but when asked if it were a spoon he at once replied in the affirmative4 ,it must be remembered that in all these cases the power of utterance1 so far as it is a muscular process1 remained unimpaired1 but there was true amnesic aphasiai4e41 the recollection of the words was lost4 ,there are some cases of partial aphasia which possess an interest quite peculiar1 since its victims frequently regain the entire power of speech1 and are able to relate the results of their experience4 ,a celebrated professor in ,france spent a vacation-day reading ,lamartine's literary conversations1 when towards evening he was attacked with partial aphasia4 ,fearing lest he was threatened with paralysis1 he moved his arms and walked up and down the room1 in doing which he experienced no difficulty2 but when he resumed his reading1 he found it scarcely possible to understand a sentence4 ,the individual words were intelligible enough1 but he could not follow out the sequence of the thoughts4 ,of course during the attack he could not utter a word1 though able partially to comprehend what was said to him1 as he afterwards declared4 ,here indeed is a most instructive instance of impaired intellect1 occurring as it did in a man whose brain was usually in a very active state1 and whose mind was highly cultivated4 ,does it not strongly confirm the belief that1 even while the organic instrument of thought was unimpaired1 its functions were temporarily suspended8 ,another case is that of a man of good literary attainments1 who pretended that he could still understand what he read1 but who could not discover the mistake when the book was presented to him reversed4 ,there can be no doubt1 then1 that aphasia unerringly points to a most intimate dependence between language and thought1 and that1 as ,max ,mller says1 without language there can be no thought4 ,but why is it that in regard to objects possessing sensible qualities aphasic individuals exhibit no impairment of intellectual power8 ,we will answer1 ,because with regard to such objects these are their own language1 and the functions of the perceptive and ideational centres are as active in their regard as though the faculty of speech were intact4 ,a tree is known by its branches and leaves to the deaf mute as well as it is by its name to those possessing all their faculties4 ,whatever circumscribes and differentiates an object of thought is its language4 ,for1 after all1 is not language conventional and arbitrary1 the outer symbol of a subjective phenomenon8 ,the symbol may be of any sort whatsoever1 but the thought cannot be known without a symbol of some sort4 ,now1 the qualities of sensible objects1 in so far as they serve to circumscribe the objects and to discriminate them from all others1 become their language4 ,this is rendered more evident when we reflect that ,locke's theory1 according to which sensible objects are but an aggregate of sensible qualities1 is generally rejected1 and the opinion admitted that under these qualities there resides a true substance impervious to the senses and known to us only as inference from the former4 ,therefore the sensible qualities are the symbol of the substance identified with it2 of course in so far these are but the substance modified in such or such a manner4 ,this is why aphasics find no trouble in forming ideas of material things1 though they may forget their names4 ,but why is aphasia ataxicthat is1 incapable of co-ordinating words8 ,because co-ordination expresses the relation between the objects co-ordinated1 and relation is not represented1 and cannot be represented1 by anything in the sensible order4 ,they belong to the purely intellectual order1 and the only symbol that existed by which they were known being lost1 there remains no longer any means of circumscribing and differentiating them4 ,paul and ,peter may be well known to the aphasic,paul as such1 and ,peter as suchbecause the sensible qualities of both render them recognizable2 and not only that1 but the different qualities pertaining to both enable him clearly to distinguish the one from the other4 ,but if he is told that ,peter is taller than ,paul1 he understands nothing4 ,and why8 ,because the proposition implies the relation of comparison1 in which there is nothing sensible4 ,indeed1 he perceives ,peter to be tall and ,paul to be diminutive1 but he does not perform the intellectual process called judgment1 which is interpreted in the proposition1 ,peter is taller than ,paul4 ,in like manner1 when there is question of purely intellectual conceptions which can be symbolized by nothing sensible except names1 the aphasic are incapable of reaching them4 ,virtue1 power1 and malice are meaningless sounds in their ears1 and equally unintelligible is what these words represent4 ,the reason is because the symbols by which these ideas were conveyed to the mind are lost1 and there is nothing left by which virtue can be known or discriminated from power and malice4 ,whatever circumscribes and differentiates a thought is its language1 and this can be done only by a symbol4 ,now1 if we consult our own consciousness1 we will find that it is impossible for us to conceive of what is purely intellectuali4e41 possessing no sensible traitsif we lose sight of the word which represents it4 ,affirmation and negation are of this sort1 and it is entirely impossible to disconnect the idea of either from some word or series of words4 ,the idea1 indeed1 is not the spoken word1 but is painted by it as it were on the canvas of the mind1 and hence was called by ,aristotle the word of the mind4 ,all this is attested in the case of aphasics4 ,the language-mechanism of the brain is disarranged2 there is forgetfulness of words1 accompanied by inability to arrange them in proper order so as to be remembered2 the ideational centre remains intact1 but is inoperative with regard to such thoughts as have their sole symbol in words4 ,it is true that some aphasic individuals retain for a time certain impressions which belong to the purely intellectual order2 but this can be accounted for only by supposing that the brain centres of ideation are endowed with certain registering powers capable of retaining impressions for a short while after their active operation is suspended4 ,but when the disease is of long continuance those impressions gradually fade1 and the patient is reduced to the condition of an untaught deaf mute4 ,he has lost the formul of thought1 and therefore cannot think4 ,trousseau says3 8,a great thinker1 as well as a great mathematician1 cannot devote himself to transcendental speculations unless he uses formul and a thousand material accessories which aid his mind1 relieve his memory1 and impart greater strength to thought by giving it greater precision40 ,but where the sole 8material accessory10 as ,trousseau calls it1 is absent1 how can a person think8 ,we use the word in a higher sense2 for children incapable of speech1 and animals1 exercise a certain amount of thought in respect to surrounding objects2 but thinking1 in the sense of reasoning1 abstracting1 and comparing1 outlies their capacity1 just as it does that of aphasic individuals4 8,without language10 says ,schelling1 8it is impossible to conceive philosophical1 nay1 even any human1 consciousness2 and hence the foundations of language could not have been laid consciously4 ,nevertheless1 the more we analyze language1 the more clearly we see that it surpasses in depth the most conscious workings of the mind40 ,and ,hegel says3 8,it is in names that we think40 ,this exactly explains what occurs in the case of aphasics4 ,the principles of science1 the sequence of ideas1 the links of an argument1 are not understood by them2 for they are1 as children and animals1 capable merely of receiving the impressions which material objects make on their sensory organs4 ,it is true that a few aphasics have been known to be expert chess-players2 and though this is as hard to account for as the apparent feats of reasoning accomplished by animals of the lower order1 still we would no more rank expertness at such a game among the higher attributes of reason than we would the sagacity of a dog or of an elephant4 ,this point is well touched upon by ,trousseau1 who says3 8,i believe that the same thing obtains in metaphysics as in geometry4 ,in the latter case a man may vaguely conceive space and infinity without any precision or measure2 but if he wishes to think of the properties of space1 and more particularly of the special properties of the figures which bound spaceas1 say1 conic sectionsit is impossible that his mind does not immediately see the curves proper to a parabola1 a hyperbola1 and an ellipse4 ,in metaphysics1 on the other hand1 ,i believe that a man cannot think of the special properties of beauty1 justice1 and truth1 for instance1 without immediately giving a material form1 as it were1 to his thoughts1 by using concrete examples1 and without associating words togetherwords which represent concrete ideas1 and which then stand in the same relation to particular metaphysical ideas as figures do to determinate geometric ideas40 ,the same may be said of universal ideas4 ,these are1 subjectively viewed1 mere concepts of the mind2 objectively they have a foundation in the object4 ,now1 that object is present to the aphasic1 and he recognizes it by its sensible properties2 but when there is question of viewing one or two properties as possessed in common by a number of objects1 he finds himself unequal to the task4 ,in a word1 he cannot generalize1 and this is one of the highest acts of reason4 ,we would insist upon the distinction between words representing purely material objects and those which interpret to us supersensible thoughts2 for not a few physiologists have fallen into error by not observing this distinction4 ,thus ,prof4 ,ferrier1 of the ,west ,riding ,lunatic ,asylum1 says3 8,in aphasia1 consequent as it usually is on disease of the left hemisphere1 the memory of words is not lost1 nor is the person incapable of appreciating the meaning of words uttered in his hearing40 ,from this it is evident that the learned professor neglected to note the distinction alluded to2 and because an aphasic did not fail to appreciate the meaning of certain words representing material things1 therefore he concluded in a general way that he did not fail to appreciate the meaning of words4 ,indeed1 we have nowhere noted the distinction1 and it is curious that1 in all the cases recorded of the clinical history of this disease1 physicians have invariably propounded to their patients as test-words such words as fork1 spoon1 pen1 boots1 and all such as pertain to the material order of things4 ,prof4 ,whitney certainly did not take note of these facts when he asserted the entire independence between language and thought4 ,he regards man as capable of conceiving new thoughts apart from all representative symbols1 and then finding for them a vocal expression4 ,this1 as we have seen1 is in direct antagonism with the data of aphasia4 ,the chief flaw in ,prof4 ,whitney's reasoning is that he starts from false premises when he limits language to mere spoken or articulate sounds4 ,he seems to ignore the question when he says3 8,in all our investigations of language we find nothing which should lead us to surmise that an intellectual apprehension could ever1 by an internal process1 become transmuted into an articulated sound or complex of sounds40 ,the implied premise in this sentence is erroneous1 since it is entirely possible that it be associated with some other symbol1 borrowed from a material source1 which is its language1 its expression1 and makes it something entirely distinct from the intellectual apprehension4 ,indeed1 here lies the secret of metaphorical language1 and of its extensive use among those tribes of men whose philosophical vocabulary is limited4 ,,light ,,and ,,shadow4 ,in golden pomp at morn and eve ,the purple mountains rise1 ,with banners bright of waving green ,gay flaunting to the skies2 ,but upward toiling1 panting1 slow1 ,patient the fleetest step must go4 ,a winding pathway through the vale ,entices weary feet2 ,the shining waters sing of peace1 ,the morning breeze is sweet2 ,but nook or covert there is none ,to shelter from the noonday sun4 ,the fainting trav'ller turns aside ,to seek the woodland shade ,beyond the thicket1 stretching cool1 ,invites the mossy glade ,but thorny is the tangled way1 ,and devious paths his steps betray4 ,the fleeciest cloud that graceful floats ,in summer skies of light1 ,within a veil of tender mist ,conceals the tempest's might2 ,and winds that stir with softest breath ,are freighted with the seeds of death4 ,the loveliest blossom that unfolds ,its beauty to the day ,must yield its treasured fragrance up1 ,then droop and fade away2 ,and greenwood birds that sweetest sing ,are soonest gone on flitting wing4 ,the undertone of earth's delights ,in sorrow's pensive sigh ,is mingled with the echoing breeze ,ere joy's glad accents die ,of all the strains that saddest float ,are requiems blent with triumph's note4 ,,chicago1 ,october #ad4 ,,jean ,,ingelow',s ,,poems4#aca ,jean ,ingelow is now over fifty years of age4 ,for some time past she has devoted herself chiefly to graceful prose1 in which her pure and playful imagination seems to have found sufficient vent4 ,she can never be removed from the company of the poets1 however1 notwithstanding her apparent purpose of withdrawal1 so far as we may surmise a possible design by her neglect of versification4 ,that she has demonstrated her possession of genuine poetic feeling cannot be denied4 ,the volume before us is sufficient proof of this4 ,whenever she has permitted herself to be simple1 lucid1 and natural1 her verses' not only pleasethey charm4 ,she is one of the minor poets sincerely belovednot in so great a degree as ,adelaide ,procter1 or ,christina ,rossetti1 because she is not equally successful in expressing the universal sentiments of the heart1 and because she wanders from the unambitious poetry of natural feeling into the tricky and artificial1 whither the multitude will not voluntarily follow4 ,she is not always in one mood1 as ,adelaide ,procter is2 and her joy1 when sincere1 and not fictitious and artful1 is sometimes exceedingly attractive andwhat is its truest testbecomes infectious1 pervading the reader's mind and carrying the emotions away into its own atmosphere4 ,we never smile at ,adelaide ,procter's joy4 ,her smiles are sadder than her tears4 ,she smiles like a dying saint1 whose pallid features proclaim that the effort is inspired by something higher and more mysterious than the pleasure of the world4 ,it is as ,shakspere says3 8,seldom he smiles1 and smiles in such a sort1 as if he mocked himself1 and scorned his spirit1 that could be moved to smile at anything40 ,jean ,ingelow possesses enough perception of real humor to throw1 here and there1 winsome flashes of merriment over very sombre pictures1 especially in genre scenes like that depicted in 8,the ,supper at the ,mill40 ,indeed1 it may be safe to say that if she unloosed the flimsy chains of artificiality in which she has bound her muse1 that very affected maid would prove frolicsome and mischievous2 but her mistress prefers a decorousness of behavior which1 by this time1 must have dulled her own sense of the ludicrous1 while supplying additional keenness in that direction to her critics1 and furnishing new and irresistible models for hilarious parody1 as we shall see4 ,it is impossible to read through a volume of her poems without coming to this conclusion3 that she has a poetic stock-in-trade4 ,let us make an inventory of it4 ,first1 there are the birds2 secondly1 certain flowers and grasses2 thirdly1 a set of stereotypes composed of peculiar comminglings of sea1 sky1 ships1 and stars4 ,this poetic stock is1 as it were1 all duly classified and labelled1 and the whole is arranged with scientific calculation as to drafts1 at intervals1 upon the several departments4 ,matthew ,arnold1#acb modestly defending his own attempts toward translating ,homer into ,english hexameter1 hopes to make it clear that he at least follows 8a right method10 and that1 if he fail1 it is 8from weakness of execution1 not from original vice of design40 ,jean ,ingelow is guilty1 we think1 of 8original vice of design40 8,weakness of execution0 is infallibly certain to follow4 ,in selecting her poetic stockwhich is1 in itself1 vice of designshe deepens the folly by being persistently fantastical4 ,it is not enough to choose birds1 grasses1 and particular flowersthese are an integral part of all descriptive poetry2 but1 in order to make them her especial poetic stock1 she calls them by a curious and grotesque nomenclature1 whose terms were undoubtedly devised with an ultimate view toward picturesque artificial composition4 ,her birds are not the sweet-syllabled singers of classic song2 she eschews the nightingale and lark for jackdaws1 wagtails1 grouse1 coot1 rail1 cushat1 and mews4 ,her grasses and flowers are less grotesque and better adapted to sentimentalism in style3 marigolds1 foxglove1 heather1 daffodilsvery fond is she of daffodilsorchis1 bluebells1 golden-broom1 vetches1 anemone1 cloverher muse is very often in cloverling1 marybuds1 cowslips1 and cuckoo-pint4 ,the bee appears with industrious frequency2 his colors and his business are alike serviceable in a kind of composition both picturesque and fantastic1 ,he is as full of available verbal suggestion as of honey4 ,the ships are invariably bowing to each other1 to the land1 or to the port4 ,the figure is a good one1 and true1 but its recurrence soon renders it tiresome and exposes the dryness of the poet's fancy4 ,and after all ,shakspere has been beforehand with her4 ,in the ,merchant of ,venice ,antonio is told that his mind is tossing on the ocean1 where his argosies with portly sail1 like signiors and rich burghers of the flood1 8,do overpeer the petty traffickers1 ,that curt'sy to them1 do them reverence1 ,as they fly by them with their woven wings40 ,the seawhich has supplied all the poets1 from ,homer down1 with noble and beautiful images1 lofty1 grand1 awful1 terrible1 or simply lovely1the sea to ,jean ,ingelow is as a sleek servant who comes in to fill up a gap in the discourse or provide a necessary digression in the narrative4 8,a ,sea ,song0 contains nothing of the sea except 8salt sea foam0 repeated4 ,her sea1 stars1 sun1 and moon are all domestic4 ,they perform no higher functions than the pipes of parsley or 8the green ribbon0 that 8pranks the down40 ,her sun either 8stoops0 or is 8level02 her moon 8droops02 the sea is usually 8level10 and when disturbed1 never awakens any sense of the sublime4 ,nothing more than her apparent imbecility in poetic treatment of the sea is wanting to dispose of the hope that ,jean ,ingelow can ever become a better poet than she appeared to be in her first volume4 ,mrs4 ,browning1 in one of her earlier efforts1 8,the ,seraphim10 makes ,ador and ,zerah speak of 8the glass sea-shore40 ,but we do not remember noting a recurrence of the expression throughout her tens of thousands of lines4 ,mrs4 ,browning seems to have been conscious that she was unequal to an adequate depicting of marine grandeur1 and she rarely attempts it1 except in an instant's lofty sweep remindful of ,homeras if she caught a single breath of his inspiration1 and pressed it into her verse4 ,she had more imagination than ,jean ,ingelow2 ,jean has the readier fancy4 ,mrs4 ,browning's conceptions of the awe and beauty of the sea were far above her power of description1 whose efforts are often turgid and swell into bombast2 so she does not attempt1 except in modest discretion1 to write of the sea at all4 ,miss ,ingelow1 on the contrary1 discovers the ocean only at her feet1 or through the limited vision of a pretty opera-glass4 ,thus it becomes a mere commonplace in her stanzas2 she is frivolous where ,mrs4 ,browning would have been turgid had she not been cautious4 ,the sea1 indeed1 has wrecked most of the poets who did not hug the shore4 ,only the few greatest of the number have been able1 like ,jason1 to tempt its unknown breadth1 and fewer still return from ,colchis without a ,medea to torment them4 ,the sea will always be the final touchstone of poetic genius4 ,of recent poets1 ,tennyson has been most ambitious and most successful2 but his best ocean views may be seen from along the shores of the neid4 ,the little 'scapes which are strictly his own are artificial and under-done2 his pigment is only the residuum of lapis-lazuliultramarine ashes4 ,jean ,ingelow's 8vice of design0 is very sadly shown1 too1 in her vocabulary4 ,she wanders about in dusty1 unused dictionaries1 searching out odd1 obsolete1 obscure1 and ambiguous words4 ,because a term is confessedly obsolete is no sound reason why it should not be revived2 but there is no justification for inserting it in a text where it must play the unbecoming part of a conspicuous intruder who can make no satisfactory excuse for his presence in uncongenial company4 ,where the silenced lexicons do not afford the desired material1 she is not loath to make new combinations1 and we are harassed by 8bewrayed10 8amerce10 8ancientry10 8thrid10 8scorpe10 8eygre10 8chine10 8brattling10 etc4 ,the best illustration of the artificiality and affectation of her style is found in one of her most pleasing and most popular poems1 and it would be deservedly much more popular were these blemishes of etymology and simperings of rhetoric removed4 ,we quote stanzas enough of 8,divided0 to exhibit her individuality both of thought and diction3 8,an empty sky1 a world of heather1 ,purple of foxglove1 yellow of broom2 ,we two among them1 wading together1 ,shaking out honey1 treading perfume4 99 99 99 99 99 8,flusheth the rise with her purple favor1 ,groweth the cleft with her golden ring1 ',twixt the two brown butterflies waver1 ,lightly settle1 and sleepily swing4 99 99 99 99 99 8,hey the green ribbon6 ,we kneeled beside it1 ,we parted the grasses1 dewy and sheen2 ,drop over drop there filtered and slided ,a tiny bright beck that trickled between4 8,tinkle1 tinkle1 sweetly it sung to us1 ,light was our talk as of fary bells1 ,fary wedding bells faintly rung to us ,down in their fortunate parallels40 ,the 8beck0 grows into a widening stream and divides them4 8,a shady freshness1 chafers whirring1 ,a little piping of leaf-hid birds2 ,a flutter of wings1 a fitful stirring1 ,a cloud to the eastward snowy as curds4 99 99 99 99 99 8,stately prows are rising and bowing 7,shouts of mariners winnow the air71 ,and level sands for banks endowing ,the tiny green ribbon that shows so fair40 ,in the last two verses ,miss ,ingelow1 unconsciously forgetting her previous straining after literal effects1 writes these true thoughts1 which are the most finely poetical in the entire poem3 8,and yet ,i know past all doubting1 truly ,a knowledge greater than grief can dim1 ,i know1 as he loved1 he will love me duly1 ,yea better1 e'en better than ,i loved him4 8,and as ,i walk by the vast1 calm river1 ,the awful river so dread to see4 ,i say1 #8,thy breadth and thy depth for ever ,are bridged by his thoughts that cross to me4'0 ,only artificial poems can be well parodied1 and the parody holds the mirror up to the artifices1 so that even the author must make confession4 ,the cleverest burlesques which have reached the public of late1 reproducing in an exaggerated form the faults of the modern affected school of poetry1 are those of ,c4 ,s4 ,calverley4#acc ,the merit of his rhymed farceswhich is precisely what he makes of his modelsis nowhere more happily illustrated than in the following1 which needs no introduction4 ,it is entitled 8,lovers1 and a ,reflection03 8,in moss-prankt dells which the sunbeams flatter 7,and heaven it knoweth what that may mean2 ,meaning1 however1 is no great matter71 ,where woods are a-tremble1 with rifts atween2 8,through ,god's own heather we wonned together1 ,i and my ,willie 7,o love1 my love672 ,i need hardly remark it was glorious weather1 ,and flitterbats wavered alow1 above2 8,boats were curtsying1 rising1 bowing 7,boats in that climate are so polite71 ,and sands were a ribbon of green endowing1 ,and ,o the sun-dazzle on bark and bight6 8,through the rare red heather we danced together 7,o love1 my ,willie671 and smelt for flowers2 ,i must mention again it was gorgeous weather ,rhymes are so scarce in this world of ours3 8,by rises that flushed with their purple favors1 ,thro' becks that brattled o'er grasses sheen1 ,we walked or waded1 we two young shavers1 ,thanking our stars we were both so green4 8,we journeyed in parallels1 ,i and ,willie ,in fortunate parallels6 ,butterflies1 ,hid in weltering shadows of daffodilly ,or marjoram1 kept making peacock eyes2 99 99 99 99 99 8,and ,willie 'gan sing 7,o1 his notes were fluty2 ,wafts fluttered them out to the white winged sea7 ,something made up of rhymes that have done much duty1 ,rhymes 7better to put it7 of #8ancientry'2 99 99 99 99 99 8,oh6 if billows and pillows and hours and flowers1 ,and all the brave rhymes of an elder day1 ,could be furled together this genial weather1 ,and carted1 or carried1 on wafts away1 ,nor ever again trotted outay me6 ,how much fewer volumes of verse there'd be60 ,miss ,ingelow's most pretentious poem1 next to 8,divided10 is the 8,letter ,l40 ,it has all her characteristic faults1 intensified by a curious jog-trot metre3 8,we sat on grassy slopes that meet ,with sudden dip the level strand2 ,the trees hung overheadour feet ,were on the sand4 99 99 99 99 99 8,and let alighting jackdaws fleet ,adown it open-winged1 and pass ,till they could touch with outstretched feet ,the warmd grass40 ,and so on4 ,calverley has a little versification entitled 8,changed40 ,mark how ingeniously adroit he is in getting the jog-trot3 8,i know not why my soul is racked ,why ,i ne'er smile as was my wont2 ,i only know that1 as a fact1 ,i don't4 8,i used to roam o'er glen and glade1 ,buoyant and blithe as other folk3 ,and not unfrequently ,i made ,a joke4 99 99 99 99 99 8,i cannot sing the old songs now6 ,it is not that ,i deem them low2 ',tis that ,i can't remember how ,they go40 ,calverley's exhilarating volume1 by the way1 is not all parody2 many of its numbers are original expressions of as pure fun1 capitally expressed1 as mirth ever conceived or art wove into verse4 ,jean ,ingelow is not altogether artificial4 ,occasionally she writes a terse truth3 8,one striking with a pickaxe thinks the shock ,shall move the seat of ,god02 or falls into a simple1 unaffected strain3 8,far better in its place the lowliest bird ,should sing aright to ,him the lowliest song1 ,than that a seraph strayed should take the word ,and sing ,his glory wrong40 ,hers is that oft-quoted couplet3 8,is there never a chink in the world above ,where they listen for words from below80 8,the ,carpenter10 relating the touching story of his wife's death to 8,the ,scholar10 says with happy directness3 8',tis sometimes natural to be glad2 ,and no man can be always sad1 ,unless he wills to have it so40 8,the ,high ,tide on the ,coast of ,lincolnshire0 is widely popularized by lyceum readers1 who find its energy well fitted for semi-dramatic recitation2 and certain divisions of the 8,songs of ,seven10 notably 8,love0 and 8,giving in ,marriage10 possess lyrical richness4 ,the thought of ,jean ,ingelow's poems is always clean-of-heart2 she eschewsgenerallypsychological tendencies1 and1 although far from lucid1 her longer flights of speculation are merely curious1 obscure1 and fanciful rather than vicious or misleading4 ,indeed1 according to her measure of grace1 she is abjectly devout1 worshipping with ,eastern blindness a ,deity of whose attributes she conceives only one,love2 and1 in the humble resignation of a sightless child1 she casts herself into the arms of her notion of what that ,love is1 and rests there1 content to seek no knowledge outside herself4 ,but even within these sacred limits her disposition to artificiality in expression unconsciously enters1 to mar1 with incongruous ornament1 the limpid thought3 8,for1 ,o my ,god6 thy creatures are so frail1 ,thy bountiful creation is so fair1 ,that1 drawn before us1 like the ,temple veil1 ,it hides the ,holy ,place from thought and care1 ,giving man's eyes instead its sweeping fold4 ,rich as with cherub wings and apples wrought of gold4 8,purple and blue and scarletshimmering bells ,and rare pomegranates on its broidered rim1 ,glorious with chain and fretwork that the smell ,of incense shakes to music dreamy and dim1 ,till on a day comes loss1 that ,god makes gain1 ,and death and darkness rend the veil in twain40 ,literal criticism of ,jean ,ingelow is1 however1 abashed and almost silenced by the essence of her verse1 which1 in its chastity and beauty1 is above the touch of cavil4 ,she is one of our few contemporaneous poets who can look upon the face of her own work without a blush4 ,apparently past the zenith of her productive talent1 she may look gratefully back upon her modest and constant rise1 and say3 8,nothing is here for tears1 nothing to wail ,or knock the breast40 ,she need not avert her gaze from any line1 and plead that the public forgets it was hers and a woman's4 ,wanting the genius of poetry1 her inspiration has been only that of intense poetic feeling wrought out by the canons of verse2 but1 although only one of many in this respect1 the work itself is far above the average of its class4 8,many fervent souls ,strike rhyme on rhyme who would strike steel on steel1 ,if steel had offered1 in a restless heat ,of doing something4 ,many tender souls ,have strung their losses on a rhyming thread1 ,as children cowslipsthe more pains they take1 ,the work more withers ''' ''' ,alas6 near all the birds ,will sing at dawn1 and yet we do not take ,the chaffering swallow for the holy lark40 ,while the popular magazines and the newspapers are daily lowering the standard of taste1 and degrading and corrupting the sources of literary enjoyment as well as of personal honor and actual virtue1 the regret is irresistible that a pleasing versifier like ,jean ,ingelow should not contribute more to a total of general reading into which what is known as 8popular poetry0 so largely enters4 #aca ,jean ,ingelow's ,poems4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #acb ,essays in ,criticism1 p4 #ccd4 #acc ,fly-,leaves4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,terra ,,incognita2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,convents ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,kingdom4 ,by ,john ,nicholas ,murphy4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,an unknown land indeed is this that ,mr4 ,murphy traversesunknown1 it is to be feared1 not only to his 8,protestant fellow-subjects of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 for whose information it has been written0 and to whom it is dedicated by the author1 but also to too many of his ,catholic fellow subjects1 as well as to ,catholics generally4 ,the book is1 in brief1 a history of the growth and spread of the religious ,orders in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 the greater portion of it being devoted to their work and increase since a removal of the penal statutes enabled them to return in safety to the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the interest of the narrative is simply absorbing4 ,the work accomplished by the ,orders in face of a multitude of difficulties and dangers seems little short of the miraculous4 ,they crept back singly or in little groups from ,france and ,belgium1 whence the first ,french ,revolution drove them out4 ,thither they had flown for refuge when the greater revolution of the sixteenth century banished them and their faith from what had been a land of saints4 ,units gathered units1 brothers brothers1 sisters sisters1 ,congregations other ,congregations1 ,orders affiliated ,orders1 and within less than a century we behold the consecrated yet desecrated soil of ,england and ,ireland dotted with religious houses1 asylums1 schools1 colleges1 where the old faith is taught and practised4 ,those who are in search of the heroic1 the sensational1 the pathetic1 the marvellous1 should read this book4 ,their appetite will be satisfied with a healthy food4 ,it is the old story over and over again of what can be accomplished by those who are really inflamed with a love of ,god and their neighbor4 ,no one can rise from the story of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul or ,nano ,nagle without a moistening of the eye and a better feeling in his heart4 ,mr4 ,murphy's book was published some years ago1 and the extracts from secular and ,protestant journals in ,great ,britain and ,ireland show how truly he met a popular want at a time when men like ,mr4 ,newdegate were bent on satisfying their own morbid curiosity and insane hatred of ,catholicity by forcing themselves on the peaceful communities of ,catholic ladies4 ,if we have any ,newdegates among us1 they would do well to take up ,mr4 ,murphy's volume1 and see for themselves how these 8dark and cloistered women0 spend their lives4 ,the present volume is a new and improved edition4 ,as the author tells us in the preface1 8,the statistics of convents have been largely amplified and brought down to the present day4 ,several chapters have been re-written1 and eleven new chapters have been introduced40 ,,the ,,catholic',s ,,latin ,,instructor ,,in ,,the ,,principal ,,church ,,offices ,,and ,,devotions4 ,for the use of choirs1 convents1 and mission schools1 and for self-teaching4 ,by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,caswall1 of the ,oratory4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,father ,caswall has done the ,catholic laity a great service by this ,instructor4 ,as he truly observes in his preface1 8,a knowledge of ,latin is not needed for ,catholic worship4''' ,nevertheless1 to those whose education admits of it an acquaintance with those portions of the ,latin ,liturgy which are in most frequent public use must ever be a legitimate and worthy object of interest40 ,accordingly1 he has put himself to the very considerable trouble of preparing a manual1 which1 although an experiment1 will be found1 we have no doubt1 all that is needed for enabling the laity of either sex1 who have an ,english education1 to make themselves familiar with the language of the church's liturgy4 ,it deals with grammar as little as possible1 he says1 yet there will be found in ,part ,,ii4 more grammar than his words may lead us to suppose4 ,moreover1 there are ample directions given1 at every turn1 for the right use of the book4 ,the work is primarily designed1 as the title-page indicates1 for choirs and mission-schools4 ,with regard to choirs1 it is superfluous to observe how much better and more pleasing to ,god is an intelligent than a non-intelligent singing of the ,latin4 ,with regard to schools1 especially those where elementary instruction in secular ,latin is given1 8,catholics will enjoy10 says our author1 8in the living character of the language as used in the church offices1 a great and singular advantage40 ,and further1 8,what better food for the mind can we offer to our children10 he asks1 8than the simple translation from ,latin into ,englishafter a method easy alike to girls or boysof what they constantly hear and often join in singing in church80 ,then1 as to the adult laity1 there is 8a large class of persons who1 while provided with missals and prayer-books abounding in ,latin text and side-by-side translations1 yet1 from want of a very little practical insight1 fail to derive from these manuals the advantage intended4 ,others there are1 devout persons of either sex1 who might greatly profit by the occasional use of ,latin prayers1 but are restrained 7and ladies especially7 by an idea that in order to this they must first have a complete knowledge of ,latin4 ,such a bugbearfor it is little elsewill1 let us hope1 quickly yield to a steady practice of the present exercises40 ,the work consists of two ,parts3 8,part ,i4 containing ,benediction1 the choir portions of ,mass1 the ,serving at ,mass1 and various ,latin prayers in ordinary use2 ,part ,,ii4 comprising additional portions of the ,mass1 ,requiem ,mass1 ,litany of the ,saints1 ,vespers1 ,compline1 and other offices and devotions1 with a short ,grammar and ,vocabulary40 ,the only stricture we have to make regards the pronunciation of ,a4 ,the author says3 8,a1 when fully sounded1 is to be pronounced as a in far4 ,examples3 ,pater1 ,parter2 laudamus1 laudarmus2 ora1 orar40 ,this is a very strange mistake4 ,had he heard1 as we have1 8,gloriar rin in excelsis10 8,benedictar res10 8super omniar rest10 etc41 he would never have directed that 8a should be pronounced as a in far40 ,we are aware that the ,english r is fainter than the ,irish or ,american4 ,still1 should not h be substituted for r in the above8 ,pahter1 laudahmus1 orah are the exact sounds4 ,with this very small exception1 then1 we can only speak of ,father ,caswall's manual with unqualified praise1 and hope it may obtain the wide circulation it deserves4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,discourses ,,delivered ,,on ,,special ,,occasions4 ,by ,bishop ,ullathorne4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 8,these discourses10 says their distinguished author in his preface1 8are called ecclesiastical because they were either addressed to ecclesiastics or treat on ecclesiastical subjects4 ,they form a volume embracing certain points of pastoral theologya subject on which we have very little that is ,catholic in our language1 if we except the excellent little book by ,canon ,oakeley40 ,they will therefore be specially valuable to our clergy1 while1 at the same time1 the bishop 8trusts there is much in them which may offer solid instruction to thoughtful ,catholic laymen40 ,one of the most important1 and the one to which we particularly invite the attention of our readers1 both clerical and lay1 is that on mixed marriages1 8delivered on occasion of the ,fourth ,diocesan ,synod of ,birmingham40 ,bishop ,ullathorne is not afraid to speak plainly on this subject4 ,indeed1 his language is startling but leaves no room for question of its truth4 ,he speaks1 too1 from an extensive experience of the evils resulting from mixed marriages4 ,here is a passage 7the italics are our own71 p4 #hi3 8,it would be as unjust as ungenerous not to admit that there are ,protestants who loyally keep the promises they have made in marriage with ,catholics1 and who truly respect the faith and religious exercises of their ,catholic spouse1 and fulfil their pledges respecting the education of their children4 ,but prudence looks to what generally happens1 and not to the exceptional cases4 ,and wisdom never runs any serious risks in matters of the soul4 ,the individuals1 and even the families1 that have fallen from the church through mixed marriages1 amount to numbers incredible to those who have not examined the question thoroughly2 and the number of ,catholics bound at this moment in mixed marriages1 who live in a hard and bitter conflict for the exercise of their religion1 for that of their children1 and in certain cases for the soundness of their moral life1 could they1 with all the facts1 be known1 would deter any thoughtful ,catholic from contracting a mixed marriage40 ,the bishop has extended this discourse in order to give the early discipline of the church on the matter4 ,he further makes his argument impregnable by citations from popes and councils4 ,moreover1 he concludes the instruction 8with an admirable passage from the synodal address published by the hierarchy of ,australia02 and the condition of ,catholics in ,australia1 as regards the ordinary excuses for mixed marriages1 bears striking resemblance1 be it remembered1 to their position here4 ,,every-,,day ,,topics3 ,a ,book of ,briefs4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgf4 ,to one person at least1 and to one only1 this volume of ,topics is likely to be of lasting interest4 ,that person is the author4 ,the ,topics are short articles on a variety of subjects which have appeared from month to month in ,scribner's magazine4 ,they are of about the average length of an ordinary newspaper article1 and of about equal depth4 ,they lack the newspaper liveliness1 however1 and the ,english is in great part of that slipshod style that is mistaken by so many nowadays for an evidence of careless strength4 8,familiarly didactic0 is the character that ,dr4 ,holland in his preface seems to claim for this and others of his books1 and the very phrase stamps the man4 ,the book is tiresome1 prosy1 and fussy4 ,any one of the articles is too long for its purpose2 what1 then1 must a volume of them be8 ,dr4 ,holland is apparently a ,christian or nothing4 ,he is for ever prating about 8the church0 and attacking 8the world40 ,it is to be feared that his ,christianity is of a very vague character4 ,his zeal is unfortunately without knowledge4 ,he is constantly making grave mistakes with the most solemn confidence in his own infallibility1 and thunders away on every kind of subject with a 8trenchant ignorance0 that would be amusing did it not touch such grave matters4 ,dr4 ,holland may have the best intentions in the world1 but he would do well to weigh his words a little before undertaking to champion 8the church40 ,what particular 8church0 is he for ever defending8 ,the ,christian ,church1 he would doubtless reply4 ,but which is the ,christian ,church8 ,this is a question that ,dr4 ,holland is quite capable of undertaking to decide in a future 8,topic10 and he would do not only his own readers but the world at large infinite service by making this matter clear once for all4 ,we are quite justified in putting this question to ,dr4 ,holland2 for everybody knows what a ,catholic means when he speaks of 8the church40 ,but in ,dr4 ,holland's 8church0 it is doubtful whether ,catholics are allowed a place4 ,at least1 we should judge so from the manner in which he treats of them whenever their name occurs in the ,topics4 ,,linked ,,lives4 ,by ,lady ,gertrude ,douglas4 ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,the ,english ,catholic journals greeted this story with such an unusual flourish of trumpets that we were led to expect something extraordinary in the way of novel-writing4 ,it is extraordinary in no sense4 ,it is not even extraordinarily bad4 ,it is eminently dull1 altogether commonplace1 and only saved from utter insipidity by here and there an indication of real power4 ,of course it relies for its main interest on the good old ,english ,catholic story-themeconversion4 ,to relieve the monotony of this subject1 probably1 the author sprinkled the narrative with dashes of what is meant for sensation4 ,she takes us to the dens of thieves1 to the reformatory1 the prison1 the court of justice4 ,such scenes may be rendered excitingby a ,dickens or a ,victor ,hugo4 ,we are very happy to see that ,lady ,gertrude ,douglas is not at all at home among them4 ,all this portion of the book reads pretty much like an ordinary police report1 and all the desire in the world on the reader's part cannot invest ,katie ,mc,kay or any of her companions with even a touch of the interest that ,dickens threw around ,nancy ,sykes4 ,such themes should not be touched at all unless they can be made elevating4 ,it takes a very experienced1 strong1 yet tender hand to bare the ulcers and foul sores of society4 ,the process is a most delicate one4 ,if well done1 it excites pity1 remorse1 sorrow1 indignation1 that such things can be among ,christian peoples2 if ill done1 it is revolting and only excites disgust4 ,great pains have been bestowed on the delineation of the character of ,mabel ,forrester1 and not without success4 ,indeed1 she and her brother ,guy1 who is killed off too early1 are almost the only interesting persons in the volume4 ,by the way1 what a lugubrious story it is6 ,everybody is constantly down at the mouth4 ,poor ,guy is killed at a yacht-race1 which he has just won4 ,katie ,mc,kay throws herself into the sea with her babe1 which has been chloroformed 767 by ,katie's sister2 and we could almost wish that ,katie had been left in the sea4 ,she is dragged out1 however1 to receive two years' imprisonment4 ,the rascal whom she married dies in prison4 ,her sister dies in her bed1 but with a strong intimation that she is likely to be consigned to the lower regions4 ,there are several other deaths of minor consequence2 and finally1 after being induced to accompany ,mabel on a voyage to ,australia1 to assist at her wedding with her elderly lover1 ,hugh ,fortescuewho1 of course1 is in the last stage of consumption at the timethe vessel takes fire and ,mabel perishes4 ,equally of course1 ,hugh1 as soon as he receives the news1 dies also1 8aged fifty-three10 as the tombstone erected to his memory in ,australia informs us4 ,surely1 after all this1 we may say with ,macbeth that we have 8supped full of horrors10 and1 like him also1 we feel none the better for them4 ,a great fault with the book1 too1 is that the fate of every one is foreshadowed early in the story1 and the recurrence of such remarks as 8,but we must not anticipate10 8,but of that anon10 is peculiarly exasperating when the whole murder is out in the very sentence that occasions such a remark4 ,the convert-making is far too labored1 and there is too much of it4 ,we should not have been at the unpleasing pains to write of this book as we have done1 did we not see signs in it of a really good ,catholic story-writer1 who is likely to be spoiled for any future work worthy of the name by the injudicious praise which has been lavished on this1 which we take to be her first book4 ,the lady can describe natural scenery well1 can touch a tender chord with true pathos1 can display strength at times4 ,she only needs more interest of plot1 and to avoid scenes and characters of which she knows little or nothing4 ,all the plot in the present volume consists of the slowly-dragged-out conversion of ,mabel to ,catholicitywhich religion clashes with the creed of the elderly and by no means pleasant parson to whom she is affiancedand the consequent breaking off of the match4 ,finally he also is converted1 and the dnoment is as given above4 ,to tag five hundred and twenty-five pages of a story on a plot of such very slender device is rather overweighting it4 ,the ,french scenes are the best in the book1 and even they are needlessly marred by what the author doubtless considers a beautythe supposed literal translation of the ,french characters' speech into ,english1 which is a barbarism4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac for the ,united ,states1 for the ,year of ,our ,lord #ahgg4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,the season would scarcely be itself without this admirable little annual4 ,it is always bright1 instructive1 and amusing1 and the number for the present year shows no falling off in these qualities4 ,the first portion of the ,almanac contains the usual calendars1 astronomical and ecclesiastical1 with the information respecting ,catholic feasts and fasts necessary for the coming year4 ,among the biographical sketches1 that of ,dr4 ,brownson claims the first place4 ,it is illustrated by an admirably-executed portrait4 ,there are excellent portraits also of ,bishop ,verot1 ,archbishop ,connolly of ,halifax1 ,n4 ,s41 ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,moriarty1 ,o4,s4,a41 ,rev4 ,francis ,piquet1 ,pius ,,vii41 ,vittoria ,colonna1 all accompanied by brief but interesting sketches4 ,there are1 as usual1 pictures of old ,catholic landmarks in this country1 ,ireland1 and other lands1 with pleasing descriptions4 ,among these1 that of ,st4 ,joseph's ,church1 in ,philadelphia1 is especially interesting4 ,in addition to the complete and very valuable list of the popes1 which was published for the first time last year1 and is wisely retained in the present number1 there is a complete catalogue of the kings of ,ireland1 from the ,firbholg conquest down to the landing of ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england4 ,to this is appended some valuable historical remarks4 ,indeed1 there is not a page of this ,almanac that can be called dull1 and its cheapness happily places it within easy reach of every reader4 ,we only wish that such cheapness and real excellence could be oftener combined in ,catholic books4 ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,by ,agnes ,m4 ,stewart1 authoress of ,margaret ,roper1 etc4 #hvo1 pp4 #cfe4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,the lot of ,sir ,thomas ,more was cast in troublous times4 ,he lived amid storms that wrecked many a noble life1 and yet no man ever bore throughout a serener soul or a happier and gayer disposition4 ,his character is a study of the most healthful sort2 for it exhibits the rare picture of a man who deemed the sacrifice of power1 wealth1 place1 friends1 and life itself1 to principle and conscience1 too ordinary a duty to excite surprise4 ,on whatever side we view the man1 the hero comes to light4 ,he lived in an atmosphere of his own creation1 and whoever came within its influence left it a better and wiser mortal4 ,he was1 in the best sense of the word1 a ,christian philosopher and statesman4 ,he would jest with ,erasmus in antique phrase as though he had but returned from the portico1 while a hair-shirt nettled his skin and his soul communed in frequent ejaculation with its ,creator4 ,as a letter-writer he will ever hold a foremost rank because of his sense1 humor1 wit1 and grace of expression4 ,even the careless construction of some of his letters possesses a charm2 for there you see the man disclosing himself without reservecareful1 indeed1 that the picture be a true one1 but indifferent as to the setting4 ,what could be more delightful than his letters to his children while these were under the care of a tutor at home and he was engrossed by the weighty concerns of office8 ,he flies to the pen as a refuge from distracting thoughts1 and pours out his soul to his little ones with a sweet abandon2 he is sportive and grave by turns and veils deep philosophy and wise counsels beneath the garb of a fresh and mirthful phraseology4 ,he evidently believed with ,horace3 8,quamquam ridentem dicere verum ,quid vetat80 8,and how can you want matter of writing to me1 who am delighted to hear either of your studies or your play1 whom you may then exceedingly please when1 having nothing to write of1 you write as largely as you can of that nothing1 than which nothing is more easy for you to do1 especially being women1 and therefore prattlers by nature1 amongst whom a great story riseth out of nothing40 ,he then advises them to be careless in nothing1 but to bestow conscientious pains on all their performances4 ,the homelife of ,sir ,thomas affords us the best glimpse of the true character of this great man1 and lends a new and sad significance to the scene which occurred between his heart-broken daughter and himself1 as he tottered1 haggard and emaciated1 to the block4 ,he loved his home as the pupil of his eye1 and sighed for it when duty called him away4 ,with even such a shrew as his second wife he contrived to make his a model household1 where refinement1 piety1 and cheerfulness ever reigned4 ,smart retort and repartee1 brilliant things and witty sayings1 were the salt which lent savor to many a pious reflection and devout allusion while the family shared their daily meals4 ,thus did ,sir ,thomas1 by being a devout ,catholic and a lover of learning1 convert a possible home of bickering and discontent into one which nurtured peace1 contentment1 happiness1 and hope4 ,unless we pause to study ,sir ,thomas ,more in his home at ,chelsea1 we will fail to discern the peerless knight1 the virtuous man1 the lover of religion1 the sententious philosopher 7all which he was71 amid the grime and lustful air of ,henry's court1 8,where the individual withers1 and the world is more and more40 ,next to ,sir ,thomas as father1 friend1 and husband1 the reader loves to view him in his exalted capacity of chancellor4 ,from him indeed1 the title has acquired its synonymous meaning with unblemished integrity and purity immaculate2 for throughout his whole political career he never recognized friend or foe as such2 he treated all alike with unswerving impartiality4 ,and in pursuing this course he obtained the reward which he especially desired3 the testimony of a good conscience4 ,he felt that1 though 8there are innumerable hopes to innumerable men1 he is happy who is happy day by day02 and this is just the sort of happiness which is born of a good conscience4 ,his decisions bore the mark of his sterling sense and unyielding will1 and though many exceptions had been taken to his renderings by those whose interests he countered1 not a single reversal could be obtained1 while others degraded their high offices and stooped to pander to the lustful instincts of the king4 ,more studied to grace the chancellor's gown by the practice of every virtue pertaining to the dignity of his position1 and shone forth more brilliantly by contrast with the pliant tools of ,henry4 8,velut inter ignes ,luna minores40 ,the speech which he delivered on the occasion of his investiture will ever remain a model of dignity and modesty4 ,while deprecating the praise bestowed on him by the ,duke of ,norfolk1 he failed not to express his just appreciation of the high and important trust to which he had been called1 and this in language so fitting and graceful that his admirers likened him to ,cicero4 ,miss ,stewart1 who but a short time ago gave to the world a charming novelette with the title of the ,chancellor and his ,daughter1 addressed herself to the task of compiling these memoirs with laudable enthusiasm1 such1 indeed1 as no one acquainted with the subject could fail to experience4 ,here is a hero-worship of the right sort1 growing out of the virtues and learning of her idol1 and so far not to be reckoned with ,macaulay's stupid admiration of ,william ,,iii4 or ,carlyle's still more fatuous veneration for ,frederick of ,prussia4 ,she has earned a new title to the esteem in which she is held in ,england4 ,the book contains an admirable autotype fac-simile of the celebrated picture of the meeting between the chancellor and his daughter4 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,the ,,spiritual ,,life4 ,by ,father ,francis ,neumayr1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is a poor translation of an excellent little book on ascetical theology4 ,francis ,neumayr was born in ,munich in #afig4 ,early in life he entered the ,society of ,jesus1 and1 having finished his studies1 taught theology with great success during a number of years4 ,he was then sent to fill the pulpit of the ,cathedral of ,augsburg1 and during the ten years in which he held this position acquired an extraordinary reputation as an orator4 ,he did not1 however1 confine himself to preaching1 but wrote on various subjects relating to the religious controversies of his age4 ,his writings were very popular in ,germany1 and some of them made their way throughout ,catholic ,europe4 ,the ,science of the ,spiritual ,life1 which is one of his most widely-known works1 is a compendium of what has been called the 8science of the saints40 ,it is written with good judgment and a thorough knowledge of the subject1 in a style which is concise without being obscure4 ,there is nothing in it which the simplest cannot readily understand1 and yet there is everything that the most learned could desire4 ,,missale ,,romanum ex ,decreto ,sacros4 ,concilii ,tridentini restitutum1 ,s4 ,pii ,v4 ,pontificis ,maximi jussu editum1 ,clementis ,,viii4 et ,urbani ,,viii4 auctoritate recognitum4 ,editio ,ratisbonensis ,x4 hujus forma altera missis novissimis aucta4 ,cum textu et cantu a ,sacrorum ,rituum ,congregatione adprobato4 #ahgf4 ,ratisbon1 ,neo ,eboraci1 et ,cincinnatii3 ,sumptibus1 chartis1 et typis ,frederici ,pustet1 ,s4 ,sedis ,apost4 et ,sacr4 ,rituum ,congreg4 typographi4 ,this beautiful and finely-printed ,missal fully sustains the reputation that ,mr4 ,pustet has already gained for his liturgical books4 ,the paper on which it is printed is of the finest quality1 and the type by far the best we have yet seen4 ,special praise is due to the printing of the notation in the prefaces and other musical portions of the work1 which is singularly distinct and clear4 ,the ,missal is adorned with many fine and artistic pictures1 and all the introits are embellished with finely executed initial letters4 ,the proof-sheets have all been read by the ,sacred ,congregation and approved4 ,,margaret ,,roper2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,chancellor ,,and ,,his ,,daughter4 ,by ,agnes ,stewart1 ,authoress of ,florence ,o',neill1 ,the ,foster-,sisters1 etc4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this little book will amply repay perusal4 ,the heroine1 ,margaret ,roper1 the favorite daughter of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 was the model of a noble ,christian woman1 worthy in every way of her gifted and heroic father4 ,sir ,thomas ,more was1 in the truest and broadest sense of the words1 a grand character1 a peerless ,christian knight without fear and without reproach1 true to his honest convictions1 to his friends1 true to the faith for which he died with the calm heroism of the early martyrs4 ,his murderto borrow the language of one of his biographerswas one of the blackest crimes ever perpetrated in ,england under the form of law4 ,time has only increased the admiration which his grand virtues extorted from his bitterest enemies1 and the most bigoted ,protestants venerate his name more than that of ,cranmer or ,cromwell1 the unprincipled tools of the heartless tyrant1 ,henry ,,viii41 who deluged ,england with innocent blood4 ,his letters to his daughter1 skilfully interwoven into the narrative1 form a very interesting feature of the volume before us4 ,the character of the greatest of ,english chancellors is sketched by the authoress with historical fidelity1 and the picture of his celebrated daughter is drawn with equal devotion to historic truth4 ,a ,,preparation ,,for ,,death4 ,done out of ,french4 ,chicago3 ,w4 ,f4 ,squire4 #ahgf4 ,this is an excellent little book1 quite cheap1 and well adapted for the sick room4 ,it was originally 8done out of ,french0 by a writer in ,dublin and has been reprinted in this country by the present publisher4 ,it consists of short prayers1 exhortations1 and reflections on the ,passion of ,our ,lord4 ,the imprimatur of ,bishop ,foley is attached4 ,another work1 though larger1 which is peculiarly adapted for spiritual reading during the month of the ,holy ,souls is the ,life of ,st4 ,catherine of ,genoa1 published by the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this is not only a beautiful and interesting life of one of those great women who adorn the history of the ,church in all ages1 but contains in addition ,st4 ,catherine's treatise on ,purgatory1 which together with her spiritual dialogues1 as is said in the introduction1 8,st4 ,francis of ,sales1 that great master in spiritual life1 was accustomed to read twice a year40 ,and 8,frederick ,schlegel1 who was the first to translate ,st4 ,catherine's dialogues into ,german1 regarded them as seldom1 if ever1 equalled in beauty of style2 and such has been the effect of the example of ,christian perfection in our saint1 that even the ,american ,tract ,society could not resist its attraction1 and published a short sketch of her life among its tracts1 with the title of her name by marriage1 ,catherine ,adorno40 ,the words of the saints are always golden4 ,one can never repeat them too often or ponder on them too long4 ,,songs ,,in ,,the ,,night1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by the author of ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,songs with a meaning are these1 and full of sweet melody4 ,the singer evidently feels4 ,the feelings are deep1 the thought deep also1 and steeped in the purest well of religion4 ,the versification is as varied as it is happy2 and1 indeed1 for both thought and expression throughout this small volume we have nothing but praise4 ,the title owes its meaning to the fact that 8several of the poems were originally suggested by passages in the ,spiritual ,canticles of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 whose use of the word night1 in a mystic sense1 is too well known to need explanation40 ,the opening poem1 8,the ,fountain of the ,night2 or1 the ,canticle of the ,soul rejoicing to know ,god by ,faith10 gives a good idea of the tone and excellence of the volume3 ,there is a ,fount whence endless waters flow2 ,there zephyrs play and fairest flowerets blow4 ,full well that crystal ,fountain do ,i know1 ,though of the night4 ,i know the verdant hills that gird it round2 ,its source ,i know not1 for no thought can sound ,the ,spring whence all things first their being found ,in the dark night4 ,i know no earthly beauty to compare ,with that mysterious ,fount1 so calm and fair2 ,all things in heaven and earth are pictured there1 ,though of the night4 ,the tide wells forth in many a flowing river1 ,yet is the ,fountain-head exhausted never2 ,onward it flows1 for ever and for ever1 ,on through the night4 ,no cloud obscures1 no passing shadows rest ,upon that ,fountain's clear1 unruffled breast1 ,itself the very source of light confessed1 ,though of the night4 ,forth from this spring a sparkling ,torrent flows2 ,who shall the secret of its birth disclose8 ,and yet ,i know the source from whence it rose1 ,though of the night4 ,i see from both a mighty ,river run1 ,yet dare not say when first its course begun2 ,for ,fountain1 ,torrent1 ,riverall are one1 ,though of the night4 ,i know that all are oursall hidden lie ,in form of ,bread1 hid from the curious eye ,to give us life4 ,o love6 ,o mystery ,of deepest night6 ,and the ,life seeks all living things to fill1 ,to quench our thirst with water from the rill1 ,to feed1 to guide us1 though in darkness still1 ,as of the night4 ,and ever of that ,fount ,i long to drink1 ,and ever of that living ,bread ,i think1 ,and linger by that flowing ,river's brink ,through the long night4 ,,the ,,first ,,christmas ,,for ,,our ,,dear ,,little ,,ones4 ,by ,miss ,rosa ,mulholland4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,fr4 ,pustet4 ,this beautiful book will be welcomed by the little ones1 for whom it is intended1 because1 from the cover all the way through1 it is bright and attractive1 and each picture is a pleasant surprise4 ,all the characters of the holy tale are made life-like and familiar1 and the children may feel themselves at home with the white-winged angels1 the eager shepherds1 the stately ,magi1 and those nearer and dearer ones who attended the ,blessed ,infant's earliest years4 ,by parents this book should be welcomed1 because anything that illustrates home-lessons and makes them charming is a valuable friend in the household1 and because it provides an acceptable gift which will bring home to children's hearts the true meaning of the holiday season4 ,the verses are appropriate and not too difficult for the little ones to enjoy4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,scholastic ,,philosophy4 ,by ,father ,john ,cornoldi1 ,s4,j4 ,part ,i4 ,logic4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,quite a number of persons have recently undertaken the laudable but difficult task of preparing elementary works on philosophy4 ,cornoldi's ,lectures or ,lessons in ,philosophy are to be speedily published entire1 in an ,english translation1 making two small volumes of from #cjj to #cej pages each4 ,a large part of the work is devoted to ,rational ,physics4 ,the ,logic1 just now issued1 contains the simplest and most necessary part of pure and applied logic in a brochure of less than one hundred pages4 ,it seems to be made as simple and intelligible to beginners as the nature of the subject permits4 ,it is a defect1 however1 in the translation1 that ,latin terms are sometimes used without the least necessity1 and ,latin quotations are left untranslated4 ,we hope this defect will be supplied in a second edition4 ,,an ,,essay ,,contributing ,,to ,a ,,philosophy ,,of ,,literature4 ,by ,b4 ,a4 ,m4 ,second revised edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,claxton1 ,remsen ,haffelfinger4 #ahgf4 ,the first edition of this solid and genial essay was noticed in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,we are happy to see that its merit has received a general recognition which must be gratifying to the author4 ,it is a book which grows upon one the more carefully it is perused1 and we have now an even higher esteem of its originality1 sound learning1 discriminating judgment and taste than we had when we first commended it as a work of genuine and rare excellence4 ,,the ,,voice ,,of ,,jesus ,,suffering1 ,,to ,,the ,,mind ,,and ,,heart ,,of ,,christians1 ,,etc4 ,by a ,passionist ,missionary ,priest4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea1 #cg ,barclay ,street4 ,another excellent book on our ,lord's ,passion2 but it differs from the generality of such works in making our ,lord himself relate the history of his sufferings first1 and then helping the auditor to 8,practical ,reflections40 ,this is an admirable plan1 in that it enables the reader to bring the divine ,object of his thoughts so much more really before his imagination4 ,this1 together with the character of the 8,practical ,reflections10 will be found1 we are sure1 to make meditation easy to those who have hitherto given it up as requiring too great an effort4 ,and if the pious author shall have done no more than succeed in thus facilitating devotion to the ,passion1 he will not have labored in vain4 ,,the ,,sermon ,,on ,,the ,,mount4 7,to the end of the ,lord's ,prayer47 ,by ,henry ,james ,coleridge1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,this is the third division of ,father ,coleridge's treatise on the ,public ,life of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,we are glad to learn that the reception of the preceding volume on the ,beatitudes has 8encouraged him to attempt a somewhat fuller treatment of the rest of the ,sermon on the ,mount than he had originally thought of40 ,those who have read the volume on the ,beatitudes need no insurance from us that they will find in this new work an abundance of beautiful lessons1 and particularly some we much need at the present time4 ,the nine chapters on the ,lord's ,prayer 7chapters xv4-xxiii47 will furnish the devout with many helps to meditation on the clauses of this summary of prayer4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,very ,,reverend ,,mother ,,madeleine ,,louise ,,sophie ,,barat1 ,,foundress ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart ,,of ,,jesus4 ,by ,m4 l',abb ,baunard4 ,translated by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,roehampton3 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the original ,french edition of this admirable work has already been noticed at length in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,the ,english edition is brought out in two handsome volumes1 and the distinguished name of the translator furnishes every guarantee for a faithful and excellent rendering of the original4 ,so great has been the demand for the work that a large order was exhausted almost immediately on its arrival in this country4 ,,the ,,devotion ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,rosary4 ,by ,michael ,mller1 ,c4,s4,s4,r4 ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,brothers4 ,father ,mller is a tireless writer4 ,his works are for the most part addressed to those who are too often forgotten by ,catholic writersthe ordinary classes4 ,he who provides the people with books of devotion which they will read1 and not put on the shelf1 does a great and good work4 ,under a modest appearance ,father ,mller's books conceal much learning and knowledge1 the fruit evidently of very extensive reading1 while the whole is pervaded with a spirit of piety and zeal4 ,the present volume is devoted to an explanation of that most popular of devotionsthe rosary4 ,those who care to satisfy themselves as to what the rosary is1 what it is intended for1 what it has done in the service of the church and for the salvation of souls1 will find in this volume much to interest and instruct them1 as well as to increase their fervor4 ,the concluding chapter treats of the 8,devotion of the ,scapular40 ,,short ,,sermons ,,preached ,,in ,,the ,,chapel ,,of ,,st4 ,,mary',s ,,college1 ,,oscott4 ,collected and edited by the ,president4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,these sermons will be found very serviceable to our clergy1 who are often sorely pressed for time to prepare their discourses4 ,one instruction such as these is better than ten ordinary sermons of twice or thrice its length4 ,lay persons also will benefit greatly by making their spiritual reading from this volume4 ,the subjects are wisely selected4 ,there are twenty-seven in all1 with two funeral sermons in an appendix4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #adb4;,,january1 #ahgg4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,john ,,greenleaf ,,whittier4#acd ,a national literature is the most perfect expression of the best thoughts and highest sentiments of the people of which it is born1 and of whose life it is the truest record4 ,no other ,englishman may have ever written or thought like ,shakspere1 but he wrote and thought from the fulness of a mind and heart that drew their inspiration from the life of the ,english people4 ,he may be great nature's best interpreter1 but she was revealed to him through ,english eyes1 and spoke in ,english accents4 ,the power to take up into one's own mind the thoughts of a whole people2 to give a voice to the impressions made upon them by nature1 religion1 and society2 to interpret to them their doubts1 longings1 and aspirations2 to awaken the chords of deep and hidden sympathy which but await the touch of inspirationis genius4 ,every great author is the type of a generation1 the interpreter of an age1 the delineator of a phase of national life4 ,between the character of a people1 therefore1 and its literature there is an intimate relation2 and one great cause of the feebleness of ,american literature is doubtless the lack of conscious nationality in the ,american people4 ,we have not yet outgrown the provincialism of our origin1 nor assimilated the heterogeneous elements which from many sources have come to swell the current of our life4 ,the growth of a national literature has been hindered also1 by our necessary intellectual dependence on ,england4 ,for1 though it was a great privilege to possess from the start a rich and highly-developed language1 with this boon we received bonds which no revolution could break4 ,when the ,british colonies of ,north ,america were founded1 ,shakspere and ,bacon had written1 ,milton was born1 and the ,english language had received a form which nor power nor time could change2 and before our ancestors had leisure or opportunity to turn from the rude labors of life in the wilderness to more intellectual pursuits1 it had taken on the polish and precision of the age of ,queen ,anne4 ,henceforward1 to know ,english1 it was necessary to study its classics2 and in them ,americans found the imprint of a mental type which had ceased to be their own4 ,and being themselves as yet without strongly-marked or well-defined national features of character1 they became fatally mere imitators of works which could not be read without admiration1 or studied without exciting in those who had thoughts to express the strong desire of imitation4 ,their excellence served to intimidate those who1 while admiring1 could not hope to rival their ease and elegance2 and thus1 in losing something of native vigor and freshness1 our best writers have generally acquired only an artificial polish and a foreign grace4 ,it must be remembered1 too1 that more than any other people we have been and are practical and utilitarian2 and this is more specially true of the ,new ,englanders1 whose mental activity has been greater than that of any other ,americans4 ,we have loved knowledge as the means of power and wealth1 and not as an element of refinement and culture4 ,if evidence of this were needed1 it would suffice to point to our school system1 which is based upon the notion that the sole aim of education should be to fit man for the practical business of life4 ,as the result1 knowledge has been widely diffused1 but the love of excellence has been diminished4 ,education1 when considered as merely a help to common and immediate ends1 neither strengthens nor refines the higher qualities of mind4 ,if we may rely upon our own experience in college1 we should say that the prevailing sentiment with young ,americans is that it is waste of time to study anything which cannot be put to practical use either in commercial or professional life2 and this in spite of the efforts very generally made by the professors to inspire more exalted ideas4 ,we have known the wretched sophism that it is useless to read logic1 because in the world men do not reason in syllogisms1 to pass current in a class of graduates4 ,this low and utilitarian view of education does not affect alone our notions of the value of literature1 in the stricter sense of the word1 but exerts also a hurtful influence upon the study of science4 ,for science1 like literature1 to be successfully cultivated1 in its higher developments at least1 must be sought for its own sake1 without thought of those ulterior objects to which certainly it may be made to conduce4 ,the love of knowledge for itself1 the conviction that knowledge is its own end1 is rarely found among us1 and we therefore have but little enthusiasm for literary excellence or philosophic truth4 ,the noblest thoughts spring from the heart1 and he who seeks to know from a calculating spirit will for ever remain a stranger to the higher and serener realms of mind4 ,another cause by which the growth of ,american literature has been unfavorably affected may be found in the unlimited resources of the country1 offering to all opportunities of wealth or fame4 ,the demand for ability of every kind is so great that talent is not permitted to mature4 ,the young man who possesses readiness of wit and a sprightly fancy1 if he does not enter one of the learned professions or engage in commerce1 almost fatally drifts into a newspaper office1 than which a place more unfavorable to intellectual pursuits or to true culture of mind cannot easily be imagined4 ,if a book is the better the farther the author keeps away all thought of the reader1 under what disadvantages does not he write whose duty it is made to think only of the reader6 ,to be forced day by day to write upon subjects of which he knows little2 to give opinions without having time to weigh arguments or to consider facts2 to interpret passing events in the interests of party or in accordance with popular prejudice2 to exaggerate the virtues of friends and the vices of opponents2 to court applause by adapting style to the capacity and taste of the crowd2 and to do all this hurriedly and in a rush1 is to be an editor4 ,when we reflect that it is to work of this kind that a very considerable part of the literary ability of the country is devoted1 it is manifest that the result must be not only to withdraw useful laborers from nobler intellectual pursuits1 but to lower and pervert the standard of taste4 ,they who accustom their minds to dwell upon the picture of human life as presented in a daily newspaper1 in which what is atrocious1 vulgar1 or startling receives greatest prominence1 will hardly cultivate or retain an appreciation of elevated thoughts or the graces of composition4 ,as the public is content with crude and hasty writing1 the crowd1 who are capable of such performance1 rush in1 eager to carry off the prize of voluminousness1 if not of excellence2 and1 in consequence1 we surpass all other nations in the number of worthless books which we print4 ,in fact1 the great national defect is haste1 and therefore a want of thoroughness in our work4 ,but we have no thought of entering into an extended examination of the causes to which the feebleness of ,american literature is to be attributed4 ,the very general recognition of the fact that it is feeble1 even when not marred by grosser faults1 is probably the most assuring evidence that in the future we may hope for something better4 ,our weakness1 however it may be accounted for1 is most perceptible in the highest realms of thoughtphilosophy and poetry4 ,to the former our contributions are valueless4 ,no original thinker has appeared among us2 no one who has even aspired to anything higher than the office of a commentator4 ,this1 indeed1 can hardly be matter for surprise1 since we may be naturally supposed to inherit from the ,english their deficiency in power of abstract thought and metaphysical intuition4 ,but in poetry they excel all other nations1 whether ancient or modern2 and as they have transmitted to us their mental defects1 we might not unreasonably hope to be endowed with their peculiar gifts of mind4 ,deprived of the philosophic brow1 we might hope for some compensation1 at least1 in the poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling4 ,but even in this we seem not to have been highly favored4 ,nothing could well be more wretched than ,american verse-making during the colonial era4 ,we doubt whether a single line of all that was written from the landing of the ,pilgrims down to the war of ,independence is worth preserving4 ,pope1 when he wrote his ,dunciad1 found but one ,american worthy even of being damned to so unenviable an immortality4 ,freneau1 who was the most popular and the most gifted poet of the ,revolution1 is as completely unknown to this generation as though he had never written2 and1 indeed1 he wrote nothing which1 without great loss to the world1 may not be forgotten4 ,and to this class1 whom nor gods nor columns permit to live1 belong nearly all who in ,america have courted the ,muse4 ,in our entire poetical literature there are not more than half a dozen names which deserve even passing notice1 and the greatest of these cannot be placed higher than among the third-rate poets of ,england4 ,without adopting the crude theory of ,macaulay that as civilization advances poetry necessarily declines1 we shall be at no loss for reasons to account for this absence of the highest poetic gifts4 ,neither the character of the early settlers in this country1 nor their religious faith1 nor their social and political conditions of life1 were of the kind from which inspiration to high thinking and flights of fancy might naturally be expected to spring4 ,the ,puritans were hard1 unsympathetic1 with no appreciation of beauty4 ,in their eyes art of every kind was at best useless1 even when not tending to give a dangerous softness and false polish to manners4 ,their religious faith intensified this feeling1 and caused them to turn with aversion from what had been so long and so intimately associated1 as almost to be identified1 with ,catholic worship4 ,their sour looks1 their nasal twang1 their affected simplicity1 their contempt of literature1 and their dislike of the most innocent amusements1 would hardly lead the ,muse1 even if invited1 to smile on them4 ,habits of thought and feeling not unlike theirs had1 it is true1 in ,milton1 been found to be not incompatible with the highest gifts of imagination and expression4 ,but ,milton had not the ,puritan contempt of letters4 ,he was1 on the contrary1 a man of extensive reading and great culture2 and his proud and lofty spirit was not too high to stoop to flattery as servile and as elegant as ever a tyrant received4 ,his lines on ecclesiastical architecture and music in ,il ,penseroso prove that he had a keen perception of the beauty and grandeur of ,catholic worship4 ,he was1 in fact1 in many respects more a ,cavalier than a ,roundhead4 ,he had1 besides1 in the burning passions of his age1 the bitter strife of party and sect1 in the scorn and contempt of the nobles for the low-bornwhich in the civil wars had been trodden beneath the iron heel of war1 only to rise with the monarchy in more offensive formthat which fired him to the adventurous song 8that with no middle flight intends to soar10 and made him deify rebellion in ,satan1 who1 rather than be subject1 would not be at all4 ,in the primitive and simple social organization of the ,american colonies there was nothing to fire the soul or kindle the indignation that makes poets4 ,and even nature presented herself to our ancestors rather as a shrew to be conquered than as a mistress to be wooed with harmonious numbers and sweet sounds of melody4 ,if to this we add1 what few will deny1 that the equality of conditions in our society1 however desirable from a political or philanthropic point of view1 is to the poetic eye but a flat and weary plain1 without any of the inspiration of high mountains and long-withdrawing vales1 of thundering cataracts that lose themselves in streams that peacefully glide all unconscious of the roar and turmoil of waters of which they are born1 we will find nothing strange in the practical and unimaginative character of the ,american people4 ,we know of no better example of the tameness of the ,american ,muse than ,whittier4 ,he is one of our most voluminous writers of verse1 and various causes1 most of which are doubtless extrinsic to the literary merit of his compositions1 have obtained for him very general recognition4 ,he lacks1 indeed1 the culture of ,longfellow1 his wide acquaintance with books and the world1 and his careful study of the literatures of the ,european nations4 ,he lacks also his large sympathies and catholic thought1 his elevation of sentiment and power of finished and polished expression4 ,but if ,whittier's garb is plain1 his features hard1 and his voice harsh1 his poetry1 both in subject and in style1 seems native here and to spring from the soil4 ,he has himself not inaptly described his verse in the lines which he has prefixed to the ,centennial edition of his complete poetical works3 8,the rigor of a frozen clime1 ,the harshness of an untaught ear1 ,the jarring words of one whose rhyme ,beat often ,labor's hurried time ,or ,duty's rugged march through storm and strife1 are here4 8,of mystic beauty1 dreamy grace1 ,no rounded art the lack supplies2 ,unskilled the subtle lines to trace ,or softer shades of ,nature's face1 ,i view her common forms with unanointed eyes40 ,whittier is1 however1 far from being a representative ,american or ,american poet4 ,he is a ,quaker4 ,the broad-brimmed hat1 the neat and simple dress1 the sober gait1 the slow and careful phrase with thee and thou1 could not more truly denote him than his verse4 ,now1 whatever idea we may form to ourselves of the typical ,american1 or whether we think such a being exists at all1 no one would ever imagine him to be a ,quaker4 ,the ,american is eager2 the ,quaker is subdued4 ,the ,american is loud1 with a tendency to boastfulness and exaggeration2 the ,quaker is quiet and his language sober4 ,he shuns the conflict and the battle1 does not over-estimate his strength2 while the ,american would fight the world1 catch the ,leviathan1 swim the ocean1 or do anything most impossible4 ,the ,quaker is cautious1 the ,american reckless4 ,the ,american is aggressive1 the ,quaker is timid4 ,but it is needless to continue the contrast4 ,a great poet is held by no bonds4 ,his eye glances from earth to heaventhe infinite is his home2 and that ,whittier should be only a ,quaker poet is of itself sufficient evidence that he is not a great poet4 ,but in saying this we affirm only what is universally recognized4 ,he is1 indeed1 wholly devoid of the creative faculty to which all true poetry owes its life2 and yet this alone could have lifted most of the subjects which he has treated out of the dulness and weariness of the commonplace4 ,to transform the real1 to invest that which is low or mean or trivial with honor and beauty1 is the triumph of the poet's art1 the test of his inspiration4 ,his words1 like the light of heaven1 clothe the world in a splendor not its own1 or1 like the morning rays falling on the statue of ,memnon1 strike from dead and sluggish matter sounds of celestial harmony4 8,to him the meanest flower that blows can give ,thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears40 ,whittier certainly has no fear of trivial and commonplace subjects1 but in his treatment of them he rarely1 if ever1 rises above the level of the verse-maker4 ,it was the opinion of ,keats that a long poem is the test of invention2 and if we accept this as a canon of criticism1 we shall want no other evidence of ,whittier's poverty of imagination4 ,all his pieces are short1 though few readers1 we suppose1 have ever wished them longer4 ,he cannot give sprightliness or variety to his verse1 which like a sluggish stream creeps languidly along4 ,there is no freshness about him1 none of the breeziness of nature1 none of its joyousness1 exuberance1 and exultant strength4 ,in his youth1 even1 he had all the stiffness and slowness of age with its want of graceful motion4 ,his narrations are interrupted and halting1 interspersed with commonplace reflections and wearisome details2 and when we have jogged along with him to the end1 we are less pleased than fatigued4 ,he never with strong arm bears us on over flood and fell1 through hair-breadth escapes1 gently at times letting us down amidst smiling homes and pleasant scenes1 and again1 with more rapid flight1 hurrying us on breathless to the goal4 ,some of his descriptive pieces have been admired1 but to us they seem artificial and mechanical4 ,they are the pictures of a view-hunter4 ,they lack life1 warmth1 and coloringthe individuality that comes of an informing soul4 ,he remains external to nature1 and with careful survey and deliberate purpose sketches this and that trait1 till he has his landscape with sloping hills and meadows green1 with flower and shrub and tree and everything that one could wish1 except that indefinable something which would make the scene stand out from all the earth1 familiar as the countenance of a friend or as a spot known from childhood4 ,he has too much the air of a man who says3 ,come1 let us make a description4 ,in fact1 he has taken the trouble to tell us that he has considered the story of ,mogg ,megone only as a framework for sketches of the scenery of ,new ,england and of its early inhabitants4 ,his own confession proves his art mechanical4 ,he gets a frame1 stretches the canvas1 and deliberately proceeds to copy4 ,the true poet fuses man and nature into a union so intimate that both seem part of each4 ,he dreams not of framework and sketches1 but of the unity and harmony of life4 ,where the common eye sees but parts1 his sees the living whole4 ,he does not copy1 but transforms and re-creates4 ,before his enraptured gaze the immeasurable heavens break open to their highest1 and every height comes out and jutting peak4 ,from him not the humblest flower or blade of grass is hidden2 and whatever he beholds becomes the minister of his thought1 the slave of his will2 passing through his mind receives its coloring1 and rises from his page as though some eternal law of harmony had fitted it to this and no other purpose4 ,whittier is even feebler in his attempts to portray character than in his description of scenery4 ,to ,ruth ,bonython he gives 8the sunny eye and sunset hair40 8,sunny eye0 is poor enough2 but who will tell us what 8sunset hair0 is like8 ,is it purple or gold or yellow or red8 ,she is 8tall and erect10 has a 8dark-brown cheek10 8a pure white brow10 8a neck and bosom as white as ever the foam-wreaths that rise on the leaping river02 8,and her eye has a glance more sternly wild ,than even that of a forest child40 ,and she talks in the following style3 8,a humbled thing of shame and guilt1 ,outcast and spurned and lone1 ,wrapt in the shadows of my crime1 ,with withering heart and burning brain1 ,and tears that fell like fiery rain1 ,i passed a fearful time40 ,the artifice by which ,ruth quiets the suspicion of ,mogg ,megone1 roused by the sight of her tearful eye and heaving bosom1 is as remarkable for shrewdness as for poetic beauty3 8,is the sachem angryangry with ,ruth ,because she cries with an ache in her tooth ,which would make a ,sagamore jump and cry ,and look about with a woman's eye80 ,the same weak and unskilful hand is visible in the characters of ,mogg ,megone1 ,john ,bonython1 and ,father ,rasle1 the ,jesuit missionary4 ,the descriptive portions of ,mogg ,megone are disfigured by mere rhetoric and what critics call 8nonsense-verses40 ,as ,mogg ,megone and ,john ,bonython are stealing through the wood1 they hear a sound3 8,hark6 is that the angry howl ,of the wolf the hills among1 ,or the hooting of the owl ,on his leafy cradle swung80 ,the only reason for hesitating between the wolfs howl and the hooting of the owl was the poet's want of a rhyme4 ,but it is needless to load our page with these nonsense-verses1 since ,hudibras claims them to be a poet's privilege3 8,but those that write in rhyme still make ,the one verse for the other's sake2 ,for one for sense1 and one for rhyme1 ,i think that's sufficient at one time40 ,whittier's ,quaker faith inspired him early in life with an abhorrence of slavery1 and drew him to the abolitionists1 by whom1 in #ahcf1 he was appointed secretary of the ,american ,anti-,slavery ,society4 ,it was about this time that he began to publish his anti-slavery rhymes1 which he afterwards collected in a volume entitled1 ,voices of ,freedom4 ,these verses are not remarkable for thought or expression4 ,they have the dull1 monotonous ring of all ,whittier's rhymes1 and are hardly more poetic than a political harangue4 ,they are partisan in tone and manner2 breathe rather hatred of the 8haughty ,southron0 than love of the negro2 and are without polish or elegance4 ,read to political meetings during the excitement of the anti-slavery agitation1 they were probably as effective as ordinary stump-speeches4 ,worthless as they are as poetry1 they brought ,whittier to public notice4 ,he became the laureate of the abolitionist party1 and with its growth grew his fame4 ,the circumstances which made ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin the most popular novel of the day made him a popular poet4 ,his verses found readers who cared but little for inspired thought or expression1 but who were delighted with political rhymes that painted the ,southern slave-owner as the most heartless and brutal of men1 who 8in the vile ,south ,sodom0 feasted day by day upon the sight of human suffering inflicted by his own hand4 ,pieces like that which begins with the words1 8,a ,christian6 ,going1 gone6 ,who bids for ,god's own image80 were at least good campaign documents in the times of anti-slavery agitation4 8,a ,christian up for sale2 ,wet with her blood your whips1 o'ertask her frame1 ,make her life loathsome with your wrong and shame3 ,her patience shall not fail40 ,this is very commonplace and vulgar1 we grant1 but it has the merit of not being above the intellectual level of an ordinary political meeting4 ,and then1 in the metre of ,scott's 8,bride of ,netherby10 we have the 8,hunters of ,men03 8,have ye heard of our hunting o'er mountain and glen1 ,through canebrake and forest1 the hunting of men8 ,hark6 the cheer and the halloo1 the crack of the whip1 ,and the yell of the hound as he fastens his grip4 ,all blithe are our hunters1 and noble their match ,though hundreds are caught1 there are millions to catch40 ,all we maintain is that this is not poetry1 fair sample though it be of ,whittier's ,voices of ,freedom4 ,slavery undoubtedly is hateful1 and to denounce it cannot but be right4 ,a preacher1 however1 need not be a poet1 even though he should declaim in rhymes2 nor is hate of the slave-owner love of the slave1 much less love of liberty4 ,we fail to catch in these ,voices the swelling sound of freedom4 ,they are rather the echoes of the fierce words of bitter partisan strife4 ,the lips of him who uttered them had not been touched by the burning coal snatched from the altar of liberty1 however his heart may have rankled at the thought of ,southern cruelty4 ,whittier's rhymes of the war are the natural sequel of his anti-slavery verses4 ,the laureate of abolitionism could but sing1 ,quaker though he was1 the bloody1 fratricidal strife which he had helped to kindle4 ,at first1 indeed1 he seemed to hesitate and to doubt whether it was well to light 8,the fires of hell to weld anew the chain ,on that red anvil where each blow is pain40 ,safe on freedom's vantage-ground1 he inclined rather to be the sad and helpless spectator of a suicide4 8,why take we up the accursed thing again8 ,pity1 forgive1 but urge them back no more ,who1 drunk with passion1 flaunt disunion's rag ,with its vile reptile-blazon40 ,but soon he came to recognize that ,god may speak 8in battle's stormy voice1 and his praise be in the wrath of man40 ,whittier's war rhymes are not so numerous as his ,voices of ,freedom1 nor are they in any way remarkable as poetical compositions4 ,the lines on ,barbara ,frietchie derive their interest from the incident narrated1 and not from any beauty of thought or language with which it has been clothed4 ,they are popular because old ,barbara ,frietchie waving the flag of the ,union above ,stonewall ,jackson's army as it passed1 with measured tread1 through the streets of ,frederick1 is a striking and dramatic figure4 ,there could be no more convincing proof of the barrenness of ,whittier's imagination than the poor use which he has made of so poetical an episode4 8,in her attic window the staff she set ,to show that one heart was loyal yet40 ,and yet of all his poems this is probably the best known and the most popular4 ,the ,voices of ,freedom and the ,songs in ,war ,time both belong to the class of occasional poetry which more than any other kind is apt to confer a short-lived fame upon authors whose chief merit consists in being fortunate4 ,he who sings the conqueror's praise will never lack admirers4 ,we are sorry to perceive1 in so amiable a man as ,whittier is generally supposed to be1 the many evidences which this edition of his complete poetical works affords of intense and bitter anti-,catholic prejudice4 ,if he were content with manifesting1 even with damnable iteration1 his ,quaker horror of creeds1 we could excuse the simple mind that is capable of holding that men may believe without giving to their faith form and sensible expression2 though the mental habit from which alone such a theory could proceed is the very opposite of the poetical4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 which is the groundwork and firm support of all ,christian dogmas1 cannot be understood by those who fail to perceive that without doctrinal religion the whole moral order would be meaningless4 ,but ,whittier's prejudice carries him far beyond mere protest against ,catholic teaching4 ,he cannot approach any subject or person connected with the church without being thrown into mental convulsions4 ,let us take1 for example1 the character of ,father ,rasle1 the martyr1 in 8,mogg ,megone10 one of his earliest and longest poems4 ,this noble and heroic missionary is represented as a heartless and senseless zealot1 who 8by cross and vow0 had pledged ,mogg ,megone 8,to lift the hatchet of his sire1 ,and round his own1 the church's1 foe ,to light the avenging fire40 ,when ,ruth ,bonython1 half mad with fear and grief1 comes to confess to ,father ,rasle that1 seeing the scalp of her lover hanging to ,mogg ,megone's belt1 she had killed him in his drunken sleep1 the ,jesuit starts back 8,his long1 thin frame as ague shakes1 ,and loathing hate is in his eye0 not from horror of the crime1 but because in the death of ,megone he recognizes the extinction of his long-cherished hopes of revenge4 8,ah6 weary priest6''' ,thoughts are thine which have no part ,with the meek and pure of heart4''' ,thoughts of strife and hate and wrong ,sweep thy heated brain along ,fading hopes for whose success ,it were sin to breathe a prayer2 ,schemes which ,heaven may never bless2 ,tears which darken to despair40 ,his heart is as stone to the pitiful appeal of the contrite and broken-hearted girl4 8,off60 he exclaims 8#8,off1 woman of sin6 ,nay1 touch not me ,with those fingers of blood2 begone6' ,with a gesture of horror he spurns the form ,that writhes at his feet like a trodden worm40 ,and in the death-scene of the martyr1 as painted by ,whittier1 the coward and the villain1 with forces equally matched1 strive for the mastery4 ,the ode 8,to ,pius ,,ix40 will furnish us with another example of religious hate driving its victim to the very verge of raving madness4 8,hider at ,gaeta10 he exclaims 8,hider at ,gaeta1 seize thy chance6 ,coward and cruel1 come6 8,creep now from ,naple's bloody skirt2 ,thy mummer's part was acted well1 ,while ,rome1 with steel and fire begirt1 ,before thy crusade fell4 99 99 99 99 99 8,but hateful as that tyrant old1 ,the mocking witness of his crime1 ,in thee shall loathing eyes behold ,the ,nero of our time6 8,stand where ,rome's blood was freest shed1 ,mock ,heaven with impious thanks1 and call ,its curses on the patriot dead1 ,its blessings on the ,gaul2 8,or sit upon thy throne of lies1 ,a poor1 mean idol1 blood-besmeared1 ,whom even its worshippers despise ,unhonored1 unrevered60 ,it is some consolation to know that ,whittier himself1 in reading over these ravings1 has been forced to acknowledge their unworthiness by a lame attempt at apology4 8,he is no enemy of ,catholics10 he informs us in a note to this effusion2 8but the severity of his language finds its ample apology in the reluctant confession of one of the most eminent ,romish priests1 the eloquent and devoted ,father ,ventura40 ,what is this but making calumny an ally of outrage8 ,in the 8,dream of ,pio ,nono0 he introduces ,st4 ,peter1 who upbraids the venerable ,pontiff in the following style3 8,hearest thou the angels sing ,above this open hell8 ,thou ,god's high-priest6 ,thou the vicegerent of the ,prince of ,peace6 ,thou the successor of his chosen ones6 ,i1 ,peter1 fisherman of ,galilee1 ,in the dear ,master's name1 and for the love ,of his true church1 proclaim thee ,antichrist40 ,in a poem on 8,italy0 ,whittier hears the groans of nations across the sea4 8,their blood and bones ,cried out in torture1 crushed by thrones ,and sucked by priestly cannibals40 8,rejoice1 ,o ,garibaldi60 he exclaims1 8,though thy sword ,failed at ,rome's gates1 and blood seemed vainly poured ,where in ,christ's name the crownd infidel ,of ,france wrought murder with the arms of hell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,god's providence is not blind1 but1 full of eyes1 ,it searches all the refuges of lies2 ,and in his time and way the accursed things ,before whose evil feet thy battle-gage ,has clashed defiance from hot youth to age ,shall perish40 ,we crave the reader's indulgence for this disfigurement of our page1 and wish with all our heart it had been possible to fill it with more worthy matter4 ,longfellow1 breathing the same air as ,whittier1 the disciple of a faith commonly supposed to be less mild and sweetly loving than a ,quaker's1 has found the tenderest thoughts1 the noblest images1 and the highest forms of character in the church which our poet cannot even think of without raving4 ,but possibly we should be wrong to complain that the mystic beauty which has in all ages appealed with irresistible power of fascination to the highest and most richly-gifted natures should fail to impress one all of whose thoughts are cast in a straitened and unyielding mould4 ,whittier has not the far-glancing eye of the poet to which all beauty appeals like the light itself4 ,the partisan habit of an inveterate abolitionist has stiffened and hardened a disposition which was never plastic4 ,it was so long his official duty to write anti-slavery campaign verses that1 in treating subjects which should inspire higher thoughts1 he is still held captive to the lash of the slave-driver1 hears the clanking of chains and the groans of the fettered2 and these sights and sounds drive him into mere rant and rhetoric4 ,we willingly bear testimony to the moral tone and purity which pervade ,whittier's verse4 ,there is nothing to offend the most delicate ear2 nothing to bring a blush to a virgin's cheek4 ,he lacks the power to portray passion1 and was not tempted into doubtful paths4 ,he delights in pictures of home1 with its innocent joys and quiet happiness2 sings of friendship and the endearing ties that bind the parent to the child2 or1 if he attunes his harp to love1 he does it in numbers so sadly sweet that we only remember that the fickle god has wreathed his bowers with cypress boughs and made his best interpreter a sigh4 ,what could be more harmless than the little scene between ,maud ,muller and the judgethough ,heaven only knows what the judge1 and above all the ,american judge1 can have done that he should be condemned to play the rle of a lover4 ,possibly it may have been the judicious nature of the love that induced the poet to think such a deus ex machin not out of place4 ,at all events1 nothing could be more inoffensive4 8,she stooped where the cool spring bubbled up ,and filled for him her small tin cup4 #8,thanks6' said the judge2 #8a sweeter draught ,from a fairer hand was never quaffed4'0 ,and how refreshing it is to find a judge making love by talking 8,of the grass and flowers and trees1 ,of the singing birds and humming bees06 ,we are less edified1 however1 when1 in after-years1 we find him a married man1 sipping the golden wine but longing for the wayside well and the barefoot maiden3 8,and the proud man sighed1 with secret pain3 #8,ah6 that ,i were free again6'0 ,in reading ,whittier we seldom come upon a thought so perfectly expressed that it can never after occur to us except in the words in which he has clothed it4 ,it is a poet's privilege thus to marry thoughts to words in a union so divine that no man may put them asunder2 and where this high power is wanting the mens divinior is not found4 ,for our own part1 we hardly recall a line of ,whittier that we should care to remember4 ,nothing that he has written has been more frequently quoted than the couplet3 8,for of all sad words of tongue or pen4 ,the saddest are these3 #8,it might have been4'0 ,to our thinking1 this is meaningless4 8,it might have been0 is neither sad nor joyful1 except as it is made so by that with which it is associated4 ,he who is drowned may thus have escaped hanging8,it might have been40 ,the judge might have been ,maud's husband2 but she might have thought of sadder things than that she was not his wife4 8,snow-,bound10 a winter idyl1 is1 in the opinion of several critics1 ,whittier's best performance4 ,a more hackneyed theme he would probably have found it difficult to choose2 nor has he the magic charm that makes the old seem as new4 ,it is the unmistakable snow-storm with which our school-readers made us familiar in childhood4 ,the sun rises 8cheerless0 over 8hills of gray02 sinks from sight before it sets2 8the ocean roars on his wintry shore02 night comes on1 made hoary 8with the whirl-dance of the blinding storm10 and ere bedtime 8,the white drift piled the window-frame02 and then1 of course1 we have the horse and cow and cock1 each in turn contemplating the beautiful snow4 ,even the silly ram 8,shook his sage head with gesture mute1 ,and emphasized with stamp of foot40 ,the boys1 with mittened hands1 and caps drawn down over ears1 sally forth to cut a pathway at their sire's command4 ,and when the second night is ushered in1 we are quite prepared for the blazing fire of oaken logs1 whose roaring draught makes the great throat of the chimney laugh2 while on the clean hearth the apples sputter1 the mug of cider simmers1 the house-dog sleeps1 and the cat meditates4 ,the group of faces gathered round are plain and honest1 just such as good1 simple country folk are wont to wear1 but feebly drawn4 ,in the fitful firelight their features are dim4 ,the father talks of rides on ,memphremagog's wooded side2 of trapper's hut and ,indian camp4 ,the mother turns her wheel or knits her stocking1 and tells how the ,indian came down at midnight on ,cocheco town4 ,the uncle1 8innocent of books10 unravels the mysteries of moons and tides4 ,the maiden aunt1 very sweet and very unselfish1 recalls her memories of 8,the huskings and the apple-bees1 ,the sleigh-rides and the summer sails40 ,it would be unkind to leave the village schoolmaster out in the biting air1 and he is therefore brought in to make us wonder how one small head could contain all he knew4 ,in the very thought of home there is an exhaustless well-spring of poetic feeling4 ,the word itself is all alive with the spirit of sweet poesy which gives charm to the humblest verse2 and it would be strange indeed if1 in an idyl like 8,snow-,bound10 there should not be found passages of real beauty1 touches of nature that make the whole world kin4 ,the subject is one that readily lends itself to the lowly mood and unpretending style4 ,fine thoughts and ambitious words would but distract us4 ,each one is thinking of his own dear home1 and he but asks the poet not to break the spell that has made him a child again2 not to darken the dewy dawn of memory1 that throws the light of heaven around a world that seemed as dead1 but now lives4 8,o ,time and ,change6with hair as gray ,as was my sire's that winter day1 ,how strange it seems1 with so much gone ,of life and love1 to still live on6 ,ah6 brother1 only ,i and thou ,are left of all that circle now ,the dear home faces whereupon ,that fitful firelight paled and shone4 ,henceforward1 listen as we will1 ,the voices of that hearth are still2 ,look where we may1 the wide earth o'er1 ,those lighted faces smile no more4 ,we tread the paths their feet have worn2 ,we sit beneath their orchard trees2 ,we hear1 like them1 the hum of bees ,and rustle of the bladed corn2 ,we turn the pages that they read1 ,their written words we linger o'er4 ,but in the sun they cast no shade1 ,no voice is heard1 no sign is made1 ,no step is on the conscious floor6 ,yet love will dream1 and faith will trust 7,since ,he who knows our need is just71 ,that somehow1 somewhere1 meet we must4 ,alas6 for him who never sees ,the stars shine through his cypress-trees2 ,who hopeless lays his dead away1 ,nor looks to see the breaking day ,across the mournful marbles play2 ,who hath not learned in hours of faith ,the truth to flesh and sense unknown ,that ,life is ever ,lord of ,death1 ,and ,love can never lose its own60 ,this is true poetry1 sad and sweet as a mother's voice when she lulls her sick babe to rest1 knowing that1 if he sleep1 he shall live4 ,in ,whittier's verse we often catch the unmistakable accent of genuine feeling1 and his best lyrics are so artless and simple that they almost disarm criticism4 ,in many ways his influence has doubtless been good2 and the critic1 whose eye is naturally drawn to what is less worthy1 finds it easy to carp at faults which he has not the ability to commit4 #acd ,the ,complete ,poetical ,works of ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier4 ,boston3 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgf4 ,,monsieur ,,gombard',s ,,mistake4 ,m4 ,gombard was a short1 stout1 pompous man1 with a flat nose1 and sharp gray eyes that did their very best to look fierce through a pair of tortoise-shell spectacles4 ,they succeeded in this attempt with very young culprits and with the female prisoners who appeared before ,m4 ,gombard in his official capacity of mayor of the town of ,loisel2 they succeeded in a lesser degree with functionaries1 such as clerks and policemen1 who were to a certain extent under the official eye of the mayor2 but with the general1 independent public the attempt at ferocity was a failure4 ,m4 ,gombard passed for being a good man1 a man with high principles1 an unflinching sense of duty1 and a genuine respect for law1 but also a man whose heart was as dry as a last year's nut4 ,he was fifty years of age1 and it had never been said1 even as a joke1 that ,m4 ,gombard had had a 8sentiment02 it had never entered into the imagination of anybody who knew him to suggest that he might have a sentiment1 or even that he might marry some day4 ,he was looked upon by his fellow-townsmen as a trusty1 intelligent machinea machine that never got out of order1 that was always ready when wanted1 that would be seriously missed if it were removed4 ,he settled their differences and saved them many a costly lawsuit2 for ,m4 ,gombard had studied the law1 and understood its practical application better than any lawyer in ,loisel2 he made marriages1 and drew out wills1 and dispensed advice to young and old with the wisdom of ,solomon and the stoical impartiality of ,brutus4 ,everybody trusted him2 they knew that if their case was a good case1 he would decide it in their favor2 if it was a bad case1 he would give it against them3 no man could buy him1 no man could frighten him4 ,antoine ,grimoire1 the biggest bully in all the country roundeven ,antoine ,grimoire shook in his shoes when one day a suit in which he was defendant was sent up before ,m4 ,gombard4 ,m4 ,gombard gave judgment against him2 and this was more than the united magistrates in ,loisel would have dared do1 for ,antoine would have 8licked them0 within an inch of their lives1 if they had tried it2 but he never said boo when ,m4 ,gombard pronounced the plaintiff an injured man1 and ordered the defendant to pay him one hundred and fifty-three francs1 ten sous1 and three centimes damages4 ,everybody in the place held their breath when this sentence went forth4 ,they fully expected ,antoine to fly at the audacious judge1 and break every bone in his body on the spot2 but ,antoine coolly nodded1 and said civilly1 8,c'est bon1 ,monsieur le ,maire10 and walked off4 ,people made sure he was bent on some terrible vengeance1 and that he would never pay a sou of the damages2 but he deceived them by paying4 ,this incident added fresh lustre to the prestige of ,m4 ,gombard1 whose word henceforth was counted as good as1 and better than1 law1 since even ,antoine ,grimoire gave in to it1 which was more than he had ever been known to do to the law4 ,m4 ,gombard had some pressing business on hand just now2 for he had left ,loisel before daybreak in a post-chaise1 and never once pulled up1 except when the wheels came off and went spinning right and left into the ditch on either side1 and sent him bumping on over the snow in the disabled vehicle1 till at last the horses stopped and ,m4 ,gombard got out1 jumped on to the back of the leader1 and rode on into ,cabicol4 ,there he is now1 his wig awry and pulled very low over his forehead1 but otherwise looking none the worse for his adventurous ride1 as he walks up and down the best room in the ,jacques ,bonhomme1 the principal inn of ,cabicol4 8,you said ,i could have a post-chaise80 said ,m4 ,gombard to the waiter1 who fussed about1 on hospitable cares intent4 8,i did1 monsieur40 8,and it is in good condition1 you say80 8,excellent1 monsieur4 ,it would take you from ,cabicol to ,paris without starting a nail40 8,good10 observed ,m4 ,gombard1 sitting down and casting a glance that was unmistakably ferocious on the savory omelet4 8,i can count on a stout pair of horses80 he continued1 helping himself with the haste of a ravenous man4 8,horses80 repeated the waiter blandly4 8,monsieur said nothing about horses40 ,m4 ,gombard dropped his knife and fork with a clatter1 and looked round at the man4 8,what use can the chaise be to me without horses80 he said4 8,does it go by steam1 or do you expect me to carry it on my head80 8,assuredly not1 monsieur2 that would be of the last impossibility10 replied the waiter demurely4 8,the aborigines of ,cabicol are idiots1 apparently10 observed ,m4 ,gombard1 still looking straight at the man1 but with a broad1 speculative stare1 as if he had been a curious stone or an unknown variety of dog4 8,yes1 monsieur10 said the waiter1 with ready assent4 ,if a traveller had declared the aborigines of ,cabicol to be buffaloes1 he would have assented just as readily2 he did not care a dry pea for the aborigines1 whoever they might be2 he did not know them even by sight1 so why should he stand up for them8 ,besides1 every traveller represented a tip1 and he was not a man to quarrel with his bread and butter4 8,what's to be done80 said ,m4 ,gombard4 8,i must have horses2 where am ,i to get them80 8,i doubt that there is a horse in the town to-day which can be placed at monsieur's disposal4 ,this is the grand market day at ,luxort1 and everybody is gone there1 and to-morrow the beasts will be too tired to start for a fresh journey2 but on ,friday ,i dare say monsieur could find a pair1 if he does not mind waiting till then40 8,there is nothing at the present moment ,i should mind much more1 nothing that could be more disagreeable to me10 said ,m4 ,gombard4 8,we would do our best to make monsieur's delay agreeable10 said the waiter2 8the beds of the ,jacques ,bonhomme are celebrated2 the food is excellent and the cooking of the best2 the landlord cuts himself into little pieces for his guests40 8,good heavens60 ejaculated ,m4 ,gombard4 8,it is a figure of speech1 monsieur1 a figure of rhetoric10 explained the waiter1 who began to heap up blocks of wood on the hearth1 as if he were preparing a funeral pyre for his unwilling guest4 8,tell the landlord ,i want to speak to him10 said ,m4 ,gombard4 ,before he had finished his meal the landlord knocked at the door4 ,m4 ,gombard said 8,come in10 and the landlord entered4 ,he was a solemn1 melancholy-looking man1 who spoke in a sepulchral voice1 and seemed continually struggling to withhold his tears4 ,he loved his inn1 but the weight of responsibility it laid upon him was more than he could bear with a smiling countenance4 ,every traveller who slept beneath his roof was1 for the time being1 an object of the tenderest interest to him2 it was no exaggeration to say1 with the rhetorical waiter1 that he cut himself into little pieces for each one of them4 ,he made out imaginary histories of them1 which he related afterwards for the entertainment of their successors4 ,he was guided as to the facts of each subject by the peculiar make and fashion of their physiognomies2 but he drew his inspiration chiefly from their noses3 if the traveller wore his beard long and his nose turned up1 he was set down as a philosopher travelling in the pursuit of knowledge2 if he wore his beard cropped and his nose hooked1 he was a banker whose financial genius and fabulous wealth were a source of terror to the money-markets of ,europe2 if he carried his nose flat against his face and wore a wig and spectacles1 he was a desperate criminal with a huge price on his head1 and the police scouring the country in pursuit of him2 but he was safe beneath the roof of the ,jacques ,bonhomme1 for his host would have sworn with the patriot bard3 8,i know not1 ,i care not1 if guilt's in that heart2 ,i but know that ,i'll hide thee1 whatever thou art60 ,all the pearls of ,golconda1 all the gold of ,california1 would not have bribed him into delivering up a man who enjoyed his hospitality4 ,many and thrilling were the tales he had to tell of these sinister guests1 their hair-breadth escapes1 and the silent but1 to him1 distinctly manifest rage of their baffled pursuers4 ,this life of secret care and harrowing emotions had done its work on the landlord2 you saw at a glance that his was a heavily-laden spirit1 and that pale 8melancholy had marked him for her own40 ,he bowed low1 and in a voice of deep feeling inquired how he could serve ,m4 ,gombard4 8,by getting me a pair of good post-horses10 replied his guest4 8,it is of the utmost importance that ,i reach ,x before five o'clock to-morrow afternoon1 and your people say ,i have no chance of finding horses until ,friday40 ,the landlord stifled a sigh and replied3 8,that is only too true1 monsieur40 ,m4 ,gombard pushed away his plate1 rose1 walked up and down the room1 and then stood at the window and looked out4 ,it was a bleak look out2 everything was covered with snow4 ,snow lay deep on the ground1 on the trees1 on the lamp-post1 on the chimneys and the house-tops2 and the sky looked as if it were still full of snow4 ,just opposite there was a strange1 grand old house that arrested ,m4 ,gombard's attention2 it was a gabled edifice with turrets at either end1 and high pointed1 mullioned windows filled with diamond-paned lattices4 ,the roof slanted rapidly from the chimneys to the windows1 and looked as if the north wind that had howled over it for centuries had blown it a little to one side and battered it a good deal2 for you could see by the undulations of the snow that it was full of dints and ruts4 ,close under the projecting eaves in the centre of the house there was a stone shield1 on which a family coat of arms was engraved2 but the ivy1 which grew thick over the wall1 draped the escutcheon1 and1 with the snow1 made it impossible to read the story it set forth4 ,there was a balcony right under it1 from the floor of which an old man was now engaged sweeping the snow2 on either side were set huge stone vases1 in which some hardy plants grew1 defying all weathers1 apparently4 ,when the old man had cleared away the snow1 he brought out some pots of wintry-looking flowers1 and placed them on the ledge of the balcony4 ,m4 ,gombard had been watching the performance1 and taking in the scene with his eyes while his thoughts were busy about these post-horses that were not to be had in the town of ,cabicol4 ,he turned round suddenly1 and said in his abrupt1 magisterial way3 8,curious old house4 ,whose is it80 8,it belongs now to ,mlle4 ,aime ,bobert10 replied the landlord2 and the question seemed to affect him painfully4 8,whom did it belong to formerly80 inquired ,m4 ,gombard4 8,to the brave and illustrious family of ,de ,valbranchart4 ,the ,revolution ruined them1 and the mansion was bought by a retired manufacturer1 the grandfather of ,mlle4 ,aime1 who is now the sole heiress of all his wealth40 8,strange vicissitudes in the game of life60 muttered ,m4 ,gombard2 he turned again to survey the old house1 that looked as if it had been transplanted from some forest or lovely fell-side to this commonplace little town4 ,as he looked1 the window on the balcony opened1 and the slight figure of a woman appeared1 holding a flower-pot in her hand4 ,he could not see her face1 which was concealed by a shawl thrown lightly over her head2 but her movements had the grace and suppleness of youth4 ,m4 ,gombard mechanically adjusted his spectacles1 the better to inspect this new object in the picture2 the same moment a gentleman1 hurrying down the street1 came up1 and lifted his hat in a stately salutation as he passed before the balcony4 ,m4 ,gombard could not see whether the greeting was returned1 or how2 for when he glanced again towards the latticed window1 it had closed on the retreating figure of the lady4 ,the old church clock was chiming the hour of noon4 8,the ancient house has its modern romance1 ,i perceive10 observed ,m4 ,gombard superciliously2 and as if this discovery must strip it at once of all interest in the eyes of a sensible man1 he turned his back upon the old house1 and proceeded to catechise the landlord concerning post-horses4 ,there was clearly no chance of his procuring any that day1 and a very doubtful chance of his procuring any the next4 ,there was no help for it3 he must spend at least one night at the ,jacques ,bonhomme4 ,he was not a man to waste his energies in useless lamentation or invective4 ,one exclamation of impatience escaped him1 but he stifled it half way1 snapped his fingers1 and muttered in almost a cheerful tone1 8,tantpis60 ,the landlord stood regarding him with a gaze of compassion mingled with a sort of cowed admiration4 ,there was a strange fascination about these criminals1 murderers or forgers1 flying for dear life2 the concentrated energy1 the reckless daring1 the heroic self-control1 the calm self-possession they evinced in the face of danger and impending death1 were wonderful4 ,if these grand faculties had been ruled by principle1 and devoted to lawful pursuits and worthy aims1 what might they not have accomplished6 ,the landlord saw the stigma of crime distinctly branded upon the countenance of this man1 though the low1 bad brow was almost entirely concealed at one side by the wig2 and yet he could not but admire1 nay1 to a certain extent1 sympathize1 with him4 ,m4 ,gombard noticed his singular air of dejection1 his immovable attitudestanding there as if he were rooted to the spot when there was no longer any ostensible reason for his remaining in the room4 ,he bent a glance of inquiry upon him1 which said as plainly as words3 8,you have evidently something to say2 so say it40 8,monsieur10 said the landlord in a thick undertone1 8,i have been trusted with many secrets1 and ,i have never been known to betray one4 ,i ask you for no confidence2 but1 if you can trust me so far1 answer me one question3 ,is it a matter of life and death that you gothat you reach your destination by a given time80 ,m4 ,gombard hesitated for a moment1 perplexed by the tone and manner of his host2 then he replied1 deliberately1 as if weighing the value of each word3 8,i will not say #8life and death1' but as urgent as if it were life and death40 8,ha6 ,that is enough4 ,i understand10 said the landlord4 ,his voice was husky2 he shook from head to foot4 8,now tell me this3 will youwill the situation be saved1 if you can leave this to-morrow80 8,to-morrow8''' ,let me see10 said ,m4 ,gombard2 and thrusting both hands into his pockets1 he bent his head upon his breast with the air of a man making a calculation4 ,after a prolonged silence he looked up1 and continued reflectively3 8,if ,i can leave this to-morrow at four o'clock1 with a good pair of horses1 ,i shall be at ,x by ten2 and starting afresh at1 say1 five next morning1 ,i shall be0 8,saved60 broke in the landlord4 8,i shall be saved1 as you say10 repeated ,m4 ,gombard4 8,monsieur1 if the thing is possible it shall be done60 protested the landlord4 ,this coolness1 this superhuman calm1 at such a crisis1 were magnificent2 this felon1 whoever he was1 was a glorious man4 8,very peculiar person our host seems10 was the hero's reflection1 when the door closed behind that excited and highly sensitive individual4 ,m4 ,gombard then drew a chair towards the fire1 pulled a newspaper from his pocket1 and poked his feet as far out on the hearth as he could without putting them right into the blaze4 ,when he had squeezed the newspaper dry1 he threw it aside1 and bethought to himself that he might as well go for a walk1 and reconnoitre this extremely unprogressive town1 where a traveller might wait two days and two nights for a pair of post-horses4 ,he pulled on his big furred coat and sallied forth4 ,the snow was deep1 but the night's sharp frost had hardened it1 so that it was dry and crisp to walk on4 ,there was little in the aspect of ,cabicol that promised entertainment2 it was called a town1 but it was more like a village with a disproportionately fine church1 and some large houses that looked out of place in the midst of the shabby ones all round though the largest was insignificant beside the imposing old pile opposite the inn4 ,they looked quaint and picturesque enough1 however1 in their snow dress1 glistening in the beams of the pale winter sun that shone out feebly from the milky-looking sky4 ,the church was the first place to which ,m4 ,gombard bent his steps1 not with any pious intentions1 but because it was the only place that seemed to be open to a visitor1 and was1 moreover1 a stately1 ,gothic edifice that would have done honor to a thriving1 well-populated town4 ,the front door was closed4 ,m4 ,gombard was turning away with some disappointment1 when an old woman who was frying chestnuts in the angle of the projecting buttress1 with an umbrella tied to the back of her chair as a protest rather than a protection against the north wind that was blowing over the deserted market-place1 called out to him that the side door was open1 and pointed to the other side of the church4 ,when the visitor entered it1 he was struck by the solemnity and vastness of the place4 ,it was quite empty4 ,at least he thought so2 for his eye1 piercing the sombre perspective1 saw no living person there4 ,in the south aisle the rich stained glass threw delicate shadows of purple and gold and crimson on the pavement1 on the stern medival statues1 on the slim1 groined pillars2 but the other aisle was so dark that it was like night until your eyes grew accustomed to the gloom4 ,m4 ,gombard walked slowly through the darkened aisle1 peering up at the massive carving of the capitals1 and into the quaint devices of the basements1 and wondering what could have brought this majestic1 cathedral-like church into so incongruous a frame as ,cabicol4 ,suddenly he descried coming towards him from the farthest end of the aisle1 like a dimly visible form emerging from total darkness1 the figure of a man4 ,he supposed at first it was a priest1 and he thought he would ask him for some information about the church2 but1 as the figure drew near1 he saw he had been mistaken1 and presently he recognized the tall1 erect bearing and hurried step of the lover of ,mlle4 ,bobert4 ,there was no reason why ,m4 ,gombard should not have accosted him just as readily as if he had been the priest he had taken him for1 but something checked him at the first moment2 and when the young man had passed1 he was loath to call him back4 ,he had not the kind of face ,m4 ,gombard expected2 there was none of the levity or mawkishness that almost invariably characterized the countenances of men who were in love2 neither was there any trace of coxcombry or conceit in his dress and general appearance2 he had a fine head1 well shaped1 and with a breadth of forehead that announced brains2 his face was thoughtful and intelligent4 ,m4 ,gombard was sorry for the poor fellow1 who was evidently not otherwise a fool4 ,the sound of the lover's footfall died away1 and the great door closed behind him with a boom like low thunder4 ,m4 ,gombard continued his walk round the church undisturbed4 ,he came to the ,lady ,chapel behind the high altar1 and stood at the entrance1 filled with a new admiration and surprise4 ,the chapel was as dimly lighted as the rest of the building2 but from a deep1 mullioned window there came a flood of amber light that fell full upon a kneeling figure1 illuminating it with an effulgence to which the word heavenly might fitly be applied4 ,m4 ,gombard's first thought was that this new wonder was part of the whole2 that it was not a real1 living female form he beheld1 but some beautiful creation of painter and sculptor1 placed here to symbolize faith and worship in their loveliest aspect4 ,but this was merely the first unreasoning impression of delight and wonder4 ,he had not gazed more than a second on the kneeling figure when he saw that it was neither a statue nor an apparition1 but a living1 breathing woman4 ,the worshipper was absorbed in her devotions1 and seemed unconscious of the proximity of any spectator2 so ,m4 ,gombard was free to contemplate her at his ease4 ,it was the first time in his life that he ever stood deliberately to contemplate a woman1 simply as a beautiful object2 but there was something in this one totally different from all the women1 beautiful or otherwise1 that he had ever seen4 ,it may have been the circumstances1 the place and hour1 the obscurity of all around1 except for that yellow shaft of light that shot straight down upon the lovely devotee1 investing her with a sort of celestial glory2 but whatever it was1 the spectacle stirred the fibres of his heart as they had never been stirred before4 ,who was this lovely creature1 and why was she here in the deserted church1 alone and at an hour when there was neither chant nor ceremony to call her thither8 ,m4 ,gombard's habit of mind and his semi-legal and magisterial functions led him to suspect and discover plots and sinister motives in most human actions that were at all out of the usual course2 but it never for an instant occurred to seek any such here4 ,this fair girlshe looked in the full bloom of youthcould only be engaged on some errand of duty1 of mercy1 or of love4 ,love6 ,strange to say1 the word1 as it rose to his lips1 did not call up the scornful1 or even the pitying1 smile which at best never failed to accompany the thought of this greatest of human follies in the mayor's mind4 ,he repeated mentally1 8,love10 as he looked at her1 and something very like a sigh rose and was not peremptorily stifled in his breast4 ,while he stood there gazing1 a deeper gloom fell upon the place1 the yellow shaft was suddenly withdrawn1 the golden light went out1 and the vision melted into brown shadow4 ,m4 ,gombard started2 high up1 on all sides1 there was a noise like pebbles rattling against the windows4 ,the lady started too1 and1 crossing herself1 as at a signal that cut short her devotions1 rose and hurried from the chapel4 ,she took no notice of the man standing under the archway1 but passed on1 with a quick1 light step1 down the north aisle4 ,m4 ,gombard turned and walked after her4 ,he had no idea of pursuing her2 he merely yielded to an impulse that anticipated thought and will4 ,on emerging into the daylight of the porch he saw that the rain was falling heavily1 mixed with hail-stones as big as peas4 ,the lady surveyed the scene without in blank dismay1 while ,m4 ,gombard stealthily surveyed her4 ,she struck him as more wonderful1 more vision-like1 now even than when she had burst upon him with her golden halo amidst the darkness2 her soft brown eyes full of light1 her silken brown curls1 her scarlet lips parted in inarticulate despair1 the small head thrown slightly back1 and raised in scared interrogation to the dull gray tank above,m4 ,gombard saw all these charms distinctly now1 and his dry1 legal soul was strangely moved4 ,should he speak to her8 ,what could he say8 ,offer her his umbrella1 perhaps8 ,that was a safe offer to make1 and a legitimate opportunity2 he blessed his stars that he had brought his umbrella4 8,madamemademoisellepardon me,i shall be very happythat is1 ,i should esteem myself fortunate if ,i couldbe of any service to you in this emergency0 8,thank you2 ,i am much obliged to you1 monsieur10 replied the young lady2 she saw he meant to be polite1 but she did not see what help he intended4 8,if you would allow me to call a cab for you80 continued ,m4 ,gombard timidly4 8,oh6 thank you40 ,she broke into a little1 childlike laugh that was perfectly delicious4 8,we have no cabs at ,cabicol60 ,the young merriment was so contagious that ,m4 ,gombard laughed too4 8,of course not6 ,how stupid of me to have thought there could be6 ,but how are you to get home in this rain1 mademoiselle8 ,will you accept my umbrella8 ,it is large2 it will protect you in some degree40 8,oh6 you are too good1 monsieur10 replied his companion1 turning the brown eyes1 darting with light1 full upon him2 8but ,i think we had better have a little patience and wait until the rain stops4 ,it can't last long like this2 and if ,i ventured out in such a deluge1 ,i think ,i should be drowned40 ,there was nothing very original1 or poetical1 or preternaturally wise in this remark1 but coming from those poppy lips1 in that young1 silvery voice1 it sounded like the inspiration of genius to ,m4 ,gombard4 ,he replied that she was right1 that he was an idiot2 in fact1 had not his age and his business-like1 dry1 matter-of-fact appearance offered a guarantee for his sobriety and an excuse for his attempt at facetiousness1 ,m4 ,gombard's jubilant manner and ecstatic air would have led the young lady to fear he was slightly deranged or slightly inebriated4 ,but ugly1 elderly gentlemen who wear wigs are a kind of privileged persons to young ladies2 they may say anything1 almost1 under cover of these potent credentials4 8,this is a fine old church10 observed ,m4 ,gombard presently4 8,yes2 we are proud of it at ,cabicol4 ,strangers always admire it10 replied his companion4 8,they are right2 it is one of the best specimens of the ,gothic of the ,renaissance ,i remember to have seen10 said ,m4 ,gombard2 8this portico reminds one of the cathedral of ,b4 ,have you ever seen it1 mademoiselle80 8,no2 ,i have never travelled farther from ,cabicol than ,luxort40 8,indeed6 ,how ,i envy you60 exclaimed the mayor heartily4 ,he was a new man2 he was fired with enthusiasm for beauty of every description1 in art1 in nature1 everywhere4 8,it is you1 rather1 who are to be envied for having seen far places and beautiful things60 returned the young girl navely4 8,i wish ,i could see them too40 8,and why should you not80 demanded ,m4 ,gombard2 he would have given half his fortune to have been able to say there and then3 8,come1 and ,i will show you these strange places1 and beautiful things60 8,i am alone10 replied his companion in a low tone2 the merry brightness faded from her face1 the sweet eyes filled with tears4 ,m4 ,gombard could have fallen at her feet1 and cried1 8,forgive me6 ,i did not mean to give you pain40 ,but he did not do so2 he did better3 he bowed gravely and murmured1 almost under his breath3 8,pauvre enfant60 ,he had never pitied any human being as he pitied this beautiful orphan2 but then he was a man1 as we know1 who passed for having no heart4 ,his young companion looked up at him through her tears1 and her eyes said1 8,merci60 ,it was like the glance of a dumb animal1 so large1 so pathetic1 so trustful4 ,the rain still fell in torrents1 lashing the ground like whip-cords2 but the hailstones had ceased4 ,the two persons under the portico stood in solemn silence1 watching the steady downpour4 ,presently1 as when1 by a sudden jerk of the string1 the force of a shower-bath is slackened1 it grew lighter2 the sun made a slit in the tank1 and gleamed down in a silver line through the lessening drops4 ,the young girl went to the edge of the steps1 and looked up1 reconnoitring the sky4 8,it is raining heavily still10 said ,m4 ,gombard2 8but if you are in a hurry1 and must go1 pray take my umbrella60 8,but then you will get wet10 she replied1 laughing with the childlike freedom that had marked her manner at first4 8,that is of small consequence6 ,it will do me good10 protested ,m4 ,gombard4 8,i entreat you1 mademoiselle1 accept my umbrella60 ,it was hard to say 8no10 and it was selfish to say 8yes40 ,she hesitated4 ,m4 ,gombard opened the umbrella1 capacious as a young tent1 and held it towards her4 ,the young lady advanced and took it2 but the thick handle and the weight of the outspread canopy were too much for her tiny hand and little round wrist4 ,it swayed to and fro as she grasped it4 ,m4 ,gombard caught hold of it again4 8,let me hold it for you10 he said4 8,which way are you going80 8,across the market-place to that house with the veranda10 she replied2 8but perhaps that is not your way1 monsieur80 ,it was not his way2 but if it had been ten times more out of it1 ,m4 ,gombard would have gone with delight4 8,do me the honor to take my arm1 mademoiselle10 he said1 without answering her inquiry4 ,it was done in the kindest wayjust as if she had been the daughter of an old friend4 ,the young girl gathered her pretty cashmere dress well in one hand1 and slipped the other into the arm of her protector4 ,they crossed the market-place quickly1 and were soon at the door of the house she had pointed out4 8,thank you6 ,i am so much obliged to you1 monsieur60 8,mademoiselle1 ,i am too happy0 ,she smiled at him with her laughing brown eyes1 and he turned away1 a changed man1 elated1 bewildered1 walking upon air4 ,he walked on in the rain1 his feet sinking ankle-deep in parts where the snow was thick and had been melted into slush by the heavy shower4 ,he did not think now whether there was anything to visit to pass the rest of the day2 his one idea was to find out the name of this beautiful creature1 then to see her again1 offer her his hand and fortune1 if her position were not too far above his own1 and be the happiest of men for the rest of his life4 ,he was fifty years of age2 but what of that8 ,his heart was twenty2 he had not worn it out in butterfly passions1 8fancies1 light as air10 and ephemeral as summer gnats4 ,this was his first love1 and few men half his age had that virgin gift to place in the bridal corbeille4 ,then how respected he was by his fellow-citizens6 ,m4 ,gombard saw them already paying homage to his young wife2 saw all the magnates congratulating him1 and the fine ladies calling on ,madame ,gombard4 ,when he reached the ,jacques ,bonhomme he was in the seventh heaven4 ,the landlord saw him from the window of the bar1 and hurried out to meet him with a countenance blanched with terror4 8,good heavens1 monsieur6 you have ventured out into the town4 ,you have been abroad all this time6 ,what mad imprudence60 he whispered4 8,eh6 ,imprudence8 ,not the least1 my good sir10 replied the mayor1 descending with a painful jump from his celestial altitude2 8my boots are snow-proof1 and behold my umbrella60 ,he swung it round1 shut it up with a click1 and held it proudly at arm's length1 while the wet streamed down its seams as from a spout4 8,marvellous man60 muttered the landlord1 staring at him aghast4 8,but hasten in now1 ,i entreat you4 ,you ordered dinner at three2 it will be served to you in your room40 8,just as it pleases you10 returned ,m4 ,gombard complacently4 8,i don't mind where ,i get it1 provided it be good40 8,monsieur1 for heaven's sake be prudent60 said the landlord2 he took the umbrella from him1 and hung it outside the door to drip4 8,i wish to have a word with you presently1 mine host10 ,m4 ,gombard called out from the top of the stairs4 8,i am at your orders1 monsieur10 said the host4 ,this reckless behavior in a man flying for his life was beyond belief4 8,it is madness1 but it is sublime60 thought the landlord4 ,the table was ready laid when ,m4 ,gombard entered his room2 the dinner was ready too1 as was evident from the smell of fry and cabbage that filled the place2 he went to the window and threw it open4 ,as he did so the mysterious lover appeared at the corner of the streetthat is1 of the gabled houseand1 as before1 lifted his hat and bowed reverently as he passed under the balcony4 ,was his lady-love there to see it8 ,m4 ,gombard glanced quickly to the latticed window2 it did not open1 but he distinctly saw a female figure standing behind it1 and retreating suddenly1 as if unwilling to be observed4 ,the little pantomime1 which he had looked on so contemptuously a few hours ago1 was now full of a new interest to him4 ,he wondered what the lady was like2 whether she looked with full kindness on this pensive1 intellectual-looking adorer1 and admitted him occasionally to her presence1 or whether she starved him on these distant glimpses4 ,what was he doing in the church just now1 with that long scroll in his hand8 ,he had not been praying out of it1 certainly4 8,i must interrogate mine host10 thought ,m4 ,gombard1 stirred to unwonted curiosity about these lovers4 ,great was his surprise at that very moment to behold the said host cross the street1 pass the open gateway of the gabled house1 ring at the narrow1 arched door and presently disappear within it4 ,what could the landlord of the ,jacques ,bonhomme have to do with the wealthy mistress of that house8 8,monsieur is served60 said the waiter1 in a tone which announced that he had said it before4 ,m4 ,gombard started1 shut the window1 and sat down to his dinner4 ,when he had finished it1 he went and opened the window again1 and1 lo and behold6 there was the landlord coming back from the mystifying visit4 ,this time ,m4 ,gombard saw most distinctly the figure of a woman looking out from the latticed window1 and drawing back instantly when he appeared4 ,there was a knock at the door4 8,come in60 said ,m4 ,gombard4 ,the landlord looked very much excited4 8,i have done my best for you1 monsieur10 he began in an agitated manner2 8,i have left nothing undone1 and all ,i have been able to obtain is that you shall have a good pair of post-horses to-morrow at one o'clock40 8,capital6 ,excellent6 ,then ,i am0 ,he stopped short4 8,saved60 muttered the landlord exultingly4 8,yes1 yes1 my friend1 saved10 repeated ,m4 ,gombard with an air of cool indifference which was nothing short of heroic2 8but ,i am just thinking whether1 as ,i have not been able to start this afternoon1 ,i am not losing my time in starting at all4 ,it might be wiser to ,but1 no2 ,i had better go4 ,you say the horses are good80 8,the best in ,cabicol40 8,and ,i can count upon them80 8,i have the word of a noble woman for that40 8,ha6 a woman6 ,who may she be80 8,the mistress of that house,mlle4 ,bobert40 ,the landlord pronounced these words with an emphasis that might have been dispensed with1 as far as regarded the effect of the announcement on ,m4 ,gombard4 8,mlle4 ,bobert60 he repeated in amazement4 8,yes1 monsieur4 ,she is young1 but she has the mind of a man and the heart of a mother4 ,when every other resource had been tried in vain1 ,i went to her2 ,i told herenough to excite her sympathy1 her desire to help you2 she promised me you should have the horses to-morrow at one o'clock40 8,you confound me60 said ,m4 ,gombard4 8,have no fear1 monsieur2 ,mlle4 ,bobert is a woman1 butshe is to be trusted4 ,the horses will be here at one o'clock40 8,well1 well10 said ,m4 ,gombard1 8,i must not be ungrateful either to you or ,mlle4 ,bobert2 it is most kind of you to take so much trouble in my behalf1 landlord1 and most kind of her to furnish me with the horses4 ,you say she is young2 is she pretty80 7,gracious heavens6 ,if the citizens of ,loisel had heard this stony-hearted mayor putting such questions67 8,no1 monsieur1 she is not pretty10 replied the landlord2 8she is beautiful40 8,diable60 exclaimed ,m4 ,gombard facetiously4 8,beautiful as an angel10 remarked the landlord1 with an accent that seemed to rebuke his guest's exclamation4 8,you appear to have a spcialit for beautiful persons in ,cabicol10 said ,m4 ,gombard1 pouncing on his opportunity2 8,i met one in the church just now1 taking shelter from the rainthe most remarkably beautiful person ,i ever saw in my life4 ,who can she be8 ,she lives in the house to the right of the market-place40 8,excuse me1 monsieur1 she does not10 said the landlord sadly4 8,no8 ,how do you know8 ,did you see medid you see her in the church80 8,no1 monsieur1 ,i did not10 answered the landlord4 ,m4 ,gombard was mystified again4 ,what a droll fellow mine host was altogether6 8,you evidently know something about her10 he resumed2 8can you tell me her name and where she lives80 8,her name is ,mlle4 ,bobert2 she lives yonder40 ,he stretched out his arm1 and held a finger pointed toward the old house4 ,the effect on ,m4 ,gombard was electric4 ,he started as if the landlord's finger had pulled the trigger of a pistol2 he grew pale2 he could not utter a word4 ,the landlord pitied him sincerely4 8,when ,i told her who it was ,i wanted the horses for10 he continued1 8she asked me to describe you4 ,i did so1 and she recognized you at once as the person to whom she had spoken in the church4 ,she said immediately it would be a great pleasure to her to do you this service1 you had been so very courteous to her40 8,pray convey my best thanks to ,mlle4 ,bobert10 said ,m4 ,gombard1 making a strong effort to control his emotions2 8,i am profoundly sensible of her goodness40 ,the landlord cast one deeply tragic look upon his unfortunate guest1 bowed and withdrew4 ,as he turned away1 he bethought to himself how1 as the wisest men had been fooled by lovely woman1 it was not to be wondered at that the bravest should be made cowards by her2 here was a man who could carry a bold heart and a smiling face into the very teeth of danger1 but no sooner did he find that a woman had got hold of even a suspicion of his secret than his courage deserted him1 and he was incapable of keeping up even a semblance of bravery4 ,unhappy man6 ,but he was safe2 he had nothing to fear from ,mlle4 ,bobert4 ,and so it was the great heiress whom he had seen and surrendered his impregnable heart to1 without even a feint at resistance6 ,m4 ,gombard understood all now2 the joyous expression of her lovely face1 her unconstrained manner to him1 her presence in the deserted churchit was all explained3 her lover had been there1 praying with her1 and she had lingered on praying for him4 ,happy1 happy man6 ,miserable ,gombard6 ,he spent the evening drearily over his lonely fire4 ,how lonely it seemed since he had lost the dream that had beautified it1 filling the future with sweet visions of fireside joys1 of bright companionship by the winter blaze6 ,he went to bed1 nevertheless1 and slept soundly4 ,the wound was not so deep as he imagined1 this middle-aged man1 who had no memories of young love1 with its kindling hopes and passionate despairs1 by which to measure his present suffering4 ,he was very miserable1 sincerely unhappy1 but1 all the same1 he slept his seven hours without awaking4 ,when at last he did awake1 and bethought him of his sorrow1 he took it up where he had left it the night before1 and moaned and pitied himself with all his heart4 ,he was to start at one o'clock1 but he must make an effort to see ,mlle4 ,bobert again before leaving ,cabicol for ever4 ,he ordered his breakfast1 ate heartily1 and then sallied forth in the direction of the church4 ,he knew of no other place where he was at all likely to meet her2 he had not seen her leave the house1 but she might have done so while he was breakfasting4 ,as well try to time the coming in and out of the sunbeams as the ways and movements of this fairy chtelaine4 ,she would sit by her latticed window immovable for an hour1 then disappear1 then return1 flitting to and fro like a shadow4 ,m4 ,gombard watched his opportunity1 when the landlord was busy in the crowded bar1 to slip out of the house4 ,he felt as if he were performing some guilty action in stealing away on such a foolish errand2 how men would laugh at him if they knew1 if they could see the revolution that had taken place in him within the last four-and-twenty hours6 ,he tried to laugh at himself1 but it was more than his philosophy could accomplish4 ,the great doors of the church were open to-day4 ,they were open every morning up to noon2 the good folks of ,cabicol went in and out to their devotions1 from daybreak until then1 not in crowds1 but in groups of twos and threes1 trickling in and out at leisure4 ,the grand old church looked less gloomy than yesterday2 the sunlight poured in1 illuminating the nave fully1 and scattering the oppressive darkness of the lofty aisles2 but to ,m4 ,gombard the sunshine brought no brightness4 ,he stood at the entrance of the nave1 and looked up the long vista and on every side1 but no trace of the luminary he sought was visible4 ,the few worshippers who knelt at the various shrines disappeared one by one1 going forth to the day's labor1 its troubles and its interests1 till the church was nearly empty4 ,m4 ,gombard turned into the north aisle1 and sauntered slowly on4 ,presently he saw a tall figure advancing1 as yesterday1 with the same quick step1 from out the same side chapel4 ,it was his hated rival6 ,here he was again1 with the same scroll of paper in his hand2 he rolled it up carefully1 and put it in his pocket as he walked on1 calm1 pensive1 unconcerned1 as if nobody had been by1 nobody scowling fiercely upon him as he passed4 ,it was evidently a plan agreed upon between these lovers that they should come and say their prayers together at a given hour every day4 ,m4 ,gombard was now certain that ,mlle4 ,bobert was in the ,lady ,chapel2 he quickened his step in that direction4 ,great was his surprise to find it almost filled with people4 ,the first ,mass was at six1 the second at ten2 the second was just finished4 ,people were rising to come away2 soon there were only a few1 more fervent than the rest1 who lingered on at their devotions4 ,m4 ,gombard looked eagerly all round4 ,there was a group of several persons going out together4 ,descrying ,mlle4 ,bobert amongst them1 he turned and followed quickly1 taking the south aisle so as to reach the portico before her1 and have a chance of saluting1 perhaps speaking to1 her2 for might he not1 ought he not1 lawfully seize this opportunity of thanking her8 ,he stationed himself in the open door-way1 standing so that she could not pass without seeing him4 ,the common herd passed out4 ,m4 ,gombard turned as a light step drew close4 ,he bowed low4 8,mademoiselle1 ,i have many thanks to offer you10 he said in a subdued voice1 as became the solemn neighborhood4 8,you have done a great kindness to a perfect stranger4 ,i shall never see you again2 but if ever1 by chance1 by some unspeakable good fortune1 it werein my power1 if ,i could do anything to serve you1 ,i should count it a great hap ''' ,i should be only too happy60 ,poor man6 ,how confused he was6 ,he could hardly get the words out4 ,it was pitiable to see his emotion4 ,mlle4 ,bobert's gentle heart was touched4 8,don't think of it60 she answered kindly1 but with a nervous1 timid manner that he was not too absorbed to notice and to wonder at1 remembering her unrestrained frankness of yesterday4 8,it is ,i who am glad4 ,i wish ,i had known it sooner1 before the market-day4 ,i should have done my best2 but ,i hope it is not too late1 that you will escathat you will get where you want in good time40 8,it is of little consequence1 mademoiselle4 ,i care not whether ,i get there late or early now10 replied ,m4 ,gombard4 8,don't say that6 ,pray don't60 said the young girl with great feeling4 8,i should be so sorry6 ,good-by1 monsieur1 good-by40 ,she hurried away4 ,did his eyes deceive him1 or were there tears in hers8 ,she was strangely agitated2 her voice trembled2 there was a choking sound in it when she said that 8,good-by1 monsieur1 good-by60 ,did she read his secret on his face1 in his manner1 his tone1 and was she sorry for him8 ,it was not improbable4 ,he hoped it was so4 ,it was something to have her pity1 since she could give him nothing more4 ,he watched the slight figure drifting out of sight2 the step was less elastic than yesterday2 she was depressed1 unnerved4 ,what a treasure that odious man had conquered in this tender1 loving heart6 ,the post-chaise was at the door punctually at one4 ,m4 ,gombard was ready waiting for it when the landlord knocked at his door4 ,the traveller's air of deep dejection struck a new pang at his feeling heart4 8,monsieur1 ,i trust sincerely you may not be too late10 he said in the quick undertone of strong emotion1 as he closed the door of the chaise and leaned forward confidentially4 8,late or not1 ,i shall always remember your kindness1 landlord2 it signifies little whether ,i am late or not10 replied the parting guest4 8,don't say that1 monsieur1 don't1 ,i entreat you60 said the landlord1 lowering his voice to a hoarse whisper4 8,it would grieve me to the very soul6 ,i swear to you it would6 ,will you do me one favor8just to prove that you trust me and believe that ,i have done my best to forward your esyour wishes3 will you send me word by the postilion if you arrive in time80 8,really1 landlord1 your interest in my welfare is beyond my comprehension10 said ,m4 ,gombard2 he had had enough of this effusive sympathy1 and at the moment it irritated him4 8,don't say so1 sir6 ,but ,i understandyou don't know me2 you are afraid to trust me4 ,well1 ,i will not persist2 but if you consent to send me back one word1 ,i shall be the happier for it4 ,and ,mlle4 ,bobertthink of her60 8,mlle4 ,bobert6 ,do you suppose she cares to hear of me again8 ,to know what becomes of me80 asked ,m4 ,gombard breathlessly4 8,care1 monsieur8 ,she will know no peace until she hears from you2 she will reproach herself1 as if it had been her fault4 ,you little know what a sensitive heart hers is40 ,the postilion gave a preliminary flourish of his whip4 ,crack6 crack6 it went with a noise that roused all the population of the ,jacques ,bonhomme1 the inmates of the house1 of the back yard and the front2 boys1 dogs1 pigs1 ducks1 turkeys1 geeseall came hurrying to the fore1 barking1 grumbling1 cackling1 screaming1 and pushing1 terrified lest they should be late for the fun4 8,i will send you word10 said ,m4 ,gombard1 pressing mine host's hand with an impulse of gratitude and joy too strong for pride4 8,adieu6 ,merci60 ,crack6 crack6 and away went the post-chaise amidst such a noise and confusion of men and animals as is not to be described4 ,as the horses dashed down the street1 ,m4 ,gombard beheld the man with the scroll turn the corner4 ,curiosity was too much for dignity2 he looked back3 the hat was raised1 and the happy rival passed on4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,what ,,is ,,dr4 ,,nevin',s ,,position8 ,the leading article#ace in the ,mercersburg ,review for ,october last is from the celebrated pen of ,j4 ,williamson ,nevin1 ,d4,d4 ,dr4 ,nevin is a member of the ,german ,reformed ,church1 and at one period he was president of ,marshall ,college1 the leader of a school of theologians1 and editor of the ,mercersburg ,review1 to which magazine he is now the ablest contributor4 ,during his editorship he wrote several remarkable articles for its pages1 especially those on ,st4 ,cyprian1 which attracted considerable attention4 ,dr4 ,nevin's writings are characterized by an earnest religious spirit1 a freedom from bigotry1 and they always aim at conveying some important ,christian verity2 which1 although he scarcely can be said to know it1 finds its true home only in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church4 ,hence ,catholics can but take an interest in whatever ,dr4 ,nevin writes1 and we intend to lay before our readers1 with some remarks of our own1 the purport of his present article1 entitled 8,the ,spiritual ,world40 ,in this article ,dr4 ,nevin tries to show and prove that the work of salvation includes not only the resistance to inordinate passions1 but above all a struggle against1 and a conquest over1 the world of evil spirits4 ,this is his thesis4 ,he says3 8,flesh and blood1 self1 the world1 and the things of the world around us here in the body1 are indeed part of the hostile force we are called to encounter in our way to heaven2 they are not the whole of this force1 however1 nor are they the main part of it1 by any means4 ,that belongs always to a more inward and far deeper realm of being1 where the powers of the spiritual world are found to go immeasurably beyond all the powers of nature1 and to be1 at the same time1 in truth1 the continual source and spring of all that is in these last1 whether for good or for evil4 ,the ,christian conflict thus1 even where it regards things simply of the present life1 looks through what is thus mundane1 constantly to things which are unseen and eternal2 and in this way it becomes in very fact throughout a wrestling1 not with flesh and blood1 but with the universal powers of evil brought to bear upon us from the other world40 ,this he proceeds to prove by the vows of baptism3 8,so much we are taught in the form of our ,christian baptism itself1 by which we are engaged to #8renounce the devil with all his ways and works1 the world with its vain pomp and glory1 and the flesh with all its sinful desires4' ,in one view these may be regarded as separate enemies2 but we know1 at the same time1 that they form together but one and the same grand power of evil1 no one part of which can be effectually withstood asunder from the diabolical life that animates and actuates the whole4 ,to wrestle with the world or with the flesh really1 is to wrestle at the same time really with the full power of hell4 ,if the struggle reach not to this1 it may issue in stoic morality or respectable prudence1 but it can never come to true self-mastery or victory over the world in the ,christian sense4 ,the field for any such conquest lies wholly beyond the realm of mere flesh and blood4 ,the conquest1 if gained at all1 must be won from the hosts of hell1 and then1 of course1 by the aid only of corresponding heavenly hosts and heavenly armor2 which is1 in truth1 just what our baptism means40 ,he calls in philosophy to confirm his thesis1 thus3 8,the conception of any such comprehension of our life here in the general spiritual order of the universe can be no better than foolishness1 we know1 for the reigning materialistic thinking of the present time4 ,but it is1 in truth1 the only rational view of the world's existence4 ,philosophy1 no less than religion1 postulates the idea that the entire creation of ,god is one thought1 in the power of which all things are held together as a single system from alpha to omega1 from origin to end2 and all modern science is serving continually more and more to confirm this view by showing that all things everywhere look to all things1 and that everything everywhere is and can be what it is only through its relations to other things universally4 ,so it is in the world of nature2 so it is in the spiritual world2 and so it must be also in the union of these two worlds one with the other4 ,it is to be considered a settled maxim now1 a mere truism indeed for all true thinkers1 that there is no such thing as insulated existence anywheresuch an inconnexum must at once perish1 sink into nonentity4 ,it is no weakness of mind1 therefore1 to think of the spiritual world as a vast nexus of affection and thought 7like the waves of the sea1 endlessly various and yet multitudinously one71 viewed either as heaven or as hell4 ,without doing so1 indeed1 no man can believe really in any such world at all4 ,it will be for him simply an abstraction1 a notion1 a phantom4 ,and so1 again1 it is no weakness of mind1 in acknowledging the existence of the spiritual world 7thus concretely apprehended71 to think of our present human life1 even here in the body1 as holding in real contact and communication organic inward correlation1 we may say1 with the universal life of that world 7angelic and diabolic71 in such sort that our entire destiny for weal or woe shall be found to hang upon it1 as it is made to do in the teaching of ,god's ,word here under consideration4 ,it is no weakness of mind1 we say1 to think of the subject before us in this way4 ,the weakness lies altogether on the other side1 with those who refuse the thought of any such organic connection between the life of men here in the body and the life of spirits in the other world40 ,these views1 so strongly put forth by ,dr4 ,nevin1 we hardly need remark1 are familiar to all ,catholics1 agree with the doctrines of all ,catholic spiritual authors1 especially the mystics1 who have written professedly on this subject1 and their truth is abundantly illustrated on almost every page of the lives of the saints4 ,the ,catholic mystical authors1 many of whom were saints1 have gone over the entire ground of our relations with the supernatural world1 and1 both by their learning and personal experience1 have conveyed1 in their writings on this subject1 important knowledge1 laid down wise regulations1 and given in detail safe1 wholesome1 practical directions4 ,they seem to breathe in the same atmosphere as that in which the ,holy ,scriptures were written1 and in passing from the reading of the ,holy ,scriptures to the lives of the saints there is no feeling of any break4 ,they lived in the habitual and conscious presence1 and in some cases in sight1 of the inhabitants of the supernatural world2 and so familiar was their intercourse with the angelical side1 and at times so dreadful were the combats to which they were delivered on the diabolical side1 that their lives1 for this very reason1 become a stumbling-block to worldly ,catholics and to ,protestants generally4 ,in the lives of her saints the ,catholic ,church proves that she is not only the teacher of ,christianity1 but also the inheritor and channel of its life and spirit4 ,how far ,dr4 ,nevin himself would agree with this intense realism of the church in connection with the supernatural world1 as seen in the lives of her saints1 we have no special means of knowing2 but if we may judge from the spirit and drift of the article under consideration1 he goes much farther in this direction than is usual for ,protestants4 ,be his opinion what it may1 their lives form a concrete evidence of the truth of his thesis4 ,it is the sense of nearness of the spiritual world1 and its bearing on the ,christian life1 pervading as it does the public worship1 the private devotions1 and the general tone of ,catholics1 that characterizes them from those who went out from the fold of the ,catholic ,church in the religious revolution of three centuries ago4 ,this whole field has become to ,protestants1 in the process of time1 a terra incognita2 and if ,dr4 ,nevin can bring them again to its knowledge1 and in 8constant1 living union0 with it1 he will have done a most extraordinary work4 ,efforts of this kind and of a similar nature have not been wanting in one way or another1 and are not now wanting1 among ,protestants4 ,there are those who show a decided interest in the works of the spiritual writers of the ,catholic ,church4 ,strange to sayand yet it is not strange2 for in this they follow the law of similia similibusthey are particularly fond of those authors whose writings are not altogether sound or whose doctrines are tainted with exaggerations4 ,thus ,dr4 ,upham will write the life of ,madame ,guyon2 another will translate ,the ,maxims of the ,saints1 by ,fnelon2 and to another class there is a peculiar charm in the history of the ,jansenistic movement of ,port ,royal2 others1 again1 moved by the same instinct1 will not hesitate to acknowledge with ,dr4 ,mahan that 8such individuals as ,thomas ,kempis1 ,catherine ,adorno he means ,st4 ,catherine of ,genoa1 and many others were not only ,christians1 but believers who had a knowledge of all the mysteries of the higher life1 and who1 through all coming time1 will shine as stars of the first magnitude in the firmament of the ,church4 ,in their inward experiences1 holy walk1 and #8power with ,god and with men1' they had few1 if any1 superiors in any preceding era of church history4 #8,the unction of the ,spirit' was as manifest in them as in the apostles and primitive believers02#acf while many of this class in the ,episcopal ,church translate from foreign languages into ,english the works of ,catholic ascetic writers1 and books of devotion1 for the use of pious members of their persuasion4 ,the ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould will give you in ,english1 in many volumes1 the complete lives of the saints4 ,they even go so far1 both in ,england and the ,united ,states1 as to found religious orders of both sexes as schools for the better attainment of ,christian perfection1 and venture to take the name of a ,catholic saint as their patron4 ,it is evident that1 among a class of souls upon whom the church can be said to exert no direct influence1 there is a movement towards seeking nearer relations with the unseen spiritual world1 accompanied with a desire for closer union with ,god4 ,it finds expression among all ,protestant denominations4 ,with the ,methodists and ,presbyterians it is known by the name of 8perfectionism10 or 8the higher life10 or 8the baptism of the ,holy ,ghost40 ,it is also manifested by the efforts made now and again for union among all the ,protestant sects4 ,it is the same craving of this mystical instinct for satisfaction that lies at the root of spiritism1 which has spread so rapidly and extensively outside of the ,catholic ,church1 not only among sceptics and unbelievers1 but even among all classes of ,protestants1 and entered largely into their pulpits4 ,the former movement assumes a religious aspect2 but lacking the scientific knowledge of spiritual life1 and the practical discipline necessary to its true development and perfection1 it gradually dies out or runs into every kind of vagary and exaggeration4 ,recently1 after having made not a little commotion among different denominations in ,england and ,germany1 it came1 in the person of its ,american apostle1 ,mr4 ,pearsall ,smith1 to a sudden and disgraceful collapse4 8,if the blind lead the blind1 both fall into the ditch40 ,the latter movementspiritismleads directly to the entire emancipation of the flesh1 resulting in free-lovism1 and sometimes ending in possession and diabolism4 ,spiritism is ,satan's master-stroke1 in which he obtains from his adepts the denial of his own existence4 ,these are some of the bitter fruits of the separation from ,catholic unity3 those who took this step under the pretence of seeking a higher spiritual life are afflicted with spiritual languor and death2 and they who were led by a boasted independence of ,christ have fallen into the snares of ,satan and become his dupes and abject slaves4 ,behold the revenge of neglected ,catholic truth2 for only in ,catholic unity every truth is held in its true relation with all other truths1 shines in its full splendor1 and produces its wholesome and precious fruits6 ,suppose for a moment that ,dr4 ,nevin should succeed in the task which he has undertaken1 and by his efforts raise those around him1 and the whole ,protestant world1 to a sense of their relation to the supernatural world4 ,what then8 ,why1 he has only brought souls to a state which many ,protestants have reached before2 and when they sought for the light1 aid1 and sympathy which these new conditions required1 in those around them1 they found none4 ,by quickening their spiritual sensibilities you have opened the door to wilder fancies1 more dangerous illusions1 and thereby exposed the salvation of their souls to greater perils4 ,for1 as ,st4 ,gregory tells us3 8,ars artium est regimen animarum0the art of arts is the guidance of souls2 and where is this art1 this science1 this discipline1 to be found8 ,not in ,protestantism4 ,what then8 ,why1 either these souls have to renounce their holiest convictions1 their newly-awakened spiritual life1 and sink into their former insensibility2 or go where they can find true guidance1 certain peace1 and spiritual progressenter into the bosom of the holy ,catholic ,church1 where alone the cravings of that spiritual hunger can be appeased which nowhere else upon earth found food1 and the soul can at last breathe freely4 ,but there is another point involved in ,dr4 ,nevin's article2 and however so much1 as ,catholics1 we may sympathize with his endeavors to awaken ,protestants to their relations with the supernatural world1 this point in question will come up1 and we cannot help putting it3 ,what is ,dr4 ,nevin's criterion of revealed truth8 ,the rule of interpretation of the written ,word8 ,dr4 ,nevin has one2 for neither he nor any one else can move a single step without employing and applying1 implicitly or explicitly1 a rule of faith4 ,he criticises1 judges1 condemns others1 but on what ground8 ,does his own position1 at bottom1 differ from that of those whom he condemns8 ,he lacks neither the ability nor the learning to make a consistent statement on this point4 ,truth is consistent4 ,god is not the author of confusion4 ,where does ,dr4 ,nevin find or put the rule of faith8 ,if it be placed in simple human reason1 then we have as the result1 in religion1 pure rationalism4 ,if it be placed in human reason illuminated by grace1 then we have illuminism4 ,if it be placed in both of these1 with the written ,wordthat is1 the ,bible as interpreted by each individual with the assistance of divine gracethen we have the common rule of faith of all ,protestants1 so fruitful in breeding sects and schisms1 and inevitably tending to the entire negation of ,christianity4 ,this last appears to be ,dr4 ,nevin's rule of faith2 for what else does he mean when in the beginning of his article1 its second sentence1 he makes the following surprising statement3 8,christianity is a theory of salvation08 ,did ,god descend from heaven and become man upon earth1 live1 suffer1 and die1 and for what8 8,a theory06 ,is this the whole issue and reality of ,christianity8a theory10 a speculation8 ,did ,christ rise from the dead and ascend to the ,father1 and1 with him1 send forth upon earth the ,holy ,ghost1 to create 8a theory10 a speculation1 or an abstraction8 8,christianity a theory06 ,we fear that one who would deliberately make that assertion has never had the true conception of what is meant by the reality of ,christianity4 ,what would be said of a man who in treating of the sun should say3 ,the sun is a theory1 or a speculation1 or an exposition of the abstract principles of light8 ,if the sun be a theory1 it would be quickly asked1 what becomes1 in the meanwhile1 of the reality of the sun8 ,this way of dealing with ,christianity1 while professing to explain it1 allows its reality altogether to escape4 ,notwithstanding ,dr4 ,nevin's condemnation of 8the abstract spiritualistic thinking of the age10 and of those who would make ,christianity 8a fond sentiment simply of their own fancy10 he falls1 in his definition of ,christianity1 into the very same error which in others he emphatically condemns4 ,that this is so is evident2 for while he says1 8,christianity is a theory10 he adds in the same sentence1 8and is made known to us by divine revelation40 ,now1 the separation1 even in idea1 between the church and ,christianity1 is the fountain1 source1 and origin of all the illusions and errors uttered or written1 since the beginning1 concerning the ,christian religion4 ,the attempt to get at and set up a ,christianity independently of the ,christian ,church is the very essence and nature of all heresies4 ,the church and ,christianity are distinguishable1 but not separable2 and in assuming their separability1 as a primary position1 lies all the confusion of ideas and misapprehensions of ,christianity in the author of the article under present consideration4 ,this point needs further explanation1 as it is all-important1 and forms1 indeed1 the very root of the matter4 8,christianity is a theory10 says ,dr4 ,nevin1 8and is made known to us by divine revelation40 ,but what does ,dr4 ,nevin mean by 8divine revelation08 ,here are his own words in explanation3 8,when the question arises1 ,how are we to be made in this way partakers of the living ,christ1 so that our religion shall be in very deednot a name only1 not a doctrinal or ritualistic fetich merely1 nor a fond sentiment simply of our own fancy80 8,all turns in this case on our standing in the divine order as it reaches us from the ,father through the ,son4 ,that meets us in the written ,word of ,god1 which1 in the way we have before seen1 is nothing less in its interior life than the presence of the ,lord of life and glory himself in the world40 ,again3 8,we cannot now follow out the subject with any sort of adequate discussion4 ,we will simply say1 therefore1 that what our ,lord says here of his words or commandments is just what the ,scriptures everywhere attribute to themselves in the same respect and view4 ,they claim to be spirit and life1 to have in them supernatural and heavenly power1 to be able to make men wise unto everlasting life1 to be the ,word of ,god which liveth and abideth for evernot the memory or report simply of such word spoken in time past1 but the always present energy of it reaching through the ages4 ,the ,scriptures,god's law1 testimonies1 commandments1 statutes1 judgments1 his word in form of history1 ritual1 psalmody1 and prophecyare all this through what they are as the #8testimony of ,jesus'2 and therefore it is that they are1 in truth1 what the ark of ,god's covenant represented of old1 the conjunction of heaven and earth1 and in this way a real place of meeting or convention between men and ,god4 ,to know this1 to own it1 to acknowledge inwardly the presence of ,christ in his ,word1 as the same ,jehovah from whom the law came on ,mount ,sinai2 and then to fear the ,lord as thus revealed in his ,word1 to bow before his authority1 and to walk in his ways2 or1 in shorter phrase1 to #8fear ,god and keep his commandments1' because they are his commandments1 and not for any lower reasonthis is the whole duty of man1 and of itself the bringing of man into union with ,god2 the full verification of which is reached at last only in and by the ,word made glorious through the glorification of the ,lord himself2 as when1 in the passage before us he makes the keeping of his commandments the one simple condition of all that is comprehended in the idea of the mystical union between himself and his people40 ,according1 then1 to ,dr4 ,nevin1 8the divine order of our being0 made 8partakers of the living ,christ is in the ,word of ,god40 ,to make what is plain unmistakable1 he adds3 8,what we have to do1 then1 especially in the war we are called to wage with the powers of hell1 is to see that this conjunction with ,christ be in us really and truly1 through a proper continual use of the ,word of ,god for this purpose40 ,there is here and there throughout this article a haziness of language which smacks of ,swedenborgianism1 and makes it difficult to seize its precise meaning2 but we submit that ,dr4 ,nevinand he will probably accept the statement1 as our only aim is to get at his real meaningproceeds on the supposition that ,christianity is a theory1 and becomes real as each individual1 illumined by divine light1 discovers and appropriates it in reading the written ,wordthe ,bible4 ,this is the common ground of ,protestantism2 and ,dr4 ,nevin holds no other than the rule of faith of all ,protestants4 ,the following passage places this beyond doubt or cavil3 8,it was the life of the risen ,lord himself1 shining into the written ,word1 and through this into the mind of the disciples1 which1 by inward correspondence1 served to open their understanding to the proper knowledge of both4 ,and as it was then1 so it is still4 ,we learn what the written ,word is only by light from the incarnate ,word2 but then1 again1 we learn what the light of the incarnate ,word is only as this shines into us through the written ,worda circle1 it is true1 which alone1 however1 brings us to the true ground of the ,christian faith40 ,we need scarcely tell our readers that this pretended rule of faith is no rule of faith at all4 ,it breaks down on any reasonable test which you may apply to it4 ,it will not stand the trial of the written ,word itself1 nor of history1 nor of common sense1 nor of good and sound logic4 ,this has been too often demonstrated to require here long argumentation4 ,therefore1 when a man ventures to speak for ,christianity1 and professes to define and explain what is ,christianity1 the question rises up at once1 and naturally3 ,what does this man know1 in fact1 about ,christianity8 ,did he live in the time of ,christ8 ,did he ever speak to ,christ1 or see him8 ,was he a witness to his miracles8 ,why1 no6 ,he can bear testimony to none of these events4 ,if he was not a contemporary of ,christ1 what1 then1 does he know about him8 ,where has he obtained his knowledge to set up for a teacher of ,christianity8 ,on what grounds does he presume to speak for ,christianity8 ,does he come commissioned by those whom ,christ authorized to teach in his name8 ,why1 no2 they repudiate him in the character of a teacher of ,christ4 ,does he prove by direct miraculous power from ,god to speak in his name8 ,why1 no6 ,then he has no commission1 indirect or direct2 then he is unauthorized1 a self-sent and a self-appointed teacher6 ,but he fancies he has a light to speak for ,christianity on the authority of certain historical documents which contain an account of ,christ and his doctrines4 ,but how about these documents8 ,what authority verified and stamped them with its approval as genuine1 and rejected others1 which professed to be genuine1 as spurious8 ,why1 the very authority which verified these documents1 and on which he has to rely for their genuineness and divine inspiration1 is the very authority which altogether denies his presumed right of teaching ,christianity6 ,the authority which authenticated them rejects as spurious his claim to be the interpreter of their true meaning4 ,how does he get over this difficulty8 ,he does not get over it4 ,he simply ignores it4 ,but do these documents profess to give a full and complete account of ,christianity8 ,by no means4 ,he assumes this too4 ,what6 assumes the vital point of his own rule1 which is in dispute8 ,he does4 ,strange that those who were inspired to write these so important documents should not have written their great object plainly on their face2 and stranger still1 if they did1 that this should have remained a secret many centuries before its discovery6 ,then this was not the way the primitive ,christians learned ,christianity8 ,not at all4 ,there were millions of ,christians who spilt their blood for ,christianity1 and millions more who had died in the faith1 before these documents were verified and put in the shape which we now have them and call the ,bible4 ,this pretended rule1 then1 unchristianizes the early ,christians8 ,it does2 and does moreit unchristianizes the great bulk of ,christians since2 for the mass of ,christians could not obtain ,bibles before the invention of printing1 and could not read them if they had them4 ,even to-day1 if this be the rule1 how about the children1 the blind1 and those who cannot readnot a small number8 ,how are they to become ,christians8 ,but as the ,bible is an inspired book1 to get at its true meaning requires the same divine ,spirit which inspired it8 ,of course it does4 ,but do they that follow this rule assume that each one for himself has this divine ,spirit8 ,nothing else4 ,but are they sure of this8 ,sure of it8they say so4 ,but are they sure that each one has the divine ,spirit to interpret rightly the divinely-inspired1 written ,word8 ,each one thinks so4 ,thinks so6 ,but do they not know it8 ,do they not know it8 ,why1 let me explain3 8,you see we learn what the written ,word is only by light from the incarnate ,word40 ,but how do you get the light from the incarnate ,word8 ,why1 8we learn what the light of the incarnate ,word is only as this shines into us through the written ,word40 ,that is1 you suppose that the ,bible1 read with proper dispositions1 conveys to your soul divine grace8 ,just so4 ,that is1 you put the ,bible in the place of the sacraments2 but that is not the question now4 ,the question1 the point1 now at issue is3 ,how do you know that that light which shines into you through the written ,word is not 8a fond sentiment simply of your own fancy10 is not a delusion1 instead of 8the light of the incarnate ,word08 8,oh6 ,i see what you are aiming at4 ,a book divinely inspired requires for its interpreter the divine ,spirit to get at its divine meaning4 ,now1 if those who assume to possess this ,spirit contradict each other point-blank in their interpretation of its meaning1 then this is equivalent to charging the ,holy ,spirit1 the ,spirit of truth1 with error2 and such a charge is blasphemy6 ,but this is pushing things too far40 ,perhaps so2 nevertheless1 those who follow this rule of faith do differ in their interpretation of ,holy ,scripture1 and differ as far as heaven is from earth4 ,there is no end to their differences4 ,almost every day breeds a new sect4 ,they not only differ from each other1 but each one differs from himself2 and why8 ,because none are certain that they have the inspired ,word of ,god1 except on a basis which undermines their position2 and none are certain that the light by which they interpret the written ,word of ,god is the unerring ,spirit of truth4 ,hence all who hold this rule gradually decline into uncertitude1 doubt1 scepticism1 and total unbelief4 ,but how do the followers of this rule of faith interpret those passages of ,holy ,scriptures which speak so plainly of the church8for instance1 where ,christ promises to 8build his church1 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it02 8,he that heareth not the church1 let him be to thee as a heathen and a publican02 8,the church of the living ,god1 the pillar and ground of truth02 8,christ died for the church02 8,the church is ever subject to ,christ02 and others of like import4 ,they either pass them by as of no account1 or deal with them as an artist does with a piece of clay or waxthey mould them to suit their fancy4 ,truly1 this rule of faith reduces the divine reality of ,christianity to the efforts of one's own thought8a theory40 ,dr4 ,nevin may struggle against the inevitable results of this rule1 as he does in several places in the present article1 but he stands on the same inclined plane as those whom he condemns1 and1 in spite of his earnest counter-efforts1 he is descending visibly with them into the same abyss4 ,for the effort to get at the reality of ,christianity1 and to escape the recognition of the divine authority of the church1 through the personal interpretation of the written ,word1 is a vain1 absurd1 and fatal expedient4 8,he that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold1 but climbeth up another way1 the same is a thief and a robber0 7,john x4 #a74 ,as the attempt to separate the church and ,christianity from each other empties ,christianity of all its contents and destroys its reality1 so1 reversely1 the conception of the transcendent union and inseparability of the church and ,christianity leads to the recognition of the living1 constant1 divine reality of ,christianity4 ,for the ,christian ,church was called into being by ,god1 the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,creator ,spirit2 and as this primary creative act still subsists in her in all its original vigor1 she is1 at every moment of her life1 equally real1 living1 divine4 ,just as the created universe exists by the continuation of the creative act which called it into existence at the beginning1 so the ,catholic ,church exists by the continuation of the supernatural creative act which called her into existence on the day of ,pentecost4 ,once the church1 always the church4 ,the church and the ,bible are1 in their divine origin1 one2 they co-operate together for the same end1 and are in their nature inseparable4 ,but the written ,word is relative or subsidiary to the church1 having for its aim to enlighten1 to strengthen1 and to perfect the faithful in that supernatural life of the ,spirit in which they were begotten in the layer of regeneration1 in the bosom of the holy church4 ,the purpose of the written ,word is1 therefore1 to effect a more perfect realization of the church1 and to accelerate her true progress in the redemption and sanctification of the world4 ,hence the written ,word presupposes the existence of the church1 is within and in the keeping of the church1 and depends on her divine authority for its authentication and true interpretation4 ,the church is primary1 and not enclosed in the written ,word2 but the end of the written ,word is enclosed in that of the church4 ,were not a word of divine revelation written1 the church would have none the less existed in all her divine reality1 and she would have none the less accomplished her divine mission upon earth4 ,for ,god1 the indwelling ,holy ,spirit1 is her life1 power1 guide1 and protector4 ,god the ,son was incarnate in the man ,christ ,jesus2 so ,god the ,holy ,spirit was incorporate in the holy ,catholic ,church4 ,undoubtedly the apostles were inspired by the ,holy ,spirit to write all that they wrote2 but their ,gospels and their ,epistles always presuppose the church as existing4 ,to appeal1 therefore1 from the church to the written ,word of the ,new ,testament1 if nothing else1 is to be guilty of an anachronism4 ,even as to the ,old ,testament1 before the ,incarnation as well as after the ,incarnation1 the reality of the church consisted in that supernatural communion between ,god and man which existed at the moment of his creation4 ,the church1 therefore1 existed1 at least in potentiality1 in the garden of ,paradise1 and was historically primary in the order of supernatural communications4 ,wherein does ,dr4 ,nevin differ from the ,ebionites1 the ,nicolaites1 the ,gnostics1 the common ,protestants1 down to ,joe ,smith1 ,pre ,hyacinthe1 and ,bishop ,reinkens8 ,perceptibly1 at bottom1 there is no difference4 ,dr4 ,nevin appears to have never asked himself seriously the most searching of all questions1 to wit3 ,what1 in the last analysis1 is the basis1 standard1 or rule by which ,i judge what is and what is not ,christianity8 ,he ventures to treat of the gravest questions and most momentous mysteries touching the kingdom of ,god1 on which the saints would not have ventured a personal opinion2 and on what grounds8 ,but it may be said in his excuse1 and with truth1 that this self-sufficient attitude is due to the very position of defiance to the divine authority of the church in which all those who have gone out1 or are born out1 of her fold are necessarily involved4 ,to sum up3 ,either we must suppose that ,god has left the task to every individual to direct the human race to the great end for which he created itand thus the individual occupies the place of ,almighty ,god1 and turns the crank of the universe to suit his own fancy1 or the schemes and theories of the cogitations of his little brainor believe in 8a divine order10 in being made constant partakers of the living ,christ 8in a concrete form40 ,in this case1 our first duty is to find this real concrete body1 become a member and partaker of its divine life1 and1 in conquering the obstacles in the way of our salvation1 co-operate in its divine work for the whole world4 ,but the history of these last three centuries shows conclusively that there is no standing-place between the ,catholic ,church and ,protestantism2 and it has made it equally clear that ,protestantism has no standing ground of its own1 and therefore no man can be a ,christian1 and defend with perfect consistency his position1 out of the ,catholic ,church4 #ace 8,the ,spiritual ,world10 by ,j4 ,w4 ,nevin1 ,d4,d41 the ,mercersburg ,review1 ,october1 #ahgf4 #acf ,the ,baptism of the ,holy ,ghost1 by ,rev4 ,asa ,mahan1 ,d4,d41 p4 #ha4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,an ,,arrival4 ,if ,mr4 ,vane and the ,signora felt any difficulty in meeting each other the next morning1 it was soon over4 ,ce n'est que le premier pas qui cote1 and that one step brought them into the familiar path again1 almost as though they had never left it4 ,almost1 but not quite2 for the entire unconsciousness of ,mr4 ,vane's manner impressed the lady strongly4 ,it did not give her a new idea of him1 but it emphasized the impressions she had for some time been receiving4 ,she had never believed him to be so careless and indifferent as he often appeared to be1 but it had grown upon her1 little by little1 that under that calm1 and even nonchalant1 exterior was hidden an immense self-control and watchfulness2 that he could ignore things when he chose so perfectly that it was difficult to believe he had not forgotten them2 and that1 instead of being one of the most unobserving of men1 he was1 in reality1 aware of everything that went on about him1 seeing much which escaped ordinary lookers-on4 ,such a disposition in a person in whose honesty we have not entire confidence is disconcerting1 and increases our distrust of them2 but it excites in us a greater interest when we know them to be honest and friendly4 ,if they have had sorrows1 we look at them with a tenderer sympathy1 searching for signs of a suffering which they will not express2 if they have revealed a peculiar affection for us1 we feel either sweetly protected or painfully haunted by an attention which seldom betrays itself1 and which will not be evaded4 ,the ,signora could not have said clearly whether she was pleased or displeased4 ,mr4 ,vane had mistaken the nature of her sympathy1 she thought1 and1 believing her to be attached to him1 had spoken from gratitude2 and though the conviction hurt her pride1 she could not feel any resentment for a mistake kindly made on his part1 and promptly corrected on hers4 ,the only wise course was to put the matter completely out of her mind1 as he seemed to have done1 and to secure and enjoy the friendship she had no fear of his withdrawing4 ,isabel was greatly exercised in her mind that morning on the subject of insects4 8,i made up my mind in the middle of the night what ,i should do if ,i ever built a house in ,italy10 she said4 8,i should have every stick and stone on the place carried away1 a deep trench dug all around the land1 and a high wall built all around the trench4 ,then ,i should have the whole surface of the ground covered with combustible material1 and a fire kindled over it4 ,when that had burned a day or two1 ,i should have cellars1 wells1 drains1 everything that had to be excavated1 made thoroughly1 and the garden-plot well turned over4 ,then ,i should have a second conflagration1 covering everything4 ,next would come the house-building4 ,for that every stone should be washed and fumigated before it was brought in at the gate1 and all the earth and gravel should be baked in a furnace1 and every tree and shrub1 and cart and donkey and workman1 should be washed seven times2 and finally1 when the house should be finished as to the stone-work and plaster1 ,i would have it drenched inside and out with spirits of wine1 and set fire to4 ,by taking those precautions ,i believe that one might have a place free of fleas4 ,what do you think1 ,signora80 8,my dear1 ,i think you would have had your labor for your pains10 was the reply4 8,these little creatures would hop over your walls1 come in snugly hidden in your furniture1 ride grandly in on the horses and in the coaches of your visitors1 and even enter triumphantly on your own person4 ,they are invincible4 ,one must have patience40 8,i would continue to burn the place over1 furniture and all1 till ,i had routed them10 the young woman declared4 8,i believe it could be done4 ,i would have patience1 but it should be the patience of continual resistance1 not of submission4 ,i would not give up though ,i should reduce the place to ashes40 ,mr4 ,vane asked his daughter if she ever heard of such a process as biting off one's nose to spite one's face2 and then he told her a very pathetic story of a man and a flea3 8,once there was a man who was greatly tormented by a flea which he could never catch4 ,in vain he searched his garments and the house4 ,the insect hopped from place to place1 but always returned as soon as the search was over4 ,at length1 in a fit of impatience1 the man hit upon a desperate project1 which he did not doubt would succeed4 ,he went softly to the seashore and1 after waiting till the enemy was plainly to be felt between his shoulders1 flung himself headlong into the water4 ,but1 alas6 engrossed by the one thought of vengeance1 he had not calculated his own peril4 ,the waters drew him away from shore in spite of his struggles1 and just as they were closing over him1 with his last glimpse of earth1 he saw the flea1 which had hopped from him on to a passing plank1 floating safely to shore again40 8,the moral is0 ,mr4 ,vane was concluding1 when his daughter interrupted him4 8,i maintain that the man conquered60 she exclaimed4 8,that flea could never bite him again40 ,this uncomfortable talk was carried on in the house1 which naturally suggested it4 ,but when they went out of doors1 they left it behind them4 ,the quaint1 zigzag streets2 the countless number of odd nooks in every direction2 the narrow vistas here and there between close rows of houses1 where a wedge of distant mountain1 as blue as a lump of lapis-lazuli1 seemed to be thrust between the very walls1 or where the rough gray ribbon of the street became a ribbon of flowery green1 silvering off into the horizon1 with a city showing on it far away no larger than a daisy2 the people in the streets1 and all about1 whose simple naturalness was more astonishing than the most unnatural behavior could have beenall these kept their eyes and minds alert4 ,in the midst of the town stands the church1 the houses clustering about it like children about their mother's knees4 ,some little children were playing on the steps outside2 inside1 a group of women1 with white handkerchiefs on their heads1 were kneeling about a confessional1 waiting their turns4 ,one of them1 who had confessed1 came slowly away1 and went toward the high altar1 touching here and there with a small staff she carried1 her eyes looking straight ahead4 ,the ,signora stepped quickly forward to remove a chair from her path4 8,you are blind60 she whispered pitifully4 ,the old woman smiled1 and turned toward the voice a face of serious sweetness1 as she made the reply of ,st4 ,clara3 8,she is not blind who sees ,god60 ,she reached the altar-railing1 and knelt there to wait for the ,mass4 ,where she knelt the one sunbeam that found its way into the church so early fell over her4 ,feeling its warmth like a gentle touch1 she lifted her face to it and smiled again4 ,the children1 weary of their play1 came in and wandered about the church4 ,one1 finding its mother among the penitents1 went to lean on her lap4 ,she smoothed its pretty curls absently with one hand1 while the other slipped bead after bead of her chaplet1 her lips moving rapidly4 ,another1 seeing the hand of the priest resting on the door of the confessional1 just under the curtain1 went to kiss it1 standing on tiptoe1 and straining up to reach the fingers with its baby mouth4 ,a third1 seeing some one near it kneel before the altar1 made a liliputian genuflection1 and went down on its knees in the middle of the church1 a mere dot in that space1 and remained there looking innocently about1 uncomprehending but unquestioning4 ,another dreamed along the side of the church1 looking at the familiar pictures1 and presently1 climbing with some difficulty the steps of one of the altars1 seated itself and began softly to stroke the cheeks of a marble cherub that supported the altar-table4 ,if a company of baby angels had come in1 they would not have made less noise nor done less harm2 perhaps1 would not have done more good4 8,how peaceful it is60 ,mr4 ,vane exclaimed as they went out into the air again4 8,how heavenly peaceful60 ,they saw only women and children on their way down through the town4 ,some of the men had gone off in the night to ,rome1 carrying wine in those carts of theirs1 with the awning slung like a galley-sail over the driver's seat1 and the cluster of bells atop1 each tinkling in a different tone1 and the little white dog keeping watch over the barrels while the man dozed4 ,others had gone at day-dawn to work in the ,campagna1 and might be seen from the town moving1 as small as spiders1 among the vines or in the gardens4 ,just below the great piazza1 at the entrance of the town1 beside the dip of the road into the hollow between ,monte ,compatri and ,monte ,san ,sylvestro1 a long1 tiled roof was visible supported on arches4 ,they leaned over the parapet supporting the road1 and watched for a little while the lively scene below4 ,all the space beneath this roof was an immense tank of water1 or fountain1 as it was called1 divided into square compartments4 ,around these stood forty or fifty women washing4 ,they soaped and dipped their clothes in the constantly-changing water1 and beat them on the wide stone border of the fountain1 working leisurely1 and chatting with each other4 ,the white handkerchiefs on their heads1 and1 now and then1 a bit of bright drapery on their shoulders1 shone out of the shadow made by the roof and the piers supporting it1 and the rich green of that sheltered nook between the hills4 ,it was1 in fact1 the town wash-tub1 and this was the town wash-day4 ,in this place the women washed the year round1 in the open air1 and with cold water1 spreading their clothes out to dry on the grass and bushes4 ,the travellers went up ,monte ,san ,sylvestro1 gathering flowers as they went4 ,the path was rough and wild1 winding to and fro among the bushes as it climbed1 and hidden1 from time to time1 by tall trees4 ,half way up they met a man with a herd of goats rushing and tumbling down the steep way4 ,a little farther on1 at a turn of the road1 was a large shrine holding a crucifix4 ,the place seemed to be an absolute solitude1 but the withered flowers drooping from the wire screen1 and the sod1 worn to dust1 at the foot of the step1 showed that faith and love had passed that way1 and stopped in passing4 ,near this shrine was a protruding ledge1 from under which the gravel had dropped away or been dug away1 leaving a sort of cave4 ,the place needed only a gray-bearded old man clad in rags1 and bending over an open book1 an hour-glass before him1 and perhaps a lion lying at his feet4 ,or one might have placed there the ,magdalen1 with her long hair trailing in the sand1 and her woful eyes looking off into the distant east1 as she gazed across the blue ocean from her cave on the coast of ,france4 ,there was still faith enough in this region to have honored and protected such a penitent4 ,the three women gathered some green to go with their flowers1 cleared away all the withered stems and leaves1 and wrote in pink and white and blue around the edge of the screen4 ,when they had done all that they could well reach1 ,mr4 ,vane finished for them by writing last1 over the head of the crucifix1 the word that in reality came first4 ,then they went on1 leaving the symbol of all that ,heaven could do for earth encircled by the expression of all that earth can do for ,heaven8,credo1 ,spero1 ,amo1 ,ringrazio1 ,pento40 ,they wrote these words in flowers1 ,bianca weaving a verdant ,hope at the right hand1 ,isabel a white ,thanksgiving at the left1 and the ,signora placing a rose-red ,love and ,penitence under the feet4 ,over the head ,mr4 ,vane had set in blue the word of ,faith4 ,the summit of the mountain was crowned with the convent and church of ,st4 ,sylvester2 but the buildings extended quite to the edge of the platform on the eastern side1 and the fine view was from the gardens on the west side1 and1 of course1 inaccessible to ladies4 ,they could only obtain glimpses over the tops of trees that climbed from below1 and through the trunks of trees that pressed close to the corners of the stone barriers4 ,no person was visible but a monk in a brown robe and a broad-brimmed hat1 who lingered near a moment1 as if to give them an opportunity to speak to him if they wished1 then entered a long court leading to the convent door1 and disappeared under the portico4 ,a perfect silence reigned4 ,they heard nothing but their own steps on the grassy pavement4 ,the town of ,monte ,compatri1 seen through the trees on the other height1 looked more like a gray rock than a city4 ,not a sign of life was visible from it4 ,the glimpses they caught of the ,campagna had seemed fragments of a vast green solitude where grass had long overgrown the traces of men4 ,no smallest cloud gave life or motion to the steady blue overhead2 no song of bird wove a silver link between familiar scenes and that solemn retreat4 ,the soul1 stripped of its veiling cares and interests1 was like ,moses on the mountain1 face to face with ,god4 ,history1 mythology1 poetrythey were not6 ,the buzzing of these golden bees that made the brow of ,tusculum their hive was inaudible and forgotten4 ,on this height was a station-house of eternity1 and the electric current of the other world flowed through its blue and silent air4 8,it seems to me one should prepare one's mind before going there10 ,bianca said1 looking back from the foot of the mountain1 after they had descended4 ,they had scarcely spoken a word going down4 ,the impression made on them was1 indeed1 so strong that they scarcely observed anything about them for several hours2 and it was only when they were going down to ,frascati again in the afternoon that they roused themselves from their silence4 8,we shall have time to go into ,villa ,aldobrandini a little while10 the ,signora said1 looking at her watch4 8,the train does not start for more than an hour4 ,we can send the man on to the station with our bags1 and walk down ourselves4 ,of course all these villas have very nearly the same view1 but this is the finest of all40 ,they had time for a short visit only1 but their guide made the most of it4 ,going round one of the circling avenues1 dark with ancient ilex-trees1 she turned into a cross-road that led directly to the upper centre of the villa1 where the cascades began4 ,first1 from under a tomb-like door in the side of a mound1 flowed a swift ribbon of water between stone borders4 ,it slanted with the hill1 and flashed along silent in the sunshine1 eager to leap through the mouth of the great mask below1 to scatter its spray over carven stone and a hundred flowers4 ,they followed the cascades down to the lower front1 with its niches1 statues1 chapel1 and chambers1 and the noble casino facing it4 8,every story of the house1 as you go up10 the ,signora said1 8brings you on a level with a new cascade1 and from the topmost room you look into the heart of the upper thicket1 where you might imagine yourself unseen4 ,indeed1 splendid as these scenes are1 there is1 to me1 a constant sense of discomfort in that frequent appearance of solitude where solitude is not4 ,there seems to be no nook1 however apparently remote1 which is not perfectly overlooked from some almost invisible watch-tower4 ,it may be necessary1 but the suggestion is of suspicion and espionage40 ,they left the villa by the front avenue and lawn1 walking through grass and flowers ankle deep1 and gathering handfuls of dear1 familiar pennyroyal that they found growing all about4 ,when they reached the station there was yet a little time to wait1 and they stood in the western windows and looked off to the distant ridges that showed their dark edges against intervening layers of silvery mist4 ,they were ridges of jewels1 marked thickly with spires1 towers1 and palaces4 ,at the left the dome of the world's temple was visible1 making everything else of its sort puny1 and next it1 like the outline of a forest against the sky1 the ,quirinal stretched its royal front4 ,all floated in that delicate mist that1 from the distance1 always veils the ,campagna1 as if the innumerable ghosts of the past became luminous when so seen1 evading for ever the nearer spectator4 ,framing this distant picture1 a hill of olives at one side of the station-house sloped to a hill of vines at the other1 and the railroad track1 set in roses1 curved round in the narrow strip of land between them4 ,the ,signora1 putting her arm around ,bianca1 and pointing to one of these ridges1 whispered in her ear3 8,what does my darling think that isthe two dark spots shaped like two thimbles1 and about as large1 and the something that might be a lead-pencil standing up between them8 ,what blessed campanile and twin cupole do you wish them to be80 8,oh6 ,i was searching for them10 the girl exclaimed1 and kissed her hand to the far-away basilica4 8,we must go there a few minutes this evening10 she added8go up the steps1 at least1 if it should be too late to go in40 ,they started1 and went trailing along through the enchanted land1 happy to return to the city that already seemed to them like home1 and1 having learnt some landmarks in their outward passage1 added to the number of their acquisitions in returning4 ,the ,signora indicated the principal tombs and named the aqueducts4 8,there are the ,claudian and ,marcian1 side by side1 galloping over the plain like a pair of coursers1 each bringing a lake in its veins to quench the thirst of ,rome4 ,sixtus ,v41 who built our chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,bianca1 used those ,claudian arches to bring a new stream in when the old one failed4 ,it is called ,aqua ,felice4 ,his name was ,felice ,peretti40 8,stia felice60 said ,bianca1 smiling at the grand old arches4 8,in what a circle water goes10 she added after a moment1 8and what a beautiful circle6down in the rain1 running in the river1 where the wheel touches the earth1 rising on the sunbeams1 running in clouds1 where the wheel touches the sky1 dropping in rain again1 and so on round and round40 8,apropos of ,sixtus ,v410 the ,signora said to ,mr4 ,vane1 8see how the church recognizes and rewards merit4 ,it is1 in fact1 the only true republic4 ,that wonderful man was a swineherd in ,montalto when he was a boy1 and ,cardinal of ,montalto when he was a man1 and he died one of the most brilliant popes that ever wore the tiara4 ,one cannot help wondering what the boy ,felice thought of in those days when he watched the swine1 and if ever a vision came to him of kings kneeling to kiss his feet4 ,and1 more yet1 ,i wonder what thoughts the mother had of his future when she watched over her sleeping child1 or looked after him when he went out to his day's task4 ,he could not have been so great but that his mother gave the first impulse4 ,one does not gather figs of thistles40 8,i agree with you about the mother10 ,mr4 ,vane replied cordially4 8,i don't believe any man ever accomplished much of real worth in life without his mother having set him on the track of it4 ,sometimes a noble mother has a son who does not do justice to her example and teaching4 ,but even then1 if her duty has been fully done1 she may be sure that he is the better for it1 though not so good as he should be4 ,i am sure ,i owe it to my mother that1 though my life has not benefited the world much1 my sins have been rather of omission than of commission4 ,come to think of it1 ,i have never done her any particular credit2 but ,i am happy to be able to say that ,i have never done her any great discredit40 ,while he spoke1 his face half-turned toward the window1 his manner more energetic than was usual with him1 the large blue eyes of the ,signora rested on him with an expression of grave kindness and interest4 ,when he ended1 she leaned slightly toward him1 smiling1 and tossed him a rose she had drawn from her belt1 repeating ,bianca's exclamation3 8,stia felice60 ,his fingers closed on the stem of the rose which had touched his hand1 and he held it1 but did not turn his face1 seeming to wait for her to go on4 8,you should read ,padre ,ventura10 she said1 8though1 indeed1 you have less need than most men4 ,i would like to put his ,la ,donna ,cattolica into the hands of every ,catholicyes1 and of every ,protestant4 ,i would like the ,woman's ,rights women1 and those who think that ,christianity and the church have degraded us1 and some ,catholics too1 to learn from ,st4 ,chrysostom1 ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,gregory the ,great what estimate ,christian women should be held in4 ,it would do them good to read the works of this eloquent priest1 who speaks with authority1 and ennobles himself in honoring the sisters of the ,queen of angels4 ,padre ,ventura must have had a beautiful soul4 ,i fancy that his ashes even must be whiter than the ashes of most men4 ,i always judge men's characters by their estimate of women1 and what they seek in women by what they say is to be found in them40 8,this author is dead1 then80 ,mr4 ,vane remarked1 looking attentively at the ,signora in his turn4 8,yes4 ,he died years before ,i had ever heard his name4 ,when you have read something of his1 you may like to visit his tomb in ,st4 ,andrea delle ,valle4 ,the stone over his sepulchre is in the pavement1 about half way up the nave1 and there's a fine monument in the transept on the epistle side4 ,i wish every ,christian woman who visits ,rome would drop a flower on the stone that covers all that was earthly of that man1 and remember for a moment the place he assigns her in her home and in the world4 #8,the man1' he says1 #8is the king of the family2 the woman is the priest4'0 ,she was silent1 pursuing the subject mentally1 then added3 8,he says so many beautiful things4 ,describing the different kinds of courage with which the ,christian martyrs and certain celebrated pagans met death1 he speaks of one as #8the modesty and humility that throws itself into the arms of hope1 to rest there1' and the other as #8the pride that immolates itself to desperation1 in order to lose itself there4' ,one he calls #8the sublime of virtue1' and the other #8the sublime of vice4' ,he had mentioned ,socrates and ,cato in the connection40 ,they had reached the station while this talk was going on1 and1 coming out into the piazza1 separated there1 the ,signora and ,bianca coming down by one of the fine new streets to pay a visit to their basilica on the way home4 ,they found the door just closed1 it being half an hour before ,ave ,maria2 but it was a pleasure to walk a while on the long platform at the head of the steps1 bathed in the red gold of the setting sun1 that gilded1 but did not scorch2 to look up at the fringe of pink flowers growing in spikes at the top of the faade1 and at the flocks of little gray birds that flew about among them2 and to glance up or down the streets that stretched off like rays from the sun1 and then to stroll slowly homeward through the lounging1 motley crowd4 ,they met ,mr4 ,vane and ,isabel at the door4 8,did you think we also might not visit a church80 ,isabel said4 8,i invited papa to go into ,st4 ,bernard's1 and1 though they were about closing1 they kept open ten minutes for us4 ,i am not sure but ,i may adopt that church as my favorite4 ,it is not too large4 ,the congregations are orderly1 and all attend to one service2 and1 besides1 ,i like a rotunda4 ,if ,i should go there1 papa1 you must side with me1 that the house may be equally divided40 8,i'm not sure ,i like those cherubic churches1 all head and no nave10 ,mr4 ,vane replied4 8,the basilica1 being modelled on the human body1 has a more human feeling40 ,the door opened before they rang1 and the servants1 having been on the watch1 welcomed them with smiling faces1 kissing the hand of the ,signora4 ,it was impossible not to believe in1 and be touched by1 their sincerity and affection1 which expressed themselves1 not in looks and words alone1 but in actions4 ,the house showed plainly1 by its exquisite cleanliness1 that the absence of the mistress had not been a holiday for them2 and they had prepared everything they could to please her1 even to filling all the smaller vases with her favorite flowers4 8,you haven't been spending your money for violets1 you extravagant children60 she exclaimed4 ,they had been watching to see if she would notice them1 and were delighted with her surprise and pleasure4 ,no1 they had not spent money1 but only time and strength4 ,they had gathered the flowers themselves in ,villa ,borghese4 8,i do not take on myself to decide great social questions10 the ,signora said1 as they sat talking over their supper4 8,i could not decide them if ,i would4 ,but this ,i must think3 that1 in most cases1 little happiness is to be found for people except in the position in which they were born4 ,look at these two good creatures who serve us4 ,their parents before them were servants1 and they do not expect or wish to be anything more4 ,they want the rights their claim to which they understand perfectlyfair wages1 not too hard work1 and an occasional holiday4 ,they know that the fatigues of the great1 the wealthy1 and the ambitious are greater than theirs1 though of a different sort4 ,if wealth were to drop upon them1 they would grasp it1 no doubt1 but it would embarrass them4 ,they would never strive for it4 ,do you know1 ,i find their position dignified1 even when they black my shoes4 ,it's a nicer thing to do than toadying for fine friends1 or striving for place1 or gnawing one's heart out with envy40 ,mr4 ,vane smiled slightly4 8,how is it about your swineherd1 who changed his rough straw hat for a triple crown1 and had the royalty and nobility of centuries come to kiss the foot that once hadn't even a shoe to it80 8,oh60 she replied1 8the church is the beginning of the kingdom of heaven on earth1 and the meek and the poor in spirit possess it already4 ,besides1 ,i always make exception of those whom ,god has especially endowed with gifts of nature or grace1 or with both4 ,besides1 again1 this man did not seek greatness2 it was conferred on him40 ,isabel felt called on to show her colors4 8,america for ever60 she said4 8,europe will do very well for the great1 and for those who are willing to remain small2 but in my country there's a fair field for everybody4 ,everybody there is born to as high a position as he can work his way to1 and his destiny is not in the beginning of his life1 but in the end of it4 ,we are like ,adams and ,eves new-made1 and dominion is given us over the garden of the new world40 ,she paused for breath1 and the ,signora applauded4 8,brava6 ,i am willing you should defeat me4 ,i will call ,america not only the garden1 but the nursery-garden1 of the new world1 if you like4 ,long live your seedlings60 8,how would you like it10 the girl went on1 rather red in the cheeks8how would you like it1 if you had been born in some very humble position in life1 instead of in the position of a lady1 to have some one tell you not to try to rise1 but to stay where you were8 ,just take it to yourself40 8,if ,i had been so born ,i should have been a different sort of person1 and cannot say how ,i should have felt10 the ,signora replied tranquilly4 8,if ,i had been a product of generations of obedience1 instead of generations of command1 do not you see that the marriages would have been different1 the habits1 the traditions1 the education1 everything but the immortal spark and the common human nature8 ,or1 if ,i had been like what ,i am now1 ,i think ,i should have looked for1 and found1 the beauties and pleasures in my path40 ,she had been speaking very quietly1 but here she drew herself up a little1 and a slight color rose to her face as she went on3 8,i have never striven for any of those things the chase of which seems so mean to me4 ,it has never occurred to me that ,i might be honored by any association1 except with a person either very good or very highly gifted by nature4 ,the only rank which impresses me is that in the church4 ,for the restyou have heard the expression1 #8a distinction without a difference4'0 ,isabel gave a puzzled sigh4 8,i never could understand you10 she said1 a little impatiently4 8,sometimes you seem to me the haughtiest of women2 sometimes ,i think you not half proud enough4 ,one moment you seem to be a red republican1 the next an aristocrat4 ,i can't make out what you really are4 ,you graduate your bows to an inch1 according to the rank you salute4 ,i've seen your eyes flash lightning at a person for being too familiar toward you2 and then ,i find you talking about the rights of the people almost like a communist40 ,the ,signora was crumbling a bit of bread while she listened1 and did not look up in answering3 8,i am quite ashamed of having made myself the subject of conversation for so long a time4 ,excuse me6 ,shall we go out to the loggia for a little while8 ,it is very warm here40 8,permit me60 ,mr4 ,vane interposed4 ,he had been looking at his daughter with great displeasure4 8,i would say1 ,isabel1 that when you shall have thought and learned more1 you will1 ,i hope1 understand the ,signora better than you do now1 and will try to imitate the justice which can give to all their due1 and not rob ,peter to pay ,paul4 ,moreover1 ,i would remind you that an intrusive familiarity is not a right of any one1 even to an inferior4 ,and now1 ,signora1 shall we go to the loggia80 ,perhaps it was because she had never before been so sharply criticised to her face2 but the ,signora had1 certainly1 never before known how pleasant it is to be defended4 ,this pleasure showed itself in her manner as they went out4 ,she usually held herself rather erect1 and had an air of composure which might easily be called pride2 but now there was a slight drooping of the head and bending of the form which gave her an appearance of softness1 as of one who droops content under a protecting shadow4 ,it was a softness which she1 perhaps1 needed4 ,they heard the door-bell ringing as they went up the loggia steps1 and presently an exclamation in ,isabel's clear voice4 ,she had not followed them1 they now perceived1 being a little displeased or hurt at the reproof to which she had been subjected4 8,who can have come80 said the ,signora1 listening4 8,it seems to be some one whom ,isabel knows40 ,bianca stood at the railing and looked intently at the windows of the sala1 faintly lighted from the room beyond4 ,two figures passed through the dimness and disappeared4 ,they might be coming to the loggia1 or they might be going to the sofa under that picture of ,penelope and ,ulyssesthe ,signora and ,mr4 ,vane1 both a little preoccupied1 did not notice or care which4 ,if any one wished to see them1 he could come to them4 ,bianca1 alone1 stood looking steadily4 ,the full moon1 shining in her face1 had showed it for one moment as red as a rose2 but as the minutes passed1 that lovely color faded1 growing paler1 till it was whiter than the light that veiled it1 sparkling like silver on its beautiful outlines4 ,where was the sweet confidence that had been growing up in her heart for the last few weeks8 ,gone like a cloud-house built on a cloud4 ,she was terrified at the fear and pain that had taken the place of it1 and began to lose sight of the cause in trembling at the magnitude of the effect4 8,it is surely wrong that anything in the world should make me feel so10 she murmured4 8,what have ,i been doing8 ,i must have thought of this too much1 and now is come my punishment4 ,here in ,rome1 where we shall stay but a few months1 ,i ought to have given all my mind and heart to religion4 ,it is a shame that ,i have not4 ,i do not deserve the privilege of being here40 ,she strove to gather about her mind the sacred thoughts and associations which the ,christian finds in the heart of the ,christian world1 to dwarf with the grand interests of eternity the passing interests of time1 and she was in some measure successful1 to the extent1 at least1 of inspiring herself with resolution1 if not with peace4 8,oh6 how terrible is life10 she said1 looking upward1 as if to escape the sight of it4 8,how it catches us unawares1 sometimes1 and wrings the blood out of our hearts60 ,the prayer that always rose to her lips in any necessity1 8,we fly to thy patronage10 escaped them now2 and then she swiftly and firmly read to herself her lesson3 8,i will be friendly and gentle toward him4 ,i will neither seek him nor shrink from him1 nor show any foolish consciousness1 if ,i can help it2 and ,i will not be angry with ,isabel4 ,if he should care for me in the way ,i have thought1 he will come every step of the way for me2 if he should not1 ,i shall not win either respect or affection by putting myself in his way4 ,for the rest1 ,i will trust my future with ,god40 8,bianca10 said her sister's voice at her elbow1 8who do you think has come80 ,whatever might happen1 it was a pleasure to meet him1 and there was no effort or embarrassment in her greeting4 ,that moment of pain and recollection had lifted her merely earthly affection so that it became touched with the serious sweetness of heavenly charity1 as the mist1 lifting at morning from the bosom of the river1 where it has hung through the dark hours1 grows silver in the upper light4 ,she held out her hand and smiled4 8,you are welcome6 ,papa1 here is an old friend of ours40 ,the ,signora was instantly all attention4 ,her own affairs were quite forgotten in those of her beloved young favorite4 ,she was eager to see this man1 to watch him1 to understand him4 ,if he should suit her and be good to ,bianca1 there was nothing she would not do for him2 if he should be lacking in principle1 or in kindness to her darling1 woe to him6 ,she would most certainly ,and here1 just as she was meditating in what way she could most fittingly punish him without hurting any one else1 he turned1 at ,mr4 ,vane's introduction1 and saluted her with a smile and glance that won her completely4 ,it was not the meeting of two strangers4 ,he had thought of his lady's guardian with almost as much interest1 perhaps1 as she had thought of her friend's lover1 and had expected to find in her either a help or a hindrance4 ,her searching regard had not disconcerted1 then1 but reassured him rather4 ,the ,signora soon made an excuse to go into the house a moment1 and left the ,vanes and their visitor to renew their intercourse without interruption1 and go through the mutual questioning of friends reunited after many and varied experiences4 ,returning quietly after a while1 she stood in a corner of the loggia and observed them4 ,mr4 ,vane sat with a daughter at either side1 and ,marion stood opposite them1 leaning back against the railing and talking4 ,the moon shone in his face and flowed down his form1 investing both1 or revealing in both1 a beauty inexpressibly noble and graceful4 ,one might say that he looked as if he had been formed to music4 ,a gold bronze color in his hair showed where the light struck fully1 a flash of dusky blue came now and then from under his thick eye-lashes1 and when he smiled one knew that his teeth were perfect and snowy white4 ,his voice1 too1 was very pleasant1 with a sound of laughter in it when he talked gaylya laughter like that we fancy in a brook4 ,it was as though his thoughts and fancies sparkled as they passed into the air4 8,he is certainly fascinating10 the ,signora thought4 8,i hope he does not try to be so40 ,he did not4 ,no one could be more unconscious of the effect produced by what was personal in his talk than ,marion4 ,if he sometimes appeared1 while talking1 almost to forget his company1 it was not because he thought of himself1 but because he was absorbed in his subject4 ,he saw plainly before his eyes that which he described1 and he made others see it4 ,bright1 animated1 varied1 passing1 not abruptly1 but with the grace of a bird that swims through the air1 and alights for a moment1 now here1 now there1 on a tree1 a shrine1 a house-top1 a mountain-top1 a window-ledge with an inside view1 he carried his listeners along with him1 charmed and unconscious of time4 ,he knew that they were pleased1 but gave the credit to the subject1 and thought nothing of himself4 ,he would have kept silent if he had believed he could be thought talking for effect4 ,the ,signora stood a smiling and unseen listener to his description of his journey1 and felt her sympathy and admiration increase every moment for the man who1 in a hackneyed experience1 had seen so much at every moment that was fresh and new1 and1 travelling the beaten ways of life1 had found gems among the worn pebbles1 had even broken the pebbles themselves1 and revealed a precious color sparkling inside4 8,if only he could find so much in worn and hackneyed people60 she thought4 8,if he could compel the cold1 the conventional1 and the mean to break the dull crust that has accumulated around the original nature of them1 what a boon it would be6 ,there must be something tolerable1 perhaps a capacity for becoming even admirable1 left in the lowest4 ,i would like to have him point it out or call it out2 for sometimes my charity fails40 ,his recital finished1 he stood an instant silent1 looking down2 then a swift glance probed the shadowed corner where the ,signora stood1 showing that he had all the while known she was there4 ,it was not the inquisitive nor intrusive look of one who wishes to show a knowledge of what another has tried to hide from him1 but a pleasant glance that sought her presence1 and begged her not to separate herself from them4 ,she came forward immediately1 more pleased at the frank invitation than if he had pretended to be unaware of her presence4 8,i feel bound1 in honor1 to declare my intentions to you1 ,signora10 he said2 8for you may look on me as a foe when you know them1 and it is but right you should have fair warning4 ,i have been told that you are disposed to win this family for ,rome1 and ,i am equally disposed to keep them in ,america4 ,i should despair of success in such a rivalry but that ,i believe ,i have right on my side4 ,is it peace or war80 8,peace10 she replied4 8,i cannot war against right1 and ,i ought not to wish against it4 ,moreover1 since the family are the majority1 and have free will1 we can only try to influence1 but must leave them to decide4 ,i am sorry1 though1 that you distrust ,rome so40 8,oh6 it is not that10 he said quickly1 8though1 indeed1 ,i do distrust ,rome for some peopleor rather1 ,i distrust some people for ,rome4 ,i have known cases of the most deplorable deterioration of character here in persons who were considered at home a little better than the average4 ,but that was not my thought in this instance4 ,i hope our friends will return to ,america for other reasons4 ,no one should1 it seems to me1 expatriate himself without a sort of necessity4 ,the native land assigned us by ,providence would seem to be the theatre in which it is our duty to act1 and one of the motives of our visits to other countries should be to enrich our own with whatever of good we may find there4 ,every country needs its children2 but ,america particularly needs all her good citizens1 and the church in ,america needs good ,catholics4 ,that is not a true ,christian who spends a whole life abroad without necessity4 ,the climate is not an excuse1 for we have every climate2 economy has ceased to be a sufficient motive2 and mere pleasure is no reason for a ,catholic to give40 8,what1 then1 may be considered a good reason80 the ,signora asked1 wondering if she were to be included in the catalogue of the condemned4 8,an artist may study here a good many years10 was the reply4 8,the sculptor or the painter finds here his school4 ,but ,i maintain that when the sculptor and painter are out of school1 and begin to work in the strength of their own genius1 if they have any1 their place and their subjects are to be found in their own land4 ,if they stay here they will never come to anything4 ,they will only produce trite and worn-out imitations4 ,the writer has a longer mission here1 perhaps the longest2 for thoughts are at home in every land1 and that is the best where thoughts can best clothe themselves in words4 ,there is another class who must be allowed to choose for themselves1 though it would be better if they would choose to endure to the end in their own countrythat is1 certain tender souls from whom have been stripped friends and home1 leaving them bare to a world that wounds them too much4 ,here1 ,i have been assured and can well believe1 they find a contentment not possible to them anywhere else4 ,their imaginations had flown here in childhood and youth1 and had unconsciously made a nest to which they could themselves follow at need1 and find a sort of repose4 ,if they have not the courage or the strength to stay in the midst of our ceaseless1 and sometimes even merciless1 activity1 ,i have not a word of blame for them4 ,i would not breathe1 even gently1 against the bruised reeds40 ,he spoke with such tender feeling that for a moment no one said anything2 then he added1 smiling3 8,i hope the ,signora does not think me too dogmatic40 8,i think you are quite right10 she replied4 8,you have forgotten one large class of ,americans who may be excused1 and even lauded and encouraged1 for taking up a permanent residence in ,europe10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,what1 pray80 8,snobs10 he replied solemnly4 ,the subject was whirled away on a little laugh1 and a change of position showed them ,annunciata on the shadowed side of the loggia1 making coffee at a little table there1 at the same time that ,adreano offered them ices and cake4 ,the place where the girl stood was quite darkened by the wall of ,carlin's studio and by an over-growing grape-vine1 and the moonlight about revealed of her only a dark outline4 ,but the flame of the spirit she was burning threw a pale blue light into her face and over her hands1 flickering so that the light seemed rather to shine from1 than on1 her4 8,it looks ,plutonian10 ,marion said4 8,we are1 perhaps1 on a visit to ,proserpine40 8,speaking of ,proserpine reminds1 me of pomegranate-seeds10 the ,signora said2 8and pomegranate-seeds remind me of something ,i heard very prettily said last summer by a very pretty young lady4 ,we were in ,subiaco1 and had risen very early in the morning to go up to the church of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,i noticed that ,lily was very serious and silent1 so did not speak1 but only looked at her while we waited a little in the sala for another member of our party4 ,she walked slowly up and down1 and seemed to be praying2 presently1 as if recollecting that we had a difficult climb before us1 she seated herself near a table on which a servant had just piled up the fruit she had been buying4 ,among it was a pomegranate1 broken open1 and bleeding a drop or two of crimson juice out on to the dark wood4 ,lily drew a small1 pointed leaf from an orange stem1 and made a knife of it to separate the grains of the pomegranate1 presently lifted one1 and then another1 and another to her mouth4 ,i only thought how pretty her daintiness was as she absently fed like a bird1 when all at once she turned as crimson as the juicy grain she had just eaten1 and sprang up from the table1 throwing the leaf away1 and uttering an exclamation of such distress that ,i thought she must have been poisoned4 ,her exclamation was odd3 #8,o ,pluto6' 8#8,you see1' she explained after a minute1 #8,i was saying the rosary1 and had finished it1 when ,i caught sight of the fruit here4 ,and ,i thought then that1 though our prayers may be flowers before the throne1 our actions are fruits4 ,then ,i sat down to look at the pomegranate1 and wondered what sort of a good action it was like2 and while ,i wondered1 ,i got tangled in a thicket of similitudes1 and wandered off into mythology2 and as ,i divided the grains ,i remembered poor ,proserpine1 and how ,pluto1 who knew well she could not leave him after having eaten1 induced her to eat three pomegranate grains4 ,i wondered if they were just like these1 and how they tasted to her1 and put one and another in my mouth1 imagining myself in her place1 and that presently my mother would come seeking me1 and want to carry me back to heaven with her1 and would find that ,i could not go because of these same pomegranate seeds4 ,and then1 my mind catching on the word ,mother1 which ,i had just been repeating on my rosary so many times1 ,i remembered the ,mother of ,god1 and began to search for some ,christian meaning in the myth4 ,i thought ,ceres was the giver of wheat and grain1 therefore of bread1 and ,mary gave us the ,bread of ,life4 ,ceres came searching and mourning for her daughter1 snatched away by the prince of darkness1 and ,mary watches and prays over those whom the enemy has snatched away from the garden of ,god1 and who cry out to her for help4 ,ceres found that her daughter1 having tasted of the fruit of the lower regions1 was bound to spend one-half of her life there4 ,before ,i had time to find a ,christian parallel for that part of the story1 it flashed over me that my three pomegranate-seeds had cost me heaven for to-day1 and deprived me of a privilege ,i might never have again4 ,o ,signora6 ,i was going to receive ,communion to-day in the grotto of ,st4 ,benedict6'0 8,it is not often10 the ,signora added1 8that one can retrace the wandering path of a reverie as my poor ,lily did4 ,her story reminded me of an illustrated poem1 with wheat and roses wreathed around the leaves and hanging in among the verses40 ,the bell announcing visitors1 they went into the house again1 and found ,mr4 ,coleman and ,signor ,leonardo1 the latter having come to see when his pupils would wish to resume their lessons4 8,i can assure you1 ,signor1 that ,i am the only one who has thought of study during the last three days10 ,isabel said4 8,you should commend me4 ,i have faithfully learned an irregular verb every morning while taking my coffee4 ,that is my rule2 and it is becoming such a habit with me that the mere sight of a cup and saucer suggests to me an irregular verb4 ,the night we spent at ,monte ,compatri ,i learned three1 not being able to sleep for the fleas40 ,the ,italian murmured some inarticulate commendation of her industry1 and dropped his eyes4 ,her perfectly free and off-hand manner confounded him4 ,to his mind such a lack of the downcast reserve of the girls he was accustomed to regard as models of behavior indicated a very strange disposition and an education still more strange4 ,yet he could not doubt that ,miss ,vane was respectable4 ,mr4 ,coleman1 who was hovering near1 begged permission to make a comment1 which he would not be thought to intend as a criticism4 8,you say the night you #8spent' at ,monte ,compatri4 ,is it1 may ,i ask1 true that ,americans always speak of spending time8 ,in ,england we say we pass time4 ,i have heard the peculiarity attributed to your nation1 the reason given for it being that ,americans are almost always engaged in business of some kind1 and naturally use the expressions of trade40 ,isabel not being quite prepared with an answer1 hesitating whether to regard the suave manner or the annoying matter of the speech1 the ,signora1 who had overheard it1 came to her aid4 8,the fact is true1 but the reason given is false10 she said4 8,i believe we ,americans do almost always speak of spending time4 ,it may be because we understand better the value of it4 ,but you should be aware1 ,mr4 ,coleman1 that the ,italians also use the same expression1 and they are the last people with whom you can associate the idea of trade and hurry4 ,one of their critics cites the word as peculiarly beautiful so employed1 as if time were held to be gold4 ,your ,english friends1 when criticising the ,american expression1 were probably thinking of their great clumsy pennies40 ,mr4 ,coleman1 who had not known that the ,signora was near1 stammered out a deprecating word4 ,he had only asked for information4 8,the ,english are bound to criticise us1 and to regard our differences as defects10 she went on1 addressing ,isabel4 8,you must not mind them1 my dear4 ,in fact1 educated ,americans speak and write the language better than the same class of ,english do1 and use far less slang4 ,one frequently finds inaccurate and cumbersome expressions in their very best writers4 ,the exquisite ,disraeli says1 #8,i should have thought that you would have liked1' which is ineffably clumsy4 ,i can give you1 however1 a model of the most perfect ,english in an ,english writer1 and ,i do not know an ,american who equals him4 ,i refer to ,t4 ,w4 ,m4 ,marshall4 ,i almost forget his thoughts while admiring the faultless language in which they arenot clothed so much asarmed4 ,he has little color1 but a great deal of point4 ,one might say he writes in chiar-oscuro4 8,i have not the least prejudice against1 nor for1 any nation10 she continued1 regarding with a little mocking smile her disconcerted visitor4 8,english people are as good as ,americans1 when they behave themselves4 ,they are not1 however1 so polite4 ,whatever peculiarities we may observe in our island neighbors1 we are never guilty of the impropriety of mentioning them to their faces40 ,mr4 ,coleman was crushed1 and the ,signora left him to recover himself as best he might4 ,she had thought him long since cured of his national habit of making such comments1 and was not disposed to suffer the slightest relapse4 ,marion1 who had observed and watched for a moment the expression of ,signor ,leonardo's face while ,isabel spoke to him1 began talking with him after a while1 and soon found him a liberalnot one of those who make the name a cover for every species of disorder1 but an honest man1 of whom the worst that could be said was that he was mistaken4 8,you think that we ,italians are different from yourselves10 he said somewhat excitedly1 as the talk progressed4 8,when you praise your country1 and boast of it1 you forget that we1 too1 may wish to have a country of which we can boast and be proud40 ,marion smiled quietly4 8,i should have said10 he replied1 8that in the history of ,italy1 both past and present1 there had been more pride felt and expressed than can be found in the histories of all the other nations of the earth put together2 and that1 besides this self-gratulation1 no other nation on earth had been so praised1 and loved1 and feared1 and sought as ,italy4 ,it has had every kind of boastwar-like1 splendid1 learned1 poetic1 and artistic4 ,it has gone on through the centuries supreme in beauty and in interest1 never failing to draw all hearts and eyes1 and changing one attraction into another1 instead of losing attraction4 ,and all its changes have been ordered and harmonious till now4 ,but ,i find neither beauty nor dignity in a manufacturing1 trading ,rome4 ,she throws away her own unique advantages in seeking to vie with her younger and more vigorous sisters4 ,the rle does not suit her40 8,we will see60 the ,italian said hotly4 8,we will make the trial1 and find out for ourselves if our life and strength are so decayed that we can no longer boast of anything but ruins40 8,i beg your pardon2 but you have already tried1 and failed10 the other returned4 8,you have proved yourselves only strong in complaint1 but worthless in action4 ,the only vigor ,i have heard of as shown by liberal ,rome was in throwing flowers on ,victor ,emanuel when he entered1 and now in cursing him for having taxed you to the verge of starvation4 ,he isn't afraid of you1 and takes no pains to conciliate you4 ,the only vigor here1 of the kind you praise1 is in the northern men he has brought down with him2 and in another generation1 if they should stay so long1 the blood in their hearts will have thickened to the rich1 slow ichor of ,roman veins4 ,no1 sir6 ,you cannot succeed in being yourselves and everybody else4 ,you are no longer the world1 but only a part of it1 and must be content to see yourselves surpassed in many things4 ,your true dignity is in not contending for the prize which you will never win4 ,if you had sat here quietly1 a mere looker-on1 a judge1 perhaps1 of the contests going on in the world1 who could have said surely that you might not win any success by the mere half trying8 ,you have proved your own weakness1 and merely exchanged an easy master for a hard one4 ,you do not govern yourselves so much under the king as you did under the pope1 and the complaints which were listened to in the old time nobody listens to now4 ,you have been coaxed and petted for generations2 now you are treated with contempt40 ,the ,italian was pale1 less with anger at such plain speaking than with the bitter consciousness that it was true4 8,you have not seen the end yet10 was all he could say4 8,great changes are not wrought here so easily as in ,america4 ,there it was simply ,greek meeting ,greek1 and there was no history or tradition in the way4 ,here1 besides our visible opponents1 who may be half a dozen nations1 we have to fight against generations of ghosts40 8,o my country6 how you have bewitched the world10 exclaimed the ,american4 8,i grant you there is a difference1 sir1 and it is even greater than you think2 for it is a difference of nature as well as of circumstances4 ,italy is ,calliope1 with the scroll in her hand1 and her proper position is a meditative and studious one2 ,america is ,atalanta1 the swift runner1 young1 strong1 and disdainful1 with apples of gold to fling and stop her pursuers4 ,do you wish your muse to come down and join in the dusty race80 8,do you know10 the ,signora asked of ,marion1 joining the two1 8,victor ,emanuel1 they say1 has a special devotion to the good thief80 ,the ,italian rose4 ,he had a great regard for the ,signora1 but1 as she never spared him when politics was in question1 he thought discretion the better part of valor4 8,how odd it is10 the lady remarked1 when they were left alone with ,marion1 8that when we are best pleased we are sometimes most impatient6 ,i am exceedingly well contented to-night1 yet ,i do not know when ,i have been so sharp toward ,mr4 ,coleman or ,leonardo4 ,i begin to feel premonitory symptoms of compunction4 ,what is the philosophy of it1 ,mr4 ,vane80 8,marion could answer such a question better than ,i10 he replied4 8,but may not the reason be that1 your mood and some of your circumstances being perfect1 you cannot bear that all should not accord8as1 when we are listening to beautiful music1 and are particularly inclined1 to listen just then1 the smallest interruption1 especially if it be discordant1 is intolerable40 ,marion had been saying good-night to the sisters1 who stood before him arm in arm1 speaking with1 or rather listening to1 him4 ,he turned on being appealed to4 8,is it true10 he asked1 8that the mood is one of perfect contentment8 ,may it not be an exalted mood which demands contentment8 ,i think we may sometimes feel an excitement and delight for which we can give no reason1 unless it may be some rare moment of perfect physical health1 like that which our first parents enjoyed in ,eden4 ,naturally1 in such a moment1 we feel earth to be a paradise1 and are impatient of anything which reminds us that it is not40 ,the ,signora was surprised to find herself blushing1 and annoyed when she perceived that the others observed it and seemed1 also1 to be surprised4 ,only ,marion1 bowing a good-night as soon as he spoke1 appeared not to see4 8,did you ever blush for nothing1 dear80 she asked of ,bianca1 when the two went to their rooms together4 8,i can't imagine what set me blushing to-night4 ,i didn't mean to blush1 ,i had no reason1 ,i didn't know ,i was going to do so1 and ,i have no idea what it was about40 8,i never blush at the right moment10 ,bianca replied rather soberly4 8,when embarrassing incidents occur1 and1 according to the books and speakers1 one would be doing the proper thing to be confused1 ,i am almost always cool4 ,and then all at once1 just for nothing1 for a surprise1 for a thing which would find other people cool1 ,i am as red as0 8,a rose10 finished the ,signora1 and kissed the girl's cheek4 8,good-night1 dear4 ,i like your friend exceedingly4 ,i do not know when ,i have liked any one so much on short acquaintance40 8,he is very agreeable10 ,bianca returned1 and echoed the good-night without another word4 8,that is one of the times you should have blushed1 and didn't10 thought her friend1 and wondered a little4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,roma,,amor 8,strength is none on earth save ,love40 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,suggested ,,by ,a ,,statue ,,by ,,miss ,a4 ,,whitney ,,exhibited ,,in ,,boston1 ,,april1 #ahgf4 ,i4 ,upon the statue's base ,i read its name 8,rome10 nothing more2 so leaving to each thought ,to mould in mind the form the sculptor wrought1 ,the living soul within the dead clay's frame4 ,and was this ,rome1 so weak and sad and old1 ,so crouching down with withered lip and cheek1 ,with trembling fingers stretched as if to seek1 ,the thoughtless wanderers' idly-given gold8 ,some ,roman coins loose-lying in her lap1 ,some treasure saved from out her ancient wealth1 ,or begged with downcast look as if by stealth1 ,fearing her end1 and wishing still1 mayhap1 ,enough to hold to pay stern ,charon's oar ,when the dead nations o'er the ,styx it bore4 ,,ii4 ,and was this ,romethis shrunken1 shivering form1 ,this beggared greatness sitting abject down2 ,her throne a broken shaft's acanthus crown ,whose crumbling beauty still outlived the storm8 ,where were her legions8 eagles8 where her pride8 ,the conqueror's laurel binding once her head8 ,she1 the world's mistress1 begging so her bread ,at her own gates1 her empire's wreck beside6 ,withered and old1 craven in form and face1 ,yet keeping still some gift from out the past ,in the broad mantle o'er her shoulders cast1 ,where lingered yet her ancient1 haughty grace ,conscious each fold of that far-sounding name1 ,imperial still in spite of loss and shame4 ,,iii4 ,and was this ,rome8 ,nor faith1 nor hope1 nor love ,writ in the wrinkled story of her face1 ,where weariness and sad old age had place1 ,for earthly days no cheer1 no light above6 ,all earthly greatness to this measure shrunk8 ,with burning heart ,i gazed4 ,was this the thought ,the sculptor in the answering clay had wrought ,csar's proud impress in the beggar sunk ,for men to mock at in her weak old age8 ,was this a living ,rome1 or one1 long dead1 ,that waked to life a modern ,csar's tread1 ,claiming with outstretched hand her heritage8 ,while the strong nations she once triumphed o'er ,scarce heeded her they served with awe before6 ,,iv4 ,where1 then1 was she that was ,eternal called8 ,bore she no likeness of immortal youth8 ,did she lament her cruel dower in truth ,as once ,tithonus by that gift enthralled8 ,all joy of youth long perished1 living on ,in dread possession of the pitiless gift1 ,in hopeless age set helplessly adrift1 ,her bread the bitter thought of days bygone6 ,no word immortal on the statue writ1 ,save the deep bitterness of graven name2 ,no trumpet telling dumbly of her fame1 ,nor unquenched lamp by vestal virgin lit ,youth1 empire1 and her people's love all o'er1 ,unqueened1 and still undying1 evermore6 ,v4 ,o artist6 lurks there in your sculptured thought ,no vision of another ,rome than this8 ,along the antique border of her dress ,i sought in vain to see the symbol wrought ,that she has steadfast borne since first its touch ,did her1 the holy one1 e'er consecrate ,the tender mother of the desolate1 ,consoler of poor hearts o'erburdened much1 ,pure spouse of ,him who is ,eternal ,life1 ,inheritor of beauty ever new ,yet ever ancient1 'missioned to subdue ,beneath love's yoke the nations lost in strife ,rome's eagles shadowed not a realm so wide ,as lights the cross1 her trust from ,him that died4 ,,vi4 ,o ,rome6 imperial lady1 ,christian queen6 ,art thou discrowned and desolate indeed8 ,all vainly doth thy smitten greatness plead8 ,reads none the sorrow of thy brow serene8 ,perished thy eagles1 and o'erthrown thy cross8 ,thou banished from possession of thine own1 ,while they who rob thee fling thee mocking down ,an ancient ,roman robe to hide thy loss1 ,that the world1 seeing thy fair-seeming state1 ,shall greet the ,csar who gives thee such grace1 ,nor heed the appealing sorrow in thy face1 ,nor hear thy cry like ,his who at the gate ,of ,jericho cried out6 ,bide thou thy day ,thy ,western children for thee weep and pray4 ,,vii4 ,so once in ,pilate's hall thy ,master stood ,in ,roman purple robed1 and none divined ,the holy mystery in those folds enshrined ,the sorrowing ,god-head lifted on the ,rood4 ,such was his portion here2 with thee he shares ,his grief divine4 ,ah6 grandly art thou crowned ,fair in the light of truth thy brows around ,with thorns like his1 while thy strong hand uprears ,his wide-armed cross1 thou leaning on its strength6 ,what though thy constant sorrow shade thine eyes8 ,undying hope about thy sweet mouth lies2 ,that faith is thine that has been all the length ,of centuries past1 that shall be centuries o'er2 ,and on thy bosom writ ,i read,amor4 ,,viii4 ,each letter seeming with a ruddy hue ,won from ,his ,passion who is ,perfect ,love ,to glow the whiteness of thy robe above1 ,thy own heart staining red thy raiment through4 ,what though thy hands are fettered as they lift ,the blessing of the cross8 ,they still can guide1 ,like ,israel's cloud1 thy children scattered wide2 ,still are they warning to lost flocks adrift ,on mist-enshrouded slopes2 still can they bless ,thy faithful ones who1 weeping1 peace implore1 ,who1 striving1 spread thy realm far countries o'er4 ,still rulest thou while kings1 as shadows1 pass2 ,and still the weary1 craving love and home1 ,peace in thy bosom seek1 ,eternal ,rome6 ,,chaldean ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,creation4 ,in no portion of the world will the adventurous traveller feel himself more impressed by a sense of mystery and of awe than in that vast plain which rises from the ,persian ,gulf and stretches away northwestwardly along the mountains of ,kurdistan until it reaches those of ,armenia4 ,from the rivers which water it the ,greeks called one portion of it ,mesopotamia4 ,other portions are known as ,chaldea and ,assyria4 ,in this plain it was that the ,lord ,god planted the ,garden of ,eden1 bringing forth all manner 8,of goodliest trees1 loaden with fairest fruit4 ,blossoms and fruit at once of golden hue ,appeared1 with gay enamel'd colors mixed1 ,on which the sun more glad impress'd his beams ,than in the fair ev'ning cloud or humid bow1 ,when ,god shower'd the earth2 so lovely seemed ,that landskip40,par4 ,lost1 b4 iv4 ,here still ,how the ,euphrates and the ,tigris1 named in ,holy ,writ as two of the rivers of ,eden4 ,their waters still fertilize a soil which1 desolate and accursed though it now seems1 will yield1 even to rude and imperfect culture1 a harvest of an hundred-fold4 ,here our first parents spent their too brief hours of innocence4 ,here1 too1 driven for their disobedience from ,eden1 they wandered in sorrow1 and tilled the earth in the sweat of their brow4 ,on this plain1 when the waters of the ,deluge had passed away1 did the children of ,noe1 as yet of the same tongue1 assemble together1 and1 forgetful of the power of ,god1 say to each other3 8,let us make a city and a tower1 the top of which may reach to heaven2 and let us make our name famous before we be scattered abroad into all lands0 7,gen4 xi4 #d74 ,from this centre1 when the ,lord had confounded their speech and humbled their pride1 did they go forth to people the whole earth4 ,here walked ,nimrod1 the mighty hunter before the ,lord1 ruling his fellow-men4 ,here he built ,babylon1 afterwards so renowned in history4 ,on this plain1 too1 across the ,tigris1 were founded ,resen and ,calah and ,ninive1 cities of power in the earlier days of history4 ,for more than fifteen centuries this plain was the most favored spot of the ancient world4 ,as the ,assyrian1 the ,babylonian1 the ,mede1 the ,persian1 and the ,greek succeeded each other on the throne1 the tributes and the spoils of surrounding nations were brought hither1 and were here lavishly squandered in every mode that could display the magnificence or perpetuate the memory of mighty sovereigns4 ,each monarch seemed1 with the land1 to inherit the ambitious desires of the builders of ,babel4 ,each strove to found cities1 to erect towers1 to build walls1 and to raise structures which neither man nor time nor the hand of ,heaven should destroy4 ,all through those centuries the work was carried on1 each age striving to excel in grandeur and strength of work all that had gone before4 ,neither time nor wealth nor skill was spared2 nothing that man could do was left undone4 ,how vain and futile is man's mightiest effort6 ,the decree went forth that ,ninive should be laid waste1 and that ,babylon should be as when ,god overthrew ,sodom and ,gomorrha4 ,this fertile plain1 once filled with gorgeous cities and countless villages1 checkered with fruitful groves and cultivated fields1 has become a wild1 deserted1 treeless waste1 over which the wandering ,arab drives his flock in search of a precarious pasturage1 and from which even he is forced to flee as the grass withers under the burning heats of summer4 ,the towers and temples and palaces1 rich with statuary and painting1 and whose sides1 glistening with gold and shining brass1 reflected the dazzling rays of the sun for leagues around1 have all disappeared4 ,in their stead a few mud-walled and thatch-roofed cottages1 pervious to wind and rain1 may be seen clustering around some ancient ,christian shrine1 or are falling to fragments since the last raid of the pasha or the rapacity of the ,arabs drove the miserable tenants from even such humble abodes4 ,it is only at ,mosul and ,bagdad1 seats of ,turkish civil rulesuch as it isand at a few other points1 that anything to be called a town can be found4 ,and even there little more is to be seen than an accumulation of many such huts around a few rude stone dwellings and churches4 ,for ages the inhabitants have been ground to the dust by ,turkish misrule4 ,long since stripped of everything1 they are the poorest of the poor4 ,he holds life and property by a frail tenure indeed whom the greedy pasha suspects of possessing aught that can be seized4 ,so thoroughly have the glories of old and the outward traces of ancient grandeur passed away that for a long time antiquarians disputed where on this plain ,ninive1 and where ,babylon1 stood4 ,it is a vast1 treeless1 uncultivated1 arid blank on the surface of the earth4 ,stern1 shapeless mounds rise like low1 flat-topped hills from the parched plainsrude1 unsightly heaps1 whose sides1 here and there stripped of earth by the rains of winter1 disclose within masses of brickwork and fragments of pottery4 ,desolation meets desolation on every side4 ,the traveller sees no graceful column still standing erect in solitary beauty1 no classic capital or richly-carved frieze fallen to the earth1 and half-appearing1 half-hidden amid the luxuriant growth of the soil2 nothing that charms in its present picturesque beauty1 nothing that he can rebuild in imagination4 ,he travels on1 day after day1 over the parched plain1 amid these sombre mounds1 and feels that in truth this is a cemetery of nations accursed for their sins4 ,the ever-recurring sameness of the dreary prospect around him1 before him1 behind him1 impresses even more deeply on his mind the grand truth that1 do what man may1 ,god reigns and rules and conquers4 ,every step shows him how completely are fulfilled the threats made of old1 in the days of their luxury and pride1 against the sensual and sinful peoples who dwelt here4 ,the words of the messengers of ,god have indeed come true4 ,for the last third of a century a fresh interest has drawn the minds of men to this plain4 ,the silence of twenty-five centuries has been broken1 and these old mounds are lifting up their voices1 as it were1 and telling us of the glories of ancient times1 and how men then lived and battled1 what arts they practised and what knowledge they possessed1 in what gods they believed and how they worshipped4 ,the tale is a wondrous one4 ,the ,french government1 which still claims throughout the ,levant the right of protecting the ,catholic ,christians of every rite1 under the rule of the ,moslems1 who are united to the ,holy ,see1 had stationed in ,mosul in #ahda1 as ,french consul1 ,m4 ,botta1 a ripe scholar1 enthusiastically devoted to ,oriental studies4 ,across the ,tigris1 and in sight of ,mosul1 stood a huge mound4 ,the natives called it ,kouyunjik1 and had vague traditions of carved stones and figures having been found in or about it from time to time4 ,m4 ,botta bethought him of excavating the mound to test the truth of such tales4 ,for a time his labors were without any satisfactory result4 ,he was induced to leave ,kouyunjik for a time1 and to work instead on the mound of ,khorsabad1 some fifteen miles distant4 ,here his very first attempt at excavation brought him down to a thick brick wall4 ,digging down by its side1 he saw that it was lined with slabs bearing sculptures in bass-relief1 and inscriptions in some unknown language4 ,continuing his trench1 he groped his way along the wall1 until it broke off1 with a face at right angles to the face he had followed4 ,a few feet further on the wall commenced again as before4 ,he had evidently passed a doorway4 ,pursuing his course steadily and eagerly1 and turning corner after corner1 he at length came to the point whence he had started4 ,he had completed the inner circuit of a room4 ,then1 going through the door already discovered1 he led his trenches along the walls of a second chamber lined1 like the first1 with slabs bearing illegible inscriptions and bass-relief figures4 ,in six months six halls1 some of them #aae feet long1 were fully explored1 and over #dej feet of sculptures and inscriptions were accurately copied4 ,the copies1 with an able report1 were sent to the ,academy of ,inscriptions at ,paris4 ,these startling discoveries were hailed with enthusiasm by the antiquarians of ,france and of ,europe generally4 ,the ,french government at once supplied ,m4 ,botta with ample funds1 and sent to his assistance ,m4 ,flandin1 an able draughtsman4 ,the work was vigorously pushed on until the entire mound of ,khorsabad had been thoroughly investigated4 ,on an original elevation or mound of earth1 either natural or artificial1 a vast platform of brick-work had been laid4 ,on this rose the building itself1 evidently a magnificent royal palace1 over #a1bjj feet in front and #ejj feet deep4 ,within1 it was divided by thick walls of masonry into numerous halls or rooms1 many of them more than #ajj feet long1 but few of them exceeding #ce feet in breadth4 ,the external walls and these party-walls were from twelve to twenty feet in thickness1 and were evidently intended to bear a heavy superstructure of upper stories4 ,these1 however1 have all perished2 nothing remains but the walls on the ground-floor4 ,in fact1 they rise only about ten or fifteen feet4 ,within and without they were lined with limestone slabs ten feet high1 bearing inscriptions and bass-relief figures4 ,the same subject often occupied many slabs in succession4 ,thus1 the entire panelling of one long front1 of #a1bjj feet1 seemed to be occupied by a single subjectthe triumphant procession of a king returning victorious from some warthe whole presented in a long succession of figures above the natural size4 ,winged human figures with the heads of eaglesthe deities of ,assyrialed the way1 each bearing the sacred pine-cone in one hand and a basket in the other4 ,to them succeeded priests leading victims for the sacrifice4 ,then came the monarch in his richest robes1 attended by his chief ministers1 his eunuchs1 and his courtiers4 ,other officials in a long line bore the various insignia of royalty4 ,soldiers came next1 escorting the tribute-bearers1 laden some with miniature representations of the cities and towns and castles that had been conquered1 others with the tribute itself and with the spoils of the conquered nations4 ,lastly1 groups of captives1 with fettered limbs and drooping heads1 closed the long array which proclaimed to men the prowess and grandeur of the monarch who reared this palace4 ,within the palace the walls were lined with still other inscriptions and sculptures of battles1 of sacrifices1 processions1 of royal audiences1 and of lion hunts in the forests and mountains4 ,,mm4 ,botta and ,flandin copied as accurately as possible all these inscriptions and figures as soon as found4 ,it was well they did so4 ,the palace had been destroyed by fire4 ,the limestone slabs had been overheated and calcined4 ,a brief exposure to the weather was now sufficient to cause them to crumble into dust4 ,in #ahde ,mr4 7now ,sir7 ,austin ,henry ,layard commenced excavations first in a different moundthat of ,nimroud1 some twenty miles distant from ,mosul in another directionand then at ,kouyunjik1 which ,m4 ,botta had abandoned2 and afterwards at ,karamles1 at ,birs ,nimroud1 and elsewhere4 ,he was rewarded by the discovery of four other royal palaces1 and of an immense amount of inscriptions1 bass-reliefs1 and curious ,assyrian statuary1 large shipments of all of which he sent to the ,british ,museum in ,london4 ,we need not say with what astonishment and what interest men looked at this vast amount of ,assyrian antiquities1 so unexpectedly discovered1 and now to be seen in ,london and in ,paris2 nor need we follow the steps of the various exploring expeditions that went forth in succession from ,europe to delve yet again in those rich mines of archology4 ,in #ahgf they were still at it1 and doubtless the work will long continue2 for there remains much to reward a search4 ,the first emotions of astonishment over1 the scholars of ,europe left aside for a time the sculptured figures1 and turned to those multitudinous and inscrutable inscriptions as in truth the richest and most valuable portion of the find4 ,in what language or languages1 and by what system1 are they written8 ,does each sign1 or group of these curious signs1 spell a word letter after letter1 as modern writing does8 ,or do they give syllable after syllable1 after the manner of some ancient people8 ,or does each group simply mean a word1 as the ,chinese characters do8 ,can we answer8 ,is it possible to ascertain the purport and meaning of these records8 ,these were the questions puzzling the scholars of ,europe as they looked on the inscriptions placed before them4 ,more puzzling questions1 one would think1 could scarcely be devised4 ,how much or how little was already known about this style of inscriptions1 these strange arrow-headed1 nail-formed1 wedge-shaped1 claviform1 or cuneiform letters1 as men styled them8 ,they were evidently the 8,assyrian letters0 mentioned by ,herodotus4 ,but neither he nor any other ancient writer gave any aid whatever towards their interpretation4 ,the moderns could tell little of them4 ,in #afbj ,figueroa1 the ,spanish traveller and diplomatist1 published some account of the inscriptions he had seen in ,persepolis1 and gave a fac-simile of one line of this arrow-headed writing4 ,a year or two later ,pietro ,della ,valle1 who spent years travelling in ,asia1 published another specimen1 and1 from a general consideration of its appearance1 decided that the writing1 be it in what language it may1 was to be read from left to right1 as ,european languages are read1 and not from right to left1 as the ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 ,arabic1 and other ,semitic languages are to be read1 nor from top to bottom1 as the ,chinese read their inscriptions4 ,but beyond this he could not go4 ,fifty years later a ,french traveller1 ,m4 ,chardin1 published drawings of the inscriptions he had copied in ,persepolis4 ,other travellers gave further accounts of such inscriptions at ,persepolis1 ,hamadan1 and elsewhere in ,western ,persia4 ,they spoke especially of the magnificent inscription of ,bisutun or ,behistun4 ,following the grand caravan route from ,bagdad to ,ispahan1 the traveller finds himself in the beautiful valley of the ,kerkha ,river4 ,on his left rise rugged limestone cliffs4 ,at one spot the road runs at the base of a gigantic perpendicular cliff1 fully #a1gjj feet high4 ,in some ancient time workmen made their way up1 by scaffolding1 three hundred feet and more above the road1 where they smoothed a large space of the face of the rock1 cutting out weak and soft portions1 and carefully plugging the cavities with firmer and stronger pieces of the same stone4 ,on this smoothed surface they cut their figures of majestic stature4 ,a monarch1 armed and triumphant1 stands erect1 one foot pressing on a prostrate foe4 ,above his head floats the winged form of a heathen deity4 ,before him stands a line of nine other captives1 united together by a cord passing from neck to neck4 ,for the king and for each captive there is a short inscription4 ,below1 on the face of the rock there are hundreds of lines of inscriptions1 every letter1 over an inch in length1 being cut neatly and carefully into the smoothed and perpendicular face of the cliff4 ,the whole was then floated1 as the plasterers would say1 with a wash of fluid glass1 which in drying left a transparent1 silicious crust or film1 saving the work from the ravages of wind and rain and time4 ,much of this coating is still in place1 more of it has flaked off1 and fragments of it may be gathered from the debris at the foot of the cliff4 ,in #agfe ,carsten ,niebuhr visited those regions1 and1 after long study1 came to the opinion that there were here three different styles of inscription1 probably in three different languages4 ,in this case one of them was probably the ,persian4 ,from that date on ,niebuhr1 ,mnter1 ,grotefend1 ,de ,sacy1 ,saint-,martin1 ,rask1 and others pored over these strange letters1 studied out the ,sanscrit and the ,zend or ancient ,persian1 and1 devoting themselves laboriously to the simpler and presumed ,persian portions of the inscriptions1 finally succeeded in making out one letter after another1 and discovered that this part1 at least1 was of course to be read alphabetically4 ,they began to guess at the sense of some oft-recurring word or phrase1 or of what were apparently royal names or titles4 ,great was their exultation when they were sure at last that a certain oft-recurring group of characters 7which we have no type to print7 was to be read 8,khshyathya ,khshyathynm10 and meant 8,king of kings40 ,by #ahcf ,lassen1 ,burnouf1 and ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson claimed to be able to make out1 at least in a general way1 the sense of those ,persian portions4 ,other scholars followed them1 making still further advances4 ,those ,persian inscriptions were found to commemorate the deeds of ,cyrus1 ,darius1 ,xerxes1 and other ,persian monarchs of their epoch4 ,the inscriptions were1 as ,niebuhr had conjectured1 in three languages4 ,the second1 called the ,scythic or ,turanian1 was in characters more difficult and more complex than the ,persian writing4 ,the third1 and still more difficult1 portions were supposed to be in some ancient ,assyrian languageperhaps even in several distinct forms or dialects of it4 ,they had not yet been read when ,botta and ,layard made their discoveries in the mounds1 and filled the museums of ,europe with thousands of inscriptions1 whole or fragmentary1 all evidently of this third class4 ,the task was taken up by the scholars of ,europe with renewed ardor4 ,if the difficulties were great1 they had at least a fair starting point in the ,persian portions already deciphered2 but the difficulty was still great4 ,those groups of arrow-headed characters seemed to shift their meaning in a bewildering fashion4 ,sometimes they represented letters1 sometimes syllables1 sometimes words or monograms4 ,again1 the same group sometimes seemed to represent one letter1 and at another quite a different letter2 while1 as if to compensate this multiplicity of values of a single sign1 it was evident that frequently several signs had the same identical value1 and might be interchanged one for another4 ,add to all this the fact that they were not yet sure in what language or what dialect these inscriptions of ,ninive were written1 nor1 even in a general way1 what they treated of1 and it will be clear that the task of deciphering them was in truth a puzzling one4 ,the more clearly men saw what was to be done1 the more difficult it appeared to do it4 ,progress could be made only by a series of tentative guesses4 ,when one proclaimed that he had attained some result1 however small1 that result was attacked by others1 and sometimes proved to be illusory4 ,however1 despite of thousands of failures1 despite of ridicule and disbelief1 progress was gradually made4 ,in ,march1 #aheg1 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot selected the first cuneiform inscription which had been lithographed by the trustees of the ,british ,museum1 and proposed it as a test4 ,four of the chief students of this new literature were to make1 each apart1 and without consultation with the others1 his own translation of it1 to be sent under seal to the ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,when all had come in1 the seals were to be broken and the several translations compared4 ,in ,may1 #aheg1 this was done4 ,the following translations of one passage of the inscription will serve as a sample of how they agreed3 ,rawlinson3 8,then ,i went on to the country of ,comukha1 which was disobedient1 and withheld the tribute and offerings due to ,ashur1 my lord4 ,i conquered the whole country of ,comukha4 ,i plundered their movables1 their wealth1 and their valuables4 ,their cities ,i burned with fire1 ,i destroyed and ruined40 ,talbot3 8,i then advanced against ,kumikhi1 a land of the unbelievers1 who had refused to pay taxes and tribute unto ,ashur1 my lord4 ,the land of ,kumikhi throughout all its extent ,i ravaged4 ,their women1 etc41 ,i carried off4 ,their cities ,i burned with fire1 destroyed1 and overthrew40 ,oppert3 8,in those days ,i went to the people of ,dummukh1 the enemy who owed tribute and gifts to the god ,ashur1 my lord4 ,i subdued the people of ,dummukh2 for its punishment7874 ,i took away their captives1 their herds1 and their treasures2 their cities ,i burnt in fire2 ,i destroyed1 ,i undermined them40 ,hincks3 8,at that time ,i went to a disaffected part of ,qummukh1 which had withheld the tribute by weight and tale belonging to ,assur1 my lord4 ,i subdued the land of ,qummukh as far as it extended4 ,i brought out their women1 their slaves1 and their cattle2 their towns ,i burned with fire1 threw down1 and dug up40 ,such a wonderful agreement of those four translators in deciphering the text of this inscription was proof that the key had been found1 and that ere long this vast cuneiform literature would emerge from the tomb in which it had lain buried for over two thousand five hundred years4 ,the experiment was felt to have been eminently successful4 ,we need not follow the further labors of those and other ,orientalists in this new field of research1 as volume after volume appeared in ,french1 in ,german1 and in ,english1 giving translations of texts1 and rewriting the ancient history of those ,eastern lands4 ,for years it seemed that this would be the chief literary result of those discoveries4 ,the lines of monarchs were established1 gaps were filled up1 broken links were restored1 contested dates were settled4 ,much light was thrown on manners and customs1 and on the religious systems of the peoples1 their wars and conquests1 and on the duration1 successions1 and vicissitudes of the various dynasties which ruled over them4 ,a by no means small library might be formed of the works on these subjects published within the last quarter of a century4 ,as it became known that ,orientalists were gradually obtaining the power of deciphering these ,assyrian cuneiform inscriptions1 and as the extent of the field thus opened to fresh researches was gradually developed1 hopes that seemed extravagant were indulged as to the results soon to be reached1 and not wholly without reason4 ,these ancient ,assyrians seemed to have been possessed with an extraordinary passion for recording anything and everything in their mysterious characters4 ,monarch after monarch had taken pride in putting up pompous inscriptions to perpetuate the memory of his victories and of the glorious events of his reign4 ,from such monuments might we not obtain some record of their successive dynasties1 and learn something of the history of their empires and kingdoms8 ,those grand bass-reliefs of marble or alabaster1 representing deities1 monarchs1 sacred bulls1 or other mysterious figures2 every representation of a battle-scene1 of a triumphal procession1 of the building of a city1 of the sailing of boats1 or of what else you please1 had each its own cuneiform lettering1 now about to tell us its long-hidden meaning4 ,everywhere seals1 cylinders1 signets1 or other small objects of value1 whether of agate1 of chalcedony1 or of other hard and precious stone1 or of terra-cotta1 had its group of emblematic figures1 often with an inscription in minutest characters1 nicely cut with a lapidary's skill4 ,the very bricks used in building those huge walls1 hundreds of feet long and ten or fifteen feet thick1 bore nearly every one of them1 in cuneiform characters1 some name2 perhaps that of the monarch who built the palace1 or of the architect who planned and directed the work1 perhaps that of the workman who made the brick itself and laid it in the wall4 ,and more than all this1 all through the dbris of earth now filling chamber after chamber1 and more abundantly towards the bottom1 the explorers found countless fragments of terra-cotta or baked clay tablets1 bearing generally cuneiform inscriptions on both sides4 ,some of those fragments were not an inch in length or breadth2 others were even a foot square or larger4 ,it was possible sometimes to fit a number of fragments together4 ,they had been found lying near together1 and had originally formed one piece1 that was broken when it fell4 ,a thorough examination of the character of the material and of the work1 and their present condition1 made it clear that originally they were slabs or tablets of fine clay1 well kneaded and pressed into form4 ,while still comparatively soft1 they had received the inscriptions at the hands of skilled scribes4 ,this the marks of the metal tool or style used in inscribing the letters on the yielding clay made quite evident4 ,the tablets so inscribed were then hardened by baking1 and were placed in upper rooms of the palace devoted to the purposes of a library4 ,when at last the palace itself was destroyed by fire1 the heat may have cracked or otherwise injured some of them4 ,their fall1 as the rooms were destroyed and the slabs precipitated into a heated mass of ruins in the lower masonry chambers1 must have broken most of them into fragments4 ,the spade and mattock1 as men overturned again and again this mass of dbris to recover gold and silver and jewelry buried in it1 may have continued the work of destruction2 and perhaps time has since done more than all these agencies4 ,for the yearly rains of twenty-five centuries1 sinking into this soil and taking up chemical agents from the mass on every side1 would in turn react on these plates of clay1 producing crystals in every minutest fissure or cavity1 and slowly but surely dividing them into minuter and minuter fragments4 ,however1 the fragments are there1 covered with writing4 ,in the mound of ,kouyunjik alone there may be1 it is judged1 twenty-five or thirty thousand of them4 ,how many more may be found in other mounds of ,ninive8 ,and as to the mounds of ,babylon and its vicinity1 so little as yet has been done to them in comparison with the work at ,ninive that we may say they are still almost untouched4 ,if the ,assyrians had libraries1 and if those libraries have come down to us1 be it even only as tattered leaves and torn volumes1 may we not yet gather together these fragments1 or at least some portion of them1 decipher what is written1 and so become acquainted with something of this ancient ,assyrian literature8 ,what did men then know8 ,what did they believe8 ,what did they write8 ,it was hoped that we were on the very eve of discoveries equalling1 if not far surpassing1 in extent and in importance1 those made in the earlier half of this century by the discovery of how to read the ancient hieroglyphs of ,egypt4 ,we cannot say that these hopes have so far been fully realized4 ,far from it4 ,we are still at the beginning of the work2 but the work goes bravely on4 ,attention was at first1 and naturally1 directed to the grander and more prominent public monuments and inscriptions4 ,from them much has been learned of the series of ,assyrian monarchs and concerning their deeds1 and light has been thrown on many obscure points of chronology4 ,the statements of the ,holy ,scriptures in reference to the relations of the ,jewish people with ,babylon and ,ninive during the thousand years preceding ,christ1 and ,biblical references to the character and customs of the ,assyrians and ,babylonians1 have been wonderfully illustrated4 ,other classes of inscriptions1 on fragments of the terra-cotta tiles or tablets1 gave accounts of the divisions of the empire1 the character1 and almost the statistics1 of the provinces4 ,the laws and usages then in force1 and the peculiarities of their domestic life1 are sometimes presented with a vividness that startles us4 ,strange to say1 and equally to the surprise and the delight of those now laboring in the work of deciphering this enigmatical writing1 quite a number of tablets were found written for the special purpose of explaining to the ancient students of ,assyria1 in simpler and more legible1 or rather more pronounceable1 characters1 the meaning and the sound of the more abstruse and ideographic characters so frequently occurring in the texts of the inscriptions4 ,these supply us to-day with what we may call1 and what is in reality1 a dictionary of their hard words1 giving their correct pronunciation and their meaning4 ,still other tablets were devoted to astronomy1 to astrology1 to medicine1 to sorcery1 to hymns of religion and prayers of sacrifice1 to history1 to geography1 to poetry1 and to whatever might be embraced by the term ,assyrian belles-lettres4 ,acceptable as all this is1 something more was expected4 ,was there nothing to illustrate the earlier history of mankind1 nothing in relation to those earlier events which are narrated by ,moses as having occurred in this very land8 ,they are dear to us because intertwined with our religious and moral training4 ,was it possible that there was no trace whatever of them1 not even an allusion to them1 to be found in all this mass of ,assyrian writings8 ,berosus1 a ,babylonian priest of the time of ,alexander the ,great1 about three hundred years before ,christ1 wrote a history of ,babylon4 ,the work itself has perished2 but we have some accounts of it in sundry ,greek writers4 ,according to them1 ,berosus distinctly stated that accounts were carefully preserved in ,babylon in which were recorded the formation of the heavens1 the earth1 and the sea1 the origin of man1 and the chief memorable events of the early history of the world4 ,why had we come across nothing of all this8 ,was it because ,berosus spoke of ancient tablets at ,babylon1 and the tablets whose fragments we were scrutinizing are1 for the most part1 from ,ninive1 and1 in their present form at least1 date back generally only seven1 eight1 or nine centuries before ,christ8 ,no other reason seemed assignable2 and it appeared that1 to obtain such tablets1 we must wait until the mounds of ,babylon shall be as carefully and as thoroughly excavated as those of ,ninive4 ,when will that be done8 ,in the meantime let us be patient and make the most we can of what we have4 ,things were in this condition in #ahgb4 ,in that year ,mr4 ,george ,smith1 of the ,british ,museum1 a young and ardent ,assyriologist1 who has indeed proved himself worthy to continue the labors of ,rawlinson1 ,hincks1 ,oppert1 ,lenormant1 ,talbot1 and the other distinguished ,oriental scholars of ,europe1 was occupied in the task of examining one by one the thousands of cuneiform terra-cotta fragments collected in the ,assyrian department of that institution4 ,he intended to divide them into classes1 according to the subjects on which they seemed to treat1 in order that each class might afterwards be more thoroughly studied by itself4 ,taking up one day a fragment1 of medium size1 the middle lines of which were entire and could be plainly made out1 he read as follows3 8,to the country of ,nizir went the ship2 ,the mountains of ,nizir stopped the ship1 and to pass over it was not able2 ,the first day and the second day1 the mountains of ,nizir1 the same2 ,the third day and the fourth day1 the mountains of ,nizir1 the same2 ,the fifth and the sixth1 the mountains of ,nizir1 the same4 ,on the seventh day1 in the course of it1 ,i sent forth a dove1 and it left4 ,the dove went and turned2 ,a resting-place it did not find1 and it returned4 ,i sent forth a swallow1 and it left4 ,the swallow went and turned2 and ,a resting-place it did not find1 and it returned4 ,i sent forth a raven1 and it left4 ,the raven went1 and the decrease of waters it saw1 and ,it did eat1 it swam1 and wandered away1 and did not return40 ,there could be no mistake about it4 ,this was evidently a portion of a cuneiform inscription which gave an ,assyrian version of the history of the ,deluge4 ,could he pick out1 from among the thousands and thousands of fragments1 great and small1 around him in the collection1 the other pieces of the same tablet1 so as to have the whole8 or were they still lying buried in the mound of ,kouyunjik1 whence ,layard had brought the fragment he is reading8 ,that was the question before ,mr4 ,smith4 ,he set himself to the task of practically answering it4 ,month after month was spent in the labor of scrutinizing1 matching1 and deciphering fragments4 ,success rewarded this perseverance1 almost beyond his expectation4 ,in ,december he was able to electrify the literary world of ,london4 ,he lectured on the 8,chaldean ,account of the ,deluge10 and was able to present to his audience the greater portion of the cuneiform text4 ,it corresponded wonderfully not only in the main points1 but sometimes even in details1 with the account of ,genesis4 ,it differed from it chiefly by the introduction of poetic and mythological imagery1 and in a few minor detailssuch details as men will naturally vary in1 while they retain the substance and general truth of an account4 ,about this time the ,new ,york ,herald had attained a world-wide and well-deserved celebrity by having sent ,stanley on a bold and successful mission to find ,livingstone in the heart of ,africa4 ,other papers naturally wished to imitate1 if not to rival1 the great deed4 ,the ,london ,daily ,telegraph saw its opportunity1 seized it at once1 and sent out ,mr4 ,smith to ,mesopotamia1 to make further excavations in the mound of ,kouyunjik and elsewhere1 and to obtain more of those interesting fragments4 ,this he strove to do1 though under many embarrassments from the opposition or the petulance of ignorant and arbitrary ,turkish officials4 ,he was forced to bring his work to a close just when he felt that he had entered well into it4 ,the results1 however1 of that trip have since turned out to be greater and more important than he then thought4 ,he soon went out again to resume and continue the work under the auspices of the ,british ,museum1 and he succeeded in obtaining for its collection still another large instalment of the much-coveted fragments1 together with many other valuable articles4 ,since his return to ,england in ,june1 #ahgd1 he has given himself up almost entirely to the study of those fragments1 classifying1 comparing1 and uniting them where possible1 and deciphering the inscriptions4#acg ,in the work before us#ach he gives to the public some special results attained by a little over one year's labor4 ,we catch the wordsif only the muttered and broken wordsof this early ,assyrian literature1 yet words of highest importance1 because they bear directly on the topics narrated in the earliest chapters of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,as we read them1 we feel like one standing by the bedside of a sick man1 and listening to his fitful and feverish utterances4 ,you catch a word here and a word there1 perhaps scarcely enough to guide you4 ,now and then a sentence is spoken out with startling distinctness1 to be followed only by low1 almost unintelligible murmurings4 ,still1 if you know what the patient is speaking of1 you may follow his train of thought1 at least after a fashion4 ,we take up the special subjects of some of these deciphered tablets4 ,following the ,biblical and historical order of events1 we commence with ,,the ,,creation4 ,it is fortunate that the very commencement of the ,chaldean legend on this subjectpossibly the written account which ,berosus mentionsis found on a comparatively large and legible fragment4 ,we give it line by line as ,mr4 ,smith has translated it1 marking the missing portions by points4 ,it will serve as a favorable sample of the condition of such fragments3 8,,when ,,above were not raised the heavens3 ,and below1 on the earth1 a plant had not grown up2 ,the abysses also had not broken open their boundaries4 ,the chaos ,tiamate the abyss of waters was the producing-mother of them4 ,those waters at the beginning were ordained3 but ,a tree had not grown1 a flower had not unfolded4 ,when the gods had not sprung up1 any one of them3 ,a plant had not grown1 and order did not exist4 ,were made the great gods1 ,the gods ,lahmu and ,lahamu they caused to come ''' ,and they grew ''' ,the gods ,sar and ,kisar were made ''' ,the course of days and a long time passed ''' ,the god ,anu ''' ,the gods ,sar and '''0 99 99 99 99 99 ,these fifteen lines1 six of them imperfect1 are all that we have of the inscription on the face or obverse of this tablet4 ,judging from the inscriptions on other fragments of similar tablets1 there were probably fifty lines on the face of the tablet when entire1 and perhaps thirty or forty of text on the back1 or reverse of it1 all missing as yet1 except what we have given4 ,on the upper portion of the back1 above the thirty or forty lines referred to as missing1 and fortunately on the back of the fragment before us1 was placed a curious and interesting inscription1 serving both as title and preface1 and throwing light on the history and character of the material fragments before us4 ,the inscription reads as follows3 8,first tablet of ,,when ,,above ,palace of ,assurbanipal1 ,king of ,nations1 ,king of ,assyria1 ,to whom ,nebo and ,tasmit ,assyrian deities attentive ears have given3 ,he sought with diligent eyes the wisdom of the inscribed tablets1 ,which among the kings who went before me1 ,none those writings had sought4 ,the wisdom of ,nebo1 the impressions of the god my instructor all delightful1 ,on the tablets ,i wrote1 ,i studied1 ,i observed1 and ,for the inspection of my people1 within my palace1 ,i placed40 ,the ,assyrians1 we see1 like the ,israelites and other ,eastern nations1 frequently designated their books1 not by the subjects treated of1 but by the initial words4 ,the book the commencement of which we see on this fragment of terra-cotta was known to them1 and they subsequently refer to it1 by the title1 ,,when ,,above4 ,we see also that the fragments which we possess are remnants of a series of tablets which were prepared and placed in his palace at ,ninive by the ,assyrian monarch ,assurbanipal1 son of ,esarhaddon1 the celebrated ,sardanapalus of ,grecian writers1 renowned for his luxury and magnificence1 and who1 seeing his kingdom at length subverted and his capital taken1 preferred to perish with his family in the conflagration of his own palace1 rather than yield himself a prisoner into the hands of his enemies4 ,he reigned from ,b4,c4 #fgc to ,b4,c4 #fbe4 ,from this inscription1 and from many other notices1 we learn that during his reign he followed up with ardor the literary work of his father and grandfather1 and of several of their predecessors4 ,he sought out the more ancient literary treasures of ,babylon1 ,cutha1 ,erech1 ,akkad1 ,borsippa1 ,ur1 ,nipur1 and other older cities then under his sway2 caused them to be carefully copied out on fresh tablets of terra-cotta1 and to be placed in his own ,royal ,library at ,ninive4 ,it is thus almost entirely to ,assurbanipal and his patronage of learning that we owe what we now know1 or hope soon to possess1 of this oldest of all national literatures4 ,reverting to our fragmentary tablet1 and comparing the verbose text of this remarkable inscription with the brief account of ,moses 7,gen4 i4 #a1 #b71 we cannot but note the contrast between the clear and emphatic statement of the inspired writer1 8,in the beginning ,god created the heavens and the earth10 on one side1 and on the other the vague and undecided statement of the cuneiform writer1 8,those waters or chaos at the beginning were ordained40 ,it may be presuming too much on our present ability to translate with accuracy every individual word of these tablets for us to give much weight to a single word or isolated expression2 but it would seem that the early ,assyrians1 even if they had lost1 or at least were accustomed to leave in the background1 the idea of the unity of ,god1 and were commencing to indulge in mythological fancies1 had not1 however1 gone as yet so far astray as to hold the primeval chaos to have existed of itself from eternity4 ,on the contrary1 they believed that at the beginning it was ordained4 ,there is here a trace1 at least1 of the idea of creation by a superior ,power4 ,the watery character of the abyss is an idea common to both narratives4 ,whence this agreement8 ,could the void and formless character of the original chaotic mass be conceived under no other condition than that of a watery mist8 ,moses distinctly indicates the exercise of the power of the true and supreme ,god in the further progress of creation3 8,and the ,spirit of ,god moved upon the face of the waters40 ,the inscription1 leaving that out of sight1 in this instance at least1 gives us the primordial conceptions of mythology4 ,the gods1 who at the beginning 8had not sprung up1 any one of them10 soon commence to appear8are made40 ,they are evidently personifications or deifications of the divisions or the powers of nature1 perhaps poetic fancies in the beginning1 to become in course of time mythological personages1 and then heathen divinities1 to be worshipped with altars and sacrifices4 ,here ,lahmu and ,lahamu 7masculine and feminine7 represent the powers of motion and reproduction1 the earliest forces recognized as originally existing1 or made to exist1 in the chaotic abyss4 ,sar 7or ,assorus7 and ,kissar are the upper and the lower heavens4 ,anu represents the firmament1 while ,elu and ,heawhose names 7if we follow an excerpt from ,berosus7 probably followed that of ,anu in the broken linestood for the earth and the sea4 ,the tablet to which this fragment belonged was evidently only a general introduction to a series of eight1 or perhaps more1 tablets1 each one forming1 as it were1 a special portion or chapter or canto to the entire legend or book known by the name ,,when ,,above1 detailing the creation of the world4 ,of the second1 third1 and fourth tablets we have as yet only two fragments4 ,at least1 those fragments are judged to belong hereprobably to the thirdas they both appear to treat of the formation of the firm1 dry land3 8,when the foundations of the ground of rock 7thou didst make71 ,the foundation of the ground1 thou didst call ''' ,thou didst beautify the heavens ''' ,to the face of the heaven ''' ,thou didst give '''0 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have here the poetic form of an address directed to the ,creator1 perhaps to the ,supreme ,god4 ,if this be so1 the true idea of the ,divinity stands forth more distinctly here than in the former fragment4 ,but the address may have been to ,elu1 or to ,hea1 or to some other inferior god1 now made and acting4 ,only the recovery of more of the tablet can decide the question4 ,the other fragment is longer1 and contains portions of a greater number of lines4 ,but it is so mutilated1 and the words recognizable in each line are so few1 that the meaning of the whole scarcely rises to obscurity4 ,some words are said about the 8sea0 and the 8firmament10 and the 8earth0 8for the dwelling of man40 ,we come now to another fragment of larger size and in a better condition4 ,it speaks of the formation of the sun and the moon and the stars1 and corresponds to ,genesis i4 #ad-ai3 8,it was delightful1 all that was fixed by the great ,gods4 ,stars1 their appearance 7in figures7 of animals he arranged4 ,to fix the year through the observation of their constellations1 ,twelve months 7or signs7 of stars in three rows he arranged1 ,from the day when the year commences unto the close4 ,he marked the positions of the wandering stars 7planets7 to shine in their courses1 ,that they may not do injury1 and may not trouble any one4 99 99 99 99 99 8,the god ,uru the moon he caused to rise out1 the night he overshadowed4 ,to fix it also for the light of the night1 until the shining of the day4 ,that the month might not be broken1 and in its amount be regular4 ,at the beginning of the month1 at the rising of the night1 ,his horns are breaking through1 to shine on the heaven4 ,on the seventh day1 to a circle he begins to swell1 ,and stretches towards the dawn further1 ,when the god ,shamas 7the sun7 in the horizon of heaven in the east4 ''' formed beautifully and ''' ''' to the orbit ,shamas was perfected ''' the dawn ,shamas should change1 ''' going on in its path40 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the back of this fragment1 at the top1 is found this inscription3 8,fifth tablet of ,,when ,,above ,country of ,assurbanipal1 ,king of ,nations1 ,king of ,assyria40 ,if1 as we remarked above1 the first tablet of ,,when ,,above be looked on as a general introduction to the whole subject1 the remarkable fact becomes apparent that the ,assyrian writer followed precisely the same division and order of the details of the creation which we find in ,genesis4 ,tablet ,,ii4 would correspond with the work of the first day1 and ,tablet ,,iii4 and ,,iv4 with that of the second and third day1 as here ,tablet ,v4 clearly is occupied with the work of the fourth day4 ,it is generally acknowledged that the word day in the ,mosaic account does not mean that the work there mentioned was done in the space of twenty-four hours4 ,the term day is understood by many to mean an undetermined and probably a long period of time4 ,it may even be1 that the term day has been used by ,moses not in an historical sense1 as we ordinarily would take it1 but rather in a liturgical or religious sense1 paralleling and adapting the six divisions of the creative work1 and the cessation from it1 to the six days of labor and one day of rest which constituted the ,jewish week4 ,in this way ,moses would give to the ,jewish people an ever-recurring cycle of hebdomadal services1 something like that still found in the ,eastern liturgies1 where on each day that day's work is the chief and almost exclusive theme of religious service4 ,beyond this agreement in the mode of dividing the progress of creationan agreement carried out in the tablets to followthere are other points to be noted4 ,in the first line of this fragment1 as also on other fragments1 we read an approval of what has already been done3 8,it was delightful1 all that was fixed by the great gods40 ,in ,genesis we find the oft-repeated statement1 8,and ,god saw that it was good40 ,moses places this approbation at the conclusion of each day's work4 ,the cuneiform writer places it at the beginning of the next day's work4 ,we see1 too1 in the continued use of the personal pronoun ,he1 that the work is attributed to the true and ,supreme ,god4 ,the plural phrase1 the great gods1 does not militate against this view2 for this form1 it seems to us1 is a parallel to the early ,hebrew name of ,god1 ,elohim1 likewise a plural form4 ,this form was used to convey to their minds by the very mode of speech a deeper sense of the infinite power and majesty of ,god1 and served as a fuller expression of their reverence for him4 ,even in our modern languages there is a trace of some such feeling4 ,it is generally more respectful to address one in the plural formyou1 vous1 siethan in the singular4 ,if we thus take the phrase1 8the great gods10 in our cuneiform texts to mean1 as it certainly may in many places1 the one true and ,supreme ,god1 the primitive doctrine of monotheism will be found to stand out in bold relief in these texts1 perhaps the earliest we have of human writing4 ,even the mention of several gods by name1 in succession1 may have been consistent with monotheism4 ,on one tablet we have glosses informing the reader that the six names there given in succession are all names of the same god2 and another tablet speaks of the fifty names of the ,great ,god4 ,they seem not to have been interchangeable4 ,the use of one or of another depended1 perhaps1 on some special character or tone of the thought to be expressed4 ,it may be observed1 also1 that in our text the moon seems to be preferred to the sun as the more important orb of the two4 ,the account of ,moses is simpler1 and1 what is more to the purpose1 is true1 and has not had to be corrected by the advance of astronomical science in modern days4 ,the sixth tablet1 referring probably to the work of the fifth day1 is altogether absent4 ,the fifth tablet bore at its conclusion the catchwords with which the sixth commenced4 ,but they do not help us4 ,the seventh tablet commences with the statement that 8the strong monsters were delightful ''' which the gods in their assembly had created40 ,we may take it for granted1 then1 that the sixth tablet spoke of the creation of fishes and whales and monsters of the deep1 and perhaps also of the birds of the air 7,gen4 i4 #bc74 ,the seventh tablet has fourteen lines1 most of them mutilated4 ,but it tells us that 8the gods caused to be1 living creatures10 ''' 8cattle of the field10 8beasts of the field10 and 8creeping things of the field0 ''' and 8creeping things of the city10 agreeing even in some of the terms used with the account of ,genesis i4 #bd1 #be4 ,lower down on the fragment1 where the lines are very much broken1 mention is made of two ''' 8who have been created1 and of the assembly of creeping things ''' being caused to go0 ''' somewhere or before somebody2 of 8beautiful flesh0 and 8pure presence40 ,it is unfortunate that these concluding lines are so shattered1 and still more that of the thirty-five or forty other lines which must have followed1 on the face of this tablet1 not one letter has as yet been found4 ,for this is the passage in which we should look for an account of the actual creation of the first man and the first woman1 and of the bestowal on man of power and authority over the rest of creation4 ,we may entertain the hope that some considerable portion1 at least1 of these missing fragments may yet be found4 ,it will certainly be an interesting inquiry to ascertain how far they may1 even in details1 accord with the expressions of ,moses on this subject4 ,this seventh tablet corresponded with the work of the sixth day4 ,as the ,assyrian writer does not follow a division by days1 he does not give us another tablet answering to the seventh day of rest4 ,his eighth tablet1 and any others that may have followed1 would naturally narrate subsequent events4 ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,eden4 ,of the eighth tablet there exists only a single fragment bearing twenty-seven lines1 whole or mutilated1 on the face1 and fifteen1 all mutilated1 on the reverse4 ,the first is evidently an address to the newly-created man4 ,the opening words are on the question of his eating something1 though whether a command 7,genesis ii4 #af7 or a prohibition 7,genesis ii4 #ag7 is not clear4 ,the occurrence of the single word 8evil0 in one of the lines may probably indicate the latter4 ,the text then goes on to instruct man as to his duty to ,god3 8,every day thy ,god thou shalt approach or invoke2 ,sacrifice1 prayer of the mouth and instrumen's ''' ,to thy ,god in reverence thou shalt carry4 ,whatever shall be suitable for divinity1 ,supplication1 humility1 and bowing of the face4 ,firs7t71 thou shalt give to him1 and thou shalt bring tribute1 ,and in the fear also of ,god thou shalt be holy40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the fragmentary lines that follow further instructions seem to be given for religious worship and for moral life4 ,the other side of this fragment contains apparently a discourse to the newly-created woman4 ,the commencement for many lines is entirely lost1 as is also the termination1 and what we have from the middle is exceedingly broken and indistinct4 ,there is something about her sharing 8the beautiful place10 evidently with the man1 and her being with him or in his presence 8to the end02 something apparently about his beauty and her beauty1 and about her giving him drink4 ,she is told3 8,to the lord of thy beauty thou shalt be faithful2 ,to do evil thou shalt not approach him40 99 99 99 99 99 ,perhaps the recovery of other fragments may tell us more of this 8beautiful place0 which the woman is to share with man4 ,so far we do not find in the inscriptions any account of the ,garden of ,eden4 ,but even before ,mr4 ,smith had commenced deciphering them1 ,rawlinson had pointed out how the ,tigris and ,euphrates1 the ,ukni and the ,surappi1 were1 in all probability1 the four rivers designated by ,moses1 the two latter1 under the more ancient names ,phison and ,gehon1 as the streams of ,eden2 and how the garden itself might be placed in the district of ,ganduniyas4 ,many circumstances unite in showing that among the ,babylonians there did exist some religious tradition on this subject1 although we cannot yet know its special form4 ,they certainly spoke of a sacred grove of ,anu1 inaccessible now to man because it is guarded by a sword turning to all the four points of the compass4 ,the passage in the instruction to the man1 in which he is commanded to offer sacrifice to ,godeven holocausts 7for this is what is meant by 8fire07is also worthy of remark4 ,it is an additional argument showing that from the earliest ages1 and in the earliest home of mankind1 men believed that ,god had commanded our first father to offer sacrificea belief which passed with man from that home to whatever region he afterwards occupied1 and which has led all nations to offer sacrifice1 under some form or other1 as a special homage to the ,deity4 ,,the ,,fall4 ,another fragment of a tablet is in the usually tantalizing condition4 ,the upper half1 if not more than half1 is gone1 as is likewise a portion at the bottom4 ,on the front we count thirty-two lines1 the first four and the last nine too mutilated to be intelligible4 ,on the reverse are thirty-two lines1 eight of them more or less incomplete4 ,the beginnings and the terminations of both inscriptions are missing4 ,in the first inscription six gods are blessing and praising the newly-created man1 who is 8good0 8and without sin10 and is 8established in the company of the gods10 and 8rejoices their heart40 ,though six gods are named separately1 glosses in each instance inform the reader that these are all titles of one and the same god4 ,on the other side of the tablet1 in the second inscription1 all is changed4 ,every line is a denunciation or an imprecation on man for some evil which1 in connection with the dragon ,tiamat1 he has done4 ,tiamat also is to be punished4 ,the lines referring to ,tiamat are very defective2 but the portion against the man is clear and strong3 99 99 99 99 99 8,the god ,hea heard and his liver was angry1 ,because man had corrupted his purity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the language of the fifty great gods1 ,by his fifty names he called1 and turned away in anger from him2 ,may he be conquered and at once cut off4 ,wisdom and knowledge1 hostilely may they injure him4 ,may they put at enmity also father and son1 and may they plunder4 ,to king1 ruler1 and governor may they bend their ear4 ,may they cause anger also to the lord of the gods1 ,merodach4 ,his land1 may it bring forth1 but he not touch it4 ,his desire shall be cut off1 and his will be unanswered2 ,the opening of his mouth no god shall take notice of2 ,his back shall be broken and not be healed2 ,at his urgent trouble no god shall receive him4 ,his heart shall be poured out1 and his mind shall be troubled2 ,to sin and wrong his face shall come ''' ,sc front '''0 ,perhaps the continuation might have softened what we have just read by some promise of a redeemer coming to rescue man and give him hope of pardon4 ,the imperfection of the earlier lines1 and the want of the many that preceded them1 leave us without any precise account of the evil act that man had done1 and of the motive that prompted him to its commission4 ,that ,tiamat was primarily concerned in it1 is evident from the earlier portion of these lines referring to ,tiamat1 and also from another small fragment on which 8,hea0 called to the man he had made1 and apparently warned him against 8the dragon of the sea10 who was plotting to lead him to 8fight against his father40 ,the part that wisdom and knowledge shall play in man's punishment may indicate that his offence was somehow connected with an unlawful seeking after forbidden knowledge4 ,but the special details of the fall of man1 according to these cuneiform legends1 can only be known when1 if ever1 the full text shall be recovered4 ,then1 it may be1 we shall read in words the full story as indicated by the design on an ancient ,babylonian cylinder taken from the mounds4 ,in the middle stands a tree1 laden with fruit4 ,on either side are seated a man and a woman1 stretching out their hands as if to pluck the fruit4 ,behind the woman a tortuous serpent raises his head aloft1 as if to whisper in her ear4 ,in other designs the serpent is replaced by a monster or dragon4 ,the name of the dragon is frequently written by signs1 or ideographically1 8the scaly one40 ,this might mean either a sea monster1 a fish1 or a serpent4 ,the ,assyrian idea of a dragon is not altogether alien to the primitive ,scriptural conception2 for in the ,apocalypse 7xii4 #g-i7 mention is made of 8the great dragon1 that old serpent1 called the devil and ,satan1 who seduceth the whole world40 ,,the ,,rebellion ,,of ,,the ,,evil ,,angels4 ,although in the account of the creation of all things1 in the beginning1 ,moses makes no specific mention of the angels1 nor of their rebellion against ,god1 nor of the punishment which they incurred therefor1 yet1 as the subject is referred to by ,isaias 7xiv4 #ab-ae7 and ,ezechiel 7xxviii4 #ad-af71 and by ,st4 ,peter 7#b ,ep4 ii4 #d7 and ,st4 ,paul 7,eph4 ii4 #b and vi4 #ab7 in the ,new ,testament1 we may properly introduce here what the cuneiform writings say on this subject4 ,the ,assyrians seem to have had quite a number of poems on such themes1 various fragments of which are found in the collection before us4 ,as might be expected1 there is an exuberance of poetical imagery and of mythological fancies in their mode of treating such a subject4 ,but the main points are salient and clear4 ,we are told in the fragments of one poem of 8the angels10 8the evil gods0 8who were in rebellion10 who 8had been created in the lower part of heaven10 of their 8evil work0 and 8wicked heads10 and of their 8setting up evil40 ,these 8evil gods0 8like a flood descend and sweep over the earth4 ,to the earth like a storm they come down40 ,the fragments note the preparations of the great gods to overpower and punish them2 but the conclusion is missing4 ,there are fragments of another remarkable poem giving an account of the revolt of the god ,zu1 apparently the greatest of those rebellious ones1 and the leader1 who 8conceived the idea of majesty in his heart0 and said3 8,may my throne be established1 may ,i possess the parzi1 ,may ,i govern the whole of the seed of the angels4 ,and he hardened his heart to make war40 ,the father of the gods sends his sons 7the angels7 to combat and overpower ,zu4 ,his punishment is to be3 8,father1 to a desert country do thou consign him2 ,let ,zu not come among the gods thy sons40 ,in all this we cannot but be reminded of the pride and ambition of ,lucifer1 who said in his heart3 8,i will ascend into heaven1 ,i will exalt my throne about the stars of ,god1 ,i will be like the ,most ,high02 of his overthrow by the archangel ,michael2 and of his punishmentperpetual exclusion from the companionship of the angels and saints1 and from the beatific presence of ,god in heaven1 and his condemnation for ever to hell1 his abode of suffering for ever more4 ,we may here leave these legends1 overwhelmed as they are with mythological fables1 and with more satisfaction turn to other plainer words and more prosaic facts4 ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,babel ,,and ,,the ,,confusion ,,of ,,tongues4 ,one of the most striking events narrated by ,moses is the attempt of the descendants of ,noe to build a lofty tower at ,babel2 how the attempt displeased ,god1 and how in his anger he confounded their speech1 so that they could no longer understand one another4 ,thus their attempt was defeated1 and they were scattered from that place abroad upon the face of all countries 7,genesis xi4 #a-i74 ,in none of the ,greek writers who epitomize ,berosus or make extracts from his ,history of ,babylon do we find any intimation of1 or reference to1 this event4 ,berosus seems to have been entirely silent on it4 ,for years nothing relating to it had come to light in all the searching of inscriptions of any kind4 ,but lately ,mr4 ,george ,smith1 with his usual good fortune1 has come across several small fragments of a tablet which evidently gave the whole history4 ,the fragments are small1 and the inscriptions brief and more mutilated than usual4 ,but we catch the sense4 ,the gods in heaven are angry because of the sin of men on earththe place specially mentioned is ,babylon2 there a strong place or tower which men all the day are building4 8,to their strong place in the night ,god entirely made an end40 8,in his anger0 8he confounded their speech10 8their counsel was confused40 8,he set his face to scatter them abroad40 ,even should no additional portions of this text be recovered1 these remarkable fragments will attest that the memory of the event narrated in ,genesis was long preserved1 as well it might be1 at ,babylon4 ,it had its place in their national traditions4 ,should the full text be ever restored1 it may likewise be seen that this is the very subject meant by those frequent representations seen on ,babylonian cylinders1 where men are depicted1 after a very absurd and conventional style1 busily employed in building some circular or cylindrical structure4 ,,the ,,deluge4 ,we have inverted the ,scriptural and chronological order of events in speaking of the ,tower of ,babel before treating of the ,deluge4 ,we did so1 however1 in order to be able to treat this latter important subject more at length4 ,the ,deluge was1 as we have said1 the subject of the fragmentary inscription the discovery of which led ,mr4 ,smith into this special line of research4 ,by singular good fortune this is the inscription which has been most fully recovered4 ,of the two hundred and ninety lines it contained1 there is not one of which some words are not legible4 ,by far the greater portions of the lines are perfect4 ,this arises from the fact that in the library of ,assurbanipal there were three copies1 at least1 of this legend1 which seems to have been very popular4 ,the lacun or missing portions of one it has been generally easy to supply or fill up from the recovered portions of the others4 ,the inscription filled the eleventh tablet in a series of twelve1 which ,mr4 ,smith calls 8,the ,legends of ,izdubar40 ,izdubar1 as he warns us1 is only a temporary makeshift name or sound1 adopted by him for the present1 and to be given up as soon as he shall be satisfied as to the proper sound to be given to the cuneiform characters in which the name stands written4 ,whatever the true sound of his name1 he was a celebrated hero or king in the early days of ,babylon4 ,his name frequently occurs in other inscriptions1 and his exploits are still more frequently figured on ,babylonian cylinders4 ,the peculiar cast of his countenance1 and the very marked way in which his beard and his hair are ever made to fall in long rolls or curls1 cause him to be recognized at a glance1 even in the coarsest representations4 ,we might almost call him the ,babylonian ,hercules4 ,all that has been thus far learned concerning him tends strongly to identify this as yet nameless hero with 8,nimrod the mighty hunter before the ,lord0 7,gen4 x1 #h1 #i1 #aj74 ,the first ten tablets1 which exist only in the usual thoroughly-mutilated condition1 tell us of his adventures1 wars1 victories1 and ultimate attainment of great power4 ,at last1 having lost his trusted friend and counsellor ,heabani1 and finding himself stricken with a foul disease1 he sets out on a long and difficult journey to seek the sage ,hasisadra1 in order to be cured by him4 ,this ,hasisadra1 as the tablet calls himor ,xisuthrus1 as the ,greeks have the nameis no other than the patriarch ,noe1 whom the ,chaldean legend supposes not to have died1 but to have been translated from among men1 as ,henoch was1 without seeing death1 and to have been placed in some divinely guarded spot where1 by a special favor from the gods1 he enjoys immortality4 ,to him1 after surmounting many difficulties1 ,izdubar succeeds in coming2 and their speeches to each other are commenced toward the close of the tenth tablet4 ,on the eleventh ,izdubar questions him about the ,deluge1 and he replies3 8,hasisadra after this manner also said to ,izdubar3 ,be revealed unto thee1 ,izdubar1 the concealed story1 ,and the judgment of the gods be related to thee40 ,in the course of the narrative1 which he then gives1 we are told of the anger of the gods1 and their purpose to destroy the world because of its sin2 of the command given to ,hasisadra to build a ship after the manner they would show him1 in order that therein 8the seed of life might be saved02 of the building of the ship2 of its size 7different from the measures given in ,genesis71 the lining of it three times with bitumen1 and the launching of it4 ,into this ship1 at the proper time1 there enter ,hasisadra and all his family1 and 8all his male servants and his female servants10 as also 8the beasts of the field and the animals of the field10 which ,god 8had gathered and sent to him to be enclosed in his door40 ,hasisadra brought in also 8wine in the receptacle of goats10 which he had 8collected like the waters of a river10 and 8food0 in abundance 8like the dust of the earth10 8his grain1 his furniture1 his goods10 all his 8gold10 and all his 8silver40 ,also1 as the text reads1 8the sons of the people all of them ,i caused to go up40 ,the number of persons saved would thus far exceed the number specially mentioned by ,moses4 8,a flood ,shamas made1 and ,he spake saying in the night3 ,i will cause it to rain heavily2 ,enter to the midst of the ship and shut thy door4 ,that flood happened of which ,he spake in the night1 saying3 ,i will cause it to rain from heaven heavily4 ,in the day1 ,i celebrated his festival2 ,the day of watching1 fear ,i had4 ,i entered to the midst of the ship and shut my door4 ,to close the ship1 to ,buzur-sadirabi1 the boatman1 ,the palace ,i gave with its goods40 ,the heavy clouds rising from the horizon1 the thunder1 the lightnings1 the rushing winds1 the pouring torrents of rain1 are vividly presented in a mythological garb3 8,of ,vul1 the flood reached to heaven2 ,the bright earth to a waste was turned2 ,the surface of the earth like ''' it swept2 ,it destroyed all life from the face of the earth ''' ,the strong deluge over the people reached to heaven4 ,brother saw not his brother2 they did not know the people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,six days and nights ,passed2 the wind1 deluge1 and storm overwhelmed4 ,on the seventh day1 in its course was calmed the storm2 and all the deluge1 ,which had destroyed like an earthquake1 ,quieted4 ,the sea he caused to dry1 and the wind and deluge ended4 ,i perceived the sea making a tossing2 ,and the whole of mankind turned to corruption1 ,like reeds the corpses floated4 ,i opened the window1 and the light broke over my face2 ,it passed4 ,i sat down and wept2 ,over my face flowed my tears40 ,hasisadra proceeds to narrate to his visitor the gradual lowering of the waters1 the appearance of the mountains of ,nizir1 the waiting during other days1 and the sending forth of the birds1 as written on the first fragment1 already given4 ,after this they left the ship2 he built an altar and offered sacrifice1 the odor of which was pleasant to the gods2 and finally a promise is made that a deluge shall not again be sent1 but that henceforth man when guilty shall be punished in other modes4 ,this concludes the narrative proper of the ,deluge4 ,the conclusion of the eleventh tablet informs us of the healing of ,izdubar and of his return home4 ,of the twelfth tablet only a few fragments remain4 ,it evidently narrated subsequent adventures of the great national hero4 ,one fragment contains the conclusion of the sixth and last column of this closing tablet4 ,it presents a few lines from a lament over the death of some one1 possibly of ,izdubar himself1 slain in battle4 ,we give it1 with its refrain1 as a veritable and curious specimen of the poetry in which men delighted three thousand five hundred years ago4 ,we might call it the poetry of pre-historic man3 8,on a couch reclining and ,pure water drinking1 ,he who in battle is slain ,thou seest and ,i see4 8,his father and his mother carry his head1 ,and his wife over him weeps2 ,his friends on the ground are standing4 ,thou seest and ,i see4 8,his spoil on the ground is uncovered2 ,of the spoil account is not taken4 ,thou seest and ,i see4 ,the captives conquered come after2 the food ,which in the tents is placed1 is eaten40 ,there immediately follows the closing colophon1 written by the scribe under ,assurbanipal3 8,the twelfth tablet of the legends of ,izdubar2 ,like the ancient copy1 written and made clear40 ,when we place side by side this ,chaldean account of the ,deluge and that given by ,moses1 the minor discrepancies between them as to the size of the ship1 and as to the duration of the rain and the deluge1 sink1 as it were1 out of sight4 ,these are such variations as would naturally arise in a case like this1 where a legend1 after having been transmitted orally from generation to generation1 is at length reduced to writing1 with1 of course1 careful corrections and supposed emendations1 and where many centuries later it is again written out with other emendations1 in order to 8make it clear0 for the benefit of those that would then read it4 ,some such discrepancies must necessarily creep in1 even if the original form were supposed to have been without any error4 ,this1 however1 can scarcely be taken for granted4 ,neither in its original form1 nor in any later form which it may have had1 does this legend enjoy the guarantee of divine protection which the inspired account of ,moses possesses4 ,on the other hand1 we are irresistibly startled by the wonderful agreement of those two accounts in the main and substantial facts of the narrative4 ,we feel that this agreement is not factitious4 ,the writers were too widely separated in time and in country1 as also by education1 to allow it4 ,if they agree1 it can only be because of the historical verity of the facts they both record4 ,what may have been the actual age of those 8ancient tablets0 which ,assurbanipal caused to be copied and placed in his library1 and of which we have treated1 cannot at present be ascertained with any degree of precision4 ,sufficient data are not yet at hand to determine the points4 ,most probably they are not all of the same1 or nearly the same1 date4 ,perhaps light may be thrown on such questions by further decipherings of the mass of cuneiform writings4 ,at present our judgment or our guesses must be based on two points3 first1 the occurrence1 in the text deciphered1 of certain local or historical references given as contemporary1 or very recent1 at the time when the inscription was written2 and1 secondly1 such a minute knowledge on our part of the geography1 history1 and chronology of those regions as will enable us to decide accurately when and where such statements1 allusions1 or references can be verified4 ,the difficulty is that1 with all the progress made up to this in deciphering these inscriptions1 we are still liable to mistakes1 especially in such passing allusions and references as are for our purpose important data1 but originally were to the writer almost obiter dicta4 ,a second difficulty is found in the obscurity and uncertainty which still hang around the vicissitudes of early ,chaldean history and the geographical divisions then existing4 ,mr4 ,smith1 however1 after studying the matter and weighing all the data1 thinks that none of the original tablets we are considering can have been written less than fifteen hundred years before ,christ4 ,most of them1 indeed1 especially the legends of ,izdubar and the account of the creation1 he believes should be dated back as far as #b1jjj1 or even #b1bjj1 years before ,christ4 ,how many ,voltairean sneers1 and how many crude utterances of crude criticism by the so-called 8advanced thinkers0 in ,germany and elsewhere1 against ,moses and his narrative1 are deprived of all their force1 and have been made utterly ridiculous and nonsensical1 by the discovery of this ancient and indisputable corroborative testimony6 ,verily1 the men of ,ninive have risen up in judgment against them1 and have condemned them4 ,it has been a standard line of argument with the apologists and defenders of ,christianity1 from the second century down1 to prove the truth of our divine religion1 and of the primitive facts recorded in ,scripture1 by the general and substantial agreement of all nations on those points4 ,this agreement1 it was evident1 could only spring from the fact that originally such truths were known by men1 and had been retained by them ever since in some form4 ,such truths are still to be found in the common principles of morality1 in the agreement or similarity of national traditions2 and philosophic research will show that they generally constitute the central nuclei around which mythological fables subsequently gathered or grew up4 ,many modern writers have devoted themselves to this theme4 ,one of the latest is the ,abb ,gainet4 ,in his very full and learned work1 ,la ,bible sans la ,bible1 he seems almost to exhaust the subject4 ,leaving aside1 for argument's sake1 the testimony of the ,bible itself1 and loading his pages with quotations and testimonies1 heathen1 infidel1 or ,mahommedan1 taken from every quarter1 he strives to establish1 by this independent and non-,biblical line of proof1 the truth1 one by one1 of the chief ,biblical statements4 ,what a splendid chapter would he not have added to those in his work had these discoveries been made when he wrote6 ,to appeal to men two thousand years or more before ,christwitnesses living in the very region of the earth where man was created1 and which after the ,deluge became1 as it were1 a second birthplace to himto receive from such witnesses this clear1 unimpeachable testimony as to the creation of man1 the fall1 the punishment1 the ,deluge1 the ,tower of ,babel1 and the confusion of tongues1 would indeed supply him with another irrefragable argument in support of divine revelation1 in addition to those he had already collected4 ,with our limited space1 however1 we can only take a simpler view4 ,compare those ,chaldean legends1 fragmentary as they are1 often turgid and verbose1 with their poetic forms and ,oriental license1 and with the variations which are sometimes exhibited in different versions of the same legendcompare them1 we say1 with the clear1 straightforward1 and almost tame narrative of ,moses4 ,need one ask which is the simple narrative of truth1 and which seeks to wear the adornment of human fancy8 ,other questions on this matter call for an answer3 ,how came it that ,moses1 born in ,egypt1 and trained in all the knowledge of the ,egyptians1 should1 when undertaking to write his history in the desert1 so utterly cast off all the ideas of ,egypt1 and write a simple narrative in absolute contradiction to all the science of ,egypt in his day8 ,above all1 how comes it that the truth of his narrative should be so unexpectedly and so strongly supported three thousand years later by the resurrection of long-dormant testimony from a land he had never visited and a people with whom he never had any communication8 ,obviously1 ,moses wrote1 not as the ,egyptians or any other men taught him1 but as the ,god of all truth inspired him to write4 #acg ,since this article was written we regret to have received the announcement of ,mr4 ,smith's death4 ,in #ahgf he made a third trip for the purpose of further explorations1 and on his way homeward died at ,aleppo1 ,august #ai1 of fever1 or1 as some suspect1 of foul play at the hands of the ,turkish officials1 in revenge for his published censures of them4 #ach ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,september #ab1 #ahfh4 ,ren has sent you a minute account of our #hth of ,september1 to which ,i will add nothing1 except that ,i understand better than ever the words of the ,gospel1 8,mary has chosen the better part60 ,since then we have seen ,lizzy and ,isa's mother1 who is marvellously consoled1 and is recovering the activity of her youth1 in order to occupy herself with the works of her daughter4 ,how truly does ,god order all things well6 8,o blessed journey60 repeated ,isa4 8,o well-inspired friend60 ,dear ,kate1 it is you to whom all thanks are due4 ,you it is who ever taught me to occupy myself in making others happy4 ,but this is already a thing of the past1 and another case for self-devotion presents itself4 ,edith ,l has come back from ,australia with three children4 ,the establishment set on foot by her husband did not succeed1 and she returns a widow and poor4 ,her first thought was of us4 ,with what eagerness ,i received the poor exile6 ,how she has expiated her faultthat marriage1 contrary to her aunt's wishes6 ,i was young then1 but ,i still seem to hear your exclamation of sorrowful astonishment at ,paris on hearing the news1 and of the departure for a land then almost unknown4 ,poor ,edith6 ,i have installed her at the chlet2 our numbers made her afraid4 ,her children also are a little wild1 and it required all the amiability of the ,three ,graces to persuade them to speak4 ,what shall we do8 ,i do not at all know as yet2 inspire me1 dear ,kate4 ,edith is grave and sad1 she has suffered so much6 ,i have surrounded her with every possible comfort4 ,only think3 she arrived here on the #hth1 and was received by ,marcella1 who had the greatest difficulty in the world to induce her to remain4 ,her son1 the eldest child1 is eight years old2 he is very tall and strong1 and of an indomitable nature4 ,the two little girls are like wild fawns1 and cling together at a distance from their mother1 who seems to me severe towards them4 ,ren has been very kind and compassionate1 and has left me free to act as ,i think well4 ,edith is embarrassed with me4 ,why are you not here to console this dear1 afflicted one8 ,she ought not to reckon upon her ,scotch relations1 who have entirely cast her off2 and she is utterly without resources4 ,ah heavens6 what distress4 ,she sold her jewels to pay her passage3 8,but ,i would not die without seeing ,ireland again60 ,poor1 poor ,edith1 whom my mother loved6 ,i wish to stand towards her in the place of my mother and of you1 dear ,kate4 ,,september #bb1 #ahfh4 ,beloved sister1 your kind letter is here before my eyes1 and ,i will answer it before this day ends4 ,edith fell ill on the #acth4 ,a fictitious energy sustained her up to that time1 and then she had a fainting fit which lasted two hours4 ,marcella was alone with her2 ,i was in the park with the dear ,australiennes1 as ,picciola calls them4 ,i heard a cry of anguish4 ,my first impulse was to hasten to send for the doctor4 ,he came4 ,edith1 returning to animation in a state of delirium1 made our hearts bleed by her sorrowful revelations4 ,she was in this condition for three days4 ,now she is better1 but so pale6 ,the good doctor has pronounced the terrible verdict of an affection of the lungs4 ,she needs constant care1 and that her mind should be interested and free from any anxieties4 ,your intentions are the same as mine1 dear ,kate4 ,i give ,edith an indefinite freedom of the chlet1 where nothing will be wanting to her4 ,reginald will be her steward1 ,arabella and ,franoise will be in her service2 and as she needs a companion to whom she can entrust the education of her girls1 ,mistress ,annah offered herself of her own accord1 and ,margaret has consented4 ,and thus everything is settled1 and ,edward will accompany us to ,france4 ,edith breathes again1 and thanks me so fervently that ,i weep with her4 ,admirable simplicity1 nobleness of soul1 and great tenderness of heartthis is her portrait4 ,she has accepted my offers with the same generosity with which ,i made them4 ,i told you that ,i thought her severe towards her children2 ,i ought to have said towards her daughters only1 and this1 she has owned to me1 because she has learned by experience how much harm it does children to spoil them4 ,our good priest has promised me to watch over his new parishioner2 but1 thank ,god6 ,i myself will watch over her also1 for we shall wait until ,november before returning to ,brittany4 ,my mother desires whatever pleases me4 ,ren approves of all our arrangements4 ,he has had a sort of miniature park made round the chlet4 ,edward already loves him1 and follows him about without speaking4 ,strange child6 ,i can discover nothing in him but an intense love for his mother1 and fear1 therefore1 that we shall not be able to take him away4 ,ren1 to whom ,i am talking while ,i write1 proposes to leave him here1 where the priest will attend to him1 and so also will the wise ,mistress ,annah4 ,how grateful ,i am to the dear old lady6 ,margaret is a little displeased at not giving the half of ,edith's dowry4 ,lord ,william has promised to appease her4 ,you know how ardent she is4 ,write to us again1 dear ,kate4 ,it is in your name that ,i have been acting4 ,you are the good angel of ,ireland4 ,,september #cj1 #ahfh4 ,we had such an alarm yesterday6 ,there was a grande battue3 ,ren and ,lord ,william at the head1 with our brothers and all the gentry of the neighborhood4 ,we were in carriages3 my mother with ,lucy and ,gertrude2 ,berthe and the ,three ,graces2 ,johanna and her girls2 ,marcella1 ,edith and ,i2 ,margaret with ,mary and ,ellen4 ,we were quietly following the chase1 which became more and more distant1 when a cry from ,edith made us start4 ,edward had just passed like lightning1 proudly seated on a large horse4 ,only thinka child of eight6 ,profiting by the absence of the grooms1 he had managed matters all by himself4 ,he looked beautiful thus1 but it was frightful4 ,edith trembled4 ,we took her home and sent off the coachman for the child2 but his search was fruitless1 and ,edward did not return until evening1 when he came in breathless1 but proud and happy4 8,only see10 said ,edith1 8how he is already master6 ,this child will be the death of me60 ,ren gave him a moral admonition1 but this son of ,australia is for liberty4 ,his black eye sparkled1 and when ,ren said to him1 8,your mother might die in consequence of any strong emotion10 some tears fell1 but not a word escaped from his compressed lips4 ,you see that your first plan was the best4 ,impossible to leave him with ,ediththe poor mother feels this2 we shall therefore place him with the ,jesuits4 ,you would say he was twelve years old4 ,he is accustomed to the free life of the woods2 he has constantly to be scolded1 and never yields4 ,margaret is sent for by her mother-in-law1 who is keeping her room with the gout4 ,she takes with her ,marcella1 ,anna1 ,lucy1 and ,edouard4 ,we shall all go and take leave of her before quitting ,ireland4 ,o ,kate6 if you were not in ,france1 ,i could not leave my mother's house for any place but heaven4 ,margaret has stolen a poor woman from me1 to revenge herself1 she says4 ,it is old ,ludwine1 a stranger from we know not whence1 and who has all the appearance of a saint4 ,she knows very well how to rock a cradle1 and it is under the title of cradle-rocker that ,margaret has persuaded her to accompany them4 ,kind ,margaret6 ,lord ,william admires his wife as much as he loves her4 ,they are going to found a hospital1 a crche or day-nursery1 and an ouvroir 7to provide work for women and girls74 ,what would not riches be worth1 if they only helped always to do good6 ,we are now in comparative solitude2 for ,margaret is to every one like a ray of sunshine4 ,god alonehe alone suffices to the soul4 ,it is in him that ,i love you4 ,,october #h1 #ahfh4 ,long walks with ,ren all this week among our good farmers4 ,made presents everywhere4 ,held at the font a little flower of ,ireland whom ,i named ,kate4 ,old ,jack is very ill1 without any hope of cure4 ,all the tribe of ,margaret send us most affectionate letters almost daily4 ,in the evenings1 under the great trees1 ,adrien reads to us ,st4 ,monica1 by the ,abb ,bougaud1 while the children play at a little distance4 ,what say you to this page3 8,the perfection of sacrifice1 and the extremity of suffering1 is to give up the life of those whom one loves4 ,the greatest martyrdom1 to a mother1 is not to sacrifice herself for her child3 it is to sacrifice even the very life of her child2 it is so highly to prize truth1 virtue1 honor1 true beauty of soul1 the eternal salvation of her child1 that1 rather than see these holy things fade and wither in his soul1 she would see him die40 ,edith listened nervously to these words1 and then said3 8,this sacrifice may be required of me60 ,poor mother6 8,st4 ,augustine10 writes ,m4 ,bougaud1 8passionately loved his mother1 and constantly spoke of her4 ,almost all the writings which have issued from his pen are embalmed with the memory of her4 ,more than twenty years after her death1 when he had become aged by labors yet more than in years1 and had attained the time when it seems that the love of ,god1 having broken down every embankment and inundated the heart1 must have destroyed within it every other love1 the name and memory of his mother never recurred to him1 even when preaching1 without a tear mounting from his heart to his eyes4 ,he would then abandon himself to the charm of this remembrance and allow himself to speak of it to his people of ,hippo1 and even in the sermons where one would scarcely expect to find them we meet with words of touching beauty in which breathe at the same time the faith and grateful piety of the son and the double elevation of the genius and the saint0noble and beautiful words which delight me4 ,to love one's motheris not this one of the happinesses of this earth1 where so few are true8 ,m4 ,bougaud is admirable1 whether in defining eloquence1 8the sound given by a soul charmed out of herself by the sight of the good and true10 or in speaking of the complaint of ,job1 8this song of death which we all sing1 and which makes us better1 even when we have but wept its first notesthis song of two parts1 the first sad1 where all passes1 all fades away1 all dries up from the lips of those who wish to drink and slake their thirst2 the first song which does good to the soul1 even when we know but this one note1 and cast on the world only this sorrowful look4 ,what is it1 then1 when we rise to a loftier height1 to the second part of this song of death1 where sorrow is absorbed in joy8 ,yes1 everything passes away1 but to return2 everything fades1 but that it may bloom again2 everything dies1 to return to life transfigured40 ,kate1 in the beauty of this book there is to me incomparable splendor4 ,would you like a few more fragments from itprecious pearls which ,i would enshrine in my heart and memory1 there to ruminate upon and enjoy them8 ,i will send you the definition of ,rome3 8,that delectable land full of holy images and tranquil domes1 whither one goes in order to forget the world and rest the soul in the memories and associations which are there alone to be found40 ,again1 this about the second age of life3 8,in which1 after having tasted every other love1 we return to that of our mother2 and seeing the years which accumulate upon her venerable head1 not venturing to contemplate the future1 desiring still to enjoy that which remains of a life so dear1 we feel in ourselves the renewal of an indescribable affection which rises in the soul to something akin to worship40 ,or this portrait of ,plato3 8,there was in ancient times1 in the palmiest days of ,greece1 a young man of incredible loftiness of mind1 and of a beauty of speech which has never been surpassed2 the disciple of ,socrates1 whom he immortalized by lending him his own wings2 and the master of ,aristotle1 whose power he would have tripled could he have communicated to him some of his own fire60 ,a letter from ,isa1 a ,nunc ,dimittis4 ,she would like us to be present when she takes the veil4 ,will it be possible8 ,oh6 how much it will cost me to quit my own ,irelandour lakes1 mountains1 and mists1 all the poetry of our green ,erin4 ,where shall ,i find it in ,france8 ,adieu and ,dieu1 dear sister of my life4 ,,october #ab1 #ahfh4 ,margaret's mother-in-law is better1 and all the dear tribe will arrive this evening4 ,impossible to live apart when the ocean is not between us6 ,the expectation and preparations please the twins1 who are placing bouquets everywhere4 ,poetry1 youth1 and flowers go together4 ,i did not tell you that ,ren had brought ,margaret the volumes which have appeared of the ,monks of the ,west4 ,dear ,kate1 all our memories of ,ireland there find a voice4 ,do you recollect the touching manner in which our mother used to relate the story of ,st4 ,columba8 ,i have been this week with ,ren on a pilgrimage to ,gartan4 8,the love of ,ireland was one of the greatnesses and one of the passions of ,columba4 ,even in the present day1 after so many centuries1 they who fear to be unable to do without their native air ask help from him who required special assistance from ,god to be able to live far from ,ireland1 her mountains and her seas40 ,these are the words of a ,french writer quoted to me by ,ren4 ,and we looked at the salt sea and the sea-gulls1 and spoke of the stork1 which is not forgotten by the sailors of the ,hebrides4''' ,delightful journey6 ,my mother had advised us to take it alone4 ,however much ,i enjoy the lively gambols of the children1 ,i have still more enjoyed this1 our intimate solitude1 together4 ,thus ,i am delivered from the fear of nostalgia4 ,it was this terrible home-sickness which undermined the health of ,edith4 ,thanks to prompt treatment1 we shall save her1 ,i trust4 ,already she is less pale1 more cheerful and resigned4 ,she has been making some projects on the score of her talents as an artist1 but all her scruples of obligations have been forced to yield to my solicitations4 ,she is not and cannot be here otherwise than as my mother's friend1 and as such she ought to be treated4 ,the two ,australiennes are gradually becoming civilized1 and consent to take part in the lessons with the twins4 ,the good abb herborizes with great enjoyment1 takes long walks1 makes acquaintances among the clergy of the country1 makes himself a doctor to the poor1 and announces his intention of settling near ,gartan1 against which we protest loudly4 ,let me quote you a few more pages from ,st4 ,monica1 this perfectly beautiful book1 which you will not read1 since it is for mothers2 but the passages ,i take from it are good for all souls possessed by the only veritable love4 ,when1 immediately after his conversion1 ,st4 ,augustine retired to ,cassiacum with his mother and so select an assemblage of friends1 it was at the close of summer4 8,the autumn sun shed its warm rays over the campagna4 ,the leaves were not yet falling1 but they were already beginning to take those glowing tints of red and yellow which in the month of ,september give the country so rich a splendor4 ,it was the moment when the whole of nature appeared to clothe itself in something more grave and almost sad1 as though preparing to die4 ,there are certain states of soul in which one finds an infinite charm in contemplating nature at such a time40 ,have we not felt this charm1 dear ,kate1 a hundred times in our own ,ireland1 and also in the ,roman ,campagna and at ,sorrento8 ,listen to this admirable comparison between the disciple of ,socrates and the son of ,st4 ,monica3 8,plato and ,augustine are two brothers1 but of unequal ages4 ,the first1 at the dawn of life1 in his sweet and poetic spring1 has more flowers than fruits2 he dreams of more than he possesses4 ,he has glimpses of a sublime ideal1 which fill him with enthusiasm1 but he does not attain it4 ,he seeks the way1 he sees and describes it1 but knows not how to enter2 and he dies without bearing in his soul the fruit of which his youth had the flowers4 ,the second1 after painful struggles1 after years of toil and courage1 enters resolutely on the road which the former had pointed out4 ,plato had said3 #8,to be a philosopher is to learn to die'2 and again3 #8,what is needful in order to see ,god8to be pure and to die4' ,augustine studied this great art2 he put it in practice at ,cassiacum1 and the light1 like a river whose embankments have been broken down1 flooded his vast intellect4 ,what ,plato hoped for and conjectured he saw4 ,that which passed in the rich imagination of the philosopher as a confused though sublime presentiment existed with clearness and precision in the luminous intelligence of the saint1 and sprang forth from his heart in accents such as ,plato never imagined4 ,he who would know ,augustine when first trying his wings1 before his full strength of flight1 should study the conversations and conferences of ,cassiacum4 ,there is in these a first flower of youth which is not to be found again2 something softened in the light1 like that of the dawn of day2 a freshness of thoughts and sentiments1 a tranquil enthusiasm1 and a gentle gayety4 ,his mind1 imprisoned until then1 had recovered its powers1 and with a joyous elasticity mounted upwards to the true1 the good1 and the beautiful40 ,may ,god keep you1 my best beloved6 ,,october #bc1 #ahfh4 ,margaret1 ,ren1 and ,marcella have written to my dear ,kate1 and ,georgina has been absorbed in her cares as mistress of the house4 ,we shall certainly not leave before ,december4 ,isa is to take the veil on the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,my mother forgets herself for us4 ,adrien and ,raoul set out at once for ,brittany1 where they will act on behalf of all1 and return here to fetch us4 ,edith and ,mistress ,annah get on together as well as possible4 ,dear ,edith laments her own helplessness4 ,our worthy friend replaces her everywhere and for everything4 ,the handsome little savages 7is there a feminine87 are become radiant with health1 and are greatly in love with ,margaret1 who loads them with presents4 ,marcella pays frequent visits to ,edith4 ,no need to say that old ,homer is sadly neglected4 ,we prefer the poetry of ,ireland6 ,anna had another of her feverish attacks while with ,margaret4 ,the air of ,ireland suits her better4 ,oh6 what eyes she has4 ,ren and ,lord ,william have decided on an excursion into ,scotland1 declaring that the ,french owe this to the memory of ,mary ,stuart and the noble royal family which sheltered its misfortunes beneath the sombre1 vaulted roofs of ,holyrood4 ,a thing decided is a thing accomplished4 ,every one is ready1 and we set out to-morrow4 ,reginald is amazed at this perpetual movement1 the coming and going of our colony4 ,we have persuaded ,edith that this journey would be of use to her children1 so we shall form a veritable caravan4 ,before starting ,i will once more give you a quotation from ,m4 ,bougaud4 ,notice how well he comments upon these beautiful words of ,adeodatus3 8,no soul is truly pure but she who loves ,god and attaches herself to him alone40 8,nothing human1 nothing terrestrial1 suffices to the soul4 ,she can only be happy in the possession of ,god2 and the only means of possessing him here below1 as well as above1 is to love him4 ,for love laughs at distance and makes light of space2 unites souls from world to world1 and1 in uniting1 beatifies and transfigures them4 ,moreover1 if it be true that1 even in attaching itself to finite beings1 love renders the soul indifferent to fatigue1 pain1 and privation2 if it communicates to it a peace1 security1 and strength invincible2 if it fills the soul not only with joy1 but even with ecstasywhat1 then1 must be the love which attaches itself to ,god8 ,thus the saints have always been happy1 even upon the cross2 and if the world sees their joy without comprehending it1 the reason is that it does not know what it is to love4 ,purity and love have1 towards ,god1 lofty flights which genius would envy4 ,the works of ,god have all proceeded from his heart4 ,they who love most will understand them best4 ,st4 ,augustine said3 #8,the soul is made for ,god4 ,the soul is an open eye which gazes upon ,god4 ,the soul is a love which aspires after the infinite4 ,god is the soul's native land4' ,deep and noble words6 ,and this cry which he was constantly repeating3 #8,let us live here below in an apprenticeship for our immortal life in heaven1 where all our occupation will be to love4' ,st4 ,augustine called death #8the companion of loveshe who opens the door by which we enter and find ,him whom we love4'0 ,dearest ,kate1 ,i have given you here the fairest flower in the basket1 but the whole basketful is superb4 ,good-by for the present1 dearest2 you will hear next either from the ,highlands or the ,lowlands1 or the borders of the lakes4 ,how much ,i enjoy travelling6 ,my mother is delighted at the idea of making acquaintance with ,scotland2 and ,i sing her its ballads4''' ,send us the angel ,raphael1 my ,kate6 ,,october #ca1 #ahfh4 ,we are1 then1 in ,scotlanda beautiful country1 picturesque and charming1 full of old memories and legends1 and where the mountaineers have a very noble air1 proudly draped in their many-colored plaids4 ,yesterday we met with a ,mac,gregor4 ,the shade of ,walter ,scott seemed to rise at our side4 ,this brave ,highlander did the honors of the country1 and expressed himself with an antique grace that is indescribable4 ,on leaving us he kissed the hands of the ladies1 pressed those of the lords1 and kissed all the young misses4 ,was it not fine8 ,but we found better stilla white-haired bard1 8with trembling gait and broken voice10 who gave us his benediction with all the majesty that could be desired4 ,every rock has its legend1 every ruin its tradition1 every lake its spectre4 ,but there is no need for me to describe ,scotland to you1 my learned sister2 you know its exact portrait better than ,i4 ,this wandering life1 these encampments in the woods1 these steeple-chases1 have their charm1 and are of great interest to ,edith4 ,i fear she may miss us too much later on4 ,dear ,kate1 ,reginald sent your last letter after me4 ,i enjoyed reading it in the country of ,mary ,stuart4 ,quick6''' ,i slip this note into ,rne's packet4 ,always union of prayers4 ,i have still a few minutes4 ,we are seeking here the traces of the martyr-queen1 the beautiful and unfortunate ,mary ,stuart4 ,there was1 then1 no more pity in ,france8 ,was the chivalrous enthusiasm which breathes in the old songs of the ,gesta merely a poet's dream1 or was it crouching in the oubliettes of the past when ,england's axe severed that royal head on which had shone the crown of ,france8 ,who1 then1 will sing as they deserve the youthful victims cut off in their flower,stuart1 ,grey1 the gentle ,jane who did not wish to be made queen1 ,elizabeth of ,france1 ,joan of ,arc1 ,mme4 de ,lamballe1 ,marie ,antoinette1 and all the legion of martyrs whose blood cries for vengeance8 ,where are the snows of ,antan8 where are the personages of ,walter ,scott8 where are ,rob ,roy1 ,flora ,mac,ivor1 and so many others8 ,marcella just now pointed out to me a singular individual who must be1 she insists1 my father's son4 ,will the day ever come when the triumphant cross of the ,coliseum will surmount1 with its beauty and its love1 the crown of the ,united ,kingdom8 ,o my own ,ireland6 what heart could forget thee8 ,let us pray for her1 dear sister of my life1 dear daughter of ,erin6 ,,november #e1 #ahfh4 ,our ,all ,souls' day was sad and sweet4 ,we all have losses to deplore4 ,my mother loved her ,brittany at this anniversary4 ,how maternal this mother of my ,ren is towards your ,georgina6 ,how gracious and tender her daily greetings6 ,all our friends feel the charm of her elevated nature4 ,edith loves to be with her4 ,dear ,edith6 ,she said to me yesterday3 8,thus far all is well2 how ,i trust that it may so continue6 ,in the depth of my soul ,i have that inexorable sadness of which ,bossuet speaks2 ,i feel it hourly4 ,for a time ,i thought that ,i should die of a broken heart1 but you have revived me4 ,i feel that in ,heaven alone all sorrows will be for ever consoled1 and1 like the ,alexandrine whom you have described to me1 ,i love1 hope1 and wait60 ,oh6 how sweet it is1 dear ,kate1 to belong to ,god4 ,how could we live without feeling that we were of use1 without giving ourselves up1 devoting1 spending ourselves in the service of ,god and of souls8 ,isa writes to ,margaret3 8,m4 l',abb ,lagrange speaks admirably of virginity in his ,st4 ,paula2 it is like reading a page of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup3 #8,how beautiful in the church are those forms of devotedness to which the ,christian virgin is called1 whether she silently immolates herself in solitude and prayer1 consumed by the flames of the noblest love which a creature can possess1 a pure victim whose sacrifice is profitable to us1 whatever we are1 by the communion of saints of which we are taught by the church2 whether she gives a sister to the sick1 a daughter to the aged1 a mother to orphans1 or a friend to the poor1 the consoler here below in every neglect and every infirmity1 and taken for these works in the spring-time of her life and the flower of her youthtaken away from all maternal sweetnesses1 from the joys of home1 from future hopes1 for ever6 ,doubtless the mother also devotes herself2 does ,christianity ignore it8 ,but it must be allowed that the devotion of a mother is at the same time her duty and her happiness1 whilst these sublime sacrifices of themselves for the relief of every kind of ignorance and sorrow are entirely voluntary and disinterested1 without other compensation here below than the love of ,god2 and it is true that this is worth all the rest4 8#8,christian virginity is a state of intimate union with ,jesus ,christ1 in which1 in spotless love and the perfection of purity1 souls here below consume themselves for ,god1 whom they call into themselves1 and are the fragrance of earth and the delight of heaven4 ,the ,gospel1 knowing human nature1 makes not a precept of this celestial ideal1 since it would surpass the ordinary strength of mankind2 but it gives a counsel for those who have the courage to follow it1 because it feels that there are chosen souls who have this strength1 and because this marvel of virtue1 this life of angels in a mortal frame1 while it embalms the world1 is1 in the church1 one of the most evident and touching marks of her divine origin4'0 ,how beautiful it is6 ,what a pen of gold6 ,dear ,kate1 all this is very suitable for you6 ,met ,lady ,cleave and her nice children at ,edinburgh4 ,spoke of ,katea thing as natural to me as singing is to the bird4 ,had a delightful conversation yesterday evening with ,margaret and ,marcella1 both of whom are as clever as they are saintly1 and love each other like old friends1 keeping for me1 they say1 a throne of honor in their hearts4 ,no one appreciates more than ,i do the charm of a pure and intellectual friendship4 ,this will assuredly be one of the joys of eternity1 since on high all souls will be united in the plenitude of intelligence1 purity1 and love4 ,it is very cold4 ,we are making some happy people4 ,picciola is charming in the exercise of charity4 ,good-night1 dear ,kate1 it is eleven o'clock4 ,,november #ah1 #ahfh4 ,from the window of an ancient ,scottish castle ,i am watching for the return of the abb and his pupils from a walk of beneficence4 ,but1 like 8,sister ,anne0 in the old story1 ,i see nothing come1 and have not even the compensation of beholding the 8sun's golden sheen and the grass growing green10 any more than ,i am in the same peril as that inquisitive chtelaine4 ,we are intending simply to do honor in ,scotland to my mother's fte1 one of her names being ,elizabeth4 ,it was ,ren's idea1 and applauded by all4 ,edith herself1 with her fairy fingers1 has made a charming bouquet from the flowers in the conservatories4 ,marcella is practising on the piano1 ,edouard singing2 ,lucy has undertaken to keep ,mme4 de ,t out of the way for a few hours4 ,i hear joyous voices2 goodby until this evening4 ,evening4,superb1 dear ,kate6 ,a scene of ancient times1 and1 moreover1 in a romantic dwelling1 where ,walter ,scott has been1 and where kings have displayed their splendor4 ,the effect produced by the voices of ,ren1 ,edouard1 ,marcella1 and ,margaret is unique4 ,our mother1 surprised and touched1 was only able to answer by her tears2 and just now1 when ,i was accompanying her to her room1 she said3 8,dear ,georgina1 ,i regretted ,hlne60 ,ah6 this is the ever-open wound1 the ineffaceable regret6 ,god keep you1 my ,kate6 ,your spirit accompanies me everywhere1 my beloved companion1 my invisible guardian2 and how sweet a nest your love has made me6 ,this will be the last sheet that ,i shall date from ,scotland2 we are far from the post4 ,i shall not send it until the moment of our departure4 ,november #be4,news from ,paris1 and of every kind2 the best comes always from you4 ,adrien and ,raoul will arrive in ,ireland at the same time as we do4 ,it will be a day of rejoicing to me to return to our own house4 ,long live home1 my country1 the place of many memories6 ,i have taken some views1 and bought quantities of things for ,lizzy1 ,fanny1 and all our friends there4 ,these good mountaineers regret our departure4 ,o ,ireland1 ,ireland6 ,marcella has set to music the poetry of the sweet and terrible ,columba2 impossible to hear it without tears4 ,decidedly1 ,i must go on another pilgrimage to ,gartan4 ,the ,three ,graces1 dressed in the tartans of which ,i have made them a present1 have a ,scottish appearance which is charming4 ,they send kisses to ,mme4 ,kate4 ,a thousand loving messages to you1 my beloved sister4 ,may all the blessed angels be with you6 ,,december #i1 #ahfh4 ,dear ,kate1 with what joy we find ourselves in ,ireland again6 ,adrien and ,raoul have brought with them quantities of books4 ,i must give you some quotations from the ,life of the ,saints by ,,mm4 ,kellerhove and de ,rianceya splendid volume1 presented by ,gertrude to ,margaretand a remarkable work by the ,comtesse ,olympe de ,lernay3 8,born with the century1 and dying on the #cjth of ,march1 #ahfd1 she realized in her admirable life the high ideal of the truly ,christian woman4 ,her existence wholly of faith1 labor1 and love was visited by the heaviest trials1 but her resignation was profound4 ,she said3 #8,the triumph of self-renunciation over enthusiasm will not be without fruit with reference to the eternal future2 and when ,god's day of reckoning shall come1 ,i will say to him1 ,father1 ,i wished to labor at thy vine with my golden pruning-knife1 but this was not thy will2 and therefore is it that1 instead of adorning its summit1 ,i have remained at its foot4'0 ,do you not find in this a finished beauty8 8,to glorify ,god and gain hearts to him was the supreme desire of this saintly and amiable woman1 who1 endowed with artistic1 poetic1 and literary talents1 as varied as they were remarkable1 worked as one prays1 and prayed as one sings40 ,adrien is reading us fragments of the ,mahbhrata8the book of the people which has meditated most40 ,how much more sublime than ever does the ,bible appear after this reading6 ,no2 outside of the love of ,god there is nothing completely beautiful or great4 ,immense party this evening2 sixty invitations6 ,the preparations are complete1 except that much is still going on in the region of the kitchen4 ,and ,i1 the happy giver of the invitations1 tranquilly seated at my writing-table of island-wood1 am chattering like a school-girl in the holidays4 ,dear ,kate1 it is because ,i have been making all diligence1 and because ,i have before me your thrice welcome pages1 so charming and affectionate1 and which appear to me to breathe a perfume of our native land4 ,yes1 truly1 the sweetest is therethis fragrance of delightful and unalloyed affection which comes to me from you6 ,jack is still in a distressing state1 suffering incessantly4 ,he yesterday received our ,lord in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 the sovereign ,comforter1 and1 resting lovingly on the adorable ,heart which gave itself for him1 he has promised to love the cross4 ,poor old man6 ,his children have the evil of the agethe loss of respect4 ,ren prepared him for the visit of his ,saviour1 and ,i went later to arrange everything2 on entering ,i heard the sick man speaking with animation1 and paused involuntarily4 8,i suffer too much1 your honor40 8,my friend1 say with me3 ,o ,life of my soul1 ,o most sweet and merciful ,saviour1 put into my heart much indulgence1 patience1 and charity40 8,but then ,i am so often thrown back6 ,ten years of suffering2 and what have they brought me8 ,oh6 how my loneliness weighs upon me4 ,i am left so much alone60 8,my poor brother1 dear privileged one of our ,lord1 say with me3 ,my ,god1 ,i accept these sufferings in union with thy ,agony and ,crucifixion4 ,pardon me my involuntary murmurings2 accept my daily torments as an expiation4 ,eternity is near6 ,my ,god4 ,i will all that thou willest40 ,jack repeated the words with docility4 ,after communion he appeared happy4 ,the doctor wonders that he can endure so much suffering and live4 8,will the good ,god grant me to die before you go80 the poor man asked of ,ren4 ,oh6 how sad it is to die thusto become the outcast in the home of which one had been the life4 ,kate dearest1 let us pray for all in their agony4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,catacombs ,,to ,,the ,,primacy ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter4 ,in our former article#aci the evidence which we adduced as to the testimony of the ,catacombs on a disputed point of ,catholic doctrine was drawn almost exclusively from their inscriptions2 and that evidence was very abundant1 because the doctrine in question was precisely that on which we should look to tombstones for information4 ,it was only natural that1 in writing the last earthly memorial of their departed friends1 the survivors should spontaneouslyone might almost say unconsciouslygive utterance to the thoughts that were in their mind as to the present condition and future prospects of those to whom they had now paid the last offices4 ,the subject now before us is of a very different kind4 ,we are going to inquire of the ,catacombs whether they can tell us anything as to the idea entertained in primitive times about the position held in the ,christian hierarchy by ,st4 ,peter and his successors2 and we think most persons would consider it very strange indeed if we should elicit any answer to this inquiry from the inscriptions upon gravestones4 ,mr4 ,withrow1 however1 is of a different opinion2 he thinks that if in those early days the bishops of ,rome enjoyed any superior dignity over other bishops1 it ought to have been1 and probably would have been1 mentioned on their epitaphs2 and1 accordingly1 he chronicles as items worthy of being noted in the controversy such facts as these3 that 8the tomb of the first ,roman bishop bore simply the name ,linus0 7p4 #ejg71 and that in the papal crypt1 or chamber where the popes of the third century were buried1 they are only honored with the title of bishop1 and even that appears in a contracted form1 or 7p4 #ejh74 ,the ,dean of ,chichester seems to entertain a somewhat similar opinion2 only1 as he has formed a higher estimate of the episcopal dignity1 this opinion shows itself in him in a different form4 ,he thinks the extremely 8curt and unceremonious0 character of these papal epitaphs almost a conclusive argument against their authenticity4 ,mr4 ,withrow further adds 7p4 #eji71 that the word ,papa or pope does not occur in the ,catacombs till at least the latter part of the fourth century1 when it is found1 applied to ,pope ,damasus1 in the margin of an inscription by that bishop in honor of one of his predecessors1 ,eusebius4 ,even with reference to this1 however1 he insinuates that1 as this inscription in its present condition is 8admitted0 by ,de ,rossi to be a badly-executed reproduction1 of the sixth or seventh century1 of a previous inscription1 8this title may very well belong to that late period40 ,our first impression upon reading this was a grave doubt1 which we cannot even now altogether suppress1 whether ,mr4 ,withrow had ever read either what ,de ,rossi or his ,english epitomizers have written on the subject of this monument4 ,certainly1 he cannot have appreciated the curious and interesting story they have told of this stone2 or1 if we may not call in question his intelligence1 we shall be obliged to accuse him of wilful misrepresentation4 ,one of the most striking features in the story1 now lippis et tonsoribus notum1 is that the ignorant copyist1 so far from being capable of forging a link in the chain of evidence for the papal supremacy1 was only able to transcribe the letters actually before his eyes1 and even left a vacant space occasionally where he saw that a letter was missing from the mutilated inscription before him1 which1 however1 he was quite incompetent to supply4 ,we are afraid1 therefore1 that ,mr4 ,withrow must be content to acknowledge that this obnoxious title of pope was certainly given to a ,bishop of ,rome before the close of the fourth century4 ,at the same time we offer him all the consolation we can by pointing out that it was given to him only by an artist1 an employ of his1 and one of his special admirershe calls himself his cultor atque amatorand perhaps1 therefore1 ,mr4 ,withrow may suggest that the title was here used in a sense in which he is aware that it was originally employedviz41 as an expression of familiar and affectionate respect rather than of dignity4 ,but we must go further1 and1 in obedience to the stern logic of facts1 we must oblige ,mr4 ,withrow to see that the title was used of the ,bishop of ,rome some seventy or eighty years before ,damasus4 ,if he had ever visited the cemetery of ,san ,callisto1 he might have seen the original inscription itself in which the title is given to ,pope ,marcellinus 7#bif-cjh72 and this time not by a layman1 an artist1 but by an ecclesiastical officialin fact1 the pope's own deacon1 the ,deacon ,severus1 who had charge of that cemetery3 ,cubiculum duplex cum arcisoliis et luminare ,jussu ,,pp4 sui ,marcellini ,diaconus iste ,severus fecit4''' ,observe that the title is here abridged into the compendious formula ,,pp41 as though it were a title with which ,roman ,christians were already familiar1 just as in pagan epigraphy the same letters stand for prpositus or primopilus1 and those words are not written at full length1 because everybody interested in the matter would know at once from the name and the context what was to be supplied4#adj ,so1 then1 it seems impossible to determine when the title was first used of the bishops of ,rome2 it is at least certain that it occurs in the ,catacombs a century earlier than ,mr4 ,withrow imagined1 and that even then it was no novelty4 ,however1 we do not care to dispute the facts1 to which he attaches so much importance1 that the title of pope was in those ancient days neither 8peculiar to the ,bishop of ,rome10 nor1 so far as we know1 first applied to him4 ,moreover1 we cannot even accept1 what ,mr4 ,withrow in his ignorance is ready to concede1 that 8the name of the ,bishop of ,rome was used as a note of time in the latter part of the fourth century0a distinction1 however1 which he contends 8was also conferred on other bishops than those of ,rome40 ,again1 we must observe that this remark seems to indicate an entire ignorance in its author of all that ,de ,rossi has written on the same subject4 ,of course ,mr4 ,withrow is referring to the two epitaphs which conclude with the words sub ,liberio ,episcopo1 sub ,damaso ,episcopo2 but he gives no sign of being acquainted with the history of those pontiffs1 and with the reasons which ,de ,rossi has so carefully drawn out1#ada wherefore there might have been special mention of their names on the tombs of persons who died during their pontificates4 ,we have now noticed1 we believe1 all ,mr4 ,withrow's observations upon the testimony of the ,catacomb inscriptions with reference to the papal supremacy2 it remains that we ourselves should make one or two observations upon it which he has not made4 ,and1 first1 it seems to have escaped his notice that there is a title given to the popes by one of themselves on three or four of these monumentsa title stronger and of more definite meaning than ,papa1 and quite as unwelcome to ,protestant ears4 ,pope ,damasus calls ,marcellus1 one of his predecessors1 ,veridicus ,rector1 or the truth-speaking ruler or governor1 in the epitaph with which he adorned his tomb4 ,two others of his predecessors1 ,eusebius and ,sixtus ,,ii41 he simply calls ,rector1 without any qualifying epithet at all4 ,and next we would ask ,mr4 ,withrow and all who sympathize with his objection what title they would suggest as possible for the tombstones of the earliest bishops of ,rome1 even supposing their position in the ,christian hierarchy to have been at that time as clearly defined and fully developed as it is now4 ,do they think it would have been either seemly or possible for a ,christian bishop in the first three centuries to assume the highest official religious title among pagans1 and to be addressed as ,pontifex ,maximus8 ,it is true1 indeed1 that this title has been given to them in modern epigraphy since it was moulded on the classical typei4e41 ever since the ,renaissance4 ,but nobody could dream of such a title as compatible with the relative positions of paganism and ,christianity during the period that the ,catacombs were in use for purposes of burial4 ,nevertheless1 it is well worthy of note that even at a very early period of the third century1 when ,tertullian wished to jeer at a decree which he disliked1 but which had been issued by the pope1 he spoke of him in mockery1 as though he were ,pontifex scilicet maximus et episcopus episcoporum1 thereby intimating pretty clearly what position in the ,christian hierarchy the bishops of ,rome seemed to assume4 ,and now1 taking our leave of all discussions about mere titles and verbal inscriptions1 let us inquire whether any other evidence can be produced from the ,catacombs bearing upon the question before usthe question1 that is1 of ,st4 ,peter's position under the ,new ,law4 ,let us inquire of the paintings and sculpture1 and other similar monuments1 as explained and illustrated by contemporary writings4 ,and we ask our adversaries to deal fairly with the evidence we shall adduce2 not to weigh each portion of it apart from the rest1 but to allow it that cumulative weight which really belongs to it1 interpreting each separate monument with the same spirit of candor and equity which they claim on behalf of any evidence which the ,catacombs afford for doctrines which they themselves accept4 ,take1 for instance1 the doctrine of the ,resurrection4 ,we saw in our last article that ,mr4 ,withrow's assertion that this doctrine was everywhere recorded throughout the ,catacombs rested virtually upon the existence of certain oft-recurring paintings therepaintings of the story of ,jonas and of the raising of ,lazarus2 that it was not supported by any contemporary sepulchral inscriptions1 but that certain more explicit inscriptions of a later date undoubtedly contain it4 ,in other words1 ,mr4 ,withrow 7and we might add ,mr4 ,burgon1 ,mr4 ,marriott1 and the whole race of ,protestant controversialists who have entered this arena at all7 can recognize1 when it suits his purpose1 the justice of reading ancient monuments in the light of more modern and explicit statements of ,christian doctrine1 and of interpreting the monuments of ,christian art in one age by their known form and meaning in another4 ,let them not deny the privilege of this canon of interpretation to others besides themselves4 ,we shall use it as occasion may require in our examination of the monuments which to all ,catholic archologians seem to bear testimony to the exceptional position of ,st4 ,peter in the ,apostolic ,college4 ,a subject represented from very early times1 and frequently repeated both in paintings and in sculpture1 is that of ,moses striking the rock in the wilderness1 and the waters gushing forth for the refreshment of the children of ,israel in their passage through the wilderness4 ,what does this subject mean8 ,the stories of ,jonas and of ,lazarus were meant1 we are told1 as types of the ,resurrection1 and are to be admitted as proofs of the belief of the early ,christians in that great doctrine4 ,what part of their belief is typified in this incident from the life of ,moses8 ,let us first see how it was understood by the ,jews themselves4 ,the ,royal ,psalmist refers to it more than once in accents of fervent gratitude as for a signal act of ,god's mercy towards his people1 and also of lively hope1 as having been typical and prophetic of further mercies4 ,isaias1 in that magnificent prophecy wherein he recounts the marvels that shall happen in the world when 8,god shall come and save it10 recalls the memory of the same event1 and makes use of it as a fitting image of the spiritual graces that should then be poured forth on the children of men4 8,god himself10 he says1 8will come and will save you4 ,then shall the eyes of the blind be opened2 and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped4 ,then shall the lame man leap as a hart1 and the tongue of the dumb shall be free3 for waters are broken out in the desert1 and streams in the wilderness4 ,and that which was dry land shall become a pool1 and the thirsty land springs of water40#adb ,at length the period so long looked for1 so frequently promised1 8in the fulness of time0 arrived2 ,jesus was born and manifested among men1 and1 standing in the ,temple on a great feast-day1 he offered himself to all men as 8a fountain of living waters40 8,he stood1 and cried1 saying3 ,if any man thirst1 let him come to me and drink4 ,he that believeth in me1 as the ,scripture saith1 out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water40 ,and ,st4 ,john1 who has preserved to us this history1 immediately adds1 for the more certain interpretation of his words1 that ,jesus 8said this of the ,holy ,spirit1 whom they should receive who believed in him40 ,finally1 ,st4 ,paul comes to complete the explanation1 and1 in that chapter of his ,epistle to the ,corinthians which one may almost call the key to the history of the children of ,israel1 gives more clearly than any before him the mystical interpretation of the prodigy of the rock4 ,taking the first and last links of the long chain of inspired writing about it1 he couples the original physical fact with its far-distant spiritual interpretation in those words with which we are so familiar3 8,our fathers all drank the same spiritual drink3 and they drank of the spiritual rock that followed them3 and the rock was ,christ40 ,it cannot be disputed1 then1 that the water represented as flowing from the rock struck by ,moses in the wilderness was intended to be typical of the spiritual blessings which flow to the church from ,christ4 ,was there anything typical also in the person striking the rock8 ,or was this a mere historical accessory of the scene1 represented of necessity in order to the completeness of the story1 but having no particular meaning of its ownmerely the historical ,moses1 and nothing more8 ,it might very well have been so2 and everybody who suggests a mystical interpretation is bound to produce substantial reasons for departing from the literal sense4 ,de ,rossi then leads us into a chapel in the ,catacomb of ,san ,callisto1 and bids us notice the marked difference between the two figures of ,moses painted side by side on the same wallin the one scene taking off his shoes before going up to the holy mountain2 in the other1 striking the rock4 ,they cannot both be meant to represent the historical verity2 it looks as though the distinction between them was intended to point out their typical or symbolical character1 and we almost fancy we can discern a resemblance between one of the figures and the received traditional portrait of ,peter4 ,but we advance further into the same cemetery1 and enter another chapel in which the same scene is again represented4 ,this time there is no room for doubt3 the profile1 the features1 the rounded and curly beard1 the rough and frizzled