,! ,h>v>d ,classics ,volume #ch ,sci5tific ,pap]s 7,physiology1 ,m$ic9e1 ,surg]y1 ,geology7 ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,oa? ,,( ,,hippocrates ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,hippocrates ,,j\rneys ,,9 ,,div]se ,,places 444 ,,ambroise ,,p>e ,,translat$ ,,by ,,/eph5 ,,paget ,,on ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,blood ,,9 ,,animals ,,william ,,h>vey4 4 4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,willis ,,! ,,?ree ,,orig9al ,,publications ,,on ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,smallpox 4 444 44 ,,edw>d ,,j5n] ,,! ,,contagi\sness ,,( ,,pu]p]al ,,fev] ,o4 ,w4 ,,holmes ,,on ,,! ,,antiseptic ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,surg]y ,,"l ,,li/] ,,! ,,physiological ,,!ory ,,( ,,f]m5tation ,,l\is ,,pa/eur ,,translat$ ,,by ,f4 ,,faulkn] ,,& ,d4 ,c4 ,,robb 7,revis$7 ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,& ,,its ,,applications ,,to ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y 7,revis$7 4 444 44 ,,l\is ,,pa/eur ,,translat$ ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,ern/ ,,on ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,to ,,! ,,etiology ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,common ,,diseases 7,revis$7 ,,l\is ,,pa/eur ,,translat$ ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,ern/ ,,prejudices ,,:i* ,,h ,,ret>d$ ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,geology4 444 4 444 44 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell ,,uni=mity ,,9 ,,! ,,s]ies ,,( ,,pa/ ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,animate ,,& ,,inanimate ,,_w ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell ,,introductory ,,note ,hippocrates1 ! celebrat$ ,greek physician1 0 a contempor>y ( ! hi/orian ,h]odotus4 ,he 0 born 9 ! isl& ( ,cos betwe5 #dgj & #dfj ,b4 ,c41 & belong$ to ! family t claim$ desc5t f ! my?ical ,a,esculapius1 son ( ,apollo4 ,!re 0 already a long m$ical tradition 9 ,greece be=e 8 day1 & ?is he is suppos$ to h inh]it$ *iefly ?r\gh 8 pr$ecessor ,h]odicus2 & he enl>g$ 8 education by ext5sive travel4 ,he is said1 ?\gh ! evid5ce is unsatisfactory1 to h tak5 "p 9 ! ef=ts to *eck ! great plague :i* deva/at$ ,a!ns at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,he di$ at ,l>issa betwe5 #chj & #cfj ,b4 ,c4 ,! works attribut$ to ,hippocrates are ! e>lie/ extant ,greek m$ical writ+s1 b v _m ( !m are c]ta9ly n 84 ,"s five or six1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally grant$ to be g5u9e1 & among ^! is ! fam\s ,oa?4 ,?is int]e/+ docum5t %[s t 9 8 "t physicians 7 already organiz$ into a corporation or guild1 ) regulations = ! tra9+ ( disciples1 & ) an esprit de corps & a pr(essional ideal :i*1 ) slight exceptions1 c h>dly yet be reg>d$ z out ( date4 ,"o say+ occurr+ 9 ! words ( ,hippocrates has a*iev$ univ]sal curr5cy1 ?\gh few :o quote x to-day are aw>e t x orig9ally ref]r$ to ! art ( ! physician4 ,x is ! fir/ ( 8 ,aphorisms3 ,life is %ort1 & ! ,art long2 ! occasion fleet+2 exp]i5ce fallaci\s1 & judgm5t difficult4 ,! physician mu/ n only be prep>$ to d :at is "r himself1 b also to make ! pati5t1 ! att5dants1 & ext]nals coop]ate4 ,,! ,,oa? ,,( ,,hippocrates ,i swe> by ,apollo ! physician & ,a,esculapius1 & ,heal?1 & ,all-heal1 & all ! gods & goddesses1 t1 accord+ to my ability & judgm5t1 ,i w keep ?is ,oa? & ?is /ipulation --to reckon him :o taught me ?is ,art equally de> to me z my p>5ts1 to %>e my sub/ance ) him1 & relieve 8 necessities if requir$2 to look ^u 8 (fspr+ 9 ! same foot+ z my own bro!rs1 & to tea* !m ?is art1 if !y %all wi% to le>n x1 )\t fee or /ipulation2 & t by precept1 lecture1 & e o!r mode ( in/ruction1 ,i w imp>t a k ( ! ,art to my own sons1 & ^? ( my tea*]s1 & to disciples b\nd by a /ipulation & oa? accord+ to ! law ( m$ic9e1 b to none o!rs4 ,i w foll[ t sy/em ( regim5 :i*1 accord+ to my ability & judgm5t1 ,i consid] = ! b5efit ( my pati5ts1 & ab/a9 f :atev] is delet]i\s & mis*iev\s4 ,i w give no deadly m$ic9e to any "o if ask$1 nor sugge/ any su* c\nsel2 & 9 l mann] ,i w n give to a woman a pess>y to produce abortion4 ,) purity & ) hol9ess ,i w pass my life & practice my ,art4 ,i w n cut p]sons lab\r+ "u ! /one1 b w leave ?is to be done by m5 :o are practition]s ( ?is "w4 ,into :atev] h\ses ,i ent]1 ,i w g into !m = ! b5efit ( ! sick1 & w ab/a9 f e volunt>y act ( mis*ief & corruption2 &1 fur!r1 f ! s$uction ( females or males1 ( freem5 & slaves4 ,:atev]1 9 connection ) my pr(essional practice1 or n 9 connection ) x1 ,i see or he>1 9 ! life ( m51 :i* ought n to be spok5 ( abroad1 ,i w n divulge1 z reckon+ t all su* %\ld be kept secret4 ,:ile ,i cont9ue to keep ?is ,oa? unviolat$1 may x be grant$ to me to enjoy life & ! practice ( ! art1 respect$ by all m51 9 all times4 ,b %\ld ,i trespass & violate ?is ,oa?1 may ! rev]se be my lot4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,hippocrates ,m$ic9e is ( all ! arts ! mo/ noble2 b1 ow+ to ! ignorance ( ^? :o practice x1 & ( ^? :o1 inconsid]ately1 =m a judgm5t ( !m1 x is at pres5t f> beh9d all ! o!r arts4 ,_! mi/ake appe>s to me to arise pr9cipally f ?is1 t 9 ! cities !re is no puni%m5t connect$ ) ! practice ( m$ic9e 7& ) x alone7 except disgrace1 & t does n hurt ^? :o are famili> ) x4 ,su* p]sons are l ! figures :i* are introduc$ 9 trag$ies1 = z !y h ! %ape1 & dress1 & p]sonal appe>ance ( an actor1 b are n actors1 s also physicians are _m 9 title b v few 9 reality4 #b4 ,:oev] is to acquire a compet5t k ( m$ic9e1 ought to be possess$ ( ! foll[+ advantages3 a natural disposition2 in/ruction2 a favorable position = ! /udy2 e>ly tuition2 love ( lab\r2 leisure4 ,fir/ ( all1 a natural tal5t is requir$2 =1 :5 ,nature leads ! way to :at is mo/ excell5t1 in/ruction 9 ! art takes place1 :i* ! /ud5t mu/ try to appropriate to himself by reflection1 becom+ an e>ly pupil 9 a place well adapt$ = in/ruction4 ,he mu/ also br+ to ! task a love ( lab\r & p]sev]ance1 s t ! in/ruction tak+ root may br+ =? prop] & abundant fruits4 #c4 ,in/ruction 9 m$ic9e is l ! culture ( ! productions ( ! e>?4 ,= our natural disposition1 is1 z x 71 ! soil2 ! t5ets ( our tea*] are1 z x 71 ! se$2 in/ruction 9 y\? is l ! plant+ ( ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd at ! prop] season2 ! place :]e ! in/ruction is communicat$ is l ! food imp>t$ to vegetables by ! atmosph]e2 dilig5t /udy is l ! cultivation ( ! fields2 & x is "t :i* imp>ts /r5g? to all ?+s & br+s !m to maturity4 #d4 ,hav+ br\ght all ^! requisites to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & hav+ acquir$ a true k ( x1 we %all ?us1 9 travell+ ?r\gh ! cities1 be e/eem$ physicians n only 9 "n b 9 reality4 ,b inexp]i5ce is a bad treasure1 & a bad fund to ^? :o possess x1 :e!r 9 op9ion or reality1 be+ devoid ( self-reliance & cont5t$ness1 & ! nurse bo? ( timidity & audacity4 ,= timidity betrays a want ( p[]s1 & audacity a lack ( skill4 ,!y are1 inde$1 two ?+s1 k & op9ion1 ( :i* ! "o makes its possessor really to "k1 ! o!r to be ignorant4 #e4 ,^? ?+s :i* are sacr$1 are to be imp>t$ only to sacr$ p]sons2 & x is n lawful to imp>t !m to ! pr(ane until !y h be5 initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! sci5ce4 ,,j\rneys ,,9 ,,div]se ,,places ,,by ,,ambroise ,,p>e ,,translat$ ,,by ,,/eph5 ,,paget ,ambroise ,p>e 0 born 9 ! village ( ,b\rg-,h]s5t1 ne> ,laval1 9 ,ma9e1 ,france1 ab\t #aeaj4 ,he 0 tra9$ z a b>b]- surgeon at a "t :5 a b>b]-surgeon 0 inf]ior to a surgeon & ! pr(essions ( surgeon & physician 7 kept ap>t by ! law ( ! ,*ur* t =bade a physician to %$ blood4 ,"u :om he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip is unkn[n1 b by #aecc he 0 9 ,p>is1 :]e he receiv$ an appo9tm5t z h\se surgeon at ! ,hotel ,dieu4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s ( valuable exp]i5ce 9 ?is hospital1 he set up 9 private practise 9 ,p>is1 b = ! next ?irty ye>s he 0 !re only 9 ! int]vals ( peace2 ! re/ ( ! "t he foll[$ ! army4 ,he became a ma/] b>b]-surgeon 9 #aeda4 ,9 ,p>e's "t ! armies ( ,europe 7 n regul>ly equipp$ ) a m$ical s]vice4 ,! great nobles 7 accompani$ by _! private physicians2 ! common soldi]s doctor$ !mselves1 or us$ ! s]vices ( b>b]-surgeons & quacks :o accompani$ ! army z adv5tur]s4 ,:5 ,p>e jo9$ ! army says ,paget1 he w5t simply z a foll[] ( ,colonel ,montejan1 hav+ nei!r rank1 recognition1 nor regul> paym5t4 ,8 fees make up 9 romance = _! irregul>ity3 a cask ( w9e1 fifty d\ble ducats & a horse1 a diamond1 a collection ( cr[ns & half-cr[ns f ! ranks1 o!r honorable pres5ts & ( great value'2 f ! ,k+ himself1 ?ree hundr$ cr[ns1 & a promise he w\ld nev] let him be 9 want2 ano!r diamond1 ?is "t f ! f+] ( a du*ess3 & a soldi] once (f]$ a bag ( gold to him4 ,:5 ,p>e 0 a man ( sev5ty1 ! ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is made an attack on him on acc\nt ( 8 use ( ! ligature in/ead ( caut]iz+ aft] amputation4 ,9 answ]1 ,p>e appeal$ to 8 successful exp]i5ce1 & n>rat$ ! ,j\rneys 9 ,div]se ,places "h pr9t$4 ,?is ent]ta9+ volume gives a vivid picture1 n m]ely ( ! condition ( surg]y 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b ( ! milit>y life ( ! "t2 & reveals incid5tally a p]sonality ( rem>kable vigor & *>m4 ,p>e's own a*ievem5ts are record$ ) mode/ satisfaction3 ,i dress$ him1 & ,god heal$ him1 is ! refra94 ,p>e di$ 9 ,p>is 9 ,decemb]1 #aeij4 ,,j\rneys ,,9 ,,div]se ,,places ,footnote3 ,! pres5t translation is tak5 f ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,paget's ,ambroise ,p>e & ,8 ,times by arrangem5t ) ,messrs4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #aecg-aefi ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,tur94 #aecg ,i w "h %ew my read]s ! t[ns & places :]e ,i f\nd a way to le>n ! art ( surg]y3 = ! bett] in/ruction ( ! "y surgeon4 ,& fir/1 9 ! ye> #aecf1 ! great ,k+ ,francis s5t a l>ge army to ,tur91 to recov] ! t[ns & ca/les t _h be5 tak5 by ! ,m>quis du ,gua/1 ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ( ! ,emp]or4 ,m4 ! ,con/able1 !n ,gr& ,ma/]1 0 ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ( ! army1 & ,m4 de ,montejan 0 ,colonel-,g5]al ( ! infantry1 ^: surgeon ,i 0 at ?is "t4 ,a great "p ( ! army be+ come to ! ,pass ( ,suze1 we f\nd ! enemy occupy+ x2 & !y _h made =ts & tr5*es1 s t we _h to fight to dislodge !m & drive !m out4 ,& !re 7 _m kill$ & w\nd$ on bo? sides1--b ! enemy 7 =c$ to give way & retreat into ! ca/le1 :i* 0 captur$1 "p ( x1 by ,capta9 ,le ,rat1 :o 0 po/$ on a little hill ) "s ( 8 soldi]s1 :5ce !y fir$ /raight on ! enemy4 ,he receiv$ an arquebus-%ot 9 8 "r ankle1 & fell to ! gr\nd at once1 & !n said1 ,n[ !y h got ! ,rat4 ,i dress$ him1 & ,god heal$ him4 ,we ent]$ pell-mell into ! city1 & pass$ ov] ! dead bodies1 & "s n yet dead1 he>+ !m cry "u our horses' feet2 & !y made my he>t a*e to he> !m4 ,& truly ,i rep5t$ ,i _h left ,p>is to see su* a pitiful spectacle4 ,be+ come into ! city1 ,i ent]$ into a /able1 ?9k+ to lodge my own & my man's horse1 & f\nd f\r dead soldi]s1 & ?ree propp$ aga9/ ! wall1 _! features all *ang$1 & !y nei!r saw1 he>d1 nor spake1 & _! clo!s 7 /ill sm\ld]+ :]e ! gunp[d] _h burn$ !m4 ,z ,i 0 look+ at !m ) pity1 !re came an old soldi] :o ask$ me if !re 7 any way to cure !m2 ,i said no4 ,& !n he w5t up to !m & cut _! ?roats1 g5tly1 & )\t ill w t[>d !m4 ,see+ ?is great cruelty1 ,i told him he 0 a villa93 he answ]$ he pray$ ,god1 :5 he %\ld be 9 su* a plight1 he might f9d someone to d ! same = him2 t he %\ld n l+] 9 mis]y4 ,to come back to my /ory1 ! enemy 7 call$ on to surr5d]1 :i* !y did1 & left ! city ) only _! lives sav$1 & ! :ite /ick 9 _! h&s2 & mo/ ( !m w5t (f to ! ,*ateau de ,villane1 :]e ab\t two hundr$ ,spani>ds 7 /ation$4 ,m4 ! ,con/able w\ld n leave ^! beh9d him1 wi%+ to cle> ! road = our own m54 ,! ca/le is seat$ on a small hill2 :i* gave great confid5ce to ^? )91 t we c\ld n br+ our artill]y to be> ^u !m4 ,!y 7 summon$ to surr5d]1 or !y w\ld be cut 9 pieces3 !y answ]$ t !y w\ld n1 say+ !y 7 z good & fai?ful s]vants ( ! ,emp]or1 z ,m4 ! ,con/able c\ld be ( ! ,k+ 8 ma/]4 ,!reupon our m5 by night hoi/$ up two great cannons1 ) ! help ( ! ,swiss soldi]s & ! lansqu5ets2 b z ill luck w\ld h x1 :5 ! cannons 7 9 position1 a gunn] /upidly set fire to a bag full ( gunp[d]1 :]eby he 0 burn$1 ) t5 or twelve soldi]s2 & ! flame ( ! p[d] discov]$ our artill]y1 s t all night long ^? )9 ! ca/le fir$ _! arquebuses at ! place :]e !y _h caught sight ( ! cannons1 & _m ( our m5 7 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,next day1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ! attack 0 begun1 & we soon made a brea* 9 _! wall4 ,!n !y dem&$ a p>ley2 b x 0 too late1 = mean:ile our ,fr5* infantry1 see+ !m tak5 by surprise1 m\nt$ ! brea*1 & cut !m all 9 pieces1 save "o v fair "y girl ( ,pi$mont1 :om a great seigneur w\ld h4 444 ,! capta9 & ! ensign 7 tak5 alive1 b soon aft]w>d hang$ & /rangl$ on ! battlem5ts ( ! gate ( ! city1 to give example & fe> to ! ,emp]or's soldi]s1 n to be s ra% & mad z to wi% to hold su* places aga9/ s great an army4 ,! soldi]s )9 ! ca/le1 see+ our m5 come on !m ) great fury1 did all !y c\ld to def5d !mselves1 & kill$ & w\nd$ _m ( our soldi]s ) pikes1 arquebuses1 & /ones1 :]eby ! surgeons _h all _! "w cut out = !m4 ,n[ ,i 0 at ?is "t a fre%-wat] soldi]2 ,i _h n yet se5 w\nds made by gun%ot at ! fir/ dress+4 ,x is true ,i _h read 9 ,john de ,vigo1 fir/ book1 ,( ,w\nds 9 ,g5]al1 eigh? *apt]1 t w\nds made by fire>ms p>take ( v55osity1 by reason ( ! p[d]2 & = _! cure he bids y caut]ise !m ) oil ( eld]s scald+ hot1 mix$ ) a little treacle4 ,& to make no mi/ake1 be=e ,i w\ld use ! said oil1 kn[+ ?is 0 to br+ great pa9 to ! pati5t1 ,i ask$ fir/ be=e ,i appli$ x1 :at ! o!r surgeons did = ! fir/ dress+2 :i* 0 to put ! said oil1 boil+ well1 into ! w\nds1 ) t5ts & setons2 :]e=e ,i took c\rage to d z !y did4 ,at la/ my oil ran %ort1 & ,i 0 =c$ in/ead !re( to apply a dige/ive made ( ! yolks ( eggs1 oil ( roses1 & turp5t9e4 ,9 ! night ,i c\ld n sleep 9 quiet1 fe>+ "s default 9 n caut]is+1 t ,i %\ld f9d ! w\nd$ to :om ,i _h n us$ ! said oil dead f ! poison ( _! w\nds2 :i* made me rise v e>ly to visit !m1 :]e beyond my expectation ,i f\nd t ^? to :om ,i _h appli$ my dige/ive m$icam5t _h b little pa91 & _! w\nds )\t inflammation or swell+1 hav+ re/$ fairly well t night2 ! o!rs1 to :om ! boil+ oil 0 us$1 ,i f\nd fev]i%1 ) great pa9 & swell+ ab\t ! edges ( _! w\nds4 ,!n ,i resolv$ nev] m to burn ?us cruelly poor m5 ) gun%ot w\nds4 ,:ile ,i 0 at ,tur91 ,i f\nd a surgeon fam$ above all o!rs = 8 treatm5t ( gun%ot w\nds2 into ^: fav\r ,i f\nd means to ins9uate myself1 to h ! recipe ( 8 balm1 z he call$ x1 :]e) he dress$ gun%ot w\nds4 ,& he made me pay my c\rt to him = two ye>s1 be=e ,i c\ld possibly draw ! recipe f him4 ,9 ! end1 ?anks to my gifts & pres5ts1 he gave x to me2 :i* 0 to boil1 9 oil ( lilies1 "y :elps j born1 & e>?-worms prep>$ ) ,v5etian turp5t9e4 ,!n ,i 0 joyful1 & my he>t made glad1 t ,i _h und]/ood 8 rem$y1 :i* 0 l t :i* ,i _h obta9$ by *ance4 ,see h[ ,i le>n$ to treat gun%ot w\nds2 n by books4 ,my ,"l ,m>%al ,montejan rema9$ ,lieut5ant-,g5]al = ! ,k+ 9 ,pi$mont1 hav+ t5 or twelve ?\s& m5 9 g>rison 9 ! diff]5t cities & ca/les1 :o 7 (t5 fight+ among !mselves ) swords & o!r weapons1 ev5 ) arquebuses4 ,& if !re 7 f\r w\nd$1 ,i always _h ?ree ( !m2 & if !re 7 "q ( cutt+ (f an arm or a leg1 or ( trepann+1 or ( r$uc+ a fracture or a dislocation1 ,i accompli%$ x all4 ,! ,"l ,m>%al s5t me n[ hire n[ !re to dress ! soldi]s committ$ to me :o 7 w\nd$ 9 o!r cities beside ,tur91 s t ,i 0 always 9 ! c\ntry1 "o way or ! o!r4 ,m4 ! ,m>%al s5t to ,milan1 to a physician ( no less reputation ?an ! late ,m4 le ,gr& = 8 success 9 practice1 to treat him = an hepatic flux1 :]e( 9 ! end he di$4 ,?is physician 0 "s :ile at ,tur9 to treat him1 & 0 (t5 call$ to visit ! w\nd$1 :]e always he f\nd me2 & ,i 0 us$ to consult ) him1 & ) "s o!r surgeons2 & :5 we _h resolv$ to d any s]i\s "w ( surg]y1 x 0 ,ambroise ,p>e t put 8 h& !reto1 :i* ,i w\ld d promptly & skilfully1 & ) great assurance1 insomu* t ! physician wond]$ at me1 to be s ready 9 ! op]ations ( surg]y1 & ,i s "y4 ,"o day1 disc\rs+ ) ! ,"l ,m>%al1 he said to him3 ,signor1 tu hai un ,*irurgico giovane di anni1 ma egli e vec*io di sap]e e di esp]i5tia3 ,gu>dato b5e1 p]*e egli ti f>a s]vicio et honore4 ,t is to say1 ,?\ ha/ a surgeon "y 9 age1 b he is old 9 k & exp]i5ce3 take good c>e1 ( him1 = he w d !e s]vice & hon\r4 ,b ! good man did n "k ,i _h liv$ ?ree ye>s at ! ,hotel ,dieu 9 ,p>is1 ) ! pati5ts !re4 ,9 ! end1 ,m4 ! ,m>%al di$ ( 8 hepatic flux4 ,he be+ dead1 ! ,k+ s5t ,m4 ! ,m>%al d',annebaut to be 9 8 place3 :o did me ! hon\r to ask me to live ) him1 & he w\ld treat me z well or bett] ?an ,m4 ! ,m>%al de ,montejan4 ,:i* ,i w\ld n d1 = grief at ! loss ( my ma/]1 :o lov$ me de>ly2 s ,i return$ to ,p>is4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,m>olle ,,& ,,l[ ,,brittany4 #aedc ,i w5t to ! ,camp ( ,m>olle1 ) ! late ,m4 de ,rohan1 z surgeon ( 8 company2 :]e 0 ! ,k+ himself4 ,m4 d',e/ampes1 ,gov]nor ( ,brittany1 _h told ! ,k+ h[ ! ,engli% _h hoi/ sail to l& 9 ,l[ ,brittany2 & _h pray$ him to s5d1 to help him1 ,,mm4 de ,rohan & de ,laval1 because !y 7 ! seigneurs ( t c\ntry1 & by _! help ! c\ntry p w\ld beat back ! enemy1 & keep !m f l&+4 ,hav+ he>d ?is1 ! ,k+ s5t ^! seigneurs to g 9 ha/e to ! help ( _! c\ntry2 & to ea* 0 giv5 z mu* p[] z to ! ,gov]nor1 s t !y 7 all ?ree ! ,k+'s ,lieut5ants4 ,!y will+ly took ?is *>ge ^u !m1 & w5t (f po/+ ) good spe$1 & took me ) !m z f> z ,l&r5eau4 ,!re we f\nd e "o 9 arms1 ! tocs9 s\nd+ on e side1 = a good five or six leagues r\nd ! h>b\rs1 ,br5t1 ,c\quet1 ,crozon1 le ,f\1 ,d\lac1 ,laudanec2 ea* well furni%$ ) artill]y1 z cannons1 demi-cannons1 culv]9s1 muskets1 falcons1 arquebuses2 9 brief1 all :o came toge!r 7 well equipp$ ) all sorts & k9ds ( artill]y1 & ) _m soldi]s1 bo? ,breton & ,fr5*1 to h9d] ! ,engli% f l&+ z !y _h resolv$ at _! p>t+ f ,engl&4 ,! enemy's army came "r "u our cannons3 & :5 we p]ceiv$ !m desir+ to l&1 we salut$ !m ) cannon- %ot1 & unmask$ our =ces & our artill]y4 ,!y fl$ to sea aga94 ,i 0 "r glad to see _! %ips set sail1 :i* 7 9 good numb] & good ord]1 & seem$ to be a =e/ mov+ ^u ! sea4 ,i saw a ?+ also :]eat ,i m>vell$ mu*1 :i* 01 t ! balls ( ! great cannons made long reb\nds1 & graz$ ov] ! wat] z !y d ov] ! e>?4 ,n[ to make ! matt] %ort1 our ,engli% did u no h>m1 & return$ safe & s\nd into ,engl&4 ,& !y leav+ u 9 peace1 we /ay$ 9 t c\ntry 9 g>rison until we 7 assur$ t _! army 0 disp]s$4 ,n[ our soldi]s us$ (t5 to ex]cise !mselves ) runn+ at ! r+1 or ) f5c+1 s t !re 0 always "s "o 9 tr\ble1 & ,i _h always some?+ to employ me4 ,m4 d',e/ampes1 to make pa/ime & pleasure = ! ,seigneurs de ,rohan & de ,laval1 & o!r g5tlem51 got a numb] ( village girls to come to ! sports1 to s+ songs 9 ! tongue ( ,l[ ,brittany3 :]e9 _! h>mony 0 l ! croak+ ( frogs :5 !y are 9 love4 ,moreov]1 he made !m dance ! ,brittany triori1 )\t mov+ feet or hips3 he made ! g5tlem5 see & he> _m good ?+s4 ,at o!r tunes !y made ! wre/l]s ( ! t[ns & ,villages come1 :]e !re 0 a prize = ! be/3 & ! sport 0 n end$ b t "o or o!r _h a leg or arm brok51 or ! %\ld] or hip dislocat$4 ,!re 0 a little man ( ,l[ ,brittany1 ( a squ>e body & well set1 :o long held ! cr$it ( ! field1 & by 8 skill & /r5g? ?rew five or six to ! gr\nd4 ,!re came aga9/ him a big man1 "o ,dativo1 a p$agogue1 :o 0 said to be "o ( ! be/ wre/l]s 9 all ,brittany3 he ent]$ into ! li/s1 hav+ ?r[n (f 8 long jacket1 9 hose & d\blet3 :5 he 0 ne> ! little man1 x look$ z ?\gh ! little man _h be5 ti$ to 8 girdle4 ,nev]!less1 :5 !y gripp$ ea* o!r r\nd ! neck1 !y 7 a long "t )\t do+ any?+1 & we ?\ght !y w\ld rema9 equal 9 =ce & skill3 b ! little man sudd5ly leap$ b5ea? ?is big ,dativo1 & took him on 8 %\ld]1 & ?rew him to e>? on 8 back all spread out l a frog2 & all ! company laugh$ at ! skill & /r5g? ( ! little fell[4 ,! great ,dativo 0 furi\s to h be5 ?us ?r[n to e>? by s small a man3 he rose aga9 9 a rage1 & w\ld h 8 rev5ge4 ,!y took hold aga9 r\nd ! neck1 & 7 aga9 a good :ile at _! hold )\t fall+ to ! gr\nd3 b at la/ ! big man let himself fall ^u ! little1 & 9 fall+ put 8 elb[ ^u ! pit ( 8 /oma*1 & bur/ 8 he>t1 & kill$ him />k dead4 ,& kn[+ he _h giv5 him 8 dea?'s bl[1 took aga9 8 long cassock1 & w5t away ) 8 tail betwe5 8 legs1 & eclips$ himself4 ,see+ ! little man came n aga9 to himself1 ei!r = w9e1 v9eg>1 or any o!r ?+ pres5t$ to him1 ,i drew ne> to him & felt 8 pulse1 :i* did n beat at all3 !n ,i said he 0 dead4 ,!n ! ,bretons1 :o 7 assi/+ at ! wre/l+1 said al\d 9 _! j>gon1 ,&raze meuraquet enes rac un bloa s abeuduex h5elep e b>z an g\remon enel ma hoa eng\/un4 ,t is to say1 ,t is n 9 ! sport4 ,& someone said t ?is great ,dativo 0 accu/om$ to d s1 & b a ye> pa/ he _h done ! same at a wre/l+4 ,i mu/ ne$s op5 ! body to "k ! cause ( ?is sudd5 dea?4 ,i f\nd mu* blood 9 ! ?orax4 444 ,i tri$ to f9d "s int]nal op5+ :5ce x might h come1 :i* ,i c\ld n1 = all ! dilig5ce t ,i c\ld use4 444 ,! poor little wre/l] 0 buri$4 ,i took leave ( ,,mm4 de ,rohan1 de ,laval1 & d',e/ampes4 ,m4 de ,rohan made me a pres5t ( fifty d\ble ducats & a horse1 ,m4 de ,laval gave me a nag = my man1 & ,m4 d',e/ampes gave me a diamond wor? ?irty cr[ns3 & ,i return$ to my h\se 9 ,p>is4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,p]pignan4 #aedc ,"s :ile aft]1 ,m4 de ,rohan took me ) him po/+ to ! camp at ,p]pignan4 ,:ile we 7 !re1 ! enemy salli$ out1 & surr\nd$ ?ree pieces ( our artill]y be=e !y 7 beat5 back to ! gates ( ! city4 ,:i* 0 n done )\t _m kill$ & w\nd$1 among ! o!rs ,m4 de ,brissac1 :o 0 !n gr& ma/] ( ! artill]y1 ) an arquebus-%ot 9 ! %\ld]4 ,:5 he retir$ to 8 t5t1 all ! w\nd$ foll[$ him1 hop+ to be dress$ by ! surgeons :o 7 to dress him4 ,be+ come to 8 t5t & laid on 8 b$1 ! bullet 0 se>*$ = by ?ree or f\r ( ! be/ surgeons 9 ! army1 :o c\ld n f9d x1 b said x _h ent]$ into 8 body4 ,at la/ he call$ = me1 to see if ,i c\ld be m skilful ?an !y1 because he _h kn[n me 9 ,pi$mont4 ,!n ,i made him rise f 8 b$1 & told him to put himself 9 ! same po/ure t he _h :5 he 0 w\nd$1 :i* he did1 tak+ a javel9 9 8 h& j z he _h held 8 pike to fight4 ,i put my h& ar\nd ! w\nd1 & f\nd ! bullet4 444 ,hav+ f\nd x1 ,i %[$ !m ! place :]e x 01 & x 0 tak5 out by ,m4 ,nicole ,lav]not1 surgeon ( ,m4 ! ,dauph91 :o 0 ! ,k+'s ,lieut5ant 9 t army2 all ! same1 ! hon\r ( f9d+ x belong$ to me4 ,i saw "o v /range ?+1 :i* 0 ?is3 a soldi] 9 my pres5ce gave "o ( 8 fell[s a bl[ on ! head ) a halb>d1 p5etrat+ to ! left v5tricle ( ! bra92 yet ! man did n fall to ! gr\nd4 ,he t /ruck him said he he>d t he _h *eat$ at dice1 & he _h drawn a l>ge sum ( money f him1 & 0 accu/om$ to *eat4 ,!y call$ me to dress him2 :i* ,i did1 z x 7 = ! la/ "t1 kn[+ t he w\ld die soon4 ,:5 ,i _h dress$ him1 he return$ all alone to 8 qu>t]s1 :i* 7 at ! lea/ two hundr$ paces away4 ,i bade "o ( 8 companions s5d = a prie/ to dispose ! affairs ( 8 s\l2 he got "o = him1 :o /ay$ ) him to 8 la/ brea?4 ,! next day1 ! pati5t s5t = me by 8 girl1 dress$ 9 boy's app>el1 to come & dress him2 :i* ,i w\ld n1 fe>+ he w\ld die "u my h&s2 & to be rid ( ! matt] ,i told h] ! dress+ mu/ n be remov$ be=e ! ?ird day4 ,b 9 tru? he 0 sure to die1 ?\gh he 7 nev] t\*$ aga94 ,! ?ird day1 he came /agg]+ to f9d me 9 my t5t1 & ! girl ) him1 & pray$ me mo/ affectionately to dress him1 & %[$ me a purse :]e9 might be an hundr$ or sixscore pieces ( gold1 & said he w\ld give me my he>t's desire2 nev]!less1 = all t1 ,i put (f ! removal ( ! dress+1 fe>+ le/ he %\ld die !n & !re4 ,c]ta9 g5tlem5 desir$ me to g & dress him2 :i* ,i did at _! reque/2 b 9 dress+ him he di$ "u my h&s 9 a convulsion4 ,! prie/ /ay$ ) him till dea?1 & seiz$ 8 purse1 = fe> ano!r man %\ld take x1 say+ he w\ld say masses = 8 poor s\l4 ,also he took 8 clo!s1 & ev]y?+ else4 ,i h told ?is case = ! wond] ( x1 t ! soldi]1 hav+ receiv$ ?is great bl[1 did n fall d[n1 & kept 8 reason to ! end4 ,n long aft]w>d1 ! camp 0 brok5 up f div]se causes3 "o1 because we 7 told t f\r companies ( ,spani>ds 7 ent]$ into ,p]pignan3 ! o!r1 t ! plague 0 spread+ ?r\gh ! camp4 ,moreov]1 ! c\ntry folk w>n$ u !re w\ld soon be a great ov]fl[+ ( ! sea1 :i* might dr[n u all4 ,& ! presage :i* !y _h1 0 a v great w9d f sea1 :i* rose s high t !re rema9$ n a s+le t5t b 0 brok5 & ?r[n d[n1 = all ! c>e & dilig5ce we c\ld give2 & ! kit*5s be+ all uncov]$1 ! w9d rais$ ! du/ & s&1 :i* salt$ & p[d]$ our meats 9 su* fa%ion t we c\ld n eat !m2 & we _h to cook !m 9 pots & o!r cov]$ vessels4 ,nor 0 ! camp s quickly mov$ b t _m c>ts & c>t]s1 mules & mule driv]s1 7 dr[n$ 9 ! sea1 ) great loss ( baggage4 ,:5 ! camp 0 mov$ ,i return$ to ,p>is4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,l&resy4 #aedd ,! ,k+ rais$ a great army to victual ,l&resy4 ,aga9/ him ! ,emp]or _h no few] m51 b _m m1 to wit1 eighte5 ?\s& ,g]mans1 t5 ?\s& ,spani>ds1 six ?\s& ,walloons1 t5 ?\s& ,engli%1 & f ?irte5 to f\rte5 ?\s& horse4 ,i saw ! two armies ne> ea* o!r1 )9 cannon-%ot2 & we ?\ght !y c\ld n )draw )\t giv+ battle4 ,!re 7 "s fooli% g5tlem5 :o mu/ ne$s approa* ! enemy's camp2 ! enemy fir$ on !m ) light field pieces2 "s di$ !n & !re1 o!rs _h _! arms or legs c>ri$ away4 ,! ,k+ hav+ done :at he wi%$1 :i* 0 to victual ,l&resy1 )drew 8 army to ,guise1 :i* 0 ! day aft] ,all ,sa9ts1 #aedd2 & f !re ,i return$ to ,p>is4 ,a little :ile aft]1 we w5t to ,b\logne2 :]e ! ,engli%1 see+ our army1 left ! =ts :i* !y 7 hold+1 ,m\lanab]t1 le petit ,p>adis1 ,monplaisir1 ! =t ( ,*a/illon1 le ,portet1 ! =t ( ,d>delot4 ,"o day1 z ,i 0 go+ ?r\gh ! camp to dress my w\nd$ m51 ! enemy :o 7 9 ! ,t\r d' ,ordre fir$ a cannon aga9/ u1 ?9k+ to kill two m5-at-arms :o _h /opp$ to talk toge!r4 ,x happ5$ t ! ball pass$ q close to "o ( !m1 :i* ?rew him to ! gr\nd1 & x 0 ?\ght ! ball _h t\*$ him1 :i* x did n2 b only ! w9d ( ! ball full aga9/ 8 corselet1 ) su* =ce t all ! out] "p ( 8 ?igh became livid & black1 & he c\ld h>dly /&4 ,i dress$ him1 & made div]se sc>ifications to let out ! bruis$ blood made by ! w9d ( ! ball2 & by ! reb\nds t x made on ! gr\nd x kill$ f\r soldi]s1 :o rema9$ dead :]e !y fell4 ,i 0 n f> f ?is %ot1 s t ,i c\ld j feel ! mov$ air1 )\t its do+ me any h>m save a fright1 :i* made me duck my head l[ en\gh2 b ! ball 0 already f> away4 ,! soldi]s laugh$ at me1 to be afraid ( a ball :i* _h already pass$4 ,mon petit mai/re1 ,i ?9k if y _h be5 !re1 ,i %\ld n h be5 afraid all alone1 & y w\ld h _h y\r %>e ( x4 ,monseigneur ! ,due de ,guise1 ,francois de ,lorra9e1 0 w\nd$ be=e ,b\logne ) a ?ru/ ( a lance1 :i* ent]$ above ! "r eye1 t[>d ! nose1 & pass$ out on ! o!r side betwe5 ! e> & ! back ( ! neck1 ) s great viol5ce t ! head ( ! lance1 ) a piece ( ! wood1 0 brok5 & rema9$ fa/2 s t x c\ld n be drawn b save ) extreme =ce1 ) smi?'s p9c]s4 ,yet not)/&+ ! great viol5ce ( ! bl[1 :i* 0 n )\t fracture ( bones1 n]ves1 ve9s1 & art]ies1 & o!r p>ts torn & brok51 my "l1 by ! grace ( ,god1 0 heal$4 ,he 0 us$ to g into battle always ) 8 viz>d rais$3 t is :y ! lance pass$ "r out on ! o!r side4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,g]many4 #aeeb ,i w5t to ,g]many1 9 ! ye> #aeeb1 ) ,m4 de ,rohan1 capta9 ( fifty m5-at-arms1 :]e ,i 0 surgeon ( 8 company1 z ,i h said be=e4 ,on ?is exp$ition1 ,m4 ! ,con/able 0 g5]al ( ! army2 ,m4 de ,*a/illon1 aft]w>d ! ,admiral1 0 *ief colonel ( ! infantry1 ) f\r regim5ts ( lansqu5ets "u ,capta9s ,recrod & ,r+rave1 two "u ea*2 & e regim5t 0 ( t5 ensigns1 & e ensign ( five hundr$ m54 ,& beside ^! 7 ,capta9 ,*>tel1 :o l$ ! troops t ! ,prote/ant pr9ces _h s5t to ! ,k+ 7?is infantry 0 v f9e1 & 0 accompani$ by fifte5 hundr$ m5-at-arms1 ) a foll[+ ( two ar*]s apiece1 :i* w\ld make f\r ?\s& five hundr$ horse72 & two ?\s& light horse1 & z _m m\nt$ arquebusi]s1 ( :om ,m4 d',aumalle 0 g5]al2 & a great numb] ( ! nobility1 :o 7 come !re = _! pleasure4 ,moreov]1 ! ,k+ 0 accompani$ by two hundr$ g5tlem5 ( 8 h\sehold1 "u ! comm& ( ! ,seigneurs de ,boisy & de ,canappe1 & by _m o!r pr9ces4 ,= 8 foll[+1 to escort him1 !re 7 ! ,fr5* & ,scot* & ,swiss gu>ds1 am\nt+ to six hundr$ foot soldi]s2 & ! companies ( ,,mm4 ! ,dauph91 de ',guise1 d',aumalle1 & ,m>%al ,sa9t ,&re1 am\nt+ to f\r hundr$ lances2 :i* 0 a m>vell\s ?+1 to see su* a multitude2 & ) ?is equipage ! ,k+ ent]$ into ,t\l & ,metz4 ,i mu/ n omit to say t ! companies ( ,,mm4 de ,rohan1 ! ,comte de ,sanc]re1 & de ,j>nac1 :i* 7 ea* ( !m ( fifty horse1 w5t ^u ! w+s ( ! camp4 ,& ,god kn[s h[ sc>ce we 7 ( victuals1 & ,i prote/ be=e ,him t at ?ree div]se times ,i ?\ght to die ( hung]2 & x 0 n = want ( money1 = ,i _h en\gh ( x2 b we c\ld n get victuals save by =ce1 because ! c\ntry p collect$ !m all into ! t[ns & ca/les4 ,"o ( ! s]vants ( ! capta9-ensign ( ! company ( ,m4 de ,rohan w5t ) o!rs to ent] a *ur* :]e ! peasants 7 retreat$1 ?9k+ to get victuals by love or by =ces2 b he got ! wor/ ( x1 z !y all did1 & came back ) sev5 sword w\nds on ! head1 ! lea/ ( :i* p5etrat$ to ! inn] table ( ! skull2 & he _h f\r o!r w\nds ^u ! arms1 & "o on ! "r %\ld]1 :i* cut m ?an half ( ! bladebone4 ,he 0 br\ght back to 8 ma/]'s lodg+1 :o see+ him s mutilat$1 & n hop+ he c\ld be cur$1 made him a grave1 & w\ld h ca/ him !re91 say+ t else ! peasants w\ld massacre & kill him3 ,i 9 pity told him ! man might /ill be cur$ if he 7 well dress$4 ,div]se g5tlem5 ( ! company pray$ he w\ld take him along ) ! baggage1 s9ce ,i 0 will+ to dress him2 to :i* he agre$1 & aft] ,i _h got ! man ready1 he 0 put 9 a c>t1 on a b$ well cov]$ & well arrang$1 drawn by a horse4 ,i did him ! (fice ( physician1 apo!c>y1 surgeon1 & cook4 ,i dress$ him to ! end ( 8 case1 & ,god heal$ him2 insomu* t all ! ?ree companies m>vell$ at ?is cure2 ,! m5-at-arms ( ! company ( ,m4 de ,rohan1 ! fir/ mu/] t 0 made1 gave me ea* a cr[n1 & ! ar*]s half a cr[n1 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,danvilli]s4 #aeeb ,on 8 return f ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,g]man camp1 ,k+ ,h5ry besieg$ ,danvilli]s1 & ^? )9 w\ld n surr5d]4 ,!y got ! wor/ ( x1 b our p[d] fail$ u2 s !y _h a good %ot at our m54 ,!re 0 a culv]9-%ot pass$ ?r\gh ! t5t ( ,h4 de ,rohan1 :i* hit a g5tleman leg :o 0 ( 8 h\sehold4 ,i _h to f9i% ! cutt+ (f ( x1 :i* ,i did )\t apply+ ! hot irons4 ,! ,k+ s5t = p[d] to ,s$an1 & :5 x came we began ! attack m]e vigor\sly ?an be=e1 s t a brea* 0 made4 ,,mm4 de ,guise & ! ,con/able1 be+ 9 ! ,k+'s *amb]1 told him1 & !y agre$ t next day !y w\ld assault ! t[n1 & 7 confid5t !y w\ld ent] into x2 & x mu/ be kept secret1 = fe> ! enemy %\ld come to he> ( x2 & ea* promis$ n to speak ( x to any man4 ,n[ !re 0 a groom ( ! ,k+'s *amb]1 :o be+ laid "u ! ,k+'s camp-b$ to sleep1 he>d !y 7 resolv$ to attack ! t[n next day4 ,s he told ! secret to a c]ta9 capta91 say+ t !y w\ld make ! attack next day = c]ta91 & he _h he>d x f ! ,k+1 & pray$ ! said capta9 to speak ( x to no man1 :i* he promis$2 b 8 promise did n hold1 & =?) he disclos$ x to a capta91 & ?is capta9 to a capta91 & ! capta9s to "s ( ! soldi]s1 say+ always1 ,say no?+4 ,& x 0 j s mu* hid1 t next day e>ly 9 ! morn+ !re 0 se5 ! great] "p ( ! soldi]s ) _! boots & bree*es cut loose at ! knee = ! bett] m\nt+ ( ! brea*4 ,! ,k+ 0 told ( ?is rum\r t ran ?r\gh ! camp1 t ! attack 0 to be made2 :]eat he 0 a/oni%$1 see+ !re 7 b ?ree 9 t advice1 :o _h promis$ ea* o!r to tell x to no man4 ,! ,k+ s5t = ,m4 de ,guise1 to "k if he _h spok5 ( ?is attack2 he swore & affirm$ to him he _h n told x to anybody2 & ,m4 ! ,con/able said ! same1 & told ! ,k+ !y mu/ "k = c]ta9 :o _h decl>$ ?is secret c\nsel1 see+ !y 7 b ?ree4 ,inquiry 0 made f capta9 to capta94 ,9 ! end !y f\nd ! tru?2 = "o said1 ,x 0 su* an "o told me1 & ano!r said ! same1 till x came to ! fir/ ( all1 :o decl>$ he _h he>d x f ! groom ( ! ,k+'s *amb]1 call$ ,guy>d1 a native ( ,blois1 son ( a b>b] ( ! late ,k+ ,francis4 ,! ,k+ s5t = him into 8 t5t1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,,mm4 de ,guise & ! ,con/able1 to he> f him :5ce he _h 8 k1 & :o _h told him ! attack 0 to be made2 & said if he did n speak ! tru? he w\ld h him hang$4 ,!n he decl>$ he lay d[n "u ! ,k+'s b$ ?9k+ to sleep1 & s hav+ he>d ! plan he reveal$ x to a capta9 :o 0 a fri5d ( 81 to ! end he might prep>e himself ) 8 soldi]s to be ! fir/ at ! attack4 ,!n ! ,k+ knew ! tru?1 & told him he %\ld nev] s]ve him aga91 & t he des]v$ to be hang$1 & =bade him ev] to come aga9 to ! ,c\rt4 ,! groom ( ! *amb] w5t away ) ?is to swall[1 & slept t night ) a surgeon-9-ord9>y ( ! ,k+1 ,ma/] ,l\is ( ,sa9t ,&re2 & 9 ! night he gave himself six /abs ) a knife1 & cut 8 ?roat ,nor did ! surgeon p]ceive x till ! morn+1 :5 he f\nd 8 b$ all bloody1 & ! dead body by him4 ,he m>vell$ at ?is sight on 8 awak+1 & fe>$ !y w\ld say he 0 ! cause ( ! murd]2 b he 0 soon reliev$1 see+ ! reason1 :i* 0 despair at ! loss ( ! good fri5d%ip ( ! ,k+4 ,s ,guy>d 0 buri$4 ,& ^? ( ,danvilli]s1 :5 !y saw ! brea* l>ge en\gh = u to ent]1 & our soldi]s ready to assault !m1 surr5d]$ !mselves to ! m]cy ( ! ,k+4 ,_! lead]s 7 tak5 prison]s1 & _! ,soldi]s 7 s5t away )\t arms4 ,! camp be+ disp]s$1 ,i return$ to ,p>is ) my g5tleman ^: leg ,i _h cut (f2 ,i dress$ him1 & ,god heal$ him4 ,i s5t him to 8 h\se m]ry ) a wood5 leg2 & he 0 cont5t say+ he _h got (f *eap1 n to h be5 mis]ably burn$ to /op ! blood1 z y write 9 y\r book1 won petit matetre1 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,*ateau ,,le ,,comte4 #aeeb ,"s "t aft]4 ,k+ ,h5ry rais$ an army ( ?irty ?\s& m51 to g & lay wa/e ! c\ntry ab\t ,hesd94 ,! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 :o 0 !n call$ ,m4 de ,v5dosme1 0 *ief ( ! army1 & ! ,k+'s ,lieut5ant4 ,be+ at ,/4 ,d5is1 9 ,france1 wait+ :ile ! companies pass$ by1 he s5t to ,p>is = me to speak ) him4 ,:5 ,i came he begg$ me 7& 8 reque/ 0 a comm&7 to foll[ him on ?is j\rney2 & ,i1 wi%+ to make my excuses1 say+ my wife 0 sick 9 b$1 he made answ] !re 7 physicians 9 ,pairs to cure h]1 & he1 too1 _h left 8 wife1 :o 0 ( z good a h\se z m9e1 & he said he w\ld use me well1 & =?) ord]$ ,i %\ld be atta*$ to 8 h\sehold4 ,see+ ?is great desire he _h to take me ) him1 ,i d>$ n refuse him4 ,i w5t aft] him to ,*ateau le ,comte1 )9 ?ree or f\r leagues ( ,hesd94 ,! ,emp]or's soldi]s 7 9 g>rison !re1 ) a numb] ( peasants f ! c\ntry road4 ,m4 de ,v5dosme call$ on !m to surr5d]2 !y made answ] t he %\ld nev] take !m1 unless x 7 piecemeal2 let him d 8 wor/1 & !y w\ld d _! be/ to def5d !mselves4 ,!y tru/$ 9 _! moats1 :i* 7 full ( wat]2 b 9 two h\rs1 ) pl5ty ( faggots & casks1 we made a way = our infantry to pass ov]1 :5 !y _h to advance to ! assault2 & ! place 0 attack$ ) five cannons1 & a brea* 0 made l>ge en\gh = our m5 to ent]2 :]e ^? )9 receiv$ ! attack v valiantly1 & kill$ & w\nd$ a great numb] ( our m5 ) arquebuses1 pikes1 & /ones4 ,9 ! end1 :5 !y saw !mselves ov]p[]$1 !y set fire to _! p[d] & ammunition1 :]eby _m ( our m5 7 burn$1 & "s ( _! own4 ,& !y 7 almo/ all put to ! sword2 b "s ( our soldi]s _h tak5 tw5ty or ?irty1 hop+ to h ransom = !m3 & s soon z ?is 0 kn[n1 ord]s 7 giv5 to proclaim by trumpet ?r\gh ! camp1 t all soldi]s :o _h ,spani>ds = prison]s mu/ kill !m1 on pa9 ( be+ !mselves hang$ & /rangl$3 :i* 0 done 9 cold blood4 ,!nce we w5t & burn$ sev]al villages2 & ! b>ns 7 all full ( gra91 to my v great regret4 ,we came z f> z ,t\rnahan1 :]e !re 0 a l>ge t[]1 :i!r ! enemy )drew1 b we f\nd ! place empty3 our m5 sack$ x1 & blew up ! t[] ) a m9e ( gunp[d]1 :i* turn$ x upside d[n4 ,aft] t1 ! camp 0 disp]s$1 & ,i return$ to ,p>is4 ,& ! day aft] ,*ateau le ,comte 0 tak51 ,m4 de ,v5dosme s5t a g5tleman "u ord]s to ! ,k+1 to report to him all t _h happ5$1 & among o!r ?+s he told ! ,k+ ,i _h done v good "w dress+ ! w\nd$1 & _h %[$ him eighte5 bullets t ,i _h tak5 out ( _! bodies1 & !re 7 _m m t ,i _h n be5 able to f9d or take out2 & he spoke m good ( me ?an !re 0 by half4 ,!n ! ,k+ said he w\ld take me into 8 s]vice1 & comm&$ ,m4 de ,gogui]1 8 fir/ physician1 to write me d[n 9 ! ,k+'s s]vice z "o ( 8 surgeons-9-ord9>y1 & ,i 0 to meet him at ,rheims )9 t5 or twelve days3 :i* ,i did4 ,& ! ,k+ did me ! hon\r to comm& me to live ne> him1 & he w\ld be a good fri5d to me4 ,!n ,i ?ank$ him mo/ humbly = ! hon\r he 0 pleas$ to d me1 9 appo9t+ me to s]ve him4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,metz4 #aeeb ,! ,emp]or hav+ besieg$ ,metz ) m ?an an hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m51 & 9 ! h>de/ "t ( w9t]1--x is /ill fre% 9 ! m9ds ( all--& !re 7 five or six ?\s& m5 9 ! t[n1 & among !m sev5 pr9ces2 ,,mm4 le ,duc de ,guise1 ! ,k+'s ,lieut5ant1 d',enghi51 de ,conde1 de la ,montp5si]1 de la ,ro*e-sur-,yon1 de ,nem\rs1 & _m o!r g5tlem51 ) a numb] ( vet]an capta9s & (fic]s3 :o (t5 salli$ out aga9/ ! enemy 7z ,i %all tell h]eaft]71 n )\t heavy loss on bo? sides4 ,our w\nd$ di$ almo/ all1 & x 0 ?\ght ! drugs :]e) !y 7 dress$ _h be5 poison$4 ,:]e=e ,m4 de ,guise1 & ,,mm4 ! pr9ces1 w5t s f> z to beg ! ,k+ t if x 7 possible ,i %\ld be s5t to !m ) a supply ( drugs1 & !y believ$ _! drugs 7 poison$1 see+ t few ( _! w\nd$ escap$4 ,my belief is t !re 0 no poison2 b ! sev]e cutlass & arquebus w\nds1 & ! extreme cold1 7 ! cause :y s _m di$4 ,! ,k+ wrote to ,m4 ! ,m>%al de ,sa9t ,&re1 :o 0 8 ,lieut5ant at ,v]dun1 to f9d means to get me into ,metz1 :atev] way 0 possible4 ,,mm4 ! ,m>%al de ,sa9t ,&re1 & ! ,m>%al de ,vielleville1 won ov] an ,italian capta91 :o promis$ to get me into ! place1 :i* he did 7& = ?is he _h fifte5 hundr$ cr[ns74 ,! ,k+ hav+ he>d ! promise t ! ,italian capta9 _h made1 s5t = me1 & comm&$ me to take ( 8 apo!c>y1 nam$ ,daigne1 s _m & su* drugs z ,i %\ld ?9k necess>y = ! w\nd$ )9 ! t[n2 :i* ,i did1 z mu* z a po/-horse c\ld c>ry4 ,! ,k+ gave me messages to ,m4 de ,guise1 & to ! pr9ces & ! capta9s t 7 9 ,metz4 ,:5 ,i came to ,v]dun1 "s days aft]1 ,m4 ! ,m>%al de ,sa9t ,&re got horses = me & = my man1 & = ! ,italian capta91 :o spoke excell5t ,g]man1 ,spani%1 & ,walloon1 beside 8 own "m-tongue4 ,:5 we 7 )9 eight or t5 leagues ( ,metz1 we began to g by night only2 & :5 we came ne> ! enemy's camp ,i saw1 m ?an a league & a half (f1 fires light$ all r\nd ! t[n1 z if ! :ole e>? 7 burn+2 & ,i believ$ we c\ld nev] pass ?r\gh ^! fires )\t be+ discov]$1 & !re=e hang$ & /rangl$1 or cut 9 pieces1 or made to pay a great ransom4 ,to speak tru?1 ,i c\ld well & gladly h wi%$ myself back 9 ,p>is1 = ! great dang] t ,i =esaw4 ,god guid$ our bus9ess s well1 t we ent]$ into ! t[n at midnight1 ?anks to a signal ! capta9 _h ) ano!r capta9 ( ! company ( ,m4 de ,guise2 to :om ,i w5t1 & f\nd him 9 b$1 & he receiv$ me ) high fav\r1 be+ "r glad at my com+4 ,i gave him my message z ! ,k+ _h comm&$ me1 & told him ,i _h a little lett] = him1 & ! next day ,i w\ld n fail to deliv] x4 ,!n he ord]$ me a good lodg+1 & t ,i %\ld be well treat$1 & said ,i mu/ n fail next morn+ to be ^u ! brea*1 :]e ,i %\ld f9d all ! pr9ces & seigneurs1 & _m capta9s4 ,:i* ,i did1 & !y receiv$ me ) great joy1 & did me ! hon\r to embrace me1 & tell me ,i 0 welcome2 add+ !y w\ld no m be afraid ( dy+1 if !y %\ld happ5 to be w\nd$4 ,m4 le ,pr9ce de la ,ro*e-sur-,yon 0 ! fir/ :o ent]ta9$ me1 & inquir$ :at !y 7 say+ at ! ,c\rt conc]n+ ! t[n ( ,metz4 ,i told him all t ,i *ose to tell4 ,=?) he begg$ me to g & see "o ( 8 g5tlem5 nam$ ,m4 de ,magnane1 n[ ,*evali] ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,k+1 & ,lieut5ant ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,gu>ds1 :o _h 8 leg brok5 by a cannon-%ot4 ,i f\nd him 9 b$1 8 leg b5t & crook$1 )\t any dress+ on x1 because a g5tleman promis$ to cure him1 hav+ 8 "n & 8 girdle1 ) c]ta9 words 7& ! poor pati5t 0 weep+ & cry+ out ) pa91 n sleep+ day or night = f\r days pa/74 ,!n ,i laugh$ at su* *eat+ & false promises2 & ,i r$uc$ & dress$ 8 leg s skilfully t he 0 )\t pa91 & slept all ! night1 & aft]w>d1 ?anks be to ,god1 he 0 heal$1 & is /ill liv+ n[1 9 ! ,k+'s s]vice4 ,! ,pr9ce de la ,ro*e-sur-,yon s5t me a cask ( w9e1 bigg] ?an a pipe ( ,anj\1 to my lodg+1 & told me :5 x 0 drunk1 he w\ld s5d me ano!r2 t 0 h[ he treat$ me1 mo/ g5]\sly4 ,aft] ?is1 ,m1 de ,guise gave me a li/ ( c]ta9 capta9s & seigneurs1 & bade me tell !m :at ! ,k+ _h *>g$ me to say2 :i* ,i did1 & ?is 0 to comm5d him to !m1 & give !m 8 ?anks = ! duty !y _h done & 7 do+ 9 hold+ 8 t[n ( ,metz1 & t he w\ld rememb] x4 ,i 0 m ?an eight days acquitt+ myself ( ?is *>ge1 because !y 7 _m4 ,fir/1 to all ! pr9ces2 !n to o!rs1 z ! ,duke ,horace1 ! ,c\nt de ,m>tigues1 & 8 bro!r ,m4 de ,bauge1 ! ,seigneurs de ,montmor5cy & d',anville1 n[ ,m>%al ( ,france1 ,m4 de la ,*apelle aux ,urs9s1 ,bonnivet1 ,c>\ge1 n[ ,gov]nor ( ,r\51 ! ,vidasme de ,*>tres1 ! ,c\nt de ,lude1 ,m4 de ,biron1 n[ ,m>%al ( ,france1 ,m4 de ,r&an1 la ,ro*ef\caut1 ,bordaille1 d' ,e/res ! y\ng]1 ,m4 de ,sa9t ,jehan en pauph9e1 & _m o!rs :om x w\ld take too long to "n2 & also to _m capta9s1 :o _h all done _! duty well = ! def5ce ( _! lives & ( ! t[n4 ,aft]w>d ,i ask$ ,m4 de ,guise :at x pleas$ him ,i %\ld d ) ! drugs ,i _h br\ght ) me2 he bade me di/ribute !m to ! surgeons & apo!c>ies1 & pr9cipally to ! poor w\nd$ soldi]s1 :o 7 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,hospital4 ,:i* ,i did1 & c truly say ,i c\ld n s mu* z g & see all ! w\nd$1 :o kept s5d+ = me to visit & dress !m4 ,all ! seigneurs )9 ! t[n ask$ me to give special c>e1 above all ! re/2 to ,m4 de ,pi5ne1 :o _h be5 w\nd$1 :ile on ! brea*1 by a /one %ot f a cannon1 on ! temple1 ) fracture & depression ( ! bone4 ,!y told me t s soon z he receiv$ ! bl[1 he fell to ! gr\nd z dead1 & ca/ =? blood by ! m\?1 nose1 & e>s1 ) great vomit+1 & 0 f\rte5 days )\t be+ able to speak or reason2 also he _h tremors ( a spasmodic nature1 & all 8 face 0 swell$ & livid1 ,he 0 trepann$ at ! side ( ! temporal muscle1 ov] ! frontal bone4 ,i dress$ him1 ) o!r surgeons1 & ,god heal$ him2 & to-day he is /ill liv+1 ?ank ,god4 ,! ,emp]or attack$ ! t[n ) =ty d\ble cannons1 & ! p[d] 0 n sp>$ day or night4 ,s soon z ,m4 de ,guise saw ! artill]y set & po9t$ to make a brea*1 he _h ! ne>e/ h\ses pull$ d[n & made into ramp>ts1 & ! beams & joi/s 7 put end to end1 & betwe5 !m faggots1 e>?1 b$s1 & wool-packs2 !n !y put above !m o!r beams & joi/s z be=e4 ,& !re 0 pl5ty ( wood f ! h\ses 9 ! suburbs2 :i* _h be5 raz$ to ! gr\nd1 = fe> ! enemy %\ld get "u cov] ( !m1 & make use ( ! wood2 x did v well = repair+ ! brea*4 ,ev]ybody 0 h>d at "w c>ry+ e>? to repair x1 day & night2 ,,mm4 ! pr9ces1 ! seigneurs1 & capta9s1 lieut5ants1 ensigns1 7 all c>ry+ ! basket1 to set an example to ! soldi]s & citiz5s to d ! l1 :i* !y did2 ev5 ! ladies & girls1 & ^? :o _h n baskets1 made use ( cauldrons1 panni]s1 sacks1 %eets1 & all su* ?+s to c>ry ! e>?2 s t ! enemy _h no soon] brok5 d[n ! wall ?an !y f\nd beh9d x a yet /rong] ramp>t4 ,! wall hav+ fall51 our m5 cri$ out at ^? outside1 ,fox1 fox1 fox1 & !y v5t$ a ?\s& insults aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,m4 de ,guise =bade any man on pa9 ( dea? to speak ) ^? outside1 = fe> !re %\ld be "s traitor :o w\ld betray :at 0 be+ done )9 ! t[n4 ,aft] ?is ord]1 our m5 ti$ live cats to ! ends ( _! pikes1 & put !m ov] ! wall & cri$ ) ! cats1 ,miaut1 ,miaut4 ,truly ! ,imp]ials 7 mu* enrag$1 hav+ be5 s long mak+ a brea*1 at great loss1 :i* 0 eighty paces wide1 t fifty m5 ( _! front rank %\ld ent] 91 only to f9d a ramp>t /rong] ?an ! wall4 ,!y ?rew !mselves ^u ! poor cats1 & %ot !m ) arquebuses z m5 %oot at ! pop9jay4 ,our m5 (t5 ran out ^u !m1 by ord] ( ,m4 de ,guise2 a few days ago1 our m5 _h all made ha/e to enrol !mselves 9 sally+-p>ties1 *iefly ! "y nobility1 l$ by exp]i5c$ capta9s2 & inde$ x 0 do+ !m a great fav\r to let !m issue f ! t[n & run ^u ! enemy4 ,!y w5t =? always an hundr$ or six score m51 well arm$ ) cutlasses1 arquebuses1 pi/ols1 pikes1 p>tisans1 & halb>ds2 & advanc$ z f> z ! tr5*es1 to take ! enemy unaw>es4 ,!n an al>um w\ld be s\nd$ all ?r\gh ! enemy's camp1 & _! drums w\ld beat plan1 plan1 ta ti ta1 ta ta ti ta1 t\ t\f t\f4 ,likewise _! trumpets & cl>ions rang & s\nd$1 ,to saddle1 to saddle1 to saddle1 to horse1 to horse1 to horse1 to saddle1 to horse1 to horse4 ,& all _! soldi]s cri$1 ,arm1 arm arm6 to arms1 to arms1 to arms6 arm1 to arms1 arm1 to arms1 arm3--l ! hue-&-cry aft] wolves2 & all div]se tongues1 accord+ to _! nations2 & y saw !m come out ( _! t5ts & little lodg+s1 z ?ick z little ants :5 y uncov] ! ant-hills1 to br+ help to _! comrades1 :o 7 hav+ _! ?roats cut l %eep4 ,_! cavalry also came f all sides at full gallop1 patati1 patata1 patati1 patata1 pa1 ta1 ta1 patata pata1 ta1 eag] to be 9 ! ?ick ( ! fight+1 to give & take _! %>e ( ! bl[s4 ,& :5 our m5 saw !mselves h>d press$1 !y w\ld turn back into ! t[n1 fight+ all ! way2 & ^? pursu+ !m 7 driv5 back ) cannon-%ots1 & ! cannons 7 load$ ) fl9t-/ones & ) big pieces ( iron1 squ>e or ?ree-sid$4 ,& our m5 on ! wall fir$ a volley1 & ra9$ bullets on !m z ?ick z hail1 to s5d !m back to _! b$s2 :]eas _m rema9$ dead on ! field3 & our m5 also did n all come back ) :ole sk9s1 & !re 7 always "s left beh9d 7z x 7 a tax levi$ on u7 :o 7 joyful to die on ! b$ ( hon\r4 ,& if !re 0 a horse w\nd$1 x 0 sk9n$ & eat5 by ! soldi]s1 in/ead ( beef & bacon2 & if a man 0 w\nd$1 ,i mu/ run & dress him4 ,"s days aft]w>d !re 7 o!r sallies1 :i* infuriat$ ! enemy1 t we w\ld n let him sleep a little 9 safety4 ,m4 de ,guise play$ a trick ^u !m3 he s5t a peasant1 :o 0 none ( ! wise/1 ) two lett]s to ! ,k+1 & gave him t5 cr[ns1 & promis$ ! ,k+ w\ld give him an hundr$ if he got ! lett]s to him4 ,9 ! "o lett] ,m4 de ,guise told ! ,k+ t ! enemy %ew$ no ( retreat+1 & _h put =? all _! /r5g? made a great brea*1 :i* he hop$ to def5d1 ev5 at ! co/ ( 8 own life & ( all :o 7 9 ! t[n2 & t ! enemy _h plant$ _! artill]y s well 9 a c]ta9 place 7:i* he nam$7 t x 0 ) great difficulty he c\ld keep !m f ent]+ ! t[n1 see+ x 0 ! weake/ place 9 ! t[n2 b soon he hop$ to rebuild x well1 s t !y %\ld n be able to ent]4 ,?is lett] 0 sew$ 9 ! l9+ ( ! man's d\blet1 & he 0 told to be v c>eful n to speak ( x to any p]son4 ,& ! o!r lett] 0 giv5 to him1 :]e9 ,m4 de ,guise told ! ,k+ t he & all ^? besieg$ ) him hop$ to gu>d ! t[n well2 & o!r matt]s :i* ,i leave untold "h4 ,he s5t out ! man at night1 & he 0 tak5 by ! enemy's gu>d & br\ght to ! ,duke ( ,alva1 t ! ,duke might he> :at 0 do+ 9 ! t[n2 & ! peasant 0 ask$ if he _h any lett]s4 ,he said ,yes1 & gave !m ! "o2 & !y hav+ se5 x ask$ him if he _h n ano!r4 ,he said ,no4 ,!n he 0 se>*$1 & !y f\nd on him t :i* 0 sew$ 9 8 d\btlet2 & ! poor mess5g] 0 h&$ & /rangl$4 ,! lett]s 7 tak5 to ! ,emp]or1 :o call$ 8 c\ncil1 :]e x 0 resolv$1 s9ce !y _h be5 unable to d any?+ at ! fir/ brea*1 ! artill]y %\ld =?) be set aga9/ ! place :i* !y ?\ght weake/1 :]e !y put =? all _! /r5g? to make a fre% brea*2 & !y sapp$ & m9$ ! wall1 & tri$ h>d to make a way into ! ,hell ,t[]1 b d>$ n assault x op5ly4 ,! ,duke ( ,alva repres5t$ to ! ,emp]or t e day _! soldi]s 7 dy+1 to ! numb] ( m ?an two hundr$1 & !re 0 s little hope ( ent]+ ! t[n1 see+ ! "t ( ye> & ! great numb] ( our soldi]s :o 7 9 x4 ,! ,emp]or ask$ :at m5 !y 7 :o 7 dy+1 & :e!r !y 7 g5tlem5 & m5 ( m>k2 answ] 0 made to him ,!y 7 all poor soldi]s4 ,!n said he1 ,x 0 no great loss if !y di$1 comp>+ !m to cat]pill>s1 gras%opp]s1 & cock*af]s1 :i* eat up ! buds & o!r good ?+s ( ! e>?2 & if !y 7 m5 ( any wor? !y w\ld n be 9 8 camp at six livres ! mon?1 & !re=e x 0 no great h>m if !y di$4 ,moreov]1 he said he w\ld nev] dep>t f ! t[n till he _h tak5 x by =ce or by fam9e1 ?\gh he %\ld lose all 8 army2 because ( ! great numb] ( pr9ces :o 7 %ut up 9 x1 ) ! great] "p ( ! nobility ( ,france1 :o he hop$ w\ld pay 8 exp5ses f\r times ov]2 & he w\ld g yet aga9 to ,p>is1 to see ! ,p>isians1 & to make himself ,k+ ( all ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,m4 de ,guise1 ) ! pr9ces1 capta9s1 & soldi]s1 & 9 g5]al all ! citiz5s ( ! t[n1 hav+ he>d ! ,emp]or's resolve to ext]m9ate u all1 =bade ! soldi]s & citiz5s1 & ev5 ! pr9ces & seigneurs1 to eat fre% fi% or v5ison1 or p>tridges1 woodcocks1 l>ks1 francol9es1 plov]s1 or o!r game1 = fe> ^! _h acquir$ any pe/il5tial air :i* c\ld br+ infection among u4 ,s !y _h to cont5t !mselves ) ! f>e ( ! army2 biscuit1 beef1 salt c[-beef1 bacon1 c]velas1 & ,may5ce hams2 also fi%1 z haddock1 salmon1 %ad1 tunny1 :ale1 an*ovy1 s>d9es1 h]r+s2 also peas1 beans1 rice1 g>lic1 onions1 prunes1 *eeses1 butt]1 oil1 & salt2 pepp]1 g+]1 nutmegs & o!r spices to put 9 our pies1 mo/ly ( horses1 :i* )\t ! spice _h a v bad ta/e4 ,_m citiz5s1 hav+ g>d5s 9 ! t[n1 _h plant$ !m ) f9e radi%es1 turnips1 c>rots1 & leeks1 :i* !y kept fl\ri%+ & v de>1 = ! extreme necessity ( ! fam9e4 ,n[ all ^! /ores 7 di/ribut$ by weight1 measure1 & ju/ice1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! p]sons1 because we knew n h[ long ! siege w\ld la/4 ,= aft] we he>d ! ,emp]ors words1 h[ he w\ld n dep>t f be=e ,metz1 till he _h tak5 x by =ce or by fam9e1 ! victuals 7 cut d[n2 & :at !y us$ to di/ribute to ?ree soldi]s 0 giv5 to f\r2 & x 0 =bidd5 to !m to sell ! rema9s :i* might be left aft] _! meals2 b !y might give !m to ! rabble4 ,& !y always rose f table ) an appetite1 = fe> !y %\ld be subject to take physick4 ,& be=e we surr5d]$ to ! m]cy ( ! enemy1 we _h det]m9$ to eat ! asses1 mules1 & horses1 dogs1 cats1 & rats1 ev5 our boots & coll>s1 & o!r sk9s t we c\ld h s(t5$ & /ew$4 ,&1 9 a ^w1 all ! besieg$ 7 resolv$ to def5d !mselves valiantly ) all in/rum5ts ( w>2 to set ! artill]y at ! entry ( ! brea*1 & load ) balls1 /ones1 c>t-nails1 b>s & *a9s ( iron2 also all sorts & k9ds ( artificial fires1 z b>ricadoes1 gr5ades1 /9k-pots1 tor*es1 squibs1 fire-traps1 burn+ faggots2 ) boil+ wat]1 melt$ lead1 & lime1 to put out ! enemy's eyes4 ,also1 !y 7 to make holes "r ?r\gh _! h\ses1 & put arquebusi]s 9 !m1 to take ! enemy 9 flank & ha/5 8 go+1 or else give him /op !n & !re4 ,also !y 7 to ord] ! wom5 to pull up ! /reets1 & ?r[ f _! w9d[s billets1 tables1 tre/les1 b5*es1 & /ools1 to da% out ! enemy's bra9s4 ,moreov]1 a little )9 ! brea*1 !re 0 a great /ronghold full ( c>ts & palisades1 tuns & casks2 & b>ricades ( e>? to s]ve z gabions1 int]laid ) falconets1 falcons1 field-pieces1 crook$ arquebuses1 pi/ols1 arquebuses1 & wildfires1 to break _! legs & ?ighs1 s t !y w\ld be tak5 f above & on ! flank & f beh9d2 & if !y _h c>ri$ ?is /ronghold1 !re 7 o!rs :]e ! /reets cross$1 e hundr$ paces1 :i* w\ld h be5 z bad fri5ds to !m z ! fir/1 or worse1 & w\ld h made _m wid[s & orphans4 ,& if =tune _h be5 s h>d on u t !y _h /orm$ & brok5 up our /rongholds1 !re w\ld yet h be5 sev5 great companies1 drawn up 9 squ>e & 9 triangle1 to fight !m all at once1 ea* l$ by "o ( ! pr9ces1 = ! bett] enc\ragem5t ( our m5 to fight & die all toge!r1 ev5 to ! la/ brea? ( _! s\ls4 ,& all 7 resolv$ to br+ _! treasures1 r+s1 & jewels1 & _! be/ & ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful h\sehold /uffs1 & burn !m to a%es 9 ! great squ>e1 le/ ! enemy %\ld take !m & make trophies ( !m4 ,also !re 7 m5 *>g$ to set fire to all ! /ores & burn !m1 & to /ave 9 all ! w9e-casks2 o!rs to set fire to e s+le h\se1 to burn ! enemy & u toge!r4 ,! citiz5s ?us 7 all ( "o m9d1 r ?an see ! bloody knife at _! ?roats1 & _! wives & daught]s ravi%$ & tak5 by ! cruel savage ,spani>ds4 ,n[ we _h c]ta9 prison]s1 :o _h be5 made secretly to und]/& our la/ det]m9ation & desp]ation2 ^! prison]s ,m4 de ,guise s5t away on p>ole1 :o be+ come to _! camp1 lo/ no "t 9 say+ :at we _h told !m2 :i* re/ra9$ ! great & vehem5t desire ( ! enemy1 s t !y 7 no long] eag] to ent] ! t[n to cut our ?roats & enri* !mselves ) ! spoils4 ,! ,emp]or1 hav+ he>d ! decision ( ?is great w>rior1 ,m4 de ,guise1 put wat] 9 8 w9e1 & re/ra9$ 8 fury2 say+ t he c\ld n ent] ! t[n save ) va/ but*]y & c>nage1 & %$d+ ( mu* blood1 bo? ( ^? def5d+ & ( ^? attack+1 & !y w\ld be all dead toge!r1 & 9 ! end he w\ld get no?+ b a%es2 & aft]w>d m5 might say x 0 a l de/ruction to t ( ! t[n ( ,j]usalem1 made ( old "t by ,titus & ,vespasian4 ,! ,emp]or ?us hav+ he>d our la/ resolve1 & see+ h[ little he _h ga9$ by 8 attack1 sapp+s1 & m9es1 & ! great plague t 0 ?r\gh all 8 camp1 & ! adv]se "t ( ! ye>1 & ! want ( victuals & ( money1 & h[ 8 soldi]s 7 disb&+ !mselves & go+ (f 9 great companies1 decid$ at la/ to raise ! siege & g away1 ) ! cavalry ( 8 vangu>d1 & ! great] "p ( ! artill]y & eng9es ( w>4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,br&eb\rg 0 ! la/ to budge f 8 place2 he _h ) him "s troops ( ,spani>ds & ,bohemians1 & 8 ,g]man regim5ts1 & !re he /opp$ = a day & a half1 to ! great regret ( ,m4 de ,guise1 :o br\ght f\r pieces ( artill]y out ( ! t[n1 :i* he fir$ on him ?is side & t1 to hurry him (f3 & (f he w5t1 sure en\gh1 & all 8 m5 ) him4 ,:5 he 0 a qu>t] ( a league f ,metz1 he 0 seiz$ ) a panic le/ our cavalry %\ld fall ^u 8 tail2 s he set fire to 8 /ore ( p[d]1 & left beh9d him "s pieces ( artill]y1 & a quantity ( baggage1 :i* he c\ld n take along ) him1 because _! vangu>d & _! great cannons _h brok5 & torn tip ! roads4 ,our cavalry 7 long+ ) all _! he>ts to issue f ! t[n & attack him beh9d2 b ,m4 de ,guise nev] let !m1 say+ on ! contr>y we _h bett] make _! way smoo? = !m1 & build !m gold & silv] bridges to let !m g2 l ! good pa/or & %eph]d1 :o w n lose "o ( 8 %eep4 ,t is h[ our de> & well-belov$ ,imp]ials w5t away f ,metz1 :i* 0 ! day aft] ,*ri/mas ,day1 to ! great cont5t ( ^? )9 ! walls1 & ! praise ( ! pr9ces1 seigneurs1 capta9s1 & soldi]s1 :o _h endur$ ! travail ( ?is siege = m ?an two mon?s4 ,nev]!less1 !y did n all g3 !re want$ m ?an tw5ty ?\s& ( !m1 :o 7 dead1 f our artill]y & ! fight+1 or f plague1 cold1 & />vation 7& f spite & rage t !y c\ld n get into ! t[n to cut our ?roats & plund] u73 & _m ( _! horses also di$1 ! great] "p :]e( !y _h eat5 in/ead ( beef & bacon4 ,we w5t :]e _! camp _h be51 :]e we f\nd _m dead bodies n yet buri$1 & ! e>? all work$ up1 z "o sees 9 ! ,cemet]y ( ! ,holy ,innoc5ts dur+ "s "t ( _m dea?s4 ,9 _! t5ts1 pavilions1 & lodg+s 7 _m sick p4 ,also cannon-%ot1 weapons1 c>ts1 waggons1 & o!r baggage1 ) a great quantity ( soldi]'s bread1 spoil$ & rott$ by ! sn[s & ra9s 7yet ! soldi]s _h x b by weight & measure74 ,also !y left a good /ore ( wood1 all t rema9$ ( ! h\ses !y _h demoli%$ & brok5 d[n 9 ! villages = two or ?ree leagues ar\nd2 also _m o!r pleasure-h\ses1 t _h belong$ to our citiz5s1 ) g>d5s & f9e or*>ds full ( div]se fruit-trees4 ,& )\t all ?is1 !y w\ld h be5 b5umb$ & dead ( ! cold1 & =c$ to raise ! siege soon] ?an !y did4 ,m4 de ,guise _h _! dead buri$1 & _! sick p treat$4 ,also ! enemy left beh9d !m 9 ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t ,arn\l _m ( _! w\nd$ soldi]s1 :om !y c\ld n possibly take ) !m4 ,m4 de ,guise s5t !m all victuals en\gh1 & ord]$ me & ! o!r surgeons to g dress & physick !m1 :i* we did ) good w2 & ,i ?9k !y w\ld n h done ! l = our m54 ,= ! ,spani>d is v cruel1 trea*]\s1 & inhuman1 & s f> enemy ( all nations3 :i* is prov$ by ,lopez ! ,spani>d1 & ,b5zo ( ,milan1 & o!rs :o h writt5 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies3 :o h _h to confess t ! cruelty1 av>ice1 blasphemies1 & wick$ness ( ! ,spani>ds h utt]ly e/rang$ ! poor ,indians f ! religion t ^! ,spani>ds pr(ess$4 ,& all write t !y are ( less wor? ?an ! idolatr\s ,indians1 = _! cruel treatm5t ( ^! ,indians4 ,& "s days lat] ,m4 de ,guise s5t a trumpet to ,?ionville to ! enemy1 t !y c\ld s5d = _! w\nd$ 9 safety3 :i* !y did ) c>ts & waggons1 b n en\gh4 ,m4 de ,guise gave !m c>ts & c>t]s1 to help to take !m to ,?ionville4 ,our c>t]s1 :5 !y return$1 told u ! roads 7 all pav$ ) dead bodies1 & !y nev] got half ! m5 !re1 = !y di$ 9 _! c>ts3 & ! ,spani>ds see+ !m at ! po9t ( dea?1 be=e !y _h brea!d _! la/1 ?rew !m out ( ! c>ts & buri$ !m 9 ! mud & mire1 say+ !y _h no ord]s to br+ back dead m54 ,moreov]1 our c>t]s said !y _h f\nd on ! roads _m c>ts /uck 9 ! mud1 full ( baggage1 = :i* ! enemy d>$ n s5d back1 le/ we :o 7 )9 ,metz %\ld run out ^u !m4 ,i w\ld return to ! reason :y s _m ( !m di$2 :i* 0 mo/ly />vation1 ! plague1 & cold4 ,= ! sn[ 0 m ?an two feet deep ^u ! gr\nd1 & !y 7 lodg$ 9 pits bel[ ! gr\nd1 cov]$ only ) a little ?at*4 ,nev]!less1 ea* soldi] _h 8 camp-b$1 & a cov]let all /rew$ ) />s1 glitt]+ & %9+ bright] ?an f9e gold1 & e day !y _h :ite %eets1 & lodg$ at ! sign ( ! ,moon1 & enjoy$ !mselves if only !y _h be5 able1 & paid _! ho/ s well ov] night t 9 ! morn+ !y w5t (f quits1 %ak+ _! e>s2 & !y _h no ne$ ( a comb to get ! d[n & fea!rs out ( _! be>ds & hair1 & !y always f\nd a :ite table-clo?1 & w\ld h enjoy$ good meals b = want ( food4 ,also ! great] "p ( !m _h nei!r boots1 half-boots1 slipp]s1 hose1 nor %oes3 & mo/ ( !m w\ld r h none ?an any1 because !y 7 always 9 ! mire up to mid-leg4 ,& because !y w5t b>e- foot1 we call$ !m ! ,emp]or's ,apo/les4 ,aft] ! camp 0 :olly disp]s$1 ,i di/ribut$ my pati5ts into ! h&s ( ! surgeons ( ! t[n1 to f9i% dress+ !m3 !n ,i took leave ( ,m4 de ,guise1 & return$ to ! ,k+1 :o receiv$ me ) great fav\r1 & ask$ me h[ ,i _h be5 able to make my way into ,metz4 ,i told him fully all t ,i _h done4 ,he gave me two hundr$ cr[ns1 & an hundr$ :i* ,i _h :5 ,i set out3 & said he w\ld nev] leave me poor4 ,!n ,i ?ank$ him v humbly = ! good & ! hon\r he 0 pleas$ to d me4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,hesd94 #aeec ,! ,emp]or ,*>les laid siege to ! t[n ( ,!r\5ne2 & ,m4 le ,due de ,savoie 0 ,g5]al ( 8 :ole army4 ,x 0 tak5 by assault3 & !re 0 a great numb] ( our m5 kill$ & tak5 prison]s4 ,! ,k+1 wi%+ to prev5t ! enemy f besieg+ ! t[n & ca/le ( ,hesd9 also1 s5t ?i!r ,,mm4 le ,duc de ,b\illon1 le ,duc ,horace1 le ,m>quis de ,vill>s1 & a numb] ( capta9s1 & ab\t eighte5 hundr$ soldi]s3 & dur+ ! siege ( ,!r\5ne1 ^! ,seigneurs =tifi$ ! ca/le ( ,hesd91 s t x seem$ to be impregnable4 ,! ,k+ s5t me to ! ,seigneurs1 to help !m ) my art1 if !y %\ld come to h ne$ ( x4 ,soon aft] ! capture ( ,!r\5ne1 we 7 besieg$ 9 ,hesd94 ,!re 0 a cle> /ream ( runn+ wat] )9 %ot ( our cannon1 & ab\t x 7 f\rscore or an hundr$ ( ! enemy's rabble1 draw+ wat]4 ,i 0 on a ramp>t wat*+ ! enemy pit* _! camp2 &1 see+ ! cr[d ( idl]s r\nd ! /ream1 ,i ask$ ,m4 du ,pont1 commiss>y ( ! artill]y1 to s5d "o cannon-%ot among ?is canaille3 he gave me a flat refusal1 say+ t all ?is sort ( p 0 n wor? ! p[d] w\ld be wa/$ on !m4 ,aga9 ,i begg$ him to level ! cannon1 tell+ him1 ,! m dead1 ! few] enemies2 :i* he did = my sake3 & ! %ot kill$ fifte5 or sixte51 & w\nd$ _m4 ,our m5 made sorties aga9/ ! enemy1 :]e9 _m 7 kill$ & w\nd$ on bo? sides1 ) gun%ot or ) fight+ h& to h&2 & our m5 (t5 salli$ out be=e _! tr5*es 7 made2 s t ,i _h my "w cut out = me1 & _h no re/ ei!r day or night = dress+ ! w\nd$4 ,& "h ,i w\ld note t we _h put _m ( !m 9 a great t[]1 lay+ !m on a little /raw3 & _! pill[s 7 /ones1 _! cov]lets 7 cloaks1 ^? :o _h any4 ,:5 ! attack 0 made1 s (t5 z ! enemy's cannons 7 fir$1 our w\nd$ said !y felt pa9 9 _! w\nds1 z if y _h /ruck !m ) a /ick3 "o 0 cry+ out on 8 head1 ! o!r on 8 arm1 & s ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! body3 & _m _h _! w\nds ble$ aga91 ev5 m pr(usely ?an at ! "t !y 7 w\nd$1 & !n ,i _h to run to /aun* !m4 ,mon petit mai/re1 if y _h be5 !re1 y w\ld h be5 mu* h9d]$ ) y\r hot irons2 y w\ld h want$ a lot ( *>coal to heat !m r$1 & sure y w\ld h be5 kill$ l a calf = y\r cruelty4 ,_m di$ ( ! diabolical /orm ( ! e*o ( ^! eng9es ( artill]y1 & ! vehem5t agitation & sev]e %ock ( ! air act+ on _! w\nds2 o!rs because !y got no re/ = ! %\t+ & cry+ t 7 made day & night1 & = want ( good food1 & o!r ?+s ne$ful = _! treatm5t4 ,mon petit mai/re1 if y _h be5 !re1 no d\bt y c\ld h giv5 !m jelly1 re/oratives1 gravies1 press$ meats1 bro?1 b>ley-wat]1 almond-milk1 blanc-mange1 prunes1 plums1 & o!r food prop] = ! sick2 b y\r diet w\ld h be5 only on pap]1 & 9 fact !y _h no?+ b beef ( old %runk c[s1 seiz$ r\nd ,hesd9 = our provision1 salt$ & half-cook$1 s t he :o w\ld eat x mu/ drag at x ) 8 tee?1 z birds ( prey te> _! food4 ,nor mu/ ,i =get ! l95 = dress+ _! w\nds1 :i* 0 only wa%$ daily & dri$ at ! fire1 till x 0 z h>d z p>*m5t3 ,i leave y to ?9k h[ _! w\nds c\ld d well4 ,!re 7 f\r big fat rascally wom5 :o _h *>ge to :it5 ! l951 & 7 kept at x ) ! /ick2 & yet !y _h n wat] en\gh to d x1 mu* less soap4 ,t is h[ ! poor pati5ts di$1 = want ( food & o!r necess>y ?+s4 ,"o day ! enemy feign$ a g5]al attack1 to draw our soldi]s into ! brea*1 t !y might see :at we 7 l3 e man ran ?i!r4 ,we _h made a great /ore ( artificial fires to def5d ! brea*2 a prie/ ( ,m4 le ,duc de ,b\illon took a gr5ade1 ?9k+ to ?r[ x at ! enemy1 & light$ x be=e he ought3 x bur/1 & set fire to all our /ore1 :i* 0 9 a h\se ne> ! brea*4 ,?is 0 a t]rible disa/] = u1 because x burn$ _m poor soldi]s2 x ev5 caught ! h\se1 & we _h all be5 burn$1 b = help giv5 to put x out2 !re 0 only "o well 9 ! ca/le ) any wat] 9 x1 & ?is 0 almo/ dry1 & we took be] to put x out in/ead ( wat]2 aft]w>d we 7 9 great want ( wat]1 & to dr9k :at 0 left we mu/ /ra9 x ?r\gh napk9s4 ,! enemy1 see+ ! explosion & viol5ce ( ! fires1 :i* made a wond]ful flame & ?und]+1 ?\ght we _h lit !m on purpose to def5d ! brea*1 & t we _h _m m ( !m4 ,?is made !m *ange _! m9ds1 to h u "s o!r way ?an by attack3 !y dug m9es1 & sapp$ ! great] "p ( our walls1 till !y came ne> turn+ our ca/le altoge!r upside d[n2 & :5 ! sapp]s _h f9i%$ _! "w1 & _! artill]y 0 fir$1 all ! ca/le %ook "u our feet l an e>?quake1 to our great a/oni%m5t4 ,moreov]1 !y _h levell$ five pieces ( artill]y1 :i* !y _h plac$ on a little hillock1 s z to h u f beh9d :5 we 7 gone to def5d ! brea*4 ,m4 le ,duc ,horace _h a cannon%ot on ! elb[1 :i* c>ri$ (f 8 arm "o way & 8 body ! o!r1 be=e he c\ld say a s+le ^w2 8 dea? 0 a great disa/] to u1 = ! high rank t he held 9 ! t[n4 ,also ,m4 de ,m>tigues _h a gun%ot w\nd :i* pi]c$ 8 lungs3 ,i dress$ him1 z ,i %all tell h]eaft]4 ,!n we ask$ leave to speak ) ! enemy2 & a trumpet 0 s5t to ! ,pr9ce ( ,pi$mont1 to "k :at t]ms he w\ld give u4 ,he answ]$ t all ! lead]s1 su* z g5tlem51 capta9s1 lieut5ants1 & ensigns1 w\ld be tak5 prison]s = ransom1 & ! soldi]s w\ld leave ! t[n )\t _! arms2 & if we refus$ ?is fair & hone/ (f]1 we might re/ assur$ !y w\ld take u next day1 by attack or o!rwise4 ,a c\ncil 0 held1 to :i* ,i 0 call$1 to "k if ,i w\ld sign ! surr5d] ( ! t[n2 ) _m capta9s1 g5tlem51 & o!rs4 ,i answ]$ x 0 n possible to hold ! t[n1 & ,i w\ld sign ! surr5d] ) my own blood1 = ! little hope ,i _h we c\ld resi/ ! enemy's =ces1 & = ! great long+ ,i _h to be out ( ?is hell & utt] torture2 = ,i slept nei!r night nor day = ! great numb] ( ! w\nd$1 :o 7 ab\t two hundr$4 ,! dead 7 advanc$ 9 putrefaction1 pil$ "o ^u ! o!r l faggots1 & n cov]$ ) e>?1 because we _h none4 ,& if ,i w5t into a soldi]'s lodg+1 !re 7 soldi]s wait+ = me at ! door :5 ,i came out1 = me to dress o!rs2 x 0 :o %\ld h me1 & !y c>ri$ me l ! body ( a sa9t1 ) my feet (f ! gr\nd1 fight+ = me4 ,i c\ld n satisfy ?is great numb] ( w\nd$3 nor _h ,i got :at ,i want$ = _! treatm5t4 ,= x is n en\gh t ! surgeon d 8 duty t[>d 8 pati5ts1 b ! pati5t also mu/ d 82 & ! assi/ants1 & ext]nal ?+s1 mu/ "w toge!r = him3 see ,hippocrates1 ,aphorism ! ,fir/4 ,hav+ he>d t we 7 to surr5d] ! place1 ,i knew our bus9ess 0 n prosp]+2 & = fe> ( be+ kn[n1 ,i gave a velvet coat1 a sat9 d\blet1 & a cloak ( f9e clo? trimm$ ) velvet1 to a soldi]2 :o gave me a bad d\blet all torn & ragg$ ) we>1 & a fray$ lea!r coll>1 & a bad hat1 & a %ort cloak2 ,i dirti$ ! neck ( my %irt ) wat] mix$ ) a little soot1 ,i rubb$ my hose ) a /one at ! knees & ov] ! heels1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 long worn1 ,i did ! same to my %oes1 till "o w\ld h tak5 me = a *imney- sweep r ?an a ,k+'s surgeon4 ,i w5t 9 ?is ge> to ,m4 de ,m>tigues1 & pray$ him to arrange ,i %\ld /op ) him to dress him2 :i* he grant$ v will+ly1 & 0 z glad ,i %\ld be ne> him z ,i 0 myself4 ,soon aft]w>d1 ! commission]s :o 7 to select ! prison]s ent]$ ! ca/le1 ! sev5te5? day ( ,july1 #aeec4 ,!y took prison]s ,,mm4 le ,due de ,b\illon1 le ,m>quis de ,vill>s1 de ,roze1 le ,b>on de ,culan1 ,m4 du ,pont1 commiss>y ( ! artill]y1 & ,m4 de ,m>tigues2 & me ) him1 because he ask$ !m2 & all ! g5tlem5 :o !y knew c\ld pay ransom1 & mo/ ( ! soldi]s & ! lead]s ( companies2 s _m & su* prison]s z !y wi%$4 ,& !n ! ,spani% soldi]s ent]$ by ! brea*1 unresi/$2 our m5 ?\ght !y w\ld keep _! fai? & agreem5t t all lives %\ld be sp>$4 ,!y ent]$ ! t[n 9 a fury to kill1 plund]1 & ravage ev]y?+3 !y took a few m51 hop+ to h ransom = !m4 444 ,if !y saw !y c\ld n get x1 !y cruelly put !m to dea? 9 cold blood4 444 ,& !y kill$ !m all ) dagg]s1 & cut _! ?roats4 ,su* 0 _! great cruelty & trea*]y2 let him tru/ !m :o w4 ,to return to my /ory3 :5 ,i 0 tak5 f ! ca/le into ! t[n1 ) ,m4 de ,m>tigues1 !re 0 "o ( ,m4 de ,savoie's g5tlem51 :o ask$ me if ,m4 de ,m>tigues's w\nd c\ld be cur$4 ,i told him no1 t x 0 incurable3 & (f he w5t to tell ,m4 le ,due de ,savoie4 ,i be?\ght myself !y w\ld s5d physicians & surgeons to dress ,m4 de ,m>tigues2 & ,i argu$ )9 myself if ,i ought to play ! simpleton1 & n let myself be kn[n = a surgeon1 le/ !y %\ld keep me to dress _! w\nd$1 & 9 ! end ,i %\ld be f\nd to be ! ,k+'s surgeon1 & !y w\ld make me pay a big ransom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i fe>$1 if ,i did n %[ ,i 0 a surgeon & _h dress$ ,m4 de ,m>tigues skilfully1 !y w\ld cut my ?roat4 ,=?) ,i made up my m9d to %[ !m he w\ld n die = want ( hav+ be5 well dress$ & nurs$4 ,soon aft]1 sure en\gh1 !re came _m g5tlem51 ) ! ,emp]or's physician1 & 8 surgeon1 & ^? belong+ to ,m4 de ,savoie1 & six o!r surgeons ( 8 army1 to see ,m4 de ,m>tigues's w\nd1 & to "k ( me h[ ,i _h dress$ & treat$ x4 ,! ,emp]or's physician bade me decl>e ! ess5tial nature ( ! w\nd1 & :at ,i _h done = x4 ,& all 8 assi/ants kept _! e>s wide op51 to "k if ! w\nd 7 or 7 n mortal4 ,i comm5c$ my disc\rse to !m1 h[ ,m4 ,m>tigues1 look+ ov] ! wall to m>k ^? :o 7 sapp+ x1 0 %ot ) an arquebus ?r\gh ! body1 & ,i 0 call$ ( a sudd5 to dress him4 ,i f\nd blood com+ f 8 m\? & f 8 w\nds4 ,moreov]1 he bad a great difficulty ( brea?+ 9 & out1 & air came :i/l+ f ! w\nds1 s t x w\ld h put out a c&le2 & he said he _h a v great /abb+ pa9 :]e ! bullet _h ent]$4 444 ,i )drew "s scales ( bone1 & put 9 ea* w\nd a t5t ) a l>ge head1 fa/5$ ) a ?read1 le/ on inspiration x %\ld be drawn into ! cavity ( ! *e/2 :i* has happ5$ ) surgeons1 to ! detrim5t ( ! poor w\nd$2 = be+ fall5 91 y _c get !m out2 & !n !y beget corruption1 be+ =eign bodies4 ,! t5ts 7 ano9t$ ) a prep>ation ( yolk ( egg1 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 & a little oil ( roses4 444 ,i put ov] ! w\nds a great pla/] ( dia*ylum1 :]e) ,i _h mix$ oil ( roses1 & v9eg>1 to avoid inflammation4 ,!n ,i appli$ great compresses /eep$ 9 oxycrate1 & b&ag$ him1 n too tight1 t he might brea! easily4 ,next1 ,i drew five basons ( blood f 8 "r arm1 consid]+ 8 y\? & 8 sangu9e temp]am5t4 444 ,fev] took him1 soon aft] he 0 w\nd$1 ) feebl5ess ( ! he>t4 444 ,8 diet 0 b>ley- wat]1 prunes ) sug>1 at o!r times bro?3 8 dr9k 0 a ptisane4 ,he c\ld lie only on 8 back4 444 ,:at m %all ,i say8 b t my ,"l de ,m>tigues nev] _h an h\r's re/ aft] he 0 w\nd$4 444 ,^! ?+s consid]$1 ,g5tlem51 no o!r prognosis is possible1 save t he w die 9 a few days1 to my great grief4 ,hav+ f9i%$ my disc\rse1 ,i dress$ him z ,i 0 accu/om$4 ,:5 ,i display$ 8 w\nds1 ! physicians & surgeons1 & o!r assi/ants pres5t1 knew ! tru? ( :at ,i _h said4 ,! physicians1 hav+ felt 8 pulse & se5 t ! vital =ces 7 depress$ & sp5t1 agre$ ) me t 9 a few days he w\ld die4 ,!n !y all w5t to ! ,duc de ,savoie1 & told him ,m4 de ,m>tigues w\ld die 9 a %ort "t4 ,he answ]$ !m1 ,possibly1 if he _h be5 well dress$1 he might h escap$ dea?4 ,!n !y all ) "o voice said he _h be5 v well dress$ & c>$ = altoge!r1 & x c\ld n be bett]1 & x 0 impossible to cure him1 & 8 w\nd 0 ( necessity mortal4 ,!n ,m4 de ,savoie 0 v angry ) !m1 & cri$1 & ask$ !m aga9 if = c]ta9 !y all held 8 case hopeless3 !y answ]$1 yes4 ,!n a ,spani% impo/or came =w>d1 :o promis$ on 8 life to cure him2 & if he did n1 !y %\ld cut him 9 an hundr$ pieces2 b he w\ld h no physicians1 nor surgeons nor apo!c>ies ) him3 & ,m4 le ,duc de ,savoie =?) bade ! physicians & surgeons n g ne> ,m4 de ,m>tigues2 & s5t a g5tleman to bid me1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 n s mu* z to t\* him4 ,:i* ,i promis$1 & 0 v glad1 = n[ he w\ld n die "u my h&s2 & ! impo/or 0 told to dress him1 & to h ) him no o!r physicians or surgeons1 b only himself4 ,by & bye he came1 & said to ,m4 de ,m>tigues1 ,s5or ,cavall]o1 ,m4 de ,savoie has bid me come & dress y\r w\nd4 ,i swe> to ,god1 be=e eight days ,i w set y on horseback1 lance 9 h&1 provid$ none t\* y b ,i alone4 ,y %all eat & dr9k :atev] y l4 ,i w be diet$ in/ead ( y2 & y may tru/ me to p]=m :at ,i promise4 ,i h cur$ _m :o _h worse w\nds ?an y\rs4 ,& ! ,seigneurs answ]$ him1 ,god give y ,8 grace = x4 ,he ask$ = a %irt ( ,m4 de ,m>tigues1 & tore x 9 little /rips1 :i* he laid cross-wise1 mutt]+ & murmur+ c]ta9 words ov] ! w\nds3 hav+ done ?is mu* = him1 he let him eat & dr9k all he w\ld1 say+ he himself w\ld be diet$ 9 8 /ead2 :i* he did1 eat+ b six prunes & six morsels ( bread = d9n]1 & dr9k+ only be]4 ,nev]!less1 two days lat]1 ,m4 de ,m>tigues di$3 & my fri5d ! ,spani>d1 see+ him at ! po9t ( dea?1 eclips$ himself1 & got away )\t good-bye to any man4 ,& ,i believe if he _h be5 caught he w\ld h be5 hang$ & /rangl$1 = ! false promise he made to ,m4 le ,due de ,savoie & _m o!r g5tlem54 ,m4 de ,m>tigues di$ ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+2 & aft] d9n] ,m4 de ,savoie s5t ! physicians & surgeons1 & 8 apo!c>y1 ) a /ore ( drugs to embalm him4 ,!y came ) _m g5tlem5 & capta9s ( 8 army4 ,! ,emp]or's surgeon came to me1 & ask$ me 9 a v fri5dly way to make1 ! embalmm5t2 :i* ,i refus$1 say+ t ,i 0 n wor?y to c>ry 8 in/rum5t-box aft] him4 ,he begg$ me aga9 to d x to please him1 & t he w\ld be v glad ( x444,see+ 8 k9dness1 & fe>+ to displease him1 ,i !n decid$ to %[ !m ! anatomi/ t ,i 01 exp\nd+ to !m _m ?+s1 :i* w\ld "h be too long to recite444 ,our disc\rse f9i%$1 ,i embalm$ ! body2 & x 0 plac$ 9 a c(f94 ,!n ! ,emp]or's surgeon drew me aside1 & told me1 if ,i w\ld /op ) him1 he w\ld treat me well1 & give me a new suit ( clo!s1 & set me on horseback4 ,i gave him _m ?anks1 & said ,i _h no wi% to s]ve any c\ntry b my own4 ,!n he told me ,i 0 a fool1 & if he 7 a prison] z ,i 01 he w\ld s]ve a devil to get 8 fre$om4 ,9 ! end ,i told him flat ,i w\ld n /op ) him4 ,! ,emp]or's physician !n w5t back to ,m4 de ,savoie1 & expla9$ to him ! causes ( ,m4 de ,m>tigues' dea?1 & t x 0 impossible = all ! m5 9 ! _w to h cur$ him2 & assur$ him aga9 ,i _h done all t 0 to be done1 & bes\ght him to take me into 8 s]vice2 say+ mu* m good ( me ?an !re 04 ,he hav+ be5 p]suad$ to d ?is1 s5t to me "o ( 8 /ew>ds1 ,m4 du ,b\*et1 to tell me1 if ,i w\ld s]ve him1 he w\ld use me well2 ,i s5t back my v humble ?anks1 & t ,i _h decid$ n to take s]vice "u any =eign]4 ,:5 he he>d my answ] he 0 v angry1 & said ,i ought to be s5t to ! galleys4 ,m4 de ,vaudeville1 ,gov]nor ( ,gravel9e1 & colonel ( sev5te5 ensigns ( infantry1 ask$ him to s5d me to him1 to dress an old ulc] on 8 leg1 t he _h _h = six or sev5 ye>s4 ,m4 de ,savoie said he 0 will+1 s f> z ,i 0 conc]n$2 & if ,i us$ ! caut]y to 8 leg1 x w\ld s]ve him "r4 ,m4 de ,vaudeville answ]$1 if he saw me try+ x1 he w\ld h my ?roat cut4 ,soon aft]1 he s5t = me f\r ,g]man halb]di]s ( 8 gu>d2 & ,i 0 t]rifi$1 = ,i did n "k :]e !y 7 tak+ me3 !y spoke no m ,fr5* ?an ,i ,g]man4 ,:5 ,i 0 come to 8 lodg+1 he bade me welcome1 & said1 n[ ,i belong$ to him2 & s soon z ,i _h heal$ him1 he w\ld let me g )\t ransom4 ,i told him ,i _h no means to pay any ransom4 ,he call$ 8 physician & 8 surgeon-9-ord9>y1 to %[ me 8 leg2 & :5 we _h exam9$ x1 we )drew into a room1 :]e ,i began my disc\rse to !m4 444 ,!n ! physician left me ) ! surgeon1 & w5t back to ,m4 de ,vaudeville1 & said he 0 sure ,i c\ld cure him1 & told him all ,i _h decid$ to d2 :i* pleas$ him va/ly4 ,he s5t = me1 & ask$ if ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld cure him2 ,i said yes1 if he 7 ob$i5t to :at 0 necess>y4 ,he promis$ to d only :at ,i wi%$ & ord]$2 & s soon z he 0 heal$1 he w\ld let me g home )\t ransom4 ,!n ,i ask$ him to make bett] t]ms ) me1 say+ x 0 too long to wait = my lib]ty3 9 fifte5 days ,i hop$ 8 ulc] w\ld be less ?an half its pres5t size1 & give no pa92 !n 8 own surgeon & physician c\ld f9i% ! cure4 ,he grant$ ?is to me4 ,!n ,i took a piece ( pap] to measure ! size ( ! ulc]1 & gave x to him1 & kept ano!r by me2 ,i ask$ him to keep 8 promise1 :5 ,i _h done my "w2 he swore by ! fai? ( a g5tleman he w\ld4 ,!n ,i set myself to dress him prop]ly1 aft] ! mann] ( ,gal54 444 ,he wi%$ to "k if x 7 true1 :at ,i said ( ,gal51 & bade 8 physician look to x1 = he w\ld "k x = himself2 he _h ! book put on ! table1 & f\nd t :at ,i said 0 true2 s ! physician 0 a%am$1 & ,i 0 glad4 ,)9 ! fifte5 days1 x 0 almo/ all heal$2 & ,i began to feel happy ab\t ! compact made betwe5 u4 ,he _h me to eat & dr9k at 8 table1 :5 !re 7 no m great p]sons ?an he & ,i only4 ,he gave me a big r$ sc>f :i* ,i mu/ we>2 :i* made me feel some?+ l a dog :5 !y give him a clog1 to /op him eat+ ! grapes 9 ! v9ey>ds4 ,8 physician & surgeon took me ?r\gh ! camp to visit _! w\nd$2 & ,i took c>e to obs]ve :at our enemy 0 do+4 ,i f\nd !y _h no m great cannons1 b only tw5ty-five or ?irty field-pieces4 ,m4 de ,vaudeville held prison] ,m4 de ,bauge1 bro!r ( ,m4 de ,m>tigues :o di$ at ,hesd94 ,m4 de ,bauge 0 prison] at ,*ateau de ,la ,motte au ,bois1 belong+ to ! ,emp]or2 he _h be5 captur$ at ,!r\5ne by two ,spani% soldi]s2 & ,m4 de ,vaudeville1 :5 he saw him !re1 conclud$ he mu/ be "s g5tleman ( good family3 he made him pull (f 8 /ock+s1 & see+ 8 clean legs & feet1 & 8 f9e :ite /ock+s1 knew he 0 "o to pay a good ransom4 ,he told ! soldi]s he w\ld give !m ?irty cr[ns d[n = _! prison]3 !y agre$ gladly1 = !y _h no place to keep him1 nor food = him1 nor did !y "k 8 value3 s !y gave _! man into 8 h&s1 & he s5t him (f at once1 gu>d$ by f\r ( 8 own soldi]s1 to ,*ateau de ,la ,motte au ,bois1 ) o!rs ( our g5tlem5 :o 7 prison]s4 ,m4 de ,bauge w\ld n tell :o he 02 & endur$ mu* h>d%ip1 liv+ on bread & wat]1 ) a little /raw = 8 b$4 ,:5 ,hesd9 0 tak51 ,m4 de ,vaudeville s5t ! news ( x to him & to ! o!r prison]s1 & ! li/ ( ! kill$1 & among !m ,m4 de ,m>tigues3 & :5 ,m4 de ,bauge he>d ) 8 own e>s 8 bro!r 0 dead1 he fell to cry+1 weep+1 & lam5tation4 ,8 gu>ds ask$ him :y he 0 s mis]able3 he told !m1 = love ( ,m4 de ,m>tigues1 8 bro!r4 ,:5 he he>d ?is1 ! capta9 ( ! ca/le s5t /raight to tell ,m4 de ,vaudeville he _h a good prison]3 :o 0 delight$ at ?is1 & s5t me next day ) f\r soldi]s1 & 8 own physician1 to ! ca/le1 to say t if ,m4 de ,bauge w\ld pay him fifte5 ?\s& cr[ns ransom1 he w\ld s5d him home free3 & he ask$ only ! security ( two ,antw]p m]*ants t he %\ld "n4 ,m4 de ,vaudeville p]suad$ me ,i %\ld comm5d ?is (f] to 8 prison]3 t is :y he s5t me to ! ca/le4 ,he told ! capta9 to treat him well & put him 9 a room ) hang+s1 & /r5g!n 8 gu>d3 & f t "t onw>d !y made a great deal ( him1 at ! exp5se ( ,m4 de ,vaudeville4 ,m4 de ,bauge answ]$ t he c\ld n pay 8 ransom himself3 x dep5d$ on ,m4 d' ,e/ampes 8 uncle1 & ,mlle4 de ,bressure 8 aunt3 he _h no means to pay su* a ransom4 ,i w5t back ) my gu>ds1 & gave ?is answ] to ,m4 de ,vaudeville2 :o said1 ,possibly he w n get away s *eap3 :i* 0 true1 = !y knew :o he 04 ,!n ! ,que5 ( ,hung>y & ,m4 le ,duc de ,savoie s5t ^w to ,m4 de ,vaudeville t ?is m\?ful 0 too big = him1 & he mu/ s5d 8 prison] to !m 7:i* he did71 & he _h o!r prison]s en\gh )\t him4 ,! ransom paid 0 =ty ?\s& cr[ns1 )\t o!r exp5ses4 ,on my way back to ,m4 de ,vaudeville1 ,i pass$ by ,sa9t ,om]1 :]e ,i saw _! great cannons1 mo/ ( :i* 7 f\l$ & brok54 ,also ,i pass$ by ,!r\5ne1 :]e ,i saw n "o /one left on ano!r1 save a ve/ige ( ! great *ur*3 = ! ,emp]or ord]$ ! c\ntry p = five or six leagues r\nd to cle> & take away ! /ones2 s t n[ y may drive a c>t ov] ! t[n3 & ! same at ,hesd91 & no trace ( ca/le & =tress4 ,su* is ! evil t w>s br+ ) !m4 ,to return to my /ory2 ,m4 de ,vaudeville soon got ! bett] ( 8 ulc]1 & 0 ne>ly heal$3 s he let me g1 & s5t me by a trumpet1 ) passport1 z f> z ,abbeville4 ,i po/$ f "h1 & w5t to f9d my ma/]1 ,k+ ,h5ry1 at ,aufimon1 :o receiv$ me gladly & ) good fav\r4 ,he s5t ,,mm4 de ,guise1 ! ,con/able1 & d' ,e/res1 to he> f me ! capture ( ,hesd92 & ,i made !m a true report1 & assur$ !m ,i _h se5 ! great cannons !y _h tak5 to ,sa9t ,om]3 & ! ,k+ 0 glad1 = he _h fe>$ ! enemy w\ld come fur!r into ,france4 ,he gave me two hundr$ cr[ns to take me home3 & ,i 0 ?ankful to be free1 out ( ?is great torm5t & ?und] ( ! diabolical artill]y1 & away f ! soldi]s1 blasphem]s & d5i]s ( ,god4 ,i mu/ add t aft] ,hesd9 0 tak51 ! ,k+ 0 told ,i 0 n kill$ b tak5 prison]4 ,he made ,m4 ,gogui]1 8 *ief physician1 write to my wife t ,i 0 liv+1 & %e 0 n to be unhappy1 & he w\ld pay my ransom4 ,,battle ,,( ,,sa9t ,,qu5t94 #aeeg ,aft] ! battle ( ,sa9t ,qu5t91 ! ,k+ s5t me to ,la ,f]e en ,t>t5ois1 to ,m4 le ,m>e*al de ,b\rdillon1 = a passport to ,m4 le ,duc de ,savoie1 t ,i might g & dress ! ,con/able1 :o _h be5 badly w\nd$ 9 ! back ) a pi/ol-%ot1 :]e( he 0 l to die1 & rema9$ prison] 9 ! enemy's h&s4 ,b nev] w\ld ,m4 le ,duc de ,savoie let me g to him1 say+ he w\ld n die = want ( a surgeon2 t he mu* d\bt$ ,i w\ld g !re only to dress him1 & n r to take "s secret in=mation to him2 & t he knew ,i 0 privy to o!r ?+s besides surg]y1 & rememb]$ ,i _h be5 8 prison] at ,hesd94 ,m4 le ,m>e*al told ! ,k+ ( ?is refusal3 :o wrote to ,m4 le ,m>e*al1 t if ,mme4 ! ,con/able's ,lady w\ld s5d "s quick-witt$ man ( h] h\sehold ,i w\ld give him a lett]1 & _h also some?+ to say to him by ^w ( m\?1 entru/$ to me by ! ,k+ & by ,m4 le ,c>d9al de ,lorra9e4 ,two days lat] !re came "o ( ! ,con/able's g5tlem5 ( ! b$*amb]1 ) 8 %irts & o!r l951 to :om ,m4 le ,m>e*al gave a passport to g to ! ,con/able4 ,i 0 v glad1 & gave him my lett]1 & in/ruct$ him :at 8 ma/] mu/ d n[ he 0 prison]4 ,i ?