hairare all manifest tokens of the traditional likeness of ,st4 ,peter1 and we are satisfied that it is he who is here striking the rock4 ,the same studied resemblance may be noted also in the figure of the man striking the rock on several of the sculptured sarcophagi4 ,still1 we are not satisfied2 we should be loath to lay the stress of any important argument upon any mere likeness which we might believe that we recognize between this and that figure in ancient painting or sculpture4 ,it would be more satisfactory if we could find an inscription on the figure putting its identity beyond all question4 ,and even this1 too1 is not wanting4 ,in the ,vatican ,museum there are two or three specimens of this same subject on the gilded glasses that have been sometimes found affixed to graves in the ,catacombs1 and on them the name of ,,petrus is distinctly engraved over the scene4 ,it is true that these glasses were probably not made till the fourth century2 neither were the sarcophagi4 ,but we argue with ,mr4 ,marriott that 8the existence of these later monuments can hardly be accounted for except on the supposition of their being reproductions of still older monuments40 ,in fact1 in the present instance1 these older monuments still exist2 only their interpretation might have been disputed1 had not the later monuments been found with the interpretation engraved upon them4 ,with these glasses in our hands1 showing indisputably that the ,christians of the fourth and fifth centuries looked upon ,moses in the act of striking the rock as a type of ,st4 ,peter1 we feel confident that the ,christians of the second and third centuries1 who continually represented the same scene1 did so with the same idea4 ,in a word1 the evidence for the identification of ,st4 ,peter with ,moses in the conceptions of the ancient ,christian artists seems to be complete and convincing4 ,such1 at least1 is our own conclusion2 we subjoin ,mr4 ,withrow's3 8,in two or three of the gilded glasses which are of comparatively late date1 the scene of ,moses striking the rock is rudely indicated1 and over the head or at the side of the figure is the word ,,petrus4 ,from this circumstance ,roman ,catholic writers have asserted that in many of the sarcophagal and other representations of this event it is no longer ,moses but ,peter#8the leader of the new ,israel of ,god'who is striking the rock with the emblem of divine power3 a conclusion for which there is absolutely no evidence except the very trivial fact above mentioned0 7p4 #bib74 ,mr4 ,withrow's observations suggest one or two additional remarks4 ,first1 he calls ,st4 ,peter 8the leader of the new ,israel of ,god10 but he omits to mention from whom he borrows this title or description of the apostle4 ,they are the words of ,prudentius1 the ,christian poet of the fifth century1 who thus becomes an additional witness to the truth which we have been insisting uponthat the position of ,st4 ,peter under the ,new ,law was analogous to that of ,moses under the ,old4 ,prudentius was in the habit of frequenting the ,catacombs for devotional purposes1 and he has left us a description of them4 ,perhaps in the line which we have quoted he was but giving poetical expression to a fact or doctrine which he had seen often represented in symbols and on monuments4 ,but1 secondly1 ,mr4 ,withrow speaks of the rod in the hands of ,moses as 8the emblem of divine power40 ,and here it should be mentioned that this rod is never seen on ancient monuments of ,christian art1 except in the hands of these three3 ,christ1 ,moses1 and ,peteror should we not now rather say of two only1 ,christ and ,st4 ,peter8and that these two hardly ever appear without it4 ,either in painted or sculptured representations of our ,lord's miracles he usually holds a rod in his hands as the instrument whereby he wrought them4 ,whether he is changing the water into wine1 or multiplying the loaves and fishes1 or raising ,lazarus from the dead1 it is not his own divine hand that touches the chosen objects of the merciful exercise of his power1 but he touches them all with a rod4 ,even when he is represented not in his human form1 but symbolically as a lambe4g41 in the spandrels of the tomb of ,junius ,bassus1 ,a4,d4 #ceithe rod is still placed between the forefeet of the mystical animal1 its other end resting on the rock1 the water-pots1 or the baskets4 ,in one of the sarcophagi1 belonging probably to the year #daj or thereabouts1 we almost seem to assist at the transfer of this emblem of power from ,christ to his ,vicar4 ,in the series of miracles in the upper half of the sarcophagus to which we refer it appears three times in the hand of ,christ2 in the lower series it occurs the same number of times in the hand of ,peter4 ,in the last of these instances1 indeed1 it may be said that it was necessary1 as it was the scene of striking the rock2 but in the other two it can hardly be understood in any other sense than as an emblem1 and1 if an emblem at all1 we suppose all would admit that it can only be an emblem of power and authority4 ,in the first of these two scenes we are reminded1 by the cock at his feet1 that our ,lord is warning his apostle of his threefold denial1 whilst we are assured by the rod in the apostle's hand that his fall would not deprive him of his prerogative1 but that after his conversion it would be his mission to 8confirm the brethren40 ,in the second scene the firmness of faith foretold or promised in the first is put to the test by persecution1 which began from his first apprehension by the ,jews and still continues1 yet the rod or staff remains in his hands1 no human malice having power to wrest either from himself or his successors that authority over the new ,israel which he had received from his divine ,master4 ,we are told that there was an ancient ,eastern tradition that the rod of ,moses1 the ministerial instrument of his great miracles1 had originally belonged to the patriarch ,jacob1 from whom it was inherited by his son ,joseph2 that upon ,joseph's death it was taken to ,pharao's palace1 and thence was in due time given by the daughter of ,pharao to her adopted son1 ,moses4 ,moreover1 the same author mentions that in like manner when our ,lord said the words1 8,feed my lambs1 feed my sheep10 he gave to ,peter a staff significative of his pastoral authority over the whole flock2 and that 8hence has arisen the custom for all religious heads of churches and monasteries to carry a staff as a sign of their leadership of the people40 ,we do not in any way vouch for the authenticity1 or even the antiquity1 of this tradition4 ,the only authority we have found for it does not go further back than the first years of the fifteenth century2 but it aptly expresses the same truth which 7we maintain7 was clearly present to the minds both of ,christian writers and ,christian artists in the early ages of the church4 ,we have seen how it was illustrated by symbol in the monuments of the ,catacombs2 we have heard the language of ,prudentius1 calling ,st4 ,peter the leader of the new ,israel2 to these we must add the testimony of an ,eastern solitary1 the ,egyptian ,st4 ,macarius1 who lived some fifty years earlier1 and who states the same thing more distinctly1 saying that 8,moses was succeeded by ,peter10 and that 8to him ,st4 ,peter was committed the new church and the new priesthood40 ,we are far1 however1 from having done justice to the idea as it existed in the mind of the ancient church1 if we separate the notion of ,peter being a second ,moses from that particular act in the life of the ,jewish leader which we have seen specially attributed to the apostleviz41 the striking of the rock2 and in our interpretation of this act we must be careful to take into account all that the ancient ,fathers understood by it4 ,let us listen to the commentary upon it preached in a public sermon somewhere about the middle of the fifth century4 ,speaking in ,turin on the feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 ,st4 ,maximus uses these words3 8,this is ,peter1 to whom ,christ the ,lord of his free will granted a share in his own name2 for1 as the ,apostle ,paul has taught us1 ,christ was the rock2 and so ,peter too was by ,christ made a rock1 the ,lord saying to him3 #8,thou art ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i will build my church4' ,for as water flowed from a rock to the ,lord's people thirsting in the wilderness1 so did the fountain of a life-giving confession come forth from the mouth of ,peter to the whole world wearied with the thirst of unbelief4 ,this is ,peter1 to whom ,christ1 when about to ascend to his ,father1 commends his lambs and sheep to be fed and guarded40 ,the doctrine which is here taught is plain and undeniable4 ,allusion is clearly made to a twofold idea3 first1 ,christ in his own nature is the shepherd of the sheep1 and the rock whence flows the fount of living water in the desert2 but by an act of his own sovereign will1 by his own special appointment1 when about to leave the world1 he assigns the office of chief shepherd to ,peter1 and he communicates to ,peter a share in his own attributes1 so that he too from henceforth becomes a rock whereon the church is built1 and from him flows the fount of heavenly doctrine and life-giving faith which was first revealed to him by the ,father1 and then by him proclaimed and preached throughout the whole dry desert of the world4 ,did this thought originate with the ,bishop of ,turin8 ,was it a conceit of his own fancy1 the fruit of a lively imagination8 ,or are his words only a link in the chain of ancient tradition1 handing on to others the same truth which he had himself received from his forefathers8 ,one thing is certain3 that the pope was preaching the very same thing in ,rome about the same time4 ,each year1 as the feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paulwhich was also the anniversary of his own consecrationcame round1 ,pope ,leo exhorted the bishops and others who heard him to lift up their minds and hearts1 to consider the glory of the ,prince of the ,apostles1 who was inundated 7he said7 by such copious irrigations from the fount of all graces that whereas there were many which he alone received1 none passed to anybody else without his having a share in them4 8,the divine condescension10 he says again1 8gave to this man a great and wonderful participation in his own power1 so that1 though he chose that some things should be common to him with the other apostles1 yet he never gave except through him what he did not withhold from the rest02 and then he goes on to interpret the words of ,christ to ,peter in this manner2 he says3 8,the formation of the universal church at its birth took its beginning from the honor of ,blessed ,peter1 in whose person its rule and its sum consist2 for from his fountain the stream of ecclesiastical discipline flowed forth into all churches40 ,twenty years earlier ,pope ,innocent praises an ,african council for having referred some question to ,rome1 8knowing what is due to the ,apostolic ,see1 since all we who occupy this place desire to follow the apostle himself1 from whom the very episcopate and all the authority of this title spring2 that nothing1 even in the most distant parts of the world1 should be determined before it was brought to the knowledge of this see2 ''' that so all waters should flow from their parent source and the pure streams of the fountain should well forth uncorrupted throughout the different regions of the whole world40 ,it may be said1 perhaps1 that these are mere figures of speech and rhetorical illustrations1 and that there is no proof that the writers intended any reference whatever to the miraculous stream from the rock in the desert4 ,we cannot1 in reply to this question1 undertake to trace back an unbroken catena of authorities1 from the fifth century to the first1 clearly expressing the same idea2 but we can say with truth that it is continually recurring in all writings which have occasion to speak of the unity of the church1 especially in the controversies of the third century against the ,novatians2 that the types of the rock and the fount1 symbols of the origin and unity of the faith1 of baptism1 and of the church1 seem then to have been inseparable in the minds of writers and preachers from the mention of ,st4 ,peter1 on whom ,christ had founded that origin and that unity2 that those who impugned the validity of baptism administered by heretics considered that they urged an irrefragable argument against their adversaries as often as they invoked the prerogative of ,peter and the undoubted unity of the rock whence alone all pure waters flowed2 finally1 that the earliest writer in whom we find the waters of baptism spoken of as flowing from the rock 7,tertullian7 was a frequent visitor at ,rome about the very time when some of the most remarkable paintings in which they are so representedthose in the so-called sacramental chapels in the ,catacomb of ,san ,callistowere being executed2 i4e41 at the very commencement of the third century4 ,we conclude1 then1 that the paintings and other monuments of ancient ,christian art belonging to the ,catacombs1 when placed side by side with the language of contemporaneous and succeeding ,christian writers1 mutually explain and confirm one another2 and that it is impossible not to recognize in the perfect agreement of these important witnesses the faithful echo of a primitive traditionto wit1 that to ,st4 ,peter was given the authority to draw forth the true living waters of sacramental grace from the ,rock of ages1 and to distribute them throughout the whole church4 ,there is yet one more incident in the life of ,moses which ancient ,christian art has reproduced1 and with a distinct reference to ,st4 ,peterviz41 the receiving of the law from the hand of ,god4 ,this is a subject very commonly repeated on the sarcophagi of the fourth and fifth centuries1 but there is not1 so far as we know1 any emblem attached to these sculptured representations which obliges us to refer them to the apostle4 ,other monuments1 however1 of the same or an earlier date1 supply what is wanting4 ,we find both paintings and ancient gilded glasses in which ,st4 ,peter receives from our ,lord either a roll or volume1 or sometimes 7as if to make the resemblance more striking7 a mere tablet with the inscription ,lex ,domini1 or ,dominus legem dat4 ,now1 in pagan works of art the emperors were sometimes represented in the act of giving the book of the laws or constitutions to those officials whom they sent forth to govern the provinces1 and the magistrates receive the book1 for greater reverence1 not in their bare hands1 but in a fold of their toga4 ,compare with this a ,christian sarcophagus1 belonging to an early part of the fourth century1 and published by ,bosio4 ,in it we see ,christ1 already ascended and triumphant1 having the firmament under his feet1 giving the book of the ,new ,law to ,peter1 who in like manner has his hands covered with a veil1 that he may receive it with due reverence4 ,it is as though ,christ were visibly appointing him his ,vicar and representative upon earth1 and making him the expounder and administrator of his law4 ,and the same scene is represented1 without any essential alteration1 in a number of monuments of various kinds1 frescoes1 sculpture1 glasses1 and mosaics4 ,by and bye1 in some artists' hands1 it lost something of its precise original signification2 at least1 in two of the later monuments 7one of them undoubtedly by a ,greek artist7 it is ,st4 ,paul who receives the law1 instead of ,st4 ,peter4 ,but then there is1 of course1 a certain sense in which this might be as truly predicated of ,st4 ,paul1 or of any other member of the ,apostolic ,college as of ,st4 ,peter himself4 ,sometimes1 also1 all the apostles appear together with ,st4 ,peter when he receives the lawonly he receives the volume opened2 they stand each holding a closed roll in his hand4 ,in some monuments1 as in the mosaic of ,sta4 ,costanza1 the legend is ,dominus dat pacem instead of legem4 ,this1 however1 is hardly an essential difference4 ,it is only through his law that ,christ gives peace1 and peace or unity of the church is a primary dogma of his law4 ,hence this interchange of the two words3 the substitution of one for the other1 or occasionally even their union1 as on the cover of a ,book of the ,gospels at ,milan1 which is inscribed ,lex et pax4 ,but it is time to draw this paper to a close4 ,let it be remembered that it is not an attempt to prove the papal supremacy by means of inscriptions or other monuments from the ,catacombs1 but an answer to an oft-repeated challenge upon one point at least which lies at the root of that subject2 and incidentally it throws light upon some other points also1 more or less closely connected with it4 ,and we claim to have established against these controversialists that there is evidence to be gathered from these subterranean cemeteries2 that those who made and decorated them were conscious of a special pre-eminence belonging to ,st4 ,peter over the rest of the apostolic body2 that they knew him to be in a certain singular manner the representative of his divine ,master1 whose rod of power or staff of rule he alone was privileged to bear2 that it was his prerogative to be the head of the ,christian church1 its leader and its teacher1 having received the law from the hands of ,christ1 and the commission to feed and govern his flock2 that he had the special guardianship of the fountain and river of living waters1 only to be found within the church1 and special authority to draw them forth and distribute them throughout every region of the thirsty world4 #aci 8,testimony of the ,catacombs to ,prayers for the ,dead and the ,invocation of ,saints10 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,dec41 #ahgf4 #adj ,r4 ,s41 ii4 #cjg4 #ada ,inscr4 ,christian41 i4 #hj1 #ajj4 #adb ,c4 xxxv4 #d-g4 ,,modern ,,thought ,,in ,,science4 ,when we were informed that ,professor ,huxley1 during his visit to ,america1 was to give a few scientific lectures1 we could easily anticipate that from a man of his character nothing was to be expected so likely as a bold effort to exalt science at the expense of religion4 ,the three lectures on the ,evidences of ,evolution1 which he delivered in ,new ,york on the #ahth1 #bjth1 and #bb;d of ,september last1 are an evident proof that we had guessed right4 ,these lectures1 though free from open and formal denunciations of religious faith1 are deeply imbued with that spirit of dogmatic unbelief which pervades other works of the same professor1 and especially his ,lay ,sermons4 ,his aim is always the same3 he uniformly strives to establish what ,mr4 ,draper and other modern thinkers have vainly attempted to prove1 that science conflicts with revelation2 and he labors to impress upon us the notion that none but the ignorant can believe in revealed truth4 ,such is the main object which the professor has had constantly in view since he preached the first of his ,lay ,sermons4 ,a friend of ours1 who happened to be in ,england when this first lay sermon was delivered1 disgusted at the arrogance and levity displayed by the lay preacher1 hastened to write a short popular refutation of that sermon4 ,this refutation1 owing to some unforeseen accident1 was brought over to ,america without being published1 and it is now in our hands4 ,believing1 as we do1 that1 although written some years ago1 it is by no means stale1 and that its perusal will effectually contribute to expose the gross fallacies of the scientific lecturer1 we offer it to our readers as an appropriate introduction to the direct criticism of the lectures themselves1 which we intend to give in an early number4 ,the manuscript in question reads as follows3 ,the ,fortnightly ,review 7,jan4 #ae1 #ahff7 has published 8,a ,lay ,sermon delivered at ,st4 ,martin's ,hall on ,sunday1 ,january #g1 #ahff1 ,,on ,,the ,,advisableness ,,of ,,improving ,,natural ,,knowledge1 by ,prof4 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley40 ,the lay preacher thinks that the improvement of natural knowledge1 besides giving us the means of avoiding pestilences1 extinguishing fires1 and providing modern society with material comfort1 has produced two other wonderful effects3 8,i say that natural knowledge1 seeking to satisfy natural wants1 has found the ideas that can alone still spiritual cravings0this is the first4 8,i say that natural knowledge1 in desiring to ascertain the laws of comfort1 has been driven to discover those of conduct1 and to lay the foundation of a new morality0this is the second4 ,though ,mr4 ,huxley is a great professor1 or rather because he is a great professor1 we make bold to offer him a few remarks on the subject which he has chosen1 and especially on the manner in which he has treated it4 ,the reader1 of course1 will understand that when we speak of ,mr4 ,huxley we mean to speak1 not of the man1 but of the preacher4 ,that natural knowledge is a good thing1 and its improvement an advisable thing1 is universally admitted and requires no proof4 ,hence we might ask3 ,what is the good of a lay sermon on the advisableness of improving natural knowledge8 ,does any man in his senses make sermons on the advisableness of improving one's purse1 or health1 or condition8 ,a student of rhetoric would of course take up any unprofitable subject as a suitable ground for amplification or declamation2 but a professor cannot1 in our opinion1 have had this aim in view in a lay sermon delivered at ,st4 ,martin's ,hall4 ,had ,mr4 ,huxley been under the impression that natural knowledge is nowadays1 for some reason or other1 in a deplorable state1 every one would have seen the advisableness of remedying the evil1 if shown to be real4 ,had he proved in his sermon that natural knowledge nowadays is superficial1 sophistical1 or incoherent with other known truths1 the opportunity of talking about the advisableness of improving it would have struck every eye and stirred every soul4 ,but this was not the case4 ,natural knowledge is assumed by the lay preacher to be in a splendid and glorious state2 our scientific men are accounted great men1 our conquests in science admirable1 and our uninterrupted progress unquestionable4 8,our #8mathematick1'0 says he1 8is one which ,newton would have to go to school to learn2 our 'staticks1 mechanicks1 magneticks1 chymicks1 and natural experiments1 constitute a mass of physical and chemical knowledge1 a glimpse at which would compensate ,galileo for the doings of a score of inquisitorial cardinals2 our #8physick' and #8anatomy' have embraced such infinite varieties of being1 have laid open such new worlds in time and space1 have grappled1 not unsuccessfully1 with such complex problems1 that the eyes of ,vesalius and of ,harvey might be dazzled by the sight of the tree that has grown out of their grain of mustard-seed0 7pp4 #fbh1 #fbi74 ,such being the state of things1 we might have expected a sermon on the means of diffusing and promoting natural knowledge2 but a sermon laying stress on such a triviality as the advisableness of improving natural knowledge1 when natural knowledge is quite flourishing and dazzling1 seems to us to have no object at all4 ,unfortunately1 the lay preacher did not see that it was a triviality1 or1 if he saw that it was1 thought that his own way of dealing with it was so new and untrivial that the merit of his novel conceptions would redeem the triviality of the subject4 ,let us see1 then1 what such novel conceptions are4 ,that natural knowledge may help us to keep back pestilences and to extinguish fires is not a discovery of the lay preacher2 we all knew it4 ,his first discovery is that pestilences are not punishments of ,god1 and that fires have little to do with human malice4 8,our forefathers had their own ways of accounting for each of these calamities4 ,they submitted to the plague in humility and in penitence1 for they believed it to be the judgment of ,god4 ,but towards the fire they were furiously indignant1 interpreting it as the effect of the malice of man1 as the work of the republicans or of the ,papists1 according as their prepossessions ran in favor of loyalty or of ,puritanism4 ,it would1 ,i fancy1 have fared but ill with one who1 standing where ,i now stand1 in what was then a thickly-peopled and fashionable part of ,london1 should have broached to our ancestors the doctrine which ,i now propound to youthat all their hypotheses were alike wrong2 that the plague was no more1 in their sense1 a divine judgment than the fire was the work of any political or of any religious sect2 but that they were themselves the authors of both plague and fire1 and that they must look to themselves to prevent the recurrence of calamities to all appearance so peculiarly beyond the reach of human controlso evidently the result of the wrath of ,god or of the craft and subtlety of an enemy0 7pp4 #fbf1 #fbg74 ,we think that natural knowledge will not be much improved by this ,huxleyan discovery4 ,god's existence and providence are notoriously a most substantial part of natural knowledge2 so the relegation of ,deity out of the world1 and the suppression of his providence over it1 is no less a crime against science than against ,god himself1 and shows no less ignorance than impiety4 ,we cannot admit that pestilences 8will only take up their abode among those who have prepared unswept and ungarnished residences for them10 nor that 8their cities must have narrow1 unwatered streets1 foul with accumulated garbage10 nor that 8their houses must be ill-drained1 ill-lighted1 ill-ventilated10 nor that 8their subjects must be ill-washed1 ill-fed1 ill-clothed0 7p4 #fcj74 ,our reasons for denying such conclusions are many4 ,to cite one onlyof which we think that ,mr4 ,huxley will not fail to appreciate the valuewe read in one of the most authentic historical books the following3 8,the word of the ,lord came to ,gad the prophet and the seer of ,david1 saying3 ,go1 and say to ,david3 ,thus saith the ,lord3 ,i give thee the choice of three things3 choose one of them which thou wilt1 that ,i may do it to thee4 ,and when ,gad was come to ,david1 he told him1 saying3 ,either seven years of famine shall come to thee in thy land3 or thou shalt flee three months before thy adversaries3 or for three days there shall be a pestilence in thy land4 ,now therefore deliberate1 and see what answer ,i shall return to him that sent me4 ,and ,david said to ,gad3 ,i am in a great strait3 but it is better that ,i should fall into the hands of the ,lord 7for his mercies are many7 than into the hands of men4 ,and the ,lord sent a pestilence upon ,israel1 from the morning unto the time appointed1 and there died of the people from ,dan to ,bersabee seventy thousand men4 ,and when the angel of the ,lord had stretched out his hand over ,jerusalem to destroy it1 the ,lord had pity on the affliction1 and said to the angel that slew the people3 ,it is enough3 now hold thy hand0 7#b ,kings xxiv47 ,this fact is as historical as the ,london plague2 nor is it the only one that could be adduced4 ,hence we are at a loss to understand how natural knowledge can be improved by a theory which is annihilated by the most positive facts4 ,the next discovery of the lay preacher is no less remarkable3 8,i say that natural knowledge1 seeking to satisfy natural wants1 has found the ideas which can alone still spiritual cravings0 7p4 #fcb74 ,what great ideas has natural knowledge introduced into men's minds8 #ast4 ,that the earth is but an atom among atoms1 whirling no man knows whither1 through illimitable space 7p4 #fcd72 #b;d1 that what we call the peaceful heaven above us is but that space1 filled by an infinitely subtle matter1 whose particles are seething and surging like the waves of an angry sea 7ibid472 #c;d1 that there are infinite regions where nothing is known1 or ever seems to have been known1 but matter and force 7ibid472 #dth1 that phenomena must have had a beginning1 and must have an end2 but their beginning is1 to our conception of time1 infinitely remote1 and their end is as immeasurably distant 7ibid472 #eth1 that all matter has weight1 and that the force which produces weight is co-extensive with the universe 7ibid472 #fth1 that matter is indestructible 7p4 #fce72 #gth1 that force is indestructible 7ibid472 #hth1 that everywhere we find definite order and succession of events1 which seem never to be infringed 7ibid472 #ith1 that man is not the centre of the living world1 but one amidst endless modifications of life 7ibid472 #ajth1 that the ancient forms of existence peopling the world for ages1 in relation to human experience1 are infinite 7ibid472 #aath1 that life depends for its manifestation on particular molecular arrangements or any physical or chemical phenomenon 7ibid472 #abth1 that 8the theology of the present has become more scientific than that of the past2 because it has not only renounced idols of wood and idols of stone1 but begins to see the necessity of breaking into pieces the idols built up of books and traditions and fine-spun ecclesiastical cobwebs1 and of cherishing the noblest and most human of man's emotions by worship1 #8for the most part of the silent sort1' at the altar of the ,unknown and ,unknowable0 7p4 #fcf74 ,it appears that ,mr4 ,huxley assumes that these ideas have been of late 8implanted in our minds by the improvement of natural knowledge10 that they suffice to 8still spiritual cravings10 and that they alone suffice1 as 8they alone can still spiritual cravings40 ,now1 the indestructibility of matter is not a new idea implanted in men's minds by modern science4 ,the ancient and the medival philosophers knew it as well as ,mr4 ,huxley1 and1 if we may be allowed to state a simple truth1 even better1 as they could give a very good reason of the facta thing which would probably puzzle those great men who despise 8the products of medival thought10 and dedicate themselves exclusively to the acquirement of the so-called 8new philosophy40 ,that life depends for its manifestation on particular molecular arrangements is1 in substance1 an old story1 as physicists and philosophers of all times taught that not only the manifestation1 but also the very existence1 of life in the body required a particular organization of matter2 so that1 to judge by this test1 the improvement of knowledge would here consist in the suppression of the soulthat is1 in a mutilation of knowledge4 ,that phenomena must have had a beginning is an axiom as old as the world1 though some pagan philosophers denied it2 and that phenomena must have an end is but an assumption which modern men have hitherto failed to prove4 ,but let this pass4 ,what a refreshing thought for 8stilling spiritual cravings0 to know that phenomena must have had a beginning and must have an end6 ,what a consoling idea to think that the earth is but an atom among atoms1 whirling no man knows whither6 ,what a subject of delicious contemplationthe infinite regions1 where nothing is known but matter and force6 ,and then what a happiness to know that what we call 8heaven0 is but space filled by an infinitely subtle matter2 to know that all matter has weight2 to be certain that all matter is indestructible6 ,at such thoughts1 surely1 the heart of man must wax warm1 and spiritual cravings be stilled6 ,is not this a very strange discovery8 ,with regard to the idea that 8man is not the centre of the living world1 but one amid endless modifications of life10 we must confess our ignorance4 ,we thought that such a view had been ere now peremptorily condemned as absurd by all competent men4 ,but if ,mr4 ,huxley1 in a future lay sermon1 is able to show that natural knowledge obliges him to reckon crabs1 monkeys1 and gorillas among his own ancestors1 we do not see how much 8our spiritual cravings0 will be gratified at the thought of such a noble origin4 ,in any case1 we shall leave to ,mr4 ,huxley the privilege of enjoying personally all the glory of a bestial genealogy4 ,and now we must say a word on 8the theology of the present1 which has become more scientific than that of the past40 ,the improvement of knowledge1 according to our lay preacher1 led theology first to renounce the idols of wood and the idols of stone4 ,very good2 yet we may observe that such an improvement of knowledge had its origin in divine revelation1 not in experimental science1 and that the sect which now preaches the progress of natural knowledge has had no part in breaking the idols either of wood or stone4 ,then the improvement of knowledge must lead theology to break into pieces,what8 8,books1 traditions1 fine-spun ecclesiastical cobwebs06 ,and menthat is1 ,mr4 ,huxley's friends8begin to see the necessity0 of breaking all such things4 ,this is but natural4 ,as the outlaw detests the police and the army1 and 8begins to see the necessity0 of breaking both into pieces1 so these lovers of matter detest books and traditions on higher subjects1 and their 8spiritual 767 cravings0 cannot be stilled unless they break traditions and books into pieces4 ,at this we do not wonder2 but as for 8ecclesiastical cobwebs10 what are they8 ,does ,mr4 ,huxley know any cobwebs but his ownand those1 too1 not very 8fine-spun80 ,next comes 8the worship1 #8for the most part of the silent sort1' at the altar of the ,unknown and ,unknowable40 ,this is the last degree of the climax2 and this gives us the measure both of the 8new philosophy10 and of the acute mind of the lay preacher4 ,our 8spiritual cravings0 cannot be stilled until we have done away with that portion of knowledge which concerns our ,lord and ,creator4 ,our scientific ,titans do not want a ,master and a ,judge4 ,the improvement of knowledge must lead us back to the time when a few fools worshipped at the altar of an unknown ,god2 and1 since the absurdity of this pretension had not the merit of being modern1 it became necessary to show the high degree of ignorance which may be united with the improved natural knowledge by proclaiming that the noblest and most human of man's emotions is cherished by a worship which is a moral1 not to say physical1 impossibility4 ,we have now reached the bottom of the 8new philosophy02 we are edified about the improvement of natural knowledge2 we know what is aimed at in the lay sermons on the advisableness of improving natural knowledge2 and we thank ,mr4 ,huxley1 not without a deep sense of melancholy1 for his open profession of infidelity1 which will very likely make harmless all lay sermons which he may venture to preach henceforward4 ,at one thing only we are astonished2 that is1 that the champion of such a causea professorhas not been able to deal with his subject except by a strain of whimsical assertions4 ,is it necessary for us to teach a professor that mere assertions are good for nothing in science8 ,a professor like ,mr4 ,huxley should have understood that1 in the case of new theories1 the absence of proof makes men suspect the intellectual poverty of the orator4 ,still1 the fact remains3 the lay-preacher asserted much1 and proved nothing4 ,the only excuse which we think he can offer may be that a layman has no special vocation and no special grace for preaching2 or1 perhaps1 that nemo dat quod non habet2 or1 lastly1 that the improvement of natural knowledge is in no need of proof1 the assertion of any professor being considered as a sufficient demonstration4 ,and this leads us to the third of ,mr4 ,huxley's discoveries4 ,let us hear him4 ,he asks3 8,what are among the moral convictions most fondly held by barbarous and semi-barbarous people80 ,and he answers3 8,they are the convictions that authority is the soundest basis of belief2 that merit attaches to a readiness to believe2 that the doubting disposition is a bad one1 and scepticism a sin2 that when good authority has pronounced what is to be believed1 and faith has accepted it1 reason has no further duty4 ,there are many excellent persons who yet hold by these principles1 and it is not my present business or intention to discuss their views4 ,all ,i wish to bring clearly before your minds is the unquestionable fact that the improvement of natural knowledge is effected by methods which directly give the lie to all these convictions1 and assume the exact reverse of each to be true40 ,then he adds3 8,the improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge authority as such4 ,for him1 scepticism is the highest of duties1 blind faith the one unpardonable sin4 ,and it cannot be otherwise2 for every great advance in natural knowledge has involved the absolute rejection of authority1 the cherishing of the keenest scepticism1 the annihilation of the spirit of blind faith2 and the most ardent votary of science holds his firmest convictions1 not because the men he most venerates hold them1 not because their verity is testified by portents and wonders1 but because his experience teaches him that1 whenever he chooses to bring these convictions into contact with their primary source1 naturewhenever he thinks fit to test them by appealing to experiment and observationnature will confirm them4 ,the man of science has learned to believe in justification1 not by faith1 but by verification0 7pp4 #fcf1 #fcg74 ,this language is undoubtedly clear1 and its meaning unmistakable4 ,all ,englishmen who have any disposition to believe on good authority1 from ,queen ,victoria down to the meanest of her subjects1 are to be ranked among barbarians or semi-barbarians4 ,and as ,mr4 ,john ,stuart ,mill has already decided1 in his high wisdom1 that barbarians can be justly compelled 7for their own good1 of course7 to bear the yoke of a tyrant1 we can1 by a genial union of the views of these two great men1 substantiate the result of their combined teaching4 8,barbarians1 for their own good1 can be subjected to tyranny0this is the major proposition drawn from ,mr4 ,mill4 8,but ,englishmen who respect authority and believe are but barbarians0this is the minor of ,mr4 ,huxley4 ,the consequence is brutal but evident1 and gives us the measure of the liberality of a certain class of liberals4 ,fortunately1 ,prof4 ,huxley is a very amiable man1 and perhaps he does not hold without limitation the aforesaid principle of his philosophical friend4 ,he even condescends to declare that 8there are many excellent persons who yet hold those convictions of barbarous people10 and says that 8it is not his present business or intention to discuss their views40 ,still1 we are sorry that these 8excellent persons0 are condemned without a hearing2 and as for discussion1 our impression is that ,mr4 ,huxley is much afraid of it1 at least 8for the present40 ,we should prefer that our views were discussed before we are insulted on account of them4 ,who knows whether the issue of such a discussion would not show that the true barbarians1 after all1 are those very worshippers of 8scepticism0 or of the 8,unknown0 and of the 8,unknowable08 ,but let us abstain from retaliation2 we are barbarians1 and our word is worth nothing as long as we continue to hold that 8authority is the soundest basis of belief40 ,and yet we fancy that the ,london plague could only be believed because the authority of a great number of eye-witnesses was the soundest basis of belief4 ,mr4 ,huxley will say that we are mistaken1 as 8the improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge authority as such02 but he has forgotten to tell us on what grounds he himself believes the ,london plague4 ,is it perchance because 8his experience teaches him that1 whenever he chooses to bring his convictions into contact with their primary source1 naturewhenever he thinks fit to test them by appealing to experiment and observationnature will confirm them08 ,we are exceedingly anxious to know the truth4 ,will the lay preacher1 who is so kind1 enlighten us by a clear answer8 ,we have just said that a little discussion would very likely show that ,mr4 ,huxley's remarks apply to his equals rather than to those whom he endeavors to stigmatize4 ,and as we do not belong to the school or sect of which ,mr4 ,huxley is the representative1 and accordingly do not enjoy the privilege of boldly asserting what cannot be proved1 so we are obliged to show what are the reasons of our conviction4 ,mr4 ,huxley believes that 8man is not the centre of the living world1 but one amid endless modifications of life40 ,whence does this conviction come8 ,the learned professor cannot be ranked among civilized people unless he be able to show that his conviction is not grounded on authority1 but on scepticism1 which is 8the highest duty0 of an improver of knowledge4 ,he must be prepared to show that 8he holds it1 not because the men he most venerates hold it1 not because its verity is testified by portents and wonders1 but because his experience teaches him that1 whenever he thinks fit to test it by appealing to experiment and observation1 nature will confirm it40 ,unfortunately for him1 and in spite of his uncommon power of making broad assertions1 he cannot have recourse to such an answer1 inasmuch as it would be received with loud peals of laughter even by his devout flock of ,st4 ,martin's ,hall4 ,in conclusion1 he has caught himself in his own trap1 and we are afraid he must declare himself to be 7horrible to say67 a barbarian1 and an awful barbarian too2 for it is with open eyes1 and with other aggravating circumstances1 that he has done what1 according to him1 only 8barbarous people0 do4 ,this being the case1 no one needs to ask why ,mr4 ,huxley informs us that it is not his present business or intention to discuss the views of those 8excellent persons0 who still believe4 ,he believes himself more than they believe4 ,they believe 8when good authority has pronounced02 the lay preacher believes even without good authority4 ,those 8excellent persons0 smile with the 8keenest scepticism0 at his theory of the ,unknown and of the ,unknowable2 but the lay preacher believes in his theory without proof and against proof1 and thinks that 8reason has no further duty40 ,and it is remarkable that he does not content himself with believing what may appear to be a view of the present or a fact of the past4 ,this would be too little for him2 he believes a great deal more3 he believes in what may be called a dream of the future4 ,yes3 8,if these ideas be destined1 as ,i believe they are1 to be more and more firmly established as the world grows older2 if that spirit be fated1 as ,i believe it is1 to extend itself into all departments of human thought1 and to become co-extensive with the range of knowledge2 if1 as our race approaches its maturity1 it discovers1 as ,i believe it will1 that there is but one kind of knowledge1 and but one method of acquiring itthen we1 who are still children1 may justly feel it our highest duty to recognize the advisableness of improving natural knowledge0 7p4 #fcg74 ,who would have thought or imagined that a man could be so ill-advised as to condense three professions of blind faith in the very lines in which he intends to conclude in favor of scepticism8 ,the consequence of all this is appalling4 ,for how now can ,mr4 ,huxley again present himself to his devout congregation of ,st4 ,martin's ,hall8 ,what can he say in his defence8 ,the best would be to dissemble1 if possible1 and to ignore with a lofty unconcern his numerous blunders2 but men are shrewd1 and the expedient might seem an implicit confession of failure4 ,as for 8discussing the views of those excellent persons0 who still hold the principles of faith1 there can be no question4 ,this would be too much and too little3 too much for the man1 too little for the purpose4 ,and1 in fact1 since ,mr4 ,huxley is himself guilty of that of which he accuses others1 he cannot strike others without wounding himself4 ,the only practical thing would be1 in our opinion1 an explicit1 generous1 and humble confession of guilt4 ,why not8 ,the lay preacher is not the first professor who has spoken nonsense1 nor will he be the last4 ,we are all liable to error and sin2 and recantation and repentance are a right of humanity4 ,on the other hand1 he is not the only man who is guilty of believinghe is in very good company2 for 8there are many excellent persons who still believe10 though undoubtedly he goes further than they do4 ,still1 we apprehend that a lay preacher may find himself a little embarrassed in a subject of this sort2 and as we have already shown what a deep and sincere interest we feel in lay sermons1 and have gained1 perhaps1 a title to a special hearing on the part of the lay preacher1 so1 to relieve him1 at least partially1 from the heavy burden1 we venture to offer him the following plan of a new ,lay ,sermon to be delivered at ,st4 ,martins ,hall on a day not yet appointed4 ,the exordium might contain the following thoughts3 8,my friends1 a sorrowful duty calls me to speak unto you4 ,on ,january #g1 #ahff1 a professor from this very place preached a sermon on the improvement of natural knowledge by unbelief1 and maintained that to believe on good authority was a principle of barbarous or semi-barbarous people4''' ,that professor1 alas6 was myself4''' ,well1 it is my painful duty to tell you to-day that you have been humbugged4''' 7,cheers from the audience47 ,do not cheer2 have pity on me1 my dear brethren4 ,i have sinned against myself1 against you1 and against mankind4 ,this is the distressing truth of which ,i am now ready to make the demonstration40 ,the confirmation would have three parts4 ,in the first he might say3 8,i have sinned against myself in two ways3 ,first1 because ,i uttered assertions calculated to show that ,i am more credulous than those whom ,i reprehend4 ,now1 if men are condemned by me on the ground that they believe #8on good authority1' what will be the sentence reserved for me1 who believe on bad authority and on no authority8 ,secondly1 because ,i put myself in an awkward position as a scientific man4 ,the distance of the earth from the sun ,i hitherto admitted on authority2 the specific weight of most bodies on authority2 the discovery of certain geologic curiosities on authority2 the ratio of the circumference to the diameter on authority1 etc41 etc4 ,verification would have taken too many years of work2 and this seemed to me a good excuse for assuming that there was no harm in believing4 ,but now1 as ,i have declared #8scepticism to be the highest of duties1' to be consistent1 ,i shall be obliged to appeal without intermission to experiment and observation1 and even to calculation2 #8for the man of science has learned to believe in justification not by faith1 but by verification4' ,and so good-by to my lay sermons6 ,it will be quite impossible for me1 while calculating anew the basis of the ,napierian logarithms or the circumference of the circle1 or while testing ,faraday's discoveries by actual experiments1 or travelling to verify the assertions of geological writers1 to dream of popular eloquence40 ,after developing these or similar thoughts1 he would pass to the second part and say3 8,i have sinned against you2 for the principal aim of my sermon was to make you believe what ,i was then saying4 ,how is it possible1 dear friends1 that ,i should have taken pleasure in thus treating you as barbarians or semi-barbarians8 ,civilized men1 according to the theory which ,i then advanced1 #8refuse to acknowledge authority as such4' #8,scepticism1' according to the same theory1 #8is the highest of duties1' and #8blind faith an unpardonable sin4' ,such was my doctrine on ,january #g4 ,yet this very sin1 this unpardonable sin1 ,i suggested to you on that same day1 and you committed it6 ,in fact1 you have believed me4''' ,now1 for this no one is more responsible than myself4 ,i have been your tempter2 ,i did my best to extort your belief2 ,i caused you to believe on my authority1 to believe as barbarians believe6 ,i plead guilty4 ,still1 as you are so kind1 ,i hope that you will excuse me4 ,i admitted1 after all1 that #8there are many excellent persons who yet hold the principle that merit attaches to a readiness to believe1' and therefore both you and myself1 in spite of all that you have believed1 may be excellent persons4 ,another very good reason in my favor is that the subject of that sermon was #8the advisableness of improving natural knowledge'2 now1 our common fault is a very good demonstration of such an advisableness4 ,i might add a third reason4 ,i told you1 and ,i trust that you have not forgotten it1 that #8we are still children4' ,now1 children1 when they err1 deserve indulgence1 etc41 etc40 ,in the third part he would say something like the following3 8,i have sinned against mankind2 for my sermon was calculated to create the impression that those who believe #8when good authority has pronounced what is to be believed' are all barbarians or semi-barbarians4 ,this1 ,i must be allowed to say1 was a very great mistake1 and perhaps an #8unpardonable sin4' ,the ,london plague is believed #8on good authority1' by all ,englishmen at least1 and yetlet me frankly say it,englishmen are not all barbarians4 ,all civilized nations believe that there has been a king called ,alexander the ,great1 a mathematician called ,archimedes1 a woman called ,cleopatra1 an emperor called ,caligula1 and they believe it only #8on good authority'2 and how could this be1 if belief were the lot of barbarous or semi-barbarous people8 ,what ,i say of profane history must be said of the ,biblical also1 and even of the ecclesiastical4 ,no doubt1 dear brethren1 there has been a man called ,moses1 who was a great legislator and prophet2 there has been a man called ,solomon1 who was wiser than you and myself2 there has been a man called ,,jesus1 who wrought miracles in the very eyes of obstinate unbelievers1 and rose from death 7a thing which we1 men of progress1 have not yet learned to do71 thereby showing that he was no mere man1 but man and ,god4 ,to say that this ,god is #8unknown' or #8unknowable' is therefore one of the greatest historical blunders4 ,men have known him1 have loved him1 and have obeyed him4 ,those who have believed in him became models of sanctity1 of charity1 and of generosity2 millions among them were ready to die1 and really died1 for his honor1 and many of them were the greatest and most cultivated minds that have enlightened the world4 ,we scientific infidels1 as compared with them1 #8are still children4' ,our ,newton believed1 ,galileo believed1 ,leibnitz believed1 ,volta believed1 ,galvani believed1 ,ampre believed1 ,cauchy believed1 ,faraday believed4 ,these were men2 these have created modern science4 ,but what are we unbelievers8 ,what have we done8 ,where are our creations8creations1 ,i say1 not merely of modern time1 but of unbelievers8 #8,we are children',i am glad to repeat it4 ,we have invented nothing4 ,we1 in our capacity of unbelievers1 are only parasitic plants which suck the sap of a gigantic tree,christianityand live upon it1 and yet we have been so ill-advised as to call ourselves #8improvers of natural knowledge1' and1 worse still1 we have attached the name of barbarians to #8excellent persons1' even though we are no better than they1 etc41 etc40 ,in the peroration he might say3 8,and now we come to our conclusion4 ,the conclusion evidently is that true barbarians are not those who believe #8on good authority1' but those who endeavor to #8still spiritual cravings' with purely material objects4 ,no1 dear brethren1 spiritual cravings cannot be stilled by knowledge of material things alone4 ,spiritual cravings imply the existence of a spiritual soul3 and a spiritual being cannot be satisfied with the knowledge of matter alone1 etc4 etc4 ,as for the idea of drawing #8a new morality' from the improved natural knowledge1 ,i need scarcely tell you that it was only a joke4 ,you know too well that morality transcends the physical laws1 and cannot come out of matter2 and you know also that a #8new' morality is as impossible as a new ,god1 etc40 ,and here the orator might give way to the fulness of his feelings1 according to the penitent disposition of the moment4 ,hitherto we have addressed ourselves to the lay preacher exclusively2 we will now address a word to the man4 ,we trust that ,professor ,huxley will not feel offended at our remarks and suggestions4 ,it is true that unbelievers1 whilst ready1 and even accustomed1 to attack all mankind1 are often very sensitive when they themselves are either unmasked or criticised4 ,but we feel persuaded that ,professor ,huxley will not be angry with us4 ,our reason is1 first1 that we might have smiled in secret at the lay sermon on the advisableness of improving natural knowledge by unbelief2 and if we did it the honor of a lengthy refutation1 we have given the orator a greater importance than he himself would have expected4 ,on the other hand1 we have been attacked2 and1 accordingly1 we would have been cowards had we been afraid of answering4 ,moreover1 we have treated him not only fairly1 but with great indulgence4 ,what we have said is only a small part of what we might have said4 ,we made no remark on his proposition that 8whether these ideas 7which alone can still spiritual cravings7 are well or ill founded1 is not the question0 7p4 #fcf72 and yet this assertion on account of its neutrality between truth and error1 would have supplied abundant matter for criticism2 but we abstained4 ,we could have animadverted on the very phrase 8natural knowledge10 which he takes as meaning the knowledge of physical laws1 and yet it is presented by him as comprehensive of all possible knowledge2 whereas it is evident that natural knowledge extends far beyond physical things4 ,we might have objected to the captious expression 8blind faith10 on account of the latent assumption that faith is not prompted by reasonable motives and has no reasonable grounds4 ,we might have pointed out the recklessness of the proposition3 8,there is but one kind of knowledge and but one method of acquiring it0a proposition which1 considering the general spirit of the sermon1 would mean that philosophy1 theology1 and religion are a heap of impostures4 ,we might have dwelt on the assertion that 8verities testified by portents and wonders0 are not to be admitted on this ground by the votary of science2 as if portents and wonders were not facts1 or as if the votary of science were obliged by his profession to blind himself to the natural evidence of supernatural facts4 ,it appears1 then1 that we had copious materials for further criticism2 but we have not found it necessary to dwell upon them4 ,what we have said is1 in our opinion1 sufficient for the defence of those principles which every enlightened man most cherishes as the very foundations of human society4 ,we have remained1 therefore1 within the limits of a fair and equitable reply2 and if we have laughed at the ignorance of the unbeliever1 we have respected as far as possible the person of the professor4 ,a ,,christmas ,,legend4 ',twas midnight1 and the ,christmas bells were chiming loud and clear3 ,peal after peal glad tidings bore to ,christians far and near4 ,those throats of metal seemed to chant in solemn tones and slow3 ,en puer nobis natus est3 laus ,jesu ,domino4 ,the night winds heard1 and thereupon took up the holy song ,first learned by them when angel hosts surprised the shepherd throng4 ,the very river caught the strain1 and whispered as it ran3 8,glory to ,god in heaven above2 on earth be peace to man40 ,the ocean from the river took the tidings glad and good2 ,like monks white-cowled its crested waves in mighty chorus stood2 ,then1 hastening on with joyous shout1 cried loud from shore to shore3 ,the ,christ is born3 let all the world its ,king and ,god adore4 ,floating flakes of fleecy snow fell fast o'er frozen earth1 ,just as they fell that winter night that saw the ,saviour's birth2 ,through painted casements all ablaze with saintly forms and fair ,streamed light that tinged the drifted snow with color here and there2 ,the mighty organ loudly pealed and mingled in accord ,with holy voices chanting high the anthems of their ,lord3 8,venite ,adoremus0 sang the choristers that night ,within the old cathedral church1 which shone with many a light2 8,et ,verbum ,caro factum est10 thus sung the chant again1 ,while clouds of fragrant incense rose and floated through the fane4 ,many a frocked and cowld monk and many a hooded friar1 ,many a knight of high degree and many a faithful squire1 ,many a youth and many a maid and many a lady fair1 ,knelt side by side1 and1 kneeling1 prayed upon the pavement bare4 ,but1 lo6 beside a pillar's base where scarce the taper's ray ,could light the gloom that hung around or pierce the shadows gray2 ,there knelt a son of ,israel's creed1 whose dark and swarthy face1 ,black raven hair1 and liquid eyes bespoke his ,jewish race4 ,what did he there1 that ,hebrew boy1 that scion of the ,east8 ,why knelt he there 'mid ,christian souls to keep a ,christian feast8 ,why were his eyes devoutly fixed upon an image fair8 ,why prayed that unbaptizd child1 why sang1 why knelt he there8 99 99 99 99 99 ,of wealthy ,jewish parents born1 young ,david oft had heard ,the boys of that old city tell of ,jesus ,christ the ,word1 ,who1 of a ,jewish ,virgin born1 came down on earth to dwell1 ,to save mankind from sin and death2 and oft had heard as well ,how ,mary1 ,god's dear ,mother1 loved all ,christians great and small1 ,and how she never failed to hear a contrite sinner's call4 ,so he1 too1 learned to love her well1 and each and every day ,that ,jewish lad would clasp his hands and most devoutly say 8,o ,mary of the ,christians1 who wast born of ,israel's race6 ,take pity on a ,hebrew boy who longs to see thy face40 ,thus day by day and month by month young ,david ever cried1 ,and more to learn of ,christian truth with fondest ardor sighed4 ,on ,christmas ,eve he heard the bells ring sweetly from the spire1 ,and of one ,mark1 a chorister1 did earnestly inquire3 8,dear ,mark1 why chime thy church's bells so joyously to-night1 ,while all the painted windows shine with such unwonted light80 8,o ,david60 quick his friend rejoined1 8the bells are ringing clear4 ,in greeting to the holiest feast throughout the ,christian year2 ,for on this night1 long years agone1 was born our ,blessed ,lord1 ,by ,mary in a manger laid1 by angel hosts adored4 ,but see1 dear friend1 ,i cannot now to speak with you delay2 ,for swiftly to the sacristy ,i needs must haste away4 ,i am a chorister1 you know10 he said with honest pride2 ,then added1 as he turned to leave his young companion's side3 8,my voice to-night in holy song to faithful souls shall tell ,how ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 came down on earth to dwell4 ,good-night1 good-night10 at last he said1 and then away he ran4 ,poor ,david's eyes were filled with tears1 his cheeks were pale and wan2 ,but as he listened to the chimes that quivered on the air1 ,from out his inmost heart the boy sent up his simple prayer3 8,o ,mary of the ,christians1 who wast born of ,israel's race6 ,take pity on a ,hebrew boy who longs to see thy face40 ,while thus he prayed he turned his steps towards the sacred fane1 ,nor paused until he gained the porch1 where such a wondrous strain ,of holy music greeted him that1 trembling1 half with fear ,and half with joy1 he hid himself1 and there saw passing near ,a noble rank of men and boys in wonderful array1 ,with flambeaux in their hands which made the church as light as day4 ,first came a fair-haired ,christian boy1 of figure tall and slight1 ,a smoking censer in his hand1 and clad in robe of white4 ,then came two acolytes1 who bore two candlesticks of gold1 ,with tapers tall of perfumed wax of costliness untold4 ,a young subdeacon slowly marched these acolytes between2 ,a massive silver cross he bore aloft with reverent mien4 ,then1 two and two1 came choristers in linen fair and white2 ,the younger first1 in order due1 each holding to the light ,his psalter1 silver-clasped1 and all in vellum richly bound4 ,here ,david gazed intently1 and1 so gazing1 quickly found ,his little friend1 the chorister1 who walked with steady pace1 ,whose silvery voice in ringing tones filled all the holy place4 ,the bishop then with lordly train walked last of all the band1 ,a golden mitre on his head1 a crosier in his hand4 ,his vestments 'broidered were with pearls1 and rays of green and red ,from emeralds fair and rubies bright on every side were shed4 ,when all had passed1 poor ,david crept from out his hiding-place1 ,and slowly followed up the throng with soft and stealthy pace4 ,then1 fearing lest his ,jewish dress might some attention draw1 ,he sank down at the pillar's base where first his form we saw4 ,then1 as the holy service rose to ,god1 and voice of prayer1 ,and hymns and canticles of praise filled all the listening air1 ,the ,hebrew lad fell prone upon his face1 and there adored1 ,whilst once again to ,mary he the oft-said prayer outpoured3 8,o ,mary of the ,christians1 who wast born of ,israel's race6 ,take pity on a ,hebrew boy who longs to see thy face40 8,thou seest it60 cried at ,david's side a clear and heavenly voice1 ,whose very tones1 though soft and low1 made ,david's heart rejoice4 ,he raised his face1 and forthwith saw a vision standing nigh1 ,around whose head there brightly shone the glory of the sky4 ',twas ,mary's self1 and thus she spoke in accents sweet and mild3 8,fear not4 ,arise and come with me1 my well-belovd child40 ,the lad arose2 ,our ,lady dear then grasped his trembling hand1 ,and led him to the chancel gates unseen by all the band4 ,just as they stood beneath the ,rood loud rang the sacring-bell1 ,which did to all the holy time of ,consecration tell4 ,this when she heard1 our ,mother knelt upon the marble floor2 ,for ,mary's ,son is ,mary's ,god and ,lord for evermore4 ,she then arose and stood unseen till ,holy ,mass was o'er1 ,then forward stepped1 and1 with the lad1 the prelate stood before4 8,behold10 she said1 and as she spoke the church was filled with light1 ,and all fell down upon their knees in wonder at the sight4 8,behold4 ,i bring you here a soul who1 though he knew me not1 ,has ever called upon my name1 and aye bewailed his lot ,because he knew not as he wished the true1 the ,christian creed3 ,i bring him that he may become an ,israelite indeed40 ,she spoke1 and bright the radiance gleamed around her saintly head1 ,and odors most celestial were throughout the building shed4 ,then1 as the whole assembly gazed on all with mute surprise1 ,she vanished in a silver cloud from 'fore their wondering eyes4 ,the holy bishop first found voice1 and thus devoutly said3 8,mother of ,god1 thy blest command shall be at once obeyed4 ,divine behests brook no delay2 so here1 before the night ,doth older grow1 let me bestow the laver's saving rite40 ,the water brought1 redemption's stream o'er ,david flowed that hour1 ,and sparkled on his forehead white like dewdrops on a flower4 8,te ,deum laudamus0 chanted then the choristers with joy1 ,and rushed to give a kiss of peace unto the happy boy4 ,but what is this8 ,he does not stir nor lift his bended head6 ,david1 his white robe yet unstained1 was kneeling calm and dead4 ,on that ,te ,deum's outstretched wings his soul had upward soared ,to keep in heaven its ,christmas morn with ,mary and his ,lord4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,xvii4 ,when the great city lay buried in that obscurity which the mantle of night had thrown over all1 and while she seemed to sleep1 resting on her bed of earth1 by the banks of the river that flowed for ever with a measured soundwhen she seemed to sleep at last1 although neither the scholar1 nor the afflicted1 nor the criminal whom she enclosed in her bosom could have extinguished in the depths of their being the fire of intelligence which consumed themthere was to be seen a silent and fugitive figure gliding along by the walls of the ,tower1 upon which a noble and slender form was reflected4 ,the light footfall made no sound1 the sighs of her heart were stifled1 and the folds of her veil hung motionless4 ,she seated herself on the stone threshold of the awful gate1 and for a long time wept in silence4 8,naught60 she said4 8,not a sound to be heard4 ,these walls are like the hearts of the judges4 ,children weep10 she said again4 8,what are tears but weakness and water8 ,not a gleam6 ,it seems they have here neither fire nor life4 ,what is this that consumes my heart8 ,weep1 women6 weep in your silken robes1 under your downy coverings6 ,as for me1 it is the night wind dries my tears1 and the damp earth drinks them up6 ,when wilt thou cease to weep1 and when will the heart of ,margaret feel revived8''' ,but why be astonished to feel it tremble8 ,has it not been broken like a precious vase which can never more be mended8 8#8,come1 ,margaret1 white ,margaret6' they used to say when you trod on the grass of the fields1 ,come1 death1 or yet a moment of life40 ,and the young girl1 standing on tiptoe1 with strong arm and powerful effort1 raised the heavy bronze griffin1 which fell resounding upon the brass of the doors1 and then she started1 for at times she was a woman4 ,but there was no response2 and when the sound of the iron had ceased to vibrate1 and1 it seemed to her1 had exhausted itself in the air1 nothing was heard but the monotonous dashing of the waves which came to die at the foot of the wall2 and nothing more disturbed the silence of the night4 8,deaf as the pity in their souls60 she said after some moments4 ,and this time she knocked without flinching2 for already ,margaret had recovered from her fears4 ,but a long and mournful silence continued to reign4 ,whilst she was trying so ineffectually to reach her father1 ,sir ,thomas re-entered the ,tower1 exhausted by fatigue4 ,he had been confined in a still more gloomy and narrow cell4 ,a miserable lamp1 high placed1 dimly lighted the obscurity4 ,he was seated in a corner1 and1 alone at least1 he went over in his mind the agonies he had endured in that fatal journey4 8,where is my daughter now80 he said to himself4 8,alas6 ,i saw her but an instant going out from before the judges4 ,she will have seen that axe turned toward me4 ,she will have said to herself there is no more hope2 that ,i was branded with the seal of the condemned2 that what she had heard was indeed true4 ,if only she had returned to ,chelsea6 ,for they will not permit me to linger3 ,cromwell's eyes gleamed with a ferocious light4 ,yet what have ,i done to this man to make him hate me so intensely8 ,my ,god1 permit me not to be betrayed into an emotion of hatred against0 7,sir ,thomas hesitated78against my brother10 he continued with courage2 8for1 after all1 he is a man like myself1 formed in the same mould1 animated by the same intelligence2 and it is better to be persecuted than to be the persecutor4 ,pardon him1 then1 ,o my ,god6 ,let your mercy be extended toward him1 surround him on all sides1 and never remember against him the evil he has wrought on me40 ,while reflecting thus ,sir ,thomas suddenly heard a slight noise4 ,he paused1 and1 seized with inexpressible anxiety1 listened almost without breathing4 8,it was in such manner he walked6 ,it is he6 ,it is ,rochester60 he cried4 8,but no1 ,i am mistaken2 that cannot be10 he said1 casting his eyes around him4 8,they have changed my cell2 alas6 ,i could not hear him even should he be there4 ,it is an error of my troubled imagination40 ,but the noise increased1 and ,sir ,thomas soon heard them opening the doors which led to his cell4 ,some one was approaching4 8,again60 he said4 8,they will not1 then1 allow me a moment of repose40 ,and he saw ,sir ,thomas ,pope coming in1 bearing a roll of paper in his right hand4 ,pope approached ,more and presented the paper4 ,sir ,thomas calmly took it from his hands1 and1 looking at ,pope1 said3 8,what6 ,master ,pope1 the king has already signed the death-warrant80 ,glancing over the paper1 he saw that his execution was set down for the next morning at nine o'clock4 8,the king1 in his ineffable clemency10 said ,pope with an air of constraint1 8commutes your punishment to that of decapitation40 8,i am much beholden to his majesty10 said ,sir ,thomas4 8,still1 good ,master ,pope1 ,i hope that my children and my friends may never have need of any such favor40 ,more smiled at first2 then he regarded ,pope with an expression of indefinable melancholy1 and was silent4 8,it is trueit is too true10 stammered ,pope1 8that this is not a great favor4 ,but permit me1 ,sir ,thomas1 to avow to you that your conduct appears to me so strangely obstinate that ,i cannot explain it1 and that you yourself seem to have had the wish to irritate the king against you to the last degree4 ,thus1 you abandon your family1 you leave your home1 you lose your head1 and all rather than take an oath to which our bishops have readily consented40 8,yes1 consented1 and not wished to take10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8partly through fear1 partly through surprise4 ,they have taken it1 you say2 but ,i fear that they may be already repenting it4 ,good ,master ,pope1 if you live you will surely see many strange events taking place in our unhappy country4 ,in separating herself1 in spite of the law of ,god1 from the ,church of ,rome1 you will see ,england change her face2 intestine wars will rend her2 the blood of her children will flow in every direction for centuries1 perchance4 ,who can foretell whither the path of error will lead us when once we have taken the first step8 ,doubtless we are still ,christians2 but ,christians who1 separated from the mother that gave them birth1 will soon have lost the revivifying spirit they have received from her4 ,the ,catholic faith1 ,i know1 cannot perish from the earth2 but it can depart from one country into another4 ,if1 in three hundred years from now1 we were permitted to return1 you and ,i1 to this world1 we should find the faith1 as to-day1 pure from all error1 one1 and resting upon the indivisible truth1 yet submitting to that supreme ,head1 to this key of ,st4 ,peter1 which indeed some mortal men shall have carried a moment in their hands1 and which is so violently attacked to-day4 ,but my country1 this land that ,i lovefor it holds the ashes of my fatherwhat is it destined to undergo8 ,the incoherence and diversity of human opinions2 the violence1 the absurdities of the passions which shall have dictated them4 ,divided into a thousand sects1 a thousand clashing opinions1 you will not find a single family1 perhaps1 where they are united in one common faith1 in the same hope and the same charity6 ,and this divine ,word1 the ,sacred ,scriptures1 which we have received from our fathers1 abandoned to the ignorance and the pride of a pretended liberty1 will have1 perhaps1 become only the source of horrible crimes and frightful cruelties1 in place of being the foundation of all good and of every virtue60 8,verily1 ,sir ,thomas10 said ,pope1 8you frighten me6 ,how can it hap that the ruin and disasters you have described should be in store for us8 ,no1 no1 ,i do not believe it2 because it is then you would see us all bound up around the centre of unity which they think to destroy to-day by a word6expressions of a spiritual power which the prince may not1 in fact1 exercise40 8,he may not1 as you say10 replied ,sir ,thomas2 8but he will exercise it nevertheless1 and at least ,i shall not have to reproach myself with having contributed to it4 ,oh6 no10 he continued1 8no2 and ,i am happy to shed my blood in testimony of this truth4 ,for listen1 ,master ,pope3 ,i have not sacrificed twenty years of my life in the service of the state without having studied what were her true interests1 and consequently those of society1 which is at the same time her foundation and support2 and ,i declare to you that ,i have recognized and am thoroughly convinced that the ,catholic religion1 the realization of the figurative and prophetic law given to the ,jews1 the development and complete perfection of the natural law1 can alone be the foundation of a prosperous and happy society1 because it alone possesses the highest degree of morals possible to attain2 it alone bears fruit in the heart2 it alone can restrain1 and is able even to destroy1 that selfishness1 natural to man1 which leads him to sacrifice everything to his desires and gratificationsa selfishness which1 abandoned to itself and carried to its greatest length1 renders all social order impossible1 and transforms men into a crowd of enraged enemies bent on mutual destruction4 8,all that tends to disrupt1 then1 all that would alter or attack1 this excellent religion1 is a mortal blow aimed at the country and its citizens1 and necessarily tends to deprive them of that which ensures their dignity1 their safety1 their happiness1 their hopes1 and their future4 ,look around you at the universe1 and behold on its surface the people of those unhappy countries where the light of the ,catholic faith has been extinguished or has not yet been kindled4 ,study their governments1 and behold in them the most monstrous despotisms1 where blood flows like water1 and the life of man is considered of less value than that of the frivolous animal which amuses him4 ,read the cruel laws their ferocity has dictated2 learn the still more crying acts of injustice they commit1 and how they pursue1 as with a tearing lash1 those whose weakness and stupidity have delivered them up as slaves2 tremble at the recital of the tortures and barbarities they inflict before death1 to which they condemn their victims without appeal as without investigation2 behold the arts1 spiritual affection1 sublime poesy1 perish there2 ignorance1 instability1 misery1 and terror succeed them1 and reign without interruption and without restraint4 ,ah6 these noble ideas of right1 of justice1 of order and humanity1 which govern us1 and ensure among us the triumph of the incredulous and proud philosopher1 which makes him say and think that they alone are sufficient for societyhe perceives not1 blind as he is1 that these are prizes in the hand of religion1 who1 extends them to him1 and that1 if he speaks like her1 she speaks still better than he4 ,i do not sayno1 ,i do not saythat we will fall as low as the ,turk1 the ,indian1 or the ,american savage4 ,so long as one glimmer of the ,gospel1 one souvenir of its maxims1 shall remain standing in the midst of us1 we will not lose all that we have received since our ancestors came out of the forests where they wandered1 subsisting on the flesh of wild animals2 but we will begin to recede from the truth1 we will cover it with clouds2 they will become darker and darker1 and soon1 if we still go on1 it will be no longer with a firm and resolute step1 but rather like gloomy travellers wandering in a vast desert without a breath of air or a drop of water40 ,pope listened to ,sir ,thomas without daring to interrupt him1 and felt his heart touched by what he said4 ,for this admirable man possessed the faculty of attracting all who saw him immediately toward him2 and when they heard him speak1 the strength1 the justness of his thoughts and his arguments penetrated little by little into their minds1 until1 almost without perceiving it1 they found themselves entirely changed1 and astonished to feel that they were of the same opinion as himself4 ,pope leaned against a stool which was there1 and remained very thoughtful2 for he had taken the oath himself1 without dreaming that it could result in such serious consequences4 ,neither his convictions1 however1 nor his courage were such as would make him desire to give his life for the truth2 but he could not refrain from admiring this devotion in the illustrious man before him4 ,he looked at him without speaking1 and seemed entirely confounded4 ,mistaking the cause1 and seeing him abstracted and silent1 ,sir ,thomas supposed the conversation had wearied ,pope2 he therefore ceased speaking1 and1 taking up the death-warrant1 he read it a second time4 ,at the end his eyes filled with tears and his sight grew dim4 8,it is1 then1 fixed for to-morrow60 he exclaimed8to-morrow morning4 ,one night only6 ,oh6 how ,i wish they would permit me to write to ,erasmus4#adc ,pope10 said he1 8shall ,i not be permitted to see once more1 for the last time1 my dearly-beloved daughter8 ,i fear that she may be still in the city4 ,i would like her to be sent awaythat ,roper should take her4 ,ah6 ,master ,pope1 it is not the riches or honors of this world which are difficult to sacrifice1 but the affections of the heart1 of the soul that lives within us1 which is entirely ourselves1 without which the rest is nothing40 ,and he again relapsed into silence4 8,i do not think you will be able to see her10 said ,pope1 replying to the question of ,sir ,thomas2 8andeven0 he added with painful hesitation1 8,i am also charged to ask you not to make any remarks to the people on the scaffold4 ,the king hath expressly so willed1 and then he will permit your wife and children to assist at your interment40 8,ah60 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8,i thank his majesty for manifesting so much solicitude about my poor interment2 but it matters little where these miserable bones be laid when ,i have abandoned them4 ,god1 who has made them out of nothing1 will be able to find the ashes and recall them a second time into being when it shall please him to restore them to that indestructible life which he has so graciously vouchsafed to promise them40 8,you wish to speak1 then80 answered ,pope4 8,nevertheless1 ,i believe it would be better not to anger the king more40 8,no1 no60 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8my dear ,master ,pope1 you are mistaken4 ,since the king desires it1 ,i will not speak4 ,most certainly ,i intended doing so2 but since he forbids it1 ,i will forbear4 ,if they refuse me permission to see my daughter10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8,i hope1 at least1 ,i may be able to see the ,bishop of ,rochester2 since he has taken the oath1 they will not fear40 8,taken the oath60 cried ,pope4 8,why1 he has been executed2 he died to-day60 8,he died to-day60 repeated ,sir ,thomas4 8,my friend died to-day6 ,o ,cromwell6 ,may ,god1 whose power is infinite1 hear my voice1 grant my requests3 may the same dangers unite us1 that1 following close in thy footsteps1 my last sigh may be breathed with thine60 ,and ,more1 plunged in the deepest grief1 slowly repeated the memorable words1 the solemn words1 which the holy bishop had pronounced in presence of the ,lord and of his friend during the vigil of ,st4 ,thomas1 when they were alone together in his home at ,chelsea4 8,rochester would not take the oath1 then60 continued ,more in a stifled voice1 clasping his hands and elevating them toward heaven4 8,alas6 no10 replied ,pope4 8,cromwell told me he had40 8,he lied10 answered ,pope1 and his eyes filled with tears4 8,he would not swear80 8,never60 8,pope10 said ,more1 8,i beg you to let me write to ,erasmus4 ,to-morrow ,i shall be no more6 ,you are the last living man to whom ,i shall be able to speak40 8,ah6 ,sir ,thomas10 cried ,pope uneasily1 8if that letter were seized1 what would become of me80 8,let me write a few words on this leaf10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 looking at a leaf of white paper belonging to the book which contained his condemnation8a word on this leaf10 he continued4 8,pope1 you can cut it off and send it later when there will be no danger for you4 ,nay1 good ,pope1 grant me this favor10 he added4 8,i have neither pen nor ink2 but ,i have here a piece of charcoal1 which ,i have already tried to sharpen40 8,ah6 ,sir ,thomas10 replied ,pope1 8,i have not the heart to refuse you2 however1 ,i shall have cause1 perhaps1 to repent it40 8,no6 no60 cried ,sir ,thomas4 8,if you cannot send him this last farewell without being afraid1 you can burn it40 8,write1 then2 ,i consent10 said ,pope2 and he handed the death-warrant to ,sir ,thomas1 who had returned it to him4 ,more seized it1 and wrote the following words3 8,erasmus6 ,o ,erasmus6 my friend1 this is the last time ,i shall have the happiness of pronouncing your name4 ,an entire life1 ,o my friend6 is passed2 it has glided by in a moment4 ,behold one about to end like a day that is closed4 ,i have loved you as long as ,i have had breath2 as long as ,i have felt my heart throb in my bosom the name of ,erasmus has reigned there4 ,alas6 ,i have so many things to say to you4 ,though the words die on my lips1 your heart alone will be able to comprehend mine4 ,may it enter2 may it hear in my soul all that ,more has wished to say to ,erasmus6 8,when you receive this page1 ,i shall be no more2 it is still attached to the writ which contains my sentence of death4 ,erasmus1 ,i am going to leave ,margaret4 ,i abandon my children6 ,our friend ,pierre ,gilles is here4 ,i saw him for a momentthe moment when they were pronouncing sentence on me4 ,without doubt1 to-morrow morning1 ,i shall see him at the foot of the scaffold4 ,i shall be kept at a distance from him2 ,i shall not be able to say a single word to him4 ,my eyes will be directed toward him1 my hand will be stretched out2 but my heart will not be permitted to speak to him6 ,o ,erasmus6 how ,i suffer4 ,and ,margaret,o my friend6 if you had seen her1 how pale she was1 what anguish was painted on all her features4 ,i could wish that she loved me less3 she would not suffer so much in seeing me die4 ,erasmus1 not one minute6 ,time is short2 the hour approaches4 ,oh6 when ,i could write those long letters so peaceably1 when science alone and the good of humanity occupied us both2 when ,i saw those letters despatched so quietly to go in search of you1 and said to myself3 #8,in so many days ,i shall receive his reply6'''' ,no more replies1 ,erasmus6 ,if ever you come to ,england1 you will ask in what corner they have thrown my ashes4 ,oh6 what would become of me if ,i were not a ,christian8 ,what happiness to feel our faith rising up from the depths of wretchedness1 to hear all our groans and lamentions1 and to answer them6 ,i die a ,christian6 ,i die for this faith so pure and beautiful6 for that faith which is the happiness and glory of the human race4 ,at this thought ,i feel myself reanimated2 new strength inspires my heart2 hope inundates my soul4 ,i shall see you all again4 ,yes1 one dayone day after a long absence,i shall clasp you once more to my bosom in the presence of ,god himself4 ,i shall see again my daughter6 ,we will find ourselves invested with our same bodies4 #8,i shall see my ,god1' said ,job2 #8for ,i know that my ,redeemer liveth1 and that ,i shall rise again at the last day2 ,i will go out of this world into that which ,i am about to enter1 and then ,i shall see my ,god4 ,it will be ,i who shall see him1 and not another4' 8,erasmus1 to live for ever1 to love for ever6 ,farewell4 8,your brother1 your friend1 8,,thomas ,,more40 ,the charcoal began to crumble in his hands4 ,he was scarcely able to trace the last words4 ,he pressed his lips on them and returned the book to ,pope4 ,meanwhile1 ,margaret1 tired of knocking1 and losing all hope of reaching her father1 was seated upon the stone step before the door of the prison1 and1 being wrapped in her veil1 she remained motionless and mute1 like a statue of stone whose head1 bowed upon its garments1 is the personification of sorrow and silence4 ,thus she sat absorbed in thought1 and the burning tears had bathed her hands and ran down on her knees1 when the footstep of a man who was approaching from the quay aroused her from her reverie4 ,alarmed1 she arose abruptly1 and1 placing her hand upon a long and sharp dagger she had attached to her side1 she stood awaiting the intruder2 but she recognized ,roper4 8,margaret10 he exclaimed1 8what are you doing there80 ,and he spoke these few words to her in a melancholy tone of voice more expressive of pain than reproach2 because he sought her1 knowing well where he would find her4 8,it is you1 ,roper10 said the young girl1 and she resumed her seat as before4 ,william ,roper then came and seated himself by her side2 taking her cold and wet hand1 he pressed it to his lips with an inexpressible oppression of heart4 8,o ,margaret60 he said at last with a deep sigh1 8why stay you here80 8,to see him again to-morrowyes1 to-morrow6 ,but tell me1 ,roper1 why ,i feel so weak2 why my blood runs so cold in my veins2 why ,i no longer have either strength or energy2 why1 in fact1 ,i feel myself dying1 without being able to cease to exist6 ,o ,william6 look at that dark river in front of us1 and that black hill lifting its head beyond4 ,well6 when the sky begins to grow white on that side1 that will be the light of to-morrow which will dawn2 that will be the hour of the execution approaching2 and then you will see the eager crowd come pressing around the boards of the scaffold1 come to feast on the cruelty of the misfortune it applauds1 to enjoy the death its stupidity has not ordered4 ,you will see them decked out in their ribbons1 while the bells of the city will ring for the feastthe great feast of ,st4 ,thomas2 for that is to-morrow1 and to-morrow they will come to see my father die4 ,then all that ,i love will be torn from me1 and nothing more will remain to me on earth4 ,oh6 how happy are the strong3 they break or perish4 ,roper1 speak to me of ,rochester4 ,i loved him also1 that venerable man4 ,no1 do not speak of him4 ,hush6 ,i know all2 ,i have seen everything4 ,they dragged him to the scaffold2 he prayed for them while holding his feeble1 attenuated neck upon the fatal block2 and1 detached from the earth1 his soul continued in heaven the canticle it had commenced in this world40 8,alas6 yes10 said ,roper4 8,they had to carry him to the scaffold on a chair1 because he was no longer able to sustain himself40 8,ah6 ,roper10 cried ,margaret1 8behold the fatal light6 ,here is the day60 ,and she fell1 almost deprived of consciousness4 8,no1 ,margaret1 no2 the hour strikes1 but it strikes only the small hours of the night4 ,it is not yet day1 my belovedit is not day60 8,oh6 how cold ,i am10 said the young girl1 shaking the veil which enveloped her1 all humid with the dews of night4 8,roper1 is there no more hope1 then8 ,do you believe it8 ,do you believe there is no more hopethat to-morrow ,i will see my father die80 8,alas60 said ,roper1 8,pierre ,gilles has gone to seek the queen and throw himself at her feet40 8,say not the queen60 cried ,margaret4 8,give not the name of queen to that woman60 8,at least1 so they call her10 said ,roper4 8,she is all-powerful2 if she would only ask his pardon6 ,but they press her so much6 ,but1 no1 she will not do it1 ,margaret2 she is a hyena covered with a beautiful skin4 ,she managed to procure the head of ,rochester1 and with her foul hand dealt it an infamous blow4#add ,ah6 ,margaret1 ,i have done wrong in speaking to you thus40 ,and ,roper was silent1 regretting the words that indignation had forced him to utter4 8,she struck it60 cried ,margaret4 8,she recoiled not before those white locks dripping with the blood her crimes caused to flow6 ,william1 ,i shudder at it6 ,oh6 can you believe it8 ,the only time that ,i have seen my father he spoke to me of her with tears in his eyes2 he said that he prayed ,god to raise her soul from out the miserable depths into which she had fallen4 ,roper1 look6there is day60 8,no1 ,margaret1 no60 8,but it will come6 ,ah6 how the hours fly1 and yet ,i would be willing4''' ,no6 no6 nothing4 ,william1 ,i feel as though ,i were dying6 ,yet ,i would wish to see him againagain once more60 ,roper took the hand of his affianced4 ,it was burning2 the irregular and rapid throbbing of her veins betokened the agony that her soul endured4 8,well10 she continued after a moment's silence1 8speak1 thenspeak to me of ,rochester2 tell me how the saints die40 8,margaret1 ,i can talk no more2 ,i feel so crushed by the excess of these afflictions that ,i have not even dared to glance at them40 8,yes1 you were deaf and blind2 you always will be1 and for a long time ,i have been telling you so4 ,it is a long time1 also1 since ,i saw all1 since ,i felt this horrible hour coming on1 since ,i measured the weakness of my hands and curbed the strength of my mind4 ,it is long since ,i knew that ,i must remain alone in this world2 for this life will not depart from my breast1 and without crime ,i cannot tear it away6 ,i must live1 and live deprived of everything4 ,do you see this weapon1 ,roper80 ,and ,margaret drew the poignard1 the blade of which flashed4 8,were ,i not the daughter of ,more2 feared ,i not the ,lord2 if his law1 like a seal of brass1 had not engraven his commandments on my lips and in my heart1 you should see if ,i would not deliver my fatherif ,cromwell1 if ,henry1 struck down suddenly by the arm and the hatred of a woman1 would not have already1 while rolling in the dust and pronouncing my name1 cried to the universe that cursed was the day when they had resolved to assassinate my father6 ,in giving my life ,i became mistress of theirs6 ,ah6 where would they be to-daythis brave king1 this powerful favorite8 ,a little infected dust1 from which the drunken grave-digger would instinctively turn away6 ,but1 ,william1 raise your eyes2 look at those numberless stars that gleam so brightly above our heads6 ,the word of ,him who has suspended them thus in the immensity of the heavens humbles my spirit1 enchains my will4 ,he ordains1 ,i am silent2 he speaks1 ,i obey4 ,impotent by his prohibition alone1 ,i can die1 but not resist him40 ,and ,margaret1 pressing her lips upon the blade of the threatening weapon1 cried3 8,yes1 ,i love thee because thou art able to defend or avenge me2 and if thy tempered blade remains useless in my hands1 say that it is ,god himself who has ordered it4 ,let them render thanks1 then1 to that ,god whom they provoke and despise2 let them return thanks to him2 for neither their guards nor their pride1 their crimes nor their gold1 could have prevented ,margaret from sweeping them from the earth which they pollute1 and breaking their audacious power like a wisp of straw that is given to the winds60 ,she turned toward ,roper1 transported by courage and grief4 ,but she saw that he was not listening1 and that1 entirely crushed by the misery he experienced1 he had not sufficient energy in his soul to try to resist it4 8,he is already resigned60 she said4 ,an expression of scorn and disgust contracted the features of the young girl2 she abruptly withdrew the hand he held in his own2 moving away from him1 she went and seated herself farther off1 and1 remaining with her eyes fixed upon the east1 awaited the moment of harrowing joy which1 while restoring her father to her1 would tear him away from her for ever4 ,as the hours slowly tolled1 each one awaking a dolorous echo in her heartwhen at last she saw the first rays of morning stealing over the heavens1 and the rosy tint which precedes the flame of ,aurorashe turned again toward ,roper2 but1 happy mortal6 his heavy eyelids had lulled his afflicted soul to sleep4 ,as a reaper reposes sweetly in a field covered with rich grain1 so ,roper slept peacefully with his head resting against the walls of a prison4 ,margaret arose instantly1 and1 seized with indignation1 she advanced toward him1 and1 with her hands clasped1 stood regarding him4 8,he sleeps60 she said8he sleeps6 ,truly1 man is a noble being1 full of courage1 of energy1 of impassibility1 of strength of mind4 ,it is thus that they accomplish such great things6 ,dear ,roper1 you belong to this mass of men which crowds us in on every side1 absorbing and devouring our lives6 ,you are their brother1 their friend2 like them1 during the day1 you love that which laughs1 that which sings1 and you sleep during the night4 ,well6 ,i will laugh with you1 with them4 ,are you worthy of beholding me weep8 ,no2 my father alone shall have my last tears1 and carry with him the secret of my soul40 ,and ,margaret1 seizing the hand of ,roper1 shook it violently4 ,he awoke1 startled4 8,it is day60 he said4 8,ah6 it is day6 ,margareteh6 you are weeping40 8,no1 ,i am not weeping10 replied the young girl4 8,i have slept also1 slept very welland ,i am comforted60 8,comforted6 ,what do you mean8 ,has ,pierre ,gilles obtained his pardon8 ,have they granted his freedom80 8,yes1 they have granted his freedomfrom life4 ,in a word1 they will shorten it1 they will drag him from the midst of you4 ,is that a misfortune or a benefit1 an injury or a favor8 ,this is what ,i cannot decide4 ,but as for me1 ,i remain here60 8,margaret10 cried ,roper1 8what is wrong with you80 ,and he gazed at her1 astonished at the cutting irony and the bitter despair expressed in the tone of her voice and imprinted on her features4 8,i no longer recognize you40 8,yes1 ,i am changed1 ,roper4 ,henceforth you shall be my only model4 ,who is that young woman dressed in gauze1 crowned with flowers1 whom the light and rapid dance carries far from the banquet and the cups filled with fragrant cordialswho casts far away from her the memory of her father1 and has forgotten the grave of her mother8 ,that is the wife of ,william1 ,margaret ,roper4 ,no1 ,i do not want that name4 ,go1 keep it2 give it to some one who resembles yourself1 to whom you may bear presents1 and who1 on hearing you say it1 will believe that one can be happyyes1 will believe that it is possible to be happy60 8,margaret10 said ,roper1 more and more surprised1 8,i cannot comprehend what you would say40 8,nor do ,i any more10 replied the young girl1 wiping her forehead2 for she was warm4 8,but do you understand at least1 ,roper1 that the city is awake1 that they are preparing the scaffold down below1 that the soldiers are astir within1 that ,i hear the clanking of their arms1 that we are very soon going to see my father pass8 ,tell me1 ,roper1 how do you contrive to become so unfeeling1 to love nothing1 to regret nothing8 ,have you a secret for this8 ,give it to megive me that which makes one neither feel nor speak2 that one can sleep beside the axe and the prison1 when within the prison lies a father whom they are about to immolate60 ,and she fixed her piercing eyes on him4 8,ah6 ,margaret4 ,yes1 ,i have slept1 ,i have done wrong2 but fatigue overcame me4 ,it seemed to me ,i saw him2 ,i dreamed that ,i had rescued him40 8,yes1 your dreams are always happy2 but look1 ,roper1 here is the reality40 ,margaret withdrew to one side under the walls of the ,tower2 for the door of the fortress was opened1 and they saw a troop of soldiers1 fully armed1 preparing to march out4 8,tower ,hill60 cried their commander2 and they filed out in great numbers4 ,others succeeded them2 they arranged themselves in two columns1 which extended from the gate of the lower to the place of execution1 still dyed with the blood of ,rochester4 ,meanwhile1 the rumor spread abroad rapidly that they had sent for the two sheriffs2 that ,sir ,thomas ,more1 former lord chancellor1 was going to be executed2 and from all directions crowds of people rushed precipitatelysome remembering the lofty position the condemned had occupied2 the greater number1 without thinking of anything 7coming to see the criminal as they would come to see any other71 impelled by instinct1 habit1 or want of occupation1 arrived without aim1 as without reflection4 ,who can paint the anguish of ,margaret when she felt herself surrounded1 jostled1 elbowed1 by this turbulent throng1 crowding and shouting1 which pushed her up against the prison walls1 threatening to carry her forcibly from the inch of ground which she had held all night2 and more still by this ignoble mob of malefactors1 vagabonds1 of adventurers of all kinds1 who came in those days of murder to learn in the public square what their own end would be1 and to behold the funeral couch society had destined for them on the day they should fail in audacity or skill4 ,who can describe1 express1 or feel the shame that overwhelmed her soul in spite of her reason1 and suffused her pure brow with the blush of ignominy1 when she heard them pronounce the name of her father1 howling and clapping their hands because the criminal was slow in appearing and the tragedy they awaited did not begin8 ,her weary eyes sought ,pierre ,gilles in this tumult1 and he was not there4 ,he1 at least1 would have understood ,margaret4 ,she was unable to explain his absence2 he had no more hopeunless the queen had detained him4 ,but he must know that the execution was near1 that the hour had arrived4 ,and if he had obtained it1 and should this pardon arrive too late6 ,a thousand times ,margaret1 rendered desperate1 was on the point of addressing the fickle crowd surrounding her4 ,she wanted to say to them3 8,i am his daughter6 ,oh6 save my father4 ,he who sacrificed his life1 his comforts1 his happiness1 to govern you wisely1 to render you full justice1 to reconcile your families1 is going to perish unjustly60 ,but her anxious gaze fell only on faces coarse1 stupid1 indolent1 impassible1 or vicious4 ,then she felt the words die on her lips1 while courage and hope expired in her heart4 ,the hours glide away in these mortal agonies2 for they pass as rapidly in the excess of sorrow as during the intoxicating seasons of joy and happiness4 ,presently ,margaret heard a confused noise arise4 ,the masses moved2 the soldiers drew up closer1 brandishing their armsthey were afraid of being overwhelmed4 ,the crowds climbed on everything they could find3 the quay1 the carts1 carriages1 stepsthey took possession of all1 made ladders of everything4 ,margaret is drawn into this frightful whirlpool2 she struggles in vain1 trying to make room and to stand firm4 ,a loud clamor arose1 re-echoed1 increased1 was reproduced in the distance4 8,he comes6 he comes60 they cried on all sides4 8,how pale he is6 ,that is he6 that is ,sir ,thomas ,more1 the old lord chancellor6 ,oh6 how poor he looks4 ,he walks with difficulty2 he leans on a stick2 he has a cross of red wood in his hand2 he bows on each side of him4 ,there are the sheriffs walking behind him4 ,there is a tall black man who follows them4 ,do you see the lieutenant of the ,tower8 ,he is there also4 ,hush6 he makes a sign with his hand4 ,he smiles6 ,how fast they carry him along6 ,one has not time to see him4 ,are they afraid1 then1 that we will take him away by force8 ,eh6 no person thinks of that4 ,he has done something very bad1 they say4 ,we believed him so good6 ,ah6 here is somebody stopping him4 ,look6 look6 ,he speaks6 he speaks6 ,yes1 he speaks60 ,for ,margaret1 reduced to despair1 animated by a superhuman strength1 has broken through the ranks1 passed through the guards4 ,she throws herself on the neck of ,more2 she sees him1 she embraces him1 she clasps him to her throbbing1 palpitating bosom4 8,my daughter6 my daughter60 said ,more1 pressing her to his heart2 8oh6 what anguish to see you here40 ,and his cheeks1 pale and furrowed by suffering1 were wet with tears that brought no relief to his soul4 ,at this spectacle the guards themselves were moved4 8,that is his daughter1 his poor daughter60 they exclaimed on all sides2 and by a unanimous movement of respect and compassion they stepped aside1 forming a circle around him1 while the tears flowed from all eyes4 8,how beautiful she is60 said the men4 8,how young she is60 exclaimed the women4 8,my father6 my beloved father60 cried ,margaret1 shuddering1 8beg of ,god that ,i may not survive you2 that ,i also may soon leave this world when you abandon it6 ,o my father6 bless me again1 and swear to me that you will ask ,god to let me die also40 ,she threw herself on her knees without letting go his hands1 which she bathed with a torrent of tears and pressed against her face as though without power to release them4 8,dearly beloved daughter60 said ,more1 resting his hand upon her long1 dishevelled locks1 8oh6 yes1 may the ,lord bless you as ,i love and bless you myself4 ,you have been a sacred charge1 a treasure of joy and happiness which he has given me2 ,i return it to him6 ,he is your first ,fatherhe will never abandon you2 and one daya day not far distant1 for the life of man is but a breath that passes in a momentwe shall be reunited1 to be no more separated1 in a blessed eternity6 ,margaret1 since ,i have had the happiness of seeing you before ,i die1 take my blessing to your brothers and your sisters2 tell them1 and also all my good friends1 to pray the ,lord for me6 ,you know them8 ,o ,margaret6 let ,pierre ,gilles learn from you how much ,i have loved him2 how deeply ,i am touched1 and grateful for this voyage he made1 ,i doubt not for me alone4 ,alas6 if ,i feel a regret in dying1 it is because of not being able to tell him this myself4 ,why is he not with you8 ,but ,i perceive ,roper1 my beloved daughter2 give him also a thousand blessings4 ,you know that ,i have regarded him for a long time as my son2 love him as you have loved myself1 and let your tears flow not without consolation1 because1 since it pleases ,god to permit me to die to-day1 ,i am perfectly resigned to his will1 and ,i would wish nothing changed40 ,and ,sir ,thomas1 bending over her1 clasped her closely to his heart4 8,let me follow you60 she gasped in a low voice2 for she was no longer able to speak4 8,margaret1 you give me pain40 8,i would follow you10 she said in still more stifled tones4 8,ah6 ,kingston10 exclaimed ,more 7and the perspiration poured from his forehead71 8my good friend1 assist me in placing her in the hands of her husband40 8,i will do it10 cried a bellowing voice well known to ,sir ,thomas4 8,master ,roper1 come and take your wife away40 ,and they saw the hideous face of ,cromwell pass1 who surveyed those who accompanied the condemned4 ,in the meantime ,william ,roper had succeeded in pushing his way through the crowd2 he took the hand of ,more1 and kissed it1 weeping4 8,take her1 my son10 said ,more1 entirely occupied with ,margaret4 8,i confide her to you1 ,i give her to you2 be her support1 her friend1 her defender60 ,and he turned to resume his march4 ,margaret1 observing this movement1 again endeavored to rush toward him2 but the crowd hurried on1 the guards closed around1 and she found herself separated from her father4 ,he cast upon her a last look1 which he carried to the skies4 ,she uttered a piercing cry2 but already he had moved on and far away4 ,she rushed forward1 endeavoring again to break through the crowd2 but curiosity had made them form like a rampart1 growing every instant around her4 ,she heard the commands of the military authorities2 already she could not see beyond the group that surrounded her2 then she almost lost the use of reason4 8,save my father6 save him60 she cried1 extending her suppliant hands toward those who environed her1 whose sympathies were diversely excited according to their different characters4 8,why have they brought this young woman to this place80 said the good ones4 8,his daughter1 his poor daughter60 murmured the more compassionate4 8,she looks like a lunatic60 replied the others4 8,she will die from this2 it will kill her4 ,it is most cruel6 ,if the king had only granted his pardon6 ,he might have done it40 8,yes1 pardon1 pardon60 repeated ,margaret1 frenzied and wandering4 8,they have granted his pardon1 ,i assure you4 ,pierre ,gilles has been to ,hampton ,court to find that woman4 ,roper1 is it not so8 ,roper1 ,i am dying2 take me away40 ,and she grew pale and seemed ready to faint4 ,three or four hands were immediately advanced to sustain her2 but ,roper would not suffer them to touch her1 and1 raising her in his arms1 he asked them to make way for him to lead her out of the crowd and from the place4 ,the crowd opened with respect1 and he assisted ,margaret to the same place where she had passed the night awaiting1 with her eyes fixed on the horizon1 the terrible day which was to remove her for ever from her father4 8,it is daylight1 daylight10 said ,margaret4 8,yonder1 ,roper6 ,and when night comes on1 he will be already cold in death6 ,o ,roper6 all this in one day4 ,william1 give him back to me6 ,what have they done with him8 ,oh6 no1 he will not die4 ,he is going to the king60 ,she kept her eyes fast closed1 and poor ,roper regarded her with anxiety4 8,they have forced him away6 ,you know the place where the soldiers have taken him4 ,i have seen it,i have seen everything4 ,but that was yesterday1 ,roper4 ,i have lost my reason10 she suddenly exclaimed1 opening her eyes1 filled with terror4 8,tell me1 where is he8 ,they will let me bury his body1 will they not8 ,i will kiss his face1 ,i will embalm him2 and you will bury me beside him1 will you not1 ,roper8 ,they will not leave it on the bridgethat head2 ,i will remain on my knees until they give it to me6 ,o ,heaven6 dost thou heardost thou hear the cries of the people8 ,all is ended2 the crime is consummated6 ,my father has left the earth6 ,roper1 let us go to the church2 ,i want to prayto pray until eternity60 ,alas6 ,margaret spoke truly4 ,arriving at the scaffold1 ,more1 after having embraced the executioner and given him a gold angel in token of forgiveness1 was beheaded by the same axe1 upon the very block on which the head of his friend ,rochester had fallen a few hours before4 ,thus perished these two illustrious men1 the glory and honor of ,england4 ,thus began the cruel schism which since then has torn so many children from the church1 separated a great number of ,christians from the common trunk1 and deprived1 in the course of centuries1 so many souls of the knowledge of the eternal and indivisible truth4 ,and now1 when old ,england unrolls before the eyes of the eager explorer of the past the long list of her kings1 she places one of her fingers upon the bloody diadem which encircles the brow of ,henry ,,viii41 and with the other she points out to the moved heart the spot where1 their dust mingled together1 sleep within the walls of her most ancient fortress the victims of the fury of this king4 ,for she also1 that first cause of so many woesthe young ,anne ,boleyn1 so proud of her fatal beautypassed from the throne to the scaffold at the very moment when ,catherine was dying of misery1 pain1 and neglect in the depths of an obscure city4 ,the odious ,cromwell1 who had guided her to that scaffold1 was not long in following her1 and his ignoble blood was at last brought to expiate in the same place that of the illustrious ,more4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such1 reader1 is the recital which as a faithful historian ,i resolved to set before you4 ,a book is a thought4 ,mine has been written to emphasize a truth in our days too often forgottenwhich is1 that religion alone can lead men to happiness and perfection2 that1 being the most perfect law which it is possible to conceive of or attain1 it is to her alone we should attach ourselves1 and it is by her alone the state will see reared in its midst wise and just rulers or noble and generous citizens2 that all1 in fine1 will see wisdom1 science1 order1 and prosperity flourish4 ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 #adc ,the learned ,erasmus was then at the height of his brilliant fame4 ,after numerous visits to ,england1 where he had formed an intimate friendship with ,thomas ,more1 he fixed his residence at ,ble1 in ,switzerland4 ,admired by all the princes of his time1 by all his learned contemporaries and a crowd of illustrious men1 he contributed by his powerful writings to restrain ,germany from barbarism4 #add ,this fact is related by an ,english historian1 who has written the life of the ,bishop of ,rochester4 ,the same author adds that ,anne ,boleyn1 in giving the blow1 cut her finger against one of the teeth which the axe had broken2 that there came a sore on the finger2 that they had the greatest difficulty in getting it healed1 and she carried the scar until her death4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,advent4 ,clear as the silver call ,of ,israel's trumpets on her holy days1 ,calling her children from all walks and ways1 ,the church's accents fall4 ,with sweet and solemn sound ,where winter's ice imprisons lake and stream1 ,where tropic woods with fadeless summer gleam ,they make their joyful round ,joyful1 and yet how grave2 ,bidding us kneel with faces to the east1 ,and watch for ,him1 our sacrifice and priest1 ,who cometh1 strong to save4 ,as1 at a mother's feet1 ,the children of one household sit to learn ,some sweet domestic lesson1 each in turn ,his portion to repeat1 ,so1 at this holy tide1 ,calling us round her for exalted talk1 ,from each loved haunt1 from each familiar walk1 ,she bids us turn aside ,and list while she relates ,the blessed storyold1 yet ever new ,of ,him1 the ,sun of ,righteousness1 the ,true1 ,whose dawn she celebrates4 ,now the rapt prophets sing ,their anthems in each bowed and listening ear2 ,now the bold ,baptist's clarion voice we hear ,down the glad centuries ring2 ,till1 fired with joy as they ,who spread their garments 'neath his precious feet1 ,with rapture we go forth our ,lord to meet1 ,our glad hosannas pay4 ,yet list6 ,another note ,blends with the holy song our ,mother sings1 ,and1 high above the harp's exultant strings1 ,clear1 trumpet-like doth float4 ,he comes to judge the world2 ,to garner up his wheat1 to purge his floor1 ,while into flames of fire for evermore ,the worthless chaff is hurled4 ,lord6 we would put aside ,the gauds and baubles of this mortal life ,weak self-conceit1 the foolish tools of strife1 ,the tawdry garb of pride ,and pray1 in ,christ's dear name1 ,thy grace to deck us in the robes of light2 ,that at his coming we may stand aright ,and fear no sudden shame4 ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgf4 ,the year has been one of grave anxiety to all the world4 ,it opened in shadow2 it closes in gloom4 ,among nations as among individuals there prevails a feeling of uneasiness1 of dread at a something impending4 ,here at home we are happily removed from the dangers that the ,european nations have for centuries invited4 ,we have no national crimes to answer for4 ,we have not persecuted ,god's church4 ,we have not martyred his confessors4 ,we have not sealed our ,constitution with heresy4 ,we have not betrayed a faith committed to our keeping4 ,and these are things worth priding ourselves on1 worth confirming ourselves in1 in the centennial year of our ,republic4 ,they are the brightest jewels in the nation's crown1 and may they shine there for ever6 ,of course we have had our faultsabundance of them4 ,we have made mistakes1 and in the course of human events will probably make many more1 for nations never become great without suffering and sacrifice2 they can no more hope to escape these fiery proofs than individuals4 ,but at least we have1 as a nation1 been guiltless of the graver sins against ,god1 his church1 and humanity4 ,and it is on this fact above all that men who believe in a ,god ruling over this world found their hopes for the future4 ,it is not our purpose here even to glance at our history in the past hundred years4 ,our present business is with the year just closing4 ,looking at the plain1 level facts before us1 we confess that they wear an ugly aspect4 ,it is painful to be compelled to acknowledge that the dawn of the hundredth year of our national existence might have been far brighter4 ,unhappily1 the legacy of many years of mistakes1 misgovernment1 andlet it be confessed with painof malfeasance in high places1 both in ,state and national offices1 has accumulated to fall upon this year of all others4 ,one good1 at least1 has come from it4 ,the nation1 in ,american fashion1 injured as it was1 has at length faced the evil1 which is in itself and due to no extraneous influence at all4 ,the year opened with investigations4 ,indeed1 it has been pre-eminently a year of investigations2 and much matter there was to inquire into4 ,the result showed a wide-spread corruption in the national administration4 ,this corruption was probably one of the results of the war2 but it was none the less corruption on that account4 ,the ,rebellion had been crushed1 heroic deeds had been done4 ,v victis6 ,there was an army of political heroes waiting for their reward4 ,there are more ways than one of sacking a city4 ,in these days we sack nationsas witness ,germany and ,franceand arrange the terms of the sacking in peaceful convention4 ,there are insects that thrive and grow fat on corruption4 ,some of these set on the carcase of the dead ,south4 ,others settled on the offices of national1 ,state1 and municipal government4 ,they have been eating their way into the body politic for sixteen years4 ,there is only a rotten shell left1 and this year that shell fell to pieces4 ,in treating of the last ,presidential election in our annual review of four years back1 we wrote3 8,general ,grant was re-elected4 ,the opposition arrayed against him ''' utterly broke down4 ,general ,grant's is undoubtedly a national election2 we trust1 therefore1 that his future term may correspond with the confidence placed in his rule by the nation2 may be productive of all the good which we expect of it for the nation at large2 may heal up old wounds still sore2 and may lead the country wisely into a new era of prosperity and peace40 ,it is plain that we bore no ill-will to the ,president4 ,what shall we say of his administration to-day8 ,what need we say in face of the action of the country regarding the administration8 ,the heart sickens at going over the record of the year4 ,it is only the culmination of the preceding years of ill-government which have been duly noted in this review1 and which there is no special reason now to enumerate4 ,we would not undertake to say that the government under ,president ,grant has1 as a whole1 been a failure2 but in great part it undoubtedly has been4 ,we use a studiously mild term in describing it as eminently unsatisfactory1 and the verdict of the nation1 as given in the recent ,presidential elections1 endorses our opinion4 ,whoever may be seated in the ,president's chair for the next four years1 ,president ,grant and his party have been condemned by the feeling and vote of the county1 not because he was so foolish as to aspire to a third term on the strength of an administration that fell to pieces of its own rottenness and on a proposed anti-,catholic ticket1 but simply because the country was sick of it4 ,the disgrace and fall of the ,secretary of ,war1 the recall of the ,american ,minister at the ,english court1 the disclosures of corruption and inexcusable expenditure in the civil service1 the plain traces of corruption in every department of the public service down to the most obscure1 such as the peddling in post-traderships by the brother of the ,presidentall of which came to a head within the present year2 the stanch support given by the ,president to men whom he had appointed to office1 many of whose dealings were shown to be of a most doubtful character1 so much so that some of them just escaped the fate of thieves by technicalities of the law that in themselves were moral condemnationall this was only the rotten ripeness of a growth diseased from the beginning4 ,but if the year1 notwithstanding gloomy forebodings1 to which we had grown accustomed1 has been one of disgrace and disaster where pride and glory ought to have had place1 it has not been without its bright side4 ,the ,presidential elections have been a series of surprises4 ,late in last year1 as we noted at the time1 ,president ,grant made what not only we but all the world regarded as a bold and infamous bid for a third term in his speech at ,des ,moines4 ,he aimed at riding into power on that favorite1 and too often successful1 hobby of a hard-pressed politicianan anti-,catholic ticket4 ,this1 in politics in these days1 we take to be the last resource of an ignoble mind4 ,nevertheless1 the bid was undoubtedly well timed4 ,all the world is up in arms against the ,catholic ,church4 ,no government dare hold out a hand to help her and hope to live4 ,it is only recently that the ,president of ,ecuador did so1 and what was the result8 ,he fell at the hand of an assassin1 as ,de ,rossi fell before him4 ,the sentiment of ,english speaking peoples had been appealed to with all the force and violence of which such a man as ,mr4 ,gladstone is capable1 and his words were widely read in this country1 being multiplied and confirmed by the secular and sectarian press4 ,the ,president saw this opportunity1 and took it at its flood-tide in a speech that was as ingenious as it was malignant4 ,a ,methodist bishop1 in a large and important conclave of ,methodist ministers1 took up the cry1 and1 amid the acclamations of his brethren1 nominated ,general ,grant for a third term4 ,then came out from the holes and corners those imps of mischief1 who are always at hand to do evil work at a time when the minds of men are excitedsecret societiesand tendered their services and votes to ,president ,grant4 ,an adroit bidder for the ,presidency bade higher and went further even than the ,president on the same ticket4 ,he looked the winning man1 and the secret societies transferred their allegiance to him4 ,this was undoubtedly a clever diversion for the ,republican party4 ,dark clouds hovered over them1 but there stood the ,pope4 ,he was their old ally in difficulties1 and1 if only they held him up to execration1 the bull they were goading would turn aside from the lancers who were drawing his life-blood1 and charge only on the red rag4 ,how miserably they misread the people of this country has been seen4 ,the real issue was between a corrupt and an incorrupt government4 ,no 8making of demonstrations0 could conceal this fact from an outraged people4 ,to use homely but expressive language1 8the pious dodge would not work10 especially in the hands of men like ,grant and ,blaine4 ,the ,pope was not the author of the rings1 small and great1 throughout the country2 he had nothing to do with post-traderships2 he had not stolen a penny from the civil service2 ,kellogg and ,chamberlain were ruling in the ,south1 and not he2 ,schenck was not his ,minister to ,london1 ,babcock his private secretary1 ,belknap his ,secretary of ,war1 ,robeson his ,secretary of the ,navy1 ,pierrepont and ,williams his legal advisers1 ,shepherd his trusted confidant1 and ,chandler his pet minister4 ,the time had gone by to fight with shadows when there were such glaring realities before the people4 ,the corruption was homespun1 unfortunately4 ,it was of native growth4 ,it had aggravated and increased the financial depression1 in which foreign countries had a hand to some extent4 ,it had fostered a lavish display and gilded vulgarity which were not only unbecoming republicans but rational beings of any class or kind4 ,it had laid the road open to constitutional dangers1 and honest citizens had good reason to dread a prolongation of the term of a man who had too military a way of looking at civil affairs1 and regarded lawful opposition somewhat in the light of military insubordination4 ,these things were before the people1 and they laughed at the idea of dragging the ,pope in4 ,general ,grant was thrown aside2 ,blaine was thrown aside4 ,a man whose record seems to be stainless was named in his place,mr4 ,hayes1 the ,governor of ,ohio4 ,a far abler man was set up as the ,democratic candidate,mr4 ,tilden1 the ,governor of ,new ,york4 ,the election was probably the most stubbornly contested ever known1 and the day after showed ,mr4 ,tilden with #ahd electoral votes and his opponent with #aff4 ,three ,states remained doubtfulthree ,southern ,states where the negro vote predominated1 and two at least of which1 by the confessions of both ,republicans and ,democrats1 had been vilely misgoverned since the war4 ,the country had to wait1 as we still wait1 for the returns from those ,states4 ,at the very utmost they could only give the ,republican candidate a majority of one in the ,electoral ,college1 while1 whatever way they went1 the votes of a vast majority of the people were undoubtedly given to the ,democratic candidate4 ,the fact was undeniable3 the voice of the ,american people was for a total change4 ,then ensued a scene unexampled1 perhaps1 in history1 certainly in the history of this country4 ,the administration came out in all its force4 ,state rights were invaded by the military in ,south ,carolinaas in the opening of the year they had been invaded in ,louisiana for the purpose of sustaining the ,republican candidates1 right or wrongwhile a nation looked sullenly on4 ,the country has undoubtedly been on the verge of danger2 but we cannot despair of the ,republic while so magnificent an exhibition is given by the people of calmness1 forbearance1 and good sense through days and weeks fraught with every incentive to exasperation and violence4 ,we cannot foretell who will be the next ,president1 but the will of the people is manifest and unmistakable4 ,politicians high and low have received a bitter lesson1 which the nation has indeed dearly bought4 ,let us continue to be jealous of those whom we elect1 of our own wills1 to carry on the business of this great country1 and we will force honesty even from the dishonest4 ,we have not space to deal with national topics of lesser moment1 though of great interest and importance4 ,with the centennial year came our first ,international ,exhibition4 ,it brought the eyes of friendly nations upon us1 and1 while the exhibition of the products of other and older peoples was a lesson to ourselves1 a still greater lesson to them was the exhibition of our own industry and productiveness4 ,the advance in the art and industry of the ,united ,states attracted the admiration of competent critics from all civilized nations4 ,a more significant sign even than this is the alarm in ,england at the rapid growth of our iron trade1 while our grain floods ,english markets4 ,ten years ago forty-four per cent4 of the grain sent to ,england came from ,russia1 fourteen per cent4 from the ,united ,states4 ,now forty four per cent4 is sent from this country1 and twenty-one per cent4 from ,russia2 this1 too1 at a time when business generally at home was never dullera dulness that the ,presidential crisis has confirmed4 ,yet even at our present condition we are1 as a people1 more prosperous than most of the ,european nations4 ,the money that people generally squandered1 and that was allowed to be squandered in the national1 ,state1 and municipal governments1 has at least not been spent in the forging of cannon and the mustering of dread armaments of war1 in which so keen a rivalry is exhibited by the ,european monarchs4 ,such comfort1 at least1 as this consideration affords is fairly open to us4 ,,the ,,present ,,condition ,,of ,,europe4 ,and now we turn to ,europe4 ,it would take the eye of a prophet to read the future1 the pen of a ,jeremias to paint the present1 of the continent to which ,god1 through his church1 gave the leadership of the world4 ,the ,european crisis that all men saw coming seems come at last4 ,four years ago we closed our review by saying3 8,war looms on the ,european horizon1 gathers in silent thunder-clouds all around4 ,a flash is enough to kindle the combustion and make the thunder speak4 ,who shall say when or whence it comes8 ,europe is arming1 and we have good authority for saying that #8the next war will rage over half a century',bismarck himself4 ,for the church we foresee an increase of bitter and severe trials4'''0 ,well1 the thunder-clouds have gathered and are now impending4 ,during the greater part of the year the world has waited with bated breath to see them burst and the bolts that smite nations fall4 ,the hand of ,providence is in it4 ,the sins of three centuries seem to be gathering to a head at last4 ,there is no nation in ,europe that can call the other friend4 ,there is no such thing as the comity of nations4 ,the big battalions alone take right and wrong into their hands4 ,treaties most solemnly and formally ratified within a quarter of a century are torn to pieces as waste paper4 ,such alliances as are patched up between the ,powers are rather personal than nationalthe alliances of savage chieftains against some rival1 to be broken as occasion requires when the allies may fly in turn at each other's throats4 ,france and ,germany are sworn foes2 ,russia and ,england hate each other2 ,austria trembles between ,germany and ,russia2 ,turkey is doomed1 but seems resolved to sell its life dearly1 and draw all ,europe in to witness and operate at the death4 ,italy seems ready to follow the beck of ,germany1 and ,spain is consumed with her own troubles4 ,add to this that each nation is disorganized within itself4 ,the war1 as will be shown later on1 has proved a curse to ,prussia1 and1 through ,prussia1 to all ,germany4 ,the empire is far from consolidated2 the ,catholics have been alienated from the government2 the socialists1 who are now in the ascendant1 have been denounced by ,prince ,bismarck2 the ,protestants have lost what unity they ever possessed1 and have shown an example of weak subserviency to infamous laws that has won for them the contempt of the world4 ,in ,russia the emperor himself dreads the future4 ,the long-pent up elements of discord are bursting through at last1 and even his immense power cannot restrain the nation from a war which1 it is generally believed1 his mind and heart condemn4 ,austria has its ,hungary1 and its persecution like to that of ,germany2 ,england its ,ireland and a people that1 with all its wealth1 it cannot find employment for or feed4 ,it has its ,india1 also1 with ,russia for a neighbor4 ,france has its ,imperialists1 its ,legitimists1 its ,socialists of the fiercest kind2 ,italy its secret societies1 its persecutions1 its people that groan under an incompetent government and scandalous monarch4 ,what a picture6 ,and in the background millions of armed men1 millions of starving people1 bankrupt treasuries1 general disaffection1 a thousand conflicting passions of race1 of religion1 of social and moral theories1 and the pale ghosts of murdered kings vainly warning the handful of monarchs who are riding over the old ruts red with so many an awful disaster6 ,such is ,europe in the year of our ,lord #ahgf4 ,why is ,europe not united8 why is it not at rest8 why is it ever on the verge of war8 why is its surface being constantly changed8 why are its governments so diverse8 why is it the stronghold of the foes of all government8 why is it bristling with armies and weighed down by armaments8 why1 wherever the eye turns1 is it faced by cannon8 ,that the ,reformation divided ,europe into two hostile camps is a fact acknowledged by all students of history4 ,we do not say that previous to the ,reformation there were no wars among the ,catholic ,european nations4 ,there werebloody1 long sustained sometimes1 and bitter4 ,but they were wars of dynasties rather than of nations1 for which the feudal system1 that in its essence and construction was a pagan system1 was chiefly accountable4 ,the people hated not each other4 ,they were one in faith1 one in religion1 one in their worship1 one in their hopes of a hereafter and the means to attain it1 one in their recognition of one supreme head of the church in which all believed4 ,while they were just as much ,germans1 ,french1 ,italians1 ,english1 ,irish1 as they are to-day1 they all worshipped one ,god in one manner4 ,english saints were revered in ,ireland1 ,irish saints in ,england1 ,german saints in ,france1 ,french saints in ,italy4 ,while ,charlemagne was battling with pagan hordes and ,moslem infidels1 ,irish missionaries went forth and spread themselves along the borders of the ,rhine1 diffusing the light of faith and knowledge in their path4 ,they were welcomed as angels1 not looked upon as aliens and foes1 as are the missionaries of ,protestant societies to-day in ,catholic lands1 who only stir up strife wherever they set their foot4 ,thus there existed something stronger1 broader1 more universal than nationalism1 which destroyed not nationality1 but taught all men that they were brethren1 and that geographical lines were blotted out in the sight of ,god and in the common home of faith4 ,then was exemplified the sacred words of ,scripture3 8,this is the victory which overcometh the world1 your faith40 ,it was this faith that out of barbarism drew and moulded the mighty nations of ,europe4 ,it was this faith alone that saved ,europe from being overrun by the ,moslem as it already had been by the pagan ,north4 ,just at the moment when the ,moslem power was about to receive its last check and overthrow came the ,protestant ,reformation1 which was not only a religious revolt1 but a disruption of ,christendom4 ,to that we owe the presence of the ,turk in ,europe and all the fatal consequences that have flowed from it1 now at their ripest1 when the moribund carcase that the faithless kings and nations allowed to lie there and rot threatens1 in its final dissolution1 their descendants with ruin4 ,to that movement also we owe the bitterly hostile lines that have been set up between nations that once were brethren4 ,to it we owe the persecutions and the cruelties that have resulted on either side from the day when a man's religion assumed a political and geographical character4 ,to it we owe something worse than all thisthe substitution of doubt for faith1 and the questioning of all authority1 both human and divine4 ,to the impious setting up of the monarch as the great high-priest of the nation we owe the absolutism which has crushed peoples1 been overthrown and crushed in turn by them1 and risen again only to repeat the old story of devastation4 ,ever since that fatal outbreak ,europe has been steadily drifting back into the old paganism to which such civilization as letters give is only a thin veneer2 and paganism1 at its highest1 is only a step removed from barbarism4 ,what is called progress would have come without ,protestantism1 and been estimated at its true valueas a means to a higher life for all the world2 not as an end1 not as the all in all in this life4 ,mere worshippers of progress make this world their heaven and self their god4 ,this is the growing feeling in nations to-day1 and the ,reformation it was that1 however unconsciously at the beginning1 formulated it into a religion4 ,it seems to us that the present state of ,europe is the logical and plain outcome of the great religious revolt in these last days4 ,what nation to-day has a religion8 ,has ,russia8 ,has ,england8 ,has ,germany8 ,has ,france8 ,they each have religionsfragments of religions or no religionas apart from one another as the poles4 ,at the very least this depriving men of a unity in their highest beliefs is fraught with interminable discord4 ,and never were the minds of men more disturbed than they are to-day4 ,protestantism has almost run its course1 and1 by its own confession1 disbelief in ,catholicity is resolving itself more and more into disbelief in all things spiritual and necessary bowing to brute force in the material and moral order4 ,men look around blankly and ask1 ,where do we stand8 ,and the answer is1 ,nowhere4 ,men are born and live1 they eat and sleep1 they sin and die in their sin1 passing through life in a sort of dumb wonder that life should be4 ,life is a hopeless mystery to those from whose eyes heaven has been shut out4 ,then all those hard social problems become unanswerable4 ,why1 they cry out in despair1 should kings have our blood and sustenance8 ,why should we kill each other to make them great or small8 ,why should they live and we die8 ,why should our lives be spent in drill1 portioned out by the corporal1 and our means be dragged from us to buy cannon8 ,these thoughts are boiling and seething in the hearts of the masses1 and kings know it4 ,they and those they favored have destroyed faith and religious unity4 ,they have in its place what is called socialism1 which means revolt against all things that be4 ,the name of priest was made hateful by the calumnies of false teachers with the sanction of kings2 and now the name of king is coupled with that of priest in the mouths of the irreligious masses4 ,the first ,french ,revolution was but the awful flash of a fire that smouldered and still smoulders under the thrones of ,europe4 ,it has set kings up and set them down like toys with which a child is pleased and then breaks1 and then takes others to make its sport and break again4 ,the history of ,europe from the ,reformation down is a continuous conflict between despotism and revolution4 ,the fullest liberty is the only safeguard against it2 but the fullest liberty may no longer be allowed to the peoples1 for the ,christian spirit and the ,christian guiding hand have been withdrawn2 deprived of which1 liberty of the masses means license and lawlessness1 government either absolutism or a strong tendency thereto4 ,,socialism4 ,let it not be thought that we are drawing a fancy picture4 8,socialistic journals10 said ,prince ,bismarck in a speech delivered early in the year1 8had recently done much harm1 and had done so without let or hindrance4 ,the poor people who subscribed for socialistic papers read but one journal1 and were perverted by that one4 ,they had an indistinct idea that they were badly off1 which was no doubt true1 and they therefore were ever ready to believe the insane promises held out by the socialistic journals4 ,the result was that the ,german operative no longer worked as much and as well as did the ,english and ,french1 and that ,german manufactories could no more compete in the great markets of the world4 ,a nation that had been industrious and steady to a proverb had1 by the incessant agitation of the socialistic press1 been brought to this sad pass40 ,prince ,bismarck cannot well complain4 ,the only press he could not tolerate was the ,catholic4 ,the publication of a letter of the ,pope was the signal for suppression of the paper1 and fine and imprisonment of the publisher4 ,he used the socialist press to inflame the hatred of the people against the ,catholics1 and now finds that in the unlawful use of dangerous weapons he has only cut his own fingers4 ,in a debate in the ,prussian ,parliament ,count ,eulenburg1 the ,minister of the ,interior1 was compelled by a ,catholic deputy to admit that 8the government did tolerate the excesses of the socialist papers and societies for awhile1 although the existing legislation enabled them to interfere40 8,i have always been ,intransigente10 said ,garibaldi last ,february4 8,brought up with republican principles1 through having served the ,republic in ,america1 ,i could not change my opinions1 only ,i thought in the past that it was necessary to suppress our republican sentiments1 because1 in order to unite ,italy1 the monarchy was necessary4 ,but not for this have we renounced our republican principles4 ,as republican principles are the principles of honest people1 there cannot be an honest government which is not republican4 ,however1 we are obliged to get on by compromises1 which the force of circumstances demands4 ,i do not tell you to-day to make a revolution4 ,we must adapt ourselves to the times4 ,nevertheless1 vindicate progress to the last gap4 ,keep yourselves in the path of progress4 ,do not let yourselves be weakened to-day2 the country groans under depredations1 the unjust acts of the government4 ,when we compromised with the monarchy1 we might have expected from it that the country would be well governed2 but it is not4 ,the monarchy must also complete its course2 but the ,guizots and the ,polignacs of to-day do nothing but accelerate its fall40 8,in conducting the government of the world10 said ,mr4 ,disraeli in his speech at ,aylesbury in ,august last1 8there are not only sovereigns and ministers1 but secret societies1 to be considered1 which have agents everywherereckless agents1 who countenance assassination1 and1 if necessary1 can produce a massacre40 8,i think10 he said1 in speaking of the negotiations for adjusting matters in the ,east and staving off a little longer the fatal hour1 8that in the spring of the present year the negotiations might have resulted in peace on principles which would have been approved by every good man2 but unexpectedly ,serviathat is to say1 secret societies of ,europe1 acting through ,serviadeclared war on ,turkey40 ,on the eve of the ,german elections the ,provinzial ,correspondenz warns ,germany against the socialists in this solemn fashion3 8,as for the aim of socialism1 we can have no doubt whatever about it4 ,for on all occasions the members of the party make known this aim more or less openly4 ,it is the utter overthrow of all order established in the state and in society1 the destruction of all social culture1 which has found its expression in religion and morality1 in the family and in property1 in art and science1 in industry and commerce2 and all this for the erection of a chimerical workingmen's state1 wherein would fall all the power of government and all the enjoyments of life to the pretended proletarians1 or men who possess nothing40 ,the invincible opposition of the ,catholic ,church to secret societies of every kind1 the frequent warnings of the ,holy ,father and of the ,catholic episcopate1 clergy1 and press throughout the world1 have generally been laughed at as a clerical bugaboo1 set up to frighten women and children4 ,well1 we have not quoted from a single ,catholic so far1 and certainly the threats coming from so many different quarters1 and from men whose words are not idle1 are sufficiently strong4 ,,the ,,course ,,of ,,events ,,in ,,europe4 ,leaving this1 the general and gravest aspect of ,european affairs1 we proceed to touch on more specific topics of public interest which have arisen during the year4 ,many must necessarily be omitted4 ,not even the gravity of the ,eastern complications has been able to withdraw the eyes of the world from ,france4 ,the story1 repeated in these columns year after year1 of the country's wonderful advance in material prosperity is happily confirmed4 ,we wish that the prospects of a satisfactory government were on a par with this material advance4 ,there exists still a feeling of great unrest in ,france4 ,the various political parties are as far apart as they ever were1 and it seems impossible to bring them together so as to carry on the business of the country in that healthy constitutional fashion where opposition is a spur rather than a material hindrance to the government1 where the government has not to deal constantly with a strong body of irreconcilables1 and where cabinet crises need not be expected at any moment on what to outsiders often look like trivial pointsas1 for instance1 the one of which we hear as we write3 the concession by a ,catholic nation of military honors at their burial to men who have lived and died unbelievers1 and whose funerals1 by their own expressed desire or the will of their relatives and friends1 are devoid of all religious ceremony and a renunciation of the ,catholic religion4 ,now1 it seems to us that such a question as that should not be permitted to necessitate the resignation of a ministry and the consequent throwing out of gear of the chief government machinery4 ,for difficulties like this those who arrogate to themselves the exclusive title of republicans in ,francethe party that regards ,m4 ,gambetta as its leader and ,victor ,hugo as its prophetis chiefly responsible4 ,it has taken a distinctly anti-,catholic basis in what undoubtedly is a ,catholic country4 ,the name for it is 8anti-clerical10 which is a distinction without a difference4 ,it palliates the excesses of the ,commune1 while it opposes freedom of education4 ,there seems1 unfortunately1 to have been too much truth in what ,mgr4 ,dupanloup said early in the year when speaking of the university question3 8,to make us love the republic1 the first thing done is to identify it with a war against religion40 ,and the venerable prelate's words received strong confirmation from so decidedly un-,catholic a writer as the ,paris correspondent of the ,london ,times1 who wrote to that journal while the ,chamber was still fresh from the elections3 8,on observing the attitude of the ,chamber it is evident that the religious controversy is the great motive of all its passions4 ,in the last ,assembly1 at least in its early days1 every speaker courting applause had only to attack the ,empire4 ,in the present1 as yet1 the most frantic plaudits are reserved for whoever attacks not only the clergy1 but any creed whatever4 ,this is a fresh discord about to be added to so many old ones40 ,if there is any truth in the report of ,prince ,bismarck's views of the ,french elections as given in the letter of a ,german diplomatist1 extracts from which appeared in a ,rouen newspaper1 the prince-chancellor agrees with both of these views4 ,the report in question at least smacks of the man4 8,the chancellor10 says the ,german diplomatist1 8does not appear to be affected in any particular way by the result of the elections4 ,in a conversation ,i had with him a few hours ago he remarked3 #8,i doubt if the ,french ,radicals will get into power2 but should they1 ,i am sure they will begin eating the priests before they tackle the ,germans2 the task is so much easier1 and ,i have no desire to balk their appetite in that direction4'0 ,on ,december #ca1 #ahge1 the ,french ,national ,assembly was dissolved1 though its actual dissolution only took place in ,march1 #ahgf1 at the meeting of the new ,chambers4 ,the elections followed1 and the voice of the people was certainly for a republic4 ,the question of education immediately became a great subject of debate4 ,in ,july1 #ahge1 was passed a law allowing mixed juries1 composed half of examiners appointed by the state and half of their own professors1 to question the candidates for degrees1 and decide whether or not to grant the degrees4 ,not a very monstrous concession1 surely1 yet on the strength of it the ,catholic ,university of ,paris was founded and inaugurated on ,january #aj1 #ahgf4 ,this was too much for republicans of the ,gambetta and ,victor ,hugo stamp4 ,accordingly1 to ,m4 ,waddington1 8an ,englishman by birth and education1 and moreover a stanch ,protestant10 as the ,paris correspondent of the ,london ,times triumphantly announced to that journal1 was confided the ,ministry of ,education4 ,it seems that ,m4 ,waddington was actually born in ,france1 his father being an ,englishman who was there naturalized1 but the rest of the description is accurate enough4 ,of course ,m4 ,waddington's stanch ,protestant conscience could not allow of this concession to ,catholics1 whatever his ,english education might have done4 ,he moved immediately to repeal clauses #ac and #ad of the law of ,july1 #ahge1 which embodied the concessions above mentioned4 ,now1 what is this system of state monopoly of education in ,france against which the ,catholic conscience rebelled8 ,it owes its origin to the despotic genius of the first ,napoleon1 and we cannot do better than describe it in the words of a critic who will1 in the eyes of non-,catholics at least1 be above suspicion3 8,he ,napoleon ,i4 formed one great university10 says the ,london ,times1 8which was only the state acting as an autocratic teacher4 ,the chief dignitary of that university was the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 and all the officials1 from the highest to the lowest1 were servants of the government4 ,the state appointed all the professors in the ,sorbonne1 the ,college de ,france1 the law schools1 the ,polytechnic ,school1 the ,military ,college1 and the crowd of ,lyces throughout the country4 ,indeed1 the state does so still40 ,it will be seen how open was such a system to abuse1 particularly when the 8state0 in ,france has changed hands half a dozen times since ,napoleon organized his system4 8,the state alone could grant degrees in ,medicine1 ,law1 and even ,theology4 ,the system was completed by the stipulation that no one could open even the pettiest of infant schools or the greatest of colleges without ministerial authority4 ,thus the state could despotically decide what books should be studied by every scholar in ,france1 by whom and how each should be taught1 what moral or political ideas should be spread through every school or college1 and what amount or kind of knowledge should be exacted from every candidate for the practice of medicine or the bar4 ,no more rigid system of intellectual despotism was ever fashioned by the wit of man40 ,after a prolonged1 fierce1 and bitter debate1 ,m4 ,waddington carried his motion through the ,chamber of ,deputies1 but it was happily thrown out in the ,senate2 and there the matter stands4 ,if ,french republicanism is made to assume a distinctly anti-,catholic character on the part of those who look upon themselves as the only true republicans in ,france1 then ,france cannot hope for a good government from it4 ,it remains for the ,catholics to show and prove themselves the veritable republicans by devoting themselves absolutely to the country and the government as they stand4 ,they have the game in their own hands4 ,the ,french nation seems to be profoundly and reasonably mistrustful of kings and emperors4 ,yet a republic in which ,victor ,hugo1 ,gambetta1 and the apologists and leaders of the ,commune are to be the chief actors would be worse than the ,empire4 ,france would have had revolution ere this only for the strong1 wise1 and just man who holds the reins of power with so firm a grasp1 and swerves not an inch either to the 8,right0 or to the 8,left40 ,what a contrast between ,marshal ,mac,mahon and our own soldier-,president6 ,we can only continue to hope for the best from all parties4 ,time may teach them to coalesce and deal fairly with all4 ,could they only do this1 the mightiest bulwark would be raised up on the continent of ,europe against the threatened encroachments of absolutism on the one hand and the madness of socialism on the other1 and in this ,france would attain to a height of power and true greatness that no king or emperor ever brought to her4 ,germany goes on its way resolutely4 ,the persecution of the ,catholics1 which is now an old story1 has not been abated a jot4 ,to it is added1 as has already been indicated1 an attempted persecution of the socialists4 ,but the socialists1 besides being too strong1 are hard to catch4 ,the recent elections for the ,prussian ,chamber of ,deputies show an immense gain for the party of ,national ,liberals1 who represent every wing of socialism from its highest to its lowest aspects4 ,the ,catholics remain much the same as before4 ,the result is not favorable to ,prince ,bismarck1 who seems to be growing more querulous than ever4 ,an arrangement has been brought about by which the ,prussian railways have been transferred to state control1 and an attempt was made to extend it to all ,germany1 which has thus far proved unsuccessful4 ,still the military hand everywhere1 and here is a result of it on which we have often dwelt1 but which grows more sadly manifest every year4 ,the ,berlin correspondent of the ,london ,times1 writing of the accounts of ,prussia for #ahgd and the estimates for #ahge1 after struggling manfully but hopelessly to make the figures wear a favorable aspect1 finally confesses3 8,these figures point a moral4 ,comparatively easy as it may be to balance the ,budget in #ahgf1 the present is the last year in which this can be done4 ,next year there will be few1 if any1 surpluses to draw upon4 ,on the most favorable assumption the ,prussian needs may be covered without having recourse to fresh imposts2 but how about the wants of the ,empire in #ahgg8ade ,the ,empire in the current year lives upon its usual income of custom1 excise1 and a modicum of state contributions1 patching up its deficit by consuming the remnant of accumulated funds left4 ,a year hence realities both in ,prussia and in the ,empire will have to be faced with empty pockets4 ,if industry has revived by that time1 the taxes will be augmented2 if not1 the only alternative will lie between a loan and the reduction of military expenditure4 ,in any circumstances the situation in which ,germany is placed by the military preparations all round will then be acutely felt40 ,such is the cost of military glory and power in these days4 ,what doth it profit the people8 ,we have seen ,prince ,bismarck's views on the ,german workingmen1 who1 instead of becoming the strength and support of the ,empire1 are becoming its terror4 ,how could it be otherwise with the means taken to educate them8 ,no picture could be sadder than that drawn by the chancellor of the present condition of the ,german working classes4 ,industry cannot thrive on bayonets and cannon4 ,social order cannot prevail where the minds of men have been debauched for a purpose by the free dissemination of evil doctrines1 and when they have ever before their eyes the steady persecution of the best citizens4 ,he has outlawed the church of ,god4 ,he cannot wonder at the devil stepping in and claiming his prey4 ,a still greater shock was given to ,german feeling by the report of ,prof4 ,reuleaux1 their chief commissioner at our ,centennial ,exhibition4 ,his conclusions1 in brief1 were3 #a4 ,that the main object of the ,german manufacturers is to produce an article which shall be cheap and nasty4 #b4 ,that ,german manufacturers find it easy to succeed in this line1 considering that the men they employ are deficient in skill and taste4 #c4 ,that judging by the ,german display at the ,exhibition1 the ,german nation seem to be steeped in utter servility1 so great is the number of ,bismarck statues1 ,red ,princes1 and other heroes of the war1 in every conceivable material1 from gilt bronze down to common soap4 8,for the real cause of the decline in prosperity in ,prussia10 says the ,london ,times1 8we must look to the military system of ,germany4 ,that system1 as we have often pointed out1 is the most costly in the world4 ,by sending to the drill-ground for years all her best and most promising youthby taking her most accomplished young men from the university1 from the learned professions1 from the factory or the laboratory1 to fill the ranks of her armyshe causes a greater interruption of trade1 and lays a heavier burden on the nation1 than that which the cost of the war has imposed on ,france4''' ,in ,germany all other interests are sacrificed to the needs of the greatest army ever supported by any state4 ,the intellect of the nation is set to do military work with such rigor that civil pursuits are sensibly suffering4 ,trade is sacrificed in order that the country may be covered with troops drilled to the precision of machines4 ,military railways are made without regard to commercial necessities4 ,so crushing is the blood-tax that crowds of the most stalwart peasantry and the most skilful artisans are crossing the ,atlantic in spite of the depression of trade in ,america2 and so soon as prosperity shall return to the ,united ,states the emigration from ,germany may be multiplied two or three fold4 ,such is the price at which ,germany bought the military dictatorship of ,europe40 ,italy seems to be going from very bad to worse4 ,the people groan under their burdens1 and the successive ministries seem utterly incapable of coping with the difficulties by which they are beset on all sides4 ,the telegram announcing the opening of the ,italian ,parliament on ,nov4 #bj tells us that in his speech from the throne ,victor ,emanuel1 referring to the relations between church and state1 said3 8,the extensive liberties granted the church ought not to impair public liberties4 ,the government would therefore propose bills for rendering efficient the reservation in the laws respecting the ,papal ,see40 ,here is an instance of the 8extensive liberties0 of the church4 ,a report1 dated ,march #ad1 informs us that 8the fifty-sixth birthday of king ,victor ,emanuel1 and the thirty-second of his eldest son1 has been signalized in ,rome by a ceremony of great interest4 ,a new public library1 which has been added to the ,collegi ,romano1 and which has received the name of the king1 was formally opened by the ,minister of ,public ,instruction40 7,we wonder if in the portfolio of the present ,italian ,minister of ,public ,instruction the good old commandment1 8,thou shalt not steal10 is written47 8,he explained that on the very site of the new building the ,jesuits had striven for the triumph of principles against which ,king ,victor ,emanuel's career has been an unceasing battle40 7,this statement is crushingly true47 8,the library is also the monument of a victory in another respect1 for it contains #fej1jjj volumes which belonged to the suppressed monasteries40 ,what a victory6 8,the opening of such a building10 said the ,london ,times1 with unconscious irony1 8appropriately marked the birthday of a king whose name will forever be connected with the greatest of all changes in the political fortunes of the ,papacy40 ,it notices with keen regret in the same article that there is a lamentable tendency among ,italians 8to forget how much they owe to this king40 8,her ,italy's people cannot speak too gratefully of the king whose rare combination of courage and political sagacity has helped to give them back their self-respect as well as their nationality40 ,well1 when ,englishmen worship a ,garibaldi and cherish a ,mazzini1 we may expect their leading journal to speak in this strain of a ,victor ,emanuel4 ,the ,mantegazza affair will be too fresh in the memory of our readers to need our using it as one of many instances showing the kind of man this model king is1 and how likely the ,italians are to remember 8how much they owe0 him4 ,one of the things they owe him is the suppression of monasteries and convents4 ,it must be rather bad when a journal like the ,london ,saturday ,review considers it as on the whole rather a useless measure in its results4 ,a strong effort is undoubtedly being made by the ,italian government to destroy the ,papacy and dam up the ,catholic religion at every vent4 ,only do this1 it says to its subjects3 ,kill off these religious societies from the face of the earth2 and1 as for yourselves1 join what devil's societies you pleasefor this is liberal ,italy4 ,in assuming charge of the religious properties1 however1 the ,italian government assumed also the liabilities attached1 and it met with many strange mishaps4 ,wonderful to read are the accounts of some of those bills presented by worthy citizens to the government officials4 ,the ,dominicans for instance1 are certainly not famed as being great eaters of flesh either in ,italy or anywhere else4 ,yet here are the worthy ,dominicans of ,sta4 ,maria sopra ,minerva1 whose property was seized1 charged by a modest butcher with a 8little bill0 of #bj1jjj fr4 for butcher's meat6 ,this is only one of many such that were presented4 ,the first report of the ,commission of ,vigilance charged with the ecclesiastical property seized was presented early in the year4 ,it showed that1 according to the schedule laid before ,parliament in the spring of #ahgc1 there were then in ,rome #abf monasteries occupied by #b1cge monks1 and #ij convents occupied by #b1ahc nunsin all1 #baf religious houses with #d1eeh inmates1 exclusive of hospitals and pensions under monastic supervision or direction1 the colleges and the houses of the generals4 ,of these #baf houses #aai were seized and #dd others declared exempt from the operation of the law4 ,the property that thus passed into the hands of the ,commission was disposed of as property usually isput up at auction for the most part2 #bej lots were put up at #ac1jdb1fbi fr41 and knocked down at #af1adb1fig fr4 ,the total value of the property thus seized is estimated at #fa1afa1cjj fr4 ,to complete the pleasing picture it only remains to add that the receipts of the ,commission from ,july #bb1 #ahgc1 when it began its operations1 up to the end of #ahge1 were #aa1aaf1cgf fr41 while the expenditure was #aa1egj1dbh fr4 ,meanwhile1 the dispossessed monks were left at liberty to run about the world and seek for a living wherever they could find it1 while the ,commission of ,vigilance manipulated their property4 ,as for the nuns1 provision was made that all of them who within three months after the publication of the law made express and individual requests to remain in the houses they occupied should be permitted to do so until the number in each house should be mercifully reduced by death to six1 when the government might concentrate them elsewhere4 ,signor ,nicotera1 however1 seems resolved to root them out altogether4 ,such is ,catholic ,italy4 ,the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world have seen in a recent article#adf the tendency of the ecclesiastical policy of the ,italian government4 ,in this alone is it resolute4 ,the country at large is as ill-governed as ever4 ,the police are corrupt4 ,in many districts life is still at the mercy of brigands1 some of whom1 as was recently shown1 have their allies among those moving in the best circles of society4 ,scandals thicken around throne and government4 ,as for the new government1 that steadfast friend of young ,italy1 the ,london ,times1 wrote thus as long ago as ,may #d3 8,the new ,italian ministry came into power just a month ago1 and it has already had to declare the impossibility of its own former programme1 and to adopt both the measures and the practice of the government it overthrew and supplanted4 ,it deals with public meetings1 with the press1 and with the telegraphic office as conservatives1 and even the ,pope1 had done before2 and1 what is more1 it finds that if it is to save ,italian finance from a downward career1 it has no choice but to adopt the ,grist-tax1 which was the one particular crime of its predecessors4''' ,the ,left is disappointed and sullen4 ,the populace of the country towns is furious4 ,for some years the owners1 the occupiers1 and the tillers of land have found that #8unification' and representation are costly privileges4 ,the fact is now brought home to them2 and when all classes in an agricultural district are of one mind1 they are apt to express themselves roughly40 ,like all petty persecutors1 ,switzerland shows itself the most virulent in its attack on the rights of conscience4 ,great ,powers try to devise some pretext at least for their persecutions4 ,switzerland is troubled by no such scruples as this4 ,the laws are strained to the utmost to punish ,catholics1 and1 when they will not precisely fit the case1 they are made to fit as speedily as possible4 ,indeed1 law there has become a farce4 ,the correspondent of the ,journal des ,dbats1 which is noted for its solid opposition to the ,catholic ,church1 draws a lively picture of the proceedings at the 8election0 of an 8,old ,catholic0 pastor2 and as it is characteristic of a thousand things that are constantly occurring in ,switzerland1 we give it at length4 ,the letter is dated ,sept4 #bj3 8,the confessional contest continues at ,geneva4 ,i won't trouble you with the details of the skirmishes which occur every day4 ,that would be monotonous4 ,as a rsum1 here is what passes from month to month3 ,a ,catholic commune has a church1 a cur1 a parish1 and one hundred electors4 ,fifteen or twenty of these declare themselves liberal ,catholics4 ,they demand a cur who shall be elected by the parishioners1 as the law requires4 ,but the party chiefs do not always find a liberal clergyman to order4 ,plenty present themselves1 it is true1 but for the most part they are more liberal than ,catholic1 and more libertine than liberal4 ,the ,superior ,council wishes for honest men only1 who shall not be too ignorant1 who are good speakers1 with a conscience1 if possible1 and capable of making a good show4 ,but this is a combination of qualities hard to find in those who go out from the ,roman fold4 ,as soon as they have found one whose recommendations are of the best1 they write to the twenty electors3 #8,we have found your man2 vote away to-morrow4' ,they vote2 the eighty ,roman ,catholics go not to the ballot-box1 therein obeying the stupid order received from ,rome1 and the cur is elected4 ,from that out the church and the parish are his4 ,all he has to do is to take possession4 ,the keys are demanded from the mayor4 ,the mayor refuses to give them up4 ,he is recalled2 the gates are forced1 and liberal ,catholicism is duly installed in the holy place1 where nothing is left but the four walls4 ,so clean has been the picking that the new-comers cannot even find a bell4 ,whereupon the eighty ,roman ,catholics1 with their wives1 children1 and friends1 gather together in a barn around their cur1 now become a martyr1 while the official priest1 installed in the church of the commune1 preaches to a congregation of twothe gendarme and the rural guard4 ,he has not even the benches to preach to1 for they have all been taken away4 ,in addition1 he is pestered by the zealots of the opposite party1 who insult him in the street1 steal his vegetables1 and eat his rabbits4 ,to console himself he marries1 which at least brings him a female parishioner4 8,behold what passes from month to month4 ,but to be serious3 ,it is in this way that three-fourths of the revolutions begin4 ,the liberal electors are for the most part infidels2 but they have children whom they send to catechism4 ,there were more than nine hundred of these this year4 ,behold a future flock detached from ,rome4 ,moreover1 there are foreigners who second the movement4 ,a fairly large number of young girls have already made their ,first ,communion in the liberal churches4 ,many marriages have taken place there40 ,in ,spain the ,carlists were utterly defeated by overwhelming numbers and faithlessness on the part of many of their chieftains early in the year4 ,don ,carlos escaped1 and the insurrection was at an end4 ,while ,spain was shifting from hand to hand1 and presenting to the world a hopeless picture of internal disorder1 we supported the cause of a resolute man who had certainly a strong and brave following1 not all confined to the ,north2 whose views of government were far more liberal than they were represented to be by his foes2 who knew the meaning of morality2 who displayed great capacity in welding into a formidable army a set of undisciplined hordes whose personal character was above suspicion2 who1 as kings' claims go1 had a strong claim to the ,spanish crown1 supported to this day by a formidable party in ,spain2 and who1 had he once grasped the power of the throne1 would not have been a likely man to relinquish it4 ,what ,spain wants to-day is a ruler1 and we believe ,don ,carlos would have ruled the country wisely and well4 ,we were always open1 however1 to just such a solution of the ,spanish difficulty as has actually taken place4 ,in our review of the year #ahgb1 while saying that we did 8not expect to find ,amadeo's name at the head of the ,spanish government that day twelvemonth10 we added3 8a good regent1 not ,montpensier1 might bring about the restoration of ,don4 ,alfonso2 but where is such a regent80 ,pavia did the work1 and if the young king can only be surrounded by good advisers he need dread no domestic foe4 ,he is undoubtedly the lawful king of the nation1 and1 as such1 all good men are bound to support him4 ,but ,spain is still so uncertain that it is open to almost any surprise4 ,its debt is enormous4 ,when ,queen ,isabella was driven from the throne1 the capital of the debt was #a1bej1jjj1jjj4 ,to-day it is about #c1ejj1jjj1jjj which represents in startling fashion what a country gains by revolution and the clash of dynasties4 ,space does not allow of entering more largely into the internal affairs of ,europe1 or even of glancing at the disturbed condition of affairs in the states of ,south ,america1 which is only a reflex of ,european life in its general and worst phases4 ,with a brief mention of a few of the memorable dead1 we pass on to consider the question which is uppermost in men's minds to-day4 ,for the ,catholic1 during the past year1 one name overshadows allthat of ,cardinal ,antonelli1 whose official life in the service of his ,holiness was a long and severe battle against overwhelming odds4 ,the wonder is1 not that he failed in the end but that he stood so long4 ,he1 together with his illustrious chief1 was a true friend of liberty1 but not of that liberty which means disorder4 ,this he was to the end of his days1 as is shown by his admiration for our own ,republic and his rejoicing at the victory of the ,union4 ,his life was spent in storms2 and in days when physical force takes all things into its hands1 his was the gigantic task to beat back the flood1 as he succeeded in doing for almost a quarter of a century4 ,his name will be memorable not only in ,catholic annals but in ,european history1 and his example for steadfast courage1 unwavering faith1 and unswerving devotion to the chair of ,peter one of the most conspicuous in all time4 ,another holy and venerable man1 renowned in a different way,cardinal ,patrizzifollowed him close4 ,another man who has graven his name on the century1 and who was1 perhaps1 the brightest intellectual light that the ,new ,world has yet given to the faith,dr4 ,brownsonwent out with the year4 ,as his career and work have been treated at length in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 we need say no more of him here4 ,his bright and promising daughter1 ,sarah 7,mrs4 ,tenney71 the author of the ,life of ,prince ,gallitzin and other works1 followed him recently4 ,the name of ,francis ,dek stands alone among the list of secular statesmen4 ,his life teaches the value of patience against hope1 and of persistent but lawful agitation for the rights and liberties of peoples4 ,he went to his grave amid the tears of a nation and the sorrow of a world1 a patriot of patriots and a ,catholic of ,catholics4 ,,the ,,eastern ,,question4 ,russia1 ,austria1 and ,england have been almost completely wrapped up in the ,eastern difficulty1 which we do not pretend to be able to solve1 and which we doubt if any man could solve1 however read in the secrets of ,european cabinets4 ,never was a question more shifting in its character1 more unexpected in its surprises1 more delicate to touch1 more difficult to adjust4 ,time was when short work might have been made of it4 ,here are the facts3 ,a nation steeped in corruption1 foreign in every sense to ,europe1 which has steadfastly refused to enter ,european life and thought and action1 occupying one of the fairest regions only to pollute the very dust where heroes trod1 and which the ashes of saints once consecrated4 ,christian principalities and peoples are subject and made to pay tribute to this power1 which has only strength enough to be cruel1 and energy enough to sin4 ,it is needless to point out what would be the action of ,europe were ,europe only one in faith4 ,its very faith would have revolted against such a people in such a place1 and beyond doubt the ,turks would have had the alternative of becoming subject to ,christian rule or of leaving ,christian shores4 ,but these thoughts enter not into the calculations of governments which are themselves no longer ,christian4 ,they approach the subject like robbers before whom is spread out a rich booty1 and the question is1 ,who shall have the biggest share8 ,russia is resolved to have it2 ,austria trembles for her frontier2 ,england sees all that she fought for in the ,crimea slipping from her grasp1 and is left without courage to fight and without a friend to help her4 ,it would take a volume to follow out all the intricacies of this affair1 and at the end we should only be left at the very starting-point4 ,if we may hazard an opinion1 we believe that there will be no war1 at least this winter4 ,as for the alarm at the anticipated occupation of ,constantinople by ,russiawhile1 if the ,russian ,empire be not dissolved before the close of the present century1 by one of the most terrific social and political convulsions that has ever yet come to pass1 that occupation seems to lie very much in the order of possibilitieswe doubt much whether it will occur so soon as people think4 ,england is not the only rival of ,russia4 ,the alliance of the emperors is nothing more than an alliance de convenance which would snap at any moment4 ,russia herself has recently given notable example of what value she sets on troublesome treaties1 when she has the power to throw them aside4 ,it would seem to us difficult for ,russia to occupy ,constantinople without first mastering and garrisoning ,turkey2 and ,turkey is an empire of many millions1 whom fanaticism can still rouse to something like heroic1 as well as to the most cruel and repulsive1 deeds4 ,these millions1 even if they would1 could not well be transported to ,asia at a moment's notice4 ,but even granting all this1 granting ,russia the governing powerand it will have that or nothingin what now is ,turkey1 how would its more immediate neighbors1 ,austria and ,germany1 regard so enormous an accession of power to an empire that already grasps the ,east and ,west in its hands1 that is brave1 enterprising1 aggressive1 daily growing in intelligence1#adg as a nation one in religion1 and subject to the will of one man1 whose presumptive heir is the bitter foe of ,germany8 ,the religion of ,russia is opposed to that of all ,europe1 with the exception of ,greece4 ,russia is greedy1 strong1 poor1 and cruel4 ,so cold a nation1 that has not yet quite thrown off the shell of barbarism1 drifting down into one of the fairest ,european provinces1 would take a century1 at least1 to thaw into civilization4 ,indeed1 the possibilities that would arise from such a movement are beyond foreshadowing4 ,yet people who talk so glibly of ,russia seizing ,constantinople never seem to regard them4 ,we may be very sure1 however1 that they are regarded by powers who1 in such an event1 would be neighbors and necessary rivals of ,russia2 and that they1 while they are in a position1 as to-day ,germany is1 to forbid trespass1 will be very careful how far they allow a people to advance who1 given an inch1 take a country4 ,germany1 it is believed by many1 wants ,austria4 ,with ,austria as part of ,germany1 ,germany might well defy ,russia1 and the ambition of founding a consolidated empire extending from the borders of ,france to the borders of ,russia1 from the ,north ,sea to the confines of ,italy1 seems to us worthy of the mind of ,prince ,bismarck4 ,and it might have been1 were he safer at home2 but it needs something more powerful than blood and iron to frame and consolidate such an empire4 ,it needs peace1 unity of sentiment1 unity of interests1 unity of faith1 the assurance of liberty1 none of which ,germany possesses to-day4 ,indeed1 the chancellor himself has disavowed such designs1 fearing that the welding of ,austria into ,germany would give the ,catholics the preponderance in the empire which they now lack4 ,certain it is that some agreement has been made between the emperors which has imparted an ominous neutrality to ,germany1 and under which troubled and enfeebled ,austria is in the eyes of all observers restive4 ,but under all these combinations of the great ,european ,powers there frowns the spectre of socialism1 with allies wherever men are aggrieved1 and which will not down for all the artillery of empires4 ,from it an outburst may be expected at any moment1 in the quarter most unexpected1 and in situations the most critical4 ,its power cannot be weighed1 measured1 or calculated upon4 ,it works in the dark1 yet universally4 ,it is as strong in the ,southern ,states of ,america as in ,europe4 ,its excesses shock all men for a time1 but it feeds on discontent2 and discontent to-day possesses the world4 ,it can only be met and conquered by the ,christian conscience1 but it has long been the effort of kings to destroy that conscience1 to deprive it of light1 and render it a passive agent in the hands of force4 ,thus are empires for ever digging their own graves4 ,and what is the outlook8 ,bleak indeed to the eye of the world1 but bright to the eye of faith4 ,throughout the pontificate of our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 the church has been treading the weary way of the ,cross4 ,the world is only to be won to ,christ by suffering and sacrifice4 ,christ himself no longer suffers in the flesh1 but in his mystical spouse1 the church4 8,when ,i shall be lifted up10 he said1 8then will ,i draw all men to me40 ,it is the same with his spouse4 ,she has had her hour of earthly triumph2 she has had her agony2 she has felt the kiss of many a ,judas on her cheek2 ,sadducee and ,pharisee alike hate her2 she has been betrayed by her own into the hands of her enemies2 she has been led before the rulers of this world1 and they have pronounced1 each in his way1 sentence upon her1 and the sentence is death4 ,she has been delivered up to the hands of the rabble1 mocked1 derided1 bruised1 crowned with thorns1 forced to bear her own cross4 ,she has mounted to the very height of ,calvary4 ,her garments have been stripped from her1 and1 naked1 she stands before the world4 ,the consummation is at hand4 ,despoiled of all things1 and lifted up between earth and heaven1 a spectacle to ,god1 to angels1 and to men1 she draws all eyes to her1 while the executioners1 under the very shadow of the ,cross1 gamble for her garments4 ,free from all the trappings of this world1 deserted1 abandoned of men1 it is then that the divinity within her shines forth with naught to dim its brightness4 ,when ,christ yielded up his spirit into the hands of his ,heavenly ,father1 darkness covered the earth1 the veil of the ,temple was rent1 the dead walked the streets of ,jerusalem1 and an earthquake shook the world4 ,nature was all confusion1 and from that very hour began the victory of the ,cross4 ,is not a like scene before us to-day8 ,the darkest hour is on us2 the future is ,god's4 #ade ,this letter was written on ,january #ai1 #ahgf1 consequently previous to the complications which have since arisen in ,eastern ,europe1 and which1 if war break out1 would of necessity considerably add to 8the wants of the ,empire in #ahgg40 #adf 8,how ,rome stands ,to-day10 ,,catholic ,,world1 ,november1 #ahgf4 #adg ,the ,report of the ,russian ,education ,department for #ahge showed1 excluding ,finland1 the ,caucasus1 and ,central ,asia1 #bb1gfh elementary schools1 with #ged1dca males and #ahe1jef females1 and #a school to #c1ibd inhabitants4 ,in the ,german provinces1 there is #a school to #b1jdd persons1 #a scholar to #ae males and #bd females4 ,in the ,gymnasia1 where the pupils have the option of learning ,french or ,german1 #aa1chb prefer ,german and #h1ejh ,french1 the preponderance for ,german being almost entirely furnished by the pupils who entered during the two years preceding4 ,this latter fact we take to be a sign of the times4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,little ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,martyrs ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,rome4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,we can do no more now than call the attention of our readers to this exceedingly beautiful little work1 advance sheets of which lie before us4 ,it is full of admirable illustrations of scenes in the lives of the early martyrs1 and nothing could be better adapted as a ,christmas present for ,catholic children4 ,,the ,,normal ,,higher ,,arithmetic4 ,designed for advanced classes in common schools1 normal schools1 high schools1 academies1 etc4 ,by ,edward ,brooks1 ,a4,m4 ,published by ,sower1 ,potts ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,this excellent text book contains more than the average number of practical examples4 ,this fact1 considered in connection with the intelligent and exhaustive treatment of commercial arithmetic1 commends the book to teachers in need of a manual for drill purposes4 ,besides1 most of the material is new1 and the author brings to his task a greater command of language than seems to have been possessed by the older authors1 thus ensuring clearness and variety of statement4 ,the treatment of exchange shows the peculiar merits of the volume to advantage4 ,a large portion of the first half of the volume is devoted to a scientific treatment of arithmetic4 ,in many respects this is waste labor4 ,no use can be made of it in the class-room4 ,who1 for example1 stops to consider the properties of the number eleven8 ,less science and more practice would mend the first two hundred and fifty pages4 ,this done1 and the answers carefully corrected1 the book will rank first of its class4 ,,excerpta ,,ex ,,rituali ,,romano1 ,,pro ,,administratione ,,sacramentorum1 ,,ad ,,commodiorem ,,usum ,,mlssionariorum4 ,baltimori3 apud ,kelly1 ,piet et ,socios1 #ahgf4 ,this new edition of the ritual is an improvement upon previous ones in the beauty and clearness of the print4 ,in other respects no changes have been made1 except in the paging4 ,we notice a misprint1 8,suspice0 for 8,suscipe10 on p4 #aei4 ,there may be others1 but hardly can be any of importance4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #adc4;,,february1 #ahgg4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,frederic ,,ozanam4#adh ,ozanam's name and writings were made known to the portion of the ,english-reading world interested in the ,oxford movement by the brilliant pages of the ,british ,critic more than thirty years ago1 while he was still in the bloom of his youthful fame and success as a professor of the ,sorbonne4 ,the preface to his biography says that he is not widely known in ,england1 and the same is probably true of ,america1 speaking in reference to non-,catholics4 ,among ,catholic scholars here1 and we fancy in ,england also1 his name and works are well known and in high repute4 ,they deserve1 nevertheless1 to be better known and more highly honored4 ,there is scarcely a purer or more brilliant career to be found recorded in the annals of ,catholic literature in this century than his4 ,he was the founder of the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paula sufficient title to honor and gratitude4 ,he was a model of moral loveliness and ,christian virtue1 a type of the true ,catholic gentleman1 adorning a high sphere in society1 and at the same time heartily devoted to the welfare of the humblest1 the poorest1 and even the most degraded and vicious classes4 ,he was a thoroughly learned man in his own department1 a captivating writer1 a master of the minds and hearts of the studious youth of ,france1 a knightly champion of the faith without fear and without reproach1 an author of classical works of peculiar and enduring value4 ,the charm of his private1 personal character1 as a child1 a friend1 a husband and father1 a member of the social circle1 equals the lustre of his public career4 ,spotless and fascinating from the beginning to the end of his life1 the bright and winning grace of the figure which he presents in the history of his life receives dignity and pathos from the suffering which overshadowed and eclipsed his light before its meridian was attained4 ,he was born in #ahac2 his professorship at the ,sorbonne filled the space between his twenty-seventh and thirty-ninth years of lifethat is1 from #ahci to #aheb;and he died the next year at the age of forty1 after seven years of repeated attacks of illness and a continued decline4 ,we will pass in rapid review the incidents of this brief but fruitful career1 and endeavor to place before our readers a reduced sketch of the character and work of ,frederic ,ozanam1 as faithfully and artistically portrayed by his accomplished biographer4 ,the family records of the ,ozanams trace their origin to ,jeremiah ,hozannam1 a ,jew1 who was prtor in ,julius ,csar's thirty-eighth legion1 and received the township of ,boulignieux1 near ,lyons1 as his share in the military partition of the conquered ,gallic territory4 ,his lineal descendant1 ,samuel ,hozannam1 was converted by ,st4 ,didier in the seventh century4 ,the name was altered to ,ozanam by the grandfather of the subject of the present notice4 ,dr4 ,ozanam1 ,frederic's father1 was a distinguished man1 and both of ,frederic's parents were persons of remarkable virtue and piety4 ,he was born in ,milan1 but educated at ,lyons1 every possible care being taken of his intellectual1 moral1 and religious culture4 ,in childhood and youth he was delicate1 precocious1 exemplary in morals and religion1 extremely diligent and successful in his studies1 and every way admirable and lovable in character4 ,at one time during his boyhood he was tormented by temptations against faith1 which were so rife1 and to a multitude of the studious youth of ,france so dangerous1 at that epoch4 ,to him they were not dangerous1 but salutary2 for they had no other effect except to stimulate him to a study of the rational evidences of the ,catholic religion1 and to leave in his heart a vivid and tender sympathy for the victims of doubt and error4 ,after a very thorough course of classical study under an eminent teacherthe ,abb ,noirotwhich he completed at seventeen years of age1 ,frederic ,ozanam was placed in a lawyer's office at ,lyons1 where he remained one year1 employing all his leisure time in linguistic and literary studies4 ,before completing his nineteenth year he was sent to study at the great ,law-,school of ,paris1 where he remained six years1 after which1 at the age of twenty-five1 he was admitted to the bar and to the degree of ,doctor in ,letters1 taking the next year his degree of ,doctor of ,laws4 ,ozanam had studied well his jurisprudence1 and was perfectly competent to practise his profession1 or even to hold a chair as professor in a law-school4 ,this was not1 however1 his vocation1 and he had little taste or inclination for such a life4 ,his legal career was1 therefore1 very brief and only an episode in his life4 ,in respect to his true vocation he had many doubts and anxieties4 ,he was extremely averse to the thought of marriage1 and1 being so fervently religious1 he naturally felt certain predispositions toward the sacerdotal or monastic state4 ,he visited the ,grande ,chartreuse1 corresponded with his friend ,lacordaire1 and held many consultations with his director4 ,the final result was that he chose the profession of literature1 and married1 with the full and hearty approbation of his friend and counsellor1 the ,abb ,noirot4 ,his chief end in choosing his profession was the advancement of the cause of religion and the church2 and the generous aspirations1 directed by the most elevated and enlightened views1 which developed into so glorious and successful1 albeit in time so brief a fulfilment1 already preoccupied his mind and heart from the time that he was seventeen years old4 ,in point of fact1 he had really found his vocation at that time1 and1 notwithstanding his apparent divergence to the legal profession and his various waverings of purpose1 he actually began to prosecute it steadily by his studies and by such active efforts as his age and condition permitted1 from that early but prematurely ripe period of his life4 ,the programme of his studies and literary labors is laid down in a letter to a friend1 written when he was seventeen years old4 ,without neglecting his professional studies1 he was able1 thanks to his wonderful mental gifts1 his retentive memory1 and his habits of intense1 continuous application1 as well as to the definiteness and unity of the scope and plan which he followed1 to acquire that solid and accurate erudition which furnished the material fused and moulded into such beautiful forms by the fire of his eloquence and the constructive art of his imagination4 ,the state of things among men of science and letters1 and the youth studying at the great schools1 when ,frederic ,ozanam went to ,paris1 was1 in a religious aspect1 most dreary4 ,his father had feared to send him there on account of the infidelity and immorality with which the whole atmosphere was poisoned1 but had at last resolved to trust to the firmness of his principles and the purity of his character4 ,his trust was fully justified4 ,during his student-life ,ozanam began1 in concert with a few other young men like-minded with himself1 that counter-revolution or crusade for the restoration of the old religion of ,france1 among the young students and also among the working-men of ,paris1 which we devoutly trust will end in the fulfilment of ,de ,maistre's prophecy that within this present century ,france will be once again completely ,christianized4 ,there is nothing more melancholy in all history1 after the apostasy of ,juda from the standard of her ,lion1 than the lapse of ,france from her fidelity to the cross and to the vows of that national baptism in the deepest1 purest waters of ,catholicity1 from which she derived her life1 her strength1 and her unparalleled glory in ,christendom4 ,it is like the fall of ,solomon1 so beautiful1 so wise1 so royal in magnanimity and splendor1 so favored of ,god1 so renowned as the builder of the ,temple and the palaces of ,sion1 degrading those later years which ought to have been crowned with a venerable majesty by turning his heart to strange women and to the abominations of the heathen4 ,it is a grief almost without consolation1 and accompanied by surprise and indignation1 that a people like that of ,france1 and especially its intelligent and educated portion1 living amid the monumental glories of their ,catholic history1 could be insensible to their own honor1 mock at all which makes their nation venerable1 destroy the noble work of their ancestors1 and1 like the ,israelites defiling themselves with the base heathen of ,chanaan1 turn away to the worship of the fetich of the ,revolution4 ,how much more deeply must the bosoms of those ,frenchmen who are not degenerate be stirred by such emotions6 ,there were always among the sons of ,israel of old elect souls1 the true children of the promise1 such as ,joseph1 ,gideon1 ,samuel1 ,david1 ,isaias1 ,daniel1 ,judas ,machabeus1 who burned with zeal and holy enthusiasm for the cause of the ,god of their fathers2 and they never ceased to rise up when they were most needed until the final apostasy of the nation4 ,the people of ,france have never apostatized from ,christ as a body1 although a great multitude of apostates have deserted the faith and loyalty of their ancestors1 and the revolution which they stirred up under the traitorous banner of ,voltaire1 8the wickedest1 the meanest1 and the most unpatriotic ,frenchman of the last century10#adi has swayed to a great extent the politics and education of ,france for a hundred years4 ,paris has gone far beyond ,france in this road of apostasy1 but even there impiety has never gained a complete and lasting conquest4 ,on the contrary1 martyrdom1 heroic charity1 and intellectual valor in the sacred cause have made it their most illustrious palestra1 and1 we trust1 have expiated the guilt of that peerless city1 and averted the doom which would seem to await it if the divine justice should exact the due meed of retribution4 ,among the lite of the youth of ,france1 the class most immediately and universally exposed to the deadly influence of impious literature and education and withdrawn from the control of the clergy1 gifted and pure souls have arisen1 filled with the inspiration of genius and religion1 like ,daniel and his companions in the captivity1 who have escaped the violence of fire and stopped the mouths of lions4 ,first among these is ,chateaubriand1 who in his old age honored ,frederic ,ozanam with his special friendship and was loved reverently by him in return4 ,notwithstanding a short period of defection from the faith1 and considerable faults in his character and writings1 ,chateaubriand deserves to be called the father of the new generation of ,catholic youth in ,france4 ,there is no similar autobiography of more exquisite charm than the history of that childhood and youth in which this great man shows us how he was trained and formed to that peculiar type of genius which so captivated1 and to a great extent re-formed in a ,catholic mould1 the intellectual and imaginative youth of ,france4 ,lamartine deserves a considerable meed of recognition1 also1 for services of the same general nature1 though he was far less true and constant to his first loyalty4 ,victor ,hugo promised in the beginning to devote a genius of a much higher order than either of these two eminent men possessed to the true welfare of his country and mankind1 but unhappily was seduced by the fell spirit of the ,revolution4 ,even he shows a reaction from the unmitigated1 fanatical hatred of the ,catholic past of ,france and ,christendom which animates the worst section of the anti-,catholic sect4 ,the moderates or liberals1 the men of compromise between the revolutionary section and some kind of vague natural religion or philosophy under a spiritual or semi-,christian semblance1 who have had the predominance at ,paris in government1 education1 and the general leadership of the public affairs of ,france1 since the time of the ,first ,empire1 have also belonged to a half-way party1 in which the effect of resurging ,catholicity is visible4 ,they have been allied with the outside row of ,catholics1 who were either only nominally such1 or1 if really1 inconsistent and weak in their allegiance to the church4 ,their position presented1 therefore1 a much weaker and more easily assailable front to ,catholic aggression than one more extreme and openly revolutionary would have done4 ,nevertheless1 the young world of ,paris students were as effectually1 and more quietly and irresistibly1 alienated from real faith in the religion of their baptism1 and every principle or duty of practical ,christian morals and piety1 by their utterly secular and free-thinking education in the public schools1 so long as no counter-influence was brought to bear upon them1 as if the ,catholic religion had been proscribed by penal laws4 ,it was possible1 however1 to bring this influence to bear upon them4 ,the liberty granted to indifferentism1 infidelity1 and atheism might be made use of to the advantage of ,catholicity4 ,in the schools where free thought and free expression were a law1 the possessors might be invaded and overthrown by intellectual and moral weapons1 if there were found aggressors able to wield them and bold enough to enter the arena4 ,on such a battle-ground1 where the field is in the domain of history and philosophy1 where reason is umpire1 and where facts and arguments1 eloquence and logic1 appeals to the intellect and the heart1 the lessons of the past and the examples of those men to whom the verdict of timethe most impartial of judgeshas decreed an apotheosis1 are the arsenal of the combatants1 the ,catholic cause must win1 if its champions are worthy of their cause4 ,when ,frederic ,ozanam came to ,paris the other side had the field to themselves1 like the challengers of ,ashby-de-la-,zouche on the morning of the tournament1 before the young ,ivanhoe rode into the lists4 ,the venerable ,sorbonne1 that ancient shrine of sacred learning1 had become a theatre1 where shallow1 rationalistic philosophers like ,jouffroy declaimed against revelation and the ,catholic ,church4 ,ozanam soon found a small number of resolute1 high-spirited young men like himself1 who had been well trained at home in their religion and were determined to adhere to it faithfully4 ,under his leadership they began to send in objections to the statements and arguments of their infidel professors1 which necessarily commanded some attention and respect and had influence with their fellow-students4 ,jouffroy himself1 at the hour of death abjured infidelity1 received the ,sacraments devoutly1 and declared that one half-page of the catechism was worth more than all the philosophical systems4 ,it was at this time that ,ozanam founded the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,the ,abb ,lacordaire1 the ,abb ,gerbet1 and other eminent priests of ,paris1 and even the archbishop1 interested themselves in the band of young ,catholic students1 and under their guidance the career of their leader1 ,frederic ,ozanam1 became1 during his whole student-life1 a truly noble and successful apostleship4 ,thus the way was prepared for him to carry on the same work in a much more efficacious manner as a professor at the ,sorbonne4 ,in the year #ahci ,ozanam1 being then twenty-six years of age1 a professorship of philosophy at ,orleans and one of commercial law at ,lyons were offered him1 and the latter appointment accepted4 ,he resigned it1 however1 after one year1 in order to accept the position of assistant-professor of foreign literature at the ,sorbonne4 ,at this time an additional professorship of foreign literature at ,lyons was offered to him1 which would have secured to him1 together with the law-professorship1 an income of #c1jjj a year4 ,he was just about to be married to a young lady of ,lyons4 ,nevertheless1 he chose the position of assistant to the profesor of foreign literature at the ,sorbonne1 although it was a precarious one1 and brought him an income of less than #ejj1 in order that he might be better able to carry out the one noble purpose to which he had devoted his life4 ,together with his professorship at the ,sorbonne he held also1 for a few years1 another at the ,collge ,stanislas1 which he was obliged to relinquish when1 in #ahdd1 on the vacancy of the chair of foreign literature at the ,sorbonne1 he received the appointment to fill it from the government4 ,for all these early and brilliant successes he was in great measure indebted to the warm friendship and patronage of ,m4 ,cousin and ,m4 ,villemain1 a fact most honorable to these distinguished men1 who1 as is well known1 were leaders of the rationalist school1 yet nevertheless1 like the eminent ,protestant1 ,m4 ,guizot1 really carried out in respect to ,catholics their professions of liberality4 ,m4 ,ozanam continued to fulfil his duties at the ,sorbonne during twelve years1 with some considerable interruptions caused by illness4 ,his published works are chiefly composed of the substance of the lectures which he delivered4 ,the great idea which was before the mind of ,ozanam from the period of his early youth was1 the justification of the ,catholic religion by the philosophy of universal history4 ,eventually1 he was led to concentrate his attention principally upon the period embraced between the fifth and fourteenth centuries1 with especial reference to the ,german empire and to the medival philosophy reflected in the poems of ,dante1 whose strong attachment to the ,german party in ,italy is well known1 though perhaps not so generally well understood4 ,frederic ,schlegel has said3 8,it is pre-eminently from the study of history that all endeavors after a higher mental culture derive their fixed centre and support1 viz41 their common reference to man1 his destinies and energies4 ,history1 if it does not stop at the mere enumeration of names1 dates1 and external facts2 if it seizes on and sets forth the spirit of great times1 of great men1 and great events1 is in itself a true philosophy1 intelligible to all1 and certain1 and in its manifold applications the most instructive4 ,then history1 if not in itself the most brilliant1 is yet the most indispensable link in that beautiful chain which encompasses man's higher intellectual culture2 and history it is which binds the others more closely together4 ,it is the great merit of our age to have renovated the study of history1 and to have cultivated it with extraordinary zeal4 ,within the last two or three decades alone so much has been achieved and produced in this department1 that historical knowledge has been perhaps as much extended in that short space of time as formerly in many centuries40#aej ,the scope and solution of universal history are found in the history of ,christianity viewed in connection with the ,judaic and patriarchal epochs of revealed religion which preceded the advent of the ,messias4 ,the most important portion of ,christian history is that which relates to ,western ,christendom1 the ,european family of nations which grew up under the immediate spiritual and temporal authority of the popes4 ,this was the true civilt cattolica1 the millenial kingdom of ,christ on earth1 whose rise1 progress1 and gradual decadence occupied the space between the fifth and sixteenth centuries1 whose remnants are all that has any moral grandeur or value in the modern age1 whose restoration and triumph under a new form are the only future hope of humanity4 ,the foundations of heresy and infidelity are laid in the falsification and perversion of history1 and in the general ignorance of historical facts which opens the way for sophists to spin their webs of lies around the deluded minds of the multitude4 ,to find some other source of the greatness1 virtue1 happiness1 evolution in the line of its destiny1 already actually exhibited in its history by the human race1 especially its elect portion1 and still possible in futurity1 besides the revealed religion and ,catholic church of ,god1 is the problem of the anti-,catholic1 anti-,christian1 anti-theistic sophists4 ,germany is their principal territory1 the ,gath and ,ascalon of the ,philistines who defy the armies of the ,living ,god with their weapons of erudition and reasoning that are like a weaver's beam4 ,from the days of the old secular and ecclesiastical princes of ,germany who revolted against the supremacy of ,rome1 down to ,luther1 his associates and successors1 even to our modern ,german sophists1 apostates and persecutors2 the pretence of an autochthonous culture has been set up for ,germany with a degree of pride1 arrogance1 and insolence which has no parallel1 and is frequently so offensive and boastful as to be ridiculous not only in the eyes of the rest of the world but in those of all sensible and catholic-minded ,germans4 ,christianity is considered by men of this school as the cause of a decline from the autocthonous civilization4 ,war with the ,christianity of the ,latin races1 and a return to unalloyed ,teutonism1 are regarded as the conditions of a magnificent future development1 political1 scientific1 and literary1 which shall create a ,german empire in every respect supreme mistress of the modern world4 ,ozanam's chief object was to combat this claim by showing1 not that ,germany has nothing to be proud of and no greatness to aspire after1 but that she is indebted for her past and present glory1 and must be indebted for any fulfilment of a glorious destiny in time to come1 to ,christianity and ,roman unity1 without which the ,germans would have remained always1 and will again become1 barbarians4 ,we must refer the reader to ,miss ,o',meara's interesting pages for a fuller account of the way in which ,ozanam prepared himself for his task1 and afterwards fulfilled it by his lectures on ,german history4 ,schlegel had given him a brilliant example of the way in which history can be brought up to that high standard of scientific1 ethical1 and literary excellence which is set forth in the quotation we have made above from his lectures4 ,the value and practical utility of the ideas there presented and illustrated so nobly by the literary career of ,ozanam cannot be too much insisted upon4 ,history is emphatically the modern field most necessary and advantageous for ,catholic polemics4 ,the history of particular epochs1 of special classes and orders in society1 of individual men of mark1 of institutions1 of branches of science1 art1 or learningin a word1 of every kind of topic which can be made distinct and interesting by being localized1 limited in respect to time1 or otherwise so brought within clear and defined boundaries that it becomes vivid and real to the intellect and imaginationis that which we have specially within our intention4 ,moreover1 the charms of style are essentially requisite4 ,happily1 we have begun to supply the dearth of such books in the ,english language1 partly by such as are originally written in ,english1 partly by translations4 ,john ,henry ,newman has given us a certain quantity of historical writing worthy of comparison with 8,livy's pictured page10 and justly meriting for him the title1 so felicitously invented by an ,italian critic1 of 8the ,claude ,lorraine of ,english literature40 ,the accomplished authoress of ,christian ,schools and ,scholars is another skilful miner in the gold-fields of ,catholic history2 and ,mrs4 ,hope1 also1 has shown in her volumes on the conversion of the ,teutons and ,anglo-,saxons how specially adapted to labor successfully in this department are cultivated women4 ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west is an unrivalled masterpiece1 as all know2 and if we were to catalogue all the various pieces of historical composition on similar topics to be found in recent ,european literature1 enough of them would be found to make a small library4 ,all books of this kind in the ,english language would1 however1 make but a small collection1 merely enough for a nucleus of a library of ,catholic historical literature4 ,the educated and reading classes in ,england and the ,united ,states have been1 within a very recent period1 shockingly ignorant of the history of all except a few nations during a few epochs1 in regard to which they have received a certain amount of information from popular works1 mixed up with a great amount of error and misrepresentation4 ,there has doubtless been an improvement slowly taking place for the last thirty years1 and becoming continually more rapid as it advances4 ,yet1 rating this improvement at the highest value it can possibly be imagined to have1 the amount of knowledge1 especially in regard to the real1 genuine history of ,christendom1 which is current among the readers of only ,english books1 or even accessible to them1 is lamentably small4 ,even the most of those who are supposed to know something of foreign literature may1 without injustice1 be taxed with the same lack of information4 ,we consider1 therefore1 that the example of ,ozanam is one which has a special fitness in it to allure and stimulate those whose vocation it is to give instruction1 by lectures or writings1 to a zealous imitation4 ,there are ,australian and ,californian mines waiting for those who will work them1 in which those who have not the ability to dig out great masses of the golden ore may find nuggets and gold-dust in abundance to increase the common treasure in general circulation4 ,historical works of original and thorough research are wanted4 ,where translations from ,german1 ,french1 and ,italian works suffice1 let them suffice1 and original authors take up new topics4 ,would that1 even by the easy method of translation from foreign languages1 our ,english historical literature might be enriched1 and that the taste for solid reading were sufficiently diffused to enable enterprising publishers to employ the hundreds of persons able and willing to undertake this work6 ,besides these more extensive historical works1 there is a great need for others of lesser magnitude1 for which the materials already exist in abundance4 ,all that is necessary to make these rich materials available is1 that they be worked up by those who possess the art of conveying instruction and imparting delight to inquisitive minds by the skilful use of their vernacular idiom in a way suited to the capacity and taste of their listeners or readers4 ,teachers in colleges and schools who are able to lecture to their pupils will1 in our opinion1 stimulate their minds to thought and study much more easily and efficaciously by lectures on topics of this kind than by adhering exclusively to the mere class routine4 ,and we venture to suggest also to those who give lectures to literary associations or general audiences1 that they would do well to exchange their usually trite and abstract topics of vague and general declamation for specific and individual subjects taken from the historical domain4 ,we may say the same to those who undertake to write books1 or articles for the periodicals4 ,and here it occurs to our memory to refer to certain historical and biographical articles which have appeared in some of our magazines as specimens and illustrations4 ,the ,civilt ,cattolica has published a long series of brief but remarkably accurate and graphic historical sketches of the lives and reigns of the ,sovereign ,pontiffs1 under the title of ,i ,destini di ,roma4 ,the ,month has repeatedly given short articles of the same kind1 either singly or serially1 which are perfect models of the popular historical style4 ,our children and young people1 and indeed all people whatever who can be induced to hear or read anything instructive1 with the exception of a small class of severely-disciplined minds1 must be charmed in order to be taught4 ,truth must be made visible2 in concrete1 distinct1 and brilliant pictures1 images1 representations of actual realities1 living examples2 as a splendid form in symmetrical figures4 ,this is the reason why works of imaginative genius are so keenly relished by the multitude1 and especially those fictitious narratives called novels and romances1 whose particular form is most easily apprehended by the common imagination4 ,fiction1 in so far as it is constructed according to the rules of true art1 is but a shadow of real life4 ,the reality is far more interesting4 ,compendiums and textbooks must indeed be dry1 and they are necessary1 as grammars and dictionaries are both extremely dry and extremely necessary4 ,but1 besides these dry skeletons of history1 we need other books in which the epic and lyric harmony and dramatic life of man's variegated action on the earth are reproducedworks which bear the same relation to dry annals that the neid or the ,cid sustain to ,latin and ,french grammar4 ,they should be composed with such a charm of style that an intelligent boy or girl would eagerly take them under a tree of a fine summer-day1 and beguile delightfully a long afternoon in their perusal1 if they are for juvenile readers2 and if they are of a more ambitious aim1 that they allure their readers to burn the midnight oil over their pages4 ,nor would we exclude historical romances from the category of useful and instructive literature1 if they are constructed in conformity to the truth of history and inculcate wholesome moral lessons4 ,it is an error to consider literature as merely a means of instruction for a secular purpose or of transitory pleasure1 and to confine the effort at cultivating the spiritual faculties in view of the soul's everlasting destiny1 to the use of means directly religious4 ,this is one form of the erroneous doctrine that the temporal order ought to be separated from the spiritual order1 and therefore education be secularized4 ,if there are any who think that the clergy have no interest in any but their own technical1 professional studies1 and that catechisms1 didactic sermons1 ascetic books1 and biographies of saints written in that formal method which is so inexpressibly unnatural and tedious1 with virtues tied up in separate bundles and commonplace dissertations overloading the narrative1 are the only and sufficient means of salvation1 we might say to them3 ,look at the ,bible1 and study the method which the divine ,wisdom adopted4 ,it is a book of history1 poetry1 eloquence2 with little of professedly abstract1 didactic instruction4 ,it is an inspired literature1 and the sermons of our ,lord even are thrown into a popular and concrete form which addresses the imagination more directly than the understanding4 ,the ,bible1 as well as nature1 reason1 and experience1 teaches us the practical lesson that for the young and for the multitude object-teaching is the proper and only successful method4 ,the divine philosophy1 as well as the human1 must be taught by example1 and history is philosophy teaching by examples4 ,in the history of ,christendom1 both public and private1 the sacred history of the ,old and ,new ,testament is continued4 ,the church is the spouse of ,christ4 ,the ,evangelists paint the picture of the bridegroom1 and ,catholic historians of the bride4 ,to win admiration and love for her1 it is enough to represent her as she is4 ,frederic ,ozanam was inspired with this idea1 which was infused into his soul by the ,holy ,spirit who consecrated him to his high vocation4 ,he devoted himself to his literary and historical labors as a professor at the ,sorbonne1 not for the sake of science1 fame1 or any earthly advantage or emolument1 but as an apostle of the ,catholic religion2 that he might win the studious youth of ,paris to love ,catholic truth and return to the church of their ancestors4 ,for fifty years no ,catholic lecturer1 speaking as a ,catholic1 had been heard in that ancient1 desecrated temple of the ,christian philosophy of the glorious days gone by of ,france4 ,the voice of ,ozanam was heard1 without the slightest flattening of its ,catholic tone1 with no timid reticence of his ,catholic principles1 and it captivated that crowd of turbulent1 unbelieving youth by its magic eloquence4 ,his biographer tells us3 8,no man in his position was ever so much beloved in ,paris2 it was almost an adoration4 ,after hanging upon his lips at the ,sorbonne1 bursting out every now and then1 as if in spite of themselves1 into sudden gusts of applause1 and then hushing one another for fear they should lose one of the master's words1 his young audience would follow him out of the lecture-hall1 shouting and cheering1 putting questions1 and elbowing their way up for a word of recognition1 while a band of favored ones trooped on with him to his home across the gardens4 ,they never suspected what an additional fatigue this affectionate demonstration was to the professor1 already exhausted by the preceding hour and a half's exertion1 with its laborious proximate preparation4 ,no matter how tired he was1 they were never dismissed2 he welcomed their noisy company1 with its eager talk1 its comments and questions1 as if it were the most refreshing rest4 ,there was1 indeed1 only one reward that ,ozanam coveted more2 this was when some young soul1 who had come to the lecture in doubt or unbelief1 suddenly moved by the orator's exposition of the faith1 as it was embodied or shadowed forth in his subject1 opened his eyes to the truth1 and1 like the blind man in the ,gospel1 cried out1 #8giving thanks4' 8,one day1 on coming home from the ,sorbonne1 the following note was handed to him3 #8,it is impossible that any one could speak with so much fervor and heart without believing what he affirms4 ,if it be any satisfaction,i will even say happinessto you to know it1 enjoy it to the full1 and learn that before hearing you ,i did not believe4 ,what a great number of sermons failed to do for me you have done in an hour3 you have made me a ,christian6''' ,accept this expression of my joy and gratitude4' ,you have made me a ,christian6 ,oh6 let those who believe and love like ,ozanam tell us what he felt1 what joy inundated his soul when this cry went forth to him40#aea ,ozanam's authority over the students was never more strikingly manifested than on the occasion of the excitement caused by the public announcement which the celebrated historian ,lenormant made of his conversion to ,christianity4 ,he had been an infidel1 then a waverer between scepticism and faith1 for years before he declared himself on the ,catholic side4 ,the leaders of the infidel party stirred up the students who attended his course of historical lectures to violent demonstrations of hostility4 ,ozanam espoused his cause with the most chivalrous courage1 and took his place by the side of ,m4 ,lenormant in the lecture-hall4 ,when the storm of yells1 hisses1 hootings1 and blasphemous outcries burst forth in a deafening tumult1 he sprang to his feet beside the lecturer with an attitude and a glance of indignant defiance which evoked at once from the fickle mob of youths a counter-storm of violent applause4 ,a scornful gesture hushed them into a sudden silence1 broken only by the thunder of ,ozanam's invectives and the eloquence of his appeals to their honor and the principles of liberty which they professed to respect1 but had so grossly violated4 ,he mastered them completely1 and ,m4 ,lenormant then proceeded to deliver his lecture without interruption4 ,the next day1 however1 through the influence of those consistent advocates of toleration1 ,michelet and ,quinet1 the course was closed by an order of the government4 ,the active labors of ,ozanam were by no means restricted to his department of duty as a professor4 ,he was a zealous leader in ,catholic associations1 a frequent contributor to the journals1 an untiring workman in the cause of practical charity and all undertakings for the improvement of the class of artisans and laborers4 ,it is impossible to make any accurate estimate of the actual results of his efforts in the cause of religion and humanity4 ,in the words of his biographer3 8,the work that he accomplished in his sphere will never be known in this world4 ,god only knows the harvest that others have reaped from his prodigal self-devotion1 his knowledge1 and that eloquence which so fully illustrated the ideal standard of human speech described by ,fnelon as #8the strong and persuasive utterance of a soul nobly inspired4' ,for ,ozanam was not merely a teacher in the ,sorbonnehe was a teacher of the world2 and his influence shone out to the world through the minds and lives of numbers of his contemporaries who did not know that they were reflecting his light40 ,what is awaiting ,france we know not4 ,the world1 but especially all ,catholics throughout the whole extent of the church's domain in the world1 have watched with intensest interest the events which have occurred in ,france since the reign of ,pius ,,ix4 began under such unwonted and marvellous auspices1 and has continued so much beyond the period of human expectation4 ,they have never ceased to pray for ,france1 to sympathize with the heroic efforts of genuine ,french patriots1 the true children of ,charlemagne and ,st4 ,louis1 and to watch anxiously for the time when the prognostic of the learned and eloquent ,dr4 ,marshall shall be fulfilled3 8,when ,france falls upon her knees1 let the enemies of ,france begin to tremble40 ,the blood of three martyred archbishops of ,paris1 the blood of ,olivaint and his noble fellow-victims1 the blood of ,pimodan and those generous youth who fell at ,castelfidardo1 the chivalry of ,lamoricire and ,la ,charrette1 the vows of the pilgrims of ,lourdes and ,paray-le-,monial1 the valiant struggles of the champions of the faith1 the prayers and sacrifices of that crowd of the noblest daughters of ,france which fills her renovated cloisters1 cannot surely remain for ever powerless to lift the dark cloud which overhangs the kingdom of the fleurs-de-lis4 ,there has been enough of the blood of the just poured out in ,france within the last century to redeem not only ,france but ,christendom4 ,if ,christendom is to be regenerated1 ,france must first come forth renewed out of her second baptism in blood and fire4 ,the cry of anguish1 though not of despair1 which she sends up to heaven by the mouth of her eloquent spokesman1 the bishop of the city of ,joan of ,arc1 8,o allons nous80 must be answered3 8,we go to victory over traitors within and enemies without1 and our triumph shall be that of the ,catholic ,church40 ,frederic ,ozanam had once said to the young men of a literary circle3 8,let us be ready to prove that we too have our battle-fields1 and that1 if need be1 we can die on them40 ,in point of fact1 he did really sacrifice his own life in the fulfilment of his task4 ,such a delicate physical constitution could not naturally long survive the intense1 continuous strain to which it was subjected by a spirit which exercised a relentless despotism over the body4 ,in a letter to his brother ,charles he tells him1 by way of encouraging him to follow his example1 that in #ahcg1 when he was preparing his examination for the higher degrees1 he had1 during five months1 worked regularly ten hours1 and during the last month fifteen1 daily1 without counting the time spent in classes4 ,with much more navet than good sense1 he observes that 8one has to be prudent1 so as not to injure one's health by the pressure2 but little by little the constitution grows used to it4 ,we become accustomed to a severe active life1 and it benefits the temper as much as the intellect40 ,notwithstanding the remonstrances of friends1 he continued almost the same extent of application to study1 until his health gave way entirely2 and even during the journeys he was obliged to take for relaxation he rather varied the kind of labor in which his restless mind engaged than exchanged it for rest and recreation4 ,his first severe illness attacked him only four years after he began lecturing at the ,sorbonne4 ,this was followed at intervals by other attacks1 and a general failure of health which obliged him to intermit his courses and take several journeys in ,france1 ,italy1 ,england1 and ,spain1 during which he gathered the materials of some of the most delightful of his minor works4 ,it is a curious and characteristic incident of his visit to ,england1 worth recording1 that he was turned out of ,westminster ,abbey by the pompous beadle1 whom all tourists must well remember1 for kneeling down to pray at the tomb of ,edward the ,confessor4 ,his last lecture at the ,sorbonne was given some time during the spring of #aheb4 ,it was a dying effort4 ,he had persisted in dragging himself to the lecture-hall while a remnant of strength remained1 in spite of the entreaties of friends and medical advisers4 ,at length he had been forced to take to his bed1 exhausted with weakness and consumed by fever4 ,his cruel and unreasonable pupils clamored at the deprivation of the intellectual banquet to which they had been accustomed1 and1 with the inconsiderate spirit of youth1 accused him of neglecting his duty through self-indulgence4 ,ozanam heard of this1 and1 in spite of all remonstrances1 he rose from his bed1 was dressed and taken in a carriage to the ,sorbonne4 ,pale and haggard1 unable to walk without support1 but with an eye blazing with unwonted fire1 and a voice clear and shrill as a silver clarion1 he sang his death-song amid enthusiastic applause4 ,as the peroration of his last speech and of his life he exclaimed3 8,gentlemen1 our age is accused of being an age of egotism2 we professors1 it is said1 are tainted with the general epidemic2 and yet it is here that we use up our health2 it is here that we wear ourselves out4 ,i do not complain of it2 our life belongs to you2 we owe it to you to our last breath1 and you shall have it4 ,for my part1 if ,i die it will be in your service40 ,with ardent but foreboding congratulations and applauses1 which all felt to be farewells1 the students of the ,sorbonne heard and saw the last of ,ozanam4 ,the finale of his career had been reached2 his coursers touched the goal1 and the wreath and palm were decreed by acclamation to the hero who bore them away to die4 ,the next morning it was feared that he might not survive ten days4 ,he lived1 however1 about sixteen months longer1 wandering in company with his wife and little daughter1 from ,eaux-,bonnes to ,biarritz1 from ,biarritz to the ,pyrenees1 to ,spain1 and at last to ,italy1 then to ,marseilles1 where he closed his earthly life on the ,feast of the ,nativity of ,our ,lady1 #ahec1 surrounded by his relatives and friends1 and by his brothers of the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,his published works fill eleven volumes of considerable size1 and for a just appreciation of their character and value we refer the reader to the twenty-fifth chapter of ,miss ,o',meara's biography4 ,we have endeavored to excite rather than to allay the curiosity of our readers1 by merely designating the salient points of a life which is crowded with a great variety of traits and incidents such as make up a subject worthy to be handled by a skilful artist in the painting of character4 ,we have not by any means exhausted the material furnished by the intelligent and graceful narrator of ,ozanam's life1 or even touched upon those personal and private details of his domestic history which lend so poetic a charm to the story of his public career4 ,those in whom we have awakened an interest for one who presents the living ideal of a perfect ,catholic layman in an exalted sphere of action1 will defraud themselves grievously if they fail to make themselves more fully acquainted with it by the perusal of his biography4 ,the author1 although she now appears for the first time under her own proper name1 is already known by her ,life of ,bishop ,grant1 published under the nom de plume of ,grace ,ramsay1 and is a daughter of ,dr4 ,o',meara1 the author of ,napoleon in ,exile2 or1 a ,voice from ,st4 ,helena4 ,her contributions to the pages of this magazine have been numerous and always considered as among the best of our literary articles4 ,in the work we are reviewing she has done justice to the high estimate we had previously formed of her merit as a writer1 and to her subject1 the one most suited to call forth her power which she has thus far attempted4 ,besides a full knowledge of her subject2 that ardent glow of admiration for the hero of her story which is so requisite1 and is one of the special charms of portraits of noble men drawn by a feminine hand2 and graphic power regulated by delicate and correct taste in delineation and description1 the author has shown remarkable tact and good sense in respect to all those questions which have caused division and discussion between different ,catholic parties in ,france4 ,without suppressing any part of the history of ,m4 ,ozanam and his period1 or attempting to throw a veil over any of his opinions which involved him in the domestic controversies then existing1 and not yet settled1 respecting the relations of the ,catholic cause and national politics1 she has judiciously avoided taking the part of an advocate1 and preserved the quiet1 impartial attitude of a historian4 ,we have occasionally noticed some evidences of haste1 and neglect to put the last finishing touches upon the construction of sentences or the details of the narrative4 ,we are also at a loss to understand the author's motive for using certain ,french words1 such as angoisse and dcouragement1 rather than the corresponding ,englishman terms4 ,for the incorrect title on the back of the cover1 ,life and ,works of ,f4 ,ozanam1 we suppose the publisher is accountable2 for the author has entitled her own work very properly on the title-page1 ,frederic ,ozanam1 ,professor at the ,sorbonne3 ,his ,life and ,worksa phrase whose meaning is essentially changed by the inversion of its parts1 and made to convey the impression that the complete works of ,ozanam are contained in one small volume1 together with his life4 ,apart from this blemish1 which can be easily corrected1 the mechanical execution of the work is neat and tasteful4 ,the ,life of ,ozanam is another gem added to our small cabinet of treasures by the skill and industry of a gifted1 cultivated woman4 ,we trust the success of ,miss ,o',meara's first appearance under her own name will encourage her to new efforts1 and stimulate other women similarly gifted to follow her example by laboring in a department of literature for which they are specially competent4 ,the example of ,frederic ,ozanam1 mirrored in her clear1 impartial pages1 presents its own native1 intrinsic beauty and splendor as a model for pure1 disinterested1 high-souled ,catholic young men who aspire towards an ideal of true intellectual and moral greatness which is elevated and at the same time attainable in the laical state and a secular profession4 ,it is to be hoped that the publication of this ,life will make the ,catholic students of ,england and the ,united ,states generally acquainted both with ,ozanam's beautiful character and with his thoroughly erudite1 yet classically elegant and attractive1 works on the history and literature of the middle ages4 #adh ,frederic ,ozanam1 ,professor at the ,sorbonne3 ,his ,life and ,works4 ,by ,kathleen ,o',meara4 ,edinburgh3 ,edmonston ,douglas4 #ahgf4 #adi ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 #aej ,lectures on ,modern ,history4 ,bohn's ,ed4 pp4 #a-c4 #aea ,p4 #bjj4 ,,amid ,,irish ,,scenes4 ,,ii 8,i do love these ancient ruins3 ,we never tread upon them but we set ,our foot upon some rev'rend history2 ,and1 questionless1 here in this open court1 ,which now lies naked to the injuries ,of stormy weather1 some lie interred who ,loved the church so well and gave so largely to 't ,they thought it should have canopied their bones ,till doomsday40 8,there is a joy in every spot ,made known in days of old ,new to the feet1 although each tale ,a hundred times be told40 ,who has not heard of the ,rock of ,cashel,cashel of the ,kings8 8,the first object10 exclaimed ,richard ,lalor ,sheil1 8that in childhood ,i learned to admire was that noble ruin1 an emblem as well as a memorial of ,ireland1 which ascends before us1 at once a temple and a fortress1 the seat of religion and nationality2 where councils were held1 where princes assembled2 the scene of courts and of synods2 and on which it is impossible to look without feeling the heart at once elevated and touched by the noblest as well as the most solemn recollections40 ,from whatever side the traveller approaches the ancient metropolis and residence of the kings of ,munster1 the first object to meet his eye is the ,rock1 which lifts itself above the surrounding country1 as proud to wear its monumental crown4 ,from the earliest times this hill seems to have been dedicated to religion4 ,its ,round ,tower1 which is still entire1 would lead us to associate it with the pagan rites of the ancient ,irish2 and the tradition which designates the ,rock as the place where the kings of ,munster were proclaimed confirms this view4 ,it is certainly associated with the early dawn of ,christianity in ,ireland2 for ,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,declan1 ,st4 ,ailbe1 ,st4 ,kiran1 and other holy men held a synod in ,cashel4 ,st4 ,patrick's visit was in #ddh2 he baptized ,prince ngus and held solemn feast in ,cashel of the ,kings 8till all the land was clothed with ,christ40 ,here on the ,rock he gave the shamrock its immortal fame3 8,from the grass ,the little three-leaved herb1 stooping1 ,i plucked1 ,and preached the ,trinity40 ,without entering into the controversy concerning the origin of the ,round ,towers1 we will take ,cormac's ,chapel to be the most ancient ,christian ruin on the ,rock4 ,this stone-roofed church was built1 as is generally supposed1 by ,cormac ,mc,cullenan1 the famous king-bishop1 who began to reign in the year #ijb4 ,but ,petrie is of opinion that we owe this chapel to ,cormac ,mac,carthy1 ,king of ,munster1 and that it is the ,teampul ,chormaic of whose solemn consecration by the archbishops and bishops of ,munster1 in presence of the priests1 princes1 and people1 the ,annals of ,innisfallen make mention in #aacd4 ,however this may be1 all agree that the chapel is one of the most curious and interesting specimens of early ,christian architecture in ,ireland4 ,like all the stone-roofed chapels of the primitive ,irish ,church1 it is divided into nave and chancel1 with a tall1 square tower at their northern and southern juncture4 ,within the southern tower1 which on the outside is ornamented with six projecting bands1 there is a stone staircase leading to apartments above the chapel said to have been occupied by ,king ,cormac4 ,these rooms receive the light through windows which are circular on the outside1 but square within1 and were heated by hot air1 conveyed into them through flues in the wallthe first instance known to us of the use of a method of warming houses generally thought to be of very recent invention4 ,the doorways leading into the chapel are in its northern and southern walls1 and are richly adorned with columns1 capitals1 mouldings1 and sculptured figures4 ,on the lintel of the northern entrance there is a group in basso-relievo representing a ,centaur in the act of shooting a lion which is about to devour some smaller animal that is crouching at its feet4 ,this is supposed to represent the contest between paganism and ,christianity for the possession of ,ireland during the repeated invasions of the ,danes4 ,the cathedral stands between the ,round ,tower and ,cormac's ,chapel1 embracing them in such way that they all seem to be but parts of one magnificent ruin4 ,this church1 which consists of a choir1 nave1 and transepts1 with a square tower in the centre1 was built by ,donald ,o',brien1 ,king of ,limerick1 in the year #aafi4 ,its greatest length from east to west is two hundred and ten feet1 and the breadth of the transepts is a hundred and seventy feet4 ,it is both a fortress and a churchtrue symbol of the perfect union of the national and the religious spirit in ,ireland4 ,the walls1 which are of great thickness1 are hollow1 so as to afford a safe passage from one part of the building to another in case of danger4 ,at the western end1 instead of the great doorway usually found in churches1 there is a massive square guard-tower of great height1 resembling the fortified castles which are common throughout the kingdom4 ,this formerly contained a vaulted apartment having no exterior windows1 and but one small entrance4 ,over this vault was the great room of state1 which could be reached only by stairs within the walls1 barely wide enough to admit one person4 ,the roof was surmounted by battlements and a parapet4 ,the monuments whose ruins crown the ,rock of ,cashel were all built before the ,saxon had set foot in ,ireland1 and it is impossible to look upon them without admiration for the men who called them into existence4 ,they certainly had little to learn1 in architecture at least1 from the rude ,norman barons who1 taking advantage of the internal feuds which distracted the people1 overran and subjugated the country4 ,it was in the year #aaja that ,murtogh ,o',brien1 ,king of ,munster1 convened a great assembly of the clergy and people of ,ireland at ,cashel1 8and made such an offering as king never made before himnamely1 ,cashel of the ,kings1 which he bestowed on the devout1 without the intervention of a laic or an ecclesiastic1 for the use of the religious of ,ireland in general40 ,we have a letter of ,st4 ,anselm to ,murtogh ,o',brien1 in which he praises him for his excellent administration of the kingdom4 ,his successor1 ,cormac ,mac,carthy1 by whom the chapel was built1 was the intimate friend of ,st4 ,malachi4 ,driven from his throne by ,turlough ,o',conor1 ,king of ,connaught1 he refused to take up arms to regain it1 but withdrew from strife and placed himself under the direction of this great saint4 ,in his society he led a penitential life1 taking no nourishment but bread and water1 and wholly absorbed in heavenly contemplation4 ,after some years he was replaced upon the throne1 and1 in gratitude1 built two churches at ,lismore1 where he had been the companion of ,st4 ,malachi1 and one at ,cashel of the ,kings4 ,the most famous of the bishops of ,cashel was ,cormac ,mc,cullenan1 who was at the same time ,king of ,munster1 and who has been considered as the founder of the chapel on the ,rock which still bears his name4 ,in his reign1 which began in #ijb1 the throne of ,cashel had become almost in every respect the equal of that of ,tara4 ,no longer content with his own provincial resources1 he put forth a claim to tribute from the whole southern half of ,ireland4 ,this involved him in war with the people of ,leinster1 who1 supported by the supreme monarch1 met ,cormac in battle and routed his army4 ,the king himself was slain1 and his body was conveyed to ,cashel for interment4 ,in the northern wall of the chapel there is a recess1 once filled by a sarcophagus which is now in the cathedral4 ,upon the slab which covered this tomb the name of ,cormac1 ,king and ,bishop of ,munster1 was inscribed in ,irish characters4 ,within the tomb itself1 when opened some years ago1 there was found a bronze crosier with gilt enamel1 of great beauty and exquisite finish1 which from its form and style of workmanship there is good reason for believing to be as old as the chapel itself2 and this has led ,petrie and other ,irish antiquarians to maintain that ,king ,cormac ,mac,carthy was also a bishop1 though the tradition is that the tomb is not his1 but that of the great ,cormac ,mc,cullenan4 ,after ,murtogh ,o',brien's gift of ,cashel to the church in the year #aaja1 its bishops gained in importance and power4 ,in the latter half of the twelfth century the see was filled by ,donald ,o',heney1 who was of the royal family of the ,dalcassians4 ,the ,four ,masters declare that he was the fountain of religion in the western part of ,europe1 that he was second to no ,irishman of his day in wisdom and piety1 and that in the ,roman ,law he was the most learned doctor in the whole kingdom4 ,he took part in a council held in #ajig1 in which ,waterford was erected into a bishopric1 and died in the following year4 ,in #aaeb ,pope ,eugene ,,iii4 sent ,cardinal ,paparo as legate to ,ireland with authority to confer the pallium upon four of the ,irish prelates4 ,one of these was ,donat ,o',lonargan1 ,archbishop of ,cashel1 during the lifetime of whose immediate successor ,henry ,,ii4 invaded ,ireland4 ,he landed at ,waterford on the #ahth of ,october1 #aaga1 with five hundred knights and four thousand men-at-arms1 and appeared rather as a protector than as an enemy of the ,irish people4 ,from ,waterford he marched with his army to ,lismore1 and thence to ,cashel4 ,early in the following year1 by his order1 a synod was held in ,cashel for the purpose of regulating ecclesiastical matters in ,ireland4 ,the chief pretext1 as is known1 for the ,norman invasion was the correction of abuses in the ,irish ,church1 and it was ostensibly with a view to effect this that the council was called4 ,its decrees have been preserved by ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 the eulogist of ,henry and the enemy of the ,irish1 and1 far from confirming the prevailing notion concerning the existence of grave disorders1 they furnish the strongest argument in favor of the purity of the ,irish ,church at that time2 and even had there been serious abuses1 the murderer of ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury was1 one would think1 hardly a fit instrument for doing away with them4 ,giraldus himself1 the avowed partisan of the ,english and the author of innumerable falsehoods relating to ,irish history1 was forced to admit that the clergy were faithful in the discharge of their spiritual duties1 pre-eminent in chastity1 and remarkable for their exceeding abstinence from food4 8,the clergy10 he says1 8of this country are very commendable for religion1 and1 among the divers virtues which distinguish them1 excel and are pre-eminent in the prerogative of chastity4 ,they attend also diligently to their psalms and hours2 to reading and prayer2 and1 remaining within the precincts of the churches1 do not absent themselves from the divine offices to the celebration of which they have been appointed4 ,they likewise pay great attention to abstinence and sparingness of food2 so that the greatest part of them fast almost every day until dusk1 and until they have completed all the canonical offices of the day40 ,as an off-set to this confession1 drawn from him unwillingly1 he accuses the ,irish clergy of drinking at night more than is becoming 7plusquam deceret71 but does not go the length of saying that they drank to inebriation1 which1 indeed1 would be altogether incompatible with the virtues which he is forced to admit they possessed4 ,felix1 ,bishop of ,ossory1 who was present when ,giraldus made this statement1 resented as false his allusion to the indulgence of the ,irish clergy in wine4 ,but1 even taking the account of ,giraldus in its full extent1 we must admit that the ,irish priests1 at the time of the ,norman invasion1 had nothing to learn from the example of the ecclesiastics who had followed the conquerors from ,england2 and we are inclined to hold with ,lanigan that there was in that day no church in ,christendom in which there were fewer abuses4 ,it was to ,maurice1 ,archbishop of ,cashel1 who died in #aaia1 that ,giraldus made the objection that ,ireland had never had any martyrs4 8,it is true10 replied the archbishop2 8for1 though the ,irish are looked upon as barbarous and uncultivated1 yet have they always paid reverence and honor to priests2 nor have they ever raised their hands against the saints of ,god4 ,but now there is come amongst us a people who know how and are accustomed to make martyrs4 ,henceforth ,ireland1 like other nations1 shall have her martyrs40 ,giraldus has himself recorded this retort as a sharp saying4 ,his heart would have failed him could he have looked into the future and beheld the whole people weltering in their martyr-blood2 the sword always uplifted ready to strike1 the land made desolate1 the populous cities empty1 the solemn cathedrals in ruins1 the monasteries sacked and burned1 until ,ireland1 that made no martyrs for ,christ1 became1 for him1 the great martyr-nation of all time4 ,cashel itself was to have its martyrs1 chosen some of them from among its archbishops4 ,maurice ,fitzgibbon1 of the noble family of the earls of ,desmond1 filled this see when ,elizabeth ascended the throne4 ,his birth was not more eminent than his virtue4 ,every effort was made by the queen to induce him to prefer honors to conscience4 ,but in vain4 ,he spurned the royal favor which could be obtained only by the sacrifice of his faith1 was arrested for refusing to take the oath of supremacy1 and thrown into prison in ,cork1 where1 after years of suffering and cruel treatment1 he died on the #fth of ,may1 #aegh4 ,his successor was ,archbishop ,o',hurley1 who1 through his mother1 ,honora ,o',brien1 was descended of the house of ,thomond4 ,a wretched informer was set to watch him1 but1 through the timely warning of a friend1 he escaped just as he was on the point of being delivered into the hands of the officers of the government1 and found an asylum in the castle of ,slane4 ,his place of refuge was soon discovered1 and ,lord ,slane was ordered under the heaviest penalties to bring the archbishop with the least possible delay to the ,castle of ,dublin4 ,on his trial he was put to torture1 in the vain hope that his excruciating sufferings might bring him to renounce his faith4 ,in the midst of his torments his only sister was sent into his prison to add her prayers to the cruelties of his tortures4 ,he implored her to fall upon her knees and ask pardon for so great a crime4 ,as a last resort he was offered pardon with the promise of high honors if he would yield4 ,the heroic martyr replied that when he had health to enjoy the world1 such things had not power to move him2 and now that he was weak and broken1 it would be folly to deny his ,god for pleasures which he could not enjoy4 ,sentence was then passed upon him1 and on the #fth of ,may1 #aehc1 in the sixty-fifth year of his age1 he was dragged to the place of public execution in ,stephen's ,green1 and there hanged4 ,his head was then cut off1 and his body quartered and placed upon the four gates of the city4 ,the first ,protestant ,archbishop of ,cashel was the notorious ,miler ,magragh1 who apostatized during the reign of ,elizabeth1 and whom ,camden calls 8a man of uncertain faith and credit1 and a depraved life40 ,during the fifty-two years of his occupancy of this see he squandered its revenues1 alienated its lands1 and1 lest the memory of his misdeeds should perish1 took care to erect in the cathedral a monument to himself to recall to succeeding generations the lavish manner in which he spent the ill-gotten goods of apostasy and servility4 ,the epitaph1 which he wrote himself1 records among other things that for fifty years he worshipped ,england's sceptre and pleased her princes4 ,when ,donald ,o',brien's grand cathedral passed into the hands of ,protestant bishops1 it began to be neglected4 ,in #afdg ,lord ,inchiquin1 one of ,cromwell's generals1 laid siege to it1 and1 after a severe bombardment1 took it by storm4 ,twenty priests who had taken refuge in the castle retired into the vault1 and the soldiers1 not being able to break in the door1 brought turf and made a fire1 by which they were either roasted or suffocated4 ,the western tower1 which was directly exposed to the battery of ,inchiquin1 was greatly damaged1 and after the capture the roof of the cathedral was blown off with cannon4 ,when the troubled times of the ,commonwealth had passed away1 the choir was again fitted up and used for religious worship1 until in #agdi the ,protestant ,archbishop ,price abandoned this hallowed sanctuary altogether1 leaving it to the mercy of time and the elements4 ,the groined arch underneath the belfry was broken down1 and the bells were carried off to ,fethard and ,clonmel4 ,the interior of the church was filled with the fragments of the fallen roof1 beneath which were buried tombstones1 capitals1 corbels1 and pillars2 and the noble ,rock where for ages the heroes and saints of ,ireland had dwelled and prayed1 abandoned of men1 was given up to the owl and the bat4 ,in #ahdh1 while the people were dying from hunger1 the great tower1 that had been battered by ,cromwell's cannon1 opened1 and the southern half fell to the ground with a terrific crash2 but so excellent was the mortar which had been used in the building that it remained firm while the stones were shattered4 ,the walls of the cathedral still stand firm and unshaken as the ,rock on which they are built4 ,there is no nobler ruin in ,great ,britain4 ,the abbeys of ,melrose1 ,dryburgh1 and ,holyrood are contemptible when compared with the ,rock of ,cashel4 ,even in its fallen state it has the lofty bearing of a king4 8,they dreamed not of a perishable life ,who thus could build40 ,when ,cromwell beheld it he exclaimed3 8,ireland is a country worth fighting for40 ,a fairer country1 in truth1 could not easily be found than that which unfolds itself beneath the eye of the traveller who ascends the pentagon tower of the ancient castle of the kings of ,munster4 ,to the west the ,golden ,vale expands in tracts of emerald and gold2 to the east rich pastures and well-cultivated uplands gradually rise towards the distant hills of ,kilkenny2 and on the north and the south the glorious prospect is bounded by the ,slieve ,bloom and ,galty ,mountains4 ,in the distance1 under the hill of ,knockgrenagh1 is the ruin which sheltered ,sarsfield the night before he fell upon and destroyed the siege-train of ,william of ,orange1 which was on its way from ,cashel to ,limerick4 ,in the vale under the ,rock lies the noble ruin of ,hore ,abbey1 originally founded by ,benedictine monks1 but transferred in #abgb1 by ,archbishop ,mc,carvill1 to the ,cistercians4 ,he also united with it the hospital for lepers built by ,david le ,latimer in #abcj1 the ruins of which may still be seen standing in a field on the road to ,cahir4 ,in #aefa ,queen ,elizabeth1 having expelled the monks1 gave the abbey with its appurtenances to ,henry ,radcliffe1 and to-day only the roofless walls remain4 ,while the ,penal ,code was in vigor no ,catholic was allowed to dwell within the limits of the town of ,cashel4 ,at present1 in a population of six thousand1 there are but a hundred and eighty ,protestants4 ,nevertheless1 the venerable ruins of the ,rock are still in the hands of the dignitaries of the ,church of ,england4 ,it is certainly a short-sighted and unwise policy which thus commits the ancient sanctuaries of ,ireland1 so dear to the hearts of her people1 to the custody of those who look upon them as relics of a superstitious faith1 and prize them only as trophies of conquest4 ,the ,irish people cling to memories and are governed more than others by their affections2 and so long as the ,english government persists in maintaining a state of affairs which constantly places before their eyes the wrongs and outrages of which they have been the victims1 so long will they be restless and dissatisfied4 ,to continue to allow an ecclesiastical establishment1 which has never been and can never be anything else than a political contrivance for the humiliation and oppression of the ,irish people1 to retain possession of these shrines of religion1 is a wanton insult to the double love they bear to their country and their faith4 ,it was this twofold love1 flowing in one channel1 that upheld them in all the dark centuries of woe2 and now that brighter days have come1 ,england cannot fail to recognize the increasing strength of ,irish patriotism and ,irish faith4 ,let the ,rock of ,cashel1 with its holy ruins1 its sacred tombs of kings and bishops1 be given back to the people to whom it belongs4 ,it is valueless except for its associations1 and these associations are without value to the persons in whose hands it is allowed to remain4 ,let the glory of other days come back to these sacred walls4 ,millions of ,catholics in the ,united ,states would consider it an honor and a privilege to be permitted to rebuild this sanctuary of ,god4 ,again on the holy mount let the lamp of ,christ's real presence burn as glowed the light that for a thousand years burned before ,st4 ,bridget's shrine4 ,let the swelling notes of the deep-toned organ lift again the soul to ,god1 while mitred bishops and surpliced priests1 with all the believing throng1 sing forth the song of thanks and praise4 ,in the resurrection of a people1 in the new rising of a faith1 let this temple1 given back to ,god and to ,ireland1 stand as a commemoration4 ,seven miles north of ,cashel1 and three miles south of ,thurles1 on the banks of the river ,suir1 lie the ruins of the ,abbey of ,holy ,cross4 ,a convent was built on this spot at a very early period of the ,christian history of ,ireland4 ,the fame of the sanctity of the monks attracted members to the community1 and also pilgrims from a distance4 ,in #aafi1 two years before the ,norman invasion1 ,donald ,o',brien1 ,king of ,limerick1 accompanied by a brilliant retinue1 visited the place1 and was led by his devotion to found and endow the abbey4 ,the charter of foundation1 one of the witnesses to which was ,maurice1 ,archbishop of ,cashel1 of whom we have already made mention1 opens with these words3 8,donald1 by the grace of ,god1 ,king of ,limerick1 to all kings1 dukes1 earls1 barons1 knights1 and ,christians of whatsoever degree1 throughout ,ireland1 perpetual greeting in ,christ40 ,this charter was afterwards confirmed by the ,english kings ,john1 ,henry ,,iii41 ,edward ,,iii41 and ,richard ,,ii4 ,the abbey received its name from the possession of a portion of the true cross which was given in #aaaj1 by ,pope ,pascal ,,ii41 to ,donough ,o',brien1 ,king of all ,ireland and grandson of ,brian ,boru4 ,princes and bishops were eager to enrich this monastery1 and the fame of the miracles wrought by the sacred relic drew to it crowds of worshippers4 ,with increasing wealth1 the buildings grew in splendor and extent4 ,the church is built in the form of a cross1 with nave1 chancel1 and transept4 ,at the intersection of the cross there is a lofty square tower1 and in the transepts two beautifully-groined chapels4 ,in the monastery there were eight dormitories for the monks1 besides numerous chambers for the entertainment of visitors attracted by devotion2 for the laws of hospitality were never forgotten4 ,the abbot1 who was mitred1 was a peer of ,parliament and secular lord of the county of 8,the ,cross of ,tipperary40 ,when ,henry ,,viii4 suppressed the great abbeys of ,ireland1 he granted ,holy ,cross1 with its temporalities and also the spiritual jurisdiction1 to ,james1 ,earl of ,ormond and ,ossory1 whom he regarded with special favor4 ,elizabeth confirmed this grant to ,thomas1 ,earl of ,ormond1 who1 though educated in the ,anglican schism1 became a ,catholic several years before his death1 and left his estates to ,earl ,walter1 a stanch defender of the faith4 ,the monks who had been expelled from the abbey still lingered in its neighborhood1 in the hope that they might somehow be permitted to return and end their days in the sacred cloisters in which they had given to ,god the best part of life4 ,at times they met by night within the hallowed enclosure to offer up the divine ,sacrifice2 and when ,mary ascended the throne1 they once more took possession1 but were again expelled by ,elizabeth1 and finally dispersed4 ,the cells1 dormitories1 and guest-chambers1 so long consecrated to meditation and all holy exercise1 were converted into stables for the housing of cattle4 ,the church1 which contained the tombs of many noble families1 escaped desecration1 but not the ravages of time and neglect4 ,from the year #aehj to the close of the century no priest dared appear in public throughout the province of ,munster1 and even the most careful disguises were not sufficient to hide them from the fury of their enemies2 but in #afjj ,hugh ,o',neil turned his army towards the south of ,ireland1 and1 proceeding by slow marches1 finally encamped 8at the gate of the monastery of ,holy ,cross40 8,they were not long there10 say the ,four ,masters1 8when the holy ,rood was brought to them1 and the ,irish gave large presents1 alms1 and offerings to its conservators and monks in honor of ,almighty ,god2 and they protected and respected the monastery1 with its buildings1 the lands appropriated for its use1 and its inhabitants in general40 ,the monks remained in possession of the abbey for several years1 and for the first time since its suppression in #aecf an abbot of ,holy ,cross was chosen4 ,the succession was kept up till the beginning of the eighteenth century1 and expired in the first dark years of the ,penal ,code with ,thomas ,cogan1 the last of the abbots of ,holy ,cross1 who died on the #ajth of ,august1 #agjj1 and was buried in the choir of the old church1 in the tomb where the bones of his predecessors are awaiting the day of resurrection4 ,o gray walls1 sacred ruins of ,holy ,cross6 ye have a spirit's feeling1 and work upon the soul till it forgets all glad and pleasant scenes to blend with the gloom and desolation that have come to abide with you4 ,the gentle river still flows by1 but where is the great strong life-current of faith and love that here was fed from ,god's eternal fount8 ,cold are the burning lips of love that wore the pavement smooth2 cold the great warm hearts that beat with highest impulse of divine charity4 ,no more from their chalices mysterious monks drink deep love of ,god and men2 no more at early morn is heard their matin song2 no more to heaven ascends their evening hymn4 ,gone is the dim religious light that shone through mystic windows4 ,the tapers are quenched1 the belfries mute4 ,no more floats on the breeze 8,the heavenliest of all sounds ,that hill or vale prolongs or multiplies40 ,the dead only are here1 and around them the silence they so loved and broken walls1 which1 if they mourn not1 make others grieve4 8,once ye were holy3 ye are holy still2 ,your spirit let me freely drink and live40 ,as a monastic ruin the ,abbey of ,holy ,cross is1 in the estimation of the people1 second to no other in ,ireland2 and it owes this celebrity less to the beauty of its architecture than to the possession of the holy ,rood4 ,the marble shrine in which this famous relic was preserved may still be seen in the southern transept of the church4 ,the relic itself1 at the time of the suppression of the abbey1 passed into the hands of the ,earl of ,ormond1 in whose family it remained for nearly a century1 when ,earl ,walter gave it for safe-keeping to ,dr4 ,fennell1 who left it to ,james1 second ,duke of ,ormond4 ,it was finally deposited1 in the early part of the present century1 in a shrine in the chapel of the ,ursuline ,nuns at ,blackrock1 near ,cork1 where it is to remain 8until such time as the church of the ,holy ,cross1 with the monastery of ,cistercian monks attached thereto1 shall be rebuilt40 ,though ,holy ,cross is a ruin and in the hands of ,protestants1 the ,cistercian ,order still survives in ,ireland in the monastery of ,mount ,melleray4 ,it was1 a few months ago1 our privilege to pass a brief time in this sanctuary of religion1 where the most unworldly life is made to subserve the highest social ends4 ,mount ,melleray is but a few hours' ride from ,cork4 ,the excursion is made by railway to ,youghal1 an ancient town1 once famous in ,irish history1 lying near the mouth of the ,blackwater4 ,at the entrance to its splendid and picturesque harbor1 now almost entirely abandoned1 there stands a ruined tower1 which was formerly part of a convent of nuns who at night kept torches blazing in this lighthouse to enable vessels to enter port with safety4 ,near the town the house which ,sir ,walter ,raleigh owned1 and in which he lived for several years1 is still pointed out to the traveller4 ,in his garden here he planted in #aehf the first potatoes grown in ,ireland4 ,a boat leaves ,youghal twice a day and ascends the ,blackwater as far as ,cappoquin4 ,the trip is made in about two hours4 ,the scenery is unsurpassed even in ,ireland4 ,there is nothing finer on the ,rhine4 ,the river winds through fertile valleys with rich meadows and fields of waving corn1 until a sudden turn brings us into the presence of barren mountains1 which1 in their desolation1 seem to mock the smiling prospect below4 ,from almost every jutting rock ruined castles or churches look down upon us4 ,in these mountains above ,cappoquin1 and overlooking the ,blackwater1 lies the ,trappist monastery of ,mount ,melleray4 ,forty-five years ago a few poor monks1 driven from their peaceful home1 settled here in the midst of a dreary wilderness4 ,they had obtained from the ,protestant landlord of the place six hundred acres of mountain peat-land on a lease of ninety-nine years4 ,no one but an ,irish landlord would have thought of demanding rental for what had always been a desert1 and1 so far as he was concerned1 might for ever remain a desert4 ,the monks1 however1 paid him his price and set to work to make the desert bloom4 ,on their land there was not a tree or blade of grass1 and before they could begin to plough or dig they had to go over the ground and pick up the stones with which it was covered4 ,but for them a life of solitude was to be a life of labor1 and they were not discouraged4 ,they knew that half the soil of ,europe had been reclaimed and brought under cultivation by monks1 whose lives were none the less consecrated to prayer and study4 ,half a century has not yet passed1 and the barren waste is covered with rich fields of corn and green meadows4 ,with their own hands the monks have built a large monastery and church1 whose tall spire is seen from the whole surrounding country4 ,in their gardens the finest vegetables grow1 and in their dairy the best butter is made4 ,a few years ago they opened a college1 in which they give an excellent classical education to youths whose parents may not be able to pay the higher pensions of other institutions4 ,the buildings are large and well provided with whatever is necessary to the health and comfort of the students2 and the food1 though plain1 is of the best quality4 ,a part of the monastery is fitted up for the accommodation of guests2 and1 as the hospitality of the monks is well known1 they are rarely without visitors1 drawn thither sometimes by curiosity1 but oftener by the desire of spending a few days in solitude in communion with ,god4 ,in the guests' book we found the names of persons from almost every part of ,europe and ,america4 ,we have visited the monasteries of the ,trappists in other countries1 but nowhere else have we received the impressions made upon us at ,mount ,melleray4 ,it was ,edmund ,burke who said that to his mind the ,catholic ,church of ,ireland bore a closer resemblance than any other to the church of the apostles2 and we could not help reflecting that these monks were more like the ,fathers of the ,desert than any men whom we had ever seen4 ,how terrible is this place6 ,how this life of honest religion lays bare the shams and pretexts with which weak and soft worldlings would hide the atheism of their faith6 ,if ,god is all in all1 and the soul more than the body1 a ,trappist is greater than a king4 ,to these men the future world is more real than the present4 ,the veil of time and space has fallen from their eyes2 the immeasurable heavens break open1 and ,god's kingdom is revealed4 ,divine power of the love of ,christ1 which makes the desert beautiful1 and solitude a perpetual feast6 ,what heavenly privilege to forget the world and to be with ,god only2 to turn from men1 not in loathing or hate or bitterness1 but with a heart as sweet as a child's1 and to follow ,christ into the mount where the celestial glory encircles him6 ,with ,st4 ,peter we exclaim3 ,it is good to be here6 ,a single day1 ,o ,lord6 spent in thy tabernacles is more precious than a thousand years4 ,in this life in death is found a life the world dreams not of1 as 8,chords that vibrate sweetest pleasure ,thrill the deepest notes of woe02 as in the presence of the dying we see only the blackness and the gloom1 when the soul already hears ,god's angels sing1 and beholds the light that never fades4 ,the highest joy is of the soul1 and the more it lifts itself from flesh and earth the greater is its delight4 ,in these solemn walls1 with their silent monks clad in white1 it seemed to us that we were upon the threshold of another world1 far away from the ebb and flow of men's affairs4 ,we felt no more the feverish throb of the great world's pulse1 nor heard the noisy hum of commerce or the nations' angry battle-cry4 ,the blatant shout of ,progress no longer deafened us4 ,we were in the mood to ask ourselves3 ,is it not1 after all has been said1 progress towards death that men speak of8 ,do not all the lines along which they advance converge until they meet in the grave8 ,but we crave life1 not death4 ,is there no hope8 ,must we join the rabble1 the common herd1 that stands in wonderment in the world's great toy-shop1 eagerly peering at stones and metals and skins of beasts1 gazing at blank walls and rattling machinery1 and shouting3 ,ha6 this is progress8 ,is there no room for the soul1 no hope of life8 ,is mechanism all in all1 and is all progress mechanical8 ,here1 at least1 were men who believed in the soul2 who1 despising all the counsels of fear and cowardice1 had turned from the world and set their faces towards the life that is and is to be4 ,they never speak except in prayer and psalmody4 ,they rise in the night and spend hours in the thought of ,god and the soul4 ,silently they go forth to their work1 and in silence return to pray4 ,their bed is a board1 their food bread and coarse vegetables4 ,and so from day to day and from year to year in their hearts they make the ascent to ,god4 ,it is easy for us to deride the life which we have not the courage or the strength to lead4 ,these1 at least1 are men with brave hearts and great thoughts4 ,they are not the creatures of circumstance1 the slaves of routine1 the self satisfied and unconscious victims of the universal tyrant4 ,they are not held by bonds of flesh and blood4 ,no mean ambition moves them4 ,a king's crown is but a bauble1 like the toy of a child2 and whatever ceases to be has no kindred with the soul that was not born to die4 ,they wage battle for the possession of the infinite1 and in the divine struggle take on the heroic mood that makes all things possible4 ,and we who stood for a moment on this heavenly battle-ground1 a looker-on1 unfit to take part in such celestial warfare1 would fain have lingered on the hallowed spot1 knowing full well that the world to which we turned again has no happiness even to promise like that which is found in this holy mountain where ,god is seen and loved4 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,far ,,west4 ,gold ,city they had called it in its palmy days1 though even then it was a city in name only4 ,it was known as ,gomorrah now2 and its few inhabitants gloried in the title1 for ,edverson had struck a vein of gold there in the first flush of the mining fever1 and a crowd of fortune-hunters flocked to the place1 only to discover1 when it was too late1 that the first 8lucky find0 was the last4 ,then the tide of population ebbed away1 leaving behind it the refusethose who were too poor1 too discouraged1 too sunk in idleness or sin1 to try for anything better4 ,the houses were no more than shanties1 which the women made no attempt to keep tidy2 children lived and died there who never heard ,god's holy name except in curses2 to most of them even the day of the week was unknown4 ,three men ruled the place1 one by fear1 one by kindness1 one because he was tavern-keeper4 ,they were familiarly known as the ,lawyer1 the ,doctor1 and the ,parson4 ,one day1 worthy to be marked with red ink joyfully in the sad annals of ,gomorrah1 the ,lawyermost evil soul there1 and most dreadedannounced his intention of going to ,england1 and1 when the next day dawned1 he had departed with no more warning and with no word of farewell4 ,men1 women1 and children drew a long breath of relief1 yet spoke of him for weeks afterwards in whispers and guarded words1 as if they feared at any moment to see his hated presence among them once again1 and feel his heel of iron on their necks4 ,one afternoon1 early in ,november1 his two associates sat together in the door-way of the tavern1 the only decent dwelling within sight4 ,he who was known as the ,parson was a short1 stout man1 who boasted a collegiate and theological education of some sort1 no one knew what1 and a pastoral charge of five years1 no one knew where4 ,but it was a fact undisputed1 either by himself or others1 that he was now the very minister of ,satan4 ,both he and the ,lawyer knew how to sin as deeply as any one1 but kept a kind of control over themselves4 ,the man who was their boon companion1 and yet hated them both with an impotent hatred1 had no such power4 ,he was far superior to them in most respects4 ,gentle born1 with wealthy surroundings1 he had received a superior education1 and gave promise of superior excellence in his profession1 but had never been taught to curb a single passion4 ,from one level to another he fell1 till in ,gomorrah he hid himself from all who had known him or his in his brighter days4 ,yet no man there was so liked and did so much to help as he4 ,the love of his profession clung to him through everything1 and it was impossible for him to see disease and accident without trying to alleviate the trouble4 ,boys and girls playing and quarrelling in the streets would stop the maddest sport1 the bitterest fight1 to help the ,doctor home as he came reeling from the tavern1 or to cover his face from the hot sun as he lay like a log by the roadside2 would do it with a grateful remembrance of the time when 8he nursed me in the fever0 or 8he splintered my broken leg02 and often he was saved from a midnight carousal by a call to some forlorn bedside1 where he waited on filthy wretches with as quick skill and attention as once he had served the finest ladies in his great city home4 ,no one knew how he hated the place in which he lived1 and above all the man with whom he sat that autumn afternoon2 but he had lost all hope of better things4 ,through their gloomy silence and the clouds of tobacco-smoke the ,parson and the ,doctor beheld a sight which had not been seen in ,gomorrah for many a daythe white cover of an emigrant wagon4 8,tom ,townsend1 from ,high ,bend10 exclaimed ,syles1 8the ,lawyer's old chum there4 ,who's he got with him80 ,the ,doctor made no reply1 but stepped forward to meet the strangers4 ,behind the driver sat a young man with a good1 kindly face1 but lacking in practicality and force4 ,on his arm he supported a woman1 whose broad forehead1 square chin1 and firm mouth bespoke strong character1 if one was able to think of that in noticing the serene holiness of the eyes and expression4 ,her face was pale as death4 8,you're wanted here1 ,doctor10 called the driver4 8,here's a case of chills and fever that's not a common one1 and ,i've seen 'em by hundreds40 8,are you the ,doctor80 the young man asked with a look of relief1 as if he had heard of him before2 and together they carried into the tavern and laid upon the settle the powerless form of the woman4 8,not this place60 the man exclaimed1 lifting his head when he had laid his precious burden down4 8,where is ,mr4 ,dalzell's house80 8,mr4 ,dalzell80 the ,doctor repeated4 8,i do not know what you mean40 8,why1 surelyyes1 we must be right4 ,he came from here1 he said40 8,who8 ,what80 his hearers asked1 with a grim suspicion in their hearts4 8,where are you from1 sir80 8,i am ,reuben ,armstrong1 from ,suffolk1 ,england4 ,a ,mr4 ,dalzell sold me his house and claim in ,gold ,city4 ,where are they80 ,the ,doctor's eyes fell1 and ,syles slunk into the shadow of the door4 ,it was long before they could make him understand the truth2 and when at last he comprehended it1 ,syles stole out of his presence with a sense of shame such as he had never felt before1 leaving the ,doctor to give the almost heart-broken fellow the only reason for courage that he knew how to give himto bear up bravely for his wife's sake4 ,it was but too easy to grasp the sad story4 ,armstrong had been a well-to-do gardener1 with a pleasant little house and a snug sum of money in the bank2 but1 as the ,doctor inferred even then1 he had married a woman much his superior in character and station1 whose friends looked down upon him1 and thought he could never do anything worthy of her4 ,when the ,lawyer told his plausible story and showed his well-planned mapwhen he described his possessions1 to be sold at a very low figure1 because1 as the evil owner dared to affirm1 he must be with his aged parents in ,nottinghamshire during their declining years,reuben was only too ready to drop into the net4 ,they told his wifehis 8poor ,esther0nothing that night4 ,indeed1 she was too ill to notice that they moved her from the tavern to the cabin next door1 which was their home4 ,in that tavern ,reuben declared she should not stay one hour4 ,that night the first snows fell1 shutting off ,gomorrah for the winter from any intercourse with the outer world1 and for weeks the ,doctor strove against all odds to save ,esther ,armstrong's life4 ,but for her ,reuben would soon have sunk to the level of his neighborsnot in sin1 but in inertia4 ,he seemed to have no courage left to begin life over again2 he was sure that ,esther must die1 and then there would be no use of his living4 ,he spent his time in watching beside her1 doing everything about the house for her that was possible2 refusing all help save the physician's1 and only accepting that because he could not avoid it4 ,when the ,doctor came in to see ,esther on the morning after her arrival1 ,reuben had made the room as comfortable as he could with the furniture which they had brought from home1 and ,esther was lying in her bed1 everything white about her1 and she herself looking more pure and white than even the falling snow without4 8,am ,i very ill80 she asked calmly2 and before the grave eyes bent upon him the ,doctor could return no answer but the truth4 8,you are a very sick woman1 ,mrs4 ,armstrong10 he said1 8but ,i hope we may see you pull through bravely yet40 8,will you ask the priest to come to me80 she said4 ,the ,doctor started to his feet and made a rapid stride across the room4 ,it brought him face to face with a crucifix1 a picture1 and a rosary4 8,madam10 he said reverentlyshe seemed to him like a saint as she lay there8do you know what sort of a place you are in8 ,we have no such beings as priests here40 8,oh60 she replied serenely1 8you must mistake4 ,mr4 ,lazell certainly told us that there was one4 ,we would never have come else40 ,the ,doctor bit his lip to keep back the oath which rose4 8,mr4 ,lazell1 as you call him1 lied1 madam40 ,she asked no questions1 but her searching eyes drew the truth from him4 ,sooner or later she must know all4 ,before that holy calm a tempting desire came over him to try how deep her religious feeling really was4 8,madam10 he said1 8you call this place ,gold ,city1 but we know it as ,gomorrah4 ,there is no priest within miles of us4 ,god isn't here at all40 ,she pressed her hands hard against her heart4 ,he felt that she shrank from him inwardly4 8,is there any woman who will come to me80 she asked4 8,there is not one who is fit to touch you10 he replied8not one4 ,we do not know what goodness is4 ,you have been deceived into coming here4 ,now1 if you love your husband1 live for him2 for nothing else can keep him from being like the rest of us40 8,you are mistaken10 she said gravely4 8,you do not know my husband4 ,but1 ,doctor1 if ,i must die1 will you promise me to send in time for a priest80 ,the ,doctor bit back an oath4 ,if 8,mr4 ,lazell0 had been there at that moment1 not even ,esther's presence could have saved him from the hatred of nine wretched years kindled that day into relentless fury4 ,the ,doctor had known enough of ,catholics at home,god help him6 but his had been ,catholic baptism in his babyhoodto fear the effect on her of what he had to say4 ,had it been of any use1 he would have lied to her2 but the next neighbor entering would have revealed all4 8,there is no priest near us10 he replied1 8and it is impossible to get one in the winter40 ,she put her hand quickly to her heart again4 8,god's will be done10 she said slowly2 8,god's will be done0 over and over and over again4 ,they could not stop her4 ,reuben begged her to hear him1 to rest1 to grow calm1 but it was of no avail4 ,all day long1 and far into the night1 she tossed in fever1 delirious always1 but her holy self even in her delirium4 ,now she sang snatches of hymns2 and now an exquisite strain of some old chant1 which the ,doctor had heard in great cathedrals1 rose upon ,gomorrah's tainted air2 but oftenest she called for a priest1 or said3 8,god's will be done40 ,late that night the fever abated a little1 and she opened her eyes calmly2 but it was only to hear the clamor upon the night air of stamping feet1 ringing sounds like tankards dashed on table or floor1 the twang and clash of noisy instruments1 scraps of vile song1 brawls and oaths and blows4 8,what is it80 she cried4 8,where are we8 ,oh6 ,i know02 and then sank into delirium again4 ,so for a week it lasted2 then the fever died away1 leaving her like a shadow4 ,she made no complaint1 never asked again for a priest1 never spoke again of death2 yet the ,doctor knew1 as well as if he had seen it1 that hers was a broken heart4 ,but another life was bound up with her life1 and for its sake1 as well as for ,reuben's1 she tried and prayed to live4 ,it was plain that her affection for her husband was intense2 no matter what his weakness and imprudence had made her suffer1 no one ever knew her fail in her honor and her love1 and he seldom saw her otherwise than outwardly cheerful for his dear sake4 ,what she endured perhaps only the ,doctor truly fathomed1 and his sounding-line was far too short4 ,reuben was too engrossed in her to care much personally for what passed about them2 but the ,doctor judged by what the place had been and was to him1 even in his degraded life4 ,fallen as he was1 he loathed it from the very bottom of his heart2 still1 with every gentlemanly instinct that was left in him1 he shrank from the outcasts whom he lived with daily1 though knowing himself to be fallen yet lower than they4 ,by his own suffering1 from which he did not try to escape2 by his own horror of the pit whose vileness sickened him while still he chose to sink even deeper in it1 he knew something of what it must be to ,esther's pure heart to live in ,gomorrah4 ,somethingthat was all4 ,he and ,reuben strove to keep sight and sound of evil from her2 yet all their care could not banish at times strange visitors from her bedsidehaggard women1 flaunting women1 all of them with evil tongues2 no care could keep the children always from door or window1 and often she saw1 by frosty dawn or at high noon or in the early twilight1 wild1 wolfish eyes staring at her1 gaunt fingers pointing1 and heard children's voices speak of her in terms wherewith oaths and low epithets were mixednot through malice1 but because they knew no other way4 ,no one knew what hours she lay awake by day and night in one agony of intercession2 and she herself1 praying often and hoping against hope for the sacraments to prepare her soul for death1 never knew here into what union with her ,lord that passion of prayer for souls was bringing her1 as hour by hour the awful days wore on4 ,the ,doctor saw her face1 as it grew more sharp and thin1 grow more holy1 till he often felt unworthy to look upon it1 and wondered how ,reuben ,armstrong had ever won a treasure of which it seemed to him no mortal man was worthy4 ,a poor1 weak soul was ,reuben's1 truly1 in man's sight4 ,but ,god and the angels must have loved it with a special love4 ,god knew how earnestly that sorrowful heart implored that the light of its eyes might be taken from it1 if so ,esther might escape from suffering and enter into peace2 and when night shut him in with her alone1 the angels heard how he strove to drown the riot next door by prayers and litanies beside her1 till often he slept exhausted on the hard floor by her bed4 ,but the children most of all weighed heavily upon ,esther's soul4 ,even when she could not see them she heard their voices2 even when she could not hear them1 she fancied how their lives were spent1 though even her keen fancy did not reach the whole of the painful truth2 and as the birthday of the ,holy ,child drew nearer1 she felt more keenly their ignorance of all sacred things1 shuddered to think of her own child being born in such an atmosphere1 then came to love those little ones as if they were her very own1 and to plead for them with a mother's insatiable pleading4 ,eight days before ,christmas they laid her baby in her arms and saw her smile a happy mother's smile4 ,eight days they lived in trembling hope4 ,on ,christmas morning the ,doctor saw the dreaded1 unmistakable sign of fever4 ,she had wakened very bright1 ,reuben said1 and very early1 with words of ,christmas joy1 as if she had forgotten where they were1 and fancied it was home4 ,then some sound from the tavern had brought back the truth2 there had come the quick pain at her heart1 and then delirium4 ,all day long she talkedthere was no possibility of silencing her4 ,she1 so tender of others1 now with no control over herself1 laid her whole heart bare2 and they1 who thought they had known and prized her well1 knew as if for the first time what a saint of ,god had been among themprayers for her husband and for her baby1 but not for them alone3 prayers for every soul in that place of death2 people named by name of whom they would have supposed she had never heard1 but for whom she pleaded as if for her own flesh and blood2 eager1 loving1 most frequent supplication for the little children2 prayers for the very man who had lured them from their happy home2 intensest pleading for pity and pardon for his and all these souls4 8,didst thou not die for them1 ,jesus1 my ,jesusfor them as well as for me8 ,save them with me1 save them with mewith me1 my ,jesus6 ,by thy ,sacred ,heart that broke for us1 save us1 have mercy on us60 ,and then1 over and over1 as if with some peculiar1 long-sustained intention or compact1 8,remember1 ,o most pious ,virgin ,mary6 ,remember1 remember60 ,and there was one frequent supplication in which no name was mentioned1 as if it were borne so constantly from her heart to the ,sacred ,heart that she had ceased to need to speak the name3 8,gain thyself that soul1 my ,jesus4 ,by thy ,cross1 thy ,heart1 thy ,mother1 gain thyself that soul40 ,they heard only one petition for herself1 but that so anguished1 so desperate1 that the strong man broke into sobs to hear it3 one hungry cry for ,god's holy sacraments1 for ,god's anointed priest1 to come to her before her death1 yet never uttered without a more intense prayer still8,my ,god1 my ,god1 thy will be done1 thy will be done02 and even that was entirely merged at last in her prayers for those who had made her life one long agony at its close4 ,suddenly she sat straight up in her bed1 her eyes blazing as if with an unearthly1 reflected light1 her cheeks brilliant with more than the fever flush4 8,hark1 hark1 hark60 she said1 with a ring of ecstatic joy through every word4 8,do you not hear the sacring-bell8 ,kneel1 all of you4 ,the priest comescomes with my ,lord at last40 ,her eyes were fixed upon the door that no hand opened1 yet she seemed to watch some one enter1 and to see some one draw nearer1 nearer to her1 and she folded her hands reverently1 and bent her head as if in adoration4 ,they understood3 she believed a priest was there2 and they1 seeing nothing1 hearing nothing1 of what she evidently was sure she saw and heardthey who watched her fell down upon their knees and hid their faces as in some divine presence4 ,the next words that broke the stillness were the words of a dying penitent alone with a priest of ,god3 8,i confess to ,almighty ,god and to you1 my father40 ,steadily1 as if for weeks she had prepared her soul for this in faith and penance1 ,esther ,armstrong made her dying confession1 with a contrition sore as if she were the lowest sinner in ,gomorrah's depths of sin1 and then craved absolution humbly and in tears4 ,when there was silence1 and they dared to look at her1 she was lying back among her pillows1 whispering1 8,forgiven1 forgiven60 ,they moved to give her nourishment1 and the movement roused her1 though not to recognition4 ,she started up once more1 lifting her hand4 8,hark1 hark60 she said again4 8,do you not hear him8 ,he is saying ,mass1 and they sing sweetly as angels40 ,all round the world1 that ,christmas day1 one song of praise was rising1 one pure offering was offered up to ,him who was born and given for us on that day4 ,grand cathedrals were ablaze with lights and rich with bloom2 far down the choir the altar tapers shone like stars through clouds of incense waving upward to the fretted roof1 and the full tide of chant swelled high to join the chant of angels2 in lowly chapel as in great cathedral the priest of ,god and the people of ,god adored the ,holy ,babe upon his ,mother's breast4 ,in ,gomorrah1 in a decaying chapel1 while oath and brawl sounded without1 one soul heard seraphic music which no other ear could hear2 one soul beheld a ,priest whom no other eye could seejoined in his offering of the tremendous ,sacrifice4 ,for an hour1 upheld by superhuman strength1 she knelt upright1 rapt in an ecstasy of spiritual communion that grew too deep for prayer4 ,when the clock struck twelve1 she said slowly1 8,ite missa est2 ,deo gratias02 then1 with a long-drawn1 rapturous sigh1 lay down again1 but not as if she knew or remembered husband or child or friend4 ,the ,doctor left her then1 but at the close of the day he was summoned hastily1 to see now without mistake that the battle of her life was almost ended4 8,stay with her1 ,doctor10 ,reuben pleaded4 8,it's a sore struggle4 ,try something more40 8,i can't stay1 man10 he answered4 8,there is no more to do4 ,i'd give my right hand to save her2 but ,i can't see her suffer and be unable to help her4 ,she's the only white soul here1 and now she is going40 ,he turned to the bedside1 and stood silently looking at the face with the dread shadow on it4 ,suddenly opening her eyes1 her gaze fell first on him1 and1 startled out of her usual composure1 she gave an irrepressible shudder4 ,he understood what it meant4 ,she had treated him always with perfect courtesy and confidence as her physician and true friend2 he knewfor there had not been wanting those to tell him of itthat she had silenced with dignified rebuke the evil tales that more than one had tried to tell her of him1 not because they disliked him1 but because they loved to talk4 ,but he knew also1 what they did not1 that in her pure heart she shrank from him1 that his very presence was loathsome to her2 and there had been times when1 in her bodily weakness1 she had been unable to control her aversion to his slightest touch4 ,he had borne it quietly1 humbling as it was1 but it was doubly bitter to bear at the very last4 8,i will bid you good-night1 ,mrs4 ,armstrong10 he said1 trying hard to steady his voice4 8,you will not want me any more this evening1 ,i think40 8,good-by1 ,doctor10 she said1 and he saw that she knew all4 8,you will not want me10 he repeated mechanically4 8,i want youthere10 she answered with a great effort4 8,promise me that you will be there40 ,he did not speak4 8,promise10 she repeated1 and the tone brought back the memory of her prayers that morning4 8,i am dyingdying2 and yet ,i cannot die4 ,night and day ,i prayed it3 #8,gain thyself that soul1 my ,jesus4 ,by thy ,cross1 thy ,mother1 thy broken ,heart1 gain thyself that soul4' ,i prayed and prayed it2 ,i am worn out with the praying1 and yet ,i cannot die4 ,promise me to be there40 ,the sweat stood on his forehead in great drops4 8,you do not know what you ask10 he cried4 8,there are sins enough upon me without adding that of a broken vow to you1 and here4 ,there is no saving a soul like mine40 ,she did not answer him4 ,she lifted up her eyes1 away from him1 away from earth1 to ,god4 8,sacred ,heart of my ,jesus10 she prayed in agony1 8win this soul1 and let me die40 ,for weeks he had kept himself sober and decent for her sake2 now he had thought to rush out from her presence1 to drown his grief in viler sin than ever2 and1 lo6 she was still holding him1 was binding eternal chains upon him1 to draw him away from corruption unto ,god4 ,as a physician he knew that it was a case where a mighty will alone was keeping life in a body nearly dead2 it would have been an awful sight to see1 even had he had no interest in it4 ,she was living only to win him unto immortal life4 ,angels and devils may well have stood still before that struggle1 where one dauntless soul at the point of death held ,satan's power at bay4 8,i promise10 he said at last1 as if the words were wrung from him4 8,but pray for me always40 8,the ,mother of ,god prays for you10 she said with strange emphasis4 8,call upon ,jesus and ,mary night and day4 ,you will not need me40 ,and then he saw that she needed him no longer1 thought of him no longer1 and he went away4 ,reuben ,armstrong shut and locked the door behind him4 ,there was no more that science or skill could do4 ,now1 for one brief hour1 ,esther was his alone4 ,the eyes which the ,doctor had seen grow dim to him lit up with untired affection as ,reuben drew near the bed2 a look of rest came over her1 and she signed to him to lay her baby on her arm4 8,my baby1 my little ,christmas baby10 she murmured tenderly4 8,did the priest baptize her this morning1 ,reuben8 ,oh6 how could you overlook it1 dear8 ,then you must do it4 ,nownow60 ,there was an excited ring in her voice1 and ,reuben hastened to do at once what he had felt from the first must soon be done2 for the baby's life evidently hung upon a thread4 ,a few drops of water1 a few divine words1 and ,esther's eyes shone exultingly upon her child4 8,she will never be anything but ,god's child10 she said4 8,oh6 ,i am glad she cannot live4 ,it is the other children1 that are not his1 that you must care for1 ,reuben40 8,no1 no60 he cried4 8,no1 ,esther1 ,i cannot live without you40 8,listen1 ,reuben10 she said4 ,lying there with her child upon her arm1 she looked like a vision of the ,holy ,mother herself1 and when she spoke her voice had a tone in it which seemed divinely sweet4 8,listen1 ,reuben4 ,this place is ,god's4 ,he wants it4 ,you must live and not diefor him40 8,o ,esther60 he sobbed1 8not without younot without you40 8,yes1 ,reuben1 without meall alone4 ,my darling1 my darling1 save these little children's souls for ,god40 ,one greater than she spoke1 on that holy night1 through ,esther's lips1 and touched and won her husband's wounded heart4 8,i will1 ,esther10 he sobbed4 8,i will try hard02 and even then1 upon that solemn parting1 as if to stamp the promise with an awful seal1 the tavern clamor broke shrill and vile upon the ,christmas air4 ,how long it was that she spoke no wordwrapped for the last time in her passion of intercession,reuben did not notice2 he only knelt on beside her1 living upon every breath she drew4 ,but1 at the turn of the night1 she looked full at him1 clasped both his hands in hers1 spoke so that the voice and the words rang in his heart through all his after-lifespoke not to him1 but for him1 and her words were those of the ,memorare4 ,then1 like one who has laid down for ever in most safe and tender keeping a heavy burden borne long and painfully1 she crossed her hands upon her heart1 but not now as if in pain2 a look of glad surprise came upon her face4 8,hark60 she said4 8,he is coming again4 ,my ,lord and my ,god60 ,when the ,doctor entered ,reuben's cabin next morning1 he found it in perfect orderthe baby asleep in its cradle beside the hearth2 ,esther lying in a sort of funeral state1 all done for her that could be done2 and beside her knelt ,reuben1 whom the ,doctor scarcely recognized at first for the change upon him4 ,in that night he had become an old man1 and his friend believed that but for the baby's sake he would have died2 yet1 two days later1 the baby died1 and still ,reuben lived4 99 99 99 99 99 8,a poor fool60 people called him4 ,he had lost all interest in temporal matters1 seemed hardly to know the use of money1 and barely supported himself by the odd bits of work which he did for the idle women from house to house4 ,soon1 however1 they discovered that he had one talent1 and that was for managing children4 ,a woman one day suggested to him that he should 8bide at home1 and mind some babies for 'em1 to keep 'em out of harm's way2 and he might teach the five-year-olds their letters1 toobeing fit for naught else10 she added in a tone as clear as that she used for the other words2 but ,reuben did not mind4 ,the proposal met with general favor2 the women promised to supply him with meals from their own poor tables1 8better than he'd get hisself1 anyhow10 they said2 and that was all he needed to keep him through the winter4 ,it seemed at first sight a very forlorn life4 ,where others less careless and simple could have lived in comfort1 he lived in cold and hunger2 one by one everything which he had brought from his distant home disappearedgiven away to people in distress1 or yielded without question to exorbitant and unfounded demands4 ,yet that bare1 poverty-stricken room grew to be the one fair place in ,gomorrah4 ,there1 for long hours of the winter days1 might be seen a cluster of children gathered about a man who seemed in some respects as much a child as any of them1 and who taught them to be tidy and affectionate and good4 ,a few learned their letters1 but many learned their prayers1 and the babies often said for their first word the name of ,jesus1 and all came to gaze lovingly upon the crucifix1 and touch with pitying reverence the wounded hands and feet4 ,often the parents heard from childish lips the story of the ,infant ,saviour4 ,no home now with a child in it where ,sunday was not known4 ,men and women1 large boys and girls1 swore and fought in the streets still1 but it soon became a rare sight to see a little child so forget itself2 it would make ,master ,reuben sorry1 and he said that it made the ,heart of ,jesus bleed4 ,no one stopped him at such work2 he was too poor a fool for them to mind him4 ,but he had another work with which they meddled much4 ,the promise which the ,doctor had made by ,esther's death-bed was not forgotten by him who made it1 but it was broken again and again4 ,his own lower nature which had ruled him all his life would have been enough1 and more than enough1 for such a man to struggle against2 but1 besides that1 the fiends in human shape who peopled ,gomorrah seemed leagued with invisible evil ones to work his utter ruin4 ,they scoffed at his feeble efforts to do right2 they lured him or they maddened himit was all one to theminto the old haunts of temptation2 and the very efforts which he made to escape1 the very memory of ,esther's words and holy looks1 the very thought of purity and self-control1 seemed to make the evil deadlier and grosser1 when1 after sore struggle1 he gave way4 ,and he did struggle1 he did pray1 poor soul6 ,there were hours when he lay upon the earth in some cold hut or in the open air1 fighting1 it seemed to him1 with no less than ,satan's self4 ,but he had been a slave to self too long and too deliberately to be able to gain freedom easily4 ,scenes of the past rose before him2 he knew himself in his true degradation4 ,sins about which a kind of lurid fascination can be thrown in books or real life for a time he saw more and more plainly in their actual shape and color1 and it drove him mad with disgust and shame4 ,few were daring enough that winter to trust their sick folk to his skill4 ,for days together he would join in riot and carousal1 till delirium tremens followed1 and then strong men fled in fear before him4 ,but when that time came1 and houses were locked tight and no one else dared face him as he went raging about the town1 falling on the uneven streets1 bruising and wounding himself1 there was one who did go out to meet him4 ,a tottering1 feeble creature went meekly forth1 stood in his path1 took blows and curses without resistance1 and presentlyno one knew by what magic spellled him to his own poor cabin and locked himself in with him alone4 ,that was the reason why ,master ,reuben never did what his tender and lonely heart yearned to doto make a home for the orphan children of ,gomorrah4 ,no one but himself must be allowed to see what passed in his cabin while the ,doctor was there2 no one else must be exposed to the dangers he had to meet4 ,but the room where they had watched the mysterious joy of ,esther's ,christmas feast saw far other sights and echoed to far other sounds than angel music as the winter wore away4 ,there were mornings when no children came to ,reuben's house1 when some woman more pitiful1 some man more brave than the others1 crept near and laid food on the threshold1 then fled away to tell in trembling of the cries they had heard as of some wild beast mad with fury1 or some lost soul shrieking in the torment of despair4 ,sometimes1 too1 they told of blows or noises like a heavy fall2 and often1 when ,reuben came among them again1 he bore marks that proved the stories true1 but they never learned the cause from him4 ,and heas the winter passed1 the only truly happy faces that ,gomorrah saw were ,reuben ,armstrong's and little children's4 ,by and by they heard him sing sweet carols and hymns and chants2 he taught the children to sing with him1 and used to lead them down the streets1 and into the snowy fields1 and to visit ,esther's grave1 to the sound of holy song4 ,people stopped in many an evil deed or word to listen2 then left the word unsaid1 the deed undone4 ,it came to be a fashion in ,gomorrah to stroll to ,reuben's cabin of a ,sunday to see how joyfully the children kept the day4 ,nay1 it was even known that once a whole party at the tavern had left their drinking-cups1 to stand for an hour at the next door1 listening to the music4 ,truly1 good and evil were in strange contrast that winter in the almost forgotten place which had no intercourse with the outer world4 ,there was a world1 unseen1 in which it was remembered night and day4 ,at length they asked ,reuben why he looked so happy1 and he answered3 8,it is almost spring4 ,then the priest will come40 ,and when they laughed and asked him how he knew1 he answered simply3 8,god will send him40 ,when the snow began to melt and the streams ran gayly down the hillside1 and grass was green1 one week1 remembered for years after in that region1 the whole place rang with the story of a carousal which even ,gomorrah wondered at2 the whole place waited to see whether the ,doctor or ,reuben would ever come forth alive from their self-imposed prison4 ,when ,reuben opened his door again1 and gathered his children round him1 there was a look of peculiar expectation on his face4 ,he greeted each child with special gladness1 and told one of the mothers that he was quite sure the priest was coming very soon1 8for we need him a good deal now10 he said4 ,that afternoon there came into ,gomorrah a man wearing the religious habit1 and asked at the tavern if a ,mrs4 ,armstrong was living in that place4 ,syles stared at him blankly4 8,what do you know of her80 he said4 8,i met some one10 the priest answered1 8while on my way to the ,states1 who begged me1 if ,i ever came this way1 to find such a woman and give her a message from him4 ,is she here80 8,dead10 said ,syles briefly4 8,she had a husband4 ,where is he80 8,next door with a madman4 ,we leave him alone such times40 8,no1 no1 ,parson10 said a lounger near by4 8,where've ye been that ye haven't heard8 ,doctor's out of his fit to-day1 and ,reuben's got his school again4 ,i'll take ye there1 stranger4 ,it's a sight we're proud of in ,gomorrah40 ,out of the tavern into the filthy street1 followed by a dozen or more wretches1 the priest went sadly with a load upon his heart4 ,the horrors he had seen already were enough to sicken him2 he wondered what new evils he would meet with now of which ,gomorrah was proud4 8,they're used to spectators10 said his guide4 8,we watch 'em as we like4 ,door or window'tan't no difference to them2 we an't particular here40 ,it was a bare1 small room1 with a table and some benches1 an empty fireplace1 beside it a powerfully-built man trembling and crying by himself1 like one unnerved by some long illness2 on one wall was a print of the ,blessed ,babe and the ,holy ,mother1 and below this was a crucifix4 ,facing these was a band of twenty little children in soiled and ragged garments1 but with clean hands and faces1 too absorbed by what was being said to them to heed what passed without4 ,all eyes were fixed on a small man with a great fresh cut across his forehead and a bruised and very simple face4 8,yes1 children10 he was saying1 8it was the blessed child ,jesus who was born on ,christmas night4 ,he loves us all very much indeed1 and of course we all want to love him4 ,some time he is going to send his priest here to baptize you2 then what will you all be80 8,god's little children40 ,the answer rose sweetly and with a kind of merriment from every lip1 and ,reuben's face shone4 8,surely1 surely10 he said4 8,now we will sing1 because we love him and want to thank him4 ,yes1 ,i know the song you want#8,the ,three ,poor ,shepherds4'0 8,we were but three poor shepherds1 ,all keeping our flocks by night1 ,when ,monseigneur the blessed angel ,came suddenly into sight 8,came suddenly through the darkness1 ,while a glory round him fell2 ,i wot not if it were ,michael ,or the ,angel ,gabriel4 8,but his voice was like a trumpet1 ,so full1 and glad1 and true2 #8,listen1' he said1 #8my children3 ,there is good news for you' 8#8,good news for men and maidens1 ,a great1 glad gift for them2 ,for the faire ,sire ,christ1 the blessed1 ,is born in ,bethlehem4' 8,then a ,gloria in ,excelsis ,they sang with glad accord2 ,peace and good-will to all mankind ,from the ,sire ,christ the ,lord4 8,and unto a lowly stable ,silently went we three1 ,and there the kine1 each in its stall1 ,was on a bended knee4 8,and there was ,messire ,st4 ,joseph2 ,and ,mary the mother lay1 ,with the ,holy ,child in swaddling bands1 ,all on a cushion of hay4 8,each dumb beast looked in our faces1 ,but never unbent the knee2 ,our sweet ,ladye she raised her eyes ,and smiled full tenderly4 8#8,ah6 faire ,sire ,christ1' all humbly ,we cried with urgent plea1 #8,anneal us now of thy great mercie1 ,for that we are so glad of thee4' 8#8,for that we are glad and joyful ,that good days are begun1 ,that the great ,god for a blessing ,hath sent us his faire ,childe ,son4' 8,then ,our ,ladye the ,holy ,mary ,took some wood in her hand1 ,and crossed the pieces1 and gave them1 ,that we all might understand4 8,and we kissed the token humbly1 ,and bowed before the ,childe2 ,for we knew1 like ,monseigneurs the angels1 ,that ,god had been reconciled4 8,so joyfully and with gladness ,all softly we went our way1 ,and with many an old ,te ,deum ,we tell the tale to-day40 ,then once more1 like a chorus which even the children just beginning to talk seemed to know in part3 8,for that we are glad and joyful ,that good days are begun1 ,that the great ,god for a blessing ,hath sent us his faire ,childe ,son40 ,the door opened slowly and a voice which all ears could hear said reverently1 8,pax vobiscum40 ,the good days were begun4 ,strange how calmly they all received him6 ,reuben never asked him how he came there2 he had looked for him and prayed for him a long while1 and he was there at last4 ,god1 of course1 had sent him4 ,one by one he brought the children to speak with him1 and to have him pronounce on their fitness to be made ,god's children2 and the tears stood in the priest's eyes as he listened to their simple1 fearless answers1 that witnessed to what ,reuben's work of faith had been4 ,when they were gone away to their homes1 which were far less homes to them than ,reuben's cabin was1 ,reuben came to the priest as simply as any one of them had come1 and asked to be allowed to make confession4 8,you'll stay here and be good1 ,doctor10 he said soothingly4 8,i shall only be in the other room1 and ,i've locked the door hard40 ,the ,doctor made a sort of moaning assent4 8,he's just had a very sad time10 explained ,reuben1 8and he needs you very much1 father4 ,by and by please let him speak to you40 ,how wonderful to listen1 in that place of revenge and murder1 to ,reuben's quiet1 brief confessionno complaints1 no bitterness1 no anger1 except that for one day he had felt hatred toward some one1 against whom1 however1 he brought no accusation1 and for this sin he felt especial contrition4 8,i met lately10 the priest said slowly1 when the confession was finished1 and marking with care the effect his words would have1 8a man known sometimes as ,lazell40 ,reuben gave a start as of joyful surprise1 and would have spoken1 but the priest continued3 8,i saw him die a felon's death upon the gallows40 8,no1 no60 cried ,reuben in distressone might have supposed he had been told of a brother's shameful death4 8,oh6 no1 father40 8,it was a just punishment10 the priest replied4 8,no1 no60 cried ,reuben4 8,you do not know this place4 ,they do not have helps here like other people1 or like me4 ,oh6 but ,god saved his poor soul at the last80 8,he spoke to me10 said the priest1 8of a woman named ,esther ,armstrong1 to whom he had done a great injury4 ,was not that true80 8,he did not understand10 said ,reuben with sorrowful compassion8,i am sure he did not understand what harm he did1 because1 you know1 he couldn't have hurt her4 ,and he did not see good women here2 they have such hard times here1 poor things40 8,he said he could not forget herthat something always reminded him of her4 ,he begged me to find her out and ask her to forgive him40 8,she died10 said ,reuben softly4 8,she forgave him4 ,she prayed for him a great deal1 ,i think40 8,god answered her1 then10 the priest said4 8,i trust that he repented truly40 ,a great light of joy woke upon ,reuben's face4 8,then he will save the rest10 he exclaimed triumphantly4 8,but you10 the priest asked8do you forgive him80 8,i80 repeated ,reuben with a puzzled look4 8,o father6 it was very wrong of me2 ,i was angry with him at first4 ,but it was my fault1 really1 though ,esther never blamed me2 ,i was a poor fool1 father1 or ,i never should have brought her here40 ,and so ,reuben ,armstrong took to himself his lifelong title humblyso poor a fool1 indeed1 that he had forgotten that he had anything to forgive his fellow-men4 ,the next day ,reuben saw his whole flock of little ones gathered into the ,good ,shepherd's fold2 and then the ,holy ,sacrifice was offered up1 and ,reuben's soul was strengthened by the ,divine ,food4 ,the ,doctor had sullenly refused to be present4 ,reuben found him1 on his return1 lying face downwards on the cabin floor1 the picture of despair4 8,there is no hope10 he said when ,reuben knelt by him1 and begged him to have recourse to confession4 8,i want drinknothing but drink4 ,i must have it4 ,i cannot save myself40 8,that's true enough10 said ,reuben4 8,you can't1 and ,i can't1 but ,god can4 ,you keep saying that ,i don't know everything about you1 and that nobody does1 and that ,god will never forgive you4 ,but he has sent his priest at last1 and you need not be afraid to say anything to him4 ,you must not hide anything1 and he has the power to hear it and tell you what ,god says40 ,like one driven to a last resort1 the ,doctor turned to the waiting priest1 and ,reuben in the next room gave thanks and prayed1 while1 in the place where a saint had made her last confession1 this man1 who was indeed of 8the scum of sinners10 made his first4 ,truly1 the ,sacrament of ,penance is a divine and awful thing4 ,god grant that they who vilify and reject and misrepresent it know not what they do6 ,the burden of souls which a missionary priest in the far ,west has to bear in the confessional is a tremendous one2 this priest had been in prison-hulks of ,australia1 and through all the mining regions of ,california and ,arizona1 yet had never met a case so desperate as that before him now1 where hope seemed so hopeless1 the power for better things so nearly overcome4 ,but the poor penitent1 as one by one without reserve he revealed the sins so long kept secret1 as well as those that were known of men and noised abroad1 felt keen relief through all the degradation1 tasted somewhat of the sweetness hid in this sacrament of blessed bitterness1 won from it that strength which is a better thing to have than joy or consolation1 met there and knew there ,him 8at whose feet ,mary ,magdalene came to kneel in the house of ,simon the leper40 8,i am going away1 ,reuben10 the ,doctor said that night1 abruptly and sadly4 8,yes10 seeing the other's look of surprise1 8there is hope for me1 perhaps1 but not here40 8,away80 ,reuben repeated4 8,away from me8 ,i thought ,i'd have you always1 ,doctor40 8,to be the hurt and the trouble ,i have been to you80 said the ,doctor1 deeply touched4 8,no1 no1 ,reuben1 ,i cannot keep my promise here4 ,i must leave the past entirely1 and the old associates1 and go where ,i can repentif ,i ever can4 ,there is no such thing as an easy repentance for me40 ,and ,reuben felt in his tender heart1 once more to be bereaved1 that the words were true4 ,when the priest left ,gomorrah the next day1 promising that it should not be forgotten1 one went with him for whom no other hope remained but the total surrender of will and liberty1 the total crucifixion of the flesh4 ,reuben heard from him once1 in the course of his journey1 then all tidings ceased2 but he was too simple and too busy to wonder at it1 too full of faith to doubt the final triumph4 ,his character was not like ,esther's2 the burden of souls could never be to him what it had been to her2 ,god led him by a different path from that she trod in pain4 ,but in a lonely monastery1 high up among frowning rocks and perpetual snows1 a man who had come to it from far across the seas lived1 for a few sad years1 a life of deepest penance4 ,never by day or night did the battle with evil cease1 yet over him there seemed to be by day and night a special heavenly care4 ,that lonely cell was haunted constantly by visions of the past1 by temptations that were maddening1 by thoughts and words of evil import1 which an increasing approach to holiness made flesh and heart shrink to recall4 ,no sign of the cross1 no prayer1 no penance1 could banish them4 ,pursued1 haunted1 tempted to the very end1 yet to the very end he called on ,jesus1 ,mary1 and to the very end the answer came4 ,none but those whose lives were one of close union with the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus dared minister at that death-bed1 learning there1 in fear and trembling1 new lessons of the hideousness of sin1 and of the power which an evil life can give to ,satan in the hour of death4 ,but again and again they heard the poor lips whisper1 8,i deserve it1 ,i deserve it2 ,i thank ,god02 they saw the weak hands cling to the crucifix1 the glaring eyes gaze in their anguish upon the ,word made flesh2 and he who endured to hear the last confession brought to him afterward1 with awed and pitying reverence1 the ,body of the ,lord4 ,it was no saint1 no life-long1 scarred1 victorious warrior of the ,cross1 whom they laid to rest at last1 his hard fight done2 yet over that bodywhich1 even in their snow-clad region1 they had to hurry to its burialthey dared to give ,god thanks in humble faith for another sinner ransomed4 ,humbly and faithfully1 in far-away ,gomorrah1 ,reuben ,armstrong lived to a good old age his poor fool's life2 and men and women came to look with gentle reverence upon the feeble form which went in and out among them on errands of daily mercy1 never tiring4 ,by and by the neighbors learned to know the place by a better name than the evil one which it grew to hate rather than glory in4 8,it cannot be so very bad10 they said1 8when there are such good children in it40 ,and as from time to time a priest came there1 he always found one more soul desirous for confession1 or one more child or grown person ready for holy baptism1 and ,reuben never again knelt alone to receive holy ,communion4 ,when the ,doctor went away1 ,reuben opened his heart and home to the vagrant orphans1 and there1 some years after1 he welcomed gladly the miserable ,parson1 more pitiably needy than any of them4 8,master ,reuben's baby0 they called him1 and ,reuben often told exultingly how good and obedient he was4 ,no one envied him his chargeunless it was the angels1 who share in such blessed work4 ,a railroad runs through the town now1 and it is becoming a place of some importancepoor enough and bad enough1 alas6 but stamped outwardly and openly with the sign of the ,cross4 ,for over ,esther's grave loving hands have reared a little chapela constant token that the offering of her broken heart has been accepted1 that her dying prayer has been remembered4 ,and there1 troubled by no doubts and haunted by no fears1 weak in body and weaker still in intellect1 but very strong in his immortal soul1 ,reuben waits patiently and happily till his work is done4 ,,three ,,lectures ,,on ,,evolution4 ,we live in a time when scientific men seem to acquire celebrity almost in proportion as they succeed in perverting the conclusions of natural science so as to make them contradict revealed truth4 ,at this we are not surprised2 for the management of the interests of science has lately fallen1 to a great extent1 into the hands of an anti-,christian sect1 which is either unable to understand or unwilling to recognize the testimony that nature bears to the existence1 power1 and wisdom of its ,creator1 and to the veracity of his word4 ,to this sect ,professor ,huxley belongs4 ,they call him 8a great scientist0 and 8a great philosopher02 and people invite him to lecture2 and a certain press hastens to publish his thoughts1 that the world may learn how religious dogmas can be swept away by 8scientific0 discoveries1 and especially by 8scientific0 reasonings4 ,unfortunately for ,prof4 ,huxley1 his lectures on the ,evidences of ,evolution1 which are the last effort of his mind1 are as deficient in logic as most of his other productions4 ,in other words1 the conclusions of the lecturer are not legitimate1 and the premises themselves are not always exempt from objectionable features4 ,we hardly need tell our readers that neither any ,christian dogma has been swept away by these lectures nor any evolution established1 except in so far as the lectures themselves may be considered as an evolution of sophistry4 ,in the first of his three lectures ,prof4 ,huxley begins with a false statement of facts3 8,it has taken long indeed1 and accumulations of often fruitless labor1 to enable men to look steadily at the glaring phantasmagoria of nature1 to notice her fluctuations and what is regular among her apparent irregularities2 and it is only comparatively lately1 within the last few centuries1 that there has emerged the conception of a pervading order and definite force of things1 which we term the course of nature4 ,but out of this contemplation of nature1 and out of man's thought concerning her1 there has in these later times arisen that conception of the constancy of nature to which ,i have referred1 and that at length has become the guiding conception of modern thought4 ,it has ceased to be almost conceivable to any person who has paid attention to modern thought that chance should have any place in the universe1 or that events should follow anything but the natural order of cause and effect40 ,the truth is that 8modern thought0 has had no part whatever in the discovery of the constancy of nature4 ,this discovery is as old as mankind4 ,all ancient philosophers1 even before ,aristotle1 knew the constancy of the natural laws1 and this knowledge has never died away1 that modern thinkers should claim the honor of reviving it4 ,the same is to be said of 8the conception of a pervading order and definite force of things10 as we find that old ,greek and ,latin books are full of this conception1 which is likewise common to all our medival writers1 and1 indeed1 to all reasonable men4 ,that 8chance0 could have no place in the universe was so well known to the ancients that ,cicero emphatically declared any man to be silly who would suspect the possibility of the contrary4#aeb ,hence no person ever needed 8to pay attention to modern thought0 to conceive that chance could have no place in the government of the world4 ,finally1 that events cannot but follow 8the natural order of cause and effect0 is the oldest of scientific truths1 and the first principle of scientific reasoning4 ,a lecturer who pretends that we owe these truths to 8modern thought0 shows no respect for his audience4 ,on the other hand1 if 8modern thought0 is so poor and barren that it envies the scientific claims of past generations1 and stakes its reputation on fiction and plagiarism1 what can we say of the wisdom of the modern thinker who affords a ground for arguing that 8modern thought0 stands convicted of dishonesty as much as of incapacity8 ,the professor a little later says3 8,though we are quite clear about the constancy of nature at the present time and in the present order of things1 it by no means follows necessarily that we are justified in expanding this generalization into the past1 and in denying absolutely that there may have been a time when evidence did not follow a first order1 when the relations of cause and effect were not fixed and definite1 and when external agencies did not intervene in the general course of nature4 ,cautious men will admit that such a change in the order of nature may have been possible1 just as every candid thinker will admit that there may be a world in which two and two do not make four1 and in which two straight lines do not enclose a space40 ,this sentence shows that we are dealing rather with an empiricist than with a natural philosopher4 ,why should not the constancy of nature at the present time justify our conviction that nature has been no less constant in the past8 ,surely1 if we proceed only empirically1 the facts of the present will teach us nothing certain as to the facts of a remote and unknown past4 ,but it is remarkable that this purely empirical method would leave us equally uncertain as to the facts of the future1 though modern scientists assure us that 8the future must be similar to the past40 ,the truth is that no valid induction can be made from mere facts without the aid of a rational principle as the ground of our generalization4 ,if such a principle is certain1 our inference is certain2 and if the principle is only plausible1 our inference will be plausible in the same degree4 ,now1 have we not a certain principle from which the constancy of nature can be demonstrated with no reference to particular time8 ,we have such a principle4 ,we infer the constancy of nature from the constancy of the agencies by which the physical order is ruled4 ,all elementary substances are permanent2 their matter and their active power are never impaired2 the law of their activity is as fixed and definite as their permanent constitution2 and therefore they do not1 and they cannot1 act at present in a different manner from that in which they have acted from the beginning1 or from that in which they will act as long as they last4 ,this is the principle by which we are fully justified in extending the constancy of nature to all antiquity and to all futurity1 and in averring that such a constancy is not an accidental result of circumstances1 but a necessary consequence of the principle of causality4 ,but ,mr4 ,huxley seems not to understand this principle4 ,he imagines a time when the relations of cause and effect may not have been fixed and definite1 and even conceives the possibility of a world in which two and two do not make four4 ,this is modern thought indeed2 for we do not believe that any indication can be found of a similar thought having ever been entertained in past ages4 ,but we would ask3 ,if in a certain world two and two did not make four1 how could ,mr4 ,huxley know that they make four in this world8 ,and if the relations of cause and effect had at any given time remained vague and indefinite1 how could he account for the fact that they are now definite and fixed8 ,for the relation of cause and effect consists in this3 that the impression produced by the cause is the exact equivalent of the exertion made in its production2 and he who imagines a time when such a relation was not fixed and definite must assume that an effect can be greater than the exertion in which it originates1 or that the exertion can be greater than the impression it produces4 ,but if so1 on what ground can the professor affirm that the relation of cause and effect has now become fixed and definite8 ,we see the effect1 but we cannot see the exertion2 we see the fall of a body1 but we cannot see the action of gravity4 ,how1 then1 can ,mr4 ,huxley ascertain that the action of gravity is neither greater nor less than the momentum impressed on the body8 ,thus the relation of cause and effect1 in his theory1 cannot be known2 and mechanical science becomes impossible4 ,in the same manner1 if1 in another world1 two and two do not make four1 mathematics are an imposition4 ,the lecturer says also that there may have been a time 8when external agencies did not intervene in the general course of nature02 but we believe that this must be a lapsus lingu2 for1 as he does not admit that external agencies do now intervene in the general course of nature1 to say that the case may have been exactly the same in all remote times is not to adduce a reason of the supposed disturbance of the relations of cause and effect1 of which he is speaking1 nor would it serve to limit1 as he wishes1 our 8generalization40 ,the context1 therefore1 shows that what the lecturer intended to say was that there may have been a time when external agencies did intervene in the general course of nature4 ,in fact1 however1 he said the contrary4 ,perhaps the professor1 considering that he was speaking to an ,american audience with whose religious opinions he was little acquainted1 thought it wise to give such a turn to his phrases as to avoid all profession of belief or disbelief in the existence of a ,creator4 ,but1 however this may be1 the idea that ,god's intervention in the course of nature would disturb the relation of cause and effect is quite preposterous2 for if ,god intervenes1 his action carries with itself its proportionate effect1 while the actions of other causes maintain their natural relations to their ordinary effects4 ,when a man raises a stone from the ground1 does he disturb the relation of cause and effect8 or does he abolish gravitation8 ,certainly not4 ,gravity continues to urge down the body1 while it is raised2 but the effect corresponds to the combined actions of the two distinct causes4 ,now1 the same must be said of ,god's intervention with natural causes4 ,the effect will always correspond to the combined causalities2 and therefore the relation of the effect to its adequate cause remains undisturbed4 ,to assume1 as the lecturer does1 that at the present time ,god has ceased to intervene in the course of nature1 is to assume something for which there is not the least warrant4 ,god's intervention in the course of nature is continuous2 for without it nature can neither act nor exist for a single moment1 as every one knows who is not absolutely ignorant of philosophy4 ,but this is not all4 ,god1 seeing that men try to blind themselves to the fact of his intervention in the ordinary course of nature1 gives us in his mercy not unfrequent proofs of his intervention by works so far above nature that no effort of scientific infidels can evade their testimony4 ,these works are miracles4 8,modern thought0 denies miracles1 as irreconcilable with the 8constancy of nature02 but the history of the church is full of well-authenticated miracles1 and there are to-day living in different countries thousands of unexceptionable witnesses who can testify that miracles are1 even now1 an almost daily occurrence among the ,christian people4 ,we1 too1 admit 8the constancy of nature10 but we are not so dull as to interpret this constancy as modern thought strives to interpret it4 ,it is the laws of nature that are constant1 not the course of nature2 the former alone are connected with the essence of things and are immutable2 the latter depends on accidental conditions1 and can be interfered with not only by ,god1 but even by man1 as daily experience shows4 ,hence the intervention of external agencies does not impair the constancy of nature1 and the argument of modern thinkers against the possibility of miracles falls to the ground4 ,mr4 ,huxley1 after stating that the question with which he has to deal is essentially historical1 affirms that 8there are only three viewsthree hypothesesrespecting the past history of nature40 ,the first hypothesis is that 8,the order of nature which now obtains has always obtained2 in other words1 that the present course of nature1 the present order of things1 has existed from all eternity4 ,the second hypothesis is that the present state of things1 the present order of nature1 has had only a limited duration1 and that at some period in the past the state of things which we now knowsubstantially1 though not1 of course1 in all its details1 the state of things which we now knowarose and came into existence without any precedent similar condition from which it could have proceeded4 ,the third hypothesis also assumes that the present order of nature has had but a limited duration1 but it supposes that the present order of things proceeded by a natural process from an antecedent order1 and that from another antecedent order1 and so on2 and that on this hypothesis the attempt to fix any limit at which we could assign the commencement of this series of changes is given up40 ,of these three hypotheses1 the first is discarded by the lecturer as untenable1 because 8circumstantial evidence absolutely negatives the conception of the eternity of the present condition of things40 ,in this we agree with him1 not only on account of geological evidence1 but also1 and principally1 because the world is mutable1 and therefore contingent2 which proves that it must have had a beginning4 ,it is remarkable that he denies the eternity of the present condition of things1 but does not deny the eternity of matter4 ,modern thought could not admit of such a denial2 because1 if matter is not eternal1 the admission of a ,creator becomes unavoidable4 ,the second hypothesis the professor calls the 8,miltonic0 hypothesis1 and he proceeds to explain why he calls it so3 8,i doubt not that it may have excited some surprise in your minds that ,i should have spoken of this as ,milton's hypothesis rather than ,i should choose the terms which are much more familiar to you1 such as #8the doctrine of creation1' or #8the ,biblical doctrine' or #8the doctrine of ,moses1' all of which terms1 as applied to the hypothesis to which ,i have just referred1 are certainly much more familiar to you than the title of the ,miltonic hypothesis4 ,but ,i have had what ,i cannot but think are very weighty reasons for taking the course which ,i have pursued4 ,for example1 ,i have discarded the title of the hypothesis of creation1 because my present business is not with the question as to how nature has originated1 as to the causes which have led to her origination1 but as to the manner and order of her origination4 ,our present inquiry is not why the objects which constitute nature came into existence1 but when they came into existence1 and in what order4 ,this is a strictly historical question1 as that about the date at which the ,angles and ,jutes invaded ,england4 ,but the other question about creation is a philosophical question1 and one which cannot be solved or approached or touched by the historical method40 ,then he gives his reasons why he avoids the title of ,biblical hypothesis3 8,in the first place1 it is not my business to say what the ,hebrew text contains1 and what it does not2 and1 in the second place1 were ,i to say that this was the ,biblical hypothesis1 ,i should be met by the authority of many eminent scholars1 to say nothing of men of science1 who1 in recent times1 have absolutely denied that this doctrine is to be found in ,genesis at all4 ,if we are to listen to them1 we must believe that what seem so clearly defined as days of creationas if very great pains had been taken that there should be no mistakethat these are not days at all1 but periods that we may make just as long as convenience requires4 ,we are also to understand that it is consistent with that phraseology to believe that plants and animals may have been evolved by natural processes1 lasting for millions of years1 out of similar rudiments4 ,a person who is not a ,hebrew scholar can only stand by and admire the marvelous flexibility of a language which admits of such diverse interpretations40 7,at these last words the audience is said to have laughed and applauded47 8,in the third place1 ,i have carefully abstained from speaking of this as a ,mosaic doctrine1 because we are now assured upon the authority of the highest critics1 and even of dignitaries of the church1 that there is no evidence whatever that ,moses ever wrote this chapter or knew anything about it4 ,i don't say,i give no opinionit would be an impertinence upon my part to volunteer an opinion on such a subject2 but that being the state of opinion among the scholars and the clergy1 it is well for us1 the laity1 who stand outside1 to avoid entangling ourselves in such a vexed question40 ,then the lecturer makes a short refutation of ,milton's hypothesis1 and concludes his first lecture by promising to give in the following lectures the evidences in favor of the hypothesis of evolution4 ,it seems to us that the whole of the preceding reasoning is nothing but plausible talk1 and that the explanations of the lecturer lack sincerity4 ,first1 he pretends that the 8doctrine of creation0 is a philosophical question1 which cannot be solved by the historical method4 ,why can it not8 ,creation is no less a historical than a philosophical fact4 ,the book in which we read it is a historical book1 more than three thousand years old1 whose high authority has been recognized by the wisest men of all past generations1 and whose truthfulness has been confirmed by monuments of antiquity and by the study of profane histories4 ,if1 then1 ,prof4 ,huxley was truly anxious to follow the historical method1 why did he not compare the details given in ,genesis about the manner and order of the origination of nature with the manner and order suggested by geological discoveries8 ,on the other hand1 if the question was to be treated by the historical method1 was it wise to appeal to a poet as the best interpreter of history8 ,as to the philosophical treatment of the doctrine of creation1 we are glad to see that the professor has had the good sense of abstaining from it4 ,this forbearance on his part was imperative for many reasons1 and especially because1 as appears from some expressions of his1 he was quite incompetent to judge of the doctrine on its philosophical side4 ,he says that it is not his present business to investigate 8the causes which have led to the origination of nature10 nor to inquire 8why the objects which constitute nature came into existence02 as if there were any other why besides the will of the ,creator1 or any other causes besides his omnipotence4 ,but ,mr4 ,huxley seems afraid of a ,creator2 hence he does not speak of a ,god1 but of 8causes0 and 8external agencies02 nor does he mention creation1 but only 8origination40 ,vain efforts6 ,for1 if nature has had an origination1 it either originated in something or in nothing3 if in nothing1 then such an origination is a real creation2 if in something1 then such an origination was only a modification of something pre-existing contingently 7for nothing but the contingent is modifiable71 whose existence must again be traced to creation4 ,had the lecturer honestly followed the historical method1 he would have boldly started with those profound words of ,genesis3 8,in the beginning ,god created heaven and earth10 and he would have found a solution1 no less philosophical than historical1 of his question4 ,these remarks go far to show that the professor's reasons for ignoring the ,biblical history 7which he1 of course1 calls the 8,biblical hypothesis07 are mere pretexts4 ,surely it was not his business to explain the ,hebrew text2 but this is no excuse4 ,the only point which had a real importance in connection with the question at issue was whether the so-called days of creation were natural days of twenty-four hours or periods of a much greater length4 ,now1 this point could have been investigated with the ,latin or the ,english text as well as with the ,hebrew4 ,moreover1 since 8many eminent scholars10 and even 8men of science10 as he states1 have absolutely denied that the doctrine of the six natural days is found in ,genesis at all1 was it not plain that the geological epochs1 wholly unknown to ,milton1 could not be considered as contradicting the ,biblical record1 but might rather coincide with that narrative1 and help us to clear up some obscure phrases which we read in it8 ,prof4 ,huxley pretends that1 if we listen to these eminent scholars and men of science1 8we must believe that what seem so clearly defined as days of creation are not days at all1 but periods that we may make just as long as convenience requires40 ,this is1 indeed1 the conclusion we draw from a full discussion of the subject2 but we should like to know on what ground the professor assumes that the ,genesis speaks so clearly of natural days4 ,it is the contrary that is clearly implied in the language of the sacred writer2 for it is evident that the three days which preceded the creation of the sun could not be natural days of twenty-four hours2 and since their length has not been determined by the sacred writer1 we are free 8to make them just as long as convenience requires40 ,this reason1 which may be strengthened by other expressions in the context1 and by many other passages of the ,bible where the word day is used indefinitely for long periods of time1 led many old interpreters1 ,st4 ,augustine among others1 to deny what ,prof4 ,huxley so confidently asserts about the clearness of the ,scriptural testimony in favor of natural days4 ,the professor evidently speaks of a subject which he has never studied1 with the mischievous purpose of creating a conflict between science and faith4 ,what shall we say of his amusing hint at the 8marvellous flexibility0 of the ,biblical language8 ,though greeted with applause and laughter 7by an audience that knew nothing about the ,hebrew language71 such a hint was a blunder4 ,it is not the flexibility of the language that has ever been appealed to as the ground of different interpretations2 it is the extreme conciseness of the narration1 and the omission of numerous details1 which might have proved interesting to the man of science1 but which had nothing to do with the object pursued by the sacred writer4 ,for the aim of the writer was to instruct men1 not on science1 but on the unity of ,god and his universal dominion4 ,on the other hand1 all languages have numbers of terms which can receive different interpretations2 and the very word day1 which the lecturer takes to mean so clearly twenty-four hours1 is used even by us in the sense of an indefinite length of time4 ,we say1 for instance1 that to-day anti-,christianity is rampant1 just as well as that to-day it has rained2 and we hope that ,professor ,huxley will not on this account find fault with the ,english language1 or sneer at its 8marvellous flexibility40 ,finally1 the professor says that he spoke of the ,miltonic theory rather than of the 8,mosaic doctrine10 because 8we are now assured upon the authority of the highest critics1 and even of dignitaries of the church1 that there is no evidence whatever that ,moses ever wrote this chapter or knew anything about it40 ,this allegation is not creditable to the judgment of the lecturer4 ,the ,genesis is the undoubted work of ,moses1 as all ancient and modern scholars1 both ,jew and ,christian1 testify4 ,if1 however1 ,professor ,huxley1 upon the authority of his perverse or ignorant critics and of the rationalistic dignitaries of a false church1 believes the contrary1 it does not follow that the historical method obliged him to substitute the ,miltonic theory for the ,biblical history under pain of 8entangling himself in a vexed question40 ,if there was a vexed question1 he could discard it with a word4 ,nothing prevented him from speaking of 8what is styled the ,mosaic doctrine40 ,the truth is that the professor labored all along to demolish the ,mosaic doctrine under the name of ,miltonic hypothesis1 thinking1 no doubt1 that by this artifice he might just say enough to satisfy his friends the free-thinkers1 without shocking too violently the public mind4 ,the artifice1 however1 proved unsuccessful2 and if the professor has seen the criticism passed on his lectures by the ,american press1 he must now have acquired the conviction that the ,miltonic hypothesis did not deserve the honor of a scientific refutation4 ,in his second lecture ,mr4 ,huxley begins to deal with the evidences of evolution4 ,he points out that such evidences are of three kindsviz41 indifferent1 favorable1 and demonstrative4 ,the first two kinds he is prepared to examine at once1 whilst the third he keeps in reserve for his last lecture4 ,one might ask what an 8indifferent evidence0 is likely to mean4 ,for1 if any fact has no greater tendency to prove than to disprove a theory1 such a fact does not constitute 8evidence0 on either side4 ,this1 of course1 is true2 but1 in the language of the professor1 8indifferent evidence0 designates those facts which are brought against his theory1 and which he believes to admit of a satisfactory explanation without abandoning the theory4 ,thus he relates how 8,cuvier endeavored to ascertain by a very just and proper method what foundation there was for the belief in a gradual and progressive change of animals1 by comparing the skeletons of all accessible parts of these animals 7old ,egyptian remains7such as crocodiles1 birds1 dogs1 cats1 and the likewith those which are now found in ,egypt2 and he came to the conclusiona conclusion which has been verified by all subsequent researchthat no appreciable change has taken place in the animals which inhabited ,egypt1 and he drew thence the conclusion1 and a hasty one1 that the evidence of such fact was altogether against the doctrine of evolution40 ,again1 the professor states that the animal remains deposited in the beds of stone lining the ,niagara 8belong to exactly the same forms as now inhabit the still waters of ,lake ,erie02 and these remains1 according to his calculation1 are more than thirty thousand years old4 ,again3 8,when we examine the rocks of the cretaceous epoch itself1 we find the remains of some animals which the closest scrutiny cannot show to be in any respect different from those which live at the present time40 8,more than that3 ,at the very bottom of the ,silurian series1 in what is by some authorities termed the ,cambrian formation1 where all signs appear to be dying out1 even there1 among the few and scanty animal remains which exist1 we find species of molluscous animals which are so closely allied to existing forms that at one time they were grouped under the same generic name4''' ,facts of this kind are undoubtedly fatal to any form of evolution which necessitates the supposition that there is an intrinsic necessity on the part of animal forms which once come into existence to undergo modifications2 and they are still more distinctly opposed to any view which should lead to the belief that the modification in different types of animal or vegetable life goes on equally and evenly4 ,the facts1 as ,i have placed them before you1 would obviously contradict directly any such form of the hypothesis of evolution as laid down in these two postulates40 ,here1 then1 we have facts which 8contradict directly0 any form of necessary evolution4 ,now let us see how the professor strives to turn them into indifferent evidences of spontaneous evolution4 ,he says3 8,now1 the service that has been rendered by ,mr4 ,darwin to the doctrine of evolution in general is this3 that he has shown that there are two great factors in the process of evolution1 and one of them is the tendency to vary1 the existence of which may be proved by observation in all living forms2 the other is the influence of surrounding conditions upon what ,i may call the parent form and the variations which are thus evolved from it4 ,the cause of that production of variations is a matter not at all properly understood at present4 ,whether it depends upon some intricate machineryif ,i may use the phraseof the animal form itself1 or whether it arises through the influence of conditions upon that form1 is not certain1 and the question may for the present be left open4 ,but the important point is the tendency to the production of variations4 ,then whether those variations shall survive and supplant the parent1 or whether the parent form shall survive and supplant the variations1 is a matter which depends entirely on surrounding conditions40 ,from this theory the lecturer concludes that the facts above mentioned as contradicting the doctrine of evolution are 8no objection at all10 but belong to that class of evidence which he has called indifferent4 8,that is to say10 as he explains1 8they may be no direct support to the doctrine of evolution but they are perfectly capable of being interpreted in consistency with it40 ,this is to tell us that ,darwin1 in order to evade the testimony of numerous facts which contradict evolution1 had to resort to a very bold but gratuitous assumption4 ,in fact1 on what ground can he pretend that all living forms have a tendency to vary from one species to another1 and that such a tendency may be proved by observation1 when we have so many facts which prove that such a tendency has not shown itself for thousands and tens of thousands of years8 ,as yet1 no case of evolution from one species to another has been ascertained2 and it surely requires a peculiar evolution of logic to affirm1 in the presence of such a known fact1 that the tendency to vary may be proved by observation4 ,that there may be varieties within the range of one and the same species is a well-known truth2 this is what observation has abundantly proved4 ,but ,mr4 ,darwin pretends that the tendency to vary is not confined within the range of the species1 but extends from one species to another1 so as to produce not only individual and accidental modifications1 but also essential changes and differentiations2 and this is what observation has hitherto been unable to prove4 ,thus the professor's appeal to the ,darwinian hypothesis is quite illogical1 as it is nothing but a begging of the question4 ,it is singular that ,professor ,huxley himself1 after telling us that the tendency to vary is proved by observation1 immediately refutes his own assertion by showing that the whole theory of evolution rests on no actual observation1 but on the mere hope of some possible observations which the future may keep in reserve for its triumph4 ,here is what he says3 8,the great group of lizards1 which abound so much at the present day1 extends through the whole series of formations as far back as what is called the ,permian epoch1 which is represented by the strata lying just above the coal4 ,these ,permian lizards differ astonishingly littlein some respectsfrom the lizards which exist at the present day4 ,comparing the amount of difference between these ,permian lizards and the lizards of the present day with the prodigious lapse of time between the ,permian epoch and the present age1 it maybe said that there has been no appreciable change4 ,but the moment you carry the researches further back in time you find no trace whatever of lizards1 nor any true reptile whatever1 in the whole mass of formations beneath the ,permian4 ,now1 it is perfectly clear that if our existing palontological collections1 our existing specimens from stratified rock1 exhaust the whole series of events which have ever taken place upon the surface of the globe1 such a fact as this directly contravenes the whole theory of evolution1 because that postulates that the existence of every form must have been preceded by that of some form comparatively little different from it40 ,so far1 then1 as existing specimens of palontology are concerned1 everything 8directly contravenes the whole theory of evolution02 that is to say that observation1 far from proving the theory1 tends to disprove it4 ,the lecturer1 however1 not dismayed by this crushing evidence1 appeals to 8the whole series of events0 which must have preceded the epoch of the oldest existing specimens2 and he invites us to take into consideration 8that important fact so well insisted upon by ,lyell and ,darwinthe imperfection of the geological record40 ,no doubt the geological record is imperfect2 but this imperfection cannot be made the ground of an argument in favor of evolution4 ,to make it such would be like interpreting the silence of a witness for positive information4 ,prof4 ,huxley saw this1 and1 anticipating the objection which was sure to rise in the minds of his hearers1 made an effort to evade it by saying3 8,those who have not attended to these matters are apt to say to themselves1 #8,it is all very well2 but when you get into difficulty with your theory of evolution1 you appeal to the incompleteness and the imperfection of the geological record'2 and ,i want to make it perfectly clear to you that that imperfection is a vast fact which must be taken into account with all our speculations1 or we shall constantly be going wrong40 ,the reader will notice how bluntly the lecturer ignores the drift of the objection4 ,the objection is3 8,when you appeal to the remotest epochs1 about which geology gives us so very scanty information1 you appeal to the unknown2 and this is a very singular method of answering that series of known facts which directly contravene the theory of evolution40 ,the answer of the professor is3 8,you have not attended to these matters4 ,do you think that the geological record is perfect8 ,i tell you that it is most imperfect and incomplete1 and ,i am going to show that such is the case40 ,this answer confirms the objection1 and shows that the theory of evolution is illogical4 ,the professor then mentions 8the tracks of some gigantic animal which walked on its hind legs10 and remarks that1 although untold thousands of such tracks are found upon our shores1 yet 8up to this present time not a bone1 not a fragment1 of any one of the great creatures which certainly made these impressions has been found40 ,and he concludes3 8,i know of no more striking evidence than this fact affords from which it may be concluded1 in the absence of organic remains1 that such animals did exist40 ,of course they did exist2 but their existence is no argument against those innumerable facts which bear positive witness against the theory of evolution4 ,and yet the lecturer ventures to say3 8,i believe that having the right understanding of the doctrine of evolution on the one hand1 and having a just estimation of the importance of the imperfection of the geological record on the other1 would remove all difficulty from the kind of evidence to which ,i have thus adverted2 and this appreciation allows us to believe that all such cases are examples of what ,i may here call1 and have hitherto designated1 negative or indifferent evidencethat is to say1 they in no way directly advance the theory of evolution1 but they are no obstacle in the way of our belief in the doctrine40 ,that a long series of positive facts establishing the fixity of species during a great many thousand years are no obstacle in the way of our belief in an opposite theory1 owing to the mistiness of all older geological records1 which allows us to dream of facts contrary to the course of things1 ascertained by constant observation1 is an idea which 8modern thought0 may consider brilliant1 but which common sense absolutely rejects4 ,in the remaining part of this second lecture ,mr4 ,huxley deals with the evidence of intermediate forms3 8,if the doctrine of evolution be true1 it follows that animals and plants1 however diverse they may be1 must have all been connected together by gradational forms1 so that from the highest animals1 whatever they may be1 down to the lowest speck of gelatinous matter in which life can be manifested1 there must be a sure and progressive body of evidencea series of gradations by which you could pass from one end of the series to the other40 ,let us remark1 by the way1 that the phrase 8the highest animals1 whatever they may be10 comprises rational animalsthat is1 all mankind2 which would imply that our rational soul should be traced 8to the lowest speck of gelatinous matter0 as its first origin4 ,we need not dwell here on this absurdity4 ,the professor confesses that 8we have crocodiles1 lizards1 snakes1 turtles1 and tortoises1 and yet there is nothingno connecting linkbetween the crocodile and lizard1 or between the lizard and snake1 or between the snake and the crocodile1 or between any two of these groups4 ,they are separated by absolute breaks40 ,such being the case1 it would seem that the professor had a sufficient ground for denying the theory of evolution altogether4 ,but1 no2 whilst confessing that there is 8no connecting link10 he pretends that we must show that no connecting link has ever existed4 ,his words are3 8,if1 then1 it could be shown that this state of things was from the beginninghad always existedit would be fatal to the doctrine of evolution4 ,if the intermediate gradations which the doctrine of evolution postulates must have existed between these groupsif they are not to be found anywhere in the records of the past history of the globeall that is so much a strong and weighty argument against evolution4 ,while1 on the other hand1 if such intermediate forms are to be found1 that is so much to the good of evolution1 although ''' we must be cautious in assuming such facts as proofs of the theory40 ,the wisdom of this last caution is undeniable2 but is there not a contradiction in the phrases 8there is no connecting link0 and 8the intermediate forms may be found08 ,he then proceeds to show some osteologic relations by which birds and reptiles seem to be connected1 but from which1 as he concedes1 no proof of the theory of evolution can be formed1 and he concludes in the following words3 8,in my next lecture ,i will take up what ,i venture to call the demonstrative evidence of evolution40 ,let us1 then1 give up all further examination of the second lecture1 and proceed to a short inquiry upon the kind of evidence condensed in the third4 ,we must say at once that the evidence contained in the whole of this third lecture neither directly nor indirectly demonstrates that one species of animals has been evolved out of another species4 ,granting that the animal remains described by the professor correspond entirely to his description of them1 and waiving all question about the correct interpretation of the same1 we shall merely pass in review the logical process by which such remains are made to give testimony to the ,darwinian view4 ,in the exordium ,mr4 ,huxley assumes1 as a point already established in his second lecture1 that the evidence derived from fossil remains 8is perfectly consistent with the doctrine of evolution40 ,we have seen that this is not true4 ,the professor1 entirely forgetful of all the facts which he himself had acknowledged to 8directly contravene the whole theory of evolution10 insists on the relations between birds and reptiles and their intermediate forms4 8,we find10 he says1 8in the mesozoic rocks animals which1 if ranged in series1 would so completely bridge over the interval between the reptile and the bird that it would be very hard to say where the reptile ends and where the bird begins40 ,and he adds that 8evidence so distinctly favorable as this of evolution is far weightier than that upon which men undertake to say that they believe many important propositions2 but it is not the highest kind of evidence attained40 ,if we ask the professor why this evidence is not the highest1 he will give us this reason3 8,that1 as it happens1 the intermediate forms to which ,i have referred do not occur in the exact order in which they ought to occur if they really had formed steps in the progression from the reptile to the bird2 that is to say1 we find these forms in contemporaneous deposits1 whereas the requirements of the demonstrative evidence of evolution demand that we should find the series of gradations between one group of animals and another in such order as they must have followed if they had constituted a succession of stages in time of the development of the form at which they ultimately arrive4 ,that is to say1 the complete evidence of the evolution of the bird from the reptile should be of this character1 that in some ancient formation reptiles alone should be found1 in some later formation birds should first be met with1 and in the intermediate formations we should discover in regular succession forms which ,i pointed out to you1 which are intermediate between the reptile and the birds40 ,this answer proves not only that the evidence alleged is not the highest kind of evidence in favor of evolution1 but also that the evidence conflicts with the hypothesis of evolution in such a manner as to cut the ground from under the feet of the lecturer4 ,for if the intermediate forms between the reptile and the bird are contemporaneous with the reptile and the bird1 it follows that the bird has not been evolved from the reptile through those intermediate forms4 ,it is therefore in vain that ,mr4 ,huxley appeals to this evidence as 8so distinctly favorable to evolution40 ,the body of the lecture consists of an attempt to show1 from the osteology of the genus ,equus1 that our modern horse proceeds from the ,orohippus4 ,the lecturer first describes the characteristics of the horse1 using the term 8horse0 in a general sense as equivalent to the technical term ,equus1 and meaning not only what we now call the horse1 but also asses and their modificationszebras1 etc4 ,he invites us to pay a special attention to the foot and the teeth of the horse2 and then he reasons as follows3 8,if the hypothesis of evolution is true1 what ought to happen when we investigate the history of this animal8 ,we know that the mammalian type1 as a whole1 that mammalian animals are characterized by the possession of a perfectly distinct radius and ulna-two separate and distinct movable bones1 ,we know1 further1 that mammals in general possess five toes1 often unequal1 but still as completely developed as the five digits of my hand4 ,we know1 further1 that the general type of mammals possesses in the leg not only a complete tibia1 but a complete fibula4 ,the small bone of the leg is1 as a general rule1 a perfectly complete1 distinct1 movable bone4 ,moreover1 in the hind-foot we find in animals in general five distinct toes1 just as we do in the fore-foot4 ,hence it follows that we have a differentiated animal like the horse1 which has proceeded by way of evolution or gradual modification from a similar form possessing all the characteristics we find in mammals in general4 ,if that be true1 it follows that1 if there be anywhere preserved in the series of rocks a complete history of the horsethat is to say1 of the various stages through which he has passedthose stages ought gradually to lead us back to some sort of animal which possessed a radius1 and an ulna1 and distinct complete tibia and fibula1 and in which there were five toes upon the fore limb no less than upon the hind limb4 ,moreover1 in the average general mammalian type1 the higher mammalian1 we find as a constant rule an approximation to the number of forty-four complete teeth1 of which six are cutting teeth1 two are canine1 and the others of which are grinders4 ,in unmodified mammals we find the incisors have no pit1 and that the grinding teeth as a rule increase in size from that which lies in front towards those which lie in the middle or at the hinder part of the series4 ,consequently1 if the theory of evolution be correct1 if that hypothesis of the origin of living things have a foundation1 we ought to find in the series the forms which have preceded the horse1 animals in which the mark upon the incisor gradually more and more disappears1 animals in which the canine teeth are present in both sexes1 and animals in which the teeth gradually lose the complication of their crowns1 and have a simpler and shorter crown1 while at the same time they gradually increase in size from the anterior end of the series towards the posterior40 ,the professor then proceeds to show that all these conditions are fulfilled3 8,in the middle and earlier parts of the pliocene epoch1 in deposits which belong to that age1 and which occur in ,germany and in ,greece1 to some extent in ,britain and in ,france1 there we find animals which are like horses in all the essential particulars which ,i have just described1 ''' but they differ in some important particulars4 ,there is a difference in the structure of the fore and hind limb1 ''' but nevertheless we have here a horse in which the lateral toes1 almost abortive in the existing horse1 are fully developed40 ,this horse is the ,hipparion4 ,in the miocene formations 8you find equine animals which differ essentially from the modern horse ''' in the character of their fore and hind limbs1 and present important features of difference in the teeth4 ,the forms to which ,i now refer are what are known to constitute the genus ,anchitherium4 ,we have here three toes1 and the middle toe is smaller in proportion1 the lower toes are larger ''' and in the fore arm you find the ulna1 a very distinct bone10 etc41 etc4 ,lastly1 in the oldest part of the eocene formation we find the ,orohippus1 which is the oldest specimen of equine animals3 8,here we have the four toes on the front limb complete1 three toes on the hind limb complete1 a well-developed ulna1 a well-developed fibula1 and the teeth of simple pattern4 ,so you are able1 thanks to these great researches1 to show that1 so far as present knowledge extends1 the history of the horse type is exactly and precisely that which could have been predicted from a knowledge of the principles of evolution4 ,and the knowledge we now possess justifies us completely in the anticipation that when the still lower eocene deposits and those which belong to the cretaceous epoch have yielded up their remains of equine animals1 we shall find first an equine creature with four toes in front and a rudiment of the thumb4 ,then probably a rudiment of the fifth toe will be gradually supplied1 until we come to the five-toed animals1 in which most assuredly the whole series took its origin40 ,to say plainly what we think of this long argumentation1 we believe that it demonstrates nothing but the eminent talkative faculty of the lecturer4 ,it all comes to this3 ,unmodified mammals have five fingers and five toes1 whereas the modern horse has only one4 ,therefore the modern horse is but a modification of a pre-existing form1 and is to be traced to the hipparion1 the anchitherium1 the orohippus1 and other more ancient forms which we have not yet discovered1 but which we hope to discover hereafter4 ,now1 this style of reasoning is simply ridiculous4 ,first1 even granting all the premises of the professor1 the conclusion that one species is derived from another by evolution would still remain unproved4 ,for who told ,prof4 ,huxley that the animal remains on which he bases his argument belong to different species1 and not to different varieties of one and the same species8 ,surely1 a greater or less development of one or two bones cannot be considered a sufficient evidence of specific difference2 for we know that even in the same variety there may be a different development2 as in the hound1 which sometimes possesses a spurious hind toe1 and in the mastiff1 which occasionally shows the same peculiarity4 ,hence the professor has no right to assume that the horse1 the hipparion1 the anchitherium1 etc41 are animals of different species2 and therefore his argument has nothing to do with the evolution of one species from another4 ,secondly1 to assume without proof that 8unmodified mammalia0 have five fingers and five toes is to assume without proof the very conclusion which was to be demonstrated2 for it is to assume that the modern horse1 which has neither five fingers nor five toes1 is not an unmodified mammal1 but a product evolved by some more ancient form4 ,now1 this is what logicians call petitio principii4 ,thirdly1 what does ,prof4 ,huxley mean by unmodified mammalia8 ,what are they8 ,for1 in his theory of evolution1 every animal is a modification of a preceding form1 and the whole series of living beings contains nothing but modified organisms4 ,to find1 therefore1 an unmodified mammal1 it would be necessary to find the first of all mammals from which all other mammals of the same class have proceeded4 ,this first mammal is still to be discovered1 as the professor concedes4 ,how1 then1 could he know that the unmodified mammal has five fingers and five toes8 ,and if he did not know this1 how did he assume it as the very ground of his pretended demonstration8 ,fourthly1 how does ,prof4 ,huxley know that the horse proceeds from the hipparion1 the hipparion from the anchitherium1 and the anchitherium from the orohippus8 ,of this he knows nothing whatever4 ,he has no other ground for his assertion1 except the different ages to which those deposits belong3 but a difference of age does not prove that the older is the parent of the younger4 ,alexander the ,great existed before ,annibal1 ,annibal before ,csar1 ,csar before ,napoleon4 ,will our professor infer from this that ,napoleon was the lineal descendant of ,alexander the ,great8 ,fifthly1 it is not true that 8the history corresponds exactly with what one could construct a priori from the principles of evolution40 ,the principles of the theory of evolution demand that the more complex organisms be considered as evolved from the less complex1 and the more developed as evolved from the less developed2 for1 according to the theory1 the further we go back towards the origin of life1 the nearer we approach the 8protoplasm0 or the 8gelatinous matter40 ,it would therefore be more in accordance with the theory of evolution to say that the five-toed animals must have proceeded from animals possessing a simpler and less developed organism1 and that the horse is the parent of the hipparion1 and of the anchitherium and of the orohippus1 which is quite contrary to geological evidence4 ,hence geological evidence flatly contradicts the principles of evolution4 ,in other terms1 if mammalia of different species have been evolved from one another1 those animals whose organism is more developed must be more modern4 ,now1 the orohippus has an organism more developed than that of the horse4 ,therefore the orohippus1 by the principles of the theory1 is more modern than the existing horse4 ,but geological evidence shows the contrary4 ,therefore geological evidence directly conflicts with the principles of evolution4 ,sixthly1 the whole argument of the professor may be condensed in the following syllogism3 ,if the theory of evolution is true1 then we must find such and such fossils4 ,but we find such and such fossils4 ,therefore the theory of evolution is true4 ,by this form of reasoning one would prove anything he likes4 ,thus1 for example1 we might say1 if ,professor ,huxley has graduated at ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven1 he must know the ,english language4 ,but he knows the ,english language4 ,therefore he has graduated at ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven4 ,the fallacy consists in supposing that such and such fossils could not be found1 except in the hypothesis that evolution is true4 ,hence1 to avoid the fallacy1 the conditionate proposition should have been invertedthat is1 it should have been3 ,if we find such and such fossils in such and such deposits1 then the theory of evolution is true4 ,but this proposition could not be assumed without proofs4 ,but1 says the lecturer3 8,an inductive hypothesis is said to be demonstrated when the facts are shown to be in entire accordance with it4 ,if that is not scientific proof1 there are no inductive conclusions which can be said to be scientific4 ,and the doctrine of evolution at the present time rests upon exactly as secure a foundation as the ,copernican theory of the motion of the heavenly bodies4 ,its basis is precisely of the same characterthe coincidence of the observed facts with theoretical requirements4 ,as ,i mentioned just now1 the only way of escape1 if it be a way of escape1 from the conclusions which ,i have just indicated1 is the supposition that all these different forms have been created separately at separate epochs of time2 and ,i repeat1 as ,i said before1 that of such a hypothesis as this there neither is nor can be any scientific evidence2 and assuredly1 so far as ,i know1 there is none which is supported1 or pretends to be supported1 by evidence or authority of any other kind40 ,these sweeping assertions are all founded on the assumption that the facts have been shown to be in entire accordance with the hypothesis4 ,but we have shown that the facts contradict the hypothesis4 ,it is therefore a scientific necessity to deny the hypothesis4 ,moreover1 scientific hypotheses are not proved by the mere coincidence of the observed facts with theoretical requirements2 it is necessary to show1 further1 that the observed facts cannot be reconciled with a different theory4 ,hence1 even if the professor had shown the agreement of the facts with his hypothesis1 he would still have had no right to conclude in favor of his hypothesis on that ground alone2 for he would have been obliged to show also that the ,mosaic theory does not agree with those facts4 ,what he says about 8the only way of escape0 is a vain boast1 which has no real importance except in as much as it may serve for rhetorical effect4 ,we have no need of seeking a way of escape2 for we still follow our own old way1 which remains unobstructed4 ,we need not 8make the supposition that all different forms have been created at separate epochs of time10 though they may have been so created2 nor do we require 8scientific evidence0 of the truth of creation1 for we have sufficient ,biblical and philosophical evidence of it2 nor do we want evidence of certain distinct or 8separate0 creations1 for we have this evidence in the ,book of ,genesis4 ,if any one needs 8a way of escape10 it is the professor himself1 who has ventured to defend a theory equally condemned by the ,mosaic history of the origin of things and by the characteristic peculiarities of the geological remains which he has produced4 ,as for us1 even if it were proved that the horse1 the hipparion1 the anchitherium1 and the orohippus are animals of different species1 nothing would oblige us to admit that these animals have been created 8at separate epochs of time0that is to say1 in different ,scriptural days2 for these days1 or epochs1 are each sufficiently long to encompass the events to which the geological record bears testimony4 ,on the other hand1 were we to assume that such animals have been created at separate epochs of time1 we do not see on what ground the professor could refute such a conjecture4 ,he might say1 of course1 that there is no 8scientific evidence0 for the supposition2 but we might reply that there are many facts which science must accept on other than scientific evidence2 and we might even maintain that those fossil remains on which the lecturer has founded his pretended demonstration are themselves a prim facie evidence in favor of said supposition4 ,but the supposition is not needed1 as we have remarked4 ,the professor concludes his lecture thus3 8,i shall consider ,i have done you the greatest service which it was in my power in such a way to do1 if ,i have thus convinced you that this great question which we are discussing is not one to be discussed1 dealt with1 by rhetorical flourishes or by loose and superficial talk1 but that it requires the keenest attention of the trained intellect1 and the patience of the most accurate observer40 ,these words were applauded by the audience1 and we too are glad to applaud4 ,but we may be allowed to doubt if the lecturer1 in dealing with the question of evolution1 has shown much respect for the maxim which he proclaims4 ,we do not mean1 of course1 that ,professor ,huxley's intellect is untrained1 or that his scientific observations are inaccurate1 but we think we can safely say that his logic is not as accurate as his scientific observations1 and that his trained intellect is apt to relish sham arguments and superficial talk4 ,when a man can gravely express the opinion that 8there may be a world where two and two do not make four10 the intellect of that man makes a poor show indeed2 nor does it make a better show by assuming that 8there may have been a time when the relation of cause and effect was still indefinite40 ,in like manner1 when a man in the discussion of a historical question ignores all historical documents except those which he thinks favorable to his views2 when he strives to evade the evidence of certain facts which cannot be reconciled with his theory2 or when he brings as a proof of the theory what under examination is found to clash with the principles of the same theory1 we must be excused if we cannot admire his logic4 ,the lecturer's misfortune is that he is a victim of that proud and absurd system of knowledge which is named 8modern thought40 ,the apostles of this system strive to suppress ,god4 ,the universe1 according to them1 is not necessarily the work of an intelligent ,being4 ,give them only a few specks of 8gelatinous matter10 and they will tell you that nothing else is required to account for the origin of life1 intellect1 and reason4 ,if you say that this is impossible1 because the effect cannot be more perfect than its causality1 they will inform you that the words cause and effect1 though still tolerated1 are becoming obsolete1 just as the ideas which they express4 ,if you ask1 ,how did the 8gelatinous matter0 itself originate8 they will let you understand that their science cannot go so far as to attempt a clear answer2 because1 as ,prof4 ,huxley adroitly puts it1 8the attempt to fix any limit at which we should assign the commencement of the series of changes is given up40 ,this suffices to form a just estimate of the scientific hypotheses concocted by the leaders of 8modern thought40 ,we are apt to boast of our superior knowledge3 but it is one of the disasters of our time that the absurd theories of such a perverted science find ready acceptance among educated men4 #aeb ,quis est tam vecors1 qui ea qu tanta mente fiunt1 casu putet posse fieri8,who is so silly as to believe that things so wisely ruled can be the effect of chance8 ,,up ,,the ,,nile4 ,i4 ,when ,philip's son1 on his way to the temple of ,jupiter ,ammon in the ,african desert1 selected the abode of the fabulous ,proteus for his future city1 the gods encouraged their much-loved child with a favorable omen4 ,for whilst ,dinocrates1 the architect1 was marking out the lines upon the ground1 the chalk he used was exhausted2 whereupon the king1 who was present1 ordered the flour destined for the workmen's food to be employed in its stead1 thereby enabling him to complete the outline of many of the streets4 ,an infinite number of birds1 says ,plutarch1 of several kinds1 rising suddenly like a black cloud out of the river and lake1 devoured the flour4 ,alexander1 troubled in mindas the workmen1 no doubt1 were both in mind and body1 although the historian does not so relateconsulted the augurs4 ,these discreet men1 who read the divine ,mind in their own fashion1 advised him to proceed1 by observing that the occurrence was a sign the city he was about to build would enjoy such abundance of all things that it would contribute to the nourishment of many nations4 ,the workmen having swallowed their indignation in place of their food1 the work proceeded1 and ,alexander1 before continuing his journey1 witnessed the commencement of his flourishing city1 ,b4,c4 #cbc4 ,thus rose up ,alexandria1 the gate of the ,orient4 ,centuries are as naught in its calendar2 nay1 thousands of years give but a feeble idea of the length of its civilized existence4 ,enter the portals of the ,alexandria of to-day4 ,what a new world spreads out before you6 ,is it not all a masquerade8 ,these strange boatmen with their bright-colored robes1 their magpie chatteringare they real8 ,colorcolor everywhere3 the cloudless blue sky above1 the green waters beneath1 the dark complexions1 the red1 green1 yellow of their garments1 the endless confusion of colors in1 around1 and about4 ,close the eyes1 or they will be dazzled4 ,struggle now1 or see1 those fellows will tear you apart and carry you in pieces to the shore1 head in one boat1 legs in anotherhappy you if even both legs are in the same boat4 ,fight hard now to retain your entire individuality4 ,well done6 ,now follow this handsome ,arab2 he is a dragoman and will protect you4 ,take his olive-green suit and bright red fez for a guide4 ,see how he strikes right and left2 and1 by ,allah6 down go a score of boatmen4 ,are they hurt8 ,no matter2 they are only ,arabs1 and menials at that4 ,he has you in his own boat nowsound1 too1 nothing wanting2 feel1 if you are in doubtyes1 head1 arms1 legs1 body1 all here2 and he stands in the stern and smiles complacently4 ,he will talk to you in any language1 unintelligibly perhaps1 but then with such grace and dignity2 you must pretend to understand him4 ,he will give you any information1 from the cost of building the pyramids to the price of donkey-hire2 will take you anywhereto ,pompey's ,pillar1 ,assouan1 the ,mountains of the ,moon4 ,and when you timidly inquire where the mountains are1 thinking you might like to make a short visit1 he smiles patronizingly1 and waves his hand gracefully to the south4 ,up there6three thousand miles or more4 ,but what is that to him8 ,you are surprised that he should have creditors1 a man of his appearance2 but you are relieved1 for he pays his debts1 and the custom-house officials smile1 place their hands on their hearts1 and bow your luggage out of the custom-house4 ,you are already beginning to feel proud at being the friend of so great a man4 ,that famous flirt ,cleopatra lived here1 and toyed with the hearts of mensome of them real men1 too2 not the ,egyptian fops of the day1 the ,greek society men1 or the ,roman swells1 but such men as ,antony1 who lost half the world for her at ,actium4 ,she it was who amused herself by swallowing pearls1 and finally left this world to avoid the honor of adorning the triumph of ,octavius4 ,the augurs were right4 ,alexander's city did contribute to the nourishment of many nations1 physically and intellectually4 ,its sails whitened every sea1 bearing to the capital and provinces of the empire the treasures of ,egypt1 ,arabia1 and ,india4 ,students flocked to its schools2 its great library contained over seven hundred thousand volumes4 ,even as late as ,a4,d4 #fda1 when ,amru captured the city after a siege of fourteen months1 in his letter to ,omar he tells him that he found there four thousand palaces1 as many baths1 four hundred places of amusement1 and twelve thousand gardens4 ,amru was inclined to spare the library1 being urged to do so by ,john ,philopanus2 but ,omar sent orders3 8,if the books contain the same matter as the ,koran1 they are useless2 if not the same1 they are worse than useless4 ,therefore1 in either case1 they are to be burnt40 ,even in their destruction they were made useful2 for ,abdollatiff says there were so many books that the baths of ,alexandria were heated by them for the space of six months4 ,those mystical enigmas of ,western childhood,cleopatra's ,needlesturn out to be but obelisks after all1 and not of the best4 ,they stood originally at ,heliopolis1 but ,tiberius set them up in front of the ,csarium in honor of himself4 ,those old emperors were fond of raising monuments to themselves1 that future generations might wonder at their exploits1 which many times were performed in imagination only4 ,one has fallen1 and is a white elephant on the hands of ,england4 ,the ,english do not know what to do with it4 ,mohammed ,ali gave it to them1 and even offered to transport it free of expense to the shore and put it on any vessel sent to remove it4 ,possibly he thought it reminded the people too much of ,tiberius1 and wanted to set up one for his own glorification4 ,no vessel was sent1 and here it remains1 half covered with dbris4 ,pompey's ,pillar is a column of highly-polished red granite ninety-eight feet nine inches in height1 twenty-nine feet eight inches in circumference1 erected by another of those modest ,roman emperors,diocletian by namefor the same purpose that ,tiberius set up the old obelisk4 ,it is a wonder that some of these unpretentious rulers1 with their characteristic modesty1 did not carry out the idea proposed to ,alexander by ,dinocrates1 and have ,mount ,athos cut into a statue of themselves1 holding in one hand a city of ten thousand inhabitants1 and from the other pouring a copious river into the sea4 ,perhaps they thought this city would be deserted1 the inhabitants fearing that natural instinct would cause the hand to close and grab up everything1 people and all4 ,what a motley mass of humanity throng its narrow streets,greeks1 ,jews1 ,turks1 and people of almost every nation in ,europe1 but few ,copts1 the descendants of the old ,egyptians4 ,when ,cambyses made his trip to ,egypt1 #ebd ,b4,c41 he persuaded most of them to leave the ,delta and retire to the ,thebaid1 where their descendants are found to this day4 ,it is hard to understand the ,copt4 ,in other parts of the world a man who can trace his pedigree a few centuries back carries that fact in his face1 and considers himself1 and is considered1 above other men4 ,here we talk in an off-hand1 familiar way with ,copts living in the same place where their ancestors have lived for six thousand years or moremen who can trace their ancestry through a long roll of illustrious names to the world's conquerors1 the ,rameses and ,ositarsens2 and they were not proud of itin fact1 they did not seem to know anything about it4 ,perhaps it was such an old1 old story that it had been forgotten ages before4 ,a well-managed railway leads to ,cairo4 ,strange6a railway in the land where the grandson of ,noe settled1 where ,joseph outwitted the king's cunning ministers3 ,mash el ,kheral1 the victorious city1 called ,cairo by the ,western barbarians1 with donkeys and camels1 eunuchs and harems1 palm-trees and dahabeehs1 all within sight of the station1 and yet to be pushed into an omnibus6 ,o ,western civilization6 will you never let this picturesque world alone8 ,to travel five thousand miles1 thinking all the way of riding on donkeys like ,ali ,baba1 or perched high on a camel like ,mohammed1 and then be conveyed to the hotel in an omnibus1 as though in ,london or ,new ,york6 ,i thought ,i could detect a frown on the ,sphinx's usually impassible face1 as one passed it the other day4 ,you can easily imagine the pyramids holding serious debate as to the advisability of ruining themselves as objects of interest by tumbling over and crushing out these new-fangled contrivances4 ,we are going up the ,nile1 so we steal a hasty glance at the pyramids1 nod to the ,sphinx as though we had been on speaking terms for three or four thousand years1 visit the citadel at sunset1 get bewildered at the strange sights1 do and see everything in the orthodox style1 and are off4 ,going up the ,nile1 ,i determined to write a book1 so voluminous notes were takenmeasurements and statistics enough to puzzle the brain of an antiquarian2 such meteorological observations1 too6,probabilities would have found it hard to digest them4 ,all travellers do this4 ,coming down the ,nile1 ,i concluded that ,i would not write a book4 ,most travellers do this4 ,before going to the ,east ,i had no idea of the vast amount of literature existing touching ,egypt1 the ,egyptians1 and the ,nile trip4 ,returning1 ,i was conversant with it4 ,i had seen the people through the richly-tinted glasses of euphonious ,curtis1 had studied them through the sombre spectacles of erudite ,wilkinson and ,lane4 ,i had watched them through the soft lens of a woman's tender mind1 and been startled at their wondrous doings under the magnifying-glasses of highly marvellous ,prime4 ,i intended telling why ,i went to the ,east4 ,most writers think an apology due their readers for leaving home1 or1 at least1 that they should give their reasons1 the difficulties of engaging a dahabeeh1 to report what the reis said1 and how our dragoman answered himall in broken ,english1 of course4 ,but ,i will simply tell a short storyhow certain pale-faced howadjii from the ,west sailed up to the second cataract of the ,nile and back again1 and what befell them4 ,the wind blew from the north1 and we started4 ,now1 it is a peculiarity of the ,nile trip that the wind always blows from the north before the dahabeehs start1 although it generally takes four or five pages to tell it1 after 8everything is on board and all impatient for the start10 and the reader is left in some doubt as to whether the boat is going at all4 ,but as the course is to the south1 and these boats cannot tack1 the reader may now understand why he is kept so long waiting until 8the breeze blows fresh from the north1 the great sail drops down like the graceful plumage of some giant bird1 and the shores glide past like the land of the poet's dream40 ,we commenced the voyage by running aground1 and we continued it somewhat in the same way4 ,we did not travel on land2 for ,i said something above about the direction of the wind and its connection with our starting1 so that one might infer we were on a boat4 ,but scarce a day passed that we did not run aground at least once1 and often three or four times4 ,finally we became so used to it that1 seated in the cabin1 we could tell by the shouting what means were being employed to shove the boat off4 ,the invocations were always the same4 ,would a good ,moslem1 think you1 call upon any but the two sacred names1 ,allah1 ,mohammedthe ,god and the ,prophet8 ,but the intonations of the voice told the story4 ,grunting out these sacred names1 starting from the extremity of the toes1 struggling and fighting with each nerve and muscle as they came up1 told us unmistakably that they were pushing with long poles4 ,now a fearful colic seizes the crew2 they groan and cry1 and in the deepest misery implore ,god and the ,prophet to free them from their sufferings2 and we are well aware that they are in the water1 making pretended strenuous efforts to raise the boat with their backs4 ,a bright1 lively chorus tells us that they are setting sail4 ,a dead silence informs us to a moral certainty that they are eating their meals4 ,let me tell you something about the dahabeeh2 for it is to be our home for many weeks4 ,the ,sitta ,mariam1 as we called it1 was ninety-seven feet long1 sixteen in width1 and drew three feet of water4 ,the forward part was reserved for the use of the crew4 ,in the hold they kept food and clothes4 ,on the deck they sleptthe more fastidious ones on sheepskins1 the others upon the bare boards4 ,in the ,orient everything is just the reverse of the ,occident4 ,we cover our feet and expose the head while sleeping4 ,they wrap up the head with care1 and expose the feet to the sometimes chilly air of the night4 ,a box placed near the bow1 six feet high1 the same width1 and two feet deep1 served for a kitchen4 ,aft of the forecastle were nine state-rooms1 and a dining-saloon fifteen feet square4 ,a flight of steps led to the upper deck1 which extended to the stern of the boat4 ,handsome ,turkey rugs1 divans1 and easy-chairs made this a most comfortable lounging place for the howadjii2 and1 in sooth1 when not eating or sleeping1 we spent all our time here4 ,near the stern we had a poultry-yard1 several coops filled with turkeys1 chickens1 and squabs4 ,we always had one or two live sheep with us1 carried in the rowboatcalled fellukawhich floated astern4 ,the foremast was placed near the bow1 and from its summit1 forty-two feet from the deck1 swung the large yard or trinkeet1 one hundred and fifteen feet long4 ,from this was suspended the triangular sail called 8lateen40 ,when furled1 the rope was so bound around it that1 although securely held1 yet1 by a strong pull directly downwards1 it was immediately let loose4 ,in the rear1 aft the rudder1 we carried a smaller sail of the same description1 called a 8balakoom40 ,the boat was of three hundred and eighty ardebsabout forty tonsburden4 ,i have said that we called it the ,sitta ,mariam1 or 8,lady ,mary40 ,originally it was named ,the ,swallow1 and the year before a native artist had been engaged to paint this name upon it4 ,thinking the word should be written as an ,arabic one1 he commenced at the wrong end4 ,to add to this1 by some mischance he omitted a letter2 the result was the name on the side of the boat in large1 bold letters1 8,wallow40 ,a few words concerning the ship's company4 ,the howadjii were four ,americans4 ,the next most important personage is ,ahmud ,abdallahi4e41 servant of ,godour dragoman1 he of the olive-green suit and red fez4 ,has any one ever determined the precise etymology of the word dragoman8 ,often ,i am constrained to think that it is an abbreviation of the words 8dragger-of-man40 ,on one point ,i am clear3 this will give a more accurate idea of the position of the individual than any other yet suggested4 ,from the time you come in contact with one of this species until you run away from himfor he will never leave you1 unless your money should become exhaustedhe is continually dragging you around4 ,do not think the howadji is bullied by his dragoman4 ,on the contrary1 the meekness1 suavity1 and urbanity of that individual are beyond description4 ,he receives his master's orders in silence and with bowed head1 but a keen observer might often detect a sneering smile1 showing how little he thinks of obeying them4 ,ahmud was a handsome ,arab1 thirty-six years of age and an ,oriental ,brummel4 ,what a wardrobe of bright-colored trousers and richly-embroidered vests he had6 ,each afternoon he would squat cross-legged upon his bed1 and ponder for an hour or more over the sacred mysteries of the ,koran4 ,an hour scarce sufficed to dress1 and then he would appear on deck in his suit of bright ,algerine cloth1 the little jacket relieved by a white vest set off with red or blue1 his feet encased in red slippers beautifully contrasting with his stockings of immaculate whiteness1 on his head the jaunty fez4 ,when the sweet breezes were wafting us softly up the stream1 and a stillness and repose unknown in other lands seemed to pervade all nature1 ,ahmud1 in his gorgeous attire1 would appear on the quarter-deck1 seat himself in the most complacent manner1 light his cigarette1 and appear the ideal of self-satisfaction and contentment4 ,we had contracted to pay him a certain sum per diem2 in return he was to supply boat1 sailors1 food1 and everything requisite for the voyageas he expressed it3 8,you pay me so much every day2 no put hand in pocket at all40 ,when reproved1 he would become sulky like a spoilt child1 and remain in that state for several days1 replying as concisely to our questions as politeness would permit1 and otherwise having nothing whatsoever to say to us4 ,ali ,abdakadra1 his brother-in-law1 was a fine-looking young ,arab of twenty-three4 ,he was supposed to be the assistant dragoman4 ,my private opinionof course not communicated to himis that he was solely interested in supplying those materials with which the highways of another and still warmer clime are thought to be paved4 ,this is not a very lucrative occupation1 nor one conducive to man's advancement in this world2 but1 notwithstanding our advice1 he persisted in it4 ,i do not think there ever issued from the lips of any man so many resolutions of doing so much1 so many good intentions2 and ,i am morally certain that so many resolutions and intentions never before were so utterly fruitless4 ,shortly after we started he came to me full of excitement1 and informed me that he was going to write a guide-book for the ,nile4 8,now10 said he1 8there is ,ibrahim1 our waiter2 he has made this trip several times1 and yet knows nothing about the temples or tombs,i doubt whether he has even seen them4 ,this is my first trip4 ,i will take notes and write a book4 ,will you lend me your ,murray to assist me80 ,i consented4 ,the book remained unopen in his room for two months4 ,i then called the loan4 ,he took not a note1 but left many1 on temples1 obelisks1 and tombs4 ,when visiting temples1 ,ali was the first to arrive1 and when we came up we were informed by enormous letters1 written with a burnt stick1 that ,ali ,abdakadra had visited that temple on the current day4 ,when sent upon an errand he did not wish to perform1 he would proceed at a pace which could be easily excelled by a not overfed crab4 ,one of our party1 at ,ali's earnest request1 spent some time instructing him in taxidermy4 ,he would take back to ,cairo any number of birds and sell them2 had even counted his profits1 and told us how he would expend them4 ,result3 ,he half-skinned a hawk in the most bungling manner1 and then left it hanging up until the offensive odor caused us to order it to be cast overboard4 ,ibrahim ,saleem is our waiternot a talker1 but a worker1 a model of neatness and propriety1 performing his duties with perfect regularity and order4 ,reis ,mohammed ,suleyman1 a short1 well-built man1 is the most laborious of them all4 ,the responsibility of the boat is upon him1 and he is fully equal to it4 ,he is a very quiet man1 except when angered1 and then through his set teeth swears by ,allah and the ,prophet to wreak the direst vengeance upon the offender4 ,he is pious1 however1 and prays frequently4 ,when a sheep is to be killed1 he is the butcher2 and never was sheep more skilfully killed and prepared for the table4 ,any sewing of sails1 clothes1 or of anything else that is to be done is brought to him and1 squatted cross-legged on the deck1 he is transformed into a tailor4 ,in the evenings1 when the rest of the sailors amuse themselves with song and dance1 ,reis ,mohammed will sit for hours in perfect silence1 holding the line in his hand1 and1 after thus patiently waiting1 will draw up a catfish weighing from twenty to thirty pounds4 ,he is devotedly attached to his merkeb 7boat71 and woe betide the unfortunate sailor who injures it in the slightest manner6 ,it is customary1 when we reach the towns wherein any of the sailors reside1 for them to leave the boat for a few hoursor for the night1 if we remain so longand visit their homes4 ,reis ,mohammed lived at ,minieh2 when we reached it he would not leave1 preferring to stay with his boat to the pleasure of seeing his wife or wives4 ,i can see ,reis ,ahmud1 the second captain1 before me now1 leaning like a statue upon the broad handle of the rudder1 the only evidence of life being the thin clouds of smoke issuing from his lips4 ,hour after hour he would maintain that position1 moving only when it was necessary to shift the helm1 and then not using his hands1 but moving it by the weight of his body resting against it4 ,his eyes were most singular in appearance1 and for a long while ,i was puzzled to account for their strange effect4 ,coming on the quarter very early one morning1 ,i found him kneeling before a small glass and staining around his eyes with a black substance called kohl4 ,he is the drummer of the crew1 and in the evenings1 seated with the sailors1 he plays the darbooka1 or native drum4 ,this instrument is of the same shape and material as those used at the festive gatherings of the ,egyptians ere ,moses wasnay1 even before the wrath of ,god had showered the deluge of waters upon the iniquitous world4 ,it is made of earthenware in the shape of a hollow cylinder surmounted by a truncated cone2 this is covered with sheepskin4 ,it is played with the fingers4 ,ali ,aboo ,abdallah1 our cook1 is to be noticed principally on account of his name1 which illustrates the system of nomenclature in vogue among certain ,mohammedans4 ,before he was married his name was ,ali something or other4 ,his first boy was named ,abdallah1 and the father then became ,ali ,abooi4e41 the father of ,abdallahthe son giving the name to the father1 to show the world that the latter was the proud possessor of an heir4 ,a seeming bundle of old clothes lying on the deck1 but showing1 by faint signs of animation at meal-time1 that animal life existed within it1 represented ,ali el ,delhamawi1 ,reis ,mohammed's uncle1 the oldest man of the crew4 ,the duty of this animated rag-bag was to hold the tail of the sail during the upward voyage1 and to go through the movements of rowing on the home-trip4 ,next in order come ,haleel en ,negaddeh1 a surly1 well-built ,arab1 appointed by the owner to look after the welfare of the boat2 ,mahsood el ,genawi1 a slim1 cross-eyed fellow2 ,ahmud ,said el ,genawi1 a fine specimen of a man1 the most powerful and the hardest worker among them all2 ,hassein ,sethawi1 a tough1 wiry little fellow1 the barber of the crew2 ,ashmawi ,ashman1 the baby of the party1 the best-dressed man1 petted by the others1 and1 as a natural consequence1 doing but little work2 ,gad ,abdallah1 another servant of the ,deity2 ,ahmud es ,soeffle and ,hassein es ,soeffle1 known to us by their most striking non-,arabic peculiaritysilenceand ,haleel el ,deny1 the queer-looking old man who cooks for the crew4 ,last1 but not least1 comes ,mohammed el ,abiad1 or ,mohammed the ,white1 the blackest man of all4 ,he was the funny man1 the court-jester4 ,he was always saying funny things1 so we were told1 and whenever he opened his lips the others burst out laughing1 including sober old ,reis ,mohammed4 ,he was useful to us by keeping the crew in good-humor4 ,all his physical strength was exhausted in expelling the sallies of wit from his mouth4 ,he had his own ideas concerning manual labor1 which1 summed up into a maxim1 were about as follows3 ,make it appear to others that you do more work than any one else2 do as little as you possibly can4 ,for squatting and doing nothing he was unsurpassed4 ,in grunting1 singing1 and contorting every lineament of his visage when at work he excelled all the others taken together4 ,here is a specimen of his funny sayings3 ,on asking him1 through ,ahmud1 why he was called 8the white0 when he was so black1 he said it was because his father was called ,mohammed the ,green1 and he was the blacker of the two4 ,at this the crew laughed immoderately4 ,oriental wit or humor is doubtless unappreciable by the dull minds of the ,western ,christian dogs4 ,now that you know us allboat1 crew1 and howadjiicome1 sail with us1 see the strange scenes1 watch the moving panorama1 and witness the daily comedies enacted around us4 ,we are about to stop under the cliffs of ,gebel ,aboo ,layda1 the ,arabian chain1 which here borders immediately on the rivernot a very safe place1 either2 for ,ali requests me to fire some pistol-shots to frighten away the thieves4 ,there is no village near1 and we have no guard4 ,when we stop near a village1 two or three miserable-looking creatures crouch around a fire on the bank4 ,they are our guard4 ,i feel morally certain that as soon as we leave the quarter-deck the guard goes to sleep4 ,i have come to this determination from a study of these ,arabs4 ,their idea of worldly happiness is eating1 smoking1 and sleeping2 of heavenly bliss1 the same1 with the beautiful houri added4 ,the next day we reach ,manfaloot4 ,it is market-day1 and the sailors are going ashore to buy provisions4 ,the strange sights and scenes so confused me that ,i was not quite sure of being awake4 ,sometimes it seemed like a play2 ,i was nervous1 and hurried for fear the curtain should fall before everything could be seen4 ,how ,i wished my ears changed into eyes1 and a pair set in the back of my head6 ,now ,i begin to comprehend the scenes about me4 ,perhaps this is real life after all4 ,that tall1 handsome woman carrying herself so erect1 with the jar balanced on her head1 is perhaps not doing this for our amusement merely4 ,i can sleep now without laughing4 ,i am becoming part of this strange world4 ,let us look around ,manfaloot while the sailors are laying in our stock of provisions4 ,here is the shopping street4 ,nature has kindly spared these people the need of a committee on highways4 ,each individual has resolved himself into a pavier4 ,no taxes for these streetstwo rows of houses built of sun-dried bricks1 running parallel1 with a space of seventy feet between4 ,sidewalks and gutters are trodden hard by the passers-bya cheap1 primitive mode of paving2 a little dusty at times1 'tis true1 but then ,allah sends the dust3 it can do no great harm1 and there is no need of repairs4 ,look at this house4 ,the owner has visited ,mecca4 ,how do we know it8 ,see that railway train painted over the door1 with a bright blue engine2 two engineers1 each three times as tall as the engine1 smoke-stack and all2 the cars red1 green1 yellow1 running up and down hill at the same time4 ,six of them are filled with giants painted greenapt color1 too1 for men who would travel on such a train4 ,it looks like the slate-drawing of a school-boy4 ,yes2 but these are modern ,egyptian hieroglyphics4 ,the train tells us that the owner has travelled2 and where should a good ,moslem go but to ,mecca8 ,so the owner is a hadji and wears a green turban4 ,all the children suffer with ophthalmia4 ,this ophthalmia must be something like lumps of sugar2 the flies seem to think so1 at least4 ,what a crowd is following us6 ,but they are respectful2 seem amused at the pale faces and curious garments of the howadjii4 ,how their eyes dilate at the sight of ,madam's gloves6 8,the ,sitta has a white face and black hands4 ,allah preserve us6 she is actually taking off her hands4 ,no1 it is the outer skin2 and now they are pale like her face4 ,by the ,prophet6 this is strange40 ,they crowd around her1 touch her hands1 then her gloves1 timidly and respectfully2 no1 they cannot understand it4 ,abiad is going to ask for a sheep2 the crew have selected him1 for they feel confident we cannot refuse him when he asks in his humorous way4 ,followed by the grinning crew1 he appears before us1 and1 putting up his hands to the sides of his head to represent long ears1 ejaculates1 8,ba-a6 ba-a60 ,we were not convulsed with laughter1 but the good-hearted 8,sitta0 promised them a sheep for ,christmas-time1 which was near at hand4 ,this fertile country contains about five millions of inhabitants4 ,above ,cairo the valley of the ,nile and ,egypt are synonymous4 ,for1 where neither artificial irrigation nor the magic waters of the ,nile give life to the parched soil1 the sand of the desert renders the country as utterly unproductive as the bitter waters of the ,dead ,sea4 ,the river varies in width from three hundred and sixty-five yards at ,hagar ,silseleh to a mile or more in other parts4 ,the narrow strip of productive soil is in no part more than ten miles in width1 save where the quasi-oasis of the ,fyoom joins the west bank near ,benisoeef4 ,in many places the banks of the river mark the boundaries of the available soil4 ,the cultivation of the land follows the receding waters4 ,the rising of the ,nile commences in ,july1 and the greatest height is reached about the end of ,september1 from which time the waters gradually recede4 ,in ,december we grounded upon a certain sandbank covered with two feet of water4 ,i noted the spot1 and when we passed it on our return voyage1 about the #fth of ,march following1 the natives were planting melons upon it in a layer of the richest and most productive soil1 left there by the receding waters1 borne upon their bosom from the far-distant sources of the ,blue ,nile4 ,from its far-off ,abyssinian home the fertilizing ,blue ,nile flows on to ,khartoom1 where it meets the ,white ,nile coming from still more distant parts1 and from there the single river rushes on in its long1 uninterrupted voyage to the sea4 ,until quite recently the cause of the annual overflow of the ,nile was unknown4 ,the priests1 the most learned men of ancient ,egypt1 were unable to give ,herodotus any reason for it4 ,some of the ,greeks1 wishing1 says he1 to be distinguished for their wisdom1 attempted to account for these inundations in three different ways4 ,but the careful historian1 placing no confidence in them1 repeats them1 as he says1 merely to show what they are3 ,the ,etesian winds1 preventing the ,nile from discharging itself into the sea1 cause the river to swell4 ,the ocean flowing all around the world1 and the ,nile flowing from it1 produce this effectan opinion1 he observes1 showing more ignorance than the former1 but more marvellous4 ,the third way of resolving this difficulty is by far the most specious1 but most untrue3 the ,nile flowing from melted snow4 ,for how1 he asks in his quaint way1 since it runs from a very hot1 from ,libya through the middle of ,ethiopia to a colder region,egyptcan it flow from snow8 ,and he then goes on1 with seeming modesty1 to venture his own opinion3 8,during the winter season the sun being driven from his former course by storms1 retires to the upper part of ,libya4 ,this1 in a few words1 comprehends the whole matter2 for it is natural that the country which the god is nearest to1 and over which he is1 should be most in want of water1 and that the native river streams 7i4e41 the sources of the ,nile7 should be dried up4 ,he attracts the water to himself1 and1 having so attracted it1 throws it back upon the higher regions4 ,i do not think1 however1 that the sun on each occasion discharges the annual supply of water from the ,nile1 but that some remains about him4 ,when the winter grows mild1 the sun returns again to the middle of the heavens1 and from that time attracts water equally from all rivers4 ,up to this time those other rivers1 having much rain-water mixed with them1 flow with full streams2 but when the showers fail them1 and they are attracted in summer by the sun1 they become weak1 and the ,nile alone1 being destitute of rain1 is hard pressed by the sun's attraction in winter4 ,in summer it is equally attracted with all other waters1 but in winter it alone is attracted4 ,thus ,i consider the sun is the cause of these things0 7,herodotus1 ,euterpe74 ,from that time many able minds have given to the world vain conjectures upon this most interesting subject4 ,the extensive discoveries of modern ,african explorers have furnished a much clearer idea of the cause of this beneficent overflow than the ingenious theory of ,herodotus or the opinions of his wise ,grecian friends4 ,during the first few days of the inundation the water has a green tint1 which is supposed to be caused by the first rush of the descending torrents1 carrying off the stagnant waters from the interior of ,darfour4 ,this is thought to be unwholesome1 and the natives store up beforehand what water they may need for these few days4 ,a red tint follows this1 caused by the surface-washing of red-soiled districts4 ,when the inundation subsides1 the water is of a muddy color1 pleasant to drink1 and quite innocuous4 ,the paintings of the old ,egyptians represent these three conditions of the river by waters colored green1 red1 and blue4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,a ,,bright ,,evening4 ,everybody knows the great sights of ,rome by repute1 if not by sight1 and it may safely be said that no one cares to hear more of them in the way of description4 ,indeed1 seeing them first1 we almost regret having heard so much1 and find it difficult to free the real object from the dbris of our preconceptions4 ,there is1 however1 an endless number of less notable objects1 little bits here and therea stair1 a street1 a door-way1 or garden1 half rough1 or almost altogether rough1 but with some beautiful point1 like a gem that has had one facet only cut4 ,these1 besides their own beauty1 have the charm of freshness4 ,the stale1 useful guide-book1 and the weary tribe of tourists1 know them not4 ,one of these unspoilt places is to be found almost next door to casa ,ottant',otto4 ,it is a chapel attached to an ,augustinian convent in which the changed times have left only one frate with his attendant lay brother4 ,the chapel has a rough brick floor1 and large piers of stone and mortar supporting1 most unnecessarily1 the white-washed roof1 and the walls at either side are painted with a few large frescos of saints4 ,there are two chapels only1 one at each side of the principal altar1 adorned with such poor little bravery as the frati and the frequenters of their churchnearly all beggars1 or very poorcould afford4 ,the chapel has1 however1 one beautya ,madonna and ,child over the high altar4 ,the ,mother1 of an angelic and flower-like beauty1 holds the ,infant forward toward the spectator1 and the ,infant1 radiant with a sacred sweetness1 extends his right hand1 the two fingers open in benediction4 ,mass is said here early in the morning1 and a ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament given every ,tuesday evening an hour before ,ave ,maria1 the bells ringing always three times for each service4 ,the ,signora had spoken at home of this little church of ,sant',antonino1 and had laughingly called the attention of the family to the slipshod ringing of the ,angelus1 where the different divisions of strokes1 the bell being swung from below1 8spilled over10 as she expressed it1 in a number of fainter strokes before and after the regular ones4 8,but it is a dear little place to go to10 she said4 8,there one finds the ,lord as one might have found him when on earth visiblyin the midst of the poor1 with but few followers1 and no splendor of circumstance to take one's eyes away from him4 ,and sometimes1 if one's disposition be fortunate1 his presence overflows the place40 ,coming homeward alone1 one evening1 just as the bell rang1 ,mr4 ,vane stepped into the chapel1 and1 after hesitating a moment inside the door1 went up the side aisle and seated himself in a corner4 ,he had been there more than once early in the morning1 but this was his first evening visit1 and he did not care1 for several reasons1 to encounter any of his family1 should they come4 ,the congregation was1 as the ,signora had said1 poor enough4 ,there were a few old women1 with kerchiefs on their heads2 a sober1 decent man1 who hid himself in a retired corner1 and knelt with his hands covering his face during the whole service2 a lame old man1 with a worn and sorrowful face2 and a young mother1 with an infant in her arms and two little ones clinging to her skirts4 ,not one of these paid the slightest attention to the others1 or showed any consciousness of being1 or expecting to be1 observed4 ,all looked toward the altar1 on which the ,host was now exposed1 and all prayed with a fervor which could not but communicate itself to the spectator2 for it was the quiet fervor of faith and habit1 and was not excited by beautiful sights1 or music1 or the presence of a crowd4 ,they beheld the mysterious token of the ,holy ,presence1 and the ,madonnathe ,lady of ,health1 they called herand worshipped1 as untroubled by vanity as by doubt4 ,the two little ones whispered and played behind their mother's back1 but no one was disturbed by them4 ,no one ever hushes the play of children in a ,roman church4 ,the infant crowed and prattled at first1 and pulled the kerchief from its mother's head2 but espying presently the candles1 and hearing the organ and voices1 it fell into a trance1 divided between staring and listening1 which held it motionless till the service was over4 ,rather late came a young woman dressed in an absurd travesty of the prevailing fashion1 with a cheap soiled skirt trailing behind her1 a hideous tunic pulled in about her and tied behind in that style that gives a woman the appearance of one trying to walk in a sack1 and a bonnet made up of odds and ends of ribbon and flowers and feathers pitiable to see4 ,but the poor thing had donned this miserable finery with no worse intention than that any lady has when assuming ,worth's last costume1 and1 hearing the voice of prayer as she passed1 had done what the lady of fashion would not1 perhaps1 have doneobeyed its summons1 and entered modestly and humbly the presence of ,god4 ,perhaps it was the one pleasure in a hard life1 that occasional promenade in what she conceived to be a fine dress2 perhaps she had been pleased1 and was thankful for it1 as we sometimes are for pleasures no more harmless2 it may be she was disappointed and had come to find comfort4 ,who knows8 ,mr4 ,vane looked intently at this girl a few minutes in a way he had1 something penetrating in his scrutiny1 yet nothing offensive2 for it was as far removed from impertinent curiosity as from a too familiar sympathy4 ,then the ,litany recalled him4 ,as he listened to it1 he thought that he had never heard music at once so good and so bad4 ,the organ was like a sweet1 courageous soul in an infirm body4 ,all the wheezing and creaking of the bellows could not prevent the tones from being melodious4 ,how many there were in the choir he could not tell4 ,the absurd little organ-loft over the door1 reached by a ladder in full view at the side1 had so high a screen that the singers were quite hidden4 ,they sounded like a host1 however1 for their voices echoed and reverberated from arch to arch and from end to end of the chapel1 so that1 without the aid of sight1 it was hard to know where the sound had its origin2 and when1 at every fourth verse1 the priest and congregation took up the song1 the air literally trembled with the force of it4 ,mr4 ,vane fancied he felt his hair stir4 ,his heart stirred1 most certainly2 for the power and earnestness of the singing1 which made a mere cultivated vocalism trivial and tame1 and perhaps the sustained high pitch of itall contained within four notestouched the chord of the sublime4 ,they sang the titles of the ,virgin-,mother1 calling on her1 by every tender and every glorious privilege of hers1 to pray for them2 and their prayer was no more the part of an oft-repeated ceremony1 but the cry of souls that might each or all1 in an instant1 be struggling in the waves of death4 ,life itself grew suddenly awful while he listened1 and he remembered that salvation is to be 8worked out in fear and trembling40 ,he lifted his eyes to the picture over the altar1 and it was no longer a picture4 ,the figures floated before him in the misty golden light of many candles1 as if there were blood in their veins and meaning in their faces4 ,the ,mother extended her ,child1 and the ,child blessed them1 and both listened4 ,she was the ,mystical ,rose1 the ,morning ,star2 she was the ,help of the weak1 the ,mother of divine ,grace4 ,they sang her glories1 and this listener from a far land forgot the narrow walls that hemmed him in1 and saw only those faces1 and felt1 as it were1 the universe rock with acclamations4 ,she was a queen1 and under her feet1 and about her1 bearing her up1 were angels1 prophets1 martyrs1 confessors1 and patriarchs4 ,their wings1 wide-spread and waving2 their garments of light1 as varied in hue as the rainbow2 their radiant faces were like the crowding clouds of sunset2 and over them all1 buoyant1 glowing with celestial sweetness and joy1 floated the woman crowned with stars1 the only human being whom sin had never dared to touch4 ,the stars swam about her head like golden bees about a flower2 and as a flower curls its petals down1 half hiding1 half revealing1 the shining heart which is its source and life1 so the ,mother bent above and clasped the ,infant4 ,in the centre of this vision was the ,blessed ,sacrament exposed1 more marvellous than any vision1 more real than any other tangible thing2 so that ,imagination was bound to ,faith as wings to the shoulders of an angel4 ,there was a little stir in one corner of the chapel2 for the strange gentleman had nearly fallen from his chair1 and a lay brother1 passing at the moment1 supported him1 and asked what he would have and what ailed him4 ,the gentleman replied that nothing ailed him1 that he needed nothing but fresher air1 and he immediately recovered so far as to go out without assistance4 ,he had1 indeed1 been more self-forgetting and entranced than fainting1 and even when he stood on the sidewalk1 with familiar sights and sounds all about1 could hardly remember where he was4 ,he walked a little way up the hill opposite1 and stood looking absently along a cross-street at the other end of which a new ,gothic church was in progress4 ,a man who had been standing near approached him with an insinuating smile4 8,our church is getting along rapidly10 he said in ,english1 appearing to know whom he addressed4 8,we shall soon have divine service in it1 ,i hope40 8,divine service60 repeated ,mr4 ,vane rather absently1 not having looked at the meeting-house1 and scarcely knowing what was being said to him4 8,what divine service80 8,oh6 the ,protestant1 of course10 the stranger answered with great suavity4 8,i am a minister of the ,gospel40 8,what ,gospel80 inquired ,mr4 ,vane1 looking at the speaker with the air of one who listens patiently to nonsense4 ,the man stared4 8,the ,gospel of ,christ4 ,there is no other40 ,he knew who ,mr4 ,vane was1 and had expected to be himself recognized4 8,it is time the ,gospel should be preached in this wicked and idolatrous city40 8,is it worse than other cities80 ,mr4 ,vane asked calmly4 8,most cities are wicked1 but few cities have saints in them1 as this has4 ,we are told that the wheat and the tares shall grow together till the final harvest4 ,as for your religion0he stretched his hand to a load of straw that was passing1 and drew a handful out8it has no more ,gospel in it than there is wheat in that straw40 ,the rattling bells of ,sant',antonino were ringing for the ,tantum ,ergo4 ,he turned1 without another word1 and went back1 kneeling just within the door till the ,benediction was over4 ,when he went into the house the ,signora was singing the 8,he was despised and rejected of men10 from the ,messiah4 ,before her on the piano stood a picture that had just been sent herher favorite devotional picture1 which she had long been trying to get4 ,outside a door1 overgrown with vines and weeds1 and fastened by a bolt1 stood the ,lord1 waiting sorrowfully and patiently1 listening if his knock would be answered4 ,solitude and the damp shades of night were all about him1 the stars looked cold and far away1 and the lantern he held at his side1 faintly lighting his face1 showed through what rough1 dark ways he had come to that inhospitable heart4 ,underneath was written3 8,behold1 ,i stand at the door1 and knock40 ,the ,signora was singing1 8,and we hid1 as it were1 our faces from him3 he was despised1 and we esteemed him not10 tears rolling down her face1 her eyes fixed on the picture4 ,finishing1 scarcely uttering1 indeed1 the last word1 she started up and kissed the picture in a passion1 then1 hurrying across the room1 flung the door wide4 8,open every door in the house60 she cried out4 ,bianca1 surprised but sympathizing1 simply obeyed1 and pushed open the door near her2 ,isabel exclaimed1 8,dear ,signora60 and seemed half frightened4 ,mr4 ,vane stood silent and looked at the picture4 8,oh6 ,i know it is figurative and means the heart60 the ,signora went on1 as if some one had reproved her4 8,but when we do something material1 we know that we have done it4 ,when we think we have done a spiritual good1 how can we know that it is worth anything for usthat the motive was not selfish8 ,if1 for example1 the ,lord should come here now1 poor and hungry1 and knock at my door1 ,i would serve him on my knees2 but if ,i should say ,i love him1 who knows if it would be true80 8,signora mia60 ,it was a thin and feeble voice1 but she heard it through the passion of her talk1 and1 turning1 saw on the threshold an old man1 who stood trembling1 hat in hand1 and leaning against the side of the door for support4 ,he had followed ,mr4 ,vane home from the chapel to beg for alms1 but had not been able to reach or make him hear or understand before the door was shut4 ,he was going painfully away again1 when it was flung open by the ,signora4 ,she went to him with her hands outstretched4 8,enter1 in the name of the ,lord10 she said joyfully1 and led him to a chair4 ,kind as she was invariably to the poor1 this one she looked on as almost a miraculous guest4 ,he had come at the very moment when her heart was breaking to do some active good1 as if her wish had called him1 or as if the ,lord she compassionated had taken his form to prove her4 ,never was a beggar more welcomed1 more tenderly questioned as to his needs4 ,he was fed as1 probably1 he had never been fed before2 for the ,signora gave him of what had been prepared for her own table1 and served him like an honored guest4 ,he was pleased1 but did not seem to be either surprised or embarrassed4 ,he ate and drank rather lightly1 and1 without being bidden1 put in a leathern pocket he wore what was left of the food4 ,there was no air of greediness in the act1 but rather an intimation that no one would think of eating what he had left1 and that what had been offered him must not be wasted4 ,when ,mr4 ,vane gave him some decent clothing in place of his faded rags1 he was grateful1 but by no means elated4 ,how he looked was to him a matter of the smallest possible consequence4 ,he could feel hunger1 thirst1 and cold1 but pride or vanity he knew not4 ,his body1 ugly1 emaciated1 and diseased1 obtained from him no attention1 except when it could obscure and torment his mind with its own torments4 ,he never thought for it1 but waited till it called4 ,when the sisters gave him money1 he looked at them earnestly1 with his dim and watery eyes1 and wished that the ,madonna might ever accompany them4 ,he did not predict for them riches or happiness1 but only that gracious company4 ,when the ,signora bade him come to her every day for a loaf of bread and a glass of wine1 he thanked her in the same way4 ,evidently he understood that what he was receiving was a heavenly charity1 of which ,god was the motive and reward1 and that he had1 personally1 nothing to do with it1 except as he profited by it4 ,but he had1 indeed1 more to do with it than he believed2 for it was impossible that kind hearts should remain unmoved by the sight of such forlorn poverty and suffering4 ,they questioned him about his life and circumstances4 ,he was quite alone4 ,one son he had had1 who went to some foreign country years before1 and had never been heard of since4 ,he supposed that he must have died on the passage or immediately on arriving2 for ,filippo had promised to write and send for him1 or send him money1 and nothing but death would have made him break his promise to his father4 ,his wife had died more than ten years before2 and he had no one left to care for him4 ,where was his home8 they asked4 ,well1 he slept in the lodgings provided by the city1 because they did not allow people to sleep in the street4 ,he used to sleep on one of the steps of the church of ,ara ,cli and he liked it better1 for he could go off by himself4 ,still1 the government gave them straw to sleep on1 and that was something4 ,it was rather cold on the steps1 even in summer4 8,but where do you go in the daytime80 they pursued1 finding the idea of no house or home of any description a hard one to take in4 ,he went into churches sometimes2 at others he sat on a house-step1 and stood under the eaves if it rained4 ,he was indeed able to say1 8,the birds of the air have their nests1 and the foxes their holes10 but he had not where to lay his head4 8,i cannot listen to any more10 the ,signora said4 8,do you know1 my friends1 what seems my duty to do8 ,well1 ,i will tell you4 ,at this moment it seems to me that ,i should send you all to a hotel1 or to any place you can find1 and fill half my rooms with little beds for poor men1 and the other half with beds for poor women1 and spend all my time and money in taking care of them4 ,gloves1 and a bonnet1 and all sorts of luxuries look to me like sins1 in the light of this man's story2 and as to having more than one room for myself1 it is monstrous4 ,either pack your trunks at once1 or send this fascinating wretch off to sleep on the municipal straw40 8,you can't send us off2 for you have promised to keep us as long as we stay in ,rome10 ,isabel said triumphantly4 8,if you should turn your house into a refuge1 you would be doing evil that good may come1 by breaking a promise40 ,when their guest had gone and they were sitting at supper1 the conversation still turned on the ,roman poor and their manner of receiving charity1 and ,mr4 ,vane expressed his astonishment that so little of servility should be mingled with this constant begging4 8,you must remember10 the ,signora said1 8that the mendicant religious orders have given a sort of dignity to poverty1 and1 though theirs is of a different kind1 the people do not distinguish4 ,then among the many voluntary poor there are two who are particularly cherished in ,rome,santa ,francesca ,romana and ,blessed ,labr4 ,the women sitting at the church-door could tell you1 if you should try to shame them1 that ,santa ,francesca once sat at a church-door and begged from early morning till ,ave ,maria2 and the poor who ask you for a centessimo in the street know that ,labr went about begging1 and in clothes as filthy and ragged as any of theirs4 ,of course they do not distinguish the motives1 and have1 many of them1 made a ,christian virtue an excuse for a miserable vice2 but1 come si fa8 as they would say4 ,we cannot spend our time in arguing with them2 and1 if we should1 it would be time thrown away4 ,they have no comprehension of what we call independence2 and they think that the blessings they bestow1 and the merit we acquire in giving to them1 are worth far more than the paltry copper coin they receive from us1 and that we are1 in reality1 their debtors40 ,they hurried their supper a little2 for they were going out1 and it was already nine o'clock4 ,before they had risen from the table ,marion came in to accompany them1 and the carriages were at the door4 ,this matter of the carriages1 and the division of her party in them1 simple as it seemed1 had given the ,signora some thought4 ,she was afraid that some new complication might arise between ,marion and ,bianca1 and wished earnestly that they should come to an understanding immediately4 ,nothing appeared to be easier1 yet every day was a succession of little obstacles to their speaking together in that accidental privacy which they would naturally prefer4 ,still1 she could not well put them in a carriage together4 ,it would look too pointed4 ,there seemed no other way1 then1 than to take him in the cab with her1 and give the calche to ,mr4 ,vane and his daughter4 ,that any one should suppose that an attraction was growing up between her and this new friend had never occurred to her mind2 yet both ,mr4 ,vane and ,bianca saw in every word and act of hers a new proof of it4 ,any one with eyes could see that ,marion and ,bianca liked each other particularly1 the ,signora believed4 ,one had but to watch a few minutes1 and it became evident that in company each was always so placed as to see and1 if possible1 to hear the other2 and though one might not detect them looking directly1 yet sometimes a glance1 passing from one part of the room to another1 swooped like a bird1 and caught the one object it wished to seize within its ken4 ,yet ,bianca provoked her somewhat4 ,the girl was too serious and gentle1 too discouragingly friendly4 ,why1 thought the ,signora1 with that admirable good sense which we sometimes have when we think for otherswhy1 when two persons are admirably fitted for each other1 and everybody is willing1 and neither of them can quite set about anything till the matter is decided2 and when the gentleman1 not to be too abrupt in his proposal1 or expose himself to an unnecessary mortification1 gives the lady that gentle1 questioning glance which says so plainly1 8,may ,i speak80why1 in the name of common sense1 should she not drop her pretty head in token of assent1 and allow at least a hint of a smile to encourage him8 ,echo answered1 ,why8 ,the upper air was silver with a late moonrise when they went out1 while below the lamps burned goldenly through a velvety darkness4 ,their own street was quiet2 but there was a crowd on ,monte ,cavallo4 ,the glimpse they caught of the piazza of the ,trevi fountain in passing showed it full and bright1 and the ,corso1 when they reached it1 was swarming with people and brilliant with lighted shops4 8,what contrasts there are in ,roman life1 even in its most quiet times60 ,marion said4 8,i wonder if any one ever was bored here8 ,i doubt it4 ,how well ,i remember one day of my last visit1 three years ago now6 ,it was a bright ,february afternoon1 and ,i went out for a walk in the ,campagna1 and saw the ground covered with flowers1 and myriads of birds flying about and singing4 ,coming back to town out of that verdant quiet1 ,i went to the ,corso4 ,it was roaring with the height of the last day of ,carnival4 ,it looked as if all the world had gone mad with reckless mirth1 and1 by a common consent1 were pressing to that one spot4 ,it was with difficulty ,i got across the street1 shaking a monkey from one arm1 and escaping from the lasso of a huge devil on the other side4 ,a few minutes brought me to the ,ges4 ,there what a scene6 ,the church all in darkness1 except the tribune1 where the ,blessed ,sacrament was exposed in the midst of a blaze of candles that shone on a crowd of faces all silent and turned toward the altar4 ,now and then the organ played softly2 now and then a quiet figure stole in and found room to kneel where it seemed there was no room for more4 ,it was so still that every time the heavy curtain lifted there could be heard through the whole church the rattling of the tin boxes of the beggars outside4 ,half an hour later ,i reached the ,corso again1 just in time to see the horses rush by like meteors between two solid walls of men and women4 ,and1 lastly1 just as the stars were coming out1 burst the fairy spectacle of the moccoletti1 when the narrow street became like a strip cut out of the live sky1 thick with dancing stars1 and palpitating with the soft pulses of the ,northern ,lights1 blue1 green1 rosy1 and white4 ,i could have said it was not ten minutes before it was all over and ,i was walking home through a silent1 star-lit night4 ,the next morning at six ,i went to a church and received the ,lenten ashes on my forehead4 ,i do not wonder that ,romans are lazy1 for their imaginations are so kept on the qui vive that muscular action must necessarily be distasteful4 ,they cannot help regarding life as a festa40 ,they reached their destination1 a palace close to ,st4 ,peter's4 ,two servants stood bowing in the portone1 and a little girl1 the daughter of one1 presented each of the ladies with a bunch of orange-blossoms4 ,they passed into the court1 where a fountain tossed its sparkling arch of water1 sprinkling the greensward1 which here replaced the usual pavement1 and went up the grand stairs4 ,the groined arches over their heads were glowing with color1 trees1 flowers1 vines1 birds1 and butterfliesnot an inch of wall was unpainted4 ,pots of flowering plants stood at the ends of the stairs and at the landings1 and statues showed whitely through their fragrant screens4 ,here and there a lamp dropped from a gilt chain1 and softly illumined this superb entrance4 ,at the end of the first entry two servants held back the crimson velvet curtains of an open door1 receiving the visitors into a chamber furnished in crimson1 the walls of crimson and gold1 the ceiling painted with sunset clouds1 and a crescent of candles burning in front of crystal lustres4 ,reaching the next door1 they looked down a vista composed of twelve or fourteen rooms1 all softly lighted except the last1 which was brilliant4 ,the light struck along on door after door1 all gilded1 and set with mirrors at one side and paintings at the other1 the curtains of silk or velvet drawn back on gilt spears or arrows4 ,the floors were mostly uncovered1 some of them of rare marbles or mosaics2 a few were partially covered with thick ,persian mats or carpets4 ,one room was furnished in gold-colored satin1 and profusely ornamented with the most delicate porcelain2 a second was of a rich sea-green1 sparkling all through with crystal ornaments1 the chandelier of ,venetian glass1 the cornice made of large shells1 and the ceiling painted in coral branches1 tangled full of long grasses4 ,another chamber1 of deep blue1 was rich in old porcelain2 another1 hung with tapestry1 bristled with old armor1 and every sort of sword and knife arranged in figures1 daisies of radiating daggers1 and swords and shields made into mimic suns4 ,everywhere that gold could be it was lavishedon doors and windows and cornices2 and one room had the whole panelling breast-high1 and the large fireplace1 heavily gilded4 ,in the last room they found the people they had come to seea young couple as bright and pretty as a pair of canaries in their gilded cage4 ,there was no other company except a white-haired old canonico1 who had an apartment in the palace1 and who was in some way related to the family4 ,to this clergyman ,bianca1 at first a little shy among strangers1 took immediately1 and1 seated by his side1 became at once on the most friendly terms with him4 ,his sweet and dignified manner1 and the pleasure he showed in her evident confidence1 were very pleasant to see4 ,she told him all her story that could be told to any one1 what she had seen and what she wished to see1 and answered his questions with a childlike frankness2 and1 in return1 he showed his interest in her by the number of his questions1 and promised her all sorts of favors4 ,there was something peculiarly attractive and beautiful in this man1 in whom were united the sacredness of a holy vocation1 the venerableness of age and of a pure and unstained character1 and the graciousness of an accomplished gentleman4 8,i think you will all like to hear of something which ,i saw at the ,vatican this morning10 he said when the conversation became more general4 8,i was presenting two ,french ladies4 ,the audience was small1 and among the persons present were the superior of the nuns of the ,trinit dei ,monti1 and a younger nun of her community who had come with her as companion4 ,this young nun had for several years been afflicted with a stiffening of the right hand and arm which drew them close to the breast1 rendering them of course perfectly useless as well as painful4 ,before starting1 the superior had told her to put a black glove on this right hand1 so that it should not show so much1 as her black habit and veil would render it less prominent than if it were bare2 but when they had gone a part of the way the nun begged permission to take the glove off4 ,the superior objected1 saying that it might be unpleasant to the ,holy ,father to see her hand in that position1 the fingers stiffened as they were4 ,the nun said nothing for a while1 but1 when they had nearly reached the ,vatican1 begged again1 still more earnestly1 to be permitted to remove the glove4 ,this time the superior consented4 ,well1 they went in1 and the audience was about over1 when1 in giving his benediction1 the ,pope observed that the young nun blessed herself with her left hand4 8#8,filuola mia1 why do you not bless yourself with your right hand8' he asked4 8#8,beato padre1' she replied1 #8,i cannot move my right hand2 but if you would do me the grace' ,she said no more1 but looked at him with imploring eyes4 8,he was silent a moment1 then he said1 #8,pray6' and covered his face with his hands1 as if praying or recollecting himself4 ,looking at her again then1 he told her to bless herself with her right hand4 8#8,but1 santo padre1 ,i cannot move my right hand1' she said4 8,he persisted3 #8,nevertheless1 do as ,i bid you4' 8,the superior took the nun's right hand1 and1 lifting it for her1 made a sort of cross with it4 8#8,pray again1' said the ,holy ,father1 and hid his face a second time1 and seemed to pray4 8#8,now bless yourself with your right hand1 and do it without help1' he said4 8,she immediately lifted her hand and made the sign of the cross on her forehead and breast as freely as if nothing had ever ailed her4 ,she was cured40 ,the prelate told his story with simplicity and in a soft and slightly tremulous voice1 affected by the sacred and tender scene he had so lately witnessed1 and his audience exclaimed with delight4 ,none of them1 except the two ,american gentlemen and ,isabel1 were at all surprised4 ,too many such tales are known in ,rome of ,pius ,,ix4 to excite astonishment4 8,i have seen the good nun this afternoon10 he continued1 8and she is perfectly happy4 ,she can play on the piano again1 and do everything just as before40 ,finishing1 he nodded toward the door1 where a servant was standing1 and presently rose to take leave4 ,his evening visits never exceeded an hour1 and1 since he did not like to disturb the pleasure of social intercourse with the thought of going1 a servant was always instructed to intimate to him when the hour was past4 8,the only parting which ,i wish to foresee and prepare for is the final one10 he said smilingly4 8,what a terrible sound that expression #8final parting' has60 ,bianca exclaimed1 seeming to be already pained at the thought of losing this new friend4 8,that is because you interpret it wrongly10 he replied1 with a kind glance at her4 8,you know it does not mean everlasting separation1 but that there are to be no more partings1 because after the next meeting we need never part again4 ,it is simply the end of a long pain40 ,he gave her his hand1 which she kissed as naturally as an ,italian would have done1 though it was the first time she had rendered that homage to any one4 ,when he had gone1 the company went up to the loggia1 which was one of the attractions of the house4 8,you see we have a private stairway10 the ,contessa ,m said1 opening a narrow door hidden in the panelling of the room they had been sitting in4 8,but it is so very narrow1 enclosed in the thickness of the wall1 that ,i will not ask you to go by it40 8,i do wish she would let us go this way1 though10 ,isabel whispered to the ,signora4 8,how romantic it is6 ,who knows who may have slipped up or down that stair in the wall1 who may have stood listening behind the panel while people were talking in the sala1 and what may have been revealed or hidden there8 ,it is like a chapter out of a tragical storyone of ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's1 for example4 ,do you think we might not go up80 ,their hostess had1 however1 already led the way to a more commodious stair1 and they could but follow4 ,besides1 it is only in very romantic stories that ladies in beautiful silk and gauze dresses can go through secret and narrow stairways1 cobwebbed attics1 and dusty1 haunted chambers1 without detriment to their toilets1 and the young contessa wore that evening a lace flounce which she might not care to injure even for the sake of hospitality4 ,they passed through room after room1 each worthy of a palace1 mounted stair after stair1 one servant preceding them with a lamp1 and another following1 walked over the roof of a part of the palace1 climbed another stair1 and came out on the loggia1 or highest house-top4 ,the scene was enchanting2 for the whole city was visible1 and1 by one of those kaleidoscopic changes constantly seen in a town built on hills1 the city looked from here lo be situated in a round basin rising evenly on all sides to the tree-fringed horizon4 ,the grand front of ,st4 ,peter's was scarcely a stone's throw from them1 apparently1 and the two fountains of the moonlighted piazza stood wavering and white4 ,it was not difficult to imagine them two angels standing there with garments softly waving in the night air4 ,mr4 ,vane paused a moment at the ,signora's side4 8,i perceive more clearly every day why you may well be unwilling to leave ,rome10 he said4 8,i wonder ,i could ever have expected it40 8,and yet it never appeared to me easier10 she replied very gently4 8,i have had all the happiness that can be had here1 and #8enough is as good as a feast1' you know40 ,she meant to please him1 yet she fancied that he frowned slightly4 ,he said no more1 however1 but stood looking about1 and1 after a moment1 joined ,isabel1 with whom the young couple were having a lively conversation4 ,the ,signora felt hurt4 ,it seemed that ,mr4 ,vane was losing confidence in her and becoming every day more distant4 ,for a week or more she had felt that he was withdrawing his friendship from her1 and changing in many ways4 ,when had she heard a jest from him1 or seen in him that quiet and deep contentment which he had shown at first8 ,she had half a mind to ask him what the matter was4 ,perhaps she would some time1 if opportunity favored4 ,meantime1 it would be wiser not to distress herself4 ,and just as she came to this conclusion an interpretation of his remark suggested itself to her that made the blood rush to her face painfully4 ,had he remembered with annoyance that half-proposal of his1 and1 either to remove any lingering pity she might feel for him or to save his own pride1 wished her to understand that it had been the impulse of the moment1 and that he no longer entertained the wish to be more than a friend to her8 ,in such a case her reply1 with its hint of a possible change in her1 had been most unfortunate4 ,there was one moment of cruel doubt and mortification1 then she put the subject resolutely away4 8,i have been neither unkind nor bold nor dishonorable1 and ,i have therefore nothing to be ashamed of10 she said to herself4 ,meantime1 ,marion had stopped near ,bianca1 who stood looking at her father and the ,signora4 8,how beautiful the ,signora is60 he said4 8,do you see that the golden tinge in her hair is visible even in the moonlight8 ,and her eyes are the color of the ,borghese violets she loves so much4 ,i sometimes think that a rather tall and noble-looking woman like her should always be blonde1 and that dark eyes belong to the slight and graceful ones40 8,we have always thought her beautiful10 she replied4 8,but we are so fond of her that we should admire her if no one else did4 ,you must remember how we always praised her to you40 ,he had been wondering how she would like having the ,signora for a step-mother1 and if she saw the likelihood of it4 ,perceiving a slight reserve in her speech1 he did not pursue the subject1 but stood looking at her a moment4 ,since he was silent1 she glanced up in his face to see what it meantif he were dissatisfied1 perhaps1 with her reply1 or if he had taken any notice of it4 ,he was certainly taking notice of her1 and so close a notice that her eyes dropped again under it4 ,a quick glance showed him that he should have another minute uninterrupted with her1 and he spoke3 8,dear ,bianca1 ,i came to ,europe to seek you4 ,when ,i found in ,rome that you had gone into the country for a visit1 ,i could not wait1 but followed you4 ,i went to your lodgings in ,frascati1 and learned that you had all gone up to ,tusculum4 ,i meant to watch1 and meet you as you came down1 and know by your first glance at me if ,i was as welcome as ,i could wish to be4 ,i had with me the spy-glass that ,i always take into the country1 and1 as ,i swept the country with it1 ,i espied a little party standing under the wall of the ,cappucini villa on the ,tusculan hill4 ,one of their number had climbed the steps of the shrine there to decorate it1 and1 just as ,i recognized her1 she turned and stepped down toward me4 ,the glass was so clear and strong that she seemed stepping within my reach1 and to me4 ,i accepted it as a good omen1 and returned to ,rome content4 ,i think you know me well enough to be sure that this is no trifling fancy1 and that1 if you can put your hand in mine1 with the help of ,god1 ,i will never allow you to regret it4 ,was my omen false80 ,she listened with her lovely face lifted and lighted1 and1 when he ended1 uttered a soft little exclamation1 8,o ,marion60 and gave him her hand4 8,how beautiful ,st4 ,peter's is by this light60 ,mr4 ,vane said1 glancing round at them from the other side of the loggia1 whither he had gone4 ,his glance became a gaze as he saw them coming toward him2 for ,marion held openly the hand that ,bianca had given him1 and led her to her father4 8,are you willing1 sir80 he asked in a low voice4 ,the others were about joining them1 and ,mr4 ,vane could only press their two hands together4 ,he glanced sharply at the ,signora as she approached1 and saw her face flash out in a swift smile when she caught sight of their position4 8,i have been a fool10 he muttered4 8,everything is beautiful by this light10 ,marion said1 with a smile that gave a double meaning to his rather tardy answer4 ,when they started for home1 they found that1 by some happy mistake1 the cab had been sent away1 and there was no other in sight1 so that the simplest way was for them all to return in the calche1 crowding a little4 ,the crowding was effected by ,bianca sitting on the front seat between her father and lover4 ,leaning back there1 she gave herself up to a delicious silence1 only half-listening1 except when ,marion spoke1 then drinking in every word4 ,what a wonderful thing it was that here1 by her side1 sat her future husband1 the man to whom she was to be united for ever and ever6 ,her life1 as she thought1 swung round into a harmony unknown to it for a long time1 never known in its perfection till now4 ,looking forward1 she had no fear4 ,nothing but death could separate them1 and death must come to all4 ,let it come sooner or later1 when ,god should appoint2 she could bear it for him or for herself4 ,she was full of courage and thankfulness1 and ready now to live a full life1 and begin to do some good in the world4 ,mr4 ,vane spoke of the young woman he had seen that afternoon in the little church of ,sant',antonino4 8,she made an impression on me10 he said4 8,she set me thinking2 or1 rather1 the sight of her condensed some floating impressions in my mind into thoughts4 ,she was a figure that almost any well-dressed lady or gentleman would smile at involuntarily1 if they did not pity her4 ,but looking into her face1 when she was serious and thought herself unobserved1 ,i found it an uncommon one4 ,i fancied there was something enthusiastic and aspiring in her1 and that her ridiculous dress was an abortive expression of a fine impulse4 ,she wanted to do or be something more and better than she had yet done or been2 and having1 perhaps1 no sympathy from any one1 and no education to assist her1 knew not how to act1 and thought more of getting out of the position she was in than of choosing properly what change she should make4 ,fancy how easily a girl of uneducated mind and tastes1 and of an enthusiastic disposition1 might make such an absurd attempt4 ,she is1 perhaps1 disgusted with the sordidness and vulgarity of her life1 and believes that the ideal life is that which appears beautiful to the eyes4 ,she has heard1 maybe has read1 a little of great deeds and heroic adventures1 and she associates them always with the well-dressed and the high-living4 ,she thinks1 very likely1 that the noble have always noble thoughts1 and that beautiful sentiments go with beautiful dresses4 ,and so the poor thing cuts her dowdy petticoat into a train1 and puts a cheap feather in her hat1 and fancies that she is nearer the sublime4 ,i don't believe she really sees the trumpery things when she puts them on4 ,she is looking at them through a thousand visions1 and sees the velvet train of some heroine1 and the jewelled cap and feather she wore4 ,poor thing6 ,these visions of hers cannot1 however1 hide the sneering laugh from her1 nor make her deaf to the scornful word2 and ,i have an impression that to-night she took off her stage-robes with a bitter heartunless1 indeed1 the ,benediction consoled her40 ,isabel looked at her father with a steady and serious gaze while he was speaking1 and1 the moment he ended1 said to him with an air of conviction3 8,papa1 you have the best heart in the world40 ,he laughed a little1 but seemed to be touched by this tribute4 8,i am glad you think so1 my daughter10 he said4 8,indeed1 ,i am particularly glad just now1 for a reason ,i will tell you1 if you come here a moment40 ,she leaned forward instantly on to his knees1 and put her cheek close to his face4 8,because10 he whispered1 8my other daughter thinks that there's a certain heart worth more than mine40 8,whose80 she demanded in an indignant whisper4 8,marion's40 8,you don't mean0 she exclaimed1 and glanced round at her sister4 8,you're the only one of the family who didn't know it1 and ,i don't want you slighted10 he replied4 8,it's a settled affair40 ,isabel threw her arms around her sister's neck and kissed her4 8,i never dreamed of such a thing10 she said2 8but ,i am delighted all the same4 ,you're a million times welcome into the family1 ,marion4 ,but ,i want you to understand that you are not better than papa40 ,by this they had reached home1 just as the soft bells of their basilica were striking midnight4 ,when they had said good-night to ,marion and gone up-stairs1 all turned with smiling faces to ,bianca1 and gathered about her1 waiting one moment to see who should speak first1 or if the congratulation was to be silent4 ,by some slight motion or look she imposed silence1 at the same time that her face expressed the sweetest happiness and gratitude4 8,that dear canonico has given me an invitation for us all to go next week and hear his ,mass in the crypt of ,st4 ,peter's10 she said4 8,our number is just right2 for only five can go at a time4 ,we are to be there at eight o'clock40 8,am ,i included80 ,mr4 ,vane asked4 8,o papa60 ,bianca turned to him1 and1 putting her hand in his arm1 leaned against his shoulder4 ,no plan of hers could be perfect that did not include him2 yet the cruel thought flashed through her mind1 in spite of her love for him1 that in the crypt of ,st4 ,peter1 next to ,calvary the most regally sacred spot on earth1 a ,protestant was singularly out of place1 and that no one should enter there who did not bow to ,st4 ,peter as the ,prince of the ,apostles and the holder of the awful keys4 ,the question produced a momentary painful embarrassment in the others1 too1 by reminding them strongly of that difference of faith which they sometimes were able to quite forget4 8,my little girl must not have a cloud on her sky to-night10 the father said tenderly4 8,what is wanting to your happiness1 ,bianca80 8,that you should be a ,catholic10 she replied1 trembling2 for1 with all their affection and confidence1 she had never presumed to speak to him on the subject4 8,you have your wish10 he answered4 ,she looked at him doubtfully1 but did not dare to say a word4 8,i am in earnest1 children10 he said1 feeling a hand clinging to his other arm4 8,i was baptized this morning at the ,american ,college40 ,not a word was said1 but on either side his daughters surrounded him with their arms1 and pressed their faces to his breast4 ,when at length they remembered to look for the ,signora1 she had disappeared4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,dr4 ,,knox ,,on ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,church4#aec ,the disjointed state of ,christendom1 resulting from the divisions existing among those who profess the ,christian religion1 whether we regard it in the light of reason or of faith1 is both grievous and deplorable4 ,much labor has been expended on the removal of the causes which have produced these divisions1 at different periods in the history of the ,christian ,church4 ,in recent timesnot to speak of the long past1 for the evil is of remote dateseveral efforts have been made to bring about the return of those who1 three centuries ago1 went out from the sacred fold of the ,catholic ,church4 ,men of genius1 learning1 and virtue took a leading part in some of these movements2 nevertheless1 they did not meet with any notable success4 ,the best known of these1 perhaps1 was the one made in the latter part of the seventeenth century1 in which the celebrated ,leibnitz and the great ,bossuet were the principal actors engaged4 ,if this effort was not otherwise fruitful1 it at least was the occasion of their contributing two of the most valuable works on the subject,the ,system of ,theology1 by the ,german philosopher1 and ,the ,exposition of the ,catholic ,faith1 by the ,bishop of ,meaux4 ,in the ,established ,church of ,england1 in our own day1 a number of its members1 especially among the clergy1 profess to seek and to labor for what they call 8a corporate union0 with the ,catholic ,church4 ,so far as one can see up to this moment1 though no one can tell what may happen1 there has been in this direction no promise of great results4 ,in this country the efforts for unity have taken a more limited sphere for their activity1 and ever and anon there is a stir made in public about a union among ,protestants1 confined1 however1 to those who are called 8evangelicals40 ,the unperverted religious sentiment naturally yearns after an all-embracing and real unity4 ,man's heart has sympathies which cannot be confined to himself1 or to a family1 or to a nation1 or to a race4 ,only when man is so devoted to purposes which embrace the whole human race as to raise him above all lower instincts of his nature1 does he become conscious of his true dignity and of the greatness of his destiny4 ,humanity is a word that has a real meaning1 conveying a great truth1 and it is fraught with mysterious power4 ,these aspirations of the soul are the workmanship of ,god1 and ,christianity1 as a universal religion1 must aim at directing them to their proper objects4 ,for ,christianity is the universal religion1 or it is nothing4 ,the symptoms of unrest which manifest themselves among those ,christians who are divided up into hostile sects are a sign of a noble life stirring within their soulsa life which cannot contemplate with joy the wranglings of hostile creeds4 ,these aspirations after that unity which will bind all men1 without distinction of race1 nationality1 or color1 into one common brotherhood of lovethese cravings of the heart to act for universal ends1 for the realization of ,god's kingdom upon earthare the evidences of a ,christian spirit which seeks for a clearer vision and a closer communion with the true church of ,christ4 ,with these views and in this spirit1 which are in harmony with his own1 we purpose to consider the interesting and important article of ,dr4 ,knox on 8,the ,organic ,unity of the ,church40 ,,what ,,is ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,church1 ,,according ,,to ,,dr4 ,,knox8 ,here is his answer to this question in his own words3 8,first1 as to the nature of the expected church unity and the elements that compose it4 ,we assert1 in the general1 that it is the highest possible unity4 ,christ prayed that his disciples might be made perfect in one4 ,the adjective is defined by ,robinson as something #8complete1 full1 perfect1 deficient in nothing4' ,the word used by the ,saviour is 1 and had an adverbial sense1 so that ,robinson would have us read3 #8,that they may be perfected so as to be onei4e41 that they may be perfectly united in one4' ,tholuck says the idea of unity is expressed in a stronger way here than elsewhere#8it is a perfect unity4' ,other authorities might be cited as showing that the unity in the divine thought1 and which ought to be in our own1 is a complete unity1 in distinction from one that is partial1 unsymmetrical1 ineffective40 ,that the unity which makes the church of ,christ one 8is the highest possible unity0 there can be no manner of doubt1 since its animating principle is that unity which springs from the relation subsisting between ,christ and his ,father4 ,this relation which unites ,christ to the ,father1 and the church to ,christ1 and the members of the church to the ,father through ,christ in most perfect unity1 is a unity than which a higher and more perfect cannot be conceived1 for it springs immediately from the divine ,essence4 ,the language of ,christ's prayer for unity makes this evident beyond all dispute4 8,that they10 he says1 8all may be one1 as thou1 ,father1 in me1 and ,i in thee40 ,again3 8,that they may be one1 as we also are one40 ,once more3 8,i in them1 and thou in me3 that they may be made perfect in one40 ,finally3 8,that the love wherewith thou hast loved me1 may be in them1 and ,i in them40#aed ,once would have been doubtless sufficient to have rendered this petition of ,christ effective1 yet he repeats the same in almost every sentence in this memorable and most solemn prayer4 ,what else could have been ,christ's purpose1 in the reiteration of his petition for unity1 than to explain clearly his meaning1 to make manifest the earnestness of his desire for it1 and to impress upon his disciples its transcendent importance8 ,but this relation subsisting between ,christ and his ,father1 and which is the type of the essence of the church1 is an essential1 indivisible1 and indestructible relation4 ,the relation1 therefore1 existing between ,christ and his church and her members1 from which her unity springs1 is also essential4 ,that is1 aside from this unity1 the church cannot be a subject even of thoughtis unthinkable4 ,were it possible that it should be lost for a moment1 the church1 at the instant her unity was lost1 would no longer exist4 ,for the unity of the church is not derived from her organism1 but1 on the contrary1 the organism of the church is derived from her unity1 which has its rise in that essential1 indwelling1 and abiding presence of the invisible relation which exists between ,christ and his ,father3 8,i in them1 and thou in me3 that they may be made perfect in one40 ,just as the life of the soul springs from the presence of the divine ,essence1 and this life pervades and sustains the whole body and its members1 so1 in like manner1 the unity of the church1 which springs from the presence of this divine relation1 pervades and sustains the whole church and her members4 ,the unity of the church is also indivisible4 ,multitudes may leave the church1 but their absence does not break her unity4 ,many may lose the unity of the church1 but it never can be lost from the church4 ,thousands may deny the unity of the church1 but it will continue to exist in spite of their denial4 ,in the nature of perfect unity1 one and indivisible are correlative2 for each of its parts contains and acts with the force of the whole4 ,as ,god is everywhere present in the world1 and the soul everywhere present in the body1 so the unity of the church is everywhere present and pervades the whole body of the church4 ,it is also an indestructible unity4 ,for whatsoever may be the action of the lapse of time or the deeds of men1 they can neither disorganize1 reduce1 nor overthrow it4 ,being divine in its nature1 the hand of man may menace1 but it is powerless to destroy the unity of the church4 ,it will remain1 after men have done their utmost and worst against it1 as it was before4 ,this unity in which the ,divinity dwells is the primal source of the life of the church1 and1 through her1 of each and all of her members2 is the type and exemplar of the perfect organism in which each and all of her acts proceed from one formal principle and one central point of active force4 ,the church1 therefore1 may be defined1 in the sense of ,christ's prayer1 as that visible1 organized body1 in which the members are made one with ,god and with each other in ,christ1 by a participation of the invisible communion existing between ,christ and his ,father in the unity of the divine ,essence4 ,in all this we have added nothing to the above passage from our author explanatory of 8the expected church unity40 ,what we have done was to render its meaning more explicit1 and this will be readily acknowledged in reading his own explanation1 as follows3 8,the starting-point1 of course1 is unity of faith1 especially faith in ,christ4 ,the union of believers to one another results from their union to a common ,lord and ,saviour3 #8,i in them1 and thou in me3 that they may be made perfect in one4' ,the second element of a true unity is love4 ,we need not dwell here1 for it is a point conceded4 ,the third element is oneness of aim and effort4 ,the conversations and prayer of the fifteenth1 sixteenth1 and seventeenth of ,john show that faith and love in ,christian hearts are with a view to definite results4 ,in the fifteenth chapter it is said3 #8,he that abideth in me1 and ,i in him1 the same bringeth forth much fruit2 for without me ye can do nothing4' ,and in the seventeenth chapter this fruit and this doing are declared to be the glorifying of ,christ1 and1 as contributing to that1 the bringing the world to believe in him4 ,all highest glory to ,god and good to man are contained in believing and loving the ,lord ,jesus4 ,all the fruits of the ,spirit enumerated by ,paul in ,galatians depend from the branch that abideth in ,christ the vine4 ,no man can be in ,christ by faith without wishing all others to bewithout praying the prayer of ,jesus1 and working the work of ,jesus1 that they may be4 ,and this being the effect on all real disciples1 it is clear that a union of faith and love is also a union of aim and effort4 8,we are prepared to say1 in the fourth place1 that the one thing remaining to render this union completea perfect unity1 such as ,christ prayed foris oneness of organization4 ,by organization is meant1 as the word imports1 everything pertaining to the outward structure and furniture of the churchits government1 methods of operation1 ordinances1 worship1 etc40 ,,dr4 ,,knox ,,on ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,church4 8,we can but observe10 he says1 8in the first place1 that most of the good we know in this world is connected with organization1 and is nothing without it4 ,it is the nature of all life to organize1 and the most perfect of organisms is that which we have in the human form,scriptural type1 by the way1 of the organization belonging to the spiritual life that is in ,christ's body1 the church4 ,no one thinks it necessary to depreciate the organic part of man in order to exalt that which is intellectual and moral4''' ,it is not enough to say of human life in the general3 #8,what we want is good-will1 right understanding between man and manno matter about society and government4 ,that is merely exterior and organic2 we wish to do with essentials4' ,for all the ends of social welfare it has ever been found that organized society is one of the essentials1 and without it the public weal cannot be promoted40 8,it is the nature of all life to organize40 ,precisely so4 ,perhaps it would be more accurate to say that the nature of all life is organic2 for life and organism are related to each other as cause and effect1 and hence are inseparable4 ,christianity unorganized would be a pure nonentity4 ,christianity is a lifespecific life2 it is therefore by its very nature specific1 visible1 organic4 8,for all the ends of social welfare it has ever been found that organized society is one of the essentials1 and without it the public weal cannot be promoted40 ,organized society is essential to all life1 and no less essential to its own defence and preservation2 for what would have become of ,christianity without organization when the colossal power of the ,roman ,empire was set to work to exterminate it8 ,christianity would have been strangled in its cradle4 ,what would have become of ,christianity unorganized when the barbarians from the ,north overthrew the ,roman ,empire8 ,christianity would have been swept from the face of the earth4 ,what would have been the issue if ,christianity had been left to individual effort when the ,moslems attacked ,europe and threatened to feed their horses from the altars of ,christian churches8 ,why1 ,europe would be to-day ,mohammedan1 and1 if any ,christians were left1 they would be at the mercy1 as the ,servians were1 of the ,grand ,turk4 ,christianity unorganized1 facing an organized1 hostile1 powerful force1 would have been as chaff before the wind4 ,,the ,,second ,,reason ,,for ,,church ,,unity4 8,especially10 says ,dr4 ,knox1 8ought we to note how this fact of exterior organization has been recognized in the provision for the general spiritual well-being4 ,if you say the elements of that well-being are primarily interior and spiritual1 such as love1 faith1 fellowship1 yet as positively are they never dispersed from the exterior and physicalthat is1 from the organism through which they obtain their manifestation4 ,the church is that organism4 ,hence whenever1 under apostolic preaching1 there was in any community the beginning of ,christian knowledge1 faith1 obedience1 there was the immediate beginning of a ,christian church4''' ,in all their epistles and prayers it was the visible as well as vital thingthe church at ,rome1 ,ephesus1 ,corinthwhich they have in their eye as an object of beauty and blessedness3 #8,now ye are the body of ,christ and members in particular1 ye are all baptized into one body4'''' ,their virtual unity must become visible2 their essential unity1 organic unity40 ,in this passage there is laid down a most important principle3 8,the interior and spiritual are never dispersed from the interior and physical40 ,that is1 an invisible church is an absurdity1 and a simple interior piety a dream4 ,on this principle we would change the last sentence1 and make it read thus3 8,their virtual unity is always visible2 their essential unity1 organic unity40 ,,the ,,third ,,reason ,,for ,,unity ,,is ,,expressed ,,as ,,follows3 8,just in ratio that effort for a common end becomes earnest and efficient does it tend to a common organized method40 ,grant it1 we say1 and it follows that just in ratio as the common end is important1 so will the effort become earnest and efficient in producing a common organized method for its realization4 ,but no greater or more important end than the one that ,christ came upon earth to realize1 which was the salvation of the world1 can be imagined4 ,hence ,christ established his church as a common organized method for the realization of his divine mission2 and it follows that1 so far as his power extends1 he would be with it1 watch over it1 and protect it until it accomplished the purpose for which he had called it into existence4 ,and those who would subvert the church established by ,christ1 judged by this principle1 really attempt1 whatever may be their profession1 to overthrow ,christianity4 ,,dr4 ,,knox',s ,,fourth ,,reason ,,for ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,church4 8,oneness of organization is indispensable to oneness of manifestation4 ,the union for which ,christ prayed is apparent as well as actual#8perfect in one1 that the world may know that thou hast sent me4' ,now1 it is certain that the numerous church organizations are in apparent conflict with unity4 ,they are regarded by multitudes as diverse1 and even adverse1 corporations4 ,allow that this1 to a great extent1 is only in appearance2 yet just to that extent it is an evil4 ,the impression is not the one ,christ seeks of an impressive unity4 ,and ecclesiastical history reveals how often the evil appearance has been identical with the actual evil4 ,the setting up of separate church establishments tends inevitably to jealousy1 strife1 ambition1 alienation1 as the universal experiment proves40 ,every sentence almost of the above passage is a death-blow to the entire movement of ,protestantism from its origin as a system of religion4 ,as its very name signifies1 it began in denial1 and its fertility is not in the direction of unity and oneness of organization1 but in that of breeding strifes1 sowing discords1 and exciting enmities4 ,new sects are ever on the increase in its bosom1 new church organizations are set up in the same sect against each other1 and its main drift is plainly in the direction of mere individualism1 ending in entire negation4 8,o ,protestantism60 exclaims one of its adherents1 8has it1 then1 at last come to this with thee1 that thy disciples protest against all religion8 ,facts which are before the eyes of the whole world declare aloud that this signification of thy name is no idle play upon words1 though ,i know that this confession will excite a flame of indignation against myself40#aee ,there is one point in the above extract on which we must differ from the learned doctor1 and that is where he maintains that 8the conflict with unity0 among ,protestants is 8apparent0 and not 8adverse02 and here are some of our grounds3 ,this apparent unity among ,protestants has its centre and source elsewhere4 ,for every one of the revealed truths of ,christianity which they maintain as fundamental1 conceding for the moment that they are even agreed upon these1 will be found in the last analysis to depend upon the authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,for example1 the ,bible is to ,protestants the sole source of all revealed truth1 and the only rule of faith4 ,now1 that the ,protestants received from the ,catholic ,church the ,bible is a simple historical fact4 ,again1 how do they know that the book called the ,bible contains the whole of the inspired written word of ,god1 and nothing else8 ,only from the unimpeachable witness and guardian of the ,biblethe ,catholic ,church4 ,take from under the truths of ,christianity1 which ,protestants still retain1 the logical support of the ,catholic ,church1 and ,protestantism1 as a system of religion1 in ratio as men begin to feel the necessity of rendering to themselves a rational account of their religious convictions1 will be abandoned and fall into utter ruin4 ,and whatever fruits of ,christian virtue or flowers of piety grow on the tree of ,protestantism1 they are parasitic2 for the sap which gives life to the tree is derived from its roots1 which are nourished in the soil of the garden1 to their sight concealed1 of the ,catholic ,church4 ,in this virtual relation to the ,catholic ,church lies the hope of the salvation of those ,protestants who are really in good faith4 ,the unity among ,protestants1 therefore1 is only 8apparent10 while its conflicts with unity are real and 8adverse40 ,for the moment you enter on an examination of those doctrines in detail1 regarding which1 to use the language of this author1 8there is throughout evangelical ,christendom a substantial unity10 that instant innumerable and irreconcilable differences and contradictions arise4 ,there exists among what are called evangelical ,protestants a vague and affective desire for unity1 but it is only strong enough to bring them together occasionally to display before the public their complete lack of real unity4 ,they may even be led by it to recite the ,apostles' ,creed1 as though they were of accord in their belief as to the meaning of its contents2 but let no further strain be put upon their bond of unity1 lest it should snap into a thousand pieces1 revealing1 in the words of our author1 8different organic bodies with features facing all ways1 hands striking one against another1 feet moving off in independent directions1 and lips uttering the whole alphabet of shibboleths40 ,grapes are not gathered of thorns4 ,,dr4 ,,knox',s ,,fifth ,,reason ,,for ,,unity4 8,organic unity10 he says1 8is a required element in the moral power the church is yet to wield4 ,the ,romish ,church has borrowed untold strength from this sourceone in name and form the world over40 ,dr4 ,knox's evidently reluctant compliment to the ,catholic ,church ought not to be passed by without due recognition4 ,it is a very high compliment3 the highest possible compliment1 according to his own showing4 ,for he has laid down the principle that 8the interior and spiritual are never dispersed from the exterior and physical40 ,now1 as the ,catholic ,church is 8the world over one in name and form0that is1 in 8the exterior and physical0it follows she must be one in 8the interior and spiritual10 as the former are never 8dispersed from0 the latter4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 therefore1 is truly the church of ,christ1 as she alone is 8perfect in one40 ,she alone possesses the inward and outward notes of that unity which ,dr4 ,knox and those who agree with him are expecting to come as the ideal ,christian ,church4 ,they have only to work out their premise to its logical conclusion to be landed in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 which is the realization upon earth1 so far as human nature will allow1 of the ideal ,christian ,church4 8,if her the ,catholic ,church's actual unity10 he proceeds to say1 8had answered to her organic1 ,protestantism must needs have been still heavier armed to make head against her40 ,this is not a reasonable supposition4 ,prior to the sixteenth century the actual unity of the ,catholic ,church did answer to her organic1 and she was in a fair way to ,christianize and civilize the whole world4 ,but the religious secession started by ,luther and his followers stopped the church in her course1 and set ,christians against ,christians1 broke up the fraternity of ,christian nations1 and sowed everywhere the seeds of dispute1 enmities1 and wars in the bosom of ,christendom4 ,millions of her children1 backed up by political powers1 turned against the church1 and concentrated their attacks chiefly in the direction of the overthrow of the ,roman ,see1 and the destruction of the centre and guardian of the unity of her organization1 the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,if her vital energies and vast resources were turned towards where the attacks were the fiercest1 in order to meet and repel their effects1 this was1 in the nature of the situation1 a necessity1 and furnishes no ground for an accusation4 ,but ,god in his providence turns the enemies of his church into instruments of her glory2 for1 as in repelling the errors of ,arius and his adherents1 the church was necessitated to define1 and for ever establish beyond all dispute1 her belief in the divinity of ,christ1 so in like manner1 in her defence against the errors of ,luther and his followers1 she was compelled to settle beyond dispute all doubt of the authority1 the rights1 and prerogatives communicated by ,christ to his ,apostle ,peter and to the successors of his see1 the ,roman ,pontiffs4 ,the bark of ,peter has had to battle through a threatening storm which has lasted three centuries1 but she has come out of the danger in perfect safety1 with increased strength and renewed splendor4 ,for her 8organic unity10 thanks to the action of ,protestantism1 being greatly perfected1 her 8actual unity0 now can display itself with a correspondingly-increased vigor and vitality4 ,her interior1 spiritual beauty will be brought out more clearly to the sight of the world1 attracting all souls2 for whatever may be said of the power and majesty of her 8name and form the world over10 the real beauty and glory of the church1 like that of the king's daughter1 8is all within40 ,the glory of this new phase of the church1 of which it seems ,dr4 ,knox has had a glimpse1 though he does not appear to recognize her features1 he expresses in the following manner3 8,but when the day dawns that shall give us a visible springing from an interior unity1 that will be a spectacle like the sign of the ,son of ,man in the heavens40 ,after the compliment which we have already noticed1 it would be unusual if the holy ,church did not receive some bitter words of abuse4 ,here they are in the concluding lines of the paragraph under notice3 8,though ,satan1 in the person of ,rome and ,rationalism1 #8dilated stood1' as ,milton describes him in his attitude towards ,gabriel1 8#8,like ,teneriffe or ,atlas unremoved1' 8he would know that sign1 as when ,gabriel showed him the golden scales aloft1 and he 8#8,fled ,murmuring1 and with him fled the shades of night4'0 ,this language belongs to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 when the sectaries of that period universally held that the pope was ,antichrist1 and the ,catholic ,church his kingdom4 ,it might be heard from the mouth of a ranter in ,exeter ,hall1 or1 in days gone by1 in the ,broadway ,tabernacle1 or come from the pen of the vaticinating ,dr4 ,cummings1 and not excite surprise2 but we submit that such language is unworthy of the cause which ,dr4 ,knox so ably advocates1 and is in discord with the whole tenor of his article1 which1 we gladly acknowledge1 breathes throughout a more candid and a better spirit4 ,,the ,,sixth ,,reason ,,for ,,unity4 8,this is found10 he says1 8in that element of efficiency that lies in economy40 ,this is an important element1 but we have already encroached beyond our limits1 and must hasten to our close4 ,the article proceeds to show that there is a 8rapidly-increasing unity of faith1 affection1 and aim0 among evangelical ,christians1 and details the grounds for the hope of a 8prospective unity of organization10 explaining 8the causes at work to produce it40 ,,according ,,to ,,dr4 ,,knox1 ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,once ,,existed4 8,furthermore10 he continues1 8the church has once been in the perfect unity we are advocating4 ,the members #8continued steadfast in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship1 in breaking of bread1 and in prayers' 7,acts1 ii4 #db74 ,the unity1 according to this record1 began in theological doctrine1 but extended to outward organization 7fellowship71 to visible sacraments 7breaking of bread71 and forms of worship 7prayers74 ,this was what ,christ had just before prayed for a making perfect in one2 a unity1 interior and exterior1 spiritual and organic40 ,in another passage he describes the discordant elements of ,protestantism1 and draws1 without knowing it1 the portrait of the actual ,catholic ,church1 and contrasts her perfect unity with the divisions of the ,protestant sects4 ,here it is3 8,in the primitive church1 when ,christ would have the body constituted with diversitynot all head1 or hands1 or feet2 not all hearing1 seeing1 or smelling1 but a body with many members1 and each member its own functionhe yet did not think it necessary this diversity should be sectarian in order to be ,christian4 ,he did not give some to be ,episcopalianshigh1 and low1 and ritualistic2 some to be ,congregationalistsassociated1 and consociated1 and independent2 some to be ,methodists,protestant1 ,primitive1 and ,episcopal2 some to be ,baptistsopen and close2 some to be ,presbyteriansold and new1 ,cumberland and ,covenanter1 ,associate ,reformed and ,presbyterian ,reformed1 and others perhaps unreformed1 to say nothing of ,burgher and anti-,burgher1 ,secession1 and ,relief4 ,here was varietya very millennium of it1 such as it was4 ,it was a variety1 however1 that finds no place in the ,new ,testament1 and no mention in ,christ's catalogue of particulars4 ,this was his list of bestowments that ,paul enumerates1 when he #8gave some to be apostles1 and some prophets1 and some evangelists1 and some pastors and teachers1 for the perfecting of the saints1 for the work of the ministry1 for the edifying of the body of ,christ4' ,having these1 the body was thought to be well furnished without the modern inventions above specified4 ,here was variety and here was efficiency4 #8,many members1 but one body4' #8,diversities of gifts1 but one spirit4' #8,differences of administration1 but the same ,lord4' #8,diversities of operations1 but the same ,god1 which worketh all in all4' ,read the whole twelfth chapter of #ast ,corinthians1 and the fourth of ,ephesians1 and see how amply diversified is the church of ,god3 all the more beautiful and useful for the reason ,paul here declares1 that ,god has so constructed it that there should be #8no schism in the body4' ,the variety and beauty lie in the varied members and their varied functions2 not1 as our sectarian conservatives would have it1 in there being different organic bodies with features facing all ways1 hands striking one against another1 feet moving off in independent directions1 and lips uttering the whole alphabet of shibboleths40 ,this description is not very complimentary to that movement which started with the profession of renewing the religion of the ,gospel and of primitive ,christianity4 ,judged by ,dr4 ,knox's standard1 it is clear that ,protestantism1 whatever it may be1 is not primitive ,christianity4 ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,is ,,lost4 ,the entire article under consideration is based on the supposition that the visible organic unity of the church that once existed1 no longer exists1 but is lost4 8,it is also10 says ,dr4 ,knox1 8universally admitted and expected that this lost unity will at some time be regained0 7p4 #fff74 ,now1 that scandals would come1 and tares would grow with the wheat1 heresies1 schisms1 and sects would ariseall this we are told in the ,new ,testament2 but that the unity which ,christ communicated to his church should be 8lost10 and1 therefore1 his church failthis we read nowhere in the pages of the inspired ,word4 ,on the contrary1 we read in the ,gospels that ,christ promised to 8build his church10 and that he predicted that 8the gates of hell shall not prevail against it40 ,and we also read3 8,behold ,i am with you all days1 even to the consummation of the world40 ,how one who believes in the divinity of ,christ1 the inspiration of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and that ,christ built his church1 and can admit1 nay1 assert1 that she has 8lost0 her unity1 the very essence of her beingthat1 consequently1 the church of ,christ has failedwe are at a loss to know1 and look for further explanation and instruction on this subject from ,dr4 ,knox4 ,but it must be remembered also1 and taken into account1 that when ,christ offered up his prayer for unity1 he not only petitioned that his disciples might be one1 but he also said3 8,and not for them only do ,i pray1 but for them also who through their word shall believe in me40 ,this covers all time1 and leaves no room for the supposition that the unity which was the object of his prayer should ever be 8lost40 ,how to meet this difficulty is the question of questions among those who1 under one pretext or another1 have separated themselves from the unity of the ,catholic ,church4 ,their ingenuity has been exercised not a little on this point1 and the world has listened to the ,greek patriarchal theory1 and to the ,anglican branch theory1 and the invisible church theory of some of the so-called reformers1 but all these theories are like clouds without rain and broken cisterns that can hold no water4 ,for once admit that the unity of the church for which ,christ prayed has ever existed1 and concede that it has been lost1 no matter what theory or hypothesis you may devise1 at that moment1 the conclusion is inevitable1 ,christianity is a failure4 ,the unity of the church of ,christ was divine1 and the human cannot create or give birth to the divine4 ,this truth has been recognized and acted upon even among ,protestants4 ,the ,irvingites and ,mormons teach on this point their fellow-,protestants a lesson in sound logic4 8,we start10 they say1 8as all ,protestants do1 in admitting that the ,catholic ,church was in the beginning the church of ,christ1 and that at some period of time afterwards she became corrupt and failed4 ,this is our common premise4 ,now1 to establish the church1 which is a divine institution1 requires a special divine mission and authority2 hence our claim to this special divine inspiration and authority for the reinauguration of the church of ,christ upon earth40 ,this reasoning on the part of the ,irvingites and ,mormons1 as against other ,protestants1 is unanswerable and leaves them nowhere4 ,if the ,christian ,church ever existed1 it exists now in all its vitality and force2 for the divine creative act which called it into existence was as real1 continuous1 and immutable as the creative act which called into existence the universe4 ,the same ,almighty who said1 8,fiat ,lux10 said1 8,edificabo ecclesiam meam02 and1 considering the place she holds in the hierarchy of creation1 there is less reason to suppose that the church should fail than that the whole universe should go to utter wreck and ruin4 ,the learned doctor has an inkling of this insurmountable difficulty1 and hence he looks forward to one scarcely knows what kind of supernatural action which is to 8compose0 out of the existing different evangelical sects a visible organic unity4 ,the idea of composing the unity of the church is a contradiction in terms4 ,if lost1 only a new divine creative act can restore it4 ,to expect this after the ,incarnation and the ,day of ,pentecost is a chimera4 ,the only escape from this1 and the only perfectly consistent one1 is that this unity is still existing1 clothed with 8a divinely-appointed organism jure divino10 and open to all who really and sincerely believe in ,christ4 ,he does not deny that the church of ,christ does still exist2 he admits its possibility1 and says3 8,we do not base our argument for ultimate unity of organization on the assumption that there is a divinely appointed organism defined in the ,new ,testament4 ,we may believe the ,scriptures contain nothing explicit on this pointno jure divino model of church polity4 ,if1 however1 there is such an appointed formwhich is here neither affirmed nor deniedwe insist that it is the best form1 and our point holds goodviz41 in the coming development of an earnest faith and fellowship1 that form will ultimately be apprehended and accepted4 ,in that mental condition into which the church is soon to come1 it will be recognized that the end is the main thing1 and the agency of no account except as it is adapted to the end4 ,and as in the arts of ordinary life1 as in politics and public education1 it is at length discovered what the best way to the desired result is2 and as the earnest effort for the valued result lays hold at last of the best method1 which thus becomes the common one1 so must it be in the great earnest religious movement of these latter days1 looking to the millennial age4 ,mark well the process4 ,the faith and love of the church1 quickening into new life in these pre-millennial efforts1 will emerge into a spiritual earnestness little short of a new experience2 this earnestness will content itself with nothing short of the most effective method2 the effective method will be accepted as the best1 and the best method is the one method which shall complete the spiritual unity of ,god's people in an organic unity40 ,agreeing with ,dr4 ,knox in 8the nature of the unity of the church10 and that the principle of 8life is organic10 and also that the church with this unity and organic life has existed1 the conclusion is evident3 either he must yield up his premises1 or enter into the fold of the ,catholic ,church as the only claimant to this unity and organization whose title is unimpeachable4 ,may that day 8of earnest faith and fellowship0 of which he speaks be hastened1 when will be apprehended and accepted 8that church polity0 8defined in the ,new ,testament10#aef and which 8completes the spiritual unity of ,god's people in an organic unity60 8,may the generation now coming upon the stage ''' not pass away until these things are fulfilled60 #aec 8,the ,organic ,unity of the ,church4 ,by ,wm4 ,e4 ,knox1 ,d4,d41 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y40 ,the ,presbyterian ,quarterly and ,princeton ,review1 ,oct41 #ah2f4 #aed ,st4 ,john xvii4 #aee ,dr4 ,jenischuber1 ,gottesverehrung und ,kirche1 #baj4 #aef ,to those of our readers who are desirous of seeing the argument drawn from the ,new ,testament on this point1 and at the same time the whole question as between the ,catholic ,church and the ,presbyterians or evangelicals fully treated and placed in a clear light and in a masterly manner on the basis of the ,holy ,scriptures1 we recommend the volume entitled ,the ,king's ,highway1 by the ,rev4 ,augustine ,f4 ,hewit4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 ,new ,york4 ,,monsieur ,,gombard',s ,,mistake4 ,,concluded4 ,about a month after this memorable expedition of ,m4 ,gombard's the town of ,loisel was in a state of extraordinary commotion2 the elections were going on1 which meant that all men had gone mad1 that the seven devils were let loose1 and that no man could be sure of sleeping in his own bed from one night to another4 ,the decree had gone forth that ,general ,blagueur was the government candidate1 which signified that every man was to vote for him1 and that every man who didn't was a dead manevery man1 that is1 who had anything to lose or anything to hope for from the powers that were4 ,no one knew who this ,general ,blagueur was1 or where he came from1 or anything about him1 except that he was the right man whom it was their business to put into the right place4 ,this was all it concerned them to know or to care as dutiful subjects of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,but though there were many such at ,loisel1 there were many of another sort1 who set their backs stiffly against the right man1 and were perversely bent on having a wrong man of their own4 ,it does not matter to our story whether this rebellious outburst was justifiable or successful4 ,it may be mentioned1 however1 for the comfort of the many who are born sympathizers with rebels in every class and country1 that the rebellion of ,loisel did succeed1 and that ,general ,blagueur was ignominiously beaten4 ,but what a price ,loisel paid for this wicked victory6 ,a detachment of troops was at once sent down to prey upon its vitals and hold a cocked pistol at its head4 ,the state subsidy promised to the local municipality for rebuilding the tumble-down hospital was refused2 the concession for a railway to connect it with the main line1 after having been distinctly promised to an enterprising company1 was withdrawn2 the prefect was 8promoted0 to a post in a dismal1 out-of-the-way town in an eastern department4 ,it was said at one moment that the mayor was going to be dismissed1 or in some way visited by the imperial displeasure4 ,but this was one of those unreasoning panics that are common to every period of social terror2 men lose their heads1 and see monstrous and impossible events impending4 ,the government1 powerful as it was1 never dreamed of laying a finger on ,m4 ,gombard4 ,the worthy mayor forbore1 with his usual prudence1 from taking any prominent part in the war that was raging at ,loisel1 and ostensibly left the prefect all the honors and perils of leadership2 but it was perfectly well known1 as he admitted to friends in confidence1 that if ,m4 le ,prfet reigned1 ,m4 le ,maire governed2 and ,m4 le ,maire's power arose in great measure from the consummate tact with which he managed to hide this fact from everybody1 above all from ,m4 le ,prfet4 ,now1 it happened that1 just when the excitement of the contest was at its greatest1 when the wildest stories were afloat about the sinister machinations of the government1 the base and cruel means it employed to compass its endssetting brother against brother1 and wife against husband1 carrying bribery and discord and all manner of corruption into the very marrow of the bones of ,loiselit happened that1 when things were in this state1 a young man arrived at the principal inn of the place4 ,he did nothing to provoke the anger or suspicions of the population3 he was silent1 unobtrusive1 speaking to no one at the table-d'hte where he took his meals2 but before he had been two days at ,loisel the entire town was infuriated against him4 ,he had been seen standing before a dismantled old round tower that guarded the entrance to the town1 and once had boasted of battlements and a cannon2 this report had gone abroad the first day of his arrival1 and the next morning it was positively stated that he had been seen by an applewoman and a milkman walking round the tower1 and scrambling upon a broken wall close by to get a view into it4 ,it was at an early hour1 before anybody was likely to be abroad4 ,such facts1 resting on such clear and forcible evidence1 admitted only of one interpretationthe stranger was a paid miscreant sent down to examine the tower with a view to fortifying it as of yore1 and so terrifying the refractory towns-people into surrendering their independence to the government4 ,a council was called by the outraged citizens1 and in ten minutes the fate of the engineer was decided4 ,a rush was made on the inn where he lodged2 he was seized1 dragged forth amidst the yells of the enraged mob1 and would have rendered up his mercenary soul to judgment there and then1 if the prefect had not chanced to ride up at the moment to the scene of popular justice4 8,what is this8 ,call out the soldiers6 ,i will have every man of you shot1 if you don't release your prisoner60 he cried1 charging boldly into the fray4 8,he's a spy1 a traitor6 ,we won't have him here6 ,he wants to murder us2 to butcher our wives and children10 etc4 ,fifty people shouted out these and similar cries together2 but they had ceased maltreating the unfortunate stranger1 and were now only clutching him and threatening him with clenched fists4 8,if he is guilty of any misdemeanor or crime1 or intent to commit crime1 he shall be made to answer for it2 but it is the business of the law to see justice done1 not yours4 ,let go your prisoner60 said the prefect in a tone of high command4 ,courage and the prestige of lawful authority seldom fail to impress and subdue an excited mass of men4 ,the mob fell back1 and two gendarmes1 at a sign from the prefect1 stepped forward2 the crowd made way for them4 8,that man is under arrest4 ,conduct him to the mairie and lock him up10 said the prefect4 ,the gendarmes marched off the rescued man1 a crowd trooping on with them1 hooting and yelling with an energy that sounded far from reassuring1 though it was so in reality1 being a kind of safety-valve to the excited mob4 ,it was a great relief1 nevertheless1 to the object of this manifestation to find himself locked up and safe out of its reach4 ,he was not a coward1 but the bravest may be permitted to shrink from such inglorious danger as this from which he had just escaped4 ,he had not been many hours in captivity when a sound of steps and voices approaching the door announced that some one was about to appearprobably the magistrate4 ,the key turned in the lock1 and ,m4 ,gombard entered1 accompanied by two other persons3 one was a clerk who was to take down in writing the interrogatory of the mayor and the prisoner's replies2 the other was a witness who was to sign it4 ,the moment ,m4 ,gombard beheld the prisoner his countenance changed2 he felt it did1 though no one present noticed it4 ,in the hatless1 muddy1 battered-looking man who rose painfully to salute him the mayor recognized the lover of ,mlle4 ,bobert4 ,was he still only her lover8 ,in all probability he was her husband by this time4 ,when ,m4 ,gombard had mastered his surprise and recovered from the shock of the discovery1 he proceeded to examine the prisoner4 ,the latter made no attempt at self-defence2 he admitted1 with a frankness which the reporter set down as 8cynical10 that he had visited the round tower on the two occasions alleged2 that he would gladly do so again1 if the citizens of ,loisel gave him the opportunity4 ,he had a natural love for old monuments of every description1 and was professionally interested in themespecially ancient fortifications and fortresses of every kind2 this old tower was a curious specimen of the fifteenth-century style1 he was anxious to take a sketch of it1 and so on1 with more in the same tone4 ,the clerk wrote on with great gusto1 interlarding the prisoner's remarks with commentaries intended to complete them1 and explain more fully the depth of malice every word revealed3 8,the accused looked boldly at ,m4 le ,maire02 8the accused here smiled with a fiendish expression02 8the accused assumed here a tone of insolent defiance02 8the countenance of the accused wore an air of cool contempt10 and so on4 ,meantime1 the mayor was wondering at the calm1 dignified manner of the prisoner1 and admiring his well-bred tone and perfect self-possession2 he was evidently no common kind of person1 this lover1 or husband1 of ,mlle4 ,bobert4 ,at the close of the interrogatory1 when the clerk had wiped his pen and was folding up his document1 the mayor1 with a vaguely apologetical remark1 inquired whether the prisoner was a married man4 ,the answer came with the same quiet distinctness as the preceding ones3 8,no1 monsieur1 ,i am not40 ,he bowed to ,m4 ,gombard1 and ,m4 ,gombard bowed to him4 ,the interview was at an end4 8,the case looks bad10 observed the reporting clerk1 as the door closed behind them1 ,m4 ,gombard himself locking it1 and pocketing the key unnoticed by the others1 who hurried on1 loudly discussing the matter in hand4 8,do you not think it looks badly1 ,m4 le ,maire80 inquired the reporter4 8,very badly4 ,we shall be the laughing-stock of the whole country1 if the prisoner is brought to trial2 we shall pass for a community of cowardly idiots4 ,we must do our utmost to prevent the affair getting into the local paper1 at any rate4 ,you are a friend of the editor's2 have you influence enough with him1 think you1 to make him sacrifice his interest for once from a patriotic motive8 ,it would be a fine example1 and you will have done the town a service which ,i shall take care they hear of in due time40 ,the reporter held his head high and looked important4 8,i was thinking of this very thing1 ,m4 la ,maire1 while ,i was taking down the prisoner's answers10 he said4 8,i did my best to swell the silly business into something like a charge1 feeling1 as you say1 that we should be disgraced if the case were trumpeted over the country as it really stands2 but the best way to hinder the mischief will be to keep it out of the paper4 ,i think ,i can promise you that this shall be done40 8,then my mind is at rest4 ,the honor of ,loisel will be saved60 said ,m4 ,gombard4 8,it shall1 it shall1 ,m4 le ,maire60 said his companion4 ,he was excited and big with a sense of patriotic responsibility4 ,the next day was the grand crisis in the electioneering feverthe opening of the ballot-box4 ,all ,loisel was abroad and on tiptoe with expectation2 there was no buying or selling that day4 ,no wonder the unlucky inmate of the lock-up was forgotten4 ,m4 ,gombard1 however1 had not forgotten him4 ,late on the previous night1 when the town had gone to bed and the streets were silent1 nobody being abroad but the night watch and a few stragglers whose business and state of life made them avoid public notice and daylight1 ,m4 ,gombard might have been seen stealing out by the back door to his own stable1 and thence to the corner of a neighboring street1 where he fastened his horse to a lamp-post1 and stole back to the mairie with the quick1 furtive air of a thief4 ,he stepped softly down the stone passage that led to the lock-up room1 laid his dark-lantern on the floor outside1 and then turned the key slowly and with as little noise as possible4 ,the dead silence that reigned in the place made the slight grating of the key sound like a shriek4 ,when the mayor entered the room1 the prisoner was walking up and down1 trying to keep his blood in circulation2 for the cold was intense1 and he was famished with hunger4 8,i have come to release you10 ,m4 ,gombard said4 8,there is no time to lose4 ,i have left a horse ready saddled at the corner of the street that leads straight to the ruined tower2 you will mount him and ride for your life40 ,the prisoner could hardly believe his ears4 8,what does this mean80 he said4 8,you are a perfect stranger to me1 and whoever you are1 you must run a great risk in rendering me this service4 ,may ,i ask why you take this interest in me80 8,i am glad to pay back a service that one whom ''' that was rendered to me not long since when passing through ,cabicol4 ,i will not say more2 but you will learn all from the person in question most likely some day4 ,meantime1 have no hesitation in accepting this service at my hands4 ,it is a debt of gratitude that ,i am happy to be able to pay4 ,come1 every minute is precious40 ,the prisoner was not inclined to shut the door on his deliverer2 whatever his motive might be1 mysterious or romantic1 it was a merciful chance for him4 ,the two men left the house1 stepping softly1 stealthily like a couple of thieves4 ,when they reached the entrance of a street1 ,m4 ,gombard stopped1 and pointed silently to where the gaslight fell upon the horse1 giving him the appearance of a phantom beast amidst the surrounding gloom4 ,the traveller held out his hand1 and grasped the mayor's in a long1 strong pressure4 ,m4 ,gombard returned it1 and noticed now that his companion was bareheaded4 8,you forgot your hat60 he said in a low voice4 8,i lost it in the fray this morning40 8,then the town of ,loisel owes you another4 ,take this2 it will serve you on the road as well as a new one40 ,m4 ,gombard pulled off his hat and handed it to the fugitive1 turned brusquely from him1 and hurried home4 ,no one remembered the stranger who had provoked the popular fury1 until two days after his arrest1 when the agitation of the electioneering crisis had subsided1 and the authorities had leisure to attend to ordinary business4 ,then it was discovered that the bird had flown1 no one knew when1 no one knew how4 ,there was great consternation amongst the subordinate officials at the mairie whose duty it was to have looked after him2 but each declared he was not responsible1 that the prisoner had not been given into his charge1 that the prisoner was only put there temporarily1 and ought to have been conveyed at once to the jail1 etc4 ,this did not prevent them shaking in their shoes in mortal dread of being turned out of their places4 ,the reporter was one of the first to hear of the escape4 ,he flew at once with the intelligence to ,m4 ,gombard4 ,m4 ,gombard looked him straight in the face and burst out into an uncontrollable fit of laughter2 he shook1 he held his sides1 he laughed till he cried again4 ,the reporter did not at first know what to make of it2 but at last the contagion of ,m4 le ,maire's mirth was irresistible4 ,he began to laugh also1 and then ,m4 ,gombard roared1 and the two kept it up until they nearly died of it4 ,at last ,m4 ,gombard1 who was the first to recover himself1 took out his red cotton handkerchief and wiped his eyes1 and blew his nose1 and1 after sundry gasps and subsiding chuckles1 said3 8,it is the cleverest joke ,i ever saw performed in my life1 and you are the cleverest rogue ,i ever met with6 ,it was bad enough to play it off unknown to me1 to keep the fun of the thing to yourself2 but then to walk in here with such cool impudence1 and never move a muscle of your face while you announced it as the latest intelligence6 ,ha6 ha6 ha60 ,and off he went again1 falling back in his chair1 and laughing till the tears rolled down his cheeks4 ,the reporter was in a terrible state4 ,he had not the faintest notion what the fun was about1 and he had really joined in it till he could laugh no more4 ,one thing was clear3 somebody had done something which ,m4 le ,maire thought extremely clever and was highly diverted at1 and that hethe reporterhad the credit of4 8,tell me1 how did you do it80 said ,m4 ,gombard1 again recovering himself and mopping his face1 that was now as red as the handkerchief4 8,really1 ,m4 le ,maire1 ,i,i don't quite understand10 said the reporter1 smiling and trying to look at once confused and knowing4 8,come1 come1 no more of this6 ,tell it out like a good fellow2 let me have the fag-end of the fun at any rate4 ,how did you manage to give them all the slip80 8,positively1 monsieur1 there is some mistake4 ,i don't see,i don't understand0 stammered out the reporter4 ,m4 ,gombard gave a tremendous gasp1 as if the laughter were still in him and it required a huge effort to keep it down4 8,well1 well10 he said1 8,i won't press you1 but ,i think you might have trusted me2 we are old friends now4 ,however1 keep your secret and accept my best compliments4 ,you missed your vocation1 though2 you ought to have been a diplomatist4 ,i see no reason after thisafter this0here he began to shake again and brought out the cotton handkerchief8why you should not be minister some day4 ,vous irez loin1 mon chervous irez loin60 ,there was a knock at the door4 ,the two men stood up4 8,m4 le ,maire1 ,i am to understand that you are rather glad than otherwise of thisthis mysterious disappearance80 said the reporter1 with some hesitation4 8,glad6 ,you deserve the ,cross for it60 exclaimed the mayor4 8,it is the greatest service you could have rendered to the town4 ,some day or other they shall hear of it40 8,i really must disabuse you of a false impression10 began the reporter4 8,anxious as ,i was to be of use1 my share in this matter0 8,tut1 tut60 said ,m4 ,gombard1 8none of this nonsense with me1 my dear fellow4 ,keep your own counselquite right2 but don't be such an idiot as to deny your services to those who can reward them4 ,mark my words3 ,vous irez loin60 ,he tugged gently at the reporter's ear1 and1 shaking hands with him1 sent him away happy and elated1 but utterly mystified4 ,the affair made some noise2 a procs verbal was drawn up1 there was an interrogatory of the clerks1 and before a week the escape of the spy was forgotten4 ,just before ,easterthat is1 three months after this little electioneering incident,m4 ,gombard had occasion to go to ,cabicol again4 ,this time1 however1 he was not alone2 he was accompanied by ,m4 le ,prfet1 the new one1 who was making a tourne in his kingdom1 and took the mayor with him by way of a moral support4 ,he was a timid man2 he knew that his appointment was unpopular1 and that ,m4 ,gombard's influence might help to reconcile people to it4 ,they alighted at the ,jacques ,bonhomme to change horses and take some refreshment before officially inspecting the town of ,cabicol4 ,m4 ,gombard was anxious to get some news of ,mlle4 ,bobert1 when the marriage had taken place1 and how it was supposed to prosper so far2 but there was no opportunity of saying a word to the landlord1 for the prefect was there1 and ,m4 ,gombard had no plausible excuse for leaving him4 ,he could not help remarking the strange expression of the landlord's countenance on first beholding him2 the scared1 incredulous glance he cast upon him1 and the mysterious manner in which1 on assisting him from the chaise1 he pressed his arm and whispered3 8,i congratulate you1 monsieur2 ,i congratulate you40 ,what could the fellow mean by this extraordinary behavior6 ,but the mayor remembered how oddly he had behaved on the occasion of his former visit1 and set him down as an original1 a harmless monomaniac of some sort4 ,just as they were starting1 and the prefect was receiving the compliments of ,m4 le ,cur at the door of the ,jacques ,bonhomme1 ,m4 ,gombard seized the opportunity of a word with the landlord4 ,pointing his cane towards the old house opposite1 he observed in a careless manner3 8,your pretty heiress is married by this1 of course8 ,what is her name now80 8,married6 ,alas6 no10 replied the landlord mournfully4 8,monsieur has not1 then1 heard80 8,good heavens6 she is not dead80 cried ,m4 ,gombard1 dropping his feigned indifference in an instant4 8,she is blind1 monsieurstone blind6 ,it was a terrible accident2 she was thrown from a carriage1 and the shock and injuries she sustained destroyed her sight4 ,they say she may recover it after a while2 but ,i doubt it1 monsieur1 ,i doubt it40 8,and her fianchas he given up0 ,the mayor was here cut short by the prefect1 who called out from the post-chaise1 where he had already seated himself4 8,come1 ,m4 ,gombard1 we had better be starting40 ,m4 ,gombard left ,cabicol with a sad heart4 ,he looked wistfully up at the latticed window under the grand old escutcheon where he had last caught a glimpse of the beautiful young creature1 now so heavily stricken4 ,it made his heart ache to think of her in that lonely house1 her bright eyes sightless1 dwelling in perpetual night4 ,why had not his rival insisted on marrying her in spite1 nay1 because1 of this catastrophe8 ,he could fancy how her brave and generous nature would refuse to accept what she considered a sacrifice2 but what sort of a love was his that could not overcome such reluctance8 ,poor child6 ,how gladly he would have devoted himself to soothing and cheering her darkened life6 ,but perhaps he was wronging his rival2 it might be that she had merely postponed their marriage1 that they both believed in her ultimate recovery1 and that she preferred waiting1 until it had taken place1 until her brown eyes had been restored1 until the spirit which once animated them should awake and vivify them as of old4 ,m4 ,gombard did not return to ,cabicol for many a long year after this4 ,he left ,loisel1 and went to live in ,normandy1 where an uncle had died and left him some propertya rambling old house1 surrounded by some wooded fields and a fruit-garden2 the house was called the ,chteau1 and the fields were called 8the ,park40 ,m4 ,gombard had not been long in possession of this ancestral estate before he was elected mayor of the village4 ,he was the kind of man to be elected mayor wherever he resided4 ,some men1 we hear said1 are born actors1 doctors1 ambassadors1 etc42 ,m4 ,gombard was born a mayor4 ,life went smoothly with him amongst his fields and fruit-trees for nearly ten years4 ,then friends took it into their heads1 and put it into his1 that he ought to become a deputy2 the elections were at hand1 and they put up his name as opposition candidate for the department of ,x1 whose chef-lieu was ,loisel4 ,the proposal took ,m4 ,gombard's fancy mightily4 ,to go back to the place where he had left such a good name and exercised such undisputed influence2 to go back as representative of the departmentthis was a triumph that even in perspective made him purr like a stroked cat4 ,he started off one morning in high spirits for ,loisel4 ,his most direct road lay through ,cabicol4 ,the railroad landed him within a mile of the quaint old town at eight o'clock in the morning4 ,he was in the mood for a walk1 so he set out on foot4 ,it was within a few days of ,christmas2 the weather was intensely cold1 but the sky was as blue as a field of sapphire1 and the sun shone out as brightly as in spring4 ,he remembered the first time he had been to ,cabicol2 it was about this season of the year1 but what miserable weather it was6 ,snow deep on the ground1 and then the heavy rains coming before it melted1 and turning the roads and streets into canals of mud and slush4 ,this bracing cold1 with the sun cheering up the landscape1 was delightful4 ,m4 ,gombard walked on with a brisk step1 whistling snatches of one tune or another1 till he came within sight of the church4 ,the first glimpse of the strong1 graceful spire1 pricking the blue sky1 so high1 so high it rose1 brought a flood of soft and tender memories to the hard-headed1 embryo legislator2 he smiled1 and yet he heaved a little sigh as the recollection of his first and his last visit to that fine old church came back upon him4 ,he wondered how life had gone with the fair enchantress who had spirited away his heart from him in the brown twilight of the ,gothic temple2 whether she had ever cast a thought on him from that day to the present4 ,and her sighthad she recovered it8 ,m4 ,gombard had often thought of this1 and breathed a hearty wish that it might be so4 ,and was she married8 ,in all probability1 yes4 ,the chances were that she was now the happy mother of a blooming little family1 of which the man he had for a moment so vigorously detested was the proud protector4 ,if so1 ,m4 ,gombard would call upon him and pay his respects to madame4 ,this was the proper thing for an opposition candidate to do1 and it would be an opportunity for ,mlle4 ,bobert's husband to show his gratitude for former services4 ,he entered the town1 now a busy1 thriving place1 and1 crossing the market-place1 made straight for the ,jacques ,bonhomme4 ,there it was1 not a whit changed1 just as dingy-looking1 with its stunted laurels before the door1 that stood wide open as in the midst of summer4 ,there1 too1 was the picturesque old manor-house opposite1 just as he had first seen it1 only that the roof was not covered with snow nor fringed with icicles4 ,the ivy was thicker2 it had grown quite over the front wall1 but had been roughly clipped away from a space over the balcony1 leaving the escutcheon visiblea gray patch amidst the glistening green of the ruin-loving parasite4 ,two persons were coming out of the house as ,m4 ,gombard drew near4 ,a group of poor people stood at the lodge1 evidently awaiting them1 with eager1 questioning faces4 ,one of these persons was the doctor1 the other was the cur4 ,the doctor walked on in silence4 ,the cur spoke3 8,alas6 my friends1 she is gone from us4 ,we must be resigned2 for the loss is all ours1 the gain all hers40 ,m4 ,gombard felt a great pang go through him4 ,he stood near the group1 and heard the tearful cries that answered the cur's words3 8,ah1 la bonne demoiselle6 ,yes1 it is a happy deliverance for her2 but what a loss for us1 for the sick1 for all ,cabicol60 ,and they dispersed1 lamenting1 and repeating through their tears3 8,pauvre ,mlle4 ,bobert6 ,our good friend6 ,she is gone6 ,the funeral is to be to-morrow60 ,so she had died1 as she had lived1 8,mlle4 ,bobert40 ,m4 ,gombard lingered a moment1 looking up at the deep1 latticed window where the slight figure would never be seen looking forth again4 ,she was to be buried to-morrow1 they had said4 ,he resolved to wait and attend the funeral4 ,he remained gazing up at the picturesque old edifice1 which had arrested his curiosity and admiration for its own sake before he had become interested in its mistress4 ,whom would it go to now8 he wondered4 ,a step on the pathway outside made him turn and look in that direction4 ,he was startled1 but not much astonished to see the fianc of ,mlle4 ,bobert approaching4 ,poor man6 ,he looked much older than ,m4 ,gombard had expected to find him4 ,evidently he had suffered during these eleven years2 his life had been blighted as well as hers4 ,the manly heart of the mayor went out to him in sympathy4 ,he was preparing to hold out his hand1 when1 to his consternation1 the gentleman raised his hat with the old courtly bow that ,m4 ,gombard so well remembered4 ,how was this8 ,the unhappy man was ignorant of his sorrow6 ,he was saluting the dead1 and he knew it not4 8,monsieur1 pardon me10 said ,m4 ,gombard1 meeting him with an outstretched hand and a face full of genuine compassion4 8,you have evidently not heard the sad news80 8,concerning whom80 inquired the gentleman1 giving his hand1 but looking very blank4 8,who8 ,why ''' ,mlle4 ,bobert60 8,what has happened to ,mlle4 ,bobert1 monsieur80 asked the gentleman4 8,what has happened8 ,good heavens6 ,can it be possible4''' ,the worst has happened3 she is dead60 8,ah60 exclaimed the gentleman4 ,was this man some near relation of hers1 or did he mistake him for one8 8,i tell you she is dead60 repeated ,m4 ,gombard1 his surprise rising rapidly to indignation4 8,she died only a few minutes ago1 and she is to be buried to-morrow60 8,naturally2 that is the law4 ,a person who dies this morning must be buried to-morrow1 unless10 the speaker continued1 fancying he had here a clue to ,m4 ,gombard's excitement8unless good reason can be shown for obtaining a delay1 in which case1 as a resident1 ,i may be of some use to you2 you seem to be a stranger here40 ,m4 ,gombard could not credit his senses4 ,was he dreaming1 or was this man gone mad8 ,he stared at him for a moment in dumb amazement4 ,at last he said3 8,perhaps ,i am under a mistake4''' ,i may be taking you for a person who resembles you strongly4 ,who are you1 monsieur80 8,i am an archologist by profession2 my name is ,de ,valbranchart40 ,he drew out his pocket-book and handed a card to ,m4 ,gombard4 8,henri1 ,comte de ,valbranchart10 repeated ,m4 ,gombard absently4 ,he had heard the name before2 but where8 8,the name is not unknown to me10 he added4 8,it can hardly be unknown to any one who has read history10 replied the count1 with quiet hauteur4 8,the ,de ,valbrancharts played a stirring part in the history of ,france as early as the twelfth century4 ,but their day is over2 they have no existence in the present4 ,i am the last of the name40 8,where have ,i heard it before80 said ,m4 ,gombard musingly4 8,perhaps at ,cabicol10 returned the count4 8,this old house was the home of my family for three hundred years4 ,those are our arms carved upon its front2 for twenty years ,i have saluted them daily as ,i pass4 ,it is foolish1 perhaps2 but ,i feel as if the spirit of my ancestors haunted the old roof-tree1 and that they are not insensible to the filial homage40 ,as he said this he looked up at the stone shield1 where a lion passant1 on gule1 was still visible1 surmounted by a fleur-de-lis argent1 en chef4 ,raising his hat deferentially to the worn and partly-obliterated symbols of a glory that lived only in his faithful memory1 the ,comte de ,valbranchart bowed to ,m4 ,gombard and passed on4 8,and so this was the lady-love he worshipped10 said ,m4 ,gombard to himself1 as the tall1 pensive man disappeared down the street4 8,he never loved her1 perhaps he never knew her2 and if ,i had only known1 ,i might have4''' ,but it is no use regretting the irreparable4 ,i should have been a more miserable man at this hour1 if ,i had won her and loved her all these years40 ,,the ,,home-,,life ,,of ,,some ,,eighteenth-,,century ,,poets4 8,the happiest lives10 says ,southey1 speaking of his own1 8are those which have the least variety40 ,there never was a truer saying4 ,all the knowledge of the world involved in a stormy life1 whether of vice1 adventure1 poverty1 or political prominence1 is not worth the half of the quiet happiness of a home-life and of what people lightly and mistakenly call monotony4 ,and not only in such a life does the soul grow and the higher part of man gradually and calmly ripen1 but his mind grows1 his art grows1 his genius widens and deepens4 ,there are no shocks to arrest the creations of his mind2 no periods of untrue1 feverish1 excited joy1 followed by a ghastly reaction and a sad blank1 to disturb the rest that alone produces lasting works4 ,not all poets and artists understood this1 because very few were perfect men2 not all common men understand it1 because if their inborn propensities do not 7and they do in only exceptional cases7 lead them to this quiet haven1 it requires severe experiences and much repentance before they can enter such a state4 ,it is true that the works universally reckoned the greatest have been accomplished by men whose lives were spent among storms2 but since the men who wrote them could so heroically overcome this inner obstacle1 what magnificent things might they not have done if their lives had been differently ordained6 ,the ,divina ,commedia1 ,paradise ,lost1 ,king ,lear were the offspring of volcanic natures and volcanic circumstances3 ,dante and ,milton were both lone men1 soured and discontented1 unfortunate in their domestic1 and uneasy in their political1 life2 ,shakspere was poor and despised1 long a wanderer and an adventurer1 and not too well mated either4 ,and this brings us to the consideration of the more accessible and human side of their nature1 one which is intensely interesting to us2 for the more we read1 the more we think1 the more do we see how alike mankind is at all stages of its career1 how little difference there is in human relations between us and our forefathersnay1 our remotest ancestors1 whether in other climes or in a totally different civilization4 ,modes of thought have grown antiquated1 systems of philosophy have crumbled1 faiths have disappeared1 customs have changed1 but man and his passions remain the same as when he was first made4 ,and the men who are but names to us1 whose record is in forgotten tablets and antique parchments1 even those whose works and sayings are known to us in part1 all lived the same common life to the eye of their contemporaries1 shared the same lowly necessities and the same agitating feelings1 and went through the same kind of outward1 prescribed life as the rind of their inner and individual one1 as our modern poets1 artists1 savants1 discoverers1 and even our single selves4 ,for ourselves1 we almost invariably care more for the life of a man than for his works2 and as this century has developed a peculiar turn for biography1 even that of ordinary and obscure personswhich is often none the less interestingit has been a liking easy to satisfy4 ,if1 however1 readers of poets prefer to see their ideal with their own eyes and look upon him as a demigod1 biography is not a thing likely to be pleasant to them4 ,it is often disenchanting1 and many people shrink from the true if it be not likewise in accordance with their preconceived notions4 ,the ,english poets of the last century were emphatically men1 good specimens of their time and surroundings1 by no means souls stranded on a foreign world and accidentally fitted with clogging bodies whose necessities were a vexation to the spirit4 ,the earliest of the rising generation of that time who came prominently before the public1 and has never since lost his place1 is ,dean ,swift4 ,he was 8of the earth1 earthy10 yet not a type of very common humanity4 ,his life was full of strange incidents and extraordinary contradictions4 ,he was1 like ,milton1 by inclination rather a politician than a writer1 and yet his poems have outlived his pamphlets4 ,sometimes he was coarse in language and brutal in mannera fashion of his age1 itself a contrast to the other extreme affected by society1 that of a finical and artificial delicacy4 ,yet he won the almost unsolicited affection of pure-minded1 sensitive1 well-educated women4 ,now he was a miser1 now a prodigal2 now he entered a state which so many other poets conscientiously eschewed1 himself worse fitted for it than they were2 and now he showed a tenderness of feeling and a nobleness of soul which seemed inconsistent with this one life-act of defiant recklessness4 ,for it was not hypocrisy2 to that lowest of depths he1 at least1 did not sink4 ,his education was desultory and his early circumstances narrow4 ,his first situation was a poor one1 though in a refined home and with a great statesman,sir ,william ,temple1 whose reader and secretary he was4 ,he got only twenty pounds a year1 but had the chance of a troop of horse which ,king ,william offered him when he came to visit the youth's patron at ,moor ,park4 ,his mind was inflamed by the stirring scenes during which his poor mother had fled from ,irelandthe times following the ,revolution and the ,boyneand he vindicated and abused his native country by turns1 like an indignant lover1 always ready fiercely to defend her if attacked by others1 yet conscious of the unhappy state into which civilization and literature had fallen1 consequent on the civil troubles since ,elizabeth's ,reformation4 ,at ,richmond he owed an illness to his gluttony1 as he boldly if exaggeratedly confesses3 8,about two hours before you were born10 he writes to a lady1 8,i got my giddiness by eating a hundred golden pippins at a time2 and when you were four years and a quarter old1 bating two days1 having made a fine seat about twenty miles further in ,surrey1 where ,i used to read1 there ,i got my deafness2 and these two friends have visited me1 one or other1 every year since1 and1 being old acquaintance1 have now thought fit to come together40 ,dryden did not recognize the young poet as a brother1 and wrote him his opinion most bluntly1 which ,swift never forgave or forgot1 and for which once or twice he revenged himself on other hapless and obscure poets who better deserved the same criticism4 ,one of the good deeds of his youth was his giving up an appointment in the ,national ,church1 worth #ajj a year1 in favor of a poor struggling curate with less than half that income and eight children to support2 but some of his friends thought that the loss of congenial society which this small preferment involved somewhat moved him to this renunciation4 ,going back to ,moor ,park1 he made acquaintance with 8,stella0,esther ,johnsona ward of his patron1 a girl of fifteen1 who loved him devotedly1 and whose heart he broke4 ,he became her tutor1 and his genius1 his appearance1 and his manner captivated the child-woman4 ,engaged at the time to a ,miss ,waryng1 whom he fancifully styled 8,varina10 he broke his promise to her1 and in the details of their quarrel showed himself as insolent as dishonorable4 ,at this time of his life he was1 if not a handsome1 at least a very striking man4 ,he was tall and well made1 with deep-blue eyes and black hair and eyebrows1 the last very bushy1 and his expression stern and haughtythe very hero of a young girl's dreams4 ,after ,sir ,william's death he removed ,stella to the neighborhood of his own parsonage1 where she lived in a little cottage with an elderly companion1 and never saw ,swift except in the presence of a third person4 ,sir ,walter ,scott charitably attributes his avoidance of marriage with her to prudential reasons1 and in this anomalous relation to the woman he loved he sees an attempt 8in the pride of talent and of wisdom ''' to frame a new path to happiness02 and the consequences1 he continues1 were such as to render him 8a warning1 where the various virtues with which he was endowed ought to have made him a pattern40 ,in one of his visits to ,london he met 8,vanessa0,esther ,vanhomrighto whom he offered the same ,platonic friendship1 with nearly the same results4 ,the girl died of grief and 8hope deferred40 ,another version of his luckless love-affairs asserts that he ultimately married ,stella1 but refused to live with her1 and visited her formally the same as before4 ,swift's fits of avarice were great sources of amusement to his visitors4 ,it is said that he occasionally allowed some guests of his1 ladies of high rank1 a shilling each to provide for themselves when asked to dine with him4 ,another such droll tale1 but rather illustrating the contrary disposition1 is told of him by ,pope3 8,one evening ,gay and ,i went to see him4 ,on our coming in1 #8,heyday1 gentlemen1' says the doctor1 #8what's the meaning of this visit8 ,how came you to leave all the great lords you are so fond of1 to come hither and see a poor dean8' #8,because we would rather see you than any of them6' #8,ay1 any one that did not know so well might believe you4 ,but since you are come1 ,i must get some supper for you1 ,i suppose8' #8,no1 doctor1 we have supped already4' #8,supped already8 ,that's impossible6 ,why1 it is not eight o'clock yet4 ,that's very strange2 but if you had not supped1 ,i must have got something for you4 ,let me see2 what should ,i have had8 ,a couple of lobsters2 ay1 that would have done very welltwo shillings2 tarts1 a shilling4 ,but you will drink a glass of wine with me1 though you supped so much before your usual time only to spare my pocket4' #8,no2 we had rather talk with you than drink with you4' #8,but if you had supped with me1 as1 in all reason1 you ought to have done1 you must then have drunk with me4 ,a bottle of wine1 two shillings4 ,two and two is four1 and one is fivejust two and sixpence apiece4 ,there1 ,pope1 there's half a crown for you1 and there's another for you sir2 for ,i won't save by you1 ,i am determined4' ,in spite of everything we could say to the contrary1 he actually obliged us to take the money40 ,among the literary practical jokes he sometimes played was a book of prophecies he published in ridicule of a yearly almanac of predictions by one ,partridge4 ,the chief event foretold was the astrologer's own death on the #bith of ,march1 #agjh4 ,as soon as the date was past an elaborate account of ,partridge's last moments and sayings came out in 8a letter to a person of honor40 ,partridge found it hard to persuade people of his continued existence1 and1 having once complained to a ,doctor ,yalden1 was repaid by the latter by an additional account of his sufferings and end by his supposed attendant physician4 ,the poor man was driven frantic2 he says the undertaker and the sexton came to him 8on business02 people taunted him in the streets with not having paid his funeral expenses2 his wife was distracted by being persistently addressed as ,widow ,partridge1 and was 8cited once a term into court to take out letters of administration02 while 8the very reader of our parish1 a good1 sober1 discreet person1 has two or three times sent for me to come and be buried decently1 or1 if ,i have been interred in any other parish1 to produce my certificate1 as the act requires40 ,sir ,walter ,scott remarks1 as an odd coincidence1 that in #agji the ,company of ,stationers obtained an injunction against any almanac published under the name of ,john ,partridge1 as if the poor man had been dead in sad earnest4 ,unsatisfactory as was the homelife of ,dean ,swift1 ,alexander ,pope's is scarcely more pleasant to look back upon4 ,he was never married1 and his best associations with home were through his mother1 whom he loved dearly4 ,but his continual ill-health and misshapen body made him miserable1 and he himself calls his life 8one long disease40 ,fame he won early1 but it did not sweeten his spirit4 ,his early life was spent near ,windsor ,forest1 at the village of ,binfield1 where his father1 a prosperous tradesman1 retired with his fortune of #bj1jjj when the boy was twelve years old4 ,instead of putting this money in the bank1 he kept it in the house in a strong chest1 and drew upon the sum for all he wanted for many years1 by which method it was considerably lessened before his son inherited it4 ,many of the despicable traits or foolish weaknesses of ,pope's character were due to his sufferings4 ,he was deformed in person1 and so feeble that he had to be dressed and tended like a child4 ,he was laced in stays to keep him erect1 and was so small that at table it was necessary to place him in a high chair4 ,dr4 ,johnson says that 8his legs were so slender that he enlarged their bulk with three pair of stockings1 which were drawn on and off by the maid2 for he was not able to dress or undress himself1 and neither went to bed nor rose without help40 ,he wanted help even in the night1 and would often call up a servant for coffee or for pen and paper2 but he was lavish of money to compensate for the trouble he gave1 and a servant in ,lord ,oxford's house once declared that so long as it was her business to answer the poet's bell she would not ask for wages4 ,in other respects1 however1 ,pope was absurdly miserly1 and one of his habitsthat of writing his verses on the backs of letters and other loose leaves and scrapsgot him the nickname of 8paper-sparing ,pope40 ,it was his friend ,swift who originated this saying4 ,he was hardly thirty when his ,homer had gained him an independence1 and he set up his own house at ,twickenham1 though he still passed half his time at his parents' home at ,binfield4 ,twickenham had the charm of society1 which to ,pope was a great solace4 ,here he gathered a circle of admiring friends2 for the place was a kind of centre of literature and fashion4 ,lady ,mary ,montagu1 with whom he fell in love and then quarrelled1 was his neighbor2 ,bolingbroke lived at ,dawley1 and ,lord ,burlington at ,chiswick4 ,fine court people and 8elegant company10 as he writes1 flocked to visit him1 and1 though he enjoyed it1 he seems to have been partly discontented with it4 ,it was the weak protest of the higher nature1 dwarfed but not crushed by the lower4 ,his filial piety shines out as a redeeming point in his selfish1 narrow1 loveless life1 and it never wearied of its prolonged task2 for his mother died at ninety-three 7in #agcc71 at his house1 and he mourned her deeply and tenderly4 ,another good and innocent trait was his love of gardening1 though it was but the formal1 lifeless gardening of his day1 when the taste prevailed for grottoes and masonry and clipped trees4 ,he writes to ,swift3 8,the gardens extend and flourish4''' ,i have more fruit-trees and kitchen-garden than you have any thought of2 nay1 ,i have melons and pineapples of my own growth40 ,to another friend he writes3 8,i am now as busy planting for myself as ,i was lately in planting for another his mother1 and ,i thank ,god for every wet day and for every fog that gives me the headache1 but prospers my works4 ,they will1 indeed1 outlive me1 but ,i am pleased to think my trees will afford fruit and shade to others when ,i shall want them no more40 ,it is said that ,pope introduced the weeping willow into ,england4 ,the story runs that he discovered some twigs wrapped round an article sent from abroad1 and planted one of them in his garden4 ,a willow sprang up1 from which numberless slips were taken1 some to be planted in ,england1 others to be sent abroad4 ,the old tree died in #ahja4 ,its life seems to have been but a short one4 ,pope's grotto still remains1 but the rest of the garden has been sadly changed and disfigured by partition and building4 ,he also made a tunnel under the public road1 on each side of which his property lay4 ,this reminds us of a peculiar tunnel diving under the ,parade at ,ramsgate1 on the ,channel1 and leading to a grotte or series of catacomb-like passages in the chalk cliff overlooking the sea4 ,this is on the ,pugin property1 and there are like galleries1 we believe1 a little further1 leading from the gardens of ,sir ,moses ,montefiore4 ,richmond1 adjoining ,twickenham1 is as classic ground in its literary associations4 ,here ,thomson1 the author of ,the ,seasons1 lived for the twelve last years of his life1 at a pretty cottage called ,rosedale ,house1 now much altered and enlarged4 ,but the summer-house in the garden remains the same as it was in the poet's time4 8,it is10 says ,mr4 ,howitt1 8a simple wooden construction1 with a plain back and two outward-sloping sides1 a bench running round it within1 a roof and boarded floor1 so as to be readily removable all together4 ,it is kept well painted of a dark green1 and in it stands an old1 small walnut table1 with a drawer1 which belonged to ,thomson40 ,a tablet let into the front of the alcove above bears the following inaccurate inscription3 ,,here ,,thomson ,,sang 8,,the ,,seasons0 ,,and ,,their ,,change4 ,his famous poem was composed several years before1 and begun when he had scarcely a roof over his head4 ,the first part1 8,winter10 was written in a lodging over a bookseller's shop1 to whose master he sold the poem for three guineas4 ,it was neglected until a clergyman1 8happening to turn his eye upon it1 was so delighted that he ran from place to place celebrating its excellence40 ,would such simple means be enough now to herald a new author1 although literature is supposed nowadays to be so much more respected and lucrative a calling than in the last century8 ,before this stroke of luck ,thomson had been drudging as a tutor1 teaching his patron's little boy of five years old his alphabet1 and wasting his ,scotch university education in such dreary pursuits4 ,he had been brought up for the ,presbyterian ministry1 being himself a ,scotch minister's son2 but he found himself unfit for that calling1 and set out from ,edinburgh for ,london 8to seek his fortune10 with a little money and some letters of recommendation tied up in his pocket-handkerchief4 ,he had no sooner reached ,london than both were stolen1 and this misfortune was soon followed by a worsethe death of his widowed mother4 ,after the happy hit of his 8,winter10 however1 he had no more trouble2 the patrons of literature took him up1 his poems sold fast1 and he completed his ,seasons1 while also throwing off minor works1 all equally admired by his contemporaries1 though not equally deserving4 ,his writings were always moral and just2 he never flatters or plays with vice1 and it has been said of him with truth that he never wrote a line which1 dying1 he would wish to blot4 ,we think the same could be said of ,wordsworth4 ,but if private morality did not suffer through him1 public laxity in the sphere of politics did2 that is1 he was innocently part and parcel of a corrupt system of place-giving1 irrespective of fitness for the office4 ,it was the vice of the age1 alike in church and state4 ,he held at different times two sinecureships in the gift of governmentone the ,secretaryship of ,briefs in the ,court of ,chancery1 the other the general surveyorship of the ,leeward ,islands4 ,in his private life he was fortunate2 he travelled abroad with ,sir ,charles ,talbot's eldest son1 he visited all the people worth knowing1 and was flatteringly received by all1 his means were ample1 yet he was not altogether happy4 ,he was crossed in love by a ,miss ,young1 whom he addresses in his poems as ,amanda1 and who cast him off for an admiral4 ,his love1 to judge by his letters1 was earnest and true2 writing to her during their short engagement1 he says3 8,if ,i am so happy as to have your heart1 ,i know you have spirit to maintain your choice2 and it shall be the most earnest study and pursuit of my life not only to justify but to do you credit by it4''' ,without you there is a blank in my happiness which nothing can fill up40 ,his disappointment increased his melancholy1 and1 indeed1 made his faults come into worse relief2 but he lived only five years after it4 ,like many whose struggles have not been very hard or lengthened1 he believed too much in luck and grew careless and indolent2 his ambition was to live in peace1 in luxurious dreams1 in easy1 social fellowship4 ,he was kind but apathetic1 and as careless of himself as of others1 so that1 though he had money enough to live more than comfortably1 he was once arrested for a debt of seventy pounds4 ,the actor ,quin1 as was often the case with friends of those detained in a 8sponging-house0 in those rollicking days when such confinement was not supposed to entail any disgrace1 went to see him and ordered supper from a tavern close by4 ,when they had done1 ,quin said seriously3 8,it is time now1 ,jemmy ,thomson1 we should balance our accounts40 ,the poet1 with the instinct of a debtor1 supposed that here was some further demand he had forgotten2 but ,quin went on to say 8that he owed ,thomson at least #ajjthe lowest estimate he could put upon the pleasure he had derived from reading his works2 and that1 instead of leaving it to him in his will1 he insisted on taking this opportunity of discharging his debt4 ,then1 putting the money on the table1 he hastily left the room40 ,a ludicrous anecdote is told of ,thomson1 which1 if not true1 is typical of his undoubted indolencenamely1 that he would wander about his garden with his hands in his pockets1 biting off the sunny side of the peaches that grew upon the wall4 ,he was fond of walking1 however4 ,laziness often brings dirt in its train1 and ,johnson1 himself no ,rhadamanthus on this score1 calls ,thomson slovenly in his dress1 while other biographers aver that he took care only of his wig4 ,his barber at ,richmond said he was very extravagant about it1 and had as many as a dozen wigs4 ,one other fault is hinted at3 his love of drink1 so that the moral poet was not so exemplary in his life as in his works2 but he was honest1 truth-telling1 a good friend and master1 as well as a clever1 imaginative1 and cultivated writer4 ,it is curious to note how many poets have been bachelors4 ,gray1 too1 was one4 ,the son of a well-to-do ,london citizen1 he was sent to ,eton and ,cambridge1 and at the latter place spent many years of his later life4 ,he was emphatically a student1 rather cold and fastidious in manner1 but a devoted son and a true friend4 ,his mother 8cheerfully maintained him at college on the scanty produce of her separate industry40 ,he travelled with ,horace ,walpole1 and learned modern languages in his wanderings1 and was one of the first ,english sight-seers at ,herculaneum4 ,on his return to ,england his father died1 and he and his mother lived at ,west ,stoke1 near ,windsor1 where he wrote his famous ,elegy4 ,one of his early friends1 ,richard ,west1 son of the ,lord ,chancellor of ,ireland1 a kindred spirit1 learned1 young1 and poetical1 but indolent1 writes affectionately to ,gray3 8,next to seeing you is the pleasure of seeing your handwriting2 next to hearing you is the pleasure of hearing from you40 ,soon after the premature death of his young friend ,gray went to live at ,cambridge1 and ten years later his happy1 quiet life was disturbed by the death of his mothera blow he never recovered4 ,towards the close of his life1 thirteen years later1 he writes to a friend3 8,i had written to you to inform you that ,i had discovered a thing very little known1 which is that in one's whole life one can never have more than a single mother4 ,you may think this obvious1 and what you call a trite observation4 ,you are a green gosling6 ,i was1 at the same age1 very near as wise as you2 and yet ,i never discovered this with full evidence and conviction,i mean till it was too late4 ,it is thirteen years ago1 and seems but as yesterday1 and every day ,i live it sinks deeper into my heart40 ,his favorite study at ,cambridgefirst at ,peter-house ,college1 then at ,pembroke ,hall1 between which places he spent nearly forty years of his lifewas ,greek1 taking1 as he said1 8verse and prose together1 like bread and cheese02 but his only public office was the professorship of modern history1 the duties of which he was1 through ill-health1 unable to fulfil4 ,the stiffness of his bearing and fastidiousness of his dress made him a favorite butt of the undergraduates1 and his real attainments1 intellectual as well as moral1 were wholly powerless to restrain within due bounds that spirit of mischief which the gravest 8dons0 themselves confess to in their own far-off youth and heyday4 ,one of these jokes was the reason of his leaving ,peter-house in indignation and removing to ,pembroke ,hall4 ,gray had a nervous dread of fire1 and always kept a rope-ladder by him in case of danger4 ,one night the 8boys0 8placed exactly under his bedroom window a large tub full of water1 and some who were in the plot raised a cry of #8fire' at his door4 ,gray1 terrified by the report of the calamity he most dreaded1 rushed from his bed1 threw himself hastily out of the window with his rope-ladder1 and descended exactly into the tub40 ,the two bars to which he fastened his ladder are still to be seen at the window of the chambers he used4 ,but in later years1 when the fame of his scholarship was greater1 the men crowded to see him when he walked out4 8,intelligence ran from college to college1 and the tables in the different halls1 if it happened to be the hour of dinner1 were thinned by the desertion of young men thronging to behold him40 ,he is said to have been thoroughly versed in almost every branch of knowledge then cultivated4 ,besides the classics1 ,european modern history and languages1 painting1 architecture1 and gardening occupied his thoughts1 and the more modern studies of criticism1 political economy1 and archology were not forgotten4 ,metaphysics also were familiar to him4 ,his taste in natural scenery was of a noble kind2 mountains and heaths were his favorites4 ,when in the ,scottish ,highlands1 he writes to a friend3 8,a fig for your poets1 painters1 gardeners1 and clergymen that have not been among them2 their imagination can be made up of nothing but bowling-greens1 flowering shrubs1 horse-ponds1 ,fleet-ditches1 shell grottoes1 and ,chinese rails40 ,in that age of artificiality this was a great step forward4 ,men affected to be appalled by the savageness of life away from the capital2 they magnified the fleeting1 ignoble gossip of their taverns and coffee-houses into affairs of sublime importance4 ,a country-house to them was a doll's house1 a toy near ,london1 tricked out with fantastic imitations of foreign curiosities2 a full1 healthy1 natural life was their horror4 ,but ,gray1 though of this age1 was not of this clique2 he lived outside the world of fashion and coffee-houses2 his travels1 and especially his studies1 gave his mind a wider range4 ,this cannot be said of poor1 jovial1 unlucky ,goldsmith1 the jest of ,fortune1 the ,micawber among poets4 ,there is a wonderful disparity between his miserable1 shiftless life and the fame of his works1 both prose and poetry4 ,he is one of the most popular of poets and novelists1 and his life was one of the most checkered1 though uniformly unlucky1 that ever were4 ,before he was twenty he wrote street ballads to earn bread1 but was ready to share his pittance with any one poorer than himself4 ,one winter night he gave the blankets off his bed to a shivering creature1 and 8crept into the ticking to shelter himself from the cold40 ,never did avarice come near his heart2 indeed1 his indiscriminate charity often brought him into sore straits4 ,he was for two or three years a sizar at ,dublin ,universitya sad position since the old generous days when the church protected and encouraged poor students1 and foundations that still remain were made for their support4 ,they indeed remain1 but the spirit of charity and ,christian brotherhood that inspired them has gone1 and poor scholars find the universities as worldly a place as any other1 and have to go through a fiery ordeal to gain knowledge4 ,at last ,goldsmith1 goaded by the contempt and insults he met with1 even from his tutor1 who once knocked him down1 ran away to ,cork with one shilling in his pocket4 ,he once told ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds 8that of all the exquisite meals he had ever tasted1 the most delicious was a handful of gray peas given him by a girl1 after twenty-four hours' fasting40 ,refusing to become a clergyman1 for which career he felt unfitted1 he studied medicine with small success1 though he managed to get a degree after such a tour through ,europe as reminds one of the medival students' doings4 ,he started with a guinea in his pocket1 one shirt to his back1 and a flute in his hand4 ,he led village dances on the green1 and beguiled the evening hours of the gossips at the village inn1 a barn being often his sleeping-place4 ,but he had also another resourcethe medival one of supporting theses before the learned faculties of foreign universities4 ,having thus1 as it was laughingly said by his friends1 8disputed0 his way through ,europe1 he came back to ,london1 still a beggar1 and found a wretched home among beggars in ,axe ,lane4 ,how often must that tragedy of disenchantment have been played out before the eyes of those human moths who come to ,london and other great centres 8to seek their fortune06 ,for one that swims a thousand sink1 and each success is built upon the accumulated failures of others perhaps no less intellectually endowed4 ,the weary tramp after situations1 the timid offer of services that no one wants1 the despairing hint that the lowest wages will be more than welcome1 the cold dissympathy that need and shabby clothes almost always involve1 and all this repeated two1 three1 four times a year1 is enough to break the spirit of any man not endowed with the eagle's courage4 ,there is hardly much to choose between the miserable avocations which poor ,goldsmith was driven to take up to keep himself from starving4 ,once he was a chemist's assistant in ,monument ,yard2 then a poor doctor on his own account1 in the still poorer neighborhood of ,southwark2 then1 worse than all1 an usher 7or under-master7 in a small school4 8,i was up early and late2 ,i was browbeat by the master1 hated for my ugly face by the mistress1 worried by the boys within1 and never permitted to stir out to meet civility abroad40 ,then he turned to that most uncertain yet fascinating pursuitletters1 his old love4 ,it barely kept him alive2 he was dunned and worried2 lived in a wretched attic1 and wore clothes too shabby to go out in1 except after nightfall4 ,in these days of brilliant gas-lit shops and streets even that comfort would have been denied him4 ,he was a bookseller's hack1 and wrote to order1 and was naturally delighted at the chance of an appointment as surgeon on the coast of ,coromandel2 but this fell through1 unluckily for himself1 though not for posterity4 ,goldsmith had a dog1 to whom he taught simple tricks1 which were as great a vexation to the poor animal as his own troubles were to the master 7selfish human beings1 how little we follow the lesson4 #8,put yourself in his place'671 and this faithful companion was a great solace to him4 ,the way in which the ,vicar of ,wakefield was given to the world is too well known to be more than glanced at4 ,version and counterversion of the scene have been given by ,johnson and others2 it is pitiful to think that such a book should have depended upon the chance of his being able to get out to offer it to a publisher4 ,while ,goldsmith sat a prisoner in his own room 7it is still shown at ,islington1 ,london7 ,johnson took the treasure and sold it for sixty pounds4 ,it is to be hoped the author changed his landlady after her behavior to him in arresting him for his rent2 but perhaps she had some provocation1 for when he had money he did not always put it to the wisest purposes4 ,others1 too1 must have been either foolishly trusting or deliberately kind2 for he owed #b1jjj at his death1 one of the bills being the famous one at his tailor's for the plum-colored coat made in elaborate fashion4 8,was ever poet so trusted before80 exclaimed his friend ,johnson4 ,among the friends who mourned his premature death 7he was only forty-five7 were some poor wretches whom out of his own poverty he had helped and befriended4 ,the year ,goldsmith died1 #aggd1 ,robert ,southey was born1 a man whose life was in all respects differentshielded1 domestic1 happy1 and uneventful4 8,i have lived in the sunshine10 he says of himself4 ,he worked hard and was thoroughly happy1 singularly unambitious1 but imaginative and enthusiastic4 ,he was born at ,bristol1 and his early school-life and holidays with an eccentric aunt were among his most cheerful reminiscences4 ,this old lady1 ,miss ,tyler1 was one of those excruciatingly neat housekeepers who make every one about them uncomfortable4 8,i have seen her10 writes her nephew1 8order the teakettle to be emptied and refilled because some one had passed across the hearth while it was on the fire preparing for her breakfast4 ,she had a cup once buried for six weeks to purify it from the lips of one she accounted unclean4 ,all who were not her favorites were included in that class4 ,a chair in which an unclean person had sat was put out in the garden to be aired2 and ,i never saw her more annoyed than on one occasion when a man who called on business seated himself in her own chair2 how the cushion was ever again to be rendered fit for her use she knew not40 ,dust was of course her pet aversion1 and she took more precautions against it 8than would have been needful against the plague in an infected city40 ,southey was adoringly fond of his mother1 from whom he inherited 8that alertness of mind and quickness of apprehension without which it would have been impossible for me to have undertaken half of what ,i have performed4 ,god never blessed a human creature with a more cheerful disposition1 a more generous spirit1 a sweeter temper1 or a tenderer heart40 ,in all this the happy poet was her counterpart4 ,he went to ,westminster ,school1 then to ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 but distinguished himself rather by feats of physical prowess than by hard study4 ,he learned to row and swim1 and lived a healthy out-door life1 as he had done in his childhood when he roamed the country round ,bristol with ,shad1 his aunt's servant-boy4 ,vice and dissipation had no attractions for him1 though there were but too many opportunities for self-indulgence at the university4 ,at nineteen he wrote his first epic poem1 8,joan of ,arc40 ,he was an enthusiastic republican1 and one of the most eager supporters of the ,pantisocracy schemea social ,utopia1 to be realized by a handful of young emigrants1 who were to choose some tract of virgin soil in ,america1 and support themselves by manual labor1 while their wives would undertake all domestic duties4 ,their earnings were to go to a common fund1 and their leisure hours be spent in intellectual exercises4 ,of course the pleasant dream faded away1 and the group of destined companions dispersed2 but three of the enthusiasts married three sisters at ,bath1 and some bond of the old time was kept up for many years by this connection4 ,southey's marriage was not made public till the return of the bridegroom from ,portugal1 where he had promised to accompany his uncle1 on the very day his marriage took place4 ,his bride kept her maiden name and wore her wedding-ring hung by a ribbon round her neck until her husband came back1 when she went with him to ,london1 where they bravely lived and struggled on a narrow and uncertain income4 ,he too1 like many other poets1 had refused1 from conscientious motives1 the prospect of a comfortable provision in the ,national ,church1 and preferred to live by his own exertions4 ,the consequence was that he too often lived from hand to mouth2 yet his home circumstances were so bright that he never seems to have been in the same gloomy 8circle0 of the literary 8,inferno0 as most of his brothers4 ,when he was thirty he settled at ,greta ,hall1 ,keswick1 in the ,lake country1 among the mountains1 and there1 incessantly at work with his pen1 he refused many a lucrative offer which would have drawn him from nature to the distractions of ,london life4 ,he was as fond a father as he had been a son1 romped and played with his children1 wrote nonsense verses for them1 like poor ,thackeray1 and yet never neglected their more serious education4 8,every house10 he used to say1 8should have in it a baby of six months and a kitten rising six weeks40 ,once1 when invited to ,london by some great man1 he writes3 8,oh6 dear1 oh6 dear1 there's such a comfort in one's old coat and old shoes1 one's own chair and own fireside1 one's own writing-desk and own library2 with a little girl climbing up to my neck and saying1 #8,don't go to ,london1 papa2 you must stay with ,edith'2 and a little boy whom ,i have taught to speak the language of cats1 dogs1 cuckoos1 jackasses1 etc41 before he can articulate a word of his ownthere is such a comfort in all these things that transportation to ,london seems a heavier punishment than any sins of mine deserve40 ,during an absence in ,edinburgh he writes to his wife3 8,what ,i have now to say to you is that1 having been eight days from home1 with as little discomfort as a man can reasonably expect1 ,i have yet felt so little comfortable1 so great a sense of solitariness1 and so many homeward yearnings1 that certainly ,i will not go to ,lisbon without youa resolution which1 if your feelings be at all like mine1 will not displease you40 ,his happy life was as regular as clock-work3 drudging1 money-making work1 reading1 siesta1 poetry1 meals1 long rambles1 each had its appointed time1 and his days were as full as they were happy4 ,the domestic propensities which worldly men called his ruin and the marrers of his prospects of rank and wealth1 were in reality what inspired his poetry1 and thus made him immortal4 ,his poetry belongs to our century1 yet such a stride have we madewe will not say forward in the sense of greater excellence1 but in that of utter differencesince his time that we venture to include him in this sketch1 reckoning by his birth and early struggles1 which after all made the man1 and thus moulded the poet4 ,melancholy1 unhappy1 restless ,cowper was1 with all the love and care he elicited from good and devoted women1 a great contrast to ,southey4 ,he was terribly sensitive1 clinging1 loving1 but somewhat weak4 ,the picture of the boy of six years old playing with his young mother's dress1 pricking the pattern of her gown into paper with a pin1 as he describes himself in the pathetic poem on the receipt of his mother's picture1 is a touching and suggestive one2 for his mother died when he was a child1 and he never forgot her for the fifty remaining years of his lonely life4 ,this portrait was sent to him by a cousin in his old age1 and he writes thus in answer to the gift3 8,every creature that bears any affinity to my mother is dear to me1 and you1 the daughter of her brother1 are but one remove distant from her4''' ,i kissed it the picture and hung it where it is the last object that ,i see at night1 and of course the first on which ,i open my eyes in the morning4''' ,i remember a multitude of the maternal tendernesses which ,i received from her1 and which have endeared her memory to me beyond expression40 ,cowper's house at ,olney was not a cheerful one1 and his frequent fits of madness1 or monomania1 lasted sometimes for months1 and even years4 ,they took the shape of religious despondency about his soul2 he was 8only in despair10 he said1 and often attempted to kill himself4 ,his second mother1 who devoted her life to him1 the widow of a clergyman1 ,mrs4 ,unwin1 saved his life many times over2 he could not bear any other companion1 yet it was part of his delusion that she disliked him4 ,every one has heard of his fondness for his hares1 the first of which came to him as a chance gift1 to save the creature from being killed by a negligent little boy2 so at one time he had a large 8happy family0 gathered around him1 whose hutches1 cages1 and boxes he amused himself by making4 ,some of these contrivances were novel and ingenious4 ,three hares1 five rabbits1 two guinea-pigs1 a magpie1 a starling1 a jay1 two gold-finches1 two canaries1 two dogs1 a squirrel1 and a number of pigeons gave him plenty to do1 besides his garden1 of which he was equally fond4 ,when he had succeeded in himself making two glass frames for his pines1 he playfully wrote3 8,a ,chinese of ten times my fortune would avail himself of such an opportunity without scruple2 and why should not ,i1 who want money as much as any mandarin in ,china80 ,cowper's friends all had something to do with his poetry4 ,his poem 8,to ,mary10 in which he notes the constant clicking of her knitting-needles1 was a tribute to ,mrs4 ,unwin1 and many of his early verses were suggested by her2 the 8,task0 and 8,john ,gilpin's ,ride0 7written1 he says1 in the saddest mood1 and as a forced antidote to that sadness7 were subjects given him by ,lady ,austen1 a warm-hearted1 impulsive woman2 and his cousin1 ,lady ,hesketh1 and her sister ,theodora1 his only love1 from whom he was parted in his first youth1 and who remained single for his sake1 inspired some of his tenderest and most delicate verses4 ,lady ,hesketh1 writing to ,theodora from ,olney1 gives the following sketch of their friend's life in its more tranquil and happy aspect3 8,our friend delights in a large table and a large chair4 ,there are two of the latter comforts in the parlor4 ,i am sorry to say that he and ,i always spread ourselves out on them1 leaving poor ,mrs4 ,unwin to find all the comfort she can in a small one1 half as high again as ours and considerably harder than marble4''' ,her constant employment is knitting stockings1 which she does with the finest needles ,i ever saw1 and very nice they arethe stockings1 ,i mean4 ,our cousin has not for many years worn any others than those of her manufacture4 ,she knits silk1 cotton1 and worsted4 ,she sits knitting on one side of the table1 in her spectacles1 and he on the other side reading to her 7when he is not employed in writing71 in his4 ,in winter his morning studies are always carried on in a room by himself2 but as his evenings are spent in winter in transcribing1 he usually1 ,i find1 does it vis--vis ,mrs4 ,unwin4 ,at this time of the year he always writes in the garden1 in what he calls his boudoir4 ,this is in the garden4 ,it has a door and a window1 just holds a small table with a desk and two chairs1 but1 though there are two chairs1 and two persons might be contained therein1 it would be with a degree of difficulty4 ,for this cause1 as ,i make a point of not disturbing a poet in his retreat1 ,i go not there40 ,so the dreamy1 strange1 yet often too realistic life of ,cowper passed away toward the last decade of the eighteenth century1 and1 like most poets1 he has left behind him the immortalized memory of the pure and noble women who loved him with the love of a guardian angel4 ,no man ever needed it more1 and in this case indeed ,god tempered the wind to the shorn lamb4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,december #ab1 #ahfh4 ,with the fall of the leaves of autumn the cemeteries become populous4 ,the year #ahfh1 as formerly #ahc-1 will have been fatal to great men4 ,berryer is dead6 ,a great voice silenced4 8,i shall not1 then1 see the happiness of ,france60 he said a little time before his deaththis holy death which has worthily crowned the good and noble life of a man exceptionally great both as regards the intellect and the heart4 ,how all things pass and fade away6 ,oh6 how sad is this world1 in which so many separations and farewells are the prelude to the last great separation at death4 ,violeau1 the sweet ,breton poet1 in writing to his friend ,pierre ,javouhey1 said3 ,adieu1 toujours adieu6 ,c'est le cri de la terre4 ,l'homme n'est que regrets en son cur solitaire3 ,le bton voyageur1 le voile et le linceul ,dans l'ennui de ses jours l'ont bientt laiss seul6 ,adieu1 always adieu6 ,it is the cry of earth4 ,man in his lonely heart is all regrets3 ,the traveller's staff1 the veil1 and last the shroud1 ,in the weariness of his days1 have left him soon alone4 ,alone6 ,it is one of the sadnesses of earth4 ,on high is the great meeting again1 and the great and eternal happiness6 ,it is not only the death of the great orator lamented by ,france which makes me write to you so sadly1 dear2 it is that ,isa has taken the veil1 and we are going away4 ,i cannot be so selfish as to consent that my mother should spend a second #ast of ,january far away from her ,brittany1 which she loves with the same fondness that ,i love ,ireland1 and ,i have myself fixed our departure for the #bjthonly a week hence6 ,i should like to hold back the sun4 ,we all go to-morrow to ,gartan4 ,isa is already in heaven2 her mother reproaches herself for not having divined her daughter's longing1 and resigns herself to this separation better than ,i could have believed possible4 ,it is true that ,lizzy is all that is delightful1 and gives up to her the sweet little ,isa almost entirely4 ,sarah1 the radiant ,sarah1 came to me yesterday in trouble2 her sister writes to her distressing letters4 ,neither the enchantment of ,spain1 the brilliant position of her husband1 nor the princely state in which she lives are able to satisfy this poor heart1 to whom the first condition of human felicityvisible affectionis wanting4 ,this was ,sarah's expression4 8,i understood her at once10 she said4 ,another disappointed life1 unless1 indeed1 the dear young wife should courageously accept her trial4 ,will this ardent1 simple1 and perhaps too-confiding nature be altogether downcast at finding her hopes deceived1 or will she cast herself on ,god1 and serve him in his poor8 ,we must help her to do this1 must we not8 ,the ,pre ,charles ,perraud1 the ,lent preacher of two years ago1 is preaching the ,advent at ,sainte-,croix4 ,the ,annales quote the following words of ,pre ,gratry3 8,it was this same ,charles ,perraud1 this being so entirely of the same nature1 his equal in goodness1 greatness1 and intellect1 who during the whole of his short life was his brother and companion-in-arms40 ,read an article by ,alfred ,nettement on the three ,la ,rochejacquelein4 ,more mourning6 ,mgr4 ,pie has presided over the last obsequies of the ,comte ,auguste1 and ,mgr4 ,dupanloup over those of ,berryer4 ,the ,comte de ,chambord thus sees those who have remained faithful to him disappear one by one4 ,this great family of the ,bourbons appears to have been predestined for the deepest sorrows4 ,don ,carlos is at ,paris2 he was to have gone to hunt at ,chambord1 but the death of the ,comte de la ,rochejacquelein has made him give up his intention4 ,spain has had her '#ic4 ,the despoiled and exiled ,jesuits are come into ,france4 ,queen ,isabella is at ,paris4 ,how poor are the times we live in6 ,it seems as if every noble enthusiasm were extinct1 and the whole world eaten up with the frightful leprosy of selfishness4 ,sursum corda6 ,would that ,i could raise them all6 ,shall ,i tell you of the immortal festival of the ,immaculate ,conception1 this glory of our age and of ,pius ,,ix4become to us an unforgetable day since the sacrifice of ,isa8 ,what memories6 ,the ,mass1 the hymns1 the crowd that filled the chapel1 the betrothed of ,christ so beautiful beneath her veil1 the sermon1 the last kiss1 the last embrace1 the tearsall these things cannot be narrated4 ,dear ,kate1 let us pray for ,ireland4 ,,december #ah1 #ahfh4 ,i want to write to you once more from this room1 where ,i have so loved you1 dear ,kate4 ,rorate cli desuper et nubes pluant ,justum4 ,threw a rapid glance over an article in the ,uniona sort of contrast between ,berryer and ,lamennais4 ,from the first few lines ,i recognized the lion's paw2 it is only ,alfred ,nettement who can write thus4 ,what a grievous difference between these two grand figures1 and what an abyss of sadness in these lines3 8,the grave-digger asks1 #8,is there to be a cross8' ,m4 ,bocher answers1 #8,no2 ,lamennais said1 #8,nothing shall be put over my tomb4'0 ,in the ,christian world nothing is talked of but an admirable letter of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup upon the ,council4 ,i have read the letter of thanks of the ,holy ,father4 ,kate dearest1 ,i am going away full of serenity and hope1 since this departure is the will of ,god4 ,we have seen almost everybody2 these two last days are reserved for intimate friends4 ,all our preparations are made4 ,most of the drawing-rooms are already closed1 and this gives me an impression of mourning4 ,jack's desire has been granted3 he died peacefully yesterday evening while ,ren was finishing the prayers for the dying4 ,thus there is nothing more to keep us4 ,i could not bear the idea of leaving this good old man4 ,margaret promises me to come from time to time to give a little life to this isolated spot and visit ,edith1 so sorrowful at our departure4 ,nothing would be easier1 my dear1 than to take her to ,brittany1 or even to ,orleans2 but the doctor is utterly averse to this project1 and only undertakes to cure her on condition that she does not quit ,ireland4 ,edward at first manifested a sombre despair1 but we have succeeded in calming him4 ,the two ,australiennes1 whom we have tamed with so much difficulty1 have their eyes full of tears when they look at us4 ,adieu dear ,kate4 ,,december #ca1 #ahfh4 ,no more of balmy ,ireland6 but still the family1 kind hearts1 pleasant society1 walks and drives1 concerts among ourselves1 study1 the poor1 and that which is worth all elseprayer4 ,ah6 my ,god1 on the threshold of this new year ,i render thee thanks for the so many and great benefits with which thou hast overwhelmed me4 ,how sweet1 ,o ,lord6 is thy love4 ,bless the church1 ,france1 my country1 my family4 8,when will eternity come1 in which endless centuries will pass as one day80 ,ren wrote to you the morning of our arrival1 and told you of the ,christian calm of our adieux1 so full of hope4 ,is it not a delightful and wholly unmerited happiness to have had this long sojourn in ,ireland1 when ,i had not expected to be able to remain there more than a month at the most8 ,three happy things to-day4 ,kate1 ,margaret1 and ,isa are come to me in three letters1 which ,i have just read over again to enjoy their charm4 ,margaret announces a resurrection4 ,lady ,r1 the recluse1 whom no one remembered ever to have met anywhere1 has been going out for a month past4 ,i am rejoiced to hear it4 ,i have so much desired it1 and so often asked it of ,god4 ,but side by side with this unexpected news is a shadedeath2 but death smiling1 heaven opened1 and an angel taking flight from earth to return to ,god1 and to pray for those who remain in this vale of tears1 where the love of ,god has spared her from a lengthened sojourn3 our dear little ,victoria ,g1 the interesting orphan1 is gone to heaven4 ,what would she have done in this world without guide or parents8 ,quand on est pur comme son ge1 ,le dernier jour est le plus beau6#aeg ,emmanuel grows1 8and is determined to live40 ,margaret is admirable in her goodness4 ,it is this which ,i find so attractive in her2 there is nothing in the world preferable to goodness4 ,lizzy has been in great distress for some days1 her little ,isa being threatened with the croup4 ,poor mothers6always anxious and tormented while on earth4 ,o the sorrows of mothers6 ,nothing