\ght1 hav+ f9i%$ my mission1 to return to ! ,k+2 b ,m4 le ,m>e*al begg$ me to /op at ,la ,f]e ) him1 to dress a v great numb] ( w\nd$ :o _h retreat$ !re aft] ! battle1 & he w\ld write to ! ,k+ to expla9 :y ,i /opp$2 :i* ,i did4 ,_! w\nds 7 v putrid1 & full ( worms1 ) gangr5e1 & corruption2 & ,i _h to make free play ) ! knife to cut (f :at 0 corrupt1 :i* 0 n done )\t amputation ( arms & legs1 & also sundry trepann+s4 ,!y f\nd no /ore ( drugs at ,la ,f]e1 because ! surgeons ( ! camp _h tak5 !m all away2 b ,i f\nd ! waggons ( ! artill]y !re1 & ^! _h n be5 t\*$4 ,i ask$ ,m4 le ,m>e*al to let me h "s ( ! drugs :i* 7 9 !m1 :i* he did2 & ,i 0 giv5 ! half only at "o "t1 & five or six days lat] ,i _h to take ! re/2 & yet x 0 n half en\gh to dress ! great numb] ( w\nd$4 ,& to correct & /op ! corruption1 & kill ! worms 9 _! w\nds1 ,i wa%$ !m ) ,aegyptiacum dissolv$ 9 w9e & eau-de-vie1 & did all ,i c\ld = !m2 b 9 spite ( all my c>e _m ( !m di$4 ,!re 7 at ,la ,f]e "s g5tlem5 *>g$ to f9d ! dead body ( ,m4 de ,bois-,dauph9 ! eld]1 :o _h be5 kill$ 9 ! battle2 !y ask$ me to g ) !m to ! camp1 to pick him out1 if we c\ld1 among ! dead2 b x 0 n possible to recognize him1 ! bodies be+ all f> gone 9 corruption1 & _! faces *ang$4 ,we saw m ?an half a league r\nd u ! e>? all cov]$ ) ! dead2 & h>dly /opp$ !re1 because ( ! /5* ( ! dead m5 & _! horses2 & s _m blue & gre5 flies rose f !m1 br$ ( ! moi/ure ( ! bodies & ! heat ( ! sun1 t :5 !y 7 up 9 ! air !y hid ! sun4 ,x 0 wond]ful to he> !m buzz+2 & :]e !y settl$1 !re !y infect$ ! air1 & br\ght ! plague ) !m4 ,mon petit mai/re1 ,i wi% y _h be5 !re ) me1 to exp]i5ce ! smells1 & make report !re( to !m t 7 n !re4 ,i 0 v we>y ( ! place2 ,i pray$ ,m4 le ,m>e*al to let me leave x1 & fe>$ ,i %\ld be ill !re2 = ! w\nd$ m5 /ank pa/ all be>+1 & !y di$ ne>ly all1 9 spite ( ev]y?+ we did4 ,he got surgeons to f9i% ! treatm5t ( !m1 & s5t me away ) 8 good fav\r4 ,he wrote to ! ,k+ ( ! dilig5ce ,i _h %[n t[>d ! poor w\nd$4 ,!n ,i return$ to ,p>is1 :]e ,i f\nd _m m g5tlem51 :o _h be5 w\nd$ & gone ?i!r aft] ! battle4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,camp ,,at ,,ami5s4 #aeeh ,! ,k+ s5t me to ,d\rlan1 "u conduct ( ,capta9 ,g\a/2 ) fifty m5-at-arms1 = fe> ,i %\ld be tak5 by ! enemy2 & see+ we 7 always 9 al>ms on ! way1 ,i made my man let d[n1 & made him ! ma/]2 = ,i got on 8 horse1 :i* c>ri$ my valise1 & c\ld g well if we _h to make our escape1 & ,i took 8 cloak & hat & gave him my m\nt1 :i* 0 a good little m>e2 he be+ 9 front1 y w\ld h tak5 him = ! ma/] & me = ! s]vant ,! g>rison inside ,d\rlan1 :5 !y saw u1 ?\ght we 7 ! enemy1 & fir$ _! cannon at u4 ,capta9 ,g\a/1 my conductor1 made signs to !m ) 8 hat t we 7 n ! enemy2 at la/ !y ceas$ fir+1 & we ent]$ ,d\rlan1 to our great relief4 ,five or six days be=e ?is1 a sortie _h be5 made f ,d\rlan2 :]e9 _m capta9s & brave soldi]s _h be5 kill$ or w\nd$3 & among ! w\nd$ 0 ,capta9 ,sa9t ,aub91 vaillant comme l' espce1 a great fri5d ( ,m4 de ,guise3 = ^: sake *iefly ! ,k+ _h s5t me !re4 ,:o1 be+ attack$ ) a qu>tan fev]1 yet left 8 b$ to comm& ! great] "p ( 8 company4 ,a ,spani>d1 see+ him 9 comm&1 p]ceiv$ he 0 a capta91 & %ot him ?r\gh ! neck ) an arquebus4 ,capta9 ,sa9t ,aub9 ?\ght himself kill$2 & by ?is fright ,i prote/ to ,god he lo/ 8 qu>tan fev]1 & 0 =ev] free ( x4 ,i dress$ him1 ) ,anto9e ,portail1 surgeon-9-ord9>y ( ! ,k+2 & _m o!r soldi]s4 ,"s di$1 o!rs got (f ) ! loss ( an arm or a leg or an eye1 & said !y _h got (f *eap1 to be alive at all4 ,!n1 ! enemy hav+ brok5 up _! camp1 ,i return$ to ,p>is4 ,i say no?+ "h ( mon petit mai/re1 :o 0 m com=table 9 8 h\se ?an ,i at ! w>s4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,b\rges4 #aefb ,! ,k+ ) 8 camp 0 b a %ort "t at ,b\rges1 till ^? )9 ! walls %\ld surr5d]2 & !y came out ) _! goods sav$4 ,i "k no?+ wor? rememb]+1 b t a boy ( ! ,k+'s kit*51 hav+ come ne> ! walls ( ! t[n be=e ! agreem5t _h be5 sign$1 cri$ ) a l\d voice1 ,hugu5ot1 ,hugu5ot1 %oot "h1 %oot "h1 hav+ 8 arm ?r[n up & 8 h& spread out2 a soldi] %ot 8 h& "r ?r\gh ) a bullet4 ,:5 he 0 ?us %ot1 he came to f9d me to dress him4 ,& ! ,con/able see+ ! boy 9 te>s1 ) 8 h& all bloody1 ask$ :o _h w\nd$ him3 !n a g5tleman :o _h se5 him %ot said x s]v$ him "r1 because he kept call+ ,hugu5ot1 hit "h1 aim "h4 ,& !n ! ,con/able said1 ?is ,hugu5ot 0 a good %ot & a good fell[1 = mo/ likely if he _h *os5 to fire at ! boy's head1 he w\ld h hit x ev5 m easily ?an 8 h&4 ,i dress$ ! kit*5 boy1 :o 0 v ill4 ,he recov]$1 b ) no p[] 9 8 h&3 & f t "t 8 comrades call$ him ,hugu5ot3 he is /ill liv+ n[4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,r\54 #aefb ,n[1 z = ! capture ( ,r\51 !y kill$ _m ( our m5 bo? be=e & at ! attack3 & ! v next day aft] we _h ent]$ ! t[n1 ,i trepann$ eight or n9e ( our m51 :o _h be5 w\nd$ ) /ones z !y 7 on ! brea*4 ,! air 0 s malignant1 t _m di$1 ev5 ( q small w\nds1 s t "s ?\ght ! bullets _h be5 poison$2 & ^? )9 ! t[n said ! l ( u2 = ?\gh !y _h )9 ! t[n all t 0 ne$ful1 yet all ! same !y di$ l ^? outside4 ,! ,k+ ( ,nav>re 0 w\nd$1 "s days be=e ! attack1 ) a bullet 9 ! %\ld]4 ,i visit$ him1 & help$ to dress him1 ) "o ( 8 own surgeons1 ,ma/] ,gilb]t1 "o ( ! *ief m5 ( ,montpelli]1 & o!rs4 ,!y c\ld n f9d ! bullet4 ,i se>*$ = x v accurately1 & f\nd reason to believe x _h ent]$ at ! top ( ! arm1 by ! head ( ! bone1 & _h pass$ into ! holl[ "p ( ! bone1 :i* 0 :y !y c\ld n f9d x2 & mo/ ( !m said x _h ent]$ 8 body & 0 lo/ 9 x4 ,m4 le ,pr9ce de ,la ,ro*e-sur-,yon1 :o de>ly lov$ ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 drew me aside & ask$ if ! w\nd 7 mortal4 ,i told him yes1 because all w\nds ( great jo9ts1 & especially contus$ w\nds1 7 mortal1 accord+ to all ^? :o h writt5 ab\t !m4 ,he ask$ ! o!rs :at !y ?\ght ( x1 & *iefly ,ma/] ,gilb]t1 :o told him he _h great hope 8 ,"l ! ,k+ w\ld recov]2 :i* made ! ,pr9ce v glad4 ,f\r days lat]1 ! ,k+1 & ! ,que5-"m1 & ,m4 le ,c>d9al de ,b\rbon1 8 bro!r1 & ,m4 le ,pr9ce de la ,ro*e- sur-,yon1 & ,m4 de ,guise1 & o!r great p]sons1 aft] we _h dress$ ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 wi%$ u to hold a consultation 9 _! pres5ce1 all ! physicians & surgeons toge!r4 ,ea* ( !m said :at he ?\ght1 & !re 0 n "o b _h good hope1 !y said1 t he w\ld recov]4 ,i p]si/$ always 9 ! contr>y4 ,m4 le ,pr9ce1 :o lov$ me1 drew me aside1 & said ,i 0 alone aga9/ ! op9ion ( all ! o!rs1 & pray$ me n to be ob/9ate aga9/ s _m good m54 ,i answ]$1 ,:5 ,i %all see good signs ( recov]y1 ,i w *ange my m9d4 ,_m consultations 7 held1 & ,i nev] *ang$ :at ,i said1 & ! prognosis ,i _h made at ! fir/ dress+1 & said always ! arm w\ld fall into a gangr5e3 :i* x did1 = all ! c>e !y c\ld give to x2 & he r5d]$ 8 _s to ,god ! eighte5? day aft] 8 w\nd4 ,m4 le ,pr9ce1 hav+ he>d ( x1 s5t to me 8 surgeon1 & 8 physician1 "o ,lefevre1 n[ physician-9-ord9>y to ! ,k+ & ,que5-"m1 to say he wi%$ to h ! bullet1 & we 7 to look = x1 to see :]e x 04 ,!n ,i 0 v glad1 & assur$ !m ,i %\ld quickly f9d x2 :i* ,i did 9 _! pres5ce1 ) _m o!r g5tlem53 x 0 j 9 ! v middle ( ! bone4 ,m4 le ,pr9ce took & %[$ x to ! ,k+ & to ! ,que51 :o all said t my prognosis _h come true4 ,! body 0 laid to re/ at ,*ateau ,gaill>d3 & ,i return$ to ,p>is1 :]e ,i f\nd _m pati5ts1 :o _h be5 w\nd$ on ! brea* at ,r\51 & *iefly ,italians1 :o 7 v eag] ,i %\ld dress !m3 :i* ,i did will+ly4 ,_m ( !m recov]$3 ! re/ di$4 ,mon petit mai/re1 ,i ?9k y 7 call$ to dress "s1 = ! great numb] !re 0 ( !m4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,dreux4 #aefb ,! day aft] ! battle ( ,dreux1 ! ,k+ bade me g & dress ,m4 le ,comte d',eu1 :o _h be5 w\nd$ 9 ! "r ?igh1 ne> ! hip-jo9t1 ) a pi/ol-%ot3 :i* _h sma%$ & brok5 ! ?igh-bone into _m pieces3 :]eon _m accid5ts sup]v5$1 & at la/ dea?1 to my great grief4 ,! day aft] ,i came1 ,i w\ld g to ! camp :]e ! battle _h be51 to see ! dead bodies4 ,i saw1 = a long league r\nd1 ! e>? all cov]$3 !y e/imat$ x at tw5ty-five ?\s& m5 or m2 & x 0 all done 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,i wi%1 mon petit mai/re1 = ! love ,i be> y1 y _h be5 !re1 to tell x to y\r s*ol>s & y\r *ildr54 ,n[ :ile ,i 0 at ,dreux1 ,i visit$ & dress$ a great numb] ( g5tlem51 & poor soldi]s1 & among ! re/ _m ( ! ,swiss capta9s4 ,i dress$ f\rte5 all 9 "o room1 all w\nd$ ) pi/ol-%ots & o!r diabolical fire>ms1 & n "o ( ! f\rte5 di$4 ,m4 le ,comte d',eu be+ dead1 ,i made no long /ay at ,dreux4 ,surgeons came f ,p>is1 :o fulfill$ _! duty to ! w\nd$1 z ,pigray1 ,co9t]et1 ,hub]t1 & o!rs2 & ,i return$ to ,p>is1 :]e ,i f\nd _m w\nd$ g5tlem5 :o _h retreat$ ?i!r aft] ! battle1 to h _! w\nds dress$2 & ,i 0 n !re )\t see+ _m ( !m4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,havre ,,de ,,grace4 #aefc ,& ,i w n omit to tell ( ! camp at ,havre de ,grace4 ,:5 our artill]y came be=e ! walls ( ! t[n1 ! ,engli% )9 ! walls kill$ "s ( our m51 & sev]al pione]s :o 7 mak+ gabions4 ,& see+ !y 7 s w\nd$ t !re 0 no hope ( cur+ !m1 _! comrades /ripp$ !m1 & put !m /ill liv+ inside ! gabions1 :i* s]v$ to fill !m up4 ,:5 ! ,engli% saw t !y c\ld n )/& our attack1 because !y 7 h>d hit by sickness1 & especially by ! plague1 !y surr5d]$4 ,! ,k+ gave !m %ips to return to ,engl&1 v glad to be out ( ?is plague-/rick5 place4 ,! great] "p ( !m di$1 & !y took ! plague to ,engl&1 & !y h n got rid ( x s9ce4 ,capta9 ,s>lab\s1 ma/] ( ! camp1 0 left 9 g>rison1 ) six ensigns ( infantry1 :o _h no fe> ( ! plague2 & !y 7 v glad to get into ! t[n1 hop+ to enjoy !mselves !re1 ,mon petit mai/re1 if y _h be5 !re1 y w\ld h done z !y did4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,bayonne4 #aefd ,i w5t ) ! ,k+ on t j\rney to ,bayonne1 :5 we 7 two ye>s & m mak+ ! t\r ( well-nigh all ?is k+dom4 ,& 9 _m t[ns & villages ,i 0 call$ 9 consultation ov] sundry diseases1 ) ! late ,m4 ,*apela91 *ief physician to ! ,k+1 & ,m4 ,ca/ellan1 *ief physician to ! ,que5-"m2 honorable m5 & v le>n$ 9 m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,dur+ ?is j\rney1 ,i always inquir$ ( ! surgeons if !y _h not$ any?+ r>e 9 _! practices1 s t ,i might le>n some?+ new4 ,:ile ,i 0 at ,bayonne1 two ?+s happ5$ wor?y ( rem>k by "y surgeons4 ,! fir/ is1 ,i dress$ a ,spani% g5tleman1 :o _h a great & enorm\s swell+ ( ! ?roat4 ,he _h lately be5 t\*$ by ! deceas$ ,k+ ,*>les = ! k+'s evil4 ,i op5$ 8 swell+4 444 ,i left him 9 ! h&s ( a surgeon ( ! t[n1 to f9i% 8 cure4 ,m4 de ,fonta9e1 ,knight ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,k+1 _h a sev]e cont9u$ pe/il5t fev]1 accompani$ ) _m inflammatory swell+s 9 sundry p>ts ( ! body4 ,he _h ble$+ at ! nose = two days1 )\t ceas+1 nor c\ld we /aun* x3 & aft] ?is haemorrhage ! fev] ceas$1 ) mu* sweat+1 & by & bye ! swell+s suppurat$1 & he 0 dress$ by me1 & heal$ by ! grace ( ,god4 ,,battle ,,( ,,sa9t ,,d5is1 #aefg ,z = ! battle ( ,sa9t ,d5is1 !re 7 _m kill$ on bo? sides4 ,our w\nd$ )drew to ,p>is to be dress$1 ) ! prison]s !y _h tak51 & ,i dress$ _m ( !m4 ,! ,k+ ord]$ me1 at ! reque/ ( ,mme4 ! ,con/able's ,lady1 to g to h] h\se to dress ! ,con/able2 :o _h a pi/ol-%ot 9 ! middle ( ! sp9e ( 8 back1 :]eby at once he lo/ all feel+ & movem5t 9 8 ?ighs & legs 444 because ! sp9al cord1 :5ce arise ! n]ves to give feel+ & movem5t to ! p>ts bel[1 0 cru%$1 brok51 & torn by ! =ce ( ! bullet4 ,also he lo/ und]/&+ & reason1 & 9 a few days he di$4 ,! surgeons ( ,p>is 7 h>d put to x = _m days to treat all ! w\nd$4 ,i ?9k1 mon petit mai/re1 y saw "s ( !m4 ,i besee* ! great ,god ( victories1 t we be nev] m employ$ 9 su* mis=tune & disa/]4 ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,moncont\r4 #aefi ,dur+ ! battle ( ,moncont\r1 ,k+ ,*>les 0 at ,plessis-les- ,t\rs1 :]e he he>d ! news ( ! victory4 ,a great numb] ( g5tlem5 & soldi]s retreat$ into ! t[n & suburbs ( ,t\rs1 w\nd$1 to be dress$ & treat$2 & ! ,k+ & ! ,que5-"m bade me d my duty by !m1 ) o!r surgeons :o 7 !n on duty1 z ,pigray1 du ,bois1 ,portail1 & "o ,siret1 a surgeon ( ,t\rs1 a man well v]s$ 9 surg]y1 :o 0 at ?is "t surgeon to ! ,k+'s bro!r4 ,& = ! multitude ( bad cases we _h sc>ce any re/1 nor ! physicians ei!r4 ,m4 le ,comte de ,mansfeld1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,du*y ( ,luxemb\rg1 ,knight ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,k+1 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ! battle1 9 ! left arm1 ) a pi/ol-%ot :i* broke a great "p ( 8 elb[2 & he )drew to ,borgueil ne> ,t\rs4 ,!n he s5t a g5tleman to ! ,k+1 to beg him to s5d "o ( 8 surgeons1 to help him ( 8 w\nd4 ,s !y debat$ :i* surgeon !y %\ld s5d4 ,m4 le ,m>e*al de ,montmor5cy told ! ,k+ & ! ,que5 t !y ought to s5d him _! *ief surgeon2 & urg$ t ,m4 de ,mansfeld _h done mu* t[>d ! victory4 ,! ,k+ said flat1 he w\ld n h me g1 & wi%$ me to /op ) himself4 ,!n ! ,que5-"m told him ,i w\ld b g & come back1 & he mu/ rememb] x 0 a =eign "l1 :o _h come1 at ! comm& ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 to help him4 !n he let me g1 provid$ ,i came back v soon4 ,s he s5t = me1 & ! ,que5-"m ) him1 & bade me g & f9d ! ,"l de ,mansfeld1 :]ev] he %\ld be1 to d all ,i c\ld = him to heal 8 w\nd4 ,i w5t to him1 ) a lett] f ,_! ,maje/ies4 ,:5 he saw x1 he receiv$ me ) good-w1 & =?) dismiss$ ?ree or f\r surgeons :o 7 dress+ him2 :i* 0 to my v great regret1 because 8 w\nd seem$ to me incurable4 ,n[ _m g5tlem5 _h retreat$ to ,borgueil1 hav+ be5 w\nd$3 = !y knew t ,m4 de ,guise 0 !re1 :o also _h be5 badly w\nd$ ) a pi/ol-%ot ?r\gh ! leg1 & !y 7 sure t he w\ld h good surgeons to dress him1 & w\ld help !m1 z he is k9dly & v g5]\s1 & w\ld relieve _! wants4 ,?is he did ) a w1 bo? = _! eat+ & dr9k+1 & = :at else !y ne$$3 & = my "p1 !y _h ! com=t & help ( my art3 "s di$1 o!rs recov]$1 accord+ to _! w\nds4 ,m4 le ,comte ,r+rave di$1 :o 0 %ot 9 ! %\ld]1 l ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re be=e ,r\54 ,m4 de ,bassompi]re1 colonel ( twelve hundr$ horse1 0 w\nd$ by a simil> %ot1 9 ! same place1 z ,m4 de ,mansfeld3 :om ,i dress$1 & ,god heal$4 ,god bless$ my "w s well1 t 9 ?ree weeks ,i s5t !m back to ,p>is3 :]e ,i _h /ill to make incisions 9 ,m4 de ,mansfeld's arm1 to remove "s pieces ( ! bones1 :i* 7 badly spl9t]$1 brok51 & c>i\s4 ,he 0 heal$ by ! grace ( ,god1 & made me a h&some pres5t1 s ,i 0 well cont5t ) him1 & he ) me2 z he has %[n me s9ce4 ,he wrote a lett] to ,m4 le ,duc d' ,ascot1 h[ he 0 heal$ ( 8 w\nd1 & also ,m4 de ,bassompi]re ( 81 & _m o!rs :om ,i _h dress$ aft] ! battle ( ,moncont\r2 & advis$ him to ask ! ,k+ ( ,france to let me visit ,m4 le ,m>quis d' ,auret1 8 bro!r3 :i* he did4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,fl&]s4 #aefi ,m4 le ,duc d' ,ascot did n fail to s5d a g5tleman to ! ,k+1 ) a lett] humbly ask+ he w\ld d him s mu* k9dness & hon\r z to p]mit & comm& 8 *ief surgeon to visit ,m4 le ,m>quis d' ,auret1 8 bro!r1 :o _h receiv$ a gun%ot w\nd ne> ! knee1 ) fracture ( ! bone1 ab\t sev5 mon?s ago1 & ! physicians & surgeons all ?is "t _h n be5 able to heal him4 ,! ,k+ s5t = me & bade me g & see ,m4 d' ,auret1 & give him all ! help ,i c\ld1 to heal him ( 8 w\nd4 ,i told him ,i w\ld employ all ! little k x _h pleas$ ,god to give me4 ,i w5t (f1 escort$ by two g5tlem51 to ! ,*ateau d' ,auret1 :i* is a league & a half f ,mons 9 ,ha9ault1 :]e ,m4 le ,m>quis 0 ly+4 ,s soon z ,i _h come1 ,i visit$ him1 & told him ! ,k+ _h comm&$ me to come & see him & dress 8 w\nd4 ,he said he 0 v glad ,i _h come1 & 0 mu* behold5 to ! ,k+1 :o _h done him s mu* hon\r z to s5d me to him4 ,i f\nd him 9 a high fev]1 8 eyes deep sunk51 ) a moribund & yell[i% face1 8 tongue dry & p>*$1 & ! :ole body mu* wa/$ & lean1 ! voice l[ z ( a man v ne> dea?3 & ,i f\nd 8 ?igh mu* inflam$1 suppurat+1 & ulc]at$1 dis*>g+ a gre5i% & v (f5sive sanies4 ,i prob$ x ) a silv] probe1 :]e) ,i f\nd a l>ge cavity 9 ! middle ( ! ?igh1 & o!rs r\nd ! knee1 sani\s & cuniculate3 also sev]al scales ( bone1 "s loose1 o!rs n4 ,! leg 0 greatly swell$1 & imbu$ ) a pituit\s humor 444 & b5t & drawn back4 ,!re 0 a l>ge b$sore2 he c\ld re/ nei!r day nor night2 & _h no appetite to eat1 b v ?ir/y4 ,i 0 told he (t5 fell into a fa9tness ( ! he>t1 & sometimes z 9 epilepsy3 & (t5 he felt sick1 ) su* trembl+ he c\ld n c>ry 8 h&s to 8 m\?4 ,see+ & consid]+ all ^! great complications1 & ! vital p[]s ?us brok5 d[n1 truly ,i 0 v sorry ,i _h come to him1 because x seem$ to me !re 0 little hope he w\ld escape dea?4 ,all ! same1 to give him c\rage & good hope1 ,i told him ,i w\ld soon set him on 8 legs1 by ! grace ( ,god1 & ! help ( 8 physicians & surgeons4 ,hav+ se5 him1 ,i w5t a walk 9 a g>d51 & pray$ ,god ,he w\ld %[ me ?is grace1 t he %\ld recov]2 & t ,he w\ld bless our h&s & our m$icam5ts1 to fight su* a complication ( diseases4 ,i discuss$ 9 my m9d ! means ,i mu/ take to d ?is4 ,!y call$ me to d9n]4 ,i came into ! kit*51 & !re ,i saw1 tak5 out ( a great pot1 half a %eep1 a qu>t] ( veal1 ?ree great pieces ( beef1 two f[ls1 & a v big piece ( bacon1 ) abundance ( good h]bs3 !n ,i said to myself t ! bro? ( ! pot w\ld be full ( juices1 & v n\ri%+4 ,aft] d9n]1 we began our consultation1 all ! physicians & surgeons toge!r1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 le ,duc d' ,ascot & "s g5tlem5 :o 7 ) him4 ,i began to say to ! surgeons t ,i 0 a/oni%$ !y _h n made incisions 9 ,m4 le ,m>quis' ?igh1 see+ t x 0 all suppurat+1 & ! ?ick matt] 9 x v foetid & (f5sive1 %[+ x _h long be5 p5t up !re2 & t ,i _h f\nd ) ! probe c>ies ( ! bone1 & scales ( bone1 :i* 7 already loose4 ,!y answ]$ me3 ,nev] w\ld he cons5t to x2 inde$1 x 0 ne> two mon?s s9ce !y _h be5 able to get leave to put clean %eets on 8 b$2 & "o sc>ce d>$ t\* ! cov]let1 s great 0 8 pa94 ,!n ,i said1 ,to heal him1 we mu/ t\* some?+ else ?an ! cov]let ( 8 b$4 ,ea* said :at he ?\ght ( ! malady ( ! pati5t1 & 9 conclusion !y all held x hopeless4 ,i told !m !re 0 /ill "s hope1 because he 0 "y1 & ,god & ,nature sometimes d ?+s :i* seem to physicians & surgeons impossible4 ,to re/ore ! w>m? & n\ri%m5t ( ! body1 g5]al frictions mu/ be made ) hot clo?s1 above1 bel[1 to "r1 to left1 & ar\nd1 to draw ! blood & ! vital spirits f )9 outw>d4 444 ,= ! b$sore1 he mu/ be put 9 a fre%1 s(t b$1 ) clean %irt & %eets444 ,hav+ disc\rs$ ( ! causes & complications ( 8 malady1 ,i said we mu/ cure !m by _! contr>ies2 & mu/ fir/ ease ! pa91 mak+ op5+s 9 ! ?igh to let out ! matt]4 444 ,secondly1 hav+ reg>d to ! great swell+ & coldness ( ! limb1 we mu/ apply hot bricks r\nd x1 & spr9kle !m ) a decoction ( n]val h]bs 9 w9e & v9eg>1 & wrap !m 9 napk9s2 & to 8 feet1 an e>!nw>e bottle fill$ ) ! decoction1 cork$1 & wrapp$ 9 clo?s4 ,!n ! ?igh1 & ! :ole ( ! leg1 mu/ be fom5t$ ) a decoction made ( sage1 rosem>y1 ?yme1 lav5d]1 fl[]s ( *amomile & melilot1 r$ roses boil$ 9 :ite w9e1 ) a dry+ p[d] made ( oak-- a%es & a little v9eg> & half a h&ful ( salt4 444 ,?irdly1 we mu/ apply to ! b$sore a l>ge pla/] made ( ! desiccative r$ o9tm5t & ( ,ungu5tum ,comitissoe1 equal p>ts1 mix$ toge!r1 to ease 8 pa9 & dry ! ulc]2 & he mu/ h a little pill[ ( d[n1 to keep all pressure (f x4 444 ,& = ! /r5g!n+ ( 8 he>t1 we mu/ apply ov] x a refrig]ant ( oil ( wat]lilies1 o9tm5t ( roses1 & a little saffron1 dissolv$ 9 rose-v9eg> & treacle1 spread on a piece ( r$ clo?4 ,= ! syncope1 f exhau/ion ( ! natural =ces1 tr\bl+ ! bra91 he mu/ h good n\ri%m5t full ( juices1 z raw eggs1 plums /ew$ 9 w9e & sug>1 bro? ( ! meat ( ! great pot1 :]e( ,i h already spok52 ! :ite meat ( f[ls1 p>tridges' w+s m9c$ small1 & o!r roa/ meats easy to dige/1 z veal1 kid1 pigeons1 p>tridges1 ?ru%es1 & ! l1 ) sauce ( orange1 v]juice1 sorrel1 %>p pomegranates2 or he may h !m boil$ ) good h]bs1 z lettuce1 pursla91 *icory1 bugloss1 m>igold1 & ! l4 ,at night he c take b>ley-wat]1 ) juice ( sorrel & ( wat]lilies1 ( ea* two ounces1 ) f\r or five gra9s ( opium1 & ! f\r cold se$s cru%$1 ( ea* half an ounce2 :i* is a good n\ri%+ rem$y & w make him sleep4 ,8 bread to be f>mh\se bread1 nei!r too /ale nor too fre%4 ,= ! great pa9 9 8 head1 8 hair mu/ be cut1 & 8 head rubb$ ) rose-v9eg> j w>m1 & a d\ble clo? /eep$ 9 x & put !re2 also a =ehead-clo?1 ( oil ( roses & wat]-lilies & poppies1 & a little opium & rose-v9eg>1 ) a little camphor1 & *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ all[ him to smell fl[]s ( h5bane & wat]-lilies1 bruis$ ) v9eg> & rose-wat]1 ) a little camphor1 all wrapp$ 9 a h&k]*ief1 to be held "s "t to 8 nose4 444 ,& we mu/ make artificial ra91 p\r+ wat] f "s high place into a cauldron1 t he may he> ! s\nd ( x2 by :i* means sleep %all be provok$ on him4 ,z = ! contraction ( 8 leg1 !re is hope ( right+ x :5 we h let out ! pus & o!r humors p5t up 9 ! ?igh1 & h rubb$ ! :ole knee ) o9tm5t ( mall[s1 & oil ( lilies1 & a little eau-de-vie1 & wrapp$ x 9 black wool ) ! grease left 9 x2 & if we put "u ! knee a fea!r pill[ d\bl$1 little by little we %all /raight5 ! leg4 ,?is my disc\rse 0 well approv$ by ! physicians & surgeons4 ,! consultation end$1 we w5t back to ! pati5t1 & ,i made ?ree op5+s 9 8 ?igh4 444 ,two or ?ree h\rs lat]1 ,i got a b$ made ne> 8 old "o1 ) fair :ite %eets on x2 !n a /rong man put him 9 x1 & he 0 ?ankful to be tak5 out ( 8 f\l /9k+ b$4 ,soon aft]1 he ask$ to sleep2 :i* he did = ne> f\r h\rs2 & ev]ybody 9 ! h\se began to feel happy1 & especially ,m4 le ,duc d' ,ascot1 8 bro!r4 ,! foll[+ days1 ,i made injections1 into ! dep? & cavities ( ! ulc]s1 ( ,aegyptiacum dissolv$ sometimes 9 eau-de-vie1 o!r times 9 w9e1 ,i appli$ compresses to ! bottom ( ! s9u\s tracks1 to cleanse & dry ! s(t spongy fle%1 & holl[ lead5 t5ts1 t ! sanies might always h a way out2 & above !m a l>ge pla/] ( ,diacalci!os dissolv$ 9 w9e4 ,& ,i b&ag$ him s skilfully t he _h no pa92 & :5 ! pa9 0 gone1 ! fev] began at once to abate4 ,!n ,i gave him w9e to dr9k mod]ately temp]$ ) wat]1 kn[+ x w\ld re/ore & quick5 ! vital =ces4 ,& all t we agre$ 9 consultation 0 done 9 due "t & ord]2 & s soon z 8 pa9s & fev] ceas$1 he began /eadily to am5d4 ,he dismiss$ two ( 8 surgeons1 & "o ( 8 physicians1 s t we 7 b ?ree ) him4 ,n[ ,i /opp$ !re ab\t two mon?s1 n )\t see+ _m pati5ts1 bo? ri* & poor1 :o came to me f ?ree or f\r leagues r\nd4 ,he gave food & dr9k to ! ne$y1 & comm5d$ !m all to me1 ask+ me to help !m = 8 sake4 ,i prote/ ,i refus$ n "o1 & did = !m all ,i c\ld1 to 8 great pleasure4 ,!n1 :5 ,i saw him beg9n+ to be well1 ,i told him we mu/ h viols & viol9s1 & a buffoon to make him laugh3 :i* he did4 ,9 "o mon?1 we got him into a *air1 & he _h himself c>ri$ ab\t 9 8 g>d5 & at ! door ( 8 *ateau1 to see ev]ybody pass+ by4 ,! villag]s ( two or ?ree leagues r\nd1 n[ !y c\ld h sight ( him1 came on holidays to s+ & dance1 m5 & wom51 pell-mell = a frolic1 rejoic$ at 8 good convalesc5ce1 all glad to see him1 n )\t pl5ty ( laught] & pl5ty to dr9k4 ,he always gave !m a hog%ead ( be]2 & !y all drank m]rily to 8 heal?4 ,& ! citiz5s ( ,mons 9 ,ha9ault1 & o!r g5tlem51 8 neighb\rs1 came to see him = ! wond] ( x1 z a man come out ( ! grave2 & f ! "t he 0 well1 he 0 nev] )\t company4 ,:5 "o w5t out1 ano!r came 9 to visit him2 8 table 0 always well cov]$4 ,he 0 de>ly lov$ bo? by ! nobility & by ! common p2 z = 8 g5]osity1 s = 8 h&some face & 8 c\rtesy3 ) a k9d look & a graci\s ^w = ev]ybody1 s t all :o saw him _h p]=ce to love him4 ,! *ief citiz5s ( ,mons came "o ,saturday1 to beg him let me g to ,mons1 :]e !y wi%$ to ent]ta9 me ) a banquet1 = _! love ( him4 ,he told !m he w\ld urge me to g1 :i* he did2 b ,i said su* great hon\r 0 n = me1 moreov] !y c\ld n fea/ me bett] ?an he did4 ,aga9 he urg$ me1 ) mu* affection1 to g !re1 to please him2 & ,i agre$4 ,! next day1 !y came to fet* me ) two c>riages3 & :5 we got to ,mons1 we f\nd ! d9n] ready1 & ! *ief m5 ( ! t[n1 ) _! ladies1 :o att5d$ me ) great devotion4 ,we sat d[n to d9n]1 & !y put me at ! top ( ! table1 & all drank to me1 & to ! heal? ( ,m4 le ,m>quis d',auret3 say+ he 0 happy1 & !y ) him1 to h _h me to put him on 8 legs aga92 & truly ! :ole company 7 full ( hon\r & love = him4 ,aft] d9n]1 !y br\ght me back to ! ,*ateau d',auret1 :]e ,m4 le ,m>quis 0 await+ me2 :o affectionately welcom$ me1 & w\ld he> :at we _h done at our banquet2 & ,i told him all ! company _h drunk _m times to 8 heal?4 ,9 six weeks he began to /& a little on crut*es1 & to put on fat & get a good natural col\r4 ,he w\ld g to ,beaumont1 8 bro!r's place2 & 0 tak5 !re 9 a c>ry+-*air1 by eight m5 at a "t4 ,& ! peasants 9 ! villages ?r\gh :i* we pass$1 kn[+ x 0 ,m4 le ,m>quis1 f\ght :o %\ld c>ry him1 & w\ld h u dr9k ) !m2 b x 0 only be]4 ,yet ,i believe if !y _h possess$ w9e1 ev5 hippocras1 !y w\ld h giv5 x to u ) a w4 ,& all 7 "r glad to see him1 & all pray$ ,god = him4 ,:5 we came to ,beaumont1 ev]ybody came out to meet u & pay _! respects to him1 & pray$ ,god bless him & keep him 9 good heal?4 ,we came to ! *ateau1 & f\nd !re m ?an fifty g5tlem5 :om ,m4 le ,duc d',ascot _h invit$ to come & be happy ) 8 bro!r2 & he kept op5 h\se ?ree :ole days4 ,aft] d9n]1 ! g5tlem5 us$ to tilt at ! r+ & play ) ! foils1 & 7 full ( joy at ! sight ( ,m4 d',auret1 = !y _h he>d he w\ld nev] leave 8 b$ or be heal$ ( 8 w\nd4 ,i 0 always at ! upp] end ( ! table1 & ev]ybody drank to him & to me1 ?9k+ to make me drunk1 :i* !y c\ld n2 = ,i drank only z ,i always d4 ,a few days lat]1 we w5t back2 & ,i took my leave ( ,mdme4 la ,du*esse d',ascot1 :o drew a diamond f h] f+]1 & gave x me 9 gratitude = my good c>e ( h] bro!r3 & ! diamond 0 wor? m ?an fifty cr[ns4 ,m4 d',auret 0 ev] gett+ bett]1 & 0 walk+ all alone on crut*es r\nd 8 g>d54 ,_m times ,i ask$ him to let me g back to ,p>is1 tell+ him 8 physician & 8 surgeon c\ld d all t 0 n[ want$ = 8 w\nd3 & to make a beg9n+ to get away f him1 ,i ask$ him to let me g & see ! t[n ( ,antw]p4 ,to ?is he agre$ at once1 & told 8 /ew>d to escort me !re1 ) two pages4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh ,mal9es & ,brussels1 :]e ! *ief citiz5s ( ! t[n begg$ u to let !m "k ( x :5 we return$2 = !y too wi%$1 l ^? ( ,mons1 to h a fe/ival = me4 ,i gave !m v humble ?anks1 say+ ,i did n des]ve su* hon\r4 ,i 0 two days & a half see+ ! t[n ( ,antw]p1 :]e c]ta9 m]*ants1 kn[+ ! /ew>d1 pray$ he w\ld let !m h ! hon\r ( giv+ u a d9n] or a supp]3 x 0 :o %\ld h u1 & !y 7 all truly glad to he> h[ well ,m4 d' ,auret 0 do+1 & made m ( me ?an ,i ask$4 ,on my return1 ,i f\nd ,m4 le ,m>quis enjoy+ himself3 & five or six days lat] ,i ask$ 8 leave to g1 :i* he gave1 said he1 ) great regret4 ,& he made me a h&some pres5t ( great value1 & s5t me back1 ) ! /ew>d1 & two pages1 to my h\se 9 ,p>is4 ,i =got to say t ! ,spani>ds h s9ce ru9$ & demoli%$ 8 ,*ateau d' ,auret1 sack$1 pillag$1 & burn$ all ! h\ses & villages belong+ to him3 because he w\ld n be ( _! wick$ p>ty 9 _! assass9ations & ru9 ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,i h publi%$ ?is ,apologia1 t all m5 may "k on :at foot+ ,i h always gone3 & sure !re is no man s t\*y n to take 9 good "p :at ,i h said4 ,= ,i h b told ! tru?2 & ! purport ( my disc\rse is pla9 = all m5 to see1 & ! facts !mselves are my gu>antee aga9/ all calumnies4 ,,on ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,blood ,,9 ,,animals ,,by ,,william ,,h>vey ,,translat$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,willis ,,& ,,revis$ ,,by ,,alex&] ,,b[ie ,,introductory ,,note ,william ,h>vey1 ^: epo*-mak+ treatise ann\nc+ & demon/rat+ ! ejaculation ( ! blood is "h pr9t$1 0 born at ,folke/one1 ,k5t1 ,engl&1 ,april #a1 #aegh4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,k+'s ,s*ool1 ,cant]bury1 & at ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge2 & /udi$ m$ic9e on ! ,cont95t1 receiv+ ! degree ( ,m4,d4 f ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua4 ,he took ! same degree lat] at bo? ! ,engli% univ]sities4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl& he became ,fell[ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 physician to ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 & ,lumleian lectur] at ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,x 0 9 ?is la/ capacity t he deliv]$1 9 #afaf1 ! lectures 9 :i* he fir/ gave public notice ( 8 !ories on ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! notes ( ^! lectures are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 #afah ,h>vey 0 appo9t$ physician extraord9>y to ,james ,i1 & he rema9$ 9 close pr(essional relations to ! royal family until ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>1 be+ pres5t at ! battle ( ,edgehill4 ,by m&ate ( ,*>les ,i1 he 01 = a %ort "t1 ,w>d5 ( ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d 7#afde-f71 &1 :5 he 0 too infirm to und]take ! duties1 he 0 (f]$ ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,he di$ on ,june #c1 #afeg4 ,h>vey's fam\s ,ex]citatio ,anatomica de ,motu ,cordis et ,sangu9is 9 ,animalibus 0 publi%$ 9 ,lat9 at ,frank=t 9 #afbh4 ,! discov]y 0 receiv$ ) great int]e/1 & 9 8 own c\ntry 0 accept$ at once2 on ! ,cont95t x won favor m sl[ly4 ,be=e 8 dea?1 h[ev]1 ! s\ndness ( 8 views 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! m$ical pr(ession ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & x rema9s to ?is day ! greate/ ( ! discov]ies ( physiology1 & its :ole honor belongs to ,h>vey4 ,,d$ication ,,to ,,8 ,,v ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,,doctor ,,arg5t1 ,,! ,,excell5t ,,& ,,accompli%$ ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,physicians1 ,,& ,,to ,,o!r ,,le>n$ ,,physicians1 ,,8 ,,mo/ ,,e/eem$ ,,colleagues4 ,i h already & repeat$ly pres5t$ y1 my le>n$ fri5ds1 ) my new views ( ! motion & function ( ! he>t1 9 my anatomical lectures2 b hav+ n[ = m ?an n9e ye>s confirm$ ^! views by multipli$ demon/rations 9 y\r pres5ce1 illu/rat$ !m by argum5ts1 & fre$ !m f ! objections ( ! mo/ le>n$ & skilful anatomi/s1 ,i at l5g? yield to ! reque/s1 ,i might say entreaties1 ( _m1 & "h pres5t !m = g5]al consid]ation 9 ?is treatise4 ,7 n ! "w inde$ pres5t$ ?r\gh y1 my le>n$ fri5ds1 ,i %\ld sc>ce hope t x c\ld come out sca!less & complete2 = y h 9 g5]al be5 ! fai?ful witnesses ( almo/ all ! in/ances f :i* ,i h ei!r collect$ ! tru? or confut$ error4 ,y h se5 my dissections1 & at my demon/rations ( all t ,i ma9ta9 to be objects ( s5se1 y h be5 accu/om$ to /& by & be> me out ) y\r te/imony4 ,& z ?is book alone decl>es ! blood to c\rse & revolve by a new r\te1 v diff]5t f ! anci5t & beat5 pa?way trodd5 = s _m ages1 & illu/rat$ by su* a ho/ ( le>n$ & di/+ui%$ m51 ,i 0 greatly afraid le/ ,i might be *>g$ ) presumption did ,i lay my "w be=e ! public at home1 or s5d x beyond seas = impression1 unless ,i _h fir/ propos$ ! subject to y1 _h confirm$ its conclusions by ocul> demon/rations 9 y\r pres5ce1 _h repli$ to y\r d\bts & objections1 & secur$ ! ass5t & support ( our di/+ui%$ ,presid5t4 ,= ,i 0 mo/ intimately p]suad$1 t if ,i c\ld make good my proposition be=e y & our ,college1 illu/ri\s by its num]\s body ( le>n$ individuals1 ,i _h less to fe> f o!rs4 ,i ev5 v5tur$ to hope t ,i %\ld h ! com=t ( f9d+ all t y grant$ me 9 y\r %e] love ( tru?1 conc$$ by o!rs :o 7 philosoph]s l y\rselves4 ,true philosoph]s1 :o are only eag] = tru? & k1 nev] reg>d !mselves z already s ?or\ghly in=m$1 b t !y welcome fur!r in=mation f :omsoev] & f :]esoev] x may come2 nor are !y s n>r[-m9d$ z to imag9e any ( ! arts or sci5ces transmitt$ to u by ! anci5ts1 9 su* a /ate ( =w>dness or complet5ess1 t no?+ is left = ! +5uity & indu/ry ( o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 v _m ma9ta9 t all we "k is /ill inf9itely less ?an all t /ill rema9s unkn[n2 nor d philosoph]s p9 _! fai? to o!rs' precepts 9 su* wise t !y lose _! lib]ty1 & cease to give cr$5ce to ! conclusions ( _! prop] s5ses4 ,nei!r d !y swe> su* fealty to _! mi/ress ,antiquity1 t !y op5ly1 & 9 sight ( all1 d5y & des]t _! fri5d ,tru?4 ,b ev5 z !y see t ! cr$ul\s & va9 are dispos$ at ! fir/ blu% to accept & believe ev]y?+ t is propos$ to !m1 s d !y obs]ve t ! dull & un9tellectual are indispos$ to see :at lies be=e _! eyes1 & ev5 d5y ! light ( ! noonday sun4 ,!y tea* u 9 our c\rse ( philosophy to s$ul\sly avoid ! fables ( ! poets & ! fancies ( ! vulg>1 z ! false conclusions ( ! sceptics4 ,& !n ! /udi\s & good & true1 nev] suff] _! m9ds to be w>p$ by ! passions ( hatr$ & envy1 :i* unfit m5 duly to weigh ! argum5ts t are advanc$ 9 behalf ( tru?1 or to appreciate ! proposition t is ev5 fairly demon/rat$4 ,nei!r d !y ?9k x unwor?y ( !m to *ange _! op9ion if tru? & und\bt$ demon/ration require !m to d s4 ,!y d n e/eem x discr$itable to des]t error1 ?\gh sanction$ by ! highe/ antiquity1 = !y "k full well t to err1 to be deceiv$1 is human2 t _m ?+s are discov]$ by accid5t & t _m may be le>n$ indiff]5tly f any qu>t]1 by an old man f a y\?1 by a p]son ( und]/&+ f "o ( inf]ior capacity4 ,my de> colleagues1 ,i _h no purpose to swell ?is treatise into a l>ge volume by quot+ ! names & writ+s ( anatomi/s1 or to make a p>ade ( ! /r5g? ( my memory1 ! ext5t ( my read+1 & ! am\nt ( my pa9s2 because ,i pr(ess bo? to le>n & to tea* anatomy1 n f books b f dissections2 n f ! positions ( philosoph]s b f ! fabric ( nature2 & !n because ,i d n ?9k x "r or prop] to /rive to take f ! anci5ts any honor t is _! due1 nor yet to dispute ) ! mod]ns1 & ent] into controv]sy ) ^? :o h excell$ 9 anatomy & be5 my tea*]s4 ,i w\ld n *>ge ) wilful falsehood any "o :o 0 s9c]ely anxi\s = tru?1 nor lay x to any "o's door z a crime t he _h fall5 into error4 ,i av[ myself ! p>tisan ( tru? alone2 & ,i c inde$ say t ,i h us$ all my endeav\rs1 be/[$ all my pa9s on an attempt to produce some?+ t %\ld be agreeable to ! good1 pr(itable to ! le>n$1 & useful to lett]s4 ,f>ewell1 mo/ wor?y ,doctors1 ,& ?9k k9dly ( y\r ,anatomi/1 ,,william ,,h>vey4 ,,introduction ,z we are ab\t to discuss ! motion1 action1 & use ( ! he>t & art]ies1 x is imp]ative on u fir/ to /ate :at has be5 ?\ght ( ^! ?+s by o!rs 9 _! writ+s1 & :at has be5 held by ! vulg> & by tradition1 9 ord] t :at is true may be confirm$1 & :at is false set "r by dissection1 multipli$ exp]i5ce1 & accurate obs]vation4 ,almo/ all anatomi/s1 physicians1 & philosoph]s up to ! pres5t "t h suppos$1 ) ,gal51 t ! object ( ! pulse 0 ! same z t ( respiration1 & only diff]$ 9 "o p>ticul>1 ?is be+ conceiv$ to dep5d on ! animal1 ! respiration on ! vital faculty2 ! two1 9 all o!r respects1 :e!r ) ref]5ce to purpose or to motion1 comport+ !mselves alike4 ,:5ce x is affirm$1 z by ,hi]onymus ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 9 8 book on ,respiration1 :i* has lately appe>$1 t z ! pulsation ( ! he>t & art]ies does n suffice = ! v5tilation & refrig]ation ( ! blood1 !re=e 7 ! lungs fa%ion$ to surr\nd ! he>t4 ,f ?is x appe>s t :atev] has hi!rto be5 said ^u ! sy/ole & dia/ole1 or on ! motion ( ! he>t & art]ies1 has be5 said ) especial ref]5ce to ! lungs4 ,b z ! /ructure & movem5ts ( ! he>t diff] f ^? ( ! lungs1 & ! motions ( ! art]ies f ^? ( ! *e/1 s x seems likely t o!r ends & (fices w !nce arise1 & t ! pulsations & uses ( ! he>t1 likewise ( ! art]ies1 w diff] 9 _m respects f ! heav+s & uses ( ! *e/ & lungs4 ,= did ! art]ial pulse & ! respiration s]ve ! same ends2 did ! art]ies 9 _! dia/ole take air into _! cavities1 z commonly /at$1 & 9 _! sy/ole emit fulig9\s vap\rs by ! same pores ( ! fle% & sk92 & fur!r1 did !y1 9 ! "t int]m$iate betwe5 ! dia/ole & ! sy/ole1 conta9 air1 & at all times ei!r air or spirits1 or fulig9\s vap\rs1 :at %\ld !n be said to ,gal51 :o wrote a book on purpose to %[ t by nature ! art]ies conta9$ blood1 & no?+ b blood1 & consequ5tly nei!r spirits nor air1 z may readily be ga!r$ f ! exp]im5ts & reason+s conta9$ 9 ! same book8 ,n[1 if ! art]ies are fill$ 9 ! dia/ole ) air !n tak5 into !m 7a l>g] quantity ( air p5etrat+ :5 ! pulse is l>ge & full71 x mu/ come to pass t if y plunge into a ba? ( wat] or ( oil :5 ! pulse is /rong & full1 x ought =?) to become ei!r small] or mu* sl[]1 s9ce ! circumambi5t ba? w r5d] x ei!r difficult or impossible = ! air to p5etrate4 ,9 l mann]1 z all ! art]ies1 ^? t are deep-seat$ z well z ^? t are sup]ficial1 are dilat$ at ! same in/ant & ) ! same rapidity1 h[ is x possible t air %\ld p5etrate to ! deep] p>ts z freely & quickly ?r\gh ! sk91 fle%1 & o!r /ructures1 z ?r\gh ! cuticle alone8 ,& h[ %\ld ! art]ies ( ! foetus draw air into _! cavities ?r\gh ! abdom5 ( ! "m & ! body ( ! womb8 ,& h[ %\ld seals1 :ales1 dolph9s1 & o!r cetaceans1 & fi%es ( e description1 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 take 9 & emit air by ! dia/ole & sy/ole ( _! art]ies ?r\gh ! inf9ite mass ( wat]8 ,= to say t !y absorb ! air t is pres5t 9 ! wat]1 & emit _! fumes into ?is m$ium1 7 to utt] some?+ l a figm5t4 ,& if ! art]ies 9 _! sy/ole expel fulig9\s vap\rs f _! cavities ?r\gh ! pores ( ! fle% & sk91 :y n ! spirits1 :i* are said to be conta9$ 9 ^? vessels1 at ! same "t1 s9ce spirits are mu* m subtile ?an fulig9\s vap\rs or smoke8 ,& if ! art]ies take 9 & ca/ out air 9 ! sy/ole & dia/ole1 l ! lungs 9 ! process ( respiration1 :y d !y n d ! same ?+ :5 a w\nd is made 9 "o ( !m1 z 9 ! op]ation ( art]iotomy8 ,:5 ! w9dpipe is divid$1 x is suffici5tly obvi\s t ! air ent]s & returns ?r\gh ! w\nd by two opposite movem5ts2 b :5 an art]y is divid$1 x is equally manife/ t blood escapes 9 "o cont9u\s /ream1 & t no air ei!r ent]s or issues4 ,if ! pulsations ( ! art]ies fan & refrig]ate ! sev]al p>ts ( ! body z ! lungs d ! he>t1 h[ comes x1 z is commonly said1 t ! art]ies c>ry ! vital blood into ! diff]5t p>ts1 abundantly *>g$ ) vital spirits1 :i* *]i% ! heat ( ^! p>ts1 su/a9 !m :5 asleep1 & recruit !m :5 exhau/$8 ,h[ %\ld x happ5 t1 if y tie ! art]ies1 imm$iately ! p>ts n only become torpid1 & frigid1 & look pale1 b at l5g? cease ev5 to be n\ri%$8 ,?is1 accord+ to ,gal51 is because !y are depriv$ ( ! heat :i* fl[$ ?r\gh all p>ts f ! he>t1 z its s\rce2 :5ce x w\ld appe> t ! art]ies r c>ry w>m? to ! p>ts ?an s]ve = any fann+ or refrig]ation4 ,besides1 h[ c _! dia/ole draw spirits f ! he>t to w>m ! body & its p>ts1 & means ( cool+ !m f )\t8 ,/ill fur!r1 al?\gh "s affirm t ! lungs1 art]ies1 & he>t h all ! same (fices1 !y yet ma9ta9 t ! he>t is ! work%op ( ! spirits1 & t ! art]ies conta9 & transmit !m2 d5y+1 h[ev]1 9 opposition to ! op9ion ( ,columbus1 t ! lungs c ei!r make or conta9 spirits4 ,!y !n ass]t1 ) ,gal51 aga9/ ,erasi/ratus1 t x is ! blood1 n spirits1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! art]ies4 ,^! op9ions are se5 to be s incongru\s & mutually subv]sive1 t e "o ( !m is ju/ly br\ght "u suspicion4 ,t x is blood & blood alone :i* is conta9$ 9 ! art]ies is made manife/ by ! exp]im5t ( ,gal51 by art]iotomy1 & by w\nds2 = f a s+le divid$ art]y1 z ,gal5 himself affirms 9 m ?an "o place1 ! :ole ( ! blood may be )drawn 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r or less4 ,! exp]im5t ( ,gal5 allud$ to is ?is3 ,if y include a portion ( an art]y betwe5 two ligatures1 & slit x op5 l5g?wise y w f9d no?+ b blood2 & ?us he proves t ! art]ies conta9 only blood4 ,& we too may be p]mitt$ to proce$ by a l tra9 ( reason+3 if we f9d ! same blood 9 ! art]ies z 9 ! ve9s1 aft] hav+ ti$ !m 9 ! same way1 z ,i h myself repeat$ly asc]ta9$1 bo? 9 ! dead body & 9 liv+ animals1 we may fairly conclude t ! art]ies conta9 ! same blood z ! ve9s1 & no?+ b ! same blood4 ,"s1 :il/ !y attempt to less5 ! difficulty1 affirm t ! blood is spiritu\s & art]i\s1 & virtually conc$e t ! (fice ( ! art]ies is to c>ry blood f ! he>t into ! :ole ( ! body1 & t !y are !re=e fill$ ) blood2 = spiritu\s blood is n ! less blood on t acc\nt4 ,& no "o d5ies ! blood z su*1 ev5 ! portion ( x :i* fl[s 9 ! ve9s1 is imbu$ ) spirits4 ,b if t portion ( x :i* is conta9$ 9 ! art]ies be ri*] 9 spirits1 x is /ill to be believ$ t ^! spirits are insep>able f ! blood1 l ^? 9 ! ve9s2 t ! blood & spirits con/itute "o body 7l :ey & butt] 9 milk1 or heat 9 hot wat]71 ) :i* ! art]ies are *>g$1 & = ! di/ribution ( :i* f ! he>t !y are provid$4 ,?is body is no?+ else ?an blood4 ,b if ?is blood be said to be drawn f ! he>t into ! art]ies by ! dia/ole ( ^! vessels1 x is !n assum$ t ! art]ies by _! di/5sion are fill$ ) blood1 & n ) ! surr\nd+ air1 z h]et(ore2 = if !y be said also to become fill$ ) air f ! ambi5t atmosph]e1 h[ & :51 ,i ask1 c !y receive blood f ! he>t8 ,if x be answ]$3 dur+ ! sy/ole1 ,i take x to be impossible3 ! art]ies w\ld !n h to fill :ile !y contract$1 to fill1 & yet n become di/5d$4 ,b if x be said3 dur+ dia/ole1 !y w\ld !n1 & = two opposite purposes1 be receiv+ bo? blood & air1 & heat & cold1 :i* is improbable4 ,fur!r :5 x is affirm$ t ! dia/ole ( ! he>t & art]ies is simultane\s1 & ! sy/ole ( ! two is also concurr5t1 !re is ano!r incongruity4 ,= h[ c two bodies mutually connect$1 :i* are simultane\sly di/5d$1 attract or draw any?+ f "o ano!r8 or be+ simultane\sly contract$1 receive any?+ f ea* o!r8 ,& !n x seems impossible t "o body c ?us attract ano!r body into itself1 s z to become di/5d$1 see+ t to be di/5d$ is to be passive1 unless1 9 ! mann] ( a sponge1 :i* has be5 previ\sly compress$ by an ext]nal =ce1 x is return+ to its natural /ate4 ,b x is difficult to conceive t !re c be any?+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! art]ies4 ,! art]ies dilate1 because !y are fill$ l bladd]s or lea!rn bottles2 !y are n fill$ because !y exp& l bell[s4 ,?is ,i ?9k easy ( demon/ration1 & inde$ conceive t ,i h already prov$ x4 ,nev]!less1 9 t book ( ,gal5 head$ ,quod ,sanguis cont9etur 9 ,art]us1 he quotes an exp]im5t to prove ! contr>y4 ,an art]y hav+ be5 expos$1 is op5$ longitud9ally1 & a re$ or o!r p]vi\s tube is ins]t$ into ! vessel ?r\gh ! op5+1 by :i* ! blood is prev5t$ f be+ lo/1 & ! w\nd is clos$4 ,s long1 he says1 z ?+s are ?us arrang$1 ! :ole art]y w pulsate2 b if y n[ ?r[ a ligature ab\t ! vessel & tightly compress its wall ov] ! tube1 y w no long] see ! art]y beat+ beyond ! ligature4 ,i h nev] p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t ( ,gal5's nor d ,i ?9k t x c\ld v well be p]=m$ 9 ! liv+ body1 on acc\nt ( ! pr(use fl[ ( blood t w\ld take place f ! vessel t 0 op]at$ on2 nei!r w\ld ! tube effectually close ! w\nd 9 ! vessel )\t a ligature2 & ,i _c d\bt b t ! blood w\ld be f\nd to fl[ out betwe5 ! tube & ! vessel4 ,/ill ,gal5 appe>s by ?is exp]im5t to prove bo? t ! pulsative prop]ty ext5ds f ! he>t by ! walls ( ! art]ies1 & t ! art]ies1 :il/ !y dilate1 are fill$ by t pulsific =ce1 because !y exp& l bell[s1 & d n dilate z if !y are fill$ l sk9s1 ,b ! contr>y is obvi\s 9 art]iotomy & 9 w\nds2 = ! blood spurt+ f ! art]ies escapes ) =ce1 n[ f>!r1 n[ n s f>1 alt]nately1 or 9 jets2 & ! jet always takes place ) ! dia/ole ( ! art]y1 nev] ) ! sy/ole4 ,by :i* x cle>ly appe>s t ! art]y is dilat$ ) ! impulse ( ! blood2 = ( itself x w\ld n ?r[ ! blood to su* a di/ance & :il/ x 0 dilat+2 x ought r to draw air into its cavity ?r\gh ! w\nd1 7 ^? ?+s true t are commonly /at$ conc]n+ ! uses ( ! art]ies4 ,d n let ! ?ickness ( ! art]ial tunics impose ^u u1 & lead u to conclude t ! pulsative prop]ty proce$s along !m f ! he>t ,= 9 sev]al animals ! art]ies d n app>5tly diff] f ! ve9s2 & 9 extreme p>ts ( ! body :]e ! art]ies are m9utely subdivid$1 z 9 ! bra91 ! h&1 etc41 no "o c\ld di/+ui% ! art]ies f ! ve9s by ! dissimil> *>act]s ( _! coats3 ! tunics ( bo? are id5tical4 ,& !n1 9 ! aneurism proce$+ f a w\nd$ or erod$ art]y1 ! pulsation is precisely ! same z 9 ! o!r art]ies1 & yet x has no prop] art]ial cov]+4 ,to ?is ! le>n$ ,riolanus te/ifies along ) me1 9 8 ,sev5? ,book4 ,nor let any "o imag9e t ! uses ( ! pulse & ! respiration are ! same1 because1 "u ! influ5ces ( ! same causes1 su* z runn+1 ang]1 ! w>m ba?1 or any o!r heat+ ?+1 z ,gal5 says1 !y become m frequ5t & =cible toge!r4 ,= n only is exp]i5ce 9 opposition to ?is idea1 ?\gh ,gal5 endeav\rs to expla9 x away1 :5 we see t ) excessive repletion ! pulse beats m =cibly1 :il/ ! respiration is dim9i%$ 9 am\nt21 b 9 "y p]sons ! pulse is quick1 :il/ respiration is sl[4 ,s x is also 9 al>m1 & amid/ c>e1 & "u anxiety ( m9d2 sometimes1 too1 9 fev]s1 ! pulse is rapid1 b ! respiration is sl[] ?an usual4 ,^! & o!r objections ( ! same k9d may be urg$ aga9/ ! op9ions m5tion$4 ,nor are ! views t are ent]ta9$ ( ! (fices & pulse ( ! he>t1 p]haps1 less b\nd up ) great & mo/ inextricable difficulties4 ,! he>t1 x is vulg>ly said1 is ! f\nta9 & work%op ( ! vital spirits1 ! c5tre f :i* life is disp5s$ to ! sev]al p>ts ( ! body4 ,yet x is d5i$ t ! "r v5tricle makes spirits1 :i* is r held to supply n\ri%m5t to ! lungs4 ,= ^! reasons x is ma9ta9$ t fi%es are )\t any "r v5tricle 7& inde$ e animal wants a "r v5tricle :i* is unfurni%$ ) lungs71 & t ! "r v5tricle is pres5t solely = ! sake ( ! lungs4 #a4 ,:y1 ,i ask1 :5 we see t ! /ructure ( bo? v5tricles is almo/ id5tical1 !re be+ ! same app>atus ( fibres1 & braces1 & valves1 & vessels1 & auricles1 & bo? 9 ! same way 9 our dissections are f\nd to be fill$ up ) blood simil>ly black 9 col\r1 & coagulat$--:y1 ,i say1 %\ld _! uses be imag9$ to be diff]5t1 :5 ! action1 motion1 & pulse ( bo? are ! same8 ,if ! ?ree tricuspid valves plac$ at ! entrance into ! "r v5tricle prove ob/acles to ! reflux ( ! blood into ! v5a cava1 & if ! ?ree semilun> valves :i* are situat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pulmon>y art]y be !re1 t !y may prev5t ! return ( ! blood into ! v5tricle2 :y1 :5 we f9d simil> /ructures 9 connexion ) ! left v5tricle1 %\ld we d5y t !y are !re = ! same end1 ( prev5t+ "h ! egress1 !re ! regurgitation1 ( ! blood8 #b4 ,&1 :5 we h ^! /ructures1 9 po9ts ( size1 =m1 & situation1 almo/ 9 e respect ! same 9 ! left z 9 ! "r v5tricle1 :y %\ld x be said t ?+s are arrang$ 9 ! =m] = ! egress & regress ( spirits1 & 9 ! latt] or "r v5tricle1 = ! blood8 ,! same arrangem5t _c be held fitt$ to fav\r or imp$e ! motion ( ! blood & ( spirits indiff]5tly4 #c4 ,& :5 we obs]ve t ! passages & vessels are sev]ally 9 relation to "o ano!r 9 po9t ( size1 viz41 ! pulmon>y art]y to ! pulmon>y ve9s2 :y %\ld ! "o be de/9$ to a private purpose1 t ( furni%+ ! lungs1 ! o!r to a public function8 #d4 ,& z ,realdus ,columbus says1 is x probable t su* a quantity ( blood %\ld be requir$ = ! nutrition ( ! lungs2 ! vessel t leads to !m1 ! v5a art]iosa or pulmon>y art]y be+ ( great] capacity ?an bo? ! iliac ve9s8 #e4 ,& ,i ask1 z ! lungs are s close at h&1 & 9 cont9ual motion1 & ! vessel t supplies !m is ( su* dim5sions1 :at is ! use or mean+ ( ?is pulse ( ! "r v5tricle8 & :y 0 nature r$uc$ to ! necessity ( add+ ano!r v5tricle = ! sole purpose ( n\ri%+ ! lungs8 ,:5 x is said t ! left v5tricle draws mat]ials = ! =mation ( spirits1 air & blood1 f ! lungs & "r s9uses ( ! he>t1 & 9 l mann] s5ds spiritu\s blood into ! aorta1 draw+ fulig9\s vap\rs f !re1 & s5d+ !m by ! pulmon>y ve9 into ! lungs1 :5ce spirits are at ! same "t obta9$ = transmission into ! aorta1 ,i ask h[1 & by :at means is ! sep>ation effect$8 ,& h[ comes x t spirits & fulig9\s vap\rs c pass hi!r & ?i!r )\t admixture or confusion8 ,if ! mitral cuspidate valves d n prev5t ! egress ( fulig9\s vap\rs to ! lungs1 h[ %\ld !y oppose ! escape ( air8 ,& h[ %\ld ! semiluft>s h9d] ! regress ( spirits f ! aorta ^u ea* sup]v5+ dia/ole ( ! he>t8 ,above all1 h[ c !y say t ! spiritu\s blood is s5t f ! pulmon>y ve9s by ! left v5tricle into ! lungs )\t any ob/acle to its passage f ! mitral valves1 :5 !y h previ\sly ass]t$ t ! air ent]$ by ! same vessel f ! lungs into ! left v5tricle1 & h br\ght =w>d ^! same mitral valves z ob/acles to its retrogression8 ,good ,god6 h[ %\ld ! mitral valves prev5t ! regurgitation ( air & n ( blood8 ,moreov]1 :5 !y appo9t ! pulmon>y art]y1 a vessel ( great size1 ) ! cov]+s ( an art]y1 to none b a k9d ( private & s+le purpose1 t1 namely1 ( n\ri%+ ! lungs1 :y %\ld ! pulmon>y ve91 :i* is sc>cely s l>ge1 :i* has ! coats ( a ve91 & is s(t & lax1 be presum$ to be made = _m--?ree or f\r diff]5t--uses8 ,= !y w h x t air passes ?r\gh ?is vessel f ! lungs into ! left v5tricle2 t fulig9\s vap\rs escape by x f ! he>t into ! lungs2 & t a portion ( ! spiritu\s blood is di/ribut$ to ! lungs = _! refre%m5t4 ,if !y w h x t fumes & air--fumes fl[+ f1 air proce$+ t[>ds ! he>t--are transmitt$ by ! same conduit1 ,i reply1 t nature is n wont to con/ruct b "o vessel1 to contrive b "o way = su* contr>y motions & purposes1 nor is any?+ ( ! k9d se5 else:]e4 ,if fumes or fulig9\s vap\rs & air p]meate ?is vessel1 z !y d ! pulmon>y bron*ia1 :]e=e d we f9d nei!r air nor fulig9\s vap\rs :5 we divide ! pulmon>y ve98 ,:y d we always f9d ?is vessel full ( sluggi% blood1 nev] ( air1 :il/ 9 ! lungs we f9d abundance ( air rema9+8 ,if any "o w p]=m ,gal5's exp]im5t ( divid+ ! tra*ea ( a liv+ dog1 =cibly di/5d+ ! lungs ) a pair ( bell[s1 & !n ty+ ! tra*ea securely1 he w f9d1 :5 he has laid op5 ! ?orax1 abundance ( air 9 ! lungs1 ev5 to _! extreme inve/+ tunic1 b none 9 ei!r ! pulmon>y ve9s or ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,b did ! he>t ei!r attract air f ! lungs1 or did ! lungs transmit any air to ! he>t1 9 ! liv+ dog1 mu* m ought ?is to be ! case 9 ! exp]im5t j ref]r$ to4 ,:o1 inde$1 d\bts t1 did he inflate ! lungs ( a subject 9 ! dissect+--room1 he w\ld in/antly see ! air mak+ its way by ?is r\te1 7 !re actually any su* passage = x8 ,b ?is (fice ( ! pulmon>y ve9s1 namely1 ! ransf]5ce ( air f ! lungs ( ! he>t1 is held ( su* importance1 t ,hi]onymus ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 cont5ds t ! lungs 7 made = ! sake ( ?is vessel1 & t x con/itutes ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 _! /ructure4 ,b ,i %\ld l to be in=m$ :y1 if ! pulmon>y ve9 7 de/9$ = ! conveyance ( air1 x has ! /ructure ( a blood--vessel "h4 ,nature _h r ne$ ( annul> tubes1 su* z ^? ( ! bron*i 9 ord] t !y might always rema9 op51 & n be liable to collapse2 & t !y might cont9ue entirely free f blood1 le/ ! liquid %\ld int]f]e ) ! passage ( ! air1 z x s obvi\sly does :5 ! lungs lab\r f be+ ei!r greatly oppress$ or load$ 9 a less degree ) phlegm1 z !y are :5 ! brea?+ is p]=m$ ) a sibil\s or rattl+ noise4 ,/ill less is t op9ion to be tol]at$ :i*1 z a two-fold mat]ial1 "o a]ial1 "o sangu9e\s1 is requir$ = ! composition ( vital spirits1 supposes ! blood to ooze ?r\gh ! septum ( ! he>t f ! "r to ! left v5tricle by c]ta9 hidd5 porosities1 & ! air to be attract$ f ! lungs ?r\gh ! great vessel1 ! pulmon>y ve92 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 w h x1 t !re are num]\s porosities 9 ! septum ( ! he>t adapt$ = ! transmission ( ! blood4 ,b by ,h]cules6 no su* pores c be demon/rat$1 nor 9 fact d any su* exi/4 ,= ! septum ( ! he>t is ( a d5s] & m compact /ructure ?an any portion ( ! body1 except ! bones & s9ews4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t !re 7 =am9a or pores 9 ?is situation1 h[ c\ld "o ( ! v5tricles extract any?+ f ! o!r--! left1 e4g41 obta9 blood f ! "r1 :5 we see t bo? v5tricles contract & dilate simultane\sly8 ,:y %\ld we n r believe t ! "r took spirits f ! left1 ?an t ! left obta9$ blood f ! "r v5tricle ?r\gh ^! =am9a8 ,b x is c]ta9ly my/]i\s & incongru\s t blood %\ld be suppos$ to be mo/ commodi\sly drawn ?r\gh a set ( obscure or invisible ducts1 & air ?r\gh p]fectly op5 passages1 at "o & ! same mom5t4 ,& :y1 ,i ask1 is rec\rse _h to secret & invisible porosities1 to unc]ta9 & obscure *annels1 to expla9 ! passage ( ! blood into ! left v5tricle1 :5 !re is s op5 a way ?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve9s8 ,i own x has always appe>$ extraord9>y to me t !y %\ld h *os5 to make1 or r to imag9e1 a way ?r\gh ! ?ick1 h>d1 d5se1 & mo/ compact septum ( ! he>t1 r ?an take t by ! op5 pulmon>y ve91 or ev5 ?r\gh ! lax1 s(t & spongy sub/ance ( ! lungs at l>ge4 ,besides1 if ! blood c\ld p]meate ! sub/ance ( ! septum1 or c\ld be imbib$ f ! v5tricles1 :at use 7 !re = ! coron>y art]y & va91 bran*es ( :i* proce$ to ! septum itself1 to supply x ) n\ri%m5t8 ,& :at is especially wor?y ( notice is ?is3 if 9 ! foetus1 :]e ev]y?+ is m lax & s(t1 nature saw h]self r$uc$ to ! necessity ( br++ ! blood f ! "r to ! left side ( ! he>t by ! =am5 ovale1 f ! v5a cava ?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve91 h[ %\ld x be likely t 9 ! adult %e %\ld pass x s commodi\sly1 & )\t an ef=t ?r\gh ! septum ( ! v5tricles :i* has n[ become d5s] by age8 ,&reas ,laur5tius1 ,footnote3 ,lib4 ix1 cap4 xi1 que/4 #ab4 re/+ on ! au?ority ( ,gal5 ,footnote3 ,de ,locis ,affectia4 lib4 vi1 cap4 #g4 & ! exp]i5ce ( ,holl]ius1 ass]ts & proves t ! s]um & pus 9 empyema1 absorb$ f ! cavities ( ! *e/ into ! pulmon>y ve9 may be expell$ & got rid ( ) ! ur9e & feces ?r\gh ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t & art]ies4 ,he quotes ! case ( a c]ta9 p]son affect$ ) melan*olia1 & :o suff]$ f repeat$ fa9t+ fits1 :o 0 reliev$ f ! p>oxysms on pass+ a quantity ( turbid1 fetid & acrid ur9e4 ,b he di$ at la/1 worn out by disease2 & :5 ! body came to be op5$ aft] dea?1 no fluid l t he _h micturat$ 0 discov]$ ei!r 9 ! bladd] or ! kidneys2 b 9 ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t & cavity ( ! ?orax pl5ty ( x 0 met )4 ,& !n ,laur5tius boa/s t he _h pr$ict$ ! cause ( ! symptoms4 ,= my own "p1 h[ev]1 ,i _c b wond]1 s9ce he _h div9$ & pr$ict$ t het]og5e\s matt] c\ld be dis*>g$ by ! c\rse he indicates1 :y he c\ld n or w\ld n p]ceive1 & in=m u t1 9 ! natural /ate ( ?+s1 ! blood might be commodi\sly transf]r$ f ! lungs to ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t by ! v same r\te4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 f ! =ego+ consid]ations & _m o!rs to ! same effect1 x is pla9 t :at has h]et(ore be5 said conc]n+ ! motion & function ( ! he>t & art]ies mu/ appe> obscure1 inconsi/5t1 or ev5 impossible to him :o c>efully consid]s ! entire subject1 x w\ld be prop] to look m n>r[ly into ! matt] to contemplate ! motion ( ! he>t & art]ies1 n only 9 man1 b 9 all animals t h he>ts2 & also1 by frequ5t appeals to vivisection1 & mu* ocul> inspection1 to inve/igate & disc]n ! tru?4 ,,on ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,blood ,,9 ,,animals ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,motives ,,= ,,writ+ ,:5 ,i fir/ gave my m9d to vivisections1 z a means ( discov]+ ! motions & uses ( ! he>t1 & s\ght to discov] ^! f actual inspection1 & n f ! writ+s ( o!rs1 ,i f\nd ! task s truly ardu\s1 s full ( difficulties1 t ,i 0 almo/ tempt$ to ?9k1 ) ,fraca/orius1 t ! motion ( ! he>t 0 only to be compreh5d$ by ,god4 ,= ,i c\ld nei!r rightly p]ceive at fir/ :5 ! sy/ole & :5 ! dia/ole took place1 nor :5 & :]e dilatation & contraction occurr$1 by reason ( ! rapidity ( ! motion1 :i* 9 _m animals is accompli%$ 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 com+ & go+ l a fla% ( lightn+2 s t ! sy/ole pres5t$ itself to me n[ f ?is po9t1 n[ f t2 ! dia/ole ! same2 & !n ev]y?+ 0 rev]s$1 ! motions occurr+1 z x seem$1 v>i\sly & confus$ly toge!r4 ,my m9d 0 !re=e greatly unsettl$ nor did ,i "k :at ,i %\ld myself conclude1 nor :at believe f o!rs4 ,i 0 n surpris$ t ,&reas ,laur5tius %\ld h writt5 t ! motion ( ! he>t 0 z p]plex+ z ! flux & reflux ( ,euripus _h appe>$ to ,ari/otle4 ,at l5g?1 by us+ great] & daily dilig5ce & inve/igation1 mak+ frequ5t inspection ( _m & v>i\s animals1 & collat+ num]\s obs]vations1 ,i ?\ght t ,i _h atta9$ to ! tru?1 t ,i %\ld extricate myself & escape f ?is labyr9?1 & t ,i _h discov]$ :at ,i s mu* desir$1 bo? ! motion & ! use ( ! he>t & art]ies4 ,f t "t ,i h n hesitat$ to expose my views ^u ^! subjects1 n only 9 private to my fri5ds1 b also 9 public1 9 my anatomical lectures1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,academy ( old4 ,^! views z usual1 pleas$ "s m1 o!rs less2 "s *id & calumniat$ me1 & laid x to me z a crime t ,i _h d>$ to dep>t f ! precepts & op9ions ( all anatomi/s2 o!rs desir$ fur!r explanations ( ! novelties1 :i* !y said 7 bo? wor?y ( consid]ation1 & might p]*ance be f\nd ( signal use4 ,at l5g?1 yield+ to ! reque/s ( my fri5ds1 t all might be made p>ticipators 9 my labors1 & p>tly mov$ by ! envy ( o!rs1 :o1 receiv+ my views ) unc&id m9ds & und]/&+ !m indiff]5tly1 h essay$ to traduce me publicly1 ,i h mov$ to commit ^! ?+s to ! press1 9 ord] t all may be enabl$ to =m an op9ion bo? ( me & my lab\rs4 ,?is /ep ,i take all ! m will+ly1 see+ t ,hi]onymus ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 al?\gh he has accurately & le>n$ly del9eat$ almo/ e "o ( ! sev]al p>ts ( animals 9 a special "w1 has left ! he>t alone unt\*$4 ,f9ally1 if any use or b5efit to ?is dep>tm5t ( ! republic ( lett]s %\ld accrue f my lab\rs1 x w1 p]haps1 be all[$ t ,i h n liv$ idly1 & z ! old man 9 ! com$y says3 ,= nev] yet ha? any "o atta9$ ,to su* p]fection1 b t "t1 & place1 ,& use1 h br\ght addition to 8 k2 ,or made correction1 or admoni%$ him1 ,t he 0 ignorant ( mu* :i* he ,_h ?\ght he knew2 or l$ him to reject ,:at he _h once e/eem$ ( highe/ price4 ,s w x1 p]*ance1 be f\nd ) ref]5ce to ! he>t at ?is "t2 or o!rs1 at lea/1 />t+ h5ce1 ) ! way po9t$ out to !m1 advanc+ "u ! guidance ( a happi] g5ius1 may make occasion to proce$ m =tunately1 & to inquire m accurately4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,motions ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,dissection ,,( ,,liv+ ,,animals ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 :5 ! *e/ ( a liv+ animal is laid op5 & ! capsule t imm$iately surr\nds ! he>t is slit up or remov$1 ! organ is se5 n[ to move1 n[ to be at re/2 !re is a "t :5 x moves1 & a "t :5 x is motionless4 ,^! ?+s are m obvi\s 9 ! cold] animals1 su* z toads1 frogs1 s]p5ts1 small fi%es1 crabs1 %rimps1 snails1 & %ell-fi%4 ,!y also become m di/9ct 9 w>m-blood$ animals1 su* z ! dog & hog1 if !y be att5tively not$ :5 ! he>t beg9s to flag1 to move m sl[ly1 &1 z x 71 to die3 ! movem5ts !n become sl[] & r>]1 ! pauses long]1 by :i* x is made mu* m easy to p]ceive & unravel :at ! motions really are1 & h[ !y are p]=m$4 ,9 ! pause1 z 9 dea?1 ! he>t is s(t1 flaccid1 exhau/$1 ly+1 z x 71 at re/4 ,9 ! motion1 & int]val 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$1 ?ree pr9cipal circum/ances are to be not$3 #a4 ,t ! he>t is erect$1 & rises upw>ds to a po9t1 s t at ?is "t x /rikes aga9/ ! brea/ & ! pulse is felt ext]nally4 #b4 ,t x is ev]y:]e contract$1 b m especially t[>ds ! sides s t x looks n>r[]1 relatively long]1 m drawn toge!r4 ,! he>t ( an eel tak5 out ( ! body ( ! animal & plac$ ^u ! table or ! h&1 %[s ^! p>ticul>s2 b ! same ?+s are manife/ 9 ! he>ts ( all small fi%es & ( ^? cold] animals :]e ! organ is m conical or elongat$4 #c4 ,! he>t be+ grasp$ 9 ! h&1 is felt to become h>d] dur+ its action4 ,n[ ?is h>dness proce$s f t5sion1 precisely z :5 ! =e>m is grasp$1 its t5dons are p]ceiv$ to become t5se & resili5t :5 ! f+]s are mov$4 #d4 ,x may fur!r be obs]v$ 9 fi%es1 & ! cold] blood$ animals1 su* z frogs1 s]p5ts1 etc41 t ! he>t1 :5 x moves1 becomes ( a pal] color1 :5 quiesc5t ( a deep] blood-r$ color4 ,f ^! p>ticul>s x appe>s evid5t to me t ! motion ( ! he>t consi/s 9 a c]ta9 univ]sal t5sion--bo? contraction 9 ! l9e ( its fibres1 & con/riction 9 e s5se4 ,x becomes erect1 h>d1 & ( dim9i%$ size dur+ its action2 ! motion is pla9ly ( ! same nature z t ( ! muscles :5 !y contract 9 ! l9e ( _! s9ews & fibres2 = ! muscles1 :5 9 action1 acquire vigor & t5s5ess1 & f s(t become h>d1 prom95t1 & ?ick5$3 & 9 ! same mann] ! he>t4 ,we are !re=e au?oriz$ to conclude t ! he>t1 at ! mom5t ( its action1 is at once con/rict$ on all sides1 r5d]$ ?ick] 9 its p>ietes & small] 9 its v5tricles1 & s made apt to project or expel its *>ge ( blood4 ,?is1 inde$1 is made suffici5tly manife/ by ! prec$+ f\r? obs]vation 9 :i* we h se5 t ! he>t1 by squeez+ out ! blood t x conta9s1 becomes pal]1 & !n :5 x s9ks into repose & ! v5tricle is fill$ anew ) blood1 t ! deep] crimson col\r returns4 ,b no "o ne$ rema9 9 d\bt ( ! fact1 = if ! v5tricle be pi]c$ ! blood w be se5 to be =cibly project$ outw>ds ^u ea* motion or pulsation :5 ! he>t is t5se4 ,^! ?+s1 !re=e1 happ5 toge!r or at ! same in/ant3 ! t5sion ( ! he>t1 ! pulse ( its apex1 :i* is felt ext]nally by its /rik+ aga9/ ! *e/1 ! ?ick5+ ( its p>ietes1 & ! =cible expulsion ( ! blood x conta9s by ! con/riction ( its v5tricles4 ,h5ce ! v opposite ( ! op9ions commonly receiv$ appe>s to be true2 inasmu* z x is g5]ally believ$ t :5 ! he>t /rikes ! brea/ & ! pulse is felt )\t1 ! he>t is dilat$ 9 its v5tricles & is fill$ ) blood2 b ! contr>y ( ?is is ! fact1 & ! he>t1 :5 x contracts 7& ! impulse ( ! apex is convey$ ?r\gh ! *e/ wall71 is empti$4 ,:5ce ! motion :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! dia/ole ( ! he>t1 is 9 tru? its sy/ole4 ,& 9 l mann] ! intr9sic motion ( ! he>t is n ! dia/ole b ! sy/ole2 nei!r is x 9 ! dia/ole t ! he>t gr[s firm & t5se1 b 9 ! sy/ole1 = !n only1 :5 t5se1 is x mov$ & made vigor\s4 ,nei!r is x by any means to be all[$ t ! he>t only moves 9 ! l9es ( its /raight fibres1 al?\gh ! great ,vesalius giv+ ?is notion c\nt5ance1 quotes a bundle ( osi]s b\nd 9 a pyramidal heap 9 illu/ration2 mean+1 t z ! apex is approa*$ to ! base1 s are ! sides made to bulge out 9 ! fa%ion ( ar*es1 ! cavities to dilate1 ! v5tricles to acquire ! =m ( a cupp+-glass & s to suck 9 ! blood4 ,b ! true effect ( e "o ( its fibres is to con/r+e ! he>t at ! same "t !y r5d] x t5se2 & ?is r ) ! effect ( ?ick5+ & amplify+ ! walls & sub/ance ( ! organ ?an enl>g+ its v5tricles4 ,&1 aga91 z ! fibres run f ! apex to ! base1 & draw ! apex t[>ds ! base1 !y d n t5d to make ! walls ( ! he>t bulge out 9 circles1 b r ! contr>y2 inasmu* z e fibre t is circul>ly dispos$1 t5ds to become /raight :5 x contracts2 & is di/5d$ lat]ally & ?ick5$1 z 9 ! case ( muscul> fibres 9 g5]al1 :5 !y contract1 t is1 :5 !y are %ort5$ longitud9ally1 z we see !m 9 ! bellies ( ! muscles ( ! body at l>ge4 ,to all ?is let x be add$1 t n only are ! v5tricles contract$ 9 virtue ( ! direction & cond5sation ( _! walls1 b f>!r1 t ^? fibres1 or b&s1 /yl$ n]ves by ,ari/otle1 :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ! v5tricles ( ! l>g] animals1 & conta9 all ! /raight fibres 7! p>ietes ( ! he>t conta9+ only circul> ones71 :5 !y contract simultane\sly by an admirable adju/m5t all ! int]nal surfaces are drawn toge!r z if ) cords1 & s is ! *>ge ( blood expell$ ) =ce4 ,nei!r is x true1 z vulg>ly believ$1 t ! he>t by any dilatation or motion ( its own1 has ! p[] ( draw+ ! blood into ! v5tricles2 = :5 x acts & becomes t5se1 ! blood is expell$2 :5 x relaxes & s9ks toge!r x receives ! blood 9 ! mann] & wise :i* w by-&-by be expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,motions ,,( ,,! ,,art]ies1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,dissection ,,( ,,liv+ ,,animals ,9 connexion ) ! motions ( ! he>t ^! ?+s are fur!r to be obs]v$ hav+ ref]5ce to ! motions & pulses ( ! art]ies4 #a4 ,at ! mom5t ! he>t contracts1 & :5 ! brea/ is /ruck1 :5 9 %ort ! organ is 9 its /ate ( sy/ole1 ! art]ies are dilat$1 yield a pulse1 & are 9 ! /ate ( dia/ole4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! "r v5tricle contracts & propels its *>ge ( blood1 ! pulmon>y art]y is di/5d$ at ! same "t ) ! o!r art]ies ( ! body4 #b4 ,:5 ! left v5tricle ceases to act1 to contract1 to pulsate1 ! pulse 9 ! art]ies also ceases2 fur!r1 :5 ?is v5tricle contracts languidly1 ! pulse 9 ! art]ies is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,9 l mann]1 ! pulse 9 ! "r v5tricle fail+1 ! pulse 9 ! pulmon>y art]y ceases also4 #c4 ,fur!r1 :5 an art]y is divid$ or punctur$1 ! blood is se5 to be =cibly propell$ f ! w\nd ! mom5t ! left v5tricle contracts2 &1 aga91 :5 ! pulmon>y art]y is w\nd$1 ! blood w be se5 sp\t+ =? ) viol5ce at ! in/ant :5 ! "r v5tricle contracts4 ,s also 9 fi%es1 if ! vessel :i* leads f ! he>t to ! gills be divid$1 at ! mom5t :5 ! he>t becomes t5se & contract$1 at ! same mom5t does ! blood fl[ ) =ce f ! divid$ vessel4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 we see ! blood 9 art]iotomy project$ n[ to a great]1 n[ to a less di/ance1 & t ! great] jet corresponds to ! dia/ole ( ! art]y & to ! "t :5 ! he>t contracts & /rikes ! ribs1 & is 9 its /ate ( sy/ole1 we und]/& t ! blood is expell$ by ! same movem5t4 ,f ^! facts x is manife/1 9 opposition to commonly receiv$ op9ions1 t ! dia/ole ( ! art]ies corresponds ) ! "t ( ! he>t's sy/ole2 & t ! art]ies are fill$ & di/5d$ by ! blood =c$ into !m by ! contraction ( ! v5tricles2 ! art]ies1 !re=e1 are di/5d$1 because !y are fill$ l sacs or bladd]s1 & are n fill$ because !y exp& l bell[s4 ,x is 9 virtue ( "o & ! same cause1 !re=e1 t all ! art]ies ( ! body pulsate1 viz41 ! contraction ( ! left v5tricle2 9 ! same way z ! pulmon>y art]y pulsates by ! contraction ( ! "r v5tricle4 ,f9ally1 t ! pulses ( ! art]ies are due to ! impulses ( ! blood f ! left v5tricle1 may be illu/rat$ by bl[+ into a glove1 :5 ! :ole ( ! f+]s w be f\nd to become di/5d$ at "o & ! same "t1 & 9 _! t5sion to be> "s resemblance to ! pulse4 ,= 9 ! ratio ( ! t5sion is ! pulse ( ! he>t1 full]1 /rong]1 & m frequ5t z t acts m vigor\sly1 /ill pres]v+ ! rhy?m & volume1 & ord] ( ! he>t's contractions4 ,nor is x to be expect$ t because ( ! motion ( ! blood1 ! "t at :i* ! contraction ( ! he>t takes place1 & t at :i* ! pulse 9 an art]y 7especially a di/ant "o7 is felt1 %all be o!rwise ?an simultane\s3 x is "h ! same z 9 bl[+ up a glove or bladd]2 = 9 a pl5um 7z 9 a drum1 a long piece ( timb]1 etc47 ! /roke & ! motion occur at bo? extremities at ! same "t4 ,ari/otle1 ,footnote3 ,de ,anim41 iii1 cap4 #i4 too1 has said1 ! blood ( all animals palpitates )9 _! ve9s 7mean+ ! art]ies71 & by ! pulse is s5t ev]y:]e simultane\sly4 ,& fur!r1 ,footnote3 ,de ,respir41 cap4 #bj ?us d all ! ve9s pulsate toge!r & by successive /rokes1 because !y all dep5d ^u ! he>t2 &1 z x is always 9 motion1 s are !y likewise always mov+ toge!r1 b by successive movem5ts4 ,x is well to obs]ve ) ,gal51 9 ?is place1 t ! old philosoph]s call$ ! art]ies ve9s4 ,i happ5$ ^u "o occasion to h a p>ticul> case "u my c>e1 :i* pla9ly satisfi$ me ( ! tru?3 ,a c]ta9 p]son 0 affect$ ) a l>ge pulsat+ tum\r on ! "r side ( ! neck1 call$ an aneurism1 j at t "p :]e ! art]y desc5ds into ! axilla1 produc$ by an erosion ( ! art]y itself1 & daily increas+ 9 size2 ?is tum\r 0 visibly di/5d$ z x receiv$ ! *>ge ( blood br\ght to x by ! art]y1 ) ea* /roke ( ! he>t2 ! connexion ( p>ts 0 obvi\s :5 ! body ( ! pati5t came to be op5$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,! pulse 9 ! correspond+ arm 0 small1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] portion ( ! blood be+ div]t$ into ! tum\r & s int]cept$4 ,:5ce x appe>s t :5ev] ! motion ( ! blood ?r\gh ! art]ies is imp$$1 :e!r x be by compression or inf>ction1 or int]ception1 !re d ! remote divisions ( ! art]ies beat less =cibly1 see+ t ! pulse ( ! art]ies is no?+ m ?an ! impulse or %ock ( ! blood 9 ^! vessels4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,its ,,auricles1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,bodies ,,( ,,liv+ ,,animals ,besides ! motions already spok5 (1 we h /ill to consid] ^? t app]ta9 to ! auricles4 ,casp> ,bauh9 & ,john ,riolan1 ,footnote3 i ,bauh91 lib4 ii4 cap4 ,,ii4 ,riolan4 lib4 viii1 cap4 ,i4 mo/ le>n$ m5 & skilful anatomi/s1 in=m u t f _! obs]vations1 t if we c>efully wat* ! movem5ts ( ! he>t 9 ! vivisection ( an animal1 we %all p]ceive f\r motions di/9ct 9 "t & 9 place1 two ( :i* are prop] to ! auricles1 two to ! v5tricles4 ,) all def]5ce to su* au?ority ,i say t !re are f\r motions di/9ct 9 po9t ( place1 b n ( "t2 = ! two auricles move toge!r1 & s also d ! two v5tricles1 9 su* wise t ?\gh ! places be f\r1 ! times are only two4 ,& ?is occurs 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!re are1 z x 71 two motions go+ on toge!r3 "o ( ! auricles1 ano!r ( ! v5tricles2 ^! by no means tak+ place simultane\sly1 b ! motion ( ! auricles prec$+1 t ( ! he>t foll[+2 ! motion appe>+ to beg9 f ! auricles & to ext5d to ! v5tricles4 ,:5 all ?+s are becom+ languid1 & ! he>t is dy+1 z also 9 fi%es & ! cold] blood$ animals !re is a %ort pause betwe5 ^! two motions1 s t ! he>t ar\s$1 z x 71 appe>s to respond to ! motion1 n[ m quickly1 n[ m t>dily2 & at l5g?1 :5 ne> to dea?1 x ceases to respond by its prop] motion1 b seems1 z x 71 to nod ! head1 & is s slightly mov$ t x appe>s r to give signs ( motion to ! pulsat+ auricles ?an actually to move4 ,! he>t1 !re=e1 ceases to pulsate soon] ?an ! auricles1 s t ! auricles h be5 said to outlive x1 ! left v5tricle ceas+ to pulsate fir/ ( all2 !n its auricle1 next ! "r v5tricle2 &1 f9ally1 all ! o!r p>ts be+ at re/ & dead1 z ,gal5 long s9ce obs]v$1 ! "r auricle /ill cont9ues to beat2 life1 !re=e1 appe>s to l+] longe/ 9 ! "r auricle4 ,:il/ ! he>t is gradually dy+1 x is sometimes se5 to reply1 aft] two or ?ree contractions ( ! auricles1 r\s$ z x 7 to action1 & mak+ a s+le pulsation1 sl[ly1 unwill+ly1 & ) an ef=t4 ,b ?is especially is to be not$1 t aft] ! he>t has ceas$ to beat1 ! auricles h[ev] /ill contract+1 a f+] plac$ ^u ! v5tricles p]ceives ! sev]al pulsations ( ! auricles1 precisely 9 ! same way & = ! same reason1 z we h said1 t ! pulses ( ! v5tricles are felt 9 ! art]ies1 to wit1 ! di/5sion produc$ by ! jet ( blood4 ,& if at ?is "t1 ! auricles alone pulsat+1 ! po9t ( ! he>t be cut (f ) a pair ( scissors1 y w p]ceive ! blood fl[+ out ^u ea* contraction ( ! auricles4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t ! blood ent]s ! v5tricles1 n by any attraction or dilatation ( ! he>t1 b by be+ ?r[n into !m by ! pulses ( ! auricles4 ,& "h ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t :5ev] ,i speak ( pulsations z occurr+ 9 ! auricles or v5tricles1 ,i mean contractions3 fir/ ! auricles contract1 & !n & subsequ5tly ! he>t itself contracts4 ,:5 ! auricles contract !y are se5 to become :it]1 especially :]e !y conta9 b little blood2 b !y are fill$ z magaz9es or res]voirs ( ! blood1 :i* is t5d+ spontane\sly &1 by its motion 9 ! ve9s1 "u pressure t[>ds ! c5tre2 ! :it5ess indicat$ is mo/ conspicu\s t[>ds ! extremities or edges ( ! auricles at ! "t ( _! contractions4 ,9 fi%es & frogs1 & o!r animals :i* h he>ts ) b a s+le v5tricle1 & = an auricle h a k9d ( bladd] mu* di/5d$ ) blood1 at ! base ( ! organ1 y may v pla9ly p]ceive ?is bladd] contract+ fir/1 & ! contraction ( ! he>t or v5tricle foll[+ aft]w>ds4 ,b ,i ?9k x "r to describe :at ,i h obs]v$ ( an opposite "*3 ! he>t ( an eel1 ( sev]al fi%es1 & ev5 ( "s 7( ! high]7 animals tak5 out ( ! body1 pulsates )\t auricles2 nay1 if x be cut 9 pieces ! sev]al p>ts may /ill be se5 contract+ & relax+2 s t 9 ^! creatures ! body ( ! he>t may be se5 pulsat+ & palpitat+1 aft] ! cessation ( all motion 9 ! auricle4 ,b is n ?is p]*ance peculi> to animals m t5aci\s ( life1 ^: radical moi/ure is m glut9\s1 or fat & sluggi%1 & less readily soluble8 ,! same faculty inde$ appe>s 9 ! fle% ( eels1 :i* ev5 :5 sk9n$ & emb[ell$1 & cut into pieces1 are /ill se5 to move4 ,exp]im5t+ ) a pigeon ^u "o occasion1 aft] ! he>t _h :olly ceas$ to pulsate1 & ! auricles too _h become motionless1 ,i kept my f+] wett$ ) saliva & w>m = a %ort "t ^u ! he>t1 & obs]v$ t "u ! influ5ce ( ?is fom5tation x recov]$ new /r5g? & life1 s t bo? v5tricles & auricles pulsat$1 contract+ & relax+ alt]nately1 recall$ z x 7 f dea? to life4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i h occasionally obs]v$1 aft] ! he>t & ev5 its "r auricle _h ceas$ pulsat+1--:5 x 0 9 articulo mortis 9 %ort1--t an obscure motion1 an undulation or palpitation1 rema9$ 9 ! blood itself1 :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! "r auricle1 ?is be+ app>5t s long z x 0 imbu$ ) heat & _s4 ,&1 inde$1 a circum/ance ( ! same k9d is extremely manife/ 9 ! c\rse ( ! g5]ation ( animals1 z may be se5 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ sev5 days ( ! incubation ( ! *ick3 ,a drop ( blood makes its appe>ance :i* palpitates1 z ,ari/otle _h already obs]v$2 f ?is1 :5 ! gr[? is fur!r advanc$ & ! *ick is fa%ion$1 ! auricles ( ! he>t are =m$1 :i* pulsat+ h5ce=? give con/ant signs ( life4 ,:5 at l5g?1 & aft] ! lapse ( a few days1 ! outl9e ( ! body beg9s to be di/+ui%$1 !n is ! v5tricul> "p ( ! he>t also produc$1 b x cont9ues = a "t :ite & app>5tly bloodless1 l ! re/ ( ! animal2 nei!r does x pulsate or give signs ( motion4 ,i h se5 a simil> condition ( ! he>t 9 ! human foetus ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird mon?1 ! he>t !n be+ :iti% & bloodless1 al?\gh its auricles conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( purple blood4 ,9 ! same way 9 ! egg1 :5 ! *ick 0 =m$ & _h increas$ 9 size1 ! he>t too increas$ & acquir$ v5tricles1 :i* !n began to receive & to transmit blood4 ,& ?is leads me to rem>k t he :o inquires v p>ticul>ly into ?is matt] w n conclude t ! he>t1 z a :ole1 is ! primum viv5s1 ultimum mori5s1--! fir/ "p to live1 ! la/ to die1--b r its auricles1 or ! "p :i* corresponds to ! auricles 9 s]p5ts1 fi%es1 etc41 :i* bo? lives be=e ! he>t & dies aft] x4 ,nay1 has n ! blood itself or _s an obscure palpitation inh]5t 9 x1 :i* x has ev5 appe>$ to me to reta9 aft] dea?8 & x seems v que/ionable :e!r or n we are to say t life beg9s ) ! palpitation or beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,! sem9al fluid ( all animals--! prolific _s1 z ,ari/otle obs]v$1 leaves _! body ) a b\nd & l a liv+ ?+2 & nature 9 dea?1 z ,ari/otle ,footnote3 ,de ,motu ,animal41 cap4 #h4 fur!r rem>ks1 retrac+ h] /eps1 rev]ts to :]e %e _h set out1 & returns at ! end ( h] c\rse to ! goal :5ce %e _h />t$4 ,z animal g5]ation proce$s f t :i* is n animal1 entity f non5tity1 s1 by a retrograde c\rse1 entity1 by corruption1 is resolv$ into non5tity1 :5ce t 9 animals1 :i* 0 la/ creat$1 fails fir/ & t :i* 0 fir/1 fails la/4 ,i h also obs]v$ t almo/ all animals h truly a he>t1 n ! l>g] creatures only1 & ^? t h r$ blood1 b ! small]1 & pale-blood$ ones also1 su* z slugs1 snails1 scallops1 %rimps1 crabs1 crayfi%1 & _m o!rs2 nay1 ev5 9 wasps1 hornets1 & flies1 ,i h1 ) ! aid ( a magnify+ glass1 & at ! upp] "p ( :at is call$ ! tail1 bo? se5 ! he>t pulsat+ myself1 & %[n x to _m o!rs4 ,b 9 ! pale-blood$ tribes ! he>t pulsates sluggi%ly & delib]ately1 contract+ sl[ly z 9 animals t are moribund1 a fact t may readily be se5 9 ! snail1 ^: he>t w be f\nd at ! bottom ( t orifice 9 ! "r side ( ! body :i* is se5 to be op5$ & %ut 9 ! c\rse ( respiration1 & :5ce saliva is dis*>g$1 ! incision be+ made 9 ! upp] aspect ( ! body1 ne> ! "p :i* corresponds to ! liv]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be obs]v$3 t 9 w9t] & ! cold] season1 exsangu9e animals1 su* z ! snail1 %[ no pulsation2 !y seem r to live aft] ! mann] ( vegetables1 or ( ^? o!r productions :i* are !re=e designat$ plant- animals4 ,x is also to be not$ t all animals :i* h a he>t h also auricles1 or some?+ analog\s to auricles2 &1 fur!r1 t :5ev] ! he>t has a d\ble v5tricle1 !re are always two auricles pres5t1 b n o!rwise4 ,if y turn to ! production ( ! *ick 9 ovo1 h[ev]1 y w f9d at fir/ no m a vesicle or auricle1 or pulsat+ drop ( blood2 x is only by & by1 :5 ! developm5t has made "s progress1 t ! he>t is fa%ion$2 ev5 s 9 c]ta9 animals n de/9$ to atta9 to ! highe/ p]fection 9 _! organization1 su* z bees1 wasps1 snails1 %rimps1 crayfi%1 etc41 we only f9d a c]ta9 pulsat+ vesicle1 l a sort ( r$ or :ite palpitat+ po9t1 z ! beg9n+ or pr9ciple ( _! life4 ,we h a small %rimp 9 ^! c\ntries1 :i* is tak5 9 ! ,?ames & 9 ! sea1 ! :ole ( ^: body is transp>5t2 ?is creature1 plac$ 9 a little wat]1 has frequ5tly af=d$ myself & p>ticul> fri5ds an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! motions ( ! he>t ) ! greate/ di/9ctness1 ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body pres5t+ no ob/acle to our view1 b ! he>t be+ p]ceiv$ z ?\gh x _h be5 se5 ?r\gh a w9d[4 ,i h also obs]v$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! *ick 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\r? or fif? day ( ! incubation1 9 ! guise ( a little cl\d1 ! %ell hav+ be5 remov$ & ! egg imm]s$ 9 cle> tepid wat]4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! cl\dlet 9 "q !re 0 a bloody po9t s small t x disappe>$ dur+ ! contraction & escap$ ! sight1 b 9 ! relaxation x reappe>$ aga91 r$ & l ! po9t ( a p92 s t betwixt ! visible & invisible1 betwixt be+ & n be+1 z x 71 x gave by its pulses a k9d ( repres5tation ( ! comm5cem5t ( life4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,( ,,! ,,motion1 ,,action ,,& ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,f ^! & o!r obs]vations ( a simil> nature1 ,i am p]suad$ x w be f\nd t ! motion ( ! he>t is z foll[s3 ,fir/ ( all1 ! auricle contracts1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its contraction =ces ! blood 7:i* x conta9s 9 ample quantity z ! head ( ! ve9s1 ! /ore--h\se & ci/]n ( ! blood7 into ! v5tricle1 :i*1 be+ fill$1 ! he>t raises itself /raightway1 makes all its fibres t5se1 contracts ! v5tricles1 & p]=ms a beat1 by :i* beat x imm$iately s5ds ! blood suppli$ to x by ! auricle into ! art]ies4 ,! "r v5tricle s5ds its *>ge into ! lungs by ! vessel :i* is call$ v5a art]iosa1 b :i* 9 /ructure & function1 & all o!r respects1 is an art]y4 ,! left v5tricle s5ds its *>ge into ! aorta1 & ?r\gh ?is by ! art]ies to ! body at l>ge4 ,^! two motions1 "o ( ! v5tricles1 ! o!r ( ! auricles1 take place consecutively1 b 9 su* a mann] t !re is a k9d ( h>mony or rhy?m pres]v$ betwe5 !m1 ! two concurr+ 9 su* wise t b "o motion is app>5t1 especially 9 ! w>m] blood$ animals1 9 :i* ! movem5ts 9 "q are rapid4 ,nor is ?is = any o!r reason ?an x is 9 a piece ( ma*9]y1 9 :i*1 ?\gh "o :eel gives motion to ano!r1 yet all ! :eels seem to move simultane\sly2 or 9 t me*anical contrivance :i* is adapt$ to fire>ms1 :]e1 ! trigg] be+ t\*$1 d[n comes ! fl9t1 /rikes aga9/ ! /eel1 elicits a sp>k1 :i* fall+ among ! p[d]1 ignites x1 :5 ! flame ext5ds1 ent]s ! b>rel1 causes ! explosion1 propels ! ball1 & ! m>k is atta9$--all ( :i* incid5ts1 by reason ( ! cel]ity ) :i* !y happ51 seem to take place 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,s also 9 deglutition3 by ! elevation ( ! root ( ! tongue1 & ! compression ( ! m\?1 ! food or dr9k is pu%$ into ! fauces1 :5 ! l>ynx is clos$ by its muscles & by ! epiglottis4 ,! ph>ynx is !n rais$ & op5$ by its muscles 9 ! same way z a sac t is to be fill$ is lift$ up & its m\? dilat$4 ,^u ! m\?ful be+ receiv$1 x is =c$ d[nw>ds by ! transv]se muscles1 & !n c>ri$ f>!r by ! longitud9al ones4 ,yet all ^! motions1 ?\gh execut$ by diff]5t & di/9ct organs1 are p]=m$ h>moni\sly1 & 9 su* ord] t !y seem to con/itute b a s+le motion & act1 :i* we call deglutition4 ,ev5 s does x come to pass ) ! motions & action ( ! he>t1 :i* con/itute a k9d ( deglutition1 a transfusion ( ! blood f ! ve9s to ! art]ies4 ,& if anyone1 be>+ ^! ?+s 9 m9d1 w c>efully wat* ! motions ( ! he>t 9 ! body ( a liv+ animal1 he w p]ceive n only all ! p>ticul>s ,i h m5tion$1 viz41 ! he>t becom+ erect1 & mak+ "o cont9u\s motion ) its auricles2 b f>!r1 a c]ta9 obscure undulation & lat]al incl9ation 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! "r v5tricle1 z if twi/+ itself slightly 9 p]=m+ its "w4 ,& inde$ ev]yone may see1 :5 a horse dr9ks1 t ! wat] is drawn 9 & transmitt$ to ! /oma* at ea* movem5t ( ! ?roat1 :i* movem5t produces a s\nd & yields a pulse bo? to ! e> & ! t\*2 9 ! same way x is ) ea* motion ( ! he>t1 :5 !re is ! deliv]y ( a quantity ( blood f ! ve9s to ! art]ies a pulse takes place1 & c be he>d )9 ! *e/4 ,! motion ( ! he>t1 !n1 is entirely ( ?is description1 & ! "o action ( ! he>t is ! transmission ( ! blood & its di/ribution1 by means ( ! art]ies1 to ! v extremities ( ! body2 s t ! pulse :i* we feel 9 ! art]ies is no?+ m ?an ! impulse ( ! blood d]iv$ f ! he>t4 ,:e!r or n ! he>t1 besides propell+ ! blood1 giv+ x motion locally1 & di/ribut+ x to ! body1 adds any?+ else to x--heat1 _s1 p]fection1--mu/ be inquir$ into by-- &--by1 & decid$ ^u o!r gr\nds4 ,s mu* may suffice at ?is "t1 :5 x is %[n t by ! action ( ! he>t ! blood is transfus$ ?r\gh ! v5tricles f ! ve9s to ! art]ies1 & di/ribut$ by !m to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,! above1 inde$1 is admitt$ by all1 bo? f ! /ructure ( ! he>t & ! arrangem5t & action ( its valves4 ,b /ill !y are l p]sons purbl9d or grop+ ab\t 9 ! d>k1 = !y give utt]ance to v>i\s1 contradictory1 & incoh]5t s5tim5ts1 deliv]+ _m ?+s ^u conjecture1 z we h already %[n4 ,! gr& cause ( d\bt & error 9 ?is subject appe>s to me to h be5 ! intimate connexion betwe5 ! he>t & ! lungs4 ,:5 m5 saw bo? ! pulmon>y art]y & ! pulmon>y ve9s los+ !mselves 9 ! lungs1 ( c\rse x became a puzzle to !m to "k h[ or by :at means ! "r v5tricle %\ld di/ribute ! blood to ! body1 or ! left draw x f ! v5ae cavae4 ,?is fact is borne witness to by ,gal51 ^: words1 :5 writ+ aga9/ ,erasi/ratus 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & use ( ! ve9s & ! coction ( ! blood1 are ! foll[+ ,footnote3 ,de ,placitis ,hippocratis et ,platonis1 vi43 ,y w reply1 he says1 t ! effect is s2 t ! blood is prep>$ 9 ! liv]1 & is !nce transf]r$ to ! he>t to receive its prop] =m & la/ p]fection2 a /atem5t :i* does n appe> devoid ( reason2 = no great & p]fect "w is ev] accompli%$ at a s+le ef=t1 or receives its f9al poli% f "o in/rum5t4 ,b if ?is be actually s1 !n %[ u ano!r vessel :i* draws ! absolutely p]fect blood f ! he>t1 & di/ributes x z ! art]ies d ! spirits ov] ! :ole body4 ,"h !n is a reasonable op9ion n all[$1 because1 =soo?1 besides n see+ ! true means ( transit1 he c\ld n discov] ! vessel :i* %\ld transmit ! blood f ! he>t to ! body at l>ge6 ,b _h anyone be5 !re 9 behalf ( ,erasi/ratus1 & ( t op9ion :i* we n[ esp\se1 & :i* ,gal5 himself ackn[l$ges 9 o!r respects consonant ) reason1 to h po9t$ to ! aorta z ! vessel :i* di/ributes ! blood f ! he>t to ! re/ ( ! body1 ,i wond] :at w\ld h be5 ! answ] ( t mo/ +5i\s & le>n$ man8 ,_h he said t ! art]y transmits spirits & n blood1 he w\ld inde$ suffici5tly h answ]$ ,erasi/ratus1 :o imag9$ t ! art]ies conta9$ no?+ b spirits2 b !n he w\ld h contradict$ himself1 & giv5 a f\l d5ial to t = :i* he _h ke5ly cont5d$ 9 8 writ+s aga9/ ?is v ,erasi/ratus1 to wit1 t blood 9 sub/ance is conta9$ 9 ! art]ies1 & n spirits2 a fact :i* he demon/rat$ n only by _m p[]ful argum5ts1 b by exp]im5ts4 ,b if ! div9e ,gal5 w "h all[1 z 9 o!r places he does1 t all ! art]ies ( ! body arise f ! great art]y1 & t ?is takes its orig9 f ! he>t2 t all ^! vessels naturally conta9 & c>ry blood2 t ! ?ree semilun> valves situat$ at ! orifice ( ! aorta prev5t ! return ( ! blood into ! he>t1 & t nature nev] connect$ !m ) ?is1 ! mo/ noble viscus ( ! body1 unless = "s important end2 if1 ,i say1 ?is fa!r ( physicians conc$es all ^! ?+s1--& ,i quote 8 own words1--,i d n see h[ he c d5y t ! great art]y is ! v vessel to c>ry ! blood1 :5 x has atta9$ its highe/ t]m = t]m ( p]fection1 f ! he>t = di/ribution to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,or w\ld he p]*ance /ill hesitate1 l all :o h come aft] him1 ev5 to ! pres5t h\r1 because he did n p]ceive ! r\te by :i* ! blood 0 transf]r$ f ! ve9s to ! art]ies1 9 consequ5ce1 z ,i h already said1 ( ! intimate connexion betwe5 ! he>t & ! lungs8 ,& t ?is difficulty puzzl$ anatomi/s n a little1 :5 9 _! dissections !y f\nd ! pulmon>y art]y & left v5tricle full ( ?ick1 black1 & clott$ blood1 pla9ly appe>s1 :5 !y felt !mselves compell$ to affirm t ! blood made its way f ! "r to ! left v5tricle by transud+ ?r\gh ! septum ( ! he>t4 ,b ?is fancy ,i h already refut$4 ,a new pa?way = ! blood mu/ !re=e be prep>$ & ?r[n op51 & be+ once expos$1 no fur!r difficulty w1 ,i believe1 be exp]i5c$ by anyone 9 admitt+ :at ,i h already propos$ 9 reg>d to ! pulse ( ! he>t & art]ies1 viz41 ! passage ( ! blood f ! ve9s to ! art]ies1 & its di/ribution to ! :ole ( ! body by means ( ^! vessels4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,( ,,! ,,c\rse ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,blood ,,is ,,c>ri$ ,,f ,,! ,,v5a ,,cava ,,into ,,! ,,art]ies1 ,,or ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,into ,,! ,,left ,,v5tricle ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,s9ce ! intimate connexion ( ! he>t ) ! lungs1 :i* is app>5t 9 ! human subject1 has be5 ! probable cause ( ! errors t h be5 committ$ on ?is po9t1 !y pla9ly d amiss :o1 pret5d+ to speak ( ! p>ts ( animals g5]ally1 z anatomi/s = ! mo/ "p d1 conf9e _! rese>*es to ! human body alone1 & t :5 x is dead4 ,!y obvi\sly d n act o!rwise ?an he :o1 hav+ /udi$ ! =ms ( a s+le commonweal?1 %\ld set ab\t ! composition ( a g5]al sy/em ( polity2 or :o1 hav+ tak5 cognizance ( ! nature ( a s+le field1 %\ld imag9e t he _h ma/]$ ! sci5ce ( agriculture2 or :o1 ^u ! gr\nd ( "o p>ticul> proposition1 %\ld proce$ to draw g5]al conclusions4 ,_h anatomi/s only be5 z conv]sant ) ! dissection ( ! l[] animals z !y are ) t ( ! human body1 ! matt]s t h hi!rto kept !m 9 a p]plexity ( d\bt w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 h met !m fre$ f e k9d ( difficulty4 ,& fir/1 9 fi%es1 9 :i* ! he>t consi/s ( b a s+le v5tricle1 be+ devoid ( lungs1 ! ?+ is suffici5tly manife/4 ,"h ! sac1 :i* is situat$ at ! base ( ! he>t1 & is ! "p analog\s to ! auricle 9 man1 pla9ly =ces ! blood into ! he>t1 & ! he>t1 9 its turn1 conspicu\sly transmits x by a pipe or art]y1 or vessel analog\s to an art]y2 ^! are facts :i* are confirm$ by simple ocul> inspection1 z well z by a division ( ! vessel1 :5 ! blood is se5 to be project$ by ea* pulsation ( ! he>t4 ,! same ?+ is also n difficult ( demon/ration 9 ^? animals t h1 z x 71 no m ?an a s+le v5tricle to ! he>t1 su* z toads1 frogs1 s]p5ts1 & liz>ds1 :i* h lungs 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 z !y h a voice4 ,i h _m obs]vations by me on ! admirable /ructure ( ! lungs ( ^! animals1 & matt]s app]ta9+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i _c introduce 9 ?is place4 ,_! anatomy pla9ly %[s u t ! blood is transf]r$ 9 !m f ! ve9s to ! art]ies 9 ! same mann] z 9 high] animals1 viz41 by ! action ( ! he>t2 ! way1 9 fact1 is pat5t1 op51 manife/2 !re is no difficulty1 no room = d\bt ab\t x2 = 9 !m ! matt] /&s precisely z x w\ld 9 man 7 ! septum ( 8 he>t p]=at$ or remov$1 or "o v5tricle made out ( two2 & ?is be+ ! case1 ,i imag9e t no "o w d\bt z to ! way by :i* ! blood may pass f ! ve9s into ! art]ies4 ,b z !re are actually m animals :i* h no lungs ?an !re are furni%$ ) !m1 & 9 l mann] a great] numb] :i* h only "o v5tricle ?an !re are ) two1 x is op5 to u to conclude1 judg+ f ! mass or multitude ( liv+ creatures1 t = ! major "p1 & g5]ally1 !re is an op5 way by :i* ! blood is transmitt$ f ! ve9s ?r\gh ! s9uses or cavities ( ! he>t into ! art]ies4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 cogitat+ ) myself1 se5 fur!r1 t ! same ?+ obta9$ mo/ obvi\sly 9 ! embryos ( ^? animals t h lungs2 = 9 ! foetus ! f\r vessels belong+ to ! he>t1 viz41 ! v5a cava1 ! pulmon>y art]y1 ! pulmon>y ve91 & ! great art]y or aorta1 are all connect$ o!rwise ?an 9 ! adult1 a fact suffici5tly kn[n to e anatomi/4 ,! fir/ contact & union ( ! v5a cava ) ! pulmon>y ve9s1 :i* occurs be=e ! cava op5s prop]ly into ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 or gives (f ! coron>y ve91 a little above its escape f ! liv]1 is by a lat]al ana/omosis2 ?is is an ample =am51 ( an oval =m1 communicat+ betwe5 ! cava & ! pulmon>y ve91 s t ! blood is free to fl[ 9 ! greate/ abundance by t =am5 f ! v5a cava into ! pulmon>y ve91 & left auricle1 & f !nce into ! left v5tricle4 ,fur!r1 9 ?is =am5 ovale1 f t "p :i* reg>ds ! pulmon>y ve91 !re is a ?9 t\gh membrane1 l>g] ?an ! op5+1 ext5d$ l an op]culum or cov]2 ?is membrane 9 ! adult block+ up ! =am51 & adh]+ on all sides1 f9ally closes x up1 & almo/ oblit]ates e trace ( x4 ,9 ! foetus1 h[ev]1 ?is membrane is s contriv$ t fall+ loosely ^u itself1 x p]mits a ready access to ! lungs & he>t1 yield+ a passage to ! blood :i* is /ream+ f ! cava1 & h9d]+ ! tide at ! same "t f fl[+ back into t ve94 ,all ?+s1 9 %ort1 p]mit u to believe t 9 ! embryo ! blood mu/ con/antly pass by ?is =am5 f ! v5a cava into ! pulmon>y ve91 & f !nce into ! left auricle ( ! he>t2 & hav+ once ent]$ !re1 x c nev] regurgitate4 ,ano!r union is t by ! pulmon>y art]y1 & is effect$ :5 t vessel divides into two bran*es aft] its escape f ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,x is z if to ! two trunks already m5tion$ a ?ird 7 sup]add$1 a k9d ( art]ial canal1 c>ri$ obliquely f ! pulmon>y art]y1 to p]=ate & t]m9ate 9 ! great art]y or aorta4 ,s t 9 ! dissection ( ! embryo1 z x 71 two aortas1 or two roots ( ! great art]y1 appe> spr++ f ! he>t4 ,?is canal %r9ks gradually aft] bir?1 & aft] a "t becomes )]$1 & f9ally almo/ remov$1 l ! umbilical vessels4 ,! art]ial canal conta9s no membrane or valve to direct or imp$e ! fl[ ( blood 9 ?is or 9 t direction3 = at ! root ( ! pulmon>y art]y1 ( :i* ! art]ial canal is ! cont9uation 9 ! foetus1 !re are ?ree semilun> valves1 :i* op5 f )9 outw>ds1 & oppose no ob/acle to ! blood fl[+ 9 ?is direction or f ! "r v5tricle into ! pulmon>y art]y & aorta2 b !y prev5t all regurgitation f ! aorta or pulmonic vessels back ^u ! "r v5tricle2 clos+ ) p]fect accuracy1 !y oppose an effectual ob/acle to ev]y?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! embryo4 ,s t !re is also reason to believe t :5 ! he>t contracts1 ! blood is regul>ly propell$ by ! canal or passage indicat$ f ! "r v5tricle into ! aorta4 ,:at is commonly said 9 reg>d to ^! two great communications1 to wit1 t !y exi/ = ! nutrition ( ! lungs1 is bo? improbable & inconsi/5t2 see+ t 9 ! adult !y are clos$ up1 aboli%$1 & consolidat$1 al?\gh ! lungs1 by reason ( _! heat & motion1 mu/ !n be presum$ to require a l>g] supply ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! ass]tion t ! he>t 9 ! embryo does n pulsate1 t x nei!r acts nor moves1 s t nature 0 =c$ to make ^! communications = ! nutrition ( ! lungs4 ,?is is pla9ly false2 = simple inspection ( ! incubat$ egg1 & ( embryos j tak5 out ( ! ut]us1 %[s t ! he>t moves 9 !m precisely z 9 adults1 & t nature feels no su* necessity4 ,i h myself repeat$ly se5 ^! motions1 & ,ari/otle is likewise witness ( _! reality4 ,! pulse1 he obs]ves1 inh]es 9 ! v con/itution ( ! he>t1 & appe>s f ! beg9n+ z is le>n$ bo? f ! dissection ( liv+ animals & ! =mation ( ! *ick 9 ! egg4 ,footnote3 ,lib de ,spiritu1 cap4 v4 ,b we fur!r obs]ve t ! passages 9 "q are n only p]vi\s up to ! p]iod ( bir? 9 man1 z well z 9 o!r animals1 z anatomi/s 9 g5]al h describ$ !m1 b = sev]al mon?s subsequ5tly1 9 "s inde$ = sev]al ye>s1 n to say = ! :ole c\rse ( life2 z1 = example1 9 ! goose1 snipe1 & v>i\s birds & _m ( ! small] animals4 ,& ?is circum/ance x 01 p]haps1 t impos$ ^u ,botallus1 :o ?\ght he _h discov]$ a new passage = ! blood f ! v5a cava into ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t2 & ,i own t :5 ,i met ) ! same arrangem5t 9 "o ( ! l>g] memb]s ( ! m\se family1 9 ! adult /ate1 ,i 0 myself at fir/ l$ to some?+ ( a l conclusion4 ,f ?is x w be und]/ood t 9 ! human embryo1 & 9 ! embryos ( animals 9 :i* ! communications are n clos$1 ! same ?+ happ5s1 namely1 t ! he>t by its motion propels ! blood by obvi\s & op5 passages f ! v5a cava into ! aorta ?r\gh ! cavities ( bo? ! v5tricles1 ! "r "o receiv+ ! blood f ! auricle1 & propell+ x by ! pulmon>y art]y & its cont9uation1 nam$ ! ductus art]iosus1 into ! aorta2 ! left1 9 l mann]1 *>g$ by ! contraction ( its auricle1 :i* has receiv$ its supply ?r\gh ! =am5 ovale f ! v5a cava1 contract+1 & project+ ! blood ?r\gh ! root ( ! aorta into ! trunk ( t vessel4 ,9 embryos1 consequ5tly1 :il/ ! lungs are yet 9 a /ate ( inaction1 p]=m+ no function1 subject to no motion any m ?an if !y _h n be5 pres5t1 nature uses ! two v5tricles ( ! he>t z if !y =m$ b "o1 = ! transmission ( ! blood4 ,! condition ( ! embryos ( ^? animals :i* h lungs1 :il/ ^! organs are yet 9 abeyance & n employ$1 is ! same z t ( ^? animals :i* h no lungs4 ,s x cle>ly appe>s 9 ! case ( ! foetus t ! he>t by its action transf]s ! blood f ! v5a cava into ! aorta1 & t by a r\te z obvi\s & op51 z if 9 ! adult ! two v5tricles 7 made to communicate by ! removal ( _! septum4 ,we !re=e f9d t 9 ! great] numb] ( animals-- 9 all1 inde$1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! exi/5ce--! *annels = ! transmission ( ! blood ?r\gh ! he>t are conspicu\s4 ,b we h to inquire :y 9 "s creatures--^?1 namely1 t h w>m blood1 & t h atta9$ to ! adult age1 man among ! numb]--we %\ld n conclude t ! same ?+ is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! lungs1 :i* 9 ! embryo1 & at a "t :5 ! function ( ^! organs is 9 abeyance1 nature effects by ! direct passages describ$1 & :i*1 inde$1 %e seems compell$ to adopt ?r\gh want ( a passage by ! lungs2 or :y x %\ld be bett] 7= nature always does t :i* is be/7 t %e %\ld close up ! v>i\s op5 r\tes :i* %e _h =m]ly made use ( 9 ! embryo & foetus1 & /ill uses 9 all o!r animals4 ,n only does %e !reby op5 up no new app>5t *annels = ! passages ( ! blood1 b %e ev5 %uts up ^? :i* =m]ly exi/$4 ,& n[ ! discussion is br\ght to ?is po9t1 t !y :o inquire into ! ways by :i* ! blood rea*es ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t3 & pulmon>y ve9s f ! v5a cava1 w pursue ! wise/ c\rse if !y seek by dissection to discov] ! causes :y 9 ! l>g] & m p]fect animals ( mature age nature has r *os5 to make ! blood p]colate ! p>5*yma ( ! lungs1 ?an1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 *os5 a direct & obvi\s c\rse--= ,i assume t no o!r pa? or mode ( transit c be ent]ta9$4 ,x mu/ be because ! l>g] & m p]fect animals are w>m]1 & :5 adult _! heat great]--ignit$1 z ,i might say1 & requir+ to be damp$ or mitigat$1 t ! blood is s5t ?r\gh ! lungs1 9 ord] t x may be temp]$ by ! air t is inspir$1 & prev5t$ f boil+ up1 & s becom+ ext+ui%$1 or some?+ else ( ! sort4 ,b to det]m9e ^! matt]s1 & expla9 !m satisfactorily1 7 to ent] on a speculation 9 reg>d to ! (fice ( ! lungs & ! ends = :i* !y exi/4 ,^u su* a subject1 z well z ^u :at p]ta9s to respiration1 to ! necessity & use ( ! air1 etc41 z also to ! v>iety & div]sity ( organs t exi/ 9 ! bodies ( animals 9 connexion ) ^! matt]s1 al?\gh ,i h made a va/ numb] ( obs]vations1 ,i %all n speak till ,i c m conv5i5tly set !m =? 9 a treatise ap>t1 le/ ,i %\ld be held z w&]+ too wide ( my pres5t purpose1 :i* is ! use & motion ( ! he>t1 & be *>g$ ) speak+ ( ?+s beside ! "q1 & r complicat+ & quitt+ ?an illu/rat+ x4 ,& n[ return+ to my imm$iate subject1 ,i g on ) :at yet rema9s = demon/ration1 viz41 t 9 ! m p]fect & w>m] adult animals1 & man1 ! blood passes f ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t by ! pulmon>y art]y1 into ! lungs1 & !nce by ! pulmon>y ve9s into ! left auricle1 & f !re into ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,&1 fir/1 ,i %all %[ t ?is may be s1 & !n ,i %all prove t x is s 9 fact4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,blood ,,passes ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sub/ance ,,( ,,! ,,lungs ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,v5tricle ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,into ,,! ,,pulmon>y ,,ve9s ,,& ,,left ,,v5tricle ,t ?is is possible1 & t !re is no?+ to prev5t x f be+ s1 appe>s :5 we reflect on ! way 9 :i* wat] p]meat+ ! e>? produces spr+s & rivulets1 or :5 we speculate on ! means by :i* ! sweat passes ?r\gh ! sk91 or ! ur9e ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! kidneys4 ,x is well kn[n t p]sons :o use ! ,spa wat]s or ^? ( ,la ,madonna1 9 ! t]ritories ( ,padua1 or o!rs ( an acidul\s or vitriolat$ nature1 or :o simply swall[ dr9ks by ! gallon1 pass all (f aga9 )9 an h\r or two by ! bladd]4 ,su* a quantity ( liquid mu/ take "s %ort "t 9 ! concoction3 x mu/ pass ?r\gh ! liv] 7x is all[$ by all t ! juices ( ! food we consume pass twice ?r\gh ?is organ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day72 x mu/ fl[ ?r\gh ! ve9s1 ?r\gh ! tissues ( ! kidneys1 & ?r\gh ! uret]s into ! bladd]4 ,to ^?1 !re=e1 :om ,i he> d5y+ t ! blood1 aye1 ! :ole mass ( ! blood1 may pass ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! lungs1 ev5 z ! nutritive juices p]colate ! liv]1 ass]t+ su* a proposition to be impossible1 & by no means to be ent]ta9$ z cr$ible1 ,i reply1 ) ! poet1 t !y are ( t race ( m5 :o1 :5 !y w1 ass5t full readily1 & :5 !y w n1 by no mann] ( means2 :o1 :5 _! ass5t is want$1 fe>1 & :5 x is n1 fe> n to give x4 ,! sub/ance ( ! liv] is extremely d5se1 s is t ( ! kidney2 ! lungs1 h[ev]1 are ( a mu* loos] texture1 & if comp>$ ) ! kidneys are absolutely spongy4 ,9 ! liv] !re is no =c+1 no impell+ p[]2 9 ! lungs ! blood is =c$ on by ! pulse ( ! "r v5tricle1 ! necess>y effect ( ^: impulse is ! di/5sion ( ! vessels & ! pores ( ! lungs4 ,& !n ! lungs1 9 respiration1 are p]petually ris+ & fall+3 motions1 ! effect ( :i* mu/ ne$s be to op5 & %ut ! pores & vessels1 precisely z 9 ! case ( a sponge1 & ( p>ts hav+ a spongy /ructure1 :5 !y are alt]nately compress$ & aga9 are suff]$ to exp&4 ,! liv]1 on ! contr>y1 rema9s at re/1 & is nev] se5 to be dilat$ or con/rict$4 ,la/ly1 if no "o d5ies ! possibility 9 man1 ox51 & ! l>g] animals g5]ally1 ( ! :ole ( ! +e/$ juices pass+ ?r\gh ! liv]1 9 ord] to rea* ! v5a cava1 = ?is reason1 t if n\ri%m5t is to g on1 ^! juices mu/ ne$s get into ! ve9s1 & !re is no o!r way b ! "o indicat$1 :y %\ld n ! same argum5ts be held ( avail = ! passage ( ! blood 9 adults ?r\gh ! lungs8 ,:y n ma9ta91 ) ,columbus1 t skilful & le>n$ anatomi/1 t x mu/ be s f ! capacity & /ructure ( ! pulmon>y vessels1 & f ! fact ( ! pulmon>y ve9s & v5tricle correspond+ ) !m1 be+ always f\nd to conta9 blood1 :i* mu/ ne$s h come f ! ve9s1 & by no o!r passage save ?r\gh ! lungs8 ,columbus1 & we also1 f :at prec$es1 f dissections1 & o!r argum5ts1 conceive ! ?+ to be cle>4 ,b z !re are "s :o admit no?+ unless ^u au?ority1 let !m le>n t ! tru? ,i am cont5d+ = c be confirm$ f ,gal5's own words1 namely1 t n only may ! blood be transmitt$ f ! pulmon>y art]y into ! pulmon>y ve9s1 !n into ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & f !nce into ! art]ies ( ! body1 b t ?is is effect$ by ! ceaseless pulsation ( ! he>t & ! motion ( ! lungs 9 brea?+4 ,!re are1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ?ree sigmoid or semilun> valves situat$ at ! orifice ( ! pulmon>y art]y1 :i* effectually prev5t ! blood s5t into ! vessel f return+ into ! cavity ( ! he>t4 ,n[ ,gal51 expla9+ ! use ( ^! valves1 & ! necessity = !m1 employs ! foll[+ language3 ,footnote3 ,de ,usu p>tium1 lib4 vi1 cap4 #aj ,!re is ev]y:]e a mutual ana/omosis & inosculation ( ! art]ies ) ! ve9s1 & !y sev]ally transmit bo? blood & _s1 by c]ta9 invisible & und\bt$ly v n>r[ passages4 ,n[ if ! m\? ( ! pulmon>y art]y _h /ood 9 l mann] cont9ually op51 & nature _h f\nd no contrivance = clos+ x :5 requisite1 & op5+ x aga91 x w\ld h be5 impossible t ! blood c\ld ev] h pass$ by ! invisible & delicate m\?s1 dur+ ! contractions ( ! ?orax1 into ! art]ies2 = all ?+s are n alike readily attract$ or repell$2 b t :i* is light is m readily drawn 91 ! in/rum5t be+ dilat$1 & =c$ out aga9 :5 x is contract$1 ?an t :i* is heavy2 & 9 l mann] is any?+ drawn m rapidly along an ample conduit1 & aga9 driv5 =?1 ?an x is ?r\gh a n>r[ tube4 ,b :5 ! ?orax is contract$ ! pulmon>y ve9s1 :i* are 9 ! lungs1 be+ driv5 inw>dly1 & p[]fully compress$ on e side1 imm$iately =ce out "s ( ! _s !y conta91 & at ! same "t assume a c]ta9 portion ( blood by ^? subtle m\?s1 a ?+ t c\ld nev] come to pass 7 ! blood at lib]ty to fl[ back into ! he>t ?r\gh ! great orifice ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,b its return ?r\gh ?is great op5+ be+ prev5t$1 :5 x is compress$ on e side1 a c]ta9 portion ( x di/ils into ! pulmon>y ve9s by ! m9ute orifices m5tion$4 ,& %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 ! next *apt]1 he says3 ,! m ! ?orax contracts1 ! m x /rives to =ce out ! blood1 ! m exactly d ^! membranes 7viz41 ! semilun> valves7 close up ! m\? ( ! vessel1 & suff] no?+ to regurgitate4 ,! same fact he has also allud$ to 9 a prec$+ "p ( ! t5? *apt]3 ,7 !re no valves1 a ?ree-fold inconv5i5ce w\ld result1 s t ! blood w\ld !n p]=m ?is l5g!n$ c\rse 9 va92 x w\ld fl[ inw>ds dur+ ! disa/oles ( ! lungs & fill all _! art]ies2 b 9 ! sy/oles1 9 ! mann] ( ! tide1 x w\ld ev] & anon1 l ! ,euripus1 fl[ backw>ds & =w>ds by ! same way1 ) a reciprocat+ motion1 :i* w\ld n[ise suit ! blood4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may seem a matt] ( little mom5t3 b if x meantime appe> t ! function ( respiration suff]1 !n ,i ?9k x w\ld be look$ ^u z no trifle1 etc4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he says3 ,& !n a ?ird inconv5i5ce1 by no means to be ?\ght lightly (1 w\ld foll[1 7 ! blood mov$ backw>ds dur+ ! expirations1 _h n our ,mak] in/itut$ ^? supplem5t>y membranes4 ,9 ! elev5? *apt] he concludes3 ,t !y 7! valves7 h all a common use1 & t x is to prev5t regurgitation or backw>d motion2 ea*1 h[ev]1 hav+ a prop] function1 ! "o set draw+ matt]s f ! he>t1 & prev5t+ _! return1 ! o!r draw+ matt]s into ! he>t1 & prev5t+ _! escape f x4 ,= nature nev] int5d$ to di/ress ! he>t ) ne$less lab\r1 nei!r to br+ aught into ! organ :i* x _h be5 bett] to h kept away1 nor to take f x aga9 aught :i* x 0 requisite %\ld be br\ght4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re are f\r orifices 9 all1 two 9 ei!r v5tricle1 "o ( ^! induces1 ! o!r educes4 ,& aga9 he says3 ,f>!r1 s9ce !re is "o vessel1 :i* consi/s ( a simple cov]+ implant$ 9 ! he>t1 & ano!r :i* is d\ble1 ext5d+ f x 7,gal5 is "h speak+ ( ! "r side ( ! he>t1 b ,i ext5d 8 obs]vations to ! left side also71 a k9d ( res]voir _h to be provid$1 to :i* bo? belong+1 ! blood %\ld be drawn 9 by "o1 & s5t out by ! o!r4 ,gal5 adduces ?is argum5t = ! transit ( ! blood by ! "r v5tricle f ! v5a cava into ! lungs2 b we c use x ) /ill great] propriety1 m]ely *ang+ ! t]ms1 = ! passage ( ! blood f ! ve9s ?r\gh ! he>t into ! art]ies4 ,f ,gal51 h[ev]1 t great man1 t fa!r ( physicians1 x cle>ly appe>s t ! blood passes ?r\gh ! lungs f ! pulmon>y art]y into ! m9ute bran*es ( ! pulmon>y ve9s1 urg$ to ?is bo? by ! pulses ( ! he>t & by ! motions ( ! lungs & ?orax2 t ! he>t1 moreov]1 is incessantly receiv+ & expell+ ! blood by & f its v5tricles1 z f a magaz9e or ci/]n1 & = ?is end x is furni%$ ) f\r sets ( valves1 two s]v+ = ! induction & two = ! eduction ( ! blood1 le/1 l ! ,euripus1 x %\ld be incommodi\sly s5t hi!r & ?i!r1 or fl[ back into ! cavity :i* x %\ld h quitt$1 or quit ! "p :]e its pres5ce 0 requir$1 & s ! he>t might be oppress$ ) lab\r 9 va91 & ! (fice ( ! lungs be int]f]$ )4 ,footnote3 ,see ! ,comm5t>y ( ! le>n$ ,h(mann ^u ! ,six? ,book ( ,gal51 ,de ,usu p>tium1 a "w :i* ,i fir/ saw aft] ,i _h writt5 :at prec$es4 ,f9ally1 our position t ! blood is cont9ually p]meat+ f ! "r to ! left v5tricle1 f ! v5a cava into ! aorta1 ?r\gh ! porosities ( ! lungs1 pla9ly appe>s f ?is1 t s9ce ! blood is incessantly s5t f ! "r v5tricle into ! lungs by ! pulmon>y art]y1 & 9 l mann] is incessantly drawn f ! lungs into ! left v5tricle1 z appe>s f :at prec$es & ! position ( ! valves1 x _c d o!rwise ?an pass ?r\gh cont9u\sly4 ,& !n1 z ! blood is incessantly fl[+ into ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & is cont9ually pass$ out f ! left1 z appe>s 9 l mann]1 & z is obvi\s1 bo? to s5se & reason1 x is impossible t ! blood c d o!rwise ?an pass cont9ually f ! v5a cava into ! aorta4 ,dissection consequ5tly %[s di/9ctly :at takes place 9 ! majority ( animals1 & inde$ 9 all1 up to ! p]iod ( _! maturity2 & t ! same ?+ occurs 9 adults is equally c]ta91 bo? f ,gal5's words1 & :at has already be5 said1 only t 9 ! =m] ! transit is effect$ by op5 & obvi\s passages1 9 ! latt] by ! hidd5 porosities ( ! lungs & ! m9ute inosculations ( vessels4 ,x !re=e appe>s t1 al?\gh "o v5tricle ( ! he>t1 ! left to wit1 w\ld suffice = ! di/ribution ( ! blood ov] ! body1 & its eduction f ! v5a cava1 z inde$ is done 9 ^? creatures t h no lungs1 nature1 nev]!less1 :5 %e orda9$ t ! same blood %\ld also p]colate ! lungs1 saw h]self oblig$ to add ! "r v5tricle1 ! pulse ( :i* %\ld =ce ! blood f ! v5a cava ?r\gh ! lungs into ! cavity ( ! left v5tricle4 ,9 ?is way1 x may be said1 t ! "r v5tricle is made = ! sake ( ! lungs1 & = ! transmission ( ! blood ?r\gh !m1 n = _! nutrition2 = x 7 unreasonable to suppose t ! lungs %\ld require s mu* m copi\s a supply ( nutrim5t1 & t ( s mu* pur] & m spiritu\s a nature z com+ imm$iately f ! v5tricle ( ! he>t1 t ei!r ! bra91 ) its peculi>ly pure sub/ance1 or ! eyes1 ) _! lu/r\s & truly admirable /ructure1 or ! fle% ( ! he>t itself1 :i* is m suitably n\ri%$ by ! coron>y art]y4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,( ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,blood ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,he>t ,,f ,,! ,,ve9s ,,to ,,! ,,art]ies2 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,circul> ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,?us f> ,i h spok5 ( ! passage ( ! blood f ! ve9s into ! art]ies1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is transmitt$ & di/ribut$ by ! action ( ! he>t2 po9ts to :i* "s1 mov$ ei!r by ! au?ority ( ,gal5 or ,columbus1 or ! reason+s ( o!rs1 w give 9 _! adhesion4 ,b :at rema9s to be said ^u ! quantity & s\rce ( ! blood :i* ?us passes is ( a "* s novel & unhe>d-( t ,i n only fe> injury to myself f ! envy ( a few1 b ,i tremble le/ ,i h mank9d at l>ge = my enemies1 s mu* do? wont & cu/om become a second nature4 ,doctr9e once s[n /rikes deep its root1 & respect = antiquity influ5ces all m54 ,/ill ! die is ca/1 & my tru/ is 9 my love ( tru? & ! c&\r ( cultivat$ m9ds4 ,& soo? to say1 :5 ,i survey$ my mass ( evid5ce1 :e!r d]iv$ f vivisections1 & my v>i\s reflections on !m1 or f ! /udy ( ! v5tricles ( ! he>t & ! vessels t ent] into & issue f !m1 ! symmetry & size ( ^! conduits1--= nature do+ no?+ 9 va91 w\ld nev] h giv5 !m s l>ge a relative size )\t a purpose1--or f obs]v+ ! arrangem5t & intimate /ructure ( ! valves 9 p>ticul>1 & ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! he>t 9 g5]al1 ) _m ?+s besides1 ,i frequ5tly & s]i\sly be?\ght me1 & long revolv$ 9 my m9d1 :at might be ! quantity ( blood :i* 0 transmitt$1 9 h[ %ort a "t its passage might be effect$1 & ! l4 ,b n f9d+ x possible t ?is c\ld be suppli$ by ! juices ( ! +e/$ alim5t )\t ! ve9s on ! "o h& becom+ dra9$1 & ! art]ies on ! o!r gett+ ruptur$ ?r\gh ! excessive *>ge ( blood1 unless ! blood %\ld someh[ f9d its way f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 & s return to ! "r side ( ! he>t1 ,i began to ?9k :e!r !re might n be a ,,motion1 ,,z ,,x ,,71 ,,9 ,a ,,circle4 ,n[1 ?is ,i aft]w>ds f\nd to be true2 & ,i f9ally saw t ! blood1 =c$ by ! action ( ! left v5tricle into ! art]ies1 0 di/ribut$ to ! body at l>ge1 & its sev]al p>ts1 9 ! same mann] z x is s5t ?r\gh ! lungs1 impell$ by ! "r v5tricle into ! pulmon>y art]y1 & t x3 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! ve9s & along ! v5a cava1 & s r\nd to ! left v5tricle 9 ! mann] already indicat$4 ,?is motion we may be all[$ to call circul>1 9 ! same way z ,ari/otle says t ! air & ! ra9 emulate ! circul> motion ( ! sup]ior bodies2 = ! moi/ e>?1 w>m$ by ! sun1 evaporates2 ! vap\rs drawn upw>ds are cond5s$1 & desc5d+ 9 ! =m ( ra91 moi/5 ! e>? aga94 ,by ?is arrangem5t are g5]ations ( liv+ ?+s produc$2 & 9 l mann] are tempe/s & meteors eng5d]$ by ! circul> motion1 & by ! approa* & recession ( ! sun4 ,& simil>ly does x come to pass 9 ! body1 ?r\gh ! motion ( ! blood1 t ! v>i\s p>ts are n\ri%$1 *]i%$1 quick5$ by ! w>m]1 m p]fect1 vapor\s1 spiritu\s1 &1 z ,i may say1 alim5tive blood2 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to its contact ) ^! p>ts1 becomes cool$1 coagulat$1 & s to speak effete4 ,x !n returns to its sov]eign1 ! he>t1 z if to its s\rce1 or to ! inmo/ home ( ! body1 !re to recov] its /ate ( excell5ce or p]fection4 ,"h x r5ews its fluidity1 natural heat1 & becomes p[]ful1 f]vid1 a k9d ( treasury ( life1 & impregnat$ ) spirits1 x might be said ) balsam4 ,!nce x is aga9 disp]s$4 ,all ?is dep5ds on ! motion & action ( ! he>t4 ,! he>t1 consequ5tly1 is ! beg9n+ ( life2 ! sun ( ! microcosm1 ev5 z ! sun 9 8 turn might well be designat$ ! he>t ( ! _w2 = x is ! he>t by ^: virtue & pulse ! blood is mov$1 p]fect$1 & made nutri5t1 & is pres]v$ f corruption & coagulation2 x is ! h\sehold div9ity :i*1 dis*>g+ its function1 n\ri%es1 *]i%es1 quick5s ! :ole body1 & is inde$ ! f\ndation ( life1 ! s\rce ( all action4 ,b ( ^! ?+s we %all speak m opportunely :5 we come to speculate ^u ! f9al cause ( ?is motion ( ! he>t4 ,z ! blood-vessels1 !re=e1 are ! canals & ag5ts t transport ! blood1 !y are ( two k9ds1 ! cava & ! aorta2 & ?is n by reason ( !re be+ two sides ( ! body1 z ,ari/otle has x1 b because ( ! diff]5ce ( (fice1 n1 z is commonly said1 9 consequ5ce ( any div]sity ( /ructure1 = 9 _m animals1 z ,i h said1 ! ve9 does n diff] f ! art]y 9 ! ?ickness ( its walls1 b solely 9 virtue ( _! di/9ct functions & uses4 ,a ve9 & an art]y1 bo? /yl$ ve9s by ! anci5ts1 & t n )\t reason1 z ,gal5 has rem>k$1 = ! art]y is ! vessel :i* c>ries ! blood f ! he>t to ! body at l>ge1 ! ve9 ( ! pres5t day br++ x back f ! g5]al sy/em to ! he>t2 ! =m] is ! conduit f1 ! latt] ! *annel to1 ! he>t2 ! latt] conta9s ! crud]1 effete blood1 r5d]$ unfit = nutrition2 ! =m] transmits ! dige/$1 p]fect1 peculi>ly nutritive fluid4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,t ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,is ,,confirm$ ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,proposition ,b le/ anyone %\ld say t we give !m words only1 & make m]e speci\s ass]tions )\t any f\ndation1 & desire to innovate )\t suffici5t cause1 ?ree po9ts pres5t !mselves = confirmation1 :i*1 be+ /at$1 ,i conceive t ! tru? ,i cont5d = w foll[ necess>ily1 & appe> z a ?+ obvi\s to all4 ,fir/1 ! blood is incessantly transmitt$ by ! action ( ! he>t f ! v5a cava to ! art]ies 9 su* quantity t x _c be suppli$ f ! +e/a1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole mu/ v quickly pass ?r\gh ! organ2 second1 ! blood "u ! influ5ce ( ! art]ial pulse ent]s & is impell$ 9 a cont9u\s1 equable1 & incessant /ream ?r\gh e "p & memb] ( ! body1 9 mu* l>g] quantity ?an 7 suffici5t = nutrition1 or ?an ! :ole mass ( fluids c\ld supply2 ?ird1 ! ve9s 9 l mann] return ?is blood incessantly to ! he>t f p>ts & memb]s ( ! body4 ,^! po9ts prov$1 ,i conceive x w be manife/ t ! blood circulates1 revolves1 propell$ & !n return+1 f ! he>t to ! extremities1 f ! extremities to ! he>t1 & ?us t x p]=ms a k9d ( circul> motion4 ,let u assume1 ei!r arbitr>ily or f exp]im5t1 ! quantity ( blood :i* ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t w conta9 :5 di/5d$1 to be1 say1 two ounces1 ?ree ounces1 or "o ounce & a half--9 ! dead body ,i h f\nd x to hold upw>ds ( two ounces4 ,let u assume fur!r h[ mu* less ! he>t w hold 9 ! contract$ ?an 9 ! dilat$ /ate2 & h[ mu* blood x w project into ! aorta ^u ea* contraction2 & all ! _w all[s t ) ! sy/ole some?+ is always project$1 a necess>y consequ5ce demon/rat$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 & obvi\s f ! /ructure ( ! valves2 & let u suppose z approa*+ ! tru? t ! f\r?1 or fif?1 or six?1 or ev5 b ! eigh? "p ( its *>ge is ?r[n into ! art]y at ea* contraction2 ?is w\ld give ei!r half an ounce1 or ?ree dra*ms1 or "o dra*m ( blood z propell$ by ! he>t at ea* pulse into ! aorta2 :i* quantity1 by reason ( ! valves at ! root ( ! vessel1 c by no means return into ! v5tricle4 ,n[1 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r1 ! he>t w h made m ?an "o ?\s& beats1 9 "s z _m z two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r ?\s&4 ,multiply+ ! numb] ( dra*ms propell$ by ! numb] ( pulses1 we %all h ei!r "o ?\s& half ounces1 or "o ?\s& times ?ree dra*ms1 or a l proportional quantity ( blood1 accord+ to ! am\nt :i* we assume z propell$ ) ea* /roke ( ! he>t1 s5t f ?is organ into ! art]y--a l>g] quantity 9 e case ?an is conta9$ 9 ! :ole body6 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! %eep or dog1 say b a s+le scruple ( blood passes ) ea* /roke ( ! he>t1 9 "o half-h\r we %\ld h "o ?\s& scruples1 or ab\t ?ree p\nds & a half1 ( blood inject$ into ! aorta2 b ! body ( nei!r animal conta9s above f\r p\nds ( blood1 a fact :i* ,i h myself asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( ! %eep4 ,^u ?is supposition1 !re=e1 assum$ m]ely z a gr\nd = reason+1 we see ! :ole mass ( blood pass+ ?r\gh ! he>t1 f ! ve9s to ! art]ies1 & 9 l mann] ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,b let x be said t ?is does n take place 9 half an h\r1 b 9 an h\r1 or ev5 9 a day2 any way1 x is /ill manife/ t m blood passes ?r\gh ! he>t 9 consequ5ce ( its action1 ?an c ei!r be suppli$ by ! :ole ( ! +e/a1 or ?an c be conta9$ 9 ! ve9s at ! same mom5t4 ,nor c x be all[$ t ! he>t 9 contract+ sometimes propels & sometimes does n propel1 or at mo/ propels b v little1 a m]e no?+1 or an imag9>y some?+3 all ?is1 inde$1 has already be5 refut$1 & is1 besides1 contr>y bo? to s5se & reason4 ,= if x be a necess>y effect ( ! dilatation ( ! he>t t its v5tricles become fill$ ) blood1 x is equally s t1 contract+1 ^! cavities %\ld expel _! cont5ts2 & ?is n 9 any trifl+ measure4 ,= nei!r are ! conduits small1 nor ! contractions few 9 numb]1 b frequ5t1 & always 9 "s c]ta9 proportion1 :e!r x be a ?ird or a six?1 or an eigh?1 to ! total capacity ( ! v5tricles1 s t a l proportion ( blood mu/ be expell$1 & a l proportion receiv$ ) ea* /roke ( ! he>t1 ! capacity ( ! v5tricle contract$ always be>+ a c]ta9 relation to ! capacity ( ! v5tricle :5 dilat$4 ,& s9ce1 9 dilat+1 ! v5tricles _c be suppos$ to get fill$ ) no?+1 or ) an imag9>y some?+1 s 9 contract+ !y nev] expel no?+ or aught imag9>y1 b always a c]ta9 some?+1 viz41 blood1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! contraction4 ,:5ce x is to be conclud$ t if at "o /roke ! he>t ( man1 ! ox1 or ! %eep1 ejects b a s+le dra*m ( blood & !re are "o ?\s& /rokes 9 half an h\r1 9 ?is int]val !re w h be5 t5 p\nds five ounces expell$2 if ) ea* /roke two dra*ms are expell$1 ! quantity w\ld1 ( c\rse1 am\nt to tw5ty p\nds & t5 ounces2 if half an ounce1 ! quantity w\ld come to =ty-"o p\nds & eight ounces2 & 7 !re "o ounce1 x w\ld be z mu* z eighty-?ree p\nds & f\r ounces2 ! :ole ( :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "o-half h\r1 w\ld h be5 transfus$ f ! ve9s to ! art]ies4 ,! actual quantity ( blood expell$ at ea* /roke ( ! he>t1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* x is ei!r great] or less ?an ord9>y1 ,i leave = p>ticul> det]m9ation aft]w>ds1 f num]\s obs]vations :i* ,i h made on ! subject4 ,meantime ?is mu* ,i "k1 & w\ld "h proclaim to all1 t ! blood is transfus$ at "o "t 9 l>g]1 at ano!r 9 small]1 quantity2 & t ! circuit ( ! blood is accompli%$ n[ m rapidly1 n[ m sl[ly1 accord+ to ! temp]am5t1 age1 etc41 ( ! individual1 to ext]nal & int]nal circum/ances1 to naturals & non-naturals--sleep1 re/1 food1 ex]cise1 affections ( ! m9d1 & ! l4 ,b1 suppos+ ev5 ! smalle/ quantity ( blood to be pass$ ?r\gh ! he>t & ! lungs ) ea* pulsation1 a va/ly great] am\nt w\ld /ill be ?r[n into ! art]ies & :ole body ?an c\ld by any possibility be suppli$ by ! food consum$4 ,x c\ld be furni%$ 9 no o!r way ?an by mak+ a circuit & return+4 ,?is tru?1 inde$1 pres5ts itself obvi\sly be=e u :5 we consid] :at happ5s 9 ! dissection ( liv+ animals2 ! great art]y ne$ n be divid$1 b a v small bran* only 7z ,gal5 ev5 proves 9 reg>d to man71 to h ! :ole ( ! blood 9 ! body1 z well t ( ! ve9s z ( ! art]ies1 dra9$ away 9 ! c\rse ( no long "t--"s half-h\r or less4 ,but*]s are well aw>e ( ! fact & c be> witness to x2 =1 cutt+ ! ?roat ( an ox & s divid+ ! vessels ( ! neck1 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r !y h all ! vessels bloodless--! :ole mass ( blood has escap$4 ,! same ?+ also occasionally occurs ) great rapidity 9 p]=m+ amputations & remov+ tumors 9 ! human subject4 ,nor w\ld ?is argum5t lose ( its =ce1 did any "o say t 9 kill+ animals 9 ! %ambles1 & p]=m+ amputations1 ! blood escap$ 9 equal1 if n p]*ance 9 l>g] quantity by ! ve9s ?an by ! art]ies4 ,! contr>y ( ?is /atem5t1 inde$1 is c]ta9ly ! tru?2 ! ve9s1 9 fact1 collaps+1 & be+ )\t any propell+ p[]1 & fur!r1 because ( ! imp$im5t ( ! valves1 z ,i %all %[ imm$iately1 p\r out b v little blood2 :il/ ! art]ies sp\t x =? ) =ce abundantly1 impetu\sly1 & z if x 7 propell$ by a syr+e4 ,& !n ! exp]im5t is easily tri$ ( leav+ ! ve9 unt\*$ & only divid+ ! art]y 9 ! neck ( a %eep or dog1 :5 x w be se5 ) :at =ce1 9 :at abundance1 & h[ quickly1 ! :ole blood 9 ! body1 ( ! ve9s z well z ( ! art]ies1 is empti$4 ,b ! art]ies receive blood f ! ve9s 9 no o!r way ?an by transmission ?r\gh ! he>t1 z we h already se52 s t if ! aorta be ti$ at ! base ( ! he>t1 & ! c>otid or any o!r art]y be op5$1 no "o w n[ be surpris$ to f9d x empty1 & ! ve9s only replete ) blood4 ,& n[ ! cause is manife/1 :y 9 our dissections we usually f9d s l>ge a quantity ( blood 9 ! ve9s1 s little 9 ! art]ies2 :y !re is mu* 9 ! "r v5tricle1 little 9 ! left1 :i* probably l$ ! anci5ts to believe t ! art]ies 7z _! "n implies7 conta9$ no?+ b spirits dur+ ! life ( an animal4 ,! true cause ( ! diff]5ce is p]haps ?is1 t z !re is no passage to ! art]ies1 save ?r\gh ! lungs & he>t1 :5 an animal has ceas$ to brea! & ! lungs to move1 ! blood 9 ! pulmon>y art]y is prev5t$ f pass+ into ! pulmon>y ve9s1 & f !nce into ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t2 j z we h already se5 ! same transit prev5t$ 9 ! embryo1 by ! want ( movem5t 9 ! lungs & ! alt]nate op5+1 & %utt+ ( _! hidd5 & invisible porosities & ap]tures4 ,b ! he>t n ceas+ to act at ! same precise mom5t z ! lungs1 b surviv+ !m & cont9u+ to pulsate = a "t1 ! left v5tricle & art]ies g on di/ribut+ _! blood to ! body at l>ge & s5d+ x into ! ve9s2 receiv+ none f ! lungs1 h[ev]1 !y are soon exhau/$1 & left1 z x 71 empty4 ,b ev5 ?is fact confirms our views1 9 no trifl+ mann]1 see+ t x c be ascrib$ to no o!r ?an ! cause we h j assum$4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s f ?is t ! m frequ5tly or =cibly ! art]ies pulsate1 ! m spe$ily w ! body be exhau/$ ( its blood dur+ hemorrhage4 ,h5ce1 also1 x happ5s1 t 9 fa9t+ fits & 9 /ates ( al>m1 :5 ! he>t beats m languidly & less =cibly1 hemorrhages are dim9i%$ & arre/$4 ,/ill fur!r1 x is f ?is1 t aft] dea?1 :5 ! he>t has ceas$ to beat1 x is impossible1 by divid+ ei!r ! jugul> or femoral ve9s & art]ies1 by any ef=t1 to =ce out m ?an "o-half ( ! :ole mass ( ! blood4 ,nei!r c\ld ! but*]s ev] ble$ ! c>cass effectually did he neglect to cut ! ?roat ( ! ox :i* he has knock$ on ! head & /unn$1 be=e ! he>t _h ceas$ beat+4 ,f9ally1 we are n[ 9 a condition to suspect :]e=e x is t no "o has yet said any?+ to ! purpose ^u ! ana/omosis ( ! ve9s & art]ies1 ei!r z to :]e or h[ x is effect$1 or = :at purpose4 ,i n[ ent] ^u ! inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,fir/ ,,position3 ,,( ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,blood ,,pass+ ,,f ,,! ,,ve9s ,,to ,,! ,,art]ies4 ,,& ,,t ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,circuit ,,( ,,! ,,blood1 ,,fre$ ,,f ,,objections1 ,,& ,,f>!r ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,exp]im5t ,s f> our fir/ position is confirm$1 :e!r ! ?+ be ref]r$ to calculation or to exp]im5t & dissection1 viz41 t ! blood is incessantly p\r$ into ! art]ies 9 l>g] quantities ?an x c be suppli$ by ! food2 s t ! :ole pass+ ov] 9 a %ort space ( "t1 x is matt] ( necessity t ! blood p]=m a circuit1 t x return to :5ce x set out4 ,b if anyone %all "h object t a l>ge quantity may pass ?r\gh & yet no necessity be f\nd = a circulation1 t all may come f ! meat & dr9k consum$1 & quote z an illu/ration ! abundant supply ( milk 9 ! mammae--= a c[ w give ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 sev5 gallons & m 9 a day1 & a woman two or ?ree p9ts :il/ nurs+ a *ild or tw9s1 :i* mu/ manife/ly be d]iv$ f ! food consum$2 x may be answ]$ t ! he>t by computation does z mu* & m 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or two4 ,& if n yet conv9c$1 he %all /ill insi/ t :5 an art]y is divid$1 a pret]natural r\te is1 z x 71 op5$1 & t s ! blood escapes 9 torr5ts1 b t ! same ?+ does n happ5 9 ! heal?y & un9jur$ body :5 no outlet is made2 & t 9 art]ies fill$1 or 9 _! natural /ate1 s l>ge a quantity ( blood _c pass 9 s %ort a space ( "t z to make any return necess>y--to all ?is x may be answ]$ t1 f ! calculation already made1 & ! reasons assign$1 x appe>s t by s mu* z ! he>t 9 its dilat$ /ate conta9s1 9 addition to its cont5ts 9 ! /ate ( con/riction1 s mu* 9 a g5]al way mu/ x emit ^u ea* pulsation1 & 9 su* quantity mu/ ! blood pass1 ! body be+ entire & naturally con/itut$4 ,b 9 s]p5ts1 & sev]al fi%es1 by ty+ ! ve9s "s way bel[ ! he>t y w p]ceive a space betwe5 ! ligature & ! he>t spe$ily to become empty2 s t1 unless y w\ld d5y ! evid5ce ( y\r s5ses1 y mu/ ne$s admit ! return ( ! blood to ! he>t4 ,! same ?+ w also pla9ly appe> :5 we come to discuss our second position4 ,let u "h conclude ) a s+le example1 confirm+ all t has be5 said1 & f :i* ev]yone may obta9 conviction ?r\gh ! te/imony ( 8 own eyes4 ,if a live snake be laid op51 ! he>t w be se5 pulsat+ quietly1 di/9ctly1 = m ?an an h\r1 mov+ l a worm1 contract+ 9 its longitud9al dim5sions1 7= x is ( an oblong %ape71 & propell+ its cont5ts4 ,x becomes ( a pal] col\r 9 ! sy/ole1 ( a deep] t9t 9 ! dia/ole2 & almo/ all ?+s else are se5 by :i* ,i h already said t ! tru? ,i cont5d = is e/abli%$1 only t "h ev]y?+ takes place m sl[ly1 & is m di/9ct4 ,?is po9t 9 p>ticul> may be obs]v$ m cle>ly ?an ! noonday sun3 ! v5a cava ent]s ! he>t at its l[] "p1 ! art]y quits x at ! sup]ior "p2 ! ve9 be+ n[ seiz$ ei!r ) =ceps or betwe5 ! f+] & ! ?umb1 & ! c\rse ( ! blood = "s space bel[ ! he>t int]rupt$1 y w p]ceive ! "p t int]v5es betwe5 ! f+]s & ! he>t almo/ imm$iately to become empty1 ! blood be+ exhau/$ by ! action ( ! he>t2 at ! same "t ! he>t w become ( a mu* pal] col\r1 ev5 9 its /ate ( dilatation1 ?an x 0 be=e2 x is also small] ?an at fir/1 f want+ blood3 & !n x beg9s to beat m sl[ly1 s t x seems at l5g? z if x 7 ab\t to die4 ,b ! imp$im5t to ! fl[ ( blood be+ remov$1 in/antly ! col\r & ! size ( ! he>t are re/or$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! art]y in/ead ( ! ve9 be compress$ or ti$1 y w obs]ve ! "p betwe5 ! ob/acle & ! he>t1 & ! he>t itself1 to become inord9ately di/5d$1 to assume a deep purple or ev5 livid col\r1 & at l5g? to be s mu* oppress$ ) blood t y w believe x ab\t to be *ok$2 b ! ob/acle remov$1 all ?+s imm$iately return to _! natural /ate & col\r1 size1 & impulse4 ,"h !n we h evid5ce ( two k9ds ( dea?3 ext9ction f defici5cy1 & suffocation f excess4 ,examples ( bo? h n[ be5 set be=e y1 & y h _h opportunity ( view+ ! tru? cont5d$ = ) y\r own eyes 9 ! he>t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,second ,,position ,,is ,,demon/rat$ ,t ?is may ! m cle>ly appe> to ev]yone1 ,i h "h to cite c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 f :i* x seems obvi\s t ! blood ent]s a limb by ! art]ies1 & returns f x by ! ve9s2 t ! art]ies are ! vessels c>ry+ ! blood f ! he>t1 & ! ve9s ! return+ *annels ( ! blood to ! he>t2 t 9 ! limbs & extreme p>ts ( ! body ! blood passes ei!r imm$iately by ana/omosis f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 or m$iately by ! porosities ( ! fle%1 or 9 bo? ways1 z has already be5 said 9 speak+ ( ! passage ( ! blood ?r\gh ! lungs :5ce x appe>s manife/ t 9 ! circuit ! blood moves f t place to ?is place1 & f t po9t to ?is "o2 f ! c5tre to ! extremities1 to wit2 & f ! extreme p>ts back to ! c5tre4 ,f9ally1 ^u gr\nds ( calculation1 ) ! same elem5ts z be=e1 x w be obvi\s t ! quantity c nei!r be acc\nt$ = by ! +eata1 nor yet be held necess>y to nutrition4 ,! same ?+ w also appe> 9 reg>d to ligatures1 & :]e=e !y are said to draw2 ?\gh ?is is nei!r f ! heat1 nor ! pa91 nor ! vacuum !y occasion1 nor inde$ f any o!r cause yet ?\ght (2 x w also expla9 ! uses & advantages to be d]iv$ f ligatures 9 m$ic9e1 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y ei!r suppress or occasion hemorrhage2 h[ !y induce sl\gh+ & m ext5sive mortification 9 extremities2 & h[ !y act 9 ! ca/ration ( animals & ! removal ( w>ts & fle%y tum\rs4 ,b x has come to pass1 f no "o hav+ duly weigh$ & und]/ood ! cause & rationale ( ^! v>i\s effects1 t ?\gh almo/ all1 ^u ! fai? ( ! old writ]s1 recomm5d ligatures 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 yet v few compreh5d _! prop] employm5t1 or d]ive any real assi/ance f !m 9 effect+ cures4 ,ligatures are ei!r v tight or ( m$ium tightness4 ,a ligature ,i designate z tight or p]fect :5 x s con/ricts an extremity t no vessel c be felt pulsat+ beyond x4 ,su* a ligature we use 9 amputations to control ! fl[ ( blood2 & su* also are employ$ 9 ! ca/ration ( animals & ! ablation ( tum\rs4 ,9 ! latt] in/ances1 all afflux ( nutrim5t & heat be+ prev5t$ by ! ligature1 we see ! te/es & l>ge fle%y tum\rs dw9dle1 die1 & f9ally fall (f4 ,ligatures ( m$ium tightness ,i reg>d z ^? :i* compress a limb firmly all r\nd1 b %ort ( pa91 & 9 su* a way z /ill suff]s a c]ta9 degree ( pulsation to be felt 9 ! art]y beyond !m4 ,su* a ligature is 9 use 9 blood-lett+1 an op]ation 9 :i* ! fillet appli$ above ! elb[ is n drawn s tight b t ! art]ies at ! wri/ may /ill be felt beat+ "u ! f+]4 ,n[ let anyone make an exp]im5t ^u ! arm ( a man1 ei!r us+ su* a fillet z is employ$ 9 blood-lett+1 or grasp+ ! limb lightly ) 8 h&1 ! be/ subject = x be+ "o :o is lean1 & :o has l>ge ve9s1 & ! be/ "t aft] ex]cise1 :5 ! body is w>m1 ! pulse is full1 & ! blood c>ri$ 9 l>g] quantity to ! extremities1 = all !n is m conspicu\s2 "u su* circum/ances let a ligature be ?r[n ab\t ! extremity1 & drawn z tightly z c be borne1 x w fir/ be p]ceiv$ t beyond ! ligature1 nei!r 9 ! wri/ nor any:]e else1 d ! art]ies pulsate1 at ! same "t t imm$iately above ! ligature ! art]y beg9s to rise high] at ea* dia/ole1 to ?rob m]e viol5tly1 & to swell 9 its vic9ity ) a k9d ( tide1 z if x /rove to break ?r\gh & ov]come ! ob/acle to its curr5t2 ! art]y "h1 9 %ort1 appe>s z if x 7 pret]naturally full4 ,! h& "u su* circum/ances reta9s its natural col\r & appe>ance2 9 ! c\rse ( "t x beg9s to fall some:at 9 temp]ature1 inde$1 b no?+ is drawn into x4 ,aft] ! b&age has be5 kept on = "s %ort "t 9 ?is way1 let x be slack5$ a little1 br\ght to t /ate or t]m ( m$ium tightness :i* is us$ 9 ble$+1 & x w be se5 t ! :ole h& & arm w in/antly become deeply col\r$ & di/5d$1 & ! ve9s %[ !mselves tumid & knott$2 aft] t5 or twelve pulses ( ! art]y1 ! h& w be p]ceiv$ excessively di/5d$1 inject$1 gorg$ ) blood1 drawn1 z x is said1 by ?is m$ium ligature1 )\t pa91 or heat1 or any horror ( a vacuum1 or any o!r cause yet indicat$4 ,if ! f+] be appli$ ov] ! art]y z x is pulsat+ by ! edge ( ! fillet1 at ! mom5t ( slack5+ x1 ! blood w be felt to glide ?r\gh1 z x 71 und]nea? ! f+]2 & he1 too1 ^u ^: arm ! exp]im5t is made1 :5 ! ligature is slack5$1 is di/9ctly consci\s ( a s5sation ( w>m?1 & ( some?+1 viz41 a /ream ( blood sudd5ly mak+ its way along ! c\rse ( ! vessels & diffus+ itself ?r\gh ! h&1 :i* at ! same "t beg9s to feel hot1 & becomes di/5d$4 ,z we _h not$1 9 connexion ) ! tight ligature1 t ! art]y above ! b&age 0 di/5d$ & pulsat$1 n bel[ x1 s1 9 ! case ( ! mod]ately tight b&age1 on ! contr>y1 d we f9d t ! ve9s bel[1 nev] above1 ! fillet1 swell1 & become dilat$1 :il/ ! art]ies %r9k2 & su* is ! degree ( di/5sion ( ! ve9s "h1 t x is only v /rong pressure t w =ce ! blood beyond ! fillet1 & cause any ( ! ve9s 9 ! upp] "p ( ! arm to rise4 ,f ^! facts x is easy = e c>eful obs]v] to le>n t ! blood ent]s an extremity by ! art]ies2 = :5 !y are effectually compress$ no?+ is drawn to ! memb]2 ! h& pres]ves its col\r2 no?+ fl[s into x1 nei!r is x di/5d$2 b :5 ! pressure is dim9i%$1 z x is ) ! ble$+ fillet1 x is manife/ t ! blood is in/antly ?r[n 9 ) =ce1 = !n ! h& beg9s to swell2 :i* is z mu* z to say1 t :5 ! art]ies pulsate ! blood is fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 z x is :5 ! mod]ately tight ligature is appli$2 b :]e !y d n pulsate1 z1 :5 a tight ligature is us$1 !y cease f transmitt+ any?+1 !y are only di/5d$ above ! "p :]e ! ligature is appli$4 ,! ve9s aga9 be+ compress$1 no?+ c fl[ ?r\gh !m2 ! c]ta9 indication ( :i* is1 t bel[ ! ligature !y are mu* m tumid ?an above x1 & ?an !y usually appe> :5 !re is no b&age ^u ! arm4 ,x !re=e pla9ly appe>s t ! ligature prev5ts ! return ( ! blood ?r\gh ! ve9s to ! p>ts above x1 & ma9ta9s ^? b5ea? x 9 a /ate ( p]man5t di/5sion4 ,b ! art]ies1 9 spite ( its pressure1 & "u ! =ce & impulse ( ! he>t1 s5d on ! blood f ! int]nal p>ts ( ! body to ! p>ts beyond ! ligature4 ,& h]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! tight & ! m$ium ligature1 t ! =m] n only prev5ts ! passage ( ! blood 9 ! ve9s1 b 9 ! art]ies also2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 :il/ x does n prev5t ! =ce ( ! pulse f ext5d+ beyond x1 & s propell+ ! blood to ! extremities ( ! body1 compresses ! ve9s1 & greatly or altoge!r imp$es ! return ( ! blood ?r\gh !m4 ,see+1 !re=e1 t ! mod]ately tight ligature r5d]s ! ve9s turgid & di/5d$1 & ! :ole h& full ( blood1 ,i ask1 :5ce is ?is8 ,does ! blood accumulate bel[ ! ligature com+ ?r\gh ! ve9s1 or ?r\gh ! art]ies1 or pass+ by c]ta9 hidd5 porosities8 ,?r\gh ! ve9s x _c come2 /ill less c x come ?r\gh invisible *annels2 x mu/ ne$s1 !n1 arrive by ! art]ies1 9 con=mity ) all t has be5 already said4 ,t x _c fl[ 9 by ! ve9s appe>s pla9ly en\gh f ! fact t ! blood _c be =c$ t[>ds ! he>t unless ! ligature be remov$2 :5 ?is is done sudd5ly all ! ve9s collapse1 & disgorge !mselves ( _! cont5ts into ! sup]ior p>ts1 ! h& at ! same "t resumes its natural pale col\r1 ! tumefaction & ! /agnat+ blood hav+ disappe>$4 ,moreov]1 he ^: arm or wri/ has ?us be5 b\nd = "s little "t ) ! m$ium b&age1 s t x has n only got swoll5 & livid b cold1 :5 ! fillet is undone is aw>e ( some?+ cold mak+ its way upw>ds along ) ! return+ blood1 & rea*+ ! elb[ or ! axilla4 ,& ,i h myself be5 incl9$ to ?9k t ?is cold blood ris+ upw>ds to ! he>t 0 ! cause ( ! fa9t+ t (t5 occurs aft] blood-lett+3 fa9t+ frequ5tly sup]v5es ev5 9 robu/ subjects1 & mo/ly at ! mom5t ( undo+ ! fillet1 z ! vulg> say1 f ! turn+ ( ! blood4 ,f>!r1 :5 we see ! ve9s bel[ ! ligature in/antly swell up & become gorg$1 :5 f extreme tightness x is some:at relax$1 ! art]ies meantime cont9u+ unaffect$1 ?is is an obvi\s indication t ! blood passes f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 & n f ! ve9s into ! art]ies1 & t !re is ei!r an ana/omosis ( ! two ord]s ( vessels1 or porosities 9 ! fle% & solid p>ts g5]ally t are p]meable to ! blood ,x is f>!r an indication t ! ve9s h frequ5t communications ) "o ano!r1 because !y all become turgid toge!r1 :il/ "u ! m$ium ligature appli$ above ! elb[2 & if any s+le small ve9 be prick$ ) a lancet1 !y all spe$ily %r9k1 & disbur!n+ !mselves into ?is !y subside almo/ simultane\sly4 ,^! consid]ations w enable anyone to und]/& ! nature ( ! attraction t is ex]t$ by ligatures1 & p]*ance ( fluxes g5]ally2 h[1 = example1 :5 ! ve9s are compress$ by a b&age ( m$ium tightness appli$ above ! elb[1 ! blood _c escape1 :il/ x /ill cont9ues to be driv5 91 by ! =c+ p[] ( ! he>t1 by :i* ! p>ts are ( necessity fill$1 gorg$ ) blood4 ,& h[ %\ld x be o!rwise8 ,heat & pa9 & a vacuum draw1 inde$2 b 9 su* wise only t p>ts are fill$1 n pret]naturally di/5d$ or gorg$1 & n s sudd5ly & viol5tly ov]:elm$ ) ! *>ge ( blood =c$ 9 ^u !m1 t ! fle% is lac]at$ & ! vessels ruptur$4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d z an effect ( heat1 or pa91 or ! vacuum =ce1 is ei!r cr$ible or demon/rable4 ,besides1 ! ligature is compet5t to occasion ! afflux 9 "q )\t ei!r pa91 or heat1 or a vacuum4 ,7 pa9 9 any way ! cause1 h[ %\ld x happ5 t1 ) ! arm b\nd above ! elb[1 ! h& & f+]s %\ld swell be+ ! b&age1 & _! ve9s become di/5d$8 ,! pressure ( ! b&age c]ta9ly prev5ts ! blood f gett+ !re by ! ve9s4 ,& !n1 :]e=e is !re nei!r swell+ nor repletion ( ! ve9s1 nor any sign or symptom ( attraction or afflux1 above ! ligature8 ,b ?is is ! obvi\s cause ( ! pret]natural attraction & swell+ bel[ ! b&age1 & 9 ! h& & f+]s1 t ! blood is ent]+ abundantly1 & ) =ce1 b _c pass out aga94 ,n[ is n ?is ! cause ( all tumefaction1 z inde$ ,avic5na has x1 & ( all oppressive r$undancy 9 p>ts1 t ! access to !m is op51 b ! egress f !m is4 clos$8 ,:5ce x comes t !y are gorg$ & tumefi$4 ,& may n ! same ?+ happ5 9 local inflammations1 :]e1 s long z ! swell+ is on ! increase1 & has n rea*$ its extreme t]m1 a full pulse is felt 9 ! "p1 especially :5 ! disease is ( ! m acute k9d1 & ! swell+ usually takes place mo/ rapidly4 ,b ^! are matt]s = aft] discussion4 ,or does ?is1 :i* occurr$ 9 my own case1 happ5 f ! same cause8 ,?r[n f a c>riage ^u "o occasion1 ,i /ruck my =ehead a bl[ ^u ! place :]e a twig ( ! art]y advances f ! temple1 & imm$iately1 )9 ! "t 9 :i* tw5ty beats c\ld h be5 made ,i felt a tum\r ! size ( an egg develop$1 )\t ei!r heat or any great pa93 ! ne> vic9ity ( ! art]y _h caus$ ! blood to be effus$ into ! bruis$ "p ) unusual =ce & velocity4 ,& n[1 too1 we und]/& :y 9 phlebotomy we apply our ligature above ! "p t is punctur$1 n bel[ x2 did ! fl[ come f above1 n f bel[1 ! con/riction 9 ?is case w\ld n only be ( no s]vice1 b w\ld prove a positive h9drance2 x w\ld h to be appli$ bel[ ! orifice1 9 ord] to h ! fl[ m free1 did ! blood desc5d by ! ve9s f sup]ior to inf]ior p>ts2 b z x is else:]e =c$ ?r\gh ! extreme art]ies into ! extreme ve9s1 & ! return 9 ^! la/ is oppos$ by ! ligature1 s d !y fill & swell1 & be+ ?us fill$ & di/5d$1 !y are made capable ( project+ _! *>ge ) =ce1 & to a di/ance1 :5 any "o ( !m is sudd5ly punctur$2 b ! ligature be+ slack5$1 & ! return+ *annels ?us left op51 ! blood =?) no long] escapes1 save by drops2 &1 z all ! _w kn[s1 if 9 p]=m+ phlebotomy ! b&age be ei!r slack5$ too mu* or ! limb be b\nd too tightly1 ! blood escapes )\t =ce1 because 9 ! "o case ! return+ *annels are n adequately ob/ruct$2 9 o!r ! *annels ( influx1 ! art]ies1 are imp$$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,t ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,is ,,%[n ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,position ,,demon/rat$ ,if ^! ?+s be s1 ano!r po9t :i* ,i h already ref]r$ to1 viz41 ! cont9ual passage ( ! blood ?r\gh ! he>t w also be confirm$4 ,we h se51 t ! blood passes f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 n f ! ve9s into ! art]ies2 we h se51 f>!r1 t almo/ ! :ole ( ! blood may be )drawn f a puncture made 9 "o ( ! cutane\s ve9s ( ! arm if a b&age prop]ly appli$ be us$2 we h se51 /ill f>!r1 t ! blood fl[s s freely & rapidly t n only is ! :ole quantity :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! arm beyond ! ligature1 & be=e ! puncture 0 made1 dis*>g$1 b ! :ole :i* is conta9$ 9 ! body1 bo? t ( ! art]ies & t ( ! ve9s4 ,:5ce we mu/ admit1 fir/1 t ! blood is s5t along ) an impulse1 & t x is urg$ ) =ce bel[ ! ligature2 = x escapes ) =ce1 :i* =ce x receives f ! pulse & p[] ( ! he>t2 = ! =ce & motion ( ! blood are d]iv$ f ! he>t alone4 ,second1 t ! afflux proce$s f ! he>t1 & ?r\gh ! he>t by a c\rse f ! great ve9s2 = x gets into ! p>ts bel[ ! ligature ?r\gh ! art]ies1 n ?r\gh ! ve9s2 & ! art]ies n[h]e receive blood f ! ve9s1 n[h]e receive blood save & except f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,nor c\ld s l>ge a quantity ( blood be drawn f "o ve9 7a ligature hav+ be5 duly appli$71 nor ) su* impetu\sity1 su* read9ess1 su* cel]ity1 unless ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! impell+ p[] ( ! he>t4 ,b if all ?+s be z !y are n[ repres5t$1 we %all feel ourselves at lib]ty to calculate ! quantity ( ! blood1 & to reason on its circul> motion4 ,%\ld anyone1 = in/ance1 p]=m+ phlebotomy1 suff] ! blood to fl[ 9 ! mann] x usually does1 ) =ce & freely1 = "s half h\r or s1 no "q b t ! greate/ "p ( ! blood be+ ab/ract$1 fa9t+s & syncopes w\ld ensue1 & t n only w\ld ! art]ies b ! great ve9s also be ne>ly empti$ ( _! cont5ts4 ,x is only consonant ) reason to conclude t 9 ! c\rse ( ! half h\r h9t$ at1 s mu* z has escap$ has also pass$ f ! great ve9s ?r\gh ! he>t into ! aorta4 ,& fur!r1 if we calculate h[ _m ounces fl[ ?r\gh "o arm1 or h[ _m pass 9 tw5ty or ?irty pulsations "u ! m$ium ligature1 we %all h "s gr\nds = e/imat+ h[ mu* passes ?r\gh ! o!r arm 9 ! same space ( "t3 h[ mu* ?r\gh bo? l[] extremities1 h[ mu* ?r\gh ! neck on ei!r side1 & ?r\gh all ! o!r art]ies & ve9s ( ! body1 all ( :i* h be5 suppli$ ) fre% blood1 & z ?is blood mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! lungs & v5tricles ( ! he>t1 & mu/ h come f ! great ve9s1 we %all p]ceive t a circulation is absolutely necess>y1 see+ t ! quantities h9t$ at _c be suppli$ imm$iately f ! +e/a1 & are va/ly m ?an c be requisite = ! m]e nutrition ( ! p>ts4 ,x is /ill fur!r to be obs]v$1 t 9 practis+ phlebotomy ! tru?s cont5d$ = are sometimes confirm$ 9 ano!r way2 = hav+ ti$ up ! arm prop]ly1 & made ! puncture duly1 /ill1 if f al>m or any o!r causes1 a /ate ( fa9tness sup]v5es1 9 :i* ! he>t always pulsates m languidly1 ! blood does n fl[ freely1 b di/ils by drops only4 ,! reason is1 t ) a some:at great] ?an usual resi/ance (f]$ to ! transit ( ! blood by ! b&age1 c\pl$ ) ! weak] action ( ! he>t1 & its dim9i%$ impell+ p[]1 ! /ream _c make its way "u ! ligature2 & f>!r1 ow+ to ! weak & langui%+ /ate ( ! he>t1 ! blood is n transf]r$ 9 su* quantity z wont f ! ve9s to ! art]ies ?r\gh ! s9uses ( t organ4 ,s also1 & = ! same reasons1 are ! m5/rual fluxes ( wom51 & inde$ hemorrhages ( e k9d1 controll$4 ,& n[1 a contr>y /ate ( ?+s occurr+1 ! pati5t gett+ rid ( 8 fe> & recov]+ 8 c\rage1 ! pulse /r5g? is increas$1 ! art]ies beg9 aga9 to beat ) great] =ce1 & to drive ! blood ev5 into ! "p t is b\nd2 s t ! blood n[ spr+s f ! puncture 9 ! ve91 & fl[s 9 cont9u\s /ream4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,?ird ,,position ,,is ,,confirm$3 ,,& ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,is ,,demon/rat$ ,,f ,,x ,?us f> we h spok5 ( ! quantity ( blood pass+ ?r\gh ! he>t & ! lungs 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 & 9 l mann] f ! art]ies into ! ve9s 9 ! p]iph]al p>ts & ! body at l>ge4 ,we h yet to expla91 h[ev]1 9 :at mann] ! blood f9ds its way back to ! he>t f ! extremities by ! ve9s1 & h[ & 9 :at way ^! are ! only vessels t convey ! blood f ! ext]nal to ! c5tral p>ts2 :i* done1 ,i conceive t ! ?ree fundam5tal propositions laid d[n = ! circulation ( ! blood w be s pla91 s well e/abli%$1 s obvi\sly true1 t !y may claim g5]al cr$5ce4 ,n[ ! rema9+ position w be made suffici5tly cle> f ! valves :i* are f\nd 9 ! cavities ( ! ve9s !mselves1 f ! uses ( ^!1 & f exp]im5ts cognisable by ! s5ses4 ,! celebrat$ ,hi]onymus ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 a mo/ skilful anatomi/1 & v5]able old man1 or1 z ! le>n$ ,riolan w h x1 ,jacobus ,silvius1 fir/ gave repres5tations ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s1 :i* consi/ ( rais$ or loose portions ( ! inn] membranes ( ^! vessels1 ( extreme delicacy1 & a sigmoid or semilun> %ape4 ,!y are situat$ at diff]5t di/ances f "o ano!r1 & div]sely 9 diff]5t individuals2 !y are connate at ! sides ( ! ve9s2 !y are direct$ upw>ds t[>ds ! trunks ( ! ve9s2 ! two--= !re are = ! mo/ "p two toge!r--reg>d ea* o!r1 mutually t\*1 & are s ready to come into contact by _! edges1 t if any?+ attempts to pass f ! trunks into ! bran*es ( ! ve9s1 or f ! great] vessels into ! less1 !y completely prev5t x2 !y are f>!r s arrang$1 t ! horns ( ^? t succe$ are opposite ! middle ( ! convexity ( ^? t & s on alt]nately4 ,! discov]] ( ^! valves did n rightly und]/& _! use1 nor h succe$+ anatomi/s add$ any?+ to our k3 = _! (fice is by no means expla9$ :5 we are told t x is to h9d] ! blood1 by its weight1 f all fl[+ into inf]ior p>ts2 = ! edges ( ! valves 9 ! jugul> ve9s hang d[nw>ds1 & are s contriv$ t !y prev5t ! blood f ris+ upw>ds2 ! valves1 9 a ^w1 d n inv>iably look upw>ds1 b always t[>d ! trunks ( ! ve9s1 inv>iably t[>ds ! seat ( ! he>t4 ,i1 & inde$ o!rs1 h sometimes f\nd valves 9 ! emulg5t ve9s1 & 9 ^? ( ! mes5t]y1 ! edges ( :i* 7 direct$ t[>ds ! v5a cava & v5a portae4 ,let x be add$ t !re are no valves 9 ! art]ies1 & t dogs1 ox51 etc41 h inv>iably valves at ! divisions ( _! crural ve9s1 9 ! ve9s t meet t[>ds ! top ( ! os sacrum1 & 9 ^? bran*es :i* come f ! haun*es1 9 :i* no su* effect ( gravity f ! erect position 0 to be appreh5d$4 ,nei!r are !re valves 9 ! jugul> ve9s = ! purpose ( gu>d+ aga9/ apoplexy1 z "s h said2 because 9 sleep ! head is m apt to be influ5c$ by ! cont5ts ( ! c>otid art]ies4 ,nei!r are ! valves pres5t1 9 ord] t ! blood may be reta9$ 9 ! div>ications or small] trunks & m9ut] bran*es1 & n be suff]$ to fl[ entirely into ! m op5 & capaci\s *annels2 = !y occur :]e !re are no div>ications2 al?\gh x mu/ be own$ t !y are mo/ frequ5t at ! po9ts :]e bran*es jo94 ,nei!r d !y exi/ = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! curr5t ( blood m sl[ f ! c5tre ( ! body2 = x seems likely t ! blood w\ld be dispos$ to fl[ ) suffici5t sl[ness ( its own accord1 z x w\ld h to pass f l>g] into cont9ually small] vessels1 be+ sep>at$ f ! mass & f\nta9 head1 & atta9+ f w>m] into cold] places4 ,b ! valves are solely made & in/itut$ le/ ! blood %\ld pass f ! great] into ! less] ve9s1 & ei!r rupture !m or cause !m to become v>icose2 le/1 in/ead ( advanc+ f ! extreme to ! c5tral p>ts ( ! body1 ! blood %\ld r proce$ along ! ve9s f ! c5tre to ! extremities2 b ! delicate valves1 :ile !y readily op5 9 ! "r direction1 entirely prev5t all su* contr>y motion1 be+ s situat$ & arrang$1 t if any?+ escapes1 or is less p]fectly ob/ruct$ by ! cornua ( ! "o above1 ! fluid pass+1 z x 71 by ! *9ks betwe5 ! cornua1 x is imm$iately receiv$ on ! convexity ( ! "o b5ea?1 :i* is plac$ transv]sely ) ref]5ce to ! =m]1 & s is effectually h9d]$ f gett+ any f>!r4 ,& ?is ,i h frequ5tly exp]i5c$ 9 my dissections ( ! ve9s3 if ,i attempt$ to pass a probe f ! trunk ( ! ve9s into "o ( ! small] bran*es1 :atev] c>e ,i took ,i f\nd x impossible to introduce x f> any way1 by reason ( ! valves2 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 mo/ easy to pu% x along 9 ! opposite direction1 f )\t inw>ds1 or f ! bran*es t[>ds ! trunks & roots4 ,9 _m places two valves are s plac$ & fitt$1 t :5 rais$ !y come exactly toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! ve91 & are !re unit$ by ! contact ( _! m>g9s2 & s accurate is ! adaptation1 t nei!r by ! eye nor by any o!r means ( exam9ation1 c ! slighte/ *9k along ! l9e ( contact be p]ceiv$4 ,b if ! probe be n[ introduc$ f ! extreme t[>ds ! m c5tral p>ts1 ! valves1 l ! floodgates ( a riv]1 give way1 & are mo/ readily pu%$ aside4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t pla9ly is to prev5t all motion ( ! blood f ! he>t & v5a cava1 :e!r x be upw>ds t[>ds ! head1 or d[nw>ds t[>ds ! feet1 or to ei!r side t[>ds ! arms1 n a drop c pass2 all motion ( ! blood1 beg9n+2 9 ! l>g] & t5d+ t[>ds ! small] ve9s1 is oppos$ & resi/$ by !m2 :il/ ! motion t proce$s f ! less] to end 9 ! l>g] bran*es is fav\r$1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a free & op5 passage is left = x4 ,b t ?is tru? may be made ! m app>5t1 let an arm be ti$ up above ! elb[ z if = phlebotomy 7,a1 ,a1 fig4 #a74 ,at int]vals 9 ! c\rse ( ! ve9s1 especially 9 lab\r+ p & ^? ^: ve9s are l>ge1 c]ta9 knots or elevations 7,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f7 w be p]ceiv$1 & ?is n only at ! places :]e a bran* is receiv$ 7,e1 ,f71 b also :]e none ent]s 7,c1 ,d73 ^! knots or ris+s are all =m$ by valves1 :i* ?us %[ !mselves ext]nally4 ,& n[ if y press ! blood f ! space above "o ( ! valves1 f ,h to ,o1 7fig4 #b17 & keep ! po9t ( a f+] ^u ! ve9 inf]iorly1 y w see no influx ( blood f above2 ! portion ( ! ve9 betwe5 ! po9t ( ! f+] & ! valve ,o w be oblit]at$2 yet w ! vessel cont9ue suffici5tly di/5d$ above ! valve 7,o1 ,g74 ,! blood be+ ?us press$ out & ! ve9 empti$1 if y n[ apply a f+] ( ! o!r h& ^u ! di/5d$ "p ( ! ve9 above ! valve ,o1 7fig4 #c17 & press d[nw>ds1 y w f9d t y _c =ce ! blood ?r\gh or beyond ! valve2 b ! great] ef=t y use1 y w only see ! portion ( ve9 t is betwe5 ! f+] & ! valve become m di/5d$1 t portion ( ! ve9 :i* is bel[ ! valve rema9+ all ! :ile empty 7,h1 ,o1 fig4 #c74 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! function ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s is ! same z t ( ! ?ree sigmoid valves :i* we f9d at ! comm5cem5t ( ! aorta & pulmon>y art]y1 viz41 to prev5t all reflux ( ! blood t is pass+ ov] !m4 ,,note4--,woodcuts ( ! ve9s ( ! arm to :i* ^! lett]s & figures ref] appe> "h 9 ! orig9al4--,c4 ,n4 ,b4 ,c ,f>!r1 ! arm be+ b\nd z be=e1 & ! ve9s look+ full & di/5d$1 if y press at "o "p 9 ! c\rse ( a ve9 ) ! po9t ( a f+] 7,l1 fig4 #d71 & !n ) ano!r f+] /reak ! blood upw>ds beyond ! next valve 7,n71 y w p]ceive t ?is portion ( ! ve9 cont9ues empty 7,l1 ,n71 & t ! blood _c retrograde1 precisely z we h already se5 ! case to be 9 fig4 #b2 b ! f+] fir/ appli$ 7,h1 fig4 #b1 ,l1 fig4 #d71 be+ remov$1 imm$iately ! ve9 is fill$ f bel[1 & ! arm becomes z x appe>s at ,d ,c1 fig4 #a4 ,t ! blood 9 ! ve9s !re=e proce$s f inf]ior or m remote p>ts1 & t[>ds ! he>t1 mov+ 9 ^! vessels 9 ?is & n 9 ! contr>y direction1 appe>s mo/ obvi\sly4 ,& al?\gh 9 "s places ! valves1 by n act+ ) su* p]fect accuracy1 or :]e !re is b a s+le valve1 d n seem totally to prev5t ! passage ( ! blood f ! c5tre1 /ill ! great] numb] ( !m pla9ly d s2 & !n1 :]e ?+s appe> contriv$ m neglig5tly1 ?is is comp5sat$ ei!r by ! m frequ5t occurr5ce or m p]fect action ( ! succe$+ valves1 or 9 "s o!r way3 ! ve9s 9 %ort1 z !y are ! free & op5 conduits ( ! blood return+ ,,to ! he>t1 s are !y effectually prev5t$ f s]v+ z its *annels ( di/ribution ,,f ! he>t4 ,b ?is o!r circum/ance has to be not$3 ,! arm be+ b\nd1 & ! ve9s made turgid1 & ! valves prom95t1 z be=e1 apply ! ?umb or f+] ov] a ve9 9 ! situation ( "o ( ! valves 9 su* a way z to compress x1 & prev5t any blood f pass+ upw>ds f ! h&2 !n1 ) a f+] ( ! o!r h&1 /reak ! blood 9 ! ve9 upw>ds till x has pass$ ! next valve above 7,n1 fig4 #d71 ! vessel n[ rema9s empty2 b ! f+] at ,l be+ remov$ = an in/ant1 ! ve9 is imm$iately fill$ f bel[2 apply ! f+] aga91 & hav+ 9 ! same mann] /reak$ ! blood upw>ds1 aga9 remove ! f+] bel[1 & aga9 ! vessel becomes di/5d$ z be=e2 & ?is repeat1 say a ?\s& times1 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,& n[ compute ! quantity ( blood :i* y h ?us press$ up beyond ! valve1 & !n multiply+ ! assum$ quantity by "o ?\s&1 y w f9d t s mu* blood has pass$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 portion ( ! vessel2 & ,i d n[ believe t y w f9d y\rself conv9c$ ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ( its rapid motion4 ,b if 9 ?is exp]im5t y say t a viol5ce is done to nature1 ,i d n d\bt b t1 if y proce$ 9 ! same way1 only tak+ z great a l5g? ( ve9 z possible1 & m]ely rem>k ) :at rapidity ! blood fl[s upw>ds1 & fills ! vessel f bel[1 y w come to ! same conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,conclusion ,,( ,,! ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,! ,,circulation ,& n[ ,i may be all[$ to give 9 brief my view ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 & to propose x = g5]al adoption4 ,s9ce all ?+s1 bo? argum5t & ocul> demon/ration1 %[ t ! blood passes ?r\gh ! lungs1 & he>t by ! =ce ( ! v5tricles1 & is s5t = di/ribution to all p>ts ( ! body1 :]e x makes its way into ! ve9s & porosities ( ! fle%1 & !n fl[s by ! ve9s f ! circumf]5ce on e side to ! c5tre1 f ! less] to ! great] ve9s1 & is by !m f9ally dis*>g$ into ! v5a cava & "r auricle ( ! he>t1 & ?is 9 su* a quantity or 9 su* a flux & reflux ?i!r by ! art]ies1 hi!r by ! ve9s1 z _c possibly be suppli$ by ! +e/a1 & is mu* great] ?an c be requir$ = m]e purposes ( nutrition2 x is absolutely necess>y to conclude t ! blood 9 ! animal body is impell$ 9 a circle1 & is 9 a /ate ( ceaseless motion2 t ?is is ! act or function :i* ! he>t p]=ms by means ( its pulse2 & t x is ! sole & only end ( ! motion & contraction ( ! he>t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,is ,,fur!r ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,probable ,,reasons ,x w n be =eign to ! subject if ,i "h %[ fur!r1 f c]ta9 famili> reason+s1 t ! circulation is matt] bo? ( conv5i5ce & necessity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce dea? is a corruption :i* takes place ?r\gh defici5cy ( heat1 ,footnote3 ,ari/oteles ,de ,respirations1 lib4 ii et iii3 ,de ,"p4 ,animal4 et alibi4 & s9ce all liv+ ?+s are w>m1 all dy+ ?+s cold1 !re mu/ be a p>ticul> seat & f\nta91 a k9d ( home & he>?1 :]e ! *]i%] ( nature1 ! orig9al ( ! native fire1 is /or$ & pres]v$2 f :i* heat & life are disp5s$ to all p>ts z f a f\nta9 head2 f :i* su/5ance may be d]iv$2 & ^u :i* concoction & nutrition1 & all vegetative en]gy may dep5d4 ,n[1 t ! he>t is ?is place1 t ! he>t is ! pr9ciple ( life1 & t all passes 9 ! mann] j m5tion$1 ,i tru/ no "o w d5y4 ,! blood1 !re=e1 requir$ to h motion1 & inde$ su* a motion t x %\ld return aga9 to ! he>t2 = s5t to ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body f> f its f\nta91 z ,ari/otle says1 & )\t motion x w\ld become congeal$4 ,= we see motion g5]at+ & keep+ up heat & spirits "u ail circum/ances1 & re/ all[+ !m to escape & be dissipat$4 ,! blood1 !re=e1 becom+ ?ick or congeal$ by ! cold ( ! extreme & outw>d p>ts1 & robb$ ( its spirits1 j z x is 9 ! dead1 x 0 imp]ative t f its f\nt & orig91 x %\ld aga9 receive heat & spirits1 & all else requisite to its pres]vation--t1 by return+1 x %\ld be r5ovat$ & re/or$4 ,we frequ5tly see h[ ! extremities are *ill$ by ! ext]nal cold1 h[ ! nose & *eeks & h&s look blue1 & h[ ! blood1 /agnat+ 9 !m z 9 ! p5d5t or l[] p>ts ( a corpse1 becomes ( a dusky hue2 ! limbs at ! same "t gett+ torpid1 s t !y c sc>cely be mov$1 & seem almo/ to h lo/ _! vitality4 ,n[ !y c by no means be s effectually1 & especially s spe$ily re/or$ to heat & col\r & life1 z by a new efflux & contact ( heat f its s\rce4 ,b h[ c p>ts attract 9 :i* ! heat & life are almo/ ext9ct8 ,or h[ %\ld !y ^: passages are fill$ ) cond5s$ & frigid blood1 admit fre% alim5t--r5ovat$ blood --unless !y _h fir/ got rid ( _! old cont5ts8 ,unless ! he>t 7 truly t f\nta9 :]e life & heat are re/or$ to ! refrig]at$ fluid1 & :5ce new blood1 w>m1 imbu$ ) spirits1 be+ s5t out by ! art]ies1 t :i* has become cool$ & effete is =c$ on1 & all ! p>ticles recov] _! heat :i* 0 fail+1 & _! vital /imulus wellnigh exhau/$4 ,h5ce x is t if ! he>t be unaffect$1 life & heal? may be re/or$ to almo/ all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body2 b if ! he>t be *ill$1 or smitt5 ) any s]i\s disease1 x seems matt] ( necessity t ! :ole animal fabric %\ld suff] & fall into decay4 ,:5 ! s\rce is corrupt$1 !re is no?+1 z ,ari/otle says1 ,footnote3 ,de ,"p4 ,animal41 iii4 :i* c be ( s]vice ei!r to x or aught t dep5ds on x4 ,& h5ce1 by ! way1 x may p]*ance be :y grief1 & love1 & envy1 & anxiety1 & all affections ( ! m9d ( a simil> k9d are accompani$ ) emaciation & decay1 or ) disord]$ fluids & crudity1 :i* eng5d] all mann] ( diseases & consume ! body ( man4 ,= e affection ( ! m9d t is att5d$ ) ei!r pa9 or pleasure1 hope or fe>1 is ! cause ( an agitation ^: influ5ce ext5ds to ! he>t1 & !re induces *ange f ! natural con/itution1 9 ! temp]ature1 ! pulse & ! re/1 :i* impair+ all nutrition 9 its s\rce & abat+ ! p[]s at l>ge1 x is no wond] t v>i\s =ms ( incurable disease 9 ! extremities & 9 ! trunk are ! consequ5ce1 inasmu* z 9 su* circum/ances ! :ole body lab\rs "u ! effects ( vitiat$ nutrition & a want ( native heat4 ,moreov]1 :5 we see t all animals live ?r\gh food dige/$ 9 _! int]ior1 x is imp]ative t ! dige/ion & di/ribution be p]fect1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 t !re be a place & receptacle :]e ! alim5t is p]fect$ & :5ce x is di/ribut$ to ! sev]al memb]s4 ,n[ ?is place is ! he>t1 = x is ! only organ 9 ! body :i* conta9s blood = ! g5]al use2 all ! o!rs receive x m]ely = _! peculi> or private advantage1 j z ! he>t also has a supply = its own especial beho( 9 its coron>y ve9s & art]ies4 ,b x is ( ! /ore :i* ! he>t conta9s 9 its auricles & v5tricles t ,i "h speak4 ,!n ! he>t is ! only organ :i* is s situat$ & con/itut$ t x c di/ribute ! blood 9 due proportion to ! sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 ! quantity s5t to ea* be+ accord+ to ! dim5sions ( ! art]y :i* supplies x1 ! he>t s]v+ z a magaz9e or f\nta9 ready to meet its dem&s4 ,fur!r1 a c]ta9 impulse or =ce1 z well z an impell] or =c]1 su* z ! he>t1 0 requir$ to effect ?is di/ribution & motion ( ! blood2 bo? because ! blood is dispos$ f slight causes1 su* z cold1 al>m1 horror1 & ! l1 to collect 9 its s\rce1 to conc5trate l p>ts to a :ole1 or ! drops ( wat] spilt ^u a table to ! mass ( liquid2 & because x is =c$ f ! capill>y ve9s into ! small] ramifications1 & f ^! into ! l>g] trunks by ! motion ( ! extremities & ! compression ( ! muscles g5]ally4 ,! blood is ?us m dispos$ to move f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre ?an 9 ! opposite direction1 ev5 7 !re no valves to oppose its motion2 :]e=e1 t x may leave its s\rce & ent] m conf9$ & cold] *annels1 & fl[ aga9/ ! direction to :i* x spontane\sly incl9es1 ! blood requires bo? =ce & impell+ p[]4 ,n[ su* is ! he>t & ! he>t alone1 & t 9 ! way & mann] already expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,is ,,fur!r ,,prov$ ,,f ,,c]ta9 ,,consequ5ces ,!re are /ill c]ta9 problems1 :i*1 tak5 z consequ5ces ( ?is tru? assum$ z prov51 are n )\t _! use 9 excit+ belief1 z x 71 a po/]iore2 & :i*1 al?\gh !y may seem to be involv$ 9 mu* d\bt & obscurity1 nev]!less readily admit ( hav+ reasons & causes assign$ = !m4 ,( su* a nature are ^? t pres5t !mselves 9 connexion ) contagions1 poison$ w\nds1 ! bites ( s]p5ts & rabid animals1 lues v5]ea & ! l4 ,we sometimes see ! :ole sy/em contam9at$1 ?\gh ! "p fir/ infect$ rema9s s\nd2 ! lues v5]ea has occasionally made its attack ) pa9s 9 ! %\ld]s & head1 & o!r symptoms1 ! g5ital organs be+ all ! :ile unaffect$2 & !n we "k t ! w\nd made by a rabid dog hav+ heal$1 fev] & a tra9 ( disa/r\s symptoms may nev]!less sup]v5e4 ,:5ce x appe>s t ! contagion impress$ ^u or deposit$ 9 a p>ticul> "p1 is by-&-by c>ri$ by ! return+ curr5t ( blood to ! he>t1 & by t organ is s5t to contam9ate ! :ole body4 ,9 t]tian fev]1 ! morbific cause seek+ ! he>t 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & hang+ ab\t ! he>t & lungs1 r5d]s ! pati5t %ort-w9d$1 dispos$ to sigh+1 & indispos$ to ex]tion1 because ! vital pr9ciple is oppress$ & ! blood =c$ into ! lungs & r5d]$ ?ick4 ,x does n pass ?r\gh !m1 7z ,i h myself se5 9 op5+ ! bodies ( ^? :o _h di$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! attack17 :5 ! pulse is always frequ5t1 small1 & occasionally irregul>2 b ! heat increas+1 ! matt] becom+ att5uat$1 ! passages =c$1 & ! transit made1 ! :ole body beg9s to rise 9 temp]ature1 & ! pulse becomes full] & /rong]4 ,! febrile p>oxysm is fully =m$1 :il/ ! pret]natural heat k9dl$ 9 ! he>t is !nce diffus$ by ! art]ies ?r\gh ! :ole body along ) ! morbific matt]1 :i* is 9 ?is way ov]come & dissolv$ by nature4 ,:5 we p]ceive1 fur!r1 t m$ic9es appli$ ext]nally ex]t _! influ5ce on ! body j z if !y _h be5 tak5 int]nally1 ! tru? we are cont5d+ = is confirm$4 ,colocyn? & aloes 9 ?is way move ! belly1 can?>ides excites ! ur9e1 g>lic appli$ to ! soles ( ! feet assi/s expectoration1 cordials /r5g!n1 & an inf9ite numb] ( examples ( ! same k9d might be cit$4 ,p]haps x w n1 !re=e1 be f\nd unreasonable1 if we say t ! ve9s1 by means ( _! orifices1 absorb "s ( ! ?+s t are appli$ ext]nally & c>ry ?is inw>ds ) ! blood1 n o!rwise1 x may be1 ?an ^? ( ! mes5t]y imbibe ! *yle f ! inte/9es & c>ry x mix$ ) ! blood to ! liv]4 ,= ! blood ent]+ ! mes5t]y by ! coeliac art]y1 & ! sup]ior & inf]ior mes5t]ies1 proce$s to ! inte/9es1 f :i*1 along ) ! *yle t has be5 attract$ into ! ve9s1 x returns by _! num]\s ramifications into ! v5a portae ( ! liv]1 & f ?is into ! v5a cava1 & ?is 9 su* wise t ! blood 9 ^! ve9s has ! same col\r & consi/5cy z 9 o!r ve9s1 9 opposition to :at _m believe to be ! fact4 ,nor inde$ c we imag9e two contr>y motions 9 any capill>y sy/em--! *yle upw>ds1 ! blood d[nw>ds4 ,?is c\ld sc>cely take place1 & mu/ be held z altoge!r improbable4 ,b is n ! ?+ r arrang$ z x is by ! consummate provid5ce ( nature8 ,= 7 ! *yle m+l$ ) ! blood1 ! crude ) ! dige/$1 9 equal proportions1 ! result w\ld n be concoction1 transmutation1 & sanguification1 b r1 & because !y are sev]ally active & passive1 a mixture or comb9ation1 or m$ium comp\nd ( ! two1 precisely z happ5s :5 w9e is mix$ ) wat] & syrup4 ,b :5 a v m9ute quantity ( *yle is m+l$ ) a v l>ge quantity ( circulat+ blood1 a quantity ( *yle t be>s no k9d ( proportion to ! mass ( blood1 ! effect is ! same1 z ,ari/otle says1 z :5 a drop ( wat] is add$ to a cask ( w9e1 or ! contr>y2 ! mass does n !n pres5t itself z a mixture1 b is /ill s5sibly ei!r w9e or wat]4 ,s 9 ! mes5t]ic ve9s ( an animal we d n f9d ei!r *yme or *yle & blood1 bl5d$ toge!r or di/9ct1 b only blood1 ! same 9 col\r1 consi/5cy1 & o!r s5sible prop]ties1 z x appe>s 9 ! ve9s g5]ally4 ,/ill z !re is a c]ta9 ?