touches me more2 all my sympathy is for them4 ,they have here below the most immense joys and the most heartrending anguish4 ,what happiness must it be to have a child of one's own1 to pray by his cradle1 to consecrate him to ,god from the dawn of his existence1 and to see one's self live again in him6 ,kate1 ,kate1 ,i do not tell you how greatly your pages touched me4 ,what wishes shall ,i offer you this evening that ,i have not offered a hundred times before8wishes for holiness1 happiness in ,god1 and of a blessed union in eternity4 ,may every one of your days add a flower to your crown1 my beloved6 ,,january #c1 #ahfi4 ,the year is begun2 shall we see it close8 ,marcella was most particularly kind and sweet on the #ast of ,january4 ,i sent to the nearest station an enormous package addressed to you1 for your chapel and poor2 have you received it8 ,the three graces put into it some bunches of violets4 ,our ,brittany is charming1 notwithstanding the winter4 ,edith has written a long and kind letter2 she is regaining her strength4 ,mistress ,annah1 whom ,i asked to send me full details1 tells me of the amiability of the two children1 who are making real progress1 and are scarcely to be recognized since the terrible brother is no longer there4 ,adrien takes him to-morrow to a friend who has some business at ,paris4 ,you cannot imagine what this child is4 ,ren assures me that there is in him the making of a saint4 ,god grant it6 ,he frightens me4 ,picciola grows and growsnot only in height1 but also in virtue4 ,thrse and ,anna follow her2 but1 in any case1 my darling advances with wonderful rapidity4 ,i have taken up ,homer again1 whom ,i am translating from the open book4 ,how much ,i prefer reading ,bossuet or ,joseph de ,maistre6 ,lizzy sends me four pages of newsmany particulars respecting ,isa the saint and ,isa the angel1 about the mothers1 friends1 etc42 but the flower of the basket is that ,mary ,wells has entered a convent4 ,again another who chooses the better part6 ,to-morrow the ,saint of the ,seacoast is coming here2 we shall try to keep her4 ,what an enjoyable life it is in this ,brittany1 the sister of ,ireland6 ,we have installed with the keeper a blind old man1 to whom ,ren reads every day1 and who is a model of patience4 ,if his eyes are closed to earth1 they are truly open to heaven1 of which he speaks luminously4 ,i speak to you but seldom of ,hlne4 ,she lives but for sacrifice1 and has entirely broken with the outer world since the day of which ,ren told you4 ,every three months a sign of life to her mother4 ,o ,gertrude6 her life is a martyrdom6 ,god guard you1 dear ,kate6 ,,january #ab1 #ahfi4 ,visit to ,m4 le ,cur with ,picciola4 ,this poor presbytery1 close to the church and the resting-place of the dead1 reminds me of ,lamartine3 8,l jamais ne s'lve ,bruit qui fasse penser2 ,jusqu' qu'il s'achve ,on peut mener son rve ,et le recommencer4 ,paix et ,mlancolie ,restent l prs des morts1 ,et l'me recueillie ,des vagues de la vie ,croit y toucher les bords40#aeh ,we are reading the ,chronicles of ,brittany for the instruction of the children4 ,what quantities of warm knitted articles are made during our evenings6 ,the good aunt of ,m4 le ,cur often comes to our manufactory4 ,she is a very amiable woman1 most charitably indulgent1 something of an artist1 and enjoys an opportunity for conversation2 my mother is always pleased to see her4 ,the good cur is scarcely ever in his presbytery2 he is a ,breton3 and what need ,i say more8 ,ren is unwell4 ,he has a superb indifference about his health1 and this makes me uneasy4 ,tell him to suffer himself to be taken care of1 and to forget the outside world a little4 ,he has a truly apostolic soulalways seeking out some good to do1 and utilizing even his moments of leisure4 ,how far ,i am behind him6 ,our life is become an encampment2 and1 as ,raoul says1 we only want turbans and bournous to be ,arabs altogether4 ,already there are sounds of departure1 and yet it is so pleasant here6 ,the ,saint of the ,seashore remained with us two days4 8,adieu until eternity60 ,these words made me start3 has she had any warning of death8 ,i have made her promise to write to me on the slightest symptom of illness4 ,picciola offered her some violets4 8,thanks1 dear child2 ,i shall guard them carefully and lovingly4 ,i am passionately fond of flowers1 because ,i see in them an emblem1 and because all the hearts of men are the flowers of the garden of ,god40 ,letter from ,margaret1 who is sighing after our next meeting1 and complains of my silence and1 what is a more serious matter1 of that also of ,kate4 ,marcella writes to you2 she is perfection4 ,dear ,kate1 here is ,isa's photograph4 ,is it not herself1 with her gentle look1 full of deep melancholy1 and her graceful and dignified attitude8 ,every one here says that she is made to look older than she does2 but to my eyes she is always charming4 ,her little hands1 the prettiest that an artist could dream of1 can only be guessed at under the well-represented folds of her wide sleeves4 ,lizzy has just lost her father-in-lawdead from a sudden attack4 ,would that ,i could turn aside all the sadness of a soul so worthy of happiness as hers6 ,i have read to ,picciola the ,evening ,prayer on board ,ship1 and feel a sort of envy at such emotions4 ,to behold the ocean1 and find one's self a small and feeble creature between sea and sky1 a mere speck in immensity2 to see other skies1 other shores2 to contemplate the wonders of the ,new ,world1 the virgin forests and unknown regions1 nature in her primitive and magnificent beautyall this must enlarge the soul4 ,distant voyages would indeed be enjoyable1 were it not for the departures and farewells4 ,i salute your good angel1 my very dear ,kate4 ,,january #bb1 #ahfi4 ,listen to what my brother is reading to me3 8,learn to dwell in the ,wound of the ,heart of ,jesus4 ,would you develop your desires1 and bring forth good works8 ,it is the nest of the dove4 ,do you love meditation8 ,it is the retreat of the solitary sparrow4 ,do you love tears and sighs8 ,it is there that the turtle-dove makes her moan4 ,are you hungry8 ,you will there find the heavenly manna which fell in the desert4 ,are you athirst8 ,there you will find the fountain of living water which flows out of ,paradise1 and sheds itself abundantly in the heart of the faithful40 ,kate dearest1 my heart is always with you4 ,we shall be at ,orleans on the #ast of ,february4 ,it is a great pity to leave the country1 where everything is green and flourishing4 ,my brothers wish to go to ,paris1 and ,i wished very much also to go thither with them2 but ,ren has asked me to employ the money that this journey would have cost in clothing a whole family from the ,south1 just arrived here in a pitiable condition4 ,to refuse would have been to show myself unworthy of him or of you4 ,thus our meeting again is indefinitely postponed4 ,a saint once said3 8,not to do good enough is to do a great harm40 ,anna1 the attractive ,anna1 is feverish again1 and it is partly on her account that my mother presses us to go to ,orleans1 where we shall consult several physicians4 ,may not our temperature disagree with this southern flower8 ,what a poor thing is life1 in which anxiety is always at the side of happiness6 ,would you like to have the following from ,gertrude's journal8 ,it was written at the time when she was beginning to divine ,hlne's desire3 8,grant1 ,o my ,god6 that this sacrifice may be possible to us2 place my child at a distance from her cup of sorrow1 take her in the morning of her life1 all white1 young1 fair1 loving1 and beloved1 my ,godso ardently and piously beloved60 ,read ,alix1 a beautiful book by ,mlle4 ,fleuriot4 ,it is a book which gives one reposea story of our ,brittany3 ,paula1 ,mme4 de ,guenharic1 two strong-minded women1 the ,beatitudes1 so attractive1 the grave ,raymond1 the fiery ,tugdual1 interested me intensely4 ,then this beautiful and poetic ,alix1 the lily of ,goasgarello1 too early plucked2 this sweet young girl who was too well loved to diehow much her story touched me6 ,and this book is fact4 ,alix personifies the lily of ,st4 ,brieuc1 the beloved pupil of ,mlle4 ,fleuriot1 the chosen one of her heart4 ,ah6 how death is everywhere snapping the purest affections4 ,picciola spends part of her recreation-time with ,the ,children of ,captain ,grant4 ,she praised the book so much that it made me wish to read it1 and truly ,i find it full of interest from beginning to end4 ,what a talent for description and contrasts6 ,dear ,kate1 pray for us and for ,anna1 that there may not be another violent separation4 ,my mother is writing to you4 ,i have news of ,margaret from ,lord ,william1 who is like another brother to us4 ,i have made ,marcella1 who did not know any of ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton's works1 read ,ladybird4 ,this book has astonished our dear ,italian1 because she did not expect to find in it so much powerful emotion1 but she considers it admirably written and only too painfully probable4 ,the beautiful ,gertrudea noble intellect1 but entirely without directionwho through so many storms preserves her purity2 the father devoid of affection2 the ,spanish mother1 consumed by suffering1 but whose mind would have exercised so powerful an influence over that of her daughter2 ,m4 d',arberg1 a hero and martyr of ,christian self-devotion2 the angelic ,mary1 whose gentle character beams throughout all the narrative like a reflection of heavenall this is interesting1 perhaps far too much so4 ,ren1 to whom ,i mentioned ,marcella's impressions1 said in answer3 8,i do not like these exciting dramas1 but rather such readings as give rest to the mind1 and ,i can understand what ,st4 ,augustine meant by saying that he could not enjoy any book in which there was not to be found the name of ,jesus4 #8,the name of ,jesus is a name of delight1' says ,st4 ,bonaventure2 #8because1 meditated upon1 it is nourishment2 uttered1 it is sweetness2 invoked1 it is an unction2 written1 a reparation of our powers1 and in all that we do it is a guide and support4' ,st4 ,philip ,neri also says3 #8,the name of ,jesus pronounced with reverence and love has a particular power of softening the heart4'0 ,dear and beloved sister1 pax vobis et nobis6 ,,january #bi1 #ahfi4 ,the corridors encumbered with packages1 the windows without curtainseverything shows that we are going away4 ,anna constantly has this fever1 and the poor mother a sword in her heart4 ,the twins pray earnestly1 our poor make novenas4 ,how impatient ,i am to be at ,orleans6 ,the good doctor from ,hyres1 the devoted friend of ,marcella1 will be there also on the #c;d1 to give his opinion respecting the dear child's state4 ,may ,god be with us6 ,have been out with ,ren4 ,marcella never leaves her daughter4 ,my sisters are busy with their children4 ,gertrude helps my mother in her correspondence4 ,visits to our dear neighbors who do not move about4 ,the ,southerns are installed in a tolerably comfortable cottage1 the father has found some work1 the young daughters will be employed as needle-women by our kind neighbors and in the village2 all is satisfactory with regard to them4 ,edward writes heartrending letters to his good friend ,ren4 ,he declares that he will run away1 and other things of the same sort4 ,pray for this little volcano1 dear ,kate4 ,a letter from ,karl1 whose first steps in the priesthood are rewarded by joys truly celestial4 ,oh6 what grandeur is in the sacerdotal life2 but also what sacrifices4 ,i forgot at the time to tell you of a visit we paid the old ,english ,homer1 whose daughter was the involuntary cause of ,margaret's trouble4 ,oh6 how beautiful she is4 ,tall1 very tall1 with black eyes full of mental vigor1 luxuriant hair1 remarkable purity of diction4 ,another flower for the cloister4 ,will not so many excellent souls obtain the redemption of ,england8 ,kate dearest1 with you ,i ask of ,god3 ,trahe me post te2 or rather ,i would say4 ,trahe nos4 ,a thousand kisses4 ,,february #aj1 #ahfi4 8,my son1 let not thy soul give way beneath the labors which thou hast undertaken for me1 neither suffer thyself to be discouraged by affliction1 but at all times let my promise strengthen and comfort thee40 ,ren has just read me these words1 by way of consolation for ,marcella's departure4 ,alas6 yes2 she left us yesterday1 very tearfully1 with the doctor4 ,she will again inhabit her chlet4 ,i would willingly have offered her the one consecrated by the death of ,ellen1 but this association6 ,anna is so pale and weak1 apparently undermined by the fever which never quits her4 ,the doctor shook his head in a manner which did not augur hopefully4 ,i questioned him apart4 8,you have carried away this pretty little one from us too soon1 madam10 he said4 8,she needs the sun1 the ,mediterranean1 the orange-trees1 and the perfumes of the ,south4 ,i do not conceal from you that ,i greatly dread for her the isolation in which she will shortly find herself40 ,i was dreading it also4 ,ren had an inspiration3 8,if ,madeleine were to go as well80 8,the graceful young girl who always looks at me with tears in her eyes80 8,the same40 8,if you will believe the testimony of my medical experience1 monsieur1 this child is also threatened40 ,i could not restrain a cry of pain3 8,o my ,god6 my ,god60 8,pardon me1 madam10 said the good doctor2 8on no account whatever would ,i afflict the family of ,mme4 de ,clissey1 but if you love this pretty creature1 do not keep her here40 ,i was obliged to make a strong effort over myself to conceal the terrible impression these words had made upon me4 ,i obtained from the doctor1 who wanted to start immediately1 a few days' delay4 ,god aided me1 dear ,kate4 ,lucy1 who is just now very much indisposed1 suggested that ,edward should accompany ,marcella1 and1 as ,anna was inconsolable at leaving us1 ,berthe confided her daughter to the care of ,lucy4 ,the four set out to-morrow2 see how our home-party is lessened4 ,you will perhaps wonder that we are not all going to ,hyres4 ,my generous mother had thought of it2 but1 besides the fatigue she feels1 notwithstanding her green old age1 from these frequent changes of place1 her sons have important reasons for passing the winter here1 and ,i cannot leave her1 even for ,marcella4 ,moreover1 my purse is quite exhausted1 and ,i shall find it necessary to be rigorously economical in order to provide for the needs of my poor4 ,i have been considering what retrenchments ,i could make in my own expenses4 ,what do you advise me1 dear ,kate8 ,i am afraid of mistaking superfluities for necessaries4 ,you can understand the grief of my heart4 ,marcella and ,i were as one single soul1 and this morning1 in my meditation1 ,i was considering whether ,i had not loved her too much1 and sacrificed more useful occupations to the pleasure of being with her4 ,i spoke about it to ,ren1 my other conscience4 8,i do not think so10 was his answer4 ,let us pray for the travellers1 dear and excellent ,kate4 ,,february #bj1 #ahfi4 ,comme un agneau cherchant le serpolet qu'il broute ,laisse un peu de sa laine aux buissons de la route1 ,sur le chemin des jours est-il un voyageur ,qui ne laisse en passant un dbris de son cur8#aei ,margaret writes to me1 regretting ,marcella for my sake1 and promising to spend the summer with us4 ,marcella sends me beautifully long letters every day1 so that ,i am1 as it were1 present with her in her daily life4 ,in order that ,anna may not be fatigued1 the party makes lengthened halts2 the doctor is like a father to the poor little one4 ,lucy is installed1 charmed to have ,picciola4 ,you understand that the dear and devoted ,lucy is in our secret1 and is going to attend carefully to this other beloved invalid4 ,but ,lucy is so lively2 she has no experience1 none of that sorrowful experience which gives one the habit of taking care of others1 and therefore1 in order to be quite at ease1 ,i am sending ,marianne1 whom ,i have temporarily replaced by a young ,bretonne4 ,will it not be better thus8 ,and1 then1 ,i can count upon the doctor4 ,pray and get prayers for us1 dear ,kate6 ,picciola has been growing too fast4 ,berthe has not the shadow of a suspicion2 she has seen in this an opportunity of doing good1 and also of preparing the twins for the sacrifice which circumstances may demand of them later on4 ,teresa occupies her thoughts by study2 the good abb is alarmed at her progress4 ,alix and ,margurite are charming2 but where are the absent8 ,i do not like empty places4 ,the ,annals publish some letters on the ,catechism by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup4 ,they are the most delicate and beautiful revelations1 and show in all its excellence this apostolic soul4 ,he depicts in his unique style his emotions as catechist at ,saint-,sulpice1 and we find here that love of souls1 and especially of the souls of children1 which has produced his finest pages upon education4 ,there is an admirable passage upon ,albert de la ,ferronays1 speaking of his fervor4 ,and then the great bishop returns to the subject of this child grown into a young man1 and assisted by him in his last moments3 8,he had been always faithful4 ,possessing a mind full of vivacity1 and the most tender of hearts1 he kept them both in subordination1 giving them only to ,god and to a creature angelic as himself whom he met with on his way and married in ,italy4 ,she did not then belong to the ,catholic ,church1 but1 being led onward and persuaded by the virtues and example of her husband1 and perhaps also by sorrow1 she made her first communion by the death-bed of ,albert1 who thus had the ineffable and supreme consolation of making his last communion together with her whom he had loved best upon earth40 ,he adds that 8these two souls were like two angels1 and an apparition in this world of the beauty of heaven40 ,the ,pre ,meillier1 ,superior of the ,lazarists of ,angers1 is preaching the station at ,sainte-,croix1 and the ,pre de ,chazournes1 author of the admirable life of the ,pre ,barrelle1 preaches at ,st4 ,paterne4 ,benoni is charmingly beautiful4 ,i make him pray for our invalids1 and go myself daily to ,notre ,dame des ,miracles4 ,oh6 surely no more death1 dear ,kate4 ,,february #bg1 #ahfi4 ,our ,italians have again found their beautiful sunshine1 and for two days past ,anna has had no fever1 and ,picciola is less pale4 ,marianne has been charged to send me every three days an exact bulletin of every hour and every minute4 ,the devoted attention of the doctor is unequalled2 he regulates everything1 meals1 sleep1 and the times of going out4 ,marcella says1 8,this man is to me1 as it were1 an apparition of ,providence40 ,think how she must suffer1 especially when she reflects that so long a sojourn in the ,north has been injurious to the delicate chest of her child4 ,oh6 ,i cannot believe it1 when she has so much loving care4 ,alas6 what can affection do4 ,just now ,i was told about ,madame de ,c1 left a widow a year ago1 whose husband was insane1 and who has now lost her child1 the only happiness of her life4 ,the angels who take flight are not those who are to be pitied4 ,,march #e1 #ahfi4 ,tolerably good news of the exiles4 ,but ,i have painful forebodings4 ,ren gently scolds me for my sadness4 ,pray for our sick ones1 dear ,kate4 ,the great poet ,lamartine is just dead4 ,doubtless at his last hour his mother's ,god1 the ,god of his earliest years1 consoled and softened his dying moments4 ,oh6 these great minds misled1 these sublime dreamers who wander out of the right way1 what sorrowful pity they inspire4 ,how everything passes away and dies6 ,i was reading this evening that ,m4 ,guizot1 writing to one of his friends1 and telling him that he is teaching his little children to read1 adds3 8,i know of only three lives here below3 family life1 political life1 and ,christian life2 ,i am leading the first1 with the memories of the second1 and the hopes of the third40 ,read ,anne ,sverin1 by ,mrs4 ,craven1 author of the ,rcit d'une ,sur4 ,the style is perfect4 ,the angelic women who appear in it1 the ,catholic youth of ,guy1 the fragrance of ,christian sentiment which pervades the impassioned descriptions of these pages1 combine to make them present a beautiful whole4 ,mme4 ,bourdon has reproached this work with having shown us three generations living by love alone2 she recalls the answer made by ,alexandrine when reminded of the happy days she had spent with ,albert3 8,i no longer think of those days40 ,alexandrine was1 as it were1 transfigured by the love of ,god1 and such sacrifices as hers are not required of every soul4 ,did ,i tell you of my happiness at again seeing ,sainte-,croix8 ,i prefer our cathedrals of stone to the most beautiful churches of ,italy1 always excepting ,saint ,peter's at ,rome4 ,it is so calm1 so solemn1 so ,catholic6 ,i cannot resist the pleasure of transcribing for you a fine passage by the eloquent ,abb ,bougaud1 in one of his discourses1 ,i do not now remember which3 8,there is in the grandeur of ,christianity at ,orleans1 in the touching beauty of its influence1 in its permanent union with the destinies of the city1 a monument which speaks more than any words4 ,whether ,orleans was reached1 as formerly1 by ascending the ,loire by steamboat1 or whether1 as now1 by descending upon it on the railway1 the first objects which attract observation are the spires and towers of ,sainte-,croix4 ,they have changed in form and aspect1 and have been by turns ogival1 romanesque1 perhaps ,byzantinesplendid always4 ,in the full ,middle ,ages they were called by a historian #8the eighth wonder of the world1' and still1 at the present time1 whoever has seen them once loves to see them again1 and whithersoever our studies1 our reveries1 or business take us1 we never fail to return to them with pleasure or to salute them with emotion4 ,place near to this grand basilica1 like two satellites1 ,st4 ,euverte on the one side1 with the tombs of its ancient bishops and its triple cemetery1 ,gallo-,roman and ,christian1 and on the other ,st4 ,aignan1 with its precious relics1 borne at times on the shoulders of kings1 and its crypt1 visited by all ,christendom1 and you will have some idea of what ,christianity has been at ,orleans1 or1 if you like it better1 what would have been wanting to this city had not ,christianity been there with its mysterious beauty and its touching influence4 ,throughout the whole of this edifice1 constructed at a period when men no longer knew how to build anything similar1 in this cathedral1 which must have cost efforts so prodigious1 and which has been so justly called #8the last of the ,gothic cathedrals1' appear engraven in indelible characters the two qualities which make the glory of ,orleans1 ,fidelity and ,courage40 ,i do not talk to you about the sermons1 not having been able to go and hear any at present4 ,we have all had severe colds on the chest4 ,my life is quite changed since ,i no longer have ,marcella and ,picciola4 ,perhaps ,i have been wrong to give up my heart in this manner4 ,oh6 but then it is because the heart is so vast4 ,happy they who have asked ,god alone to fill it6 ,this is what ,i say in my sadness1 and it is wrong1 since ,god's goodness and mercy to me have indeed been marvellous4 ,o dear ,kate6 if separation from a friend is so painful to me1 what1 then1 would it be if ,heaven were to deprive me of the sweet and strong support which it has bestowed8 ,how much ,i hold to this world6 ,scold me1 dearest1 but love me4 ,,march #aj1 #ahfi4 ,you have wound me up again1 dear sister2 a thousand thanks4 ,oh6 how cowardly ,i was2 ,i was afraid of sufferingthat friend of the ,christian1 that visitor from ,god1 that messenger from eternity6 ,four letters3 first1 ,marcella1 who blesses ,providence for the improvement of her childthe fever has disappeared2 second1 ,picciola1 my delicious flower1 who says to me the prettiest things in the world2 third1 ,margaret1 who is counting the days by the side of ,emmanuel's cradle2 fourth1 ,edith1 who feels herself stronger4 ,by the way1 the fiery ,edward is becoming reasonable2 his professors entertain the best hopes in his regard4 ,marianne wrote to me yesterday4 ,she is not yet reassured respecting our sick child4 ,you may imagine what precautions are taken to be careful about her without her knowledge4 ,dear1 sweet little soul6 she spends all that her purse contains for the benefit of the indigent4 ,the amiable colony writes to us en masse4 ,nothing can be prettier than these gazettes4 ,i had thought of sending them to you1 but my mother makes them her daily reading4 ,edouard herborizes1 composes music1 sings1 occupies himself with history1 rocks the babiesthat is to say1 he amuses and plays with the children4 ,marcella organizes parties of poor people1 gives lessons to two young girls without fortune who have been recommended to her by the doctor4 ,lucy is at the head of the household affairs2 arranges and regulates everything with her graceful vivacity1 and heartily enjoys this pleasant life4 ,anna and ,picciola 7according to the same chronicle7 study a little and amuse themselves much4 ,gaston is becoming a man4 ,then we have details1 incidents1 stories about birds1 flowers1 lambs1 children4 ,edouard1 the editor1 assures us that our presence alone is wanting to complete the charms of the ,south4 ,gertrude has entered the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,francis4 ,the days are not long enough for the duties she has created for herself2 there is not a single pious work with which she is not in some way connected2 she writes and receives innumerable letters1 and spends1 without reckoning1 her gold1 her time1 and her heart4 ,with all this1 she is always serene2 never is there a shadow on her beautiful brow1 never a sorrowful glance towards the past4 ,adrien is even more ardent than she1 if that could be possible2 there is no kind of sacrifice which they do not both make for the good of souls4 ,a few days ago1 on entering ,gertrude's room1 ,i observed that her time-piece1 which is a valuable work of art1 had disappeared1 and remarked upon it to her4 ,she blushed1 and turned my attention to other things4 ,i have since learnt from ,ren that this time-piece has been sold to a rich ,englishman1 and its price sent to the missions4 ,no more expensive toilets1 no more amusements1 no more frivolous expenses4 ,gertrude does not even see any more the things of which she once was fond4 ,i suspect that ,adrien also has joined the ,third ,order4 ,the name of ,johanna does not often occur in my letters1 nor yet that of ,paul4 ,this is unjust1 for both of them love my ,kate4 ,you will be so good as to pray especially for this sister of your sister on the #aeth and the #bjth4 ,margurite1 ,alix1 and ,thrse1 the tall and serious ,thrse1 scarcely ever leave me4 ,and how pretty also is ,jeanne when she sends kisses to ,madame ,kate6 ,o youth6 how sweet a thing thou art1 with one's family and country4 ,i wept with you for the ,prince ,royal of ,belgium4 ,the thought of ,picciola makes me forgetful of many subjects when ,i write to you4 8,by as many languages as a person knows10 said ,charles ,v41 8so many times he is a man40 8,by so many times as any one is a father10 adds some one else1 8so many times over does he live40 ,in reading the account of this death1 ,i thought of all the hearts who are weeping or who have wept by a cradle from whence a life has fled4 ,the beatification of ,madame ,elizabeth is under consideration4 ,the ,cathedral of ,orleans possesses a treasure which may soon become a precious relic1 an alb in guipure which was formerly a robe-de-fte worn by the pious princess4 ,at ,notre ,dame des ,doms at ,avignon is preserved a chasuble made out of the last dress worn at the ,conciergerie by ,marie ,antoinette4 ,paul and ,johanna have seen this chasuble4 ,could you have fifty ,masses asked for at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 dear ,kate1 on behalf of my mother8 ,we are getting some said almost everywhere4 ,may the blessings of ,jesus and ,mary be with you6 ,,march #ae1 #ahfi4 ,ren is writing to you1 and1 quick6 here ,i am1 dearest4 ,good news from everywhere4 ,my correspondence is inexhaustible4 ,i attended yesterday upon a worthy man1 somewhat peevish1 who declared to me that ,i was clumsy4 ,i begged his pardon for it4 ,the fact is he suffers fearfully from a cancer in the leg4 ,and he is poor1 with a family6 ,it was my good angel who led me thither2 no one visits them1 and they are so embittered by misfortune that pity is1 to them1 insupportable4 ,i took ,margurite and ,alix with me this morning1 and they were so sweet and amiable that ,i obtained permission from the peevish man to do whatever ,i like4 ,and plenty there is to be done6 ,the most indispensable things have been sold4 ,pray for these unfortunates1 dear ,kate1 and receive my tenderest affection4 ,,march #ai1 #ahfi4 ,communion at ,st4 ,paterne1 where there was a multitude4 ,beautiful singing4 ,the organ1 and a little exhortation by the ,pre de ,chazournes for the closing of the ,paschal retreat4 ,on returning1 great joy2 a little child is born to us1 and to us a son is given4 ,johanna is doing well4 ,paul is in transports4 ,the house is upside down4 ,jeanne is asking to see the angel who brought her brother4 ,at eleven o'clock1 to do honor to ,saint ,joseph1 ,i took the young ones to ,sainte-,croix1 then to the ,calvaire and ,recouvrance4 ,there was in the two latter churches exposition of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,a profusion of flowers and lights1 and an unwonted splendor1 which delighted me1 ,i had so much to ask1 so much to pray for4 ,pray with us1 dear ,kate1 for this pretty innocent who is just arrived1 that he too may become a saint6 ,gertrude's forgetfulness of self is admirable4 ,berthe and ,johanna wonder unceasingly at her disinterestedness and detachment from this world4 ,little by little she despoils herself of all worldly superfluities2 sells her jewels one after another1 her collections also1 of which1 some time ago1 she was fanatically fond4 ,kate1 in her place ,i think ,i should be dead4 ,i should never console myself1 if ,i were a mother without children4 ,and what a mother she is6 ,if you could only see her by the cradle of the little new-born babe1 or when she is teaching anything to the other children6 ,what sweetness of language6 ,what tenderness of expression6 ,ah6 poor broken heart which has twice given up its universe4 ,god is with her6 ,my cross man has consented to change his lodging2 and now they are installed1 eight in number1 in a healthy and airy street1 where ,i have furnished three small rooms4 ,the new abode is bright in its cleanliness2 the mother wept for joy on entering it4 ,the poor man1 who still shows some repugnance to my attentions1 was carried thither4 ,his wound is frightful4 ,i have found work for the young daughters1 and the little ones go to the ,christian ,brothers4 ,the mother1 worn down by grief and privations1 with her sight weakened by weeping1 is incapable of any employment4 ,thrse helped me to install them1 and we shall go and see them frequently4 ,that which ,i am most anxious about is to draw them nearer to ,god4 ,picciola is no better2 ,anna is very well4 ,let us continue to pray6 ,all that ,i do1 thoughts1 prayers1 actions1 go to one endthese two cures4 ,shall ,i be heard8 ,found in the ,annals a good article on 8,eugnie de ,gurin40 ,the flower of it is this3 8,there is an interior and private literature2 this is as superior to the other as the soul is to the body2 it is that of ,eugnie de ,gurin4 ,this literature of the heart has pages which no other can ever equal4 ,it the ,journal is an attractive book1 and one of the best which could be offered to the human soul4 ,it bears a double character of mystery and of intimacy which centuples its value4 ,what pleasure the reader finds in believing himself also regarded in the light of a confidant6 ,to have this intimate secret is to live alone with the writer2 it is to have a species of love which is charmed with what is whispered into the ear1 and with what it confidentially answers itself4 ,the soul of ,eugnie de ,gurin truly resembled the first created by ,god1 a living soul1 taking from and giving to all things around her that life whose divine fire she possessed in the highest degree4 ,it was a soul open to heaven1 a winged soul1 which rested a moment upon all things in succession1 but always to rise again towards heaven1 singing like the lark1 or else moaning like the dove40 8,the faith which penetrated all the faculties of ,eugnie de ,gurin10 says ,m4 ,nicolas1 8had in it nothing romantic1 nothing dreamy1 nor even ideal2 it was a clearly defined and positive faith1 the faith of a good woman in a nature of the highest distinction2 it was the nature of a child and of a bird1 springing and warbling1 gathering all the happiness it met with1 and carrying it home to be enjoyed in its nest4 ,the sorrow in which she was plunged by the death of ,maurice was extreme4 ,this sorrow arose1 as it were1 from its bed and beat upon her faith as the sea beats upon its shores4 ,but her ,journal was eminently secret2 she there freely poured out1 in the bosom of ,god alone1 the grief which she restrained within herself before men4 ,this ,journal was to her a ,garden of ,olives1 where she went apart to faint40 ,kate dearest1 ,i will no longer disturb your solitude but with a joyful ,alleluia4 ,all here love you dearly1 beloved sister of my life4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #aeg ,when one is pure as at her age ,the last day is the fairest4 #aeh 8,there never stirs a sound which inspires thought4 ,one can carry on a reverie to its end1 and over again4 ,there1 near the dead1 ,peace and ,melancholy make their abode1 and the meditative soul1 amid the waves of life1 believes itself close upon the shore40 #aei 8,even as a lamb1 seeking the wild-thyme on which he browses1 leaves a little of his wool on the bushes along his way1 so1 on the pathway of life1 is there a wayfarer who leaves not as he passes some fragment of his heart80,violeau4 ,,modern ,,melodists4 ,,schubert4 ,in the present day1 when all musicians1 from the purveyor of the opra bouffe to the composer of sacred music1 rival each other in attempting the style which has immortalized ,schubert1 the time appears opportune for studying the works of the principal melodists4 ,in default of other merit1 we may at least lay claim to that of noveltyif1 indeed1 novelty can have any value when every one is making it his boast4 ,even ,scudo1#afj the only writer who has devoted a few pages to ,romance music1 has contrived not to say a word about ,schubert and the ,german masters1 although1 on the other hand1 he has thought well to enumerate productions that have fallen into permanent oblivion4 ,every people has its popular songs1 its religious hymns and canticles1 its ballads and romances2 but of all these1 three principal streams are easily distinguishablethree great melodic currents1 from which flow all the rest4 ,these are1 firstly1 the ,german ,lied1 to which belong all the ,scandinavian1 ,hungarian1 and ,sclavonic ballads2 then the ,italian canzona1 the primitive type of the music of ,southern ,europe1 and which has apparently some affinity with the seguidilla1 the bolero1 the jota1 and malaguea of ,spainpicturesque romances1 on which is perceptible1 in some indescribable manner1 an ,arabic impress2 and1 lastly1 as the centre of the intermediate current1 the ,french chanson1 which1 though less profound than the ,german ,lied1 is nevertheless more true and more emotional than the brilliant vocalizations of ,italy and ,spain4 ,how different have the destinies of these three currents proved6 ,whilst the ,german stream has flowed on from age to age1 enriched in its course by genius and learning1 in ,italy and ,france the melodic current1 being isolated1 has been gradually dwindling to a mere thread1 at last disappearing altogether4 ,not that the ,french chanson was by any means without its characteristic merit2 a charming simplicity1 a gentle melancholy1 marked its earliest beginnings1 and it preserved these characters from the old melodies of ,thibaut de ,champagne and the nols of the middle ages to the chansons of eighteenth century4 ,but after this development of a too prolonged infancy it found an inglorious end at the hands of the vulgar songmakers of the nineteenth century4 ,the simplicity of the past now became insipidity1 and the ,amde of ,beauplan and the productions of ,losa ,puget obtained a success at which future times will stand amazed4 ,the destiny of the ,italian canzona was the same4 ,its palmy days were those of its infancy1 and the innumerable romances which are now to be heard1 from the ,gulf of ,genoa to the ,lido1 and from the ,alps to the ,bay of ,naples1 weary the ear of the wondering traveller4 ,fertile in its barcarolles of ,viva la ,francia1 ,viva ,garibaldi1 ,santa ,lucia1 ,italy has no need to envy ,france her ,beauplan and ,mlle4 ,l4 ,puget4 ,but whilst the romance and the canzona were thus dwindling away1 the ,lied was mounting to a marvellous height4 8,the combined work of the greatest poetsof ,klopstock1 ,schiller1 and ,goetheand of the greatest musicians,haydn1 ,mozart1 ,gluck1 ,beethoven1 ,weber1 etc40#afa;it followed1 step by step1 the progress of the art1 and1 assimilating to itself each fresh conquest of musical science1 it acquired1 as years went on1 increasing richness of harmony and power of rhythm4 ,it is this style only which merits a careful study4 ,leaving1 therefore1 to the learned the care of drawing from oblivion those rare ,french and ,italian songs which are worthy to be rescued1 we proceed at once to the consideration of the ,german ,lied1 and1 without seeking into its beginnings or following its development1 we will take it at its apogeenamely1 when it attained1 with ,schubert1 that perfection of beauty which cannot be surpassed4 ,schubert is essentially a lyric genius4 ,great developments are foreign to his nature2 with a few touches he traces the ideal which has appeared to him1 but these few strokes suffice to produce a work of imperishable beauty4 ,venturing little into public1 ,schubert1 whose timidity was equal to his extreme sensibility1 led a quiet and uneventful existence2 but1 like the olian harp1 the soul of the lyric poet vibrates to the slightest breath4 ,needing no inspiration from outward events1 it is moved from within by every variety of feeling4 ,it was in the heart of ,schubert that the tempests raged which make us tremble2 there breathed the sighs of love1 and thence arose the wailings of despair4 ,there also he found the sweet sunbeams1 the fresh wind1 and all the fragrance of the spring4 ,accustomed to live within himself1 he took pleasure in analyzing his own impressions1 which he confided to a journal1 the greater part of which is unfortunately lost1 but the few fragments that remain abound in deep thoughts4 ,we will quote a few of these confidential lines1 which will form the best introduction to the immortal songs which he has left us1 as well as the best commentary upon them3 8,sorrow10 he writes1 8quickens the understanding and strengthens the soul2 joy1 on the contrary1 renders it frivolous and selfish40 8,my works10 he says elsewhere1 8are the offspring of my intellect and my grief4 ,the world appears to prefer those which my grief alone has created40 ,if we would know what were his thoughts upon faith1 we find him writing as follows3 8,man comes into the world with faith4 ,it precedes by a long distance either reason or knowledge4 ,to understand1 we must first believe4 ,faith is the ground into which we must drive our first stakethe base for every other foundation40 ,he one day wrote to his father3 8,my #8,hymn to the ,blessed ,virgin' has moved the hearts of all3 every one seemed to think my piety something wonderful4 ,this1 ,i think1 is because ,i never force my devotion1 nor ever write hymns and prayers unless ,i feel a real inspiration to do so2 for then only is it true devotion40 ,on another occasion he comes home greatly impressed by a magnificent quintette of ,mozart's he had just been hearing1 and on a stray piece of paper writes these words3 8,the enchanting notes of ,mozart's music are still resounding in me4 ,thus do those beautiful productions1 which time cannot efface1 remain engraven in the depth of our souls4 ,they show us1 on beyond the darkness of this life1 the certainty of a future full of glory and of love4 ,o immortal ,mozart6 what imperishable instincts of a better life dost thou implant within us40 ,o immortal ,schubert6 we in our turn may ask1 ,who shall express the emotions evoked by thee in our hearts8 ,that which chiefly characterizes the melodies of ,schubert1 taken as a whole1 is their depth of feeling4 ,he is never at a loss to find accents which go at once to our hearts4 ,he makes us weep with ,rosemonde and love with ,margurite2 8,the ,erl ,king0 7,le ,roi des ,aulnes7 freezes us with terror1 and hurries us on1 in spite of ourselves1 towards the mysterious abyss of the legend2 in 8,the ,young ,nun0 7,la ,jeune ,religieuse7 we are made in turn to experience the sufferings of the struggle and the final transports of the soul's victory over sense4 ,to know ,schubert well1 we must see how he has expressed the different sentiments of the human heartnot love and terror simply1 but infinite varieties of intermediate and moderate feeling2 and in these we shall find1 as his common characteristics1 grace and brilliancy4 8,haud ignara mali1 miseris succurrere disco40 ,who shall sing of love unless he knows its pains8 ,schubert has felt it allits timid tenderness1 its ardent passion1 and it may be its despair4 ,in his 8,penses d',amour0 are not these six bars the unfolding1 as it were1 of a heart which is opening for the first time1 like a bud in the sunshine of a spring morning8when 8,eden revives in the first kiss of love0 7thus sings yron74 ,a happy dream2 a tenderness as shy as it is deepwere these ever rendered with a more delicate charm8 ,after this sweet and tranquil reverie follows impassioned devotion4 ,the 8,serenade0 is too well known to require that we should linger over it4 ,who does not recall the appeals of that supplicating voice1 and the plaintive answers of the accompaniment8 ,how immensely inferior for the most part are the serenades to which public favor has given a celebrity6 ,all the masters of the modern ,italian school have sung under a balcony2 and without going so far back as ,stradella1 whose lovely romance in ,d minor has nothing in common with the modern ,lied1 we will say a few words on the serenades of ,le ,barbier and ,don ,pasquale1 which appear to be the most extensively known4 ,the one addressed by ,almaviva to ,rosinaor1 to speak more accurately1 to the publicseems to us unworthy of ,rossini's reputation4 ,a phrase1 rather wanting in fulness1 some passages for the voice1 a few organ touchesthis is all2 the whole1 however1 very well written for giving relief to the fine notes of a tenor4 ,but this is not enough to constitute a chef d'uvre2 and probably ,rossini was thinking of this kind of music when he boasted before ,bellini that he wrote from his mind rather than from his heart1 at the same time assuring the young man's simplicity that this was 8quite sufficient for the worthy public40 ,the serenade in ,don ,pasquale is graceful and coquettish4 ,if ,donizetti intended this declaration of love to be taken merely as a jest1 he has perfectly succeeded4 ,m4 ,gounod has written several serenades1 without including his 8,aubades40 ,to speak of the former only1 the serenade of ,mephistopheles 8,vous qui faites l'endormie10#afb in ,faust1 is not wanting in charm1 though something more incisive would be better suited to an infernal singer4 ,the famous serenade1 8,quand tu dors10#afc has less originality than the foregoing1 although agreeably written for the voice4 ,it is an excellent vocalization1 which1 more than once1 ,bordogni must have regarded with a jealous eye4 ,it is not until the andante amoroso that it expresses anything like passion4 ,as to the serenade of the page in ,romeo and ,juliet1 it is inferior again to its two elders4 ,to find a serenade comparable to those of ,schubert1 we must address ourselves to ,mozart4 ,who that has heard ,don ,juan does not remember the marvellous contrast1 long since remarked by critics1 between the melodious phrase1 full of character and tenderness1 and the light accompaniment which falsifies every word uttered by ,don ,juan8 ,love is on his lips1 while mocking indifference is in his heart4 ,in the expression of suffering1 desolation1 and despair we shall find that ,schubert is greater still2 and mention as examples 8,rosemonde10 8,margurite10 and 8,les ,plaintes de la ,jeune ,fille40 ,the artist1 following his inspiration1 renders the same thought under very different forms2 he finds in his soul deep and varying shades which escape the vulgar and are the marks of true genius4 ,in all these three works ,schubert has to express the grief of a forsaken maiden1 but with what consummate art1 and yet what truth1 he has known how to vary his accents6 ,in reading these melodies in the order already named the emotion goes on increasing up to the end4 ,in 8,rosemonde0 we hear the complaint of a soul which knows the sufferings of abandonment1 but not the pangs of despair4 ,after an introduction in ,f major full of sweetness and tenderness1 the opening of the melody in ,f minor impresses us painfully2 but about the middle of each of these strophes the young girl1 recovering1 with the ,a natural1 the original key1 lets us plainly see that she still has hope4 ,margurite hopes no more4 ,from the very opening we feel troubled by the agitated movement of the accompaniment3 it is like the sorrowful murmur of the soul preceding sobs of anguish1 and is prolonged still for a moment after the unhappy girl has said for the last time1 8,c'en est fait2 il m'oubliel'ingrat que j'aimais60#afd ,what accents of abandonment have we here6 ,on the words1 ,mes jours sont fltris1#afe grief swells almost to madness4 ,but ,margurite1 presently recovering herself1 retraces the past1 and seems to see again her lover4 ,again she cries3 8,pour moi tout va finir4 ,un seul moment reviens encore1 ,un seul moment te revoir et mourir60#aff ,her suffering has become almost insupportable4 ,she stops1 and the agitation continues only in her heart4 ,after a few bars she resumes in a low voice3 8,c'en est fait1 il m'oublie10 etc41 and the melody ends on the fifth1 then a very new effect1 though now frequently employed4 ,if1 after a short pause1 we read the 8,plaintes de la ,jeune ,fille10 we are soon under the influence of an entirely different emotion4 ,the agitation of the preceding melody is changed for a more self-contained but even more poignant pain4 ,the maiden1 ripened by long suffering1 confides to the tossing waves the woe which consumes her4 ,a solemn and lugubrious phrase escapes her2 her words are slow1 her sorrow fearfully calm4 ,ten years of tears and contemplation were needed to change ,margurite to this4 ,to find repose from violent emotions we need not have recourse to any other than ,schubert1 among whose eminent characteristics are those of sweetness1 gracefulness1 and contrasting brilliancy and splendor4 ,from among a multitude of admirable melodies we will mention only 8,la ,truite10 8,le ,nautonnier10 and 8,le ,dpart0 78,the ,trout10 8,the ,sailor10 and 8,the ,departure074 ,in 8,la ,truite0 ,schubert unexpectedly finds himself met by a great difficulty4 ,if it be true that people are soon tired of descriptive poetry1 it is still more incontestable that the descriptive style is ill suited to music4 ,we must make an exception for certain powerful physical effects1 such as tempest under all its forms2 and yet here again what we are most sensible of in the storms of ,gluck1 ,beethoven1 and ,weber is the troubled state of the human mind in presence of the disturbance of nature4 ,one day1 when the genius of the great and good ,haydn was taking a nap1 it came into his head to attempt to express in his ,creation the roaring of lions and tigers1 the swiftness of the stag1 together with other equally unmusical ideas2 he consequently fell into the grotesque4 ,schubert had to describe the joyous sportings of the trout 8in its limped crystal40 ,he had the good taste to trouble himself very little about it4 ,to find a melodic phrase full of charm and feeling was his first care2 and need we say that he succeeded8 ,the light and graceful design of the accompaniment may perhaps remind us of the trout8,his graceful dartings and his rapid course0 78,ses lans gracieux1 sa course volage07but it is nothing more than a detail of the description which comes merely as an addition to the dominant sentiment4 8,le ,nautonnier0 is the triumphal song of the mariner who1 after braving the violence of the tempest1 returns safely into port4 ,rapid as the wind which fills the sails of his bark1 agitated as the waves which threaten to engulf himsuch is the rhythm of the two first phrases2 but soon1 with the major and the ,e flat of the treble1 the song of victory bursts forth3 man has conquered the force of the elements4 ,this is undeniably one of the most vigorous melodies ever written by ,schubert4 8,le ,dpart0 is a no less powerful production4 ,it is not a little surprising to read1 as the title of a song by the melancholy ,schubert3 8,le ,dpart3 ,chant de ,joie40 ,it is1 in fact1 the song of one carried away by a love of change and a thirst for new pleasuresone who can say with ,byron that 8,i1 who am of lighter mood1 ,will laugh to flee away40#afg ,this song is remarkable for the proud loftiness of its melodious march1 and for the ardor which impregnates its rhythm4 ,it is a wonderful intermingling of carelessness and eagerness1 the more observable because it was so rarely that ,schubert was called upon to express feelings too exterior and noisy for his timid and concentrated nature4 ,beethoven1 who had made deep acquaintance with human suffering1 and in whose wondrous pages it is expressed with so much power1 would nevertheless at times sing also his notes of gladness4 ,he built the immensely grand finale of the 8,symphony and ,chorus0 upon ,schiller's 8,hymn of ,joy40 ,it is a wondrous hymn6 ,after a splendid opening by the orchestra alone follows the phrase in ,d major1 of antique nobleness and simplicity2 but1 alas6 this moment of interior calm is cruelly expiated4 ,the grand phrase is made to undergo successive tortures2 after changing into a plaint of sorrow1 it becomes a cry of despair1 almost of madness4 ,elsewhere again1 in the incomparable finale of the ,symphony in ,a1 ,beethoven has sung of joyjoy carried to its utmost limits of enthusiasm and ecstasy4 ,to follow ,beethoven in his impetuous course produces an indescribable emotion1 less akin to pleasure than to pain1 since violent feeling1 from whatever cause it may arise1 is invariably attended by suffering4 ,excess1 whether of joy or love1 is pain1 very pure but very penetrating2 for it is one of the conditions of our human nature to be unable to rise on high without suffering here below4 8,jamais entire allgresse3 ,l'me y souffre de ses plaisirs1 ,les cris de joie ont leur tristesse1 ,et les volupts leurs soupirs40#afh ,besides1 after the mysterious nuptial march of the ,symphony in ,a can we be surprised that the joy of ,beethoven is only a delusion of the heart1 and beneath this feverish ardor must not some great moral suffering be hidden8 ,but we must return from the digression into which we have been led by the consideration of the 8,chant de ,joie10 whose great author1 however1 would not reproach us for it1 being himself a profound admirer of ,beethoven4 ,we have now to see how ,schubert has rendered the sentiment of terror4 ,only to name 8,the ,erl ,king0 and 8,the ,young ,nun0 is a sufficient reminder of the greatness of this composer in the expression of dramatic feeling4 ,these two ,lieder are known all over the world2 8,the ,erl ,king10 more especially1 popularized by ,mme4 ,viardot1 is one of those few melodies of ,schubert which have crossed the ,alps and become favorites in ,italy4 ,criticism has for so long past awarded its admiration to the strangely fascinating song of the black spectre and the terrified cries of the child that it would be superfluous to do more than allude to them2 but it will be well to devote a few lines to the consideration of 8,the ,young ,nun10 which has been very little studied4 ,in the first part what an intermingling there is of terror and wild love6 ,listen to this fragment of two bars1 thrice interrupted1 more by the storm within the heart than the outward fury of the elements1 and thrice resumed with a chromatic scale4#afi ,after the triple reiteration of ascendants1 three new fragments descend1 also chromatically1 with a bass accompaniment of a lugubrious character1 and a harmonic sequence expressive of acute distress3 8,partout l'ombre1 ,et la nuit sombre2 ,deuil et terreur40#agj ,from the depths of this abyss1 with the words souvenir de douleur 7remembered pain71 which evoke a whole past1 there springs up a new thought of exquisite tenderness2 and here we have a glimpse of the key of ,f major1 but only for a moment1 the melody falling back into ,f minor4 8,l'orage grondait ainsi en mon cur0 7,thus rolled the storm within my heart74 ,here1 for the moment1 passion carries the day2 the three cries of terror1 interrupted at the opening1 are uttered again1 more hurriedly1 at the remembrance of this distracting love 8which agitated her by day and night10 then a fresh burst of despair recurs in the chromatic descent which takes us back to ,f minor4 8,ainsi fltrie1 ma triste vie se consumait40#aga ,in this line we hear once more1 but for the last time and very softly1 the gloomy burden of the bass1 immediately after which reappears the ,a natural1 which victoriously restores the key of ,f major4 ,light has banished darkness1 and life has vanquished death4 8,la paix est rentre jamais dans mon cur0 7,peace has returned to dwell for ever in my heart71 sings the young nun in an inspired voice4 ,this time the triumph is complete4 ,at the words1 8,descend1 my ,saviour1 from the eternal home10 the musical phrase mounts like a thanksgiving hymn4 ,the effect is marvellous1 and what is not less so is the fact that ,schubert has recourse only to the most natural means to produce it4 ,a simple change of key1 the passage in the majora form so frequently insipidis1 in his hands1 invested with a surprising power4 ,among the other ,lieder of the sombre kind is one deserving especial attentionnamely1 8,the ,young ,girl and ,death0 7,la ,jeune ,fille et la ,mort74 ,in this we are attracted not so much by the beauty of the melody as by the musical problem which it may help us to solve4 ,how ought music to speak of supernatural beings8 ,how is it to be made suitable to the utterances of the ,divinity1 of demons1 or of ,death8 ,we have here a serious difficulty4 ,is it fitting that the musician should put a melody into the mouths of abstract beings8 ,whatever may be the beauty of the phrase that is sung1 the effect does not meet the requirements of the case or answer our expectations4 ,is it1 then1 needful to have recourse to recitative8 ,but recitative has not the depth demanded by the subject4 ,what1 then1 must be done8 ,let us refer to ,gluck2 this great master has more than one secret to reveal to those who thoroughly study him4 ,gluck was the first to discover the most suitable form in which to represent spiritual voices1 and so well has he succeeded that no one has been able to ignore his influence4 ,at the risk of being otherwise either cold or ridiculous1 it has been necessary for all to adopt1 in this particular1 his manner4 8,tremble1 ton supplice s'apprte0 7,thy doom is even now prepared71 says a mysterious voice to ,thoas 7,iphigenia in ,tauris74 ,the phrase1 given slowly and softly by voices and trombones in unison1 on re penetrates us with a mysterious fear4 ,in ,alcestis1 listen to the lugubrious effect of the voice of the oracle1 saying on a sustained note3 8,the king to-day must die1 if in his stead none other offers up his life40#agb ,it is full of a sombre beauty1 and the terrible persistency of the rhythm is very expressive of the antique fatalism4 ,must it be added that ,gluck has proved by his own example the inevitable absurdity of a melodic phrase in the mouth of a divinity who is made to intervene in human events8 ,diana appears in order to save ,iphigenia and her brother2 the goddess sings her aria1 and we see with pain one of the most admirable chefs-d'uvre of dramatic music finish as miserably as the utterly forgotten ,iphigenia of ,piccini4 ,again1 ,mozart wishes to evoke the shade of the ,commander2 the statue becomes animated and speaks3 8,before the dawning thou wilt cease to smile40#agc ,this phrase1 by its harmonies and rhythm1 reminds us of the voice of the oracle3 8,le roi doit mourir aujourd'hui40 ,here an objection will probably be made that the statue lays aside this uniform tone1 and that ,mozart ventures to entrust it with a more melodic phrase4 ,the answer is simple3 the form created by ,gluck is necessary when the supernatural being preserves its mysterious character1 and issues not from the cloud that conceals it from our eyes4 ,but if the statue descends from its pedestal and again becomes the ,commander1 if the oracle or the god takes a body1 if you allow him human feelings1 there can be no reason against his expressing them4 ,it is no longer the hidden divinity who dictates an inevitable decree1 but one who1 having taken the form of a man1 speaks in man's language4 ,in the same way ,wagner1 when making gods and genii the personages of his dramas1 gives them the accents of the human voice4 ,mingling among men1 they too may well love and suffer1 weep and sing4 ,after ,gluck and ,mozart1#agd ,schubert also makes ,death speak2 he also accepts as necessary the form given by ,gluck4 ,to the young girl's supplication ,death answers by a phrase the rhythm and harmonies of which perhaps too much recall the voice of the oracle in ,alcestis4 ,if we may venture to say so1 ,schubert seems to have found himself in one of those exceptional cases in which the ,gluckist form was not suitable4 ,why this sombre coloring1 when ,death was doing his utmost to charm the young girl8 8,give me thy hand1 nor tremble thus1 ,enfolded in my arms1 thou'lt sink ,into a sleep more sweet than life40#age ,here a more melodic phrase would appear to us more suitable4 ,having no intention of giving a catalogue of the works of ,schubert1#agf we will not group together his ,lieder1 but merely observe that all his melodies belong to one of three divisions1 which express either love1 or splendor1 joy1 and triumph1 or1 lastly1 terror4 ,many combine two of these divisions4 ,in 8,margurite0 the principal idea is that of love1 and the secondary one the drama2 on the contrary1 in 8,la ,jeune ,religieuse0 the drama occupies the first place1 and the earthly love is subordinate4 ,our notice would be too incomplete without at least a rapid survey of the other works of ,schubert besides the ,lied1 in which he is unequalled1 but he has also tried symphonies1 operas1 and oratorios4 ,of his operas1 which are numerous1 two only have obtained some reputationnamely1 ,alfonso and ,estrella1 chiefly famous for its reverses1 and ,la ,guerre ,domestique 7,the ,domestic ,war71 known in ,france by the name of ,la ,croisade des ,dames4 ,this charming opera in one act was played with success a few years ago at the ,thtre des ,fantaisies in ,paris1 and in every page could be recognized with pleasure the author of the ,lieder4 ,its distinguishing qualities are the touching tenderness of the melody1 the brilliancy and delicacy of the organ accompaniment1 and the perfection in the manner of writing for the voices4 ,schubert undertook also some more extensive works1 many of which1 unfortunately1 were never completed1 while the rest are lost in consequence of that absence of care and order which has probably cost us the loss of more than one valuable composition4 ,ought we to regret that ,schubert has not left one great opera in which he might have displayed all his faculties8 ,we think so1 although we do not say that he would have proved himself to be a musician like ,mozart1 a master of tragedy like ,gluck or gifted with ,weber's power of fantastic coloring1 capable of the sustained passion of ,meyerbeer or the powerful developments of ,wagner4 ,but tenderness and sweetness would have flowed in streams from his heart1 and the work would have been so full of poetry and so rich in characteristic beauties that his place would still have been a glorious one4 ,who can deny that ,m4 ,gounod is a great composer8 ,and yet it would be difficult to name a really powerful page1 unless it be the church scene in ,faust1 and the finale in ,sappho4 ,posterity will say of him that he was deficient in force1 but that ,margurite is very enchanting1 ,romeo and ,juliet full of tenderness1 and ,mireille of poetry2 and doubtless as much as this would have been said of ,schubert4 ,in his symphonies and drawing-room music ,schubert1 no longer carried on by feeling1 frequently fails4 ,the subscribers to the popular concerts of the ,cirque d'hiver in ,paris have not forgotten the fragments of his symphonies which were at various times executed under the able direction of ,m4 ,pasdeloup4 ,these selections were taken from the best1 and there was certainly here and there a page which breathed inspiration4 ,but praise like this is no small blame1 and it is a severe criticism on a symphony to detach merely an isolated portion from it1 and condemn the remainder to oblivion4 ,what was the reason of this inferiority in ,schubert's symphonic music8 ,one of the most serious appears to be the fact that he had not made a very deep or advanced study of music4 ,he was preparing to study the fugue when carried off by death4 ,now1 it is precisely symphonic composition that demands the most extensive and thorough knowledge of the science of music4 ,grtry and ,montigny1 who were but ordinary contrapuntists1 have written admirable operas1 but we might seek in vain for a great symphonist who had not at the same time a deep knowledge of music as a science4 ,besides1 ,schubert1 whose inspirations1 as we have already remarked1 were essentially lyric1 was not in the habit of working out his thoughts1 and lacked the capacity for giving them the powerful developments required by the symphony4 ,spoiled also by his extraordinary facility1 he wrote too fast4 ,in a lyric composition like the ,lied the facility of the hand is no hindrance to the inspiration1 which should be ardent and rapid1 but the formation and unfolding1 as it were1 of a symphony require a powerful inspiration joined to the patient reflection and incessant labor which twenty times over modifies its work before giving its definitive form4 ,the symphonic music of ,schubert will pass away1 but he will find a place in the hearts of posterity as the inspired singer of the ,lieder1 the beautiful completeness of which1 as a whole1 is the result of his having known how to enshrine in these short poems rapid and living dramas1 full by turns of joy and sorrow1 love and triumph1 or despair ,he was one of those men whose greatness is rather of the heart than the intellect2 and if to others great conceptions are due1 few like him have given expression to the deepest feelings of the heart1 and the most refined and elevated accents of the soul4 #afj ,critique et ,littrature ,musicales1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 #afa ,franz ,schubert3 sa ,vie et les uvres4 ,par ,mme4 ,audley4 ,paris3 ,didier4 #afb ,thou who seemest to be sleeping4 #afc ,when thou sleepest4 #afd ,all is over2 he forgets methe ungrateful one whom ,i have loved4 #afe ,my days are withered4 #aff 8,all soon will end for me4 ,return again1 return one moment more1 that ,i once more may see thy face and die40 ,in the ,faust of ,m4 ,gounod we have ,margurite at the wheel4 ,the ,french composer has treated this scene in a very touching and striking manner1 especially on the words1 8,il ne revient pas40 ,it is a beautiful page1 but not so deep as ,schubert4 #afg ,childe ,harold4 #afh ,,reboul4 ,not here is perfect joy3 ,suffering attends the soul's delights1 ,our notes of gladness have their sadness1 ,and every pleasure has its sighs4 #afi ,m4 ,gounod1 in the duo of the first act of ,romeo and ,juliet1 has found a chromatic ascendant which has some analogy with that of ,schubert1 but which1 in the hands of the ,french composer1 takes quite a different coloring4 ,sombre in ,la ,jeune ,religieuse1 it is in ,romo et ,juliette sparkling with light4 ,in the line 8,vois ces rayons jaloux dont l'orient se dore0 78,behold these envious beams which gild the east07 the brilliant ground-work added by ,m4 ,gounod contributes not a little to render the effect of light4 #agj ,gloom over all ,and the dark night2 ,terror and woe4 #aga ,thus withered1 my sad life consumed away4 #agb ,le roi doit mourir aujourd'hui1 ,si quelqu'autre au trpas ne se livre pour lui4 #agc ,tu cesseras de rire avant l'aurore4 #agd ,not having space to multiply examples1 we say nothing of the ,oracle of ,spontini1 which1 moreover1 has the form of ,gluck4 #age 8,donne ta main4 ,ne tremble pas4 ,tu vas dormir entre mes bras4 ,d'un sommeil plus doux que la vie40 #agf ,schubert is known to have composed more than five hundred melodies1 most of which are admirable4 ,those we mention are merely taken as examples from among numerous others of equal beauty4 ,,new ,,publications ,,theologia ,,moralis ,,novissimi ,,ecclesi ,,doctoris ,s4 ,,alphonsi4 ,auctore ,a4 ,konings1 ,c4,s4,s4,r4 ,editio ,altera1 ,aucta et ,emendata4 ,benziger ,fratres1 #ahgf4 ,we have already noticed the first edition of this work1 which is certainly a valuable and excellent one in many respects4 ,it has received the approbation of his ,eminence the ,cardinal1 and of many others of the prelates of this country1 has apparently been well received by the clergy in general1 and it will not be at all surprising if it becomes the standard text-book of moral theology in the seminaries of the ,united ,states4 ,this success it goes far to deserve4 ,it supplies a great want in the treatises previously used1 by bringing in many points relating to the laws and customs existing among us2 and this alone might seem a sufficient reason for its adoption4 ,it has also many other advantages1 partly due to the ability of the author1 partly to the works which he has taken 7as all writers on this subject must at the present day7 for his basis4 ,among these he has principally followed ,gury1 adhering more1 perhaps1 to his language than to that of ,st4 ,alphonsus4 ,but1 in spite of the many advantages and excellences of the book1 we must enter a protest against its use1 at least as the sole authority on which the minds of theological students are to be formed4 ,and this protest is on account of the system of equi-probabilism taught in it1 which we should be very sorry to have prevail1 both on the ground of its unreasonableness1 and on that of its bad practical effects4 ,we should have no space in a notice of this kind to discuss fully this very important and much vexed question4 ,but the point of our criticism can be sufficiently made by simply referring to the author's definitions of the grades of probability in opinions 7p4 #bg74 ,the obvious objection to these definitions1 which are made the basis of his system1 and which must1 indeed1 be made the basis of any system of equi-probabilism1 is that1 according to them1 an opinion cannot be notably or decidedly more probable than its contradictory without making that contradictory 8not solidly probable10 to use the author's words1 which are the usual technical ones4 ,now1 we venture to think that such a statement as this with regard to probability would hardly be made in treating of any other subject than that at present in hand4 ,suppose1 for instance1 the question to be one of physical science1that1 for example1 of the solar parallax4 ,now1 we think we are not wrong in saying that it is decidedly more probable that this parallax is greater than #h-h_/aj seconds of arc than that it is less than this amount4 ,be that as it may1 it is certain that there is some value1 perfectly ascertainable by methods of computation on which astronomers would agree1 for which1 in the present state of science1 we could say that the probability of the parallax exceeding this value is once and a half times as great as that of its falling short of it4 ,certainly in this case it would be decidedly more probable that it does exceed this value than that it does not4 ,yet who would say that the probability of its not exceeding that value was destitute of any solidity8 ,we may take a case in which probability is susceptible of exact numerical computation4 ,suppose two balls1 one white and one black1 to be together in a box1 and that we draw twice from this box1 putting back the ball drawn the first time4 ,the probability that we shall not draw the white ball twice is three times as great as that we shall2 yet would any one say that there was no solid probability of so drawing it8 ,if it was a question of drawing it five times1 then the probability of this1 being only #a_/ca of that of the contradictory1 might1 indeed1 not be 8solid40 ,the whole case can1 as it would seem1 be put in the following form3 ,it is agreed1 by equi-probabilists1 as well as by probabilists1 that a solidly probable opinion against the law can be followed4 ,if the former choose to call an opinion only slightly less probable than its contradictory1 till its probability becomes so small that it really1 in the common judgment of men1 ceases to be solid1 they depart from the common use of language1 but the controversy between them and the latter is merely one of the use of words4 ,but if the equi-probabilists refuse to call an opinion solidly probable as soon as its probability becomes what men would generally call decidedly less than that of its contradictory 7two-thirds of it1 for instance71 they depart1 as seems evident from the above cases1 again from the common use of words1 and the statementthe complement of the former one1 and on which also both parties agreethat an opinion against the law not solidly probable cannot be followed1 has1 in their mouths1 a new meaning1 which the judgment of mankind will1 it seems to us1 hardly accept1 and which will lead to perpetual and most embarrassing changes of doctrine and practice4 ,the author undoubtedly believes that he is following ,st4 ,alphonsus in his system2 it seems to us that he has1 with other equi-probabilists1 not rightly apprehended the meaning of certain passages in the works of that illustrious ,doctor1 which seem certainly at first sight to have such a sense4 ,but to discuss this matter would lead us too far4 ,,the ,,faith ,,of ,,our ,,fathers3 ,being a ,plain ,exposition and ,vindication of the ,church founded by ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,james ,gibbons1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,richmond and ,administrator-,apostolic of ,north ,carolina4 ,baltimore3 ,murphy ,co42 ,london3 ,washbourne4 #ahgg4 ,we have rarely met with a book which pleased us so thoroughly as this little volume of the ,bishop of ,richmond4 ,it is popular1 and is therefore not addressed to the few who are interested in the philosophical and scientific controversies of the age1 but to the people1 to the multitude1 as were the words of ,christ4 ,it is a thoroughly honest book1 written by a man who loves the church and his country and who is deeply interested in whatever concerns the welfare of mankind4 ,from the start we are convinced of his perfect sincerity4 ,not to make a book has he written2 but he believes1 and therefore speaks4 ,it is this that gives value to literaturethe human life1 the human experience1 which it contains4 ,bishop ,gibbons has labored for several years with great zeal in ,north ,carolina and ,virginia1 where there are few ,catholics1 where the opportunities of dispelling ,protestant prejudice are rare1 but where the people are generally not unwilling to be enlightened4 ,learned arguments are less needed than clear and accurate statements of the doctrines1 practices1 and aims of the church4 ,catholic truth is its own best evidence3 is more persuasive than any logic with which the human mind is able to reinforce it4 ,to the right mind and pure heart it appeals with irresistible force2 and therefore the great work of those who labor for ,god is to put away the mental and moral obstructions which shut out the view of the truth as it is in ,christ4 ,in setting forth in clear and simple style 8the faith of our fathers0 ,bishop ,gibbons is careful to meet all the objections which are likely to be made to the church4 ,he is thoroughly acquainted with the ,american people2 is himself an ,american2 and his book is another proof that the purest devotion to the church is compatible with the deepest love for the freest and most democratic of governments4 ,sympathy gives him insight1 reveals the matter and the manner that suit his purpose best4 ,the skill with which he has compressed into a small volume such a variety of topics1 giving to each satisfactory treatment1 is truly admirable4 ,he seems to have forgotten nothing1 and has consequently produced a complete popular explanation and vindication of ,catholic doctrine4 ,we cannot praise too highly the tone and temper of this book4 ,the author is not aggressive2 is never bitter1 never sneers nor deals in sarcasm or ridicule2 does not treat his reader as a foe to be beaten1 but as a brother to be persuaded4 ,his sense of religion is too deep to allow him to make light of any honest faith4 ,we perceive on every page the reverend and ,christian bishop who knows that charity and not hate is the divine power of the church2 the fire that sets the world ablaze4 ,it is not necessary that we should say more in commendation of this treatise4 ,it will most certainly have a wide circulation1 and its merits will be advertised by every reader4 ,bishop ,gibbons has written chiefly for ,protestants1 but we hope his book will find entrance into every ,catholic family in the land4 ,,deirdre4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,the poet who ventures on an epic in these days deserves well of literature4 ,to turn from the puling1 weak1 or nauseous themes which form the subjects of most of the contemporary ,english poetry is in itself a sign of a strong and healthy temperament4 ,nevertheless1 the venture is a bold one4 ,pretty and graceful lyric verse may pass easily enough and win a transient popularity without challenging any strong comparison1 lost as it is in the crowd of its fellows4 ,but when an epic is mentioned1 ,homer towers up with ,virgil in his train2 ,dante sweeps along2 the shade of ,milton oppresses us2 we are in the company of giants and breathe reverently4 ,the men who grasp epochs of history and human life1 and string them into numbers that resound through all the ages1 are few indeed4 ,so we say he is a bold man who would follow in their track2 but1 at least1 his ambition is great1 whatever be its execution4 ,the author of ,deirdr is not a ,homer or a ,virgil2 he is not even equal to those fine ,english echoes of the great masters,dryden and ,pope2 and although we do not know him1 and are not sure as to who he is1 we have little doubt that no man would be readier to concede what we here state than the author of ,deirdr himself4 ,at least1 he will consider it no dishonor that his song should wake the memory of those great singers in our mind4 ,deirdr is an ,irish story of pre-,christian times4 ,like the ,iliad1 it has its ,helen1 who gives her name to the poem1 and around her the story centres4 ,the beauty of ,deirdr1 like that of ,helen1 is her curse4 ,wherever she goes she is a brand of discord4 ,heroes fight for her1 wars are waged for possession of her1 great deeds are done in her name1 and the end is disaster for all4 ,she is unlike her ,greek prototype only in her ,irish chastity1 pagan though she was4 ,there have been ,irish ,helens1 and the disaster of her race is to be traced to one of them2 but they are only remembered to be cursed4 ,still1 the author was at liberty1 if he chose1 to follow the prevailing taste of the day1 and add a spurious interest to his poem by making its heroine unfaithful to her spouse4 ,he has done the contrary4 ,it is the very fidelity of ,deirdr that adds its chief interest to the poem4 ,from the day when first the squirrel cried to her from the tree in the garden where she had been enclosed by the king3 8,come up6 come up6 ,come up1 and see the world60 and she obeyed the promptings of her nature and went up1 and for the first time looked over the garden wall and saw 8the great world spread out10 she lost her heart1 for here is what she saw3 8,three youthful knights in all their martial pride1 ,with red cloaks fluttering in the summer breeze1 ,and gay gems flashing on their harnesses1 ,and on the helm that guarded each proud head1 ,and on each shield where shone the ,branch of ,red4 ,and1 as they passed1 the eldest of the three1 ,with great black1 wistful eyes looked up at me2 ,for he did mark this yellow head of mine ,amid the green tree's branches glint and shine4 ,and oh6 the lookthe fond1 bright lookhe gave6'''0 ,these were the three heroic sons of ,usna1 and the eldest of the three is ,naisi1 who finds his way into the charmed forest where ,deirdr is kept by the king until she should grow to an age ripe enough to fit her to be made his queen4 ,the young lady objectsas young ladies will do sometimesto be disposed of in this manner1 and ,naisi1 having first stolen her heart1 completes his theft by stealing herself4 ,they fly from ,eman1 and ,clan ,usna accompanies them4 ,the rest of the poem is made up of their wanderings and final luring back to ,eman1 when the king wreaks his vengeance upon them4 ,with the fate of the sons of ,usna and ,deirdr the poem closes4 ,there is much that is admirable in the whole work4 ,the scenes are wonderfully well localized4 ,one never strays into to-day4 ,the author has completely mastered the difficult geographical terminology1 and makes it sweet and pleasant to the ear4 ,the men are cast in heroic mould1 and a tinge of chivalry added to them that beautifies and ennobles them4 ,deirdr is a sweet1 pure1 and loving woman2 her early youth in the garden of the king is in itself an idyllic gem4 ,the battle scenes are strong and vigorous1 and not too long drawn out2 a sea-fight in particular is wonderfully well described4 ,the glimpses of natural scenery given here and there are varied and picturesque4 ,indeed1 there is everything that is good in the poem1 but nothing that can be called great2 and greatness is the standard and measure of an epic4 ,we think the author1 too1 has been careless in the construction of his verse4 ,it is unequal4 ,half-rhymes abound3 8bird0 and 8stirred10 8house0 and 8carouse10 8restored0 and 8board10 8hum0 and 8room10 8jollity0 and 8company10 8heath0 and 8breath10 cannot be considered good rhymes1 yet they are all found within the first three pages4 ,they are to too great an extent characteristic of the whole4 ,then there is an abundance of weak and commonplace couplets1 such as the following3 8,the earth's dark places1 felt himself full sad1 ,he knew not why1 and sent1 to make him glad40 99 99 99 99 99 8,from the bright palace straightway to his house1 ,that they might hold therein a gay carouse40 99 99 99 99 99 8,yet higher rose the joy and jollity ,of the ,great ,king and all that company40 99 99 99 99 99 8,till morn's gay star rose o'er the golden sea1 ,and sent to slumber all that company40 99 99 99 99 99 ,now1 such lines should never have passed the censorship of one who can give such other lines as these3 8,whose fierce eye o'er the margin of his shield ,had gazed from war's first ridge on many a field40 8,many a field0 is weak1 but the picture is very good4 ,strange to say1 the two lines immediately following are these3 8,unblinking at the foe that on him glared1 ,and might be ten to one for all he cared40 ,the epic spirit contained in the last line needs no comment4 ,again1 here is a strong picture3 8,since ,mananan1 the ,sea-,god1 first upthrew ,the wild isle's stony ribs unto the blue40 ,and here a sweet one3 8''' ,then from her forehead fair ,she brushed a silken ripple of bright hair ,that from the flood of her rich tresses stole1 ,and looked with wordless love into his soul40 ,sometimes we fall upon lines that we fancy we have heard beforeas these1 for instance1 which anybody might claim and not be proud of3 8,the merry village with its sheltering trees1 ,the peaceful cattle browsing o'er the leas1 ,the hardy shepherd whistling on the plain ,with his white flock1 by fields of ripened grain10 etc41 etc4 ,and here are lines which we fancy ,mr4 ,tennyson might with justice claim3 8''' ,and velvet catkins on the willow shone ,by lowland streams1 and on the hills the larch ,scented with odorous buds the winds of ,march40 ,one more objection we must make1 and that is to the tiresomely frequent use of the word 8full40 ,it occurs everywhere1 sometimes twice or thrice in one page4 ,feilimid feels himself 8full sad0 7p4 #a74 ,in p4 #df ,caffa shakes his head 8full dolefully40 ,in p4 #di 8,the east and north a strong ,wind blew full keen40 ,in p4 #ee ,deirdr grows 8full pale02 in p4 #eh she goes 8to and fro0 8full secretly02 in p4 #ei she has thoughts 8full sad02 while ,naisi 7p4 #fb7 laughs to himself 8full low10 his heart with love's ardor grows 8full warm0 7p4 #fe74 ,maini watches ,naisi 8full treacherously0 7p4 #fi71 and three lines lower on the same page he is still watching him 8full warily40 ,the loyal wife grasps her babe 8full firm0 7p4 #afd7;an expression that1 allowing even for poetic license1 is very doubtful grammar2 8full soon0 adorns p4 #afe2 8full stern0 shall be the fight 7p4 #aff72 8full many0 a mile 7p4 #aff72 8full many0 a festal fire 7p4 #afg72 even the very babe crows 8full lustily0 7p4 #aca74 ,of course repetition is allowable and1 if rightly used1 a beauty4 ,in ,homer ,juno is always 8white-armed10 ,venus 8ox-eyed10 ,apollo 8far-darting10 ,agamemnon a 8king of men10 ,achilles 8swift-footed10 the dawn 8rosy-fingered10 the sea 8hoarse-resounding10 and so on4 ,but we need not dwell on the point that this is a very different kind of repetition from that in ,deirdr1 which is faulty and tiresome in the extreme4 ,the defects we have pointed out are such as might have been easily avoided by care in the supervision4 ,as it is1 they seriously mar a work of real power1 much promise1 and undeniable beauty4 ,,religion ,,and ,,education4 ,by the very ,rev4 ,thomas ,s4 ,preston1 ,v4,g4 ,new ,york3 ,robert ,coddington4 #ahgf4 ,there is much matter for thought and reflection in this pamphlet of forty-six pages4 ,it treats of what is now an old subject1 yet a subject about which new issues are constantly being raised1 not only in this country but all the world over4 ,and as the subject is far from being settled1 and is likely so to remain for some time to come1 one cannot but welcome the observations and pronounced expression of such a mind as that of the distinguished author regarding a vital question of this and all countries and of all time4 ,the question of education has been treated time and again in these pages4 ,indeed1 many of the articles which have appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world have been collected and published in book-form 7,catholics and ,education71 and combined make an excellent treatise in defence of ,catholic education as opposed to the popular objections of non-,catholics4 ,father ,preston necessarily travels over old ground here1 but with a freshness1 vigor1 and clearness of statement and exposition that will amply repay the reader4 ,his lecturefor such it wasbears all the marks of a strong and trained mind1 fully alive to the difficulties that beset the vexed question of which he treats1 yet of one who knows exactly where strength ends and extravagance begins4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no question to-day more open to extravagant demands and declamation on both sides than this of education4 ,the tendency of the times regarding it is in a radically wrong direction4 ,hot words will not mend matters1 but calm reason1 such as this pamphlet affords1 will in the long run tell4 ,to sincere and rightly-instructed ,catholics there is no question at all in the matter4 ,education is as much a subject of religious discipline as is the guiding of a man's life1 and to banish ,god from the school is no more justifiable than to banish him from the church or the home4 ,no ,catholic dare say to ,god3 ,we will admit you here1 but not there4 ,at the same time we must take into serious account the opinions of men who1 having practically lost faith1 cannot be expected to look upon everything in the same light as ourselves4 ,more especially is this the case in a country like our own1 where all things are still more or less in a state of formation4 ,it is very certain that the ,fathers of this ,republic1 to whom in our emergencies we often vaguely appeal1 never dreamed that the whole machinery of a republic which1 in its present vastness1 power1 and future import1 could scarcely have flashed even on their happiest dreams1 would be perfectly adjusted in a century4 ,we must make the best of things as they exist1 work earnestly1 untiringly1 and hopefully to make them still better1 but not slap the whole world in the face for the poor satisfaction of the slap4 ,father ,preston is an excellent guide in this matter4 ,there is not a waste word in all that he says4 ,he has a reason1 and gives it1 for every statement1 and he strengthens his position by the testimony of honored men among those opposed to him4 ,it is strange that this country should be behind every other civilized nation in the fair adjustment of the educational question4 ,they do the best they can for all denominations2 we seem to have one predominating ideato wit1 that ,catholic children1 so far as the ,states can prevent it without absolute force1 shall not have the right of ,catholic education4 ,education is not and never can be a purely abstract affair as regards religion4 ,it must have some informing moral principle1 which will be right or wrong according to circumstances4 ,catholics refuse1 on their conscience1 to have any doubt about the matter4 ,others may do as they think fit under a government which professes to respect absolute freedom of conscience4 ,their freedom of conscience recognizes and claims education for their children in the spirit of their faith4 ,to deny this is coercion4 ,to make them contribute to a system of education based on its denial is coercion and extortion4 ,to see how fully enlightened ,protestants and enlightened governments uphold this view1 we can recommend nothing better in a brief form than the pages of this admirable pamphlet4 ,,wit1 ,,humor1 ,,and ,,shakspeare4 ,twelve ,essays4 ,by ,john ,weiss4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,there could be no better proof of the large tolerance of literary charlatanism by the ,american public than that a shrewd ,boston firm should in such times as the present consent to publish a book like this4 ,mr4 ,weiss evidently has nothing to say which can be of interest to a sensible man1 and his style is as bad as his thought4 ,his chief aim1 it would appear1 is to be odd1 unnatural1 and barbarous4 ,like the clown in the circus1 he hopes to amuse us by his antics1 if not by his wit4 ,but fantastic and affected phraseology cannot hide poverty or barrenness of thought4 ,if a man has nothing to say1 grimaces only make him ridiculous in the eyes of the judicious4 ,it would seem1 too1 that the author is under the delusion that he may succeed in making us believe that he means something by striving to render it as difficult as possible to find out what he means4 ,here are specimens of his style3 8,the life-breaths of joy and grief tend primitively to the lungs1 and they voice the mother-tongue of all emotions40 8,what a wide range of nature's curious freakery a forest has60 8,only those who are capable of annihilating capricious distinctions by feelings of common humanness are capable of enjoying the union of heterogeneous ideas40 ,it is ,mr4 ,weiss' great misfortune to believe that he is witty2 and the attempts which reveal this deep conviction might indeed make us laugh1 if they did not make us grieve4 8,what mutual impression do a dog and a duck make8 ,he runs around with frolic transpiring in his tail1 and barks to announce a wish to fraternize2 or perhaps it is a short and nervous bark1 and indicates unsettled views about ducks4 ,meantime1 the duck waddles off with an inane quack1 so remote from a bark that it must convince any well-informed dog of the hopelessness of proposing either business or pleasure to such a doting and toothless pate40 8,but as yet no cosey couples of clever apes have been discovered in paroxysms of laughter over the last sylvan equivoque2 nor have elephants been seen silently shaking at a joke too ponderous for their trunks to carry40 8,we cannot imagine that a turtle's head gets tired lying around decapitated for a week or more40 ,we cannot pardon ,mr4 ,emerson for having made such men as ,mr4 ,weiss possible4 ,he is a morbid productone of the sick multitude whose disease he has himself diagnosed4 8,multitudes of our ,american brains are badly drained in consequence of a settling of the wastage of house-grubbing and street-work into moral morasses which generate many a chimera40 ,this is on the twelfth page1 and to this point we followed the author with a kind of interest2 for it was still possible to hope that he might not be an ,american4 ,the ,english critics1 however1 may find his humor capital1 since they think ,walt ,whitman our greatest poet2 and ,mr4 ,weiss finds examples of wit and humor in this country truly ,shaksperean3 8,there was a man who stood on his head under a pile-driver to have a pair of tight boots driven on4 ,he found himself shortly after in ,china1 perfectly naked and without a cent in his pocket40 8,there is a man in the ,west so bow-legged that his pantaloons have to be cut out with a circular saw40 8,some of the ,texan cows have been lately described as so thin that it takes two men to see one of them4 ,the men stand back to back1 so that one says1 #8,here she comes6' and the other cries1 #8,there she goes6' ,thus between them both the cow is seen40 8,all these ,american instances0we quote the thoughtful and profound observation of ,mr4 ,weiss8are conceived in the pure ,shakesperean blending of the understanding and the imagination40 ,but one more of them1 perhaps the most artistically perfect of all1 must suffice4 8,a coachman1 driving up some mountains in ,vermont1 was asked by an outside passenger if they were as steep on the other side also4 #8,steep6 ,chain lightnin' couldn't go down 'em witheout the breechin' on6'0 ,nothing could be finer than the epigrammatic style in which ,mr4 ,weiss throws some of ,shakspere's characters into a crisp ,emersonian sentence3 8,pistol is the raw article of poltroonery done in fustian instead of a gayly-slashed doublet4 ,bardolph is the capaciousness for sherry1 without the capacity to make it apprehensive and forgetive2 it goes to his head1 but1 finding no brain there1 is provoked to the nose1 where it lights a cautionary signal4 ,nym is the brag stripped of resource1 shivering on prosiness40 ,we are quite prepared1 after all this1 to find that ,mr4 ,weiss belongs to the class of enlightened men who1 in the name of science1 sneer at religion4 ,it is hardly worth while to attempt his conversion4 ,,poems3 ,,devotional ,,and ,,occasional4 ,by ,benjamin ,dionysius ,hill1 ,c4,s4,p4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,in his last sermon on 8,subjects of the ,day0 78,the ,parting of ,friends071 ,dr4 ,newman exclaims3 8,o my mother1 whence is this unto thee1 that thou hast good things poured upon thee and canst not keep them1 and bearest children1 yet darest not own them8 ,why hast thou not the skill to use their services1 nor the heart to rejoice in their love8 ,how is it that whatever is generous in purpose1 and tender or deep in devotion1 thy flower and thy promise1 falls from thy bosom and finds no home within thine arms80 ,the author of these poems gives to his ,mother the wholenot a partof a delicate poetic talent that would have found a warm welcome in the world which knows her not4 ,the art in the poems is unaffected and genuine2 there is no pretence of artistic ambition1 nor any provoking involution of the thought in order to display the tricks and pretty devices of metre which would have come easily to one whose sense of poetic tune is so true4 ,the verse1 although by no means monotonous1 is uniformly simple2 the rhymes are never weak and are always sweetqualities rarely combinedand the infallible poetic instinct fills the lines with melody1 which1 at first so subtle and fine that it almost eludes1 is soon discovered to be exquisitely and permanently sweet4 ,the dominant thought is religious rapture4 ,father ,hill was not always under the benign influence which has brought this guerdon to his gifts4 ,he was outside the only church which offers man's heart an ideal of absolute perfection4 8,a barren creed had starved me40 ,god called him 8to fill the place of some ,ingrate who had thrown his childhood's faith away10 and within the consecrated precincts of the priesthood he discovered a gracious light upon his imaginationthe light of ,our ,lady4 ,so he has proved her poet2 and the tributes that he lays at her feet are rich and warm with the full beating ardor of manhood's love4 ,the pure sensuousness which gives strikingly what the painters would call 8fine flesh-tint0 to the poems will prove a strong attraction to the fervent hearts of thousands who1 like ,father ,hill1 love the ,mother of our ,lord with an uncontrollable intensity of human affection1 but who1 unlike him1 are unable fittingly to express that affection to her1 or even to define it to themselves or to others4 ,father ,hill is literally the knight of ,mary1 and he does more than the obligations of knighthood required2 for1 in addition to loving1 fighting for1 and seeking his reward from her1 he sings her praise4 ,he gives her at once his sword and his lyre4 ,the beauty of this chivalry of the soul is not easily to be understood by the shallow or the thoughtless2 yet even the irreverent will acknowledge its holiness1 and the commonest mind will be unable to resist its singular charms4 ,who can be insensible to such loyalty to the religious ideal as this8 8,,to ,,be ,,forgiven4 8,i call thee #8,love'#8my sweet1 my dearest ,love' ,nor feel it bold1 nor fear it a deceit4 ,yet ,i forget not that1 in realms above1 ,the thrones of ,seraphs are beneath thy feet4 8,if ,queen of angels thou1 of hearts no less3 ,and so of minea poet's1 which must needs ,adore to all melodious excess ,what cannot sate the rapture that it feeds4 8,and then thou art my ,mother,god's1 yet mine6 ,of mothers1 as of virgins1 first and best3 ,and ,i as tenderly1 intimately thine ,as ,he1 my ,brother1 carried at the breast4 8,my ,mother6 'tis enough4 ,if mine the right ,to call thee this1 much more to muse and sigh ,all other honeyed names4 ,a slave ,i might ,a son1 ,i must4 ,and both of these am ,i40 ,this exquisite piety is entitled 8,love's ,prisoner03 99 99 99 99 99 8,but is ,he lonely8 ,bend not here ,adoring angels as on high8 ,ah yes3 but yet1 when we appear1 ,a softer glory floods ,his eye4 ',tis earth's frail child ,he longs to see2 ,and thus ,he is alonefor me6 99 99 99 99 99 8,then1 best of lovers1 ,i'll draw near ,each day to minister relief4 ,for tho' the thought of year on year ,of sin should make me die of grief1 ,yet day by day my ,god ,i see #8,sick and in prison'all for me60 ,those whose imagination is without devotion1 or whose devotion lacks imagination1 will look upon the author of these poems as one indeed 8set apart40 ,yet even ,dr4 ,newman1 the giant intellect of modern thought1 looked upon ,keble1 as he tells us himself1 with awe1 simply because ,keble was a true religious poet2 and these two came to love each other with a tenderness that did not expire1 but was rather increased1 when the one passed within the gates of ,mother ,rome1 and the other1 faltering in tears1 sadly loitered1 then suffered himself to be led away4 ,so many a lesser ,newman will learn to love this lesser and more melodious poet within the sanctuary1 and his glowing soul will distribute some of its own warmth into the hospitable recesses in which this little book will find nooks the hosts never thought of4 ,,life ,,of ,,mother ,,maria ,,teresa1 ,,foundress ,,of ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,reparation4 ,by the ,abb ,hulst4 ,translated by ,lady ,herbert4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,to many people there is no reading so pleasant as a biography2 but when1 as in the life of a great servant of ,god1 solid instruction and sweet devotion are found united in the details of personal history1 the work becomes a hand-book in a ,christian's library4 ,of this kind is the present work1 which1 although only a small volume1 contains a great deal of matter1 and is written with all that ease and navet which are so often found in ,french biographies4 ,it is translated into ,english by ,lady ,herbert1 who is thoroughly competent for the task4 ,theodolind ,dubouch was born at ,montauban1 in ,france1 on the #b;d of ,may1 #ahji2 but her mother was of ,italian origin1 and it is a little singular that the daughter's portrait prefixed to this ,life bears a remarkable resemblance to that of ,dante4 ,neither of her parents was more than a nominal ,catholic1 and ,theodolind grew up in a cold and formal atmosphere of morality which would have chilled for ever the heart of one less naturally generous1 pure-minded1 and energetic1 and over whom ,god had not extended a particular protection4 ,her path to perfection was long and beset with many dangersalthough not at any time of the grosser sortbut the ,lord was her shepherd1 and she was led on1 step by step1 to the crowning-point of her career1 which was the establishment of an ,order for women whose special object should be the perpetual adoration of ,jesus in the ,holy ,eucharist1 and the continual reparation to his divine ,majesty4 ,theodolind assumed the name in religion of ,maria ,teresa1 and her congregation1 which was originally engrafted on the vigorous and venerable stem of ,carmel1 was begun at ,paris on the #fth of ,august1 #ahdh4 ,in the year #ahec it received a ,laudatine ,brief from the ,holy ,see4 ,this was the first step towards the full official approbation of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 which was given only three years after the death of the foundress4 ,her death occurred at ,paris on ,sunday1 #cjth of ,august1 #ahfc4 ,the congregation or ,institute of 8,l',adoration ,rparatrice0 has already four houses in ,france1 in each of which adorers in large numbers1 consecrated by religious profession1 succeed one another day and night before the ,blessed ,sacrament exposed1 and in a spirit of deep recollection make the adoration of reparation the principle of a special vocation and the occupation of a whole life4 ,the ,order will certainly continue to spread1 and we hope to see it introduced into this country1 where devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament is comparatively cold and scattered4 ,we recommend the present work to all the holy spouses of ,christ and true lovers of ,jesus in the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,,githa ,,of ,,the ,,forest2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,burning ,,of ,,croyland4 ,a ,romance of early ,english ,history4 ,by the author of ,lord ,dacre of ,gilsland1 ,royalists and ,roundheads1 etc41 etc4 ,london3 ,d4 ,stewart1 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is just one of those books that are in every way to be commended4 ,it illustrates an early and most interesting period of ,english and ,catholic history with remarkable power and vividness4 ,it is a constant wonder to us that ,catholics who have a taste for the writing of fiction do not more frequently take up such epochs as this1 which are full of heroic deeds and romantic episodes1 instead of vainly attempting to weave a romantic interest about the commonplace subjects and persons of the day4 ,the history of the world for the last eighteen centuries is theirs to choose from1 all its interest centres around ,christianity2 and we are not quite so much in love with to-day that we cannot thoroughly enjoy a trip back into the past when led by so skilful and true a hand as that of the author of ,githa4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #add4,,march1 #ahgg4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,russian ,,chancellor4#agg ,the attention of the world is at present fixed upon ,russia and upon the aged yet still active statesman who has directed her foreign policy for twenty years with an ability certainly very considerable1 though it yet remains to be seen how far it will prove itself consummate and successful4 ,it will help to an understanding of the career of this eminent ,russian ,minister of ,state1 and of the present attitude of ,russia1 if we premise a condensed sketch of certain of the most prominent events in the civil and ecclesiastical history of this great and singular empire4 ,it is difficult to find out the certain truth in regard to some of these important facts1 and we therefore profess to claim for such statements as we may make1 unless they relate to matters of known and undisputed history1 only that probability which they receive from the authority of some one or more of the writers whose names we have mentioned in the foot-note annexed to the title of this article4 ,this remark applies especially to facts relating to the schism of the ,russian ,church4 ,we have never yet met with any professedly complete and minute ecclesiastical history of ,russia4 ,mouravieff's work is a professed history of the ,russian ,church1 but it is compendious1 and too partial to deserve entire confidence4 ,it is much to be desired that some ecclesiastic of profound erudition in ,russian literature1 such as ,father ,gagarin or ,father ,tondini1 would furnish us with a thorough and trustworthy narrative of all the facts which can be known in this obscure and interesting department of ecclesiastical history4 ,in fact1 we suspect that very much which passes current in the civil history of ,russia as written by foreigners needs a critical sifting1 and that a perfectly impartial and trustworthy history of that empire is yet to be written4 ,the ,russian ,empire embraces one-seventh of the land-surface of the earth1 or more than double the area of ,europe1 and ,european ,russia is thirty times larger than ,england4 ,the aggregate population is at least #ge1jjj1jjj1 including a hundred distinct tribes1 among which more than forty languages are spoken4 ,the ancestors of the dominant race were ,scythians and ,sarmatians1 among whom the beginnings of civilization were to be found during the earliest part of the ,christian epoch4 ,it is a curious fact that a republic existed at ,novgorod before the arrival of ,rurik4 ,the ,russian dominant race is ,sclavonianthat is1 as ethnologists suppose1 of ,sarmatian origin4 ,the present name of the country and people is not1 however1 indigenous4 ,the ,russian tribe was a branch of the ,varangians1 who were ,scandinavians1 and migrated into the country to which they have given their name in the ninth century4 ,the name ,russian is derived by some from ,rurik1 and by others from some one of various ,scandinavian words signifying foreigner1 wanderer1 or scattered1 in which case it would denote the migration of the ,varangian horde from its former seat and its settlement in a foreign country4#agh ,rurik was the principal chief of these ,varangians1 the founder of a principality which was the germ of the future empire1 and the father of the first line of the tsars4 ,other chiefs of the same tribe founded minor principalities1 which formed together a sort of confederation1 the successor of ,rurik being recognized as ,grand ,prince4 ,the city of ,moscow was founded in the twelfth century4 ,it was not until after centuries had passed that one united kingdom was formed and increased by degrees to the vast magnitude of its modern proportions4 ,the absolute1 autocratic authority of the tsar was likewise a later development of the primitive form of government4 ,the reign of ,rurik continued from ,a4,d4 #hfa to #hgi1 and that of his direct line of successors until #aeih1 when it became extinct by the death of ,feodor ,i41 who left no issue1 and is said to have had no near1 surviving relatives4 ,after fifteen years of disputed successions and bloody civil conflicts1 caused by the usurpation of ,boris ,godounoff1 which began with the accession of the imbecile ,feodor1 the ,romanoff family was placed on the throne1 which it has kept in possession to the present day4 ,the first ,romanoff tsar was a son of ,feodor ,romanoff1 a nobleman who had retired into a monastery and become metropolitan of ,rostoff1 which dignity he afterwards exchanged for the higher office of patriarch of ,moscow4 ,he was first cousin to the ,tsar ,feodor through an intermarriage of the ,romanoffs with the reigning family4 ,the son of ,feodor who was elected tsar was a youth named ,michael ,feodorovitch4 ,to him succeeded his son ,alexis1 then ,feodor ,,ii41 then ,peter the ,great4 ,to ,peter succeeded his widow1 ,catharine ,i41 who was by birth a peasant1 followed by ,peter ,,ii41 the grandson of ,peter the ,great1 who died in his childhood1 and was succeeded by ,anne1 ,duchess of ,courland1 a niece of ,peter ,i4 ,after ,anne1 her grandnephew1 ,ivan ,,vii41 an infant1 was proclaimed1 but soon displaced by ,elizabeth1 a daughter of ,peter ,i4 and ,catharine4 ,peter ,,iii41 son of ,annewho was a daughter of ,peter and ,catharineand of the ,duke of ,holstein-,gottorp1 succeeded ,elizabeth1 but was dethroned by his own wife1 ,catharine ,,ii4 ,her son1 ,paul ,i41 was assassinated by his nobles1 and to him succeeded his son1 the justly-celebrated ,alexander ,i41 who reigned from #ahja to #ahbe4 ,the ,emperor ,nicholas1 whose reign terminated in #ahef1 was the brother of ,alexander1#agi and his son1 ,alexander ,,ii41 is the present reigning emperor4 ,for more than two centuries1 dating from ,a4,d4 #abch1 the ,russians were subject or tributary to the ,mongolians1 who had overrun and conquered the country4 ,ivan the ,great shook off their yoke during the latter half of the fifteenth century4 ,poland was a frequent and often victorious antagonist in war of ,russia until internal dissensions broke her power and left her a prey to the enemy who had once regarded her with dread4 ,turkey1 ,hungary1 ,persia1 ,sweden1 and other minor powers were also frequently engaged with her in conflicts of varying success before the period in which she took part in the great ,european struggles4 ,having slowly and gradually grown to a gigantic stature and attained to solidity and strength by the long operation of various internal and external causes1 this empire of the ,north founded by ,rurik suddenly1 under the powerful direction of ,peter the ,great1 took its place among the great nations of ,western ,christendom4 ,what it is yet to become we may know better than we can now vaticinate in the year #aijj1 when1 to use ,prince ,bismarck's strong figure1 some more of 8the iron dice of destiny falling from the hands of ,god0 shall have made the eternal decrees manifest which are now hidden in the obscurity of the future4 ,it is probable that ,christianity was first preached in ,russia by ,st4 ,andrew the ,apostle1 and had some partial success during the period intervening between the apostolic age and the second mission sent from ,constantinople in the ninth and tenth centuries4 ,at this epoch some ,christian communities were founded1 and the way was opened for greater successes at a later period4 ,the ,princess ,olga was baptized at ,constantinople in #iee1 and in #ihh her grandson1 ,vladimir the ,great1 who married the ,greek emperor's sister1 became a ,christian1 with all his subjects4 ,it is true that the conversion of the mass of the people was very superficial1 and that it was a long time before they ceased to hanker after their ancient superstitions4 ,yet the foundations were laid for a future superstructure1 and there is evidence that even before the ,mongolian invasion sacred science flourished at ,kieff4 ,at this period1 which lay between the schism of ,photius and that of ,michael ,cerulariuswhose revolt occurred in the middle of the eleventh century,constantinople and the other ,eastern patriarchates were in the communion of the ,roman ,church4 ,the ,russian ,church was therefore ,catholic at its original foundation4 ,the higher clergy were all ,byzantines1 especially in ,muscovy1 and were under the influence of the prevailing ideas of the clergy of the ,greek ,empire4 ,the imperfectly-instructed clergy and people of ,russia were therefore naturally left to drift into a condition of alienation from the ,roman ,church and ,western ,christendom1 when their immediate patriarch revolted from his allegiance to the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,the irruption of the ,mongols buried them in a sea of ignorance1 misery1 and barbarism for ages4 ,nevertheless1 their faith and their liturgical books were always ,catholic4 ,every now and then we meet with signs of some intercommunion with the ,roman ,church1 especially on the part of those who were immediately subject to the see of ,kieff4 ,we can scarcely1 therefore1 consider that an act of overt rebellion and complete schism of the national church was committed until the rejection of the ,act of ,union of ,florence1 and the erection of the independent patriarchate of ,moscow at the close of the fifteenth century4 ,at the opening of the ,council of ,florence1 in #adci1 ,vasili ,,iii4 sent ,isidore1 ,metropolitan of ,kieff and ,primate of ,russia1 a learned ,greek1 as the representative of the national church1 to effect a complete reconciliation with ,rome4 ,isidore fulfilled this commission1 and returned with the dignity of cardinal and legatine powers4 ,he was well received by the tsar1 who nevertheless dared not publicly ratify and proclaim his action without the consent of the ,muscovite clergy and boyars4 ,this was violently and obstinately refused4 ,cardinal ,isidore returned to ,kieff1 and within the provinces immediately subject to his jurisdiction as metropolitan the ,act of ,union was accepted4 ,he was afterwards banished from ,russia1 and after the storming of ,constantinople1 which he witnessed1 he1 like the more celebrated ,cardinal ,bessarion1 went to reside at ,rome4 ,vasili's motives for seeking to place his bishops under the supremacy of the ,roman pontiff were chiefly political4 ,he wished to free himself from the ecclesiastical and political interference of ,constantinople4 ,thwarted in his first plan1 he tried another4 ,on the pretext that the patriarch of ,constantinople had separated himself from the communion of the other ,eastern patriarchs1 he persuaded the ,muscovite clergy to abjure his authority4 ,on the same pretext he deprived the see of ,kieff of its pre-eminence1 and made the metropolitan of ,moscow the primate of all ,russia4 ,thus1 by flattering the ambition of the ,muscovite clergy1 he placed them in a position more favorable for the exercise and increase of his own authority over the church4 ,his successor1 ,ivan the ,great1 the same who freed his dominions from the ,mongolian supremacy1 completed and more fully carried out these plans1 and made himself the real governing head of the schismatical ,russian ,church4 ,after the fall of the ,greek ,empire the tsars ceased to have any reason to fear the oppressed church of ,constantinople1 and became friendly to it in an altered relation as its protectors and as claimants of the rights of the ,greek emperors4 ,ivan married ,sophia1 a ,greek princess1 adopted the double-headed eagle as his escutcheon1 assumed the state and splendor of an emperor1 and arrogated to himself the prerogatives of the secular head of the so-called ,orthodox ,church4 ,under ,feodor ,i4 the erection of a new patriarchate at ,moscow was effected by ,boris ,goudonoff1 who ruled1 in fact1 during the life-time of the last of the ,rurik dynasty1 and gained the throne1 left vacant at his death1 by his cunning intrigues4 ,under ,alexis1 the second ,romanoff1 the great patriarch ,nicon1 whose name is highly venerated in ,russia1 came into a collision with the tsars which resulted in his own downfall and in that of all spiritual independence of the ,russian hierarchy4 ,at last ,peter the ,great suppressed the patriarchal office1 substituting for it the ,holy ,synod1 and reducing the ,russian ,church to the condition of enslavement in which it has ever since languished4 ,notwithstanding the rigorous ecclesiastical despotism exercised by the ,russian emperors1 a large ,catholic communion has continued to exist in the empire1 a separate ,episcopal ,church1 including several millions of adherents1 has steadily maintained its independence of the state church1 and great numbers of irregular dissenters are also scattered through the tsar's dominions4 ,within the state church opposite tendencies towards ,rome on the one side1 and ,protestant or rationalistic liberalism on the other1 have been continually manifesting the want of a real1 internal unity in what is misnamed the orthodox religion4 ,ivan the ,terrible appealed to the pope's mediation in his political troubles1 and received the celebrated ,jesuit ,possevin as the envoy of the ,holy ,see4 ,during the reign of ,feodor ,,ii41 and the regency of the ,princess ,sophia while ,peter ,i4 was kept under her tutelage as a minor1 several prelates and nobles of the court manifested strong ,roman proclivities4 ,on the accession of ,peter all these adherents of the ,princess ,sophia shared in her disgrace and punishment4 ,yet even ,peter himself at one time showed a disposition toward reconciliation with the ,pope4 ,under ,peter ,,ii4 the same movement was renewed1 but followed by a violent reaction and persecution of the orthodox party1 under ,anne and her favorite1 ,biren4 ,the metropolitan of ,kieff was degraded1 the bishop of ,voronge degraded and publicly knouted1 the archbishop of ,rostoff and the bishop of ,kolomna were expelled from the ,holy ,synod1 the archbishop of ,kazan was degraded1 the bishop of ,tchernigoff was confined in a monastery1 and the archbishop of ,tver1 after being beaten with rods1 tortured1 and kept three years in solitary confinement1 was stripped of his episcopal dignity and monastic habit1 and imprisoned in a fortress1 where he languished until the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,prince ,vasili ,dolgoroucky was executed1 with several members of his family4 ,catharine ,,ii4 and ,alexander ,i4 both gave a temporary shelter and protection to the ,jesuits4 ,this last prince1 although he dallied for a time with evangelical ,protestantism1 sent his submission to the pope1 asking for a prelate to visit1 instruct1 and reconcile him to the ,holy ,see1 and died a ,catholic in faith and intention1 although the sudden termination of his mortal career took place before there was time for the arrival of the prelate to whom the ,holy ,father had confided this mission4 ,the numerous conversions of illustrious ,russians to the ,catholic ,church are well-known facts4 ,that heresy and infidelity are rife among many nominal members of the ,russian ,church is also equally indisputable and notorious4 ,the whole history of the empire of ,rurik has a close association with ,constantinople4 ,while the ,russians were still pagans the project of subduing the ,greek ,empire seems to have been constantly in view4 ,oleg1 ,rurik's immediate successor2 ,igor1 ,rurik's son1 who succeeded ,oleg1 and was the husband of ,olga2 and their son ,sviatoslaf1 the father of ,vladimir the ,great1 made invasions into the ,greek ,empire at the head of armies ranging from eighty to four hundred thousand in number4 ,they were either bought off from conquest by vast ransoms or defeated by ,greek craft and their own disorderly conduct4 ,after the conversion of ,vladimir1 ,constantinople was to ,russia what ,rome has always been to ,occidental ,christendom2 and when the ,greek ,empire fell1 the ,turk became in their eyes what the ,moslem was to the ,catholic ,spaniards4 ,the queen city of the ,euxine and ,mediterranean ,seas1 the ,new ,rome of ,constantine1 with the rich provinces of ,turkey in ,europe depending upon it1 has ever been present to the view of the emperors and the people of ,russia as the objective point of perpetual crusades1 as a prize to be won by their warlike valor1 as the natural and destined capital whose possession is necessary to bring their empire to its acme of power and glory4#ahj ,always mysteriously baffled and thrown back1 the colossal power of the northern empire has been incessantly pressing against this resistance1 even since the power of combined ,europe has backed the weakening ,ottoman ,empire4 ,the ,emperor ,nicholas was more completely possessed by this hereditary idea than any of his predecessors since ,peter the ,great2 he undertook and sacrificed more for it than any one of them1 and seems really to have caused ,russia to make a great stride towards the ulterior object4 ,by the war of #ahbh and '#bi ,turkey was extremely humiliated and weakened1 and immense advantages were gained by ,russia4 ,her arms were completely and brilliantly successful from beginning to end of the campaign1 and surprise has often been expressed that the ,russian army did not march directly on ,constantinople after ,adrianople had been captured4 ,it may be that the military strength of the empire was exhausted by its costly victories1 and that ,nicholas was afraid of exciting a league of the great powers against him4 ,whatever his reasons may have been1 he concluded a peace at ,adrianople1 and postponed further action to a future time4 ,when the treaty of ,adrianople was concluded 7#ahbi71 the present chancellor of ,russia was thirty-one years of age and employed in a subordinate position under the ministry4 ,prince ,alexander ,mikhilovitch ,gortchakoff was born in #agih1 and claims descent from ,rurik4 ,he first gained the favor of the ,emperor ,nicholas by negotiating the marriage of his daughter1 the ,princess ,olga1 with the crown-prince of ,wrtemberg4 ,he had already passed four years at the little court of ,stuttgart as resident minister1 and he earned the gratitude of the imperial family by remaining willingly eight years longer1 in order to aid the ,princess ,olga as her guide and counsellor4 ,his residence at ,stuttgart fell between the years #ahdb and #ahed1 and he was therefore fifty-six years of age before attaining anything above a minor position in the diplomatic service4 ,after the re-establishment of the ,diet at ,frankfort1 in #ahej1 he was appointed to represent ,russia at its sessions1 and henceforth divided his time between ,stuttgart and ,frankfort1 and employed his abundant leisure in studying the politics of ,europe4 ,it was at this time that he first met with ,m4 ,bismarck1 then a lieutenant in the ,prussian ,landwehr1 a novice in diplomacy and his colleague at the ,diet4 ,here also he became intimate with two remarkable and singular characters whose history and ideas illustrate the peculiar national spirit by which the genuine ,russian people1 which remains true to its ancient traditions without any foreign mixture1 is animated4 ,the first of these singular personages was ,vassili ,joukofski1 who had been in early life a poet of considerable renown1 not remarkably original1 but possessed of a great talent for facile versification and ingenious translation1 and sufficiently cultivated as a scholar to have been selected as the private tutor of the ,grand ,dukes ,alexander and ,constantine1 the present emperor and his brother4 ,although he had voluntarily selected a ,german lady as his wife and a ,german town as his permanent abode1 he remained1 nevertheless1 confirmed in his belief of the hopeless corruption of ,western ,europe1 and the destiny reserved for ,russia to complete the work of the ,crusades1 drive 8the impure beast0 from ,byzantium1 liberate the ,holy ,land1 and regenerate the world by 8a new eruption of ,christianity40 ,the other individual of this remarkable pair was ,nicholas ,gogol1 a man of original and powerful genius1 full of a sombre and extravagant religious enthusiasm1 who haunted the drawing-rooms of ,joukofski1 and startled the elegant1 cultivated guests of his more worldly friend like a fantastic apparition from the spiritual world4 ,gogol was a terrible satirist of the vices of ,russian society1 a prophet of wrath and judgment1 in despair of civilization and of his own salvation1 wandering the earth in a restless search after some relief for his disturbed soul1 and reappearing at intervals among his friends at ,frankfort to deliver impassioned exhortations to prayer and penance4 ,the only remedy for modern evils1 in his view1 was a return to the primitive state of barbarian ,muscovy1 and a crusade of despotism joined with the undefiled faith of old ,russia against 8the heathens of the ,occident40 ,it is an old saying in ,russia that 8heaven can only be reduced by famine40 ,gogol acted on this maxim to such an extent by his long fasts and prayers that he was one day found dead of inanition in an attitude of prayer1 prostrate before his holy images4 ,prince ,gortchakoff is a cultivated sceptic1 intent on the aggrandizement of ,russia from motives which are earthly and confined within the sphere of that materialistic philosophy which dominates in diplomatic circles4 ,nevertheless1 mystic enthusiasm1 the most enlightened and noble aspirations of religion and patriotism1 great designs for a lofty end1 and the lower qualities of cleverness in worldly wisdom1 talent for managing the affairs of administration1 and ambition to fulfil a great personal career by serving as an instrument of some grand social or political power1 are often found combined together to pursue the same object from different motives4 ,the ,emperor ,nicholas was undoubtedly thoroughly sincere in his adherence to the religious and political doctrines which he professed1 really influenced by the mystical ideas of the 8crusaders10 and convinced of the justice of his cause4 ,his chief minister1 ,nesselrode1 certainly did not share these ideas1 yet he served his master with all the resources and ability which he possessed4 ,so also did ,gortchakoff1 although personally he is of the same stamp with his predecessor4 ,the emperor1 as the whole world knows1 and a great part of it well remembers1 reopened the ,turkish question and engaged in the memorable1 for the time being to ,russia unsuccessful1 even disastrous1 war of the ,crimea4 ,in #ahee ,prince ,gortchakoff was sent as resident ambassador to ,vienna2 there he labored strenuously1 both before and after the death of ,nicholas1 first to detach ,austria from the cause of the allies and win her cooperation with ,russia1 and then to gain terms which would permit his government to conclude an honorable peace on the least disadvantageous terms4 ,russia has been profoundly irritated against ,austria ever since the latter power refused to take her part against the protectors of the ,ottoman ,porte2 accusing her of ingratitude for the great service which ,nicholas rendered to ,francis ,joseph in suppressing by military force and gratuitously the ,hungarian rebellion4 ,prince ,gortchakoff shared this feeling2 it has always affected his diplomatic policy1 and it may have yet most important results1 if hostilities are renewed on a large scale4 ,at the ,congress of ,paris1 which settled the conditions of peace1 ,prince ,gortchakoff was the ,russian plenipotentiary4 ,immediately afterwards ,count ,nesselrode retired from the position of ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 and in ,april1 #ahef1 the successor upon whom the eyes of the court and the empire had been long turned with favor and hope was elevated to the office1 which he has filled for twenty years1 and which has become essentially more important in his person than it ever was during preceding administrations4 ,prince ,gortchakoff is the first who has filled at the ,russian court the office of ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs in the ,western acceptation of the powers and responsibilities of that position4 ,heretofore the emperor had personally directed the state policy1 using his minister as a mere counsellor and chief secretary4 ,alexander ,,ii4 has devolved the actual direction upon his chief minister4 ,the most marked feature of his administration has been the close personal and official amity and concord which has subsisted since their first meeting at ,frankfort between himself and ,bismarck4 ,the delineation of the common policy of the two chancellors would require that we should take up ,m4 ,klaczko's exposition of the career of the ,prussian chancellora task which we cannot fulfil at present4 ,of course each one has had in view the aggrandizement of his own state1 and given his concurrence to the designs of the other in the expectation of forwarding thereby his own plans4 ,bismarck cares nothing for ,russia1 and1 after his residence at ,st4 ,petersburg as ,prussian ambassador1 he expressed his opinion of her by the motto which he pasted inside his watch-case3 8,russia is nothingness40#aha ,gortchakoff undoubtedly cares as little for ,prussia and the ,german ,empire4 ,each one looks out for his own ship2 for those men whose ideas are catholic are of a different class from mere clever diplomatists1 and1 unhappily1 are rarely to be found among either kings or ministers of state4 ,bismarck has always made his special accomplices in ruining the antagonist of the moment the next victims of his undermining schemes4 ,what he has in prospect for ,russia is as yet undisclosed4 ,nor is it certain that he will succeed in playing out his game1 making ,gortchakoff a mere card in his hand4 ,the ,russian is doubtless too astute and farseeing to rely on the disinterested friendship of the ,prussian1 or on his fidelity to any secret engagements1 except so far as self-interest or fear may hold him to his word4 ,thus far1 however1 the contract of facio ut facias has been well kept between the two1 to their mutual advantage4 ,prussia has gained a great deal by it1 and ,russia something1 although the decisive crisis is just now coming on1 and still undecided1 which will solve the problem how much she has gained or will gain4 ,nicholas died1 baffled and disappointed4 ,alexander came to the throne sad and disheartened4 ,russia was crippled and exhausted by the terrible disasters of the ,crimean war1 her prestige and influence in ,europe were diminished1 and she was placed under humiliating and hampering restrictions by the treaty of ,paris4 ,under ,prince ,gortchakoff's administration she has recuperated and increased her strength by the mere force of her immense vitality4 ,by skilful management she has regained a place in ,european politics almost equal to that of ,germany4 ,she has thrown off the trammels of the treaty of ,paris4 ,france1 ,england1 and ,turkey have lost all they had gained by their costly victories4 ,the allies of ,turkey have been overcome by superior diplomacy together with adverse fortune1 and made to play into the hands of their old antagonist2 and ,turkey has been driven into worse straits than any which have beset her in the most dangerous epochs of her former history4 ,the initiative in the extraordinary political movements of this epoch has been taken by ,bismarck1 whom ,gortchakoff has merely connived at or seconded4 ,this secondary and mostly negative support has been1 nevertheless1 most important1 probably even necessary1 to the success of ,bismarck's schemes4 ,it has involved1 moreover1 great changes in ,russia's traditional policy and considerable sacrifices4 ,this is especially the case in regard to the minor states of ,germany and ,denmark1 so closely allied by intermarriages with ,russia1 formerly so decidedly supported and aided by her influence1 yet of late abandoned without remonstrance to ,prussian spoliation4 ,russia has been avenged on ,france1 on ,austria1 and to a certain extent on ,england1 and she has had the opportunity of reviving the question of the ,east with a view toward ulterior results4 ,thus far ,bismarck has seemed to act toward ,gortchakoff in the same way that the latter acted towards him in reference to the war on the ,french ,empire4 ,certainly1 much more must be expected from him1 and it does not yet appear that he can dupe and outwit his copartner in politics as he did the weak1 dreamy ,louis ,napoleon1 or make use of him as a mere subservient agent1 to be discarded when his services become unnecessary4 ,prince ,gortchakoff appears to have managed matters thus far for the advantage of ,russia with consummate adroitness4 ,moreover1 whatever may have been the influences at work within the imperial family compelling the chancellor to yield his personal opinions or wishes1 it is evident that in point of fact ,russian policy has not been of late subservient to ,bismarck's designs1 but1 on the contrary1 has forced him to modify them considerably in respect to ,france4 ,in the event of war between ,russia and ,turkey alone it is plain that ,russia will not find it an easy task to effect the conquest of ,turkey and to expel the ,turks from ,europe4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that the ,ottoman power must succumb after one desperate struggle1 if left unaided by all the ,european powers4 ,it does not seem likely1 however1 that ,europe will stand idly aloof2 on the contrary1 there is reason to apprehend that when the conflict threatens to become decisive of the fate of ,turkey1 all the great powers will become involved in a general war1 which will make an epoch in history and determine the destinies of the world for the next ensuing age4 ,we may conjecture1 on grounds which are at least plausible1 that if ,russia is actively supported by any other powers1 it will be ,germany and ,italy which will ally themselves with her1 against ,austria1 ,england1 and ,france4 ,we can scarcely expect that a war of this kind would terminate in complete success to either of the belligerent parties4 ,in the end all the great nations must come to some mutual agreement in a congress which shall settle the balance of power on a new basis1 guarding against an absolute and dangerous preponderance of any one of the chief powers4 ,what is to become of ,constantinople we will not venture to predict4 ,but let us suppose that ,russia obtains this object of her long1 patient1 and persevering efforts and ardent aspirations4 ,must we suppose that this will necessarily be an event disastrous to the interests of the ,catholic ,church and civilization and to the religious1 political1 and social welfare of ,europe and the world8 ,the language of many most intelligent and religious men1 particularly of ,englishmen1 and of many others1 not particularly religious1 who look at the matter purely in view of the temporal interests of nations1 proves that a very strong and general conviction exists in the sense of the affirmative answer to this question4 ,we think1 however1 that there is something to be said on the other side4 ,as the ,catholic aspect of the question is the one most important in itself1 and really involving all the others1 we consider this aspect alone4 ,it is the schismatical position of the ,russian ,church1 and its complete subjection to the autocratic power of the ruler of the state1 which furnishes the only reason for regarding the ,turkish dominion in the ,levant as a lesser and more tolerable evil than the transfer of the capital of ,russia from ,st4 ,petersburg to ,constantinople4 ,all reasons1 therefore1 which encourage the hope and expectation of the reconciliation of ,russia with the ,holy ,see diminish1 in proportion to their weight1 the dread which the prospect of such an event may awaken4 ,we will here quote a remarkable passage from ,dr4 ,mivart's late essay on ,contemporary ,evolution having a bearing on this subject4 ,those who have read this work1 or the review of it in our number of last ,december1 will understand the value of the quotation we are about to make1 as coming from a man who anticipates such a very different course of events from that whose possibility he here sets forth4 ,it proves his cautious1 scientific method of reasoning4 ,he does not advance his own theory with absolute assertion as certain1 and his acuteness1 combined with candor1 causes him to discern and bring into notice a contingency in the direction of ,russia which1 if it should turn out to be a future actuality1 would alter most essentially the 8evolution0 whose probable course causes so much curious and anxious questioning of the signs of the times4 8,nevertheless1 there are many who believe that a reversal will at length ensue1 and some modification of the old theocracy be again generally established4 ,at present the only power which seems to contain enough of the old material is ,russia4 ,it may be that1 instead of politically assimilating itself to ,western ,europe 7like the manners of its highest class71 it may come to exercise a powerfully reactionary tendency4 ,it does not seem impossible that1 availing itself of the mutually enfeebling wars and revolutionary disintegration of ,western powers1 it may hereafter come to play that part in ,europe which was played of old by ,macedon in ,greece4 ,such a ,western expansion might be greatly aided if1 carrying out the idea of a former sovereign1 it united itself to the ,roman ,church1 and made itself the agent of the most powerful religious feelings and of all the theocratic reactionary tendencies latent in ,western ,europe4 ,it does not even seem impossible that a ,roman pontiff effectively restored to his civil princedom by such ,russian agency might inaugurate1 by a papal consecration in the ,eternal ,city1 yet a fresh dynasty of #8,holy ,roman emperors1' a ,sclavonic series succeeding to the suppressed ,german line1 as the ,germans succeeded in the person of ,charlemagne to the first line of ,csars40#ahb ,what seems to the distinguished writer just quoted barely possible appears to us quite probable4 ,it does not follow1 however1 that his hypothesis1 proposed as possible1 expresses precisely the necessary alternative to the opposite term of a complete revolution in ,russia by pagan liberalism4 ,the medium between ,nicholas ,gogol's fanatical ideas of a reformation by ,muscovite barbarism and despotism and their absolute contrarythe uttermost development and sway through the whole extent of the civilized world of ,western heathenismneed not be placed exactly at the point marked out by ,dr4 ,mivart4 ,we can suppose that the ,russian ,empire may reach its ultimatum by attaining a degree of power and grandeur beyond that which it now possesses1 without acquiring domination over the rest of ,europe4 ,we can suppose that its influence may be exerted successfully to arrest and turn back the tide of pagan revolution1 in co-operation with the other powers acting on a more ,christian policy1 without being absolutely reactionary4 ,russia may receive as well as impart influence1 undergo in herself modification as well as cause modification to be undergone by ,western ,europe1 through mutual contact at ,constantinople4 ,it would seem that such must be the result of her coming down to the ,mediterranean and emerging from her old ice-bound and land-locked isolation4 ,she will come in contact with ,america as well as ,europe2 and1 in fact1 the visits of her naval squadrons and of three of her grand dukes to our shores show that the imperial court of ,st4 ,petersburg does not fear communication with the great republic of the ,west4 ,the method of administering government in ,russia has actually been undergoing a great modification1 in the sense of substituting regular procedures of law and definite codes for personal and arbitrary authority under the initiative and direction of the emperors themselves and their immediate ministers4 ,the local communal government1 by the system of free assemblies and elections of the people in districts and villages1 exists throughout ,russia4 ,the ,emperor ,nicholas prosecuted actively the work of ameliorating and improving the condition of the common people1 which ,alexander has carried still further by the abolition of serfdom4 ,the mitigation and attempering to the demands of an improved civilization of the autocratic principle in the empire seems to be an inevitable and certain process which must go on1 and which finds its greatest impediment in the nefarious plots and insurrections of secret societies and revolutionists4 ,it is to be hoped that when a stable equilibrium is once restored in ,europe1 when a solid peace succeeds to the impending storm of war1 and ,russia is in harmony with other ,christian nations1 her power1 combined with theirs1 will be seriously and successfully applied to the suppression of these secret societies1 thus giving the hydra-head of revolution a stunning1 disabling blow2 though we cannot expect that any human power will be able to kill and bury the monster4 ,russia cannot fulfil the mission her religious and patriotic children ascribe to her1 cannot take a principal part in the redintegration of ,christendom1 or even attain her complete political growth and strength either in ,europe or ,asia1 without abandoning her schismatical position1 reuniting herself to the ,pope1 and liberating the church from its constricting thraldom to obsolete ,byzantine prejudices and secular tyranny4 ,the question of the conversion of ,russia has already been treated of in our pages by the learned and zealous ,father ,tondini1 and a number of works bearing on the whole subject are accessible to ,english readers4 ,we have not space to go into this matter as it deserves4 ,we are merely indicating what a ,catholic ,russian ,empire1 in possession of ,constantinople1 might accomplish for the triumph of ,christianity4 ,the long catalogue of crimes1 cruelties1 persecutions1 internal abuses1 disorders1 heresies1 fanatical extravagances1 ravages of infidel and revolutionary opinionsin which too much that is true1 we are induced by the argument from analogy1 as well as in part by counter-statements worthy of credit1 to believe1 is mixed with some falsehood and much exaggerationon which a wholesale denunciation of ,russia is founded1 proves nothing at all or too much4 ,all great nations of ,christendom can be subjected to the same oriminating process4 ,what can an advocate say in the cause of ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 or medival ,europe8 ,the same can be applied to ,russia4 ,if it is a legitimate plea1 the facts cited in the indictment on sufficient evidence are true1 but irrelevant4 ,to attempt a white-washing process is in all cases foolish as well as immoral4 ,the crimes recorded in the pages of ,russian history1 whether personal or political1 are not to be denied or excused4 ,existing evils in church and state are not to be disguised4 ,all mankind are born in original sin1 and the great majority have committed actual sins4 ,what then8 ,has ,christ not redeemed the world8 will he not triumph over sin and death1 and crowd the kingdom of heaven with his elect8 ,in none of the kingdoms of this world1 in no age of human history1 can we find the ideal kingdom of ,god and ,christ1 of justice1 peace1 and happiness1 otherwise than imperfectly brought into actual existence4 ,does not the heavenly kingdom gradually form itself out of this confused mass of material1 growing up through the ages of time to that perfection which it will attain in eternity8 ,let us look at ,russia in a general view1 as we look on the past ages of ,christendom1 neglecting those small particular objects which disappear or become insignificant in an extended and philosophical survey4 ,let us drop our petty national prejudices1 and clear our minds of everything inconsistent with impartial justice to all mankind and ,catholic charity4 ,we shall find much that is admirable and hopeful in the great ,russian ,empire and her people1 and be convinced that ,russians1 even after they have become ,catholics and suffered expatriation1 are justified in their ardent love for1 and pride in1 their unique and wonderful country4 ,the ,russian people resembles a belated army1 like that of ,blcher at ,waterloo1 coming on the field to decide a doubtful battle4 ,they are of the past1 and have but just emerged from their childhood4 ,the old patriarchal spirit lives in them2 they are simple1 hardy1 traditional1 loyal1 full of reverence for parental1 sacerdotal1 and imperial authority1 industrious and easily contented4 ,the ,russian peasantry are warmly clothed and housed2 they have enough of the simple food which suffices for their wants2 and pauperism scarcely exists4 ,they are a most religious people1 and religion is recognized as the basis and foundation of the entire political and social fabric of the nation1 as well by the government as by the mass of the people4 ,they only need to be vivified by the current of life from the heart1 and energized by the vital force from the head1 of ,catholic unity1 to become what the ,western nations were in the times of their pristine ,christian vigor4 ,the schism in which they are involved is an unhappy legacy inherited from the corrupt ,lower ,empire of ,byzantium and its ambitious1 perfidious clergy4 ,christianity lacked the full amount of power necessary to accomplish a perfect work in ,russia1 because the source whence it was derived could not give it4 ,the ,russian ,church has never had its golden age4 ,there are many reasons why it seems fitting and probable that the gifts and graces of the ,holy ,spirit should be imparted to it at this late day in much greater fulness than they were in the beginning1 making it flourish suddenly and beautifully1 like its own artificial gardens1 out of the long1 bleak winter4 ,the body of the ,russian nation cannot be regarded as apostate1 or compared with those who followed ,photius1 ,luther1 ,jansenius1 or ,dllinger into wilful rebellion and secession4 ,the authors of the schism were the prelates and higher clergy from ,constantinople1 and the boyars of ,moscow1 who were completely under their influence4 ,most of these1 even1 were probably1 to a great extent1 misled by ignorance and prejudice4 ,we have already shown how the schism has become intertwined with state policy1 so as to transform the great1 severed limb of the ,catholic ,church into a national institution with an outward form of hierarchical organization1 yet really only a department of the imperial autocracy4 ,nevertheless1 this national ,russian ,church is in a condition essentially different from that of the ,anglican establishment or any other ,protestant communion4 ,it retains all that is necessary to the constitution of a catholic church1 and needs only to submit to the supremacy of the ,pope in order to be redintegrated in unity4 ,the body of the priests and people of ,russia are undoubtedly not in formal1 but merely in material1 schism4 ,they are therefore truly in their own persons members of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they have the faith and the sacraments1 and there is no obstacle to the grace of ,god in the inculpable state of external separation from the ,holy ,see in which they have been unfortunately placed by their ecclesiastical and civil rulers4 ,the misfortune of such a vast number of the true and pious children of the ,holy ,mother ,church must cry to ,god for deliverance and restoration to the true fold4 ,their numerous oblations of the unbloody ,sacrifice1 their communions1 their perpetual prayers to the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints1 some of whom belonged in this world to their nation1 the sacrifices and prayers of the noble converts from the ,russian schism to ,catholicity1 the mercy of ,god1 which is extended over all men1 especially the baptized1 must surely effect their reconciliation to their ,catholic brethren and the ,holy ,father of all ,christendom4 ,the sufferings and the blood of the victims of ,russian persecution will conduce more powerfully to this result than any other human cause4 ,the pagan ,russians slaughtered the priests and faithful of the ,byzantine ,empire but a short time before they fell down before the cross and submitted to the spiritual authority of the ,christian patriarch4 ,vladimir dragged ignominiously to the river the idol he had formerly worshipped4 ,it cannot1 therefore1 be impossible that ,god should bring his successor to the feet of the ,pope in humble submission1 to place himself and his empire under the gentle sway of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,russia once reconciled with ,catholic ,christendom1 the conversion of all the ,sclavonians would undoubtedly follow4 ,the ,eastern schism would become extinct or reduced to insignificance2 and to ,russia would naturally fall the great work of ,christianizing ,asia1 when the paralysis of schism was removed4 ,who can tell if the kingdom of ,poland may not be restored to its autonomy1 renovated by the severe chastisements which it has not only suffered but deserved1 and purified from the foul mixture of infidel revolutionism which has been more fatal to it than any of its external disasters8 ,the designs of ,god defy all human scrutiny1 and the changes awaiting ,europe1 whose complicated1 mysterious evolutions have always baffled the most sagacious foresight or previous planning of rulers or statesmen1 are as much beyond philosophical calculation as the movements of three bodies are beyond the computation of mathematics4 ,some indications1 however1 precede the full disclosures of events4 ,an eminent ,catholic of ,germany has recently said3 8,i see the finger of ,god1 which pushes the ,russians forwards and ,romewards40#ahc ,we do not think there can be any object more worthy of the united prayers of all ,catholics1 next after the deliverance and triumph of the ,holy ,see1 than the reconciliation of ,russia to the ,catholic ,church4 #agg ,two ,chancellors3 ,prince ,gortchakoff and ,prince ,bismarck4 ,by ,julian ,klaczko4 ,translated from the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes by ,frank ,p4 ,ward4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahgf4 ,various works on ,russia by ,palmer1 ,gagarin1 ,tondini1 ,de ,custine1 ,de ,maistre1 ,pitzipios1 ,tyrrell1 ,gurowski1 ,romanoff1 ,rabbe and ,duncan1 etc4 ,the histories of ,mouravieff1 ,leo1 ,rohrbacher1 ,darras1 and ,alzog4 #agh ,still another derivation is from ,roxolani1 the name of a ,scythian tribe4 #agi ,the older brother1 ,constantine1 resigned his right of succession4 #ahj ,alexander ,i4 said to ,caulaincourt3 8,i must have the key which opens the gate of my house40 #aha ,la ,russie c'est le rien4 #ahb ,contemporary ,evolution1 by ,st4 ,george ,mivart1 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #ahc ,reinhold ,baumstarck in the ,hist4 ,polit4 ,bltter for ,dec4 #a1 #ahgf4 ,,up ,,the ,,nile4 ,,ii4 ,like giant walls the ,libyan and ,arabian mountains bound the valley on either side1 at one point close to the river bank1 at another receding inland five or six miles4 ,from ,cairo to ,wady ,halfa1 eight hundred miles1 they stretch in an unbroken line4 ,beautiful groves of palm-trees line the banks1 among which we wander for hours as the boat is tracked up the stream4 ,this mode of progression is slow indeed1 and is used when the wind fails us4 ,a stout rope is made fast to the bow1 and eight or ten men1 taking hold of the other end1 walk along the bank1 dragging the boat after them1 scarcely ever making more than five or six miles a day4 ,we go ashore at this time4 ,there are numbers of fine birds to shootover two hundred and fifty different kinds3 vultures1 rosy pelicans1 golden orioles1 pink flamingos1 many geese and ducks1 and innumerable flocks of aboulgerdans1 the ardetta russata1 or buff-back heron1 the constant friend and companion of the buffalo4 ,for hours we wander through palm-groves1 cotton and sugar fields1 and occasionally pass through a small village1 to the intense amusement of the elders and the terror of the juveniles4 ,near midnight of the #bdth of ,december we reached ,ekhmeem1 a small town on the east bank4 ,we had been anxious to spend ,christmas morning here2 for there is a reunited ,coptic church1 and we all wished to attend ,mass4 ,the church was not very handsome nor elaborately finished4 ,the floor was composed of bricks1 with a few straw mats scattered here and there4 ,the roof was made of rough1 unfinished boards1 two openings in which served to admit light and air1 thus dispensing with the necessity for windows4 ,there were a few pews4 ,on the walls were painted pictures of saints and holy men and women4 ,they were executed by native artists1 and to the untutored eye of these simple natives seemed beautiful no doubt4 ,they reminded us of those pictures we were wont to draw on our slates when schoolboys4 ,after they were finished1 painful doubts would arise as to whether any one would be able to tell for what they were intended2 so to remove all apprehension we wrote underneath3 8,this is a man10 8,this is a cow40 ,if many ,western ,christians are to visit this church1 it would be well for them to do the same1 so that we may not mistake a picture of the ,blessed ,virgin for a shadoof1 or ,st4 ,joseph for a portion of an obelisk4 ,there were about forty ,arabs1 men and boys1 in the body of the church1 and some women behind the lattice-work screens at the rear which separated them from the men4 ,this separation of sex is carried on even in the ,christian churches of ,egypt4 ,father ,h officiated1 and we had the honor to be the first ,latins who had ever heard ,mass in the ,coptic church of ,ekhmeem4 ,afterwards we were hospitably entertained by the ,coptic priest4 ,he invited us to his reception-room on the second story2 the congregation crowded in1 and each one in turn shook hands with us1 and then kissed their own hands in token of respect4 ,innumerable cups of coffee and cigarettes were forced upon us4 ,i like coffee1 and am particularly fond of a cigarette1 but both in moderation4 ,one soon tires1 however1 of converting himself into a movable coffee-pot and perambulating smoke-stack to afford these natives a means of showing that they are pleased with his visit4 ,i have never seen smoking carried on to such an extent as in this country4 ,while dressing in the morning and undressing at night they puff their cigarettes4 ,during the day the smoke is constantly issuing from their lips4 ,pococke speaks of some convents near here1 one of which is called 8,of the ,martyrs10 and is mentioned by the ,arab historian ,macrizi1 and another about two miles further in a wild valley1 which is composed of grottoes in the rock and a brick chapel covered with ,coptic inscriptions4 ,near this is a rude beaten path leading to what appears to have been the abode of a hermit4 ,ekhmeem1 down to the advent of the ,moslems1 was considered the oldest city of all ,egypt4 ,it was supposed to have been founded by ,ekhmeem1 the great-grandson of ,ham4 ,this was after the ,deluge2 and if the generally-received date of that event be correct1 then the supposition was false4 ,modern ,egyptologists1 unless wrong in their chronology1 show that many cities existed at least three thousand years before ,christ4 ,a few hours' sail brought us to ,girgeh1 a small town on the left bank4 ,here is the oldest ,roman ,catholic establishment in ,egypt4 ,girgis1 or ,george1 is the patron saint of all the ,egyptian ,christians1 and after him the town was named4 ,leo ,africanus says that ,girgeh was formerly the largest and most opulent monastery of ,christians in ,egypt1 called after ,st4 ,george1 and inhabited by upwards of two hundred monks1 who possessed much land in the neighborhood4 ,they supplied food to all travellers1 and sent annually a large sum to the patriarch at ,cairo to be distributed among the ,christian poor4 ,about one hundred years ago a dreadful plague afflicted ,egypt and carried off all the monks of the convent4 ,there is a small congregation now of some four hundred reunited ,copts1 with a few ,coptic priests1 presided over by a ,franciscan missionary4 ,we called on him and paid a very pleasant visit4 ,he accepted our invitation to dinner4 ,as it was ,christmas day1 and this our first dinner-party1 ,ahmud spared no trouble to have everything as nice as possible4 ,the table was laid with very pretty pink and white china4 ,ibrahim appeared in a full suit of the purest white4 ,the principal dish was a turkey2 and such turkeys as they have in this upper country are to be found nowhere else in the world4 ,unfortunately1 the priest could only speak ,arabic and ,italian2 and as our knowledge of those languages was very limited1 the conversation was not animated4 ,one of our party spoke ,spanish fluently2 with this assistance1 and what remained of the ,latin of our college days1 we made some progress1 and were able to exchange a little information and a few ideas4 ,the ,father was an ,italian of good family1 and had been at ,girgeh for eight years4 ,his congregation were very much attached to him1 but1 being very poor1 he found it difficult to get along4 ,the only outside aid he received was from the missionary society of ,lyons1 who send to each mission along the ,nile one napoleon 7about four dollars7 per month4 ,further up1 at ,negadeh1 we paid a very interesting visit to an old priest1 ,pre ,samuel1 who had been thirty-seven years in ,egypt1 thirty-four of which he had spent at ,negadeh4 ,at first he did not seem to understand the purport of our visit4 ,we were probably the first ,catholics who had ever called on him4 ,in the course of thirty-four years he had made but twenty converts from ,moslemism4 ,this is owing to the severe penalties prescribed by the ,koran for apostasy1 which but few dare brave4 ,there are about four thousand schismatical ,copts and two hundred reunited ones1 mostly his own converts4 ,it is an edifying sight to see these small but devoted bands of ,christians practising their religion in the midst of fanatical enemies who ridicule and annoy them in every possible way4 ,on we sail1 and soon the white minarets of ,girgeh fade away in the distance4 ,on the tops of the houses in almost every town pigeon-towers have been built for the shelter and accommodation of the myriads of semi-domesticated pigeons that abound here4 ,i am informed that this care is taken of them for the sake of obtaining their manure4 ,one would think that the owners would resist any attempts to destroy them4 ,on the contrary1 they would call to us from a distance1 and1 after we had trodden down their standing grain to reach them1 they would point out a flock of pigeons1 tell us to shoot them1 and then1 seemingly in great glee1 run1 pick them up1 and bring them to us4 ,on the #bgth of ,december the wind was so strong that we furled the sails and were blown up-stream under bare poles at the rate of three miles an hour4 ,the raised cabin1 presenting such a broad surface to the wind1 acted as a sail and enabled them to steer the boat4 ,as we were seated at dinner that evening1 ,ahmud entered1 appearing very nervous1 and told us the sailors were about to stop to make their peace-offering to ,sheik ,selim4 8,and pray who is ,sheik ,selim80 we asked4 8,he is a very holy man10 said ,ahmud8the guardian spirit of the ,nile4 ,he is one hundred and twenty years of age1 and for the last eighteen years he has not changed his position1 but1 seated on the bank1 he rules the elements4 ,if we passed without making an offering to him1 he would send adverse winds2 may be he would set fire to the boat or cause other dire calamities to befall us40 8,does he not tire of sitting there so long80 ,i venture to inquire4 8,oh6 no2 when no one is with him he calls to the crocodiles1 and they come out of the water and play with him4 ,at the approach of any human being he orders them to retire1 and is instantly obeyed40 8,and do the sailors really believe this80 8,yes1 and ,i do also10 replied ,ahmud indignantly4 8,i tell you again that any one who passes without making an offering to this holy man is sure to meet with some misfortune4 ,some years ago1 ,said ,pasha1 the then ,viceroy of ,egypt1 was passing here in his steamer4 ,the sailors asked permission to stop1 but the ,viceroy would not permit it1 and sneered at their credulity4 ,immediately the wheels revolved without moving the steamer1 and it was not until peace-offerings had been given and accepted that the saint would allow the boat to proceed40 ,after such conclusive proof of this holy man's power we did not dare to interfere1 but some suggested that we would call upon the saintly ,moslem with the delegation appointed by the crew4 ,ali was very nervous and seemed almost afraid to go2 but his childlike curiosity got the better of him1 and he accompanied us4 ,we walked up the bank in solemn procession1 not a word being spoken4 ,we found the saint seated on the top1 in the centre of a circle made of the stalks of the sugar-cane4 ,a low fire was burning before him4 ,he must always be approached on his right hand4 ,reis ,mohammed was the first of our party1 and1 saluting him most respectfully1 laid at his feet a small basket filled with bread1 oranges1 tobacco1 and money4 ,sheik ,selim was a very old man1 entirely nude1 and seated on his haunches1 long1 matted hair flowing to his shoulders4 ,around him a group of his retainers watched us with eager curiosity4 ,our sailors1 with awe-stricken countenances1 gazed upon the holy monk with expressions betokening those feelings which would fill our breasts at looking upon some phantom from the spirit-world4 ,above us the moon was riding high in the clear blue of an ,egyptian sky1 lighting up the scene with an almost weird effect4 ,it was a picture never to be forgotten4 ,the fruitful soil of this land gives back to the industrious farmer three and four crops a year4 ,had ,sheik ,selim's body1 as it then was1 been properly planted and cared for1 no less than six crops could easily be realized4 ,if cleanliness be next to godliness1 infinite distance must have separated him from the ,deity4 ,each one in turn shook hands with him4 ,he thanked them for the presents and asked for some meat4 8,i will bring you some from the howadji's table10 said ,ahmud4 8,no1 ,i will touch nothing which has been handled by the ,christian dogs4 ,reis ,mohammed1 in return for your offering you will find a pigeon on the boat when you return4 ,i have ordered it to go there and wait until you come to take it2 ,i present it to you40 8,he must get a number of good things from the many different boats passing10 ,i remarked in a side tone to ,ahmud4 8,yes1 but he never eats anything at all2 he gives all he receives to his retainers4 ,he is not like other men3 he has not eaten anything for eighteen years past40 8,he must be on very bad terms with his stomach10 thought ,i2 but1 being somewhat incredulous1 ,i concealed myself for a few moments behind a palm-tree4 ,as soon as the party had retired he seized an orange1 and1 from the avidity with which he devoured it1 ,i concluded that perhaps ,ahmud's story was partly true4 ,when we returned to the boat1 ,ali told us that ,reis ,mohammed found a live pigeon on the deck1 which suffered itself to be captured1 being the one presented by the saint4 ,not only ,ali but all the crew insisted upon the truth of this fact4 ,something must have displeased the old gentleman1 possibly our incredulity1 for immediately afterwards we ran aground and remained so for some hours4 ,on the #bith of ,december we reached ,keneh1 on the east bank1 and the next morning crossed the river1 mounted our little donkeys1 and rode to the great temple of ,dendera4 ,this temple was dedicated to the goddess ,athor1 or ,aphrodite1 the name ,dendera or ,tentyra being taken from ,tei-n-,athor1 the abode of ,athor4 ,to my mind none of the temples of ,egypt can be called beautiful1 or even graceful4 ,compared with the architectural gems of ,greece1 or the more recent fairy-like structures of the ,moguls1 they are heavy1 coarse1 and ungainly4 ,but their interest is derived from their solidity1 their antiquity1 and the records of events sculptured on them1 making each temple wall a page of that immortal book which tells of the manners and customs of the mighty people who ruled the known world six thousand years ago4 ,on the ceiling of this temple was the ,zodiac1 so long the subject of such earnest controversy1 by some assigned to an antediluvian age1 but more probably belonging to the ,ptolemaic or ,roman epochs4 ,the most interesting sculpture on the walls of ,dendera is the contemporary representation of the great ,cleopatra4 ,it is generally believed to resemble her somewhat1 allowance being made for the conventional mode of drawing then in vogue4 ,it is not what would now be thought a very handsome facefull1 thick lips1 a nose somewhat ,roman in shape1 large eyes1 and rather a sharp profile4 ,but many think that ,cleopatra was not so very beautiful1 her charm lying more in her abilities and her power to please4 ,she spoke to ambassadors from six or seven different nations1 each in his own tongue4 ,she sang charmingly1 and was said to be the only sovereign of ,egypt who understood the language of all her subjects,greek1 ,ethiopic1 ,egyptian1 ,troglodytic1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 and ,syriac4 ,we shot a trochilus1 or spur-winged plover4 ,we had been very anxious to obtain a specimen of this bird1 called by the ,arabs tic-tac1 but so far had been unsuccessful4 ,true that almost every bird we brought on board was determined to be a tic-tac by some of the sailors1 but1 on comparing each with the description given in ,smith's admirable work on the ,nile voyage1 we found it was not the veritable trochilus4 ,why were we so anxious to obtain this bird8 ,because ,herodotus tells about its strange doings1 its acting as a self-propelling tooth-pick for the crocodile4 ,says that ancient traveller3 ,when the crocodile gets out of the water on land1 and then opens its jaws1 which it most commonly does towards the west1 the trochilus enters its mouth and swallows the leeches4 ,the crocodile is so well pleased with this service that it never hurts the trochilus4 ,it is called spur-winged plover on account of the large spur which it has on the carpal joint of each wing1 rendering it a formidable adversary to the crow1 three times its size4 ,these ,tentyrites were professed enemies of the crocodile4 ,they hunted them with great energy and feasted off them when captured4 ,this persecution of a being considered god-like by the ,kom-,ombites people1 living further up the river1 was resented by them with all the fanatical rage and hatred of the most bitter sectarian feud4 8,those who considered the crocodiles as sacred trained them up and taught them to be quite tame4 ,they put crystal and gold earrings into their ears1 and bracelets on their forepaws1 and they gave them appointed and sacred food1 and treated them as well as possible while alive1 and when dead they embalmed them and buried them in sacred vaults0 7,herodotus1 ,euterpe74 ,the latter part of this strange narrative ,i can vouch for1 as ,i have now in my possession three young mummied crocodiles taken from the crocodile mummy-pits of ,moabdeh1 near the southern extremity of the rocks of ,gebel ,aboo ,faydah4 ,one afternoon1 while reclining on our luxurious divan1 not a cloud obscuring the sky1 as the light winds bore us slowly onward1 ,i dreamed in pleasant reveries of the lands we were about to visit4 ,suddenly loud cries of 8,folk6 folk60 are heard1 and ,ali rushes up on deck4 8,warrene6 warrene6 ,shoot him6 kill him60 ,my gun hung above me1 loaded with light bird-shot4 ,in a moment ,i was on the forecastle1 gun in hand1 but without the faintest idea as to what or where a warrene was4 ,still1 all the sailors cried 8,folk6 folk60 and1 running along the bank1 ,i saw what appeared to be a crocodile1 about four feet long4 ,the frightened reptile ran rapidly along1 at times about to plunge into the water1 but immediately the cry of 8,folk60 was raised1 and it ran up on the bank again4 ,the whole charge of bird-shot entering its head cut short its career1 and it was soon a captive on the deck4 8,why did you cry folk80 we asked the sailors4 8,why1 it means #8,go up1' and it prevents the warrene from entering the water40 8,so1 then1 it understands what you say1 and obeys80 8,yes2 and besides1 if you call out #8,folk6' to a crocodile1 it will raise its forepaw1 and thus expose the only part through which a bullet can penetrate its body40 ,no more said1 but considerable doubt raised in the minds of the howadjii1 and resolutions formed to experiment upon the first crocodile met with4 ,the warrene is a species of crocodile1 brought forth1 according to the sailors' story1 in this way3 ,the crocodile lays a number of eggs on land4 ,when these are hatched1 from some come forth crocodiles1 from others warrenes2 but what law of nature operates to produce this change they do not understand4 ,here is how we pass our time on board3 ,we rise between six and seven1 and each one1 as soon as ready1 takes what the ,hindoos call the ,chotee ,hazree1 or little breakfastcoffee1 eggs1 bread1 and butter3 canned butter brought from ,england1 very sweet2 bread baked on board which would do credit to the best caf in ,europe2 coffee far better than all ,paris could make2 and eggs of a correspondingly excellent quality4 ,after this ,mr4 ,s and ,i generally go ashore and shoot4 ,if the wind be not strong1 and the men track or pole1 we can easily walk ahead of the boat4 ,madam reads1 sews1 and sometimes walks with us4 ,father ,h spends several hours writing in his room1 and about ten o'clock shows his bright1 cheerful face on deck1 ready for a walk1 talk1 or almost anything else4 ,at noon we breakfast together1 and the afternoons are generally spent in practising taxidermy4 ,many travellers complain that the long ,nile voyage is somewhat tiresome4 ,assuredly it is to one who has no other resources than looking upon the scenes around4 ,the scenery is monotonous1 the general features of river1 plain1 and mountain being almost precisely alike from ,cairo to ,wady ,haifa4 ,to us time was short2 day glided into day1 week into weekno marked transition1 no jarring1 scarce anything to note the change1 to show that to-day is not yesterday4 ,nor1 in sooth1 do we care what day1 what week1 what month it is4 ,we have left the world and its regulations of time behind us1 and we will have naught of the world until we return to civilization4 ,pleasant occupation of the mind is one of the highest worldly happinesses one can hope to attain4 ,we were constantly employed in pleasing occupations4 ,add to this the cloudless sky1 the sweet1 delicious atmosphere1 the soft calm and stillness1 unknown in our own harsher clime1 and one seems lifted above the dull realities of this hard world1 and to live in the brightest dream-land4 ,truly1 this is the very acme of pleasure-travelling4 ,we learned in an empiric manner the art of taxidermy4 ,at first we knew nothing about ithad no books upon the subject4 ,the first birds we prepared were sorry specimens4 ,each day we made new discoveries1 and finally we preserved over one hundred birds in perfect order and condition4 ,in this interesting occupation the afternoon hours glided swiftly by4 ,at six we dined4 ,then one would read aloud for an hour or more4 ,after that we played dominos or engaged in conversation until ten o'clock1 when we retired4 ,at half-past six of the afternoon of ,december #cj1 amid the waving of flags and the firing of pistol-shots1 we cast anchor off the town of ,luxor4 ,ali ,murad1 our worthy consul1 appeared on his house-top1 and saluted us with a battery in the shape of a pair of antiquated horse-pistols1 the firing of which seemed to afford him much amusement4 ,ali is a fine fellow1 it is said4 ,he called and spent half an hour with us4 ,he did not talkin fact1 he could not talk much intelligibly2 in short1 he could not talk at all so that we could understand him4 ,he represents the majesty and power of the great republic of the western ocean1 and is not able to speak the first word of ,english4 ,but he can shake hands1 and tell us through ,ahmud that he is glad to see us2 so we stop his mouth with a nargileh1 and supply him with coffee1 and he squats on the divan and is happy4 ,that night we visited majestic ,karnak4 ,the soft light of the moon playing here and there among its ruined halls and fallen obelisks made the picture so rich and beautiful that we lingered on till late in the night4 ,luxor1 ,karnak1 and the temples on the western shore mark the site of hundred-gated ,thebes4 ,the western division of the city was1 in ages long since passed away1 under the particular protection of ,athor4 ,for1 taught the learned priests1 beneath yon western mountain our holy goddess receives each evening the setting sun in her outstretched arms4 ,we sailed on the next day1 dipping our flag as we passed the ,nubia and ,clara1 occupied by a very pleasant party from ,boston1 whom we were destined to meet again at the extremity of our voyage4 ,passing ,erment on the west bank1 where there is a sugar-factory1 we saw a long line of camels carrying sugar-cane4 ,there must have been at least five hundred of these patient animals2 but the load that each one carried could not have weighed fifty pounds4 ,soon we reach ,esne4 ,we are to stop here seventy-four hours1 according to contract1 for the men to bake their bread4 ,they paid three pounds for the doora1 or grain1 from which the bread is made2 this included the grinding4 ,having kneaded and prepared the dough1 it was baked in a public oven at the cost of seventeen shillings4 ,this bread is the staple food of the crew4 ,the quantity baked on ,january #c lasted the men until we returned to ,sioot1 the #bast of ,march following4 ,the bread was then brought aboard1 and for two days the little old cook was busy cutting it up into small pieces1 which were strewn over the deck and exposed to the sun for a few days1 until they became hard as stones4 ,the preparation of their meals is very simple4 ,a number of these slices of bread are put into a pot filled with water2 to this is added some salt and lentils1 and the whole is then boiled and stirred over a fire4 ,this meal they have twice a day4 ,many a time have ,i joined them in their humble repast2 and it was palatable indeed1 this time-honored mess of red porridge for which the hungry ,esau sold his birthright to his ambitious brother4 ,these fellows1 strong and hardy as they were1 eat meat but four times in as many months1 on which occasions we presented them with a sheep4 ,the animal served them for two meals4 ,it was butchered and skinned by the captain1 and the only parts not used were the entrails4 ,the body was divided into fifteen equal parts1 one for each man4 ,these parts were weighed to ensure a fair distribution1 and the hoofs and head were boiled with the porridge to impart flavor to it4 ,some years ago the authorities at ,cairo became suddenly imbued with high ideas of morality4 ,in a fit of virtuous indignation they banished thence the ghawzee1 or dancing girls of not very reputable character4 ,numbers of them ascended the ,nile to ,esne and settled there4 ,many ,eastern travellers1 filled with those romantic feelings touching everything ,oriental1 have raved in wild rhapsodies about the beauty and grace of these ghawzee4 ,those that ,i saw were coarse1 corpulent1 and homely4 ,they were attired in bright robes and tawdry finery1 their actions were disgusting1 and their movements in dancing a little more graceful than the frantic struggles of a half-boiled lobster4 ,what numbers of shadoofs we now see on either bank6 ,before the voice of ,god called his servant ,abraham to enter the kingdom of the mighty ,pharaos1 these shadoofsor more properly in the plural1 shawadefwere the common means employed to supply artificial irrigation to the parched but fruitful soil4 ,as the ,nile recedes it leaves a rich and heavy alluvial deposit2 in this the first crop is sown and brought forth1 but it soon becomes dry1 parched1 and cracked1 as rain scarcely ever falls in ,upper ,egypt4 ,the shadoof is then used4 ,from the top of an upright frame placed on the river bank is swung a long pole4 ,to one end a rope is attached1 from which swings a bucket made of skin4 ,on the other end of the pole is fastened sufficient clay1 hardened as a rock by the sun1 to keep the pole in a horizontal position when the bucket is filled with water4 ,the operator pulls downward on the rope until the bucket is immersed and filled4 ,by a very slight effort it is then raised to the top of the bank1 sometimes eight or ten feet high1 and emptied into a trough1 from which the water is conducted through numberless little canals to a distance often of five or six miles4 ,these canals run in every direction1 and by breaking the banks any part of the soil may be covered with water4 ,january #e1 at six in the evening1 we reached ,assouan1 and moored alongside the island of ,elephantine4 ,here we are at ,syene2 for ,assouan is but the ,coptic ,souan or ,syene with the ,arabic initial ,alef added1 together ,assouanto the ,romans the frontier of the world1 as all beyond was savage barbarism and unproductive soil4 ,domitian could think of no more horrible place to which he might banish the great satirist1 and while here ,juvenal amused himself by satirizing equally the ,roman and ,egyptian soldiers4 ,under the ,ptolemies ,syene was thought to lie immediately beneath the tropic of ,cancer2 but1 as is now well known1 this was a mistake1 as it is situated in latitude #bd #e #be1 seven hundred and thirty miles from the ,mediterranean4 ,in the early ages of ,christianity ,syene was the seat of a bishopric1 and at one time more than twenty thousand of the inhabitants were destroyed by a fearful pest4 ,the present town is large and well built4 ,merchandise from the ,soodan and ,central ,africa is here taken from the camel's back and shipped by water to ,cairo4 ,here for the first time we see those different specimens of the ,african race,nubians1 ,ababdeh1 ,bisharee1 ,bedoween1 and many others from the still far-off interior4 ,we are pestered and besieged by itinerant venders with every description of wares to be sold4 ,they squat on the bank1 waiting for some of the howadjii to come out4 ,as soon as any of us appear we are surrounded by this motley crew1 spears brandished in our facesspears that have seen actual usage in the barbarous wars of the natives of the interiorostrich eggs are poked under our noses1 and the beautiful ostrich feathers waved above our heads4 ,strings of beads1 elephants' tusks are offered to us4 ,i wish to buy a chibouk4 ,i select onea fine bowl of red clay beautifully polished1 and a stem six feet long and straight as an arrow4 8,well1 you miserable1 sordid1 grovelling1 lucre-loving1 half-naked wretch0 7this in ,english71 8,how much80 7this in ,arabic74 ,a shrug of the shoulders1 and eyes cast upon the ground4 8,well1 how much80 ,in a low1 moaning voice3 8,ten piastres0only five times the proper value4 8,i will give you one piastre40 8,oh6 no1 by no means40 ,this is not spoken with the mouth1 but by a more expressive movement of the head and shoulders4 ,in the course of time the bargain is concluded for two piastres4 ,i give him a piece of ten and hold out the hand for change4 ,a bag is produced1 filled with copper coins1 of which it takes an indefinite quantity to equal a silver piece of any given value4 ,slowly and deliberately he counts into my hand a score or two of them1 stops1 and looks up into my face4 ,more6 ,again they are reluctantly doled out one by one4 ,another stoppage1 another demand for more2 and so it goes1 until one party cries enough1 or the other knows that he has given the proper change4 ,this is carried so far that on one occasion1 where silver change was to be given for a napoleon1 ,i observed the seller count out from his money-bag the proper amount of change1 conceal it in his hand1 and then go through the operation above described4 ,but the regular shop-keeper does not bother you to buyonly the outside board1 as it were4 ,the merchant is a most dignified man2 if it pleases ,allah for you to buy1 you will do it1 otherwise not,oriental predestinationso he is perfectly indifferent4 ,we wanted to go shopping1 and looked around for the rich merchant of the town1 who had fine ostrich eggs and feathers1 elephants' tusks1 and spears4 ,we found him seated on the ground reading a letter1 brought out1 no doubt1 to impress us with his importance4 ,i half think the letter was upside down1 and doubt very much whether he could read at all2 but it gave him the air of a man engaged in extensive foreign correspondence4 ,ali made known what we wanted4 ,without raising his head1 he sent a boy to open his store1 and told ,ali he would follow when he finished his letter4 ,shortly after he came up1 sat down on a divan1 and got at the letter again4 ,when we complained of the price1 he did not deign a reply1 and finally1 when we rose to leave1 he did not even lift his eyes1 but seemed to be still trying to decipher his correspondence4 ,i am sure it was partly done for effect1 for he could have read a dozen letters while we were in his shop4 ,but then he wanted to show his indifference4 ,,longings4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,alphonse ,,de ,,lamartine4 ,i said3 ,o heart6 what is thy goalthy end8 ,as the lambs follow where the mothers lead1 ,shall ,i so tread their footprints who precede1 ,and life's brief1 death-doomed hour in folly spend8 ,one chases wealth across the restless wave ,whelmed in the deep1 his bark1 his hopes go down2 ,another loves the acclaim of vain renown1 ,and finds in glory's bosom but a grave4 ,one makes men's passions serve as steps to rise1 ,and mounts a throneanon behold him fall2 ,another dallies where soft accents call1 ,and reads his destiny in woman's eyes4 ,in hunger's arms ,i see the idler faint1 ,the laborer drive his ploughshare through the soil1 ,the wise man's books1 the warrior's deadly toil1 ,the beggar by the wayside making plaint4 ,all pass2 but whither8 ,whither flits the leaf ,chased by the rough blast1 torn by winter rime8 ,so fade they from their various ways as time ,harvests and sows the generations brief4 ,they strove 'gainst timetime conquers all at last4 ,as the light sand-bank wastes down in the stream1 ,i see them vanish4 ,was their life a dream8 ,so quickly are they come1 so quickly passed6 ,for me1 ,i sing the ,lord whom ,i adore1 ,in crowded cities or in deserts dun1 ,at rise of day or at the set of sun1 ,tossed on the sea or couching on the shore4 ,earth cries out3 ,who is ,god8 ,that soul divine ,whose presence fills the illimitable place2 ,who with one step doth span the realms of space2 ,who lends his splendor in the sun to shine2 ,who bade from nothing rise creation's morn2 ,who made on nothingness the world to stand2 ,who held the sea in check ere yet was land2 ,who gazed1 and light ineffable was born2 ,for whom no morrow and no yesterday2 ,who through eternity doth self sustain2 ,to whom revealed the future lieth plain2 ,who can recall the past and bid it stay ,god6 ,let his hundred names of glory wake ,for ever in my song6 ,oh6 be my tongue ,a golden harp before his altar hung1 ,until his hand shall touch me and ,i break4 ,,similarities ,,of ,,physical ,,and ,,religious ,,knowledge4#ahd ,when ,macaulay remarked that the ,catholic ,church owed its success in a great measure to the far-reaching policy of its organization1 he uttered a truth of vast pregnancy2 for the evidences of this far-sightedness abound on every side1 and we find its latest attestation in the attitude the church holds to the questions which agitate the scientific world to-day4 ,had she1 at any period of her existence1 so far departed from a well-defined and consistent policy as to formulate theories touching the nature and course of physical phenomena1 she might stand to-day condemned and branded in the light of recent scientific discoveries2 but apart from the opinions of individual writers1 lay and ecclesiastical1 to whom she accorded full license to hold what they pleased in such matters1 provided they did not contradict revealed truth1 and who accordingly often touched on the border-land of the ridiculous and extravagant1 not one authoritative expression of hers can be found at variance with a single scientific truth even of yesterday's discovery4 ,of course she condemns materialism1 because it runs counter to the belief in the immortality of the soul1 which is a truth as readily demonstrable as the most undoubted fact in science2 and she disbelieves in the eternity of matter1 because such a monstrosity involves a violation of reason2 but neither materialism nor the belief that matter is eternal is science1 nor do any but the blatant fuglemen of scientism hold to them4 ,what we insist upon is that no expression recorded in any council or authoritatively uttered by the ,holy ,see can be adduced which is in conflict with any truth of physical science now established4 ,this may sound strange to those whose prejudices against the church have been fanned and fostered by the terrible things told concerning ,copernicus1 ,galileo1 and ,giordano ,bruno2 but it is as true as it stands printed1 and it is a disgrace to the intelligence of the day that writers are tolerated who still retail trash in opposition to overwhelming historical evidence4 ,as in the past1 the church to-day benignantly encourages all who devote themselves to the prosecution of the natural sciences1 and welcomes their discoveries with delight4 ,she wishes merely that scientific investigators confine themselves to their legitimate labors1 and do not wildly rush to impious conclusions from insufficient data4 ,she is ever willing to accept whatever conclusions premises really justify1 and no more4 ,surely this attitude of the church towards science is eminently rational1 and no right-thinking man can condemn it4 ,yet it is not alone such men as ,spencer1 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,st4 ,hilaire1 and ,figuier who charge the church with being steadily reactionary and actively antagonistic to science1 but the whole sectarian world has taken up the cry4 ,we are sorry to number among these the author of the volume which affords subject-matter for this article1 and which contains much that is novel1 ingenious1 and true1 as we hope to be able to show when considering the chapter on the 8,faiths of ,science40 ,but we will first learn from ,mr4 ,bixby what manner of religion it is to which science is not opposed1 so that we may ascertain the scope and purpose of his work4 8,in its most general significance10 he says1 8it is the expression of man's spiritual nature awakening to spiritual things0 7italics by the author74 ,after developing this definition at some length1 he considers it more restrictedly as embracing the following elements3 8#a4 ,belief in a soul within man4 8#b4 ,belief in a sovereign soul without4 8#c4 ,belief in actual or possible relations between them40 ,this1 then1 is religion according to ,mr4 ,bixby1 and it is to the rather easy task of reconciling a few modern scientific theories to this attenuated abstraction of religious sentiment1 this evanescent aroma of an emotion1 that he addresses himself4 ,the statement of those three fully sufficient conditions of religion clearly involves pantheism2 and not one of the wildest scientific conjectures of the day is there which may not be made to harmonize with pantheism4 ,the task1 therefore1 of reducing science and religion to a harmonious plane is quite supererogatory1 since on a bare statement of religion it is reconcilable with anything4 ,pantheism1 as taught by its most eminent exponents in ,germany,hegel1 ,schelling1 and ,fichteconsists in a sovereign soul without the non 1 from which the soul of man1 the 1 is an emanationi4e41 a fragmentary expression of its consciousness4 ,beyond this these distinguished philosophers admit and recognize nothing4 ,do we not clearly find the same thing in the religion of ,mr4 ,bixby8viz41 #a1 soul within man2 #b1 sovereign soul without man2 #c1 actual or possible relations between the two4 ,now1 taking the term soul as univocal in the first and second statements1 is it not evident that the latter contains the former1 and are we not landed high and dry on the absolute pantheism of ,schelling8 ,or rather1 going back to the parent source of pantheism1 does not ,mr4 ,bixby's definition of religion strongly recall these words of the ,vedas3 8,thus the man who in his own soul recognizes the soul supreme present throughout all creation obtains the happiest lot of allto be absorbed into ,brahma08 ,if this be ,mr4 ,bixby's meaningor rather1 whether meant or not1 if this be the legitimate resultant of his views on religionwe see no way of escaping from the conclusion that matter is eternal1 since his religion by no means includes the dogma of creationindeed1 it is his custom to scout dogmasbut is strictly limited to the recognition of an inner and an outer soul4 ,it is true ,mr4 ,bixby admits no such consequence1 but he cannot help himself2 he speaks most devoutly of ,god1 condemns a 8bald materialism that would make matter the sum and substance of all things1 self-existent1 and alone immortal1 etc410 all which is true enough1 but by no means bound up in ,mr4 ,bixby's concept of religion4 ,our author consequently deprecates a conflict with a shadow1 points out to scientific men the possibility of a complete reconciliation between their theories and a ,bixbian fugitive tenuity1 and devoutly implores them not to use language which might delay 8the awakening of our spiritual nature40 ,mr4 ,bixby says that metaphysics must not obtrude themselves on the realm of physical science2 that the missions of both constantly diverge4 ,we would1 however1 remind him that without metaphysicsand we mean the metaphysics he so much abhors1 viz41 those of the scholasticswe could find no argument as supplied by reason against the eternity of matter4 ,it is wonderful that a man of ,mr4 ,bixby's respectable attainments should not perceive into what a complete petitio principii he has fallen when he postulates the non-eternity of matter4 ,he does not admit the correctness of the ,mosaic cosmic genesis1 and as he employs no reasoning to substantiate his postulate1 we must regard it as a petitio principii and nothing more4 ,how differently do the theologians and philosophers of the ,catholic ,church comport themselves in presence of this old philosophical heresy1 revived to-day in full force by ,draper1 ,tyndall1 and ,huxley1 and which may be regarded as the arch sin of modern scientific theories6 ,they do not beg the question as ,mr4 ,bixby does1 but1 grappling it with an iron logic1 dispose of it as effectually as when ,st4 ,thomas overthrew the crude systems of ,leucippus and ,averros by the aid of a few well-established metaphysical principles4 ,mr4 ,bixby says3 8,medival scholasticism especially grievously sinned in these respects4 ,it delighted in hair-splitting disputations over frivolous puzzles1 and in endless speculations about things not only transcending the possibility of human knowledge1 but destitute of any practical moment4 ,its only criterion was the deliverances of the church on the almost equally venerated ,aristotle40 ,alas6 we fear that the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas is a sealed book for ,mr4 ,bixby1 that he has not tempted the page of ,suarez with well-trimmed lamp1 and that his stock of medival lore is borrowed from ,hallam or the latest edition of the encyclopdia4 ,to prove how immeasurably superior the 8hair-splitters0 are to beggars of the question we will show in what way the former hold their own against the modern eternists4 ,prof4 ,draper says that as there will be an unending succession in the future1 so there has been an unbeginning series in the past2 species succeed species1 and genera succeed genera1 in a never-beginning and a never-to-end chain2 ,tyndall repeats the words of ,draper1 whom he so much admires2 and ,mr4 ,bixby says1 8,gentlemen1 it may not be so02 while the scholastic clearly proves that it cannot be so4 ,at the outset a little 8hair-splitting0 is necessary4 ,we distinguish what is called an actual series1 each link of which has had an actual existence1 from a potential series1 in which the links have not as yet been projected into existence1 but will be4 ,now1 an actual series has an endviz41 the link marking the point of transition from the actual to the potentialand is susceptible of increase1 since1 indeed1 it constantly receives fresh accessions from the potential4 ,if1 however1 it can thus acquire increase1 that increase is representable by numbers1 so many fresh links added to the series4 ,but a number cannot be added except to another number2 consequently1 the series to which fresh increase is added must be numericali4e41 representable by figures4 ,now1 whatever can be represented by figures must have had a beginning2 for there can be no number without a first unit1 which is the first element of number4 ,moreover1 the supposition that there stretches back into eternity a non-beginning succession of events contradicts the principle of causality2 for it would give us one more effect than cause4 ,viewed in its descending aspect1 every link in the chain is cause of the event which follows1 till the last link is reached1 the which is not cause1 since it has as yet preceded no other event4 ,but it is effect1 since it depends on the previous event4 ,viewed now in its ascending aspect1 the chain consists of a series of links which are all effectseffects more numerous than the causes by the addition of the latest link1 which is effect but not cause4 ,we must have1 then1 one effect without a cause1 which is absurd4 ,the same maybe said about consequent and antecedent terms in such a series2 for the last term in the series being merely consequent1 the chain or series which1 by hypothesis1 has no beginning contains more consequent than antecedent terms1 which is equally absurd4 ,we have here given but an outline of the argument4 ,the scholastics have summed it up more fully1 though far more tersely and concisely1 in these words3 ,there can be no infinite series a parte ante1 but there can be a parte post4 ,this reasoning not only conclusively disproves1 but renders ridiculous1 the arguments of ,draper1 ,tyndall1 and the rest4 ,yet from this philosophical armory ,mr4 ,bixby would disdain to draw a single weapon in defence of his thesis1 but prefers rather that the church be considered essentially inimical to the progress of true science1 and constantly jealous of its encroachments4 8,mutato nomine de te ,fabula narratur40 ,mr4 ,bixby entertains a special dislike to theology as being apt to interfere with his pet scheme of reconciling science withshall we call it ,bixbyism8 ,certainly we cannot consistently call it religion4 ,he says3 8,again1 theological dogmas and science have been1 and still are1 opposed4 ,theologians have formulated their dim guesses about ,god's character and ways into creeds1 and imagined them finalities4 ,they have speculated upon matters of purely physical knowledgesuch as the antiquity of the earth and the age of man1 the condition of the primitive globe and its inhabitants1 the manner and method of their appearingand have made these speculations into dogmas held as essential to religion40 ,here we must take sharp issue with ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,in the first place1 have not the theologians as good right to speculate on such matters as ,messrs4 ,spencer1 ,huxley1 and ,tyndall8 ,and if they have fallen into error1 it is no more than the latter gentlemen have frequently done4 ,surely ,mr4 ,bixby must allow the fact that ,st4 ,george ,mivart is no less a sound savant because he is read in theology2 or would he maintain that ,father ,secchi is liable to additional chromatic aberration because he believes in the decrees of the ,vatican ,council8 ,in the next place1 no theologian deserving the name deems himself competent to erect into a religious dogma demanding the reverence and belief of his fellows his individual scientific opinions4 ,the absurdity of such an idea is apparent to any one who has read a ,catholic theological treatise1 which breathes a spirit of submissiveness in every line where the author's own views are expoundeda spirit strikingly in contrast with the arrogant dogmatism of our scientific philosophers4 ,moreover1 the church1 the only competent authority to promulgate dogmas of faith1 has never yet attempted to impose on the minds of her children a purely scientific truth as an article of belief4 ,from this it is evident that ,mr4 ,bixby occasionally palters1 and merely wishes to pave the way for an easier adaptation of his religious views to the so-called advanced scientific tendencies of the day4 ,he says that all theologies stand in the way of science1 but that two dogmas especially exhibit this perversityviz41 #a1 the assumed infallibility of the ,bible2 #b1 the assumed intervention of ,god4 8,in consequence of the first of these dogmas10 he says1 8there has been a struggle by theologians to limit modern science to the contracted circle of the ancient ,hebrew knowledge of the universe1 and any variation of statement from the letter of ,moses or ,job1 ,david or ,paul1 is regarded as a dangerous loosening of another screw in the bonds of righteousness and the evidences of immortality40 ,mr4 ,bixby is not himself a believer in the divine inspiration of the ,scriptures1 and evidently thinks that whoever does not agree with him stands on the extreme opposite line and believes the very shaping of the letters to have been divinely commanded4 ,this is wrong4 ,the ,scriptures were never intended as a manual of science4 ,they merely state the great facts of human and cosmic genesis in a general way1 so far as those two momentous facts affect the interests of the race4 ,it has been proved time and again that the ,mosaic books1 fairly interpreted1 contain nothing adverse to scientific truth4 ,why1 then1 will writers be ever harping on this well-worn theme8 ,it is not honest to advance a statement without proof1 and try to clinch it with a sneer4 8,in consequence of the second dogma10 he writes1 8theologians have been jealous of any attempt at a natural explanation of the mysteries of the world1 and have looked upon every extension of the realm of unbroken order and second causes as an invasion by science of the religious kingdom4 ,they imagine that one must lose what the other gains2 that1 step by step1 as the arcana of the ,kosmos are penetrated1 and the same laws and substances are found ruling and constituting these as rule and constitute the more familiar parts and operations of nature1 the action and presence of the ,deity must be denied1 and the human mind landed more and more in the slough of materialism40 ,these words bear their refutation with them4 ,the accusation is serious1 and yet not a word of proof to substantiate it4 ,too often is ,mr4 ,bixby guilty of this illogical procedure of substituting statements for proven facts and captious deliverances for argument4 ,when ,dr4 ,draper denies the possibility of miracles1 he does so at least logically2 for he believes in the eternity1 immutability1 and necessity of law4 ,with him there is no lawgiver1 but with ,mr4 ,bixby it is different4 ,he speaks of ,god 8pouring his will through the channels of unvaried law40 ,now1 it is an axiom in law that the framers thereof may derogate from it from time to time1 if so it should seem good to them4 ,why not1 therefore1 ,god8 ,mr4 ,bixby cannot1 then1 deny the utter impossibility of a miracle1 and yet he argues against it just as strenuously and in the same spirit as ,mr4 ,draper or ,mr4 ,tyndall4 ,should he charge that such exceptional deviations from apparently established laws would argue caprice or shortsightedness on the part of ,god1 we beg to reply that they occur in consequence of a higher law1 representing the divine will1 by which those secondary laws were established1 and which1 with far-reaching and clear-eyed gaze1 made provision for those exceptional occurrences1 so that they may be said virtually to come within the scope of the law itself4 ,should1 then1 the testimony in support of a miracle be of an unimpeachable nature1 we see no reason why the possibility of a miraculous event is to be denied4 ,when ,voltaire said he would more readily believe that a whole citiful of people1 separated by prejudices1 social position1 tastes1 habits of life1 and mutual distrust1 might conspire to deceive him than he would that a dead man had arisen from the grave1 he confounded physical with metaphysical impossibility2 and this is precisely what every unbeliever since his time has done4 ,to this charge ,mr4 ,bixby is more grievously amenable1 since he admits the reason for the validity of the distinction between the two impossibilities mentioned1 by admitting ,god to be the author of law1 and yet he virtually ignores it by the position he assumes4 ,but this chapter on the 8,causes of ,actual ,antagonism0 is so replete with reckless assertion and inconsequent reasoning that we have only to take up a passage at hazard to be confronted by an error4 ,on page #da he says3 8,neither is religion based on1 nor bound up with1 any one book4 ,had ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob no religion1 because ,moses had not yet written8 ,was there no ,christianity in the lifetime of ,jesus1 or the first forty years of the apostolic generation before ,matthew put his pen on to parchment8 ,as well say that chemical affinity is based on ,lavoisier's or ,dalton's treatises1 or that gravitation is ruined if ,newton's ,principia is shown false in a single theorem40 ,we assure our readers that we have selected this passage at random1 lest we may be suspected of malice in having singled it out because of its surpassing fatuity4 ,who ever dreamt of saying that religion is bound up in a book8 ,as well say that an author's thoughts are nowhere to be found but between the covers of the book which bears his name4 ,but mark the transparent fallacy of the underlying thought4 ,mr4 ,bixby evidently supposes that because religion had an existence prior to the books mentioned1 we might therefore dispense with these1 and still possess religion just as our predecessors had it before those books were yet written4 ,but suppose those books happen to contain the previous body of religious doctrine1 together with developments or disclosures inseparably connected with it2 might we then carelessly reject them1 as ,mr4 ,bixby implies we might8 ,or does it follow that1 because a 8spiritual awakening0 is defined to be of a special sort in one instance1 it can never be so in another8 ,yet such is the irresistible inference to be drawn from the introductory portion of the passage just quoted4 ,the same may be said of the reference to the priority of ,christianity over the ,gospel of ,st4 ,matthew4 ,no one contends that ,christianity did not exist in the lifetime of ,jesus1 or that it would not now exist had not ,st4 ,matthew written his ,gospel2 but it by no means follows that we are free to reject that evangelist's history1 since it is a compendium of ,christian doctrine such as our ,lord had preached it in his lifetime1 and in rejecting it we would thereby reject the latter4 ,the allusion to ,lavoisier and ,dalton is just as unhappy2 for though it is true the science of chemistry might exist without them1 still we cannot reject their treatises1 since these contain the essential principles of that science4 ,mr4 ,bixby is sometimes quite happy in stating the objections which scientists urge against religion1 but we regret that he also sometimes fails to make good his refutation of their views4 ,thus1 on page #adi1 he presents the argument of science in these words3 8,theologians may talk glibly of soul and over-soul1 ,creator and creation1 absolute and ,infinite2 they may fancy that they understand them2 but they are deceiving themselves1 mistaking a familiarity with words for a genuine understanding of things4 ,their high-sounding terms are but covers to their real ignorance40 ,indeed1 this is a common objection made by those whose habits of mind have been formed in the laboratory1 and who have never troubled themselves much about metaphysics4 ,still1 the objection should be met in a patient and painstaking mood1 and answer given according to our lights4 ,mr4 ,bixby makes his rejoinder a retorqueo argumentum by showing that science1 too1 bristles with difficulties and is beset with mysteries2 that it borrows from conjecture more even than religion does2 and that it can never hope to level all the hills and fill up all the valleys which lie along its course4 ,this is very true and very apposite1 but it may be asked3 ,does it contain an answer to the objection as stated8 ,we rather think not4 ,cannot it be proved that we do really possess some knowledge of the ,infinite and the ,absolute1 and that the apparent unintelligibility of these terms is to be sought for and found rather in the ignorance of those who object to them8 ,the ,infinite differs for us subjectively from no other object of thought on the score of adequacy1 since we can have an adequate idea of nothing4 ,not even of the simplest material objects that surround us can we have at the best more than an inchoate and imperfect knowledge4 ,how1 then1 can we be expected to conceive the ,infinite1 except in a very shadowy way1 8as in a glass darkly08 ,still1 the fact that we speak of the ,infinite and assert its attributes1 that we distinguish ,infinite ,being from finite1 and that our hearts fly towards it in unappeasable longing1 is open guarantee that we have some knowledge of it1 which is all that the most exacting can demand4 ,therefore those who confound infinite knowledge of the ,infinite1 which appertains to the ,infinite ,being alone1 with that subjectively finite knowledge of it which we all possess1 display an unpardonable ignorance4 ,this is our answer to those who object that ,infinite1 as one term1 is unintelligible1 and we see no necessity for classifying it with the impenetrable secrets with which science is confronted at every step4 ,the same may be said of the term absolute2 and though we do not agree with the views of the absolute taken by ,mansel1 ,hamilton1 ,kant1 and ,spencer1 we know at least that the term has a meaning1 that it implies total independence1 and is based on that divine attribute which the scholastics denominate ,aseity4 ,mr4 ,bixby is too timorous in his utterances4 ,he seems to write under a ,damocles' sword1 fearing to offend those great men who tread in the stately van of science4 ,but if he hesitates to be dogmatic in one direction1 he does not hesitate to be aggressive in another2 and when his mood inclines that way1 he sets up as the target of his shafts the doctrines and definitions of the ,catholic ,church4 ,in order to prove that ,bixbyism is the only religion which is at all reconcilable with science1 and to brush aside any pretensions ,catholicity might entertain in the same direction1 he quotes the following3 8,let him be anathema 8,who shall say that human sciences ought to be pursued in such a spirit of freedom that one may be allowed to hold as true their assertions even when opposed to revealed doctrines40 ,this proposition does not meet the approbation of ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,if it does not1 then its contradictory must be true1 which implies that a scientific utterance may be true in the face of an opposing revealed truth4 ,it is to be borne in mind that the revealed doctrines in question are supposed to be revealed1 and revealed by ,god1 and the whole statement is resolvable into this3 ,notwithstanding that ,god 7in whom ,mr4 ,bixby is a believer7 has positively affirmed that a given statement is true1 ,mr4 ,tyndall or ,prof4 ,huxley may affirm the contrary with impunitynay1 rather with a better title to our acceptance of their views 8,at nos virtutes ipsas invertimus40 or1 as ,caramuel says1 8,we thus sweeten poison with sugar1 and color guilt with the appearance of virtue40 ,but in order to place himself still more en rapport with his adversaries1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 seemingly forgetful that he either surrenders the gage or else resolves the conflict into a tilt with a windmill1 expresses himself to the following effect3 8,religion has no exclusive source of information1 but such sources only as are common to all branches of human knowledge40 ,if this be true1 there is no necessity of even the shadow of an attempt to reconcile any differences which1 by a stretch of fancy1 might be conceived to exist between two sciences that travel along the same plane4 ,all along1 since this controversy was begun1 it has been understood that the sole possible cause of conflict between science and religion arose out of the fact that they claimed each for itself more solid ground on which to stand4 ,reason and revelation were always supposed to be the party words of both1 and every collision between them so far has resulted from the apparent irreconcilableness of these two4 ,mr4 ,bixby1 in endeavoring to shift the ground of argument1 should have confined himself to just that effort1 and omitted those portions of his work tending to disprove all antagonism between science and religion1 since1 in the estimation of most men1 a religion which asserts no claim to the supernatural is no religion at all4 ,his attempted abatement of the claims of science1 though well presented and sustained1 works not an iota for ,mr4 ,bixby's point2 for in all he says he is arguing for supernatural religion1 which he virtually rejects1 against the untenable assumptions of science4 ,as if in more strenuous advocacy of this idea1 he elsewhere adds3 8,it religion is not all falsehood and masquerade2 nevertheless1 there is much popularly set down as religion which is no more religion than it is science4 ,now it has been bound up with one system1 now with another4 ,when ,christianity first raised its head1 it was told that polytheism alone was religion40 ,continuing in this strain1 he condemns every system of religion which stands opposed to another1 and infers from the fact of such opposition the necessary falsity of them all4 ,he even goes to the extent of affirming that the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church changed age by age1 according to the tone of the prevailing philosophy4 ,he says3 8,in ,augustine's day ,christianity was made inseparable from the doctrines of predestination and fatalism4 ,in ,abelard's time it was bound up with the metaphysics of realism2 in ,roger ,bacon's time1 with the philosophy of ,aristotle2 in the days of ,vesalius1 with the medical treatises of ,galen2 in the lifetime of ,galileo1 with the astronomy of ,ptolemy4 ,to-day it is the orthodoxy of the ,council of ,trent or the ,westminster ,catechism that is cemented to religion1 and any attack on the one is assumed to be undermining the very foundations of faith and morals40 ,this passage is recklessly false4 ,any one acquainted with church history1 with the rise and progress of ,pelagianism and semi-,pelagianism1 understands perfectly that in ,st4 ,augustine's time no more stringent or rigorous views concerning original sin and predestination were held than tradition and the ,scriptures sanctioned and ratified4 ,and the patient reader of the history of philosophy will also condemn the assertion that the church proper had anything to do with the long-drawn disputes between the ,nominalists and the ,realists4 ,the church left those wordy disputants severely alone1 though the controversy was revived by the school of the ,neo-,platonists for the very purpose of embroiling the church in the quarrel4 ,we say the controversy was revived2 for in reality the dispute is as old as ,plato and ,aristotle4 ,still more absurd is what ,mr4 ,bixby says with reference to ,vesalius and ,galen4 ,not a single authoritative passage from father1 council1 or historian can be adduced to prove that the church ever committed herself to the adoption of any views concerning the structure1 functions1 and disorders of the human body4 ,indeed1 ,vesalius1 who led the way in the great revolution which medical science underwent from the errors of ,galen1 was a pious ,catholic1 and the popular painting of the first dissection of modern times represents him with eyes piously upturned to the crucifix before entering on one of the most important steps of modern scientific inquiry in the teeth of wide-spread and violent prejudiceviz41 the first dissection of the human cadaver that has led to any valuable results4 ,but in order to be thoroughly careful that he should allow no element of what is entitled positive religion to enter into the conception of his emotional nonentity1 he discards all the known and accepted grounds of religious evidence4 ,he says there can be no infallible authority in religious matters1 since the only one which fostered the pretence has been repeatedly detected in error4 ,his words are3 8,in its unflattering mirror the oracle of ,rome is exhibited as convicted of error in scientific matters again and again2 compelled to retreat from position to position2 forced to correct and recorrect its interpretations4 ,it is shown vacillating to and fro in regard to the most important ecclesiastical questions1 possessed of no clear or well-defined principles concerning many essential theological issues1 etc41 etc40 ,all this rodomontade is in the nature of a negative assertion1 inasmuch as it would require a full review of the history of the church to refute it4 ,it is the author's favorite style of logic1 however1 and may go for what it is worth4 ,he next rejects the authority of the ,bible on the most frivolous grounds1 and coming to the value of our divine ,saviour's evidence in favor of revelation1 he uses the following extraordinary language3 8,i desire not to deny the existence of a divine element in ,jesus4 ,i gladly recognize him as the loftiest spiritual seer and teacher the world has seen2 the best historic embodiment of spiritual perfection that we have4 ,but we must own1 if we are clear-sighted and frank1 that in ,christ himself we do not obtain an oracle exempt from the limitations of humanity and the conditions of earthly knowledge40 ,this is a clear negation of the divinity of ,christ1 and an implied avowal that ,mr4 ,bixby ranges himself with ,renan and ,strauss4 ,as before stated1 ,mr4 ,bixby's chief aim in the first chapters of his book is to simplify the conditions of the problem which he has set before him1 and we see that he has striven to do this by stripping religion of all its positive attributes1 and putting in its stead a bloodless and emasculated spectre4 8,it is a force10 he says1 8anterior to all churches and hierarchies1 the grand spiritual stream flowing from above through the souls of men1 of which ecclesiastical organizations are but the earthly banks1 the clayey reservoirs and wooden dams1 by which men have thought they could better utilize the heavenly forces40 ,this is fine and figurative1 we confess1 but more marked by sound than sense4 ,mr4 ,bixby here brands all churches as purely human institutions1 and yet allows that they possess religion1 that they are its conduits and distributors to men1 and that dogmas and codes and ethical enactments are mere accretions1 the work of human minds4 ,these must consequently be false1 and1 being such1 should retard rather and operate against the influences of religion pure and undefiled1 the embodiment of truth4 ,how1 then1 can they be said to be utilizers of heavenly force and reservoirs of religion1 they being false1 and it true8 8,pergis pugnantia secum ,frontibus adversis componere80 ,the definition of religion which has passed current for centuries1 making it to consist of a determinate and specified allegiance of man to his ,maker1 is contradicted by the views advanced in ,mr4 ,bixby's book1 and therefore the few only1 whose opinions are equally unsettled1 can accept his conclusions4 ,there is something so unreal and shadowy in his estimate of religion that one is at a loss to see thoroughly into what he means by it1 and consequently incapable of appreciating all that his conclusions are intended to embody4 8,religious truth10 he says1 87theologians and preachers defending the old beliefs have maintained7 belongs to another realm from ordinary kinds of truth4 ,it is not to be tried by the understanding4 ,it is not to be brought to the bar of common sense1 but it is to be discerned by the inner soul1 and its evidence found in the soul's satisfaction in it40 ,if this be ,mr4 ,bixby's estimate of the value of the evidence on which religious truth reposes1 he must have had in view1 as the ideal of all dogmatic religion1 the utterances of some strong-lunged preacher at a camp-meeting4 ,no theologian of the ,catholic nor of the approximating sects ever thought for a moment that religion is not to be tried by the understanding nor brought to the bar of common sense4 ,the evidences of revealed religion are based upon reason1 which1 closely scrutinizing these1 is compelled to admit the claims of the ,scriptures and the church1 just as it is obliged to admit the truths of geometry4 ,it is true that individual dogmas are not the subject-matter of purely rational investigation1 but they appeal to our reason just as strongly through the evident infallibility of the authority which submits them to our belief4 ,mr4 ,bixby1 we fear1 either misapprehends plain things or is given to misrepresenting4 ,objectively1 all truths resemble each other in that they are truei4e41 eternal1 immutable1 and necessary2 subjectively1 for us1 those truths which we can discern with the eye of reason pertain to the natural order1 and to the supernatural order those whose guarantee depends on the revealed word of ,god4 ,it is evident that in the logical order1 the natural precedes and underlies the supernatural1 and that1 with respect to the evidence on which both repose1 it must be tried by the understanding1 and that searchingly1 and cannot escape the bar of common sense4 8,truth10 says the author of ,an ,essay on a ,philosophy of ,literature1 8is independent of man4 ,the power is his to discover1 develop1 and apply it2 but he cannot create it4 ,that belongs to the ,infinite ,intelligence alone4 ,he it is who creates it and who creates the light of our reason by which to perceive it40 ,truth1 therefore1 must be consistent with itself2 and it is the province of every individual truth to borrow lustre from1 and shed radiance on1 each sister truth1 and not to detract from and obstruct it4 ,this is the logic of the schoolsnay1 it is the logic of ,hamilton1 ,mansel1 ,baden ,powell1 and ,faraday1 whom ,bixby charges with dividing the field of truth into two separate portions3 one the province of knowledge1 where science holds sway2 the other the province of belief1 where religion has her throne4 ,then truth may be divided against itself1 and to this effect must we interpret the writings of the distinguished philosophers mentioned4 ,we doubt not that1 for logic's sake1 these scholars would all indignantly repudiate this charge which places them in an absurd and uncourted position4 ,pity 'tis ,mr4 ,bixby did not attempt by a citation to substantiate his charge4 ,he does not fail1 however1 to draw his accustomed inference4 8,now10 he says1 8by taking this mode of defending itself against the incursions of modern science1 the church has aided much in spreading suspicion of the certainty of its cherished doctrines40 ,then modern science does make incursions against the church1 which is perfectly right1 but the church is debarred the right of repelling them4 ,a burglar may break into our house1 and we are not at liberty to resist his ingress by means of the nearest weapon at hand1 but we should preach him a homily on the impropriety of his conduct4 ,but he is brave enough in this3 that not an inkling or a wrinkle of his too transparent sophistry disturbs him4 ,immediately after he says 7p4 #gb73 8,bishops like he sic of ,london may exhort the modern inquirer as eloquently as they please to throw away doubt as they would a bombshell2 but it serves only to make the investigator more suspicious of the validity of religion40 ,then is it not proper1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 to throw away doubt8 ,if not so1 it must by all means be better to entertain doubt1 so that a state of doubt ought to be our normal intellectual condition4 ,just in proportion as we entertain doubt may we be less suspicious of the validity of religion2 but the moment we think of discarding it suspicions grow up in our minds6 ,verily1 this kind of logic is perplexing4 ,we admire the devout spirit which ,mr4 ,bixby everywhere exhibits1 but when it is paraded at the expense of true religion1 and in a spirit calculated to lead astray the unwary1 we must enter our protest against it4 ,on page #bbb he says3 8,and religion needs not only to accept the corrections and recognize the coadjutorship of science in disclosing the ways of ,god1 but it should engraft into itself1 ,i believe1 more of the scientific spirit4 ,instead of aiming to defend systems already established 61 and to bolster up foregone conclusions1 it should go simply with inquiring mind to the eternal facts40 ,and this passes current for reasoning6 ,we write without bitterness of heart1 but in the spirit which prompted ,juvenal to say3 8,si natura negat1 facit indignatio versum40 ,religion must borrow all from science1 accept her criterion from science1 see that she admit nothing but what the scientific plummet is capable of sounding1 and reject all that does not conform to the square and compass of this arbitrary mistress4 8,established systems0 and 8foregone conclusions0 must be sacrificed at the beck of a scientific clique1 and meek religion must sit awaiting crumbs from their table4 ,surely1 had the great author of the apology for the ,christian religion anticipated that an apology with such intent would be subsequently offered1 he would have bestowed a different title on his famous work4 ,but ,mr4 ,bixby goes farther when he actually breaks down the barriers which have ever been supposed to divide science from religion4 ,on page #bbc he says3 8,thus religion is capable of being made a genuine science1 and it will never1 ,i believe1 maintain the purity1 attain the stability and accuracy1 reach unto the depth and breadth of truth which is within the demands of its grand mission unto mankind1 until it thus weds science to itself40 ,this might not give offence if viewed as from the pen of a sophomore2 but from a teachera philosopher6 ,the passage jumbles science and religion inextricably together2 it virtually identifies them1 and yet pretends to hold them apart4 ,the idea that religion is capable of being made a genuine science must sound oddly in the ears of those who have been taught to regard religion as the science of sciences1 their queen1 mistress1 and guide4 ,but1 according to ,mr4 ,bixby1 religion is in the lowly position still of being a handmaiden to her proud sisters1 with the possible prospect at some time of being elevated to their queenly plane4 ,in his chapters on the 8,faiths of ,science0 and 8,the ,claim of ,science0 ,mr4 ,bixby very adroitly brings into contrast the arrogant aggressiveness of scientism with its own haltings1 weaknesses1 and vacillations1 and we deem these two chapters to be really valuable contributions to the fast-swelling literature concerning the dispute between religion and scientism4 ,they are inoperative of effect1 so far as ,mr4 ,bixby's notion of religion is concerned1 but they clearly prove that science is fully amenable to the charge of taking much for granted1 of postulating much1 of believing in the mysterious and inexplicablethe very charges it flippantly prefers against ,christianity4 ,experience and observation have been the watchwords of science since the days of ,locke1 and the whole system of ,scotch philosophy as taught by ,reid1 ,stewart1 ,brown1 and ,hamilton in the past1 and ,bain to-day1 rests on the results of those two procedures4 ,the supersensible finds no room in this system1 and is relegated to the domain of the unknowable1 the unthinkable4 ,says ,bchner3 8,those who talk of a creative power which is said to have produced the world out of nothing are ignorant of the first and most simple principle founded upon experience and the contemplation of nature4 ,how could a power have existed not manifested in material substance1 but governing it arbitrarily according to individual views80 ,herbert ,spencer calls supersensible conceptions 8pseudo-ideas10 8symbolic conceptions of the illegitimate order40 ,virchow says he 8knows only bodies and their qualities2 what is beyond he terms transcendental1 and he considers transcendentalism an aberration of the human mind40 ,and so with the majority of the modern school of scientism4 ,they deem nothing demonstrable but what responds to their tests of truth1 to chemical or physico-chemical modes of investigation4 ,for this reason physiologists reject the notion of soul as a distinct substance in man1 for it cannot be investigated according to the methods known to physiology2 and yet1 with glaring inconsistency1 these men admit as the very basis of experience and observation what outlies the range and limit of the senses4 ,the advocates of the germ theory of disease have neither felt1 seen1 nor heard one of those minute spores4 8,we have10 says ,prof4 ,tyndall1 8particles that defy both the microscope and the balance1 which do not darken the air1 and which1 nevertheless1 exist in multitudes sufficient to reduce to insignificance the ,israelitish hyperbole1 the sands upon the sea-shore40 ,so1 also1 ,mr4 ,lewes1 in his ,philosophy of ,aristotle1 writes3 8,the fundamental ideas of modern science are as transcendental as any of the axioms in ancient philosophy40 ,with such admissions from the leading men of the modern school1 how can scientists contend that they limit their acceptance of truth to those facts which experience proves1 and that1 using a strict induction1 they build their laws and systems on these alone8 ,it is evident that they make freer use of hypotheses than did the scholastics4 ,nor does it avail them to attempt the distinction suggested by ,mr4 ,lewes between metaphysical and metempirical knowledge4 ,the aim of this distinction is to relieve scientism from the charges brought against metaphysical doctrines on the ground that1 as they transcend the senses1 they necessarily elude the grasp of the human mind4 ,now1 the metempirical knowledge of ,mr4 ,lewes is just as elusive of our grasp1 since it does not come within the scope of the senses2 and all the objections1 however unfounded1 which these scholars have alleged against metaphysics and the science of the immaterial1 hold good against any knowledge which is not the direct outcome of the senses4 ,surely the new doctrine of the correlation and conservation of force pertains to the supersensible order fully as much as the doctrine of a spiritual soul4 ,nay1 it deals in the obscure and transcendental more1 a great deal1 than the scholastic doctrine of first matter and substantial form4 ,the advocates of this theory have adopted a nomenclature which repeats the very errors on account of which modern scholastics have rejected the peripatetic doctrine of matter and form4 ,they identify all things under the title of force1 and deem motion1 light1 heat1 and electricity as so many modes of force constantly interchanging4 ,they thus confound identity with distinction1 and ignore the nature of change4 ,every change supposes a term from which1 a term into which1 and the subject of both2 now1 those who identify all force deny the subject of change1 for that from which becomes into which in all its essentials1 so that heat becomes light1 and yet does not1 according to the neo-terminologists1 lose its identity4 ,we have therefore the anomaly of a thing remaining the same and becoming something else at the same time4 ,all this confusion arises from the ignorance of metaphysics in which modern men of science glory4 ,they declare light to be a force1 and no two of them are agreed as to the meaning of the word4 ,they declare that all forces are correlated1 and nowhere do we find given by them the meaning of the term relation4 ,now1 the scholastics give no fewer than six different modes of relation1 and the modern school has not given us even a definition of one4 ,and yet these are the contemners of metaphysics and scholasticism1 the men who aspire to be leaders of thought4 ,they raise their structure on a basis of supposition1 and declaim against the credulity of those who admit aught but facts of the sensible order4 ,their science is confused because of the vagueness of their speech and its great lack of fixity4 ,herbert ,spencer discourses with more learning than lucidity concerning those great problems which the church solved centuries ago1 and which she has so formulated by the aid of a fixed and coherent vocabulary that mere children can see her meaning4 ,mr4 ,spencer defines evolution to be 8a change from an indefinite incoherent homogeneity to a definite coherent heterogeneity through continuous differentiations and integrations40 ,this certainly pertains to the supersensible order1 and in more senses than one4 ,no wonder that such utterances are made the butt of witticisms4 ,thus1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,kirkman1 in his ,philosophy without ,assumption1 amusingly parodies the above definition of ,herbert ,spencer3 8,evolution is a change from a nohowish untalkaboutable all-alikeness to a somehowish and in-general-talkaboutable not-all-alikeness by continuous somethingelseifications and sticktogetherations40 ,and as for mistakes1 commend us to science4 ,every new edition of ,darwin contains corrections of previous errors1 and ,huxley has quite recently modified his views on evolution4 ,but this is freedom of thought1 just as a consistent and abiding belief which precludes the possibility of change or error is denominated by these same neoterists superstition and reaction4 ,mr4 ,bixby has well exhibited the fluctuations and errors of modern sciencewhich is about all he has satisfactorily accomplishedin his ,similarities of ,physical and ,religious ,knowledge4 #ahd ,similarities of ,physical and ,religious ,knowledge4 ,by ,james ,thompson ,bixby4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgf4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,march #ba1 #ahfi4 ,what a day1 dearest6 ,at ,high ,mass the ,passion was sung as in the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,what memories it awoke within me6 ,it was wonderfully beautiful1 and every word found an echo in my heart4 ,o flowery ,easter6 the children's festival1 how ,i loved formerly to see its return4 ,it was spring1 bright days1 verdure and flowers2 but this year we have a sort of recommencement of winter instead of spring2 for some days we have had snow and stormy gales1 which have made it sometimes impossible to go out4 ,ren has been reading us a beautiful fragment of the ,monks of the ,west on religious vocations2 ,gertrude had suggested this reading4 ,my mother wept1 and ,i envied the heavenly calm of the happy ,gertrude4 ,the beautiful new-born has quite the air of a seraph2 he is so fair1 rosy1 and silent4 ,adrien will be his godfather1 and the honor of godmother1 dear ,kate1 will devolve upon your ,georgina4 8,this little last one10 ,johanna said to me1 8shall be quite your own1 dear sister60 ,how good they all are6 ,brothers and sisters so united and happy together6 ,the baptism is deferred1 that it may take place in ,brittany1 and we shall have ,margaret4 ,how ,i love this beautiful little soul over which ,i shall have sacred rights6 ,berthe regrets her ,mad1 whom ,thrse misses sadly4 #bb;d4,the ,pre ,meillier preaches the retreattwo sermons a day4 ,this morning upon the retreat itself3 8,i will lead her into the wilderness1 and there will ,i speak to her heart4 ,perfection1 according to ,st4 ,bernard1 is an ardent zeal always to be advancing4 ,during this retreat ,god desires to soften1 detach1 and fix our heart4 ,we must be converted4 ,conversion is turning again to ,god4 ,the means of conversion are time1 grace1 and will4 ,the time ,god gives us2 he himself says this3 #8,behold1 now is the acceptable time1 now is the day of salvation4' ,gracethis is given to us in superabundance4 ,the will must come from ourselves2 ,st4 ,bernard says that this will must be constant1 courageous1 and sometimes heroic40 ,he ended by exhorting us 8not to resist ,god1 who is standing at the door of our heart1 who knocks and waits02 and faithfully to follow this retreat4 8,i know neither the day nor the hour1 but there will be a moment in which ,god will speak to you2 and beware1 ,christian souls1 lest ,jesus pass by and return no more60 ,at three o'clock on tepidity1 its causes and its remedy1 the whole very practical and very holy4 ,the same agreement as last year between ,ren and me4 ,little ,alix accompanied me on a visit to the worthy ,mr4 ,crossman1 as the children call him4 ,finding him more calm than usual while ,i was dressing his leg1 ,i was inwardly congratulating myself1 when an energetic oath1 and a sudden movement more energetic still1 repulsed and overthrew me3 and a scene of anger followed1 which made ,alix tremble like a rose-leaf in a storm1 and ,i tried in vain to appease the sick man4 ,what is to be done to-morrow8 ,god will help me4 #bc;d4,letters4 ,marianne is anxious4 ,picciola eats nothing and scarcely sleeps4 8,it is my belief that she is home-sick40 ,anna is constantly improving in health1 and the doctor forbids them to go away4 ,oh6 how ,i fear the future4 ,marcella is radiant3 8,dear ,georgina1 how grateful ,i am to this warm sun1 and the vivifying breeze which ,anna breathes in with delight6 ,no more fever1 no more pallor2 not that her cheeks are rosymy darling would need rouge for thatbut her whiteness is living1 and ,i like her thus4 ,but what should we have done here without ,lucy and ,picciola and this kind ,edouard8 ,what gratitude my heart cherishes towards yours for this arrangement60 ,mistress ,annah says that ,edith will be completely cured when we see her again4 ,mary and ,ellen are much beloved in the village4 ,margaret shudders at the slightest indisposition of her baby4 ,o these cradles1 these dear cradles6 ,this evening at the piano ,i thought of ,picciola1 whom my love has made mine1 and was singing this plaintive entreaty1 which ,edouard last year repeated with so much feeling3 8,reploie1 enfant1 tes ailes de colombe1 ,sous ma caresse1 ange1 ouvre tes beaux yeux2 ,si tu savais comme est froide la tombe6 ,va1 le bonheur n'habite pas qu'aux ,cieux6 ,pourquoi sitt vouloir quitter la terre8 ,dans le ,ciel mme est-il rien d'aussi doux ,qu les baisers dont te couvre ta mre ,en te berant1 le soir1 sur ses genoux80#ahe ,adrien joined me1 and1 in a voice more thrilling1 harmonious1 and touching than ever1 he sang the succeeding strophes4 ,i accompanied without seeing2 strange lights passed before my eyes1 and when he sang3 8,mais ,dieu fut sourd3 la fleur tait close4 ''' ,un ange aux rayons d'or ,un soir1 dit on1 cueillit la frle rose1 ,puis avec elle au ,ciel reprit l'essor60#ahf ,i burst into tears with such an explosion of despair that ,adrien was alarmed4 ,kate1 could it be possible that ,god would not leave us this child1 almost worshipped as she is8 8,how susceptible you are1 dear little sister60 8,oh6 it is nothing02 and ,i went to my room4 ,i opened a book1 just at these words of ,m4 ,landriot3 8,you suffer2 the hand of ,christ alone is sufficiently light and yet powerful to heal the wounds of your soul40 ,instruction this morning on the besetting sin1 which must be extirpated1 and against which we must fight with a firm and determined will2 at three o'clock1 first on susceptibility1 and then on piety4 8,christian piety is a religious sentiment and a devoted zeal for everything which regards the glory of ,god1 our own interests1 and the good of our brethren40 ,i had prayed so much to ask for some relief to my sick man that my visit passed off very well4 ,i was alone1 for fear of any misadventure4 ,mr4 ,crossman consented to some reading1 and his daughters answered to the recitation of the ,rosary4 ,this man is an enigma to me4 ,i have sent him the doctor4 #bdth4,instruction on discouragement1 for which the remedies are mistrust of self and confidence in ,god4 8,do you fear a creature80 said a saint4 8,flee from him4 ,do you fear ,god8 ,throw yourself into his arms40 ,this evening1 on the ,sacrament of ,penancethe dispositions that one ought to bring to it2 the conduct requisite with regard to it3 first1 a great faith1 a sincere humility1 a spirit of reparation2 secondly1 to know how to pray and reflect1 to speak1 to listen1 to be silent1 to thank1 and to remember4 ,these sermons are essentially practical and such as one is glad to hear at least once in one's life4 ,the ,pre ,meillier is truly a discerner of souls2 he speaks of them with wonderful insight4 8,your sick man is half mad1 madame60 ,at this agreeable announcement ,i hurried away to the poor man1 who appeared to be touched by the constancy of my visits4 ,i have been so happy as to get him to make his confession whilst he is still in possession of some gleams of intelligence4 ,the mother is no longer able to leave her bed4 ,the eldest child is sixteen years old2 everything depends on her1 and the dear soul loves ,god4 ,my ,kate will follow with pleasure the account of my week2 besides1 ,i talk confidentially to none but her4 ,my mother never leaves ,johanna1 ,gertrude is given to silence1 ,berthe is gone out2 no news to-day of the exiles4 #beth4,thrse1 ,marguerite1 and ,alix have given themselves up to me for the day4 ,we have seen fifteen chapels2 at dawn we accompanied the ,blessed ,sacrament to the poor family1 where the two sick people received the ,bread of the valiant and strong1 the ,bread of angels1 the ,bread of wayfarers1 the ,bread of the children of ,god4 ,at three o'clock1 sermon on the visit to the ,blessed ,sacrament4 8,to make this visit is a proof of faith1 of understanding1 and of affection40 ,this evening heard the magnificent singing of the ,stabat ,mater and a sermon on the holy sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,letters from ,brittanythe ,saint of the coast3 8,i believe that my departure is near1 and that you must not delay1 dear friends1 if you would give me the consolation of hearing those whom ,i love pray by my bedside60 ,my mother is much impressed4 ,what is to be done8 ,ren says it is for ,adrien to decide4 8,i think it is especially ,georgina whom our saint asks for40 8,it is so10 replied my mother4 8,ren and ,georgina shall go on ,monday40 ,as every one approves of this1 it will be so1 ,i suppose4 ,death again6 ,marcella writeskind and pleasing details4 ,and ,picciola8 ,o my ,god6 thou who on this day didst give to us the greatest pledge of love1 thou who hast loved us even to the end1 hear my prayer6 ,what a night is this1 and fraught with what memories6 ,at this hour was that discourse uttered at the ,last ,supper1 and the ,eucharistic ,passover instituted1 which will be our strength and consolation even to our last day6 #bfth48,very strange are often the destinies of men and the decrees of ,god4 ,with some the thread of life snaps1 even though it be woven of pure gold and shining silk2 with others suffering and sorrow cannot succeed in breaking the dark thread which they pass through their cruel hands40 ,i read this after having heard the unfortunate wife of my sick man complain that she had been 8forgotten by death40 ,twice made the ,way of the ,cross1 was present at the ,offices1 heard three sermons3 this morning on our ,lord's sufferings2 at three o'clock on the ,seven ,words of ,jesus on the ,cross2 this evening the ,passion1 our ,saviour's sufferings in his mind1 his heart1 and his body4 #bgth4,meditation on contrition and satisfaction2 conference on the love of ,god4 ,o love6 ,this is the subject above all others which dilates the soul1 illuminates and fills it4 ,who will grant that ,i may love perfectly8 ,marianne mentions a slight improvement in the general state of ,picciola1 who does not complain1 allows herself to be taken care of1 and is as much as ever like an angel4 ,i am alone in the preparation of surprises1 or1 at least1 in their purchase4 ,berthe and ,gertrude have worked with me4 ,i am impatient for ,monday4 ,supposing the saint should fly away without waiting for us6 #bhth4,alleluia1 dear sister6 ,oh6 what a delicious awaking4 ,the singing of the ,alleluia by ,ren long before the dawn1 then all the greetings after the ,mass of ,communion1 and the joy of the little girls1 and the delight of the good abb1 upon whom were showered surprises1 and ,johanna's joy at seeing me do honor to the first ,alleluia of my godson6 ,o the beautiful1 beautiful day6 ,and our poor1 and ,benoni1 and ,high ,mass followed by the ,papal ,benediction1 ,vespers1 sermon3 8,he is risen60 8,we find proofs of our ,saviour's resurrection in our faith and in our works40 ,benediction ended about six o'clock4 ,long and charming gazette from ,edouard4 ,the doctor has fixed the return for the #c;d of ,may4 ,thus they will be on their way home in a month4 ,may ,god bring them back to us6 ,dearest1 ,i am sending to the post2 pray1 pray1 pray6 ,send us your good angel1 and have a ,mass said at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires for our saint4 ,it seems to me that ,i am going to be present at the death of a sister4 ,how ,i should like you to have known her4 ,ren joins me in every line ,i am writing2 my mother sends you her blessing4 ,all1 together and individually1 send you their greetings4 ,christ is risen4 ,alleluia6 ,,april #c1 #ahfi4 ,dear ,kate1 she is here still1 living1 smiling1 always amiable1 always holy1 notwithstanding her weakness4 8,i think that at your prayer ,god has renewed the miracle wrought by ,elias for the widow of ,sarepta2 for the oil of my lamp must have been exhausted long ago40 ,we speak of ,god and of the poor1 her two last affections4 ,she has not left to the last moment the disposal of her goods4 ,her old castle goes to a distant relation who bears her name1 her whole fortune goes to relieve the distressed1 and she leaves to us her works of arta curious and remarkable collection made by her father1 and which it was not her wish should pass into the hands of the indifferent4 ,o ,kate6 souls like hers should live always upon earth for its edification4 ,ren is writing to you2 ,i enclose also a letter from ,marcella4 ,god guard you1 dearest sister6 ,,april #e1 #ahfi4 ,it was true1 the oil of the lamp was exhausted4 ,what a good life and what a holy death6 8,open the windows1 if you please4 ,oh6 what harmonies4 ,what a beautiful procession6 ,what a splendid crown6 ,adieu1 and thank you6 ,jesus6 ,heaven60 ,and this was all4 ,it was yesterday4 ,the day before ,i entreated our saint to ask of ,god that he would leave us ,picciola4 8,will he do so8 ,there was heaven in the look of that child on the day of her ,first ,communion6 ,dear ,georgina1 love above all the good pleasure of ,god60 ,i write to you from the side of this bed converted into a chapel4 ,the earthly covering is there4 ,i have shed no tears2 my soul is in a state of joy such as ,i never before experienced4 ,the saint had said to me3 8,if ,i am happy1 ,i will cause you to feel it60 ,we have written to the relative and to the other friends4 ,i shall not send this letter until the day after to-morrow4 ,april #g4;,all is over4 ,the burial vault has received the coffin1 the friends are gone away again1 the relation1 an eccentric personage1 is preparing to do the same1 and so also must we4 ,i could have almost wished to remain again to meditate1 in this chapel where our saint has so often prayed1 on the latest teachings which escaped her dying lips4 ,the relative authorizes us to take away the 8gallery0 whenever we like to do so2 even adding1 with a certain politeness1 that we might look upon this dwelling as our own4 ,they are waiting for us at home1 and ,i am wishing for news from ,hyeres4 ,quick6 we are going to retraverse our ,brittany and return to our ,penates4 ,adieu for a little time1 dear sister6 ,,april #ab1 #ahfi4 ,what haste we have had to make in order to be here at ,orleans in time for the golden wedding of ,pius ,,ix46 ,magnificent ,mass at ,st4 ,pierre du ,martroi4 ,the interior of the ancient church disappeared beneath hangings of velvet2 above the altar shone the triple-crowned tiara4 ,the ,abb ,la ,grange said the ,mass and made a beautiful address3 8,believe in the church1 in her divine constitution1 in her divine mission1 in her splendid and incontestable immortality40 ,admirable and elevating singingthe ,tu es ,petrus and some fine strophes for the occasion2 then ,high ,mass at the cathedral1 also richly adorned and resplendent1 with a multitude of people4 ,there again was heavenly singinga remarkable ,sanctus1 and1 after the ,mass1 the ,te ,deum1 that immortal hymn of thanksgiving4 ,sermon1 procession1 benediction4 ,at six o'clock we came out of ,sainte-,croix4 ,what a day6 ,how ,i love these splendors of the divine worship1 this harmony of souls1 these hymns1 the fragrant incense1 all this grand and admirable ensemble which ,christianity alone can offer6 ,you may imagine the reception we met with on reaching home1 and with what interest our account was listened to4 ,the news is encouraging from all directions1 ,i hope1 ,i hope6 ,when ,i think of the sadnesses of this world and all the bitternesses of life1 ,i say with ,st4 ,stanislaus ,kostka3 8,i am not born for present things1 but future40 ,how much there is that is consoling in this thought6 ,my poor old ,crossman is suffering greatly1 and his wife is at the point of death4 ,tell me1 dear ,kate1 how is it that ,i see so many dead8 ,let us rather speak of life and its expansion2 let us speak of ,karl1 whose kind and fraternal pages reached me this morning4 ,how he longs for the priesthood6 ,what a thirst he has for souls6 ,already in desire he springs on unknown shores1 and even goes so far as to dream of martyrdom4 ,o holy ecstasies of love6 ,what joy it must be to conquer the infidel1 and to receive these disinherited ones to the table of the ,lord6 8,the love of one alone sheds itself upon all the beings who dwell by his side1 ennobles them1 and gives them understanding and strengthunrivalled and precious gifts which no other power in the world would have been able to bestow40 ,the ,abb ,baunard has written the ,life of the ,apostle ,st4 ,john4 ,a large heart1 a lively faith1 and great talents are needed in order to write the life of a saint2 and as the author of whom ,i speak has all these1 his work must be admirable4 ,the introduction appeared in the ,annals3 8,it is a book of piety4 ,i address it to ,christians and to prieststhe priesthood has no higher personification than this apostle2 to virgins,john was a virgin2 to mothershe merited to be given as a son to the ,mother of ,god2 to the younghe was the youngest of the disciples2 to the agedthis is the appellation he gives himself in his ,epistles2 to contemplative soulshe was on ,thabor2 to those in afflictionhe was on ,calvary2 to all who desire to love their brethren in ,godcharity can have no fairer ideal than the friend of ,jesus40 ,good-night1 dearest2 my eyes are closing4 ,,april #ah1 #ahfi4 ,dear ,kate1 a requiem6 ,i have just been to pray by those two death-bedsfor both are dead1 piously and tranquilly2 he asking my pardon for his fits of anger1 and she praying for her children4 ,i have promised to take charge of the latter2 so behold me the mother of six children6 ,ren always approves4 ,but we cannot abandon these dear young creatures to take their chance in this great town1 and my mother advises that they should be sent into ,brittany1 where the ,sisters will find them useful employment4 ,i want your opinion1 dear ,kate2 they belong in some measure to you also1 since it is to your pious lessons that ,i owe my love for the blessing of the poor4 ,gertrude yesterday showed me a letter from a friend asking prayers3 8,my ,uncle ,amde is dead from an attack of apoplexy4 ,it is fearful to say and to think of4 ,was his soul ready8 ,o these unforeseen strokes of death6 how terrible they are4 ,extreme ,unction was all that could be given him4 ,my aunt was in a pitiable state1 throwing herself upon the corpse1 speaking to it1 ''' finding it impossible to realize that death had come between her and her happiness1 and that he whom she so loved will answer her no more6 ,i have a feeling of trust that at the last moment a ray of mercy and love may have illuminated his soul4 ,no1 it is not possible that our ,god1 always good1 always a ,father1 will not open his heaven to these poor fathers of earth who have given up to him the best part of themselves1 the soul of their soulthe child who should close their eyes60 ,this departed father gave to ,god his only daughterentered1 like ,hlne1 into ,carmel4 ,how necessary is faith under trials such as these6 ,the young wife who wrote these lines is the intimate friend of ,hlne1 and it was her marriage that ,i mentioned to you two years ago4 ,can it be8 ,two years ago already6 ,long drive with ,ren into the country4 ,dear sister1 let us love ,god6 ,,april #bf1 #ahfi4 ,adrien has lent me ,rusbrock the admirable4 ,thanks for pointing it out to me1 dear ,kate4 ,how beautiful is this loftiness6 ,it is like a ,sinai4 ,i read a few lines1 and then close my eyes and let my mind ruminate upon this teaching4 ,oh6 how favored is ,france to possess writers so great4 ,alas6 that so many of these should be on the side of evil1 and that the readers should be so numerous of the myriads of impious works which fear not to display themselves in the light of day6 ,what do you say of the enthusiasm of ,catholics for the ,jubilee of the incomparable ,pius ,,ix48 ,is it not of good augury for the ,council8 ,i am thirsting for ,rome1 but we shall not pass the winter there1 as you hoped we should2 my mother could not return thither without indescribable suffering4 ,it was in the ,catholic fatherland that ,ren's father felt the first approach of the illness which was prematurely to carry him off1 and he died at ,pisa4 ,the violence of my mother's grief was such as to make her friends despair of consoling her1 or even of preserving her life4 ,god calmed the anguish of this broken heart1 but it would be imprudent to expose her to fresh emotion4 ,she loves ,italy1 and listens when ,i speak of it1 but she never speaks of it herself4 ,this dear mother1 so affectionate and so loved1 yesterday made me a present of a delightful volume3 ,la ,maison 78,the ,house071 by ,m4 de ,sgur4 ,it is poetrycharming1 ,christian poetrywhich makes the tears come into one's eyes4 ,the ,housea title full of promise6 8,quel ciel valut jamais le ciel qui nous vit natre8 ,ce toit1 ce nid chri1 ce paternel foyer1 ,qu'on aima1 tout petit1 avant de rien connatre1 ,et que jamais1 au loin1 rien ne fait oublier80#ahg ,there are pages in this book which you would not be able to read without a certain emotion4 ,it is the history of ,sabine1 a ,nun of the ,visitation4 ,adrien read us this exquisite little poem2 my mother and ,i wept1 ,gertrude looked at the crucifix1 and ,ren at the portrait of ,hlne4 ,a poignant sorrow seemed to sigh in the voice of ,adrien4 ,my godson is charming4 ,the choice of his name is left to me4 ,as he was born on the #aith of ,march1 he has a right to the name of ,joseph4 ,i should very much like to call him ,guya pretty ,breton name4 ,say1 ,kate1 if this would not be nice3 ,marie-,joseph-,anne-,adrien-,yves-,guy8 ,adieu1 beloved sister6 ,,april #cj1 #ahfi4 ,the exiles return to-morrow1 dear ,kate4 ,what overpowering joy1 and yet what dread6 ,if this winter's absence should not have cured our invalids6 ,o my ,god6 ,i give up my will to thee4 ,i am just come in from ,notre ,dame des ,miracles3 ,i shall melt away in prayers4 ,thrse smiles like the angels4 ,alix and ,margurite have bought flowers for their friends4 ,a hundred times a day ,i enter ,marcella's room to see that nothing is wanting there4 ,how worldly ,i am with my agitations6 ,since you approve1 my godson will be ,guy4 ,how beautiful the little angel is1 and how ,i shall enjoy showing him to-morrow6 ,my mother continues to spoil me4 ,i have just discovered a mysterious parcel on my dressing-table2 it contains the history of ,st4 ,john and the life of ,madame ,elizabeth1 by ,m4 de ,beauchesne4 ,what a pleasant surprise6 ,do you know ,mgr4 ,dupanloup will make the panegyric8 ,he is going to ,domrmy1 there to inspire himself with the memories of ,joan of ,arc4 ,several bishops will be present at the festival of the #hth of ,may4 ,nothing is said at present about our departure1 but ,i am burning to see you1 dear ,kate4 ,my six children will go with us into ,brittany4 ,i make them long and frequent visits4 ,edouard's latest gazette quoted the following fragment from ,alphonse ,karr1 which is easily to be explained by the frivolity of the times3 8,if a very beautiful dress were inventeda dress of fairy-like splendor1 but which might only be worn in going to executionthere are women to be found who would quarrel with each other to wear this dress40 ,do you believe this1 dearest8 ,raoul declares it to be certain4 ,adrien and ,ren have a better opinion of us4 ,margaret wishes she were farsighted enough to see as far as herethe dear1 inquisitive one6 ,she has been spending three days with ,edith1 and speaks to me warmly of my home8,georgina's house40 ,ah6 yes1 home1 homethe terrestrial ,paradise1 and1 as a poet has said1 8,the urn into which the heart pours itself40 ,may #a4;,it cost me something to end my letter before the arrival3 they are here1 dear ,kate1 all cured1 as far as ,i can perceive4 ,o the pleasure of expecting them6 ,then the cries of joy2 the questions1 crossing each other2 the petulant ,lucy bounding up the stairs to embrace my mother first of all2 the emotion of ,marcella on showing me her child well and1 the doctor says1 8out of danger10 and my tears on the brow of ,picciola6 ,how we had missed them6 ,the day has passed away like a dream4 ,i hasten to send this to the post1 that you may thank ,god with us4 ,laus ,deo always and for ever6 ,love from all to my ,kate4 ,,may #d1 #ahfi4 ,have returned to my former pleasant way of life with ,marcella1 my true sister2 but the shadow is still there4 ,the doctor said to ,marianne3 8,be very careful of this beautiful child2 ,i do not answer for her chest60 ,it is as if ,i had heard a funeral knell4 ,she is so smiling and pretty1 this 8little saint of the good ,god10 as she was called in the south4 ,yesterday1 as ,i watched her playing with ,guy1 ,berthe said to me3 8,don't you perceive something extraordinary about ,madeleinesomething that is not of this world80 ,i turned pale2 had she also a presentiment8 ,picciola advanced towards us1 and we said no more2 but this morning the dear innocent said3 8,would you believe1 mamma1 that ,i have still gone on growing80 8,in wisdom1 ,i will answer for it10 declared ,adrien4 8,o uncle6 you are jesting4 ,i mean in height40 8,you are growing too much1 darling10 answered ,berthe2 8you must let yourself be taken care of1 and kiss me40 ,the poor mother1 ,i fear1 is aware4''' ,oh6 pray with me1 ,kate4 ,just listen to this revelation made to me by ,marianne3 8,for certain1 madame1 there is something extraordinary in this2 never a complaint1 and yet she must suffer1 the dear darling1 the doctor assured me4 ,when ,i questioned her one day when she was paler than usual1 she answered3 #8,o ,marianne6 on the contrary1 it is well1 very well6' and she looked up to heaven40 ,what do you think about it1 dear ,kate8 ,the words of the ,saint of the sea-shore are always sounding in my ears4 ,oh6 that ,god may spare her to us1 this flower of innocence and purity4 ,she has resumed her studies4 ,her memory is marvellous2 she is first in every branch of instruction4 ,i love her more dearly than ever2 it is settled that her hour of manual occupation shall be passed in my room4 ,i have not yet confided my fears to ,marcella2 ,i leave her to her happiness4 8,un malheur partag ne peut nous secourir4 ,car on souffre surtout dans ceux qu'on voit souffrir40 ,hlne has written to her mother4 ,one might be reading ,st4 ,teresa4 ,gertrude is worthy of such a daughter4 ,i have spoken to you of the way in which she despoils herself2 this self-spoliation is now as complete as it can be4 ,her room has the aspect of a cell4 ,i must appear very worldly to her1 with my fondness for beautiful things4 ,i have felt tempted to ask her this1 but have resisted the temptation4 ,would you believe that she has made a vow not to see again either her sons or her daughter8 8,there is too much for nature in these meetings60 ,what energy1 and this with a so great tenderness of heart6 ,let us love each other1 dear ,kate6 ,,may #aj1 #ahfi4 ,what rejoicings1 dearest6 ,on the #gth the magnificent torchlight procession1 the illumination with ,bengal lights1 which never succeeded so well2 the interior of the city resplendent with lights2 the assembled bishops blessing the multitudeswhat a fine spectacle6 ,mgr4 de ,bonnechose1 ,mgr4 de la ,tour-d',auvergne1 ,mgr4 ,guibert1 ,mgr4 ,meignan1 ,mgr4 ,gignoux1 ,mgr4 ,foulon1 ,mgr4 de ,las ,cases1 ,mgr4 ,la ,carrire1 ,mgr4 ,pie1 etc41 etc4it was splendid6 ,on the #hth1 the panegyric1 which ,i send you1 in order that you may judge of it better than from my account4 ,for two hours1 ,monseigneur held his auditory under the charm of his words2 he showed us the saint in the young girl1 in the warrior-maiden1 and in the victim4 ,then the procession4 ,on the #ith1 grand festival at ,sainte-,croixanniversary of the dedication of this cathedral4 ,on that memorable day1 when the bishop raised his hand to give the blessing1 a mysterious hand appeared1 blessing also1 since which time the arms of the chapter have been a cross surmounted by a hand surrounded by rays4 ,this celestial hand is also painted on the vaulted roof above the altar1 and ,i had often wondered what it meant4 ,i am no longer surprised at the attraction ,i feel towards ,sainte-,croix4 ,god loves to be worshipped there4 ,mgr4 de ,bourges officiated at ,high ,mass1 and also at ,vespers4 ,he is singularly majestic4 ,people were crushing each other to see him4 ,the ceremonies were too magnificent ever to be forgotten2 it is impossible to imagine anything like them4 ,oh6 what joy to be there1 all together1 mingled in this assembly of brethren4 ,what month can be more pleasing to our hearts than this month of ,may1 gathering into itself1 as it does1 the most delightful festivals8 ,it seems to me that with the passing breeze a thousand memories revive within my soul3 my childhood1 which devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin clothed in so much poetry2 this beloved month1 when my mother used to assemble us every evening1 with the village girls1 to pray and sing2 the flowers which we had valiantly conquered or begged1 and whose fragrance filled the oratory2 the symbolic tapers2 we ourselves quiet and recollected1 but so light-hearted that an unknown word in what we were singing would make us laugh to ourselves2 the sun shedding floods of gold on this charming scene1 playing over the white ,madonna1 on the lilacs and roses1 on the golden locks and the brown1 on the rosaries and blue ribbons4 ,how far off is that time6 ,read with the children the journeys of ,captain ,hatteras4 ,truly1 there is something to be gleaned everywhere1 if only one knows how to see it4 ,only imagine6 in the midst of these adventurous men there is a worthy doctor1 ,clawbonny1 always doing the things which are most disagreeable to himself4 ,why was he not a ,catholic8 ,nothing would then have been wanting to him2 while this book is coldcold as the ,north ,pole4 ,picciola is always pale4 ,i proposed to ,berthe to take her to ,paris4 8,do you think there may be danger80 and her voice trembled4 ,what was ,i to answer8 ,i have a conviction that she is mortally affected1 and nothing can do away with this conviction4 ,my answer was1 8,i think it would be as well to consult some one there40 ,i am to take her with me1 therefore1 and you will see this angel before she departs to heaven4 ,all about her is heavenly4 ,she is a sunbeam1 a luminous flower1 a living soul2 and this blessing has been lent us for a day6 ,margaret will be in ,brittany about the #bdth of ,june4 ,my mother speaks of leaving towards the end of the month4 ,i want to give you a fortnight2 ,i need a large provision of courage4 ,anna is charming1 wonderfully stronger3 it is like a miracle4 ,let us pray1 dear ,kate,i do so long for her to live6 ,,may #ai1 #ahfi4 ,one word only1 after nine days1 my dear6 ,get for me fifty ,masses said at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires4 ,the poor have been occupying me during all this time4 ,ren has asked me to be his secretary1 in order that some important business may be the more promptly despatched2 and it is so great a happiness to me to oblige him4 ,we go to ,clry to-morrow1 weather permitting4 ,tell me still to hope1 dear ,kate6 ,,may #bf1 #ahfi4 ,mistress ,annah is truly the most devoted soul ,i know4 ,mary and ,ellen have had the measles1 and she alone has nursed them4 ,edith has an attack on the chestnot very serious1 happilycaught in the exercise of charity2 and it is again our dear old friend who is at her bedside4 ,lizzy writes me word of all this4 ,little ,isa is pretty and good2 the saint ,isa is always singing her ,te ,deum4 ,ren gave me a new book yesterday3 ,elizabeth ,seton1 and the ,beginnings of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 by ,mme4 de ,barberey4 ,i have glanced through it1 and find it admirable4 ,i shall speak of it to you again4 ,we shall be in ,paris on the #ast of ,june,ren1 ,marcella1 ,picciola1 ,anna1 and ,i4 ,rejoice1 dear ,kate6 ,moreover1 there is some thought of our staying in ,paris for the winter1 and it is possibly an almost eternal adieu that we are about to bid ,orleans4 ,johanna wishes to be nearer ,arthur4 ,you may well suppose that ,i make every effort to incline the balance in this direction2 but my mother says sadly3 8,sufficient to the day is the evil thereof3 it is useless to plan so much beforehand40 ,it is an affection of youthprojects reaching out of sight1 illusions1 dreams1 as if life were to last for ever6 ,picciola is always calm4 ,i often surprise her looking up to heaven1 and lately ,i heard her say3 8,how happy it must be on high60 ,oh6 the ,saint of the sea-coast was right3 there is something of heaven in this child6 ,hopehope ever6 ,raoul1 ,berthe1 and ,thrse start to-morrow with arms and baggage4 ,johanna and her household will follow shortly after4 ,long live ,brittany6 ,mme4 ,swetchine used to say3 8,what evil can happen to him who knows that ,god does everything1 and who loves beforehand all that ,god does80 ,when1 ,kate1 shall ,i attain to this8 ,that noble woman said again3 8,our tears are the beverage which1 with the bread of the ,word1 suffices to our daily necessities3 our tears shed into the bosom of ,god4 ,what should we be without them8 ,it is1 at the same time1 the baptismal water of sorrow and the regenerating stream4 ,happy they who weep2 happy when the ,lord looks upon them through their streaming eyes2 happy when his hand dries their tears60 ,kate dearest1 my soul unites itself to yours1 seeking strength to support this trial1 if it is to be imposed upon me4 ,and ,i shall not be the only one who suffers4 ,i read yesterday these words1 which seem made for me3 8,do not loosen too much the reins from this strong and yet impassioned little heart2 affections are sweet1 but you know what ,pascal says3 #8,we shall die alone4'0 ,when men fail us1 as sooner or later they surely will1 what matter8 ,god remains to us4 ,there is truly within us a source of mysterious sadness which makes us realize1 perhaps better than any other reason1 our condition as exiles4 ,when life is sad and oppressive1 repose uncertainwhen happiness appears impossiblewe weep1 were it even over the happiness of others1 and love to prostrate ourselves before the cross with this admirable prayer of ,mme4 ,swetchine on our lips3 8,my ,god1 ,i throw myself1 body and soul1 blindly at thy feet60 ,dear ,kate1 may ,god and the holy angels guide us to you6 ,my mother would like to see you1 but she grows weaker in health2 walking fatigues her4 ,how ,i love you1 my beloved sister6 ,when1 then1 will heaven come for us all8 ,how sweet it would be to go thither together6 ,death would lose its horror1 if there were in it no more separation4 ,good-by for the present1 soon to embrace you1 my ,kate6 ,,june #ah1 #ahfi4 ,i am1 dear ,kate1 in all the joy of expectation2 only two days1 and ,margaret will arrive4 ,o human life1 full of separations and of meetings again6 ,dearest1 ,i feel you present with me1 and you know whether ,i have not need of this4 ,the sight of ,picciola tortures me4 ,these words of the medical celebrity are ever resounding in my ears3 8,an inexplicable malady1 strange1 nameless1 without remedy60 ,oh6 let us supplicate ,heavenso young1 so fair1 so beloved6 ,her increasing weakness has become evident to all1 and everybody attributes it to a too rapid growth4 ,no more study1 no more any exciting occupation4 ,she lets it be so1 always smiling1 giving herself to all1 but reserving for her mother and for me the depth of her hearta treasure which we are never weary of contemplating4 ,kate1 ,i have the conviction that in asking the health of this child ,i am asking a miracle2 but will not the love of ,mary grant it me8 ,the baptism is for the #bdth4 ,unite yourself with us1 dearest4 ,,june #ba1 #ahfi4 ,margaret sends you a most affectionate greeting4 ,what a delight to possess her6 ,the baby is of dazzling freshness2 ,lord ,william is crazy about him4 ,what a happy household6 ,we shall keep them1 ,i hope1 all the summer4 ,marcella makes the delight1 the joy1 and the union of our interior4 8,are you not afraid that she may leave you80 ,this question of ,margaret's greatly surprised me4 8,but why80 ,i asked4 8,well1 ,i do not know2 she might marry1 for instance40 ,what an idea6 ,what do you say to it1 dear ,kate8 ,is this another dark speck on my horizon8 ,we shall make a pilgrimage to the tomb of the ,saint of the sea-coast4 ,margaret almost worships ,brittany4 ,why does she not settle here entirely8 ,our poor received her with rejoicings4 ,her generous hand is always open4 ,she has given me fresh news of the chlet4 ,edith is well2 ,mistress ,annah is in her element1 lavish of her time and strength4 ,lizzy is expecting a second treasure4 ,the saintly ,isa overflows with happiness1 and her pretty little namesake has truly been given by ,god as the angel of consolation4 ,bossuet has called friendship 8,a covenant of two souls who unite together to love ,god40 ,what a name1 dear ,kate1 to give to this sentiment1 which binds together all our souls here1 and yours with them1 in one and the same affection8 ,nothing1 alas6 is more rare than terrestrial happiness1 and thus at each stroke of death ,i bow my head2 it is an expiation6 ,nothing could be more pure and sweet and full of enchantment than our existence1 were it not that the mourning of the heart too frequently came to obscure it4 ,picciola is weaving a garland of corn-flowers near my writing-table4 ,her waxen whiteness renders her almost transparent4 ,how often ,i ask her1 8,do you suffer at all80 and her answer is1 8,oh6 so little1 so little60 ,we must not speak of it1 for fear of alarming my mother4 ,she does not cough1 she has no fever4 ,what has she8 ,gertrude shares my fears1 and agrees with me that there is some mystery in this4 ,what8 ,who will tell it us8 ,raoul and ,berthe take every care of her1 caress her4 ,adieu1 dear ,kate6 ,,june #be1 #ahfi4 ,a brilliant baptismsomething quite fairy-like1 and which our ,bretons will long remember4 ,the old cur shed tears when he poured the holy water on the brow of the new ,christian4 ,ah6 my ,god1 may he be thine for ever4 ,margaret was beaming with pleasure at our all being together again4 ,her beauty exceeds all description1 and eclipses that of all other women4 ,happily1 our ,bretonnes do not know what it is to be jealous4 ,there was a ball1 dearesta grand balland the pretty feet of ,thrse and ,anna still dance at the remembrance of it4 ,picciola was also there1 whiter than her dress1 with her loving gaze upon her mother4 ,oh6 ,i do not deceive myself1 ,katedeath advances6 ,i felt it yesterday4 ,it was after the dinner2 the guests were talking1 and ,mad quietly disappeared4 ,i hastened to her room and found her kneeling on her prie-,dieu4 8,what ails you1 dearest80 8,nothing1 aunt2 the noise wearies me2 ,i want ,god40 ,these words moved the very depths of my soul4 ,why1 at this tender age1 such aspirations towards the infinite1 so many tears at the holy altar1 such love of suffering8 ,blind and cowardly creature that ,i am1 ,i do not wish this child to be an angel6 ,pray1 dear ,kate1 ask strength for me6 ,i have finished reading ,elizabeth ,seton4 ,she is the ,saint ,chantal of ,america4 ,this work is at the same time1 in my opinion1 very superior to that of the ,abb ,bougaud because of the incomparable charm of the heroine4 ,with that1 it is another ,alexandrine de la ,ferronays4 ,it seems as if ,i had had a vision3 so much youth1 innocence1 love1 and misfortune2 ,providence wonderfully directing this holy soul2 these astonishing conversions and vocations taking place in ,america2 the apostolic and eminent men2 the events1 so varied1 from the ,lazaretto of ,leghorn to the valley of ,emmittsburg4 ,oh6 how wonderful is ,god in his elect4 ,fancy1 dear ,kate3 a ,protestant lady goes to ,leghorn with her husband1 who is in a decline4 ,they are detained for a long time at the ,lazaretto4 ,oh6 you should read these pages4 ,elizabeth saw her ,william die in sight of that land which he had trusted would cure him6 ,and she blessed ,god for all6 ,a widow with five children1 she quitted ,italy after having had a perception of the truth2 arrived at ,new ,york1 she became a ,catholic4 ,her family abandoned her4 ,she opened a school1 and1 after many trials heroically borne1 she founded a convent of ,daughters of ,charity4 ,become a religious1 two of her children died in her arms4 ,o these deaths6the sweet little ,rebecca saying3 8,in heaven ,i shall offend ,god no more6 ,i shall sin no more1 mamma,i shall sin no more60 ,it is beautiful1 all of itbeautiful6 ,thus will ,picciola die1 alas6 ,,july #b1 #ahfi4 ,anniversary of the ,first ,communion of the ,three ,graces4 ,we have observed it as a solemn festival3 general ,communion1 ,benediction1 largesses to the poor4 ,write to me often thus1 dear ,kate4 ,your letter set me afloat again4 ,i was nearly stranded4 ,oh6 yes1 ,god is good1 a thousand times good1 even in those things which we unjustly call his severities4 ,well1 and what matters life8 ,i say this1 but an hour hence what shall ,i say8 ,human misery6 ,it is the weight of the body which holds us back2 we are too material1 we live too much by the senses4 ,sursum corda6 ,would1 ,kate1 that my life were a sursum corda continually6 ,besides1 can our angelic invalid make us think of anything but heaven8 ,her state is really inexplicable4 ,the doctor at ,hyres thought that the chest was affected1 but we are assured that this is not the case4 ,to all her mother's questions ,mad invariably answers3 8,i am not quite wellthat is all2 don't be uneasy1 dearest mother40 ,but day after day she grows more transparent1 more delicate2 and in watching her the same idea struck ,gertrude and myself3 she resembles the ,angel spreading his ,wings painted by ,marcella4 ,to console myself1 ,i read the most beautiful of books1the ,gospel and the admirable ,imitation4 ,dear ,kate1 tell me again to look up to heaven6 ,madame ,bourdon has written some noble pages upon ,lamartine4 ,would you like to have the flower of them8 8,never1 perhaps1 did any name of man or any human destiny1 pass through more varied phases than the name of ,lamartine1 or than the destiny of this poet1 who lived long only to see the better how inconstant is earthly glory1 and how quickly fade the palms awarded by men4 ,forty years ago the name of ,lamartine expressed an ideal of poetry1 purity1 and sublime aspirations2 eighteen years later the name of ,lamartine personified the ,revolutionmoderate1 perhaps noble1 but always alarming to thoughtful minds and believing hearts4 ,from the date of this epoch a shadow fell on the brightness of this name2 poverty with its humiliations1 old age with its feebleness1 isolation engendered by political enmities1 overwhelmed the poet and the tribune4 ,he drank long draughts from the cup of bitterness4 ,now the cloud rises1 and over the tomb of ,saint-,point burst forth praises and applause1 the regrets so long denied to the unfortunate man1 the genius broken down beneath the troubles of life4 ,but before man had returned ,god was there4 ,he had purified1 pardoned1 comforted1 and lulled to sleep on his divine bosom that poet's brow which never should have known affronts40 8,from the past of him who was a traveller1 tribune1 and statesman1 the poet will remain after all the rest2 and when our time shall have become history1 ,alphonse de ,lamartine will take his place among sad and noble figures1 beneath ,homer and ,dante1 side by side with ,tasso and ,camons40 ,do you remember the beautiful verses by ,elise ,moreau on the death of ,julia8 8,moi1 je sais la douleur1 inconsolable pre1 ,je suis jeune1 et pourtant j'ai dj bien pleur40#ahh ,how we shall miss this exquisite creature1 too perfect for this world6 ,o ,kate6 how ,i love her4 ,she goes to ,god with so much candor1 simplicity1 and boldnesswith the effrontery of love1 as ,father ,faber expresses it4 ,o powerlessness of affection6 ,o weakness of that which ought to be most strong6 ,o nothingness of all that is ourselvesto be able to do nothing1 nothing1 but offer barren desires and longings for those we love6 ,how right you are to remind me of the old proverb3 ,lock the door of your heart4 ,i ought to open it to ,god alone2 but this is perfection1 and ,i am far from that4 ,love me1 dear ,kate6 ,,july #ab1 #ahfi4 ,the ,prince de ,valori has just published the ,letters of a ,believer 7,lettres d'un ,croyant74 ,it is admirable4 ,the last is on ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome3 8,this is the sole temple worthy of the ,eternal2 this is the marvel of all the marvels of art2 this the monumental miracle of the faith1 the miracle of ,christian genius1 the apotheosis of the transformation of stone into a chef-d'uvre1 into grandeur1 elevation1 and harmony1 at the breathing of ,bramante1 of ,raphael1 of ,michael ,angelo1 of ,carlo ,maderno1 and of the ,bernini4 ,this1 this is ,st4 ,peter's of ,rome1 ,paradise in miniature1 the concentration of all that one can dream of grand and sublime2 the incomparable mosaic in which is found all that is worthy of admiration in the temples and museums of the universe2 the ,new ,jerusalem1 made of lapis-lazuli1 jasper1 porphyry1 gold1 silver1 and precious stones2 a city of altars and sanctuaries1 of domes and canopies2 a blessed city1 whose streets are of precious marbles1 where streams of holy water flow1 where the air one breathes is myrrh and incense1 where is the ,king enthroned on the altars1 and for his footstool the tomb of the apostles4 8,st4 ,peter's at ,rome6the greatest work of human architecture1 before which ,solomon's ,temple1 ,saint ,sophia1 ,versailles1 the ,alhambra1 ,westminster1 are mere nothings2 monument of glory and immensity1 in which there is neither fault nor defect2 where ,providence has willed that each of the great artists who wrought there should correct his predecessor1 down to ,carlo ,maderno1 who had the signal honor of rectifying ,michael ,angelo40 ,picciola is fading away1 gently1 gently1 without one complaint4 ,who would have imagined that this healthy blossom would have faded away so soon8 ,her voice is feeblefeeble as a distant harp2 but what eloquence there is in her look6 ,yesterday ,i had left her alone for a few moments with my beautiful godson2 on coming back ,i stopped at the partly-open door4 ,she was rocking the little darling on her knees1 and saying3 8,look at me well1 little ,cousin ,guy1 because soon ,i shall go away to the land from which you came4 ,before the leaves fall ,madeleine will go away1 but you at least1 my little ,guyyou will not weep for my departure4 ,and ,i shall be the happiest60 ,this morning ,i wanted to curl her beautiful hair4 8,you love me too much1 dear aunt2 but ,i also love you very much4 ,when ,i am no longer here1 you will love ,alix instead1 who is so pretty and sweet when she raises herself on tiptoe to try and kiss you40 ,she said this simply and seriously1 and1 as a tear fell from my eyes1 she added3 8,then you do not wish me to speak to you of my death1 that ,i may console you for my going away8 ,but remember that the good ,god will let me see you from ,paradise1 and that ,i shall pray to him for you and for my kind ,uncle ,ren60 ,oh6 how weak ,i am1 dear ,kate4 ,pray for me6 ,,july #ah1 #ahfi4 ,adrien read to us yesterday an appreciation of the works of ,rossini by a poet,mry4 ,picciola had laid her head on my knee and seemed to sleep4 ,i have mentioned to you ,adrien's talent as a reader4 ,he was reading the following passage3 8,in this ,stabat ,rossini has sung the graces of the ,redemption1 the joys of hope1 the beams from the gate of heaven1 opened by the ,blood shed on ,golgotha2 he has scattered over this page of desolation all the flowers of the celestial garden1 all the garlands of ,sharon1 all the vistas of the ,promised ,land2 he has been mindful of that great ,christian expression of ,st4 ,augustine1 #8,death is life'2 he has written his divine elegy in the ,campo ,santo of ,pisa1 where the tombs are bathed in azure1 crowned with lilies1 and smiling in the sun4 ,and now1 after so many works accomplished1 posterity will not ask whether ,rossini could have done more2 it will regard that which he has done as the most marvellous work of human genius40 ,here the sweet little ,mad raised herself up1 her eyes beaming with a deep joy4 ,since then she has been frequently repeating1 8,death is life60 ,kate1 ,fnelon was right when he said that 8nothing is more sweet than ,god1 when we are worthy to feel it40 ,margaret is charming in amiability4 ,but what a difference between last summer and this6 ,we still make parties to go on expeditions1 but always with some pious endpilgrimages1 when we pray for our beloved sick one4 ,gertrude comforts me in the same way that you do1 dear ,kate4 ,i see1 ,i know1 ,i understand that ,god wills it thus4 ,but the time passes away4 ,mme4 ,swetchine wrote3 8,time is the riches of the ,christian2 time is his misery1 time is earth2 time is heaven1 since it can gain heaven4 ,time is the fleeting moment2 time is eternity1 since it can merit eternity2 and it is time which endangers eternity4 ,at once an obstacle and a means1 it is in an especial manner a two-edged sword1 powerless in itself1 and yet the most powerful of auxiliaries1 nothing is done either by it or without it40 ,picciola is like the ,angel of ,charity among us1 it is to her that the good cur addresses his requests4 ,and how well she knows how to ask6 ,oh6 what are not childrenthe treasure of the house6 ,our casket was so rich1 so resplendent1 so precious1 and now the fairest pearl1 the purest diamond1 is about to be taken from us6 ,i am writing in haste1 my riding-habit over my arm2 the horses are snorting in the court4 ,it is at ,mad's entreaty that we are all going to a miraculous fountain near a chapel of the ,blessed ,virgin1 at some little distance off4 ,this child must have extraordinary courage to struggle as she does against her suffering1 and to try to make us believe that it is nothing4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i repeat with you the ,fiat of ,gethsemani1 and lovingly embrace you4 ,,july #bc1 #ahfi4 ,margaret appears to have been a prophetess1 ,kate4 ,i have learnt from ,edouard that the doctor of ,hyres was not entirely disinterested in his devoted attention3 he would fain become ,anna's father4 ,although the thought of a separation had never occurred to me1 ,i now perceive from this information the possibility of another future for ,marcella4 ,it seems that she has refused him2 but the doctor does not consider himself beaten1 and he has just installed himself in a little manor in ruins in our neighborhood4 ,he has himself announced this to ,edouard1 who finds him very intelligent and likes him much4 ,marcella turned pale when ,lucy communicated this piece of news to us all this morning3 ,anna appeared overjoyed4 ,i do not know what to think4 ,our excursion of the #ahth led to an unexpected result3 we found near the chapel two little girls in rags1 their feet bare and bleeding4 ,their story is touching4 ,being left orphans1 they set out on foot from the furthest part of ,cantal to seek hospitality in ,brittany from an uncle1 whom on arriving they found was also dead4 ,they have thus been wandering among the fields of broom1 sleeping under trees1 and have not ventured to ask for alms4 ,picciola embraced them as if they were sisters1 placed them with a farmer's wife1 and has obtained leave from grandmother to bring them to the chteau4 ,adrien wrote the same evening to the priest of their parish4 ,the answer is most satisfactory3 the orphans belong to a great family now decayed1 and are worthy of interest2 their pastor was at ,rome when the poor children lost their father and1 with the inconsiderateness of youth1 undertook so long a journey4 ,the elder is thirteen1 a graceful little fairy1 with piercing eyes2 the younger nine1 as tall as her sister1 which however1 is not saying much4 8,god sends you them to replace me10 said ,picciola to her mother4 ,sweet angel6 ,the nest is large enough to shelter two more doves2 stay with us too6 ,berthe has had the poor little girls clothed1 and has also adopted them4 ,thrse and ,picciola undertake to acclimatize them4 8,this is truly the house of the good ,god10 said ,marianne4 ,margaret loves ,france4 ,with her1 ennui is impossible4 ,and how quickly she has become attached to ,marcella6 ,how well these two natures suit each other in spite of their contrasts6 ,dear ,kate1 this meeting again is a real blessing2 ,i would fain live always thus4 ,it is singular that our days are so full of charm1 notwithstanding the uneasiness we are in on ,picciola's account4 ,she alsoshe is too dear to die6 ,why cannot we accompany her all together1 and pass without transition from meetings on earth to the meeting again in heaven8 ,margaret receives intensely interesting letters from ,rome2 ,i should like to copy them for you4 ,have ,i told you how much ,gertrude's saintliness excites the admiration of our fair lady8 ,gertrude is become the guide and adviser of all2 even my mother likes to be directed by her judgment4 ,her magnificent wardrobe is no longer hers2 robes of silk and velvetall are made into church vestments3 impossible to imagine a more complete spoliation4 ,she is uniformly dressed in black woollen2 what a contrast to our worldly vanities6 ,her rooms1 formerly so tasteful and rich1 have undergone a radical transformation4 ,she belongs to a princely family4 ,her tastes and habits were in accordance with her rank2 her room was hung with crimson velvet1 which is now replaced by a dark-colored paper1 whilst the elegant furniture and superfluities have been banished to make way for the plainest articles she has been able to find4 ,adrien has sold his equipages to found a hospital4 8,do you know1 nothing would be easier than to transform this chteau into a monastery10 ,margaret said to me4 8,yes1 in proceeding as ,gertrude has done40 ,adieu1 dear ,kate6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #ahe 8,fold1 fold again1 my child1 thy dove-like wings1 ,open thy fair eyes1 sweet1 'neath my caress4 ,ah6 knewest thou the coldness of the tomb6 ,nay1 happiness dwells only in the skies6 ,yet why so soon from earth wouldst thou depart8 ,can there1 in heav'n itself1 be aught more sweet ,than kisses lavished by thy mother's lips ,while rocking thee at eve upon her knees80 #ahf 8,but ,god a deaf ear turned2 the flower unclosed4 ''' ,an angel1 clad in golden rays1 ,one eve1 they say1 gathered the fragile rose1 ,and with her took his upward flight to heaven40 #ahg 8,what sky was ever worth the sky of our birthplace8the roof1 the cherished nest1 the home1 dear to us when quite little1 before we knew anything1 and which nothing afar off can ever make us forget80 #ahh ,i myself am accquainted with sorrow1 inconsolable father4 ,i am young1 and yet ,i have already wept much4 ,,de ,,vere',s 8,,mary ,,tudor40#ahi ,there is nothing more unjust than the neglect sometimes shown to literary performances of the highest merit4 ,but it is not always difficult to account for this4 ,we have before us a case in point4 ,here is a drama on a subject of peculiar interesta model of classic elegance1 and exhibiting at once a dramatic power and a dignity of language which have not been surpassed1 if equalled1 since ,shakspere4 ,yet this work has been suffered to sink into obscurity4 ,why8 ,for the excellent reason1 surely1 that the ,protestant author presents ,catholic claims and personages with a very unusual fairnessa fairness1 moreover1 which was specially unacceptable at the date of the book's publication1 when the excitement over what is called the ,oxford movement was at its height4 ,after the lapse of nearly thirty years1 ,sir ,aubrey ,de ,vere's drama has a new field opened to it1 and will not1 we trust1 be again ignored1 but receive from critics and literary circles its full meed of praise4 ,the occasion of its fresh appeal to public attention is ,tennyson's effort on the same subject4 ,we read ,queen ,mary with our wonted relish of the melodious ,english and faultless diction for which ,tennyson stands alone1 and with full appreciation of the peculiar originality1 which some call affectation1 but to which1 as we consider1 he has more than proved his right2 but were conscious throughout of a very undramatic vagueness1 and painfully sensible that a great poet had prostituted his genius to a most unworthy cause4 ,when we came to ,mary ,tudor1 how different our experience6 ,we seemed to be reading the product of some erudite pen of the ,elizabethan era1 and even to be witnessing the play's performancethe person speaking in the manner of their time1 and standing before us as if actually on the stage4 ,we found1 too1 the author's intent very clearnamely1 to draw the characters1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 with perfect impartiality and in accordance with his information2 and this not merely with a view to show that the right was not all on one side and the wrong all on the other 7which1 of course1 is perfectly true71 but rather1 as it seems to us1 to represent both parties as very much the sport of circumstances1 and struggling for what each thought the truth4 ,there is a mistake here1 but an amiable mistake2 and whatever prejudices lie at the bottom of it1 they are the prejudices of the author's informants1 not his own4 ,he wisely divides his drama into two distinct plays of five acts each2 and we purpose to make each 8,part0 the subject of a separate article4 ,indeed1 we feel that1 to do the work full justice1 we ought to take a single ,act at a time2 for every scene will bear minute analysis4 ,as it is1 we must resist the temptation of quoting largelya necessity the more to be regretted because the merit of dramatic poetry speaks for itself far better than the critic can speak for it4 ,part ,i4 opens with the death of ,edward ,,vi41 and ends with the execution of ,jane ,grey4 ,the plot is simpleas historical plots have to be4 ,in the first ,act ,john ,dudley1 ,duke of ,northumberland1 contrives1 with the help of ,cranmer1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 to work upon the conscience of the schoolboy king1 till he signs away the throne to the ,lady ,jane ,grey1 wife of ,guilford ,dudley1 ,northumberland's son4 ,jane has been nursing ,edward1 who has come to regard her as a sister4 ,the ,princess ,mary1 the rightful heir1 has been kept from her dying brother's side by a device of ,dudley's1 who sends for her1 indeed1 at the last1 but so that she arrives too late to prevent the signing4 ,edward attributes her absence1 as also ,elizabeth's1 to indifference4 ,jane ,grey protests against the succession being forced upon herself1 but yields sufficient consent to be implicated in the treason4 ,northumberland defies ,mary's claim1 and the princess has to fly with her three faithful adherents1 ,sir ,henry ,bedingfield1 ,sir ,henry ,jerningham1 and ,fakenham1 her confessora character depicted throughout as not only inoffensive but saintly2 indeed1 as ,mary's good genius1 though1 unhappily1 too seldom successful in his influence4 ,dudley goes1 in the third scene1 to visit ,courtenaye1 ,marquis of ,exeter1 who is a prisoner in the ,tower4 ,the visit is solely for the purpose of making this man his friend and tool1 to what end will appear later4 ,,act ,,ii4,queen ,mary1 after reaching ,framlingham by a perilous nocturnal ride1 receives ,elizabeth with truest affection1 and then1 together with her1 goes to meet ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt1 ,captain ,brett1 and their insurrectionary followers4 ,a parley ensues1 in which ,brett and ,wyatt declare that their party has decided for ,mary1 but insist on her respecting their consciences about ,church mattersalthough 7of course7 they refuse to respect her conscience4 ,however1 she shows so much spirit and majesty that half ,brett's men march with her to ,london1 while ,brett himself and ,wyatt close the scene with a dialogue1 in which they not only render homage to the royal lady1 but acknowledge to each other the conviction that she 8goes forth to conquer40 ,meanwhile1 ,northumberland causes ,jane ,grey to be proclaimed queen in the ,tower ,chapel1 where lies in state the deceased king's coffin4 ,to the omens which attend this proclamation1 and end in breaking it up suddenly1 is added the entrance of three couriers1 one after another1 to inform ,dudley of disasters which necessitate his taking the field4 ,,act ,,iii4,we have ,northumberland giving up the game and resolving to kneel for pardon3 but all in a spirit of hypocrisy4 ,accordingly1 he comes with his men to the queen on ,wanstead ,heath1 and throws up his cap1 crying3 8,god save ,queen ,mary60 ,but the queen is not deceived1 and orders him under arrest4 ,jane and ,guilford are next seen in the ,tower1 where ,jane's nobleness of soul shines out more attractively than ever4 ,mary1 on the contrary1 yields to a vindictive spirit in refusing the pardon her cousin so meekly implores4 ,fakenham's benevolent attempt is fruitless4 ,jane is committed to the custody of her parents 7who themselves have been pardoned71 but separated from her husband and confined within the ,tower4 ,gardiner1 ,bishop of ,winchesterone of the prisoners released by ,mary's triumphbegins his fatal influence on the queen4 ,his character is drawn from the usual ,protestant stand-point4 ,he is ,mary's evil genius as much as ,fakenham is her good one4 ,with the fourth ,act comes the trial of ,northumberland1 ,jane1 and ,guilford4 ,gardiner1 as chancellor1 conducts the prosecution4 ,after splendid speeches on either side the prisoners are found guilty1 and ,mary passes sentence of death4 ,but the queen1 as she breaks up the court1 betraying her fondness for ,exeter1 ,northumberland1 who has long been aware of the attachment1 craves a private conversation with that favorite1 and puts him up to making love to ,mary and then obtaining his 7,dudley's7 pardon4 ,accordingly1 in the next scene ,courtenaye proffers his suit1 wins the royal hand and1 with it1 the traitor's reprieve4 ,but when1 presently1 ,gardiner brings the death-warrant for ,mary's signature1 and she bids him prepare a pardon instead1 he tells her of ,courtenaye's private talk with ,dudley after the trial1 and how 8a quick ear caught words0 to the effect that it was the ,princess ,elizabeth he loved4 ,so that the last scene of the ,act is a very strong one3 ,mary coming unobserved upon ,exeter as he woos the disdainful ,elizabeth1 and hearing him declare that he loathes her whom he needs must wed4 ,the queen's despair at finding how she has been deceived gives way to a burst of fury1 in which she tears up ,dudley's pardon and signs his death-warrant1 with the order that it be executed before sunset4 ,the false ,courtenaye1 and ,elizabeth with him1 is sent at once to the ,tower4 ,,act ,v4,the curtain rises on a prison chamber in the ,tower1 where ,northumberland1 jubilant over his certain liberation1 calls upon ,jane and ,guilford to rejoice at their renascent fortunes4 ,the pure-souled ,jane refuses the crown once for all1 and endeavors to lead her husband and his father to proper gratitude for the reprieve4 ,but in the midst of ,dudley's 8merry mood0 ,fakenham enters with a warrantand not the document so confidently looked for4 ,it is now ,northumberland's turn to despair2 and the struggles of his soul1 at the prospect of speedy death1 are depicted with great force4 ,hitherto1 during his imprisonment1 he has been pretending to let ,fakenham convert him4 ,now he sees the necessity of conversion indeed1 yet clings to the hope of respite as the gain of professing the true ,faith4 ,at the scaffold ,pembroke meanly stings him into rage2 but this obnoxious person being removed1 the arch-rebel seems to turn his attention in earnest to the salvation of his soul1 and after a prayer1 which sounds perfectly sincere1 kneels to ,fakenham for absolution1 then hurriedly ascends the scaffold4 ,the scene closes1 and a cannon is heardthe appointed signal that the head has fallen4 ,the fate of ,lady ,jane ,grey is next determined4 ,mary is strongly inclined to spare her4 ,gardiner is to blame for the adverse decision4 ,fakenham1 however1 obtains a promise that she shall be spared if she abjure her heresy4 ,but ,mary1 in the fifth scene1 shows a sudden tenderness for her doomed cousin1 and1 after a fit of raving melancholy1 sends ,fakenham in all haste to bring her4 ,it is too late4 ,guilford has just been executed1 and his widow is being led forth even while the queen demands her presence4 ,the sixth scene gives us the parting of ,jane and her mother1 and closes as the victim of another's ambition heroically ascends the scaffold4 ,in the last scene ,mary reaches ,jane's prison to find her gone1 and rushes to the window in the hope of signalling the executioner1 but only in time to see him hold up the severed head4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we shall now introduce our readers to some of the best passages from this play4 ,our only difficulty will be to restrict their number within necessary limits1 for there is not a page but invites quotation4 ,here is a fine bit of description to begin with4 ,it is from the opening scene4 ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt is amazed to learn that the king is 8sick to death40 8,,wyatt4 ,how can it be8 ,but one short month it seems ,since ,i beheld him on his jennet's back1 ,with hawk on wrist1 his bounding hounds beside1 ,charge up the hillside through the golden gorse1 ,swallowing the west wind1 till his cheeks glowed out ,like ripened pears4 ,the whirring pheasant sprang ,from the hedged bank2 and1 with a shout1 in air ,the bright boy tossed his falcon2 then1 with spur ,pressed to his jennet's flank1 and head thrown back1 ,and all the spirit of life within his eye ,and voice1 he drew not rein1 till the spent quarry ,lay cowering 'neath the hawk's expanded wings40 ,to us1 this dash into description1 at the very beginning of the play1 shows how thoroughly our author feels himself at home4 ,had he not been a conscious master of his art1 he would scarcely have made such a venture1 for fear of exciting the suspicion that his talent lay in the direction of descriptive rather than of dramatic poetry4 ,as it is1 ,wyatt's burst of eloquence lends much to the easy strength of this first scene4 ,we are little prepared1 however1 for the daring feat of two heroines3 each heroine enough to have the play to herself1 yet neither overshadowing the other4 ,so lovely is the character of ,lady ,jane ,grey1 and so keenly are our sympathies enlisted on her side1 that we are astonished to find any room left in our hearts for ,mary ,tudor2 whereas1 in fact1 so royal the latter's bearing1 so truly is she 8every inch a0 queen1 so indisputable are her rights1 so outrageous her wrongs1 that we end by seeing only her noble qualities1 and even forgive her ,jane ,grey's death4 ,the poet introduces ,lady ,jane at that post where woman is always 8a ministering angel0by the death-bed of her cousin1 ,king ,edward4 ,she has been reading him to sleep1 and he has just awaked4 8,,jane4 ,how fares your ,highness now8 ,,edward4 ,thy sweet voice1 ,jane1 ,soothes every pain4 ,a film grew o'er mine eyes3 ,a murmur1 as of breezes on the shore1 ,or waters lapping in some gelid cave1 ,coiled round my temples1 and ,i slept40 ,this gives our author an opportunity of bringing out ,jane's modesty and humilitythe very un-,protestant virtues with which he has chosen to adorn his favorite heroine conspicuously4 8,,jane4 ,ah1 cousin6 ,not in my voice the charm4 ,within this volume ,a sanatory virtue lives enshrined1 ,as in ,bethesda's pool4 ,,edward4 ,by an angel stirred40 ,an answer no less just than felicitous4 ,again1 in the same scene1 the guilelessness of her soul shines out in her protest against being made heir to the crown4 ,the pretext put forth by ,northumberland and ,cranmer for persuading ,edward to sign away the throne from his sisters is the safety of the ,protestant causewhat ,anglicans impudently call 8the true church40 ,jane1 though an earnest adherent of the new religion1 will have nothing to do with evil measures in its behalf4 8,,jane4 ,o no6 not me6 ,this remediless wrong ,i have no part in4 ,edward1 you have sisters4 ,great ,harry's daughters1 ,england's manifest heirs4 ,leave right its way1 and ,god will guard his own40 ,but now it is ,mary's turn to win our admiration4 ,she comes upon the scene the moment after the weak ,edward has signed away the kingdom to ,jane4 ,unaware of the injury that has been done her1 she greets her 8dear lost brother0 with true sisterly affection1 but1 in another minute1 shows the ,tudor in her veins by the courage with which she confronts ,dudley and tells the traitor she knows him at his worth4 ,then1 discovering the plot against her1 she risessuddenly but with calmest dignityto the attitude of queen1 as though the crown had just been placed upon her head instead of stolen for another's4 8,,edward4 ,it is now too latetoo late6 ,i have done what it were well had ne'er been done4 ,,jane4 ,o would to ,god that act might be recalled6 ,,mary4 ,what act8 ,,jane4 ,that makes me queen4 ,,mary4 ,thou queen6 ,o never ,shall regal crown clasp that unwrinkled brow6 ,thou queen8 ,go1 girlbetake thee to thy mappets6 ,call ,ascham backphilosophizebut never ,presume to parley with gray counsellors1 ,nor ride forth in the front of harnessed knights6 ,leave that to me1 the daughter of a king40 ,equally worthy is her reply to the insolent ,dudley when he dares to offer her the crown on condition of her 8renouncing her errors03 8,,mary4 ,sir1 have you done8 ,simply ,i thus reply4 ,not to drag ,england from this slough of treason ,nor save this lady's headnor yours1 archbishop ,not even my brother's lifewould ,i abjure ,my faith1 and forfeit heaven60 ,but sublimer even than this avowal of her faith is the act of charity she presently makes after her brother's spirit has departed2 and in nothing has the poet done her so much justice3 8,,mary4 ,and thou art gone6 hast left me unforgiven6 ,o brother6 was this righteous8 ,gloomier now ,this dreary world frowns on me1 and its cares ,womanly dreams1 farewell6 ,stern truths of life ,stamp on my heart all that becomes a queen4 ,dudley1 you have dared much3 yet1 standing here ,by my poor brother's clay1 ,i can forgive4 ,will you kneel1 ,dudley80 ,after this1 let the poet depict ,jane in the most attractive colors he can find1 he has shown his ,catholic heroine the greater woman4 ,but1 in fact1 we are convinced this is his aim4 ,for although1 as a ,protestant1 he makes ,jane become a saint 7according to his idea of saintship71 her 8path a shining light that goeth forward and increaseth to perfect day0while ,mary's way is over-clouded to the end1 and cruel wrongs goad her into rage which rouses all the ,tudor and all the ,spaniard in her nature1 and deepens her melancholy into madnessstill1 even in her most painful moments1 the daughter of ,catherine is great4 ,her enemies do homage to her greatness4 ,northumberland himself is forced to say of her1 in the scene we have quoted from above3 8,the eighth ,harry's soul lives in her voice and eye40 ,but the spell of her majestic bearing is best portrayed in the scene where she meets the rebel leaders ,wyatt and ,brett with their followers4 ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt1 true to his character as indicated in the first scene1 indulges again in fine rhetoric1 declaring that he and his men have decided to stand for ,mary1 but putting in the condition that 8all things which touch the ,church0 shall 8rest as ,king ,edward left them40 ,the queen answers this appeal by another to the consciences of 8,english gentlemen10 demanding for her own the liberty she willingly extends to theirs2 but when1 presently1 ,wyatt insults her by raving1 like a modern fanatic1 about 8the dogs of persecution1 insatiate brood of ,rome10 and ,brett sullenly refuses to march with her to ,london1 she passes on1 leaving the two insurrectionists to pay her tribute each in his own fashion4 8,,brett4 ,now1 by all saints and martyrs calendared6 ,i could half worship such a tameless woman1 ,all shrewish though she be4 ,with what a spirit1 ,like thunder-riven cloud1 her wrath poured forth1 ,and keen words flared6 ,ugly and old8to that ,i shall say nay hereafter4 ,autumn moons ,portend good harvests4 ,yet1 that glance at parting ,flashed fierce as sunset through a blasted tree6 ,but hey6 look yonder1 ,wyatt3 half your men ,are scampering after her4 ,,wyatt4 ,i marked1 and blame not4 ,i mar no fortune1 and coerce no conscience4 ,there is a fascinationall have felt it ,when ,royalty and ,woman join in one3 ,austere allegiance softening into love2 ,and new-born fealty clinging to the heart1 ,like a young babe that front its mother's bosom ,looks up and smiles40 7,here let us ask1 if these lines we have italicized were quoted anonymously1 who would not take them for ,shakspere's87 8,,brett4 ,trust me1 ,i am much minded ,to join her even yet4 ,,wyatt4 ,it cannot be4 ,i feel as you do3 but ,i look beyond ,the tempting present4 ,she goes forth to conquer3 ,so strong a heart must conquer40 ,mary's affection for her sister ,elizabeth is sincere and tender2 while ,elizabeth's for her1 on the other hand1 has a dubious quality4 ,it is strange that ,sir ,aubrey shows no enthusiasm over ,elizabeth4 ,he appears to have learnt too much truth about her4 ,mary's first inquiry1 after reaching ,framlingham in her flight from ,dudley's machinations1 is for her sister3 8,why is ,elizabeth not here to greet me8 ,command her to the presence40 ,and when the princess enters1 and1 kneeling1 says1 8,queen1 sister60 ,mary's joy at seeing her is very touching4 8,to my arms6 ,pardie1 sweet ,bess1 ,you daily grow more stately4 ,your great brows ,like our cathedral porches1 double-arched1 ,seem made for passage of high thought40 ,a part of this scene is particularly fine4 8,,mary4 ,never was kind counsel needed more ,by aching heart4 ,little you know my trials4 ,the fleetness of my horse scarce saved my life2 ,and ,i am queen in nothing but the name6 ,o sister1 canst thou love me8 ,thou her child ,beautiful ,boleyn's daughterwho destroyed ,my motherhapless queen1 dishonored wife6 ,thou too1 my brotherspurned from thy throne1 thy death-bed6 ,o no6 ,i shall go down into my earth ,desolate1 unbeloved6,i wound thee1 sister6 ,pardon6 ,i rave,i rave ,,elizabeth4 ,abate this passion6 ,in very truth ,i love youfondly pity ,,mary4 ,pity6 not pitygive me love or nothing4 ,i hope not happiness3 ,i kneel for peace4 ,but no3 this crown traitors would rive from me ,which our great father ,harry hath bequeathed ,undimmed to usa righteous heritage ,this crown which we1 my sister1 must maintain ,or die3 this crown1 true safeguard of our people1 ,their charter's sealcrushes our peace for ever4 ,all crowns1 since ,christ wore ,his1 are lined with thorns40 ,and again1 as the melancholy gains upon her3 8,,mary4 ,am ,i mad8 ,think you ,i'm mad8 ,i have been used to scorn1 ,neglect1 oppression1 self-abasement1 aye ,my mother's scorching heritage of woe6 ,ha6 as ,i speak1 behold1 she visits me1 ,with that fair choir of angels trooping round her1 ,and cherub faces1 with expanded wings ,upbearing her6 ,o blessed ,saint1 depart not6 ,breathe on my cold lips those still cherished kisses ,which thine in death impressed6 ,sigh in mine ear ,those half-articulate blessings1 unforgotten1 ,which made my childhood less than martyrdom6 ,i'll clasp theemother6 ,totters forward and falls40 ,surely this1 too1 is worthy of ,shakspere4 ,and so is ,northumberland's soliloquy with which the third ,act opens2 so much so1 indeed1 that we can with difficulty persuade ourselves we are not reading ,shakspere4 8,i have plunged too deep4 ,the current of the times ,hath been ill-sounded4 ,frosty discontent ,breathes chilly in the face of our attempt3 ,and1 like the dry leaves in ,november winds1 ,these summer-suited friends fly my nipped branches4 ,what's to be done8 ,time like a ruthless hunter1 ,tramples my flying footsteps6 ,banned and baited ,by my own pack1 dogs fed from mine own hand ,gnash fangs and snarl on me40 ,what is peculiarly ,shaksperian here is the profusion of metaphors4 ,it is a sign of a great poet to deal freely with metaphors4 ,we know how ,byron heaps them up in ,childe ,harold1 and ,tennyson in ,in ,memoriam4 ,another proof of high geniusespecially dramaticis the ready use of wit and sarcasm4 ,we have a passage of arms between ,dudley and ,courtenaye which is very masterly4 ,dudley1 having lost his way in the ,tower1 gets the headsman to show him to ,courtenaye's cell4 8,,exeter4 ,ha6 ,i should know that face2 and lackeyed thus ,by yon grim doomster1 guess my coming fate4 ,,northumberland4 ,i greet you well1 ,marquis of ,exeter1 ,noble ,plantagenet6 ,,exeter4 ,hey1 what means this8 ,the half-forgotten name1 and fatal heritage6 ,sir ,john of ,dudleybear and ragged staff ,or memory fails me4 ,,northumberland4 ,now ,northumberland4 ,,exeter4 ,indeed8 ,excuse me4 ,prisoners limp behind ,the vaulting world4 ,you are welcome4 ,,northumberland4 ,i would greet you ,with tidings of content4 ,,exeter4 ,long strangers here4 ,,northumberland4 ,i take your hand3 nor coldly1 thus1 hereafter ,will you1 perchance1 vouchsafe it4 ,i have power 7,in ,edward's time ,i only had the will7 ,to serve you4 ,,exeter4 ,ha6 how well ,i guessed the truth6 ,one king the more is dead4 ,who now rules ,england8 ,chaste ,boleyn's babe1 or the ,arragonian whelp8 ,no beauty1 ,i'll be sworn1 unless time makes one4 ,,northumberland4 ,the house of ,grey is of the royal lineage4 ,to that ,king ,edward's will bequeathes the crown4 ,,exeter4 ,my lady duchess queen8 ,now1 ,god forbid6 ,,northumberland4 ,all cry amen to that4 ,her ,grace of ,suffolk ,yields to her wiser daughter,lady ,jane ,my son1 ,lord ,guilford's wife3 now ,queen of ,england4 ,,exeter4 ,o1 now ,i do begin to read the stars1 ,and note what constellation climbs4 ,my lord1 ,excuse the stiffness of imprisoned knees4 ,the obsolete posterity of kings ,lowly should bend to kings' progenitors4 ,sir ,headsman1 art thou married8 ,,headsman4 ,nay1 my lord4 ,,exeter4 ,get thee a wife1 then1 in good haste3 get sons6 ,full-bosomed honor1 like a plant in the sun1 ,plays harlot to the hour4 ,lo1 thistles burgeon ,even through the ,red ,rose' cradle6 ,,northumberland4 ,my good lord1 ,unseasonable wit hath a warped edge1 ,whereby the unskilful take unlooked for scars4 ,good-night4 ,may fancy tickle you in dreams ,in which nor ,boleyn's babe 7,i quote your phrase7 ,nor whelp of ,arragonkind heaven forefend6 ,nor our grim friend here1 with uncivil axe1 ,dare mingle4 ,good-night1 ,courtenaye40 ,to pass to the trial scene1 in the fourth ,act1 a speech is put into the mouth of ,gardinerwho1 as chancellor conducts the prosecutionwhich reminds us of the unanswered arguments from ,pole and other ,catholic characters in ,queen ,mary3 8,,gardiner4 ,my lords1 religion was the plea for this4 ,religion1 a wide cloak for godless knaves4 ,what6 knew they not the ,apostolic rule ,that men are bound to obey even sinful princes8 ,who dares insinuate that our queen's right rule ,shall be a snare for conscience8 ,hypocrites6 ,why claim ye toleration1 yet refuse it8 ,faith your perpetual cry1 yet would ye stifle ,that faith which is the trust of other hearts4 ,your ,bible is your idol3 all must bow ,before your exposition of its sense1 ,or forfeit allthe very throne60 ,had our author been a ,catholic1 he could not have stated the case better4 ,jane ,grey pleads guilty so nobly1 and prays so generously that her own life may be taken and her husband's spared1 that ,fakenham truly says of her3 8,she rises from the sea of her great trouble ,like a pure infant glowing from the bath40 ,here are some of her words3 8,i wake from the vain dream of a blind sleep3 ,nothing to hide1 nothing extenuate4 ,my lords1 reverse to me this good hath brought2 ,that ,i who dimly saw now plainly see1 ,and seeing loathe my fault1 and loathing leave it4 ,the bolts of heaven have split the aspiring tower ,of my false grandeur2 and through every rent ,the light of heaven streams in4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in time to come it shall be known1 ambition ,was not my nature1 though it makes my crime40 ,dudley's defence would be manly and admirable were it not for his hypocrisy4 ,but the hour comes when hypocrisy can serve him no longer4 ,it is a powerful scenethe first of the fifth ,actwhere his confident hopes are dashed to the ground for ever4 ,and then he finds ,fakenhamwhom he has called 8worm0 and 8dog0 before1 and for whom his hatred never could contain itselfhis best friend and only succor4 ,he seems1 indeed 7so well is his character sustained throughout71 to cling to the hope of saving his bodily life by accepting the ,catholic faith1 till he stands on the very scaffold2 but there he drops simulation4 8,the terrible #8to be' is come6 ,time's past6 ,yet all's to doan age crammed to a span6 ,time1 never garnered till thy last sands ebb1 ,how shall my sharp need eke thy wasted glass1 ,or wit reverse it80 ,lady ,jane meets death like a martyr4 ,her resignation is shown as early as the third scene of the third ,act1 while she is in the ,tower with her husband awaiting further tidings after learning that their cause is lost4 8,,jane4 ,midnoon1 yet silent as midnight6 ,my heart ,flutters and stopsflutters and stops again ,as in the pauses of a thunder-storm1 ,or a bird cowering during an eclipse4 ,alone through these deserted halls we wander1 ,bereft of friends and hope4 ,speak to me1 ,guilford4 ,,guilford4 ,thy heart-strings1 ,jane1 strengthened by discipline1 ,endure the strain4 ,,jane4 ,say rather1 my religion ,has taught this good4 ,nor lacks our female nature ,courage to meet inevitable woe ,with a beloved one shared40 ,and again her generosity comes out3 8,we have obscured a dawn4 ,if spared1 ,god grant ,we may make bright the queen's triumphant way ,like clouds that glorify the wake of noon40 ,she1 too1 sees the 8true minister of ,christ0 in ,fakenham3 8,fearless of danger in discharge of duty1 ,and to the mourner prodigally kind40 ,such ,protestants as she are never formal heretics3 they have too much humility4 ,when ,fakenham is pleading her cause with the ,tudor1 who displays for a season the vindictiveness of woman against woman1 ,jane disallows his attestation of her innocence3 8,ah1 sir1 too gently have you judged me6 ,usurper of the consecrated crown4 ,the sacred sceptre1 how can ,i be pure8 ,welcome ,adversity1 lifter up of veils6 ,before me1 naked as a soul for judgment1 ,stands up my sin4 ',tis well6 the worst is o'er4 ,suffer ,i must2 but ,i will sin no longer40 ,when1 in the fifth ,act1 she approaches the scaffold1 she alone is firm1 she alone makes no complaint against the justice of her sentence1 but1 on the contrary1 defends it4 8,,bedingfield4 ,madam1 ,we fain would linger on the way4 ,our eyes1 ,blind though they be with tears1 strain round to catch ,some signal of reprieve4 ,,jane4 ,o1 seek it not6 ,it cannot be4 ,my life may not consist ,with the realm's safety4 ,innocent am ,i ,in purpose2 but the object of great crimes4 ,good blood must still flow on till ,jane's be shed40 ,so again1 in her final address to the spectators3 8,my sentence hath been just3 not for aspiring ,unto the crown1 but that1 with guilty weakness1 ,when proffered ,i refused it not4 ,from me ,let future times be warned that good intent ,excuseth not misdeeds3 all instruments ,of evil must partake its punishment40 ,in the meantime ,mary softens somewhat after ,dudley's execution1 and is inclined to spare ,guilford1 as well as ,jane4 ,gardiner argues against the husband's reprieve1 on the ground of certain peril to throne1 church1 and commonweal2 and here he carries his point easily4 ,he is not successful in securing ,jane's doom1 even though he tells the queen3 8,she is proclaimed ,from street to street4 ,the very walls are ciphered ,with traitorous scrolls that hail her #8,jane the ,queen4' ,shall such wrong go unchecked8 ,,mary4 ,that is their folly2 ,not hers4 ,the culpable shall smart for this40 ,but here ,bedingfield enters hastily to announce the escape of ,suffolk and his having 8joined with ,wyatt40 8,,mary4 ,suffolk fled8 ,jane's father8 ,henceforth let justice rule4 ,farewell1 weak pity6 ,we cannot1 ,jane1 both live3 why1 then1 die thou60 ,yet1 even after this1 her good genius1 ,fakenham1 obtains from ,mary a promise that ,jane shall live 8if she abjure her heresy40 ,it does not appear1 however1 that ,fakenham had any further interview with ,jane4 ,it would have been useless1 if he had2 for when1 just before her execution1 ,bedingfield says3 8,at least1 we may delay till the dean comes ,to whisper spiritual comfort10 ,jane replies3 8,infinite ,is the ,almighty's goodness4 ,in that only ,i put my trust4 ,my time1 sir is too short ,for controversy3 and that good man's duty ,compels him to dispute my creed4 ,i thank him3 ,pray you1 sir1 say ,i thank him1 from my heart1 ,for all his charities4 ,in privacy ,my prayersnot unacceptable1 ,i trust1 ,to ,god my ,saviourhave been offered up4 ,so must they to the end40 ,but in the scene before the executionone of singular powerthe unhappy queen evinces a yearning for sympathy which triumphs over rigor1 and1 in spite of ,gardiner's presence1 makes her relent1 though too late4 ,first we see her alone4 ,she is vindicating herself to her conscience3 8,i have no thirst for blood2 nor yet would shrink ,from shortening earthly life3 for what is life ,that we should court its stay8 ,a pearl of price ,in festal days1 but mockery to mourners4 ,what's life to thee1 thy loved one dead1 poor ,jane8 ,what's life to me1 by him ,i loved betrayed8 ,i take from thee what is no loss to thee ,and much infects the realm4 ,gladly would ,i ,my life on such conditions sacrifice4 ,the time for thy short widowhood is come3 ,but ye shall reunite above4 ,for me ,the heart's blank widowhood must be for ever4 ,jane6 on thy block the throned queen envies thee60 ,she is full of her own betrayal by ,courtenayea wrong which has left a more cruel wound than all the plots of treason have effected4 ,here ,gardiner and ,fakenham enter to announce that ,brett and ,wyatt are taken4 ,presently1 after a burst of fevered excitement1 she says3 8,i want ,to see ,jane ,grey-after her widowhood4 ,,fakenham aside4 ,after8,she then shall live4 ,,gardiner aside4 ,observe1 she raves4 ,,mary4 ,we'll sit together in some forest nook1 ,or sunless cavern by the moaning sea1 ,and talk of sorrow and vicissitudes ,of hapless love1 and luckless constancy2 ,and hearts that death or treachery divides40 ,she then goes off into a fit of raving1 and declares that 8the spirit of the fatal ,sisterhood riots in her veins10 and 8the snakes of the ,eumenides brandish their horrent tresses round her head40 ,fakenham suggests music as the remedy for her 8sick mind02 and ,gardiner bids him throw aside the gallery doors that open on the chapel4 ,it being the hour for service1 the choir is heard4 8,as the music proceeds1 the queen's stupor relaxes1 and her sensibility gradually revives4 ,the music ceases4 ,,mary4 ,airs fresh from heaven breathe round me6 ,sing on1 bright angels6 tears relieve my heart ,my brain is calmed4 ,sing on and let me weep4 ,a pause4 ,would they were saved6 ,alas1 poor widowed one6 ,can it not still be done8 ,no1 notoo late60 ,then she describes the 8dark procession0 of ,guilford to the scaffold1 as seen in a vision4 ,the signal gun is heard4 ,the head has fallen4 8,,mary4 ,he is no more6 ,great ,god1 ,have mercy upon both6 ,,gardiner4 ,her thoughts are changed3 ,her brain relieved4 ,,fakenham4 ,now plead for ,jane6 ,,gardiner4 ,too late6 ,hear yonder bell4 ,,mary4 ,what's that8 ,again the death-bell8 ,hark you6 ,i would have speech with ,jane4 ,fly1 ,fakenham6 ,my foot is weak and slow4 ,gardiner1 attend me4 ,fly1 ,fakenham1 fly6 ,,fakenham4 ,too late6 too late6 too late60 ,the scene of ,jane's execution intervenes2 and then comes the last scene1 brief and terrible4 8,jane ,grey's prison in the ,tower4 ,an open window in the rear4 ,enter hurriedly ,,mary followed by ,,gardiner4 ,,mary4 ,she's gone,i come too lateforgive me1 ,god6 ,myself ,i never1 never shall forgive4 ,ha6 from yon casement they may mark a signal6 ,she leans from the window4 ,hold6 ,hold6 ,she draws back with a shriek4 ,great ,god6 it isit isher head ,that demon lifts and brandishes before me6 ,she rushes from the window1 rubbing her eyes wildly4 ,pah6 ,i am choked-my mouth is choked with blood6 ,my eyes1 my nostrils1 swim in bloodmy hair ,stiffens with bloodthe floor is slippery ,with bloodallblood6 ,mother and unborn babe ,both slain6 ,mother and child6 ,the cry of blood ,rises to heaventhe curse of ,cain is launched ,upon me6 ,innocent victims6 ,at ,god's throne ,already ye bear witness4 ,mercy1 mercy6 ,spare one who knew not how to spare4 ,she kneels4 ,enter ,,fakenham4 ,ay1 kneel ,to heavenand pray6 ,lift up your hands to ,god6 ,lift up your voice-your heart6 ,pray1 sinner1 pray6 ,the curtain falls40 ,so ends the first part of this masterly drama1 and1 we think1 the far finer of the two playscertainly the less painful to a ,catholic reader4 ,we have given it unqualified praise1 because we have dealt with it purely as a drama4 ,we are afraid that the real ,jane ,grey was a much less lovely character than the poet's1 and are thankful to know that the real ,mary ,tudor was a very different compound indeed4 ,but we give the poet credit for perfect sincerity in his delineation of either character4 ,we believe that if he was consciously partial at all1 it was rather to the ,catholic sidefrom a wish to do ,catholics all the justice in his power4 ,and this but makes us regret the more that1 together with the genius he manifests1 he had not the faith of the gifted son to whom he has left his mantle4 #ahi ,mary ,tudor3 ,an ,historical ,drama4 ,by ,sir ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 ,bart4 ,london3 ,william ,pickering4 #ahge4 ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,of ,,toledo4 8,behold10 said the owl to ,prince ,ahmed1 8the ancient and renowned city of ,toledoa city famous for its antiquities4 ,behold those venerable domes and towers1 hoary with time1 and clothed with legendary grandeur1 in which so many of my ancestors have meditated40 ,we had arrived at the foot of the rocky promontory on which stands imperial ,toledo4 ,the first sight of it is exceedingly impressive4 ,its aspect is grave and majestic1 and the thousand grand memories that hover over it add to the fascination4 ,it is the royal city1 the capital of the ,gothic kings4 ,for four hundred years it was in possession of the ,moors1 and in the middle ages it was so renowned for its learning as to attract numerous students from foreign parts4 ,it is1 too1 par excellence1 the ecclesiastical city of ,spain1 and stands proudly on its seven hills like ,rome4 ,the long line of its bishops comprises many saints1 as well as mighty prelates who not only held spiritual primacy over the land1 but took a prominent part in the political affairs of the nation4 ,it looks just as a city of the middle ages1 with a due sense of the fitness of things1 ought to lookantique1 picturesque1 and romanticsurrounded by its ancient walls1 from which rise1 as if hewn out of the rock1 the massive gray towers that still bear the impress of the ,goth and the ,moor4 ,around its base winds the golden ,tagus over its rocky bed1 foaming and wildly raving1 in a grand1 solemn kind of a way1 as if sensible of its high functions and knowing the secrets of the magic caves that extend beneath its very bedcaves wrought out of the live rock by the cunning hand of ,tubal1 the grandson of ,noe1 and where ,hercules the ,mighty taught the dark mysteries of ,egyptian art1 handed down to posterity1 and long after known as the ,arte ,toledana4 ,for this ancient city claims as its founder ,tubal1 the son of ,japhet1 who1 as the ,spanish chroniclers say1 with the memory of the ,deluge still fresh in his mind1 naturally built it on an eminence1 and hewed out caverns as places of refuge from the watery element4 ,so remote an origin might reasonably be supposed enough to satisfy the most owlish of antiquarians2 but some hoary old birds have gone so far as to whisper that ,adam himself was the first king of ,toledo2 that the sun1 at its creation1 first shone over this the true centre of the world2 and that its very name is derived from two ,oriental words signifying the ,mother of ,cities4 ,however this may be1 it was ,hercules1 the ,libyan1 who1 versed in the supernatural arts1 achieved labors no mere human arm could have accomplished1 who gave the finishing touches to the city1 and set up the necromantic tower of legendary fame1 in after-years so rashly entered by ,roderick1 the last of the ,goths1 letting out a flood of evils that spread over all the land4 ,this was 8one of those ,egyptian or ,chaldaic piles1 storied with hidden wisdom and mystic prophecy1 which were devised in past ages when man yet enjoyed intercourse with high and spiritual natures1 and when human foresight partook of divination10 and its mysterious fate was worthy of its origin4 ,but ,toledo did not fully awake to its importance till the fifth century after ,christ1 when it fell into the hands of the ,goths1 who made it their capital and enlarged and embellished it1 especially in the good old times of ,king ,wamba1 whose name is still popular in ,castile1 and corresponds to that of ,king ,dagobert in ,france4 ,it now became renowned for its splendor and wealth1 and1 when taken by the ,moors at the end of the seventh century1 they found here an immense booty1 including the spoils of ,alaric from ,rome and ,jerusalem1 among which was the famous table of talismanic powers1 wrought for ,king ,solomon out of a single emerald by the genii of the ,east1 which had the power of revealing1 as in a mirror1 all future events1 and from which that monarch acquired so much of his wisdom4 ,all these and many other things were flitting through our minds as we crossed the bridge of ,alcantara1 with its tower of defence and tutelary saint1 and wound up the steep hillside into the city4 ,we alighted in the court of the ,fonda de ,lino1 where we learned once more that an old bird sometimes gets caught with mere chaff4 ,it soon became alarmingly evident that1 between the ,goth and the ,moor1 but little had been left behindat least1 at the ,fonda4 ,but 8,affliction is a divine diet10 says ,izaak ,walton1 and we took to it as kindly as possible4 ,in this state of affairs1 we gave ourselves unresistingly up to a valet-de-place1 who lay in wait for his prey1 and1 for once in the world1 did not regret it2 for he proved quite indispensable in the maze of narrow1 tortuous streets1 and was tolerably versed in the archology of the place4 ,few cities are more rich in historic1 religious1 and poetic memories1 or have as many interesting monuments of the past4 ,at every step we were surprised by something novel and curious4 ,the streets themselves run zigzag1 so that we were always dodging around a corner1 like our old friend ,mr4 ,chevy ,slyme1 and soon began to feel very mean and pitiful indeed4 ,this must have been convenient in days when arrows were weapons1 but to honest1 straightforward folk in these pacific times they are peculiarly trying4 ,one side of you always seems getting in advance of the other1 and you soon begin to feel as if blind of one eye4 ,it is to be hoped obliquity of the moral sense does not follow from this necessity of going zigzag4 ,the streets are extremely clean1 but so narrow as to afford passage only to men and donkeys1 or men on donkeys1 sometimes looking1 in their queer accoutrements1 8like two beasts under one skin10 as ,dante says4 ,these sombre1 winding streets are lined with lofty houses that are gloomy and solid as citadels1 with few windows1 and these defended by strong iron grates4 ,the portals are flanked with granite columns and surmounted by worn escutcheons carven in stone4 ,they are frequently edged with the cannon-ball ornaments peculiar to ,castile1 like rows of great stone beads4 ,the doors themselves are so thick and massive that they have withstood all ancient means of assault1 and the resinous wood of which they are made seems to defy the very tooth of time itself4 ,they are studded with enormous nails of forged iron1 with diamond-shaped or convex heads1 sometimes as large as half a cocoanut1 and curiously wrought4 ,frequently they are not content with their primitive forms1 but go straying off into long1 artistic ramifications that cover the door like some ancient embroidery4 ,the gabled ends of the houses often project over the streets with huge beams1 carved and stained1 that add to the gloom4 ,these streets do not seem to have changed for ages4 ,every instant we saw some trace of the ,goths or an ,arabic inscription1 or ,moorish galleries and balconies4 ,once we entered an old archway1 and found ourselves in a court with sculptured granite pillars that supported ,oriental-like galleries1 to which we ascended by stairs faced with colored azulejos1 old and glittering1 as the ,moors alone knew how to make them4 ,once the city contained two hundred thousand inhabitants2 now there are not more than twenty thousand4 ,the streets are deserted and silent1 the houses empty4 ,everywhere are ruins and traces of past grandeur over which nothings of modern life is diffused4 ,you seem to be wandering in a museum of antiquities4 ,above all1 you feel it was once1 and perhaps still is1 a city of deep religious convictions1 from the numerous monasteries and magnificent churches4 ,pious emblems are on the houses4 ,among others1 we remember the cord of ,st4 ,francis1 carven in stone1 with its symbolic knots of the ,passion4 ,at the ,ayuntamiento1 built after the designs of ,el ,greco1 who1 like several other eminent artists1 was at once painter1 architect1 and sculptor1 is an inscription on the side of the staircase by the poet ,jorje ,manrique worthy of a place over the entrance of every city-hall3 8,ye noble1 judicious lords who govern ,toledo1 on these steps leave all your passionsavarice1 weakness1 fear4 ,for the public good forget your own private interests2 and since ,god has made you the pillars of this august house1 continue always to be firm and upright40 ,we were now near the cathedralone of the grandest1 and certainly the richest1 in ,spain4 ,its first foundation is lost in the obscurity of legendary times4 ,the people1 however1 are not so indefinite in their opinion4 ,with a true ,oriental love of the marvellous1 they not only attribute the foundation of ,toledo to patriarchal times1 but declare this church was built by the apostles1 and that even the ,blessed ,virgin herself took a personal interest in its erection4 ,it is at least certain that a church was consecrated here in the time of ,king ,ricared the ,goth1 after the condemnation of the ,arians by the ,council of ,toledo1 and it was probably built on the site of a previous one4 ,it was placed under the invocation of the ,virgin1 and her ancient statue1 which has been preserved to this day1 was regarded then1 as now1 with special veneration4 ,the old ,gothic kings were noted for their devotion to ,mary1 and hung up at her altar the beautiful crowns of pure beaten gold and precious stones discovered a few years ago near ,toledo1 and now at the ,htel ,cluny at ,paris4#aij ,the ,moors1 when they took ,toledo1 seized this church1 so sacred to the ,christians1 razed it to the ground1 and erected a mosque in its place2 and when ,alfonso ,,vi4 triumphantly entered the old capital of the ,visigoths1 ,may #be1 #ajhethe very day the great ,hildebrand died at ,salerno1 exclaiming3 8,i have loved justice and hated iniquity1 and therefore ,i die an exile0having left the ,moors in possession of the building1 he was forced to hear ,mass in a little mosque of the tenth century1 afterwards given to the ,knights ,templars and called the ,christo de la ,luz1 where may still be seen the wooden shield hung up by ,king ,alfonso1 with its silver cross on a red ground4 ,the people1 of course1 were dissatisfied to see the infidel left to defile a spot where the ,gospel had first been announced to their forefathers and the ,christian mysteries first celebrated1 and1 as soon as the king left the city1 determined to regain possession of it4 ,queen ,constanza herself1 though a native of ,france1 favored the movement1 and had the doors of the mosque forced open in the night4 ,the archbishop purified it with incense1 aspersions1 and prayer2 an altar was hastily set up1 and a bell hung in the tower1 which1 after a silence of four centuries1 rang out as soon as daylight appeared1 to call the people to a solemn service of thanksgiving4 ,bernard de ,sdirac was now ,archbishop of ,toledo4 ,he belonged to a noble family of ,aquitaine1 and became early in life a ,benedictine monk at ,st4 ,oren's ,priory1 ,auch1 of which he was soon made prior4 ,this house was affiliated to the ,abbey of ,cluny1 to which he was transferred by ,st4 ,hugo on account of his talents and eminent virtues1 and when ,alfonso ,,vi4 sent there for a monk capable of re-establishing monastic discipline in the convents of ,castile1 ,dom ,bernard had the honor of being appointed to the mission4 ,he found not in the ,spanish monasteries the austerity and silence of ,cluny4 ,the neighing of steeds1 the baying of hounds1 and the whistle of the falcon prevailed over the choral chants1 and soft raiment had taken the place of haircloth and the scourge4 ,the monks1 however1 were by no means depraved1 and ,bernard soon acquired such an ascendency over them as to effect a radical change in their habits1 especially at the great ,abbey of ,san ,facundo1 of which he had been made abbot4 ,when ,alfonso ,,vi4 took ,toledo1 desirous of restoring the see to its ancient grandeur and importance1 he endowed it magnificently1 and appointed ,dom ,bernard archbishop4 ,the part this prelate took in the seizure of the mosque has been alluded to4 ,mariana1 the ,jesuit historian1 considers his zeal on this occasion as too lively and impetuous4 ,the ,moors were naturally enraged at losing their chief place of worship1 and for a time it was feared they would break out into open revolt4 ,but they finally concluded to send a deputation to the king to make known the violation of the treaty and demand redress4 ,alfonso was then in the kingdom of ,leon1 and1 when he learned what had occurred1 he was not only alarmed for the safety of his capital1 but angry with those who had endangered it4 ,he at once set out for ,toledo1 resolved to punish the queen and archbishop4 ,when the ,christians of ,toledo learned that he was approaching the city in such a disposition the principal citizens clothed themselves in black1 and the clergy put on their sacred robes1 and went forth to meet him4 ,in the midst was the fair ,princess ,urraca1 pale and trembling1 clothed in sackcloth1 with ashes on her head1 sent by the queen to appease the king's anger1 knowing1 if anything could turn him from his purpose1 it would be the sight of his favorite daughter4 ,but ,alfonso hardened his heart when he saw them approach1 and silently registered a vow not to be moved by the princess' entreaties4 ,urraca had the true tact of a woman1 and1 divining her father's thoughts1 fell at his feet1 conjuring him to grant her but one favorto show no mercy on those who had set at naught his authority out of obedience to a higher will6 ,the king was taken aback by this pious stratagem1 and1 before he recovered from his embarrassment1 a second embassy from the ,moors appeared4 ,the king1 in anticipation of their renewed complaints1 exclaimed3 8,it is not to you the injury has been done1 but to me2 and my own interest and glory forbid me to allow my promises to be violated with impunity40 ,the messengers fell on their knees and replied3 8,the archbishop is the doctor of your law1 and if we1 however innocent1 be the cause of his death1 his followers will some day take vengeance on us4 ,and should the queen perish1 we shall become an object of hatred to her posterity1 of which we shall feel the effects when you have ceased to reign4 ,therefore1 ,o king6 we release you from your promise1 and beg you to pardon them4 ,if you refuse our petition1 allow us to seek in another country an asylum from the dangers that threaten us here40 ,the king1 who had been weighed down with sadness1 broke into transports of joy3 8,you have not only saved the archbishop1 but the queen and princess4 ,never shall ,i forget so happy a day4 ,henceforth you may be assured of my special protection40 ,when the king entered the city a few hours after1 he proceeded directly towards the mosque taken from the ,moors4 ,on the threshold stood ,queen ,constanza in garments of mourning1 and ,dom ,bernard in pontifical vestments4 ,the king kissed the archbishop's hand1 embraced the queen1 and entered the church to give thanks unto ,god for the happy ending of so threatening a drama4 ,and so1 adds ,mariana1 this day of tears and lamentations was changed into a day of joy4 ,this was in the year of our ,lord #ajhg4 ,the ,alfaqui1 or ,moorish doctor1 whose sagacious advice the ,moors had followed on this occasion1 was regarded with so much gratitude by the ,christians that they set up his statue in the ,holy of ,holies1 where it is to be seen to this day among the kings of ,spain and the dignitaries of the church4 ,the present cathedral was begun by ,st4 ,ferdinand in #abbg4 ,eight portals give entrance to the edifice4 ,the principal one is called the great ,door of ,pardon4 ,seven steps lead up to it1 which the people often ascend on their knees4 ,and to kneel is the attitude one instinctively takes on entering this magnificent church1 which is like a great jewelled cross of marvellous workmanship4 ,it is1 in fact1 a museum of sculpture and painting4 ,the eye is absolutely dazzled by its richness1 as it looks up the long aisles with their clustered columns1 lit up by the finest stained-glass windows in ,spain4 ,the choir alone it would take hours to examine1 so profuse are the beautiful carvings4 ,on the lower stallsthose of the choristersare carved jousts1 tourneys1 battles1 and sieges1 as if to figure the constant warfare of man here below4 ,even the very animals in the accessory carvings are represented contending4 ,forty-five of these stalls represent the siege of some city or fortress in the war with the ,moors1 and are curious for the costumes and arms of the time4 ,the most interesting relate to the conquest of ,granada1 just after which they were executed4 ,nor is it surprising to find such things commemorated in so holy a place4 ,the war with the ,saracens was not merely a national enterprise1 but a holy crusade on which depended1 not only the safety of ,spain1 but of all ,christendom1 and ,europe has never been sufficiently grateful to the ,spaniards for saving it from the yoke of ,islam4 ,these carvings seem like a psalm of triumph for ever echoed in this choir3 8,the ,lord hath triumphed gloriously3 the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea40 ,each panel1 labelled with its victory1 seems chanting1 one after the other3 8,to him which smote great kings3 ,for his mercy endureth for ever6 ,sihon1 the ,king of the ,amorites3 ,for his mercy endureth for ever6 ,and ,og1 the ,king of ,bashan3 ,for his mercy endureth for ever6 ,and hath redeemed us from our enemies3 ,for his mercy endureth for ever60 ,on the upper stalls1 where sit the canons of the church between red marble columns1 are the holy mysteries of the faith1 carved by ,berruguete and ,felipe de ,borgoa1 and above in alabaster is the genealogy of ,christ4 ,at the head of the choir is the archbishop's throne1 like the stalls of carved walnut1 but supported by bronze pillars4 ,among other carvings on it is the legend of ,st4 ,ildefonso and the sacred ,casulla1 so popular at ,toledo1 and which has inspired the pencil of ,murillo1 ,rubens1 and other eminent artists4 ,st4 ,ildefonso was ,archbishop of ,toledo in the seventh century1 and the author of a famous work entitled ,de ,virginitate ,mari4 ,it is said that one night1 entering the church at the head of his clergy to sing the midnight office1 he found the altar illuminated1 and the ,blessed ,virgin seated on his ivory throne surrounded by a throng of angels1 holding in her hand the book he had written in defence of her virginity4 ,she beckoned him towards her1 and said1 as she bestowed on him a beautiful white chasuble of celestial woof3 8,inasmuch as with a firm faith and a clean heart1 having thy loins girt about with purity1 thou hast1 by means of the divine grace shed on thy lips1 diffused the glory of my virginity in the hearts of the faithful1 ,i give thee this vestment1 taken from the treasury of my ,son1 that even in this life thou mayest be clothed with the garment of light40 ,and the attendant angels came forward to fasten the sacred ,casulla around him4 ,after the time of ,st4 ,ildefonso no one ever ventured to use this chasuble till the presumptuous ,sisberto was made archbishop2 but he experienced the fatal effects of his rashness and died a miserable death in exile4 ,this precious garment was carefully preserved fifty-seven years at ,toledo1 and then carried to the ,asturias to save it from the ,moorsperhaps by ,pelayus when he floated down the ,tagus two hundred and fifty miles in a wooden chest1 a second ,moses destined to save his nation3 8,the relics and the written works of saints1 ,toledo's treasure1 prized beyond all wealth1 ,their living and their dead remains1 ,these to the mountain fastnesses he bore40 ,when the church of ,san ,salvador at ,oviedo was completed1 ,alfonso el ,casto had the ,santa ,casulla solemnly conveyed thither1 and there it remains to this day4 ,st4 ,ildefonso and the holy ,casulla are to be seen at every hand's turn at ,toledo4 ,countless houses have a majolica medallion depicting them inserted in their front walls4 ,they are sculptured over one of the doors of the cathedral1 and several times within4 ,and among the numerous paintings that adorn the edifice are two in which the ,blessed ,virgin is clothing ,st4 ,ildefonso with something of the grace and majesty of heaven4 ,but the vision of ,st4 ,ildefonso is specially commemorated on the spot where it occurred by a beautiful little temple of open ,gothic work on one side of the nave4 ,here the whole legend is admirably told by ,vigarny in a series of bas-reliefs in marble4 ,in the outer wall is inserted the slab on which the ,virgin's feet rested1 protected by an iron grating4 ,both the grate and slab are worn by the fingers of the devout4 ,no one passes without thrusting his hands through the grating to touch the stone1 after which he kisses the tips of his fingers and makes the sign of the cross4 ,the ,capilla mayor is of excessive richness4 ,jasper steps lead up to the high altar4 ,the retable1 covered with countless sculptures1 rises almost to the arches1 alive with scenes from the life of our ,saviour amid innumerable pinnacles1 and niches1 and statues of most elaborate workmanship4 ,around are the tombs of the ancient kings of ,spain1 and among them that of the celebrated ,cardinal ,mendoza1 the tertius rex1 who took so prominent a part in the government in the time of ,ferdinand and ,isabellaa tomb in the ,plateresco style1 and worthy1 not only of that great prelate1 but of the marvellous chapel in which it stands4 ,near by is the effigy of the ,alfaqui1 who interposed in favor of ,queen ,constanza and ,archbishop ,bernard1 and opposite is a statue of ,san ,isidro1 who led ,alfonso ,,viii4 to victory at ,navas de ,tolosa1 as well as one of that king himself in a niche4 ,there is certainly nothing grander in all ,christendom than this chapelnothing more in harmony with the imposing rites of the church1 which are here celebrated with a majesty that is infinitely impressive4 ,the chapel of the ,sagrario contains the celebrated statue of the ,virgin so honored by the ,goths1 said to have been saved from the ,moors by an ,englishman4 ,it is of wood1 black with age1 but entirely plated with silver1 excepting the face and hands4 ,this ,madonna stands in a blaze of light from the numerous lamps1 and is absolutely sparkling with jewels4 ,one of her mantles is of silver tissue embroidered with gold thread 7that required three hundred ounces of gold to make7 and thousands of pearls weighing nearly as much4 ,there is scarcely room for the rubies1 emeralds1 and diamonds suspended on this mantle4 ,that of the ,child is similar in style1 and took nine persons over a year to embroider4 ,near by1 in the chapel of ,santa ,marina1 is a tombstone over the re-mains of ,cardinal de ,carrero1 the king-maker of ,philip the ,fifth's time1 with its ,hic jacet pulvis1 cinis1 et nihil6sublime cry of ,christian humility4 ,every chapel in this cathedral is worthy of interest4 ,one bears the curious name of the ,christo de las ,cucharas1 or of ,spoons1 from the armes parlantes of ,diego ,lopez de ,padilla emblazoned herethree padillas1 or little paddles in the form of a spoon4 ,it was a lady of this family who1 in some civil contest1 stripped the statues in the cathedral of their valuable ornaments as a means of defraying the expenses of the war1 but first kneeling before them to beg the saints' pardon for the liberty she was about to take4 ,then there is the beautiful chapel of ,los ,reyes ,nuevos1 lined with rich tombs in sculptured recesses1 each with its recumbent effigy1 among which is that of a daughter of ,john of ,gaunt1 8time-honored ,lancaster10 who married a ,spanish prince4 ,the chapel of ,santiago1 in the flamboyant style1 was built before the discovery of ,america1 by ,alvaro de ,luna1 grand-master of the ,knights of ,santiago4 ,on every side are scallop-shells1 emblem of the tutelar1 and the crescent1 cognizance of the ,luna family4 ,the tomb of the founder is in the centre1 with knights1 cut in alabaster1 keeping eternal watch and ward around their chief1 who is lying on his tomb2 while monks and nuns that have turned to stone seem to pray for ever around that of his wife4 ,the ,mozarabic chapel1 with its memories of ,cardinal ,ximenes1 is very interesting4 ,one side of it is entirely covered with a fresco of the battle of ,oran1 in which the cardinal took a leading part1 full of animation and vigor4 ,here the ,mozarabic rite which he re-established is still kept up4 ,what the primitive form of the ,spanish liturgy was we have no certain knowledge1 for it was superseded1 or greatly modified1 by the ,goths4 ,after the fourth ,council of ,toledo1 presided over by ,st4 ,isidore of ,seville1 a uniform liturgy was established throughout the kingdom1 to which was given the name of ,mozarabic from that of the ,christians who lived under the ,moorish rule1 and only had permission to maintain their own rites by the payment of an annual tribute4 ,the ,gregorian liturgy was introduced in the time of ,alfonso ,,vi4 by the wish of the pope4 ,the clergy and people were at first in consternation at the proposed change1 but the archbishop1 ,bernard de ,sdirac1 was in favor of it1 and he was sustained by the government4 ,six churches at ,toledo were assigned to the ,mozarabic rite1 but by degrees the ,gregorian acquired ascendency4 ,mozarabic books became more and more rare1 and the rite was nearly abandoned when ,cardinal ,ximenes1 in order to preserve a vestige of it1 founded this chapel in the year #aejj1 and had the ancient service printed at ,alcala de ,henares4 ,one peculiarity of this rite is1 the ,host is divided into nine parts1 which are placed on the paten in the form of a cross1 in memory of the ,incarnation1 ,nativity1 ,circumcision1 ,adoration of the ,magi1 ,passion1 ,death1 ,resurrection1 ,ascension1 and ,eternal ,reign4 ,the chapter-room of the cathedral is the richest in ,spain4 ,it is ,moorish in style1 and has a magnificent artesonado ceiling of gold and azure1 rare carvings in oak1 and a profusion of paintings1 mostly portraits of the archbishops of ,toledo1 ninety-four in number1 among which is that of ,carranza1 the confessor of ,mary ,tudor1 and such a favorite of ,charles ,v4 that he summoned him to his death-bed at ,yuste4 ,but the best paintings are in the sacristy4 ,here is the ,santa ,casulla on the ceiling1 by ,luca ,giordano1 the most productive painter that ever existed1 and on the wall is ,el ,greco's chef d'uvrethe casting of lots for ,christ's garmentin which the artist introduced his own portrait as one of the soldiers4 ,there is also a beautiful ,santa ,leocadia rising from her tomb1 by ,orrente4 ,st4 ,ildefonso is cutting off a portion of her veil1 according to the legend1 which says that while he was celebrating ,mass at the tomb of this saint on her festival1 ,dec4 #i1 in presence of the king and a great crowd1 the stone that covered the tomb1 which it took thirty strong men to remove1 was suddenly raised1 to the amazement of the assembly1 and ,st4 ,leocadia came forth shrouded in her veil4 ,going to ,st4 ,ildefonso1 she took him by the hand and said3 8,ildefonso1 it is by thee the ,queen we serve in heaven hath obtained victory over her enemies2 by thee her memory is kept alive in the hearts of the faithful40 ,she then returned to her tomb1 but before it closed on her for ever the archbishop had presence of mind enough to commend the king and nation to her prayers1 and1 taking a knife from the king1 cut off a corner of her veil1 which is still preserved in the ,ochavo and solemnly exhibited on her festival4 ,the ,ochavo is a fine octagonal room entirely lined with precious marbles4 ,here are the silver shrines of ,st4 ,eugenius and ,st4 ,leocadia1 with silver statues and reliquaries1 and countless articles of great value4 ,the riches of this church are still extraordinary1 though the ,french carried off more than a ton of silver objects in their day4 ,a dignitary who officiated in a procession while we were there wore a magnificent collar1 which we afterwards examined4 ,it was absolutely covered with pearls1 rubies1 sapphires1 emeralds1 etc4 ,a man followed him with a mace1 as if to guard it4 ,the silver custodia for the ,host1 the largest in the world1 weighs four hundred pounds1 and is composed of eighty thousand pieces4 ,it is of the florid ,gothic style1 and contains two hundred and sixty-six statuettes4 ,cardinal ,ximenes ordered it to be made in #aeae1 but it took nine years to complete it4 ,there is another of pure gold1 weighing thirty-two pounds1 which ,isabella the ,catholic had made of the first ingots from the ,new ,world1 as a tribute to the divine ,host4 ,after her death ,cardinal ,ximenes bought it and presented it to his cathedral4 ,the vestments in the sacristy are perhaps unrivalled4 ,many of them are hundreds of years old1 of rare embroidery that looks like painting1 done on cloth of gold4 ,we remember one cope in particular1 on which is the coronation of ,mary1 done by hands of fairy-like skill4 ,all the crowns of the divine personages1 as well as their garments1 are edged with real pearls1 and the whole scene1 though wrought with silk1 seemed to have caught something of the celestial beauty and calm rapture of ,fra ,angelico4 ,we have given only a faint idea of this magnificent cathedral1 which must be seen to be fully appreciated4 ,no wonder the proverb says3 ,dives ,toledana4 ,leaving the church by the first door at hand1 we saluted the huge ,san ,christobaln1 forty feet high1 on the wallsaint of propitious omen1 whom we always like to meet4 ,the cathedral cloister is charming with its laurels1 orange-trees1 and myrtles4 ,the frescoed arcades are brilliant with the poetic legends of the church of ,toledo1 among which are ,st4 ,leocadia refusing to sacrifice to ,jupiter1 and ,santa ,casilda1 a ,moorish princess converted to the faith1 visiting the ,christians in her father's dungeons4 ,around the gate of the ,nio ,perdido is painted the legend from which it derives its name1 similar to that of ,st4 ,hugh of ,lincoln4 ,this 8lost child0 was of ,christian parentage1 and kidnapped in #adij by the ,jews1 who carried him to ,la ,guardia4 ,on ,good ,friday they took him to a neighboring cave and made him undergo all the tortures of the ,passion1 finally crucifying him at the ninth hour1 at which time his blind mother1 who was at a distance1 is said to have suddenly recovered her sight4 ,his heart was torn out and wrapped up with a consecrated ,host1 as if from some dim sense of the connection between the ,sacred ,heart and the ,holy ,eucharist1 and sent by a renegade to the ,jews of ,zamora4 ,in passing through ,avila he entered the cathedral1 and1 while pretending to pray1 the people were surprised to see rays of light issue from his person4 ,they thought he was a saintly pilgrim1 and reported the occurrence to the holy office4 ,he was questioned1 and1 his replies being unsatisfactory1 was arrested and convicted of being accessory to the crime4 ,on the ,plaza ,zocodover once took place the bull-fights and other public spectacles of ,toledo4 ,it has always been a market-place1 and1 above the arcades1 is the chapel of the ,christo de la ,sangre1 where ,mass used to be said for the benefit of the market-men1 who could thus attend to their devotions without leaving their stalls4 ,it is on the ,plaza ,zocodover you may make the pleasant acquaintance of 8a most sweet ,spaniard1 the comfit-maker of ,toledo1 who can teach sugar to slip down your throat a million of ways10 and by none easier than what is called the eel of ,toledo1 which could not have been surpassed in ,shakspere's timea most delicious compound of sweet-meats1 fashioned like a huge eel1 which is sold coiled up in a box4 ,if the famous eels of ,bolsena are to be compared with those of ,toledo1 it is not surprising that1 as ,dante implies1 they even tempted ,pope ,martin the ,fourth1 particularly if he had been recently subjected1 like us1 to the 8divine diet0 of the ,fonda de ,lino6 ,there are numerous charitable institutions at ,toledo1 due to the munificence of its great prelates1 who1 if they had immense revenues1 knew how to spend them like princes of the church4 ,cardinal ,mendoza spent enormous sums on the magnificent hospital of ,santa ,cruz1 which is now converted into a military academy4 ,here the cross1 which the cardinal triumphantly placed on the captured ,alhambra in #adib1 and which forms the device on his arms1 is everywhere glorified4 ,this hospital is noted for its unrivalled sculptures of the ,renaissance1 particularly those of the grand portal1 which is really a jewel of art4 ,the discovery of the ,true ,cross by ,st4 ,helena is appropriately the chief subject4 ,the beautiful patio is surrounded by ,moorish galleries which1 as well as the staircases1 are sculptured4 ,on all sides are the ,mendoza arms1 with its motto composed by an angel3 ,ave ,maria1 gratia plena4 ,the rooms have fine ,moorish ceilings4 ,the church is peculiar in shape1 being in the form of a ,mendoza cross1 with four long arms of equal length4 ,the right transept is now used for gymnastic exercises1 and the left one as a school-room4 ,on the wall still hangs the portrait of its great founder1 expressive of lofty purpose4 ,he was familiar with the din of camps1 as well as with the peaceful duties of charity1 and does not look out of his element in this military school4 ,the building is a grand monument to his memory1 and one of the wonders of ,toledo4 ,the hospital of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist was built by ,cardinal de ,tavera in the sixteenth century1 and in so magnificent a style as to make people reverse the murmuring of ,judas and say3 8,to what purpose is this waste8 ,and why hath all this money been given to the poor80 ,the tomb of the beneficent prelate1 sculptured by ,berruguete1 is in the centre of the nave4 ,it is in the cinque-cento style4 ,at the corners stand some of the virtues that adorned his life3 ,prudence1 with a mirror and mask2 ,justice1 with scales2 ,fortitude1 with her tower2 and ,temperance1 pouring water from a vase4 ,over the tomb still hangs the cardinal's hat1 after three hundred years4 ,in front of this hospital is a small promenade1 ornamented with rude statues of the old ,gothic kings4 ,keeping on1 outside the city walls1 we passed tower after tower of defence at the left1 while at the right lay the ,vega1 where are still some remains of an old ,roman amphitheatre4 ,at length we came to the ruined palace of ,roderick1 the last of the ,goths1 built by good ,king ,wamba of more pleasant memory4 ,in a niche is a rough statue1 purporting to be ,don ,roderick himself1 looking where he has no business to lookdown on the baths of ,florinda4 ,an immense convent beyond towers up over the walls1 like a prison with its grated windows1 that are dismal from without1 but which command an admirable view over the valley of the ,tagus1 along whose banks rise steep cliffs like palisades1 with here and there an old ,moorish mill4 ,just below1 the river is spanned by ,st4 ,martin's bridge with its ancient fortifications4 ,on the rough hills beyond are numerous cigarrales1 or country-seats4 ,there is something wild and melancholy about the whole scene4 ,the river itself rushes on in a fierce1 ungovernable manner1 as if it had never come under the influences of civilization4 ,it comes from the palontologic mountains of ,albarracin1 and flows on hundreds of miles1 disdaining all commercial appliances1 in lonely1 lordly grandeur1 till lost in the ,atlantic4 ,its current is clear1 green1 and rapid1 though poets sing it as the river of the golden waves4 ,don ,quixote tells of four nymphs who come forth from its waters and seat themselves in the green meadow to broider their rich silken tissues with gold and pearls1 referring to ,garcilasso de la ,vega1 the poet-warrior of ,toledo1 who says3 8,de cuatro ninfas1 que del ,tajo amado ,salieron juntas1 acantar me ofresco4'''0 ,farther up the river are a few ,arab arches of the palace of ,galiana1 a heroine of ancient romance4 ,she was the daughter of ,king ,alfahri1 who gave her this rural retreat1 and embellished it in every possible way4 ,the young princess was of marvellous beauty1 and generally lived here to escape from her numerous suitors1 among whom was ,bradamante1 a gigantic ,moorish prince from ,guadalajara4 ,this redoubtable wooer endeavored1 but in vain1 to soften her heart4 ,he only served to keep his rivals in check4 ,at length a foreign prince1 none other than the mighty ,charlemagne himself1 came to aid her father in the war against the ,king of ,cordova4 ,he was at once captivated by the beauty of ,galiana1 and1 as she showed herself by no means insensible to his advances1 he soon ventured to ask her hand in marriage4 ,to dispose of ,prince ,bradamante1 he challenged him to a private combat1 and struck off his head1 which he offered to the bride-elect4 ,this obstacle removed1 the wedding soon took place1 and ,galiana was triumphantly carried to ,france4 ,some pretend ,charlemagne never crossed the ,ebro1 but we have unlimited faith in the legend1 on which numberless songs and romances are based1 and sold to this day by blind men on the public squares of ,toledo4 ,one of the attractions of ,toledo is ,santa ,maria la ,blanca1 an ancient ,jewish synagogue in the style of the mosque of ,cordova1 which1 after many vicissitudes1 has become a ,catholic church4 ,the name is derived from the ancient legend of ,our ,lady ad nivesof the snowwhich led to the foundation of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore at ,rome1 and is evidently popular in ,spain from the number of churches bearing the name4 ,that at ,toledo is very striking from the horse-shoe arches1 one above the other1 supported by octagon pillars with curiously-wrought capitals4 ,there are lace-like wheels along the frieze of the nave1 and the roof is of cedara tree sacred to the ,jews1 and which they say only came to perfection in the ,garden of ,eden4 ,in their epitaphs we often read3 8,he is gone down to the ,garden of ,eden1 to those who are amongst the cedars40 ,the ,transito is another old synagogue1 which was erected in the days of ,don ,pedro the ,cruel by ,samuel ,levi1 his wealthy treasurer4 ,the architects were probably ,moors1 for it is decorated in the style of the ,alhambra4 ,it consists only of one nave1 but this is richly ornamented4 ,along the walls are ,hebrew inscriptions1 said to be in part from the ,psalms1 and partly in praise of ,samuel ,levi4 ,his praises were not on the lips of the people1 however4 ,on the contrary1 he was very obnoxious to them on account of his exorbitant taxes1 and when put to the torture by ,don ,pedro1 he was by no means regretted4 ,the ,jews were specially detested at ,toledo4 ,it is said they opened the city to the ,moors1 and subsequently to the ,christians1 and were faithful to neither party4 ,when expelled in #adib1 this building was given to the ,knights of ,calatrava4 ,the church of ,san ,juan de los ,reyes was built in #adgf by ,ferdinand and ,isabella in gratitude for a victory over the ,portuguese4 ,it is now a parish church1 but was first given to the ,franciscans1 whose long knotted cord is carved along the frieze4 ,it is magnificently situated on a height overlooking the ,tagus4 ,an immense number of chains are suspended on the outer walls1 taken from ,christian captives in the dungeons of the ,alhambra4 ,these glorious trophies were brought from ,granada in #adib1 and cannot be regarded without emotion4 ,it is saidbut who can believe it8that some of them were recently used by the authorities to enclose a public promenade1 to save the expense of buying new onesa most odious piece of economy1 of which ,samuel ,levi himself would not have been guilty4 ,the portal of this church is a beautiful example of the ,plateresco style1 exquisite as goldsmith's work1 with its fretted niches and sculptured shields4 ,the building1 though only intended for a conventual church1 is of grand proportions and richly ornamented4 ,the emblems of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 with other heraldic devices1 are sculptured amid delicate foliage around the royal gallery1 and over the high altar ,cardinal ,mendoza is painted at the foot of the cross4 ,the cloisters adjoining1 of the florid ,gothic style1 are exquisitely beautiful4 ,they are built around a pleasant court1 which has a fountain in the centre1 and a profusion of orange-trees and myrtles4 ,the niches of the arcades are peopled with saints1 and the columns and arches covered with an endless variety of acanthus leaves1 lilies1 bellflowers1 ivy1 holly1 and even the humbler vegetables1 carved with a skill that reminded us of ,scott's well-known lines3 8,thou wouldst have thought some fairy's hand ,had framed a spell1 when the work was done1 ,and changed the willow wreaths to stone40 ,the convent has been sequestered1 and the ,gothic refectory of the friars is now the public museum4 ,near by was the palace of ,cardinal ,ximenes1 who was a member of the ,franciscan ,order4 ,to say nothing about the swords of ,toledo would be almost like leaving the hero out of the play4 ,spanish weapons have been renowned from ancient times4 ,titus ,livius and ,martial mention them4 ,cicero alludes to the pugiunculus ,hispaniensis4 ,gratius ,faliscus1 a friend of ,ovid's1 speaks1 in particular1 of the ,cultrum ,toledanum which hunters wore at their belts3 8,ima ,toledano prcingunt ilia cultro40 ,swords continued to be fabricated at ,toledo in the time of the ,gothic kings4 ,their broad1 two-edged swords were probably the type of the alfanjes of the ,moors1 which we see in the paintings in the ,alhambra4 ,the kings of ,castile accorded special privileges to the corporations of espaderos1 such as exemption from taxes on the steel they used4 ,this was brought from the ,basque provinces1 about a mile from ,mondragon4 8,vencedora espada1 ,de ,mondragon tu acero1 ,y en ,toledo templada40 8,sword victorious1 thy steel is from ,mondragon1 but tempered at ,toledo40 ,the most ancient ,toledan sword-maker known is a ,moor called ,del ,rey1 because ,ferdinand the ,catholic stood as godfather at his conversion4 ,his mark was a perrillo1 or little dog1 which was so famous that ,don ,quixote speaks of it4 ,but the swords of ,spain were in general renowned all over ,europe in the middle ages4 ,froissart speaks of the short ,spanish dagger with a wide blade4 ,we know by ,shakspere how much this weapon was prized in ,england4 ,it was a trusty ,toledo blade ,othello kept in his chamber4 ,the great blow to the sword manufactory of ,toledo was the introduction of ,french costumes in the seventeenth century1 in which swords were dispensed with4 ,carlos ,,iii4 resolved to revive this industry1 and erected the present fabric on the right shore of the ,tagus1 more than a mile from the city4 ,the swords are inferior in quality and lack their former elegance of form4 ,they participate in the degeneracy of those who wield them4 ,spain1 once noble1 chivalrous1 and of deep convictions1 has lost its fine temper and keenness of thrust4 ,the raw material out of which such wonders were wrought in the old days remains still1 however1 in the people as in the country4 ,it only needs a return to old principles of faith and honor on the part of the ruling classes to prepare the way for a new ,spanish history1 more glorious and more advantageous to the world at large than even ,spain has ever known4 #aij ,it was ,m4 ,hrouard1 a ,french refugee1 employed at the military academy at ,toledo as professor of ,french1 who1 hunting one day1 in #aheh1 among the hills of ,guarrazar1 found a fragment of a gold chain that was glittering in the sun1 and1 digging1 discovered the crowns that have been so much admired at ,paris1 and which are even more valuable for their historic interest than for the gold and precious stones4 ,later researches have brought others to light1 but smaller in size1 that are now in the ,armeria at ,madrid4 ,,english ,,rule ,,in ,,ireland4 ,no one can pass from ,england into ,ireland without being struck by the contrast in the condition of the two countriesa contrast so marked and absolute that it is revealed at the first glance1 and in lines so bold and rigid that it seems to have been produced by nature itself4 ,in ,england there is wealth1 thrift1 prosperity2 in ,ireland1 poverty1 helplessness1 decay4 ,into the great heart of ,london1 through arteries that stretch round the globe1 the riches of the whole earth are poured4 ,dublin is a city of the past1 and1 in spite of its imposing structures1 impresses us sadly4 ,the ,english cities are busy marts of commerce or homes of comfort1 luxury1 and learning4 ,the ,irish towns are empty1 silent1 decayed4 ,into ,england's ports come the ships of all the nations2 but in ,ireland's hardly a sail is unfurled4 ,there the chimneys of innumerable factories shut out with their black smoke the light of heaven2 here the ,round ,tower or the crumbling ruin stands as a monument of death4 ,england is over-crowded2 in ,ireland we travel for miles without meeting a human being2 pass through whole counties from which the people have disappeared to make room for cattle4 ,freedom is in the very air of ,england3 the people go about their business or pleasure in a sturdy1 downright way1 and in a conscious security under the protection of wise laws2 in ,ireland we cannot take a step without being offended by evidences of oppression and misrule4 ,the people are disarmed and unprotected1 guarded by a foreign soldiery1 the servants of an alien aristocracy4 ,to what causes must we ascribe this wide difference in the condition of two islands1 separated by a narrow strip of sea1 with but slight dissimilarity of climate1 and governed ostensibly for now nearly seven hundred years by the same laws8 ,the explanation given universally by ,english writers1 with the tone with which one is accustomed to affirm axiomatic truths1 is based upon the dissimilarity of the two peoples in natural character and in religious faith4 ,the ,irish1 they say1 are by nature discontented1 idle1 and thriftless1 and their religion is in fatal opposition to liberty and progress4 ,the subject is worthy of our attention4 ,ireland is an anomaly in ,european history4 ,just at the time when the other ,christian nations1 after overcoming the divisions and feuds of a barbarous age1 were settling down into the unity which renders harmonious development possible1 the seed of perpetual discord and never-ending strife was planted ineradicably in her soil4 ,three hundred years of almost incessant warfare with the ,dane had left her exhausted and divided1 an easy prey to the ,norman barons1 who introduced into her national life a foreign blood and an alien civilization4 ,from that day to the present time ,ireland's fate has been the saddest of which history has preserved the record4 ,there has been no peace1 no liberty1 no progress4 ,opposing races1 contrary civilizations1 and opposite religions have clashed in such fierce and bloody battles that we could almost fancy the furies of the abyss had been let loose to smite and scourge the doomed land4 ,mercy1 justice1 all human feelings have been banished from this struggle1 which has been one of brute force and fiendish cunning4 ,whatever the stronger has been able to do has been done2 and there is no good reason for believing that ,england1 in her dealings with ,ireland1 has ever passed one just law or redressed one wrong from a humane or honorable motive4 ,from the conquest to the schism of ,henry ,,viii41 a period of nearly four centuries1 the ,english colonists1 entrenched within the ,pale and receiving continually reinforcements from the mother country1 formed a nation within a nation1 always armed and watching every opportunity to make inroads upon the possessions of the native princes1 who were not slow to return blow for blow4 ,there was no security for life or property2 the people were left to the mercy of barons and kings1 to be robbed and pillaged or butchered in their broils4 ,nothing could be more inhuman than ,english legislation in ,ireland during these four centuries1 unless it be ,english legislation in ,ireland during the three centuries which followed4 ,henry ,,ii4 confiscated the whole island1 dividing the land among ten of his chief followers2 though they were able to hold possession of but a small part of the country4 ,in the legal enactments and official documents of this period the term habitually used to designate the native population is 8the ,irish enemy40 ,they were never spoken of except as 8the wild ,irish10 until1 as an ,english writer affirms1 the term 8wild ,irish0 became as familiar in the ,english language as the term wild beast4 ,they were denied the title of ,english subjects and the protection of ,english law4 ,an act1 passed in the reign of ,edward ,,ii41 gave to the ,english landlords the right to dispose of the property of their ,irish dependents as they might see fit4 ,all social and commercial intercourse with the 8,irish enemy0 was interdicted4 ,an ,irishman if found talking with an ,englishman was to be apprehended as a spy and punished as an enemy of the king2 and the violation of an ,irishwoman was not a crime before the law4 ,even exile was not permitted as a mitigation of this misery2 for a law of ,henry ,,iv4 forbade the 8,irish enemy0 to emigrate4 ,there is no exaggeration in the address which the people of ,ireland sent to ,pope ,john ,,xxii43 8,most ,holy ,father10 they say1 8we send you some precise and truthful information concerning the state of our nation1 and the wrongs which we are suffering1 and which our ancestors have suffered from the kings of ,england1 their agents1 and the ,english barons born in ,ireland4 ,after having driven us by violence from our dwellings1 from our fields and our ancestral possessionsafter having forced us to flee to the mountains1 the bogs1 the woods1 and caves to save our livesthey cease not to harass us here even1 but strive to expel us altogether from the country1 that they may gain possession of it in its entire extent4 ,they have destroyed all the written laws by which we were formerly governed4 ,the better to compass our ruin1 they have left us without laws4''' ,it is the opinion of all their laymen1 and of many of their ecclesiastics1 that there is no more sin in killing an ,irishman than in killing a dog4 ,they all maintain that they have the right to take from us our lands and our goods40 ,in the second period of ,english rule in ,ireland1 to the war of races was added a war of religion1 in which the 8,irish enemy0 became the 8,popish idolater40 ,to kill an ,irishman was no sin1 and to exterminate idolatrous superstition was a mission imposed by ,heaven upon the chosen people to whom the pure faith of ,christ had been revealed4 ,then began the series of butcheries1 devastations1 famines1 exterminations1 and exiles which have not yet come to an end4 ,the horrors of these three centuries have not been written2 they can never be rightly told1 or even imagined4 ,ireland was not only conquered1 but confiscated4 ,elizabeth confiscated #fjj1jjj acres of land in ,munster after the revolt of the ,earl of ,desmond2 her successor1 ,james ,i41 confiscated a million acres in ,ulster4 ,charles ,i4 confiscated #bdj1jjj acres in ,connaught1 and would have confiscated the whole province had he been able to obtain possession of it4 ,under the ,commonwealth #g1gjh1bcg acres were confiscated4 ,william of ,orange confiscated #a1jfj1jjj acres4 ,and in these confiscations we have not included the lands of the church1 which were all turned over to the ,establishment4 ,the atrocity of ,england's ,irish wars is without a parallel in the history of ,christian nations4 ,women and children were murdered in cold blood2 priests were burned to death2 churches were pillaged and set on fire2 towns were sacked and the inhabitants put to the sword2 men and youths were put on shipboard1 carried into mid-ocean1 and deliberately thrown into the sea4 ,others were sold as slaves in the ,barbadoes4 ,whatever could serve as food for man was destroyed1 that famine might make way with all who escaped the sword4 ,spenser1 the poet1 who visited ,ireland after the revolt of the ,earl of ,desmond1 in the reign of ,elizabeth1 has left us a description of the condition of that province as he saw it3 8,out of every corner of the woods and glens they came1 creeping forth upon their hands1 for their legs could not bear them2 they looked like anatomies of death2 they spake like ghosts crying out of their graves2 they did eat the dead carrions1 happy where they could find them2 yea1 and one another soon after1 inasmuch as the very carcasses they spared not to scrape out of their graves2 and if they found a plot of water-cresses or shamrocks1 there they flocked as to a feast for the time1 yet not able long to continue therewithal2 that in short space there were none almost left2 and a most populous and plentiful country suddenly left void of man and beast40#aia ,lord ,gray1 one of ,elizabeth's lieutenants1 declared towards the end of her life that 8little was left in ,ireland for her ,majesty to reign over but carcasses and ashes40 ,cromwell's wars were even more cruel1 and left ,ireland in a condition1 if possible1 more wretched still4 ,half the people had perished2 and the survivors were dying of hunger in the bogs and glens in which they had sought refuge from the fury of the troopers4 ,wolves prowled around the gates of ,dublin1 and wolf-hunting and priest-hunting became important and lucrative occupations4 ,but it is needless to dwell longer upon this painful subject4 ,let us remark1 however1 that it would be unjust to hold ,elizabeth or ,cromwell responsible for these cruelties4 ,they but executed the will of the ,english people1 who still cherish their memories and justify these outrages4 ,no ,english ruler ever feared being called to account for harshness or tyranny in dealing with ,ireland4 ,the public opinion of the nation considered the extirpation of the ,irish as a work to be done1 and applauded whoever helped forward its consummation4 ,this much we may affirm on the authority of ,protestant witnesses4 8,the favorite object of the ,irish governors10 says ,leland1 8and of the ,english ,parliament was the utter extirpation of all the ,catholic inhabitants of ,ireland40 8,it is evident10 says ,warner1 8from the ,lords-,justices' last letter to the ,lieutenant1 that they hoped for an extirpation1 not of the mere ,irish only1 but of all the ,english families that were ,roman ,catholics40 ,the feeling against the ,irish was even stronger than against the church1 so that the ,english seemed to feel a kind of pleasure in the adherence of the ,celtic population to the old faith1 since it widened the chasm between the two races4 ,they really made no serious efforts to convert the ,irish to ,protestantism4 ,they neglected to provide them with instructors capable of making themselves understood4 ,they put forth no ,protestant translation of the ,bible in the ,irish language1 but contented themselves with setting up a hierarchy of archbishops1 bishops1 and rectors whose lives were often scandalous1 and who1 as ,macaulay says1 did nothing1 and for doing nothing were paid out of the spoils of a church loved and revered by the people4 ,some justification for the extermination of the ,irish race would be found in the fact that those who perished were only papists4 ,war1 famine1 confiscation1 and exile had1 by the close of the seventeenth century1 either destroyed or impoverished the native and ,catholic population of ,ireland4 ,the land was almost exclusively in the hands of ,protestants1 who had also taken possession of all the cathedrals1 churches1 and monasteries which had escaped destruction4 ,the ,catholics1 reduced to beggary1 were driven from the towns and1 as far as possible1 from the ,english settlements into the bleak and barren hills of ,connaught4 ,in many instances the confiscated lands had been given to ,englishmen or ,scotchmen1 with the express stipulation that no ,irish ,catholic should be employed by them1 even as a common laborer4 ,in this extremity the ,irish people were helpless4 ,every line along which it was possible to advance to a better state of things was cut off4 ,their natural leaders had been driven into exile or reduced to abject poverty2 their spiritual guides had been murdered or banished2 or if any had escaped their pitiless persecutors1 a price was set upon their heads1 and they led the lives of outlaws1 unable to administer the sacraments even to the dying1 except by stealth4 ,all their institutions of learning had been destroyed2 and ,england permitted no instruction except in the ,english tonguewhich the ,irish neither spoke nor were willing to speakand in ,protestant schools1 from which she knew the ,catholics were necessarily shut out4 ,they not only had nothing1 but were in a condition in which it was impossible that they should acquire anything4 ,indeed1 the little security which was still left them to drag out a miserable existence was found precisely in their utter helplessness and wretchedness4 ,they could no longer be plundered1 for they had nothing2 they could not be butchered in battle1 for they were powerless and without weapons2 and so their persecutors paused1 not1 as the poet says1 to listen to their sad lament1 but from sheer contempt and indifference1 thinking it no longer worth while to take notice of their hapless victims4 ,three-fourths of the population of the island were nevertheless still ,irish ,catholics2 and in spite of the persistent efforts to drive them all beyond the ,shannon1 the moment the violence of persecution abated large numbers showed themselves in other parts of the country1 especially in the province of ,munster4 ,it was at this time1 and to meet any danger that might arise from the mingling of the ,irish ,catholics with the ,protestant colonists1 that the ,penal ,code was enacted1 by which the entire population that still held to the ancient faith was deprived of all rights and reduced to the condition of helots and pariahs4 ,this ,code1 the most inhuman ever contrived by the perverted ingenuity of man1 was the work of the ,irish ,parliament1 which1 it is almost needless to say1 represented only the ,protestants of ,ireland4 ,violence had done its work2 the ,catholic ,irish had been reduced to a condition as wretched as it is possible for man to suffer and live2 and now the form of justice and the semblance of law are invoked to make this condition perpetual4 ,suddenly1 and for the first time1 the ,protestants of ,ireland seem animated with religious zeal for the conversion of the ,catholics4 ,the extermination of the ,irish race was abandoned as hopeless2 and1 indeed1 there seemed to be no good ground for believing that a people who had survived the wars1 famines1 and exiles by which ,ireland had been drained of its population during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries could be extirpated4 ,nothing remained1 therefore1 but to convert them4 ,this was the pretext with which men sought to hide the monstrous iniquity of the penal laws4 ,all bishops and monks were ordered to quit ,ireland before the #ast of ,may1 #afih1 under pain of imprisonment and transportation2 and1 in case they should return1 they were to suffer death4 ,heavy fines were imposed upon all who harbored or concealed the proscribed ecclesiastics2 and rewards were offered for their discovery or apprehension4 ,care was taken at the same time to exclude all foreign priests4 ,by thus cutting off from ,ireland the fountain-source of orders and ecclesiastical jurisdiction1 it was confidently expected that in a few years the ,catholic priesthood would cease to exist there1 and that the people1 left without priests or sacraments1 would have no alternative but to become ,protestants4 ,every exterior sign of ,catholic worship was suppressed1 and it was tolerated only as a hidden cult1 whose ceremonies were performed with bated breath1 clandestinely in cabins and unfrequented places4 ,whatever appealed to the heart or the imagination was condemned4 ,the steeple that pointed to heaven2 the bell whose religious tones thrilled with accents of a world of peace2 the cross that told of the divinity that is in suffering and sorrow2 the pilgrimages in which the people gathered to cherish sacred memories and to do homage to worthy deeds and noble lives1 were all proscribed4 ,and even the poor huts in which it was possible to offer the ,holy ,sacrifice were carefully watched by the officers of the law1 as to-day1 in the great cities1 places of infamy are put under the surveillance of the police4 ,having suppressed the hierarchy and shorn the ,catholic religion of its splendor1 the rulers of ,ireland next proceeded to adopt measures by which every imaginable inducement to apostasy was held out both to the clergy and the laity4 ,an annual pension1 first of twenty1 then of thirty1 and finally of forty pounds sterling was offered to all priests who should abandon their religion4 ,whether or not they accepted this bribe was held to be of small importance1 as their ranks were rapidly thinned by death1 and precautions had been taken that the vacancies should not be refilled4 ,the ,catholic people were placed in a position like that of the ,forty ,martyrs1 who were exposed naked on the frozen lake1 surrounded by warm baths and comfortable houses1 which they could enter by renouncing their faith4 ,the deepest and holiest instincts of human nature were appealed to against the most sacred convictions which man is capable of holding4 ,if the father wished to educate his child1 schools abounded1 but he could enter them only by abandoning his religion4 ,he was not1 indeed1 forced to send his children to these ,protestant schools1 but it was made impossible for him to send them to any other4 ,his tyrants went farther4 ,they spared no pains to make it impossible that an ,irish ,catholic should learn anything even by stealth4 ,all ,catholic schoolmasters were banished from ,ireland1 and1 in case of return1 were to suffer death4 ,the law made express provision for the money necessary to defray the expenses of transporting these obnoxious persons4 ,nay1 it went yet farther4 ,there were schools on the continent of ,europe to which a few ,irish children might possibly find their way4 ,this danger was foreseen and met4 ,an act was passed prohibiting ,catholics from sending their children across the ,channel without special permission1 and the magistrates were authorized to demand at any time that parents should produce their children before them4 ,beyond this it was not possible to go4 ,all that human enactments can do to degrade the mind of a whole people to a state of brutish ignorance was done4 ,and let us remark that this applied not to the ,irish only1 but to all ,catholics who spoke the ,english language4 ,the ,english government took from them every opportunity of knowledge1 made it criminal for them to know anything2 and then they were denounced by ,english writers almost universally as the foes of learning and as lovers of ignorance4 ,we know of no harder or more cruel fate in all history1 nor of a more striking example of the injustice of the world towards the church4 ,even here in the ,united ,states we ,catholics are still suffering the consequences of this unparalleled infamy4 ,but we have hardly entered on the subject of the ,penal ,laws3 we are as yet on the threshold4 ,the enforced ignorance of the ,irish ,catholics was but a preparation for innumerable other legal outrages4 ,from all the honorable careers of life they were mercilessly shut outfrom the army2 the navy1 the magistracy1 and the civil service4 ,that a ,catholic was not permitted to become an educator we have already seen4 ,as little was he allowed to perform the functions of barrister1 attorney1 or solicitor4 ,he could neither vote nor be elected to office4 ,shut out from all public life1 from every liberal profession1 disfranchised1 ignorant1 despised1 was anything else needed to make the ,irish ,catholic the most wretched of men8 ,his land had been confiscated1 he had been robbed2 he was a beggar2 but might he not hope gradually to lift himself out of the degradation of his poverty8 ,to regain ownership of the soil was out of the question4 ,he was disqualified by law1 which1 however1 permitted him to become a tenantnot to do him a favor1 but solely for the benefit of the landlord1 to whose arbitrary will he was made a slave4 ,this is but half the truth4 ,the iniquity of the law mistrusted the rectitude of human nature even in an ,irish landlord4 ,he was therefore compelled to be unjust to his tenant2 to give him but short leases2 to force him to pay at least two-thirds of the value of the produce of his farm2 to punish him for improving his land by augmenting the rent2 and1 lest there should be any doubt as to the seriousness of these barbarous enactments1 a premium was offered for the discovery of instances of their violation in favor of ,catholic tenants4 ,the landlord was not allowed to be just1 but he was free to be as heartless and inhuman as he pleased4 ,his tenants had no rights1 they belonged to a despised race1 they professed an idolatrous religion1 and their extermination had been the cherished policy of the ,english government for six hundred years4 ,if there was no hope here for the ,irish ,catholic1 might he not1 with better prospects1 turn to commercial or industrial pursuits8 ,without1 for the present1 taking a larger view of this question1 it will be sufficient to consider the restrictions placed upon ,catholics in this matter4 ,commerce and manufacture were controlled by municipal and trading corporations of which no ,irish ,catholic could be a member4 ,this of itself1 at a time when monopoly and privilege were everywhere recognized1 gave to ,protestants the entire business of the country4 ,prohibitory laws were therefore not needed4 ,but no security could lull to rest the fierce spirit of the persecuting ,protestant oligarchy4 ,a ,catholic could not acquire real estate2 he could not even rent land1 except on ruinous terms2 he could not exercise a liberal profession or fill a public office2 he was unable to engage in commerce or manufacture2 he had no political rights1 no protection from the law2 and1 to make all this doubly bitter1 his masters were at once the enemies of his race and his religion4 ,this1 one would think1 ought to have been enough to satisfy the worst of tyrants4 ,but it is of the nature of tyranny that the more it oppresses1 the more it feels the necessity of inflicting new wrongs upon its victims4 ,every motive that incites men to activity and labor had been taken from the ,catholics1 and yet their oppressors1 with the cowardice which naturally belongs to evil-doers1 were still fearful lest some of them might1 by chance or good fortune1 acquire wealth enough to lift them above the immediate necessities of life4 ,a universal threat was therefore held over all who possessed anything4 ,a ,catholic was not allowed to own a horse worth more than five pounds2 any ,protestant in the kingdom might take the best he had by paying him that sum4 ,whenever it was deemed necessary to call out the militia1 the law declared all horses belonging to ,catholics subject to seizure2 and twenty shillings a day for the maintenance of each troop was levied on the papists of the country4 ,whenever property was destroyed1 the law assumed that the ,catholics were the offenders1 and they were forced to indemnify the owners for their loss4 ,they were taxed for the support of the government1 in which they were not allowed to take part and from which they received no protection2 for the maintenance of the ,established ,church1 in which they did not believe and which was already rich with the spoils of the ,catholic ,church4 ,no ,catholic was permitted to marry a ,protestant2 and the priest assisting at such marriage was punished with death4 ,no ,catholic could be a guardian2 and to the agonies of death this new pain was added3 that the dying father foresaw that his children would be committed to ,protestants1 to be brought up in a religious faith which had been the unclean source of all the ills that had befallen him and his country4 ,the law held out a bribe to ,catholic children to induce them to betray their parents1 and put a premium on apostasy4 ,this inhuman ,code was not framed at one time1 nor was there found in its enactments any system or unity of purpose1 other than that which is derived from the hate of the persecutor for his victim4 ,to this blind fury whatever helped to crush and degrade the ,catholic people of ,ireland seemed just4 ,though it seems almost incredible1 it is nevertheless certain1 that the execution of these laws was worse than the laws themselves4 ,the whole intent of the legislators being directed to the extermination or perversion of the ,irish ,catholics1 the fullest license was granted to the caprice and cruelty of individuals4 ,the ,catholic had no protection4 ,if he sought to defend himself1 he was forced to employ a ,protestant lawyer1 who could bring his case only before a ,protestant judge1 who was obliged to submit it to a ,protestant jury4 ,in these circumstances recourse to the law was worse than useless4 ,the great landed proprietors were accustomed to deal out justice with a high hand4 ,they had prisons in their castles1 into which1 for or without cause1 they threw their helpless dependents2 and whenever these outrageous proceedings were complained of1 the grand juries threw out the indictments4 ,to horsewhip or beat the poor ,catholics was a frequent mode of correction1 and they were even deliberately murdered without any fear of punishment4 ,this we have upon the authority of ,arthur ,young1 whose testimony is certainly above suspicion2 and he adds that the violation of their wives and daughters was not considered an offence4 ,if the great lord met them on the road1 his servants were ordered to turn their wagons and carts into the ditch to make room for his carriage2 and if the unfortunate wretches dared complain1 they were answered with the lash4 ,for a ,catholic to bring suit against his ,protestant persecutor would have been at once most absurd and most dangerous4 ,the religious fanaticism which had inspired the ,penal ,code lost its honesty and earnestness amid these frightful excesses4 ,the tyrant is degraded with his victim1 and crimes committed in the name of religion1 if they begin in sincerity1 end in hypocrisy4 ,even the poor honesty of blind zeal vanishes1 and selfishness and hate alone remain4 ,this is the sad spectacle which ,ireland presents to our view after the first fury of persecution had spent itself4 ,the dominant class grew indifferent to all religion1 and1 having ignominiously failed to make any impression on the faith of the ,catholics1 connived at their worship4 ,but as zeal grew cold1 self-interest became more intense4 ,so long as the ,catholics remained in poverty and helplessness no notice was taken of them2 but the moment they acquired anything which could excite the cupidity of a ,protestant1 the law was appealed to against them4 ,the priest1 who1 according to the ,code1 incurred the penalty of transportation or hanging for saying ,mass1 could violate this article with impunity1 provided he possessed nothing which might serve as a motive for denouncing him4 ,the laws against ,catholic worship were kept upon the statute-book1 chiefly because they served as an ever-ready and convenient pretext for robbing ,catholics4 ,another end1 too1 scarcely less important1 was thereby gained4 ,the ,catholics1 even when left in peace1 lived in continual fear1 knowing that any chance spark would be sufficient to light the flames of persecution4 ,in this way it was hoped that the martyr-spirit in them would give place to the spirit of the slave2 and this hope was not altogether delusive4 ,since there was a kind of security in remaining in abject poverty1 in lurking in secret places1 in speaking only with bated breath1 and in showing the most cringing servility in the presence of their masters1 the ,catholics came by degrees to look upon this servile condition as their normal state1 and hardly dared even hope for a better4 ,we may remark that this is another instance in which the ,catholic ,church is held responsible for the work of ,protestants4 ,protestant ,england has enslaved ,catholic ,ireland2 has for centuries put forth the most heartless and cunningly-devised efforts to extinguish in the ,irish ,catholics every noble and free aspiration of the human heart2 and then she has turned round and appealed to the world1 with the cant which is twin-born with hypocrisy1 to bear witness that ,ireland is in fetters because the ,catholic ,church is opposed to liberty2 and the world1 in whose eyes success is ever the highest and the best1 has smiled approval4 ,is it1 then1 possible that six hundred years of hereditary bondage1 of outlawry1 of want and oppression1 should produce no evil effect upon the character of a people1 however nobly endowed by ,god8 ,are we to expect industry when every motive that incites men to labor is absent8 ,how can he who is forbidden to possess anything be provident8 ,or is it not natural that the hopelessly wretched should grow desperate1 reckless of their deeds or their consequences8 ,great misfortunes1 like great successes1 try men as nothing else can4 ,in the lowest depths of misery we are apt to forget that there is a lower deep4 ,for ourselves1 the more we study the history of the ,irish people1 and compare their character with the wrongs which they have suffered1 the more wonderful does it seem to us that they should have remained superior to fate4 ,if they have not wholly escaped the evil influences of the worst of all tyrannies1 nothing1 at least1 has been able to destroy their purity1 their hopefulness1 their trust in ,god1 and belief in the final triumph of right4 ,they are1 in our eyes1 the highest example of the supremacy of the soul1 of the invincible power of faith2 the most striking proof of a divine ,providence that watches over the destiny of nations4 ,it will not be thought out of place to quote here the words of a ,protestant historian who1 in his old age1 seems to regret the impartiality and generous love of unpopular truth which characterized his earlier manhood4 8,such10 says ,mr4 ,bancroft1 8was the ,ireland of the ,irisha conquered people1 whom the victors delighted to trample upon and did not fear to provoke4 ,their industry within the kingdom was prohibited or repressed by law1 and then they were calumniated as naturally idle4 ,their savings could not be invested on equal terms in trade1 manufactures1 or real property1 and they were called improvident4 ,the gates of learning were shut on them1 and they were derided as ignorant4 ,in the midst of privations they were cheerful4 ,suffering for generations under acts which offered bribes to treachery1 their integrity was not debauched4 ,no son rose against his father1 no friend betrayed his friend4 ,fidelity to their religionto which afflictions made them cling more closelychastity1 and respect for the ties of family remained characteristics of the down-trodden race40#aib ,so long as there was question of oppressing and impoverishing the ,irish ,catholics the ,protestant ,ascendency received the hearty approval and efficient co-operation of the ,english government4 ,but there was danger lest these ,irish ,protestants1 possessing a country of the richest natural resources1 should come to compete with ,england in the markets of the world4 ,there are few countries in the world so fertile as ,ireland4 ,about one-half of the island consists of a fat soil1 with a chalky sub-soil1 which is the very best of soils4 ,the richness and beauty of her meadows were celebrated by ,orosius as early as the fifth century4 ,the climate is milder than that of ,england2 the scenery more varied and lovely4 ,the frequent rains clothe the fields with perpetual verdure4 ,from her wild mountains gush numerous rivers1 which1 as they flow into the sea1 form the safest and most capacious harbors1 while in their rapid course they develop a water-power1 available for purposes of manufacture1 unsurpassed in the world4 ,this water-power of ,ireland has been estimated by ,sir ,robert ,kane at three and a half millions of horse power4 ,the country abounds in iron ore1 and three centuries ago ,irish iron was exported to ,england4 ,geologists have counted in the island no less than seven immense beds of both anthracite and bituminous coal2 and of turf1 the heating power of which is half that of coal1 the supply is inexhaustible4 ,the soil is most favorable to the growth of the beet-root1 from which such large quantities of sugar are made in ,france and ,belgium4 ,the flax and hemp1 as is well known1 are of the best quality1 and the fineness of ,irish wool has long been celebrated4 ,the rivers and lakes abound in trout and salmon and pike2 and the fisheries alone1 if properly managed1 might become the source of enormous wealth4 ,were it not that1 in the designs of ,providence1 the most cunningly-devised plans1 when conceived in iniquity1 defeat themselves1 the ,english statesmen would have perceived that the most efficacious means for bringing about the result at which the policy of ,england1 in its relations with ,ireland1 had always aimed1 would have been the encouragement of ,irish commerce and manufactures4 ,no benefit could have accrued1 from such a course1 to the ,catholic population1 which was not only disfranchised1 but rendered incapable by law of acquiring or possessing wealth4 ,had the descendants of the ,scotch and ,english settlers planted by ,elizabeth1 ,james1 and ,cromwell been permitted or encouraged to develop the natural resources of the country1 they would not only have grown strong1 but opportunities of remunerative labor and hope of gain would have attracted new settlers1 and in this way ,ireland would have been filled with ,protestants1 whose loyalty would have been firmly secured by this wise and conciliating policy4 ,the agitations which rendered some amelioration of the condition of the ,catholics unavoidable as part of a general system would not have taken place2 the strength of the ,protestant ,ascendency would have grown with increasing numbers and wealth2 exile would have remained the only refuge of the ,catholic remnant from misery and death2 and ,ireland to-day might be as ,protestant as was ,ulster in the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,but no motive of religion or humanity has ever influenced the policy of the ,english government when there was question of ,english interests4 ,the desire of acquiring wealth or the necessity of defending one's possessions are1 in the opinion of ,englishmen1 the only sufficient reasons for going to war4 8,even in dreams to the chink of his pence ,this huckster put down war40 ,it was not to be expected that ,ireland1 with her harbors and rivers1 her fertile fields and unnumbered flocks1 would be permitted to tempt capital to her shores or to stimulate enterprise4 ,nothing seemed more shocking to the ,english traders and manufacturers than the thought of having to compete in the home and foreign markets with the products of ,irish industry4 ,it was deemed intolerable that this nest of popery1 this den of ignorance and corruption1 should be dealt with in the same manner as ,england4 ,the ,parliament was therefore called upon to 8make the ,irish remember that they were conquered40 ,england had assisted the ,protestants of ,ireland to crush the ,catholics2 she had for this purpose placed at their service her treasures1 and her armies2 and now the ,irish ,protestants were required1 in evidence of their gratitude1 to sacrifice the commercial and industrial interests of their country to ,english jealousy4 ,at the end of the seventeenth century the manufacture of woollen stuffs had attained to considerable importance in the southern provinces of ,ireland4 ,the superiority of the ,irish broadcloths1 blankets1 and friezes was recognized1 and it was therefore resolved that they should no longer be manufactured4 ,the ,lords and ,commons1 in #afih1 called upon ,william ,,iii4 to protect the interests of ,english merchants2 and his majesty replied in the well-known words 8,i shall do all that in me lies to discourage the woollen manufacture of ,ireland40 ,accordingly1 an export duty of four shillings in the pound was laid on all broadcloths carried out of ,ireland1 and half as much on kerseys1 flannels1 and friezes4 ,this1 in fact1 was equivalent to a prohibition1 and the ruin of the ,irish woollen manufactures which followed was not an unforeseen1 but the directly intended1 consequence of this measure4 ,the linen manufacture1 since there were at the time no rival ,english interests1 was opposed only in an indirect way by offering large bounties for the making of linen in the ,highlands of ,scotland1 bounties on the exportation of ,english linen1 and by imposing a tax of #cj per cent4 on all foreign linens1 with which most of the ,irish linens were classed4 ,still other measures were needed for the complete destruction of ,irish commerce and industry4 ,the ,navigation ,laws forbade all direct trade between ,ireland and the ,british colonies2 so that all produce intended for ,ireland had first to be unloaded in an ,english port4 ,the ,irish were not allowed to build or keep at sea a single ship4 8,of all the excellent timber10 said ,dean ,swift in #agbg1 8cut down within these fifty or sixty years1 it can hardly be said that the nation hath received the benefit of one valuable house to dwell in1 or one ship to trade with40 ,the forests of ,ireland1 which so greatly added to the beauty of the country1 were felled and carried to ,england to build ships which were to bring the wealth of the world into ,english ports4 ,even the ,irish fishery 8must be with men and boats from ,england40 ,by these and similar measures1 commercial and industrial ,ireland was blotted out of existence1 and even the possibility of her ever entering into competition with ,england for the trade of the world disappeared4 ,the unjust legislation by which ,irish industry was repressed was not inspired by religious passion nor directed against the ,catholic population4 ,their condition was already so wretched and helpless that it would have been difficult to discover anything by which it could have been made worse4 8,the aboriginal inhabitants10 says ,macaulay8more than five-sixths of the populationhad no more interest in the matter than the swine or the poultry2 or1 if they had an interest1 it was for their interest that the caste which domineered over them should not be emancipated from all external control4 ,they were no more represented in the ,parliament which sat at ,dublin than in the ,parliament which sat at ,westminster4 ,they had less to dread from legislation at ,westminster than from legislation at ,dublin4''' ,the most acrimonious ,english ,whig did not feel towards them that intense antipathy1 compounded of hatred1 fear1 and scorn1 with which they were regarded by the ,cromwellian who dwelt among them40#aic ,molyneux1 who at this time came forward as the champion of ,ireland and of liberty1 demanded nothing for the ,irish ,catholics but a more cruel slavery2 and ,dean ,swift1 who gained much popularity for his advocacy of ,irish rights1 declared he would as soon think of consulting the swine as the aboriginal inhabitants of the island4 ,indisputable as the fact is that the ,irish ,catholics had no direct interest in the contest in which the commerce and industry of their country were destroyed1 the consequences of the iniquitous policy of ,england proved nevertheless most disastrous to them4 ,manual labor was the only work which they were permitted to do1 and there now remained for them nothing but the tillage of the soil1 either as tenants-at-will or common laborers4 ,ireland was to supply ,england with beef and butter1 and the work of exterminating the ,irish ,catholics was not to be pushed further than the exigencies of successful cattle-grazing might demand4 ,society was constituted in the simplest manner4 ,there were but two classesthe possessors of the soil and the tillers of the soil3 the lord and the peasant2 the master and the slave2 the ,protestant and the ,catholic2 the rich man and the beggar4 ,there were but two kinds of human dwellingsthe castle1 with its high walls and splendid park1 and the mud cabin1 in which it was impossible that there should be anything but filth and rags4 ,the multitude lived for a few men1 by whom they were valued as their horses or their dogs1 but not treated so humanly4 ,a contrast more absolute has never existed1 even in the despotisms of ,asia4 ,the picture is revolting2 it cannot be contemplated even in imagination without loathing1 or thought of with any composure4 ,it is a blot on humanity1 an infamy which no glory and no services can condone4 ,ireland was in the hands of the worst class of men whom history has ever made odiousan aristocracy which hated the land from which it derived its titles1 despised the people from whom it received its wealth1 shirked the duties and responsibilities imposed by its privileges1 and used its power only to oppress and impoverish the nation4 ,the ,irish people were thus under the weight of a double tyrannythat of ,england and that of their lords2 and the fiend best knows which was the worst4 ,the ,southern planter felt a kind of interest in his slavesthey were his property2 an ,irish landlord felt no interest of any kind in the people by whom he was surrounded4 ,it was important that they should remain slaves1 beggars1 and outcasts2 that the chasm which separated him from them should in no way be diminished2 but for the rest he gave no thought whether they starved or murdered one another or were drowned in the deep4 ,he spent most of his time in ,england1 living in luxury1 leaving his estates to the care of brutal agents1 who pleased him the better the more cruel and grinding their exactions were4 ,english in origin and sympathy1 ,protestant in religion1 there was no bond of union between him and his people4 ,he cared neither for the country nor its inhabitants4 ,he was unwilling to risk capital even to improve his own lands2 for he had no faith in the permanence of a social and political state which was possible only because it outraged the holiest and best instincts of mans nature4 ,when it was proposed to take steps to drain the bogs and bring the waste lands of ,ireland under cultivation1 the ,protestant party strenuously opposed the measure1 on the ground that this would be an encouragement to popery4 ,nothing1 therefore1 was done either by the government or the landlords to improve the soil or to introduce better methods of tillage4 ,the great proprietors1 living in ,london1 spending their time and fortune in a life of pleasure and display1 let out their estates to land speculators1 who were generally capitalists4 ,these speculators sublet them1 in lots of several hundred or a thousand acres1 to a class of persons called middlemen1 who divided them up into portions of five1 ten1 or twenty acres1 and rented them to the poor ,catholics4 ,by neither the proprietors nor the speculators nor the middlemen was any risk of capital made4 ,the peasant was therefore compelled to rent his little plot of ground1 bare of everythinghe found on it neither dwelling nor stabling1 nor implements of any kind4 ,he had nothing himself1 and those whose interest it would have been to advance him money were unwilling to risk a penny4 ,all that he could do was to put up a mud-cabin1 and to get a wretched spade with which to begin work4 ,if by honest labor he could have looked forward to an improvement in his condition1 his lot would not have been altogether comfortless4 ,the pioneers who in this new world have led the army of civilization from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific began life almost as poor as an ,irish peasant of the seventeenth or the eighteenth century2 but for them no law of man reversing nature's first law made labor sterile4 ,how was the poor ,irish ,catholic1 with but a few acres of ground1 and without the necessary means for proper cultivation1 to pay the exorbitant rent which was to support the landlord1 the speculator1 and the middleman8for upon him alone rested the burden of maintaining all three in a life of ease and luxury4 ,the soil refuses to satisfy the unreasonable demands made upon it2 the tenant finds that he is unable to pay his rent2 and without the least ceremony he and his wife and children are turned upon the road4 ,england having destroyed the commerce and manufactures of ,ireland1 he can find nothing to do1 and1 if he is unwilling to see his wife and children starve1 he must beg4 ,and even beggary1 with its frightful degradations1 affords little relief2 for the rich spurn him and the poor have nothing to give4 ,few words are needed to bring home to us the significance of this state of affairs4 ,we have only to recall the tragedy ,which was enacted under our eyes in #ahdi4 ,in that one year fifty thousand families were turned upon the road to die2 two hundred thousand human beings1 without shelter1 without bread1 sent up their piteous moan of hunger and despair to ,god from the midst of a ,christian nation1 the richest in the world4 ,the terrible famine of #ahdg and #ahdh1 which was only an unusually startling outbreak of an evil that has long been chronic in ,ireland1 was not caused by excess of population4 ,the country1 if its resources were properly developed1 is capable of supporting a far larger number of inhabitants than it has ever had4 ,there were but eight millions of people in ,ireland in #ahdg1 and it has been conclusively proven that under favorable circumstances fifteen millions would not be an excessive population4 ,in fact1 in the so-called years of scarcity1 when the people were dying1 by thousands1 of starvation1 the country produced enough to feed its inhabitants2 but they had to sell their wheat1 barley1 and oats to pay the rent1 and1 the potato crop having failed1 they had nothing to eat4 ,in #ahdf and #ahdg enormous quantities of grain and live-stock were exported from ,ireland to ,england1 and yet the people of ,ireland were starving4 ,during the four years of famine ,ireland exported four quarters of wheat for every quarter imported4 ,the food was in the country1 but it had to be sent to ,england to pay the rent of the landlords4 ,the people were starving1 but that was no concern of these noble gentlemen1 so long as their rent was paid4 ,the cry of hunger has rarely been hushed in ,ireland4 ,all through the eighteenth century the people died of starvation4 ,in #agbg ,boulter1 the ,protestant ,archbishop of ,armagh1 declared that thousands of families were driven from their homes by hunger2 and ,dean ,swift has given us an account of the condition in his time of even the better class of tenants4 8,the families10 he says1 8of farmers who pay great rents live in filth and nastiness1 upon buttermilk and potatoes1 without a shoe or stocking to their feet1 or a house as convenient as an ,english hog-sty to receive them40 ,in #agcd the famous ,bishop ,berkeley asked this question3 8,is there on the face of the earth any ,christian and civilized people so destitute of everything as the mass of the people of ,ireland80 ,in #agda the cemeteries were too small for the burial of the multitudes who died of hunger4 ,in #aggh1 while we were struggling for freedom from ,english tyranny1 ,lord ,nugent declared1 in the ,house of ,commons1 that the people of ,ireland were suffering all the destitution and misery which it is possible to human nature to endure4 ,nine-tenths of them earned no more than fourpence a day1 and had no nourishment but potatoes and water4 ,in #ahag the fever1 brought on by hunger1 attacked one million five hundred thousand personsnearly half of the entire population of the country4 ,in #ahbe1 #ahbf1 #ahcj1 #ahcb1 #ahch1 #ahdf to #ahej1 and finally in #ahfj1 #ahfa1 and #ahfb1 the melancholy cry of multitudes dying of hunger was heard throughout the land4 ,in #ahdc ,thackeray1 travelling in ,ireland1 declared that 8men were suffering and starving by millions02 and a little later we know from the most accurate statistics that more than a million of the ,irish people died of hunger within a period of two years4 ,the history of ,ireland is1 we are persuaded1 the sublimest and the saddest of all histories4 ,it has never been written1 and the grandest of themes awaits the creative power that will give it immortal life on the pictured page4 ,it will be written in the ,english language1 and it will link the ,english name and tongue for all time with the greatest social crime which one people ever committed against another4 ,in another article we hope1 by the aid of the faint and glimmering light that shines so fitfully in this blackness1 to be able to trace the doubtful and devious way along which this providential race seems to be slowly rising into the promise of a better day4 ,for the present we shall conclude with a quotation from ,de ,beaumont1 whose careful and conscientious studies on the ,social1 ,political1 and ,religious ,condition of ,ireland we recommend to all who are interested in this subject4 8,i have seen10 he wrote in #ahce1 8the ,indian in his forests and the negro in chains1 and ,i thought1 in beholding their pitiable state1 that ,i saw the extreme of human misery2 but ,i did not then know the fate of poor ,ireland4 ,like the ,indian1 the ,irishman is poor and naked2 but he lives1 unlike the savage1 in the midst of a society which revels in luxury1 and adores wealth4 ,like the ,indian1 he is deprived of every material comfort which human industry and the commerce of nations procure2 but1 unlike him1 he is surrounded by fellow-creatures who are enjoying all that he is forbidden even to hope for4 ,in the midst of his greatest misery the ,indian retains a kind of independence which is not without its charm and its dignity4 ,destitute as he is1 and famishing1 he is yet free in his wilderness2 and the consciousness of this freedom softens the hardships of life4 ,the ,irishman suffers the same destitution without having the same liberty4 ,he is subject to laws1 has all kinds of fetters2 he dies of hunger1 and is under rule2 deplorable condition1 which combines all the evils of civilization with the horrors known elsewhere only to the savage6 ,doubtless the ,irishman who has shaken off his chains1 and still has hope1 is less to be pitied than the negro slave4 ,nevertheless he has to-day neither the liberty of the savage nor the bread of the slave40#aid #aia 8,a ,view of the ,state of ,ireland10 by ,edmund ,spenser4 #aib ,history of the ,united ,states1 vol4 v4 chap4 iv4 p4 #gc4 #aic ,history of ,england1 vol4 v4 p4 #de4 #aid ,l',irlande3 ,sociale1 ,politique et ,religieuse4 ,par ,gustave de ,beaumont1 ,membre de l',institut4 ,tom4 i4 p4 #bbb4 ,a ,,march ,,pilgrimage4 ,on ,provence' hills the touch of southern spring ,no laggard she with footstep faltering ,awoke with sunny blessing drowsy earth1 ,filled soft green glades with carollings of mirth4 ,in western lands1 o'er turbulent seas afar1 ,inclement ,march1 with blustering notes of war1 ,through naked trees whirled fruitless flowers of snow ,all scentless drifting to the earth below4 ,alike on ,provence' violet-studded fields1 ,and that bright land where loath fond winter yields1 ,hung the gray shadow of a solemn ,lent ,the church's sorrow with spring's promise blent4 ,yet1 breaking through the penitential shade1 ,with shining altars in glad white arrayed1 ,in those far1 frosty lands the church's voice ,bid1 with all joyousness1 her sons rejoice4 ,through the deep1 ,lenten sadness of her song ,notes strong and jubilant swift poured along3 ,the long-hushed 8,gloria0 wond'ring echoes woke1 ,the angels' chant the mournful silence broke4 ,without1 the wild and gusty whirls of snow2 ,within1 the throng of reverent knees bent low1 ,and faithful hearts1 that from their dear green isle ,brought ,patrick's faith to make their new home smile ,in rich possession of the 8,unknown ,god02 ,blessing the rivers and the prairies broad ,with cities populous and cross-crowned spires1 ,and ever-kindling sanctuary fires4 ,so rose1 exultant1 on the bleak ,march day ,the joyous notes across ,lent's sombre way3 ,adoring souls1 before the altar shrine1 ,thanking for ,patrick's faith their ,lord divine4 ,not ,provence' blossoms such glad music woke ,though happy birds in spring-time laughter broke2 ,veiled the sad altar in its purple pall1 ,and church and people1 sorrow-laden all4 ,yet joyful echoes from that western land ,spoke 'mid the lapsing waves on ,nice's strand2 ,stirred1 with the broken sweetness of that praise1 ,the heart of one who1 through long busy days ,of years unresting1 had with patience toiled1 ,with love and zeal1 to keep his flock unsoiled ,amid the strong new world's tumultuous life4 ,with such persuasion his wise words were rife ,as if the grace of ,savoy's bishop-saint ,were his to loving guide the weak and faint2 ,as if1 like ,padua's dear saint benign1 ,he bore the burden of the ,child divine4 ,he saw afar his ,irish children kneel1 ,the clinging reverence of their hearts reveal2 ,longing with them his fervent prayer to pour1 ,he sought ,st4 ,honorat's pine-girdled shore ,there treading where ,st4 ,patrick trod of old1 ,when gathered his young heart the words of gold ,that should for heaven's ,king a new realm win ,a faithful fold no wolf should enter in4 ,here rose the chapel where the young saint prayed1 ,here thoughtful paced he ,lerins' learnd shade4 ,ruined the abbey 'mid its olives rests1 ,wide open all its doors to pilgrim guests ,though still the chapel keeps its purpose old1 ,and ,lerins' vines and olives still enfold ,a cloister shade where constant prayer ascends1 ,and ,benedictine lore with labor blends4 ,here1 with all holy memories possessed1 ,with loving thoughts of that sea-severed ,west1 ,the pilgrim kneltin that peace-shadowed place ,mingling his prayers with ,ireland's tearful race4 ,kneeling afar at shrine his hand had raised1 ,while hearts1 his lips had taught1 ,st4 ,patrick praised1 ,in love1 'neath western clouds and ,provence' sun1 ,the ,latin priest and ,celtic flock were one4 ,o great ,st4 ,patrick6 each day grows more wide ,the realm thou winnest that thy ,lord may bide1 ,a ,king revered on royal altar throne1 ,in patient love abiding with his own4 ,pray thou that this beloved land of ours1 ,strong in her youth and undeveloped powers1 ,one day with that true beauty may be crowned1 ,that girds thy island's mournful brows around ,the beauty of true faith in ,christ1 her ,lord1 ,who in her lavish hands such wealth has poured3 ,win thou for her great heart's best heritage ,the steadfast bearing of faith's strongest age4 ,oh6 win her stars for beacon-light to guide ,the restless wanderers from the ,cross's side1 ,gracious in pure1 unfaltering light arrayed ,the earthly shadow of the ,heavenly ,maid4 ,pray that her hands be ever raised to bless ,meek hearts whose prayer wins her such comeliness2 ,pray that her soul for evermore be free1 ,signed with the chrism of true liberty4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,a ,,breeze ,,from ,,the ,,west4 ,they were rather late with their coffee the next morning1 and while they were taking it the bells of ,santa ,pudentiana1 close to them1 were ringing a mortoone1 two1 three1 and again one1 two1 threewith a mournful persistence4 8,it is just what we need10 the ,signora said4 8,our danger1 at this moment1 is that we may be too lightly happy4 ,those bells mean that a nun is dead1 and that there is to be a ,high ,mass for her in half an hour or so4 ,shall we go80 ,marion1 who had joined them1 and was sitting beside ,bianca1 said to her3 8,we are not afraid of seeing death1 are we80 8,but we might be better for being reminded of it10 she said4 ,the ladies followed the people's pretty fashion of putting black lace veils on their heads instead of bonnets1 and had the good taste1 too1 to exchange their gay morning house-dresses for black ones before going to the church4 8,it is the one thing in which ,i would have my country-women imitate the ,roman ladies10 ,mr4 ,vane said 8in their sober costume for the church40 ,the sun was scorching when they went out1 and shone so brightly on the gold ground of the mosaic front of ,santa ,pudentiana that the figures there flickered as if painted on flame4 ,but the sunken court had a hint of coolness1 and when they entered the church they were very glad to have the light wraps the ,signora had told them to bring2 for the air was chilly and damp1 the floor being a full story below the level of the modern street1 and not a ray of sunshine entering1 except what got in by the cupola4 ,this was enough to light beautifully the mosaics of the tribune1 where it is hard to believe one does not see a balcony1 with the ,saviour and the saints looking over1 so real are the forms4 ,the ,mass which they had come to hear was1 however1 nearly ended1 having begun with a promptitude unusual in ,rome4 ,in a few minutes the priest left the altar1 the people went away1 and the lights were put out4 ,seeing two or three persons enter the sanctuary1 and go to look through an open panel in the side wall1 our party followed them1 and found that the panel opened into a chapel1 or chamber1 beside the grand altar4 ,this chamber was so draped as to be perfectly dark1 except for the candles that burned at the head and feet of the dead nun lying there4 ,she lay close to the open panel1 and in sight of the altar where the divine ,sacrifice had just been offered for her1 if her eyes could have seen it4 ,it was the emaciated but beautiful form of a woman of middle age1 dressed in her religious costume1 with her hands crossed on her breast1 the face composed into an expression of unspeakable solemnity and peace4 ,awe-stricken and silent1 they stood and gazed at her4 ,they had come here from charity1 indeed1 but rather to temper their too earthly happiness with a merely serious thought1 as one cools a heated wine with ice1 making it more delicious so1 than from any profound recognition of the dreadfulness of death and the perils of life4 ,but these sealed lips spoke volumes to them1 and the dark and silent church1 now quite deserted1 chilled them like the valley of the shadow of death through which this soul had passedwhither8 ,it was a life dedicated to ,god1 and given up assisted by all the sacred rites of religion2 yet that face told them that death had not been met with any presuming confidence1 and that before the soul of the dying religious the stern simplicity and clearness of the primitive ,christian law had stood untempered by any glozings4 ,marion was the first to move4 ,seeing ,bianca look very pale1 he drew her away1 and the others followed4 ,how strange the gay sunny world looked to them when they went out6 ,the unexpected solemnity of the scene had so drawn their minds from everything else that they had been chilled and darkened in soul as well as in body4 ,yet1 though the warmth and light were grateful to them1 they had no wish to cast entirely off that sombre impression1 and would have remained in the church to pray awhile1 but for the imprudence1 in a sanitary point of view4 ,seeing1 however1 the door of the little church opposite1 the ,bambino ,ges1 open1 they went in there a few minutes4 ,this church of the ,infant ,jesus is attached to a convent of nuns1 and a company of young girls were just entering from the sacristy to make their ,first ,communion1 ranging themselves inside the sanctuary4 ,they were dressed alike in white cashmere robes1 and long silk veils in such narrow stripes of blue and white as to look like plain blue1 fastened with wreaths of red and white roses4 ,floating slowly in with folded hands and fair1 downcast faces1 they knelt in a double ring about the sanctuary1 leaned forward on the benches set for them1 and remained motionless as statues1 awaiting the coming of the ,lord for the first time into their innocent hearts1 as yet uncontaminated and untried by the world4 ,at each end of the line a little boy1 dressed as an angel1 stood bearing a torch4 ,for a week or ten days these girls had all been in retreat in the convent1 instructed by the nuns2 and when the ,mass and their last breakfast together should be over1 they would separate to their own homes1 never to meet again1 perhaps4 ,their parents and friends awaited them now in the church4 ,when the household of ,casa ,ottant'-otto went home1 they found a pile of letters and papers from ,america awaiting them1 which they read and talked over in pauses of the dinner4 ,there were business lettersshort1 if not sweet2 long family letters1 such as make one feel at home again1 with all their familiar details and touching reminiscences2 there were items of public news1 descriptions of pageants in which the ,new ,world had rivalled1 or surpassed1 the ,old2 of fierce storms that had found the western continent a fitting stage to sweep their tragic skirts across2 and of inundations from great crystalline rivers to which the classic ,tiber is a mere muddy sewer4 ,there was nonchalant mention of immense frauds1 of fires that had devoured whole streets and squares1 and reduced scores of persons to penury in a few hours1 and of gigantic schemes for building up or pulling down4 ,there were accounts of some popular indignation1 in which the people had spoken without riot and been listened to1 and of authority enforced1 where law had conquered without bloodshed or treachery2 of public sympathy with great misfortunes where no calculation of merit or reward cramped the soul of the givers1 but the heart overflowed generously into the hand4 ,in fine1 there was a month's summary of such events as those with which ,america1 the fresco painter of the age1 sketches her long1 bold lines and splashes her colors on the page of time4 8,america for ever60 cried ,isabel1 swinging a newspaper about with such enthusiasm that she nearly upset the vinegar and oil bottles at her elbow4 8,do you know1 my respected hearers1 that at this instant my country is looking across the ocean at me with a pair of eyes like two suns4 ,there isn't another nation on earth that she couldn't take between her teeth and shake the life out of4 ,will you excuse me while ,i go into the other room and play and sing just one stanza of the #8,star-spangled ,banner'80 ,the ,signora1 who was breaking lettuce in the snowy folds of a towel1 smiled beamingly on the speaker1 at the same time making haste to save the imperilled cruets4 8,season your admiration for a while till ,i have made the salad10 she said4 8,i would rather not have my attention distracted by patriotic music4 ,besides1 nobody sings at noon4 ,the birds are taking their nap1 and you might wake them4 ,besides1 again1 ,i want you to save your voice for this evening4 ,some ,american people are coming here1 and it might please them to hear the songs of their country in a strange land40 ,the ,americans who came that evening belonged to a party which was making a flying tour of ,europe1 and two of them were representatives of two distinct and extreme classesthat which scoffs at everything foreign1 and that which is enchanted with everything foreign4 ,both were young1 pretty1 clever1 and fairly educated1 had gone through very nearly the same training1 and the one had come out almost1 or quite1 a girl of the period1 the other a girl of the past4 ,the ,signora found herself obliged1 as it were1 to use the curb with one hand and the whip with the other while talking with the two4 8,josephine and ,i are the best of friends10 said ,miss ,warder in her free1 rapid way1 8and we prove it,i by being patient with her1 and she by trying my patience4 ,the number of times in a day that girl goes into raptures over things scarcely worth looking at is almost incredible4 ,i caught her yesterday filling a bottle with ,tiber water to carry home4 ,i believe she thinks that brook is larger than the ,mississippi40 8,so it is1 in one sense10 responded ,miss ,josephine in a soft and tranquil voice4 8,if you should see a little river all of tears1 wouldn't you think it more wonderful than a big river all of water80 ,the ,signora suggested that both might be excellent in their way4 8,then10 pursued the other1 8she looks upon old families as she does on attar of roses and sandal-wooda condensation of all that is exquisite1 the rest being the refuse4 ,tell her that a vulgar soul often gets itself into a privileged body1 and she is shocked at you4 ,it is all ,i can do to keep my hands off her when ,i see her watching with admiring awe the affected grandeur of these little great people4 ,for me1 ,i laugh at them40 ,and she tossed her head with the scornful laugh of the democrat1 at which coronets tremble4 8,my dear ,miss ,warder10 said the ,signora in her gentlest manner1 8a great many wise people have looked at these things seriously40 8,owls60 she pronounced with an air of great satisfaction4 8,indeed10 she owned with a little compunction1 8,i hope it isn't very bad of me1 but ,i can't be serious at anything ,i see here4 ,to-day ,i nearly had a fit over a fire-engine that passed our place4 ,it was a little sort of handcart affair with four small wheels1 and a box bottom that might hold half a barrel of water4 ,a bar at each side supported seven painted tin pails1 holding about two quarts each1 and there was a small brass pump in the middle of the carriage4 ,this machine was wheeled along by five men dressed in gray pantaloons with stripes down the sides1 dark blue jackets1 and blue caps with a gilt band4 ,i presume they all go home and put on that costume after the bell rings1 or whatever alarm they have is given4 ,the arrangement was just about suited to put out a bundle of matches1 only the engine would be too late4 ,the matches would be burned before it got there4 ,i wish they could hear our electric fire-alarm once1 and see our beautiful engines come flying out of their houses before the first number was well struck40 8,i am proud of our fire-engines and companies10 the ,signora said2 8but they do not prevent our having conflagrations such as are never known here4 ,the little thought given to fire-extinguishing here proves the little danger there is of fires4 ,in judging of what people do it is always well to take into consideration what is necessary to be done4 ,one would hardly find fault with the ,greenlanders for not having large ice-houses40 8,their very scirocco disappointed me10 the young woman went on1 unabashed4 8,i had the impression that it was a tearing high wind1 like a blast out of a furnace4 ,instead of that1 it is only a warm and unwholesome breath4 ,how different from our sweet south winds at home60 8,speaking of winds10 said ,miss ,josephine1 8reminds me of the trumpet-bands4 ,how wild and stirring they are6 ,they make on me an impression as of mingled wind and fire40 ,the ,signora smiled on the gentle enthusiast4 8,then10 pursued ,miss ,warder1 8the pokey1 slow ways of these people1 and their ceremonies1 and their compliments1 and their relics0 ,she stopped abruptly here1 recollecting that she was in a ,catholic household1 and had the grace to blush slightly4 8,a little more ceremony and politeness would do our people at home a great deal of good10 the ,signora replied coldly4 8,as to the relics1 it need not1 ,i should think1 surprise even an unbeliever that faith should preserve her mementos as jealously as art has preserved hers1 and that objects which belonged once to beings who now are the companions of angels1 and see ,god face to face1 should have been held as precious as those which have nothing but a physical beauty4 ,or even if the relic should be of doubtful authenticity still a thing worthless in itself1 but which has been touched by the sincere veneration of centuries1 has a sort of venerableness not to be mocked at4 ,it is like the iron which has been touched by the lodestone1 and so magnetized1 or the dull gray mist kissed by sunbeams till it becomes beautiful and luminous4 ,i do not know10 she added1 smiling1 8but you have all heard the story ,i am going to tell you apropos of false relics1 but it was new to me when ,i heard it a few days ago from a clergyman4 ,many1 many years ago a man who was going to the ,east was begged by a pious friend to bring him back a piece of the true cross4 ,the voyager promised1 but forgot his promise till he was near home4 ,he did not wish to disappoint his friend2 though1 at the same time1 he had no faith whatever in relics1 or1 indeed1 in anything supernatural4 ,so1 after considering a while1 he cut a tiny piece out of the mast of the ship in which he was returning homeward1 enclosed it in a reliquary1 and in due time presented it to his friend1 who received it without a doubt1 and1 of course1 told everybody what a treasure he had become owner of4 ,the news1 after awhile1 reached the ears of a man possessed by a devil1 and he immediately begged that the sacred relic might be brought to deliver him4 ,the bit of the ship's mast was1 accordingly1 brought with all ceremony and reverence1 the devil in possessionwho1 of course1 knew the trick that had been playedlaughing1 undoubtedly1 at the efforts about to be made to drive him away4 ,but when the necessary prayers had been said1 no sooner did the supposed relic touch the possessed man than the devil felt himself thrust violently out and forced to fly4 ,but he cried out in parting3 #8,it is faith that drives me away1 and not your chip of the old mast4'0 8,that all answers perfectly1 as far as the believers are concerned10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,but ,i would like to know what became of that ,eastern traveller40 8,the principal dnoment so overflowed and hid him out of sight that ,i did not ask1 or have forgotten10 the ,signora said4 8,girls1 what should have been done to the man who made the relic8 ,isabel80 8,he should have been at sea again in that very ship1 at the time of the miraculous cure10 ,isabel said4 8,he should have been standing by the very mast he had cut the bit out of1 and a flash of lightning should have struck him dead40 8,oh6 no1 ,bella10 said her sister4 8,he should have been standing by the possessed man when he was cured1 and should have been stricken with compunction1 and should have confessed1 and been forgiven1 and been1 for all the rest of his life1 a model of faith and reverence40 8,suppose10 ,mr4 ,vane suggested1 8that we should choose a medium between extreme justice and extreme charity1 and say that the devil which left the possessed man entered immediately into that ,eastern traveller1 and tormented him by taking him on constant voyages to ,jerusalem1 swinging him to and fro like a pendulum1 always in the same ship1 till at last1 after many years1 his victim was enabled to make an act of perfect faith in the power and mercy of the ,god crucified1 and so be freed from his tormentor40 ,meantime1 ,mr4 ,coleman approached ,miss ,warder1 timid but admiring1 much as one might approach a beautiful panther1 and seated himself on the edge of a chair near her4 8,you like ,rome80 he inquired in a conciliating voice1 not meaning anything whatever by the question1 except to open a conversation4 ,that was always the first thing he said to a foreigner4 ,the bright1 laughing eyes of the girl flashed over him in one scathing glance4 8,it's charming60 she said with enthusiasm4 8,one can ask so many questions here without being thought inquisitive4 ,to be sure1 one doesn't always get answers to them4 ,i asked to-day a very accomplished ,monsignore the meaning of the broken arch that one sees over nearly all the altars1 and he couldn't tell me4 ,may be you can40 ,mr4 ,coleman believed that it was an architectural corruption that came in with the decline of art1 but could not be positive4 8,i wouldn't mind so much10 she went on1 8if only they did not set on the sides of it a huan inhuman being1 who would naturally be sure to slide off if he weren't nailed on1 as1 indeed1 he is4 ,it makes one feel uncomfortable60 ,the gentleman descended into the depth of his consciousness for some other subject1 and came up with 8,have you ever been to ,bologna1 ma'am80 8,no10 she replied2 8but ,i have eaten ,bologna sausage40 ,there was another silence4 ,the young woman folded her hands1 looked modest1 and awaited the next remark4 ,it was rather slow in coming1 and feeble when it came4 8,there are a great many ,americans in ,rome this winter1 ,i believe40 8,oh60 she said confidentially1 8nothing to what there are in the ,united ,states4 ,the country is full of them4 ,they bother the life out of the foreigners40 ,mr4 ,coleman contemplated his companion's serious face for some time with bewilderment1 and at length bethought himself to smile4 8,i beg your pardon60 she said1 looking at him inquiringly1 and with a mild surprise4 ,he instantly became crimson4 8,ithat is1 excuse me6 ,i did not speak10 he stammered4 8,oh6 you're very excusable10 she replied1 with an emphasis which gave an exceedingly doubtful meaning to the words4 ,in the midst of the dreadful pause that followed a polite voice was heard at the other side1 where a second moth had approached this flame4 ,it was a young ,italian who was learning ,english with such enthusiasm that he would almost stop strangers in the street to ask definitions from them4 8,would you have the gentility to do me a favor1 miss80 he asked4 8,that depends quite on what the favor may be10 she replied1 looking at him with surprise2 for the gravity and ceremoniousness of his demeanor were such as to imply that a very serious matter was in question4 8,i'm sure ,i shall be very happy to oblige you1 if ,i can40 8,thanks60 he said1 bowing4 8,i learn now your beautiful and noble language1 the which is also much difficult4 ,to-day of it ,i have seen a phrase1 the which entangles me4 ,at first ,i it believed to be a beast4 ,but in the dictionary ,i found another signification1 but without to be able to comprehend it4 ,the phrase is #8,irish bull4' ,will you do me the favor to explicate me the expression80 8,irish bull10 ,miss ,warder said1 8means no thoroughfare4 ,the sense goes into the sentence and sticks there2 it never comes out40 ,the young man looked deeply interested1 but not enlightened4 ,he did not dare to ask more1 for his teacher looked at him with an air of having made a lucid explanation which any one with common sense should understand at once4 8,it is a very noble language1 the ,english10 he repeated faintly4 8,i saw a perfect example of it this morning in a place the other side of the ,corso10 she resumed4 8,a man with a donkey-cart got out of a great crowd into a place between two rows of houses1 evidently expecting to find an outlet at the other end4 ,there was none1 and the passage was so narrow that to turn was impossible4 ,now1 imagine that man with his donkey-cart to be an idea1 and the houses to be words1 and you will understand perfectly40 8,oh6 certainly4 ,it is clear60 her pupil replied4 8,thanks60 ,his eyes twinkled1 though his mouth was perfectly grave4 8,it is1 then1 something that diverts4 ,you hear the words spoken1 you listen at the other end for the signification to come out1 you hear it moving about here and there inside1 but you never receive it4 ,it is excellent4 ,it would be a good fortune for the world if the people who speak and write foolish or wicked thoughts should serve themselves always of this mode of expression40 ,isabel interrupted this lesson by coming to make some friendly inquiries of her young country-woman1 who1 after a short conversation1 gave a slight sketch of her life and adventures1 speaking with the most entire frankness4 ,meanwhile1 ,miss ,josephine was talking to the ,signora1 who was charmed by her looks and manner1 both the essence of soft and graceful beauty4 ,she was fair1 rather small1 and plump1 with the whiteness of an infant1 and pure golden hair in thick waves fastened back from a low forehead and the most exquisite of ears with a long spray of myrtle4 ,her dress was of the softest gray color1 close at the wrists and throat1 where delicate laces turned out like the white edges of a gray cloud4 ,the only light to this tender picture was the hair1 the blue eyes1 and an emerald cross1 her only ornament4 8,i have been to-day to see the relics of ,santa ,croce10 she said4 8,i coaxed ,miss ,warder not to go1 though the permission included her2 for she is such an unbeliever that she spoils all my pleasure in seeing such things4 ,i am not formally a ,catholic1 you know1 but ,i more than half believe4 ,my heart is all convinced1 but my head holds out yet a little4 ,perhaps that is because ,i am not well instructed4 ,well1 ,i started early1 so as to have a walk alone from ,st4 ,john ,lateran across to ,santa ,croce4 ,i loitered along under the trees1 perfectly happy1 looking about1 telling myself over and over again where ,i was1 and gathering daisies4 ,i looked at those daisies before ,i came here this evening1 and every one of them had curled its little petals in1 and gone to sleep1 like a company of babies4 ,in the morning they will open their eyes again4 ,well1 ,i reached ,santa ,croce1 and stood on the steps there4 ,everything was so quiet and beautiful1 with nature so sweet1 and art so magnificent4 ,no one was near but two or three soldiers about the convent door4 ,i knew before that the government had taken nearly all the convent4 ,after a while ,i heard a trumpet-call inside1 and presently company after company of soldiers1 half a regiment certainly1 came out and marched off to the avenue to drill4 ,they were dressed in gray linen and white gaiters1 and looked like a crowd of great moth-millers4 8,a nice1 bright-faced young officer was walking to and fro near me1 and ,i spoke to him1 and asked some questions4 ,he seemed pleased to talk,i suppose he felt dull there2 and when ,i told him about our army1 and what ,i had seen during the war1 he asked me if ,i would like to go in and see their quarters4 ,of course ,i said yes4 ,so he led me in1 and over the two stories1 and showed me the gardens and courts at the back1 and the splendid view from the south windows4 ,what halls they were6long1 wide corridors1 arched1 and bordered with pilasters1 with a grand stairway climbing up from one side4 ,unless for hospital or barracks1 with long rows of beds at the sides1 ,i cannot imagine what they were made for1 except simply to look at1 to walk through1 and to make a great pile on the outside4 ,it seemed building for the mere sake of building4 ,all the beds had the mattresses folded up1 with gray blankets laid on them1 and a little shelf of things over the head4 ,one room1 occupied by two officers1 was almost as simple4 ,there were none of the luxuries we have4 ,then the view6 ,i fancied ,i could see half of ,italy spread out before me4 #8,but ,i pity the poor frati who have been turned out1' ,i could not help saying to my guide4 ',so do ,i1' he answered4 ,the soldiers are not to blame1 you know4 ,they must obey4 ,then ,i went out1 and the others came1 and we went up to the relic chamber4 ,you go up a good many stairs1 and through a chapel hung round with paintings1 and then through low-vaulted stone passages1 not high enough for a tall man to stand up in4 ,i should think that the shape of the way we went would be like a great letter ,c4 ,at the last turn we found ourselves in the little chamber1 where the great relics had been set out on the altar4 ,behind the altar were the strong doors of the closets in the wall where these relics are kept4 ,on the wall at the right of the door was the relic-case of ,gregory the ,great1 about two feet square1 with a glass cover1 and filled with an innumerable collection of tiny relics4 ,but all eyes were turned to the altar4 8,the frate who came with us put on a stole1 after lighting the candles2 then we all knelt while he said a prayer4 ,and then1 one by one1 he brought forward the relics1 and showed to each1 and gave each one to kiss and touch their beads or crucifixes to1 if they wished4 ,i looked at them with wonder1 and neither believed nor disbelieved4 ,it is so hard for us ,americans1 you know1 to believe in the antiquity of things1 unless we have material proofs4 ,the bone of the finger of ,st4 ,thomas1 the thorn from the crown of thorns1 the nailthey were impressive to me chiefly because saints had believed them authentic1 and centuries of ,catholics had venerated them4 ,but when1 at last1 he took down the crystal cross from the centre of the altar1 my heart melted4 ,i felt that it was real4 ,i wanted to snatch it1 and run away by myself1 and cry over and kiss it4 ,i wished the others would kneel1 but they didn't4 ,they looked at the relic1 and kissed it1 and that was all4 ,perhaps they were each wishing that some one else would kneel and set the example4 ,at length1 when the last one had kissed it1 ,i dropped on my knees1 and the others did the same1 and the frate gave us benediction with the famous old relic of the true cross that ,santa ,helena brought from ,jerusalem4 ,then he put the lights out1 and we came away1 and some of them bought fac-similes of the nail and the inscription of the cross1 and we came down all the passages again1 and the painted cardinals on the walls of the upper chapel looked at us as we passed1 to see if we were any better for the privilege we had received1 and so down through the quiet church1 and out into the sunshine again4 ,but that crystal cross1 with its three pieces of dark wood inside1 has been before my eyes ever since4 ,it must be real1 for it speaks4 ,when ,i think of it1 ,i can hear all the centuries weep over it40 ,she stopped1 smiling but choked a little4 8,dear child60 said the ,signora1 and pressed the girl's hand4 8,you should enter the church at once40 ,there was no answer in words1 but the eyes spoke in an earnest gaze1 half pleading1 half inquiring4 8,my dear10 her friend pursued hastily1 8this is no time for us to talk over such a subject2 but if you would like to speak with me1 and if ,i can do anything for you1 ,i shall be very happy1 and you can come to me quite freely at any time40 8,i shall come1 then1 very soon10 the girl replied1 and kissed the ,signora's hand4 ,she had another pleasant incident of the day to tell2 for she had been with a ,catholic friend to see ,monsignor ,mermillod1 who was visiting ,rome1 and the celebrated ,archbishop of ,geneva had spoken some kind words to her1 and allowed her to look at his ring1 in which was set a relic and an exquisite tiny painted miniature of ,st4 ,francis of ,sales4 8,he spoke to us of the mission of women10 she said1 8and of what power women have for good and evil1 and his illustration was from ,dante1 and ,beatrice was woman leading man to ,paradise4 ,he spoke so that all my former life seemed to me trivial1 and worse than lost4 ,o dear ,signora6 if all men whom we wish to respect would speak so6 ,but it really seems that to please them1 and win an influence over them1 to have even their respect1 we must be mean4 ,such a man as ,monsignor ,mermillod requires our noblest qualities1 and encourages us to be true4 ,one doesn't need to be blatant in order to be kindly noticed by him1 nor to boast in order to be appreciated4 ,he is so noble and clear-sighted1 and his very atmosphere is charity40 8,yes1 he practises what he preaches10 the ,signora replied4 ,when the visitors were gone1 the family had a little quiet talk before separating for the night4 ,the influence of the ,signora and of ,bianca1 falling on minds already prepared to receive it1 had been such that they took happiness1 and all the delights of their daily life1 not as a wine that intoxicates to forgetfulness of duty1 but as an incentive to quicken their sense of duty1 and a balm to alleviate the pains to come in the future4 ,every new pleasure that the ,heavenly ,father's bounty lavished on them1 day after day1 was welcomed generously1 but with a tender fear4 ,amid all this constantly-recurring beauty and sacredness they walked as among angels1 hushing themselves4 ,a quiet word touched the key1 and found all in tune2 as1 striking but the rim of a true bell1 we hear the chord float softly up from turn to turn4 ,tacitly the first hesitating motion to separate was abandoned1 and they drew nearer together instead1 and presently made a close circle around the ,signora's chair4 8,it gives the mind a stretch to hear different nations talking together1 by even their feeblest representatives10 ,mr4 ,vane had observed4 8,yes10 ,marion replied1 lingering1 hat in hand4 8,it always gives me the same feeling of space and grandeur that ,i have at sea1 when ,i watch the waves meet1 as if the ,east and the ,west were rushing together to kiss or to tear each other40 8,i wonder10 said ,bianca1 8if all our national differences are to be obliterated in heaven1 and if we shall have no more those little piquant characteristics and discussions which make us like each other even better here40 ,the ,signora sank into her armchair1 quoting the famous recipe for cooking a hare3 8#8,first catch your hare4' ,my dear friends1 we are not yet in ,paradise1 and we have a good battle to fight before we shall get there1 and ,i move that we look to our armor4 ,at all events1 heaven has been described for us by ,him who makes it what it is40 ,and then ,mr4 ,vane came and stood at the high back of her chair1 and a little beside her1 and ,isabel took a footstool at the other side4 ,marion and ,bianca slipped into the sofa opposite4 8,i have been thinking to-day10 she continued1 8that1 when we go to hear ,mass in the ,crypt of ,st4 ,peter1 as it is not probable we shall ever meet there1 all of us1 again in this life1 we ought all to think it a duty to receive ,holy ,communion1 if we can4 ,it seems to me that the special virtue we are to seek there is a stronger faith4 ,i have been there before1 but it was in the company of strangers4 ,we are a company of sympathizing friends4 ,i think we should look forward to that visit as a call to make a profession of faith more resolute1 if possible1 than we have yet made40 ,a silence followed her little speech1 which had struck deeper1 perhaps1 than their expectations4 8,has no one anything to say80 she asked smilingly4 8,this is not a lecture1 but a conversazione4 ,are we always to skim the surface in our talk80 8,you are quite right1 ,signora10 ,mr4 ,vane said1 8and the same thought has passed through my own mind4 ,i do not know if ,i shall be thought prepared to receive so soon1 but will ask4 ,it would be something for me to remember all my life that ,i had made my first communion there1 and in company with all my family40 ,the daughters were silent1 both looking down1 touched and awed by their father's words4 ,with all their affection and confidence1 they never had known anything of his deeper feelings or more serious intentions than what their intuitive sympathy had divined4 ,some things they tacitly guessed1 some he tacitly acknowledged2 but for a spoken confidence1 either given or demanded1 they had each and all been more free1 sometimes1 with strangers4 ,and so accustomed had the girls become to this real reserve under an appearance of perfect ease that they listened at first almost with terror to the ,signora's challenge4 8,i think the children would be pleased10 ,mr4 ,vane added gently1 understanding their silence4 ,then they both looked up with a quick smile and a simultaneous 8,oh6 yes1 papa10 but said no more4 ,there was still another thin ice that the ,signora had to break4 ,she understood quite well the disposition and habits of ,bianca's lover1 and wished particularly to bring him in with them on this occasion4 ,a man of a noble and poetical nature1 he was1 perhaps1 in danger of resting contented with a religious feeling born of an enthusiastic appreciation of the beauty of the church1 and1 while obeying its express commands in the performance of duty1 of waiting for the command to be given4 ,he watched with delight the steps of the ,prince's ,daughter1 his loyal word or blow was always ready for those who attacked her2 but he seemed to prefer to be an admiring spectator rather than an actor1 and to do only so much as would keep him in the acknowledged number of her followers4 ,the ,signora suspected that he contented himself with an ,easter ,communion1 and that there was many a night when he lay down to sleep without recommending himself to ,god1 and many a morning when he rose without giving thanks for another day4 ,if he looked out at the early dawn with delight in its beauty1 he felt that he had praised ,god2 and if1 gazing up into the starry midnight1 he thought of the shadowy earth as a hammock swung by invisible cords from a thick tree full of golden blossoms1 it seemed to him that he had kissed the hand that rocked him to sleep4 ,intoxicated by the beauty of the works of ,god1 he exulted in the freedom from baseness which the magical draught gave him1 and could scarcely believe that in some unwary hour he might draw in a drop of poison with the honey4 ,he had been wont to say that the virtue of the long-suffering ,job had been preserved1 not so much by shutting his bodily eyes and praying1 as by opening his eyes1 and looking about where flood and stream1 and snow and hail and dew taught each its lesson1 unmarred by earthly glosses2 that that man was surer to fear ,god who looked at the leviathan making the deep boil like a pot1 leaving a shining path behind him over the waters1 and saying this is the work of ,god1 than the man who1 when he would raise his soul1 left his senses behind1 and strove to climb to a knowledge of the power of ,god without them4 ,the ,signora knew all this1 and admired ,marion1 winged creature that he was2 but she wished him to practise a little more the plain and simple duties of religion4 ,she observed that he made no motion to assent to her proposal1 and made haste to take for granted that he would assent1 and spare him a promise4 8,then10 she said1 8since we are to have this heavenly audience together1 let us make a small part of the preparation together4 ,how lovely it would be if we could every night say our prayers together1 or a part of them1 at least6 ,we will not have company late1 and ,marion lives near us1 and can take his little starlit walk half an hour later without any inconvenience4 ,let us say certain prayers together expressly in preparation for this communion4 ,we are five4 ,each one shall choose a prayer40 ,she scarcely paused1 feeling that there was still a shyness to overcome1 and that her proposal had been bold and unusual4 ,the thought fired instead of checking her4 8,however closely we may be bound1 however sure in our own minds to spend many years together10 she added hastily1 8we may be scattered like the dust before another day passes4 ,till we1 as closest and dearest of friends1 have prayed together1 we have not well deserved the power of speech nor the consolations of friendship40 8,i choose the ,acts of ,faith1 ,hope1 ,love1 ,thanksgiving1 and ,contrition10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,i choose the ,salve ,regina10 ,marion added4 ,bianca named the ,memorare1 and ,isabel three ,our ,fathers1 three ,hail ,marys1 and three ,glorias4 8,and ,i choose the prayer to the ,five ,wounds10 said the ,signora4 8,we each will say our own prayer1 and the others answer ,amen4 ,mr4 ,vane shall begin40 ,they were astonished1 not only into compliance1 but into willingness and pleasure4 ,the ,signora's will and enthusiasm blew away all the foolish scruples and false delicacy which would have for ever prevented the others making such a proposition1 and the five ,catholics knelt together in the room softly lighted by the night and the ,virgin's lamp1 and said their prayers together4 ,it was a strange yet sweet experience for all1 this first union in family prayers4 ,mr4 ,vane1 uttering his prayers with an earnest gravity1 gave the tone to the others2 and when ,marion called on the ,queen of ,heaven to hear their cry1 as that of the poor exiled children of ,eve coming up from a valley of tears1 the ,signora's proposition showed no more an extraordinary one1 but altogether proper and necessary4 ,they rose when all was over1 and stood silent a moment4 ,it was a silence full of peace and of a new sense of union4 ,marion was the first to speak4 8,you have strung us to-night like beads on a corona1 8he said1 taking the ,signora's hand4 8,may the chain endure for ever60 ,they parted very quietly1 and for the first time ,bianca and ,marion said good-night to each other without appearing to remember that they were lovers1 or remembering it so seriously that no one else was reminded of it4 ,the ,signora went to her room thankful and contented4 ,in spite of her courage1 what she had done had been very difficult for her1 and nothing but her position toward the others of hostess and cicerone had made it seem proper to her4 ,the ice was broken1 however1 and successfully2 they had gone together to their ,heavenly ,father1 and they could never again be strangers to each other nor to him4 ,she was thankful and contented4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,some ,,quaint ,,old ,,cities4#aie ,the ,zuyder-,zee will soon be a thing of the past1 and in the meanwhile it is but little known4 ,m4 ,henri ,havard1 known as an art-critic1 has given us a glimpse of it1 with its decaying ports1 its old-fashioned population1 its wonderful atmospheric 8effects02 and his book is1 strange to say1 newer to most readers than one treating of the ,south ,sea ,islands or the ,japanese ,archipelago4 ,not only is the ,zuyder-,zee comparatively unknown to foreigners1 but1 according to ,havard1 8it is more than probable that not ten people in ,holland have made this voyage1 and among writers and artists ,i do not know a single one40 ,the navigation of this sea is difficult and dangerous2 narrow channels run between enormous sandbanks hardly covered with water4 ,tales of shipwreck abound in every page of the history of the ,zuyder-,zee1 and great carcases of ships1 breaking up or rotting away1 call to mind its dangers4 ,there is no regular communication between the various ports1 and ,m4 ,havard and his companion1 ,m4 ,van ,heemskerck1 had to hire a vessel1 engage a crew1 and purchase provisions for the voyage4 ,the vessel was called a 8tjalk10 and drew only three feet of water2 her burden was sixty tons4 ,the crew consisted of the 8schipper10 one sailor or 8knecht10 and the wife and child of the former4 ,the travellers put up partitions forming kitchen1 dining-room1 and bed-room1 and did the cooking by turns4 ,they started in ,june1 #ahgc1 leaving ,amsterdam in the early morning2 and1 says the author1 after a minute description of the ,preraphaelite country surrounding the principal sea-port of ,holland1 8the sun which brightened this magnificent spectacle rendered the atmosphere clear and of a silvery transparence2 reflected by the water1 the effect was splendid40 ,the first object of interest which they met with were the sluices at ,schellingwoude4 8,these blocks of granite1 imported from distant countries1 massed one upon the other1 form an immovable mountain2 the great gates1 which allow five ships to enter abreast1 have something majestic about them which impresses the beholder4 ,i know nothing finer than these sluices1 save1 perhaps1 those of ,trolhtten in ,sweden40 ,the drowsy1 pleasant1 monotonous impression of the interminable green meadows1 or polders 7reclaimed from the sea71 the huge windmills1 the few church-steeples of fantastic shapes and varied colors1 the yellow sand-banks1 is minutely described1 and then the travellers come upon the island of ,marken1 like 8a green raft lost in a gray sea40 ,seven villages are built on as many little mounds1 with a mound used as a church-yard4 ,the wealth of ,marken is in hay and fish4 ,the meadows are flooded once a year4 ,trees never grow on the island1 and most of the houses are raised on piles1 and look like 8great cages suspended in the air40 ,there is a peculiarity about the bed-rooms which remind us of the cupboard-beds common among the poorer classes in ,scotland3 8,the ground-floor is one large room divided into as many parts as may be required by wooden partitions without ceilings2 the roofwhich is1 of course1 leaning at an angleis hung with nets and fishing utensils4''' ,the bed is the important article of furniture2 this is let into the wall in a kind of cupboard1 into which are thrust the mattresses and other necessary articles4 ,two little curtains are drawn across4''' ,it looks as much as possible like a large drawer4 ,sometimes considerable luxury is displayed in the bed2 the pillow-cases and the sheets are embroidered with open-work1 which is a special fabrication of the women at ,markenwhite and yellow threads crossed1 something in the fashion of guipure40 ,the walls or partitions are mostly painted blue1 the shelves are heaped with common crockery and ,japanese porcelain1 for which there is an extravagant demand all over ,holland2 a ,friesland cuckoo-clock stands in one corner1 a carved oak chest in another1 and on this are tall glasses1 bulging mugs of delf1 and miraculously-polished old candlesticks of yellow metal4 ,one of the chief worthies of ,marken1 ,madame ,klok1 has the richest collection in the island3 china of all sorts 7,dutch and ,japanese7 and all colors1 pictures1 foreign curiosities such as sailors always fill their houses with1 are there in profusion2 but what she is most proud of is her carved oak chests1 all of ,dutch make1 their panels sculptured with great art1 and seeming only just to have left the hands of the artist4 ,the women of ,marken have clung to their distinctive dress1 and1 partly on that account1 are thought very uncivilized by the young ,hollanders1 to whom freedom and ,paris fashion have become synonymous terms4 ,this dress is very peculiar1 and ,havard says very picturesque4 ,here is part of his description3 8,the head-dress is composed of an immense cap in the form of a mitre1 white1 lined with brown1 to show off the lace and embroidery2 it is tied close under the chin1 pressing closely over the ears4''' ,long ringlets of blonde hair fall down to the shoulders or back1 and the hair of the front is brought forward and cut square along the forehead a little above the eyebrows4 ,the gown has a body without sleeves1 and the skirt or petticoat is independent of it1 and always of a different stuff4 ,the body is brown1 and generally of cloth covered with embroidery in colors1 in which red predominates4''' ,this requires years of labor4 ,a corsage well embroidered is handed down from mother to daughter as an heirloom2 the sleeves are in two unequal parts3 one1 with vertical lines of black and white1 reaches the elbow1 and the other1 almost to the wrist1 is of dark blue1 and is fastened above the elbow4''' ,the skirt is also divided into two unequal parts3 the upper1 which is about eight inches wide only1 is a kind of basque with black lines on a light ground2 the rest of the skirt is dark blue1 with a double band of reddish brown at the bottom4''' ,such is the female costume of ,marken1 ''' so singular that no other costume is like it1 or even approaches its bizarre appearance40 ,these old ,dutch settlements all possess many churches1 but most of them disfigured by paint and other monstrosities4 ,the ,premonstratensian monks had a monastery at ,marken1 having come there from ,leeuwarden2 but the old ,marienhot1 turned to other uses1 was pulled down in #ahde on account of its ruinous condition4 ,at ,monnikendam1 8the town of the monks10 one of the dead citiesfor ,marken is only a cluster of villagesthere is what is now called the ,great ,church1 but was originally the ,abbey of ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,it has eighty great pillars in the nave alone1 and was built in the fifteenth century1 though according to the style of an earlier day4 ,it is now a 8temple0 7,calvinist meeting-house72 the columns are whitewashed1 there is a modern1 bulbous pulpit with green curtains1 and the nave is full of ugly1 closed pews in the taste of the eighteenth century4 ,havard describes ,monnikendam as having a ,chinese appearance through its 8green trees1 the red and green coloring of the houses and roofs1 and the little gray wooden bridge40 ,in #aegc it had the honor of taking a prominent part in the great naval battle of the ,zuyder-,zee1 when ,cornelius ,dirkszoon1 a native of ,monnikendam1 destroyed the ,spanish fleet and took the admiral1 ,count de ,bossu1 prisoner4 ,the town kept the count's collar of the ,golden ,fleece as a trophy4 ,though the monks have disappeared1 the town still preserves its armsa ,franciscan monk1 habited sable 7black71 holding a mace in his right hand1 the shield being argent1 or white4 ,the tower of the ,great ,church is of enormous height1 and ,havard1 as he looked down on the rich plains below1 wondered at the insensibility of the inhabitants to the treasures of nature and art within their reach4 ,this deserted placewhere the arrival of two strangers was an event of universal importance1 to be talked of at least a month after they had gone1 and where the old office of town-crier was discharged by a wizened individual in a black dress-coat1 knee-breeches1 and three-cornered hat1 whose duty of fixing notices to the doors of such houses as contained patients attacked by a contagious disease reminds us of the seventeenth centurywas once 8a flourishing commercial city1 one of the twenty-nine great towns of ,holland1 when the ,hague was but a village40 ,between ,edam and ,hoorn 7the latter being the pearl of the dead cities7 the tjalk encountered a terrible storm of wind1 which was succeeded by as wonderful a calm4 ,the author says3 8,i turned my head 7towards the eastern horizon7 and saw one of the most curious spectacles ,i ever contemplated in my life4 ,from the hull of the boat to the top of the mast1 from the zenith to the nadir1 all was of the same tint4 ,no waves1 no clouds1 no heavens1 no sea1 no horizon were to be distinguishednothing but the same tone of color1 beautifully soft2 at a short distance a great black boat1 which seemed to rest on nothing1 and to be balanced in space4 ,the sea and the sky appeared of a pearl-gray color1 like a satin robe2 the boat looked like a great blot of ink4 ,nothing can give an idea of this strange spectacle2 words cannot describe such a picture4 ,turner1 in his strangest moods1 never produced anything so extraordinary40 ,the harbor of ,hoorn is now 8bordered by masses of verdure1 great trees1 and flowers4 ,the place of these charming plantations and gardens was once occupied by ship-building yards1 from whence sailed annually whole fleets of newly-constructed ships4 ,hoorn is really one of the prettiest towns which can be found1 and at the same time the most curious4 ,it is entirely ancient4 ,all the houses are old and attractive1 covered with sculptures and charming bas-reliefsevery roof finishing in the form of stairs4 ,everywhere wide auvents jutting out over doors and windows2 everywhere carved wood and sculptured stone4 ,the tone of color of the bricks is warm and agreeable to the eye1 giving these ancient habitations an aspect of gayety and freshness which contrasts in a singular manner with their great age and ancient forms4''' ,it seems almost ridiculous to walk about these streets in our modern costumes4 ,it almost appears to me that there are certain towns where only the plumed hat1 the great trunk-hose and boots1 with a rapier at our side1 are in keeping with the place2 and ,hoorn is one of these places40 ,the emptiness of the streets1 the want of all animation1 is the shadow of the picture1 and the author brings to mind the former bustling prosperity of ,hoorn1 8filled by an active population1 covering the seas with their fleets and the ,indies with their counting-houses4 ,every week a thousand wagons entered the markets1 bringing in mountains of cheese from the rich countries around4''' ,each year there was a bullock fair1 first established in #achi1 which drew visitors from all corners of ,europe4 ,frenchmen1 ,danes1 ,frisons1 ,germans1 and ,swedes flocked into the town1 and thus augmented its astonishing prosperity4 ,hoorn then counted twenty-five thousand inhabitants40 ,it had 8massive towers and monumental gates10 and bastions and ramparts1 whose place is now occupied by beautiful gardens1 shaded by fine trees1 and boasting of the few remaining ruinous towers and gates as of picturesque adornmentsnothing else4 ,the gate at the entrance of the harbor is of 8magnificent proportions and superb in its details4''' ,among the sculptures ,i remarked a cow which a peasant-girl is seen employed in milkinga homage to the industry of the country which once enriched the town40 ,on the top of the other old gatethe ,cowgateis a group of two cows1 and on the side facing the town four cows are represented standing1 while the heraldic lions by their side support the escutcheon of the town1 the arms being a hunting-horn4 ,the remains of the old commerce of ,hoorn may be seen on ,thursdays1 when a market is held in the town1 and quantities of cheeses still arrive4 8,the numbers of people on foot who pour into the town1 the carved and heterogeneously-painted wagons1 carts1 tilburies1 and all kinds of old-fashioned conveyances passing through the east gate1 almost incline one to believe that the good old times have once more returned to this city4 ,farmers and cattle-dealers and their wives arrive in the carriages1 for the market-day is a holiday2 ''' they sit stolidly in or upon these antediluvian vehicles4 ,i say stolidly2 for ,i do not know a better term to express the calm1 silent1 reflective look of both husbands and wives4''' ,at ten o'clock the market-place resembles a park of artillery whence the guns have been withdrawn4 ,the red cheeses piled up by thousands represent to the life the cannon-balls rusted by exposure to the air and rain40 ,in the ,guildhall is preserved ,count ,bossu's silver-gilt drinking-cup2 he was a prisoner in ,hoorn for three years after his defeat and capture by the insurgent ,dutch4 ,the churches are inferior to the dwellings1 having been spoilt by whitewash and plaster and absurd ,greek peristyles1 perhaps supposed at the ,reformation to chase away the evil spirits of an age of superstition4 ,the result is deplorable1 and has unfortunately outlasted the fanaticism of the moment1 which was responsible for these disfigurements4 ,although the people of ,hoorn claim that their town was rich and famous at the end of the thirteenth century1 the first authentic documents point to the middle of the fourteenth as the date of regular municipal incorporation1 and the walls were not built till #adbf4 ,hoorn has produced many distinguished men,abel ,janzoon ,tasman1 who discovered ,van ,dieman's ,land and ,new ,zealand2 ,jan ,pietersz ,kn1 who founded ,batavia 7,java7 in #afai2 ,wouter ,corneliszoon ,schouten1 who in #afaf doubled ,cape ,horn1 which he named after his native town2 ,jan ,albertsz ,roodtsens1 a portrait-painter known to art-critics as ,rhotius1 according to the foolish fancy of the ,renaissance for ,latinizing one's 8barbaric0 name1 and others less well knowndoctors and lawyers with ,latinized names1 honorably mentioned as learned men in the archives1 and brave seamen1 patriotic and enterprising1 the ,sea-,beggars of the ,war of ,independence against ,spain1 and successful explorers in tropical seas4 ,having passed through ,enkhuizen1 the birthplace of the painter ,paul ,potter1 ,havard goes on to ,medemblik1 the former capital of ,west ,friesland1 and the seat of ,king ,radbod's power4 ,here1 like a true artist1 he was struck by a beautiful scene painted by nature1 who in these regions1 as everywhere else1 has so many changing beauties to offer1 to distract one's attention from even the most perfect human works of art4 8,the town1 with its towers and steeples and with its ancient castle1 rose up before us against a background of sky of a rosy tint1 fading into lilac-gray and a variety of tints2 the town itself appearing of a blackish green1 while over our heads the sky was of celestial blue2 at the very foot of the town the sea repeated all these splendid colorings and completed the picture4 ,a painter who should reproduce this scene without alteration would not be believed2 it would be said he had invented the coloring40 ,then follows the same story of desertion1 emptiness1 and decay1 that mark the 8dead cities10 of which this is perhaps the oldest of all4 ,for the well known incident of ,king ,radbod 7repeated seven centuries later by a cacique of ,mexico71 and his choice of eternal torments with his forefathers rather than heaven with strangers to his blood1 we have no room4 ,it illustrates the clannish qualities of the old ,teutonic stock4 ,crossing part of the peninsula least tainted by 8improvement10 the author1 on his way to ,texel1 passed through many villages such as we have heard about1 but the accounts of which we have believed to be exaggerated4 ,but these are not to be found on the beaten track1 and he who has seen the typical ,brock has only seen an artificially-preserved specimen1 handy and hackneyed1 kept on exhibition with the avowed consciousness of its attraction to strangers4 8,every one has heard of the marvellous cow-houses1 paved with delf-tiles and sanded in different colors1 cleaner even than the rooms1 where one must neither cough1 smoke1 nor spit2 where one must not even walk before putting on a great pair of sabots1 or wooden shoes1 whitened with chalkcow-sheds in which the beautiful white-and-black cows are symmetrically arranged upon a litter which is constantly changed1 and whose tails are tied up to the ceiling for fear of their becoming soiled4 ,well1 it is in these hamlets that one meets with all this4''' ,sometimes at the end of the stable or cow-shed one sees a parlor with a number of fresh young girls1 with their high caps and golden helmets1 working at some fancy work or knitting all sorts of frivolity2 the fact is that many of these peasants are millionaires living among their cheeses with the greatest simplicity40 ,of ,texel and ,oude-,schild the author says3 8,when you land1 it seems as if you entered a great round basin lined with a thick carpet of verdure2 an endless prairie with a few trees ''' all the country surrounded by high dikes and dunes1 which limit the view4''' ,we felt as if we were in an ,eden under the waters1 with the heavens open abovea bizarre sensation difficult to describe1 but which is very strange and original4 ,the dike that protects the south of the island is almost as grand and important as that of the ,helder4''' ,at the place from whence these works spring it was necessary to work under water at a depth of above one hundred feet4''' ,on the ,north ,sea side are moving sands1 which1 from their desolate aspect1 contrast with the rich and verdant meadows they guard from the encroachments of the sea4 ,these dunes are certainly not the least interesting part of the island2 they can be entered only on foot or on horse-back4 ,the feet of the horse or man who attempts to cross them sink either to the ankle of the man or the fetlock of the horse4 ,the green meadow suddenly ceases at their edge1 and an arid solitude1 burnt by the sun1 extends beyond our viewwe should say a strip of the ,african desert rather than of the soft and humid soil of ,holland40 ,this passage into the ,north ,sea has seen some of the largest flotillas in the world leave its shelter1 and not only great commercial fleets and war fleets1 but hardy expeditions of scientific discovery1 such as that of the first explorers who sought for a ,northwest ,passage through the ice of the ,pole4 ,although it failed in this1 it discovered ,nova ,zembla4 ,twice did the brave ,william ,barends attempt this journey1 and the second voyage was his last1 while his associate1 ,jacob ,van ,heemskerck1 returned to ,holland to be invested with the command of the navy in #afjg1 and to attack1 under the guns of ,gibraltar1 the large ,spanish fleet commanded by ,alvarez d',avila4 ,like ,nelson1 he died in the moment of victory1 and fifty years later almost the same fate befell the indomitable ,van ,tromp4 ,space forbids to more than mention ,harlingen1 a resuscitated city1 which has managed to regain much of its old prosperity1 but is not architecturally very interesting4 ,one of its claims to present attention is the picture-gallery of a self-made man and discriminating amateur,m4 ,bos2 and one of its historical claims dates from #adgf1 when ,menno ,simonsz1 the founder of the sect of ,mennonites1 of whom some thousands lately emigrated to this country1 was born within its territory1 in the province of ,witmarsum4 ,from this place the travellers started by canal-boat1 or treckschuit1 a barge drawn by a trotting horse through a level1 productive country4 ,the boat has a first-class and a second-class compartment1 long seats well cushioned for sleeping1 a large table for meals1 and1 as there is no vibration1 it is the laziest1 pleasantest way of travelling1 if one is not in a hurry4 ,the breeding of those splendid black horses1 whose long tails sweep the ground1 well known throughout ,europe1 is still one of the sources of wealth of this ,frison land1 and much of the marvellous wood-carving now stored up in ,english collections comes from the ,frison villages2 but of the old costume of the women nothing remains but the golden helmet4 ,circumstances1 however1 have preserved the old fashion of skating races1 which take place every winter1 and are the occasion of regular festivals4 ,the youth of a whole neighborhood gathers together1 and the prizes are handed down as heirlooms in the families of the winners4 ,in old times military manuvres used to be gone through on skates1 and these 8reviews0 were well worth seeing4 ,the ,frison skate is a straight iron blade1 with which1 though you cannot go in any other than a straight line1 you can glide along with much greater speed than with the ordinary curved one we use4 ,the only skating ground of ,hollandthe straight canalsare a sufficient explanation of the difference4 ,on ,leeuwarden we will not dwell1 as it is an inland city and by no means dead1 but must notice a funny item in one of its collections of curiositiesthat is a 8landdagemmer10 or small pail that state members used to carry when going to council1 and in which they put their bread and butter or whatever else they had by way of a luncheon4 ,from ,leeuwarden the traveller carries us with him to ,franeker1 8well built1 well lighted1 and certainly one of the cleanest and best-kept towns in ,friesland10 formerly a famous centre of learning4 8,such men as ,adrian ,metius1 the mathematician2 ,pierius ,winsemius1 the historian2 ,sixtus ,amama1 the theologian2 ,ulric ,huberus1 the jurist2 and ,george ,kazer1 who knew every subtlety of the ,greek language1 with a mass of other learned scholars1 indoctrinated the youth of that age in the sciences1 theology1 law1 history1 and dead languages4 ,the spirit of learning became contagious1 and the whole city was seized with a desire to acquire knowledge4 ,the students imbued the citizens with a love of the sciences1 and the inhabitants1 not content with imbibing learning themselves1 spread it about on the public walls2 and one can still see on the front of the houses1 over the doors1 and even on the walls of the stables1 numbers of wise inscriptions1 moral precepts1 and virtuous sentences0 in ,latin1 signifying1 for instance1 8,know thyself02 8,well1 or not at all02 8,nothing is good but what is honest10 etc4 ,the ,guildhall1 built in the same style as the ,leeuwarden ,chancellerie1 but daubed over with paint1 contains two or three rooms with their walls literally hidden by gloomy old portraits1 said to be those of the professors of the old academy4 ,among them is that of a woman1 ,anna ,maria ,schaarman1 called by her contemporaries the modern ,sappho1 and who1 besides poetry1 music1 painting1 engraving1 and modelling1 was a proficient in ,latin1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 and ,ethiopian4 ,her works were published at ,leyden in #afdh4 ,franeker has a unique exhibition in the shape of a ,planetarium1 or a small blue-room1 with a movable ceiling1 representing the vault of heaven1 where the planets1 in the form of gilded balls1 and by means of a mechanical process1 rotate around the sun1 which stands in the middle of the room in a kind of half obscurity4 ,the room itself is only lighted by one candle4 ,the whole apparatus is shown by a woman1 said to be the grand-daughter of the great mathematician1 ,eise ,eisinga1 who devoted seven years of his life1 from #aggc to #aghj1 to making this planetarium4 ,the tjalk1 which the travellers had left at ,harlingen1 now carried them over to ,hindeloopen1 a sea-port and ancient city1 but not one of those which have to complain of the whims of fortune2 for it never rose to great importance at any time of its thousand years of existence4 ,just outside the harbor 8the wind suddenly lulled1 and one of those dead calms peculiar to these curious shores overtook us4 ,the clouds seemed to stand still in the heavens1 the very water lapping against our bows grew still1 and1 but for a bird skimming the horizon1 a sea-dog touching the surface of the waves1 or some bruinvisch leaping in pure joy under the calm waters1 all nature appeared as if wrapped in a deep sleep40 ,the town began by being a hamlet in the huge forest of ,kreijl 7most of whose area is now the bottom of the ,zuyder-,zee71 and its name signifies 8the hind's run10 while a running hind forms the municipal arms4 ,the harbor1 which in #abbe1 three hundred years after the origin of the town1 was endowed with certain privileges1 was never large enough for heavily-freighted ships2 and though the inhabitants praiseworthily tried to enrich themselves by forming fishing companies1 the boats had to be built in other ports1 and the interest of ,hindeloopen in these expeditions had always more or less of an artificial character4 ,notwithstanding the real claims of the town to notice1 it has escaped the mention of historians2 ,cornelius ,kempius ignores it altogether2 ,guicciardini merely refers to it2 ,blaeu the geographer1 in spite of his minute exactitude1 only gives it a dozen dry lines2 and a later writer1 the author of ,les ,dlices des ,pays-,bas 7#agfi71 is not more complimentary1 though he allows it some 8commercial interest40 ,it often needs an artist's eye to look with favor on these world-forgotten places1 and draw out details which make us wonder how it was possible that they have been hitherto so persistently overlooked4 ,it is often a greater pleasure1 we confess1 to read of such places than of those greater ones1 the pilgrimages of the world1 where each successive generation of scholars and explorers flocks to bring to light some fact or some stone1 and where1 when all that is likely to be important has been found1 they still pore devotedly over dust and fragments1 eager to tell the world how the ancients ate or dressed1 and how their present descendants retain or have lost or modified the old manners and customs4 ,havard1 accordingly1 says of ,hindeloopen3 8,small as it was1 it had its arts1 its special costume1 a style of architecture1 and a language only spoken within its wallswhich is a fact so singular that it would appear incredible were it not for traces and incontestable proofs of their existence4#aif ,the most remarkable of its peculiarities was1 and is still1 the costume worn by the women4''' ,not content with having a dress different to other nations1 the inhabitants of ,hindeloopen regulated the style of their costume1 and adjusted it according to the age and position of the woman in its smallest detail4 ,from its very birth a child is put into the national costume3 its little legs are wrapped in the usual linen1 but the upper part of its body is subjected to the prevailing habit of the country4 ,its head is covered with a double capone of linen1 the other of silk garnished with the usual kerchief2 above this again is placed another calico kerchief1 and on that again a third of larger dimensions1 scarlet in color and trimmed with lace4 ,the tiny body is cased in a close-fitting jacket1 over which is an embroidered bib1 and the baby's hands are put into calico mittens40 ,then follows a description of the changes of1 or rather additions to1 the costume from the age of eighteen months upwards4 ,the marriageable girls wore the most complicated1 everything1 even the 8floss-silk stockings10 being of a certain regulation make1 color1 and stuff4 ,married women wore their hair entirely covered by the headdress of square pieces of red cloth embroidered in gold1 above the cap itself4 ,widows wore the same articles1 but all black and white2 and1 besides this daily costume1 there were others worn on festival days1 chiefly distinguished by a cape or overall1 with other details yet1 belonging some to ,whitsuntide1 some to ,corpus ,christi1 and others to betrothed girls1 and relating to circumstances1 weddings1 and funerals1 to the length of time a woman had been married1 and if she was a mother1 etc41 etc41 in endless and minute array4 ,the town women have already discarded their costume1 but it is still universally worn in the country round about4 ,the ancient industries of ,hindeloopenalas6 very degenerate nowadaysincluded a spcialit in furniture4 ,it was of carved wood painted1 and many specimens in ,dutch and foreign collections still exist4 ,havard says of it3 8,its general forms have a very decided ,oriental cast4 ,its decorations of carved and gilded palms and love-knots1 relieved by the strangest paintings it is possible to imagine1 have no equal except in ,persian art4 ,as a rule1 the colors are loud and gaudyred or pink1 green or bluebut1 strange to say1 the whole appears harmonious4 ,it is peculiar and striking but not disagreeable to the eye4 ,most of the single pieces of furniture1 such as tables and stands1 and sledges are ornamented with red and blue palms1 around which are interlaced numbers of ,cupids of dark rose-color1 the whole on a red ground4 ,sometimes these constantly-recurring ,cupids 7always in dark rose-color7 are placed among a bed of blue flowers against a background of red1 lightened here and there by white dots and touches of gold4 ,but this medley of discordant colors produces a harmonious and dazzling effect1 which ,i can only liken to the cashmeres of ,india4 ,this same style of ornamentation is adopted in private houses1 though the colors are somewhat modified4 ,red yields to dark blue1 and flowers1 love-knots1 and palms are toned down into soft blue1 green1 and white1 on a background of the finest#aig shade of indigo4 ,the effect thus produced is very curious4 ,i cannot say it is fine or pleasant1 but it is not disagreeable to the eye1 and certainly possesses the advantage of not being vulgar or common40 ,stavoren1 the former capital of ,friesland1 is one of the towns whose traditional annals1 like those of ,medemblik1 reach back into unhistorical times1 and whose founder1 ,friso1 a supposed contemporary and ally of ,alexander the ,great1 built here a temple to ,jupiter1 and adorned his town with walls1 palaces1 and theatres4 ,the fifth century of our era is its real earliest date1 and then it was only what the first settlement of a barbaric clan always ishalf-camp1 half-villagebut it had gained a footing which it never abandoned since4 ,as the centuries passed1 we find this town1 at the mouth of the ,flevum1 8the capital and royal residence of ,friesland10 and with a 8considerable commercial and industrial reputation4 ,treaties of alliance and trade were entered into with the ,romans1 ,danes1 ,germans1 and ,franks1 who came to ,stavoren to barter their goods4''' ,the ,flevum was easy to navigate1 thus rendering the port convenient for commerce2 able to hold a large fleet whose intrepid sailors explored distances in the ,north inaccessible to the vessels belonging to other nations4 ,at this epoch the ,zuyder-,zee was not in existence1 and one could walk on dry land from ,stavoren to ,medemblik4''' ,a palace was built at ,stavoren 7by ,richard ,i47 which later on became the sumptuous residence of the kings1 his successors10 and ,charles1 ,duke of ,brabant1 journeyed to ,stavoren with a numerous suite to see and admire its wonderful splendors4 ,this was burnt in #hjh1 but in #hae a still more splendid church was built by ,bishop ,odulphus4 ,it was some ,stavoren sailors who first passed through the ,sound and opened the way into the ,baltic1 and the ,king of ,denmark rewarded the town by exempting its ships from dues on entering ,dantzic4 ,treaties with ,sweden and ,scotland conceded to the town similar privileges1 rendering the merchants of ,stavoren able to enter the lists with those of the richest and most influential towns in the world4 ,a sixteenth-century chronicler#aihthough we incline to take the statement as typical of the prosperity of the town rather than in its literal sensesays 8the vestibules of the houses were gilded1 and the pillars of the palaces of massive gold40 ,this1 however1 applies to the thirteenth century1 the age of ,marco ,polo and general redundancy of imagination1 colored by the traditions of the ,arabian ,nights4 ,but it is true that ,stavoren was one of the first towns forming part of the ,hanseatic ,league1 and even in the sixteenth century she still held the third rank4 ,her downfall was due as much to the nature of things as to adverse circumstances4 ,prosperity spoiled the haughty town3 8,her inhabitants had become so rich and opulent that they were literally intoxicated with their success1 and allowed themselves to grow insolent1 exacting1 and supercilious beyond endurance4 ,they were called the spoiled1 luxurious children of ,stavoren#8dartele ofte vervende ,kinderen van ,stavoren4' ,strangers ceased to trade with them1 preferring the pleasanter manners of the inhabitants of ,hamburg1 ,lbeck1 and ,bruges4 ,in proportion as trade declined the spirit of enterprise forsook the population1 and the town1 once so rich and flourishing1 now found herself reduced from the first to the tenth rank40 ,this happened in the fourteenth century1 and by the sixteenth 8there were scarcely fifty houses in a state of preservation in this city1 which formerly was the highest and noblest of all40 ,its appearance at the present time is still more sad3 8,there are about a hundred houses1 half of which are in ruins1 but not one remains to recall in the vaguest manner the ancient glory of its palaces4 ,it would be difficult to call the place a village even2 it is more like one large cemetery1 whose five hundred inhabitants have the appearance of having returned to earth to mourn over the past and lost glories of their country and the ancient splendor of their kings40 ,outside the harbor is a large sand-bank1 called the 8,lady's ,bank10 which for several centuries has blocked up the entrance so that no great ships can enter1 and tradition has seized upon this to point a moral eminently appropriate to the former proud merchants of this hopelessly dead city4 ,it is said1 and repeated by ,guicciardini1 that a rich widow1 8petulant and saucy10 freighted a ship for ,dantzic1 and bade the master bring back a cargo of the rarest merchandise he could find in that town4 ,finding nothing more in requisition there than grain1 he loaded the ship with wheat and returned4 ,the widow was indignant at his bringing her such common stuff1 and ordered him1 if he had loaded the grain at backboort1 to throw it into the sea at stuerboort1 which was done1 whereupon there immediately rose at that place so great a sand-bank that the harbor was blocked2 hence the bank is still called 8,le ,sable10 or 8,le ,banc de la ,dame40 ,at ,urk1 a truly patriarchal fishing village1 where 8every one1 as at ,marken1 wears the national costume1 from the brat who sucks his thumb to the old man palsied with age10 and where the inhabitants 8consider themselves related1 forming one and the same family10 and are 8just as hospitable and polite as at ,marken10 ,havard spent a few very pleasant hours4 ,this place is anterior to the ,zuyder-,zee1 and was already1 in the ninth century1 a fishing settlement on one of the islands in ,lake ,flevo4 ,havard thinks that the women1 with their healthy beauty and graceful but evident strength1 are good samples of the race that inhabited these lands a thousand years ago4 ,on entering the mouth of the ,yssel the travellers left the tjalk and went across country to ,kampen1 admiring on their road the beautiful fields with the cows almost hidden in the long grass1 the farms on little hillocks looking like miniature fortified castles1 and the other farms surrounded by tall trees1 where all is of a blue color1 from the small milk-pails to the wheelbarrow1 and the ladder leading to the loft4 ,kampen dates only from the thirteenth century1 but it grew rapidly1 and two hundred years later became an ,imperial town1 governed itself1 and had the right of coining money4 ,at the ,reformation there was no breaking of images or destruction of works of art1 neither was there any outbreak against the religious orders4 ,large1 massive towers with pointed roofs overhang the quay and flank an enormous wall1 through which an arched doorway leads into the town4 ,the ,celle-broeders-,poort dates from the sixteenth century1 and is built of brick and stone1 with octagonal towers1 oriel windows1 and carved buttresses1 besides a gallery projecting over the door4 ,this gate was named after the convent of ,brothers of the ,common ,life1 formerly situated in the street leading to the ,poort4 ,the order has been made famous by the author of the ,imitation4 ,it was one of the most popular in the ,low ,country1 and was founded at ,deventer by ,gerhard ,groot1 a young and luxurious ecclesiastic1 whose life reminds one of ,de ,ranc1 and who1 giving up his preferments1 retired to his own house1 where he lived with a few other men in apostolical simplicity4 ,the services of his followers were invaluable during the plague1 or ,black ,pest1 in the fourteenth century4 ,his successor was ,florent ,radewyns1 a learned priest1 also in high ecclesiastical favor1 but who gave up his canon's stall at ,utrecht to embrace the life of a ,brother of the ,common ,life4 ,this institute is not unlike the original one of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 founded in ,italy a hundred years earlier2 only these brothers lived by the work of their hands1 mostly as copyists1 and as revisers of the manuscripts scattered over the town1 comparing them with the originals and rectifying the mistakes of inexperienced or careless copyists4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xi4 sanctioned the regulations of the order in #acgf1 and in #adca1 #adci1 and #adfb ,eugenius ,,iv4 and ,pius ,,ii4 confirmed the privileges of the rapidly-growing community1 which counted convents by the score all over ,holland4 ,about this time they opened schools for the young1 and 8their instruction was everywhere courted1 and their virtues1 as well as their great talents1 made them welcome even in the most distant countries4 ,their colleges were dedicated either to ,st4 ,jerome or ,st4 ,gregory1 and multiplied with astonishing rapidity4''' ,in their convent 7at ,brussels7 they had a printing-office40 ,their devotion to the poor and uneducated1 and their endeavors to counteract the progress of the ,reformation by expounding to the people the authorized version of the ,scriptures in the vulgar tongue1 and also uniting their hearers in prayers and offices in ,dutch1 ,flemish1 and other vernacular1 were misrepresented by their enemies1 and twisted into evidence of their heretical leanings4 ,kampen was rich in religious orders2 there were the ,minorites 7,franciscans71 whose church was built in the fourteenth century1 and is still the most ancient monument in the town1 but is now used as a school2 the ,recollects1 the ,carthusians1 the ,alexians1 besides six convents for women4 ,the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 with its double aisles and its grand simplicity1 its beautiful antique pulpit and ,renaissance panelling in the choir1 is well worth a visit1 were it not for the detestable impression likely to be made on the visitor by the excesses in plaster and paint that disfigure the building4 ,notre ,dame1 a church almost as large and as old1 has been restored1 and its sombre1 simple1 and grand decoration1 its panelling in imitation of the ,gothic1 and its careful imitation of the spirit of ancient ornamentation make it a more satisfactory object of pilgrimage4 ,but the pearl of ,kampen is the ,stadhuis1 or ,guildhallor rather what remains of it2 for part of it was destroyed by fire in #aedc4 ,the faade is very much like the ,chancellerie at ,leeuwarden1 and the niches still contain their original statuettes of the sixteenth century4 8,this corner of the townhall is a real delight to behold1 and to come upon a relic of this sort1 religiously preserved from ancient times1 is a great source of joy to an artist40 ,but the special attractions are in the interior1 especially in 8two rooms1 unique in their way1 ''' decorated with carved wainscoting1 which have remained intact from the early part of the seventeenth century1 when they were used as the council-chamber and judgment-hall4''' ,the walls are furnished with flags1 standards1 halberds1 pikes1 ''' and above the door ,i noticed some formidable-looking syringes in polished leather1 shining like gold1 which were used in former times to squirt boiling oil on those of the assailants who approached too close4 ,a magnificent balustrade1 crowned by an open gallery with columns supporting arched openings1 separates this hall from the other1 through which the persuasive eloquence of the advocates penetrated the council-chamber4''' ,running round the chamber is a huge carved bench1 divided into stalls by jutting pedestals which support a pillar of ,ionic base and ,composite capital4 ,an entablature also running the round of the room1 projecting above the pillars1 but receding over the stalls1 completes this kind of high barrier between the councillors1 and adds considerably to the majestic elegance which charms and impresses one4 ,at the end of the hall there is a fine chimney-piece1 comprising four divisions4 ,to mention its date1 #aedc1 is quite enough to give an idea of the beauty of its workmanship and the elegance of its curves40 ,among its curiosities are some fine silver goblets given to the town1 and some pieces of gold-plate belonging to the old guilds1 as well as the box of beans1 which served to determine the election of the municipality4 ,it is a small bonbonnire holding twenty-four beans1 six silver-gilt and eighteen of polished silver4 8,when it was a question of deciding which of the members of the council should be chosen for the administration1 the beans were put in a hat1 and each drew out one by chance1 and those who drew forth the silver-gilt beans immediately entered on their new functions4 ,this custom was not confined especially to ,kampen1 as it was formerly in vogue in the province of ,groningen40 ,zwolle 7not a sea city7 is a very old town1 but has a modern life tacked on to it1 and few of its public buildings1 churches included1 are worth commenting upon at length1 though its history is interesting and stirring4 ,it was the birth-place and home of ,thomas ,kempis1 known in his own day as ,hamerken1 but the convent where he lived has unfortunately disappeared4 ,harderwyk1 on the ,zuyder-,zee1 or the 8,shepherd's ,refuge10 was founded at the time of the disastrous flood which made the present sea4 ,some shepherds collected there from the flooded meadows1 and were joined by a few fishermen4 ,a hundred years after its incorporation as a town1 it was already prosperous enough to be named in the ,hanseatic ,union by the side of ,amsterdam1 ,kampen1 and ,deventer2 but it can boast of a better claim to notice than its material prosperity alone1 for it had a famous academy1 founded in #acgb1 and specially devoted to theology and what was then known of physical sciences4 ,except during an interval of half a century1 after an inundation that devastated and unpeopled the little city1 this school existed uninterruptedly till the ,french occupation1 a little less than a hundred years ago1 and among its native scholars1 many of whom are honorably known in the history of science1 it reckons the botanist ,boerhaave4 ,linnus spent a short time there in study and research1 and the town is not a little proud of having been sought out by distant scholars as a centre of the natural science of that day4 ,both these famous men have a memorial in ,harderwyk1 the former a bronze statue1 and the latter a bust in the public gardens4 ,one of the few interesting remains of the old town is the square tower of ,notre ,dame1 where fires were burnt1 by way of a beacon1 to guide fishermen and sailors out at night1 and indicate the position of ,harderwyk4 8,the sea10 says ,havard1 8is very wayward in these parts4 ,formerly it was at some little distance from the town1 but gradually it advanced1 and ended by washing its walls2 now1 however1 it has in some measure receded4''' ,when the tide is low1 fishermen often discover under the sand roads washed up by the waves1 paved with stones and bricks1 which prove that at some distant period streets existed where now the sea rules40 ,at present ,harderwyk is the depot of the troops intended for the ,indian and colonial army of ,holland1 and is1 in consequence1 rather a gay little place4 ,the charming1 antique1 and formerly turbulent town of ,amersfoort1 the birth-place of the heroic ,jan van ,olden ,barneveldt1 truly the 8father of his country10 was the last comparatively forgotten place where our author passed before he got back to the beaten track of travel1 through ,utrecht down the ,dutch ,rhine to ,amsterdam4 ,of this hardy1 learned1 and brave people of the ,netherlands he says but too truly that they are unknown outside their own frontiers4 8,nobody outside0 7of course he speaks of popular1 world-wide reputation2 for they are known in scientific and literary circles7 8knows that among the ,dutch are to be found honesty1 cordiality1 and sincere friendship2 they do not know that the language of ,holland is rich and poetic2 that the ,netherlanders have exceptionally fine institutions1 sincere patriotism1 and absolute devotion to their country40 ,he complains1 however1 that the country or its representative1 the government1 does not sufficiently encourage native artists1 authors1 and savants1 and forces her statesmen to 8submit to paltry coteries40 ,he also says that the decay of trade in the 8dead cities0 is partly attributable to the supineness of the inhabitants themselves1 though that certainly does not tally with their enterprising spirit of old1 and adds that ,amsterdam1 when threatened with the same dangerthe moving sands and the encroaching waters1 which have turned the harbors of the once wealthy ,hanseatic cities into desertsdid not 8sleep10 but 8with all their ancient energy1 not fearing to expend their wealth10 the inhabitants 8cut through the whole length of the peninsula of ,noord ,holland1 and created a canal #dj miles long and #abj feet wide1 wide enough for two frigates to pass one another02 and when that was found insufficient for their commerce1 8they again cut through the width of the peninsula1 as they had cut through its length1 giving to ships of the heaviest tonnage two roads to their magnificent port4 ,this was how the sons of old ,batavia fought against the elementsnothing stopped them2 and we see that the generations which succeed them are animated by the same spirit1 the same firm will1 the same calm energy1 never to be beaten by difficulties40 ,and now the last news of importance from the same spot is that of the projected draining of the ,zuyder-,zee1 which is a plan of gigantic magnitude1 the cost being estimated at #af1jjj1jjj sterlingi4e41 not far from #ajj1jjj1jjj;but the allotted time scarcely more than two years4 ,the ,dutch is a race tenacious of vitality and power1 and its future in its colonial empire1 which it is now thoroughly and scientifically surveying1 bids fair to rival its past4 ,even these 8dead cities10 when they cease to be fishing hamlets and relic-museums1 and1 by the draining of the inland sea1 have to turn for their support to new industries1 have a chance of revival4 ,the last marvellous ,dutch workthe completion of the ,north ,sea ,canalis a proof that the old energy is yet there1 and that great things may yet be expected1 nautically1 scientifically1 commercially1 and even agriculturally1 of the sturdy old stock of the 8,sea ,beggars40 #aie ,the ,dead ,cities of the ,zuyder-,zee3 ,a voyage to the picturesque side of ,holland4 ,by ,henri ,havard4 ,translated by ,annie ,wood4 ,london3 ,bentley ,son4 #aif ,the author has unfortunately omitted to give some of these proofs1 and we have only his word for this assertion4 #aig ,probably lightest4 #aih ,cornelius ,kempius4 ,,the ,,great ,,strike ,,at ,,errickdale4 ,errickdale is famous for its coal-pits4 ,it has dozens of them4 ,all night long their fires glow red through the darkness1 and all day the sound of pick and hammer1 and the creak of rusty iron chains dragging heavily-loaded cars up the slope of the mines into the light1 and the cry of the miners1 and the tramp of their hob-nailed shoes as they come and go1 fill the place with noisy life4 ,it is a lonely place otherwise1 close to the sea-coast4 ,a ponderous stone wharf juts far out into the water1 and a tramway runs down to it for the use of the cars which take the coal to the vessels that are constantly loading4 ,the village of ,errickdale1 at the time of our story1 consisted of the black buildings connected with the mines1 the rows of tumble-down tenements where the miners lived1 and one spacious1 rambling1 old-fashioned dwelling1 built a century previous by the first owner and opener of the mines1 and preserved intact ever since1 in its antique and solid elegance1 by each new owner of the place4 ,eight months of the year it was closed1 with the exception of a few rooms occupied by the agent1 the old housekeeper1 and two servants2 one other apartment being always kept in readiness to receive the master whenever1 for any reason1 he chose to make his appearance4 ,but for four months1 from ,june to ,october1 the whole house was thrown open and filled with a brilliant company1 who spent the summer days in merry idleness1 and made ,errickdale a scene of delight4 ,beautiful it was always1 in spite of its lonelinessa loneliness so extreme that not another town or village1 or house or hut1 was to be met with for a dozen miles around it1 except ,teal1 lying hidden from sight behind the hills1 and five good miles away at that1 and the lighthouse which rose up eerily on the summit of the dangerous1 ugly rock-ledge in the centre of ,errick ,bay4 ,that bay gave ample opportunity for sailing1 rowing1 bathing1 fishing2 the beach was firm and good for those who cared to walk2 the rocks were bold and tempting for those who cared to climb4 ,in the fields the wild pink roses bloomed1 and strawberries1 raspberries1 baked-apple berries1 and blueberries followed one upon the other in superabundance4 ,the heaps of coal-dust1 the begrimed men1 the care-worn women and dirty children1 the comfortless dwellings1 marred very much the beauty of the place2 but what would be the place without them8 ,the guests who came there soon forgot such trifles as the days sped by in merry-making2 and in the city of ,malton a summer at ,errickdale was spoken of as a season of unrivalled pleasure4 ,it was in ,malton that ,john ,rossetti1 the present owner of ,errick mines1 had his palace-like city home4 ,there he had collected such treasures as few men could boast1 even in that city1 famed for its eager pursuit of the beautiful and the costly2 and all of them he lavished upon the only being who made life dear to himthe daughter whom his idolized young wife had left to him when1 at the child's birth1 she died4 ,it is a marvel that ,eleanora ,rossetti grew up as amiable and gentle as she was2 for she scarcely knew what it meant to have a wish thwarted or the merest whim of her fancy ungratified4 ,delicate and fair like some sheltered plant1 she won love and tenderness wherever she went1 and it seemed to her only as the air she breathedshe knew nothing else4 ,that she should yield her will to another's never entered her mind2 that she was to do anything for others was an idea quite unknown to her4 ,life was hers to enjoy2 hearts were hers to command2 let her do what she would1 no one wished to hinder her4 ,she saw the beggars in the streets of ,malton1 she saw the poorly-clad people in ,errickdale1 but they never weighed upon her heart in the least4 ,they must be very lazy or very shiftless1 she thoughtif she ever thought of them at all4 ,with the approaching winter of her eighteenth birthdaythe winter of that great strike at ,errickdale which was to set the country ringingthere came many prophecies of want and famine1 but ,eleanora did not heed them4 ,she had a little dinner-party one evening4 ,they were sitting around the table loaded with costly silver and delicately-painted china and rare viands4 8,papa10 cried ,eleanora from the head of the board1 where she presided in girlish state1 her clear voice ringing down to him like a flute and attracting every one's attention8papa1 ,i mean to keep my eighteenth birthday by a masque-ball at ,errickdale40 ,and then1 glancing along each file of delighted and expectant guests with her brightest smile1 8,you are all invited at once10 she said1 8without further ceremony4 ,the night of the #bjth of ,january1 remember4 ,how ,i hope there will be snow underfoot and stars overhead and a biting frost6 ,there will be bed and board for all1 though some of the beds may have to be on the floor2 and sleighs or carriages will be waiting at ,teal station4 ,oh6 how delightful it will be60 ,nobody waited to see if permission would be granted her4 ,eleanora ,rossetti always had her way4 ,at once a ,babel of voices arose4 8,we will make summer of winter10 ,eleanora said4 8,the whole conservatory shall be sent down4 ,it shall be a ball of the old rgime2 and mind1 all of you1 no one shall be admitted who does not come dressed as a courtier of some sort to grace my palace halls4 ,i shall never be eighteen again1 and ,i mean to celebrate it royally40 8,she looks like a princess this moment10 said a youth on her right1 loudly enough for her to hear1 and to make her blush with pleasure2 and like a princess she looked indeed1 slender and tall and stately1 in her heavy purple robe1 with ermine and rare laces at the neck and wrists1 and diamonds in her ears that sparkled no more brightly than her eyes4 ,down in ,errickdale that night a northeast gale was blowing1 the waves were dashing their spray high up over the wharf and against the cliffs1 and the rain drove in slant sheets across the bay1 where the red eye of the lighthouse glared steadily4 ,in a cottage of three rooms1 apart from the tenements1 yet little better than they1 another ,john is sitting4 ,john ,o',rourke this1 an ,irishman1 come eighteen years since from the old country2 and with him sits his only daughter1 who will be eighteen in ,february4 ,bridget ,o',rourke has no need to fear the verdict if she is compared with the heiress of ,errickdale2 she is full as tall and stately1 and her dark1 severe beauty would be noticeable anywhere4 ,but there is no sparkle in her eyes1 that are heavy with unshed tears1 and no smile is on her lips4 ,these people are not poor1 as ,errickdale counts poverty4 ,it is much1 very much1 to have a house to yourself1 even though it be of three rooms only1 and floor and walls are bare4 ,it is much to wear whole clothes1 though the dress is cotton print and the coat is fustian4 ,it is much to have plenty of bread and cheese and a bit of cold meat on your table1 and to have a decent table to sit at4 ,errickdale counts these things luxuries4 ,john ,o',rourke is a sort of factotum for the agent1 and1 next to him1 has higher wages than any other man on the place2 but1 for all that1 his brow is lowering to-night1 and as he sits in moody silence his fingers work and his hands are clenched1 as though he were longing for a fight with some one4 8,you're not eating1 ,bridget1 my girl10 he said at last1 draining the last drop of his cup of tea4 8,you're not as hungry as ,i40 ,she pushed her plate away4 8,i can't eat1 father10 she said4 8,down in the hollow ,smith's wife and babes are crying with hunger1 and over at ,rutherford's the girls haven't a shoe to their feet in this bitter weather40 8,and so you must go hungry too1 girl80 he asked4 8,i can't eat10 she said again4 8,it chokes me4 ,why should ,i have good things1 and they go starving8 ,i wish ,i was starving with them60 8,tut1 tut1 girl6 ,what help would that be8 ,and what's ,smith1 anyhow1 and ,smith's boys1 but ,orangemen1 that hoot at ye ,sundays1 and laugh at your going ten miles1 all1 as they say1 to worship images80 ,bridget smiled faintly4 ,this righteous ,john ,o',rourke was no very fervent ,catholic in his deeds1 whatever his words might go to prove4 ,it was seldom that he found himself able to foot those good ten miles with her1 though she did it regularly1 in spite of ridicule and difficulty4 8,orangemen or not10 she answered1 8they're flesh and blood like me4 ,god made 'em4 ,if ,i try to eat1 ,i think ,i see them with nothing1 and ,i long to give all ,i have to them40 8,i tell ye10 ,o',rourke exclaimed1 8times are bad enough now1 but they'll be worse soon1 if master don't take heed4 ,there'll be a strike in ,errickdale before the winter's out40 8,o father6 no4 ,i hope not4 ,nothing like that would ever move the master4 ,he's that set in his own way1 he would only hold out stronger against 'emhe would40 8,i think so myself1 girl,i think so myself4 ,i've known him well these eighteen years2 he's firm as rock4 ,but the men don't credit it4 ,they are murmuring low now1 but it will be loud shouting before we know it4 ,bridget1 ,i'll to ,malton and see the master myself1 come morning40 8,yes1 father10 said ,bridget2 8and ,i'll go with you and speak with ,miss ,eleanora40 ,a few hours later1 the city lady and the ,irish girl stood face to face in ,eleanora's boudoir4 ,there was a startled look in ,eleanora's eyes4 ,what strange story is this which ,bridget tells her8 ,there must be some mistake about it4 8,they are very poor in ,errickdale10 ,bridget said slowly1 keeping down the quiver from her voice and the tears from her eye4 8,house after house they have nothing but potatoes or mush to eat1 and nothing but rags to wear4 ,i don't think it's the master's fault maybe4 ,sometimes ,i fear the agent is not all he should be1 miss40 ,as if ,john ,rossetti did not know the character of the man whom he had left in power among his miners6 ,alas for ,bridget6 and alas for ,errickdale6 8,but do you suffer1 ,bridget80 and ,eleanora looked at her compassionately1 and then with deep admiration4 ,she had let her talk1 had let her stay1 where carelessly she would have sent off any other1 because it was such a delight to her to see that face in its grave and regular beauty1 and to hear the rich voice with its sorrowful cadence like the minor note of an organ chant4 ,even had she been of like station and wealth with herself1 ,eleanora would have felt no pangs of jealous fear2 for her own beauty and that of ,bridget were of too perfect and delicious a contrast for that1 and her trained artistic taste was considering it with pleasure all the while that their talk went on4 8,not that way10 ,bridget answered her4 8,i've food and clothes a plenty myself4 ,but it's as if the hunger and want were tugging at my heart instead of my body1 by day and by night4 ,the lean faces and the wailing come between me and all else4 ,miss ,eleanora1 ,i wish you could once see themonly once40 8,what's this6 ,bridget ,o',rourke here too8 ,a well-planned plot1 truly40 ,and ,john ,rossetti strode into the room as though on the point of turning the girl out from it1 only his daughter1 coming to meet him1 stepped unwittingly between4 8,yes1 papa10 she said1 8it's ,bridget1 come to the city1 ,i suppose1 for the first time in her life4 ,and1 papa1 she tells such a sad story about ,errickdale4 ,will you please send them some money at once80 8,not a penny10 her father answered4 8,not one penny of mine or yours shall they have4 ,these people think to force me to their will by a strike6 ,they shall learn what manner of master they have4 ,do they not know that ,errick mines might lie idle a year1 and ,i hold my head above water bravely8 ,and do they dream there are no men willing and glad to be hired for the price they cavil at8 ,let them strike when they please4 ,that is the only message ,john ,o',rourke has to carry home with him for his pains1 and all that you shall have either1 ,bridget4 ,take it and be gone40 8,oh6 no1 ,bridget1 not yet10 ,eleanora cried4 8,i am not ready4 ,papa1 what can you be thinking ofsending her away when ,i am not ready to have her go8 ,let us consider for a minute1 papa4 ,she is so troubled02 and1 indeed1 ,bridget's face was livid in its distress1 and when she strove to speak her voice died away in a moan4 8,how much do the people want1 papa80 ,he laughed grimly4 8,i shall grant them nothing10 he said4 8,however1 since you are curious1 they do not want as much as your ball will cost me1 my love4 ,how would you like to give that up for them80 8,my ball6 ,of course not4 ,what a ridiculous idea6 ,all ,malton knows of it by this time1 and twenty people are invited already1 and ,i have sent for my dressmaker4 ,of course ,i could not give that up for anything6 ,but you were only jesting1 papa dear4 ,i know you could not mean it4 ,bridget1 papa knows best1 you may be sure4 ,i never trouble my head about business4 ,but ,i will tell you what you shall do4 ,i am going to have a masque-ball at ,errickdale in ,januarysuch grand doings as were never known there beforeand you shall come to it6 ,you shall be where you can see the splendid court-dresses and the flowers and the feast1 and hear the musicthe very best music that ,malton can furnish4 ,so don't worry any more1 ,bridget1 and you shall surely be there40 ,bridget looked slowly round the room1 full of warmth and light1 and comfort and beauty4 ,from the picture-frames haggard eyes seemed to stare at her2 in the corners1 and half hidden by the velvet hangings1 figures wasted by want seemed to stretch their bony fingers towards her2 through the canary's song and the splash of the scented fountain voices weak with fasting seemed to call on her for aid4 ,but it had become impossible for her to utter another word in their behalf4 ,a plan1 a hope1 flashed through her mind4 8,yes1 ,miss ,eleanora10 she said1 8,i will come to your ball40 ,and waiting for no more words1 she went away4 8,she is worrying her life out10 ,eleanora said pityingly4 8,i don't believe she eats properly40 ,and taking more trouble for a poor person than she had ever done before1 she wrote to the housekeeper at ,errickdale to send ,bridget ,o',rourke every day substantial and tempting food enough for an entire meal4 ,then she dismissed the whole matter2 or rather the dressmaker was announced1 and the important question as to whether her balldress should be of velvet or satin drove all minor subjects1 such as hunger and cold and nakedness1 from her mind4 ,meanwhile1 ,bridget strove to calm her father's wrath1 which he poured forth volubly as the train carried them home2 and when he was still1 she thought out to its full scope the plan which had occurred to her4 ,she would go to the ball1 and1 when the guests were assembled1 she would step forth from her hiding-place1 and stand before them all1 and plead the people's cause4 ,but the more she thought of it the more her heart misgave her4 ,why should she hope they would heed her then rather than to-day8 ,would not the master only be the more incensed against his miners1 because of the shame to which he would be exposed8 ,yes1 she felt sure that this would be the result4 ,and then the long1 long days and weeks which must elapse before the chance would come at all6 ,how could she endure it8 ,she put that sudden hope and plan away4 ,instead of it1 she prayed again and again with smothered sobs3 8,o ,christ6 who for love of us died for us1 save thy people now40 ,but she walked the long walk home from ,teal station without fatigue1 and came into ,errickdale strong and well1 to meet the woes she yearned to heal4 ,the children had learned to understand her pity for them4 ,they welcomed her return with cries for food2 she gave them what she could1 and lay down supperless herself that night to rest4 ,after that1 each day brought her a full meal from the great house1 but she never tasted of it2 there were those who needed it more1 she said4 ,once1 on her way to a poor family with a basket of these provisions1 the smell of the well-cooked food produced such a violent craving that it seemed to her for a moment that she should go mad4 ,with a great effort she controlled herself and stood still4 8,christ10 she prayed1 8have mercy6 ,shall ,i eat dainties while the children starve80 ,the craving did not cease1 but strength to resist it came4 ,she entered the wretched room to which she was bound1 and fed the inmates who crowded around her2 then she hurried home4 ,in the cupboard were a few crusts and a bone already well picked4 ,how sweetly they tasted6 ,and while she feasted on them a woman crawled feebly in4 8,i've fasted long10 she said1 and quietly ,bridget gave her all she had4 ,twice afterward she felt that horrible craving1 and then it ceased4 ,her father saw that she ate little1 but never guessed how little it really was2 he saw that she grew pinched and pale1 but fancied it was grief alone that caused it4 ,he did not know1 and no one knew1 that1 with what ,errickdale counted 8plenty0 at her command1 ,bridget was living like the poorest4 ,the thirst for self-sacrifice1 the thirst of a supernatural love1 consumed her4 8,,he did it10 she used to say to herself4 8,he was poor for us1 and he died for us40 ,from her room one by one her possessions departed2 she carried them to those who1 as she thought1 needed them more1 or she disposed of them for their use4 ,soon the attic room1 which no one but herself ever entered1 held literally nothing but the crucifix on the wall4 ,laying her weary limbs on the hard floor at night1 she thought of the hard cross whereon her ,lord had died4 8,mine is an easier bed than his10 she said1 and smiled in the darkness4 8,may he make me worthier to share his blessed pains60 ,but the nights were few that she spent on even so poor a couch as this4 ,there was sickness in ,errickdale as well as want1 and ,bridget was nurse1 and doctor1 and servant1 and watcher beside the dead4 ,and in her princess life at ,malton ,eleanora ,rossetti counted the same long hours blithely1 eager for her festival to come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the #bjth of ,january6 ,stars overhead1 and snow underfoot1 and a biting frost to make ,errickdale as merry as its heiress wished4 ,winter without1 and want and woe perhaps2 but who needed to think of that8 ,in the old mansion summer itself was reigning4 ,orange and lemon trees mingled their golden fruits and spicy bloom in the corridors and halls and up and down the winding stairs4 ,lamps burned some faintly-scented oil1 that filled the warm air with a subtle1 delicious odor1 and lamps and tall wax tapers flooded the room with golden but undazzling light4 ,fountains played among beds of rare ferns and exotics2 and magnificent blossoms lay in reckless profusion upon the floor1 to be trodden upon1 and yield their perfume1 and die unheeded4 ,and in doublet and hose and cap and plume1 and all the gay festival gear of a king's court of medival times1 hosts of servants waited upon ,eleanora's word4 ,the winter twilight fell soon over ,errickdale4 ,in its gathering shadows ,john ,rossetti was galloping home from ,teal on his swiftest horse1 when the creature shied suddenly1 then stopped1 trembling all over4 ,a woman stood in the path1 ghostly and strange to see through the gloom4 ,fearless ,john ,rossetti started at the unexpected sight4 8,what do you want of me80 he asked4 8,food10 the woman answered1 in a voice that thrilled him with inexplicable awe2 from some far-off land it seemed to comea land that knew nothing of ease and joy4 8,your people die of want1 and cold1 and pain10 it said4 8,in the name of ,god ,almighty1 and while you have time1 hear me and help them40 ,then this fearless ,john ,rossetti sneered4 8,while ,i have time80 he said4 8,i have no time to-night1 ,i warrant you4 ,choose better seasons than this for your begging1 ,bridget ,o',rourke40 ,he struck the spurs into his horse1 but1 though it quivered all over again1 it would not move an inch4 ,the woman lifted her hands to heaven4 8,god1 my ,god6 ,i have done all ,i can10 she said4 8,i leave it now with thee40 ,and so she vanished4 ,in ,errick ,hall ,eleanora was speaking to a servant4 8,make haste10 she said4 8,i had almost forgotten it4 ,make haste and bring ,bridget ,o',rourke to me4 ,i promised she should see it all40 ,the servant hurried obediently to ,john ,o',rourke's cottage4 ,its owner was crouching sullenly over the fire4 8,where's my girl80 he said4 8,miss ,eleanora wants her to see the sights8 ,see 'em she shall1 then4 ,it's little she gets of brightness now1 poor thing4 ,bridget6 ,bridget60 ,but though he called loudly1 no one answered4 ,he climbed the stairs to the dark attic1 and still no reply4 8,give me the light1 boy10 he cried1 with a dull foreboding at his heart1 and he and the servant entered the room together4 ,she was not there4 ,what was more1 nothing was thereliterally nothingexcept the cross of ,him who gave his all1 his very life1 for men4 8,i fear1 ,i fear10 this ,john said1 trembling2 and he took the crucifix down1 and carried it with him for defence against invisible foes whom he dreaded far more than anything he could see4 8,we will go look for her1 ,o',rourke10 the servant said4 8,i must find her for ,miss ,eleanora1 if not for her own sake40 ,in the kitchen supper was on the table1 and the fire crackled on the hearth4 ,her loving father had been waiting long for her4 ,where was the child8 ,they asked the question at every tenement and every room4 ,the people joined them in the search for her whom they all held dear4 ,on the outskirts of the place1 and where the road stretched out without another sign of habitation for five miles to ,teal1 was a lonely hovel4 8,she's there10 one woman said to another4 8',course she's there4 ,might 'a' known it4 ,jake ,ireton's wife had twins yesterday1 and it's little else they have4 ,she's there1 caring for 'em40 ,yet they paused at the door1 as if loath to open it4 ,the whole throng seemed to feel that vague foreboding which ,john ,o',rourke had felt2 those who were able to crowd into the narrow room entered it timidly4 ,what was it that they dreaded8 ,in the grand saloon of ,errick mansion1 decked like a regal ballroom1 ,john ,rossetti's daughter1 attired gorgeously like the ,french queen in the famous painting which is ,malton's pride1 received her courtiers2 and the band played the gay dance-music1 and the light feet of the dancers glided over the floors4 ,in the poorest hut of ,errickdale ,john ,o',rourke's daughter received her courtiers1 too1 in regal state4 ,it was dark and silent there before the torches were brought in4 ,by their flaring light the people saw the poor mother on a bed of rags and straw4 8,be still as ye can10 she said softly4 8,is't thee1 ,o',rourke8 ,thy good girl's been wi' me this four hours4 ,one o' my babbies died1 thank ,god6 ,she laid it out there all decent40 ,and then1 in the dim light1 they saw the outline of a tiny form beside the bed2 such being the roses and adornings of ,bridget's court4 8,she heard a horse go trampling by1 and went to see 't10 the woman said4 8,when she came back1 says she3 #8',twas master4 ,i've pleaded my last plea for my people4 ,my heart's broke4' ,then t'other babby cried1 and she took't to still it1 and she lay down wi' it1 and1 ever since1 they've both been still1 and ,i hope she's sleepit and forgot her woes awhile1 ,god bless her60 ,sleeping on the hard floor1 but she does not feel it4 ,they bring the torches near her2 she does not heed the glare1 though the baby on her bosom starts and wakes and weeps4 ,she does not hear it weep4 ,in truth1 this queen has forgotten her woes in a dreamless slumber1 and truly ,god has blessed her2 but with bitter wailing her courtiers kneel before her in the court of ,death1 the king4 ,there is food on the table which her own hands had placed there2 there is fire on the hearth which her own hands kindled4 ,she who lies there dead has not died of cold or hunger2 she has died of a broken heart4 ,and the viol and flute and harp ring sweetly1 and the trumpet and drum have a stately sound in ,errick ,hall1 and youths and maidens dance and make merry4 ,the great doors were flung open1 and in long procession the guests passed into the banqueting-hall1 where was room for every one to sit at the magnificent tables1 and ,eleanora was enthroned on a dais1 queen of them all4 ,reproduced as in a living picture was a ball of ,le ,grand ,monarque4 8,john ,rossetti has surpassed himself10 his guests said with admiring wonder4 ,in a pause of the music ,eleanora's silvery laugh was heard2 she looked with pride at her father1 and spoke aloud so that all might hear3 8,yes1 there never was such a father as mine4 ,his birthday gift is beyond my highest expectations40 8,rossetti of ,errickdale60 ,from above their heads the strange voice came4 ,far up in the embrasure of a window a man with a lighted torch was standing4 ,john ,o',rourke's eyes met ,john ,rossetti's1 and commanded them1 and held them fast4 8,we mean no harm10 he said4 8,we come peaceable1 if you meet us peaceable2 but if not1 there's danger and death all round ye4 ,i warn ye fairly4 ,miss ,eleanora bade my ,bridget come to see her feast1 and we've come to bring her4 ,ye'd best sit quiet1 all of ye1 for we've fire to back us40 ,and he held his torch dangerously near to the curtains4 ,errickdale hall and ,errickdale master were in his power4 ,coming through the hall they heard itthe steady1 onward tramp of an orderly and determined crowd2 the notes of a weird ,irish dirge heralded their coming4 ,two and two the courtiers of ,bridget ,o',rourke marched in4 ,men in rags1 their lips close-shut and grim1 a rude and flaring torch borne in each man's hand2 haggard women with wolfish eyes and scantly clad1 leading or carrying children who are wailing loudly or moaning in a way that chills the blood to hear1 while the women shrilly sing that dirge for a departed soulwould the terrible procession never cease8 ,blows and clamor would be easier to bear than this long-drawn horror1 as two and two the people filed around the loaded tables and gayly-attired guests4 ,rising in amazement at the first entrance of these new-comers1 throughout their coming ,eleanora stood upright1 one hand pressed upon her heart1 as if to quell its rapid beating4 ,beautiful1 and queenly despite her pallid cheeks1 she stood there1 yet two and two the people passed slowly up the hall1 and slowly passed before her dais1 and made no sign of homage4 ,it was another queen who held them in her sway4 ,was it over at last8for the procession that seemed to have no end ceased to file through the lofty doors4 ,the men stood back against the wall1 still with their lips close-shut and grim2 they lowered their torches as banners are lowered to greet a funeral train4 ,the women flung up their lean1 uncovered arms1 and shrieked out one more wail of bitter lamentation1 then stood silent too4 ,the very babes were still4 ,and all eyes were fixed upon the doorall except ,john ,o',rourke's1 that never stirred from ,john ,rossetti's face4 ,borne in state1 though that state was but a board draped with a ragged sheether face uncovered to those stars and to that biting frost1 her feet bare to those snows for which ,eleanora wished2 the face marked by a suffering which was far deeper than any that mere cold or hunger causes1 yet sealed by it to an uplifted look which was beyond all earthly loveliness2 the hands crossed on a heart that ached no longer1 over the crucifix which was this queen's only treasureso ,bridget ,o',rourke had come to ,eleanora's feast4 ,and so they bore her up the hall2 and before the regal dais this more regal bier stood still4 ,then at last ,eleanora moved1 and started1 and stretched out her hands4 8,what do you want of me80 she said4 8,what is it that you want of me8 ,speak to me1 ,bridget ,o',rourke4 ,speak to me40 ,they were face to face again in their youth and beauty1 but the contrast between them now brought no delight4 ,they were face to face again2 but let this heiress command as she might or beg as she might1 never again would the rich voice speak to her with passionate pleading1 or the grave eyes meet her own with a stronger prayer than words4 ,this ,queen of ,death made no answer to her royal sister1 except the awful answer of that silence which no power of earth can break4 8,rossetti of ,errickdale60 ,once again from far above their heads they heard him callingthe man whose earthly all lay dead before them4 8,we threatened to strike for food1 and we feared ye4 ,we suffered sore like slaves1 for we feared ye4 ,it's ye that may fear us now1 ,i tell ye1 for to-night we strike for a life4 ,give us my good girl's life againmy good girl's life40 ,he was wild with grief1 and the people were wild with want and grief4 ,echoing up to the arches1 their shout rang loud and long4 8,we strike for a life10 they cried4 8,give us back that life1 or we burn ye all together40 ,owner of princely wealth was he upon whom they called4 ,seven hours ago that life was in his giftone act of pity might have saved it1 one doled-out pittance kept the heart from breaking4 ,let him lavish his millions upon her now2 he cannot make her lift a finger or draw a breath4 8,john ,o',rourke60 ,it was not the master's voice that answered4 ,for the first time ,john ,o',rourke's eyes turned from the master and looked upon ,eleanora4 ,the queen of a night held out her hands again to her who had gone to claim the crown of endless ages4 8,john ,o',rourke10 she said1 gently and slowly1 so that each word carried weight1 8what is it that ,bridget wants of me8 ,what would she ask if she could speak to me to-night8 ,i will give her whatever she would ask4 ,does she want her life back again80 ,the unexpected question1 the gentle words1 struck home4 ,suddenly ,o',rourke's defiant eyes grew dim2 and through his tears he saw his good girl's face1 with the deep lines of suffering plain upon it1 and the new and restful look of perfect peace4 ,it pleaded with him as no words could plead4 8,miss ,eleanora10 he cried1 8,i wouldn't have her back4 ,not for all the world ,i wouldn't call her back4 ,she's been through sore anguish1 and ,i thank ,god it's over4 ,give us food and fair wages1 missthat's all she would ask of ye40 ,he paused1 and in the pause none dreamed how wild a fight the man was fighting with his wrath and hatred4 ,but still that worn and silent form pleaded with him and would not be gainsaid4 ,at length he spoke1 huskily3 8,and she would ask of us1 miss1 not to harm one of ye1 but to let master and all go free for the love of ,god4 ,shall we do what ,bridget would ask of us1 my men80 ,his strained voice faltered1 he burst into loud ,irish weepinga lonely father's weeping1 touching to hear in its patient resignation4 8,yes6 yes60 the men and women answered him2 and in the hall rich and poor wept and laughed together1 for the great strike of ,errickdale was over1 and peace was made1 and want supplied4 ,but through the tumult of sorrow and rejoicing she alone lay utterly unmoved and silent who had won life at the price of life4 ,the story is often told in ,malton of a young girl1 very beautiful and much beloved1 who renounced the world on the night of her eighteenth birthday1 in the very midst of a feast of unequalled splendor1 and at the threshold of a future full of brilliant promise4 ,they say she dwelt in lonely ,errickdale1 among the poor and ignorant1 and lived like them and for them4 ,and now and then they add that1 when once some one ventured to ask her why she chose so strange a life1 she answered that she had seen death at her feast in the midst of pomp and splendor1 and had learned1 once for all1 their worth4 ,but when she was further asked if she could not be willing1 like many others present at that feast1 to care for the poor and to give to them1 and yet have joy and comfort too1 the fire of a divine love kindled in her eyes1 and she answered that she counted it comfort and joy to live for the people for whom she had seen another content and glad to die4 ,,modern ,,melodists4 ,,schumann4#aii ,robert ,schumann was the true successor of ,schubert4 ,the impassioned admirer of him whom he designated as 8the ,prince of ,melody10 ,schumann1 though not equalling his inimitable predecessor1 succeeded nevertheless in winning for himself a lofty place among the masters of lyric music4 ,we say that ,schumann has not equalled ,schubert2 but it must not thence be concluded that he is necessarily inferior to his rival each time that he treats an analogous subject4 ,schumann has perhaps rendered all the shades of human love with as much truth and depth as ,schubert1 but scarcely ever has he reached the dramatic power of 8,the ,erl ,king0 and 8,the ,young ,nun02 never has he found the brilliant coloring and light which shines out in 8,the ,mariner10 8,the ,departure10 and 8,the ,stars40 ,thus ,schumann's ,hidalgo is evidently the same cavalier as he of ,schubert's 8,departure40 ,in ,schubert he quits his ,german ,fatherland and hurries forth to seek new pleasures4 ,schumann takes him into ,spain3 8,mine be fresh flow'rets rare10 he cries1 8the hearts of ladies fair1 and mine the combat fierce40 ,alas6 ,quantum mutatus6 ,the beauties of ,spain bring small inspiration1 and ,schumann's bolero resembles the joyous song of ,schubert just as much as a military band of ,madrid resembles an orchestra of ,vienna4 ,in the same way1 in dramatic situations1 ,schumann is not always well inspired4 ,instead of being simple1 his thought is vulgar 7as in 8,the ,hostile ,brothers0 and 8,the ,two ,grenadiers071 or else1 in larger works1 his search for the dramatic accent gives a strained expression to his style and a wearisome obscurity to his intention4 ,this1 however1 is not always the case4 ,who does not know the admirable 8,funeral ,march0 of his ,quintette1 assuredly the most beautiful of his symphonic works1 and excelling all the musique de chambre of ,schubert8 ,the overture to ,manfred has many sombre beauties2 but instead of following these lugubrious accents by a plaint more melodious1 more human1 and less infernalinstead of letting in a little light to make his 8darkness0 yet more 8visible0,schumann only quits the shadows to precipitate himself into utter blackness1 and horror succeeds alarm4 ,we find1 however1 the true note of dramatic inspiration in the ,lied 8,j'ai pardonn10 with its cry of love betrayed and of terrible malediction4 8,j'ai vu ton me en songe1 ,j'ai vu la nuit o sa douleur la plonge1 ,et le remords tes pas enchain4 ,et ton printemps aux larmes destin40#bjj ,the effect is all the more striking because absolutely new3 an harmonic sequence of incredible boldness1 resolving itself into fresh discords more audacious still1 and1 hovering above1 a simple phrase of song1 which falls cold and solemn1 like a malediction from on high6 ,towards the middle the discords resolve themselves regularly2 and before resuming the original idea1 before returning to the expressions of anguish uttered by the first harmonies1 ,schumann allows us1 through eight bars1 a breathing-time1 on a very simple phrase which he keeps in the proximate keys to the primitive4 ,if1 with regard to the overture to ,manfred1 ,schumann is to be reproached with having allowed so little light to find entrance among its shadows1 he has1 at any rate in this case1 had the good sense to submit to the necessary laws of contrast1 and thus gains much by allowing us to breathe a few moments1 that we may realize more fully the depth of despair to which he is about to drag us down4 ,he returns to the first phrase1 and we hear again the chords which have already so deeply moved us2 still the melodic phrase enlarges and mounts upward1 while the discords take a new development4 ,after this tempest of the soul we reach the haven1 the key returns to ut on the words ,j'ai pardonne 78,i have pardoned071 and ,schumann leaves us filled with admiration1 not unmixed with horror4 ,strange eccentricity of the human genius6 ,in this sublime ,lied1 perhaps the most powerful page which ,schumann has written1 we can discover the germ of those defects which too often mar his more extended works1 and begin to understand why ,schumann has fallen into the obscurities we just now named4 ,what is1 in fact1 the especial characteristic of this wonderful melody8 ,despair2 but despair under tortuous and exaggerated forms4 ,if only ,schumann would have been content to paint the sufferings of the heart1 all might have gone well2 but no1 he exhausts himself in attempting also to render the tortures of the mind1 the anxious doubting of ,manfred1 the absolute negation incarnate in ,faust4 ,now1 if the torments of the heart furnish one of the most powerful elements of the drama 7,orestes1 dipus1 and ,phdrus prove this truth71 there is absolutely nothing artistic whatever in mental torments1 philosophic doubt1 and scepticism4 ,the true artist1 by his very nature1 must believe and love4 ,if against this assertion ,goethe1 ,byron1 and ,alfred de ,musset are quotedthree great poets1 with whom ,schumann has some analogywe would say3 ,all three were poets1 not because1 but in spite1 of doubt2 and1 what is truer still1 they are poets when they cease to doubt1 or when they struggle against it4 ,even ,alfred de ,musset was no sceptic when he exclaimed in his immortal 8,august ,night0 7,nuit d',aot73 8,o ma muse1 ne pleurez pas2 ,a qui perd tout1 ,dieu reste encore4 ,dieu l-haut1 l'espoir ici-bas60#bja ,alas6 ,schumann also knew the evil of our time4 ,was it not doubt which made him lose his way in the search after some impossible and anti-artistic ideal8 ,was it not doubt which1 by day and night1 tortured his sick soul and urged him on to commit suicide8 ,doubt1 in his impassioned mind1 engendered madness2 need we1 after this1 wonder that his artistic ideas were confused1 his tone unhealthy1 and that his music oftener makes us think of death than life1 darkness than light8 ,but when ,schumann succeeds in tearing himself from the fatal embrace of scepticism1 his musical inspirations take sublime flights4 ,when he sang of love he was truly great1 because he believed in love4 ,while ,schubert was content to throw off1 one by one1 without apparent connection1 his admirable ,lieder1#bjb ,schumann gathered all the shades of tenderness into a marvellous unityas1 for instance1 in the 8,loves of a ,poet0 and 8,woman's ,love10 in which we are made to traverse all its phases4 ,before saying any more about these two important works1 we would name several detached ,lieder of singular gracefulness3 8,dsir10 or 8,chanson du ,matin0 7,a ,morning ,song71 and 8,o ma ,fiance40 ,nor must we forget a reverie1 8,au ,loin0 7,far ,away71 on which is the impress of an infinite sadness4 ,we seem in it to be listening1 at the dead of night1 to the lament of an exile weeping at the thought of his country and all whom he loves4 ,it reminds us of a ,daniel singing1 on the banks of the ,euphrates1 the divine plaint of captivity3 ,super flumina ,babylonis1 illic sedimus et flevimus4 ,the 8,loves of a ,poet0 open with a series of little melodies full of poesya little nosegay of fragrant flowers which the poet offers to his beloved4 ,it is when1 alas6 he has been betrayed by the faithless one that he sings his sublime song 8,j'ai pardonn0a pardon which is1 nevertheless1 worse than a malediction4 ,if only the 8,loves of a ,poet0 ended with this admirable melody1 the work would be complete2 and the effect marvellous4 ,but no2 ,henri ,heine1 the author of the poem1 prolonged in an inexplicable fashion the situation1 henceforth without interest1 and the betrayed poet comes back to tell us that he isunfortunate6 ,did we not know it already8 ,he repeats this stale bit of information nine times over consecutively1 in nine 8,lieder10 and under nine different forms6a literary impossibility which inevitably reminds us of the despair of the ,cid1 persistently offering his head to ,chimenes4 ,at the fourth reapparition ,heine seems at last to begin to suspect that the plaintive tone is wearisome2 but he finds nothing better1 by way of a change1 than to throw his hero into the humoristic stylewe had almost said the grotesque4 ,our readers shall judge3 8,a man loves a woman1 ,of whom one1 more fortunate1 has the love40 ,already we have a trio of lovers4 ,we continue3 8,but he who reigns in this heart ,fancies another1 in his turn40 ,here1 then1 is an interesting quarternion of people who cannot contrive to come to an understanding with one another2 but we are not at the end4 ,enter another individual,number #e4 8,the fair one1 in revenge1 ,makes choice of an unknown40 ,and now1 place for the last lover1 ,whose 8hand and heart alike ,will be for the first comer40 ,a jurisconsult would simply have told us3 ,primus amat ,secundam1 qu ,tertium1 qui ,quartam1 qu ,quintum1 qui ,sextam ''' 7ctera desiderantur7which1 at any rate1 would have had the merit of clearness2 and1 on remarking immediately that the species contained three feminine terminations and three masculine1 he would have celebrated three marriages4 ,even the genius of ,goethe1 which imagined the ,elective affinities1 would never have sufficed to create these ,repulsive affinities4 ,but the one most to be pitied is the unfortunate ,schumann1 who had condemned himself to set this theory of ,elective ,repulsions to music4 ,in his place one would have preferred1 like ,rameau1 to seek one's inspirations fron the ,gazette de ,hollande4 ,henri ,heine1 after this tour de force1 has nothing left but to kill his poet2 and he kills him accordingly4 ,after a few more insipidities which fill the twelfth1 thirteenth1 fourteenth1 and fifteenth ,lieder1 the poet will order his coffin 8,of wood encircled with iron1 ,bigger than the tun of ,heidelberg1 ,longer than the bridge of ,treves ,or that of ,frankfort10 etc4 ,the last feature might have been touching1 if it had been better managed4 8,know you10 asks the poet1 8what makes my coffin so heavy8 8,it is that it contains my joy1 ,my sorrow1 and my love40 ,the music of ,schumann is affected by the feebleness of the poem4 ,the melodies which follow 8,j'ai pardonn0 are inferior to the preceding ones4 ,it is only towards the end that the musician escapes from the material hindrances of the subject2 the air gains in freedom1 the harmonies in richness2 the poor poet recovers some of his first accents when he sings3 8,it is that it contains my joy1 my sorrow1 and my love40 8,a ,woman's ,love40 ,here is a little poem far superior to the preceding4 ,the author is ,adalbert de ,chamisso1 well known for his ,wonderful ,history of ,peter ,schlemihl4 ,this time poet and musician identify themselves with each other marvellously1 and ,schumann lives and breathes in every verse of the poet4 ,in the first song the young girl owns her love3 8,have ,i1 then1 had a dream8 ,but him ,i see6 99 99 99 99 99 ,what makes me tremble thus1 ,and takes my sleep from me1 ,and makes my heart beat fast8 ,yes2 it is he60 ,throughout this melody one is conscious of a deep and inward happiness1 which is not without a pleasing touch of melancholy4 ,in that which next follows the young girl sings her beloved4 ,the rhythm is lofty1 the melody brilliant4 ,there are1 however1 in this ,lied parts which are not equal to the preceding1 and which are wanting in naturalness4 ,but listen2 she is loved3 8,why tremble thus8 why doubt1 my heart8 ,thou beatest nigh to breaking4 ,ah6 ,me has he chosen among all2 ,and thou1 my heart1 believ'st it not60 ,the enthusiasm which fills this melody makes it comparable to the deepest melodies of ,schubert4 ,what we feel peculiar in it to ,schumann is a feverish tone1 a shade of delirium1 if we may say so1 which we might seek for in yain in ,schubert4 ,the ternary rhythm1 especially when the measure is rapid1 is singularly suitable to impassioned movements4 ,a chord1 detached not too strongly falls upon the first beat of each bar2 the hurrying melody stops upon the word ,ah1 on a concord of the seventh1 very simple1 but of a pleasing effect after the regular ascent of the bass4 ,then it continues1 rapid and fevered1 and the first phrase closes in ,c1 on the words3 8,and thou1 my heart1 believ'st not40 ,then1 more slowly1 the maiden caresses her precious memories3 8,his mouth has said to me3 ,i love thee40 ,the melody softens1 the phrase is more free and becomes freshly animated on the words1 8,a dream bewilders me10 then bursts out powerfully when the young girl exclaims3 8,o ,heaven6 if this is but a dream1 ,then may ,i wake no more40 ,this phrase1 by its lofty accent and a certain lyric transport1 pleasantly recalls certain movements of ,gluck's4 ,when1 in a low voice1 the maiden resumes1 8,why tremble thus10 etc41 we might think the melody terminated4 ,but the artist has kept us a few last notes1 breathed from the depths of his soul4 ,after an eager repetition of the words1 8,me has he chosen among all1 and thou1 my heart1 believ'st it not10 she once more utters them1 very slowly and very softly1 in a melodic phrase full of tenderness and supplication4 ,she is more calm2 her heart belies her mouth1 and she believes4 ,the fourth and fifth ,lieder are two songs of an affianced maiden4 ,the young girl at first sings to herself of her betrothed1 and the sentiment of the music is inward1 tranquil1 and deep2 but on quitting her father's roof to meet her husband the fiance sings to her sisters1 with a youthful pride and gladness1 8,if ,i am fair1 ,i owe it only to my happiness10 and the melody breaks into a song of exceeding beauty4 ,a wife1 she murmurs soon into her husband's ear1 8,i hope10 and in the following ,lied we see her as a mother4 ,she presses her little one to her heart1 and a melody of exquisite sweetness expresses the words3 8,fresh brightness and new love ,in a cradle are revealed40 ,alas6 the eighth ,lied recalls us to sorrow1 the great reality of life4 8,o bitter woe6 my best-beloved beneath the wing of death is sleeping2 forlorn1 ,i shrink within myself1 and solace my sad heart with weeping40 ,then the veil falls4 8,again ,i see thee1 happiness gone by ,of former days40 ,so ends the poem4 ,but if the part of the poet is finished when he has made this sorrowful appeal to the past1 there is nothing to enchain the inspiration of the musician4 ,from the depth of his grief1 at the foot of this coffin1 the poet has just evoked the memories of happiness for ever fled4 ,the musician will give a voice to that soul which is called music,o marvellous power6 ,words would be misplaced2 harmonies are more discreet1 more silent4 ,there is nothing outward here2 it is the soul1 contemplating the past1 to which music lends its poignant reality4 ,we cannot quit ,schumann without a few words on the wife he so loved1 and who has shown herself worthy of his love by a steadfast devotion to the memory of her husband1 so long and so unjustly unappreciated4 ,the author of a number of remarkable ,lieder1 ,mme4 ,clara ,schumann deserves a place among the most distinguished representatives of the melodic style4 ,her place should be elsewhere1 among living composers1 but we could not separate her even in thought from the husband to whom1 in death1 she proves so faithful4 ,we have read with exceeding pleasure a little collection of ,lieder1 of which the idea is touching4 ,the husband and wife contributed each their flowers 7of melody7 to the garland they have woven4 ,we even doubt whether the best page of this collection is not a melody by ,mme4 ,schumann1 entitled 8,love for ,love40 ,if we were asked1 ,what is the style of ,mme4 ,schumann8 we should answer1 ,that of ,robert ,schumann4 ,can we wonder at it8 ,they loved each other so much that their souls must gradually have come to bear a mutual resemblance1 and they would have but one inspiration1 as they had but one love4 ,schubert and ,schumann are the two composers of the past who occupy the first rank in the melodic style2 they have in common that the ,lied has been carried by them to its highest expression1 and that in return they owe to it their most lasting renown4 ,in a complete work we should have now to inquire what the different great composers have been at the time when they were drawn by their inspirations on melodic ground4 ,without entering into disquisitions which would here be out of place1 we ought nevertheless1 from the fear of being too incomplete1 bring forward certain ,lieder which1 however small a place they may claim among the works of the masters of whom we are about to speak1 none the less reveal an illustrious origin4 ,haydn1 ,mozart1 and ,beethoven have written a tolerably large number of melodies1 very little known until twenty years ago1 when an intelligent editor had the happy idea of collecting in one volume forty of these melodies1 chosen from the most beautiful4#bjc ,it needs no long examination to show that ,haydn and ,beethoven1 always inspired1 but above all symphonists1 generally take some large phrase which one would suppose borrowed from one of their symphonies4 ,thus ,haydn's 8,love ,song0 reminds us of those fine themes with which his andantes open2 and in the same manner ,beethoven1 who1 by exception1 has found in his charming 8,adelaide0 the true form of the melody1 surprisingly recalls1 in the canzonetta1 8,in questa tomba10 the admirable adagio of the grand ,sonata ,appassionnata in ,f minor4 ,mozart1 who was more of a melodist#bjd than these two masters1 has composed real ,lieder1 in which1 at times1 we seem to have a presentiment of ,schubert4 ,thus1 8,the ,cradle ,song0 might very suitably bear the signature of the author of 8,the ,young ,mother40 ,elsewhere1 on the contrary1 in 8,l',amour ,malheureux0 and 8,loin de toi10 we find the style and the dramatic accent of the author of ,don ,juan and ,the ,magic ,flute4 ,the ,lieder of ,weber and ,mendelssohn1 of ,meyerbeer1 of ,berlioz and ,richard ,wagner1 will not detain us longer4 ,these illustrious masters have cultivated the ,lied with too little zeal to have won from it any lasting fame4 ,even ,meyerbeer would gain nothing by our dwelling on this subject in regard to him4 ,he has a certain 8,monk0 upon his conscience1 of which the less we say the better4 ,on the other hand1 other artists1 greatly inferior to those just named1 have given in their melodic compositions the full measure of their talent4 ,we may quote1 as examples1 ,niedermeyer1 an accomplished musician1 whose 8,lake0 has obtained a great and deserved success2 ,monpou1 the author of 8,castibelza10 whose merit must not be confounded with that of such contemporaries as ,abbadie1 ,arnaud1 and ,losa ,puget4 ,in ,italy ,rossini and ,donizetti have left melodies to which they have given the singular name of ,soires4 ,our readers will recall ,rossini's 8,mira la bianca luna10 which has a real charm1 but which reminds one rather of the author of the 8,gazza ladra0 than of the inspired singer of 8,william ,tell40 ,in the 8,abbandonata0 ,donizetti reaches a truth of expression of which1 unfortunately1 he has not been too lavish4 ,in listening to those prettinesses1 written chiefly to obtain pleasing vocal effects1 and which1 in the hands of writers like ,bordogni1 ,gordigiani1 and their compeers1 have been lowered to the level of the most vulgar vocalization1 we find ourselves regretting the old masters of the ,italian school,scarlatti1 ,lotti1 ,marcello1 ,durante1 whose melodies are incontestably more youthful and fresh than the romances of the modern ,italian composers4 #aii ,see 8,les ,mlodistes10 by ,m4 ,arthur ,coquard in ,le ,contemporain for ,nov4 #a1 #ahgb4 #bjj 8,in dreams ,i have seen thy soul2 ,i have seen the night in which she hides her woe2 ,i have seen remorse to thy footsteps chained1 and thy springtime doomed to tears40 #bja 8,weep not1 my ,muse2 oh6 weep no more4 ,god stays with him who loses all beside,god on high1 and hope below60 #bjb ,we hope that in a former notice we have shown that there is an artistic connection between them4 7,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,february1 #ahgg47 #bjc ,quarante ,mlodies de ,beethoven1 ,mozart1 et ,haydn1 chez ,flaxland4 #bjd ,we say melodist1 and not melodic4 ,one may be a musician of the first order without being a great melodist4 ,thus ,meyerbeer1 so great in other respects1 is a poor melodist2 but will any one say that he is not melodic8 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,brown ,,house ,,at ,,duffield2 or1 ,life within and without the ,fold4 ,by ,minnie ,mary ,lee4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgf4 ,a good ,catholic novel is still1 we fear1 ,nigro simillima cygno4 ,the great majority of semi-controversial tales which have been written during the last twenty years1 by well-intentioned but injudicious writers of our faith1 have no claim to be recognized as works of art2 for their execution has been in general too hasty to admit of that careful study and elaboration indispensable to the production of an enduring work4 ,neither can they be fairly considered as natural or practical illustrations of the influence of our holy religion in social and domestic life1 still less as successful means of initiating outsiders into the beauties of the church's doctrines4 ,it is not the legitimate aim of a novel to be prosaically didactic4 ,one page of ,bellarmine or ,petavius contains more sound doctrinal position than the fresh cut leaves of any modern controversial tale4 ,of course in master-hands the difficult task of blending narrative and dogma has succeeded1 but it took no less a writer than ,cardinal ,wiseman to render ,fabiola interesting1 and it required the pen of ,father ,newman to write ,loss and ,gain4 ,narrative is better suited than controversy to most of our lay writers4 ,in every case the silent example of a noble character is more potent for good than the most ingenious arguments or most earnest exhortations4 ,the book before us is not free from the strictures we have passed on its numerous train of companions4 ,there is much improbability in the plot1 and a decided lack of naturalness in the characters4 ,it is a mistake to elevate an ordinary heroine to the highest plane of wisdom2 she ceases to be flesh and blood1 and then our interest in her ceases likewise4 ,the tale is replete with the holiest examples for imitation and the highest lessons in self sacrifice1 devotion1 and duty4 ,,frank ,,blake4 ,by ,dillon ,o',brien4 ,st4 ,paul3 ,pioneer ,press ,co4 #ahgf4 ,so long as works of fiction constitute an important department of literature of which the supply is rarely in excess of the demand1 it is well for critics to insist that at least no morbid products of fancy tinged with a vile pruriency be admitted to take rank under this head4 ,we are glad that the author of ,frank ,blake has appreciated this truth2 for though he has worked up some delicate situations1 he has been a most strict observer of propriety and has tempered sentiment with sense4 ,frank ,blake is an oft-told ,irish story4 ,the incidents are not such as we meet in ,orlando ,furioso1 but still such as are calculated to enlist a sober interest4 ,the plot is natural and ripens with ease4 ,for once the ,irish peasant is represented as though seven centuries of ,english misrule had at least enabled him to acquire a decent knowledge of the language of his subjugator4 ,but he is not by any means ,saxonized1 as is made evident by his unmistakable ,celtic wit and adequacy to meet and make the best of sudden emergencies4 ,,the ,,wise ,,nun ,,of ,,eastonmere1 ,,and ,,other ,,tales4 ,by ,miss ,taylor4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this unpretentious volume derives its chief attraction from the fact that every line bears testimony to the modest estimate the writer has formed of her powers4 ,we will not vouch for the amount of instruction to be derived from ,miss ,taylor's little book1 but there can be no doubt that it is edifying1 and in a wise1 sober sense4 ,its simplicity in style and construction makes up for the absence of more conspicuous qualities4 8,and few1 of all1 at once could make pretence ,to royal robes and rustic innocence40 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,dialect1 obsolete1 alternative1 and misspelled words were not changed4 ,obvious printing errors1 such as duplicate words1 backwards1 upside down1 unprinted1 or partially printed letters and punctuation1 were completed4 ,letters were added that had been dropped in typesetting when a word was hyphenated and split between two lines4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences were added4 ,missing punctuation was added or corrected at beginning and ends of sentences1 lines of poetry1 and abbreviations4 ,the copyright line at the bottom of the first page of each monthly volume was moved to follow the volume number and date4 ,footnotes were numbered sequentially and moved to the end of the article in which the related anchors occur4 ,the following were adjusted3 added anchor for ,footnote #ahh added hyphens3 bare-headed1 ''' waits bare-headed ''' sister-in-law1 ''' her sister-in-law1 and other ''' ,fitz-,james1 ''' said ,sir ,john ,fitz-,james in a low voice ''' added close parenthesis1 ''' 7,ps4 xc4 #aa1 #ab4hg7 ''' changed accent marks3 ,ou to ,o1 ''' ,o allons nous ''' ,hyeres to ,hyres1 ''' wishing for news from ,hyres ''' calche to calche1 ''' return in the calche ''' ,chteaubriand to ,chateaubriand1 ''' in his mouth by ,chateaubriand4 ,noted1 left unchanged3 there is no decimal between dollars and cents in price of books in ,new ,publications sections4