\gh small & inappreciable portion ( *yle or incompletely dige/$ matt] m+l$ ) ! blood1 nature has int]pos$ ! liv]1 9 ^: me&]+ *annels x suff]s delay & und]goes additional *ange1 le/ arriv+ prematurely & crude at ! he>t1 x %\ld oppress ! vital pr9ciple4 ,h5ce 9 ! embryo1 !re is almo/ no use = ! liv]1 b ! umbilical ve9 passes directly ?r\gh1 a =am5 or an ana/omosis exi/+ f ! v5a portae4 ,! blood returns f ! inte/9es ( ! foetus1 n ?r\gh ! liv]1 b into ! umbilical ve9 m5tion$1 & fl[s at once into ! he>t1 m+l$ ) ! natural blood :i* is return+ f ! plac5ta2 :5ce also x is t 9 ! developm5t ( ! foetus ! liv] is "o ( ! organs t is la/ =m$4 ,i h obs]v$ all ! memb]s1 p]fectly m>k$ out 9 ! human foetus1 ev5 ! g5ital organs1 :il/ !re 0 yet sc>cely any trace ( ! liv]4 ,& inde$ at ! p]iod :5 all ! p>ts1 l ! he>t itself 9 ! beg9n+1 are /ill :ite1 & except 9 ! ve9s !re is no appe>ance ( r$ness1 y %all see no?+ 9 ! seat ( ! liv] b a %apeless collection1 z x 71 ( extravasat$ blood1 :i* y might take = ! effects ( a contusion or ruptur$ ve94 ,b 9 ! incubat$ egg !re are1 z x 71 two umbilical vessels1 "o f ! album5 pass+ entire ?r\gh ! liv]1 & go+ /raight to ! he>t2 ano!r f ! yelk1 end+ 9 ! v5a portae2 = x appe>s t ! *ick1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is entirely =m$ & n\ri%$ by ! :ite2 b by ! yelk aft] x has come to p]fection & is exclud$ f ! %ell2 = ?is "p may /ill be f\nd 9 ! abdom5 ( ! *ick _m days aft] its exclusion1 & is a sub/itute = ! milk to o!r animals4 ,b ^! matt]s w be bett] spok5 ( 9 my obs]vations on ! =mation ( ! foetus1 :]e _m propositions1 ! foll[+ among ! numb]1 w be discuss$3 ,:]e=e is ?is "p =m$ or p]fect$ fir/1 t la/1 & ( ! sev]al memb]s1 :at "p is ! cause ( ano!r8 ,& !re are _m po9ts hav+ special ref]5ce to ! he>t1 su* z :]e=e does x fir/ acquire consi/5cy1 & appe> to possess life1 motion1 s5se1 be=e any o!r "p ( ! body is p]fect$1 z ,ari/otle says 9 8 ?ird book1 ,de p>tibus ,animalium8 ,& s also ( ! blood1 :]e=e does x prec$e all ! re/8 ,& 9 :at way does x possess ! vital & animal pr9ciple1 & %[ a t5d5cy to motion1 & to be impell$ hi!r & ?i!r1 ! end = :i* ! he>t appe>s to be made8 ,9 ! same way1 9 consid]+ ! pulse1 :y %\ld "o k9d ( pulse indicate dea?1 ano!r recov]y8 ,& s ( all ! o!r k9ds ( pulse1 :at may be ! cause & indication ( ea*8 ,likewise we mu/ consid] ! reason ( crises & natural critical dis*>ges2 ( nutrition1 & especially ! di/ribution ( ! nutrim5t2 & ( defluxions ( e description4 ,f9ally1 reflect+ on e "p ( m$ic9e1 physiology1 pa?ology1 semeiotics & !rapeutics1 :5 ,i see h[ _m que/ions c be answ]$1 h[ _m d\bts resolv$1 h[ mu* obscurity illu/rat$ by ! tru? we h decl>$1 ! light we h made to %9e1 ,i see a field ( su* va/ ext5t 9 :i* ,i might proce$ s f>1 & expatiate s widely1 t ?is my tractate w\ld n only swell out into a volume1 :i* 0 beyond my purpose1 b my :ole life1 p]*ance1 w\ld n suffice = its completion4 ,9 ?is place1 !re=e1 & t inde$ 9 a s+le *apt]1 ,i %all only endeav\r to ref] ! v>i\s p>ticul>s t pres5t !mselves 9 ! dissection ( ! he>t & art]ies to _! sev]al uses & causes2 = s ,i %all meet ) _m ?+s :i* receive light f ! tru? ,i h be5 cont5d+ =1 & :i*1 9 _! turn1 r5d] x m obvi\s4 ,& inde$ ,i w\ld h x confirm$ & illu/rat$ by anatomical argum5ts above all o!rs4 ,!re is b a s+le po9t :i* inde$ w\ld be m correctly plac$ among our obs]vations on ! use ( ! sple51 b :i* x w n be altoge!r imp]t95t to notice 9 ?is place incid5tally4 ,f ! spl5ic bran* :i* passes into ! pancreas1 & f ! upp] "p1 arise ! po/]ior coron>y1 ga/ric1 & ga/roepiploic ve9s1 all ( :i* are di/ribut$ ^u ! /oma* 9 num]\s bran*es & twigs1 j z ! mes5t]ic vessels are ^u ! inte/9es4 ,9 a simil> way1 f ! inf]ior "p ( ! same spl5ic bran*1 & along ! back ( ! colon & rectum proce$ ! hemorrhoidal ve9s4 ,! blood return+ by ^! ve9s1 & br++ ! crud] juices along ) x1 on ! "o h& f ! /oma*1 :]e !y are ?91 wat]y1 & n yet p]fectly *ylifi$2 on ! o!r ?ick & m e>?y1 z d]iv$ f ! faeces1 b all p\r$ into ?is spl5ic bran*1 are duly temp]$ by ! admixture ( contr>ies2 & nature m+l+ toge!r ^! two k9ds ( juices1 difficult ( coction by reason ( mo/ opposite defects1 & !n dilut+ !m ) a l>ge quantity ( w>m blood1 7= we see t ! quantity return$ f ! sple5 mu/ be v l>ge :5 we contemplate ! size ( its art]ies17 !y are br\ght to ! porta ( ! liv] 9 a /ate ( high] prep>ation4 ,! defects ( ei!r extreme are suppli$ & comp5sat$ by ?is arrangem5t ( ! ve9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,motion ,,& ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,are ,,confirm$ ,,f ,,! ,,p>ticul>s ,,app>5t ,,9 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,he>t1 ,,& ,,f ,,^? ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,dissection ,,unfolds ,i d n f9d ! he>t z a di/9ct & sep>ate "p 9 all animals2 "s1 inde$1 su* z ! zoophytes1 h no he>t2 ?is is because ^! animals are colde/1 ( "o great bulk1 ( s(t texture1 or ( a c]ta9 uni=m sam5ess or simplicity ( /ructure2 among ! numb] ,i may in/ance grubs & e>?-worms1 & ^? t are eng5d]$ ( putrefaction & d n pres]ve _! species4 ,^! h no he>t1 z n requir+ any impell] ( n\ri%m5t into ! extreme p>ts2 = !y h bodies :i* are connate & homog5e\s & )\t limbs2 s t by ! contraction & relaxation ( ! :ole body !y assume & expel1 move & remove1 ! alim5t4 ,oy/]s1 mussels1 sponges1 & ! :ole g5us ( zoophytes or plant-animals h no he>t1 = ! :ole body is us$ z a he>t1 or ! :ole animal is a he>t4 ,9 a great numb] ( animals1--almo/ ! :ole tribe ( insects--we _c see di/9ctly by reason ( ! smallness ( ! body2 /ill 9 bees1 flies1 hornets1 & ! l we c p]ceive some?+ pulsat+ ) ! help ( a magnify+-glass2 9 p$iculi1 also1 ! same ?+ may be se51 & z ! body is transp>5t1 ! passage ( ! food ?r\gh ! inte/9es1 l a black spot or /a91 may be p]ceiv$ by ! aid ( ! same magnify+-glass4 ,b 9 "s ( ! pale-blood$ & cold] animals1 z 9 snails1 :elks1 %rimps1 & %ell-fi%1 !re is a "p :i* pulsates1 --a k9d ( vesicle or auricle )\t a he>t1--sl[ly1 inde$1 & n to be p]ceiv$ except 9 ! w>m] season ( ! ye>4 ,9 ^! creatures ?is "p is s contriv$ t x %all pulsate1 z !re is "h a necessity = "s impulse to di/ribute ! nutritive fluid1 by reason ( ! v>iety ( organic p>ts1 or ( ! d5sity ( ! sub/ance2 b ! pulsations occur unfrequ5tly1 & sometimes 9 consequ5ce ( ! cold n at all1 an arrangem5t ! be/ adapt$ to !m z be+ ( a d\btful nature1 s t sometimes !y appe> to live1 sometimes to die2 sometimes !y %[ ! vitality ( an animal1 sometimes ( a vegetable4 ,?is seems also to be ! case ) ! insects :i* conceal !mselves 9 w9t]1 & lie1 z x 71 defunct1 or m]ely manife/+ a k9d ( vegetative exi/5ce4 ,b :e!r ! same ?+ happ5s 9 ! case ( c]ta9 animals t h r$ blood1 su* z frogs1 tortoises1 s]p5ts1 swall[s1 may be v prop]ly d\bt$4 ,9 all ! l>g] & w>m] animals :i* h r$ blood1 !re 0 ne$ ( an impell] ( ! nutritive fluid1 & t1 p]*ance1 possess+ a consid]able am\nt ( p[]4 ,9 fi%es1 s]p5ts1 liz>ds1 tortoises1 frogs1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d !re is a he>t pres5t1 furni%$ ) bo? an auricle & a v5tricle1 :5ce x is p]fectly true1 z ,ari/otle has obs]v$1 ,footnote3 ,de ,"p4 ,animal41 lib4 iii4 t no sangu9e\s animal is )\t a he>t1 by ! impell+ p[] ( :i* ! nutritive fluid is =c$1 bo? ) great] vig\r & rapidity1 to a great] di/ance2 & n m]ely agitat$ by an auricle1 z x ,is 9 l[] =ms4 ,& !n 9 reg>d to animals t are yet l>g]1 w>m]1 & m p]fect1 z !y ab\nd 9 blood1 :i* is always hott] & m spiritu\s1 & :i* possess bodies ( great] size & consi/5cy1 ^! require a l>g]1 /rong]1 & m fle%y he>t1 9 ord] t ! nutritive fluid may be propell$ ) yet great] =ce & cel]ity4 ,& fur!r1 inasmu* z ! m p]fect animals require a /ill m p]fect nutrition1 & a l>g] supply ( native heat1 9 ord] t ! alim5t may be ?or\ghly concoct$ & acquire ! la/ degree ( p]fection1 !y requir$ bo? lungs & a second v5tricle1 :i* %\ld =ce ! nutritive fluid ?r\gh !m4 ,e animal t has lungs has1 !re=e1 two v5tricles to its he>t--"o "r1 ! o!r left2 & :]ev] !re is a "r1 !re also is !re a left v5tricle2 b ! contr>y ( ?is does n hold good3 :]e !re is a left !re is n always a "r v5tricle4 ,! left v5tricle ,i call t :i* is di/9ct 9 (fice1 n 9 place f ! o!r1 t "o1 namely1 :i* di/ributes ! blood to ! body at l>ge1 n to ! lungs only4 ,h5ce ! left v5tricle seems to =m ! pr9ciple "p ( ! he>t2 situat$ 9 ! middle1 m /rongly m>k$1 & con/ruct$ ) great] c>e1 ! he>t seems =m$ = ! sake ( ! left v5tricle1 & ! "r b to m9i/] to x4 ,! "r nei!r rea*es to ! apex ( ! he>t nor is x ne>ly ( su* /r5g?1 be+ ?ree times ?9n] 9 its walls1 & 9 "s sort jo9t$ on to ! left 7z ,ari/otle says71 ?\gh1 inde$1 x is ( great] capacity1 inasmu* z x has n only to supply mat]ial to ! left v5tricle1 b likewise to furni% alim5t to ! lungs4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t all ?is is o!rwise 9 ! embryo1 :]e !re is n su* a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two v5tricles4 ,!re1 z 9 a d\ble nut1 !y are ne>ly equal 9 all respects1 ! apex ( ! "r rea*+ to ! apex ( ! left1 s t ! he>t pres5ts itself z a sort ( d\ble- po9t$ cone4 ,& ?is is s1 because 9 ! foetus1 z already said1 :il/ ! blood is n pass+ ?r\gh ! lungs f ! "r to ! left cavities ( ! he>t1 x fl[s by ! =am5 ovale & ductus art]iosus directly f ! v5a cava into ! aorta1 :5ce x is di/ribut$ to ! :ole body4 ,bo? v5tricles h1 !re=e1 ! same (fice to p]=m1 :5ce _! equality ( con/itution4 ,x is only :5 ! lungs come to be us$ & x is requisite t ! passages indicat$ %\ld be block$ up t ! diff]5ce 9 po9t ( /r5g? & o!r ?+s betwe5 ! two v5tricles beg9s to be app>5t4 ,9 ! alt]$ circum/ances ! "r has only to drive ! blood ?r\gh ! lungs1 :il/ ! left has to propel x ?r\gh ! :ole body4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 )9 ! he>t num]\s braces1 9 ! =m ( fle%y columns & fibr\s b&s1 :i* ,ari/otle1 9 8 ?ird book on ,respiration1 & ! ,p>ts ( ,animals1 entitles n]ves4 ,^! are v>i\sly ext5d$1 & are ei!r di/9ct or conta9$ 9 grooves 9 ! walls & p>tition1 :]e !y occasion num]\s pits or depressions4 ,!y con/itute a k9d ( small muscles1 :i* are sup]add$ & supplem5t>y to ! he>t1 assi/+ x to execute a m p[]ful & p]fect contraction1 & s prov+ subs]vi5t to ! complete expulsion ( ! blood4 ,!y are1 9 "s sort1 l ! elaborate & artful arrangem5t ( ropes 9 a %ip1 brac+ ! he>t on e side z x contracts1 & s enabl+ x m effectually & =cibly to expel ! *>ge ( blood f its v5tricles4 ,?is mu* is pla91 at all ev5ts1 t 9 "s animals !y are less /rongly m>k$ ?an 9 o!rs2 &1 9 all t h !m1 !y are m num]\s & /rong] 9 ! left ?an 9 ! "r v5tricle2 & :ile "s h !m pres5t 9 ! left1 yet !y are abs5t 9 ! "r v5tricle4 ,9 man !y are m num]\s 9 ! left ?an 9 ! "r v5tricle1 m abundant 9 ! v5tricles ?an 9 ! auricles2 & occasionally !re appe> to be none pres5t 9 ! auricles4 ,!y are num]\s 9 ! l>ge1 m muscul> & h>di] bodies ( c\ntrym51 b few] 9 m sl5d] frames & 9 females4 ,9 ^? animals 9 :i* ! v5tricles ( ! he>t are smoo? )9 & entirely )\t fibres ( muscul> b&s1 or any?+ l holl[ pits1 z 9 almo/ all ! small] birds1 ! p>tridge & ! common f[l1 s]p5ts1 frogs1 tortoises1 & mo/ fi%es1 !re are no *ordae t5d9eae1 nor bundles ( fibres1 nei!r are !re any tricuspid valves 9 ! v5tricles4 ,"s animals h ! "r v5tricle smoo? int]nally1 b ! left provid$ ) fibr\s b&s1 su* z ! goose1 swan1 & l>g] birds2 & ! reason is ! same "h z else:]e4 ,z ! lungs are spongy & loose & s(t1 no great am\nt ( =ce is requir$ to =ce ! blood ?r\gh !m2 !re=e ! "r v5tricle is ei!r )\t ! bundles 9 "q1 or !y are few] & weak]1 & n s fle%y or l muscles4 ,^? ( ! left v5tricle1 h[ev]1 are bo? /rong] & m num]\s1 m fle%y & muscul>1 because ! left v5tricle requires to be /rong]1 inasmu* z ! blood :i* x propels has to be driv5 ?r\gh ! :ole body4 ,& ?is1 too1 is ! reason :y ! left v5tricle occupies ! middle ( ! he>t1 & has p>ietes ?ree times ?ick] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! "r ,h5ce all animals--& among m5 x is simil>--t are end[$ ) p>ticul>ly /rong frames1 & ) l>ge & fle%y limbs at a great di/ance f ! he>t1 h ?is c5tral organ ( great] ?ickness1 /r5g?1 & muscul>ity4 ,?is is manife/ & necess>y4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 t are ( s(t] & m sl5d] make h ! he>t m flaccid1 s(t]1 & int]nally ei!r less or n at all fibr\s4 ,consid]1 f>!r1 ! use ( ! sev]al valves1 :i* are all s arrang$ t ! blood1 once receiv$ into ! v5tricles ( ! he>t1 %all nev] regurgitate2 once =c$ into ! pulmon>y art]y & aorta1 %all n fl[ back ^u ! v5tricles4 ,:5 ! valves are rais$ & br\ght toge!r1 !y =m a ?ree-corn]$ l9e1 su* z is left by ! bite ( a lee*2 & ! m !y are =c$1 ! m firmly d !y oppose ! passage ( ! blood4 ,! tricuspid valves are plac$1 l gate-keep]s1 at ! entrance into ! v5tricles f ! v5ae cavae & pulmon>y ve9s1 le/ ! blood :5 mo/ =cibly impell$ %\ld fl[ back4 ,x is = ?is reason t !y are n f\nd 9 all animals1 nor d !y appe> to h be5 con/ruct$ ) equal c>e1 9 all animals 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,9 "s !y are m accurately fitt$1 9 o!rs m remissly or c>elessly contriv$1 & always ) a view to _! be+ clos$ "u a great] or a slight] =ce ( ! v5tricle4 ,9 ! left v5tricle1 !re=e1 9 ord] t ! occlusion may be ! m p]fect aga9/ ! great] impulse1 !re are only two valves1 l a mitre1 & produc$ into an elongat$ cone1 s t !y come toge!r & t\* to _! middle2 a circum/ance :i* p]haps l$ ,ari/otle into ! error ( suppos+ ?is v5tricle to be d\ble1 ! division tak+ place transv]sely4 ,= ! same reason1 & t ! blood may n regurgitate ^u ! pulmon>y ve9s1 & ?us ! =ce ( ! v5tricle 9 propell+ ! blood ?r\gh ! sy/em at l>ge come to be neutraliz$1 x is t ^! mitral valves excel ^? ( ! "r v5tricle 9 size & /r5g? & exactness ( clos+4 ,h5ce x is ess5tial t !re c be no he>t )\t a v5tricle1 s9ce ?is mu/ be ! s\rce & /ore-h\se ( ! blood4 ,! same law does n hold good 9 ref]5ce to ! bra94 ,= almo/ no g5us ( birds has a v5tricle 9 ! bra91 z is obvi\s 9 ! goose & swan1 ! bra9s ( :i* ne>ly equal t ( a rabbit 9 size2 n[ rabbits h v5tricles 9 ! bra91 :il/ ! goose has none4 ,9 l mann]1 :]ev] ! he>t has a s+le v5tricle1 !re is an auricle app5d$1 flaccid1 membran\s1 holl[1 fill$ ) blood2 & :]e !re are two v5tricles1 !re are likewise two auricles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s animals h an auricle )\t any v5tricle2 or1 at all ev5ts1 !y h a sac analog\s to an auricle2 or ! ve9 itself1 dilat$ at a p>ticul> "p1 p]=ms pulsations1 z is se5 9 hornets1 bees1 & o!r insects1 :i* c]ta9 exp]im5ts ( my own enable me to demon/rate1 h n only a pulse1 b a respiration 9 t "p :i* is call$ ! tail1 :5ce x is t ?is "p is elongat$ & contract$ n[ m r>ely1 n[ m frequ5tly1 z ! creature appe>s to be bl[n & to require a l>ge quantity ( air4 ,b ( ^! ?+s1 m 9 our ,treatise ,on ,respiration4 ,x is 9 l mann] evid5t t ! auricles pulsate1 contract1 z ,i h said be=e1 & ?r[ ! blood into ! v5tricles2 s t :]ev] !re is a v5tricle1 an auricle is necess>y1 n m]ely t x may s]ve1 accord+ to ! g5]al belief1 z a s\rce & magaz9e = ! blood3 = :at 7 ! use ( its pulsations _h x only to conta98 ,! auricles are prime mov]s ( ! blood1 especially ! "r auricle1 :i*1 z already said1 is ! fir/ to live1 ! la/ to die2 :5ce !y are subs]vi5t to s5d+ ! blood into ! v5tricles1 :i*1 contract+ cont9u\sly1 m readily & =cibly expel ! blood already 9 motion2 j z ! ball- play] c /rike ! ball m =cibly & fur!r if he takes x on ! reb\nd ?an if he simply ?rew x4 ,moreov]1 & contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion1 nei!r ! he>t nor any?+ else c dilate or di/5d itself s z to draw any?+ into its cavity dur+ ! dia/ole1 unless1 l a sponge1 x has be5 fir/ compress$ & is return+ to its prim>y condition4 ,b 9 animals all local motion proce$s f1 & has its orig9 91 ! contraction ( "s "p2 consequ5tly x is by ! contraction ( ! auricles t ! blood is ?r[n into ! v5tricles1 z ,i h already %[n1 & f !re1 by ! contraction ( ! v5tricles1 x is propell$ & di/ribut$4 ,conc]n+ local motions1 x is true t ! imm$iate mov+ organ 9 e motion ( an animal prim>ily end[$ ) a motive _s 7z ,ari/otle has x ,footnote3 ,9 ! book de ,spiritu1 & else:]e47 is contractile2 9 :i* way ! ^w veop\ is d]iv$ f veuw1 nuto1 contraho2 & if ,i am p]mitt$ to proce$ 9 my purpose ( mak+ a p>ticul> demon/ration ( ! organs ( motion 9 animals f obs]vations 9 my possession1 ,i tru/ ,i %all be able to make suffici5tly pla9 h[ ,ari/otle 0 acqua9t$ ) ! muscles1 & advis$ly ref]r$ all motion 9 animals to ! n]ves1 or to ! contractile elem5t1 &1 !re=e1 call$ ^? little b&s 9 ! he>t n]ves4 ,b t we may proce$ ) ! subject :i* we h 9 h&1 viz41 ! use ( ! auricles 9 fill+ ! v5tricles1 we %\ld expect t ! m d5se & compact ! he>t1 ! ?ick] its p>ietes1 ! /rong] & m muscul> mu/ be ! auricle to =ce & fill x1 & vice v]sa4 ,n[ ?is is actually s3 9 "s ! auricle pres5ts itself z a sangu9ol5t vesicle1 z a ?9 membrane conta9+ blood1 z 9 fi%es1 9 :i* ! sac t /&s 9 lieu ( ! auricles is ( su* delicacy & ample capacity t x seems to be susp5d$ or to float above ! he>t4 ,9 ^? fi%es 9 :i* ! sac is some:at m fle%y1 z 9 ! c>p1 b>bel1 t5*1 & o!rs1 x be>s a wond]ful & /rong resemblance to ! lungs4 ,9 "s m5 ( /urdi] frame & /\t] make ! "r auricle is s /rong1 & s curi\sly con/ruct$ on its inn] surface ( b&s & v>i\sly int]lac+ fibres1 t x seems to equal 9 /r5g? ! v5tricle ( ! he>t 9 o!r subjects2 & ,i mu/ say t ,i am a/oni%$ to f9d su* div]sity 9 ?is p>ticul> 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! foetus ! auricles are out ( all proportion l>ge1 :i* is because !y are pres5t be=e ! he>t makes its appe>ance or suffices = its (fice ev5 :5 x has appe>$1 & !y1 !re=e1 h1 z x 71 ! duty ( ! :ole he>t committ$ to !m1 z has already be5 demon/rat$4 ,b :at ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! =mation ( ! foetus1 z be=e rem>k$ 7& ,ari/otle _h already confirm$ all 9 /udy+ ! incubat$ egg71 ?r[s ! greate/ light & likelihood ^u ! po9t4 ,:il/ ! foetus is yet 9 ! =m ( a s(t worm1 or1 z is commonly said1 9 ! milk1 !re is a m]e bloody po9t or pulsat+ vesicle1 a portion app>5tly ( ! umbilical ve91 dilat$ at its comm5cem5t or base4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! outl9e ( ! foetus is di/9ctly indicat$ & x beg9s to h great] bodily consi/5ce1 ! vesicle 9 "q becomes m fle%y & /rong]1 *anges its position1 & passes into ! auricles1 above :i* ! body ( ! he>t beg9s to spr\t1 ?\gh z yet x app>5tly p]=ms no (fice4 ,:5 ! foetus is f>!r advanc$1 :5 ! bones c be di/+ui%$ f ! fle%y p>ts & movem5ts take place1 !n x also has a he>t :i* pulsates1 &1 z ,i h said1 ?r[s blood by ei!r v5tricle f ! v5a cava into ! art]ies4 ,?us nature1 ev] p]fect & div9e1 do+ no?+ 9 va91 has nei!r giv5 a he>t :]e x 0 n requir$1 nor produc$ x be=e its (fice _h become necess>y2 b by ! same /ages 9 ! developm5t ( e animal1 pass+ ?r\gh ! =ms ( all1 z ,i may say 7ovum1 worm1 foetus71 x acquires p]fection 9 ea*4 ,^! po9ts w be f\nd else:]e confirm$ by num]\s obs]vations on ! =mation ( ! foetus4 ,f9ally1 x is n )\t good gr\nds t ,hippocrates 9 8 book1 ,de ,corde1 entitles x a muscle2 its action is ! same2 s is its functions1 viz41 to contract & move some?+ else-- 9 ?is case ! *>ge ( ! blood4 ,f>!r1 we c inf] ! action & use ( ! he>t f ! arrangem5t ( its fibres & its g5]al /ructures1 z 9 muscles g5]ally4 ,all anatomi/s admit ) ,gal5 t ! body ( ! he>t is made up ( v>i\s c\rses ( fibres runn+ /raight1 obliquely1 & transv]sely1 ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r2 b 9 a he>t :i* has be5 boil$1 ! arrangem5t ( ! fibres is se5 to be diff]5t4 ,all ! fibres 9 ! p>ietes & septum are circul>1 z 9 ! sph9ct]s2 ^?1 aga91 :i* are 9 ! columns ext5d l5g?wise1 & are oblique longitud9ally2 & s x comes to pass t :5 all ! fibres contract simultane\sly1 ! apex ( ! cone is pull$ t[>ds its base by ! columns1 ! walls are drawn circul>ly toge!r into a globe--! :ole he>t1 9 %ort1 is contract$ & ! v5tricles n>r[$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible n to p]ceive t1 z ! action ( ! organ is s pla9ly contraction1 its function is to propel ! blood into ! art]ies4 ,nor are we ! less to agree ) ,ari/otle 9 reg>d to ! importance ( ! he>t1 or to "q if x receives s5se & motion f ! bra91 blood f ! liv]1 or :e!r x be ! orig9 ( ! ve9s & ( ! blood1 & su* l4 ,!y :o affirm ^! propositions ov]look1 or d n rightly und]/&1 ! pr9cipal argum5t1 to ! effect t ! he>t is ! fir/ "p :i* exi/s1 & t x conta9s )9 itself blood1 life1 s5sation1 & motion1 be=e ei!r ! bra9 or ! liv] 7 creat$ or _h appe>$ di/9ctly1 or1 at all ev5ts1 be=e !y c\ld p]=m any function4 ,! he>t1 ready furni%$ ) its prop] organs ( motion1 l a k9d ( int]nal creature1 exi/$ be=e ! body4 ,! fir/ to be =m$1 nature will$ t x %\ld aft]w>ds fa%ion1 n\ri%1 pres]ve1 complete ! entire animal1 z its "w & dwell+- place3 & z ! pr9ce 9 a k+dom1 9 ^: h&s lie ! *ief & highe/ au?ority1 rules ov] all1 ! he>t is ! s\rce & f\ndation f :i* all p[] is d]iv$1 on :i* all p[] dep5ds 9 ! animal body4 ,_m ?+s hav+ ref]5ce to ! art]ies f>!r illu/rate & confirm ?is tru?4 ,:y does n ! pulmon>y ve9 pulsate1 see+ t x is numb]$ among ! art]ies8 ,or :]e=e is !re a pulse 9 ! pulmon>y art]y8 ,because ! pulse ( ! art]ies is d]iv$ f ! impulse ( ! blood4 ,:y does an art]y diff] s mu* f a ve9 9 ! ?ickness & /r5g? ( its coats8 ,because x su/a9s ! %ock ( ! impell+ he>t & /ream+ blood4 ,h5ce1 z p]fect nature does no?+ 9 va91 & suffices "u all circum/ances1 we f9d t ! ne>] ! art]ies are to ! he>t1 ! m d !y diff] f ! ve9s 9 /ructure2 "h !y are bo? /rong] & m ligam5t\s1 :il/ 9 extreme p>ts ( ! body1 su* z ! feet & h&s1 ! bra91 ! mes5t]y1 & ! te/icles1 ! two ord]s ( vessels are s mu* alike t x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m ) ! eye4 ,n[ ?is is = ! foll[+ v suffici5t reasons3 ! m remote ! vessels are f ! he>t1 ) s mu* ! less =ce are !y di/5d$ by ! /roke ( ! he>t1 :i* is brok5 by ! great di/ance at :i* x is giv54 ,add to ?is t ! impulse ( ! he>t ex]t$ ^u ! mass ( blood1 :i* mu/ ne$s fill ! trunks & bran*es ( ! art]ies1 is div]t$1 divid$1 z x 71 & dim9i%$ at e subdivision1 s t ! ultimate capill>y divisions ( ! art]ies look l ve9s1 & ?is n m]ely 9 con/itution1 b 9 function4 ,!y h ei!r no p]ceptible pulse1 or !y r>ely exhibit "o1 & nev] except :]e ! he>t beats m viol5tly ?an usual1 or at a "p :]e ! m9ute vessel is m dilat$ or op5 ?an else:]e4 ,x1 !re=e1 happ5s t at times we are aw>e ( a pulse 9 ! tee?1 9 inflammatory tum\rs1 & 9 ! f+]s2 at ano!r "t we feel no?+ ( ! sort4 ,by ?is s+le symptom ,i h asc]ta9$ = c]ta9 t "y p]sons ^: pulses are naturally rapid 7 lab\r+ "u fev]2 & 9 l mann]1 on compress+ ! f+]s 9 y\?ful & delicate subjects dur+ a febrile p>oxysm1 ,i h readily p]ceiv$ ! pulse !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! he>t pulsates m languidly1 x is (t5 impossible to feel ! pulse n m]ely 9 ! f+]s1 b ! wri/1 & ev5 at ! temple1 z 9 p]sons afflict$ ) lipo?ymiae asphyxia1 or hy/]ical symptoms1 & 9 ! debilitat$ & moribund4 ,"h surgeons are to be advis$ t1 :5 ! blood escapes ) =ce 9 ! amputation ( limbs1 9 ! removal ( tum\rs1 & 9 w\nds1 x con/antly comes f an art]y2 n always inde$ p] saltum1 because ! small] art]ies d n pulsate1 especially if a t\rniquet has be5 appli$4 ,= ! same reason ! pulmon>y art]y n only has ! /ructure ( an art]y1 b x does n diff] s widely f ! ve9s 9 ! ?ickness ( its walls z does ! aorta4 ,! aorta su/a9s a m p[]ful %ock f ! left ?an ! pulmon>y art]y does f ! "r v5tricle1 & ! walls ( ?is la/ vessel are ?9n] & s(t] ?an ^? ( ! aorta 9 ! same proportion z ! walls ( ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t are weak] & ?9n] ?an ^? ( ! left v5tricle4 ,9 l mann] ! lungs are s(t] & lax] 9 /ructure ?an ! fle% & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! body1 & 9 a simil> way ! walls ( ! bran*es ( ! pulmon>y art]y diff] f ^? ( ! vessels d]iv$ f ! aorta4 ,& ! same proportion 9 ^! p>ticul>s is univ]sally pres]v$4 ,! m muscul> & p[]ful m5 are1 ! firm] _! fle%2 ! /rong]1 ?ick]1 d5s]1 & m fibr\s _! he>ts1 ! ?ick]1 clos]1 & /rong] are ! auricles & art]ies4 ,aga91 9 ^? animals ! v5tricles ( ^: he>ts are smoo? on _! inn] surface1 )\t villi or valves1 & ! walls ( :i* are ?91 z 9 fi%es1 s]p5ts1 birds1 & v _m g5]a ( animals1 ! art]ies diff] little or no?+ 9 ! ?ickness ( _! coats f ! ve9s4 ,moreov]1 ! reason :y ! lungs h su* ample vessels1 bo? art]ies & ve9s 7= ! capacity ( ! pulmon>y ve9s exce$s t ( bo? crural & jugul> vessels71 & :y !y conta9 s l>ge a quantity ( blood1 z by exp]i5ce & ocul> inspection we "k !y d1 admoni%$ ( ! fact inde$ by ,ari/otle1 & n l$ into error by ! appe>ances f\nd 9 animals :i* h be5 bl$ to dea?1 is1 because ! blood has its f\nta91 & /oreh\se1 & ! work%op ( its la/ p]fection1 9 ! he>t & lungs4 ,:y1 9 ! same way1 we f9d 9 ! c\rse ( our anatomical dissections ! pulmon>y ve9 & left v5tricle s full ( blood1 ( ! same black col\r & clott$ "* z t ) :i* ! "r v5tricle & pulmon>y art]y are fill$1 is because ! blood is incessantly pass+ f "o side ( ! he>t to ! o!r ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,:]e=e1 9 f9e1 ! pulmon>y art]y has ! /ructure ( an art]y1 & ! pulmon>y ve9s h ! /ructure ( ve9s4 ,9 function & con/itution & ev]y?+ else ! fir/ is an art]y1 ! o!rs are ve9s1 contr>y to :at is commonly believ$2 & ! reason :y ! pulmon>y art]y has s l>ge an orifice is because x transports mu* m blood ?an is requisite = ! nutrition ( ! lungs4 ,all ^! appe>ances1 & _m o!rs1 to be not$ 9 ! c\rse ( dissection1 if rightly weigh$1 seem cle>ly to illu/rate & fully to confirm ! tru? cont5d$ = ?r\gh\t ^! pages1 & at ! same "t to oppose ! vulg> op9ion2 = x w\ld be v difficult to expla9 9 any o!r way to :at purpose all is con/ruct$ & arrang$ z we h se5 x to be4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,orig9al ,,publications ,,on ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,smallpox ,,by ,,edw>d ,,j5n] ,,introductory ,,note ,edw>d ,j5n] 0 born at 8 fa!r's vic>age at ,b]keley1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,engl&1 on ,may #ag1 #agdi4 ,aft] leav+ s*ool1 he 0 appr5tic$ to a local surgeon1 & 9 #aggj he w5t to ,london & became a resid5t pupil "u ! great surgeon & anatomi/1 ,john ,hunt]1 ) :om he rema9$ on intimate t]ms = ! re/ ( ,hunt]'s life4 ,9 #aggc he took up practise at ,b]keley1 :]e1 except = num]\s visits to ,london1 he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he di$ ( apoplexy on ,janu>y #bf1 #ahbc4 ,j5n]'s sci5tific int]e/s 7 v>i$1 b ! importance ( 8 "w 9 vacc9ation has ov]%ad[$ 8 o!r results4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] he _h begun to obs]ve ! ph5om5a ( c[pox1 a disease common 9 ! rural p>ts ( ! we/]n c\nties ( ,engl&1 & he 0 famili> ) ! belief1 curr5t among ! peasantry1 t a p]son :o _h suff]$ f ! c[pox c\ld n take smallpox4 ,f9ally1 9 #agif1 he made 8 fir/ exp]im5t 9 vacc9ation1 inoculat+ a boy ( eight ) c[pox1 &1 aft] 8 recov]y1 ) smallpox2 ) ! result t ! boy did n take ! latt] disease4 ,j5n]'s fir/ pap] on 8 discov]y 0 nev] pr9t$2 b 9 #agih appe>$ ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ treatises4 ,its reception by ! m$ical pr(ession 0 highly disc\rag+2 b progress began :5 ,cl9e1 ! surgeon ( ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 us$ ! treatm5t ) success4 ,j5n] cont9u$ 8 inve/igations1 publi%+ 8 results f "t to "t1 & gradually ga9+ recognition2 ?\gh opposition to 8 !ory & practise 0 at fir/ vehem5t1 & has nev] entirely disappe>$4 ,9 #ahjb1 ,p>liam5t vot$ him #aj1jjj p\nds1 & 9 #ahjf1 #bj1jjj p\nds1 9 recognition ( ! value ( 8 s]vices1 & ! sacrifices !y _h entail$4 ,z e>ly z #ahjg1 ,bav>ia made vacc9ation compulsory2 & s9ce t date mo/ ( ! ,european gov]nm5ts h (ficially enc\rag$ or compell$ ! practise2 & smallpox has ceas$ to be ! almo/ univ]sal sc\rge x 0 be=e ,j5n]'s discov]y4 ,to ,c4,h4 ,,p>ry1 ,m4,d4 ,,at ,,ba? ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d3 ,9 ! pres5t age ( sci5tific inve/igation x is rem>kable t a disease ( s peculi> a nature z ! c[-pox1 :i* has appe>$ 9 ?is & "s ( ! neighb\r+ c\nties = su* a s]ies ( ye>s1 %\ld s long h escap$ p>ticul> att5tion4 ,f9d+ ! prevail+ notions on ! subject1 bo? among m5 ( our pr(ession & o!rs1 extremely vague & indet]m9ate1 & conceiv+ t facts might appe> at once bo? curi\s & useful1 ,i h in/itut$ z /rict an inquiry into ! causes & effects ( ?is s+ul> malady z local circum/ances w\ld admit4 ,! foll[+ pages are ! result1 :i*1 f motives ( ! mo/ affectionate reg>d1 are d$icat$ to y1 by ,y\r s9c]e fri5d1 ,,edw>d ,,j5n]4 ,,b]keley1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,june #ba/1 #agih4 ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,smallpox ,i ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,causes ,,& ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,v>iole ,,vacc9e1 ,,or ,,c[-,,pox4 #agih ,! deviation ( man f ! /age 9 :i* he 0 orig9ally plac$ by nature seems to h prov$ to him a prolific s\rce ( diseases4 ,f ! love ( spl5d\r1 f ! indulg5ces ( luxury1 & f 8 fondness = amusem5t he has famili>is$ himself ) a great numb] ( animals1 :i* may n orig9ally h be5 int5d$ = 8 associates4 ,! wolf1 dis>m$ ( f]ocity1 is n[ pill[$ 9 ! lady's lap4 ,footnote3 ,! late ,mr4 ,john ,hunt] prov$1 by exp]im5ts1 t ! dog is ! wolf 9 a deg5]ate /ate4 ,! cat1 ! little tig] ( our isl&1 ^: natural home is ! =e/1 is equally dome/icat$ & c>ess$4 ,! c[1 ! hog1 ! %eep1 & ! horse1 are all1 = a v>iety ( purposes1 br\ght "u 8 c>e & dom9ion4 ,!re is a disease to :i* ! horse1 f 8 /ate ( dome/ication1 is frequ5tly subject4 ,! f>ri]s h call$ x ! grease4 ,x is an inflammation & swell+ 9 ! heel1 f :i* issues matt] possess+ prop]ties ( a v peculi> k9d1 :i* seems capable ( g5]at+ a disease 9 ! human body 7aft] x has und]gone ! modification :i* ,i %all pres5tly speak (71 :i* be>s s /rong a resemblance to ! smallpox t ,i ?9k x highly probable x may be ! s\rce ( ! disease4 ,9 ?is dairy c\ntry a great numb] ( c[s are kept1 & ! (fice ( milk+ is p]=m$ indiscrim9ately by m5 & maid s]vants4 ,"o ( ! =m] hav+ be5 appo9t$ to apply dress+s to ! heels ( a horse affect$ ) ! grease1 & n pay+ due att5tion to cleanl9ess1 incauti\sly be>s 8 "p 9 milk+ ! c[s1 ) "s p>ticles ( ! infecti\s matt] adh]+ to 8 f+]s4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x commonly happ5s t a disease is communicat$ to ! c[s1 & f ! c[s to ! dairymaids1 :i* spreads ?r\gh ! f>m until ! mo/ ( ! cattle & dome/ics feel its unpleasant consequ5ces4 ,?is disease has obta9$ ! "n ( ! c[-pox4 ,x appe>s on ! nipples ( ! c[s 9 ! =m ( irregul> pu/ules4 ,at _! fir/ appe>ance !y are commonly ( a pali% blue1 or r ( a col\r some:at approa*+ to livid1 & are surr\nd$ by an erysipelat\s inflammation4 ,^! pu/ules1 unless a timely rem$y be appli$1 frequ5tly deg5]ate into phag$5ic ulc]s1 :i* prove extremely tr\blesome4 ,footnote3 ,!y :o att5d sick cattle 9 ?is c\ntry f9d a spe$y rem$y = /opp+ ! progress ( ?is compla9t 9 ^? applications :i* act *emically ^u ! morbid matt]1 su* z ! solutions ( ! vitriolum z9ci & ! vitriolum cupri1 etc4 ,! animals become indispos$1 & ! secretion ( milk is mu* less5$4 ,inflam$ spots n[ beg9 to appe> on diff]5t p>ts ( ! h&s ( ! dome/ics employ$ 9 milk+1 & sometimes on ! wri/s1 :i* quickly run on to suppuration1 fir/ assum+ ! appe>ance ( ! small vesications produc$ by a burn4 ,mo/ commonly !y appe> ab\t ! jo9ts ( ! f+]s & at _! extremities2 b :atev] p>ts are affect$1 if ! situation w admit1 ^! sup]ficial suppurations put on a circul> =m1 ) _! edges m elevat$ ?an _! c5tre1 & ( a col\r di/antly approa*+ to blue4 ,absorption takes place1 & tum\rs appe> 9 ea* axilla4 ,! sy/em becomes affect$--! pulse is quick5$2 & %iv]+s1 succe$$ by heat1 ) g5]al lassitude & pa9s ab\t ! lo9s & limbs1 ) vomit+1 come on4 ,! head is pa9ful1 & ! pati5t is n[ & !n ev5 affect$ ) delirium4 ,^! symptoms1 v>y+ 9 _! degrees ( viol5ce1 g5]ally cont9ue f "o day to ?ree or f\r1 leav+ ulc]at$ sores ab\t ! h&s1 :i*1 f ! s5sibility ( ! p>ts1 are v tr\blesome1 & commonly heal sl[ly1 frequ5tly becom+ phag$5ic1 l ^? f :5ce !y sprung4 ,! lips1 no/rils1 eyelids1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body are sometimes affect$ ) sores2 b ^! evid5tly arise f _! be+ he$lessly rubb$ or scrat*$ ) ! pati5t's infect$ f+]s4 ,no eruptions on ! sk9 h foll[$ ! decl9e ( ! fev]i% symptoms 9 any in/ance t has come "u my inspection1 "o only except$1 & 9 ?is case a v few appe>$ on ! arms3 !y 7 v m9ute1 ( a vivid r$ col\r1 & soon di$ away )\t advanc+ to maturation2 s t ,i _c det]m9e :e!r !y _h any connection ) ! prec$+ symptoms4 ,?us ! disease makes its progress f ! horse ,footnote3 ,j5n]'s conclusion t grease & c[-pox 7 ! same disease has s9ce be5 prov$ errone\s2 b ?is error has n invalidat$ 8 ma9 conclusion z to ! relation ( c[-pox & smallpox4--,,editor4 to ! nipple ( ! c[1 & f ! c[ to ! human subject ,morbid matt] ( v>i\s k9ds1 :5 absorb$ into ! sy/em1 may produce effects 9 "s degree simil>2 b :at r5d]s ! c[-pox virus s extremely s+ul> is t ! p]son :o has be5 ?us affect$ is =ev] aft] secure f ! infection ( ! smallpox2 nei!r exposure to ! v>iol\s effluvia1 nor ! ins]tion ( ! matt] into ! sk91 produc+ ?is di/emp]4 ,9 support ( s extraord9>y a fact1 ,i %all lay be=e my read] a great numb] ( in/ances4 ,footnote3 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve t pu/ul\s sores frequ5tly appe> spontane\sly on ! nipples ( c[s1 & in/ances h occurr$1 ?\gh v r>ely1 ( ! h&s ( ! s]vants employ$ 9 milk+ be+ affect$ ) sores 9 consequ5ce1 & ev5 ( _! feel+ an indisposition f absorption4 ,^! pu/ules arc ( a mu* mild] nature ?an ^? :i* arise f t contagion :i* con/itutes ! true c[-pox4 ,!y are always free f ! blui% or livid t9t s conspicu\s 9 ! pu/ules 9 t disease4 ,no erysipelas att5ds !m1 nor d !y %ew any phag$5ic disposition z 9 ! o!r case1 b quickly t]m9ate 9 a scab )\t creat+ any app>5t disord] 9 ! c[4 ,?is compla9t appe>s at v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>1 b mo/ commonly 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! c[s are fir/ tak5 f _! w9t] food & f$ ) grass4 ,x is v apt to appe> also :5 !y are suckl+ _! "y4 ,b ?is disease is n to be consid]$ z simil> 9 any respect to t ( :i* ,i am treat+1 z x is incapable ( produc+ any specific effects on ! human con/itution4 ,h[ev]1 x is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to po9t x out "h1 le/ ! want ( discrim9ation %\ld occasion an idea ( security f ! infection ( ! smallpox1 :i* might prove delusive4 ,,case ,i4--,joseph ,m]ret1 n[ an "u g>d5] to ! ,e>l ( ,b]keley1 liv$ z a s]vant ) a f>m] ne> ?is place 9 ! ye> #aggj1 & occasionally assi/$ 9 milk+ 8 ma/]'s c[s4 ,sev]al horses belong+ to ! f>m began to h sore heels1 :i* ,m]ret frequ5tly att5d$4 ,! c[s soon became affect$ ) ! c[-pox1 & soon aft] sev]al sores appe>$ on 8 h&s4 ,swell+s & /iffness 9 ea* axilla foll[$1 & he 0 s mu* indispos$ = sev]al days z to be incapable ( pursu+ 8 ord9>y employm5t4 ,previ\sly to ! appe>ance ( ! di/emp] among ! c[s !re 0 no fre% c[ br\ght into ! f>m1 nor any s]vant employ$ :o 0 affect$ ) ! c[-pox4 ,9 ,april1 #agie1 a g5]al inoculation tak+ place "h1 ,m]ret 0 inoculat$ ) 8 family2 s t a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s _h elaps$ f 8 hav+ ! c[-pox to ?is "t4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ! v>iol\s matt] 0 repeat$ly ins]t$ into 8 arm1 ,i f\nd x impracticable to infect him ) x2 an effloresc5ce only1 tak+ on an erysipelat\s look ab\t ! c5tre1 appe>+ on ! sk9 ne> ! punctur$ p>ts4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t t 8 family _h ! smallpox1 "o ( :om _h x v full1 he rema9$ 9 ! h\se ) !m1 b receiv$ no injury f exposure to ! contagion4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! utmo/ c>e 0 tak5 to asc]ta91 ) ! mo/ scrupul\s precision1 t no "o ^: case is "h adduc$ _h gone ?r\gh ! smallpox previ\s to ^! attempts to produce t disease4 ,_h ^! exp]im5ts be5 conduct$ 9 a l>ge city1 or 9 a popul\s neighb\rhood1 "s d\bts might h be5 ent]ta9$2 b "h1 :]e population is ?91 & :]e su* an ev5t z a p]son's hav+ _h ! smallpox is always fai?fully record$1 z risk ( inaccuracy 9 ?is p>ticul> c arise4 ,,case ,,ii4--,s>ah ,portlock1 ( ?is place1 0 infect$ ) ! c[-pox :5 a s]vant at a f>m]'s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ago4 ,footnote3 ,i h purposely select$ sev]al cases 9 :i* ! disease _h appe>$ at a v di/ant p]iod previ\s to ! exp]im5ts made ) v>iol\s matt]1 to %ew t ! *ange produc$ 9 ! con/itution is n affect$ by "t4 ,9 ! ye> #agib1 conceiv+ h]self1 f ?is circum/ance1 secure f ! infection ( ! smallpox1 %e nurs$ "o ( h] own *ildr5 :o _h accid5tally caught ! disease1 b no indisposition ensu$4 ,dur+ ! "t %e rema9$ 9 ! infect$ room1 v>iol\s matt] 0 ins]t$ into bo? h] arms1 b )\t any fur!r effect ?an 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,,case ,,iii4--,john ,phillips1 a tradesman ( ?is t[n1 _h ! c[- pox at s e>ly a p]iod z n9e ye>s ( age4 ,at ! age ( sixty-two ,i inoculat$ him1 & 0 v c>eful 9 select+ matt] 9 its mo/ active /ate4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! arm ( a boy j be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! eruptive fev]1 & in/antly ins]t$4 ,x v spe$ily produc$ a /+-l feel 9 ! "p4 ,an effloresc5ce appe>$1 :i* on ! f\r? day 0 r ext5sive1 & "s degree ( pa9 & /iffness 7 felt ab\t ! %\ld]2 b on ! fif? day ^! symptoms began to disappe>1 & 9 a day or two aft] w5t entirely (f1 )\t produc+ any effect on ! sy/em4 ,,case ,,iv4--,m>y ,b>ge1 ( ,wood=d1 9 ?is p>i%1 0 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt] 9 ! ye> #agia4 ,an effloresc5ce ( a pali% r$ col\r soon appe>$ ab\t ! p>ts :]e ! matt] 0 ins]t$1 & spread itself r ext5sively1 b di$ away 9 a few days )\t produc+ any v>iol\s symptoms4 ,footnote3 ,x is rem>kable t v>iol\s matt]1 :5 ! sy/em is dispos$ to reject x1 %\ld excite inflammation on ! "p to :i* x is appli$ m spe$ily ?an :5 x produces ! smallpox4 ,inde$1 x becomes almo/ a crit]ion by :i* we c det]m9e :e!r ! infection w be receiv$ or n4 ,x seems z if a *ange1 :i* endures ?r\gh life1 _h be5 produc$ 9 ! action1 or disposition to action1 9 ! vessels ( ! sk92 & x is rem>kable1 too1 t :e!r ?is *ange has be5 effect$ by ! smallpox or ! c[-pox t ! disposition to sudd5 cuticul> inflammation is ! same on ! application ( v>iol\s matt]4 ,%e has s9ce be5 repeat$ly employ$ z a nurse to smallpox pati5ts1 )\t exp]i5c+ any ill consequ5ces4 ,?is woman _h ! c[-pox :5 %e liv$ 9 ! s]vice ( a f>m] 9 ?is p>i% ?irty-"o ye>s be=e4 ,,case ,v4--,mrs4 ,h---1 a respectable g5tlewoman ( ?is t[n1 _h ! c[-pox :5 v "y4 ,%e receiv$ ! infection 9 r an uncommon mann]3 x 0 giv5 by means ( h] h&l+ "s ( ! same ut5sils ,footnote3 ,:5 ! c[-pox has prevail$ 9 ! dairy1 x has (t5 be5 communicat$ to ^? :o h n milk$ ! c[s1 by ! h&le ( ! milk pail4 :i* 7 9 use among ! s]vants ( ! family1 :o _h ! disease f milk+ infect$ c[s4 ,h] h&s _h _m ( ! c[-pox sores ^u !m1 & !y 7 communicat$ to h] nose1 :i* became inflam$ & v mu* swoll54 ,soon aft] ?is ev5t ,mrs4 ,h---- 0 expos$ to ! contagion ( ! smallpox1 :]e x 0 sc>cely possible = h] to h escap$1 _h %e be5 susceptible ( x1 z %e regul>ly att5d$ a relative :o _h ! disease 9 s viol5t a degree t x prov$ fatal to him4 ,9 ! ye> #aggh ! smallpox prevail$ v mu* at ,b]keley1 & ,mrs4 ,h----1 n feel+ p]fectly satisfi$ respect+ h] safety 7no indisposition hav+ foll[$ h] exposure to ! smallpox71 ,i inoculat$ h] ) active v>iol\s matt]4 ,! same appe>ance foll[$ z 9 ! prec$+ cases--an effloresc5ce on ! arm )\t any effect on ! con/itution4 ,,case ,,vi4--,x is a fact s well kn[n among our dairy f>m]s t ^? :o h _h ! smallpox ei!r escape ! c[-pox or are dispos$ to h x slightly1 t z soon z ! compla9t %ews itself among ! cattle1 assi/ants are procur$1 if possible1 :o are ?us r5d]$ less susceptible ( x1 o!rwise ! bus9ess ( ! f>m c\ld sc>cely g =w>d4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #agif1 ! c[-pox broke out at ,mr4 ,bak]'s1 a f>m] :o lives ne> ?is place4 ,! disease 0 communicat$ by means ( a c[ :i* 0 pur*as$ 9 an infect$ /ate at a neighb\r+ fair1 & n "o ( ! f>m]'s c[s 7consi/+ ( ?irty7 :i* 7 at t "t milk$ escap$ ! contagion4 ,! family consi/$ ( a man s]vant1 two dairymaids1 & a s]vant boy1 :o1 ) ! f>m] himself1 7 twice a day employ$ 9 milk+ ! cattle4 ,! :ole ( ?is family1 except ,s>ah ,wynne1 "o ( ! dairymaids1 _h gone ?r\gh ! smallpox4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! f>m] & ! s]vant boy escap$ ! infection ( ! c[-pox entirely1 & ! s]vant man & "o ( ! maid s]vants _h ea* ( !m no?+ m !n a sore on "o ( _! f+]s1 :i* produc$ no disord] 9 ! sy/em4 ,b ! o!r dairymaid1 ,s>ah ,wynne1 :o nev] _h ! smallpox1 did n escape 9 s easy a mann]4 ,%e caught ! compla9t f ! c[s1 & 0 affect$ ) ! symptoms describ$ on page #aed 9 s viol5t a degree t %e 0 conf9$ to h] b$1 & r5d]$ incapable = sev]al days ( pursu+ h] ord9>y vocations 9 ! f>m4 ,m>* #bh1 #agig1 ,i inoculat$ ?is girl & c>efully rubb$ ! v>iol\s matt] into two slight incisions made ^u ! left arm4 ,a little inflammation appe>$ 9 ! usual mann] ar\nd ! p>ts :]e ! matt] 0 ins]t$1 b s e>ly z ! fif? day x vani%$ entirely )\t produc+ any effect on ! sy/em4 ,,case ,,vii4--,al?\gh ! prec$+ hi/ory pretty cle>ly ev9ces t ! con/itution is f> less susceptible ( ! contagion ( ! c[-pox aft] x has felt t ( ! smallpox1 & al?\gh 9 g5]al1 z ,i h obs]v$1 !y :o h _h ! smallpox1 & are employ$ 9 milk+ c[s :i* are infect$ ) ! c[- pox1 ei!r escape ! disord]1 or h sores on ! h&s )\t feel+ any g5]al indisposition1 yet ! animal economy is subject to "s v>iation 9 ?is respect1 :i* ! foll[+ relation w po9t out3 ,9 ! summ] ( ! ye> #agif ! c[-pox appe>$ at ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,&rews1 a consid]able dairy adjo9+ to ! t[n ( ,b]keley4 ,x 0 communicat$1 z 9 ! prec$+ in/ance1 by an infect$ c[ pur*as$ at a fair 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! family consi/$ ( ! f>m]1 8 wife1 two sons1 a man & a maid s]vant2 all ( :om1 except ! f>m] 7:o 0 fe>ful ( ! consequ5ces71 bore a "p 9 milk+ ! c[s4 ,! :ole ( !m1 exclusive ( ! man s]vant1 _h regul>ly gone ?r\gh ! smallpox2 b 9 ?is case no "o :o milk$ ! c[s escap$ ! contagion4 ,all ( !m _h sores ^u _! h&s1 & "s degree ( g5]al indisposition1 prec$$ by pa9s & tum\rs 9 ! axillas3 b !re 0 no comp>ison 9 ! sev]ity ( ! disease z x 0 felt by ! s]vant man1 :o _h escap$ ! smallpox1 & by ^? ( ! family :o _h n1 =1 :ile he 0 conf9$ to 8 b$1 !y 7 able1 )\t mu* inconv5i5ce1 to foll[ _! ord9>y bus9ess4 ,febru>y ! #ac?1 #agig1 ,i avail$ myself ( an opportunity ( inoculat+ ,william ,rodway1 ! s]vant man above allud$ to4 ,v>iol\s matt] 0 ins]t$ into bo? 8 arms3 9 ! "r1 by means ( sup]ficial incisions1 & into ! left by slight punctures into ! cutis4 ,bo? 7 p]ceptibly inflam$ on ! ?ird day4 ,aft] ?is ! inflammation ab\t ! punctures soon di$ away1 b a small appe>ance ( erysipelas 0 manife/ ab\t ! edges ( ! incisions till ! eigh? day1 :5 a little uneas9ess 0 felt = ! space ( half an h\r 9 ! "r axilla4 ,! inflammation !n ha/ily disappe>$ )\t produc+ ! mo/ di/ant m>k ( affection ( ! sy/em4 ,,case ,,viii4--,elizabe? ,wynne1 ag$ fifty-sev51 liv$ z a s]vant ) a neighb\r+ f>m] ?irty-eight ye>s ago4 ,%e 0 !n a dairymaid1 & ! c[-pox broke out among ! c[s4 ,%e caught ! disease ) ! re/ ( ! family1 b1 comp>$ ) !m1 _h x 9 a v slight degree1 "o v small sore only break+ out on ! little f+] ( h] left h&1 & sc>cely any p]ceptible indisposition1 foll[+ x4 ,z ! malady _h %ewn itself 9 s slight a mann]1 & z x _h tak5 place at s di/ant a p]iod ( h] life1 ,i 0 happy ) ! opportunity ( try+ ! effects ( v>iol\s matt] ^u h] con/itution1 & on ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 #agig1 ,i inoculat$ h] by mak+ two sup]ficial incisions on ! left arm1 on :i* ! matt] 0 cauti\sly rubb$4 ,a little effloresc5ce soon appe>$1 & a t+l+ s5sation 0 felt ab\t ! p>ts :]e ! matt] 0 ins]t$ until ! ?ird day1 :5 bo? began to subside1 & s e>ly z ! fif? day x 0 evid5t t no indisposition w\ld foll[4 ,,case ,,ix4--,al?\gh ! c[-pox %ields ! con/itution f ! smallpox1 & ! smallpox proves a protection aga9/ its own future poison1 yet x appe>s t ! human body is aga9 & aga9 susceptible ( ! infecti\s matt] ( ! c[-pox1 z ! foll[+ hi/ory w demon/rate4 ,william ,smi?1 ( ,pyrton 9 ?is p>i%1 contract$ ?is disease :5 he liv$ ) a neighb\r+ f>m] 9 ! ye> #aghj4 ,"o ( ! horses belong+ to ! f>m _h sore heels1 & x fell to 8 lot to att5d him4 ,by ^! means ! infection 0 c>ri$ to ! c[s1 & f ! c[s x 0 communicat$ to ,smi?4 ,on "o ( 8 h&s 7 sev]al ulc]at$ sores1 & he 0 affect$ ) su* symptoms z h be5 be=e describ$4 ,9 ! ye> #agia ! c[-pox broke out at ano!r f>m :]e he !n liv$ z a s]vant1 & he became affect$ ) x a second "t2 & 9 ! ye> #agid he 0 s un=tunate z to cat* x aga94 ,! disease 0 equally z sev]e ! second & ?ird "t z x 0 on ! fir/4 ,footnote3 ,?is is n ! case 9 g5]al--a second attack is commonly v slight1 & s1 ,i am in=m$1 x is among ! c[s4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #agie he 0 twice inoculat$1 b no affection ( ! sy/em c\ld be produc$ f ! v>iol\s matt]2 & he has s9ce associat$ ) ^? :o _h ! smallpox 9 its mo/ contagi\s /ate )\t feel+ any effect f x4 ,,case ,x4--,simon ,ni*ols liv$ z a s]vant ) ,mr4 ,brom$ge1 a g5tleman :o resides on 8 own f>m 9 ?is p>i%1 9 ! ye> #aghb4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 apply+ dress+s to ! sore heels ( "o ( 8 ma/]'s horses1 & at ! same "t assi/$ 9 milk+ ! c[s4 ,! c[s became affect$ 9 consequ5ce1 b ! disease did n %ew itself on _! nipples till sev]al weeks aft] he _h begun to dress ! horse4 ,he quitt$ ,mr4 ,brom$ge's s]vice1 & w5t to ano!r f>m )\t any sores ^u him2 b "h 8 h&s soon began to be affect$ 9 ! common way1 & he 0 mu* indispos$ ) ! usual symptoms4 ,conceal+ ! nature ( ! malady f ,mr4 ,cole1 8 new ma/]1 & be+ !re also employ$ 9 milk+1 ! c[pox 0 communicat$ to ! c[s4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>d ,ni*ols 0 employ$ 9 a f>m :]e ! smallpox broke out1 :5 ,i inoculat$ him ) sev]al o!r pati5ts1 ) :om he cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole "t ( _! conf9em5t4 ,8 arm inflam$1 b nei!r ! inflammation nor 8 associat+ ) ! inoculat$ family produc$ ! lea/ effect ^u 8 con/itution4 ,,case ,,xi4--,william ,/9*comb 0 a fell[ s]vant ) ,ni*ols at ,mr4 ,brom$ge's f>m at ! "t ! cattle _h ! c[-pox1 & he 01 un=tunately1 infect$ by !m4 ,8 left h& 0 v sev]ely affect$ ) sev]al corrod+ ulc]s1 & a tum\r ( consid]able size appe>$ 9 ! axilla ( t side4 ,8 "r h& _h only "o small tum\r ^u x1 & no sore discov]$ itself 9 ! correspond+ axilla4 ,9 ! ye> #agib ,/9*comb 0 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt]1 b no consequ5ces ensu$ beyond a little inflammation 9 ! arm = a few days4 ,a l>ge p>ty 7 inoculat$ at ! same "t1 "s ( :om _h ! disease 9 a m viol5t degree ?an is commonly se5 f inoculation4 ,he purposely associat$ ) !m1 b c\ld n receive ! smallpox4 ,dur+ ! sick5+ ( "s ( 8 companions _! symptoms s /rongly recall$ to 8 m9d 8 own /ate :5 sick5+ ) ! c[--pox t he v p]t95tly rem>k$ _! /rik+ simil>ity4 ,,case ,,xii4--,! paup]s ( ! village ( ,tortwor?1 9 ?is c\nty1 7 inoculat$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n]1 ,surgeon1 ( ,b]keley1 9 ! ye> #agie4 ,among !m1 eight pati5ts pres5t$ !mselves :o _h at diff]5t p]iods ( _! lives _h ! c[-pox4 ,"o ( !m1 ,he/] ,walkley1 ,i att5d$ ) t disease :5 %e liv$ 9 ! s]vice ( a f>m] 9 ! same village 9 ! ye> #aghb2 b nei!r ?is woman1 nor any o!r ( ! pati5ts :o _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox1 receiv$ ! v>iol\s infection ei!r f ! arm or f mix+ 9 ! society ( ! o!r pati5ts :o 7 inoculat$ at ! same "t4 ,?is /ate ( security prov$ a =tunate circum/ance1 z _m ( ! poor wom5 7 at ! same "t 9 a /ate ( pregnancy4 ,,case ,,xiii4--,"o in/ance has occurr$ to me ( ! sy/em be+ affect$ f ! matt] issu+ f ! heels ( horses1 & ( its rema9+ aft]w>ds unsusceptible ( ! v>iol\s contagion2 ano!r1 :]e ! smallpox appe>$ obscurely2 & a ?ird1 9 :i* its complete exi/5ce 0 positively asc]ta9$4 ,fir/1 ,?omas ,pe>ce is ! son ( a smi? & f>ri] ne> to ?is place4 ,he nev] _h ! c[-pox2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( dress+ horses ) sore heels at 8 fa!r's1 :5 a lad1 he _h sores on 8 f+]s :i* suppurat$1 & :i* occasion$ a pretty sev]e indisposition4 ,six ye>s aft]w>ds ,i ins]t$ v>iol\s matt] into 8 arm repeat$ly1 )\t be+ able to produce any ?+ m ?an slight inflammation1 :i* appe>$ v soon aft] ! matt] 0 appli$1 & aft]w>ds ,i expos$ him to ! contagion ( ! smallpox ) z little effect4 ,footnote3 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 & well kn[n to _m1 t we are frequ5tly foil$ 9 our endeav\rs to communicate ! smallpox by inoculation to blacksmi?s1 :o 9 ! c\ntry are f>ri]s4 ,!y (t51 z 9 ! above in/ance1 ei!r resi/ ! contagion entirely1 or h ! disease anomal\sly4 ,%all we n be able to acc\nt = ?is on a rational pr9ciple8 ,,case ,,xiv4--,secondly1 ,mr4 ,james ,cole1 a f>m] 9 ?is p>i%1 _h a disease f ! same s\rce z relat$ 9 ! prec$+ case1 & "s ye>s aft] 0 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt]4 ,he _h a little pa9 9 ! axilla & felt a slight indisposition = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,a few eruptions %ew$ !mselves on ! =ehead1 b !y v soon disappe>$ )\t advanc+ to maturation4 ,,case ,,xv4--,al?\gh 9 ! =m] in/ances ! sy/em seem$ to be secur$1 or ne>ly s1 f v>iol\s infection1 by ! absorption ( matt] f ! sores produc$ by ! diseas$ heels ( horses1 yet ! foll[+ case decisively proves t ?is _c be entirely reli$ ^u until a disease has be5 g5]at$ by ! morbid matt] f ! horse on ! nipple ( ! c[1 & pass$ ?r\gh t m$ium to ! human subject4 ,mr4 ,abraham ,riddi=d1 a f>m] at ,/one 9 ?is p>i%1 9 consequ5ce ( dress+ a m>e t _h sore heels1 0 affect$ ) v pa9ful sores 9 bo? 8 h&s1 tum\rs 9 ea* axilla1 & sev]e & g5]al indisposition4 ,a surgeon 9 ! neighb\rhood att5d$ him1 :o kn[+ ! simil>ity betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! sores ^u 8 h&s & ^? produc$ by ! c[-pox1 & be+ acqua9t$ also ) ! effects ( t disease on ! human con/itution1 assur$ him t he nev] ne$ to fe> ! infection ( ! smallpox2 b ?is ass]tion prov$ fallaci\s1 =1 on be+ expos$ to ! infection upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 he caught ! disease1 :i* took its regul> c\rse 9 a v mild way4 ,!re c]ta9ly 0 a diff]5ce p]ceptible1 al?\gh x is n easy to describe x1 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! pu/ules f t :i* we commonly see4 ,o!r practition]s :o visit$ ! pati5t at my reque/ agre$ ) me 9 ?is po9t1 ?\gh !re 0 no room left = suspicion z to ! reality ( ! disease1 z ,i inoculat$ "s ( 8 family f ! pu/ules1 :o _h ! smallpox1 ) its usual appe>ances1 9 consequ5ce4 ,,case ,,xvi4--,s>ah ,nelmes1 a dairymaid at a f>m]'s ne> ?is place1 0 infect$ ) ! c[-pox f h] ma/]'s c[s 9 ,may1 #agif4 ,%e receiv$ ! infection on a "p ( h] h& :i* _h be5 previ\sly 9 a slight degree injur$ by a scrat* f a ?orn4 ,a l>ge pu/ul\s sore & ! usual symptoms accompany+ ! disease 7 produc$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! pu/ule 0 s expressive ( ! true "* ( ! c[-pox1 z x commonly appe>s ^u ! h&1 t ,i h giv5 a repres5tation ( x 9 ! annex$ plate4 ,! two small pu/ules on ! wri/s arose also f ! application ( ! virus to "s m9ute abrasions ( ! cuticle1 b ! livid t9t1 if !y ev] _h any1 0 n conspicu\s at ! "t ,i saw ! pati5t4 ,! pu/ule on ! =ef+] %ews ! disease 9 an e>li] /age4 ,x did n actually appe> on ! h& ( ?is "y woman1 b 0 tak5 f t ( ano!r1 & is annex$ = ! purpose ( repres5t+ ! malady aft] x has newly appe>$4 ,,case ,,xvii4--,! m accurately to obs]ve ! progress ( ! infection ,i select$ a heal?y boy1 ab\t eight ye>s old1 = ! purpose ( inoculation = ! c[-pox4 ,! matt] 0 tak5 f a sore on ! h& ( a dairymaid ,footnote3 ,f ! sore on ! h& ( ,s>ah ,nelmes4 ,see ! prec$+ case41 :o 0 infect$ by h] ma/]'s c[s1 & x 0 ins]t$1 on ! #ad? ( ,may1 #agif1 into ! arm ( ! boy by means ( two sup]ficial incisions1 b>ely p5etrat+ ! cutis1 ea* ab\t half an in* long4 ,on ! sev5? day he compla9$ ( uneas9ess 9 ! axilla1 & on ! n9? he became a little *illy1 lo/ 8 appetite1 & _h a slight heada*e4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is day he 0 p]ceptibly indispos$1 & sp5t ! night ) "s degree ( re/lessness1 b on ! day foll[+ he 0 p]fectly well4 ,! appe>ance ( ! incisions 9 _! progress to a /ate ( maturation 7 mu* ! same z :5 produc$ 9 a simil> mann] by v>iol\s matt]4 ,! only diff]5ce :i* ,i p]ceiv$ 0 9 ! /ate ( ! limpid fluid aris+ f ! action ( ! virus1 :i* assum$ r a d>k] hue1 & 9 t ( ! effloresc5ce spread+ r\nd ! incisions1 :i* _h m ( an erysipelat\s look ?an we commonly p]ceive :5 v>iol\s matt] has be5 made use ( 9 ! same mann]2 b ! :ole di$ away 7leav+ on ! inoculat$ p>ts scabs & subsequ5t es*>s7 )\t giv+ me or my pati5t ! lea/ tr\ble4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! boy1 aft] feel+ s slight an affection ( ! sy/em f ! c[--pox virus1 0 secure f ! contagion ( ! smallpox1 he 0 inoculat$ ! #a/ ( ,july foll[+ ) v>iol\s matt]1 imm$iately tak5 f a pu/ule4 ,sev]al slight punctures & incisions 7 made on bo? 8 arms1 & ! matt] 0 c>efully ins]t$1 b no disease foll[$4 ,! same appe>ances 7 obs]vable on ! arms z we commonly see :5 a pati5t has _h v>iol\s matt] appli$1 aft] hav+ ei!r ! c[--pox or smallpox4 ,sev]al mon?s aft]w>ds he 0 aga9 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt]1 b no s5sible effect 0 produc$ on ! con/itution4 ,"h my rese>*es 7 int]rupt$ till ! spr+ ( ! ye> #agih1 :51 f ! wetness ( ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 _m ( ! f>m]s' horses 9 ?is neighb\rhood 7 affect$ ) sore heels1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! c[--pox broke out among sev]al ( our dairies1 :i* af=d$ me an opportunity ( mak+ fur!r obs]vations ^u ?is curi\s disease4 ,a m>e1 ! prop]ty ( a p]son :o keeps a dairy 9 a neighb\r+ p>i%1 began to h sore heels ! latt] end ( ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #agih1 :i* 7 occasionally wa%$ by ! s]vant m5 ( ! f>m1 ,?omas ,virgoe1 ,william ,:]ret1 & ,william ,haynes1 :o 9 consequ5ce became affect$ ) sores 9 _! h&s1 foll[$ by inflam$ lymphatic gl&s 9 ! arms & axillae1 %iv]+s succe$$ by heat1 lassitude1 & g5]al pa9s 9 ! limbs4 ,a s+le p>oxysm t]m9at$ ! disease2 = )9 tw5ty--f\r h\rs !y 7 free f g5]al indisposition1 no?+ rema9+ b ! sores on _! h&s4 ,haynes & ,virgoe1 :o _h gone ?r\gh ! smallpox f inoculation1 describ$ _! feel+s z v simil> to ^? :i* affect$ !m on sick5+ ) t malady4 ,:]ret nev] _h _h ! smallpox4 ,haynes 0 daily employ$ z "o ( ! milk]s at ! f>m1 & ! disease began to %ew itself among ! c[s ab\t t5 days aft] he fir/ assi/$ 9 wa%+ ! m>e's heels4 ,_! nipples became sore 9 ! usual way1 ) blui% pu/ules2 b z rem$ies 7 e>ly appli$1 !y did n ulc]ate to any ext5t4 ,,case ,,xviii4--,john ,bak]1 a *ild ( five ye>s old1 0 inoculat$ ,m>* #af1 #agih1 ) matt] tak5 f a pu/ule on ! h& ( ,?omas ,virgoe1 "o ( ! s]vants :o _h be5 infect$ f ! m>e's heels4 ,he became ill on ! six? day ) symptoms simil> to ^? excit$ by c[--pox matt]4 ,on ! eigh? day he 0 free f indisposition4 ,!re 0 "s v>iation 9 ! appe>ance ( ! pu/ule on ! arm4 ,al?\gh x some:at resembl$ a smallpox pu/ule1 yet its similitude 0 n s conspicu\s z :5 excit$ by matt] f ! nipple ( ! c[1 or :5 ! matt] has pass$ f !nce ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! human subject4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made to asc]ta9 ! progress & subsequ5t effects ( ! disease :5 ?us propagat$4 ,we h se5 t ! virus f ! horge1 :5 x proves infecti\s to ! human subject1 is n to be reli$ ^u z r5d]+ ! sy/em secure f v>iol\s infection1 b t ! matt] produc$ by x ^u ! nipple ( ! c[ is p]fectly s4 ,:e!r its pass+ f ! horse ?r\gh ! human con/itution1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 w produce a simil> effect1 rema9s to be decid$4 ,?is w\ld m[ h be5 effect$1 b ! boy 0 r5d]$ unit = inoculation f hav+ felt ! effects ( a contagi\s fev] 9 a workh\se soon aft] ?is exp]im5t 0 made4 ,,case ,,xix4--,william ,summ]s1 a *ild ( five ye>s & a half old1 0 inoculat$ ! same day ) ,bak]1 ) matt] tak5 f ! nipples ( "o ( ! infect$ c[s1 at ! f>m allud$ to4 ,he became indispos$ on ! six? day1 vomit$ once1 & felt ! usual slight symptoms till ! eigh? day1 :5 he appe>$ p]fectly well4 ,! progress ( ! pu/ule1 =m$ by ! infection ( ! virus1 0 simil> to t notic$ 9 ,case ,,xvii1 ) ?is exception1 its be+ free f ! livid t9t obs]v$ 9 t in/ance4 ,,case ,,xx4-,f ,william ,summ]s ! disease 0 transf]r$ to ,william ,pead1 a boy ( eight ye>s old1 :o 0 inoculat$ ,m>* #bh?4 ,on ! six? day he compla9$ ( pa9 9 ! axilla1 & on ! sev5? 0 affect$ ) ! common symptoms ( a pati5t sick5+ ) ! smallpox f inoculation1 :i* did n t]m9ate till ! ?ird day aft] ! seizure4 ,s p]fect 0 ! simil>ity to ! v>iol\s fev] t ,i 0 induc$ to exam9e ! sk91 conceiv+ !re might h be5 "s eruptions1 b none appe>$4 ,! effloresc5t blu% ar\nd ! "p punctur$ 9 ! boy's arm 0 s truly *>act]i/ic ( t :i* appe>s on v>iol\s inoculation t ,i h giv5 a repres5tation ( x4 ,! draw+ 0 made :5 ! pu/ule 0 beg9n+ to die away & ! areola retir+ f ! c5tre4 ,,case ,,xxi4-,april #e?3 ,sev]al *ildr5 & adults 7 inoculat$ f ! arm ( ,william ,pead4 ,! great] "p ( !m sick5$ on ! six? day1 & 7 well on ! sev5?1 b 9 ?ree ( ! numb] a second>y indisposition arose 9 consequ5ce ( an ext5sive erysipelat\s inflammation :i* appe>$ on ! inoculat$ arms4 ,x seem$ to arise f ! /ate ( ! pu/ule1 :i* spread out1 accompani$ ) "s degree ( pa91 to ab\t half ! diamet] ( a sixp5ce4 ,"o ( ^! pati5ts 0 an infant ( half a ye> old4 ,by ! application ( m]curial o9tm5t to ! inflam$ p>ts 7a treatm5t recomm5d$ "u simil> circum/ances 9 ! inoculat$ smallpox7 ! compla9t subsid$ )\t giv+ mu* tr\ble4 ,hannah ,excell1 an heal?y girl ( sev5 ye>s old1 & "o ( ! pati5ts above m5tion$1 receiv$ ! infection f ! ins]tion ( ! virus "u ! cuticle ( ! arm 9 ?ree di/9ct po9ts4 ,! pu/ules :i* arose 9 consequ5ce s mu* resembl$1 on ! twelf? day1 ^? appe>+ f ! infection ( v>iol\s matt]1 t an exp]i5c$ inoculator w\ld sc>cely h discov]$ a %ade ( diff]5ce at t p]iod4 ,exp]i5ce n[ tells me t almo/ ! only v>iation :i* foll[s consi/s 9 ! pu/ul\s fluids rema9+ limpid ne>ly to ! "t ( its total disappe>ance2 & n1 z 9 ! direct smallpox1 becom+ purul5t4 ,,case ,,xxii4--,f ! arm ( ?is girl matt] 0 tak5 & ins]t$ ,april #ab? into ! arms ( ,john ,macklove1 "o ye> & a half old1 ,rob]t ,f4 ,j5n]1 elev5 mon?s old1 ,m>y ,pead1 five ye>s old1 & ,m>y ,james1 six ye>s old4 ,footnote3 ,p]haps a few t\*es ) ! lapis septicus w\ld h prov$ equally efficaci\s4 ,among ^!1 ,rob]t ,f4 ,j5n] did n receive ! infection4 ,! arms ( ! o!r ?ree inflam$ prop]ly & began to affect ! sy/em 9 ! usual mann]2 b be+ "u "s appreh5sions f ! prec$+ cases t a tr\blesome erysipelas might arise1 ,i det]m9$ on mak+ an exp]im5t ) ! view ( cutt+ (f its s\rce4 ,accord+ly1 aft] ! pati5ts _h felt an indisposition ( ab\t twelve h\rs1 ,i appli$ 9 two ( ^! cases out ( ! ?ree1 on ! vesicle =m$ by ! virus1 a little mild cau/ic1 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( quick--lime & soap1 & suff]$ x to rema9 on ! "p six h\rs4 ,footnote3 ,:at effect w\ld a simil> treatm5t produce 9 inoculation = ! smallpox8 ,x seem$ to give ! *ildr5 b little uneas9ess1 & effectually answ]$ my int5tion 9 prev5t+ ! appe>ance ( erysipelas4 ,inde$1 x seem$ to d m1 = 9 half an h\r aft] its application ! indisposition ( ! *ildr5 ceas$4 ,^! precautions 7 p]haps unnecess>y1 z ! arm ( ! ?ird *ild1 ,m>y ,pead1 :i* 0 suff]$ to take its common c\rse1 scabb$ quickly1 )\t any erysipelas4 ,,case ,,xxiii4--,f ?is *ild's arm matt] 0 tak5 & transf]r$ to t ( ,j4 ,b>ge1 a boy ( sev5 ye>s old4 ,he sick5$ on ! eigh? day1 w5t ?r\gh ! disease ) ! usual slight symptoms1 & )\t any inflammation on ! arm beyond ! common effloresc5ce surr\nd+ ! pu/ule1 an appe>ance s (t5 se5 9 inoculat$ smallpox4 ,aft] ! _m fruitless attempts to give ! smallpox to ^? :o _h _h ! c[-pox1 x did n appe> necess>y1 nor 0 x conv5i5t to me1 to inoculate ! :ole ( ^? :o _h be5 ! subjects ( ^! late trials2 yet ,i ?\ght x "r to see ! effects ( v>iol\s matt] on "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ,william ,summ]s1 ! fir/ ( ^! pati5ts :o _h be5 infect$ ) matt] tak5 f ! c[4 ,he 01 !re=e1 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt] f a fre% pu/ule2 b1 z 9 ! prec$+ cases1 ! sy/em did n feel ! effects ( x 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,i _h an opportunity also ( hav+ ?is boy & ,william ,pead inoculat$ by my nephew1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n]1 ^: report to me is z foll[s3 ,i h inoculat$ ,pead & ,b>ge1 two ( ! boys :om y lately infect$ ) ! c[-pox4 ,on ! second day ! incisions 7 inflam$ & !re 0 a pale inflammatory /a9 ar\nd !m4 ,on ! ?ird day ^! appe>ances 7 /ill increas+ & _! arms it*$ consid]ably4 ,on ! f\r? day ! inflammation 0 evid5tly subsid+1 & on ! six? day x 0 sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,no symptom ( indisposition foll[$4 ,to conv9ce myself t ! v>iol\s matt] made use ( 0 9 a p]fect /ate ,i at ! same "t inoculat$ a pati5t ) "s ( x :o nev] _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox1 & x produc$ ! smallpox 9 ! usual regul> mann]4 ,^! exp]im5ts af=d$ me mu* satisfaction2 !y prov$ t ! matt]1 9 pass+ f "o human subject to ano!r1 ?r\gh five gradations1 lo/ none ( its orig9al prop]ties1 ,j4 ,b>ge be+ ! fif? :o receiv$ ! infection successively f ,william ,summ]s1 ! boy to :om x 0 communicat$ f ! c[4 ,i %all n[ conclude ?is inquiry ) "s g5]al obs]vations on ! subject1 & on "s o!rs :i* are int]wov5 ) x4 ,al?\gh ,i presume x may be unnecess>y to produce fur!r te/imony 9 support ( my ass]tion t ! c[--pox protects ! human con/itution f ! infection ( ! smallpox1 yet x af=ds me consid]able satisfaction to say t ,"l ,som]ville1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 to :om ?is pap] 0 %ewn by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 has f\nd ^u inquiry t ! /atem5ts 7 confirm$ by ! concurr+ te/imony ( ,mr4 ,doll&1 a surgeon1 :o resides 9 a dairy c\ntry remote f ?is1 9 :i* ^! obs]vations 7 made4 ,) respect to ! op9ion adduc$ t ! s\rce ( ! infection is a peculi> morbid matt] aris+ 9 ! horse1 al?\gh ,i h n be5 able to prove x f actual exp]im5ts conduct$ imm$iately "u my own eye1 yet ! evid5ce ,i h adduc$ appe>s suffici5t to e/abli% x4 ,!y :o are n 9 ! habit ( conduct+ exp]im5ts may n be aw>e ( ! co9cid5ce ( circum/ances necess>y = _! be+ manag$ s z to prove p]fectly decisive2 nor h[ (t5 m5 engag$ 9 pr(essional pursuits are liable to int]ruptions :i* disappo9t !m almo/ at ! in/ant ( _! be+ accompli%$3 h[ev]1 ,i feel no room = hesitation respect+ ! common orig9 ( ! disease1 be+ well conv9c$ t x nev] appe>s among ! c[s 7except x c be trac$ to a c[ introduc$ among ! g5]al h]d :i* has be5 previ\sly infect$1 or to an infect$ s]vant7 unless !y h be5 milk$ by "s "o :o1 at ! same "t1 has ! c>e ( a horse affect$ ) diseas$ heels4 ,! spr+ ( ! ye> #agig1 :i* ,i int5d$ p>ticul>ly to h devot$ to ! completion ( ?is inve/igation1 prov$1 f its dryness1 rem>kably adv]se to my wi%es2-= x frequ5tly happ5s1 :ile ! f>m]s' horses are expos$ to ! cold ra9s :i* fall at t season1 t _! heels become diseas$1 & no c[-pox !n appe>$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! active quality ( ! virus f ! horses' heels is greatly increas$ aft] x has act$ on ! nipples ( ! c[1 z x r>ely happ5s t ! horse affects 8 dress] ) sores1 & z r>ely t a milkmaid escapes ! infection :5 %e milks infect$ c[s4 ,x is mo/ active at ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease1 ev5 be=e x has acquir$ a pus-l appe>ance2 inde$1 ,i am n confid5t :e!r ?is prop]ty 9 ! matt] does n entirely cease z soon z x is secret$ 9 ! =m ( pus4 ,i am induc$ to ?9k x does cease ,footnote3 ,x is v easy to procure pus f old sores on ! heels ( horses4 ,?is ,i h (t5 ins]t$ into scrat*es made ) a lancet1 on ! s\nd nipples ( c[s1 & h se5 no o!r effects f x ?an simple inflamation41 & t x is ! ?91 d>ki%- look+ fluid only1 ooz+ f ! newly-=m$ cracks 9 ! heels1 simil> to :at sometimes appe>s f erysipelat\s bli/]s1 :i* gives ! disease4 ,nor am ,i c]ta9 t ! nipples ( ! c[s are at all times 9 a /ate to receive ! infection4 ,! appe>ance ( ! disease 9 ! spr+ & ! e>ly "p ( ! summ]1 :5 !y are dispos$ to be affect$ ) spontane\s eruptions s mu* m frequ5tly ?an at o!r seasons1 induces me to ?9k t ! virus f ! horse mu/ be receiv$ ^u !m :5 !y are 9 ?is /ate1 9 ord] to produce effects3 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 mu/ det]m9e ^! po9ts4 ,b x is cle> t :5 ! c[-pox virus is once g5]at$1 t ! c[s _c resi/ ! contagion1 9 :atev] /ate _! nipples may *ance to be1 if !y are milk$ ) an infect$ h&4 ,:e!r ! matt]1 ei!r f ! c[ or ! horse1 w affect ! s\nd sk9 ( ! human body1 ,i _c positively det]m9e2 probably x w n1 unless on ^? p>ts :]e ! cuticle is extremely ?91 z on ! lips1 = example4 ,i h kn[n an in/ance ( a poor girl :o produc$ an ulc]ation on h] lip by frequ5tly hold+ h] f+] to h] m\? to cool ! rag+ ( a c[-pox sore by bl[+ ^u x4 ,! h&s ( ! f>m]s' s]vants "h1 f ! nature ( _! employm5ts1 are con/antly expos$ to ^? injuries :i* occasion abrasions ( ! cuticle1 to punctures f ?orns1 & su* l accid5ts2 s t !y are always 9 a /ate to feel ! consequ5ce ( exposure to infecti\s matt]4 ,x is s+ul> to obs]ve t ! c[--pox virus1 al?\gh x r5d]s ! con/itution unsusceptible ( ! v>iol\s1 %\ld nev]!less1 leave x un*ang$ ) respect to its own action4 ,i h already produc$ an in/ance ,footnote3 ,see ,case ,,ix4 to po9t out ?is1 & %all n[ corroborate x ) ano!r4 ,elizabe? ,wynne1 :o _h ! c[-pox 9 ! ye> #agei1 0 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt]1 )\t effect1 9 ! ye> #agig1 & aga9 caught ! c[-pox 9 ! ye> #agih4 ,:5 ,i saw h]1 :i* 0 on ! eigh? day aft] %e receiv$ ! infection1 ,i f\nd h] affect$ ) g5]al lassitude1 %iv]+s1 alt]nat+ ) heat1 coldness ( ! extremities1 & a quick & irregul> pulse4 ,^! symptoms 7 prec$$ by a pa9 9 ! axilla4 ,on h] h& 0 "o l>ge pu/ul\s sore1 :i* resembl$ t del9eat$ 9 ,plate ,no4 ,i4 7,plate appe>s 9 orig9al47 ,x is curi\s also to obs]ve t ! virus1 :i* ) respect to its effects is undet]m9$ & unc]ta9 previ\sly to its pass+ f ! horse ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! c[1 %\ld !n n only become m active1 b %\ld inv>iably & completely possess ^? specific prop]ties :i* induce 9 ! human con/itution symptoms simil> to ^? ( ! v>iol\s fev]1 & effect 9 x t peculi> *ange :i* = ev] r5d]s x unsusceptible ( ! v>iol\s contagion4 ,may x n !n be reasonably conjectur$ t ! s\rce ( ! smallpox is morbid matt] ( a peculi> k9d1 g5]at$ by a disease 9 ! horse1 & t accid5tal circum/ances may h aga9 & aga9 aris51 /ill work+ new *anges ^u x until x has acquir$ ! contagi\s & malignant =m "u :i* we n[ commonly see x mak+ its deva/ations among/ u8 ,&1 f a consid]ation ( ! *ange :i* ! infecti\s matt] und]goes f produc+ a disease on ! c[1 may we n conceive t _m contagi\s diseases1 n[ preval5t among u1 may owe _! pres5t appe>ance n to a simple1 b to a comp\nd1 orig98 ,= example1 is x difficult to imag9e t ! measles1 ! sc>let fev]1 & ! ulc]\s sore ?roat ) a spott$ sk9 h all sprung f ! same s\rce1 assum+ "s v>iety 9 _! =ms accord+ to ! nature ( _! new comb9ations8 ,! same "q w apply respect+ ! orig9 ( _m o!r contagi\s diseases :i* be> a /rong analogy to ea* o!r4 ,!re are c]ta9ly m =ms ?an "o1 )\t consid]+ ! common v>iation betwe5 ! conflu5t & di/9ct1 9 :i* ! smallpox appe>s 9 :at is call$ ! natural way4 ,ab\t sev5 ye>s ago a species ( smallpox spread ?r\gh _m ( ! t[ns & villages ( ?is "p ( ,gl\ce/]%ire3 x 0 ( s mild a nature t a fatal in/ance 0 sc>cely ev] ,he>d (1 & consequ5tly s little dread$ by ! l[] ord]s ( ! community t !y scrupl$ n to hold ! same int]c\rse ) ea* o!r z if no infecti\s disease _h be5 pres5t among !m4 ,i nev] saw nor he>d ( an in/ance ( its be+ conflu5t4 ,! mo/ accurate mann]1 p]haps1 9 :i* ,i c convey an idea ( x is by say+ t _h fifty individuals be5 tak5 promiscu\sly & infect$ by exposure to ?is contagion1 !y w\ld h _h z mild & light a disease z if !y _h be5 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt] 9 ! usual way4 ,! h>mless mann] 9 :i* x %ew$ itself c\ld n arise f any peculi>ity ei!r 9 ! season or ! wea!r1 = ,i wat*$ its progress upw>ds ( a ye> )\t p]ceiv+ any v>iation 9 its g5]al appe>ance4 ,i consid] x !n z a v>iety ( ! smallpox4 ,footnote3 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,hicks1 ( ,bri/ol1 :o1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( ?is di/emp]1 0 resid5t at ,gl\ce/]1 & physician ( ! hospital !re 7:]e x 0 soon aft] its fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is c\ntry71 _h opportunities ( mak+ num]\s obs]vations ^u x1 :i* x is 8 int5tion to communicate to ! public44 ,9 "s ( ! prec$+ cases ,i h notic$ ! att5tion t 0 paid to ! /ate ( ! v>iol\s matt] previ\s to ! exp]im5t ( ins]t+ x into ! arms ( ^? :o _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox4 ,?is ,i conceiv$ to be ( great importance 9 conduct+ ^! exp]im5ts1 &1 7 x always prop]ly att5d$ to by ^? :o inoculate = ! smallpox1 x might prev5t mu* subsequ5t mis*ief & confusion4 ,) ! view ( en=c+ s necess>y a precaution ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( digress+ s f> z to po9t out "s unpleasant facts relative to mismanagem5t 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :i* h fall5 "u my own obs]vation4 ,a m$ical g5tleman 7n[ no m71 :o = _m ye>s inoculat$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 frequ5tly pres]v$ ! v>iol\s matt] int5d$ = 8 use on a piece ( l9t or cotton1 :i*1 9 its fluid /ate1 0 put into a vial1 cork$1 & convey$ into a w>m pocket2 a situation c]ta9ly fav\rable = spe$ily produc+ putrefaction 9 x4 ,9 ?is /ate 7n unfrequ5tly aft] x _h be5 tak5 sev]al days f ! pu/ules7 x 0 ins]t$ into ! arms ( 8 pati5ts1 & br\ght on inflammation ( ! incis$ p>ts1 swell+s ( ! axill>y gl&s1 fev]1 & sometimes eruptions4 ,b :at 0 ?is disease8 ,c]ta9ly n ! smallpox2 = ! matt] hav+ f putrefaction lo/ or suff]$ a d]angem5t 9 its specific prop]ties1 0 no long] capable ( produc+ t malady1 ^? :o _h be5 inoculat$ 9 ?is mann] be+ z mu* subject to ! contagion ( ! smallpox z if !y _h nev] be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is artificial disease2 & _m1 un=tunately1 fell victims to x1 :o ?\ght !mselves 9 p]fect security4 ,! same un=tunate circum/ance ( giv+ a disease1 suppos$ to be ! smallpox1 ) inefficaci\s v>iol\s matt]1 hav+ occurr$ "u ! direction ( "s o!r practition]s )9 my k1 & probably f ! same incauti\s me?od ( secur+ ! v>iol\s matt]1 ,i avail myself ( ?is opportunity ( m5tion+ :at ,i conceive to be ( great importance2 &1 z a fur!r caution>y h9t1 ,i %all aga9 digress s f> z to add ano!r obs]vation on ! subject ( inoculation4 ,:e!r x be yet asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t t ! quantity ( v>iol\s matt] ins]t$ into ! sk9 makes any diff]5ce ) respect to ! subsequ5t mildness or viol5ce ( ! disease1 ,i "k n2 b ,i h ! /ronge/ reason = suppos+ t if ei!r ! punctures or incisions be made s deep z to g ?r\gh x & w\nd ! adipose membrane1 t ! risk ( br++ on a viol5t disease is greatly increas$4 ,i h kn[n an inoculator ^: practice 0 to cut deep en\gh 7to use 8 own expression7 to see a bit ( fat4 & !re to lodge ! matt]4 ,! great numb] ( bad cases1 indep5d5t ( inflammations & abscesses on ! arms1 & ! fatality :i* att5d$ ?is practice1 0 almo/ inconceivable2 & ,i _c acc\nt = x on any o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( ! matt] be+ plac$ 9 ?is situation in/ead ( ! sk94 ,x 0 ! practice ( ano!r1 :om ,i well rememb]1 to p9* up a small portion ( ! sk9 on ! arms ( 8 pati5ts & to pass ?r\gh x a ne$le1 ) a ?read atta*$ to x previ\sly dipp$ 9 v>iol\s matt]4 ,! ?read 0 lodg$ 9 ! p]=at$ "p1 & consequ5tly left 9 contact ) ! cellul> membrane4 ,?is practice 0 att5d$ ) ! same ill success z ! =m]4 ,al?\gh x is v improbable t any "o w\ld n[ inoculate 9 ?is rude way by design1 yet ^! obs]vations may t5d to place a d\ble gu>d ov] ! lancet1 :5 infants1 ^: sk9s are comp>atively s v ?91 fall "u ! c>e ( ! inoculator4 ,a v respectable fri5d ( m9e1 ,dr4 ,h>dwicke1 ( ,sodbury1 9 ?is c\nty1 inoculat$ great numb]s ( pati5ts previ\s to ! introduction ( ! m mod]n me?od by ,sutton1 & ) su* success t a fatal in/ance occurr$ z r>ely z s9ce t me?od has be5 adopt$4 ,x 0 ! doctor's practice to make z slight an incision z possible ^u ! sk91 & !re to lodge a ?read saturat$ ) ! v>iol\s matt]4 ,:5 8 pati5ts became indispos$1 agreeably to ! cu/om !n prevail+1 !y 7 direct$ to g to b$ & 7 kept mod]ately w>m4 ,is x n probable !n t ! success ( ! mod]n practice may dep5d m ^u ! me?od ( inv>iably deposit+ ! virus 9 or ^u ! sk91 ?an on ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! disease8 ,i d n mean to ins9uate t exposure to cool air1 & suff]+ ! pati5t to dr9k cold wat] :5 hot & ?ir/y1 may n mod]ate ! eruptive symptoms & less5 ! numb] ( pu/ules2 yet1 to repeat my =m] obs]vation1 ,i _c acc\nt = ! un9t]rupt$ success1 or ne>ly s1 ( "o practition]1 & ! wret*$ /ate ( ! pati5ts "u ! c>e ( ano!r1 :]e1 9 bo? in/ances1 ! g5]al treatm5t did n diff] ess5tially1 )\t conceiv+ x to arise f ! diff]5t modes ( ins]t+ ! matt] = ! purpose ( produc+ ! disease4 ,z x is n ! id5tical matt] ins]t$ :i* is absorb$ into ! con/itution1 b t :i* is1 by "s peculi> process 9 ! animal economy1 g5]at$ by x1 is x n probable t diff]5t p>ts ( ! human body may prep>e or modify ! virus diff]5tly8 ,al?\gh ! sk91 = example1 adipose membrane1 or muc\s membranes are all capable ( produc+ ! v>iol\s virus by ! /imulus giv5 by ! p>ticles orig9ally deposit$ ^u !m1 yet ,i am induc$ to conceive t ea* ( ^! p>ts is capable ( produc+ "s v>iation 9 ! qualities ( ! matt] previ\s to its affect+ ! con/itution4 ,:at else c con/itute ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! smallpox :5 communicat$ casually or 9 :at has be5 t]m$ ! natural way1 or :5 br\ght on artificially ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! sk98 ,aft] all1 are ! v>iol\s p>ticles1 possess+ _! true specific & contagi\s pr9ciples1 ev] tak5 up & convey$ by ! lymphatics un*ang$ into ! blood vessels8 ,i imag9e n4 ,7 ?is ! case1 %\ld we n f9d ! blood suffici5tly load$ ) !m 9 "s /ages ( ! smallpox to communicate ! disease by ins]t+ x "u ! cuticle1 or by spread+ x on ! surface ( an ulc]8 ,yet exp]im5ts h det]m9$ ! impracticability ( its be+ giv5 9 ?is way2 al?\gh x has be5 prov$ t v>iol\s matt]1 :5 mu* dilut$ ) wat] & appli$ to ! sk9 9 ! usual mann]1 w produce ! disease4 ,b x w\ld be digress+ beyond a prop] b\nd>y to g m9utely into ?is subject "h4 ,at :at p]iod ! c[-pox 0 fir/ notic$ "h is n ^u record4 ,our olde/ f>m]s 7 n unacqua9t$ ) x 9 _! e>lie/ days1 :5 x appe>$ among _! f>ms )\t any deviation f ! pha5om5a :i* x n[ exhibits4 ,its connection ) ! smallpox seems to h be5 unkn[n to !m4 ,probably ! g5]al introduction ( inoculation fir/ occasion$ ! discov]y4 ,its rise 9 ?is c\ntry may n h be5 ( v remote date1 z ! practice ( milk+ c[s might =m]ly h be5 9 ! h&s ( wom5 only2 :i* ,i believe is ! case n[ 9 "s o!r dairy c\ntries1 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! c[s might n 9 =m] times h be5 expos$ to ! contagi\s matt] br\ght by ! m5 s]vants f ! heels ( horses4 ,footnote3 ,i h be5 in=m$ f respectable au?ority t 9 ,irel&1 al?\gh dairies ab\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! isl&1 ! disease is entirely unkn[n4 ,! reason seems obvi\s4 ,! bus9ess ( ! dairy is conduct$ by wom5 only4 ,7 ! meane/ vassal among ! m5 employ$ !re z a milk] at a dairy1 he w\ld feel 8 situation unpleasant beyond all endurance4 ,inde$1 a k ( ! s\rce ( ! infection is new 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ ( ! f>m]s 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 b x has at l5g? produc$ good consequ5ces2 & x seems probable1 f ! precautions !y are n[ dispos$ to adopt1 t ! appe>ance ( ! c[-pox "h may ei!r be entirely ext+ui%$ or become extremely r>e4 ,%\ld x be ask$ :e!r ?is inve/igation is a matt] ( m]e curiosity1 or :e!r x t5ds to any b5eficial purpose1 ,i %\ld answ] t1 not)/&+ ! happy effects ( inoculation1 ) all ! improvem5ts :i* ! practice has receiv$ s9ce its fir/ introduction into ?is c\ntry1 x n v unfrequ5tly produces de=mity ( ! sk91 & sometimes1 "u ! be/ managem5t1 proves fatal4 ,^! circum/ances mu/ naturally create 9 e in/ance "s degree ( pa9ful solicitude = its consequ5ces4 ,b z ,i h nev] kn[n fatal effects arise f ! c[-pox1 ev5 :5 impress$ 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable mann]1 produc+ ext5sive inflammations & suppurations on ! h&s2 & z x cle>ly appe>s t ?is disease leaves ! con/itution 9 a /ate ( p]fect security f ! infection ( ! smallpox1 may we n inf] t a mode ( inoculation may be introduc$ pref]able to t at pres5t adopt$1 especially among ^? families :i*1 f previ\s circum/ances1 we may judge to be pr$ispos$ to h ! disease unfav\rably8 ,x is an excess 9 ! numb] ( pu/ules :i* we *iefly dread 9 ! smallpox2 b 9 ! c[- pox no pu/ules appe>1 nor does x seem possible = ! contagi\s matt] to produce ! disease f effluvia1 or by any o!r means ?an contact1 & t probably n simply betwe5 ! virus & ! cuticle2 s t a s+le individual 9 a family might at any "t receive x )\t ! risk ( infect+ ! re/ or ( spread+ a di/emp] t fills a c\ntry ) t]ror4 ,sev]al in/ances h come "u my obs]vation :i* ju/ify ! ass]tion t ! disease _c be propagat$ by effluvia4 ,! fir/ boy :om ,i inoculat$ ) ! matt] ( c[-pox slept 9 a b$1 :ile ! exp]im5t 0 go+ =w>d1 ) two *ildr5 :o nev] _h gone ?r\gh ei!r t disease or ! smallpox1 )\t infect+ ei!r ( !m4 ,a "y woman :o _h ! c[-pox to a great ext5t1 sev]al sores :i* maturat$ hav+ appe>$ on ! h&s & wri/s1 slept 9 ! same b$ ) a fell[-dairymaid :o nev] _h be5 infect$ ) ei!r ! c[-pox or ! smallpox1 b no indisposition foll[$4 ,ano!r in/ance has occurr$ ( a "y woman on ^: h&s 7 sev]al l>ge suppurations f ! c[-pox1 :o 0 at ! same "t a daily nurse to an infant1 b ! compla9t 0 n communicat$ to ! *ild4 ,9 "s o!r po9ts ( view ! inoculation ( ?is disease appe>s pref]able to ! v>iol\s inoculation4 ,9 con/itutions pr$ispos$ to scrophula1 h[ frequ5tly we see ! inoculat$ smallpox r\se into activity t di/ressful malady6 ,?is circum/ance does n seem to dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* ! di/emp] has %ewn itself1 = x has z frequ5tly happ5$ among ^? :o h _h x mildly z :5 x has appe>$ 9 ! contr>y way4 ,!re are _m :o1 f "s peculi>ity 9 ! habit1 resi/ ! common effects ( v>iol\s matt] ins]t$ into ! sk91 & :o are 9 consequ5ce haunt$ ?r\gh life ) ! di/ress+ idea ( be+ insecure f subsequ5t infection4 ,a ready mode ( dissipat+ anxiety orig9at+ f su* a cause mu/ n[ appe> obvi\s4 ,&1 z we h se5 t ! con/itution may at any "t be made to feel ! febrile attack ( c[-pox1 might x n1 9 _m *ronic diseases1 be introduc$ into ! sy/em1 ) ! probability ( af=d+ relief1 ^u well-kn[n physiological pr9ciples8 ,al?\gh ,i say ! sy/em may at any "t be made to feel ! febrile attack ( c[-pox1 yet ,i h a s+le in/ance be=e me :]e ! virus act$ locally only1 b x is n 9 ! lea/ probable t ! same p]son w\ld resi/ ! action bo? ( ! c[-pox virus & ! v>iol\s4 ,elizabe? ,s>f5et liv$ z a dairymaid at ,newp>k f>m1 9 ?is p>i%4 ,all ! c[s & ! s]vants employ$ 9 milk+ _h ! c[-pox2 b ?is woman1 ?\gh %e _h sev]al sores ^u h] f+]s1 felt no tum\rs 9 ! axillae1 nor any g5]al indisposition4 ,on be+ aft]w>ds casually expos$ to v>iol\s infection1 %e _h ! smallpox 9 a mild way4 ,hannah ,pick1 ano!r ( ! dairymaids :o 0 a fell[-s]vant ) ,elizabe? ,s>f5et :5 ! di/emp] broke out at ! f>m1 01 at ! same "t1 infect$2 b ?is "y woman _h n only sores ^u h] h&s1 b felt h]self also mu* indispos$ = a day or two4 ,aft] ?is1 ,i made sev]al attempts to give h] ! smallpox by inoculation1 b !y all prov$ fruitless4 ,f ! =m] case !n we see t ! animal economy is subject to ! same laws 9 "o disease z ! o!r4 ,! foll[+ case1 :i* has v lately occurr$1 r5d]s x highly probable t n only ! heels ( ! horse1 b o!r p>ts ( ! body ( t animal1 are capable ( g5]at+ ! virus :i* produces ! c[-pox4 ,an ext5sive inflammation ( ! erysipelat\s k9d appe>$ )\t any app>5t cause ^u ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh ( a suck+ colt1 ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,millet1 a f>m] at ,rockhampton1 a village ne> ,b]keley4 ,! inflammation cont9u$ sev]al weeks1 & at l5g? t]m9at$ 9 ! =mation ( ?ree or f\r small abscesses4 ,! inflam$ p>ts 7 fom5t$1 & dress+s 7 appli$ by "s ( ! same p]sons :o 7 employ$ 9 milk+ ! c[s4 ,! numb] ( c[s milk$ 0 tw5ty-f\r1 & ! :ole ( !m _h ! c[-pox4 ,! milk]s1 consi/+ ( ! f>m]'s wife1 a man & a maids]vant1 7 infect$ by ! c[s4 ,! man-s]vant _h previ\sly gone ?r\gh ! smallpox1 & felt b little ( ! c[-pox4 ,! s]vant maid _h "s ye>s be=e be5 infect$ ) ! c[-pox1 & %e also felt x n[ 9 a slight degree2 b ! f>m]'s wife1 :o nev] _h gone ?r\gh ei!r ( ! diseases1 felt its effects v sev]ely4 ,t ! disease produc$ ^u ! c[s by ! colt & f !nce convey$ to ^? :o milk$ !m 0 ! ,,true & n ! ,,spuri\s c[-pox1 !re c be sc>cely any room = suspicion2 yet x w\ld h be5 m completely satisfactory _h ! effects ( v>iol\s matt] be5 asc]ta9$ on ! f>m]'s wife1 b !re 0 a peculi>ity 9 h] situation :i* prev5t$ my mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,?us f> h ,i proce$$ 9 an inquiry f\nd$1 z x mu/ appe>1 on ! basis ( exp]im5t2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 conjecture has be5 occasionally admitt$ 9 ord] to pres5t to p]sons well situat$ = su* discussions objects = a m m9ute inve/igation4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i %all myself cont9ue to prosecute ?is inquiry1 enc\rag$ by ! hope ( its becom+ ess5tially b5eficial to mank9d4 ,,ii ,,fur!r ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,v>iola ,,vacc9ae1 ,,or ,,c[-,,pox4 #agii ,al?\gh x has n be5 9 my p[] to ext5d ! inquiry into ! causes & effects ( ! v>iolae vacc9ae mu* beyond its orig9al limits1 yet1 p]ceiv+ t x is beg9n+ to excite a g5]al _s ( inve/igation1 ,i ?9k x ( importance1 )\t delay1 to communicate su* facts z h s9ce occurr$1 & to po9t out ! fallaci\s s\rces f :5ce a disease imitative ( ! true v>iolae vacc9ae might arise1 ) ! view ( prev5t+ ^? :o may inoculate f produc+ a spuri\s disease2 &1 fur!r1 to en=ce ! precaution sugge/$ 9 ! =m] treatise on ! subject1 ( subdu+ ! inoculat$ pu/ule z soon z x has suffici5tly produc$ its influ5ce on ! con/itution4 ,f a want ( due discrim9ation ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! disease1 ei!r 9 ! brute or 9 ! human subject1 & also ( t /age ( x 9 :i* x is capable ( produc+ ! *ange 9 ! animal economy :i* r5d]s x unsusceptible ( ! contagion ( ! smallpox1 unpleasant consequ5ces might ensue1 ! s\rce ( :i*1 p]haps1 might n be suspect$ by "o inexp]i5c$ 9 conduct+ su* exp]im5ts4 ,my late publication conta9s a relation ( mo/ ( ! facts :i* _h come "u my own inspection at ! "t x 0 writt51 int]sp]s$ ) "s conjectural obs]vations4 ,s9ce !n ,dr4 ,g4 ,pe>son has e/abli%$ an inquiry into ! validity ( my pr9cipal ass]tion1 ! result ( :i* _c b be highly flatt]+ to my feel+s4 ,x conta9s n a s+le case :i* ,i ?9k c be call$ an exception to ! fact ,i 0 s firmly impress$ )--t ! c[-pox protects ! human body f ! smallpox4 ,i h myself receiv$ "s fur!r confirmations1 :i* %all be subjo9$4 ,i h lately also be5 fav\r$ ) a lett] f a g5tleman ( great respectability 7,dr4 ,+5h\sz71 in=m+ me t1 on mak+ an inquiry into ! subject 9 ! c\nty ( ,wilts1 he discov]$ t a f>m] ne> ,calne _h be5 infect$ ) ! smallpox aft] hav+ _h ! c[-pox1 & t ! disease 9 ea* in/ance 0 s /rongly *>act]iz$ z to r5d] ! facts incontrov]tible4 ,! c[-pox1 x seems1 f ! doctor's in=mation1 0 communicat$ to ! f>m] f 8 c[s at ! "t t !y gave out an (f5sive /5* f _! udd]s4 ,"s o!r in/ances h likewise be5 repres5t$ to me ( ! appe>ance ( ! disease1 app>5tly m>k$ ) its *>act]i/ic symptoms1 & yet t ! pati5ts h aft]w>ds _h ! smallpox4 ,on ^! cases ,i %all1 = ! pres5t1 susp5d any p>ticul> rem>ks1 b hope t ! g5]al obs]vations ,i h to (f] 9 ! sequel w prove ( suffici5t weight to r5d] ! idea ( _! ev] hav+ _h exi/5ce1 b z cases ( spuri\s c[-pox1 extremely d\btful4 ,ere ,i proce$ let me be p]mitt$ to obs]ve t tru?1 9 ?is & e o!r physiological inquiry t has occupi$ my att5tion1 has ev] be5 ! object ( my pursuit1 & %\ld x appe> 9 ! pres5t in/ance t ,i h be5 l$ into error1 fond z ,i may appe> ( ! (fspr+ ( my lab\rs1 ,i _h r see x p]i% at once ?an exi/ & d a public injury4 ,i %all proce$ to enum]ate ! s\rces1 or :at appe> to me z su*1 ( a spuri\s c[-pox4 ,fir/3 ,t aris+ f pu/ules on ! nipples or udd] ( ! c[2 :i* pu/ules conta9 no specific virus4 ,secondly3 ,f matt] 7al?\gh orig9ally possess+ ! specific virus7 :i* has suff]$ a decomposition1 ei!r f putrefaction or f any o!r cause less obvi\s to ! s5ses4 ,?irdly3 ,f matt] tak5 f an ulc] 9 an advanc$ /age1 :i* ulc] arose f a true c[ pock4 ,f\r?ly3 ,f matt] produc$ on ! human sk9 f contact ) "s peculi> morbid matt] g5]at$ by a horse4 ,on ^! subjects ,i %all (f] "s comm5ts3 ,fir/1 to :at l5g? pu/ul\s diseases ( ! udd] & nipples ( ! c[ may ext5d x is n 9 my p[] to det]m9e2 b c]ta9 x is t ^! p>ts ( ! animal are subject to "s v>iety ( maladies ( ?is nature2 & z _m ( ^! eruptions 7probably all ( !m7 are capable ( giv+ a disease to ! human body1 w\ld x n be discreet = ^? engag$ 9 ?is inve/igation to susp5d controv]sy & cavil until !y c asc]ta9 ) precision :at ,,is & :at ,,is ,,n ! c[-pox8 ,= example3 ,a f>m] :o is n conv]sant ) any ( ^! maladies1 b :o may h he>d ( ! c[-pox 9 g5]al t]ms1 may acqua9t a neighb\r+ surgeon t ! di/emp] appe>s at 8 f>m4 ,! surgeon1 eag] to make an exp]im5t1 takes away matt]1 inoculates1 produces a sore1 uneas9ess 9 ! axilla1 & p]haps "s affection ( ! sy/em4 ,?is is "o way 9 :i* a fallaci\s idea ( security bo? 9 ! m9d ( ! inoculat] & ! pati5t may arise2 = a disease may ?us h be5 propagat$ f a simple eruption only4 ,"o ( ! fir/ objects !n ( ?is pursuit1 z ,i h obs]v$1 %\ld be1 to le>n h[ to di/+ui% ) accuracy betwe5 t peculi> pu/ule :i* is ! true c[ pock1 & t :i* is spuri\s4 ,until exp]i5ce has det]m9$ ?is1 we view our object ?r\gh a mi/4 ,let u1 = in/ance1 suppose t ! smallpox & ! *ick5-pox 7 at ! same "t to spread among ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry :i* _h nev] be5 visit$ by ei!r ( ^! di/emp]s1 & :]e !y 7 q unkn[n be=e3 :at confusion w\ld arise6 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! symptoms ( ! eruptive fev] & betwe5 ! pu/ules 9 ei!r case w\ld be s /rik+ t a pati5t :o _h gone ?r\gh ! *ick5-pox to any ext5t w\ld feel equally easy ) reg>d to 8 future security f ! smallpox z ! p]son :o _h actually pass$ ?r\gh t disease4 ,"t & future obs]vation w\ld draw ! l9e ( di/9ction4 ,s ,i presume x w be ) ! c[-pox until x is m g5]ally und]/ood4 ,all cavill+1 !re=e1 on ! m]e report ( ^? :o ,,tell ,,u !y h _h ?is di/emp]1 & are aft]w>ds f\nd susceptible ( ! smallpox1 %\ld be susp5d$4 ,to illu/rate ?is ,i beg leave to give ! foll[+ hi/ory3 ,s>ah ,m]l91 ( ! p>i% ( ,ea/+ton 9 ?is c\nty1 :5 ab\t ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age liv$ z a s]vant ) f>m] ,cl>ke1 :o kept a dairy consi/+ ( ab\t eighte5 c[s at ,/oneh\se1 a neighb\r+ village4 ,! nipples & udd]s ( ?ree ( ! c[s 7 ext5sively affect$ ) l>ge :ite bli/]s4 ,^! c[s ! girl milk$ daily1 & at ! "t %e assi/$1 ) two o!rs1 9 milk+ ! re/ ( ! h]d4 ,x soon appe>$ t ! disease 0 communicat$ to ! girl4 ,! re/ ( ! c[s escap$ ! infection1 al?\gh !y 7 milk$ sev]al days aft] ! ?ree above specifi$1 _h ^! eruptions on ! nipples & udd]s1 & ev5 aft] ! girl's h& became sore4 ,! two o!rs :o 7 engag$ 9 milk+1 al?\gh !y milk$ ! c[s indiscrim9ately1 receiv$ no injury4 ,on ! f+]s ( ea* ( ! girl's h&s !re appe>$ sev]al l>ge :ite bli/]s--%e supposes ab\t ?ree or f\r on ea* f+]4 ,! h&s & arms inflam$ & swell$1 b no con/itutional indisposition foll[$4 ,! sores 7 ano9t$ ) "s dome/ic o9tm5t & got well )\t ulc]at+4 ,z ?is malady 0 call$ ! c[-pox1 & record$ z su* 9 ! m9d ( ! pati5t1 %e became reg>dless ( ! smallpox2 b1 on be+ expos$ to x "s ye>s aft]w>ds %e 0 infect$1 & _h a full bur!n4 ,n[ _h any "o conv]sant ) ! habits ( ! disease he>d ?is hi/ory1 !y w\ld h _h no hesitation 9 pron\nc+ x a case ( spuri\s c[-pox2 consid]+ its deviation 9 ! ,,num]\s bli/]s :i* appe>$ on ! girl's h&s2 _! t]m9ation )\t ulc]ation2 its n prov+ m g5]ally contagi\s at ! f>m1 ei!r among ! cattle or ^? employ$ 9 milk+2 & consid]+ also t ,,! ,,pati5t ,,felt ,,no ,,g5]al ,,indisposition1 ,,al?\gh ,,!re ,,0 ,,s ,,great ,a ,,numb] ,,( ,,vesicles4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ decepti\s =m 9 :i* an eruptive disease c be communicat$ f ! c[1 & x c]ta9ly requires "s att5tion 9 discrim9at+ x4 ,! mo/ p]fect crit]ion by :i* ! judgm5t may be guid$ is p]haps t adopt$ by ^? :o att5d infect$ cattle4 ,^! :ite bli/]s on ! nipples1 !y say1 ,,nev] ,,eat ,,into ,,! ,,fle%y ,,p>ts l ^? :i* are commonly ( a blui% ca/1 & :i* con/itute ! ,,true ,,c[-,,pox1 b t !y affect ! sk9 only1 quickly end 9 scabs1 & are n ne>ly s infecti\s4 ,t :i* appe>$ to me z "o cause ( spuri\s eruptions1 ,i h already rem>k$ 9 ! =m] treatise1 namely1 ! transition t ! c[ makes 9 ! spr+ f a poor to a nutriti\s diet1 & f ! udd]'s becom+ at ?is "t m vascul> ?an usual = ! supply ( milk4 ,b !re is ano!r s\rce ( inflammation & pu/ules :i* ,i believe is n uncommon 9 all ! dairy c\nties 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,a c[ int5d$ to be expos$ = sale1 hav+ naturally a small udd]1 is previ\sly = a day or two nei!r milk$ artificially nor is h] calf suff]$ to h access to h]4 ,?us ! milk is pret]naturally accumulat$1 & ! udd] & nipples become greatly di/5d$4 ,! consequ5ces frequ5tly are inflammation & eruptions :i* maturate4 ,:e!r a disease g5]at$ 9 ?is way has ! p[] ( affect+ ! con/itution 9 any ,,peculi> mann] ,i _c presume positively to det]m9e4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ to h be5 a cause ( ! true c[-pox1 ?\gh my inquiries h n l$ me to adopt ?is supposition 9 any "o in/ance2 on ! contr>y1 ,i h kn[n ! milk]s affect$ by x1 b always f\nd t an affection ?us induc$ left ! sy/em z susceptible ( ! smallpox z be=e4 ,:at is advanc$ 9 my second position ,i consid] also ( v great importance1 & ,i c\ld wi% x to be /rongly impress$ on ! m9ds ( all :o may be dispos$ to conclude ha/ily on my obs]vations1 :e!r engag$ 9 _! inve/igation by exp]im5ts or n to place ?is 9 its cle>e/ po9t ( view 7z ! simil>ity betwe5 ! action ( ! smallpox & ! c[-pox matt] is s obvi\s7 x w be necess>y to consid] :at we sometimes obs]ve to take place 9 inoculation = ! smallpox :5 imp]fect v>iol\s matt] is made use (4 ,! concise hi/ory on ?is subject t 0 br\ght =w>d respect+ :at ,i _h obs]v$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood ,footnote3 ,inquiry into ! ,causes & ,effects ( ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae1 p4#ef ( ! orig9al article4 ,i p]ceive1 by a ref]5ce s9ce made to ! ,memoirs ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london1 may be consid]$ z no m ?an a corroboration ( ! facts v cle>ly detail$ by ,mr4 ,kite ,footnote3 ,see an acc\nt ( "s anomal\s appe>ances consequ5t to ! inoculation ( ! smallpox1 by ,*>les ,kite1 ,surgeon1 ( ,graves5d1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london1 vol4 iv1 p4 #aad44 ,to ?is copi\s evid5ce ,i h to add /ill m 9 ! foll[+ communications f ,mr4 ,e>le1 surgeon1 ( ,frampton-^u-,sev]n1 9 ?is c\nty1 :i* ,i deem ! m valuable1 z he has ) mu* c&\r p]mitt$ me to make !m public3 ,,sir3 ,i h read ) satisfaction y\r late publication on ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae1 & be+1 among _m o!r curi\s circum/ances1 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) t relat+ to ! inefficacy ( smallpox matt] 9 a p>ticul> /ate1 ,i ?9k x prop] to lay be=e y ! foll[+ facts :i* came )9 my own k1 & :i* c]ta9ly t5d to /r5g!n ! op9ions advanc$ 9 pages #ef & #eg ( y\r treatise4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aghd1 a g5]al inoculation took place at ,arl+ham 9 ?is c\nty4 ,i inoculat$ sev]al pati5ts ) active v>iol\s matt]1 all ( :om _h ! disease 9 a fav\rable way2 b ! matt] be+ all us$1 & n be+ able to procure any m 9 ! /ate ,i wi%$1 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( tak+ x f a pu/ule :i*1 exp]i5ce has s9ce prov$1 0 advanc$ too f> to answ] ! purpose ,i int5d$4 ,( five p]sons inoculat$ ) ?is la/ matt]1 f\r took ! smallpox aft]w>ds 9 ! natural way1 "o ( :om di$1 ?ree recov]$1 & ! o!r1 be+ caution$ by me to avoid z mu* z possible ! *ance ( cat*+ x1 escap$ f ! disease ?r\gh life4 ,he di$ ( ano!r disord] ab\t two ye>s ago4 ,al?\gh "o ( ^! cases end$ un=tunate1 yet ,i _c suppose t any m$ical man w ?9k me c>eless or inatt5tive 9 _! managem5t2 = ,i conceive ! appe>ances 7 su* z might h induc$ any "o to suppose t ! p]sons 7 p]fectly safe f future infection4 ,inflammation 9 e case took place 9 ! arm1 & fev] came on ) a consid]able degree ( pa9 9 ! axilla4 ,9 "s ( _! arms ! inflammation & suppuration 7 m viol5t ?an is commonly obs]v$ :5 p]fect matt] is made use (2 9 "o !re 0 an ulc] :i* ca/ (f sev]al l>ge sl\ghs4 ,ab\t ! n9? day eruptions appe>$1 :i* di$ away e>li] ?an common )\t maturation4 ,f ^! circum/ances ,i %\ld suppose t no m$ical practition] w\ld sc>cely h ent]ta9$ a d\bt b t ^! pati5ts _h be5 infect$ ) a true smallpox2 yet ,i mu/ confess t "s small degree ( d\bt pres5t$ itself to me at ! spe$y disappe>ance ( ! eruptions2 & 9 ord]1 z f> z ,i c\ld1 to asc]ta9 _! safety1 ,i s5t "o ( !m to a mu* old] practition] ?an myself4 ,?is g5tleman1 on he>+ ! circum/ances ( ! case1 pron\nc$ ! pati5t p]fectly secure f future infection4 ,! foll[+ facts are also a /rik+ pro( ( ! tru? ( y\r obs]vations on ?is subject3 ,9 ! ye> #aghi ,i inoculat$ ?ree *ildr5 ( ,mr4 ,coaley1 ( ,hur/ f>m 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! arms inflam$ prop]ly1 fev] & pa9 9 ! axillae came on precisely ! same z 9 ! =m] cases1 & 9 t5 days eruptions appe>$1 :i* disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( two days4 ,i mu/ obs]ve t ! matt] "h made use ( 0 procur$ = me by a fri5d2 b no d\bt x 0 9 an improp] /ate2 =1 f ! simil>ity ( ^! cases to ^? :i* happ5$ at ,arl+ham five ye>s be=e1 ,i 0 some:at al>m$ = _! safety1 & desir$ to inoculate !m aga93 :i* be+ p]mitt$1 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly c>eful to procure matt] 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate4 ,all ! *ildr5 took ! smallpox f ?is second inoculation1 & all _h a v full bur!n4 ,^! facts ,i conceive /rik+ly corroborate y\r op9ion relative to ! diff]5t /ates ( matt]2 = 9 bo? in/ances t ,i h m5tion$ x 0 capable ( produc+ some?+ /rongly resembl+ ! true smallpox1 al?\gh x aft]w>ds prov$ n to be s4 ,z ,i ?9k ! communication ( ^! cases is a duty ,i owe to ! public1 y are at lib]ty to make :at use y please ( ?is lett]4 ,i rema91 c41 ,john ,e>le4 ,,frampton-,,^u ,,sev]n1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,novemb] #aj1 #agih4 ,p4 ,s4 ,i ?9k x necess>y to obs]ve t ,i c pron\nce1 ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty1 t ! matt] ) :i* ! ,arl+ham pati5ts 7 inoculat$ 0 tak5 f a true smallpox pu/ule4 ,i took x myself f a subject t _h a v full bur!n4 ,c]ta9 !n x is t v>iol\s matt] may und]go su* a *ange f ! putrefactive process1 z well z f "s ( ! m obscure & lat5t processes ( nature1 z w r5d] x incapable ( giv+ ! smallpox 9 su* a mann] z to secure ! human con/itution f future infection1 al?\gh we see at ! same "t x is capable ( excit+ a disease :i* be>s s /rong a resemblance to x z to produce inflammation & matt] 9 ! incis$ sk9 7frequ5tly1 inde$1 m viol5t ?an :5 x produces its effects p]fectly71 swell+ ( ! axill>y gl&s1 g5]al indisposition1 & eruptions4 ,s /rongly p]suad$ 0 ! g5tleman1 ^: practice ,i h m5tion$ 9 page #ef ( ! late treatise1 t he c\ld produce a mild smallpox by 8 mode ( manag+ ! matt]1 t he spoke ( x z a useful discov]y until conv9c$ ( 8 error by ! fatal consequ5ce :i* ensu$4 ,aft] ?is ought we to be 9 ! smalle/ degree surpris$ to f9d1 among a great numb] ( individuals :o1 by liv+ 9 dairies1 h be5 casually expos$ to ! c[-pox virus :5 9 a /ate analog\s to t ( ! smallpox above describ$1 "s :o may h _h ! disease s imp]fectly z n to r5d] !m secure f v>iol\s attacks8 ,= ! matt]1 :5 bur/ f ! pu/ules on ! nipples ( ! c[1 by be+ expos$1 f its lodgm5t !re1 to ! heat ( an inflam$ surface1 & f be+ at ! same "t 9 a situation to be occasionally moi/5$ ) milk1 is (t5 likely to be 9 a /ate conducive to putrefaction2 & ?us1 "u "s modification ( decomposition1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 sometimes f9d access to ! h& ( ! milk] 9 su* a way z to infect him4 ,:at confusion %\ld we h 7 !re no o!r mode ( inoculat+ ! smallpox ?an su* z w\ld happ5 f h&l+ ! diseas$ sk9 ( a p]son lab\r+ "u t di/emp] 9 "s ( its advanc$ & loa?some /ages6 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t e case ( c[-pox 9 ! human species1 :e!r communicat$ by design or o!rwise1 is to be consid]$ z a case ( inoculation4 ,& "h ,i may be all[$ to make an obs]vation on ! case ( ! f>m] communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,+5h\sz4 ,t he 0 expos$ to ! matt] :5 x _h und]gone ! putrefactive *ange is highly probable f ! doctor's obs]v+ t ! sick c[s at ! f>m gave out an ,,(f5sive ,,/5* ,,f ,,_! ,,udd]s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ rem>k t x is unusual = cattle to suff] to su* an ext5t1 :5 disord]$ ) ! c[pox1 z to make a by/&] s5sible ( any ill smell4 ,i h (t5 /ood among a h]d :i* _h ! di/emp] )\t be+ consci\s ( its pres5ce f any p>ticul> effluvia4 ,inde$1 9 ?is neighb\rhood x commonly receives an e>ly *eck f es*>otic applications ( ! ,,c[ ,,lee*4 ,x has be5 conceiv$ to be contagi\s )\t contact2 b ?is idea _c be well f\nd$ because ! cattle 9 "o mead[ d n infect ^? 9 ano!r 7al?\gh !re may be no o!r p>tition ?an a h$ge7 unless !y be h&l$ or milk$ by ^? :o br+ ! infecti\s matt] ) !m2 & ( c\rse1 ! smalle/ p>ticle imag9able1 :5 appli$ to a "p susceptible ( its influ5ce1 may produce ! effect4 ,among ! human species x appe>s to be v cle> t ! disease is produc$ by contact only4 ,all my attempts1 at lea/1 to communicate x by effluvia h hi!rto prov$ ineffectual4 ,z well z ! p]fect *ange f t /ate 9 :i* v>iol\s matt] is capable ( produc+ full & decisive effects on ! con/itution1 to t :]e9 its specific prop]ties are entirely lo/1 x may reasonably be suppos$ t x is capable ( und]go+ a v>iety ( int]m$iate *anges4 ,! foll[+ s+ul> occurr5ces 9 t5 cases ( inoculation1 oblig+ly communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,trye1 ,s5ior ,surgeon to ! ,infirm>y at ,gloce/]1 seem to indicate t ! v>iol\s matt]1 previ\sly to its be+ tak5 f ! pati5t = ! int5d$ purpose1 0 beg9n+ to "p ) "s ( its orig9al prop]ties1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x _h suff]$ a p>tial decomposition4 ,mr4 ,trye says3 ,i inoculat$ t5 *ildr5 ) matt] tak5 at "o "t & f ! same subject4 ,i obs]v$ no peculi>ity 9 any ( !m previ\sly to _! inoculation1 nor did any ?+ rem>kable appe> 9 _! arms till aft] ! decl9e ( ! disease4 ,two infants ( ?ree mon?s old _h erysipelas ab\t ! incisions1 9 "o ( !m ext5d+ f ! %\ld]s to ! f+]s' ends4 ,ano!r infant _h abscesses 9 ! cellul> sub/ance 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! incisions1 & five or six ( ! re/ _h axill>y abscesses4 ,! matt] 0 tak5 f ! di/9ct smallpox late 9 its progress1 & :5 "s pu/ules _h be5 dri$4 ,x 0 receiv$ ^u glass & sl[ly dri$ by ! fire4 ,all ! *ildr5 _h pu/ules :i* maturat$1 s t ,i suppose !m all secure f future infection2 at lea/1 z secure z any o!rs :om ,i h ev] inoculat$4 ,my practice nev] af=d$ a sore arm be=e4 ,9 reg>d to my =m] obs]vation on ! improp] & dang]\s mode ( pres]v+ v>iol\s matt]1 ,i %all "h rem>k t x seems n to h be5 cle>ly und]/ood4 ,f9d+ t x has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! m eligible modes ( pres]vation1 ,i w expla9 myself fur!r4 ,:5 ! matt] is tak5 f a fit pu/ule & prop]ly prep>$ = pres]vation1 x may c]ta9ly be kept )\t los+ its specific prop]ties a great l5g? ( "t2 = in/ance1 :5 x is previ\sly dri$ 9 ! op5 air on "s compact body1 z a quill or a piece ( glass1 & aft]w>ds secur$ 9 a small vial4 ,footnote3 ,?us prep>$1 ! c[-pox virus 0 f\nd p]fectly active1 & possess+ all its specific prop]ties1 at ! end ( ?ree mon?s4 ,b :5 kept sev]al days 9 a /ate ( moi/ure1 & dur+ t "t expos$ to a w>m temp]ature1 ,i d n ?9k x c be reli$ ^u z capable ( giv+ a p]fect disease1 al?\gh1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 ! progress ( ! symptoms aris+ f ! action ( ! imp]fect matt] be> s /rong a resemblance to ! smallpox :5 excit$ completely4 ,?irdly4 ,t ! fir/ =m$ virus1 or :at con/itutes ! true c[-pox pu/ule1 inv>iably possesses ! p[] ,i h ascrib$ to x1 namely1 t ( affect+ ! con/itution ) a specific disease1 is a tru? t no subsequ5t occurr5ce has yet l$ me to d\bt4 ,b z ,i am n[ endeav\r+ to gu>d ! public z mu* z possible aga9/ errone\s conclusions1 ,i %all obs]ve t :5 ?is pu/ule has deg5]at$ into an ulc] 7to :i* /ate x is (t5 dispos$ to pass unless timely *eck$71 ,i suspect t matt] possess+ v diff]5t prop]ties may soon] or lat] be produc$2 & al?\gh x may h pass$ t /age :]e9 ! specific prop]ties ( ! matt] secret$ are no long] pres5t 9 x1 yet :5 appli$ to a sore 7z 9 ! casual way7 x might dispose t sore to ulc]ate1 & f its irritation ! sy/em w\ld probably become affect$2 & ?us1 by assum+ "s ( its /ronge/ *>act]s1 x w\ld imitate ! g5u9e c[-pox4 ,f ! prec$+ obs]vations on ! matt] ( smallpox :5 decompos$ x mu/1 ,i conceive1 be admitt$ t c[-pox matt] 9 ! /ate n[ describ$ may produce a disease1 ! effects ( :i* may be felt bo? locally & g5]ally1 yet t ! disease ?us induc$ may n be effectual 9 obviat+ ! future effects ( v>iol\s contagion4 ,9 ! case ( ,m>y ,mill]1 relat$ by ,mr4 ,kite 9 ! volume above allud$ to1 x appe>s t ! inflammation & suppuration ( ! inoculat$ arm 7 m ?an usually sev]e1 al?\gh ! sy/em und]w5t no specific *ange f ! action ( ! virus2 :i* appe>s f ! pati5t's sick5+ sev5 weeks aft]w>ds ) ! natural smallpox1 :i* w5t ?r\gh its c\rse4 ,"s ( ! cases communicat$ by ,mr4 ,e>le t5d fur!r to confirm ?is fact1 z ! matt] !re manife/ly produc$ ulc]ation on ! inoculat$ "p to a consid]able ext5t4 ,f\r?ly4 ,:e!r ! c[-pox is a spontane\s disease 9 ! c[1 or is to be attribut$ to matt] convey$ to ! animal1 z ,i h conceiv$1 f ! horse1 is a "q :i*1 ?\gh ,i %all n attempt n[ fully to discuss1 yet ,i %all digress s f> z to adduce "s fur!r obs]vations1 & to give my reasons m at l>ge = tak+ up an op9ion t to "s _h appe>$ fanciful4 ,! aggregate ( ^! obs]vations1 ?\gh n am\nt+ to positive pro(1 =ms presumptive evid5ce ( s =cible a k9d t ,i imag9e x might1 on any o!r p]son1 h made ! same impression x did on me1 )\t fix+ ! imputation ( cr$ulity4 ,fir/3 ,i conceiv$ ?is 0 ! s\rce1 f obs]v+ t :]e ! c[-pox _h appe>$ among ! dairies "h 7unless x c\ld be trac$ to ! introduction ( an infect$ c[ or s]vant7 x _h be5 prec$$ at ! f>m by a horse diseas$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 :i* horse _h be5 att5d$ by "s ( ! milk]s4 ,secondly3 ,f its be+ a popul> op9ion ?r\gh\t ?is great dairy c\ntry1 & f its be+ insi/$ on by ^? :o "h att5d sick cattle4 ,?irdly3 ,f ! total abs5ce ( ! disease 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 :]e ! m5-s]vants are n employ$ 9 ! dairies4 ,footnote3 ,?is in=mation 0 communicat$ to me f ! fir/ au?ority4 ,f\r?ly3 ,f hav+ obs]v$ t morbid matt] g5]at$ by ! horse frequ5tly communicates1 9 a casual way1 a disease to ! human subject s l ! c[-pox t1 9 _m cases1 x w\ld be difficult to make ! di/9ction betwe5 "o & ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,! s\nd sk9 does n appe> to be susceptible ( ?is virus :5 ins]t$ into x1 b1 :5 previ\sly diseas$ f little accid5ts1 its effects are (t5 conspicu\s4 ,fif?ly3 ,f be+ induc$ to suppose1 f exp]im5ts1 t "s ( ^? :o _h be5 ?us affect$ f ! horse resi/$ ! smallpox4 ,six?ly3 ,f ! progress & g5]al appe>ance ( ! pu/ule on ! arm ( ! boy :om ,i inoculat$ ) matt] tak5 f ! h& ( a man infect$ by a horse2 & f ! simil>ity to ! c[-pox ( g5]al con/itutional symptoms :i* foll[$4 ,footnote3 ,?is case 7on :i* ,i laid no inconsid]able /ress 9 my late treatise1 z presumptive evid5ce ( ! fact adduc$7 seems to h be5 ei!r mi/ak5 or ov]look$ by ^? :o h comm5t$ ^u x4 7,see ,case ,,xviii1 p4 #cf47 ,! boy1 un=tunately1 di$ ( a fev] at a p>i% workh\se be=e ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ :at effects w\ld h be5 produc$ by ! matt] ( smallpox4 ,i fe> x w\ld be trespass+ too f> to adduce ! g5]al te/imony ( our f>m]s 9 support ( ?is op9ion2 yet ,i beg leave to introduce an extract ( a lett] on ?is subject f ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,moore1 ( ,*al=d ,hill1 9 ?is c\nty3 ,9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 #agig1 my horse _h diseas$ heels1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly :at is t]m$ ! grease2 & at a %ort subsequ5t p]iod my c[ 0 also affect$ ) :at a neighb\r+ f>m] 7:o 0 conv]sant ) ! compla9ts ( cattle7 pron\nc$ to be ! c[-pox1 :i* he at ! same "t obs]v$ my s]vant w\ld be infect$ )3 & ?is prov$ to be ! case2 = he _h eruptions on 8 h&s1 face1 & _m1 p>ts ( ! body1 ! pu/ules appe>+ l>ge1 & n mu* l ! smallpox1 = :i* he _h be5 inoculat$ a ye> & a half be=e1 & _h !n a v heavy bur!n4 ,! pu/ules on ! face might arise f contact ) 8 h&s1 z he _h a habit ( rubb+ 8 =ehead1 :]e ! sores 7 ! l>ge/ & ! ?icke/4 ,! boy associat$ ) ! f>m]'s sons dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! disease1 nei!r ( :om _h _h ! smallpox1 b !y felt no ill effects :atev]4 ,he 0 n mu* indispos$1 z ! disease did n prev5t him f foll[+ 8 occupations z usual4 ,no o!r p]son att5d$ ! horse or milk$ ! c[ b ! lad above m5tion$4 ,i am firmly ( op9ion t ! disease 9 ! heels ( ! horse1 :i* 0 a virul5t grease1 0 ! orig9 ( ! s]vant's & ! c['s malady4 ,b to return to ! m imm$iate object ( ?is proposition4 ,f ! simil>ity ( symptoms1 bo? con/itutional & local1 betwe5 ! c[-pox & ! disease receiv$ f morbid matt] g5]at$ by a horse1 ! common p 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 :5 infect$ ) ?is disease1 ?r\gh a /range p]v]sion ( t]ms1 frequ5tly call x ! c[-pox4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 su* a malady to appe> among "s ( ! s]vants at a f>m1 & at ! same "t t ! c[-pox 7 to break out among ! cattle2 & let u suppose1 too1 t "s ( ! s]vants 7 infect$ 9 ?is way1 & t o!rs receiv$ ! infection f ! c[s4 ,x w\ld be record$ at ! f>m1 & among ! s]vants !mselves :]ev] !y might aft]w>ds be disp]s$1 t !y _h all _h ! c[-pox4 ,b x is cle> t an individual ?us infect$ f ! horse w\ld nei!r be = a c]ta9ty secure himself1 nor w\ld he imp>t security to o!rs 7 !y inoculat$ by virus ?us g5]at$4 ,he /ill w\ld be 9 dang] ( tak+ ! smallpox4 ,yet 7 ?is to happ5 be=e ! nature ( ! c[pox be m maturely consid]$ by ! public my evid5ce on ! subject might be depreciat$ unju/ly4 ,= an exemplification ( :at is "h advanc$ relative to ! nature ( ! infection :5 receiv$ directly f ! horse see ,inquiry into ! ,causes & ,effects ( ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae1 pp4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 & p4 #ce2 & by way ( fur!r example1 ,i beg leave to subjo9 ! foll[+ intellig5ce receiv$ f ,mr4 ,few/]1 ,surgeon1 ( ,?ornbury1 9 ?is c\nty1 a g5tleman p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) ! appe>ances ( ! c[-pox on ! human subject3 ,william ,morris1 ag$ ?irty-two1 s]vant to ,mr4 ,cox ( ,almondsbury1 9 ?is c\nty1 appli$ to me ! #b;d ( ,april1 #agih4 ,he told me t1 f\r days be=e1 be f\nd a /iffness & swell+ 9 bo? 8 h&s1 :i* 7 s pa9ful x 0 ) difficulty he cont9u$ 8 "w2 t he _h be5 seiz$ ) pa9 9 8 head1 small ( ! back1 & limbs1 & ) frequ5t *illy fits succe$$ by fev]4 ,on exam9ation ,i f\nd him /ill affect$ ) ^! symptoms1 & t !re 0 a great pro/ration ( /r5g?4 ,_m p>ts ( 8 h&s on ! inside 7 *app$1 & on ! middle jo9t ( ! ?umb ( ! "r h& !re 0 a small phag$5ic ulc]1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge pea1 dis*>g+ an i*or\s fluid4 ,on ! middle f+] ( ! same h& !re 0 ano!r ulc] ( a simil> k9d4 ,^! sores 7 ( a ,,circul> =m1 & he describ$ _! fir/ appe>ance z be+ some:at l bli/]s aris+ f a burn4 ,he compla9$ ( excessive pa91 :i* ext5d$ up 8 arm into ! axilla4 ,^! symptoms & appe>ances ( ! sores 7 s exactly l ! c[-pox t ,i pron\nc$ he _h tak5 ! di/emp] f milk+ c[s4 ,he assur$ me he _h n milk$ a c[ = m ?an half a ye>1 & t 8 ma/]'s c[s _h no?+ ! matt] ) !m4 ,i !n ask$ him if 8 ma/] _h a ,,greasy horse1 :i* he answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 & fur!r said t he _h con/antly dress$ him twice a day = ! ,footnote3 ,,hc--,vol4#hh la/ ?ree weeks or m1 & rem>k$ t ! smell ( 8 h&s 0 mu* l t ( ! horses's heels4 ,on ! #e? ( ,april ,i aga9 saw him1 & f\nd him /ill compla9+ ( pa9 9 bo? h&s1 nor 7 8 febrile symptoms at all reliev$4 ,! ulc]s _h n[ spread to ! size ( a sev5-%ill+ gold co91 & ano!r ulc]1 :i* ,i _h n notic$ be=e1 appe>$ on ! fir/ jo9t ( ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 equally pa9ful ) t on ! "r4 ,i ord]$ him to ba! 8 h&s 9 w>m bran & wat]1 appli$ es*>otics to ! ulc]s1 & wrapp$ 8 h&s up 9 a s(t cataplasm4 ,! next day he 0 mu* reliev$1 & 9 some?+ m ?an a =tnight got well4 ,he lo/ 8 nails f ! ?umb & f+]s t 7 ulc]at$4 ,! sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! symptoms 9 ?is case aft] ! application ( ! es*>otics to ! sores is wor?y ( obs]vation2 x seems to %[ t !y 7 kept up by ! irritation ( ! ulc]s4 ,! g5]al symptoms :i* ,i h already describ$ ( ! c[- pox1 :5 communicat$ 9 a casual way to any great ext5t1 w1 ,i am conv9c$1 f ! _m cases ,i h se51 be f\nd accurate2 b f ! v slight indisposition :i* ensues 9 cases ( inoculation1 :]e ! pu/ule1 aft] affect+ ! con/itution1 quickly runs into a scab spontane\sly1 or is artificially suppress$ by "s prop] application1 ,i am induc$ to believe t ! viol5ce ( ! symptoms may be ascrib$ to ! inflammation & irritation ( ! ulc]s 7:5 ulc]ation takes place to any ext5t1 z 9 ! casual c[-pox71 & t ! con/itutional symptoms :i* appe> dur+ ! pres5ce ( ! sore1 :ile x assumes ! "* ( a pu/ule only1 are felt b 9 a v trifl+ degree4 ,?is mild affection ( ! sy/em happ5s :5 ! disease makes b a slight local impression on ^? :o h be5 accid5tally infect$ by c[s2 &1 z f> z ,i h se51 x has uni=mly happ5$ among ^? :o h be5 inoculat$1 :5 a pu/ule only & no great degree ( inflammation or any ulc]ation has tak5 place f ! inoculation4 ,! foll[+ cases w /r5g!n ?is op9ion4 ,! c[-pox appe>$ at a f>m 9 ! village ( ,/oneh\se1 9 ?is c\nty1 ab\t ,mi*aelmas la/1 & cont9u$ gradually to pass f "o c[ to ano!r till ! end ( ,novemb]1 ,on ! tw5ty-six? ( t mon? "s i*or\s matt] 0 tak5 f a c[ & dri$ ^u a quill4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,decemb] "s ( x 0 ins]t$ into a scrat*1 made s sup]ficial t no blood appe>$1 on ! arms ( ,susan ,phipps1 a *ild sev5 ye>s old4 ,! common inflammatory appe>ances took place 9 consequ5ce1 & advanc$ till ! fif? day1 :5 !y _h s mu* subsid$ t ,i did n conceive any ?+ fur!r w\ld ensue4 #f?3 ,appe>ances /ation>y4 #g?3 ,! inflammation began to advance4 #h?3 ,a vesication1 p]ceptible on ! edges1 =m+1 z 9 ! inoculat$ smallpox1 an appe>ance n unlike a gra9 ( :eat1 ) ! cleft1 or ind5tation 9 ! c5tre4 #i?3 ,pa9 9 ! axilla4 #aj?3 ,a little heada*e2 pulse1 #aaj2 tongue n discol\r$2 c\nt5ance 9 heal?4 #aa?1 #ab?3 ,no p]ceptible illness2 pulse ab\t #ajj4 #ac?3 ,! pu/ule 0 n[ surr\nd$ by an effloresc5ce1 int]sp]s$ ) v m9ute conflu5t pu/ules to ! ext5t ( ab\t an in*4 ,"s ( ^! pu/ules advanc$ 9 size & maturat$4 ,s exact 0 ! resemblance ( ! arm at ?is /age to ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! inoculat$ smallpox t ,mr4 ,d41 a neighb\r+ surgeon1 :o took "s matt] f x1 & :o _h nev] se5 ! c[-pox be=e1 decl>$ he c\ld n p]ceive any diff]5ce4 ,footnote3 ,t ! c[-pox 0 a suppos$ gu>dian ( ! con/itution f ! action ( ! smallpox has be5 a preval5t idea = a long "t pa/2 b ! simil>ity 9 ! con/itutional effects betwe5 "o disease & ! o!r c\ld nev] h be5 s accurately obs]v$ _h n ! inoculation ( ! c[-pox plac$ x 9 a new & /rong] po9t ( view4 ,?is practice1 too1 has %ewn u1 :at be=e lay conceal$1 ! rise & progress ( ! pu/ule =m$ by ! ins]tion ( ! virus1 :i* places 9 a mo/ conspicu\s light its /rik+ resemblance to ! pu/ule =m$ f ! inoculat$ smallpox4 ,! *ild's arm n[ %ew$ a disposition to scab1 & rema9$ ne>ly /ation>y = two or ?ree days1 :5 x began to run into an ulc]\s /ate1 & ,,!n comm5c$ a febrile indisposition accompani$ ) an increase ( axill>y tum\r4 ,! ulc] cont9u$ spread+ ne> a week1 dur+ :i* "t ! *ild cont9u$ ill1 :5 x increas$ to a size ne>ly z l>ge z a %ill+4 ,x began n[ to dis*>ge pus2 granulations sprang up1 & x heal$4 ,?is *ild _h be=e be5 ( a rem>kably sickly con/itution1 b is n[ 9 v high heal?4 ,m>y ,he>n1 twelve ye>s ( age1 0 inoculat$ ) matt] tak5 f ! arm ( ,susan ,phipps4 #f? day3 ,a pu/ule beg9n+ to appe>1 slight pa9 9 ! axilla4 #g?3 ,a di/9ct vesicle =m$4 #h?3 ,! vesicle increas+2 edges v r$2 no deviation 9 its appe>ance at ?is "t f ! inoculat$ smallpox4 #i?3 ,no indisposition2 pu/ule advanc+4 #aj?3 ,! pati5t felt ?is ev5+ a slight febrile attack4 #aa?3 ,free f indisposition4 #ab?1 #ac?3 ,! same4 #ad?3 ,an effloresc5ce ( a fa9t r$ col\r ext5d+ sev]al in*es r\nd ! arm4 ,! pu/ule1 beg9n+ to %ew a disposition to spread1 0 dress$ ) an o9tm5t compos$ ( hydr>g4 nit4 rub4 & ung4 c]ce4 ,! effloresc5ce itself 0 cov]$ ) a pla/] ( ung4 hydr4 =t4 ,9 six h\rs x 0 exam9$1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! effloresc5ce _h totally disappe>$4 ,! application ( ! o9tm5t ) ! hydr4 nit4 rub4 0 made use ( = ?ree days1 :51 ! /ate ( ! pu/ule rema9+ /ation>y1 x 0 ex*ang$ = ! ung4 hydr4 nit4 ,?is appe>$ to h a m active effect ?an ! =m]1 & 9 two or ?ree days ! virus seem$ to be subdu$1 :5 a simple dress+ 0 made use (2 b ! sore aga9 %ew+ a disposition to inflame1 ! ung4 hydr4 nit4 0 aga9 appli$1 & soon answ]$ ! int5d$ purpose effectually4 ,! girl1 aft] ! t5? day1 :51 z has be5 obs]v$1 %e became a little ill1 %ew$ n ! lea/ symptom ( indisposition4 ,%e 0 aft]w>ds expos$ to ! action ( v>iol\s2 matt]1 & completely resi/$ x4 ,susan ,phipps also w5t ?r\gh a simil> trial4 ,conceiv+ ^! cases to be important1 ,i h giv5 !m 9 detail3 fir/1 to urge ! precaution ( us+ su* means z may /op ! progress ( ! pu/ule2 &1 secondly1 to po9t out 7:at appe>s to be ! fact7 t ! mo/ mat]ial indisposition1 or at lea/ t :i* is felt mo/ s5sibly1 ,,does ,,n ,,arise ,,prim>ily ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,virus ,,on ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,b ,,t ,,x ,,(t5 ,,comes ,,on1 ,,if ,,! ,,pu/ule ,,is ,,left ,,to ,,*ance1 ,,z ,a ,,second>y ,,disease4 ,?is leads me to conjecture1 :at exp]im5t mu/ f9ally det]m9e1 t !y :o h _h ! smallpox are n aft]w>ds susceptible ( ! prim>y action ( ! c[-pox virus2 = see+ t ! simple virus itself1 :5 x has n pass$ beyond ! b\nd>y ( a vesicle1 excites 9 ! sy/em s little commotion1 is x n probable ! trifl+ illness1 ?us induc$ may be lo/ 9 t :i* s quickly1 & (t5times s sev]ely1 foll[s 9 ! casual c[- pox f ! pres5ce ( corrod+ ulc]s8 ,?is consid]ation induces me to suppose t ,i may h be5 mi/ak5 9 my =m] obs]vation on ?is subject4 ,9 ?is respect1 z well z _m o!rs1 a p>allel may be drawn betwe5 ?is disease & ! smallpox4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! pati5t fir/ feels ! effect ( :at is call$ ! absorption ( ! virus4 ,! symptoms !n (t5 ne>ly retire1 :5 a fre% attack comm5ces1 diff]5t f ! fir/1 & ! illness keeps pace ) ! progress ( ! pu/ules ?r\gh _! diff]5t /ages ( maturation1 ulc]ation1 etc4 ,al?\gh ! application ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! case ( ,m>y ,he>n prov$ suffici5t to *eck ! progress ( ulc]ation & prev5t any second>y symptoms1 yet1 aft] ! pu/ule has duly ex]t$ its influ5ce1 ,i %\ld pref] ! de/roy+ x quickly & effectually to any o!r mode4 ,! t]m cau/ic to a t5d] e> 7& ,i conceive none feel m int]e/$ 9 ?is inquiry ?an ! anxi\s gu>dians ( a nurs]y7 may s\nd h>% & unpleas+1 b e solicitude t may arise on ?is acc\nt w no long] exi/ :5 x is und]/ood t ! pu/ule1 9 a /ate fit to be act$ ^u1 is !n q sup]ficial1 & t x does n occupy ! space ( a silv] p5ny4 ,footnote3 ,i m5tion es*>otics = /opp+ ! progress ( ! pu/ule because ,i am acqua9t$ ) _! efficacy2 probably m simple means might answ] ! purpose q z well1 su* z might be f\nd among ! m9]al & vegetable a/r+5ts4 ,z a pro( ( ! efficacy ( ?is practice1 ev5 be=e ! virus has fully ex]t$ itself on ! sy/em1 ,i %all lay be=e my read] ! foll[+ hi/ory3 ,by a ref]5ce to ! treatise on ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae x w be se5 t1 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #agih1 f\r *ildr5 7 inoculat$ ) ! matt] ( c[-pox1 & t 9 two ( ^! cases ! virus on ! arm 0 de/roy$ soon aft] x _h produc$ a p]ceptible sick5+4 ,m>y ,james1 ag$ sev5 ye>s1 "o ( ! *ildr5 allud$ to1 0 inoculat$ 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] foll[+ ) fre% v>iol\s matt]1 & at ! same "t 0 expos$ to ! effluvia ( a pati5t affect$ ) ! smallpox4 ,! appe>ance & progress ( ! infect$ arm 01 9 e respect simil> to t :i* we g5]ally obs]ve :5 v>iol\s matt] has be5 ins]t$ into ! sk9 ( a p]son :o has n previ\sly und]gone ei!r ! c[-pox or ! smallpox4 ,on ! eigh? day1 conceiv+ !re 0 infection 9 x1 %e 0 remov$ f h] resid5ce among ^? :o _h n _h ! smallpox4 ,i 0 n[ anxi\sly wait+ ! result1 conceiv+1 f ! /ate ( ! girl's arm1 %e w\ld fall sick ab\t ?is "t4 ,on visit+ h] on ! ev5+ ( ! foll[+ day 7! n9?7 all ,i c\ld le>n f ! woman :o att5d$ h] 0 t %e felt some:at hott] ?an usual dur+ ! night1 b 0 n re/less2 & t 9 ! morn+ !re 0 ! fa9t appe>ance ( a ra% ab\t h] wri/s4 ,?is w5t (f 9 a few h\rs1 & 0 n at all p]ceptible to me on my visit 9 ! ev5+4 ,n a s+le eruption appe>$1 ! sk9 hav+ be5 repeat$ly & c>efully exam9$4 ,! inoculat$ arm cont9u$ to make ! usual progress to ! end1 ?r\gh all ! /ages ( inflammation1 maturation1 & scabb+4 ,on ! eigh? day matt] 0 tak5 f ! arm ( ?is girl 7,m>y ,james7 & ins]t$ into ! arms ( h] "m & bro!r 7nei!r ( :om _h _h ei!r ! smallpox or ! c[-pox71 ! =m] ab\t fifty ye>s ( age1 ! latt] six4 ,on ! eigh? day aft] ! ins]tion ! boy felt indispos$1 & cont9u$ unwell two days1 :5 a measles-l ra% appe>$ on 8 h&s & wri/s1 & 0 ?9ly scatt]$ ov] 8 arms4 ,! day foll[+ 8 body 0 m>bl$ ov] ) an appe>ance some:at simil>1 b he did n compla91 nor did he appe> indispos$4 ,a few pu/ules n[ appe>$1 ! great] "p ( :i* w5t away )\t maturat+4 ,on ! n9? day ! "m began to compla94 ,%e 0 a little *illy & _h a heada*e = two days1 b ,,no ,,pu/ule ,,appe>$ on ! sk91 nor _h %e any appe>ance ( a ra%4 ,! family 0 att5d$ by an eld]ly woman z a nurse1 :o 9 h] infancy _h be5 expos$ to ! contagion ( ! smallpox1 b _h resi/$ x4 ,?is woman 0 n[ infect$1 b _h ! disease 9 ! slighte/ mann]1 a v few eruptions appe>+1 two or ?ree ( :i* only maturat$4 ,f a solit>y in/ance l t adduc$ ( ,m>y ,james1 ^: con/itution appe>s to h resi/$ ! action ( ! v>iol\s virus1 aft] ! influ5ce ( ! c[-pox virus _h be5 s soon arre/$ 9 its progress1 no positive conclusion c be fairly drawn2 nor f ! hi/ory ( ! ?ree o!r pati5ts :o 7 subsequ5tly infect$1 b1 nev]!less1 ! facts collectively may be deem$ int]e/+4 ,t "o mild v>iety ( ! smallpox has appe>$ ,i h already pla9ly %ewn2 ,footnote3 ,see ,inquiry into ! ,causes & ,effects ( ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae1 p4 #ed 7( orig9al article71 & by ! means n[ m5tion$ we probably h x 9 our p[] to produce at w ano!r4 ,at ! "t :5 ! pu/ule 0 de/roy$ 9 ! arm ( ,m>y ,james ,i 0 in=m$ %e _h be5 indispos$ ab\t twelve h\rs2 b ,i am n[ assur$ by ^? :o 7 ) h] t ! space ( "t 0 mu* less4 ,be t z x may1 9 cases ( c[-pox inoculation ,i w\ld n recomm5d any application to subdue ! action ( ! pu/ule until conv9c+ pro(s _h appe>$ ( ! pati5t's hav+ felt its effects at lea/ twelve h\rs4 ,no h>m1 inde$1 c\ld ensue 7 a long] p]iod to elapse be=e ! application 0 made use (4 ,9 %ort1 x %\ld be suff]$ to h z full an effect z x c\ld1 consi/5tly ) ! /ate ( ! arm4 ,z ! cases ( inoculation multiply1 ,i am m & m conv9c$ ( ! extreme mildness ( ! symptoms aris+ m]ely f ! prim>y action ( ! virus on ! con/itution1 & t ^? symptoms :i*1 z 9 ! accid5tal c[-pox1 affect ! pati5t ) sev]ity1 are entirely second>y1 excit$ by ! irritat+ processes ( inflammation & ulc]ation2 & x appe>s to me t ?is s+ul> virus possesses an irritat+ quality ( a peculi> k9d1 b z a s+le c[-pox pu/ule is all t is necess>y to r5d] ! v>iol\s virus ineffectual1 & z we possess ! means ( allay+ ! irritation1 %\ld any arise1 x becomes ( little or no consequ5ce4 ,x appe>s !n1 z f> z an inf]5ce c be drawn f ! pres5t progress ( c[-pox inoculation1 t x is an accid5tal circum/ance only :i* c r5d] ?is a viol5t disease1 & a circum/ance ( t nature :i*1 =tunately1 x is 9 ! p[] ( almo/ e "o to avoid4 ,i allude to ! communication ( ! disease f c[s4 ,9 ?is case1 %\ld ! h&s ( ! milk] be affect$ ) little accid5tal sores to any ext5t1 e sore w\ld become ! nidus ( infection & feel ! influ5ce ( ! virus2 & ! degree ( viol5ce 9 ! con/itutional symptoms w\ld be 9 proportion to ! numb] & to ! /ate ( ^! local affections4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a p]son1 ei!r by accid5t or design1 might be s fill$ ) ^! w\nds f contact ) ! virus t ! con/itution might s9k "u ! pressure4 ,see+ t we possess ! means ( r5d]+ ! action ( ! sores mild1 :i*1 :5 left to *ance1 are capable ( produc+ viol5t effects2 & see+1 too1 t ^! sores be> a resemblance to ! smallpox1 especially ! conflu5t1 %\ld x n enc\rage ! hope t "s topical application might be us$ ) advantage to c\nt]act ! fatal t5d5cy ( t disease1 :5 x appe>s 9 ?is t]rific =m8 ,at :at /age or /ages ( ! disease ?is may be done ) ! mo/ promis+ expectation ( success ,i w n pret5d n[ to det]m9e4 ,i only ?r[ out ?is idea z ! basis ( fur!r reason+ & exp]im5t4 ,i h (t5 be5 foil$ 9 my endeav\rs to communicate ! c[- pox by inoculation4 ,an inflammation w sometimes succe$ ! scrat* or puncture1 & 9 a few days disappe> )\t produc+ any fur!r effect4 ,sometimes x w ev5 produce an i*or\s fluid1 & yet ! sy/em w n be affect$4 ,! same ?+ we "k happ5s ) ! smallpox virus4 ,f\r or five s]vants 7 inoculat$ at a f>m contigu\s to ?is place1 la/ summ]1 ) matt] j tak5 f an infect$ c[4 ,a little inflammation appe>$ on all _! arms1 b di$ away )\t produc+ a pu/ule2 yet all ^! s]vants caught ! disease )9 a mon? aft]w>ds f milk+ ! infect$ c[s1 & "s ( !m _h x sev]ely4 ,at pres5t no o!r mode ?an t commonly practic$ = inoculat+ ! smallpox has be5 us$ = giv+ ! c[-pox2 b x is probable ?is might be v>i$ ) advantage4 ,we %\ld imitate ! casual communication m cle>ly 7 we fir/1 by mak+ ! smalle/ sup]ficial incision or puncture on ! sk91 to produce a little scab1 & !n1 remov+ x1 to t\* ! abrad$ "p ) ! virus4 ,a small portion ( a ?read imbru$ 9 ! virus 7z 9 ! old me?od ( inoculat+ ! smallpox7 & laid ^u ! slightly incis$ sk9 might probably prove a successful way ( giv+ ! disease2 or ! cutis might be expos$ 9 a m9ute po9t by an atom ( bli/]+ pla/]1 & ! virus br\ght 9 contact ) x4 ,9 ! cases j allud$ to1 :]e ,i did n succe$ 9 giv+ ! disease con/itutionally1 ! exp]im5t 0 made ) matt] tak5 9 a purul5t /ate f a pu/ule on ! nipple ( a c[4 ,is ,,pure ,,pus1 ?\gh conta9$ 9 a smallpox pu/ule1 ev] capable ( produc+ ! smallpox p]fectly8 ,i suspect x is n4 ,let u consid] t x is always prec$$ by ! limpid fluid1 :i*1 9 con/itutions susceptible ( v>iol\s contagion1 is always infecti\s2 & ?\gh1 on op5+ a pu/ule1 its cont5ts may appe> p]fectly purul5t1 yet a giv5 quantity ( ! limpid fluid may1 at ! same "t1 be bl5d$ ) x1 ?\gh x w\ld be imp]ceptible to ! only te/ ( our s5ses1 ! eye4 ,! pres5ce1 !n1 ( ?is fluid1 or its me*anical diffusion ?r\gh pus1 may at all times r5d] active :at is app>5tly ,,m]e ,,pus1 :ile its total abs5ce 7z 9 /ale pu/ules7 may be att5d$ ) ! imp]fect effects we h se54 ,x w\ld be digress+ too widely to g f> into ! doctr9e ( secretion1 b z x w n be q extrane\s1 ,i %all j obs]ve t ,i consid] bo? ! pus & ! limpid fluid ( ! pu/ule z secretions1 b t ! organs e/abli%$ by nature to p]=m ! (fice ( secret+ ^! fluids may diff] ess5tially 9 _! me*anical /ructure4 ,:at b a diff]5ce 9 ! organization ( gl&ul> bodies con/itutes ! diff]5ce 9 ! qualities ( ! fluids secret$8 ,f "s peculi> d]angem5t 9 ! /ructure or1 9 o!r words1 "s deviation 9 ! natural action ( a gl& de/9$ to create a mild1 innoxi\s fluid1 a poison ( ! mo/ deadly nature may be creat$2 = example3 ,t gl&1 :i* 9 its s\nd /ate secretes pure saliva1 may1 f be+ ?r[n into diseas$ action1 produce a poison ( ! mo/ de/ructive quality4 ,nature appe>s to h no m difficulty 9 =m+ m9ute gl&s among ! vascul> p>ts ( ! body ?an %e has 9 =m+ blood vessels1 & millions ( ^! c be call$ into exi/5ce1 :5 inflammation is excit$1 9 a few h\rs4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,home1 9 8 excell5t diss]tation on pus & mucus1 ju/ifies ?is ass]tion4 ,9 ! pres5t e>ly /age ( ! inquiry 7= e>ly x c]ta9ly mu/ be deem$71 be=e we "k = an absolute c]ta9ty h[ soon ! virus ( ! c[-pox may suff] a *ange 9 its specific prop]ties1 aft] x has quitt$ ! limpid /ate x possesses :5 f>m+ a pu/ule1 x w\ld be prud5t = ^? :o h be5 inoculat$ ) x to submit to v>iol\s inoculation4 ,no injury or inconv5i5ce c accrue f ?is2 & 7 ! same me?od practic$ among ^? :o1 f inoculation1 h felt ! smallpox 9 an unsatisfactory mann] at any p]iod ( _! lives1 x might appe> t ,i _h n be5 too (fici\s 9 (f]+ a caution>y1 h9t 9 recomm5d+ a second inoculation ) matt] 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate4 ,& "h let me suppose1 = argum5t's sake 7n f conviction71 t "o p]son 9 an hundr$ aft] hav+ _h ! c[-pox %\ld be f\nd susceptible ( ! smallpox1 w\ld ?is invalidate ! utility ( ! practice8 ,=1 waiv+ all o!r consid]ations1 :o w d5y t ! inoculat$ smallpox1 al?\gh ab/ract$ly x may be consid]$ z h>mless1 does n involve 9 itself some?+ t 9 numb]less in/ances proves baneful to ! human frame4 ,t 9 delicate con/itutions x sometimes excites scr(ula is a fact t mu/ g5]ally be subscrib$ to1 z x is s obvi\s to common obs]vation4 ,?is consid]ation is important4 ,z ! effects ( ! smallpox inoculation on ^? :o h _h ! c[-pox w be wat*$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s eye by ^? :o prosecute ?is inquiry1 x may be prop] to br+ to _! recollection "s facts relative to ! smallpox1 :i* ,i mu/ consid] "h z ( consequ5ce1 b :i* hi!rto seem n to h made a due impression4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! con/itution _c1 by previ\s infection1 be r5d]$ totally unsusceptible ( ! v>iol\s poison2 nei!r ! casual nor ! inoculat$ smallpox1 :e!r x produces ! disease 9 a mild or 9 a viol5t way1 c p]fectly ext+ui% ! susceptibility4 ,! sk91 we "k1 is ev] ready to exhibit1 ?\gh (t5 9 a v limit$ degree1 ! effects ( ! poison :5 ins]t$ !re2 & h[ frequ5tly d we see1 among nurses1 :5 mu* expos$ to ! contagion1 eruptions1 & ^! sometimes prec$$ by s5sible illness6 yet %\ld any ?+ l an eruption appe>1 or ! smalle/ degree ( indisposition1 ^u ! ins]tion ( ! v>iol\s matt] on ^? :o h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox1 my ass]tions respect+ ! peculi>ities ( ! disease might be unju/ly discr$it$4 ,i "k a g5tleman :o1 _m ye>s ago1 0 inoculat$ = ! smallpox1 b hav+ no pu/ules1 or sc>cely any con/itutional affection t 0 p]ceptible1 he 0 dissatisfi$1 & has s9ce be5 repeat$ly inoculat$4 ,a vesicle has always be5 produc$ 9 ! arm 9 consequ5ce1 ) axill>y swell+ & a slight indisposition2 ?is is by no means a r>e occurr5ce4 ,x is probable t fluid ?us excit$ ^u ! sk9 w\ld always produce ! smallpox4 ,on ! arm ( a p]son :o _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox _m ye>s be=e ,i once produc$ a vesication by ! ins]tion ( v>iol\s matt]1 &1 ) a little ( ! fluid1 inoculat$ a "y woman :o _h a mild1 b v efficaci\s1 smallpox 9 consequ5ce1 al?\gh no con/itutional effect 0 produc$ on ! pati5t f :om ! matt] 0 tak54 ,! foll[+ communication f ,mr4 ,few/] af=ds a /ill cle>] elucidation ( ?is fact4 ,mr4 ,few/] says3 ,on ! #c;d ( ,april1 #agig1 ,i inoculat$ ,ma/] ,h--1 ag$ f\rte5 mon?s1 = ! smallpox4 ,at ! usual "t he sick5$1 _h a pl5tiful eruption1 p>ticul>ly on 8 face1 & got well4 ,8 nursemaid1 ag$ tw5ty-f\r1 _h _m ye>s be=e gone ?r\gh ! smallpox1 9 ! natural way1 :i* 0 evid5t f h] be+ mu* pitt$ ) x4 ,%e _h us$ ! *ild to sleep on h] left arm1 ) h] left *eek 9 contact ) 8 face1 & dur+ 8 inoculation he _h mo/ly slept 9 t mann]4 ,ab\t a week aft] ! *ild got well %e 7! nurse7 desir$ me to look at h] face1 :i* %e said 0 v pa9ful4 ,!re 0 a pl5tiful eruption on ! left *eek1 ,,b ,,n ,,on ,,any ,,o!r ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,body1 :i* w5t on to maturation4 ,on enquiry ,i f\nd t ?ree days be=e ! appe>ance ( ! eruption %e 0 tak5 ) slight *illy fits1 pa9 9 h] head & limbs1 & "s fev]4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! eruption ^! pa9s w5t (f1 & n[1 ! second day ( ! eruption1 %e compla9s ( a little sore ?roat4 ,:e!r ! above symptoms are ! effects ( ! smallpox or a rec5t cold ,i d n "k4 ,on ! fif? day ( ! eruption ,i *>g$ a lancet f two ( ! pu/ules1 & on ! next day ,i inoculat$ two *ildr51 "o two ye>s1 ! o!r f\r mon?s old1 ) ! matt]4 ,at ! same "t ,i inoculat$ ! "m & elde/ si/] ) v>iol\s matt] tak5 f ,ma/] ,h--4 ,on ! fif? day ( _! inoculation ,,all _! arms 7 inflam$ alike2 & on ! eigh? day ! elde/ ( ^? inoculat$ f ! nurse sick5$1 & ! y\nge/ on ! elev5?4 ,!y _h bo? a pl5tiful eruption1 f :i* ,i inoculat$ sev]al o!rs1 :o _h ! disease v fav\rably4 ,! "m & ! o!r *ild sick5$ ab\t ! same "t1 & likewise _h a pl5tiful eruption4 ,soon aft]1 a man 9 ! village sick5$ ) ! smallpox & _h a conflu5t k9d4 ,to be conv9c$ t ! *ildr5 _h _h ! disease effectually ,i took !m to 8 h\se & inoculat$ !m 9 bo? arms ) matt] tak5 f him1 b )\t effect4 ,^! are n br\ght =w>d z uncommon occurr5ces1 b z exemplifications ( ! human sy/em's susceptibility ( ! v>iol\s contagion1 al?\gh x has be5 previ\sly s5sible ( its action4 ,happy is x = mank9d t ! appe>ance ( ! small-pox a second "t on ! same p]son1 beyond a trivial ext5t1 is s extremely r>e t x is look$ ^u z a pha5om5on6 ,inde$1 s9ce ! publication ( ,dr4 ,heb]d5's pap] on ! ,v>icellae1 or *ick5-pox1 ! idea ( su* an occurr5ce1 9 def]5ce to au?ority s truly respectable1 has be5 g5]ally rel9qui%$4 ,?is ,i conceive has be5 )\t j reason2 = aft] we h se51 among _m o!rs1 s /rong a case z t record$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,)]s1 ,surgeon1 ( ,newbury1 ,b]ks1 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london 7f :i* ,i take ! foll[+ extracts71 no "o1 ,i ?9k1 w aga9 d\bt ! fact4 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,lang=d1 a f>m] ( ,we/ ,%ef=d1 9 ?is c\nty 7,b]ks71 ab\t fifty ye>s ( age1 :5 ab\t a mon? old _h ! smallpox at a "t :5 ?ree o!rs ( ! family _h ! same disease1 "o ( :om1 a s]vant man1 di$ ( x4 ,mr4 ,lang=d's c\nt5ance 0 /rongly indicative ( ! malignity ( ! di/emp]1 8 face be+ s rem>kably pitt$ & seam$ z to attract ! notice ( all :o saw him1 s t no "o c\ld ent]ta9 a d\bt ( 8 hav+ _h t disease 9 a mo/ invet]ate mann]4 ,mr4 ,)]s proce$s to /ate t ,mr4 ,lang=d 0 seiz$ a second "t1 _h a bad conflu5t smallpox1 & di$ on ! tw5ty-fir/ day f ! seizure2 & t f\r ( ! family1 z also a si/] ( ! pati5t's1 to :om ! disease 0 convey$ by h] son's visit+ 8 uncle1 fall+ d[n ) ! smallpox1 fully satisfi$ ! c\ntry ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! disease1 :i* no?+ %ort ( ?is w\ld h done2 ! si/] di$4 ,?is case 0 ?\ght s extraord9>y a "o z to induce ! rector ( ! p>i% to record ! p>ticul>s 9 ! p>i% regi/]4 ,x is s+ul> t 9 mo/ cases ( ?is k9d ! disease 9 ! fir/ in/ance has be5 conflu5t2 s t ! ext5t ( ! ulc]ation on ! sk9 7z 9 ! c[-pox7 is n ! process 9 nature :i* af=ds security to ! con/itution4 ,z ! subject ( ! smallpox is s int]wov5 ) t :i* is ! m imm$iate object ( my pres5t conc]n1 x mu/ plead my excuse = s (t5 introduc+ x4 ,at pres5t x mu/ be consid]$ is a di/emp] n well und]/ood4 ,! inquiry ,i h in/itut$ into ! nature ( ! c[-pox w probably promote its m p]fect inve/igation4 ,! inquiry ( ,dr4 ,pe>son into ! hi/ory ( ! c[-pox hav+ produc$ s great a numb] ( atte/ations 9 fav\r ( my ass]tion t x proves a protection to ! human body f ! smallpox1 ,i h n be5 assidu\s 9 seek+ = m2 b z "s ( my fri5ds h be5 s good z to communicate ! foll[+1 ,i %all conclude ^! obs]vations ) _! ins]tion4 ,extract ( a lett] f ,mr4 ,drake1 ,surgeon1 at ,/r\d1 9 ?is c\nty1 & late ,surgeon to ! ,nor? ,gl\ce/] ,regim5t ( ,militia3 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #agif ,i inoculat$ m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to ! am\nt ( ab\t sev5ty4 ,_m ( ! m5 did n receive ! infection1 al?\gh inoculat$ at lea/ ?ree times & kept 9 ! same room ) ^? :o actually und]w5t ! disease dur+ ! :ole "t occupi$ by !m 9 pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,be+ anxi\s !y %\ld1 9 future1 be secure aga9/ x1 ,i 0 v p>ticul> 9 my inquiries to f9d out :e!r !y ev] _h previ\sly _h x1 or at any "t be5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( p lab\r+ "u x4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! only satisfactory in=mation ,i c\ld obta9 0 t !y _h _h ! c[-pox4 ,z ,i 0 !n ignorant ( su* a disease affect+ ! human subject1 ,i flatt]$ myself :at !y imag9$ to be ! c[-pox 0 9 reality ! smallpox 9 a v slight degree4 ,i m5tion$ ! circum/ance 9 ! pres5ce ( ! (fic]s1 at ! "t express+ my d\bts if x 7 n smallpox1 & 0 n a little surpris$ :5 ,i 0 told by ! ,colonel t he _h frequ5tly he>d y m5tion ! c[-pox z a disease endemial to ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & t if a p]son 7 ev] affect$ by x1 y suppos$ him aft]w>ds secure f ! smallpox4 ,?is excit$ my curiosity1 & :5 ,i visit$ ,gl\ce/]%ire ,i 0 v inquisitive conc]n+ ! subject1 & f ! in=mation ,i h s9ce receiv$1 bo? f y\r publication & f conv]sation ) m$ical m5 ( ! greate/ accuracy 9 _! obs]vations1 ,i am fully conv9c$ t :at ! m5 suppos$ to be c[-pox 0 actually s1 & ,i c safely affirm t !y effectually resi/$ ! smallpox4 ,mr4 ,fry1 ,surgeon1 at ,dursley 9 ?is c\nty1 fav\rs me ) ! foll[+ communication3 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( ! ye> #agig ,i inoculat$ f\rte5 hundr$ & sev5ty-five pati5ts1 ( all ages1 f a =tnight old to sev5ty ye>s2 among/ :om !re 7 _m :o _h previ\sly gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox4 ,! exact numb] ,i _c /ate2 b if ,i say !re 7 ne>ly ?irty1 ,i am c]ta9ly )9 ! numb]4 ,!re 0 n a s+le in/ance ( ! v>iol\s matt] produc+ any con/itutional effect on ^! p1 nor any great] degree ( local inflammation ?an x w\ld h done 9 ! arm ( a p]son :o _h be=e gone ?r\gh ! smallpox1 not)/&+ x 0 inv>iably ins]t$ f\r1 five1 & sometimes six diff]5t times1 to satisfy ! m9ds ( ! pati5ts4 ,9 ! common c\rse ( inoculation previ\s to ! g5]al "o sc>cely a ye> pass$ )\t my meet+ ) "o or two in/ances ( p]sons :o _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox1 resi/+ ! action ( ! v>iol\s contagion4 ,i may fairly say t ! numb] ( p ,i h se5 inoculat$ ) ! smallpox :o1 at =m] p]iods1 _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox1 are n less ?an =ty2 & 9 no "o in/ance h ,i kn[n a pati5t receive ! smallpox1 not)/&+ !y inv>iably cont9u$ to associate ) o!r inoculat$ pati5ts dur+ ! progress ( ! disease1 & _m ( !m purposely expos$ !mselves to ! contagion ( ! natural smallpox2 :5ce ,i am fully conv9c$ t a p]son :o _h fairly _h ! c[-pox is no long] capable ( be+ act$ ^u by ! v>iol\s matt]4 ,i also inoculat$ a v consid]able numb] ( ^? :o _h _h a disease :i* ran ?r\gh ! neighb\rhood a few ye>s ago1 & 0 call$ by ! common p ! sw9e-pox1 n "o ( :om receiv$ ! smallpox4 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 t mild v>iety ( ! smallpox :i* ,i h notic$ 9 ! late ,treatise on ! ,c[-,pox 7p4 #bcc74 ,!re 7 ab\t half a doz5 in/ances ( p :o nev] _h ei!r ! c[-or sw9e-pox1 yet did n receive ! smallpox1 ! sy/em n be+ 9 ! lea/ d]ang$1 or ! arms inflam$1 al?\gh !y 7 repeat$ly inoculat$1 & associat$ ) o!rs :o 7 lab\r+ "u ! disease2 "o ( !m 0 ! son ( a f>ri]4 ,mr4 ,ti]ny1 ,assi/ant ,surgeon ( ! ,s\? ,gl\ce/] ,regim5t ( ,militia1 has oblig$ me ) ! foll[+ in=mation3 ,t 9 ! summ] ( ! ye> ( #agih he inoculat$ a great numb] ( ! m5 belong+ to ! regim5t1 & t among !m he f\nd elev5 :o1 f hav+ liv$ 9 dairies1 _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox4 ,t all ( !m resi/$ ! smallpox except "o1 b t on mak+ ! mo/ rigid & scrupul\s enquiry at ! f>m 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 :]e ! man said he liv$ :5 he _h ! disease1 & among ^? ) :om1 at ! same "t1 he decl>$ he _h associat$1 & p>ticul>ly ( a p]son 9 ! p>i%1 :om he said _h dress$ 8 f+]s1 x mo/ cle>ly appe>$ t he aim$ at an imposition1 & t he nev] _h be5 affect$ ) ! c[-pox4 ,footnote3 ,! public _c be too mu* ^u _! gu>d respect+ p]sons ( ?is description4 ,mr4 ,ti]ny rem>ks t ! arms ( _m :o 7 inoculat$ aft] hav+ _h ! c[-pox inflam$ v quickly1 & t 9 sev]al a little i*or\s fluid 0 =m$4 ,mr4 ,cl9e1 :o 9 ,july la/ 0 s oblig+ at my reque/ z to try ! efficacy ( ! c[-pox virus1 0 k9d en\gh to give me a lett] on ! result ( x1 f :i* ! foll[+ is an extract3 ,my ,,de> ,,sir3 ,! c[-pox exp]im5t has succe$$ admirably4 ,! *ild sick5$ on ! sev5? day1 & ! fev]1 :i* 0 mod]ate1 subsid$ on ! elev5?4 ,! inflammation aris+ f ! ins]tion ( ! virus ext5d$ to ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & !n gradually subsid$1 )\t hav+ be5 att5d$ ) pa9 or o!r inconv5i5ce4 ,!re 7 no eruptions4 ,i h s9ce inoculat$ him ) smallpox matt] 9 ?ree places1 :i* 7 slightly inflam$ on ! ?ird day1 & !n subsid$4 ,dr4 ,li/]1 :o 0 =m]ly physician to ! ,smallpox ,hospital1 att5d$ ! *ild ) me1 & he is conv9c$ t x is n possible to give him ! smallpox4 ,i ?9k ! sub/itut+ ! c[-pox poison = ! smallpox promises to be "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts t has ev] be5 made 9 m$ic9e2 & ! m ,i ?9k on ! subject1 ! m ,i am impress$ ) its importance4 ,) great e/eem ,i am1 etc41 ,,h5ry ,,cl9e4 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 ,augu/ #b1 #agih4 ,f communications1 ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ f ,dr4 ,pe>son1 :o has occasionally report$ to me ! result ( 8 private practice ) ! vacc9e virus 9 ,london1 & f ,dr4 ,woodville1 :o also has fav\r$ me ) an acc\nt ( 8 m ext5sive inoculation ) ! same virus at ! ,smallpox ,hospital1 x appe>s t _m ( _! pati5ts h be5 affect$ ) eruptions1 & t ^! eruptions h maturat$ 9 a mann] v simil> to ! v>iol\s4 ,! matt] !y made use ( 0 tak5 9 ! fir/ in/ance f a c[ belong+ to "o ( ! great milk f>ms 9 ,london4 ,hav+ nev] se5 maturat$ pu/ules produc$ ei!r 9 my own practice among ^? :o 7 casually infect$ by c[s1 or ^? to :om ! disease _h be5 communicat$ by inoculation1 ,i 0 desir\s ( see+ ! effect ( ! matt] g5]at$ 9 ,london1 on subjects liv+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a ?read imbru$ 9 "s ( ?is matt] 0 s5t to me1 & ) x two *ildr5 7 inoculat$1 ^: cases ,i %all transcribe f my notes4 ,/eph5 ,j5n]1 ?ree ye>s & a half old4 #c;d day3 ,! arm %ew$ a prop] & decisive inflammation4 #f?3 ,a vesicle aris+4 #g?3 ,! pu/ule ( a *]ry col\r4 #h?3 ,increas+ 9 elevation4 ,a few spots n[ appe> on ea* arm ne> ! ins]tion ( ! inf]ior t5dons ( ! biceps muscles4 ,!y are v small & ( a vivid r$ col\r4 ,! pulse natural2 tongue ( its natural hue2 no loss ( appetite or any symptom ( indisposition4 #i?3 ,! inoculat$ pu/ule on ! arm ?is ev5+ began to inflame1 & gave ! *ild uneas9ess2 he cri$ & po9t$ to ! seat ( x1 & 0 imm$iately aft]w>ds affect$ ) febrile symptoms4 ,at ! expiration ( two h\rs aft] ! seizure a pla/] ( ung4 hydr>g4 =t1 0 appli$1 & its effect 0 v quickly p]ceptible1 = 9 t5 m9utes he resum$ 8 usual looks & playfulness4 ,on exam9+ ! arm ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! application ( ! pla/] its effects 9 subdu+ ! inflammation 7 v manife/4 #aj?3 ,! spots on ! arms h disappe>$1 b !re are ?ree visible 9 ! face4 #aa?3 ,two spots on ! face are gone2 ! o!r b>ely p]ceptible4 #ac?3 ,! pu/ule del9eat$ 9 ! second plate 9 ! ,treatise on ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae is a correct repres5tation ( t on ! *ild's arm z x appe>s at ?is "t4 #ad?3 ,two fre% spots appe> on ! face4 ,! pu/ule on ! arm ne>ly conv]t$ into a scab4 ,z long z any fluid rema9$ 9 x x 0 limpid4 ,james ,hill1 f\r ye>s old1 0 inoculat$ on ! same day1 & ) "p ( ! same matt] :i* infect$ ,/eph5 ,j5n]4 ,x did n appe> to h tak5 effect till ! fif? day4 #g?3 ,a p]ceptible vesicle3 ?is ev5+ ! pati5t became a little *illy2 no pa9 or tum\r discov]able 9 ! axilla4 #h?3 ,p]fectly well4 #i?3 ,! same4 #aj?3 ,! vesicle m elevat$ ?an ,i h be5 accu/om$ to see x1 & assum+ m p]fectly ! v>iol\s "* ?an is common ) ! c[-pox at ?is /age4 #aa?3 ,surr\nd$ by an inflammatory r$ness1 ab\t ! size ( a %ill+1 /udd$ ov] ) m9ute vesicles4 ,! pu/ule conta9$ a limpid fluid till ! f\rte5? day1 aft] :i* x 0 incru/$ ov] 9 ! usual mann]2 b ?is incru/ation or scab be+ accid5tally rubb$ (f1 x 0 sl[ 9 heal+4 ,^! *ildr5 7 aft]w>ds fully expos$ to ! smallpox contagion )\t effect4 ,hav+ be5 reque/$ by my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hicks1 ( ,ea/+ton1 9 ?is c\nty1 to inoculate two ( 8 *ildr51 & at ! same "t "s ( 8 s]vants & ! p employ$ 9 8 manufactory1 matt] 0 tak5 f ! arm ( ?is boy = ! purpose4 ,! numb]s inoculat$ 7 eighte54 ,!y all took ! infection1 & ei!r on ! fif? or six? day a vesicle 0 p]ceptible on ! punctur$ "p4 ,"s ( !m began to feel a little unwell on ! eigh? day1 b ! great] numb] on ! n9?4 ,_! illness1 z 9 ! =m] cases describ$1 0 ( %ort duration1 & n suffici5t to int]rupt1 b at v %ort int]vals1 ! *ildr5 f _! amusem5ts1 or ! s]vants & manufactur]s f foll[+ _! ord9>y bus9ess4 ,?ree ( ! *ildr5 ^: employm5t 9 ! manufactory 0 9 "s degree labori\s _h an inflammation on _! arms beyond ! common b\nd>y ab\t ! elev5? or twelf? day1 :5 ! fev]i% symptoms1 :i* be=e 7 ne>ly gone (f1 aga9 return$1 accompani$ ) increase ( axill>y tum\r4 ,9 ^! cases 7cle>ly p]ceiv+ t ! symptoms 7 gov]n$ by ! /ate ( ! arms7 ,i appli$ on ! inoculat$ pu/ules1 & r5ew$ ! application ?ree or f\r times )9 an h\r1 a pl$get ( l9t1 previ\sly soak$ 9 aqua ly?>gyri acetati ,footnote3 ,g\l>d's extract ( ,saturn4 & cov]$ ! hot effloresc5ce surr\nd+ !m ) clo?s dipp$ 9 cold wat]4 ,! next day ,i f\nd ?is simple mode ( treatm5t _h succe$$ p]fectly4 ,! inflammation 0 ne>ly gone (f1 & ) x ! symptoms :i* x _h produc$4 ,"s ( ^! pati5ts h s9ce be5 inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt]1 )\t any effect beyond a little inflammation on ! "p :]e x 0 ins]t$4 ,:y ! arms ( ^? inoculat$ ) ! vacc9e matt] 9 ! c\ntry %\ld be m dispos$ to inflame ?an ^? inoculat$ 9 ,london x may be difficult to det]m9e4 ,f comp>+ my own cases ) "s transmitt$ to me by ,dr4 ,pe>son & ,dr4 ,woodville1 ?is appe>s to be ! fact2 & :at /rikes me z /ill m extraord9>y ) respect to ^? inoculat$ 9 ,london is ! appe>ance ( maturat+ eruptions1 ,9 ! two in/ances only :i* ,i h m5tion$ 7! "o f ! inoculat$1 ! o!r f ! casual1 c[-pox7 a few r$ spots appe>$1 :i* quickly w5t (f )\t maturat+4 ,! case ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,moore's s]vant may1 inde$1 seem l a deviation f ! common appe>ances 9 ! c\ntry1 b ! nature ( ^! eruptions 0 n asc]ta9$ beyond _! n possess+ ! prop]ty ( communicat+ ! disease by _! effluvia4 ,p]haps ! diff]5ce we p]ceive may be ow+ to "s v>iety 9 ! mode ( action ( ! virus ^u ! sk9 ( ^? :o brea! ! air ( ,london & ^? :o live 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t ! erysipelas assumes a diff]5t =m 9 ,london f :at we see x put on 9 ?is c\ntry is a fact v g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,9 call+ ! inflammation t is excit$ by ! c[-pox virus erysipelat\s1 p]haps ,i may n be critically exact1 b x c]ta9ly approa*es ne> to x4 ,n[1 z ! diseas$ action go+ =w>d 9 ! "p infect$ ) ! virus may und]go diff]5t modifications accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( ! con/itution on :i* x is to produce its effect1 may x n acc\nt = ! v>iation :i* has be5 obs]v$8 ,to ?is x may probably be object$ t "s ( ! pati5ts inoculat$1 & :o _h pu/ules 9 consequ5ce1 7 newly come f ! c\ntry2 b ,i conceive t ! *anges wr\ght 9 ! human body ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! lungs may be extremely rapid4 ,yet1 aft] all1 fur!r exp]im5ts made 9 ,london ) vacc9e virus g5]at$ 9 ! c\ntry mu/ f9ally ?r[ a light on :at n[ c]ta9ly appe>s obscure & my/]i\s4 ,! pr9cipal v>iation p]ceptible to me 9 ! action ( ! vacc9e virus g5]at$ 9 ,london f t produc$ 9 ! c\ntry 0 its prov+ m c]ta9ly infecti\s & giv+ a less disposition 9 ! arm to inflame4 ,!re appe>s also a great] elevation ( ! pu/ule above ! surr\nd+ sk94 ,9 my =m] cases ! pu/ule produc$ by ! ins]tion ( ! virus 0 m l "o ( ^? :i* are s ?ickly spread ov] ! body 9 a bad k9d ( conflu5t smallpox4 ,?is 0 m l a pu/ule ( ! di/9ct smallpox1 except t ,i saw no in/ance ( pus be+ =m$ 9 x1 ! matt] rema9+ limpid till ! p]iod ( scabb+4 ,wi%+ to see ! effects ( ! disease on an infant newly born1 my nephew1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n]1 at my reque/1 ins]t$ ! vacc9e virus into ! arm ( a *ild ab\t tw5ty h\rs old4 ,8 report to me is t ! *ild w5t ?r\gh ! disease )\t app>5t illness1 yet t x 0 f\nd effectually to resi/ ! action ( v>iol\s matt] ) :i* x 0 subsequ5tly inoculat$4 ,i h _h an opportunity ( try+ ! effects ( ! c[-pox matt] on a boy1 :o1 ! day prec$+ its ins]tion1 sick5$ ) ! measles4 ,! eruption ( ! measles1 att5d$ ) c\gh1 a little pa9 9 ! *e/2 & ! usual symptoms accompany+ ! disease1 appe>$ on ! ?ird day & spread all ov] him4 ,! disease w5t ?r\gh its c\rse )\t any deviation f its usual habits2 &1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! c[-pox virus excit$ its common appe>ances1 bo? on ! arm & on ! con/itution1 )\t any febrile int]ruption2 on ! six? day !re 0 a vesicle4 #h?3 ,pa9 9 ! axilla1 *illy1 & affect$ ) heada*e4 #i?3 ,ne>ly well4 #ab?3 ,! pu/ule spread to ! size ( a l>ge split-pea1 b )\t any surr\nd+ effloresc5ce4 ,x soon aft]w>ds scabb$1 & ! boy recov]$ 8 g5]al heal? rapidly4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t be=e x scabb$ ! effloresc5ce :i* _h suff]$ a tempor>y susp5sion advanc$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,"h we see a deflation f ! ord9>y habits ( ! smallpox1 z x has be5 obs]v$ t ! pres5ce ( ! measles susp5ds ! action ( ! v>iol\s matt]4 ,! v g5]al inve/igation t is n[ tak+ place1 *iefly ?r\gh inoculation 7& ,i aga9 repeat my e>ne/ hope t x may be conduct$ ) t calmness & mod]ation :i* %\ld ev] accompany a philosophical rese>*71 mu/ soon place ! vacc9e disease 9 its j po9t ( view4 ,! result ( all my trials ) ! virus on ! human subject has be5 uni=m4 ,9 e in/ance ! pati5t :o has felt its influ5ce1 has completely lo/ ! susceptibility = ! v>iol\s contagion2 & z ^! in/ances are n[ become num]\s1 ,i conceive t1 jo9$ to ! obs]vations 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is pap]1 !y suffici5tly preclude me f ! necessity ( ent]+ into controv]sies ) ^? :o h circulat$ reports adv]se to my ass]tions1 on no o!r evid5ce ?an :at has be5 casually collect$4 ,,iii ,a ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,facts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,vacc9es1 ,,or ,,c[-,,pox4 #ahjj ,s9ce my =m] publications on ! vacc9e inoculation ,i h _h ! satisfaction ( see+ x ext5d v widely4 ,n only 9 ?is c\ntry is ! subject pursu$ ) ard\r1 b f my correspond5ce ) _m respectable m$ical g5tlem5 on ! ,cont95t 7among :om are ,dr4 ,de ,c>ro1 ( ,vi5na1 & ,dr4 ,ballhorn1 ( ,hanov]7 ,i f9d x is z w>mly adopt$ abroad1 :]e x has af=d$ ! greate/ satisfaction4 ,i h ! pleasure1 too1 ( see+ t ! feeble ef=ts ( a few individuals to depreciate ! new practice are s9k+ fa/ into contempt b5ea? ! imm5se mass ( evid5ce :i* has aris5 up 9 support ( x4 ,upw>ds ( six ?\s& p]sons h n[ be5 inoculat$ ) ! virus ( c[-pox1 & ! f> great] "p ( !m h s9ce be5 inoculat$ ) t ( smallpox1 & expos$ to its infection 9 e rational way t c\ld be devis$1 )\t effect4 ,x 0 v improbable t ! inve/igation ( a disease s analog\s to ! smallpox %\ld g =w>d )\t engag+ ! att5tion ( ! physician ( ! ,smallpox ,hospital 9 ,london4 ,accord+ly1 ,dr4 ,woodville1 :o fills t dep>tm5t ) s mu* respectability1 took an e>ly opportunity ( in/itut+ an inquiry into ! nature ( ! c[-pox4 ,?is inquiry 0 begun 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t ye>1 & 9 ,may1 ,dr4 ,woodville publi%$ ! result1 :i* diff]s ess5tially f m9e 9 a po9t ( mu* importance4 ,x appe>s t ?ree-fif?s ( ! pati5ts inoculat$ 7 affect$ ) eruptions1 = ! mo/ "p s p]fectly resembl+ ! smallpox z n to be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,on ?is subject x is necess>y t ,i %\ld make "s comm5ts4 ,:5 ,i consid] t out ( ! great numb] ( cases ( casual inoculation imm$iately f c[s :i* f "t to "t pres5t$ !mselves to my obs]vation1 & ! _m simil> in/ances :i* h be5 communicat$ to me by m$ical g5tlem5 9 ?is neighb\rhood2 :5 ,i consid]1 too1 t ! matt] ) :i* my inoculations 7 conduct$ 9 ! ye>s #agig1 '#ih1 & '#ii1 0 tak5 f "s diff]5t c[s1 & t 9 no in/ance any ?+ l a v>iol\s pu/ule appe>$1 ,i _c feel dispos$ to imag9e t eruptions1 simil> to ^? describ$ by ,dr4 ,woodville1 h ev] be5 produc$ by ! pure uncontam9at$ c[-pock virus2 on ! contr>y1 ,i d suppose t ^? :i* ! doctor speaks ( orig9at$ 9 ! action ( v>iol\s matt] :i* crept into ! con/itution ) ! vacc9e4 ,& ?is ,i presume happ5$ f ! inoculation ( a great numb] ( ! pati5ts ) v>iol\s matt] 7"s on ! ?ird1 o!rs on ! fif?1 day7 aft] ! vacc9e _h be5 appli$2 & x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! matt] ?us propagat$ became ! s\rce ( future inoculations 9 ! h&s ( _m m$ical g5tlem5 :o appe>$ to h be5 previ\sly unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! c[-pox4 ,ano!r circum/ance /rongly1 9 my op9ion1 support+ ?is supposition is ! foll[+3 ,! c[-pox has be5 kn[n among our dairies "t immemorial4 ,if pu/ules1 !n1 l ! v>iol\s1 7 to foll[ ! communication ( x f ! c[ to ! milk]1 w\ld n su* a fact h be5 kn[n & record$ at our f>ms8 ,yet nei!r our f>m]s nor ! m$ical p ( ! neighb\rhood h notic$ su* an occurr5ce4 ,a few scatt]$ pimples ,i h sometimes1 ?\gh v r>ely1 se51 ! great] "p ( :i* h g5]ally disappe>$ quickly1 b "s h rema9$ long en\gh to suppurate at _! apex4 ,t local cuticul> inflammation1 :e!r spr++ up spontane\sly or aris+ f ! application ( acrid sub/ances1 su* = in/ance1 z can?>ides1 pix ,burgundica1 antimonium t>t>izatum1 etc41 w (t5 produce cutane\s affections1 n only ne> ! seat ( ! inflammation1 b on "s p>ts ( ! sk9 f> beyond its b\nd>y1 is a well-kn[n fact4 ,x is1 d\btless1 on ?is pr9ciple t ! inoculat$ c[-pock pu/ule & its concomitant effloresc5ce may1 9 v irritable con/itutions1 produce ?is affection4 ,! eruption ,i allude to has commonly appe>$ "s "t 9 ! ?ird week aft] inoculation4 ,b ?is appe>ance is too trivial to excite ! lea/ reg>d4 ,! *ange :i* took place 9 ! g5]al appe>ance dur+ ! progress ( ! vacc9e inoculation at ! ,smallpox ,hospital %\ld likewise be consid]$4 ,al?\gh at fir/ x took on s mu* ( ! v>iol\s "* z to produce pu/ules 9 ?ree cases out ( five1 yet 9 ,dr4 ,woodville's la/ report1 publi%$ 9 ,june1 he says3 ,s9ce ! publication ( my reports ( inoculations = ! c[-pox1 upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ cases h be5 "u my c>e2 & out ( ?is numb] only ?irty-n9e _h pu/ules t suppurat$2 viz41 out ( ! fir/ hundr$1 n9ete5 _h pu/ules2 out ( ! second1 ?irte52 & out ( ! la/ hundr$ & t51 only sev5 _h pu/ules4 ,?us x appe>s t ! disease has become consid]ably mild]2 :i* ,i am incl9$ to attribute to a great] caution us$ 9 ! *oice ( ! matt]1 ) :i* ! infection 0 communicat$2 =1 lately1 t :i* has be5 employ$ = ?is purpose has be5 tak5 only f ^? pati5ts 9 :om ! c[-pox prov$ v mild & well *>act]iz$4 ,footnote3 ,9 a few weeks aft] ! c[-pox inoculation 0 introduc$ at ! ,smallpox ,hospital ,i 0 fav\r$ ) "s virus f ?is /ock4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance x produc$ a few pu/ules1 :i* did n maturate2 b 9 ! subsequ5t cases none appe>$4--,e4 ,j4 ,! inf]5ce ,i am induc$ to draw f ^! premises is v diff]5t4 ,! decl9e1 &1 f9ally1 ! total ext9ction ne>ly1 ( ^! pu/ules1 9 my op9ion1 are m fairly attributable to ! c[-pox virus1 assimilat+ ! v>iol\s1 ,footnote3 ,9 my fir/ publication on ?is subject ,i express$ an op9ion t ! smallpox & ! c[-pox 7 ! same diseases "u diff]5t modifications4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,dr4 ,woodville has concurr$ ,! axiom ( ! immortal ,haut]1 t two diseas$ actions _c take place at ! same "t 9 "o & ! same "p1 w n be injur$ by ! admission ( ?is !ory4 ! =m] probably be+ ! orig9al1 ! latt] ! same disease "u a peculi>1 & at pres5t an inexplicable1 modification4 ,"o exp]im5t t5d+ to elucidate ! po9t "u discussion ,i _h myself an opportunity ( in/itut+4 ,on ! supposition ( its be+ possible t ! c[ :i* ranges ov] ! f]tile mead[s 9 ! vale ( ,gl\ce/] might g5]ate a virus diff]+ 9 "s respects 9 its qualities f t produc$ by ! animal artificially pamp]$ = ! production ( milk = ! metropolis1 ,i procur$1 dur+ my resid5ce !re 9 ! spr+1 "s c[ pock virus f a c[ at "o ( ! ,london milk- f>ms4 ,footnote3 ,x 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,tann]1 !n a /ud5t at ! ,vet]9>y ,college1 f a c[ at ,mr4 ,cl>k's f>m at ,k5ti% ,t[n4 ,x 0 imm$iately convey$ into ,gl\ce/]%ire to ,dr4 ,m>%all1 :o 0 !n ext5sively engag$ 9 ! inoculation ( ! c[-pox1 ! g5]al result ( :i*1 & ( ! inoculation 9 p>ticul> ) ?is matt]1 ,i %all lay be=e my read] 9 ! foll[+ communication f ! doctor3 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,my neighb\r1 ,mr4 ,hicks1 hav+ m5tion$ y\r wi% to be in=m$ ( ! progress ( ! inoculation "h = ! c[-pox1 & he also hav+ tak5 ! tr\ble to transmit to y my m9utes ( ! cases :i* h fall5 "u my c>e1 ,i hope y w p>don ! fur!r tr\ble ,i n[ give y 9 /at+ ! obs]vations ,i h made ^u ! subject4 ,:5 fir/ in=m$ ( x1 hav+ two *ildr5 :o _h n _h ! smallpox1 ,i det]m9$ to inoculate !m = ! c[-pox :5ev] ,i %\ld be s =tunate z to procure matt] prop] = ! purpose4 ,i 01 !re=e1 p>ticul>ly happy :5 ,i 0 in=m$ t ,i c\ld procure matt] f "s ( ^? :om y _h inoculat$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ,i _h no int5tion ( ext5d+ ! disease fur!r ?an my own family1 b ! v ext5sive influ5ce :i* ! conviction ( its efficacy 9 resi/+ ! smallpox has _h ^u ! m9ds ( ! p 9 g5]al has r5d]$ t int5tion nugatory1 z y w p]ceive1 by ! cont9uation ( my cases enclos$ 9 ?is lett]1 ,footnote3 ,doctor ,m>%all has detail$ ^! cases ) great accuracy1 b _! publication w\ld n[ be deem$ sup]flu\s4--,e4,j4 by :i* x w appe> t s9ce ! #bb;d ( ,m>* ,i h inoculat$ an hundr$ & sev5 p]sons2 :i*1 consid]+ ! retir$ situation ,i resid$ 91 is a v great numb]4 ,!re are also o!r consid]ations :i*1 besides t ( its influ5ce 9 resi/+ ! smallpox1 appe> to h _h _! weight2 ! peculi> mildness ( ! disease1 ! kn[n safety ( x1 & its n hav+ 9 any in/ance prev5t$ ! pati5t f foll[+ 8 ord9>y bus9ess4 ,9 all ! cases "u my c>e !re h only occurr$ two or ?ree :i* requir$ any application1 ow+ to erysipelat\s inflammation on ! arm1 & !y imm$iately yield$ to x4 ,9 ! rema9d] ! con/itutional illness has be5 slight b suffici5tly m>k$1 & consid]ably less ?an ,i ev] obs]v$ 9 ! same numb] inoculat$ ) ! smallpox4 ,9 only "o or two ( ! cases h any o!r eruptions appe>$ ?an ^? ar\nd ! spot :]e ! matt] 0 ins]t$1 & ^? ne> ! infect$ "p4 ,nei!r does !re appe> 9 ! c[-pox to be ! lea/ excit+ cause to any o!r disease1 :i* 9 ! smallpox has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 ! con/itution rema9+ 9 z full heal? & vig\r aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! disease z be=e ! infection4 ,ano!r important consid]ation appe>s to be ! impossibility ( ! disease be+ communicat$ except by ! actual contact ( ! matt] ( ! pu/ule1 & consequ5tly ! p]fect safety ( ! rema9+ "p ( ! family1 suppos+ only "o or two %\ld wi% to be inoculat$ at ! same "t4 ,^u ! :ole1 x appe>s evid5t to me t ! c[-pox is a pleasant]1 %ort]1 & inf9itely m safe disease ?an ! inoculat$ smallpox :5 conduct$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful & approv$ mann]2 nei!r is ! local affection ( ! inoculat$ "p1 or ! con/itutional illness1 ne> s viol5t4 ,i speak ) confid5ce on ! subject1 hav+ _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ its effects ^u a v>iety ( con/itutions1 f ?ree mon?s old to sixty ye>s2 & to :i* ,i h paid p>ticul> att5tion4 ,9 ! cases allud$ to "h y w obs]ve t ! removal f ! orig9al s\rce ( ! matt] _h made no alt]ation or *ange 9 ! nature or appe>ance ( ! disease1 & t x may be cont9u$1 ad inf9itum 7,i imag9e71 f "o p]son to ano!r 7if c>e be obs]v$ 9 tak+ ! matt] at a prop] p]iod7 )\t any necessity ( recurr+ to ! orig9al matt] ( ! c[4 ,i %\ld be happy if any endeav\rs ( m9e c\ld t5d fur!r to elucidate ! subject1 & %all be mu* gratifi$ is s5d+ y any fur!r obs]vations ,i may be enabl$ to make4 ,i h ! pleasure to subscribe myself1 ,de> sir1 etc41 ,,joseph ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,ea/+ton1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,april #bf1 #agii4 ,! g5tleman :o fav\r$ me ) ! above acc\nt has cont9u$ to prosecute 8 inquiries ) unremitt+ indu/ry1 & has communicat$ ! result 9 ano!r lett]1 :i* at 8 reque/ ,i lay be=e ! public )\t abbreviation4 ,dr4 ,m>%all's second lett]3 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,s9ce ! date ( my =m] lett] ,i h cont9u$ to inoculate ) ! c[-pox virus4 ,includ+ ! cases be=e enum]at$1 ! numb] n[ am\nts to f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s & useless to detail ! progress ( ! disease 9 ea* individual--x is suffici5t to obs]ve t ,i notic$ no deviation 9 any respect f ! cases ,i =m]ly adduc$4 ,! g5]al appe>ances ( ! arm exactly correspond$ ) ! acc\nt giv5 9 y\r fir/ publication4 ,:5 !y 7 dispos$ to become tr\blesome by erysipelat\s inflammation1 an application ( equal p>ts ( v9eg> & wat] always answ]$ ! desir$ int5tion4 ,i mu/ n omit to in=m y t :5 ! disease _h duly act$ ^u ! con/itution ,i h frequ5tly us$ ! vitriolic acid4 ,a portion ( a drop appli$ ) ! head ( a probe or any conv5i5t ut5sil ^u ! pu/ule1 suff]$ to rema9 ab\t =ty seconds1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ (f ) sponge & wat]1 nev] fail$ to /op its progress & exp$ite ! =mation ( a scab4 ,i h already subject$ two hundr$ & elev5 ( my pati5ts to ! action ( v>iol\s matt]1 b ,,e ,,"o ,,resi/$ ,,x4 ,! result ( my exp]im5ts 7:i* 7 made ) e requisite caution7 has fully conv9c$ me t ! ,,true ,,c[-,,pox is a safe & infallible prev5tive f ! smallpox2 t 9 no case :i* has fall5 "u my obs]vation has x be5 9 any consid]able degree tr\blesome1 mu* less h ,i se5 any ?+ l dang]2 = 9 no in/ance 7 ! pati5ts prev5t$ f foll[+ _! ord9>y employm5ts4 ,9 ,dr4 ,woodville's publication on ! c[-pox ,i notice an extraord9>y fact4 ,he says t ! g5]ality ( 8 pati5ts _h pu/ules4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s extremely extraord9>y t 9 all my cases !re nev] 0 b "o pu/ule1 :i* appe>$ on a pati5t's elb[ on ! inoculat$ arm1 & maturat$4 ,x appe>$ exactly l t on ! incis$ "p4 ,! :ole ( my obs]vations1 f\nd$ z x appe>s on an ext5sive exp]i5ce1 leads me to ^! obvi\s conclusions2 t ^? cases :i* h be5 or may be adduc$ aga9/ ! prev5tive p[]s ( ! c[-pox c\ld n h be5 ^? ( ! true k9d1 s9ce x mu/ appe> to be absolutely impossible t ,i %\ld h succe$$ 9 su* a numb] ( cases )\t a s+le exception if su* a prev5tive p[] did n exi/4 ,i _c ent]ta9 a d\bt t ! inoculat$ c[-pox mu/ quickly sup]s$e t ( ! smallpox4 ,if ! _m important advantages :i* mu/ result f ! new practice are duly consid]$1 we may reasonably inf] t public b5efit1 ! sure te/ ( ! real m]it ( discov]ies1 w r5d] x g5]ally ext5sive4 ,to y1 ,sir1 z ! discov]] ( ?is highly b5eficial practice1 mank9d are "u ! highe/ obligations4 ,z a private individual ,i p>ticipate 9 ! g5]al feel+2 m p>ticul>ly z y h af=d$ me an opportunity ( notic+ ! effects ( a s+ul> disease1 & ( view+ ! progress ( ! mo/ curi\s exp]im5t t ev] 0 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( physiology4 ,i rema91 de> sir1 etc41 ,,joseph ,h4 ,,m>%all4 ,p4,s4 ,i %\ld h obs]v$ t1 ( ! pati5ts ,i inoculat$ & enum]at$ 9 my lett]1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 7 infect$ ) ! matt] y s5t me f ! ,london c[4 ,i discov]$ no dissimil>ity ( symptoms 9 ^! cases f ^? :i* ,i inoculat$ f matt] procur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,no pu/ules h occurr$1 except 9 "o or two cases1 :]e a s+le "o appe>$ on ! inoculat$ arm4 ,no diff]5ce 0 app>5t 9 ! local inflammation4 ,!re 0 no susp5sion ( ord9>y employm5t among ! lab\r+ p1 nor 0 any m$ic9e requir$4 ,i h frequ5tly inoculat$ "o or two 9 a family1 & ! rema9+ "p ( x "s weeks aft]w>ds4 ,! un9fect$ h slept ) ! infect$ dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! disease )\t be+ affect$2 s t ,i am fully conv9c$ t ! disease _c be tak5 b by actual contact ) ! matt]4 ,a curi\s fact has lately fall5 "u my obs]vation1 on :i* ,i leave y to comm5t4 ,i visit$ a pati5t ) ! conflu5t smallpox & *>g$ a lancet ) "s ( ! matt]4 ,two days aft]w>ds ,i 0 desir$ to inoculate a woman & f\r *ildr5 ) ! c[-pox1 & ,i inadv]t5tly took ! vacc9e matt] on ! same lancet :i* 0 be=e *>g$ ) t ( smallpox4 ,9 ?ree days ,i discov]$ ! mi/ake1 & fully expect$ t my five pati5ts w\ld be infect$ ) smallpox2 b ,i 0 agreeably surpris$ to f9d ! disease to be g5u9e c[-pox1 :i* proce$$ )\t deviat+ 9 any p>ticul> f my =m] cases4 ,i aft]w>ds inoculat$ ^! pati5ts ) v>iol\s matt]1 b all ( !m resi/$ its action4 ,i omitt$ m5tion+ ano!r great advantage t n[ occurs to me 9 ! inoculat$ c[-pox2 ,i mean1 ! safety ) :i* pregnant wom5 may h ! disease communicat$ to !m4 ,i h inoculat$ a great numb] ( females 9 t situation1 & nev] obs]v$ _! cases to diff] 9 any respect f ^? ( my o!r pati5ts4 ,inde$1 ! disease is s mild t x seems z if x might at all times be communicat$ ) ! mo/ p]fect safety4 ,i %all "h take ! opportunity ( ?ank+ ,dr4 ,m>%all & ^? o!r g5tlem5 :o h oblig+ly pres5t$ me ) ! result ( _! inoculations2 b1 z !y all agree 9 ! same po9t z t giv5 9 ! above communication1 namely1 ! security ( ! pati5t f ! effects ( ! smallpox aft] ! c[-pox1 _! p]usal1 ,i presume1 w\ld af=d u no satisfaction t has n be5 amply giv5 already4 ,p>ticul> occurr5ces ,i %all1 ( c\rse1 detail4 ,"s ( my correspond5ts h m5tion$ ! appe>ance ( smallpox-l eruptions at ! comm5cem5t ( _! inoculations2 b 9 ^! cases ! matt] 0 d]iv$ f ! orig9al /ock at ! ,smallpox ,hospital4 ,i h myself inoculat$ a v consid]able numb] f ! matt] produc$ by ,dr4 ,m>%all's pati5ts1 orig9at+ 9 ! ,london c[1 )\t obs]v+ pu/ules ( any k9d1 & h disp]s$ x among o!rs :o h us$ x ) a simil> effect4 ,f ?is s\rce ,mr4 ,h4 ,j5n] in=ms me he has inoculat$ above an hundr$ pati5ts )\t obs]v+ eruptions4 ,:e!r ! nature ( ! virus w und]go any *ange f be+ f>!r remov$ f its orig9al s\rce 9 pass+ successively f "o p]son to ano!r "t alone c det]m9e4 ,t :i* ,i am n[ employ+ has be5 9 use ne> eight mon?s1 & n ! lea/ *ange is p]ceptible 9 its mode ( action ei!r locally or con/itutionally4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to expect t its effects w rema9 unalt]$ & t we %all n be "u ! necessity ( seek+ fre% supplies f ! c[4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations 7 oblig+ly s5t me by ,mr4 ,ti]ny1 ,assi/ant ,surgeon to ! ,s\? ,gl\ce/] ,regim5t ( ,militia1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = a =m] report on ?is subject3 ,i inoculat$ ) ! c[-pox matt] f ! elev5? to ! latt] "p ( ,april1 tw5ty-five p]sons1 includ+ wom5 & *ildr54 ,"s on ! elev5? 7 inoculat$ ) ! matt] ,mr4 ,%rapnell 7surgeon to ! regim5t7 _h f y1 ! o!rs ) matt] tak5 f ^!4 ,! progress ( ! puncture 0 accurately obs]v$1 & its appe>ance seem$ to diff] f ! smallpox 9 hav+ less inflammation ar\nd its basis on ! fir/ days--t is1 f ! ?ird to ! sev5?2 b aft] ?is ! inflammation increas$1 ext5d+ on ! t5? or elev5? day to a circle ( an in* & a half f its c5tre1 & ?reat5+ v sore arms2 b ?is ,i am happy to say 0 n ! case2 =1 by apply+ m]curial o9tm5t to ! inflam$ "p1 :i* 0 repeat$ daily until ! inflammation w5t (f1 ! arm got well )\t any fur!r application or tr\ble4 ,! con/itutional symptoms :i* appe>$ on ! eigh? or n9? day aft] inoculation sc>cely des]v$ ! "n ( disease1 z !y 7 s slight z to be sc>cely p]ceptible1 except t ,i c\ld connect a slight heada*e & languor1 ) a /iffness & r pa9ful s5sation 9 ! axilla4 ,?is latt] symptom 0 ! mo/ /rik+--x rema9$ f twelve to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,9 no case did ,i obs]ve ! smalle/ pu/ule1 or ev5 discol\ration ( ! sk91 l an incipi5t pu/ule1 except ab\t ! "p :]e ! virus has be5 appli$4 ,aft] all ^! symptoms _h subsid$ & ! arms 7 well1 ,i inoculat$ f\r ( ?is numb] ) v>iol\s matt]1 tak5 f a pati5t 9 ano!r regim5t4 ,9 ea* ( ^! x 0 ins]t$ sev]al times "u ! cuticle1 produc+ slight inflammation on ! second or ?ird day1 & always disappe>+ be=e ! fif? or six?1 except 9 "o :o _h ! c[-pox 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire be=e he jo9$ u1 & :o also receiv$ x at ?is "t by inoculation4 ,9 ?is man ! puncture inflam$ & 8 arm 0 mu* sor] ?an f ! ins]tion ( ! c[-pox virus2 b !re 0 no pa9 9 ! axilla1 nor c\ld any con/itutional affection be obs]v$4 ,i h only to add t ,i am n[ fully satisfi$ ( ! efficacy ( ! c[-pox 9 prev5t+ ! appe>ance ( ! smallpox1 & t x is a mo/ happy & salut>y sub/itute = x4 ,i rema91 etc41 ,m4 ,j4 ,,ti]ny4 ,al?\gh ! susceptibility ( ! virus ( ! c[-pox is1 = ! mo/ "p1 lo/ 9 ^? :o h _h ! smallpox1 yet 9 "s con/itutions x is only p>tially de/roy$1 & 9 o!rs x does n appe> to be 9 ! lea/ dim9i%$4 ,by f> ! great] numb] on :om trials 7 made resi/$ x entirely2 yet ,i f\nd "s on ^: arm ! pu/ule f inoculation 0 =m$ completely1 b )\t produc+ ! common effloresc5t blu% ar\nd x1 or any con/itutional illness1 :ile o!rs h _h ! disease 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,a case ( ! latt] k9d hav+ be5 pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,few/]1 ,surgeon1 ( ,?ornbury1 ,i %all ins]t x3 ,?ree *ildr5 7 inoculat$ ) ! vacc9e matt] y oblig+ly s5t me4 ,on call+ to look at _! arms ?ree days aft] ,i 0 told t ,john ,hodges1 "o ( ! ?ree1 _h be5 inoculat$ ) ! smallpox :5 a ye> old1 & t he _h a full bur!n1 ( :i* 8 face produc$ pl5tiful m>ks1 a circum/ance ,i 0 n be=e made acqua9t$ )4 ,on ! six? day ! arm ( ! boy appe>$ z if inoculat$ ) v>iol\s matt]1 b ! pu/ule 0 r m elevat$4 ,on ! n9? day he compla9$ ( viol5t pa9 9 8 head & back1 accompani$ ) vomit+ & mu* fev]4 ,! next day he 0 v well & w5t to "w z usual4 ,! punctur$ "p began to spread1 & !re 0 ! areola ar\nd ! inoculat$ "p to a consid]able ext5t4 ,z ?is is contr>y to an ass]tion made 9 ! ,m$ical & ,physical ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #h1 ,i ?\ght x "r to give y ?is in=mation1 & rema91 ,de> sir1 etc41 ,j4 ,,few/]4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! animal economy ) reg>d to ! action ( ?is virus is "u ! same laws z x is ) respect to ! v>iol\s virus1 aft] previ\sly feel+ its influ5ce1 z f> z comp>isons c be made betwe5 ! two diseases4 ,"s /rik+ in/ances ( ! p[] ( ! c[-pox 9 susp5d+ ! progress ( ! smallpox aft] ! pati5ts _h be5 sev]al days casually expos$ to ! infection h be5 laid be=e me by ,mr4 ,ly=d1 ,surgeon1 ( ,w9*e/]1 & my nephew1 ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,c ,j5n]4 ,mr4 ,ly=d1 aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 ext5sive & successful practice 9 ! vacc9e inoculation 9 ,hamp%ire1 writes z foll[s3 ,! foll[+ case occurr$ to me a %ort "t s9ce1 & may probably be wor? y\r notice4 ,i 0 s5t = to a pati5t ) ! smallpox1 & on inquiry f\nd t five days previ\s to my see+ him ! eruption began to appe>4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t two *ildr5 :o _h n _h ! smallpox1 7 con/antly 9 ! room ) _! fa!r1 & frequ5tly on ! b$ ) him4 ,! "m consult$ me on ! propriety ( inoculat+ !m1 b object$ to my tak+ ! matt] f _! fa!r1 z he 0 subject to erysipelas4 ,i advis$ h] by all means to h !m inoculat$ at t "t1 z ,i c\ld n procure any v>iol\s matt] else:]e4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 inoculat$ ) vacc9e matt]1 b ,i _c say ,i flatt]$ myself ) its prov+ successful1 z !y _h previ\sly be5 s long & /ill cont9u$ to be expos$ to ! v>iol\s infection4 ,not)/&+ ?is ,i 0 agreeably surpris$ to f9d ! vacc9e disease advance & g ?r\gh its regul> c\rse2 &1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 to ! total ext9ction ( ! smallpox4 ,mr4 ,j5n]'s cases 7 n less satisfactory4 ,he writes z foll[s3 ,a son ( ,?omas ,/9*comb1 ( ,wood=d1 ne> ,b]keley1 0 infect$ ) ! natural smallpox at ,bri/ol1 & came home to 8 fa!r's cottage4 ,f\r days aft] ! eruptions _h appe>$ ^u ! boy1 ! family 7none ( :i* _h ev] _h ! smallpox71 consi/+ ( ! fa!r1 "m1 & five *ildr51 0 inoculat$ ) vacc9e virus4 ,on ! arm ( ! "m x fail$ to produce ! lea/ effect1 & %e1 ( c\rse1 _h ! smallpox1 ,footnote3 ,"u simil> circum/ances ,i ?9k x w\ld be advisable to ins]t ! matt] into ea* arm1 :i* w\ld be m likely to insure ! success ( ! op]ation4--,e4 ,j4 b ! re/ ( ! family _h ! c[-pox 9 ! usual way1 & 7 n affect$ ) ! smallpox1 al?\gh !y 7 9 ! same room1 & ! *ildr5 slept 9 ! same b$ ) _! bro!r :o 0 conf9$ to x ) ! natural smallpox2 & subsequ5tly ) _! "m4 ,i att5d$ ?is family ) my bro!r1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j5n]4 ,! foll[+ cases are ( too s+ul> a nature to rema9 unnotic$4 ,miss ,r--1 a "y lady ab\t five ye>s old1 0 seiz$ on ! ev5+ ( ! eigh? day aft] inoculation ) vacc9e virus1 ) su* symptoms z commonly d5ote ! accession ( viol5t fev]4 ,h] ?roat 0 also a little sore1 & !re 7 "s uneasy s5sations ab\t ! muscles ( ! neck4 ,! day foll[+ a ra% 0 p]ceptible on h] face & neck1 s mu* resembl+ ! effloresc5ce ( ! sc>lat9a ang9osa t ,i 0 induc$ to ask :e!r ,miss ,r--_h be5 expos$ to ! contagion ( t disease4 ,an answ] 9 ! affirmative1 & ! rapid spread+ ( ! r$ness ov] ! sk91 at once reliev$ me f mu* anxiety respect+ ! nature ( ! malady1 :i* w5t ?r\gh its c\rse 9 ! ord9>y way1 b n )\t symptoms :i* 7 al>m+ bo? to myself & ,mr4 ,ly=d1 :o att5d$ ) me4 ,!re 0 no app>5t deviation 9 ! ord9>y progress ( ! pu/ule to a /ate ( maturity f :at we see 9 g5]al2 yet !re 0 a total susp5sion ( ! areola or florid discol\ration ar\nd x1 until ! sc>lat9a _h retir$ f ! con/itution4 ,z soon z ! pati5t 0 fre$ f ?is disease ?is appe>ance advanc$ 9 ! usual way4 ,footnote3 ,i witness$ a simil> fact 9 a case ( measles4 ,! pu/ule f ! c[-pock virus advanc$ to maturity1 :ile ! measles exi/$ 9 ! con/itution1 b no ,,effloresc5ce appe>$ ar\nd x until ! measles _h ceas$ to ex]t its influ5ce4 ,! case ( ,miss ,h--,r--is n less int]e/+ ?an t ( h] si/]1 above relat$4 ,%e 0 expos$ to ! contagion ( ! sc>lat9a at ! same "t1 & sick5$ almo/ at ! same h\r4 ,! symptoms cont9u$ sev]e ab\t twelve h\rs1 :5 ! sc>lat9a-ra% %ew$ itself fa9tly ^u h] face1 & p>tly ^u h] neck4 ,aft] rema9+ two or ?ree h\rs x sudd5ly disappe>$1 & %e became p]fectly free f e compla9t4 ,my surprise at ?is sudd5 transition f extreme sickness to heal? 9 great measure ceas$ :5 ,i obs]v$ t ! inoculat$ pu/ule _h occasion$1 9 ?is case1 ! common effloresc5t appe>ance ar\nd x1 & t z x approa*$ ! c5tre x 0 ne>ly 9 an erysipelat\s /ate4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ?is hi/ory is t1 on ! f\r? day aft]w>ds1 s soon z ! effloresc5ce began to die away ^u ! arm & ! pu/ule to dry up1 ! sc>lat9a aga9 appe>$1 h] ?roat became sore1 ! ra% spread all ov] h]4 ,%e w5t fairly ?r\gh ! disease ) its common symptoms4 ,t ^! 7 actually cases ( sc>lat9a 0 r5d]$ c]ta9 by two s]vants 9 ! family fall+ ill at ! same "t ) ! di/emp]1 :o _h be5 expos$ to ! infection ) ! "y ladies4 ,"s !re are :o suppose ! security f ! smallpox obta9$ ?r\gh ! c[-pox w be ( a tempor>y nature only4 ,?is supposition is refut$ n only by analogy ) respect to ! habits ( diseases ( a simil> nature1 b by incontrov]tible facts1 :i* appe> 9 great numb]s aga9/ x4 ,to ^? already adduc$ 9 ! =m] "p ( my fir/ treatise ,footnote3 ,see pages #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbc1 etc4 _m m might be adduc$ 7 x deem$ necess>y2 b among ! cases ,i ref] to1 "o w be f\nd ( a p]son :o _h ! c[-pox fifty-?ree ye>s be=e ! effect ( ! smallpox 0 tri$ ^u him4 ,z he completely resi/$ x1 ! int]v5+ p]iod ,i conceive mu/ necess>ily satisfy any reasonable m9d4 ,%\ld fur!r evid5ce be ?\ght necess>y1 ,i %all obs]ve t1 among ! cases pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,fry1 ,mr4 ,d>ke1 ,mr4 ,ti]ny1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j5n]1 & o!rs1 !re 7 _m :om !y inoculat$ ineffectually ) v>iol\s matt]1 :o _h gone ?r\gh ! c[-pox _m ye>s be=e ?is trial 0 made4 ,x has be5 imag9$ t ! c[-pox is capable ( be+ communicat$ f "o p]son to ano!r by effluvia )\t ! int]v5tion ( inoculation4 ,my exp]im5ts1 made ) ! design ( asc]ta9+ ?is important po9t1 all t5d to e/abli% my orig9al position1 t x is n infecti\s except by contact1 ,i h nev] hesitat$ to suff] ^? on ^: arms !re 7 pu/ules exhal+ ! effluvia f associat+ or ev5 sleep+ ) o!rs :o nev] _h exp]i5c$ ei!r ! c[-pox or ! smallpox4 ,&1 fur!r1 ,i h repeat$ly1 among *ildr51 caus$ ! un9fect$ to brea! ov] ! inoculat$ vacc9e 'pu/ules dur+ _! :ole progress1 yet ^! exp]im5ts 7 tri$ )\t ! lea/ effect4 ,h[ev]1 to submit a matt] s important to a /ill fur!r scrut9y1 ,i desir$ ,mr4 ,h4 ,j5n] to make any fur!r exp]im5ts :i* might /rike him z mo/ likely to e/abli% or refute :at _h be5 advanc$ on ?is subject4 ,he has s9ce in=m$ me t he inoculat$ *ildr5 at ! brea/1 ^: mo!rs _h n gone ?r\gh ei!r ! smallpox or ! c[-pox2 t he _h inoculat$ mo!rs ^: suck+ infants _h nev] und]gone ei!r ( ^! diseases2 t ! effluvia f ! inoculat$ pu/ules1 9 ei!r case1 _h be5 inhal$ f day to day dur+ ! :ole progress ( _! maturation1 & t !re 0 n ! lea/ p]ceptible effect f ^! exposures4 ,"o woman he inoculat$ ab\t a week previ\s to h] acc\*em5t1 t h] infant might be ! m fully & conv5i5tly expos$ to ! pu/ule2 b1 z 9 ! =m] in/ances1 no infection 0 giv51 al?\gh ! *ild frequ5tly slept on ! arm ( its "m ) its no/rils & m\? expos$ to ! pu/ule 9 ! fulle/ /ate ( maturity4 ,9 a ^w1 is x n impossible = ! c[-pox1 ^: ,,only manife/ation appe>s to consi/ 9 ! pu/ules ,,creat$ ,,by ,,contact1 to produce ,,itself by effluvia8 ,9 ! c\rse ( a late inoculation ,i obs]v$ an appe>ance :i* x may be prop] "h to relate4 ,! punctur$ "p on a boy's arm 7:o 0 inoculat$ ) fre% limpid virus7 on ! six? day1 in/ead ( %ew+ a beg9n+ vesicle1 :i* is usual 9 ! c[-pox at t p]iod1 0 encru/$ ov] ) a rugg$1 amb]-col\r$ scab4 ,! scab cont9u$ to spread & increase 9 ?ickness = "s days1 :51 at its edges1 a vesicat$ r+ appe>$1 & ! disease w5t ?r\gh its ord9>y c\rse1 ! boy hav+ _h sor5ess 9 ! axilla & "s slight indisposition4 ,) ! fluid matt] tak5 f 8 arm five p]sons 7 inoculat$4 ,9 "o x took no effect4 ,9 ano!r x produc$ a p]fect pu/ule )\t any deviation f ! common appe>ance2 b 9 ! o!r ?ree ! progress ( ! inflammation 0 exactly simil> to ! in/ance :i* af=d$ ! virus = _! inoculation2 !re 0 a creep+ scab ( a loose texture1 & subsequ5tly ! =mation ( limpid fluid at its edges4 ,z ^! p 7 all employ$ 9 labori\s ex]cises1 x is possible t ^! anomal\s appe>ances might owe _! orig9 to ! friction ( ! clo!s on ! newly inflam$ "p ( ! arm4 ,i h n yet _h an opportunity ( expos+ !m to ! smallpox4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is inquiry ,i felt f> m anxi\s respect+ ! inflammation ( ! inoculat$ arm ?an at pres5t2 yet t ?is affection w g on to a great] ext5t ?an c\ld be wi%$ is a circum/ance sometimes to be expect$4 ,z ?is c be *eck$1 or ev5 entirely subdu$1 by v simple means1 ,i see no reason :y ! pati5t %\ld feel an uneasy h\r because an application may n be absolutely necess>y4 ,ab\t ! t5? or elev5? day1 if ! pu/ule has proce$$ regul>ly1 ! appe>ance ( ! arm w almo/ to a c]ta9ty indicate :e!r ?is is to be expect$ or n4 ,%\ld x happ51 no?+ m ne$ be done ?an to apply a s+le drop ( ! aqua ly?>gyri acetati ,footnote3 ,extract ( ,saturn4 ^u ! pu/ule1 &1 hav+ suff]$ x to rema9 two or ?ree m9utes1 to cov] ! effloresc5ce surr\nd+ ! pu/ule ) a piece ( l95 dipp$ 9 ! aqua ly?>gyri compos4 ,footnote3 ,g\l>d wat]4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject see ! fir/ ,treatise on ! ,v>4 ,vac41 ,dr4 ,m>%all's lett]s1 etc4 ,! =m] may be repeat$ twice or ?rice dur+ ! day1 ! latt] z (t5 z x may feel agreeable to ! pati5t4 ,:5 ! scab is prematurely rubb$ (f 7a circum/ance n unfrequ5t among *ildr5 & work+ p71 ! application ( a little aqua ly?>gyri acet4 to ! "p imm$iately coagulates ! surface1 :i* supplies its place1 & prev5ts a sore4 ,9 my =m] treatises on ?is subject ,i h rem>k$ t ! human con/itution frequ5tly reta9s its susceptibility to ! smallpox contagion 7bo? f effluvia & contact7 aft] previ\sly feel+ its influ5ce4 ,9 fur!r corroboration ( ?is decl>ation _m facts h be5 communicat$ to me by v>i\s correspond5ts4 ,i %all select "o ( !m4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,society at l>ge mu/1 ,i ?9k1 feel mu* indebt$ to y = y\r ,inquiries & ,obs]vations on ! ,nature & ,effects ( ! ,v>iolae ,vacc9ae1 etc41 etc4 ,z ,i conceive :at ,i am n[ ab\t to communicate to be ( "s importance1 ,i imag9e x _c be un9t]e/+ to y1 especially z x w s]ve to corroborate y\r ass]tion ( ! susceptibility ( ! human sy/em ( ! v>iol\s contagion1 al?\gh x has previ\sly be5 made s5sible ( its action4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #agic1 ,i 0 desir$ to inoculate a p]son ) ! smallpox4 ,i took ! v>iol\s matt] f a *ild "u ! disease 9 ! natural way1 :o _h a l>ge bur!n ( di/9ct pu/ules4 ,! "m ( ! *ild be+ desir\s ( see+ my me?od ( communicat+ ! disease by inoculation1 aft] hav+ op5$ a pu/ule1 ,i introduc$ ! po9t ( my lancet 9 ! usual way on ! back "p ( my own h&1 & ?\ght no m ( x until ,i felt a s5sation 9 ! "p :i* rem9d$ me ( ! transaction4 ,?is happ5$ ^u ! ?ird day2 on ! f\r? !re 7 all ! appe>ances common to inoculation1 at :i* ,i 0 n at all surpris$1 nor did ,i feel myself uneasy ^u p]ceiv+ ! inflammation cont9ue to increase to ! six? & sev5? day1 accompani$ ) a v small quantity ( fluid1 repeat$ exp]im5ts hav+ taught me x might happ5 s ) p]sons :o _h und]gone ! disease1 & yet w\ld escape any con/itutional affection2 b ,i 0 n s =tunate2 = on ! eigh? day ,i 0 seiz$ ) all ! symptoms ( ! eruptive fev]1 b 9 a mu* m viol5t degree ?an :5 ,i 0 be=e inoculat$1 :i* 0 ab\t eighte5 ye>s previ\s to ?is1 :5 ,i _h a consid]able numb] ( pu/ules4 ,i mu/ confess ,i 0 n[ greatly al>m$1 al?\gh ,i _h be5 mu* engag$ 9 ! smallpox1 hav+ at diff]5t times inoculat$ n less ?an two ?\s& p]sons4 ,i 0 conv9c$ my pres5t indisposition proce$$ f ! ins]tion ( ! v>iol\s matt]1 &1 !re=e1 anxi\sly look$ = an eruption4 ,on ! t5? day ,i felt a v unpleasant s5sation ( /illness & heat on ea* side ( my face ne> my e>1 & ! fev] began to decl9e4 ,! affection 9 my face soon t]m9at$ 9 ?ree or f\r pu/ules att5d$ ) inflammation1 b :i* did n maturate1 & ,i 0 pres5tly well4 ,i rema91 de> sir1 etc41 ,,?omas ,,miles4 ,?is inquiry is n n[ s mu* 9 its infancy z to re/ra9 me f speak+ m positively ?an =m]ly on ! important po9t ( scrophula z connect$ ) ! smallpox4 ,e practition] 9 m$ic9e :o has ext5sively inoculat$ ) ! smallpox1 or has att5d$ _m ( ^? :o h _h ! di/emp] 9 ! natural way1 mu/ ackn[l$ge t he has frequ5tly se5 scrophul\s affections1 9 "s =m or ano!r1 sometimes r quickly %ew+ !mselves aft] ! recov]y ( ! pati5ts4 ,conceiv+ ?is fact to be admitt$1 z ,i presume x mu/ be by all :o h c>efully att5d$ to ! subject1 may ,i n ask :e!r x does n appe> probable t ! g5]al introduction ( ! smallpox into ,europe has n be5 among ! mo/ conductive means 9 excit+ t =midable foe to heal?8 ,hav+ att5tively wat*$ ! effects ( ! c[-pox 9 ?is respect1 ,i am happy 9 be+ able to decl>e t ! disease does n appe> to h ! lea/ t5d5cy to produce ?is de/ructive malady4 ,! scepticism t appe>$1 ev5 among ! mo/ enlight5$ ( m$ical m5 :5 my s5tim5ts on ! important subject ( ! c[-pox 7 fir/ promulgat$1 0 highly laudable4 ,to h admitt$ ! tru? ( a doctr9e1 at once s novel & s unlike any ?+ t ev] _h appe>$ 9 ! annals ( m$ic9e1 )\t ! te/ ( ! mo/ rigid scrut9y1 w\ld h bord]$ ^u tem]ity2 b n[1 :5 t scrut9y has tak5 place1 n only among ourselves1 b 9 ! fir/ pr(essional circles 9 ,europe1 & :5 x has be5 uni=mly f\nd 9 su* abundant in/ances t ! human frame1 :5 once x has felt ! influ5ce ( ! g5u9e c[-pox 9 ! way t has be5 describ$1 is nev] aft]w>ds at any p]iod ( its exi/5ce assailable by ! smallpox1 may ,i n ) p]fect confid5ce congratulate my c\ntry & society at l>ge on _! behold+1 9 ! mild =m ( ! c[-pox1 an antidote t is capable ( extirpat+ f ! e>? a disease :i* is e h\r dev\r+ its victims2 a disease t has ev] be5 consid]$ z ! sev]e/ sc\rge ( ! human race6 ,,! ,,contagi\sness ,,( ,,pu]p]al ,,fev] ,,by ,,oliv] ,,w5dell ,,holmes ,,introductory ,,note ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes 0 born 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ,augu/ #bi1 #ahji1 & educat$ at ,phillips ,academy1 ,&ov]1 & ,h>v>d ,college4 ,aft] graduation1 he ent]$ ! ,law ,s*ool1 b soon gave up law = m$ic9e4 ,he /udi$ fir/ 9 ,bo/on1 & lat] sp5t two ye>s 9 m$ical s*ools 9 ,europe1 ma9ly 9 ,p>is4 ,on 8 return he began to practise 9 ,bo/on1 b 9 two ye>s he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( anatomy at ,d>tm\? ,college1 a position :i* he held f #ahch to #ahdj1 :5 he aga9 took up 8 ,bo/on practise4 ,x 0 soon aft] ?is1 9 #ahdc1 t he publi%$ 8 essay on ! ,contagi\sness ( ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 8 only contribution ( high di/9ction to m$ical sci5ce4 ,f #ahdg to #ahhb he 0 ,p>kman pr(essor ( anatomy & physiology 9 ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,he di$ 9 ,bo/on1 ,octob] #g1 #ahid4 ,9 spite ( ! importance ( ! pap] "h pr9t$1 ,holmes's reputation z a sci5ti/ 0 ov]%ad[$ by t won by him z a wit & a man ( lett]s4 ,:5 he 0 only tw5ty-"o 8 ,old ,ironsides br\ght him into notice2 & ?r\gh 8 poetry & fiction1 & ! sp>kl+ talk ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table s]ies1 he took a high place among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ gr\p ( writ]s t ,am]ica has yet produc$4 ,,! ,,contagi\sness ,,( ,,pu]p]al ,,fev] ,note4--,?is essay appe>$ fir/ 9 #ahdc1 9 ,! ,new ,engl& ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e1 & 0 repr9t$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,essays 9 #ahee4 ,9 collect+1 en=c+ & add+ to ! evid5ce accumulat$ ^u ?is mo/ s]i\s subject1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to imply t !re exi/s a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any well-in=m$ memb] ( ! m$ical pr(ession z to ! fact t pu]p]al fev] is sometimes communicat$ f "o p]son to ano!r1 bo? directly & indirectly4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ^u ?is po9t ,i %\ld consid] su* d\bts m]ely z a pro( t ! sceptic _h ei!r n exam9$ ! evid5ce1 or1 hav+ exam9$ x1 refus$ to accept its pla9 & unavoidable consequ5ces4 ,i %\ld be sorry to ?9k1 ) ,dr4 ,rigby1 t x 0 a case ( oblique vision2 ,i %\ld be unwill+ to =ce home ! argum5tum ad hom9em ( ,dr4 ,blundell1 b ,i w\ld n cons5t to make a "q ( a mom5t\s fact :i* is no long] to be consid]$ z a subject = trivial discussions1 b to be act$ ^u ) sil5t promptitude4 ,x signifies no?+ t wise & exp]i5c$ practition]s h sometimes d\bt$ ! reality ( ! dang] 9 "q2 no man has ! "r to d\bt x any long]4 ,no negative facts1 no oppos+ op9ions1 be !y :at !y may1 or ^: !y may1 c =m any answ] to ! s]ies ( cases n[ )9 ! rea* ( all :o *oose to explore ! records ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,if !re are "s :o conceive t any important end w\ld be answ]$ by record+ su* op9ions1 or by collect+ ! hi/ory ( all ! cases !y c\ld f9d 9 :i* no evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( contagion exi/$1 ,i believe !y are 9 error4 ,suppose a few writ]s ( au?ority c be f\nd to pr(ess a disbelief 9 contagion1--& !y are v few comp>$ ) ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly1--is x q cle> t !y =m$ _! op9ions on a view ( all ! facts1 or is x n app>5t t !y reli$ mo/ly on _! own solit>y exp]i5ce8 ,/ill fur!r1 ( ^? ^: names are quot$1 is x n true t sc>cely a s+le "o c\ld1 by any possibility1 h kn[n ! half or ! t5? ( ! facts be>+ on ! subject :i* h rea*$ su* a frightful am\nt )9 ! la/ few ye>s8 ,aga91 z to ! utility ( negative facts1 z we may briefly call !m1--in/ances1 namely1 9 :i* exposure has n be5 foll[$ by disease1--al?\gh1 l o!r tru?s1 !y may be wor? kn[+1 ,i d n see t !y are l to %$ any important light ^u ! subject be=e u4 ,e su* in/ance requires a good deal ( circum/antial explanation be=e x c be accept$4 ,x is n en\gh t a practition] %\ld h _h a s+le case ( pu]p]al fev] n foll[$ by o!rs4 ,x mu/ be kn[n :e!r he att5d$ o!rs :ile ?is case 0 9 progress1 :e!r he w5t directly f "o *amb] to o!rs1 :e!r he took any1 & :at1 precautions4 ,x is important to "k t sev]al wom5 7 expos$ to infection d]iv$ f ! pati5t1 s t all[ance may be made = want ( pr$isposition4 ,n[1 if ( negative facts s sift$ !re c\ld be accumulat$ a hundr$ = e "o pla9 in/ance ( communication "h record$1 ,i tru/ x ne$ n be said t we are b\nd to gu>d & wat* ov] ! hundr$? t5ant ( our fold1 ?\gh ! n9ety & n9e may be sure ( escap+ ! wolf at its entrance4 ,if any "o is dispos$1 !n1 to take a hundr$ in/ances ( lives1 endang]$ or sacrific$ out ( ^? ,i h m5tion$1 & make x reasonably cle> t )9 a simil> "t & compass ,,t5 ,,?\s& escap$ ! same exposure1 ,i %all1 ?ank him = 8 indu/ry1 b ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to hold to my own practical conclusions1 & beg him to adopt or at lea/ to exam9e !m also4 ,*ildr5 t walk 9 calico be=e op5 fires are n always burn$ to dea?2 ! in/ances to ! contr>y may be wor? record+2 b by no means if !y are to be us$ z argum5ts aga9/ wooll5 frocks & high f5d]s4 ,i am n sure t ?is pap] w escape ano!r rem>k :i* x might be wi%$ 7 f\nd$ 9 ju/ice4 ,x may be said t ! facts are too g5]ally kn[n & ackn[l$g$ to require any =mal argum5t or exposition1 t !re is no?+ new 9 ! positions advanc$1 & no ne$ ( lay+ additional /atem5ts be=e ! pr(ession4 ,b on turn+ to two works1 "o almo/ univ]sally1 & ! o!r ext5sively1 appeal$ to z au?ority 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i see ample reason to ov]look ?is objection4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( ,dewees's ,treatise on ! ,diseases ( ,females x is expressly said1 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 "u no circum/ance t pu]p]al fev] has appe>$ hi!rto1 does x af=d ! slighte/ gr\nd = ! belief t x is contagi\s4 ,9 ! ,philadelphia ,practice ( ,midwif]y n "o ^w c be f\nd 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ?is disease :i* w\ld lead ! read] to suspect t ! idea ( contagion _h ev] be5 ent]ta9$4 ,x seems prop]1 !re=e1 to rem9d ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ to ! works = guidance t !re may possibly be "s s\rces ( dang] !y h slight$ or omitt$1 q z important z a trifl+ irregul>ity ( diet1 or a conf9$ /ate ( ! b[els1 & t :atev] confid5ce a physician may h 9 8 own mode ( treatm5t1 8 s]vices are ( que/ionable value :5ev] he c>ries ! bane z well z ! antidote ab\t 8 p]son4 ,! practical po9t to be illu/rat$ is ! foll[+3 ,,! ,,disease ,,kn[n ,,z ,,pu]p]al ,,fev] ,,is ,,s ,,f> ,,contagi\s ,,z ,,to ,,be ,,frequ5tly ,,c>ri$ ,,f ,,pati5t ,,to ,,pati5t ,,by ,,physicians ,,& ,,nurses4 ,let me beg9 by ?r[+ out c]ta9 incid5tal que/ions1 :i*1 )\t be+ absolutely ess5tial1 w\ld r5d] ! subject m complicat$1 & by mak+ su* concessions & assumptions z may be fairly suppos$ to be )\t ! pale ( discussion4 #a4 ,x is grant$ t all ! =ms ( :at is call$ pu]p]al fev] may n be1 & probably are n1 equally contagi\s or infecti\s4 ,i d n ent] into ! di/9ctions :i* h be5 drawn by au?ors1 because ! facts d n appe> to me suffici5t to e/abli% any absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 su* =ms z may be propagat$ by contagion & ^? :i* are nev] s propagat$4 ,?is g5]al result ,i %all only support by ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,ramsbo?am1 :o gives1 z ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce1 t ! same symptoms belong to :at he calls ! infecti\s & ! sporadic =ms ( ! disease1 & ! op9ion ( ,arm/rong 9 8 orig9al ,essay4 ,if o!rs c %[ any su* di/9ction1 ,i leave x to !m to d x4 ,b !re are cases en\gh t %[ ! preval5ce ( ! disease among ! pati5ts ( a s+le practition] :5 x 0 9 no degree epidemic2 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,i may ref] to ^? ( ,mr4 ,rob]ton & ( ,dr4 ,peirson1 h]eaft] to be cit$1 z examples4 #b4 ,i %all n ent] into any dispute ab\t ! p>ticul> ,,mode ( infection1 :e!r x be by ! atmosph]e ! physician c>ries ab\t him into ! sick-*amb]1 or by ! direct application ( ! virus to ! absorb+ surfaces ) :i* 8 h& comes 9 contact4 ,_m facts & op9ions are 9 fav\r ( ea* ( ^! modes ( transmission4 ,b x is obvi\s t1 9 ! majority ( cases1 x mu/ be impossible to decide by :i* ( ^! *annels ! disease is convey$1 f ! nature ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! physician & ! pati5t4 #c4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ! contagion ( pu]p]al fev] mu/ always be foll[$ by ! disease4 ,x is true ( all contagi\s diseases t !y frequ5tly sp>e ^? :o appe> to be fully submitt$ to _! influ5ce4 ,ev5 ! vacc9e virus1 fre% f ! subject1 fails e day to produce its legitimate effect1 ?\gh e precaution is tak5 to insure its action4 ,?is is /ill m rem>kably ! case ) sc>let fev] & "s o!r diseases4 #d4 ,x is grant$ t ! disease may be produc$ & v>i\sly modifi$ by _m causes besides contagion1 & m especially by epidemic & endemic influ5ces4 ,b ?is is n peculi> to ! disease 9 "q4 ,!re is no d\bt t smallpox is propagat$ to a great ext5t by contagion1 yet x goes ?r\gh ! same records ( p]iodical increase & dim9ution :i* h be5 rem>k$ 9 pu]p]al fev]4 ,if ! "q is ask$ h[ we are to reconcile ! great v>iations 9 ! mortality ( pu]p]al fev] 9 diff]5t seasons & places ) ! supposition ( contagion1 ,i w answ] x by ano!r "q f ,mr4 ,f>r's lett] to ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al4 ,he makes ! /atem5t t ,,five die weekly ( smallpox 9 ! metropolis :5 ! disease is n epidemic1 & adds1 ,! problem = solution is1 ,:y d ! five dea?s become #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #ca1 #eh1 #hh1 weekly1 & !n progressively fall ?r\gh ! same measur$ /eps8 #e4 ,i take x = grant$ t if x c be %[n t great numb]s ( lives h be5 & are sacrific$ to ignorance or bl9dness on ?is po9t1 no o!r error ( :i* physicians or nurses may be occasionally suspect$ w be alleg$ 9 palliation ( ?is2 b t :5ev] & :]ev] !y c be %[n to c>ry disease & dea? in/ead ( heal? & safety1 ! common in/9cts ( humanity w sil5ce e attempt to expla9 away _! responsibility4 ,! treatise ( ,dr4 ,gordon1 ( ,ab]de51 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agie1 be+ among ! e>li] special works ^u ! disease4 ,a "p ( 8 te/imony has be5 occasionally copi$ into o!r works1 b 8 expressions are s cle>1 8 exp]i5ce is giv5 ) su* manly di/9ctness & dis9t]e/$ hone/y1 t x may be quot$ z a model :i* might h be5 (t5 foll[$ ) advantage4 ,?is disease seiz$ su* wom5 only z 7 visit$ or deliv]$ by a practition]1 or tak5 c>e ( by a nurse1 :o _h previ\sly att5d$ pati5ts affect$ ) ! disease4 ,i _h evid5t pro(s ( its infecti\s nature1 & t ! infection 0 z readily communicat$ z t ( ! smallpox or measles1 & op]at$ m spe$ily ?an any o!r infection ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,i _h evid5t pro(s t e p]son :o _h be5 ) a pati5t 9 ! pu]p]al fev] became *>g$ ) an atmosph]e ( infection1 :i* 0 communicat$ to e pregnant woman :o happ5$ to come )9 its sph]e4 ,?is is n an ass]tion1 b a fact1 admitt+ ( demon/ration1 z may be se5 by a p]usal ( ! =ego+ table--ref]r+ to a table ( sev5ty-sev5 cases1 9 _m ( :i* ! *annel ( propagation 0 evid5t4 ,he adds3 ,x is a disagreeable decl>ation = me to m5tion1 t ,i myself 0 ! means ( c>ry+ ! infection to a great numb] ( wom54 ,he !n enum]ates a numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* ! disease 0 convey$ by midwives & o!rs to ! neighbor+ villages1 & decl>es t ^! facts fully prove t ! cause ( ! pu]p]al fev]1 ( :i* ,i treat1 0 a specific contagion1 or infection1 altoge!r unconnect$ ) a noxi\s con/itution ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b 8 mo/ t]rible evid5ce is giv5 9 ^! words3 ,i ,,arriv$ ,,at ,,t ,,c]ta9ty ,,9 ,,! ,,matt] ,,t ,i ,,c\ld ,,v5ture ,,to ,,=etell ,,:at ,,wom5 ,,w\ld ,,be ,,affect$ ,,) ,,! ,,disease1 ,,^u ,,he>+ ,,by ,,:at ,,midwife ,,!y ,,7 ,,to ,,be ,,deliv]$1 ,,or ,,by ,,:at ,,nurse ,,!y ,,7 ,,to ,,be ,,att5d$1 ,,dur+ ,,_! ,,ly+-,,93 ,,& ,,almo/ ,,9 ,,e ,,in/ance ,,my ,,pr$iction ,,0 ,,v]ifi$4 ,ev5 previ\sly to ,gordon1 ,mr4 ,:ite1 ( ,man*e/]1 _h said3 ,i am acqua9t$ ) two g5tlem5 9 ano!r t[n1 :]e ! :ole bus9ess ( midwif]y is divid$ betwixt !m1 & x is v rem>kable t "o ( !m loses sev]al pati5ts e ye> ( ! pu]p]al fev]1 & ! o!r nev] s mu* z meets ) ! disord]--a diff]5ce :i* he seems to attribute to _! v>i\s modes ( treatm5t4 ,footnote3 ,on ! ,managem5t ( ,ly+-9 ,wom54 p4 #abj4 ,dr4 ,arm/rong has giv5 a numb] ( in/ances 9 8 ,essay on ,pu]p]al ,fev] ( ! preval5ce ( ! disease among ! pati5ts ( a s+le practition]4 ,at ,sund]l&1 9 all1 =ty- ?ree cases occurr$ f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y to ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 :5 ! disease ceas$2 & ( ?is numb]1 =ty 7 witness$ by ,mr4 ,gregson & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,gregory1 ! rema9d] hav+ be5 sep>ately se5 by ?ree acc\*eurs4 ,!re is app5d$ to ! ,london edition ( ?is ,essay a lett] f ,mr4 ,gregson1 9 :i* t g5tleman says1 9 ref]5ce to ! great numb] ( cases occurr+ 9 8 practice1 ,! cause ( ?is ,i _c pret5d fully to expla91 b ,i %\ld be want+ 9 common lib]ality if ,i 7 to make any hesitation 9 ass]t+ t ! disease :i* appe>$ 9 my practice 0 highly contagi\s1 & communicable f "o pu]p]al woman to ano!r4 ,x is cu/om>y among ! l[] & middle ranks ( p to make frequ5t p]sonal visits to pu]p]al wom5 resid5t 9 ! same neighborhood1 & ,i h ample evid5ce = affirm+ t ! infection ( ! disease 0 (t5 c>ri$ ab\t 9 t mann]2 &1 h[ev] pa9ful to my feel+s1 ,i mu/ 9 c&\r decl>e t x is v probable ! contagion 0 convey$1 9 "s in/ances1 by myself1 ?\gh ,i took e possible c>e to prev5t su* a ?+ f happ5+ ! mom5t t ,i asc]ta9$ t ! di/emp] 0 infecti\s4 ,dr4 ,arm/rong goes on to m5tion six o!r in/ances )9 8 k1 9 :i* ! disease _h at diff]5t times & places be5 limit$1 9 ! same s+ul> mann]1 to ! practice ( individuals1 :ile x exi/$ sc>cely1 if at all1 among ! pati5ts ( o!rs ar\nd !m4 ,two ( ! g5tlem5 became s conv9c$ ( _! convey+ ! contagion t !y )drew = a "t f practice4 ,i f9d a brief notice1 9 an ,am]ican j\rnal1 ( ano!r s]ies ( cases1 fir/ m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,davies1 9 ! ,m$ical ,repository4 ,?is g5tleman /at$ 8 conviction t ! disease is contagi\s4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahbb he met ) twelve cases1 :ile 8 m$ical fri5ds 9 ! neighb\rhood did n meet ) any1 'or at lea/ v few4' ,he c\ld attribute ?is circum/ance to no o!r cause ?an 8 hav+ be5 pres5t at ! exam9ation aft] dea?1 ( two cases1 "s "t previ\s1 & ( 8 hav+ imp>t$ ! disease to 8 pati5ts1 not)/&+ e precaution4 ,footnote3 ,philad4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal = #ahbe1 p4 #djh4 ,dr4 ,goo* says3 ,x is n uncommon = ! great] numb] ( cases to occur 9 ! practice ( "o man1 :il/ ! o!r practition]s ( ! neighborhood1 :o are n m skilful or m busy1 meet ) few or none4 ,a practition] op5$ ! body ( a woman :o _h di$ ( pu]p]al fev]1 & cont9u$ to we> ! same clo!s4 ,a lady :om he deliv]$ a few days aft]w>ds 0 attack$ ) & di$ ( a simil> disease2 two m ( 8 ly+-9 pati5ts1 9 rapid succession1 met ) ! same fate2 /ruck by ! ?\ght t he might h c>ri$ contagion 9 8 clo!s1 he in/antly *ang$ !m1 & met ) no m cases ( ! k9d4 ,footnote3 ,a simil> anecdote is relat$ by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie1 ( ! late ,dr4 ,john ,cl>k1 ,lancet1 ,may #b1 #ahdj4 ,a woman 9 ! c\ntry :o 0 employ$ z wa%]woman & nurse wa%$ ! l95 ( "o :o _h di$ ( pu]p]al fev]2 ! next ly+-9 pati5t %e nurs$ di$ ( ! same disease2 a ?ird nurs$ by h] met ! same fate1 till ! neighb\rhood1 gett+ afraid ( h]1 ceas$ to employ h]4 ,footnote3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,"s ( ! ,mo/ ,important ,diseases ,peculi> to ,wom51 p4 #d4 ,9 ! w9t] ( ! ye> #ahbd1 sev]al in/ances occurr$ ( its preval5ce among ! pati5ts ( p>ticul> practition]s1 :il/ o!rs :o 7 equally busy met ) few or none4 ,"o in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 v rem>kable4 ,a g5]al practition]1 9 l>ge midwif]y practice1 lo/ s _m pati5ts f pu]p]al fev] t he det]m9$ to deliv] no m = "s "t1 b t 8 p>tn] %\ld att5d 9 8 place4 ,?is plan 0 pursu$ = "o mon?1 dur+ :i* n a case ( ! disease occurr$ 9 _! practice4 ,! eld] practition]1 be+ !n suffici5tly recov]$1 return$ to 8 practice1 b ! fir/ pati5t he att5d$ 0 attack$ by ! disease & di$4 ,a physician :o met him 9 consultation soon aft]w>ds1 ab\t a case ( a diff]5t k9d1 & :o knew no?+ ( 8 mis=tune1 ask$ him :e!r pu]p]al fev] 0 at all preval5t 9 8 neighb\rhood1 on :i* he bur/ into te>s1 & relat$ ! above circum/ances4 ,among ! cases :i* ,i saw ?is season 9 consultation1 f\r occurr$ 9 "o mon? 9 ! practice ( "o m$ical man1 & all ( !m t]m9at$ fatally4 ,footnote3 ,goo*1 op4 cit41 p4 #ga4 ,dr4 ,ramsbo?am ass]t$1 9 a lecture at ! ,london ,hospital1 t he _h kn[n ! disease spread ?r\gh a p>ticul> di/rict1 or be conf9$ to ! practice ( a p>ticul> p]son1 almo/ e pati5t be+ attack$ ) x1 :ile o!rs _h n a s+le case4 ,x seem$ capable1 he ?\ght1 ( conveyance1 n only by common modes1 b ?r\gh ! dress ( ! att5dants ^u ! pati5t4 ,footnote3 ,lond4 ,m$4 ,gaz41 ,may #b1 #ahce4 ,9 a lett] to be f\nd 9 ! ,london ,m$ical ,gazette = ,janu>y1 #ahdj1 ,mr4 ,rob]ton1 ( ,man*e/]1 makes ! /atem5t :i* ,i "h give 9 a some:at cond5s$ =m4 ,a midwife deliv]$ a woman on ! #d? ( ,decemb]1 #ahcj1 :o di$ soon aft] ) ! symptoms ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,9 "o mon? f ?is date ! same midwife deliv]$ ?irty wom51 resid+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( an ext5sive suburb1 ( :i* numb] sixte5 caught ! disease & all di$4 ,^! 7 ! only cases :i* _h occurr$ = a consid]able "t 9 ,man*e/]4 ,! o!r midwives connect$ ) ! same *>itable in/itution z ! woman already m5tion$ are tw5ty-five 9 numb]1 & deliv]1 on an av]age1 n9ety wom5 a week1 or ab\t ?ree hundr$ & eighty a mon?4 ,none ( ^! wom5 _h a case ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,yet all ?is "t ?is woman 0 cross+ ! o!r midwives 9 e direction1 scores ( ! pati5ts ( ! *>ity be+ deliv]$ by !m 9 ! v same qu>t]s :]e h] cases ( fev] 7 happ5+4 ,mr4 ,rob]ton rem>ks t little m ?an half ! wom5 %e deliv]$ dur+ ?is mon? took ! fev]2 t on "s days all escap$1 on o!rs only "o or m out ( ?ree or f\r2 a circum/ance simil> to :at is se5 9 o!r infecti\s maladies4 ,dr4 ,blundell says3 ,^? :o h nev] made ! exp]im5t c h b a fa9t conception h[ difficult x is to obta9 ! exact tru? respect+ any occurr5ce 9 :i* feel+s & int]e/s are conc]n$4 ,omitt+ p>ticul>s1 !n1 ,i cont5t myself ) rem>k+1 g5]ally1 t f m ?an "o di/rict ,i h receiv$ acc\nts ( ! preval5ce ( pu]p]al fev] 9 ! practice ( "s individuals1 :ile its occurr5ce 9 t ( o!rs1 9 ! same neighborhood1 0 n obs]v$4 ,"s1 z ,i h be5 told1 h lo/ t51 twelve1 or a great] numb] ( pati5ts1 9 sc>cely brok5 succession2 l _! evil g5ius1 ! pu]p]al fev] has seem$ to /alk beh9d !m :]ev] !y w5t4 ,"s h deem$ x prud5t to retire = a "t f practice4 ,9 f9e1 t ?is fev] may occur spontane\sly1 ,i admit2 t its infecti\s nature may be plausibly disput$1 ,i d n d5y2 b ,i add1 consid]ately1 t 9 my own family ,i _h r t ^? ,i e/eem$ ! mo/ %\ld be deliv]$1 unaid$1 9 a /able1 by ! mang]side1 ?an t !y %\ld receive ! be/ help1 9 ! faire/ ap>tm5t1 b expos$ to ! vapors ( ?is pitiless disease4 ,gossip+ fri5ds1 wet-nurses1 mon?ly nurses1 ! practition] himself1 ^! are ! *annels by :i*1 z ,i suspect1 ! infection is pr9cipally convey$4 ,footnote3 ,lect4 on ,midwif]y1 p4 #cie4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,m$ical & ,*irurgical ,society ,dr4 ,k+4 m5tion$ t "s ye>s s9ce a practition] at ,woolwi* lo/ sixte5 pati5ts f pu]p]al fev] 9 ! same ye>4 ,he 0 compell$ to give up practice = "o or two ye>s1 8 bus9ess be+ divid$ among ! neighbor+ practition]s4 ,no case ( pu]p]al fev] occurr$ aft]w>ds1 nei!r _h any ( ! neighbor+ surgeons any cases ( ?is disease4 ,at ! same meet+ ,mr4 ,hut*9son m5tion$ ! occurr5ce ( ?ree consecutive cases ( pu]p]al fev]1 foll[$ subsequ5tly by two o!rs1 all 9 ! practice ( "o acc\*eur4 ,footnote3 ,lancet1 ,may #c1 #ahdj4 ,dr4 ,lee makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,9 ! la/ two weeks ( ,septemb]1 #ahbg1 five fatal cases ( ut]9e inflammation came "u our obs]vation4 ,all ! individuals s attack$ _h be5 att5d$ 9 labor by ! same midwife1 & no example ( a febrile or inflammatory disease ( a s]i\s nature occurr$ dur+ t p]iod among ! o!r pati5ts ( ! ,we/m9/] ,g5]al ,disp5s>y1 :o _h be5 att5d$ by ! o!r midwives belong+ to t in/itution4 ,footnote3 ,lond4 ,cyc4 ( ,pract4 ,m$41 art41 ,fev]1 ,pu]p]al ,! recurr5ce ( long s]ies ( cases l ^? ,i h cit$1 report$ by ^? mo/ int]e/$ to disbelieve 9 contagion1 scatt]$ along ?r\gh an int]val ( half a c5tury1 might h be5 ?\ght suffici5t to satisfy ! m9ds ( all inquir]s t "h 0 some?+ m ?an a s+ul> co9cid5ce4 ,b if1 on a m ext5d$ obs]vation1 x %\ld be f\nd t ! same om9\s gr\ps ( cases clu/]+s ab\t individual practition]s 7 obs]v$ 9 a remote c\ntry1 at diff]5t times1 & 9 widely sep>at$ regions1 x w\ld seem incr$ible t any %\ld be f\nd too prejudic$ or indol5t to accept ! solemn tru? knell$ into _! e>s by ! fun]al bells f bo? sides ( ! ocean--! pla9 conclusion t ! physician & ! disease ent]$1 h& 9 h&1 into ! *amb] ( ! unsuspect+ pati5t4 ,t su* s]ies ( cases h be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ?is neighborhood1 ,i proce$ to %[4 ,9 ,dr4 ,francis's ,notes to ,d5man's ,midwif]y a passage is cit$ f ,dr4 ,hosack 9 :i* he ref]s to c]ta9 pu]p]al cases :i* prov$ fatal to sev]al ly+-9 wom51 & 9 "s ( :i* ! disease 0 suppos$ to be convey$ by ! acc\*eurs !mselves4 ,footnote3 ,d5man's ,midwif]y1 p4 #fgc1 ?ird ,am4 ed4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,new ,york ,m$ical & ,physical ,j\rnal = ,octob]1 #ahbi1 9 speak+ ( ! occurr5ce ( pu]p]al fev] conf9$ to "o man's practice1 rem>ks3 ,we h kn[n cases ( ?is k9d occur1 ?\gh r>ely1 9 ,new ,york4 ,i m5tion ^! little h9ts ab\t ! occurr5ce ( su* cases p>tly because !y are ! fir/ ,i h met ) 9 ,am]ican m$ical lit]ature1 b m especially because !y s]ve to rem9d u t beh9d ! fe>ful array ( publi%$ facts !re lies a d>k li/ ( simil> ev5ts1 unwritt5 9 ! records ( sci5ce1 b long rememb]$ by _m a desolat$ fireside4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ c be m op5 & explicit ?an ! acc\nt giv5 by ,dr4 ,peirson1 ( ,salem1 ( ! cases se5 by him4 ,9 ! fir/ n9ete5 days ( ,janu>y1 #ahbi1 he _h five consecutive cases ( pu]p]al fev]1 e pati5t he att5d$ be+ attack$1 & ! ?ree fir/ cases prov+ fatal4 ,9 ,m>* ( ! same ye> he _h two mod]ate cases1 9 ,june1 ano!r case1 & 9 ,july1 ano!r1 :i* prov$ fatal4 ,up to ?is p]iod1 he rem>ks1 ,i am n in=m$ t a s+le case _h occurr$ 9 ! practice ( any o!r physician4 ,s9ce t p]iod ,i h _h no fatal case 9 my practice1 al?\gh ,i h _h sev]al dang]\s cases4 ,i h att5d$ 9 all tw5ty cases ( ?is disease1 ( :i* f\r h be5 fatal4 ,i am n aw>e t !re has be5 any o!r case 9 ! t[n ( di/9ct pu]p]al p]itonitis1 al?\gh ,i am will+ to admit my in=mation may be v defective on ?is po9t4 ,i h be5 told ( "s 'mix$ cases1' & 'morbid affections aft] deliv]y4' ,footnote3 ,rem>ks on ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 pp4 #ab & #ac4 ,9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,summ>y ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,college ( ,physicians ( ,philadelphia ,footnote3 ,= ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 #ahdb4 may be f\nd "s mo/ extraord9>y developm5ts respect+ a s]ies ( cases occurr+ 9 ! practice ( a memb] ( t body4 ,dr4 ,condie call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,society to ! preval5ce1 at ! pres5t "t1 ( pu]p]al fev] ( a peculi>ly insidi\s & malignant "*4 ,9 ! practice ( "o g5tleman ext5sively engag$ z an ob/etrician ne>ly e female he has att5d$ 9 conf9em5t1 dur+ sev]al weeks pa/1 )9 ! above limits 7! s\!rn sections & neighbor+ di/ricts71 _h be5 attack$ by ! fev]4 ,an important qu]y pres5ts itself1 ! doctor obs]v$1 9 ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> =m ( fev] n[ preval5t4 ,is x1 namely1 capable ( be+ propagat$ by contagion1 & is a physician :o has be5 9 att5dance ^u a case ( ! disease w>rant$ 9 cont9u+1 )\t int]ruption1 8 practice z an ob/etrician8 ,dr4 ,c41 al?\gh n a believ] 9 ! contagi\s "* ( _m ( ^? affections g5]ally suppos$ to be propagat$ 9 ?is mann]1 has1 nev]!less1 become conv9c$ by ! facts t h fall5 "u 8 notice t ! pu]p]al fev] n[ prevail+ is capable ( be+ communicat$ by contagion4 ,h[1 o!rwise1 c be expla9$ ! v curi\s circum/ance ( ! disease 9 "o di/rict be+ exclusively conf9$ to ! practice ( a s+le physician1 a ,fell[ ( ?is ,college1 ext5sively engag$ 9 ob/etrical practice1 :ile no in/ance ( ! disease has occurr$ 9 ! pati5ts "u ! c>e ( any o!r acc\*eur practis+ )9 ! same di/rict2 sc>cely a female t has be5 deliv]$ = weeks pa/ has escap$ an attack8 ,dr4 ,rutt]1 ! practition] ref]r$ to1 obs]v$ t1 aft] ! occurr5ce ( a numb] ( cases ( ! disease 9 8 practice1 he _h left ! city & rema9$ abs5t = a week1 b1 on return+1 no article ( clo?+ he !n wore hav+ be5 us$ by him be=e1 "o ( ! v fir/ cases ( p>turition he att5d$ 0 foll[$ by an attack ( ! fev] & t]m9at$ fatally2 he _c readily1 !re=e1 believe 9 ! transmission ( ! disease f female to female 9 ! p]son or clo!s ( ! physician4 ,! meet+ at :i* ^! rem>ks 7 made 0 held on ! #c;d ( ,may1 #ahdb4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,decemb] #bj1 #ahdb1 address$ to ,dr4 ,meigs1 & to be f\nd 9 ! ,m$ical ,exam9]1 ,footnote3 ,= ,janu>y #ba1 #ahdc4 he speaks ( ^? horrible cases ( pu]p]al fev]1 "s ( :i* y did me ! favor to see ) me dur+ ! pa/ summ]1 & talks ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! disease1 n[ numb]+ ne>ly sev5ty cases1 all ( :i* h occurr$ )9 less ?an a twelve-mon? pa/4 ,& ,dr4 ,meigs ass]ts1 on ! same page1 ,inde$1 ,i believe t 8 practice 9 t dep>tm5t ( ! pr(ession 0 great] ?an t ( any o!r g5tleman1 :i* 0 probably ! cause ( 8 see+ a great] numb] ( ! cases4 ,?is f a pr(essor ( midwif]y1 :o "s "t ago assur$ a g5tleman :om he met 9 consultation t ! night on :i* !y met 0 ! eighte5? 9 succession t he himself _h be5 summon$ f 8 repose1 ,footnote3 ,m$ical ,exam9] = ,decemb] #aj1 #ahdb4 seems h>dly satisfactory4 ,i mu/ call ! att5tion ( ! inquir] mo/ p>ticul>ly to ! ,qu>t]ly ,report above ref]r$ to1 & ! lett]s ( ,dr4 ,meigs & ,dr4 ,rutt]1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,m$ical ,exam9]4 ,:atev] impression !y may produce ^u 8 m9d1 ,i tru/ !y w at lea/ conv9ce him t !re is "s reason = look+ into ?is app>5tly un9vit+ subject4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians j m5tion$ ,dr4 ,w>r+ton /at$ t a few days aft] assi/+ at an autopsy ( pu]p]al p]itonitis1 9 :i* he lad$ out ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9al cavity ) 8 h&s1 he 0 call$ ^u to deliv] ?ree wom5 9 rapid succession4 ,all ( ^! wom5 7 attack$ ) diff]5t =ms ( :at is commonly call$ pu]p]al fev]4 ,soon aft] ^! he saw two o!r pati5ts1 bo? on ! same day1 ) ! same disease4 ,( ^! five pati5ts1 two di$4 ,at ! same meet+ ,dr4 ,we/ m5tion$ a fact relat$ to him by ,dr4 ,samuel ,jackson1 ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,sev5 females1 deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,jackson 9 rapid succession1 :ile practis+ 9 ,nor?umb]l& ,c\nty1 7 all attack$ ) pu]p]al fev]1 & five ( !m di$4 ,wom51 he said1 :o _h expect$ me to att5d ^u !m1 n[ becom+ al>m$1 remov$ out ( my rea*1 & o!rs s5t = a physician resid+ sev]al miles di/ant4 ,^! wom51 z well z ^? att5d$ by midwives1 all did well2 nor did we he> ( any dea?s 9 *ild-b$ )9 a radius ( fifty miles1 except+ two1 & ^! ,i aft]w>ds asc]ta9$ to h be5 caus$ by o!r diseases4 ,he und]w5t1 z he ?\ght1 a ?or\gh purification1 & /ill 8 next pati5t 0 attack$ ) ! disease & di$4 ,he 0 l$ to suspect t ! contagion might h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! gloves :i* he _h worn 9 att5dance ^u ! previ\s cases4 ,two mon?s or m aft] ?is he _h two o!r cases4 ,he c\ld f9d no?+ to acc\nt = ^! unless x 7 ! in/rum5ts = giv+ enemata1 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 two ( ! =m] cases & 7 employ$ by ^! pati5ts4 ,:5 ! fir/ case occurr$1 he 0 att5d+ & dress+ a limb ext5sively mortifi$ f erysipelas1 & w5t imm$iately to ! acc\*em5t ) 8 clo!s & gloves mo/ ?or\ghly imbu$ ) its effluvia4 ,& "h ,i may m5tion t ?is v ,dr4 ,samael ,jackson1 ( ,nor?umb]l&1 is "o ( ,dr4 ,dewees's au?orities aga9/ contagion4 ,! ?ree foll[+ /atem5ts are n[ = ! fir/ "t giv5 to ! public4 ,all ( ! cases ref]r$ to occurr$ )9 ?is ,/ate1 & two ( ! ?ree s]ies 9 ,bo/on & its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,i4 ,! fir/ is a s]ies ( cases :i* took place dur+ ! la/ spr+ 9 a t[n at "s di/ance f ?is neighborhood4 ,a physician ( t t[n1 ,dr4 ,c1 ,_h ! foll[+ consecutive cases3 ,no4 #a1 deliv]$ ,m>* #bj1 di$ ,m>* #bd4 #b1 ,april #i1 ,april #ad4 #c1 #aj1 #ad4 #d1 #aa1 #ah4 #e1 #bg1 ,may #c4 #f1 #bh1 _h "s symptoms1 recov]$4 #g1 ,may #h1 _h "s symptoms1 also recov]$4 ,^! 7 ! only cases att5d$ by ?is physician dur+ ! p]iod ref]r$ to1 ,!y 7 all att5d$ by him until _! t]m9ation1 ) ! exception ( ! pati5t ,no4 #f1 :o fell into ! h&s ( ano!r physician on ! #b;d ( ,may4 7,dr4 ,c4 left t[n = a few days at ?is "t47 ,dr4 ,c4 att5d$ cases imm$iately be=e & aft] ! above-nam$ p]iods1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 pres5t$ any peculi> symptoms ( ! disease4 ,ab\t ! #a/ ( ,july he att5d$ ano!r pati5t 9 a neighbor+ village1 :o di$ two or ?ree days aft] deliv]y4 ,! fir/ pati5t1 x is /at$1 0 deliv]$ on ! #bj? ( ,m>*4 ,on ! #ai? ,dr4 ,c4 made ! autopsy ( a man :o _h di$ sudd5ly1 sick only =ty-eight h\rs2 _h o$ema ( ! ?igh & gangr5e ext5d+ f a little above ! ankle into ! cavity ( ! abdom54 ,dr4 ,c4 w\nd$ himself v slightly 9 ! "r h& dur+ ! autopsy4 ,! h& 0 q pa9ful ! night foll[+1 dur+ 8 att5dance on ! pati5t ,no4 #a4 ,he did n see ?is pati5t aft] ! #bj?1 be+ conf9$ to ! h\se1 & v sick f ! w\nd j m5tion$1 f ?is "t until ! #c;d ( ,april4 ,sev]al cases ( erysipelas occurr$ 9 ! h\se :]e ! autopsy m5tion$ above took place1 soon aft] ! exam9ation4 ,!re 7 also _m cases ( erysipelas 9 t[n at ! "t ( ! fatal pu]p]al cases :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,! nurse :o laid out ! body ( ! pati5t ,no4 #c 0 tak5 on ! ev5+ ( ! same day ) sore ?roat & erysipelas1 & di$ 9 t5 days f ! fir/ attack4 ,! nurse :o laid out ! body ( ! pati5t ,no4 #d 0 tak5 on ! day foll[+ ) symptoms l ^? ( ?is pati5t1 & di$ 9 a week1 )\t any ext]nal m>ks ( erysipelas4 ,no o!r cases ( simil> "* ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,c4 occurr$ 9 ! practice ( any ( ! physicians 9 ! t[n or vic9ity at ! "t4 ,dea?s foll[+ conf9em5t h occurr$ 9 ! practice ( o!r physicians dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 b !y 7 n cases ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,no po/-mortem exam9ations 7 held 9 any ( ^! pu]p]al cases4 ,"s additional /atem5ts 9 ?is lett] are des]v+ ( ins]tion3 ,a physician att5d$ a woman 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! cases numb]$ #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,?is pati5t 0 conf9$ ! morn+ ( ,m>* #a/1 & di$ on ! night ( ,mat* #g?4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is %\ld be consid]$ a case ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,%e _h suff]$ f cank]1 indige/ion1 & di>rhoea = a ye> previ\s to h] deliv]y4 ,h] compla9ts 7 mu* aggravat$ = two or ?ree mon?s previ\s to deliv]y2 %e _h become greatly emaciat$1 & weak5$ to su* an ext5t t x _h n be5 expect$ t %e w\ld long survive h] conf9em5t1 if inde$ %e rea*$ t p]iod4 ,h] labor 0 easy en\gh2 %e fl[$ a good deal1 seem$ exce$+ly pro/rat$1 _h r++ 9 h] e>s1 & o!r symptoms ( exhau/ion2 ! pulse 0 quick & small4 ,on ! second & ?ird day !re 0 "s t5d]ness & tumefaction ( ! abdom51 :i* increas$ some:at on ! f\r? & fif?4 ,he _h cases 9 midwif]y be=e & aft] ?is1 :i* pres5t$ no?+ peculi>4 ,x is also m5tion$ 9 ! same lett] t ano!r physician _h a case dur+ ! la/ summ] & ano!r la/ fall1 bo? ( :i* recov]$4 ,ano!r g5tleman reports a case la/ ,decemb]1 a second case five weeks1 & ano!r ?ree weeks1 s9ce4 ,all ^! recov]$1 ,a case also occurr$ v rec5tly 9 ! practice ( a physician 9 ! village :]e ! eigh? pati5t ( ,dr4 ,c4 resides1 :i* prov$ fatal ,?is pati5t _h "s pat*es ( erysipelas on ! legs & arms4 ,! same physician has deliv]$ ?ree cases s9ce1 :i* h all done well4 ,!re h be5 no o!r cases 9 ?is t[n or its vic9ity rec5tly4 ,!re h be5 "s few cases ( erysipelas4 ,x des]ves notice t ! p>tn] ( ,dr4 ,c1 :o att5d$ ! autopsy ( ! man above m5tion$ & took an active "p 9 x1 :o also suff]$ v slightly f a prick "u ! ?umb-nail receiv$ dur+ ! exam9ation1 _h twelve cases ( midwif]y betwe5 ,m>* #bf? & ,april #ab?1 all ( :i* did well1 & pres5t$ no peculi> symptoms4 ,x %\ld also be /at$ t dur+ ^! sev5te5 days he 0 9 att5dance on all ! cases ( erysipelas 9 ! h\se :]e ! autopsy _h be5 p]=m$4 ,i owe ^! facts to ! prompt k9dness ( a g5tleman ^: intellig5ce & "* are suffici5t gu>anty = _! accuracy4 ,! two foll[+ lett]s 7 address$ to my fri5d ,dr4 ,/or] by ! g5tleman 9 ^: practice ! cases ( pu]p]al fev] occurr$4 ,8 "n r5d]s x unnecess>y to ref] m p>ticul>ly to ^! g5tlem51 :o on _! "p h manife/$ ! mo/ p]fect fre$om & c\rtesy 9 af=d+ ^! acc\nts ( _! pa9ful exp]i5ce4 ,janu>y #ch1 #ahdc4 ,,ii 444 ,! "t to :i* y allude 0 9 #ahcj4 ,! fir/ case 0 9 ,febru>y1 dur+ a v cold "t4 ,%e 0 conf9$ ! #d?1 & di$ ! #ab?4 ,betwe5 ! #aj? & #bh? ( ?is mon? ,i att5d$ six wom5 9 labor1 all ( :om did well except ! la/1 z also two :o 7 conf9$ ,m>* #a/ & #e?4 ,mrs4 ,e41 conf9$ ,febru>y #bh?1 sick5$1 & di$ ,m>* #h?4 ,! next day1 #i?1 ,i inspect$ ! body1 & ! night aft] att5d$ a lady1 ,mrs4 ,b41 :o sick5$1 & di$ #af?4 ,! #aj?1 ,i att5d$ ano!r1 ,mrs4 ,g41 :o sick5$1 b recov]$4 ,m>* #af? ,i w5t f ,mrs4 ,g4's room to att5d a ,mrs4 ,h41 :o sick5$1 & di$ #ba/4 ,! #ag?1 ,i inspect$ ,mrs4 ,b4 ,on ! #ai?1 ,i w5t directly f ,mrs4 ,h4's room to att5d ano!r lady1 ,mrs4 ,g41 :o also sick5$1 & di$ #bb;d4 ,:ile ,mrs4 ,b4 0 sick1 on #ae?1 ,i w5t directly f h] room a few rods1 & att5d$ ano!r woman1 :o 0 n sick4 ,up to #bj? ( ?is mon? ,i wore ! same clo!s4 ,i n[ refus$ to att5d any labor1 & did n till ,april #ba/1 :51 hav+ ?or\ghly cleans$ myself1 ,i resum$ my practice1 & _h no m pu]p]al fev]4 ,! cases 7 n conf9$ to a n>r[ space4 ,! two ne>e/ 7 half a mile f ea* o!r1 & half t di/ance f my resid5ce4 ,! o!rs 7 f two to ?ree miles ap>t1 & ne>ly t di/ance f my resid5ce4 ,!re 7 no o!r cases 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity :i* came to my k4 ,! g5]al heal? ( all ! wom5 0 pretty good1 & all ! labors z good z common1 except ! fir/4 ,?is woman1 9 consequ5ce ( my n arriv+ 9 season1 & ! *ild be+ half-born at "s "t be=e ,i arriv$1 0 v mu* expos$ to ! cold at ! "t ( conf9em5t1 & aft]w>ds1 be+ conf9$ 9 a v op51 cold room4 ,( ! six cases1 y p]ceive only "o recov]$4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahag two ( my pati5ts _h pu]p]al fev]1 "o v badly1 ! o!r n s badly4 ,bo? recov]$4 ,"o o!r _h swell$ leg or phlegmasia dol5s1 & "o or two o!rs did n recov] z well z usual4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahce ano!r disa/r\s p]iod occurr$ 9 my practice4 ,july #a/ ,i att5d$ a lady 9 labor1 :o 0 aft]w>ds q ill & fev]i%2 b at ! "t ,i did n consid] h] case a decid$ pu]p]al fev]4 ,on ! #h? ,i att5d$ "o :o did well4 ,on ! #ab?1 "o :o 0 s]i\sly sick4 ,?is 0 also an equivocal case1 app>5tly aris+ f con/ipation & irritation ( ! rectum4 ,^! wom5 7 t5 miles ap>t & five f my resid5ce4 ,on #ae? & #b,o? two :o did well4 ,on #be? ,i att5d$ ano!r4 ,?is 0 a sev]e labor1 & foll[$ by unequivocal pu]p]al fev]1 or p]itonitis4 ,%e recov]$4 ,augu/ #bnd & #crd1 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ,i att5d$ f\r p]sons4 ,two ( !m did v well2 "o 0 attack$ ) "s ( ! common symptoms1 :i*1 h[ev]1 subsid$ 9 a day or two1 & ! o!r _h decid$ pu]p]al fev]1 b recov]$4 ,?is woman resid$ five miles f me4 ,up to ?is "t ,i wore ! same coat4 ,all my o!r clo!s _h frequ5tly be5 *ang$4 ,on #f?1 ,i att5d$ two wom51 "o ( :om 0 n sick at all2 b ! o!r1 ,mrs4 ,l41 0 aft]w>ds tak5 ill4 ,on #aj?1 ,i att5d$ a lady1 :o did v well4 ,i _h previ\sly *ang$ all my clo!s1 & _h no g>m5t on :i* _h be5 9 a pu]p]al room4 ,on #ab?1 ,i 0 call$ to ,mrs4 ,s41 9 labor4 ,:ile %e 0 ill1 ,i left h] to visit ,mrs4 ,l41 "o ( ! ladies :o 0 conf9$ on #f?4 ,mrs4 ,l4 _h be5 m unwell ?an usual1 b ,i _h n consid]$ h] case any?+ m ?an common till ?is visit4 ,i _h on a surt\t at ?is visit1 :i*1 on my return to ,mrs4 ,s41 ,i left 9 ano!r room4 ,mrs4 ,s4 0 deliv]$ on #ac? ) =ceps4 ,^! wom5 bo? di$ ( decid$ pu]p]al fev]4 ,:ile ,i att5d$ ^! wom5 9 _! fev]s ,i *ang$ my clo!s1 & wa%$ my h&s 9 a solution ( *loride ( lime aft] ea* visit4 ,i att5d$ sev5 wom5 9 labor dur+ ?is p]iod1 all ( :om recov]$ )\t sickness4 ,9 my practice ,i h _h sev]al s+le cases ( pu]p]al fev]1 "s ( :om h di$ & "s h recov]$4 ,until ! ye> #ahcj ,i _h no suspicion t ! disease c\ld be communicat$ f "o pati5t to ano!r by a nurse or midwife2 b ,i n[ ?9k ! =ego+ facts /rongly favor t idea4 ,i 0 s mu* conv9c$ ( ?is fact t ,i adopt$ ! plan be=e relat$4 ,i believe my own heal? 0 z good z usual at ea* ( ! above p]iods4 ,i h no recollection to ! contr>y4 ,i believe ,i h answ]$ all y\r que/ions4 ,i h be5 m p>ticul> on "s po9ts p]haps ?an necess>y2 b ,i ?\ght y c\ld =m y\r own op9ion bett] ?an to take m9e4 ,9 #ahcj ,i wrote to ,dr4 ,*ann+ a m p>ticul> /atem5t ( my cases4 ,if ,i h n answ]$ y\r que/ions suffici5tly1 p]haps ,dr4 ,c4 may h my lett] to him1 & y c f9d y\r answ] !re4 ,footnote3 ,9 a lett] to myself ?is g5tleman also /at$1 ,i d n recollect t !re 0 any erysipelas or any o!r disease p>ticul>ly preval5t at ! "t4 ,bo/on1 ,febru>y #c1 #ahdc4 ,,iii4 ,my ,de> ,sir3 ,i receiv$ a note f y la/ ev5+ reque/+ me to answ] c]ta9 que/ions !re9 propos$1 t\*+ ! cases ( pu]p]al fev] :i* came "u my obs]vation ! pa/ summ]4 ,x gives me pleasure to comply ) y\r reque/1 s f> z x is 9 my p[] s to d1 b1 ow+ to ! hurry 9 prep>+ = a j\rney1 ! notes ( ! cases ,i _h !n tak5 7 lo/ or mislaid4 ,! pr9cipal facts1 h[ev]1 are too vivid ^u my recollection to be soon =gott54 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ,i %all be able to give y all ! in=mation y may require4 ,all ! cases t occurr$ 9 my practice took place betwe5 ! #g? ( ,may & ! #ag? ( ,june1 #ahdb4 ,!y 7 n conf9$ to any p>ticul> "p ( ! city4 ,! fir/ two cases 7 pati5ts resid+ at ! ,s\? ,end1 ! next 0 at ! extreme ,nor? ,end1 "o liv+ 9 ,sea ,/reet & ! o!r 9 ,roxbury4 ,! foll[+ is ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$3 ,,case #a4--,mrs4-- 0 conf9$ on ! #g? ( ,may1 at #e o'clock1 ,p4 ,m41 aft] a natural labor ( six h\rs4 ,at #ab o'clock at night1 on ! #i? 7?irty-"o h\rs aft] conf9em5t71 %e 0 tak5 ) sev]e *ill1 previ\s to :i* %e 0 z com=table z wom5 usually are "u ! circum/ances4 ,%e di$ on ! #aj?4 ,,case #b4--,mrs4-- 0 conf9$ on ! #aj? ( ,june 7f\r weeks aft] ,mrs4 ,c71 at #aa ,a4 ,m41 aft] a natural1 b some:at sev]e1 labor ( five h\rs4 ,at #g o'clock1 on ! morn+ ( ! #aa?1 %e _h a *ill4 ,di$ on ! #ab?4 ,,case #c4--,mrs4--1 conf9$ on ! #ad? ( ,june1 0 com=table until ! #ah?1 :5 symptoms ( pu]p]al fev] 7 manife/4 ,%e di$ on ! #bj?4 ,,case #d4--,mrs4--1 conf9$ ,june #ag?1 at #e o'clock1 ,a4 ,m41 0 do+ well until ! morn+ ( ! #ai?4 ,%e di$ on ! ev5+ ( ! #ba/4 ,,case #e4--,mrs4--0 conf9$ ) h] ,,fif? *ild on ! #ag? ( ,june1 at #f o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,?is pati5t _h be5 attack$ ) pu]p]al fev]1 at ?ree ( h] previ\s conf9em5ts1 b ! disease yield$ to depletion & o!r rem$ies )\t difficulty4 ,?is "t1 ,i regret to say1 ,i 0 n s =tunate4 ,%e 0 n attack$1 z 7 ! o!r pati5ts1 ) a *ill1 b compla9$ ( extreme pa9 9 ! abdom51 & t5d]ness on pressure1 almo/ f ! mom5t ( h] conf9em5t4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 ! disease resi/$ all rem$ies1 & %e di$ 9 great di/ress on ! #bb;d ( ! same mon?4 ,ow+ to ! extreme heat ( ! season & my own indisposition1 none ( ! subjects 7 exam9$ aft] dea?4 ,dr4 ,*ann+1 :o 0 9 att5dance ) me on ! ?ree la/ cases1 propos$ to h a po/-mortem exam9ation ( ! subject ( case ,no4 #e1 b f "s cause :i* ,i d n n[ recollect x 0 n obta9$4 ,y wi% to "k :e!r ,i wore ! same clo!s :5 att5d+ ! diff]5t cases4 ,i _c positively say1 b ,i %\ld ?9k ,i did n1 z ! wea!r became w>m] aft]1 ! fir/ two cases2 ,i !re=e ?9k x probable t ,i made a *ange ( at lea/ a ,,"p ( my dress4 ,i h _h no o!r case ( pu]p]al fev] 9 my own practice = ?ree ye>s1 save ^? above relat$1 & ,i d n rememb] to h lo/ a pati5t be=e ) ?is disease4 ,:ile abs5t1 la/ ,july1 ,i visit$ two pati5ts sick ) pu]p]al fev]1 ) a fri5d ( m9e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,bo? ( !m recov]$4 ,! cases t ,i h record$ 7 n conf9$ to any p>ticul> con/itution or temp]am5t1 b x seiz$ ^u ! /rong & ! weak1 ! old & ! "y--"o be+ ov] =ty ye>s1 & ! y\nge/ "u eighte5 ye>s ( age444 ,if ! disease is ( an erysipelat\s nature1 z _m suppose1 contagioni/s may p]haps f9d "s gr\nd = _! belief 9 ! fact t1 = two weeks previ\s to my fir/ case ( pu]p]al fev]1 ,i _h be5 att5d+ a sev]e case ( erysipelas1 & ! infection may h be5 convey$ ?r\gh me to ! pati5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :y is n ?is ! case ) o!r physicians1 or ) ! same physician at all times1 = s9ce my return f ! c\ntry ,i h _h a m invet]ate case ( erysipelas ?an ev] be=e1 & no difficulty :atev] has att5d$ any ( my midwif]y cases8 ,i am assur$1 on unque/ionable au?ority1 t ab\t ?ree ye>s s9ce a g5tleman 9 ext5sive midwif]y bus9ess1 9 a neighbor+ ,/ate1 lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks eight pati5ts 9 *ild-b$1 sev5 ( !m be+ und\bt$ cases ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,no o!r physician ( ! t[n lo/ a s+le pati5t ( ?is disease dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,& f :at ,i h he>d 9 conv]sation ) "s ( our mo/ exp]i5c$ practition]s1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k _m cases ( ! k9d might be br\ght to light by ext5sive inquiry4 ,?is long catalogue ( melan*oly hi/ories assumes a /ill d>k] aspect :5 we rememb] h[ k9dly nature deals ) ! p>turi5t female1 :5 %e is n imm]s$ 9 ! virul5t atmosph]e ( an impure ly+-9 hospital1 or poison$ 9 h] *amb] by ! unsuspect$ brea? ( contagion4 ,f all causes toge!r n m ?an f\r dea?s 9 a ?\s& bir?s & misc>riages happ5$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales dur+ ! p]iod embrac$ by ! fir/ ,report ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al4 ,footnote3 ,fir/ ,report1 p4 #aje4 ,9 ! second ,report ! mortality 0 %[n to be ab\t five 9 "o ?\s&4 ,footnote3 ,second ,report1 p4 #gc4 ,9 ! ,dubl9 ,ly+-9 ,hospital1 dur+ ! sev5 ye>s ( ,dr4 ,coll9s's ma/]%ip1 !re 0 "o case ( pu]p]al fev] to #agh deliv]ies1 or less ?an six to ! ?\s&1 & "o dea? f ?is disease 9 #bgh cases1 or betwe5 ?ree & f\r to ! ?\s&4 ,footnote3 ,coll9s's ,treatise on ,midwif]y1 p4 #bbh1 etc4 ,yet dur+ ?is p]iod ! disease 0 endemic 9 ! hospital1 & might h gone on to rival ! horrors ( ! pe/il5ce ( ! ,mat]nite1 _h n ! poison be5 de/roy$ by a ?or\gh purification4 ,9 private practice1 leav+ out ( view ! cases t are to be ascrib$ to ! self-act+ sy/em ( propagation1 x w\ld seem t ! disease mu/ be f> f common4 ,mr4 ,:ite1 ( ,man*e/]1 says3 ,out ( ! :ole numb] ( ly+-9 pati5ts :om ,i h deliv]$ 7& ,i may safely call x a great "o71 ,i h nev] lo/ "o1 nor to ! be/ ( my recollection has "o be5 greatly endang]$1 by ! pu]p]al1 mili>y1 l[ n]v\s1 putrid malignant1 or milk fev]4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aae4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,cl>ke in=m$ ,dr4 ,coll9s t 9 ! c\rse ( ,,=ty-,,five ye>s' mo/ ext5sive practice he lo/ b ,,f\r pati5ts f ?is disease4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 p4#bbh4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t practition]s ( ,glasg[ :o has be5 engag$ 9 v ext5sive practice = upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury te/ifies t he nev] saw m ?an twelve cases ( real pu]p]al fev]4 ,footnote3 ,lancet1 ,may #d1 #ahcc4 ,i h myself be5 told by two g5tlem5 practic+ 9 ?is city1 & hav+ = _m ye>s a l>ge midwif]y bus9ess1 t !y _h nei!r ( !m lo/ a pati5t f ?is disease1 & by "o ( !m t he _h only se5 x 9 consultation ) o!r physicians4 ,9 five hundr$ cases ( midwif]y1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,/or] has giv5 an ab/ract 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ?is j\rnal1 !re 0 only "o in/ance ( fatal pu]p]al p]itonitis4 ,9 ! view ( ^! facts x does appe> a s+ul> co9cid5ce t "o man or woman %\ld h t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 or sev5ty cases ( ?is r>e disease foll[+ 8 or h] foot/eps ) ! ke5ness ( a beagle1 ?r\gh ! /reets & lanes ( a cr[d$ city1 :ile ! scores t cross ! same pa?s on ! same err&s "k x only by "n4 ,x is a s]ies ( simil> co9cid5ces :i* has l$ u to consid] ! dagg]1 ! musket1 & c]ta9 innoc5t-look+ :ite p[d]s z hav+ "s little claim to be reg>d$ z dang]\s4 ,x is ! practical inatt5tion to simil> co9cid5ces :i* has giv5 rise to ! unpleasant b (t5 necess>y docum5ts call$ ,,indictm5ts1 :i* has %>p5$ a =m ( ! cephalotome sometimes employ$ 9 ! case ( adults1 & adju/$ t modification ( ! fillet :i* deliv]s ! _w ( ^? :o happ5 to be too mu* 9 ! way :ile su* /rik+ co9cid5ces are tak+ place4 ,i %all n[ m5tion a few in/ances 9 :i* ! disease appe>s to h be5 convey$ by ! process ( direct inoculation4 ,dr4 ,campbell1 ( ,ed9burgh1 /ates t 9 ,octob]1 #ahba1 he assi/$ at ! po/-mortem exam9ation ( a pati5t :o di$ ) pu]p]al fev]4 ,he c>ri$ ! pelvic visc]a 9 8 pocket to ! class-room4 ,! same ev5+ he att5d$ a woman 9 labor )\t previ\sly *ang+ 8 clo!s2 ?is pati5t di$4 ,! next morn+ he deliv]$ a woman ) ! =ceps2 %e di$ also1 & ( _m o!rs :o 7 seiz$ ) ! disease )9 a few weeks1 ?ree %>$ ! same fate 9 succession4 ,9 ,june1 #ahbc1 he assi/$ "s ( 8 pupils at ! autopsy ( a case ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,he 0 unable to wa% 8 h&s ) prop] c>e1 = want ( ! necess>y accommodations4 ,on gett+ home he f\nd t two pati5ts requir$ 8 assi/ance4 ,he w5t )\t fur!r ablution or *ang+ 8 clo!s2 bo? ^! pati5ts di$ ) pu]p]al fev]4 ,footnote3 ,lond4 ,m$4 ,gazette1 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahca4 ,?is same ,dr4 ,campbell is "o ( ,dr4 ,*ur*ill's au?orities aga9/ contagion4 ,mr4 ,rob]ton says t 9 "o in/ance )9 8 k a practition] pass$ ! ca!t] = a pati5t ) pu]p]al fev] late 9 ! ev5+2 ! same night he att5d$ a lady :o _h ! symptoms ( ! disease on ! second day4 ,9 ano!r in/ance a surgeon 0 call$ :ile 9 ! act ( inspect+ ! body ( a woman :o _h di$ ( ?is fev]1 to att5d a labor2 )9 =ty-eight h\rs ?is pati5t 0 seiz$ ) ! fev] ,footnote3 ,ibid4 = ,janu>y #ahcb4 ,on ! #af? ( ,m>*1 #ahca1 a m$ical practition] exam9$ ! body ( a woman :o _h di$ a few days aft] deliv]y1 f pu]p]al p]itonitis4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #ag? he deliv]$ a pati5t1 :o 0 seiz$ ) pu]p]al fev] on ! #ai?1 & di$ on ! #bd?4 ,betwe5 ?is p]iod & ! #f? ( ,april ! same practition] att5d$ two o!r pati5ts1 bo? ( :om 7 attack$ ) ! same disease & di$4 ,footnote3 ,london ,cyc4 ( ,pract4 ,m$41 art41 ,fev]1 ,pu]p]al4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahbi a physician 0 pres5t at ! exam9ation ( a case ( pu]p]al fev]1 dissect$ out ! organs1 & assi/$ 9 sew+ up ! body4 ,he _h sc>cely rea*$ home :5 he 0 summon$ to att5d a "y lady 9 labor4 ,9 sixte5 h\rs %e 0 attack$ ) ! symptoms ( pu]p]al fev]1 & n>r[ly escap$ ) h] life4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahcj1 a midwife1 :o _h att5d$ two fatal cases ( pu]p]al fev] at ! ,briti% ,ly+-9 ,hospital1 exam9$ a pati5t :o _h j be5 admitt$1 to asc]ta9 if labor _h comm5c$4 ,?is pati5t rema9$ two days 9 ! expectation t labor w\ld come on1 :5 %e return$ home & 0 !n sudd5ly tak5 9 labor & deliv]$ be=e %e c\ld set out = ! hospital4 ,%e w5t on favorably = two days1 & 0 !n tak5 ) pu]p]al fev] & di$ 9 ?irty-six h\rs4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,a "y practition]1 contr>y to advice1 exam9$ ! body ( a pati5t :o _h di$ f pu]p]al fev]2 !re 0 no epidemic at ! "t2 ! case appe>$ to be purely sporadic4 ,he deliv]$ ?ree o!r wom5 %ortly aft]w>ds2 !y all di$ ) pu]p]al fev]1 ! symptoms ( :i* broke out v soon aft] labor4 ,! pati5ts ( 8 colleague did well1 except "o1 :]e he assi/$ to remove "s coagula f ! ut]us2 %e 0 attack$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? :om he _h att5d$1 & di$ also4 ,! writ] 9 ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ical ,review1 f :om ,i quote ?is /atem5t1--& :o is no o!r ?an ,dr4 ,rigby1--adds3 ,we tru/ t ?is fact alone w =ev] sil5ce su* d\bts1 & /amp ! well-m]it$ epi!t ( 'crim9al1' z above quot$1 ^u su* attempts ,footnote3 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$ical ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahdb1 p4 #aab4 ,f ! cases giv5 by ,mr4 ,+leby ,i select ! foll[+3 ,two g5tlem51 aft] hav+ be5 engag$ 9 conduct+ ! po/- mortem exam9ation ( a case ( pu]p]al fev]1 w5t 9 ! same dress1 ea* respectively1 to a case ( midwif]y4 ,! "o pati5t 0 seiz$ ) ! rigor ab\t ?irty h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,! o!r pati5t 0 seiz$ ) a rigor ! ?ird morn+ aft] deliv]y4 ,,"o ,,recov]$1 ,,"o ,,di$4 ,footnote3 ,ed94 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,april #ahch4 ,"o ( ^! same g5tlem5 att5d$ ano!r woman 9 ! same clo!s two days aft] ! autopsy ref]r$ to4 ,! rigor did n take place until ! ev5+ ( ! fif? day f ! fir/ visit4 ,,result ,,fatal4 ,^! cases belong$ to a s]ies ( sev51 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 ?\ght to h orig9at$ 9 a case ( erysipelas4 ,sev]al cases ( a mild "* foll[$ ! =ego+ sev51 & _! nature be+ n[ mo/ unequivocal1 my fri5d decl9$ visit+ all midwif]y cases = a "t1 & !re 0 no recurr5ce ( ! disease4 ,^! cases occurr$ 9 #ahcc4 ,five ( !m prov$ fatal4 ,mr4 ,+leby gives ano!r s]ies ( sev5 cases :i* occurr$ to a practition] 9 #ahcf1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 also attribut$ to 8 hav+ op5$ sev]al erysipelat\s abscesses a %ort "t previ\sly4 ,i ne$ n ref] to ! case lately read be=e ?is society1 9 :i* a physician w5t1 soon aft] p]=m+ an autopsy ( a case ( pu]p]al fev]1 to a woman 9 labor1 :o 0 seiz$ ) ! same disease & p]i%$4 ,! =feit ( t error has be5 already paid4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,m$ical & ,*irurgical ,society be=e ref]r$ to1 ,dr4 ,m]riman relat$ an in/ance occurr+ 9 8 own practice1 :i* excites a reasonable suspicion t two lives 7 sacrific$ to a /ill less dang]\s exp]im5t4 ,he 0 at ! exam9ation ( a case ( pu]p]al fev] at two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,,he ,,took ,,c>e ,,n ,,to ,,t\* ,,! ,,body4 ,at n9e o'clock ! same ev5+ he att5d$ a woman 9 labor2 %e 0 s ne>ly deliv]$ t he _h sc>cely any?+ to d4 ,! next morn+ %e _h sev]e rigors1 & 9 =ty-eight h\rs %e 0 a corpse4 ,h] infant _h erysipelas & di$ 9 two days4 ,footnote3 ,lancet1 ,may #b1 #ahdj4 ,9 connection ) ! facts :i* h be5 /at$ x seems prop] to allude to ! dang]\s & (t5 fatal effects :i* h foll[$ f w\nds receiv$ 9 ! po/-mortem exam9ation ( pati5ts :o h di$ ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,! fact t su* w\nds are att5d$ ) peculi> risk has be5 long notic$4 ,i f9d t ,*aussi] 0 9 ! habit ( caution+ 8 /ud5ts aga9/ ! dang] to :i* !y 7 expos$ 9 ^! dissections4 ,footnote3 ,/e91 ,l',art d',acc\*]1 #agid2 ,dict4 des ,sci5ces ,m$icales1 art41 ,pu]p]al4 ,! head ph>maci5 ( ! ,hotel ,dieu1 9 8 analysis ( ! fluid effus$ 9 pu]p]al p]itonitis1 says t practition]s are conv9c$ ( its delet]i\s qualities1 & t x is v dang]\s to apply x to ! d5ud$ sk94 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 ,janu>y #ahcf4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie speaks ( x z be+ well kn[n t ! inoculation ( lymph or pus f ! p]itoneum ( a pu]p]al pati5t is (t5 att5d$ ) dang]\s & ev5 fatal symptoms4 ,?ree cases 9 confirmation ( ?is /atem5t1 two ( !m fatal1 h be5 report$ to ?is society )9 a few mon?s4 ,( ab\t fifty cases ( injuries ( ?is k9d1 ( v>i\s degrees ( sev]ity1 :i* ,i h collect$ f diff]5t s\rces1 at lea/ twelve 7 in/ances ( infection f pu]p]al p]itonitis4 ,"s ( ! o!rs are s /at$ z to r5d] x probable t !y may h be5 ( ! same nature4 ,five o!r cases 7 ( p]itoneal inflammation2 ?ree 9 males4 ,?ree 7 :at 0 call$ ent]itis1 9 "o in/ance complicat$ ) erysipelas2 b x is well kn[n t ?is t]m has be5 (t5 us$ to signify inflammation ( ! p]itoneum cov]+ ! inte/9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no case ( typhus or typhoid fev] is m5tion$ z giv+ rise to dang]\s consequ5ces1 ) ! exception ( ! s+le in/ance ( an und]tak] m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,trav]s1 :o seems to h be5 poison$ by a fluid :i* exud$ f ! body4 ,! o!r accid5ts 7 produc$ by dissection1 or "s o!r mode ( contact ) bodies ( pati5ts :o _h di$ ( v>i\s affections4 ,!y also diff]$ mu* 9 sev]ity1 ! cases ( pu]p]al orig9 be+ among ! mo/ =midable & fatal4 ,n[ a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ! numb] ( cases ( s]i\s consequ5ces ensu+ f ! dissection ( ! bodies ( ^? :o _h p]i%$ ( pu]p]al fev] is s va/ly disproportion$ to ! relatively small numb] ( autopsies made 9 ?is compla9t z comp>$ ) typhus or pneumonia 7f :i* la/ disease n "o case ( poison+ happ5$71 & /ill m f all diseases put toge!r1 t ! conclusion is irresi/ible t a mo/ fe>ful morbid poison is (t5 g5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is disease4 ,:e!r or n x is sui g5]is conf9$ to ?is disease1 or produc$ 9 "s o!rs1 z1 = in/ance1 erysipelas1 ,i ne$ n /op to inquire4 ,9 connection ) ?is may be tak5 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,rigby3 ,t ! dis*>ges f a pati5t "u pu]p]al fev] are 9 ! highe/ degree contagi\s we h abundant evid5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ly+-9 hospitals4 ,! pu]p]al abscesses are also contagi\s1 & may be communicat$ to heal?y ly+-9 wom5 by wa%+ ) ! same sponge2 ?is fact has be5 repeat$ly prov$ 9 ! ,vi5na ,hospital2 b !y are equally communicable to wom5 n pregnant2 on m ?an "o occasion ! wom5 engag$ 9 wa%+ ! soil$ b$-l95 ( ! ,g5]al ,ly+-9 ,hospital h be5 attack$ ) abscesses 9 ! f+]s or h&s1 att5d$ ) rapidly spread+ inflammation ( ! cellul> tissue4,footnote3 ,sy/em ( ,midwif]y1 p4 #bib ,n[ add to all ?is ! undisput$ fact t )9 ! walls ( ly+-9 hospitals !re is (t5 g5]at$ a miasm1 palpable z ! *lor9e us$ to de/roy x1 t5aci\s s z 9 "s cases almo/ to defy extirpation1 deadly 9 "s in/itutions z ! plague2 :i* has kill$ wom5 9 a private hospital ( ,london s fa/ t !y 7 buri$ two 9 "o c(f9 to conceal its horrors2 :i* enabl$ ,tonnelle to record two hundr$ & tw5ty- two autopsies at ! ,mat]nite ( ,p>is2 :i* has l$ ,dr4 ,lee to express 8 delib]ate conviction t ! loss ( life occasion$ by ^! in/itutions completely defeats ! objects ( _! f\nd]s2 & out ( ?is tra9 ( cumulative evid5ce1 ! multipli$ gr\ps ( cases clu/]+ ab\t individuals1 ! deadly results ( autopsies1 ! inoculation by fluids f ! liv+ pati5t1 ! murd]\s poison ( hospitals--does !re n result a conclusion t laughs all sophi/ry to scorn1 & r5d]s all argum5t an insult8 ,i h _h occasion to m5tion "s in/ances 9 :i* !re 0 an app>5t relation betwe5 pu]p]al fev] & erysipelas4 ,! l5g? to :i* ?is pap] has ext5d$ does n all[ me to ent] into ! consid]ation ( ?is mo/ important subject4 ,i w only say t ! evid5ce appe>s to me altoge!r satisfactory t "s mo/ fatal s]ies ( pu]p]al fev] h be5 produc$ by an infection orig9at+ 9 ! matt] or effluvia ( erysipelas4 ,9 evid5ce ( "s connection betwe5 ! two diseases1 ,i ne$ n g back to ! old] au?ors1 z ,p\teau or ,gordon1 b w cont5t myself ) giv+ ! foll[+ ref]5ces1 ) _! dates2 f :i* x w be se5 t ! te/imony has be5 con/antly com+ be=e ! pr(ession = ! la/ few ye>s3 ,london ,cyclopa$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1 article ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 #ahcc4 ,mr4 ,ceeley's ,acc\nt ( ! ,pu]p]al ,fev] at ,aylesbury1 ,lancet1 #ahce4 ,dr4 ,ramsbo?am's ,lecture1 ,london ,m$ical ,gazette1 #ahce4 ,mr4 ,yates ,ack]ly's ,lett] 9 ! same j\rnal1 #ahch4 ,mr4 ,+leby on ,epidemic ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 ,ed9burgh ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 #ahch4 ,mr4 ,paley's ,lett]1 ,london ,m$ical ,gazette1 #ahci4 ,rem>ks at ! ,m$ical & ,*irurgical ,society1 ,lancet1 #ahdj4 ,dr4 ,rigby's ,sy/em ( ,midwif]y1 #ahda4 ,nunneley on ,erysipelas1 a "w :i* conta9s a l>ge numb] ( ref]5ces on ! subject1 #ahda4 ,briti% & ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ahdb4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,jackson1 ( ,nor?umb]l&1 z already quot$ f ! ,summ>y ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 #ahdb4 ,&1 la/ly1 a />tl+ s]ies ( cases by ,mr4 ,/orrs1 ( ,donca/]1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces = ,janu>y1 #ahdc4 ,! relation ( pu]p]al fev] ) o!r cont9u$ fev]s w\ld seem to be remote & r>ely obvi\s4 ,hey ref]s to two cases ( syno*us occurr+ 9 ! ,royal ,infirm>y ( ,ed9burgh1 9 wom5 :o _h att5d$ ^u pu]p]al pati5ts4 ,dr4 ,coll9s ref]s to sev]al in/ances 9 :i* pu]p]al fev] has appe>$ to orig9ate f a cont9u$ proximity to pati5ts suff]+ ) typhus4 ,footnote3 ,treatise on ,midwif]y1 p4 #bbh4 ,su* occurr5ces z ^? j m5tion$1 ?\gh mo/ important to be rememb]$ & gu>d$ aga9/1 h>dly attract our notice 9 ! mid/ ( ! gloomy facts by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,( ^! facts1 at ! risk ( fatigu+ repetitions1 ,i h summon$ a suffici5t numb]1 z ,i believe1 to conv9ce ! mo/ incr$ul\s t e attempt to disguise ! tru? :i* und]lies !m all is useless4 ,x is true t "s ( ! hi/orians ( ! disease1 especially ,hulme1 ,hull1 & ,leake1 9 ,engl&2 ,tonnelle1 ,duges1 & ,baudelocque1 9 ,france1 pr(ess n to h f\nd pu]p]al fev] contagi\s4 ,at ! mo/ !y give u m]e negative facts1 wor?less aga9/ an ext5t ( evid5ce :i* n[ ov]laps ! wide/ range ( d\bt1 & d\bles ^u itself 9 ! r$undancy ( sup]flu\s demon/ration4 ,exam9$ 9 detail1 ?is & mu* ( ! %[ ( te/imony br\ght up to />e ! daylight ( conviction out ( c\nt5ance1 proves to be 9 a great measure unmean+ & inapplicable1 z might be easily %[n 7 x necess>y4 ,nor d ,i feel ! necessity ( en=c+ ! conclusion :i* arises spontane\sly f ! facts :i* h be5 enum]at$ by =mally cit+ ! op9ions ( ^? grave au?orities :o h = ! la/ half-c5tury be5 s\nd+ ! unwelcome tru? x has co/ s _m lives to e/abli%4 ,x is to ! ,briti% practition]1 says ,dr4 ,rigby1 t we are indebt$ = /rongly insi/+ ^u ?is important & dang]\s "* ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,footnote3 ,briti% & ,=eign ,m$4 ,rev4 = ,janu>y1 #ahdb4 ,! names ( ,gordon1 ,john ,cl>ke1 ,d5man1 ,burns1 ,"y1 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,britannica1 xiii1 #dfg1 art41 ,m$ic9e4 ,hamilton1,footnote3 ,outl9es ( ,midwif]y1 p4 #aji4 ,haighton1 ,footnote3 ,oral ,lectures1 etc4 ,good1 ,footnote3 ,/udy ( ,m$ic9e1 ii1 #aie4 ,wall]1 ,footnote3 ,m$ical & ,physical ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahcj4 ,blundell1 ,goo*1 ,ramsbo?am1 ,d\glas1 ,footnote3 ,dubl9 ,hospital ,reports = #ahbb4 ,lee1 ,+leby1 ,locock1 ,footnote3 ,libr>y ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1 ,i4 #cgc1 ,ab]crombie ,footnote3 ,rese>*es on ,diseases ( ! ,/oma*1 etc4 p4 #ahda1 ,alison ,footnote3 ,libr>y ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1 i1 #ie41 ,trav]s1 ,footnote3 ,fur!r ,rese>*es on ,con/itutional ,irritation1 p4 #abh1 ,rigby1 & ,watson ,footnote3 ,london ,m$ical ,gazette1 ,febru>y1 #ahdb _m ( ^: writ+s ,i h already ref]r$ to1 may h "s influ5ce ) ^? :o pref] ! weight ( au?orities to ! simple d$uctions ( _! own reason f ! facts aid be=e !m4 ,a few ,cont95tal writ]s h adopt$ simil> conclusions ,footnote3 ,see ,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ical ,review1 vol4 iil1 p4 #ebe1 & vol4 iv1 p4 #eag4 ,also ,ed4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal = ,july #ahbd1 & ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,m$4 ,sci5ces = ,janu>y1 #ahda4 ,x gives me pleasure to rememb] t1 :ile ! doctr9e has be5 unc]emoni\sly discr$it$ 9 "o ( ! lead+ j\rnals ,footnote3 ,p,isid4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 xii1 p4 #cfd1 & made v light ( by tea*]s 9 two ( ! pr9cipal m$ical s*ools ( ?is c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,*ann+ has = _m ye>s inculcat$1 & en=c$ by examples1 ! dang] to be appreh5d$ & ! precautions to be tak5 9 ! disease "u consid]ation4 ,i h no wi% to express any h>% feel+ ) reg>d to ! pa9ful subject :i* has come be=e u4 ,if !re are any s f> excit$ by ! /ory ( ^! dreadful ev5ts t !y ask = "s ^w ( indignant remon/rance to %[ t sci5ce does n turn ! he>ts ( its foll[]s into ice or /one1 let me rem9d !m t su* words h be5 utt]$ by ^? :o speak ) an au?ority ,i c\ld n claim ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,blundell & ,dr4 ,bigby 9 ! works already cit$4 ,x is z a lesson r ?an z a reproa* t ,i call up ! memory ( ^! irrep>able errors & wrongs4 ,no tongue c tell ! he>t-break+ calamity !y h caus$2 !y h clos$ ! eyes j op5$ ^u a new _w ( love & happ9ess2 !y h b[$ ! /r5g? ( manhood into ! du/2 !y h ca/ ! helplessness ( infancy into ! /rang]'s arms1 or bequea!d x1 ) less cruelty1 ! dea? ( its dy+ p>5t4 ,!re is no tone deep en\gh = regret1 & no voice l\d en\gh = w>n+4 ,! woman ab\t to become a "m4 or ) h] new-born infant ^u h] bosom1 %\ld be ! object ( trembl+ c>e & sympa?y :]ev] %e be>s h] t5d] burd5 or /ret*es h] a*+ limbs4 ,! v outca/ ( ! /reets has pity ^u h] si/] 9 degradation :5 ! seal ( promis$ mat]nity is impress$ ^u h]4 ,! remorseless v5geance ( ! law1 br\ght d[n ^u its victim by a ma*9]y z sure z de/9y1 is arre/$ 9 its fall at a ^w :i* reveals h] transi5t claim = m]cy4 ,! solemn pray] ( ! liturgy s+les out h] sorr[s f ! multipli$ trials ( life1 to plead = h] 9 ! h\r ( p]il4 ,god =bid t any memb] ( ! pr(ession to :i* %e tru/s h] life1 d\bly preci\s at t ev5tful p]iod1 %\ld haz>d x neglig5tly1 unadvis$ly1 or selfi%ly6 ,!re may be "s among ^? :om ,i address :o are dispos$ to ask ! "q1 ,:at c\rse are we to foll[ 9 relation to ?is matt]8 ,! facts are be=e !m1 & ! answ] mu/ be left to _! own judgm5t & consci5ce4 ,if any %\ld c>e to "k my own conclusions1 !y are ! foll[+2 & 9 tak+ ! lib]ty to /ate !m v freely & broadly1 ,i w\ld ask ! inquir] to exam9e !m z freely 9 ! light ( ! evid5ce :i* has be5 laid be=e him4 #a4 ,a physician hold+ himself 9 read9ess to att5d cases ( midwif]y %\ld nev] take any active "p 9 ! po/-mortem exam9ation ( cases ( pu]p]al fev]4 #b4 ,if a physician is pres5t at su* autopsies1 he %\ld use ?or\gh ablution1 *ange e article ( dress1 & all[ tw5ty-f\r h\rs or m to elapse be=e att5d+ to any case ( midwif]y4 ,x may be well to ext5d ! same caution to cases ( simple p]itonitis4 #c4 ,simil> precautions %\ld be tak5 aft] ! autopsy or surgical treatm5t ( cases ( erysipelas1 if ! physician is oblig$ to unite su* (fices ) 8 ob/etrical duties1 :i* is 9 ! highe/ degree inexp$i5t4 #d4 ,on ! occurr5ce ( a s+le case ( pu]p]al fev] ,9 8 practice1 ! physician is b\nd to consid] ! next female he att5ds 9 labor1 unless "s weeks at lea/ h elaps$1 z 9 dang] ( be+ infect$ by him1 & x is 8 duty to take e precaution to dim9i% h] risk ( disease & dea?4 #e4 ,if )9 a %ort p]iod two cases ( pu]p]al fev] happ5 close to ea* o!r1 9 ! practice ( ! same physician1 ! disease n exi/+ or prevail+ 9 ! neighborhood1 he w\ld d wisely to rel9qui% 8 ob/etrical practice = at lea/ "o mon?1 & endeavor to free himself by e available means f any noxi\s influ5ce he may c>ry ab\t ) him4 #f4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?ree or m closely connect$ cases1 9 ! practice ( "o individual1 no o!rs exi/+ 9 ! neighborhood1 & no o!r suffici5t cause be+ alleg$ = ! co9cid5ce1 is prima facie evid5ce t he is ! vehicle ( contagion4 #g4 ,x is ! duty ( ! physician to take e precaution t ! disease %all n be introduc$ by nurses or o!r assi/ants1 by mak+ prop] inquiries conc]n+ !m1 & giv+ timely w>n+ ( e suspect$ s\rce ( dang]4 #h4 ,:atev] indulg5ce may be grant$ to ^? :o h h]et(ore be5 ! ignorant causes ( s mu* mis]y1 ! "t has come :5 ! exi/5ce ( a private pe/il5ce 9 ! sph]e ( a s+le physician %\ld be look$ ^u1 n z a mis=tune1 b a crime2 & 9 ! k ( su* occurr5ces ! duties ( ! practition] to 8 pr(ession %\ld give way to 8 p>am\nt obligations to society4 ,,additional ,,ref]5ces ,,& ,,cases4 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,engl&1 #ahdc1 ,app5dix4 ,lett] f ,william ,fair1 ,esq4--,sev]al new s]ies ( cases are giv5 9 ! lett] ( ,mr4 ,/orrs1 conta9$ 9 ! app5dix to ?is report4 ,mr4 ,/orrs sugge/s precautions simil> to ^? ,i h laid d[n1 & ^! precautions are /rongly en=c$ by ,mr4 ,f>r1 :o is1 !re=e1 obnoxi\s to ! same criticisms z myself4 ,hall & ,dext]1 9 ,am4 ,j\rnal ( ,m$4 ,sc4 = ,janu>y1 #ahdd4-- ,cases ( pu]p]al fev] seem+ to orig9ate 9 erysipelas4 ,elk+ton1 ( ,birm+ham1 9 ,prov9cial ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 cit$ 9 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ,m$4 ,sc4 = ,april1 #ahdd4--,six cases 9 less ?an a =tnight1 seem+ to orig9ate 9 a case ( erysipelas4 ,we/'s ,reports1 9 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,review = ,octob]1 #ahde1 & ,janu>y1 #ahdg4--;,affection ( ! arm1 resembl+ malignant pu/ule1 aft] remov+ ! plac5ta ( a pati5t :o di$ f pu]p]al fev]4 ,ref]5ce to cases at ,wurzburg1 z prov+ contagion1 & to ,keill]'s cases 9 ! ,mon?ly ,j\rnal = ,febru>y1 #ahdf1 z %[+ connection ( pu]p]al fev] & erysipelas4 ,kneel&4--,contagi\sness ( ,pu]p]al ,fev]4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,janu>y1 #ahdf4 ,also1 ,connection betwe5 ,pu]p]al ,fev] ,epidemic ,erysipelas4 ,ibid41 ,april1 #ahdf4 ,rob]t ,/orrs4-,contagi\s ,effects ( ,pu]p]al ,fev] on ! ,male ,subject2 or on ,p]sons n ,*ild-be>+4 7,f ,prov9cial ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal47 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,janu>y1 #ahdf4 ,num]\s cases4 ,see also ,dr4 ,reid's case 9 same j\rnal = ,april1 #ahdf4 ,r\?'s pap] 9 ,proc4 ( ,royal ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,soc41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,april1 #ahdi1 also 9 ,b4 & ,f4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,review1 ,april1 #ahej4 ,hill1 ( ,leu*>s4--,a ,s]ies ( ,cases ,illu/rat+ ! ,contagi\s ,nature ( ,erysipelas & ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 & _! ,intimate ,pa?ological ,connection4 7,f ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$4 ,sc47 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,july1 #ahej4 ,skoda on ! ,causes ( ,pu]p]al ,fev]4 7,p]itonitis 9 rabbits1 f inoculation ) diff]5t morbid secretions47 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,octob]1 #ahej4 ,arne?4--,pap] read be=e ! ,national ,academy ( ,m$ic9e4 ,annales d',hygi5e1 ,tome ,,lxv4 #b;e ,p>tie4 7,means ( ,dis9fection propos$ by ,m4 ,semmelweis4 ,semmelweiss47 ,lotions ( *loride ( lime & use ( nail-bru% be=e admission to ly+-9 w>ds1 ,alleg$ sudd5 & great decrease ( mortality f pu]p]al fev]4 ,cause ( disease attribut$ to inoculation ) cadav]ic matt]s47 ,see also ,r\?'s pap]1 m5tion$ above4 ,moir4--,rem>ks at a meet+ ( ! ,ed9burgh ,m$ico-*irurgical ,society4 ,ref]s to cases ( ,dr4 ,kellie1 ( ,lei?4 ,sixte5 9 succession1 all fatal4 ,also to sev]al in/ances ( individual pupils hav+ _h a succession ( cases 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! t[n1 :ile o!rs1 practis+ z ext5sively 9 ! same localities1 _h none4 ,also to sev]al special cases n m5tion$ else:]e4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc4 = ,octob]1 #ahea4 7,f ,new ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$4 ,sci5ce47 ,simpson4--,obs]vations at a ,meet+ ( ! ,ed9burgh ,ob/etrical ,society4 7,an em95t g5tleman1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,meigs1 ^: "n is z well kn[n 9 ,am]ica z 9 787 native l&1 ,ob/etrics1 ,phil41 #aheb1 pp4 #cfh1 #cge47 ,! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ?is pap] = a valuable resume ( _m ( ! facts1 & ! necess>y inf]5ces1 relat+ to ?is subject4 ,also = ano!r s]ies ( cases1 ,mr4 ,sidey's1 five or six 9 rapid succession4 ,dr4 ,simpson att5d$ ! dissection ( two ( ,dr4 ,sidey's cases1 & freely h&l$ ! diseas$ p>ts4 ,8 next f\r *ild-b$ pati5ts 7 affect$ ) pu]p]al fev]1 & x 0 ! fir/ "t he _h se5 x 9 practice4 ,z ,dr4 ,simpson is a g5tleman 7,dr4 ,meigs1 z above71 & z a g5tleman's h&s are clean 7,dr4 ,meigs' six? lett]71 x foll[s t a g5tleman ) clean h&s may c>ry ! disease4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sc41 ,octob]1 #ahea4 ,p$die4--,! five or six cases ( ,dr4 ,sidey1 foll[$ by ! f\r ( ,dr4 ,simpson1 did n end ! s]ies4 ,a practition] 9 ,lei? hav+ exam9$ 9 ,dr4 ,simpson's h\se1 a portion ( ! ut]us obta9$ f "o ( ! pati5ts1 _h imm$iately aft]w>ds ?ree fatal cases ( pu]p]al fev]4 ,dr4 ,p$die ref]r$ to two di/9ct s]ies ( consecutive cases 9 8 own practice4 ,he _h s9ce tak5 precautions1 & n met ) any su* cases4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,m$ ,octob]1 #ahea4 ,copl&4--,consid]s x prov$ t pu]p]al fev] may be propagat$ by ! h&s & ! clo!s1 or ei!r1 ( a ?ird p]son1 ! b$-clo!s or body-clo!s ( a pati5t4 ,m5tions a new s]ies ( cases1 "o ( :i* he saw1 ) ! practition] :o _h att5d$ !m4 ,%e 0 ,,! ,,six? he _h _h )9 a few days4 ,,all ,,di$4 ,dr4 ,copl& insi/$ t contagion _h caus$ ^! cases2 advis$ precaution>y measures1 & ! practition] _h no o!r cases = a consid]able "t4 ,consid]s x ,,crim9al1 aft] ! evid5ce adduc$1--:i* be c\ld h quadrupl$1--& ! weight ( au?ority br\ght =w>d1 = a practition] to be ! m$ium ( transmitt+ contagion & dea? to 8 pati5ts4 ,dr4 ,copl& lays d[n rules simil> to ^? sugge/$ by myself1 & is !re=e entitl$ to ! same epi!t = s do+4 ,m$ical ,diction>y1 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,article1 ,pu]p]al ,/ates & ,diseases4 ,if !re is any appetite = facts s crav+ z to be yet unappeas$1--lassata1 necdum satiata1--m c be obta9$4 ,dr4 ,hodge rem>ks t ! frequ5cy & importance ( ?is s+ul> circum/ance t ! disease is occasionally m preval5t ) "o practition] ?an ano!r1 has be5 exce$+ly ov]rat$4 ,m ?an ?irty /r+s ( cases1 m ?an two hundr$ & fifty suff]]s f pu]p]al fev]1 m ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty dea?s1 appe> z ! results ( a sp>+ e/imate ( su* among ! facts ,i h glean$ z c\ld be num]ically valu$4 ,^! facts con/itute1 we may take x = grant$1 b a small fraction ( ^? t h actually occurr$4 ,! numb] ( !m might be great]1 b 't is en\gh1 't w s]ve1 9 ,m]cutio's mode/ phrase1 s f> z frequ5cy is conc]n$4 ,= a j e/imate ( ! importance ( ! s+ul> circum/ance1 x might be prop] to consult ! languid survivors1 ! wid[$ husb&s1 & ! mo!rless *ildr51 z well z ! un=tunate acc\*eur4 ,,on ,,! ,,antiseptic ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,surg]y ,,by ,,joseph ,,li/] ,,introductory ,,note ,joseph ,li/] 0 born at ,upton1 ,essex1 ,engl&1 9 #ahbg1 & receiv$ ,aw g5]al education at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,aft] graduation he /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 & became lectur] 9 surg]y at ! ,univ]sity 9 ! latt] city4 ,lat] he 0 pr(essor ( surg]y at ,glasg[1 at ,ed9burgh1 & at ,k+'s ,college ,hospital1 ,london1 & surgeon to ,que5 ,victoria4 ,he 0 made a b>onet 9 #ahhc2 retir$ f tea*+ 9 #ahic2 & 0 rais$ to ! pe]age 9 #ahig1 ) ! title ( ,b>on ,li/]4 ,ev5 be=e ! "w ( ,pa/eur on f]m5tation & putrefaction1 ,li/] _h be5 conv9c$ ( ! importance ( scrupul\s cleanl9ess & ! usefulness ( deodorants 9 ! op]at+ room2 & :51 ?r\gh ,pa/eur's rese>*es1 he realis$ t ! =mation ( ,,pus 0 due to bact]ia1 he proce$$ to develop 8 antiseptic surgical me?ods4 ,! imm$iate success ( ! new treatm5t l$ to its g5]al adoption1 ) results ( su* b5efic5ce z to make x rank z "o ( ! great discov]ies ( ! age4 ,,on ,,! ,,antiseptic ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,surg]y 7#ahfg7 ,9 ! c\rse ( an ext5d$ inve/igation into ! nature ( inflammation1 & ! heal?y & morbid conditions ( ! blood 9 relation to x1 ,i arriv$ sev]al ye>s ago at ! conclusion t ! ess5tial cause ( suppuration 9 w\nds is decomposition br\ght ab\t by ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e ^u blood or s]um reta9$ )9 !m1 &1 9 ! case ( contus$ w\nds1 ^u portions ( tissue de/roy$ by ! viol5ce ( ! injury4 ,to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( suppuration ) all its att5dant risks 0 an object manife/ly desirable1 b till lately app>5tly unatta9able1 s9ce x seem$ hopeless to attempt to exclude ! oxyg5 :i* 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z ! ag5t by :i* putrefaction 0 effect$4 ,b :5 x _h be5 %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,pa/eur t ! septic prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e dep5d$ n on ! oxyg51 or any gase\s con/itu5t1 b on m9ute organisms susp5d$ 9 x1 :i* ow$ _! en]gy to _! vitality1 x occurr$ to me t decomposition 9 ! injur$ "p might be avoid$ )\t exclud+ ! air1 by apply+ z a dress+ "s mat]ial capable ( de/roy+ ! life ( ! float+ p>ticles4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple ,i h bas$ a practice ( :i* ,i w n[ attempt to give a %ort acc\nt4 ,! mat]ial :i* ,i h employ$ is c>bolic or ph5ic acid1 a volatile organic comp\nd1 :i* appe>s to ex]cise a peculi>ly de/ructive influ5ce ^u l[ =ms ( life1 & h5ce is ! mo/ p[]ful antiseptic ) :i* we are at pres5t acqua9t$4 ,! fir/ class ( cases to :i* ,i appli$ x 0 t ( comp\nd fractures1 9 :i* ! effects ( decomposition 9 ! injur$ "p 7 especially /rik+ & p]nici\s4 ,! results h be5 su* z to e/abli% conclusively ! great pr9ciple t all local inflammatory mis*ief & g5]al febrile di/urbances :i* foll[ sev]e injuries are due to ! irritat+ & poison\s influ5ce ( decompos+ blood or sl\ghs4 ,= ^! evils are entirely avoid$ by ! antiseptic treatm5t1 s t limbs :i* w\ld o!rwise be unhesitat+ly condemn$ to amputation may be reta9$1 ) confid5ce ( ! be/ results4 ,9 conduct+ ! treatm5t1 ! fir/ object mu/ be ! de/ruction ( any septic g]ms :i* may h be5 introduc$ into ! w\nds1 ei!r at ! mom5t ( ! accid5t or dur+ ! "t :i* has s9ce elaps$4 ,?is is done by introduc+ ! acid ( full /r5g? into all accessible recesses ( ! w\nd by means ( a piece ( rag held 9 dress+ =ceps & dipp$ into ! liquid4 ,footnote3 ,! addition ( a few drops ( wat] to a consid]able quantity ( ! acid1 induces x to assume p]man5tly ! liquid =m4 ,?is ,i did n v5ture to d 9 ! e>li] cases2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t ! comp\nd :i* c>bolic acid =ms ) ! blood1 & also any portions ( tissue kill$ by its cau/ic action1 includ+ ev5 p>ts ( ! bone1 are dispos$ ( by absorption & organisation1 provid$ !y are aft]w>ds kept f decompos+4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to employ ! antiseptic treatm5t effici5tly at a p]iod aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! injury at :i* x w\ld o!rwise probably fail4 ,?us ,i h n[ "u my c>e1 9 ,glasg[ ,infirm>y1 a boy :o 0 admitt$ ) comp\nd fracture ( ! leg z late z eight & "o-half h\rs aft] ! accid5t1 9 :om1 nev]!less1 all local & con/itutional di/urbance 0 avoid$ by means ( c>bolic acid1 & ! bones 7 s\ndly unit$ five weeks aft] 8 admission4 ,! next object to be kept 9 view is to gu>d effectually aga9/ ! spread+ ( decomposition into ! w\nd along ! /ream ( blood & s]um :i* oozes out dur+ ! fir/ few days aft] ! accid5t1 :5 ! acid orig9ally appli$ has be5 wa%$ out or dissipat$ by absorption & evaporation4 ,?is "p ( ! treatm5t has be5 greatly improv$ dur+ ! pa/ few weeks4 ,! me?od :i* ,i h hi!rto publi%$ 7see ,lancet = ,m>4 #af?1 #bcrd1 #cj?1 & ,april #bg? ( ! pres5t ye>7 consi/$ 9 ! application ( a piece ( l9t dipp$ 9 ! acid1 ov]lapp+ ! s\nd sk9 to "s ext5t & cov]$ ) a t9 cap1 :i* 0 daily rais$ 9 ord] to t\* ! surface ( ! l9t ) ! antiseptic4 ,?is me?od c]ta9ly succe$$ well ) w\nds ( mod]ate size2 & inde$ ,i may say t 9 all ! _m cases ( ?is k9d :i* h be5 s treat$ by myself or my h\se-surgeons1 n a s+le failure has occurr$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! w\nd is v l>ge1 ! fl[ ( blood & s]um is s pr(use1 especially dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 t ! antiseptic application _c prev5t ! spread ( decomposition into ! int]ior unless x ov]laps ! s\nd sk9 = a v consid]able di/ance1 & ?is 0 inadmissible by ! me?od describ$ above1 on acc\nt ( ! ext5sive sl\gh+ ( ! surface ( ! cutis :i* x w\ld involve4 ,?is difficulty has1 h[ev]1 be5 ov]come by employ+ a pa/e compos$ ( common :it+ 7c>bonate ( lime71 mix$ ) a solution ( "o "p ( c>bolic acid 9 f\r p>ts ( boil$ l9se$ oil s z to =m a firm putty4 ,?is application conta9s ! acid 9 too dilute a =m to excoriate ! sk91 :i* x may be made to cov] to any ext5t t may be ?\ght desirable1 :ile its sub/ance s]ves z a res]voir ( ! antiseptic mat]ial4 ,s long z any dis*>ge cont9ues1 ! pa/e %\ld be *ang$ daily1 &1 9 ord] to prev5t ! *ance ( mis*ief occurr+ dur+ ! process1 a piece ( rag dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bolic acid 9 oil is put on next ! sk91 & ma9ta9$ !re p]man5tly1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid rais+ x along ) ! putty4 ,?is rag is always kept 9 an antiseptic condition f contact ) ! pa/e above x1 & de/roys any g]ms :i* may fall ^u x dur+ ! %ort "t t %\ld alone be all[$ to pass 9 ! *ang+ ( ! dress+4 ,! putty %\ld be 9 a lay] ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & may be advantage\sly appli$ roll$ out betwe5 two pieces ( ?9 calico1 :i* ma9ta9 x 9 ! =m ( a cont9u\s %eet1 :i* may be wrapp$ 9 a mom5t r\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce ( a limb if ?is be ?\ght desirable1 :ile ! putty is prev5t$ by ! calico f /ick+ to ! rag :i* is next ! sk94,footnote3 ,9 ord] to prev5t evaporation ( ! acid1 :i* passes readily ?r\gh any organic tissue1 su* z oil$ silk or gutta p]*a1 x is well to cov] ! pa/e ) a %eet ( block t94 or t9foil /r5g!n$ ) adhesive pla/]4 ,! t9 %eet lead us$ = l9+ tea *e/s w also answ] ! purpose1 & may be obta9$ f any :olesale groc]4 ,:5 all dis*>ge has ceas$1 ! use ( ! pa/e is discont9u$1 b ! orig9al rag is left adh]+ to ! sk9 till heal+ by scabb+ is suppos$ to be complete4 ,i h at pres5t 9 ! hospital a man ) sev]e comp\nd fracture ( bo? bones ( ! left leg1 caus$ by direct viol5ce1 :o1 aft] ! cessation ( ! sanibus dis*>ge "u ! use ( ! pa/e1 )\t a drop ( pus appe>+1 has be5 treat$ = ! la/ two weeks exactly z if ! fracture 0 a simple "o4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! rag1 adh]+ by means ( a cru/ ( inspissat$ blood collect$ b5ea? x1 has cont9u$ p]fectly dry1 & x w be left unt\*$ till ! usual p]iod = remov+ ! spl9ts 9 a simple fracture1 :5 we may fairly expect to f9d a s\nd cicatrix b5ea? x4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 always calculate on s p]fect a result z ?is4 ,m or less pus may appe> aft] ! lapse ( ! fir/ week1 & ! l>g] ! w\nd1 ! m likely ?is is to happ54 ,& "h ,i w\ld desire e>ne/ly to en=ce ! necessity ( p]sev]+ ) ! antiseptic application 9 spite ( ! appe>ance ( suppuration1 s long z o!r symptoms are favorable4 ,! surgeon is extremely apt to suppose t any suppuration is an indication t ! antiseptic treatm5t has fail$1 & t p\ltic+ or wat] dress+ %\ld be resort$ to4 ,b su* a c\rse w\ld 9 _m cases sacrifice a limb or a life4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 expect my pr(essional bre?r5 to foll[ my advice bl9dly 9 su* a matt]1 & !re=e ,i feel x necess>y to place be=e !m1 z %ortly z ,i c1 "s pa?ological pr9ciples intimately connect$1 n only ) ! po9t we are imm$iately consid]+1 b ) ! :ole subject ( ?is pap]4 ,if a p]fectly heal?y granulat+ sore be well wa%$ & cov]$ ) a plate ( clean metal1 su* z block t91 fitt+ its surface pretty accurately1 & ov]lapp+ ! surr\nd+ sk9 an in* or s 9 e direction & reta9$ 9 position by adhesive pla/] & a b&age1 x w be f\nd1 on remov+ x aft] tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs1 t little or no?+ t c be call$ pus is pres5t1 m]ely a little transp>5t fluid1 :ile at ! same "t !re is an entire abs5ce ( ! unpleasant od\r inv>iably p]ceiv$ :5 wat] dress+ is *ang$4 ,"h ! clean metallic surface pres5ts no recesses l ^? ( por\s l9t = ! septic g]ms to develope 91 ! fluid exud+ f ! surface ( ! granulations has fl[$ away undecompos$1 & ! result is ! abs5ce ( suppuration4 ,?is simple exp]im5t illu/rates ! important fact t granulations h no inh]5t t5d5cy to =m pus1 b d s only :5 subject$ to pret]natural /imulus4 ,fur!r1 x %[s t ! m]e contact ( a =eign body does n ( itself /imulate granulations to suppurate2 :]eas ! pres5ce ( decompos+ organic matt] does4 ,^! tru?s are ev5 m /rik+ly exemplifi$ by ! fact t ,i h else:]e record$ 7,lancet1 ,m>* #bcrd1 #ahfg71 t a piece ( dead bone free f decomposition may n only fail to induce ! granulations ar\nd x to suppurate1 b may actually be absorb$ by !m2 :]eas a bit ( dead bone soak$ ) putrid pus infallibly induces suppuration 9 its vic9ity4 ,ano!r in/ructive exp]im5t is1 to dress a granulat+ sore ) "s ( ! putty above describ$1 ov]lapp+ ! s\nd sk9 ext5sively2 :5 we f9d1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 t pus has be5 produc$ by ! sore1 al?\gh ! application has be5 p]fectly antiseptic2 &1 inde$1 ! l>g] ! am\nt ( c>bolic acid 9 ! pa/e1 ! great] is ! quantity ( pus =m$1 provid$ we avoid su* a proportion z w\ld act z a cau/ic4 ,! c>bolic acid1 ?\gh x prev5ts decomposition1 induces suppuration--obvi\sly by act+ z a *emical /imulus2 & we may safely inf] t putresc5t organic mat]ials 7:i* we "k to be *emically acrid7 op]ate 9 ! same way4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 c>bolic acid & decompos+ sub/ances are alike2 viz41 t !y induce suppuration by *emical /imulation1 z di/+ui%$ f :at may be t]m$ simple inflammatory suppuration1 su* z t 9 :i* ord9>y abscesses orig9ate--:]e ! pus appe>s to be =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( an excit$ action ( ! n]ves1 indep5d5tly ( any o!r /imulus4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects ( c>bolic acid & ^? ( decomposition2 viz41 t c>bolic acid /imulates only ! surface to :i* x is at fir/ appli$1 & e drop ( dis*>ge t =ms weak5s ! /imulant by dilut+ x2 b decomposition is a self-propagat+ & self-aggravat+ poison1 &1 if x occur at ! surface ( a sev]ely injur$ limb1 x w spread into all its recesses s f> z any extravasat$ blood or %r$s ( dead tissue may ext5d1 & ly+ 9 ^? recesses1 x w become f h\r to h\r m acrid1 till x requires ! en]gy ( a cau/ic suffici5t to de/roy ! vitality ( any tissues naturally weak f inf]ior vascul> supply1 or weak5$ by ! injury !y su/a9$ 9 ! accid5t4 ,h5ce x is easy to und]/& h[1 :5 a w\nd is v l>ge1 ! cru/ b5ea? ! rag may prove "h & !re insuffici5t to protect ! raw surface f ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( ! c>bolic acid 9 ! putty2 & ! result w be fir/ ! conv]sion ( ! tissues s act$ on into granulations1 & subsequ5tly ! =mation ( m or less pus4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be m]ely sup]ficial1 & w n int]f]e ) ! absorption & organisation ( extravasat$ blood or dead tissues 9 ! int]ior4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld decomposition set 9 be=e ! int]nal p>ts h become securely consolidat$1 ! mo/ disa/r\s results may ensue4 ,i left beh9d me 9 ,glasg[ a boy1 ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 :o1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r weeks previ\sly1 met ) a mo/ sev]e injury to ! left arm1 :i* he got entangl$ 9 a ma*9e at a fair4 ,!re 0 a w\nd six in*es long & ?ree in*es broad1 & ! sk9 0 v ext5sively und]m9$ beyond its limits1 :ile ! s(t p>ts 7 g5]ally s mu* lac]at$ t a pair ( dress+ =ceps introduc$ at ! w\nd & pu%$ directly inw>ds appe>$ b5ea? ! sk9 at ! opposite aspect ( ! limb4 ,f ?is w\nd sev]al tags ( muscle 7 hang+1 & among !m 0 ,"o consi/+ ( ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! triceps 9 almo/ ,its entire ?ickness2 :ile ! l[] fragm5t ( ! bone1 :i* 0 brok5 high up1 0 protrud+ f\r in*es & a half1 /ripp$ ( muscle1 ! sk9 be+ tuck$ 9 "u x4 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( ! antiseptic treatm5t1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h ?\ght ( no?+ else b amputation at ! %\ld]-jo9t2 b1 z ! radial pulse c\ld be felt & ! f+]s _h s5sation1 ,i did n hesitate to try to save ! limb & adopt$ ! plan ( treatm5t above describ$1 wrapp+ ! arm f ! %\ld] to bel[ ! elb[ 9 ! antiseptic application1 ! :ole int]ior ( ! w\nd1 toge!r ) ! protrud+ bone1 hav+ previ\sly be5 freely treat$ ) /rong c>bolic acid4 ,ab\t ! t5? day1 ! dis*>ge1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 only sani\s & s]\s1 %[$ a slight admixture ( slimy pus2 & ?is increas$ till 7a few days be=e ,i left7 x am\nt$ to ab\t ?ree dra*ms 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b ! boy cont9u$ z he _h be5 aft] ! second day1 free f unfavorable symptoms1 ) pulse1 tongue1 appetite1 & sleep natural & /r5g? increas+1 :ile ! limb rema9$ z x _h be5 f ! fir/1 free f swell+1 r$ness1 or pa94 ,i4 !re=e1 p]sev]$ ) ! antiseptic dress+2 &1 be=e ,i left1 ! dis*>ge 0 already some:at less1 :ile ! bone 0 becom+ firm4 ,i ?9k x likely t1 9 t boy's case1 ,i %\ld h f\nd m]ely a sup]ficial sore _h ,i tak5 (f all ! dress+s at ! end ( ! ?ree weeks2 ?\gh1 consid]+ ! ext5t ( ! injury1 ,i ?\ght x prud5t to let ! mon? expire be=e di/urb+ ! rag next ! sk94 ,b ,i feel sure t1 if ,i _h resort$ to ord9>y dress+ :5 ! pus fir/ appe>$1 ! progress ( ! case w\ld h be5 exce$+ly diff]5t4 ,! next class ( cases to :i* ,i h appli$ ! antiseptic treatm5t is t ( abscesses4 ,"h also ! results h be5 extremely satisfactory1 & 9 beautiful h>mony ) ! pa?ological pr9ciples indicat$ above4 ,! pyog5ic membrane1 l ! granulations ( a sore1 :i* x resembles 9 nature1 =ms pus1 n f any inh]5t disposition to d s1 b only because x is subject$ to "s pret]natural /imulation4 ,9 an ord9>y abscess1 :e!r acute or *ronic1 be=e x is op5$ ! /imulus :i* ma9ta9s ! suppuration is d]iv$ f ! pres5ce ( pus p5t up )9 ! cavity4 ,:5 a free op5+ is made 9 ! ord9>y way1 ?is /imulus is got rid (1 b ! atmosph]e ga9+ access to ! cont5ts1 ! pot5t /imulus ( decomposition comes into op]ation1 & pus is g5]at$ 9 great] abundance ?an be=e4 ,b :5 ! evacuation is effect$ on ! antiseptic pr9ciple1 ! pyog5ic membrane1 fre$ f ! influ5ce ( ! =m] /imulus )\t ! sub/itution ( a new "o1 ceases to suppurate 7l ! granulations ( a sore "u metallic dress+71 furni%+ m]ely a trifl+ am\nt ( cle> s]um1 &1 :e!r ! op5+ be dep5d5t or n1 rapidly contracts & coalesces4 ,at ! same "t any con/itutional symptoms previ\sly occasion$ by ! accumulation ( ! matt] are got rid ( )\t ! slighte/ risk ( ! irritative fev] or hectic hi!rto s ju/ly dread$ 9 deal+ ) l>ge abscesses4 ,9 ord] t ! treatm5t may be satisfactory1 ! abscess mu/ be se5 be=e x is op5$4 ,!n1 except 9 v r>e & peculi> cases ,footnote3 ,z an in/ance ( "o ( ^! exceptional cases1 ,i may m5tion t ( an abscess 9 ! vic9ity ( ! colon1 & aft]words prov$ by po/-mortem exam9ation to h once communicat$ ) x4 ,"h ! pus 0 extremely (f5sive :5 evacuat$1 & exhibit$ vibros "u ! microscope41 !re are no septic organisms 9 ! cont5ts1 s t x is ne$less to introduce c>bolic acid into ! int]ior4 ,inde$1 su* a proc$ure w\ld be objectionable1 z x w\ld /imulate ! pyog5ic membrane to unnecess>y suppuration4 ,all t is requisite is to gu>d aga9/ ! introduction ( liv+ atmosph]ic g]ms f )\t1 at ! same "t t free opportunity is af=d$ = ! escape ( ! dis*>ge f )94 ,i h s lately giv5 else:]e a detail$ acc\nt ( ! me?od by :i* ?is is effect$ 7,lancet1 ,july #bg?1 #ahfg71 t ,i %all n ent] into x at pres5t fur!r ?an to say t ! means employ$ are ! same z ^? describ$ above = ! sup]ficial dress+ ( comp\nd fractures2 viz41 a piece ( rag dipp$ into ! solution ( c>bolic add 9 oil to s]ve z an antiseptic curta91 "u cov] ( :i* ! abscess is evacuat$ by free incision1 & ! antiseptic pa/e to gu>d aga9/ decomposition occurr+ 9 ! /ream ( pus t fl[s out b5ea? x2 ! dress+ be+ *ang$ daily until ! s9us is clos$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable results ( ?is practice 9 a pa?ological po9t ( view h be5 af=d$ by cases :]e ! =mation ( pus dep5d$ on disease ( bone4 ,"h ! abscesses1 in/ead ( =m+ exceptions to ! g5]al class 9 ! ob/9acy ( ! suppuration1 h resembl$ ! re/ 9 yield+ 9 a few days only a trifl+ dis*>ge1 & frequ5tly ! production ( pus has ceas$ f ! mom5t ( ! evacuation ( ! orig9al cont5ts4 ,h5ce x appe>s t c>ies1 :5 no long] lab\r+ z h]et(ore "u ! irritation ( decompos+ matt]1 ceases to be an opprobrium ( surg]y1 & recov]s l o!r inflammatory affections4 ,9 ! publication be=e allud$ to1 ,i h m5tion$ ! case ( a middle-ag$ man ) a psoas abscess dep5d+ 9 diseas$ bone1 9 :om ! s9us f9ally clos$ aft] mon?s ( pati5t p]sev]ance ) ! antiseptic treatm5t4 ,s9ce t article 0 writt5 ,i h _h ano!r in/ance ( abscess equally gratify+1 b ! diff]+ 9 ! circum/ance t ! disease & ! recov]y 7 m rapid 9 _! c\rse4 ,! pati5t 0 a blacksmi?1 :o _h suff]$ f\r & a half mon?s be=e ,i saw him f symptoms ( ulc]ation ( c>tilage 9 ! left elb[4 ,^! _h latt]ly increas$ 9 sev]ity s z to deprive him entirely ( 8 night's re/ & ( appetite4 ,i f\nd ! region ( ! elb[ greatly swoll51 & on c>eful exam9ation f\nd a fluctuat+ po9t at ! out] aspect ( ! articulation4 ,i op5$ x on ! antiseptic pr9ciple1 ! incision evid5tly p5etrat+ to ! jo9t1 giv+ exit to a few dra*ms ( pus4 ,! m$ical g5tleman "u ^: c>e he 0 7,dr4 ,macgregor1 ( ,glasg[7 sup]vis$ ! daily dress+ ) ! c>bolic acid pa/e till ! pati5t w5t to sp5d two or ?ree weeks at ! coa/1 :5 8 wife 0 entru/$ ) x4 ,j two mon?s aft] ,i op5$ ! abscess1 he call$ to %[ me ! limb1 /at+ t ! dis*>ge _h be51 = at lea/ two weeks1 z little z x 0 !n1 a trifl+ moi/ure ^u ! pa/e1 su* z might be acc\nt$ = by ! little sore caus$ by ! incision4 ,on apply+ a probe gu>d$ ) an antiseptic rag1 ,i f\nd t ! s9us 0 s\ndly clos$1 :ile ! limb 0 free f swell+ or t5d]ness2 &1 al?\gh he _h n attempt$ to ex]cise x mu*1 ! jo9t c\ld already be mov$ ?r\gh a consid]able angle4 ,"h ! antiseptic pr9ciple _h effect$ ! re/oration ( a jo9t1 :i*1 on any o!r kn[n sy/em ( treatm5t1 mu/ h be5 excis$4 ,ord9>y contus$ w\nds are1 ( c\rse1 am5able to ! same treatm5t z comp\nd fractures1 :i* are a complicat$ v>iety ( !m4 ,i w cont5t myself ) m5tion+ a s+le in/ance ( ?is class ( cases4 ,9 ,april la/1 a volunte] 0 dis*>g+ a rifle :5 x bur/1 & blew back ! ?umb ) its metac>pal bone1 s t x c\ld be b5t back z on a h+e at ! trapezial jo9t1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 op5$1 :ile all ! s(t p>ts betwe5 ! metac>pal bones ( ! ?umb & =ef+] 7 torn ?r\gh4 ,i ne$ n insi/ be=e my pres5t audi5ce on ! ugly "* ( su* an injury4 ,my h\se- surgeon1 ,mr4 ,hector ,cam]on1 appli$ c>bolic acid to ! :ole raw surface1 & complet$ ! dress+ z if = comp\nd fracture4 ,! h& rema9$ free f pa91 r$ness or swell+1 & ) ! exception ( a %all[ groove1 all ! w\nd consolidat$ )\t a drop ( matt]1 s t if x _h be5 a clean cut1 x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a good example ( prim>y union4 ,! small granulat+ surface soon heal$1 & at pres5t a l9e> cicatrix alone tells ( ! injury he has su/a9$1 :ile 8 ?umb has all its movem5ts & 8 h& a f9e grasp4 ,if ! sev]e/ =ms ( contus$ & lac]at$ w\nds heal ?us k9dly "u ! antiseptic treatm5t1 x is obvi\s t its application to simple incis$ w\nds mu/ be m]ely a matt] ( detail4 ,i h devot$ a good deal ( att5tion to ?is class1 b ,i h n z yet pleas$ myself altoge!r ) any ( ! me?ods ,i h employ$4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 prep>$ to g s f> z to say t a solution ( c>bolic acid 9 tw5ty p>ts ( wat]1 :ile a mild & cleanly application1 may be reli$ on = de/roy+ any septic g]ms t may fall ^u ! w\nd dur+ ! p]=mance ( an op]ation2 & also t1 = prev5t+ ! subsequ5t introduction ( o!rs1 ! pa/e above describ$1 appli$ z = comp\nd fractures1 gives excell5t results4 ,?us ,i h _h a case ( /rangulat$ +u9al h]nia 9 :i* x 0 necess>y to take away half a p\nd ( ?ick5$ om5tum1 heal )\t any deep-seat$ suppuration or any t5d]ness ( ! sac or any fev]2 & amputations1 includ+ "o imm$iately bel[ ! knee1 h rema9$ absolutely free f con/itutional symptoms4 ,fur!r1 ,i h f\nd t :5 ! antiseptic treatm5t is effici5tly conduct$1 ligatures may be safely cut %ort & left to be dispos$ ( by absorption or o!rwise4 ,%\ld ?is p>ticul> bran* ( ! subject yield all t x promises1 %\ld x turn out on fur!r trial t :5 ! knot is appli$ on ! antiseptic pr9ciple1 we may calculate z securely z if x 7 abs5t on ! occurr5ce ( heal+ )\t any deep- seat$ suppuration1 ! deligation ( ma9 art]ies 9 _! cont9uity w be depriv$ ( ! two dang]s t n[ att5d x1 viz41 ^? ( second>y haemorrhage & an unheal?y /ate ( ! w\nd4 ,fur!r1 x seems n unlikely t ! pres5t objection to ty+ an art]y 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a l>ge bran* may be done away )2 & t ev5 ! innom9ate1 :i* has lately be5 ! subject ( an +5i\s exp]im5t by "o ( ! ,dubl9 surgeons1 on acc\nt ( its well-kn[n fatality "u ! ligature = second>y haemorrhage1 may cease to h ?is unhappy "* :5 ! tissues 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ?read1 in/ead ( becom+ s(t5$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( an irritat+ decompos+ sub/ance1 are left at lib]ty to consolidate firmly ne> an un(f5d+ ?\gh =eign body4 ,x w\ld c>ry me f> beyond ! limit$ "t :i*1 by ! rules ( ! ,association1 is alone at my disposal1 7 ,i to ent] into ! v>i\s applications ( ! antiseptic pr9ciple 9 ! sev]al special dep>tm5ts ( surg]y4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t m t ,i _c b adv]t to1 viz41 ! influ5ce ( ?is mode ( treatm5t ^u ! g5]al heal?9ess ( an hospital4 ,previ\sly to its introduction ! two l>ge w>ds 9 :i* mo/ ( my cases ( accid5t & ( op]ation are treat$ 7 among ! unheal?ie/ 9 ! :ole surgical division ( ! ,glasg[ ,royal ,infirm>y1 9 consequ5ce app>5tly ( ^? w>ds be+ unfavorably plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! supply ( fre% air2 & ,i h felt a%am$ :5 record+ ! results ( my practice1 to h s (t5 to allude to hospital gangr5e or pyaemia4 ,x 0 int]e/+1 ?\gh melan*oly1 to obs]ve t :5ev] all or ne>ly all ! b$s conta9$ cases ) op5 sores1 ^! griev\s complications 7 pretty sure to %[ !mselves2 s t ,i came to welcome simple fractures1 ?\gh 9 !mselves ( little int]e/ ei!r = myself or ! /ud5ts1 because _! pres5ce dim9i%$ ! proportion ( op5 sores among ! pati5ts4 ,b s9ce ! antiseptic treatm5t has be5 br\ght into full op]ation1 & w\nds & abscesses no long] poison ! atmosph]e ) putrid exhalations1 my w>ds1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects "u precisely ! same circum/ances z be=e1 h completely *ang$ _! "*2 s t dur+ ! la/ n9e mon?s n a s+le in/ance ( pysemia1 hospital gangr5e1 or erysipelas has occurr$ 9 !m4 ,z !re appe>s to be no d\bt reg>d+ ! cause ( ?is *ange1 ! importance ( ! fact c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,,! ,,physiological ,,!ory ,,( ,,f]m5tation ,,by ,,l\is ,,pa/eur ,,translat$ ,,by ,f4 ,,faulkn] ,,& ,d4 ,c4 ,,robb ,,& ,,revis$ ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,& ,,its ,,applications ,,to ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y ,,by ,,mm4 ,,pa/eur1 ,,j\rb]t1 ,,& ,,*amb]l& ,,translat$ ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,ern/1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,bact]iology ,,9 ,,! ,,h>v>d ,,m$ical ,,s*ool ,,on ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,to ,,! ,,etiology ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,common ,,diseases ,,by ,,l\is ,,pa/eur ,,translat$ ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,ern/1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,introductory ,,note ,l\is ,pa/eur 0 born at ,dole1 ,jura1 ,france1 ,decemb] #bg1 #ahbb1 & di$ ne> ,sa9t-,cl\d1 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahie4 ,8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 & especially 9 *emi/ry1 develop$ e>ly1 & by ! "t he 0 tw5ty-six he 0 pr(essor ( ! physical sci5ces at ,dijon4 ,! mo/ important academic positions held by him lat] 7 ^? z pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,/rasburg1 #ahdi2 dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces at ,lille1 #ahed2 sci5ce director ( ! ,ecole ,normale ,sup]ieure1 ,p>is1 #aheg2 pr(essor ( geology1 physics1 & *emi/ry at ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts2 ,pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,sorbonne1 #ahfg4 ,aft] #ahge he c>ri$ on 8 rese>*es at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 & receiv$ _m honors f le>n$ societies at home & abroad4 ,9 respect ( ! numb] & importance1 practical z well z sci5tific1 ( 8 discov]ies1 ,pa/eur has h>dly a rival 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,he may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( mod]n /]eo-*emi/ry2 & 8 discov]y t liv+ organisms are ! cause ( f]m5tation is ! basis ( ! :ole mod]n g]m- !ory ( disease & ( ! antiseptic me?od ( treatm5t4 ,8 inve/igations ( ! diseases ( be] & w9e2 ( pebr9e1 a disease affect+ silk-worms2 ( an?rax1 & ( f[l *ol]a1 7 ( imm5se comm]cial importance & l$ to conclusions :i* h revolutionis$ physiology1 pa?ology1 & !rapeutics4 ,by 8 /udies 9 ! culture ( bact]ia ( att5uat$ virul5ce he ext5d$ widely ! practise ( inoculation ) a mild] =m ( v>i\s diseases1 ) a view to produc+ immunity4 ,! foll[+ pap]s pres5t "s ( ! mo/ important ( 8 contributions1 & exemplify 8 extraord9>y p[]s ( lucid exposition & argum5t4 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,fa!r ,,=m]ly ,a ,,soldi] ,,"u ,,! ,,fir/ ,,empire ,,*evali] ,,( ,,! ,,legion ,,( ,,honor ,! long] ,i live1 ! bett] ,i und]/& ! k9dness ( ?y he>t & ! high quality ( ?y m9d4 ,! ef=ts :i* ,i h devot$ to ^! ,/udies1 z well z ^? :i* prec$$ !m1 are ! fruit ( ?y c\nsel & example4 ,desir+ to honor ^! filial remembrances1 ,i d$icate ?is "w to ?y memory4 ,l4 ,,pa/eur4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,our mis=tunes inspir$ me ) ! idea ( ^! rese>*es4 ,i und]took !m imm$iately aft] ! w> ( #ahgj1 & h s9ce cont9u$ !m )\t int]ruption1 ) ! det]m9ation ( p]fect+ !m1 & !reby b5efit+ a bran* ( indu/ry :]e9 we are und\bt$ly surpass$ by ,g]many4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,i h f\nd a precise1 practical solution ( ! ardu\s problem :i* ,i propos$ to myself--t ( a process ( manufacture1 indep5d5t ( season & locality1 :i* %\ld obviate ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to ! co/ly me?ods ( cool+ employ$ 9 exi/+ processes1 & at ! same "t secure ! pres]vation ( its products = any l5g? ( "t4 ,^! new /udies are bas$ on ! same pr9ciples :i* guid$ me 9 my rese>*es on w9e1 v9eg>1 & ! silkworm disease-- pr9ciples1 ! applications ( :i* are practically unlimit$4 ,! etiology ( contagi\s diseases may1 p]haps1 receive f !m an unexpect$ light4 ,i ne$ n haz>d any pr$iction conc]n+ ! advantages likely to accrue to ! brew+ indu/ry f ! adoption ( su* a process ( brew+ z my /udy ( ! subject has enabl$ me to devise1 & f an application ( ! novel facts ^u :i* ?is process is f\nd$4 ,"t is ! be/ apprais] ( sci5tific "w1 & ,i am n unaw>e t an indu/rial discov]y r>ely produces all its fruit 9 ! h&s ( its fir/ inv5tor4 ,i began my rese>*es at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 9 ! laboratory1 & ) ! help1 ( my fri5d ,m4 ,duclaux1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces ( t t[n4 ,i cont9u$ !m 9 ,p>is1 & aft]w>ds at ! great brew]y ( ,t\rtel ,bro!rs1 ( ,tantonville1 :i* is admitt$ to be ! fir/ 9 ,france4 ,i he>tily ?ank ^! g5tlem5 = _! extreme k9dness4 ,i owe also a public tribute ( gratitude to ,m4 ,kuhn1 a skillful brew] ( ,*amali]es1 ne> ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 z well z to ,m4 ,velt5 ( ,m>seilles1 & to ,,mm4 de ,tassigny1 ( ,reims1 :o h plac$ at my disposal _! e/abli%m5ts & _! products1 ) ! mo/ praisewor?y eag]ness4 ,l4 ,,pa/eur4 ,p>is1 ,june #a1 #ahgi4 ,,! ,,physiological ,,!ory ,,( ,,f]m5tation ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,relations ,,exi/+ ,,betwe5 ,,oxyg5 ,,& ,,yea/ ,x is *>act]i/ic ( sci5ce to r$uce incessantly ! numb] ( unexpla9$ ph5om5a4 ,x is obs]v$1 = in/ance1 t fle%y fruits are n liable to f]m5tation s long z _! epid]mis rema9s un9jur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y f]m5t v readily :5 !y are pil$ up 9 heaps m or less op51 & imm]s$ 9 _! sac*>9e juice4 ,! mass becomes heat$ & swells2 c>bonic acid gas is dis5gag$1 & ! sug> disappe>s & is replac$ by alcohol4 ,n[1 z to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ^! spontane\s ph5om5a1 s rem>kable 9 "* z well z usefulness = man's s]vice1 mod]n k has taught u t f]m5tation is ! consequ5ce ( a developm5t ( vegetable cells ! g]ms ( :i* d n exi/ 9 ! sac*>9e juices )9 fruits2 t _m v>ieties ( ^! cellul> plants exi/1 ea* giv+ rise to its own p>ticul> f]m5tation4 ,! pr9cipal products ( ^! v>i\s f]m5tations1 al?\gh resembl+ ea* o!r 9 _! nature1 diff] 9 _! relative proportions & 9 ! accessory sub/ances t accompany !m1 a fact :i* alone is suffici5t to acc\nt = wide diff]5ces 9 ! quality & comm]cial value ( alcoholic bev]ages4 ,n[ t ! discov]y ( f]m5ts & _! liv+ nature1 & our k ( _! orig91 may h solv$ ! my/]y ( ! spontane\s appe>ance ( f]m5tations 9 natural sac*>9e juices1 we may ask :e!r we mu/ /ill reg>d ! reactions t occur 9 ^! f]m5tations z ph5om5a inexplicable by ! ord9>y laws ( *emi/ry4 ,we c readily see t f]m5tations occupy a special place 9 ! s]ies ( *emical & biological ph5om5a4 ,:at gives to f]m5tations c]ta9 exceptional *>act]s ( :i* we are only n[ beg9n+ to suspect ! causes1 is ! mode ( life 9 ! m9ute plants designat$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( f]m5ts1 a mode ( life :i* is ess5tially diff]5t f t 9 o!r vegetables1 & f :i* result ph5om5a equally exceptional ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ! *emi/ry ( liv+ be+s4 ,! lea/ reflection w suffice to conv9ce u t ! alcoholic f]m5ts mu/ possess ! faculty ( vegetat+ & p]=m+ _! functions out ( contact ) air4 ,let u consid]1 = in/ance1 ! me?od ( v9tage practis$ 9 ! ,jura4 ,! bun*es are laid at ! foot ( ! v9e 9 a l>ge tub1 & ! grapes !re /ripp$ f !m4 ,:5 ! grapes1 "s ( :i* are un9jur$1 o!rs bruis$1 & all moi/5$ by ! juice issu+ f ! latt]1 fill ! tub--:]e !y =m :at is call$ ! v9tage--!y are convey$ 9 b>rels to l>ge vessels fix$ 9 cell>s ( a consid]able dep?4 ,^! vessels are n fill$ to m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( _! capacity4 ,f]m5tation soon takes place 9 !m1 & ! c>bonic acid gas f9ds escape ?r\gh ! bunghole1 ! diamet] ( :i*1 9 ! case ( ! l>ge/ vessels1 is n m ?an t5 or twelve c5timetres 7ab\t f\r in*es74 ,! w9e is n drawn (f be=e ! end ( two or ?ree mon?s4 ,9 ?is way x seems highly probable t ! yea/ :i* produces ! w9e "u su* conditions mu/ h develop$1 to a great ext5t at lea/1 out ( contact ) oxyg54 ,no d\bt oxyg5 is n entirely abs5t f ! fir/2 nay1 its limit$ pres5ce is ev5 a necessity to ! manife/ation ( ! ph5om5a :i* foll[4 ,! grapes are /ripp$ f ! bun* 9 contact ) air1 & ! mu/ :i* drops f ! w\nd$ fruit takes a little ( ?is gas into solution4 ,?is small quantity ( air s introduc$ into ! mu/1 at ! comm5cem5t ( op]ations1 plays a mo/ indisp5sable "p1 x be+ f ! pres5ce ( ?is t ! spores ( f]m5ts :i* are spread ov] ! surface ( ! grapes & ! woody "p ( ! bun*es d]ive ! p[] ( />t+ _! vital ph5om5a ,footnote3 ,x has be5 m>k$ 9 practice t f]m5tation is facilitat$ by leav+ ! grapes on ! bun*es4 ,! reason ( ?is has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,/ill we h no d\bt t x may be attribut$1 pr9cipally1 to ! fact t ! int]atices betwe5 ! grapes1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! bun* leaves ?r\gh\t1 consid]ably increase ! volume ( air plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! g]ms ( f]m5t44 ,?is air1 h[ev]1 especially :5 ! grapes h be5 /ripp$ f ! bun*es1 is 9 su* small proportion1 & t :i* is 9 contact ) ! liquid mass is s promptly expell$ by ! c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is evolv$ z soon z a little yea/ has =m$1 t x w readily be admitt$ t mo/ ( ! yea/ is produc$ ap>t f ! influ5ce ( oxyg51 :e!r free or 9 solution4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is fact1 :i* is ( great importance4 ,at pres5t we are only conc]n$ 9 po9t+ out t1 f ! m]e k ( ! practices ( c]ta9 localities1 we are induc$ to believe t ! cells ( yea/1 aft] !y h develop$ f _! spores1 cont9ue to live & multiply )\t ! int]v5tion ( oxyg51 & t ! alcoholic f]m5ts h a mode ( life :i* is probably q exceptional1 s9ce x is n g5]ally met ) 9 o!r species1 vegetable or animal4 ,ano!r equally exceptional *>act]i/ic ( yea/ & f]m5tation 9 g5]al consi/s 9 ! small proportion :i* ! yea/ t =ms be>s to ! sug> t decomposes4 ,9 all o!r kn[n be+s ! weight ( nutritive matt] assimilat$ corresponds ) ! weight ( food us$ up1 any diff]5ce t may exi/ be+ comp>atively small4 ,! life ( yea/ is entirely diff]5t4 ,= a c]ta9 weight ( yea/ =m$1 we may h t5 times1 tw5ty times1 a hundr$ times z mu* sug>1 or ev5 m decompos$1 z we %all exp]im5tally prove by-&- bye2 t is to say1 t :il/ ! proportion v>ies 9 a precise mann]1 accord+ to conditions :i* we %all h occasion to specify1 x is also greatly out ( proportion to ! weight ( ! yea/4 ,we repeat1 ! life ( no o!r be+1 "u its normal physiological conditions1 c %[ any?+ simil>4 ,! alcoholic f]m5ts1 !re=e1 pres5t !mselves to u z plants :i* possess at lea/ two s+ul> prop]ties3 !y c live )\t air1 t is )\t oxyg51 & !y c cause decomposition to an am\nt :i*1 ?\gh v>iable1 yet1 z e/imat$ by weight ( product =m$1 is out ( all proportion to ! weight ( _! own sub/ance4 ,^! are facts ( s great importance1 & s intimately connect$ ) ! !ory ( f]m5tation1 t x is indisp5sable to endeav\r to e/abli% !m exp]im5tally1 ) all ! exactness ( :i* !y w admit4 ,! "q be=e u is :e!r yea/ is 9 reality an ana]obian ,footnote3 ,capable ( liv+ )\t free oxyg5--a t]m inv5t$ by ,pa/eur4--,en4 plant1 & :at quantities ( sug> x may cause to f]m5t1 "u ! v>i\s conditions "u :i* we cause x to act4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 to solve ?is d\ble problem3--,we took a d\ble-neck$ flask1 ( ?ree litres 7five p9ts7 capacity1 "o ( ! tubes be+ curv$ & =m+ an escape = ! gas2 ! o!r "o1 on ! "r h& side 7,fig4 #a71 be+ furni%$ ) a glass tap4 ,we fill$ ?is flask ) pure yea/ wat]1 sweet5$ ) #e p] c5t1 ( sug> c&y1 ! flask be+ s full t !re 0 n ! lea/ trace ( air rema9+ above ! tap or 9 ! escape tube2 ?is artificial wort _h1 h[ev]1 be5 itself a]at$4 ,! curv$ tube 0 plung$ 9 a porcela9 vessel full ( m]cury1 re/+ on a firm support4 ,9 ! small cyl9drical funnel above ! tap1 ! capacity ( :i* 0 f #aj cc4 to #ae cc4 7ab\t half a fluid ounce7 we caus$ to f]m5t1 at a temp]ature ( #bj degrees or #be degrees ,c4 7ab\t #ge degrees ,f471 five or six cubic c5timetres ( ! sac*>9e liquid1 by means ( a trace ( yea/1 :i* multipli$ rapidly1 caus+ f]m5tation1 & =m+ a slight deposit ( yea/ at ! bottom ( ! funnel above ! tap4 ,we !n op5$ ! tap1 & "s ( ! liquid 9 ! funnel ent]$ ! flask1 c>ry+ ) x ! small deposit ( yea/1 :i* 0 suffici5t to impregnate ! sac*>9e liquid conta9$ 9 ! flask4 ,9 ?is mann] x is possible to introduce z small a quantity ( yea/ z we wi%1 a quantity ! weight ( :i*1 we may say1 is h>dly appreciable4 ,! yea/ s[n multiplies rapidly & produces f]m5tation1 ! c>bonic gas f :i* is expell$ into ! m]cury4 ,9 less ?an twelve days all ! sug> _h disappe>$1 & ! f]m5tation _h f9i%$4 ,!re 0 a s5sible deposit ( yea/ adh]+ to ! sides ( ! flask2 collect$ & dri$ x weigh$ #b4be grammes 7#cd gra9s74 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is exp]im5t ! total am\nt ( yea/ =m$1 if x requir$ oxyg5 to enable x to live1 c\ld n h absorb$1 at mo/1 m ?an ! volume :i* 0 orig9ally held 9 solution 9 ! sac*>9e liquid1 :5 t 0 expos$ to ! air be=e be+ introduc$ into ! flask4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #a ,"s exact exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,m4 ,raul9 9 our laboratory h e/abli%$ ! fact t sac*>9e worts1 l wat]1 soon become saturat$ :5 %ak5 briskly ) an excess ( air1 & also t !y always take into solution a little less air ?an saturat$ pure wat] conta9s "u ! same conditions ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,at a temp]ature ( #be degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f471 !re=e1 if we adopt ! coeffici5t ( ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] giv5 9 ,buns5's tables1 we f9d t #a litre 7#a #c_/d p9ts7 ( wat] saturat$ ) air conta9s #e4e cc4 7#j4c cubic in*7 ( oxyg54 ,! ?ree litres ( yea/- wat] 9 ! flask1 suppos+ x to h be5 saturat$1 conta9s less ?an #af4e cc4 7#a cubic in*7 ( oxyg51 or1 9 weight1 less ?an #bc milligrammes 7#j4ce gra9s74 ,?is 0 ! maximum am\nt ( oxyg51 suppos+ ! greate/ possible quantity to h be5 absorb$1 t 0 requir$ by ! yea/ =m$ 9 ! f]m5tation ( #aej grammes 7#d4h ,troy ounces7 ( sug>4 ,we %all bett] und]/& ! significance ( ?is result lat] on4 ,let u repeat ! =ego+ exp]im5t1 b "u alt]$ conditions4 ,let u fill1 z be=e1 our flask ) sweet5$ yea/-wat]1 b let ?is fir/ be boil$1 s z to expel all ! air x conta9s4 ,to effect ?is we arrange our app>atus z repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 7,fig #b47 ,we place our flask1 ,a1 on a tripod above a gas flame1 & 9 place ( ! vessel ( m]cury sub/itute a porcela9 di%1 "u :i* we c put a gas flame1 & ,:i* conta9s "s f]m5table1 sac*>9e liquid1 simil> to t ) :i* ! flask is fill$4 ,we boil ! liquid 9 ! flask & t 9 ! bas9 simultane\sly1 & !n let !m cool d[n toge!r1 s t z ! liquid 9 ! flask cools "s ( ! liquid is suck$ f ! bas9 into ! flask4 ,f a trial exp]im5t :i* we conduct$1 det]m9+ ! quantity ( oxyg5 t rema9$ 9 solution 9 ! liquid aft] cool+1 accord+ to ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g]'s valuable me?od1 by means ( hydrosulphite ( soda ,footnote3 ,na,h,s,o#b1 n[ call$ sodium hyposulphite4--,d4,c4,r41 we f\nd t ! ?ree litres 9 ! flask1 treat$ z we h describ$1 conta9$ less ?an "o milligramme 7#j4jae gra97 ( oxyg54 ,at ! same "t we conduct$ ano!r exp]im5t1 by way ( comp>ison 7,fig4 #c74 ,we took a flask1 ,b1 ( l>g] capacity ?an ! =m] "o1 :i* we fill$ ab\t half ) ! same volume z be=e ( a sac*>9e liquid ( id5tically ! same composition4 ,?is liquid _h be5 previ\sly fre$ f alt]ative g]ms by boil+4 ,9 ! funnel surm\nt+ ,a1 we put a few cubic c5timetres ( sac*>9e liquid 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & :5 ?is small quantity ( liquid 0 9 full f]m5tation1 & ! yea/ 9 x 0 "y & vigor\s1 we op5$ ! tap1 clos+ x aga9 imm$iately1 s t a little ( ! liquid & yea/ /ill rema9$ 9 ! funnel4 ,by ?is means we caus$ ! liquid 9 ,a to f]m5t4 ,we also impregnat$ ! liquid 9 ,b ) "s yea/ tak5 f ! funnel ( ,a4 ,we !n replac$ ! porcela9 di% 9 :i* ! curv$ escape tube ( ,a _h be5 plung$1 by a vessel fill$ ) m]cury4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( two ( ^! comp>ative f]m5tations & ! results !y gave4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig #b ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #c ,! f]m5table liquid 0 compos$ ( yea/-wat] sweet5$ ) #e p] c5t1 ( sug>--c&y2 ! f]m5t employ$ 0 sac*ormyces pa/orianus4 ,! impregnation took place on ,janu>y #bj?4 ,! flasks 7 plac$ 9 an ov5 at #be degrees 7#gg degrees ,f474 ,,flask ,a1 ,,)\t ,,air4 ,janu>y #ba/4--,f]m5tation comm5c$2 a little fro?y liquid issu$ f ! escape tube & cov]$ ! m]cury4 ,! foll[+ days1 f]m5tation 0 active4 ,exam9+ ! yea/ mix$ ) ! fro? t 0 expell$ into ! m]cury by ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas1 we f9d t x 0 v f9e1 "y1 & actively budd+4 ,febru>y #crd4--,f]m5tation /ill cont9u$1 %[+ itself by a numb] ( little bubbles ris+ f ! bottom ( ! liquid1 :i* _h settl$ bright4 ,! yea/ 0 at ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a deposit4 ,febru>y #g?4--,f]m5tation /ill cont9u$1 b v languidly4 ,febru>y #i?4--,a v languid f]m5tation /ill w5t on1 disc]nible 9 little bubbles ris+ f ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,,flask ,b1 ,,) ,,air4 ,janu>y #ba/4--,a s5sible developm5t ( yea/4 ,! foll[+ days1 f]m5tation 0 active1 & !re 0 an abundant fro? on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,febru>y #a/4--,all symptoms ( f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,z ! f]m5tation 9 ,a w\ld h cont9u$ a long "t1 be+ s v languid1 & z t 9 ,b _h be5 f9i%$ = sev]al days1 we br\ght to a close our two exp]im5ts on ,febru>y #i?4 ,to d ?is we p\r$ (f ! liquids 9 ,a & ,b1 collect+ ! yea/s on t>$ filt]s4 ,filtration 0 an easy matt]1 m especially 9 ! case ( ,a4 ,exam9+ ! yea/s "u ! microscope1 imm$iately aft] decantation1 we f\nd t bo? ( !m rema9$ v pure4 ,! yea/ 9 ,a 0 9 little clu/]s1 ! globules ( :i* 7 collect$ toge!r1 & appe>$ by _! well-def9$ bord]s to be ready = an easy revival 9 contact ) air4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! liquid 9 flask ,b did n conta9 ! lea/ trace ( sug>2 t 9 ! flask ,a /ill conta9$ "s1 z 0 evid5t f ! non-completion ( f]m5tation1 b n m ?an #d4f grammes 7#ga gra9s74 ,n[1 z ea* flask orig9ally conta9$ ?ree litres ( liquid hold+ 9 solution #e p] c5t ( sug>1 x foll[s t #aej grammes 7#b1caj gra9s7 ( sug> _h f]m5t$ 9 ! flask ,b1 & #ade4d grammes 7#b1bci4b gra9s7 9 ! flask ,a4 ,! weights ( yea/ aft] dry+ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f47 7-- ,= ! flask ,b1 ) air4 444 44#a1igj grammes 7#cj4d gra9s74 ,= ! flask ,a1 )\t air 444 #a1cfh grammes ,footnote3 ,?is appe>s to be a mispr9t = #a4fch grammes#be4c gra9s4--,d4 ,c4 ,r44 ,! proportions 7 #a ( yea/ to #gf ( f]m5t$ sug> 9 ! fir/ case1 & #a ( yea/ to #hi ( f]m5t$ sug> 9 ! second4 ,f ^! facts ! foll[+ consequ5ces may be d$uc$3 #a4 ,! f]m5table liquid 7flask ,b71 :i* s9ce x _h be5 9 contact ) air1 necess>ily held air 9 solution1 al?\gh n to ! po9t ( saturation1 inasmu* z x _h be5 once boil$ to free x f all =eign g]ms1 furni%$ a weight ( yea/ s5sibly great] ?an t yield$ by ! liquid :i* conta9$ no air at all 7flask ,a7 or1 at lea/1 :i* c\ld only h conta9$ an exce$+ly m9ute quantity4 #b4 ,?is same slightly a]at$ f]m5table liquid f]m5t$ mu* m rapidly ?an ! o!r4 ,9 eight or t5 days x conta9$ no m sug>2 :ile ! o!r1 aft] tw5ty days1 /ill conta9$ an appreciable quantity4 ,is ?is la/ fact to be expla9$ by ! great] quantity ( yea/ =m$ 9 ,b8 ,by no means4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! air has access to ! liquid1 mu* yea/ is =m$ & little sug> disappe>s1 z we %all prove imm$iately2 nev]!less ! yea/ =m$ 9 contact ) ! air is m active ?an ! o!r4 ,f]m5tation is correlative fir/ to ! developm5t ( ! globules1 & !n to ! cont9u$ life ( ^? globules once =m$4 ,! m oxyg5 ^! la/ globules h at _! disposal dur+ _! =mation1 ! m vigor\s1 transp>5t1 & turgesc5t1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is la/ quality1 ! m active !y are 9 decompos+ sug>4 ,we %all h]eaft] rev]t to ^! facts4 #c4 ,9 ! airless flask ! proportion ( yea/ to sug> 0 #a_/ei2 x 0 only #a_/gi 9 ! flask :i* _h air at fir/4 ,! proportion t ! weight ( yea/ be>s to ! weight ( ! sug> is1 !re=e1 v>iable1 & ?is v>iation dep5ds1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ^u ! pres5ce ( air & ! possibility ( oxyg5 be+ absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,we %all pres5tly %[ t yea/ possesses ! p[] ( absorb+ t gas & emitt+ c>bonic acid1 l ord9>y fungi1 t ev5 oxyg5 may be reckon$ among/ ! numb] ( food-/uffs t may be assimilat$ by ?is plant1 & t ?is fixation ( oxyg5 9 yea/1 z well z ! oxidations result+ f x1 h ! mo/ m>k$ effect on ! life ( yea/1 on ! multiplication ( its cells1 & on _! activity z f]m5ts act+ ^u sug>1 :e!r imm$iately or aft]w>ds1 ap>t f supplies ( oxyg5 or air4 ,9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 conduct$ )\t ! pres5ce ( air1 !re is "o circum/ance p>ticul>ly wor?y ( notice4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$s1 t is to say1 ! yea/ s[n 9 ! m$ium depriv$ ( oxyg5 develops1 only :5 ?is yea/ is 9 a /ate ( great vig\r4 ,we h already expla9$ ! mean+ ( ?is la/ expression4 ,b we wi% n[ to call att5tion to a v evid5t fact 9 connection ) ?is po9t4 ,we impregnate a f]m5table liquid2 yea/ develops & f]m5tation appe>s4 ,?is la/s = sev]al days & !n ceases4 ,let u suppose t1 f ! day :5 f]m5tation fir/ appe>s 9 ! production ( a m9ute fro?1 :i* gradually increases until x :it5s ! surface ( ! liquid1 we take1 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or at long] int]vals1 a trace ( ! yea/ deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel & use x = />t+ fre% f]m5tations4 ,conduct+ ^! f]m5tations all "u precisely ! same conditions ( temp]ature1 "* & volume ( liquid1 let u cont9ue ?is = a prolong$ "t1 ev5 aft] ! orig9al f]m5tation is f9i%$4 ,we %all h no difficulty 9 see+ t ! fir/ signs ( action 9 ea* ( our s]ies ( second f]m5tations appe> always lat] & lat] 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t t has elaps$ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! orig9al f]m5tation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "t necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! g]ms & ! production ( t am\nt ( yea/ suffici5t to cause ! fir/ appe>ance ( f]m5tation v>ies ) ! /ate ( ! impregnat+ cells1 & is long] 9 proportion z ! cells are fur!r remov$ f ! p]iod ( _! =mation4 ,x is ess5tial1 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 t ! quantities ( yea/ successively tak5 %\ld be z ne>ly z possible equal 9 weight or volume1 s9ce1 cel]is p>ibus1 f]m5tations manife/ !mselves m quickly ! l>g] ! quantity ( yea/ employ$ 9 impregnation4 ,if we comp>e "u ! microscope ! appe>ance & "* ( ! successive quantities ( yea/ tak51 we %all see pla9ly t ! /ructure ( ! cells und]goes a progressive *ange4 ,! fir/ sample :i* we take1 q at ! beg9n+ ( ! orig9al f]m5tation1 g5]ally gives u cells r l>g] ?an ^? lat] on1 & possess+ a rem>kable t5d]ness4 ,_! walls are exce$+ly ?91 ! consi/5cy & s(tness ( _! protoplasm is ak9 to fluidity1 & _! granul> cont5ts appe> 9 ! =m ( sc>cely visible spots4 ,! bord]s ( ! cells soon become m m>k$1 a pro( t _! walls und]go a ?ick5+2 _! protoplasm also becomes d5s]1 & ! granulations m di/9ct4 ,cells ( ! same organ1 9 ! /ates ( infancy & old age1 %\ld n diff] m ?an ! cells ( :i* we are speak+1 tak5 9 _! extreme /ates4 ,! progressive *anges 9 ! cells1 aft] !y h acquir$ _! normal =m & volume1 cle>ly demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a *emical "w ( a rem>kable int5sity1 dur+ :i* _! weight increases1 al?\gh 9 volume !y und]go no s5sible *ange1 a fact t we h (t5 *>act]iz$ z ! cont9u$ life ( cells already =m$4 ,we may call ?is "w a process ( maturation on ! "p ( ! cells1 almo/ ! same t we see go+ on 9 ! case ( adult be+s 9 g5]al1 :i* cont9ue to live = a long "t1 ev5 aft] !y h become incapable ( reproduction1 & long aft] _! volume has become p]man5tly fix$4 ,?is be+ s1 x is evid5t1 we repeat1 t1 to multiply 9 a f]m5table m$ium1 q out ( contact ) oxyg51 ! cells ( yea/ mu/ be extremely "y1 full ( life & heal?1 & /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! vital activity :i* !y owe to ! free oxyg5 :i* has s]v$ to =m !m1 & :i* !y h p]haps /or$ up = a "t4 ,:5 old]1 !y reproduce !mselves ) mu* difficulty :5 depriv$ ( air1 & gradually become m languid2 & if !y d multiply1 x is 9 /range & mon/r\s =ms4 ,a little old] /ill1 !y rema9 absolutely in]t 9 a m$ium depriv$ ( free oxyg54 ,?is is n because !y are dead2 = 9 g5]al !y may be reviv$ 9 a m>vell\s mann] 9 ! same liquid if x has be5 fir/ a]at$ be=e !y are s[n4 ,x w\ld n surprise u to le>n t at ?is po9t c]ta9 preconceiv$ ideas sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d ( an att5tive read] on ! subject ( ! causes t may s]ve to acc\nt = su* /range ph5om5a 9 ! life ( ^! be+s :i* our ignorance hides "u ! expressions ( ,,y\? & ,,age2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is a subject :i* we _c pause to consid] "h4 ,at ?is po9t we mu/ obs]ve--= x is a matt] ( great importance--t 9 ! op]ations ( ! brew] !re is always a "t :5 ! yea/s are 9 ?is /ate ( vigor\s y\? ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg51 s9ce all ! worts & ! yea/s ( comm]ce are necess>ily manipulat$ 9 contact ) air1 & s impregnat$ m or less ) oxyg54 ,! yea/ imm$iately seizes ^u ?is gas & acquires a /ate ( fre%ness & activity1 :i* p]mits x to live aft]w>ds out ( contact ) air1 & to act z a f]m5t4 ,?us1 9 ord9>y brew]y practice1 we f9d ! yea/ already =m$ 9 abundance ev5 be=e ! e>lie/ ext]nal signs ( f]m5tation h made _! appe>ance4 ,9 ?is fir/ phase ( its exi/5ce1 yea/ lives *iefly l an ord9>y fungus4 ,f ! same circum/ances x is cle> t ! brew]'s f]m5tations may1 speak+ q /rictly1 la/ = an indef9ite "t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unceas+ supply ( fre% wort1 & f ! fact1 moreov]1 t ! ext]ior air is con/antly be+ introduc$ dur+ ! "w1 & t ! air conta9$ 9 ! fre% worts keeps up ! vital activity ( ! yea/1 z ! act ( brea?+ keeps up ! vig\r & life ( cells 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,if ! air c\ld n r5ew itself 9 any way1 ! vital activity :i* ! cells orig9ally receiv$1 "u its influ5ce1 w\ld become m & m exhau/$1 & ! f]m5tation ev5tually come to an end4 ,we may rec\nt "o ( ! results obta9$ 9 o!r exp]im5ts simil> to ! la/1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we employ$ yea/ :i* 0 /ill old] ?an t us$ = our exp]im5t ) flask ,a 7,fig4 #b71 & moreov] took /ill great] precautions to prev5t ! pres5ce ( air4 ,in/ead ( leav+ ! flask1 z well z ! di%1 to cool sl[ly1 aft] hav+ expell$ all air by boil+1 we p]mitt$ ! liquid 9 ! di% to cont9ue boil+ :il/ ! flask 0 be+ cool$ by artificial means2 ! end ( ! escape tube 0 !n tak5 out ( ! /ill boil+ di% & plung$ into ! m]cury tr\gh4 ,9 impregnat+ ! liquid1 in/ead ( employ+ ! cont5ts ( ! small cyl9drical funnel :il/ /ill 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 we wait$ until ?is 0 f9i%$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 f]m5tation 0 /ill go+ on 9 our flask1 aft] a lapse ( ?ree mon?s4 ,we /opp$ x & f\nd t #j4bee gramme 7#c4i gra9s7 ( yea/ _h be5 =m$1 & t #de grammes 7#fic gra9s7 ( sug> _h f]m5t$1 ! ratio betwe5 ! weights ( yea/ & sug> be+ ?us #j4bee divid$ by #de #a divid$ by #agf4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! yea/ develop$ ) mu* difficulty1 by reason ( ! conditions to :i* x _h be5 subject$4 ,9 appe>ance ! cells v>i$ mu*1 "s 7 to be f\nd l>ge1 elongat$1 & ( tubul> aspect1 "s seem$ v old & 7 extremely granul>1 :il/ o!rs 7 m transp>5t4 ,all ( !m might be consid]$ abnormal cells4 ,9 su* exp]im5ts we enc\nt] ano!r difficulty4 ,if ! yea/ s[n 9 ! non-a]at$ f]m5table liquid is 9 ! lea/ degree impure1 especially if we use sweet5$ yea/-wat]1 we may be sure t alcoholic f]m5tation w soon cease1 if1 inde$1 x ev] comm5ces1 & t accessory f]m5tations w g on4 ,! vibrios ( butyric f]m5tation1 = in/ance1 w propagate ) rem>kable facility "u ^! circum/ances4 ,cle>ly !n1 ! purity ( ! yea/ at ! mom5t ( impregnation1 & ! purity ( ! liquid 9 ! funnel1 are conditions indisp5sable to success4 ,to secure ! latt] ( ^! conditions1 we close ! funnel1 z %[n 9 ,,fig4 #b1 by means ( a cork pi]c$ ) two holes1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* a %ort tube passes1 to :i* a %ort l5g? ( india-rubb] tub+ provid$ ) a glass /opp] is atta*$2 ?r\gh ! o!r hole a ?9 curv$ tube is pass$4 ,?us fitt$1 ! funnel c answ] ! same purposes z our d\ble-neck$ flasks4 ,a few cubic c5timetres ( sweet5$ yea/-wat] are put 9 x & boil$1 s t ! /eam may de/roy any g]ms adh]+ to ! sides2 & :5 cold ! liquid is impregnat$ by means ( a trace ( pure yea/1 introduc$ ?r\gh ! glass- /opp]$ tube4 ,if ^! precautions are neglect$1 x is sc>cely possible to secure a successful f]m5tation 9 our flasks1 because ! yea/ s[n is imm$iately held 9 *eck by a developm5t ( ana]obian vibrios4 ,= great] security1 we may add to ! f]m5table liquid1 at ! mom5t :5 x is prep>$1 a v small quantity ( t>t>ic acid1 :i* w prev5t ! developm5t ( butyric vibrios4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! v>iation ( ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! yea/ & t ( ! sug> decompos$ by x n[ claims special att5tion4 ,side by side ) ! exp]im5ts :i* we h j describ$1 we conduct$ a ?ird lot by means ( ! flask ,c 7,fig4 #d71 hold+ #d4g litres 7#h #a_/b p9ts71 & fitt$ up l ! usual two-neck$ flasks1 ) ! object ( free+ ! f]m5table liquid f =eign g]ms1 by boil+ x to beg9 )1 s t we might c>ry on our "w "u conditions ( purity4 ,! volume ( yea/-wat] 7conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( sug>7 0 only #bjj cc4 7#g fl4 oz471 & consequ5tly1 tak+ into acc\nt ! capacity ( ! flask1 ,x =m$ b a v ?9 lay] at ! bottom4 ,on ! day aft] impregnation ! deposit ( yea/ 0 already consid]able1 & =ty-eight h\rs aft]w>ds ! f]m5tation 0 complet$4 ,on ! ?ird day we collect$ ! yea/ aft] hav+ analyz$ ! gas conta9$ 9 ! flask4 ,?is analysis 0 easily accompli%$ by plac+ ! flask 9 a hot-wat] ba?1 :il/ ! end ( ! curv$ tube 0 plung$ "u a cyl9d] ( m]cury4 ,! gas conta9$ #da4d p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid1 &1 aft] ! absorption1 ! rema9+ air conta9$3-- ,oxyg5 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 444 #ai4g ,nitrog5 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 #hj4c #ajj4j ,tak+ into consid]ation ! volume ( ?is flask1 ?is %[s a m9imum ( #ej cc4 7#c4je cub4 947 ( oxyg5 to h be5 absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,! liquid conta9$ no m sug>1 & ! weight ( ! yea/1 dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj degrees ,c 7#bab degrees ,f471 0 #j4dd grammes4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! weights ( yea/ & sug> is #j4dd_/aja_/bb4g ,footnote3 #bjj cc4 ( liquid 7 us$1 :i*1 z conta9+ #c p] c5t41 _h 9 solution #aj grammes ( sug>4--,d4,c4,r44 ,on ?is occasion1 :]e we _h increas$ ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution1 s z to yield itself = assimilation at ! beg9n+ & dur+ ! e>li] developm5ts ( ! yea/1 we f\nd in/ead ( ! previ\s ratio ( #a_/gf t ( #a_/bc4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #e ,! next exp]im5t 0 to increase ! proportion ( oxyg5 to a /ill great] ext5t1 by r5d]+ ! diffusion ( gas a m easy matt] ?an 9 a flask1 ! air 9 :i* is 9 a /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce4 ,su* a /ate ( matt]s h9d]s ! supply ( oxyg51 inasmu* z ! c>bonic acid1 z soon z x is lib]at$1 at once =ms an immovable lay] on ! surface ( ! liquid1 & s sep>ates (f ! oxyg54 ,to effect ! purpose ( our pres5t exp]im5t1 we us$ flat bas9s hav+ glass bottoms & l[ sides1 also ( glass1 9 :i* ! dep? ( ! liquid is n m ?an a few millimetres 7less ?an #a_/d in*7 7,fig4 #e74 ,! foll[+ is "o ( our exp]im5ts s conduct$3--,on ,april #af?1 #ahfj1 we s[$ a trace ( be] yea/ 7high yea/7 9 #bjj cc4 7#g fl4 oz47 ( a sac*>9e liquid conta9+ #a4gbj grammes 7#bf4b gra9s7 ( sug>-c&y4 ,f ,april #ah? our yea/ 0 9 good condition & well develop$4 ,we collect$ x1 aft] hav+ add$ to ! liquid a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ) ! object ( *eck+ ! f]m5tation to a great ext5t1 & facilitat+ filtration4 ,! sug> rema9+ 9 ! filt]$ liquid1 det]m9$ by ,fehl+'s solution1 %[$ t #a4jd grammes 7#af gra9s7 ( sug> _h disappe>$4 ,! weight ( ! yea/1 dri$ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f471 0 #j4abg gramme 7#b gra9s71 :i* gives u ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! yea/ & t ( ! f]m5t$ sug> #j4abc_/a4jda_/h4a1 :i* is consid]ably high] ?an ! prec$+ ones4 ,we may /ill fur!r increase ?is ratio by mak+ our e/imation z soon z possible aft] ! impregnation1 or ! addition ( ! f]m5t4 ,x w be readily und]/ood :y yea/1 :i* is compos$ ( cells t bud & subsequ5tly deta* !mselves f "o ano!r1 soon =ms a deposit at ! bottom ( ! vessels4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is habit ( gr[?1 ! cells con/antly cov]+ ea* o!r prev5ts ! l[] lay]s f hav+ access to ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! liquid1 :i* is absorb$ by ! upp] ones4 ,h5ce1 ^! :i* are cov]$ & depriv$ ( ?is gas act on ! sug> )\t d]iv+ any vital b5efit f ! oxyg5--a circum/ance :i* mu/ t5d to dim9i% ! ratio ( :i* we are speak+4 ,once m repeat+ ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 b /opp+ x z soon z we ?9k t ! weight ( yea/ =m$ may be det]m9$ by ! balance 7we f9d t ?is may be done tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] impregnation ) an inappreciable quantity ( yea/71 9 ?is case ! ratio betwe5 ! weights ( yea/ & sug> is gr_/#jbd yea/_/#j gr4 #ji sug>#a_/d4 ,?is is ! highe/ ratio we h be5 able to obta94 ,"u ^! conditions ! f]m5tation ( sug> is extremely languid3 ! ratio obta9$ is v ne>ly ! same t ord9>y fungoid gr[?s w\ld give4 ,! c>bonic acid evolv$ is pr9cipally =m$ by ! decompositions :i* result f ! assimilation ( atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,! yea/1 !re=e1 lives & p]=ms its functions aft] ! mann] ( ord9>y fungi3 s f> x is no long] a f]m5t1 s to say2 moreov]1 we might expect to f9d x to cease to be a f]m5t at all if we c\ld only surr\nd ea* cell sep>ately ) all ! air t x requir$4 ,?is is :at ! prec$+ ph5om5a tea* u2 we %all h occasion to comp>e !m lat] on ) o!rs :i* relate to ! vital action ex]cis$ on yea/ by ! sug> ( milk4 ,we may "h be p]mitt$ to make a digression4 ,9 8 "w on f]m5tations1 :i* ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] has rec5tly publi%$1 ! au?or criticises ! d$uctions t we h drawn f ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 & combats ! explanation :i* we h giv5 ( ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation4 ,footnote3 ,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 vol4 xx1 pp4 #agi-ahb4 ,london1 #ahgf4--;,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,x is an easy matt] to %[ ! weak po9t ( ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g]'s reason+4 ,we det]m9$ ! p[] ( ! f]m5t by ! relation ( ! weight ( sug> decompos$ to ! weight ( ! yea/ produc$4 ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] ass]ts t 9 do+ ?is we lay d[n a d\btful hypo!sis1 & he ?9ks t ?is p[]1 :i* he t]ms ,,f]m5tative ,,en]gy1 may be e/imat$ m correctly by ! quantity ( sug> decompos$ by ! unit-weight ( yea/ 9 unit-"t2 moreov]1 s9ce our exp]im5ts %[ t yea/ is v vigor\s :5 x has a suffici5t supply ( oxyg51 & t1 9 su* a case1 x c decompose mu* sug> 9 a little "t1 ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] concludes t x mu/ !n h great p[] z a f]m5t1 ev5 great] ?an :5 x p]=ms its functions )\t ! aid ( air1 s9ce "u ?is condition x decomposes sug> v sl[ly4 ,9 %ort1 he is dispos$ to draw f our obs]vations ! v opposite conclusion to t :i* we arriv$ at4 ,m1 ,s*utz5b]g] has fail$ to notice t ! p[] ( a f]m5t is indep5d5t ( ! "t dur+ :i* x p]=ms its functions4 ,we plac$ a trace ( yea/ 9 "o litre ( sac*>9e wort2 x propagat$1 & all ! sug> 0 decompos$4 ,n[1 :e!r ! *emical action involv$ 9 ?is decomposition ( sug> _h requir$ = its completion "o day1 or "o mon?1 or "o ye>1 su* a factor 0 ( no m importance 9 ?is matt] ?an ! me*anical lab\r requir$ to raise a ton ( mat]ials f ! gr\nd to ! top ( a h\se w\ld be affect$ by ! fact t x _h tak5 twelve h\rs in/ead ( "o4 ,! notion ( "t has no?+ to d ) ! def9ition ( "w4 ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] has n p]ceiv$ t 9 introduc+ ! consid]ation ( "t into ! def9ition ( ! p[] ( a f]m5t1 he mu/ introduce at ! same "t1 t ( ! vital activity ( ! cells :i* is indep5d5t ( _! "* z a f]m5t4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! weight ( f]m5table sub/ance decompos$ & t ( f]m5t produc$1 !re is no occasion to speak ( f]m5tations or ( f]m5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation & ( f]m5ts h be5 plac$ ap>t f o!rs1 precisely because1 9 c]ta9 *emical actions1 t ratio has be5 out ( proportion2 b ! "t t ^! ph5om5a require = _! accompli%m5t has no?+ to d ) ei!r _! exi/5ce prop]1 or ) _! p[]4 ,! cells ( a f]m5t may1 "u "s circum/ances1 require eight days = revival & propagation1 :il/1 "u o!r conditions1 only a few h\rs are necess>y2 s t1 if we introduce ! notion ( "t into our e/imate ( _! p[] ( decomposition1 we may be l$ to conclude t 9 ! fir/ case t p[] 0 entirely want+1 & t 9 ! second case x 0 consid]able1 al?\gh all ! "t we are deal+ ) ! same organism--! id5tical f]m5t4 ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] is a/oni%$ t f]m5tation c take place 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg51 if1 z we suppose1 ! decomposition ( ! sug> is ! consequ5ce ( ! nutrition ( ! yea/1 at ! exp5se ( ! comb9$ oxyg51 :i* yields itself to ! f]m5t4 ,at all ev5ts1 he argues1 f]m5tation ought to be sl[] 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg54 ,b :y %\ld x be sl[]8 ,we h prov$ t 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 ! vital activity ( ! cells increases1 s t1 z f> z rapidity ( action is conc]n$1 its p[] _c be dim9i%$4 ,x might1 nev]!less1 be weak5$ z a f]m5t1 & ?is is precisely :at happ5s4 ,free oxyg5 imp>ts to ! yea/ a vital activity1 b at ! same "t impairs its p[] z yea/--qua yea/1 inasmu* z "u ?is condition x approa*es ! /ate 9 :i* x c c>ry on its vital processes aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y fungus2 ! mode ( life1 t is1 9 :i* ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( sug> decompos$ & ! weight ( ! new cells produc$ w be ! same z holds g5]ally among organisms :i* are n f]m5ts4 ,9 %ort1 v>y+ our =m ( expression a little1 we may conclude ) p]fect tru?1 f ! sum total ( obs]v$ facts1 t ! yea/ :i* lives 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & c assimilate z mu* ( t gas z is necess>y to its p]fect nutrition1 ceases absolutely to be a f]m5t at all4 ,nev]!less1 yea/ =m$ "u ^! conditions & subsequ5tly br\ght into ! pres5ce ( sug>1 ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,air1 w\ld decompose m ,,9 ,a ,,giv5 ,,"t ?an 9 any o!r ( its /ates4 ,! reason is t yea/ :i* has =m$ 9 contact ) air1 hav+ ! maximum ( free oxyg5 t x c assimilate is fre%] & possess$ ( great] vital activity ?an t :i* has be5 =m$ )\t air or ) an insuffici5cy ( air4 ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] w\ld associate ?is activity ) ! notion ( "t 9 e/imat+ ! p[] ( ! f]m5t2 b he =gets to notice t yea/ c only manife/ ?is maximum ( en]gy "u a radical *ange ( its life conditions2 by hav+ no m air at its disposal & brea?+ no m free oxyg54 ,9 o!r words1 :5 its respiratory p[] becomes null1 its f]m5tative p[] is at its greate/4 ,m4 ,s*utz5b]g] ass]ts exactly ! opposite 7p4 #aea ( 8 "w-- ,p>is1 #ahge7 ,footnote3 ,page #ahb1 ,engli% edition1 & s gratuit\sly places himself 9 opposition to facts4 ,9 pres5ce ( abundant air supply1 yea/ vegetates ) extraord9>y activity4 ,we see ?is 9 ! weight ( new yea/1 comp>atively l>ge1 t may be =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,! microscope /ill m cle>ly %[s ?is activity 9 ! rapidity ( budd+1 & ! fre% & active appe>ance ( all ! cells4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts ! yea/ ( our la/ exp]im5t at ! mom5t :5 we /opp$ ! f]m5tation4 ,no?+ has be5 tak5 f imag9ation1 all ! gr\ps h be5 fai?fully sket*$ z !y 74 ,footnote3 ,?is figure is on a scale ( #cjj diamet]s1 mo/ ( ! figures 9 ?is "w be+ ( #djj diamet]s4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #f ,9 pass+ x is ( int]e/ to note h[ promptly ! prec$+ results 7 turn$ to good acc\nt practically4 ,9 well-manag$ di/ill]ies1 ! cu/om ( a]at+ ! wort & ! juices to r5d] !m m adapt$ to f]m5tation1 has be5 introduc$4 ,! molasses mix$ ) wat]1 is p]mitt$ to run 9 ?9 ?reads ?r\gh ! air at ! mom5t :5 ! yea/ is add$4 ,manufactories h be5 erect$ 9 :i* ! manufacture ( yea/ is almo/ exclusively c>ri$ on4 ,! sac*>9e worts1 aft] ! addition ( yea/1 are left to !mselves1 9 contact ) air1 9 %all[ vats ( l>ge sup]ficial area1 realiz+ ?us on an imm5se scale ! conditions ( ! exp]im5ts :i* we und]took 9 #ahfa1 & :i* we h already describ$ 9 det]m9+ ! rapid & easy multiplication ( yea/ 9 contact ) air4 ,! next exp]im5t 0 to det]m9e ! volume ( oxyg5 absorb$ by a kn[n quantity ( yea/1 ! yea/ liv+ 9 contact ) air1 & "u su* conditions t ! absorption ( air 0 comp>atively easy & abundant4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #g ,) ?is object we repeat$ ! exp]im5t t we p]=m$ ) ! l>ge-bottom$ flask 7,fig4 #d71 employ+ a vessel %ap$ l ,fig4 ,b 7,fig4 #g71 :i* is1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! flask ,a ) its neck drawn out & clos$ 9 a flame1 aft] ! introduction ( a ?9 lay] ( "s sac*>9e juice impregnat$ ) a trace ( pure yea/4 ,! foll[+ are ! data & results ( an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d4 ,we employ$ #fj cc4 7ab\t #b fluid ounces7 ( yea/-wat]1 sweet5$ ) two p]c5t4 ( sug> & impregnat$ ) a trace ( yea/4 ,aft] hav+ subject$ our vessel to a temp]ature ( #be degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f47 9 an ov5 = fifte5 h\rs1 ! drawn-out po9t 0 br\ght "u an inv]t$ j> fill$ ) m]cury & ! po9t brok5 (f4 ,a portion ( ! gas escap$ & 0 collect$ 9 ! j>4 ,= #be cc4 ( ?is gas we f\nd1 aft] absorption by pota% #bj4f1 & aft] absorption by pyrogallic acid1 #ag4c4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! volume :i* rema9$ free 9 ! flask1 :i* held #cae cc41 !re 0 a total absorption ( #ad4e cc4 7#j4hc cub4 947 ( oxyg54 ,footnote3 ,x may be useful = ! non-sci5tific read] to put x ?us3 t ! #be cc4 :i* escap$1 be+ a fair sample ( ! :ole gas 9 ! flask1 & conta9+ 7#a7 #be-bj4fd4d cc41 absorb$ by pota% & !re=e due to c>bonic acid1 & 7#b7 #bj4f-ag4cc4c cc41 absorb$ by pyrogallate1 & !re=e due to oxyg51 & ! rema9+ #ag4c cc4 be+ nitrog51 ! :ole gas 9 ! flask1 :i* has a capacity ( #cab cc41 w conta9 oxyg5 9 ! above portion & !re=e its am\nt may be det]m9$ provid$ we "k ! total gas 9 ! flask be=e op5+4 ,on ! o!r h& we "k t air normally conta9s approximately1 #a-e its volume ( oxyg51 ! re/ be+ nitrog51 s t1 by asc]ta9+ ! dim9ution ( ! proportion 9 ! flask1 we c f9d h[ _m cubic c5timet]s h be5 absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 has n giv5 all ! data necess>y = accurate calculation4--,d4,c4,r4 ,! weight ( ! yea/1 9 a /ate ( dryness1 0 #j4jce gramme4 ,x foll[s t 9 ! production ( #ce milligrammes 7#j4ebd gra97 ( yea/ !re 0 an absorption ( #ad or #ae cc4 7ab\t #g_/h cub4 947 ( oxyg51 ev5 suppos+ t ! yea/ 0 =m$ entirely "u ! influ5ce ( t gas3 ?is is equival5t to n less ?an #dad cc4 = #a gramme ( yea/ 7or ab\t #cc cubic in*es = e #bj gra9s74 ,footnote3 ,?is numb] is probably too small2 x is sc>cely possible t ! increase ( weight 9 ! yea/1 ev5 "u ! exceptional conditions ( ! exp]im5t describ$1 0 n to "s ext5t at lea/ due to oxidation ap>t f free oxyg51 inasmu* z "s ( ! cells 7 cov]$ by o!rs4 ,! increas$ weight ( ! yea/ is always due to ! action ( two di/ant modes ( vital en]gy-- activity1 namely1 9 pres5ce & activity 9 abs5ce ( air4 ,we might endeavor to %ort5 ! duration ( ! exp]im5t /ill fur!r1 9 :i* case we w\ld /ill m assimilate ! life ( ! yea/ to t ( ord9>y m\lds4 ,su* is ! l>ge volume ( oxyg5 necess>y = ! developm5t ( "o gramme ( yea/ :5 ! plant c assimilate ?is gas aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y fungus4 ,let u n[ return to ! fir/ exp]im5t describ$ 9 ! p>agraph on page #bib 9 :i* a flask ( ?ree litres capacity 0 fill$ ) f]m5table liquid1 :i*1 :5 caus$ to f]m5t1 yield$ #b4be grammes ( yea/1 "u circum/ances :]e x c\ld n obta9 a great] supply ( free oxyg5 ?an #af4e cc4 7ab\t "o cubic in*74 ,accord+ to :at we h j /at$1 if ?is #b4be grammes 7#cd gra9s7 ( yea/ _h n be5 able to live )\t oxyg51 9 o!r words1 if ! orig9al cells _h be5 unable to multiply o!rwise ?an by absorb+ free oxyg51 ! am\nt ( t gas requir$ c\ld n h be5 less ?an #b4be ,x #dl#d cc41 t is1 #ica4e cc4 7#ef4he cubic in*es74 ,! great] "p ( ! #b4be grammes1 !re=e1 _h evid5tly be5 produc$ z ! gr[? ( an ana]obian plant4 ,ord9>y fungi likewise require l>ge quantities ( oxyg5 = _! developm5t1 z we may readily prove by cultivat+ any m\ld 9 a clos$ vessel full ( air1 & !n tak+ ! weight ( plant =m$ & measur+ ! volume ( oxyg5 absorb$4 ,to d ?is1 we take a flask ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 capable ( hold+ ab\t #cjj cc4 7#aj #a_/b fluid ounces71 & conta9+ a liquid adapt$ to ! life ( m\lds4 ,we boil ?is liquid1 & seal ! drawn-out po9t aft] ! /eam has expell$ ! air :olly or 9 "p2 we !n op5 ! flask 9 a g>d5 or 9 a room4 ,%\ld a fungus-spore ent] ! flask1 z w inv>iably be ! case 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( flasks out ( sev]al us$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 except "u special circum/ances1 x w develop !re & gradually absorb all ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air ( ! flask4 ,measur+ ! volume ( ?is air1 & weigh+1 aft] dry+1 ! am\nt ( plant =m$1 we f9d t = a c]ta9 quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ we h a c]ta9 weight ( mycelium1 or ( mycelium toge!r ) its organs ( fructification4 ,9 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! plant 0 weigh$ a ye> aft] its developm5t1 we f\nd = #j4jjh gramme 7#j4abc gram7 ( ,,mycelium1 dri$ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f471 an absorption t am\nt$ to n less ?an #dc cc4 7#b4e cubic in*es7 ( oxyg5 at #be degrees4 ,^! numb]s1 h[ev]1 mu/ v>y s5sibly ) ! nature ( ! m\ld employ$1 & also ) ! great] or less activity ( its developm5t1 because ! ph5om5a is complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( accessory oxidations1 su* z we f9d 9 ! case ( mycod]ma v9i & aceti1 to :i* cause ! l>ge absorption ( oxyg5 9 our la/ exp]im5t may d\btless be attribut$4 ,footnote3 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! m\lds rema9 = a long "t 9 contact ) a sac*>9e wort out ( contact ) oxyg5--! oxyg5 be+ promptly absorb$ by ! vital action ( ! plant 7see our ,memoire sur les ,g5]ations dites ,spontanees1 p4 #ed4 note7--!re is no d\bt t an appreciable quantity ( alcohol is =m$ because ! plant does n imm$iately lose vital activity aft] ! absorption ( oxyg54 ,a #cjj cc4 7#aj-oz47 flask1 conta9+ #ajj cc4 ( mu/1 aft] ! air 9 x _h be5 expell$ by boil+1 0 op5 & imm$iately re-clos$ on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahgc4 ,a fungoid gr[?--a unique "o1 ( gre5i%-grey col\r--develop$ f spontane\s impregnation1 & decol\riz$ ! liquid1 :i* orig9ally 0 ( a yell[i%- br[n4 ,"s l>ge cry/als1 sp>kl+ l diamonds1 ( neutral t>trate ( lime1 7 precipitat$1 ab\t a ye> aft]w>ds1 long aft] ! dea? ( ! plant1 we exam9$ ?is liquid4 ,x conta9$ #j4c gramme 7#d4f gra9s7 ( alcohol1 & #j4jec gramme 7#j4h gra97 ( vegetable matt]1 dri$ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f474 ,we asc]ta9$ t ! spores ( ! fungus 7 dead at ! mom5t :5 ! flask 0 op5$4 ,:5 s[n1 !y did n develop 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,! conclusions to be drawn f ! :ole ( ! prec$+ facts c sc>cely admit ( d\bt4 ,z = ourselves1 we h no hesitation 9 f9d+ !m ! f\ndation ( ! true !ory ( f]m5tation4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* we h describ$1 f]m5tation by yea/1 t is to say1 by ! type ( f]m5ts prop]ly s call$1 is pres5t$ to u1 9 a ^w1 z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! processes ( nutrition1 assimilation & life1 :5 ^! are c>ri$ on )\t ! ag5cy ( free oxyg54 ,! heat requir$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( t "w mu/ necess>ily h be5 borr[$ f ! decomposition ( ! f]m5table matt]1 t is f ! sac*>9e sub/ance :i*1 l o!r un/able sub/ances1 lib]ates heat 9 und]go+ decomposition4 ,f]m5tation by means ( yea/ appe>s1 !re=e1 to be ess5tially connect$ ) ! prop]ty possess$ by ?is m9ute cellul> plant ( p]=m+ its respiratory functions1 someh[ or o!r1 ) oxyg5 exi/+ comb9$ 9 sug>4 ,its f]m5tative p[]--:i* p[] mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! f]m5tative activity or ! int5sity ( decomposition 9 a giv5 "t--v>ies consid]ably betwe5 two limits1 fix$ by ! greate/ & lea/ possible access to free oxyg5 :i* ! plant has 9 ! process ( nutrition4 ,if we supply x ) a suffici5t quantity ( free oxyg5 = ! necessities ( its life1 nutrition1 & respiratory combu/ions1 9 o!r words1 if we cause x to live aft] ! mann] ( a m\ld1 prop]ly s call$1 x ceases to be a f]m5t1 t is1 ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! plant develop$ & t ( ! sug> decompos$1 :i* =ms its pr9cipal food1 is simil> 9 am\nt to t 9 ! case ( fungi4 ,footnote3 ,we f9d 9 ,m4 ,raul9's note t ! m9imum ratio betwe5 ! weight ( sug> & ! weight ( organiz$ matt]1 t is1 ! weight ( fungoid gr[? :i* x helps to =m1 may be express$ z #aj_/c4bc4a4 ,,jules ,,raul91 ,etudes *imiques sur la vegetation4 ,re*]*es sur le developpem5t d'une muc$9ee dans un milieu artificiel1 p4 #aib1 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ,we h se5 9 ! case ( yea/ t ?is ratio may be z l[ z ,pro(]s note3 unreadable symbol ,on ! o!r h&1 if we deprive ! yea/ ( air entirely1 or cause x to develop 9 a sac*>9e m$ium depriv$ ( free oxyg51 x w multiply j z if air 7 pres5t1 al?\gh ) less activity1 & "u ^! circum/ances its f]m5tative "* w be mo/ m>k$2 "u ^! circum/ances1 moreov]1 we %all f9d ! greate/ disproportion1 all o!r conditions be+ ! same1 betwe5 ! weight ( yea/ =m$ & ! weight ( sug> decompos$4 ,la/ly1 if free oxyg5 occurs 9 v>y+ quantities1 ! f]m5t-p[] ( ! yea/ may pass ?r\gh all ! degrees compreh5d$ betwe5 ! two extreme limits ( :i* we h j spok54 ,x seems to u t we c\ld n h a bett] pro( ( ! direct relation t f]m5tation be>s to life1 c>ri$ on 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg51 or ) a quantity ( t gas insuffici5t = all ! acts ( nutrition & assimilation4 ,ano!r equally /rik+ pro( ( ! tru? ( ?is !ory is ! fact previ\sly demon/rat$ t ! ord9>y m\lds assume ! "* ( a f]m5t :5 compell$ to live )\t air1 or ) quantities ( air too scant to p]mit ( _! organs hav+ ar\nd !m z mu* ( t elem5t z is necess>y = _! life z a]obian plants4 ,f]m5ts1 !re=e1 only possess 9 a high] degree a "* :i* belongs to _m common m\lds1 if n to all1 & :i* !y %>e1 probably1 m or less1 ) all liv+ cells1 namely ! p[] ( liv+ ei!r an a]obian or ana]obian life1 accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* !y are plac$4 ,x may be readily und]/ood h[1 9 _! /ate ( a]obian life1 ! alcoholic f]m5ts h fail$ to attract att5tion4 ,^! f]m5ts are only cultivat$ out ( contract ) air1 at ! bottom ( liquids :i* soon become saturat$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,air is only pres5t 9 ! e>li] developm5ts ( _! g]ms1 & )\t attract+ ! att5tion ( ! op]ator1 :il/ 9 _! /ate ( ana]obian gr[? _! life & action are ( prolong$ duration4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to special exp]im5tal app>atus to enable u to demon/rate ! mode ( life ( alcoholic f]m5ts "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg52 x is _! /ate ( exi/5ce ap>t f air1 9 ! dep?s ( liquids1 t attracts all our att5tion4 ,! results ( _! action are1 h[ev]1 m>vell\s1 if we reg>d ! products result+ f !m1 9 ! important indu/ries ( :i* !y are ! life & s\l4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y m\lds1 ! opposite holds good4 ,:at we want to use special exp]im5tal app>atus = ) !m1 is to enable u to demon/rate ! possibility ( _! cont9u+ to live = a "t out ( contact ) air1 & all our att5tion1 9 _! case1 is attract$ by ! facility ) :i* !y develop "u ! influ5ce ( oxyg54 ,?us ! decomposition ( sac*>9e liquids1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! life ( fungi )\t air1 is sc>cely p]ceptible1 & s is ( no practical importance4 ,_! a]ial life1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* !y respire & accompli% _! process ( oxidation "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg5 is a normal ph5om5on1 & "o ( prolong$ duration :i* _c fail to /rike ! lea/ ?\ghtful ( obs]v]s4 ,we are conv9c$ t a day w come :5 m\lds w be utilis$ 9 c]ta9 indu/rial op]ations1 on acc\nt ( _! p[] 9 de/roy+ organic matt]4 ,! conv]sion ( alcohol into v9eg> 9 ! process ( acetification & ! production ( gallic acid by ! action ( fungi on wet gall nuts1 are already connect$ ) ?is k9d ( ph5om5a4 ,footnote3 ,we %all %[1 "s day1 t ! processes ( oxidation due to gr[? ( fungi cause1 9 c]ta9 decompositions1 lib]ation ( ammonia to a consid]able ext5t1 & t by regulat+ _! action we might cause !m to extract ! nitrog5 f a ho/ ( organic debris1 z also1 by *eck+ ! production ( su* organisms1 we might consid]ably increase ! proportion ( nitrates 9 ! artificial nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,by cultivat+ ! v>i\s m\lds on ! surface ( damp bread 9 a curr5t ( air we h obta9$ an abundance ( ammonia1 d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! album9oids effect$ by ! fungoid life4 ,! decomposition ( asp>agus & sev]al o!r animal or vegetable sub/ances has simil> results4 ,on ?is la/ subject1 ! important "w ( ,m4 ,van ,tieghem 7,annales ,sci5tifiques de l',ecole ,normale1 ,vol4 vi47 may be consult$4 ,! possibility ( liv+ )\t oxyg51 9 ! case ( ord9>y m\lds1 is connect$ ) c]ta9 morphological modifications :i* are m m>k$ 9 proportion z ?is faculty is itself m develop$4 ,^! *anges 9 ! vegetative =ms are sc>cely p]ceptible1 9 ! case ( p5icillium & mycod]ma v9i1 b !y are v evid5t 9 ! case ( asp]gillus1 consi/+ ( a m>k$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! subm]g$ mycelial filam5ts to increase 9 diamet]1 & to develop cross p>titions at %ort int]vals1 s t !y sometimes be> a resemblance to *a9s ( conidia4 ,9 mucor1 aga91 !y are v m>k$1 ! inflat$ filam5ts :i*1 closely int]wov51 pres5t *a9s ( cells1 :i* fall (f & bud1 gradually produc+ a mass ( cells4 ,if we consid] ! matt] c>efully1 we %all see t yea/ pres5ts ! same *>act]i/ics4 99 99 99 99 ,x is a great presumption 9 favor ( ! tru? ( !oretical ideas :5 ! results ( exp]im5ts und]tak5 on ! /r5g? ( ^? ideas are confirm$ by v>i\s facts m rec5tly add$ to sci5ce1 & :5 ^? ideas =ce !mselves m & m on our m9ds1 9 spite ( a prima facie improbability4 ,?is is exactly ! "* ( ^? ideas :i* we h j exp\nd$4 ,we pron\nc$ !m 9 #ahfa1 & n only h !y rema9$ un%ak5 s9ce1 b !y h s]v$ to =e%ad[ new facts1 s t x is mu* easi] to def5d !m 9 ! pres5t day ?an x 0 to d s fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,we fir/ call$ att5tion to !m 9 v>i\s notes1 :i* we read be=e ! ,*emical ,society ( ,p>is1 notably at its meet+s ( ,april #ab? & ,june #bh?1 #ahfa1 & 9 pap]s 9 ! ,comtes r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces4 ,x may be ( "s int]e/ to quote "h1 9 its entirety1 our communication ( ,june #bh?1 #ahfa1 entitl$1 ,influ5ces ( ,oxyg5 on ! ,developm5t ( ,yea/ & on ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation1 :i* we extract f ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,*imique de ,p>is3-- ,m4 ,pa/eur gives ! result ( 8 rese>*es on ! f]m5tation ( sug> & ! developm5t ( yea/-cells1 accord+ z t f]m5tation takes place ap>t f ! influ5ce ( free oxyg5 or 9 contact ) t gas4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ( ,gay- ,lussac1 :i* 7 p]=m$ ) ! juice ( grapes cru%$ "u conditions :]e !y w\ld n be affect$ by air1 & !n br\ght into contact ) oxyg54 ,yea/1 :5 p]fectly develop$1 is able to bud & gr[ 9 a sac*>9e & album9\s liquid1 9 ! complete abs5ce ( oxyg5 or air4 ,9 ?is case b little yea/ is =m$1 & a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( sug> disappe>s--sixty or eighty p>ts = "o ( yea/ =m$4 ,"u ^! conditions f]m5tation is v sluggi%4 ,if ! exp]im5t is made 9 contact ) ! air1 & ) a great surface ( liquid1 f]m5tation is rapid4 ,= ! same quantity ( sug> decompos$ mu* m yea/ is =m$4 ,! air ) :i* ! liquid is 9 contact is absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,! yea/ develops v actively1 b its f]m5tative "* t5ds to disappe> "u ^! conditions2 we f9d1 9 fact1 t = "o "p ( yea/ =m$1 n m ?an f f\r to t5 p>ts ( sug> are trans=m$4 ,! f]m5tative "* ( ?is yea/ nev]!less1 cont9ues1 & produces ev5 increas$ effects1 if x is made to act on sug> ap>t f ! influ5ce ( free oxyg54 ,x seems1 !re=e1 natural to admit t :5 yea/ functions z a f]m5t by liv+ ap>t f ! influ5ce ( air1 x d]ives oxyg5 f ! sug>1 & t ?is is ! orig9 ( its f]m5tative "*4 ,m4 ,pa/eur expla9s ! fact ( ! imm5se activity at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tations by ! influ5ce ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air held 9 solution 9 ! liquids1 at ! "t :5 ! action comm5ces4 ,! au?or has f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! yea/ ( be] s[n 9 an album9\s liquid1 su* z yea/-wat]1 /ill multiplies1 ev5 :5 !re is n a trace ( sug> 9 ! liquid1 provid$ always t atmosph]ic oxyg5 is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities4 ,:5 depriv$ ( air1 "u ^! conditions1 yea/ does n g]m9ate at all4 ,! same exp]im5ts may be repeat$ ) album9\s liquid1 mix$ ) a solution ( non- f]m5table sug>1 su* z ord9>y cry/alliz$ milk-sug>4 ,! results are precisely ! same4 ,yea/ =m$ ?us 9 ! abs5ce ( sug> does n *ange its nature2 x is /ill capable ( caus+ sug> to f]m5t1 if br\ght to be> ^u t sub/ance ap>t f air4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( yea/ is effect$ ) great difficulty :5 x has n a f]m5table sub/ance = its food4 ,9 %ort1 ! yea/ ( be] acts 9 exactly ! same mann] z an ord9>y plant1 & ! analogy w\ld be complete if ord9>y plants _h su* an aff9ity = oxyg5 z p]mitt$ !m to brea! by appropriat+ ?is elem5t f un/able comp\nds1 9 :i* case1 accord+ to ,m4 ,pa/eur1 !y w\ld appe> z f]m5ts = ^? sub/ances4 ,m4 ,pa/eur decl>es t he hopes to be able to realize ?is result1 t is to say1 to discov] ! conditions "u :i* c]ta9 inf]ior plants may live ap>t f air 9 ! pres5ce ( sug>1 caus+ t sub/ance to f]m5t z ! yea/ ( be] w\ld d4 ,?is summ>y & ! preconceiv$ views t x set =? h lo/ no?+ ( _! exactness2 on ! contr>y1 "t has /r5g!n$ !m4 ,! surmises ( ! la/ two p>agraphs h receiv$ valuable confirmation f rec5t obs]vations made by ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 z well z by ourselves1 an acc\nt ( :i* we mu/ put be=e our read]s4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 be=e t\*+ ^u ?is curi\s feature 9 connection ) f]m5tations to insi/ on ! accuracy ( a passage 9 ! prec$+ summ>y2 ! /atem5t1 namely1 t yea/ c\ld multiply 9 an album9\s liquid1 9 :i* x f\nd a non- f]m5table sug>1 milk-sug>1 = example4 ,! foll[+ is an exp]im5t on ?is po9t3--,on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahge1 we s[$ a trace ( yea/ 9 #aej cc4 7r m ?an #e fluid ounces7 ( yea/-- wat]1 conta9+ #b #a_/b p] c5t1 ( milk-sug>4 ,! solution 0 prep>$ 9 "o ( our d\ble-neck$ flasks1 ) ! necess>y precautions to secure ! abs5ce ( g]ms1 & ! yea/ s[n 0 itself p]fectly pure4 ,?ree mon?s aft]w>ds1 ,novemb] #ae?1 #ahge1 we exam9$ ! liquid = alcohol2 x conta9$ only ! smalle/ trace2 z = ! yea/ 7:i* _h s5sibly develop$71 collect$ & dri$ on a filt] pap]1 x weigh$ #j4jej gramme 7#j4gf gra974 ,9 ?is case we h ! yea/ multiply+ )\t giv+ rise to ! lea/ f]m5tation1 l a fungoid gr[?1 absorb+ oxyg51 & evolv+ c>bonic acid1 & !re is no d\bt t ! cessation ( its developm5t 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 due to ! progressive deprivation ( oxyg5 t occurr$4 ,z soon z ! gase\s mixture 9 ! flask consi/$ entirely ( c>bonic acid & nitrog51 ! vitality ( ! yea/ 0 dep5d5t on1 & 9 proportion to1 ! quantity ( air :i* ent]$ ! flask 9 consequ5ce ( v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! "q n[ arose1 0 ?is yea/1 :i* _h develop$ :olly z an ord9>y fungus1 /ill capable ( manife/+ ! "* ( a f]m5t8 ,to settle ?is po9t we _h tak5 ! precaution on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahge1 ( prep>+ ano!r flask1 exactly simil> to ! prec$+ "o 9 e respect1 & :i* gave results id5tical ) ^? describ$4 ,we decant$ ?is ,novemb] #ae?1 p\r+ "s wort on ! deposit ( ! plant1 :i* rema9$ 9 ! flask4 ,9 less ?an five h\rs f ! "t we plac$ x 9 ! ov51 ! plant />t$ f]m5tation 9 ! wort1 z we c\ld see by ! bubbles ( gas ris+ to =m pat*es on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,we may add t yea/ 9 ! m$ium :i* we h be5 discuss+ w n develop at all )\t air4 ,! importance ( ^! results c escape no "o2 !y prove cle>ly t ! f]m5tative "* is n an inv>iable ph5om5on ( yea/-life1 !y %[ t yea/ is a plant :i* does n diff] f ord9>y plants1 & :i* manife/s its f]m5tative p[] solely 9 consequ5ce ( p>ticul> conditions "u :i* x is compell$ to live4 ,x may c>ry on its life z a f]m5t or n1 & aft] hav+ liv$ )\t manife/+ ! slighte/ symptom ( f]m5tative "*1 x is q ready to manife/ t "* :5 br\ght "u suitable conditions4 ,! f]m5tative prop]ty1 !re=e1 is n a p[] peculi> to cells ( a special nature4 ,x is n a p]man5t "* ( a p>ticul> /ructure1 l1 = in/ance1 ! prop]ty ( acidity or alkal9ity4 ,x is a peculi>ity dep5d5t on ext]nal circum/ances & on ! nutritive conditions ( ! organism4 ,,ii4 ,,f]m5tation ,,9 ,,sac*>9e ,,fruits ,,imm]s$ ,,9 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,gas ,! !ory :i* we h1 /ep by /ep1 evolv$1 on ! subject ( ! cause ( ! *emical ph5om5a ( f]m5tation1 may claim a "* ( simplicity & g5]ality t is well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,f]m5tation is no long] "o ( ^? isolat$ & my/]i\s ph5om5a :i* d n admit ( explanation4 ,x is ! consequ5ce ( a peculi> vital process ( nutrition :i* occurs t9d] c]ta9 conditions1 diff]+ f ^? :i* *>act]ize ! life ( all ord9>y be+s1 animal or vegetable1 b by :i* ! latt] may be affect$1 m or less1 9 a way :i* br+s !m1 to "s ext5t )9 ! class ( f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$4 ,we c ev5 conceive t ! f]m5tative "* may belong to e organiz$ =m1 to e animal or vegetable cell1 on ! sole condition t ! *emico-vital acts ( assimilation & excretion mu/ be capable ( tak+ place 9 t cell = a brief p]iod1 long] or %ort] x may be1 )\t necessity = rec\rse to supplies ( atmosph]ic oxyg52 9 o!r words1 ! cell mu/ be able to d]ive its ne$ful heat f ! decomposition ( "s body :i* yields a surplus ( heat 9 ! process4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! conclusions x %\ld be an easy matt] to %[1 9 ! majority ( liv+ be+s1 ! manife/ation ( ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation2 = !re are1 probably1 none 9 :i* all *emical action entirely disappe>s1 ^u ! sudd5 cessation ( life4 ,"o day1 :5 we 7 express+ ^! views 9 our laboratory1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,dumas1 :o seem$ incl9$ to admit _! tru?1 we add$3 ,we %\ld l to make a wag] t if we 7 to plunge a bun* ( grapes into c>bonic acid gas1 !re w\ld be imm$iately produc$ alcohol & c>bonic acid gas1 9 consequ5ce ( a r5ew$ action />t+ 9 ! int]ior cells ( ! grapes1 9 su* a way t ^! cells w\ld assume ! functions ( yea/ cells4 ,we w make ! exp]im5t1 & :5 y come to-morr[--x 0 our good =tune to h ,m4 ,dumas work+ 9 our laboratory at t "t--we w give y an acc\nt ( ! result4 ,our pr$ictions 7 realiz$4 ,we !n endeav\r$ to f9d1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,dumas1 :o assi/$ u 9 our endeav\r1 cells ( yea/ 9 ! grapes2 b x 0 q impossible to discov] any4 ,footnote3 ,to det]m9e ! abs5ce ( cells ( f]m5t 9 fruits t h be5 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 we mu/ fir/ ( all c>efully raise ! pellicle ( ! fruit1 tak+ c>e t ! subjac5t p>5*yma does n t\* ! surface ( ! pellicle1 s9ce ! organiz$ corpuscles exi/+ on ! ext]ior ( ! fruit might introduce an error into our miscroscopical obs]vations4 ,exp]im5ts on grapes h giv5 u an explanation ( a fact g5]ally kn[n1 ! cause ( :i*1 h[ev]1 _h hi!rto escap$ our k4 ,we all "k t ! ta/e & aroma ( ! v9tage1 t is1 ( ! grapes /ripp$ f ! bun*es & ?r[n into tubs1 :]e !y get soak$ 9 ! juice t issues f ! w\nd$ specim5s1 are v diff]5t f ! ta/e & aroma ( an un9jur$ bun*4 ,n[ grapes t h be5 imm]s$ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas h exactly ! flav\r & smell ( ! v9tage2 ! reason is t1 9 ! v9tage tub1 ! grapes are imm$iately surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas1 & und]go1 9 consequ5ce1 ! f]m5tation peculi> to grapes t h be5 plung$ into ?is gas4 ,^! facts des]ve to be /udi$ f a practical po9t ( view4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 = example1 to le>n :at diff]5ce !re w\ld be 9 ! quality ( two w9es1 ! grapes ( :i*1 9 ! once case1 _h be5 p]fectly cru%$1 s z to cause z great a sep>ation ( ! cells ( ! p>5*yma z possible2 9 ! o!r case1 left1 = ! mo/ "p1 :ole1 z 9 ! case 9 ! ord9>y v9tage4 ,! fir/ w9e w\ld be depriv$ ( ^? fix$ & fragrant pr9ciples produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( :i* we h j spok51 :5 ! grapes are imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 by su* a comp>ison z t :i* we sugge/ we %\ld be able to =m a priori judgm5t on ! m]its ( ! new sy/em1 :i* _h n be5 c>efully /udi$1 al?\gh already widely adopt$1 ( mill$1 cyl9drical cru%]s1 = press+ ! v9tage4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is result1 we und]took fre% exp]im5ts on grapes1 on a melon1 on oranges1 on plums1 & on rhub>b leaves1 ga!r$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,ecole ,normale1 &1 9 e case1 our sub/ance1 :5 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 gave rise to ! production ( alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,we obta9$ ! foll[+ surpris+ results f "s prunes de ,monsieur3,footnote3 ,we h sometimes f\nd small quantities ( alcohol 9 fruits & o!r vegetable organs1 surr\nd$ ) ord9>y air1 b always 9 small proportion1 & 9 a mann] :i* sugge/$ its accid5tal "*4 ,x is ea/ to und]/& h[1 9 ! ?ickness ( c]ta9 fruits1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ^? fruits might be depriv$ ( air1 "u :i* circum/ances !y w\ld h be5 act+ "u conditions simil> to ^? "u :i* fruits act :5 :olly imm]s$ 9 ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be useful to det]m9e :e!r alcohol is n a normal product ( vegatation4--,on ,july #ba1 #ahgb1 we plac$ tw5ty-f\r ( ^! plums "u a glass bell1 :i* we imm$iately fill$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,! plums _h be5 ga!r$ on ! previ\s day4 ,by ! side ( ! bell we plac$ o!r tw5ty-f\r plums1 :i* 7 left !re uncov]$4 ,eight days aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* "t !re _h be5 a consid]able evolution ( c>bonic acid f ! bell1 we )drew ! plums & comp>$ !m ) ^? :i* _h be5 left expos$ to ! air4 ,! diff]5ce 0 /rik+1 almo/ incr$ible4 ,:il/ ! plums :i* _h be5 surr\nd$ ) air 7! exp]im5ts ( ,b]>d h long s9ce taught u t1 "u ?is latt] condition1 fruits absorb oxyg5 f ! air & emit c>bonic acid gas 9 almo/ equal volume7 _h become v s(t & wat]y & sweet1 ! plums tak5 f "u ! j> _h rema9$ v firm & h>d1 ! fle% 0 by no means wat]y1 b !y _h lo/ mu* sug>4 ,la/ly1 :5 submitt$ to di/illation1 aft] cru%+1 !y yield$ #f4e grammes 7#ii4g gra9s7 ( alcohol1 m ?an #a p] c5t1 ( ! total weight ( ! plums4 ,:at bett] pro( ?an ^! facts c\ld we h ( ! exi/5ce ( a consid]able *emical action 9 ! int]ior ( fruit1 an action :i* d]ives ! heat necess>y = its manife/ation f ! decomposition ( ! sug> pres5t 9 ! cells8 ,moreov]1 & ?is circum/ance is especially wor?y ( our att5tion1 9 all ^! exp]im5ts we f\nd t !re 0 a lib]ation ( heat1 ( :i* ! fruits & o!r organs 7 ! seat1 z soon z !y 7 plung$ 9 ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is heat is s consid]able t x may at times be detect$ by ! h&1 if ! two sides ( ! bell1 "o ( :i* is 9 contact ) ! objects1 are t\*$ alt]nately4 ,x also makes itself evid5t 9 ! =mation ( little drops on ^? p>ts ( ! bell :i* are less directly expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! heat result+ f ! decomposition ( ! sug> ( ! cells4 ,footnote3 ,9 ^! /udies ( plants liv+ imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 we h come across a fact :i* corroborat$ ^? :i* we h already giv5 9 ref]5ce to ! facility ) :i* lactic & visc\s f]m5ts1 & g5]ally speak+1 ^? :i* we h t]m$ ! disease f]m5ts or be]1 develop :5 depriv$ ( air1 & :i* %[s1 consequ5tly1 h[ v m>k$ _! a]obian "* is4 ,if we imm]se beet-roots or turnips 9 c>bonic acid gas1 we produce well-def9$ f]m5tations 9 ^? roots4 ,_! :ole surface readily p]mits ! escape ( ! highly acid liquids1 & !y become fill$ ) lactic1 visc\s1 & o!r f]m5ts1 ,?is %[s u ! great dang] :i* may result f ! use ( pits1 9 :i* ! beet-roots are pres]v$1 :5 ! air is n r5ew$1 & t ! orig9al oxyg5 is expell$ by ! vital processes ( fungi or o!r deoxidiz+ *emical actions4 ,we nave direct$ ! att5tion ( ! manufactur]s ( beet-root sug> to ?is po9t4 ,9 %ort1 f]m5tation is a v g5]al ph5om5on4 ,x is life )\t air1 or life )\t free oxyg51 or1 m g5]ally /ill1 x is ! result ( a *emical process accompli%$ on a f]m5table sub/ance capable ( produc+ heat by its decomposition1 9 :i* process ! entire heat us$ up is d]iv$ f a "p ( ! heat t ! decomposition ( ! f]m5table sub/ance sets free4 ,! class ( f]m5tations prop]ly s call$1 is1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ by ! small numb] ( sub/ances capable ( decompos+ ) ! production ( heat1 & at ! same "t ( s]v+ = ! n\ri%m5t ( l[] =ms ( life1 :5 depriv$ ( ! pres5ce & action ( air4 ,?is1 aga91 is a consequ5ce ( our !ory1 :i* is well wor?y ( notice1 ,! facts t we h j m5tion$ 9 ref]5ce to ! =mation ( alcohol & c>bonic acid 9 ! sub/ance ( ripe fruits1 "u special conditions1 & ap>t f ! action ( f]m5t1 are already kn[n to sci5ce4 ,!y 7 discov]$ 9 #ahfi by ,m4 ,le*>ti]1 =m]ly a pupil 9 ! ,ecole ,normale ,sup]ieure1 & 8 coadjutor1 ,m4 ,bellamy4 ,footnote3 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lxix41 pp41 #cff & #dff1 #ahfi4 ,9 #ahba1 9 a v rem>kable "w1 especially :5 we consid] ! p]iod :5 x appe>$1 ,b]>d demon/rat$ sev]al important propositions 9 connection ) ! maturation ( fruits3 ,i4 ,all fruits1 ev5 ^? t are /ill gre51 & likewise ev5 ^? t are expos$ to ! sun1 absorb oxyg5 & set free an almo/ equal volume ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is is a condition ( _! prop] rip5+4 ,,ii4 ,ripe fruits plac$ 9 a limit$ atmosph]e1 aft] hav+ absorb$ all ! oxyg5 & set free an almo/ equal volume ( c>bonic acid1 cont9ue to emit t gas 9 notable quantity1 ev5 :5 no bruise is to be se5--z ?\gh by a k9d ( f]m5tation1 z ,b]>d actually obs]ves--& lose _! sac*>9e p>ticles1 a circum/ance :i* causes ! fruits to appe> m acid1 al?\gh ! actual weight ( _! acid may und]go no augm5tation :atev]4 ,9 ?is beautiful "w1 & 9 all subsequ5t ones ( :i* ! rip5+ ( fruits has be5 ! subject1 two facts ( great !oretical value h escap$ ! notice ( ! au?ors2 ^! are ! two facts :i* ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy po9t$ out = ! fir/ "t1 namely1 ! production ( alcohol & ! abs5ce ( cells ( f]m5ts4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ^! two facts1 z we h %[n above1 7 actually =e-%ad[$ 9 ! !ory ( f]m5tation t we advocat$ z f> back z #ahfa1 & we are happy to add t ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 :o at fir/ _h prud5tly drawn no !oretical conclusions f _! "w1 n[ entirely agree ) ! !ory we h advanc$4 ,footnote3 ,^? g5tlem5 express !mselves ?us3 ,9 a note pres5t$ to ! ,academy 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgb1 we publi%$ c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* %[$ t c>bonic acid & alcohol may be produc$ 9 fruits kept 9 a clos$ vessel1 out ( contact ) atmosph]ic oxyg51 )\t our be+ able to discov] alcoholic f]m5t 9 ! int]ior ( ^? fruits4 ,m4 ,pa/eur1 z a logical d$uction f ! pr9ciple :i* he has e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! !ory ( f]m5tation1 consid]s t ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,alcohol ,,may ,,be ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,fact ,,t ,,! ,,physical ,,& ,,*emical ,,precesses ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,cells ,,( ,,fruit ,,cont9ue ,,"u ,,new ,,conditions1 ,,9 ,a ,,mann] ,,simil> ,,to ,,^? ,,( ,,! ,,cells ,,( ,,f]m5t4 ,exp]im5ts1 cont9u$ dur+ #ahgb1 #ahgc1 & #ahgd1 on diff]5t fruits h furni%$ results all ( :i* seem to u to h>monize ) ?is proposition1 & to e/abli% x on a firm basis ( pro(4--,comptes r5dus1 t4 lxxix41 p4 #idi1 #ahgd4 ,_! mode ( reason+ is v diff]5t f t ( ! savants ) :om we discuss$ ! subject be=e ! ,academy1 on ! occasion :5 ! communication :i* we address$ to ! ,academy 9 ,octob]1 #ahgb1 attract$ att5tion once m to ! rem>kable obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy4 ,footnote3 ,,pa/eur1 ,faites n\veaux p\r s]vir a la connaissance de la !orie des f]m5tations proprem5t dites4 7,comptes r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lxxv41 p4 #ghd47 ,see 9 ! same volume ! discussion t foll[$2 also1 ,,pa/eur1 ,note sur la production de l'alcool p> les fruits1 same volume1 p4 #ajed1 9 :i* we rec\nt ! obs]vations ant]ior to our own1 made by ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy 9 #ahfi4 ,m4 ,fremy1 9 p>ticul>1 0 desir\s ( f9d+ 9 ^! obs]vations a confirmation ( 8 views on ! subject ( hemi- organism1 & a condemnation ( ours1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! prec$+ explanations1 &1 m p>ticul>ly our ,note ( #ahfa1 quot$ ^w = ^w 9 ! prec$+ section1 furni% ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce 9 favor ( ^? ideas :i* we advocate4 ,inde$1 z f> back z #ahfa we po9t$ out v cle>ly t if we c\ld f9d plants able to live :5 depriv$ ( air1 9 ! pres5ce ( sug>1 !y w\ld br+ ab\t a f]m5tation ( t sub/ance1 9 ! same mann] t yea/ does4 ,su* is ! case ) ! fungi already /udi$2 su*1 too1 is ! case ) ! fruits employ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 & 9 our own exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* n only confirm ^? obta9$ by ^! g5tlem51 b ev5 ext5d !m1 9 s f> z we h %[n t fruits1 :5 surr\nd$ ) c>bonic acid gas imm$iately produce alcohol4 ,:5 surr\nd$ ) air1 !y live 9 _! a]obian /ate & we h no f]m5tation2 imm]s$ imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 c>bonic acid gas1 !y n[ assume _! ana]obian /ate1 & at once beg9 to act ^u ! sug> 9 ! mann] ( f]m5ts1 & emit heat4 ,z = see+ 9 ^! facts any?+ l a confirmation ( ! !ory ( hemi-organism1 imag9$ by ,m4 ,fremy1 ! idea ( su* a ?+ is absurd4 ,! foll[+1 = in/ance1 is ! !ory ( ! f]m5tation ( ! v9tage1 accord+ to ,m4 ,fremy4 ,footnote3 ,comptes r5dus1 meet+ ( ,janu>y #ae?1 #ahgb4 ,to speak "h ( alcoholic f]m5tation alone1 our au?or says1 ,i hold t 9 ! production ( w9e x is ! juice ( ! fruit itself t1 9 contact ) air1 produces gra9s ( f]m5t1 by ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s matt]2 ,pa/eur1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t ! f]m5tation is produc$ by g]ms exi/+ outside ( ! grapes4 ,footnote3 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,m4 ,fremy applies 8 !ory ( hemi-organism1 n only to ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( grape juice1 b to all o!r f]m5tations4 ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 "o ( 8 notes 7,comptes r5dus de l',academie1 t4 lxxv41 p4 #igi1 ,octob] #bh?1 #ahgb73 ,exp]im5ts on ,g]m9at$ ,b>ley4--,! object ( ^! 0 to %[ t :5 b>ley1 left to itself 9 sweet5$ wat]1 produces 9 succession alcoholic1 lactic1 butyric1 & acetic f]m5tations1 ^! modifications are br\ght ab\t by f]m5ts :i* are produc$ inside ! gra9s !mselves1 & n by atmosph]ic g]ms4 ,m ?an =ty diff]5t exp]im5ts 7 devot$ to ?is "p ( my "w4 ,ne$ we add t ?is ass]tion is bas$ on no sub/antial f\ndation8 ,! cells belong+ to ! gra9s ( b>ley1 or _! album9\s cont5ts1 nev] d produce cells ( alcoholic f]m5t1 or ( lactic f]m5t1 or butyric vibrios4 ,:5ev] ^? f]m5ts appe>1 !y may be trac$ to g]ms ( ^? organisms1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( ! gra9s1 or adh]+ to ! ext]ior surface1 or exi/+ 9 ! wat] employ$1 or on ! side ( ! vessels us$4 ,!re are _m ways ( demon/rat+ ?is1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is "o3 ,s9ce ! results ( our exp]im5ts h %[n t sweet5$ wat]1 phosphates1 & *alk v readily give rise to lactic & butyric f]m5tations1 :at reason is !re = suppos+ t if we sub/itute gra9s ( b>ley = *alk1 ! lactic & butyric f]m5ts w spr+ f ^? gra9s1 9 consequ5ce ( a trans=mation ( _! cells & album9\s sub/ances8 ,surely !re is no gr\nd = ma9ta9+ t !y are produc$ by hemi-organism1 s9ce a m$ium compos$ ( sug>1 or *alk1 or phosphates ( ammonia1 pota%1 or magnesia conta9s no album9\s sub/ances4 ,?is is an indirect b irresi/ible argum5t aga9/ ! hemi-organism !ory4 ,n[ :at be>+ on ?is purely imag9>y !ory c ! fact h1 t a :ole fruit1 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 imm$iately produces alcohol & c>bonic acid8 ,9 ! prec$+ passage :i* we h borr[$ f ,m4 ,fremy1 an indisp5sable condition ( ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s matt] is ! contact ) air & ! cru%+ ( ! grapes4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are deal+ ) ,,un9jur$ ,,fruits ,,9 ,,contact ,,) ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,gas4 ,our !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 we may repeat1 we h advocat$ s9ce #ahfa1 ma9ta9s t all cells become f]m5tative :5 _! vital action is protract$ 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 :i* are precisely ! conditions t hold 9 ! exp]im5ts on fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,! vital en]gy is n imm$iately susp5d$ 9 _! cells1 & ! latt] are depriv$ ( air4 ,consequ5tly1 f]m5tation mu/ result4 ,moreov]1 we may add1 if we de/roy ! fruit1 or cru% x be=e imm]s+ x 9 ! gas1 x no long] produces alcohol or f]m5tation ( any k9d1 a circum/ance t may be attribut$ to ! fact ( ! de/ruction ( vital action 9 ! cru%$ fruit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 :at way ought ?is cru%+ to affect ! hypo!sis ( hemi-organism8 ,! cru%$ fruit ought to act q z well1 or ev5 bett] ?an t :i* is uncru%$4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ c be m directly oppos$ to ! !ory ( ! mode ( manife/ation ( t hidd5 =ce to :i* ! "n ( hemi-organism has be5 giv51 ?an ! discov]y ( ! production ( ^! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation 9 fruits surr\nd$ ) c>bonic acid gas2 :il/ ! !ory1 :i* sees 9 f]m5tation a consequ5ce ( vital en]gy 9 abs5ce ( air1 f9ds 9 ^! facts ! /ricte/ confirmation ( an express pr$iction1 :i* f ! fir/ =m$ an integral "p ( its /atem5t4 ,we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 devot+ fur!r "t to op9ions :i* are n support$ by any s]i\s exp]im5t4 ,abroad1 z well z 9 ,france1 ! !ory ( ! trans=mation ( album9\s sub/ances into organiz$ f]m5ts _h be5 advocat$ long be=e x _h be5 tak5 up by ,m4 ,fremy4 ,x no long] comm&s ! slighte/ cr$it1 nor d any obs]v]s ( note any long] give x ! lea/ att5tion2 x might ev5 be said t x has become a subject ( ridicule4 ,an attempt has also be5 made to prove t we h contradict$ ourselves1 inasmu* z 9 #ahfj we publi%$ our op9ion t alcoholic f]m5tation c nev] occur )\t a simultane\s occurr5ce ( organization1 developm5t1 & multiplication ( globules2 or cont9u$ life1 c>ri$ on f globules already =m$4 ,footnote3 ,,pa/eur1 ,memoire sur la f]m5tation alcoolique1 #ahfj3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique4 ,! ^w globules is "h us$ = cells4 ,9 our rese>*es we h always endeav\r$ to prev5t any confusion ( ideas4 ,we /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( our ,memoir ( #ahfj t3 ,we apply ! t]m alcoholic to t f]m5tation :i* sug> und]goes "u ! influ5ce ( ! f]m5t kn[n z ,,be] ,,yea/4 ,?is is1 ! f]m5tation :i* produces w9e & all alcoholic bev]ages4 ,?is1 too1 is reg>d$ z ! type = a ho/ ( simil> ph5om5a designat$1 by g5]al usage1 "u ! g5]ic "n ( f]m5tation1 & qualifi$ by ! "n ( "o ( ! ess5tial products ( ! special ph5om5on "u obs]vation4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is fact 9 ref]5ce to ! nom5clature t we h adopt$ x w be se5 t ! expression ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation _c be appli$ to e ph5om5on ( f]m5tation 9 :i* alcohol is produc$1 inasmu* z !re may be a numb] ( ph5om5a hav+ ?is "* 9 common4 ,if we _h n at />t+ def9$ t p>ticul> "o among/ ! numb] ( v di/9ct ph5om5a1 :i*1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs1 %\ld be> ! "n ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 we %\ld inevitably h giv5 rise to a confusion ( language t w\ld soon pass f words to ideas1 & t5d to introduce unnecess>y complexity into rese>*es :i* are already1 9 !mselves1 suffici5tly complex to necessitate ! adoption ( scrupul\s c>e to prev5t _! becom+ /ill m involv$4 ,x seems to u t any fur!r d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! words ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation1 & ! s5se 9 :i* !y are employ$1 is impossible1 inasmu* z ,lavoisi]1 ,gay-,lussac1 & ,!n>d h appli$ ?is t]m to ! f]m5tation ( sug> by means ( be] yea/4 ,x w\ld be bo? dang]\s & unpr(itable to disc>d ! example set by ^! illu/ri\s ma/]s1 to :om we are indebt$ = our e>lie/ k ( ?is subject4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be tru] ?an t op9ion1 & at ! pres5t mom5t1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( /udy devot$ to ! subject s9ce ! publication to :i* we h ref]r$1 we ne$ no long] say1 we ?9k1 b in/ead1 we affirm1 t x is correct4 ,x is1 z a matt] ( fact1 to alcoholic f]m5tation1 prop]ly s call$1 t ! *>ge to :i* we h ref]r$ relates--to t f]m5tation :i* yields1 besides alcohol1 c>bonic acid1 succ9ic acid1 glyc]9e1 volatile acids1 & o!r products4 ,?is f]m5tation und\bt$ly requires ! pres5ce ( yea/--cells "u ! conditions t we h nam$4 ,^? :o h contradict$ u h fall5 into ! error ( suppos+ t ! f]m5tation ( fruits is an ord9>y alcoholic f]m5tation1 id5tical ) t produc$ by be] yea/1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! cells ( t yea/ mu/1 accord+ to own !ory1 be always pres5t4 ,!re is n ! lea/ au?ority = su* a supposition4 ,:5 we come to exact quantitative e/imations--& ^! are to be f\nd 9 ! figures suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy--x w be se5 t ! proportions ( alcohol & c>bonic acid gas produc$ 9 ! f]m5tation ( fruits diff] widely f ^? t we f9d 9 alcoholic f]m5tations prop]ly s call$1 z mu/ necess>ily be ! case s9ce 9 ! =m] ! f]m5taction is effect$ by ! cells ( a fruit1 b 9 ! latt] by cells ( ord9>y alcoholic f]m5t4 ,inde$ we h a /rong conviction t ea* fruit w\ld be f\nd to give rise to special action1 ! *emical equation ( :i* w\ld be diff]5t f t 9 ! case ( o!r fruits4 ,z = ! circum/ance t ! cells ( ^! fruits cause f]m5tation )\t multiply+1 ?is comes "u ! k9d ( activity :i* we h already di/+ui%$ by ! expression ,,cont9u\s ,,life ,,9 ,,cells ,,already ,,=m$4 ,we w conclude ?is section ) a few rem>ks on ! subject ( equations ( f]m5tations1 :i* h be5 sugge/$ to u pr9cipally 9 attempts to expla9 ! results d]iv$ f ! f]m5tation ( fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,orig9ally1 :5 f]m5tations 7 put among/ ! class ( decompositions by contact-action1 x seem$ probable1 &1 9 fact1 0 believ$1 t e f]m5tation has its own well- def9$ equation :i* nev] v>i$4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! equation ( a f]m5tation v>ies ess5tially ) ! conditions "u :i* t f]m5tation is accompli%$1 & t a /atem5t ( ?is equation is a problem no less complicat$ ?an t 9 ! case ( ! nutrition ( a liv+ be+4 ,to e f]m5tation may be assign$ an equation 9 a g5]al sort ( way1 an equation1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 num]\s po9ts ( detail1 is liable to ! ?\s& v>iations connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,moreov]1 !re w be z _m di/9ct f]m5tations br\ght ab\t by "o f]m5t z !re are f]m5table sub/ances capable ( supply+ ! c>bon elem5t ( ! food ( t same f]m5t1 9 ! same way t ! equation ( ! nutrition ( an animal w v>y ) ! nature ( ! food :i* x consumes4 ,z reg>ds f]m5tation produc+ alcohol1 :i* may be effect$ by sev]al diff]5t f]m5ts1 !re w be z 9 ! case ( a giv5 sug>1 z _m g5]al equations z !re are f]m5ts1 :e!r !y be f]m5t-cells prop]ly s call$1 or cells ( ! organs ( liv+ be+s function+ z f]m5ts4 ,9 ! same way ! equation ( nutrition v>ies 9 ! case ( diff]5t animals n\ri%$ on ! same food4 ,& x is f ! same reason t ord9>y wort produces su* a v>iety ( be]s :5 treat$ ) ! num]\s alcoholic f]m5ts :i* we h describ$4 ,^! rem>ks are applicable to all f]m5ts alike2 = in/ance1 butyric f]m5t is capable ( produc+ a ho/ ( di/9ct f]m5tations1 9 consequ5ce ( its ability to d]ive ! c>bonace\s "p ( its food f v diff]5t sub/ances1 f sug>1 or lactic acid1 or glyc]9e1 or mannite1 & _m o!rs4 ,:5 we say t e f]m5tation has its own peculi> f]m5t1 x mu/ be und]/ood t we are speak+ ( ! f]m5tation consid]$ z a :ole1 includ+ all ! accessory products4 ,we d n mean to imply t ! f]m5t 9 "q is n capable ( act+ on "s o!r f]m5table sub/ance & giv+ rise to f]m5tation ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,moreov]1 x is q errone\s to suppose t ! pres5ce ( a s+le "o ( ! products ( a f]m5tation implies ! co-exi/5ce ( a p>ticul> f]m5t4 ,if1 = example1 we f9d alcohol among ! products ( a f]m5tation1 or ev5 alcohol & c>bonic acid gas toge!r1 ?is does n prove t ! f]m5t mu/ be an alcoholic f]m5t1 belong+ to alcoholic f]m5tations1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,nor1 aga91 does ! m]e pres5ce ( lactic acid necess>ily imply ! pres5ce ( lactic f]m5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 diff]5t f]m5tations may give rise to "o or ev5 sev]al id5tical products4 ,we c\ld n say ) c]ta9ty1 f a purely *emical po9t ( view1 t we 7 deal+1 = example1 ) an alcoholic f]m5tation prop]ly s call$1 & t ! yea/ ( be] mu/ be pres5t 9 x1 if we _h n fir/ det]m9$ ! pres5ce ( all ! num]\s products ( t p>ticul> f]m5tation "u conditions simil> to ^? "u :i* ! f]m5tation 9 "q _h occurr$4 ,9 works on f]m5tation ! read] w (t5 f9d ^? confusions aga9/ :i* we are n[ attempt+ to gu>d him4 ,x is precisely 9 consequ5ce ( n hav+ _h _! att5tion drawn to su* obs]vations t "s h imag9$ t ! f]m5tation 9 fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas is 9 contradiction to ! ass]tion :i* we orig9ally made 9 our ,memoir on alcoholic f]m5tation publi%$ 9 #ahfj1 ! exact words ( :i* we may "h repeat3--,! *emical ph5om5a ( f]m5tation are relat$ ess5tially to a vital activity1 beg9n+ & end+ ) ! latt]2 we believe t alcoholic f]m5tation nev] occurs--we 7 discuss+ ! "q ( ord9>y alcoholic f]m5tation produc$ by ! yea/ ( be]--)\t ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( organization1 developm5t1 & multiplication ( globules1 or cont9u$ life1 c>ri$ on by means ( ! globules already =m$4 ,! g5]al results ( ! pres5t ,memoir seem to u to be x direct opposition to ! op9ions ( ,,mm4 ,liebig & ,b]zelius4 ,^! conclusions1 we repeat1 are z true n[ z !y ev] 71 & are z applicable to ! f]m5tation ( fruits1 ( :i* no?+ 0 kn[n 9 #ahfj1 z !y are to ! f]m5tation produc$ by ! means ( yea/4 ,only1 9 ! case ( fruits1 x is ! cells ( ! p>5*yma t function z f]m5t1 by a cont9uation ( _! activity 9 c>bonic acid gas :il/ 9 ! o!r case ! f]m5t consi/s ( cells ( yea/4 ,!re %\ld be no?+ v surpris+ 9 ! fact t f]m5tation c orig9ate 9 fruits & =m alcohol )\t ! pres5ce ( yea/1 if ! f]m5tation ( fruits 7 n conf\nd$ completely ) alcoholic f]m5tation yield+ ! same products & 9 ! same proportions4 ,x is ?r\gh ! misuse ( words t ! f]m5tation ( fruits has be5 t]m$ alcoholic1 9 a way :i* has misl$ _m p]sons4 ,footnote3 ,see1 = example1 ! communications ( ,,mm4 ,col9 & ,poggiale1 & ! discussion on !m4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 de l',academie de ,m$ec9e1 ,m>* #b;d1 #i?1 & #cj?1 & ,febru>y #af? & #bcrd1 #ahge4 ,9 ?is f]m5tation1 nei!r alcohol nor c>bonic acid gas exi/s 9 ^? proportions 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 f]m5tation produc$ by yea/2 &1 al?\gh we may det]m9e 9 x ! pres5ce ( succ9ic acid1 glyc]9e1 & a small quantity ( volatile acids ,footnote3 ,we h else:]e det]m9$ ! =mation ( m9ute quantities ( volatile acids 9 alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,m4 ,be*amp1 :o /udi$ ^!1 recogniz$ sev]al belong+ to ! s]ies ( fatty acids1 acetic acid1 butyric acid c4 ,! pres5ce ( succ9ic acid is n accid5tal1 b con/ant2 if we put aside volatile acids t =m 9 quantities :i* we may call inf9itely small1 we may say t succ9ic acid is ! only normal acid ( alcoholic f]m5tation4--,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l' ,academie1 t4 xlvii41 ,p4 #bbd1 #aheh ! relative proportions ( ^! sub/ances w be diff]5t f :at !y are 9 ! case ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,,iii4 ,,reply ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,critical ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,naturali/s1 ,,osc> ,,brefeld ,,& ,,moritz ,,traube4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( ! !ory ( f]m5tation :i* we h be5 conc]n$ 9 prov+ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs may be briefly put 9 ! /atem5t t f]m5ts prop]ly s call$ con/itute a class ( be+s possess+ ! faculty ( liv+ out ( contact ) free oxyg52 or1 m concisely /ill1 we may say t f]m5tation is a result ( life )\t air4 ,if our affirmation 7 inexact1 if f]m5t cells did require = _! gr[? or = _! increase 9 numb] or weight1 z all o!r vegetable cells d1 ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 :e!r gase\s or held 9 solution 9 liquids1 ?is new !ory w\ld lose all value1 its v raison d'etre w\ld be gone1 at lea/ z f> z ! mo/ important "p ( f]m5tations is conc]n$4 ,?is is precisely :at ,m4 ,osc> ,brefeld has endeav\r$ to prove 9 a ,memoir read to ! ,physico-,m$ical ,society ( ,wurzburg on ,july #bf?1 #ahgc1 9 :i*1 al?\gh we h ample evid5ce ( ! great exp]im5tal skill ( its au?or1 he has nev]!less1 9 our op9ion1 arriv$ at conclusions entirely oppos$ to fact4 ,f ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h j describ$1 he says1 x foll[s1 9 ! mo/ indisputable mann]1 t ,a ,,f]m5t ,,_c ,,increase ,,)\t ,,free ,,oxyg54 ,pa/eur's supposition t a f]m5t1 unlike all o!r liv+ organisms1 c live & increase at ! exp5se ( oxyg5 held 9 comb9ation1 is1 consequ5tly1 altoge!r want+ 9 any solid basis ( exp]im5tal pro(4 ,moreov]1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,pa/eur1 x is precisely ?is faculty ( liv+ & increas+ at ! exp5se ( ! oxyg5 held 9 comb9ation t con/itutes ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation1 x foll[s t ! :ole !ory1 comm&+ ?\gh x does su* g5]al ass5t1 is %[n to be unt5able2 x is simply inaccurate4 ,! exp]im5ts to :i* ,dr4 ,brefeld alludes1 consi/$ 9 keep+ "u cont9u$ /udy ) ! microscope1 9 a room specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 "o or m cells ( f]m5t 9 wort 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas free f ! lea/ traces ( free oxyg54 ,we h1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ ! fact t ! increase ( a f]m5t out ( contact ) air is only possible 9 ! case ( a v "y specim52 b our au?or employ$ brew]'s yea/ tak5 aft] f]m5tation1 & to ?is fact we may attribute ! non-success ( 8 gr[?s4 ,dr4 ,brefeld1 )\t kn[+ x1 op]at$ on yea/ 9 "o ( ! /ates 9 :i* x requires gase\s oxyg5 to enable x to g]m9ate aga94 ,a p]usal ( :at we h previ\sly writt5 on ! subject ( ! revival ( yea/ accord+ to its age w %[ h[ widely ! "t requir$ = su* revival may v>y 9 diff]5t cases4 ,:at may be p]fectly true ( ! /ate ( a yea/ to-day may n be s to-morr[1 s9ce yea/ is cont9ually und]go+ modifications4 ,we h already %[n ! en]gy & activity ) :i* a f]m5t c vegetate 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg51 & we h po9t$ out ! great ext5t to :i* a v small quantity2 ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 f]m5t+ liquids c op]ate at ! beg9n+ ( f]m5tation4 ,x is ?is oxyg5 t produces revival 9 ! cells ( ! f]m5t & enables !m to resume ! faculty ( g]m9at+ & cont9u+ _! life1 & ( multiply+ :5 depriv$ ( air4 ,9 our op9ion1 a simple reflection %\ld h gu>d$ ,dr4 ,brefeld aga9/ ! int]pretation :i* he has atta*$ to 8 obs]vations4 ,if a cell ( f]m5t _c bud or increase )\t absorb+ oxyg51 ei!r free or held 9 solution 9 ! liquid1 ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! f]m5t =m$ dur+ f]m5tation & t ( oxyg5 us$ up mu/ be con/ant4 ,we _h1 h[ev]1 cle>ly e/abli%$1 z f> back z #ahfa1 ! fact t ?is ratio is extremely v>iable1 a fact1 moreov]1 :i* is plac$ beyond d\bt by ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,?\gh b small quantities ( oxyg5 are absorb$1 a consid]able weight ( f]m5t may be g5]at$2 :il/ if ! f]m5t has abundance ( oxyg5 at its disposal1 x w absorb mu*1 & ! weight ( yea/ =m$ w be /ill great]4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( f]m5t =m$ & t ( sug> decompos$ may pass ?r\gh all /ages )9 c]ta9 v wide limits1 ! v>iations dep5d+ on ! great] or less absorption ( free oxyg54 ,& 9 ?is fact1 we believe1 lies "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial supports ( ! !ory :i* we advocate4 ,9 d5\nc+ ! impossibility1 z he consid]$ x1 ( a f]m5t liv+ )\t air or oxyg51 & s act+ 9 defiance ( t law :i* gov]ns all liv+ be+s1 animal or vegetable1 ,dr4 ,brefeld ought also to h borne 9 m9d ! fact :i* we h po9t$ out1 t alcoholic yea/ is n ! only organiz$ f]m5t :i* lives 9 an ana]obian /ate4 ,x is really a small matt] t "o m f]m5t %\ld be plac$ 9 a li/ ( exceptions to ! g5]ality ( liv+ be+s1 = :om !re is a rigid law 9 _! vital economy :i* requires = cont9u$ life a cont9u\s respiration1 a cont9u\s supply ( free oxyg54 ,:y1 = in/ance1 has ,dr4 ,brefeld omitt$ ! facts be>+ on ! life ( ! vibrios ( butyric f]m5tation8 ,d\btless he ?\ght we 7 equally mi/ak5 9 ^!3 a few actual exp]im5ts w\ld h put him "r4 ,^! rem>ks on ! criticisms ( ,dr4 ,brefeld are also applicable to c]ta9 obs]vations ( ,m4 ,moritz ,traube's1 al?\gh1 z reg>ds ! pr9cipal object ( ,dr4 ,brefeld's attack1 we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,traube = our def5ce4 ,?is g5tleman ma9ta9$ ! exactness ( our results be=e ! ,*emical ,society ( ,b]l91 prov+ by fre% exp]im5ts t yea/ is able to live & multiply )\t ! int]v5tion ( oxyg54 ,my rese>*es1 he said1 confirm 9 an indisputable mann] ,m4 ,pa/eur's ass]tion t ! multiplication ( yea/ c take place 9 m$ia :i* conta9 no trace ( free oxyg54 444 ,m4 ,brefeld's ass]tion to ! contr>y is errone\s4 ,b imm$iately aft]w>ds ,m4 ,traube adds3 ,h we "h a confirmation ( ,pa/eur's !ory8 ,by no means4 ,! results ( my exp]im5ts demon/rate on ! contr>y t ?is !ory has no true f\ndation4 ,:at 7 ^! results8 ,:il/ prov+ t yea/ c\ld live )\t air1 ,m4 ,traube1 z we ourselves did1 f\nd t x _h great difficulty 9 liv+ "u ^! conditions2 inde$ he nev] succe$$ 9 obta9+ m ?an ! fir/ /ages ( true f]m5tation4 ,?is 0 d\btless = ! two foll[+ reasons3 fir/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! accid5tal production ( second>y & diseas$ f]m5tations :i* frequ5tly prev5t ! propagation ( alcoholic f]m5t2 &1 secondly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! orig9al exhau/$ condition ( ! yea/ employ$4 ,z long ago z #ahfa1 we po9t$ out ! sl[ness & difficulty ( ! vital action ( yea/ :5 depriv$ ( air2 & a little way back1 9 ! prec$+ section1 we h call$ att5tion to c]ta9 f]m5tations t _c be complet$ "u su* conditions )\t go+ into ! causes ( ^! peculi>ities4 ,m4 ,traube expresses himself ?us3 ,pa/eur's conclusion1 t yea/ 9 ! abs5ce ( air is able to d]ive ! oxyg5 necess>y = its developm5t f sug>1 is errone\s2 its increase is arre/$ ev5 :5 ! great] "p ( ! sug> /ill rema9s undecompos$4 ,,x ,,is ,,9 ,a ,,mixture ,,( ,,album9\s ,,sub/ances ,,t ,,yea/1 ,,:5 ,,depriv$ ,,( ,,air1 ,,f9ds ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,its ,,developm5t4 ,?is la/ ass]tion ( ,m4 ,traube's is entirely disprov$ by ^? f]m5tation exp]im5ts 9 :i*1 aft] suppress+ ! pres5ce ( album9\s sub/ances1 ! action1 nev]!less1 w5t on 9 a purely inorganic m$ium1 out ( contact ) air1 a fact1 ( :i* we %all give irrefutable pro(s4 ,footnote3 ,traube's conceptions are gov]n$ by a !ory ( f]m5tation entirely 8 own1 a hypo!tical "o1 z he admits1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief summ>y3 ,we h no reason to d\bt1 ,traube says1 t ! protoplasm ( vegetable cells is itself1 or conta9s )9 x1 a *emical f]m5t :i* causes ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>2 its efficacy seems closely connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! cell1 inasmu* z1 up to ! pres5t "t1 we h discov]$ no means ( isolat+ x f ! cells ) success4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( air ?is f]m5t oxidizes sug> by br++ oxyg5 to be> ^u x2 9 ! abs5ce ( air x decomposes ! sug> by tak+ away oxyg5 f "o gr\p ( atoms ( ! molecule ( sug> & br++ x to act ^u o!r atoms2 on ! "o h& yield+ a product ( alcohol by r$uction1 on ! o!r h& a product ( c>bonic acid gas by oxidation4 ,traube supposes t ?is *emical f]m5t exi/s 9 yea/ & 9 all sweet fruits1 b only :5 ! cells are intact1 = he has prov$ = himself t ?or\ghly cru%$ fruits give rise to no f]m5tation :atev] 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 ?is respect ?is imag9>y *emical f]m5t w\ld diff] entirely f ^? :i* we call ,,soluble ,,f]m5ts1 s9ce dia/ase1 emuls9e1 c41 may be easily isolat$4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! views ( ,brefeld & ,traube1 & ! discussion :i* !y c>ri$ on on ! subject ( ! results ( our exp]im5ts1 our read]s may consult ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,b]l91 vii41 p4 #hgb4 ,! numb]s = ,septemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 9 ! same volume1 conta9 ! replies ( ! two au?ors4 ,,iv4 ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,dextro-,,t>trate ,,( ,,lime4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lvi41 p4 #daf4 ,t>trate ( lime1 9 spite ( its insolubility 9 wat]s is capable ( complete f]m5tation 9 a m9]al m$ium4 ,if we put "s pure t>trate ( lime1 9 ! =m ( a granulat$1 cry/all9e p[d]1 into pure wat]1 toge!r ) "s sulphate ( ammonia & phosphates ( potassium & magnesium1 9 v small proportions1 a spontane\s f]m5tation w take place 9 ! deposit 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 al?\gh no g]ms ( f]m5t h be5 add$4 ,a liv+1 organiz$ f]m5t1 ( ! vibrionic type1 fili=m1 ) tortu\s motions1 & (t5 ( imm5se l5g?1 =ms spontane\sly by ! developm5t ( "s g]ms d]iv$ 9 "s way f ! inevitable p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air or re/+ on ! surface ( ! vessels or mat]ial :i* we employ4 ,! g]ms ( ! vibrios conc]n$ 9 putrefaction are diffus$ ar\nd u on e side1 &1 9 all probability1 x is "o or m ( ^! g]ms t develop 9 ! m$ium 9 "q4 ,9 ?is way !y effect ! decomposition ( ! t>trate1 f :i* !y mu/ necess>ily obta9 ! c>bon ( _! food )\t :i* !y _c exi/1 :ile ! nitrog5 is furni%$ by ! ammonia ( ! ammoniacal salt1 ! m9]al pr9ciples by ! phosphate ( potassium & magnesium1 & ! sulphur by ! sulphate ( ammonia4 ,h[ /range to see organization1 life1 & motion orig9at+ "u su* conditions6 ,/rang] /ill to ?9k t ?is organization1 life1 & motion are effect$ )\t ! p>ticipation ( free oxyg54 ,once ! g]m gets a prim>y impulse on its liv+ c>e] by access ( oxyg51 x goes on reproduc+ indef9itely1 absolutely )\t atmosph]ic air4 ,"h !n we h a fact :i* x is important to e/abli% beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t we may prove t yea/ is n ! only organiz$ f]m5t able to live & multiply :5 out ( ! influ5ce ( free oxyg54 ,into a flask1 l t repres5t$ 9 ,,fig4 #i1 ( #b4e litres 7ab\t f\r p9ts7 9 capacity1 we put3 ,pure1 cry/alliz$1 neutral t>trate ( lime4 44 #ajj grammes ,phosphate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 44 444 4 444 #a grammes ,phosphate ( magnesium4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 44 #a grammes ,phosphate ( potassium4 444 4 444 4 444 4 44 #j4e grammes ,sulphate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 44 #j4e grammes 7#a gramme #ae4dc gra9s7 ,to ?is we add$ pure di/ill$ wat]1 s z entirely to fill ! flask4 ,9 ord] to expel all ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & adh]+ to ! solid sub/ances1 we fir/ plac$ our flask 9 a ba? ( *loride ( calcium 9 a l>ge cyl9drical :ite iron pot set ov] a flame4 ,! exit tube ( ! flask 0 plung$ 9 a te/ tube ( ,bohemian glass ?ree-qu>t]s full ( di/ill$ wat]1 & also heat$ by a flame4 ,we boil$ ! liquids 9 ! flask & te/-tube = a suffici5t "t to expel all ! air conta9$ 9 !m4 ,we !n )drew ! heat f "u ! te/- tube1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds cov]$ ! wat] :i* x conta9$ ) a lay] ( oil & !n p]mitt$ ! :ole app>atus to cool d[n4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #i ,next day we appli$ a f+] to ! op5 extremity ( ! exit- tube1 :i* we !n plung$ 9 a vessel ( m]cury4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> exp]im5t :i* we are describ+1 we p]mitt$ ! flask to rema9 9 ?is /ate = a =t-night4 ,x might h rema9$ !re = a c5tury )\t ev] manife/+ ! lea/ sign ( f]m5tation1 ! f]m5tation ( ! t>trate be+ a consequ5ce ( life1 & life aft] boil+ no long] exi/$ 9 ! flask4 ,:5 x 0 evid5t t ! cont5ts ( ! flask 7 p]fectly in]t1 we impregnat$ !m rapidly1 z foll[s3 all ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! exit-tube 0 remov$ by means ( a f9e ca\t*\c tube1 & replac$ by ab\t #a c4 7ab\t #ag m9ims7 ( liquid & deposit f ano!r flask1 simil> to ! "o we h j describ$1 b :i* _h be5 f]m5t+ spontane\sly = twelve days2 we lo/ no "t 9 refill+ completely ! exit tube ) wat] :i* _h be5 fir/ boil$ & !n cool$ d[n 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is op]ation la/$ only a few m9utes4 ,! exit-tube 0 aga9 plung$ "u m]cury4 ,subsequ5tly ! tube 0 n mov$ f "u ! m]cury1 & z x =m$ "p ( ! flask1 & !re 0 nei!r cork nor india-rubb]1 any introduction ( air 0 consequ5tly impossible4 ,! small quantity ( air introduc$ dur+ ! impregnation 0 insignificant & x might ev5 be %[n t x injur$ r ?an assi/$ ! gr[? ( ! organisms1 inasmu* z ^! consi/$ ( adult individuals :i* _h liv$ )\t air & might be liable to be damag$ or ev5 de/roy$ by x4 ,be ?is z x may1 9 a subsequ5t exp]im5t we %all f9d ! possibility remov$ ( any a]ation tak+ place 9 ?is way1 h[ev] inf9itesimal1 s t no d\bts may l+] on ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ days ! organisms multipli$1 ! deposit ( t>trate gradually disappe>$1 & a s5sible f]m5t action 0 manife/ on ! surface1 & ?r\gh\t ! bulk ( ! liquid4 ,! deposit seem$ lift$ up 9 places1 & 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( d>k-grey col\r1 puff$ up1 & hav+ an organic & gelat9\s appe>ance4 ,= sev]al days1 9 spite ( ?is action 9 ! deposit1 we detect$ no dis5gagem5t ( gas1 except :5 ! flask 0 slightly %ak51 9 :i* case r l>ge bubbles adh]+ to ! deposit rose1 c>ry+ ) !m "s solid p>ticles1 :i* quickly fell back aga91 :il/ ! bubbles dim9i%$ 9 size z !y rose1 f be+ p>tially tak5 into solution1 9 consequ5ce ( ! liquid n be+ saturat$4 ,! smalle/ bubbles _h ev5 "t to dissolve completely be=e !y c\ld rea* ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! liquid 0 saturat$1 & ! t>trate 0 gradually displac$ by mammillat$ cru/s1 or cle>1 transp>5t cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime at ! bottom & on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,! impregnation took place on ,febru>y #aj?1 & on ,m>* #ae? ! liquid 0 ne>ly saturat$4 ,! bubbles !n began to lodge 9 ! b5t "p ( ! exit-tube1 at ! top ( ! flask4 ,a glass measur+-tube conta9+ m]cury 0 n[ plac$ ) its op5 end ov] ! po9t ( ! exit-tube "u ! m]cury 9 ! tr\gh1 s t no bubble might escape4 ,a /eady evolution ( gas w5t on f ! #ag? to ! #ah?1 #ag4d cc4 7#a4jf cubic in*es7 hav+ be5 collect$4 ,?is 0 prov$ to be ne>ly absolutely pure c>bonic acid1 z inde$ might h be5 suspect$ f ! fact t ! evolution did n beg9 be=e a di/9ct saturation ( ! liquid 0 obs]v$4 ,footnote3 ,c>bonic add be+ consid]ably m soluble ?an o!r gases possible "u ! circum/ances4--,,ed4 ,! liquid1 :i* 0 turbid on ! day aft] its impregnation1 _h1 9 spite ( ! lib]ation ( gas1 aga9 become s transp>5t t we c\ld read our h&writ+ ?r\gh ! body ( ! flask4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !re 0 /ill a v active op]ation go+ on 9 ! deposit1 b x 0 conf9$ to t spot4 ,inde$1 ! sw>m+ vibrios 7 b\nd to rema9 !re1 ! t>trate ( lime be+ /ill m insoluble 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bonate ( lime ?an x is 9 pure wat]4 ,a supply ( c>bonace\s food1 at all ev5ts1 0 absolutely want+ 9 ! bulk ( ! liquid4 ,e day we cont9u$ to collect & analyze ! total am\nt ( gas dis5gag$4 ,to ! v la/ x 0 compos$ ( pure c>bonic acid gas4 ,only dur+ ! fir/ few days did ! absorption by ! conc5trat$ pota% leave a v m9ute residue4 ,by ,april #bf? all lib]ation ( gas _h ceas$1 ! la/ bubbles hav+ ris5 9 ! c\rse ( ,april #bcrd4 ,! flask _h be5 all ! "t 9 ! ov51 at a temp]ature betwe5 #be degrees ,c4 & #bh degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f4 & #hc degrees ,f474 ,! total volume ( gas collect$ 0 #b4ace litres 7#acj4b cubic in*es74 ,to obta9 ! :ole volume ( gas =m$ we _h to add to ?is :at 0 held 9 ! liquid 9 ! /ate ( acid c>bonate ( lime4 ,to det]m9e ?is we p\r$ a portion ( ! liquid f ! flask into ano!r flask ( simil> %ape1 b small]1 up to ! gaugem>k on ! neck4 ,footnote3 ,we _h to avoid fill+ ! small flask completely1 = fe> ( caus+ "s ( ! liquid to pass on to ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! measur+ tube4 ,! liquid cond5s$ by boil+ =ms pure wat]1 ! solv5t aff9ity ( :i* = c>bonic acid1 at ! temp]ature we employ1 is well kn[n4 ,?is small] flask _h be5 previ\sly fill$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,! c>bonic acid ( ! f]m5t$ liquid 0 !n expell$ by means ( heat1 & collect$ ov] m]cury4 ,9 ?is way we f\nd a volume ( #h4cbb litres 7#ejh cubic in*es7 ( gas 9 solution1 :i*1 add$ to ! #b4ace litres1 gave a total ( #aj4deg litres 7#fch4b cubic in*es7 at #bj degrees & #gfj mm41 :i*1 calculat$ to #j degrees1 ,c4 & #gfj mm4 atmosph]ic pressure 7#cb degrees ,f4 & #cj in*es7 gave a weight ( #ai4gjj grammes 7#cjb4b gra9s7 ( c>bonic acid4 ,exactly half ( ! lime 9 ! t>trate employ$ got us$ up 9 ! soluble salts =m$ dur+ f]m5tation2 ! o!r half 0 p>tly precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 p>tly dissolv$ 9 ! liquid by ! c>bonic acid4 ,! soluble salts seem$ to u to be a mixture or comb9ation ( #a equival5t ( metacetate ( lime1 ) #b equival5ts ( ! acetate1 = e #aj equival5ts ( c>bonic acid produc$1 ! :ole correspond+ to ! f]m5tation ( #c equival5ts ( neutral t>trate ( lime4 ,footnote3 ,! foll[+ is a curi\s consequ5ce ( ^! numb]s & ( ! nature ( ! products ( ?is f]m5tation4 ,! c>bonic acid lib]at$ be+ q pure1 especially :5 ! liquid has be5 boil$ to expel all air f ! flask1 & capable ( p]fect solution1 x foll[s t ! volume ( liquid be+ suffici5t & ! weight ( t>trate suitably *os5--we may set aside t>trate ( lime 9 an insoluble1 cry/all9e p[d]1 alone ) phosphates at ! bottom ( a clos$ vessel full ( wat]1 & f9d soon aft]w>ds 9 _! place c>bonate ( lime1 & 9 ! liquid soluble salts ( lime1 ) a mass ( organic matt] at ! bottom1 )\t any lib]ation ( gas or appe>ance ( f]m5tation ev] tak+ place1 except z f> z ! vital action & trans=mation 9 ! t>trate are conc]n$4 ,x is easy to calculate t a vessel or flask ( five litres 7r m ?an a gallon7 w\ld be l>ge en\gh = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is rem>kable & s+ul>ly quiet trans=mation1 9 ! case ( #ej grammes 7#gfg gra9s7 ( t>trate ( lime44 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 is wor?y ( be+ /udi$ ) great] c>e3 ! pres5t /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! products =m$ is giv5 ) all res]ve4 ,= our po9t1 inde$1 ! matt] is ( little importance1 s9ce ! equation ( ! f]m5tation does n conc]n u4 ,aft] ! completion ( f]m5tation !re 0 n a trace ( t>trate ( lime rema9+ at ! bottom ( ! vessel3 x _h disappe>$ gradually z x got brok5 up into ! diff]5t products ( f]m5tation1 & its place 0 tak5 by "s cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime--! excess1 namely1 :i* _h be5 unable to dissolve by ! action ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,associat$1 moreov]1 ) ?is c>bonate ( lime !re 0 a quantity ( "s k9d ( animal matt]1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 appe>$ to be compos$ ( masses ( granules mix$ ) v f9e filam5ts ( v>y+ l5g?s1 /udd$ ) m9ute dots1 & pres5t+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( a nitrog5\s organic sub/ance4 ,footnote3 ,we treat$ ! :ole deposit ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 :i* dissolv$ ! c>bonate ( lime & ! insoluble phosphates ( calcium & magnesium2 aft]w>ds filt]+ ! liquid ?r\gh a weigh$ filt] pap]4 ,dri$ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f471 ! weight ( ! organic matt] ?us obta9$ 0 #j4ed gramme 7#h4c gra9s71 :i* 0 r m ?an #a_/bjj ( ! weight ( f]m5table matt]4 ,t ?is 0 really ! f]m5t is evid5t en\gh f all t we h already said4 ,to conv9ce ourselves m ?or\ghly ( ! fact1 & at ! same "t to enable u to obs]ve ! mode ( activity ( ! organism1 we in/itut$ ! foll[+ supplem5t>y obs]vation4 ,side by side ) ! exp]im5t j describ$1 we conduct$ a simil> "o1 :i* we int]mitt$ aft] ! f]m5tation 0 some:at advanc$1 & ab\t half ( ! t>trate dissolv$4 ,break+ (f ) a file ! exit-tube at ! po9t :]e ! neck began to n>r[ (f1 we took "s ( ! deposit f ! bottom by means ( a long /raight piece ( tub+1 9 ord] to br+ x "u microscopical exam9ation4 ,we f\nd x to consi/ ( a ho/ ( long filam5ts ( extreme t5uity1 _! diamet] be+ ab\t #a_/ajjj? ( a millimetre 7#j4jjjjci 9472 _! l5g? v>i$1 9 "s cases be+ z mu* z #a_/bj? ( a millimetre 7#j4jjai 9474 ,a cr[d ( ^! long vibrios 7 to be se5 creep+ sl[ly along1 ) a s9u\s movem5t1 %[+ ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five flexures4 ,! filam5ts t 7 at re/ _h ! same aspect z ^! la/1 ) ! exception t !y appe>$ punctuate1 z ?\gh compos$ ( a s]ies ( granules arrang$ 9 irregul> ord]4 ,no d\bt ^! 7 vibrios 9 :i* vital action _h ceas$1 exhau/$ specim5s :i* we may comp>e ) ! old granul> f]m5t ( be]1 :il/ ^? 9 motion may be comp>$ ) "y & vigor\s yea/4 ,! abs5ce ( movem5t 9 ! =m] seems to prove t ?is view is correct4 ,bo? k9ds %[$ a t5d5cy to =m clu/]s1 ! compactness ( :i* imp$$ ! movem5ts ( ^? :i* 7 9 motion4 ,moreov]1 x 0 noticeable t ! masses ( ^! latt] re/$ on t>trate n yet dissolv$1 :il/ ! granul> clu/]s ( ! o!rs re/$ directly on ! glass1 at ! bottom ( ! flask1 z if1 hav+ decompos$ ! t>trate1 ! only c>bonace\s food at _! disposal1 !y _h !n di$ on ! spot :]e we captur$ !m1 f inability to escape1 precisely 9 consequ5ce ( t /ate ( entanglem5t :i* !y comb9$ to =m1 dur+ ! p]iod ( _! active developm5t4 ,besides ^! we obs]v$ vibrios ( ! same diamet]1 b ( mu* small] l5g?1 :irl+ r\nd ) great rapidity1 & d>t+ backw>ds & =w>ds2 ^! 7 probably id5tical ) ! long] ones1 & possess$ great] fre$om ( movem5t1 no d\bt 9 consequ5ce ( _! %ortness4 ,n "o ( ^! vibrios c\ld be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! liquid4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,figure #aj4 ,we may rem>k t z !re 0 a some:at putrid od\r f ! deposit 9 :i* ! vibrios sw>m$1 ! action mu/ h be5 "o ( r$uction1 & no d\bt to ?is fact 0 due ! greyi% coloration ( ! deposit4 ,we suppose t ! sub/ances employ$1 h[ev] pure1 always conta9 "s trace ( iron1 :i* becomes conv]t$ into ! sulphide1 ! black col\r ( :i* w\ld modify ! orig9ally :ite deposit ( insoluble t>trate & phosphate4 ,b :at is ! nature ( ^! vibrios8 ,we h already said t we believe t !y are no?+ b ! ord9>y vibrios ( putrefaction1 r$uc$ to a /ate ( extreme t5uity by ! special conditions ( nutrition involv$ 9 ! f]m5table m$ium us$2 9 a ^w1 we ?9k t ! f]m5tation 9 "q might be call$ putrefaction ( t>trate ( lime4 ,x w\ld be easy en\gh to det]m9e ?is po9t by gr[+ ! vibrios ( su* f]m5tation 9 m$ia adapt$ to ! production ( ! ord9>y =ms ( vibrio2 b ?is is an exp]im5t :i* we h n ourselves tri$4 ,"o ^w m on ! subject ( ^! curi\s be+s4 ,9 a great _m ( !m !re appe>s to be some?+ l a cle> spot1 a k9d ( bead1 at "o ( _! extremities4 ,?is is an illusion aris+ f ! fact t ! extremity ( ^! vibrios is curv$1 hang+ d[nw>ds1 ?us caus+ a great] refraction at t p>ticul> po9t1 & lead+ u to ?9k t ! diamet] is great] at t extremity4 ,we may easily undeceive ourselves if we wat* ! movem5ts ( ! vibrio1 :5 we w readily recognize ! b5d1 especially z x is br\ght into ! v]tical plane pass+ ov] ! re/ ( ! filam5t4 ,9 ?is way we w see ! bright spot1 ,,! ,,head1 disappe>1 & !n reappe>4 ,! *ief inf]5ce t x conc]ns u to draw f ! prec$+ facts is "o :i* _c admit ( d\bt1 & :i* we ne$ n insi/ on any fur!r--namely t vibrios1 z met ) 9 ! f]m5tation ( neutral t>trate ( lime1 are able to live & multiply :5 entirely depriv$ ( air4 ,v4--,,ano!r ,,example ,,( ,,life ,,)\t ,,air--,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,lactate ,,( ,,lime ,z ano!r example ( life )\t air1 accompani$ by f]m5tation prop]ly s call$1 we may la/ly cite ! f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime 9 a m9]al m$ium4 ,9 ! exp]im5t describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 x w be rememb]$ t ! f]m5t liquid & ! g]ms employ$ 9 its impregnation came 9 contact ) air1 al?\gh only = a v brief "t4 ,n[1 not)/&+ t we possess exact obs]vations :i* prove t ! diffusion ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 a liquid absolutely depriv$ ( air1 s f> f tak+ place rapidly1 is1 on ! contr>y1 a v sl[ process inde$2 yet we 7 anxi\s to gu>d ! exp]im5t t we are ab\t to describe f ! slighte/ possible trace ( oxyg5 at ! mom5t ( impregnation4 ,we employ$ a liquid prep>$ z foll[s3 ,into f #i to #aj litres 7some:at ov] #b gallons7 ( pure wat] ! foll[+ salts ,footnote3 ,%\ld ! solution ( lactate ( lime be turbid1 x may be cl>ifi$ by filtration1 aft] previ\sly add+ a small quantity ( phosphate ( ammonia1 :i* ?r[s d[n phosphate ( lime4 ,x is only aft] ?is process ( cl>ification & filtration t ! phosphates ( ! =mula are add$4 ,! solution soon becomes turbid if left 9 contact ) air1 9 consequ5ce ( ! spontane\s =mation ( bact]ia4 7 introduc$ successively1 viz3 ,pure lactate ( lime4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 44 #bbe grammes ,phosphate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 44 #j4ge grammes ,phosphate ( potassium4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 44 #j4d grammes ,sulphate ( magnesium4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 444 #j4d grammes ,sulphate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 #j4b grammes 7#a gramme #ae4dc gra9s47 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #aa ,on ,m>* #bcrd1 #ahge1 we fill$ a #f litre 7ab\t #aa p9ts7 flask1 ( ! %ape repres5t$ 9 ,,fig4 #aa1 & plac$ x ov] a heat]4 ,ano!r flame 0 plac$ bel[ a vessel conta9+ ! same liquid1 into :i* ! curv$ tube ( ! flask plung$4 ,! liquids 9 ! flask & 9 ! bas9 7 rais$ to boil+ toge!r1 & kept 9 ?is condition = m ?an half-an-h\r1 s z to expel all ! air held 9 solution4 ,! liquid 0 sev]al times =c$ out ( ! flask by ! /eam1 & suck$ back aga92 b ! portion :i* re-ent]$ ! flask 0 always boil+4 ,on ! foll[+ day :5 ! flask _h cool$1 we transf]r$ ! end ( ! deliv]y tube to a vessel full ( m]cury & plac$ ! :ole app>atus 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature v>y+ betwe5 #be degrees ,c4 & #cj degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f4 & #hf degrees ,f47 !n1 aft] hav+ refill$ ! small cyl9drical tap-funnel ) c>bonic acid1 we pass$ into x ) all necess>y precautions #aj cc4 7#j4ce fl4 oz7 ( a liquid simil> to t describ$1 :i* _h be5 already 9 active f]m5tation = sev]al days out ( contact ) air & n[ sw>m$ ) vibrios4 ,we !n turn$ ! tap ( ! funnel1 until only a small quantity ( liquid 0 left1 j en\gh to prev5t ! access ( air4 ,9 ?is way ! impregnation 0 accompli%$ )\t ei!r ! f]m5t-liquid or ! f]m5t- g]ms hav+ be5 br\ght 9 contact1 ev5 = ! %orte/ space1 ) ! ext]nal air4 ,! f]m5tation1 ! occurr5ce ( :i* at an e>li] or lat] p]iod dep5ds = ! mo/ "p on ! condition ( ! impregnat+ g]ms1 & ! numb] introduc$ 9 ! act1 9 ?is case began to manife/ itself by ! appe>ance ( m9ute bubbles f ,m>* #bi?4 ,b n until ,april #i? did we obs]ve bubbles ( l>g] size rise to ! surface4 ,f t date onw>d !y cont9u$ to come 9 increas+ numb]1 f c]ta9 po9ts at ! bottom ( ! flask1 :]e a deposit ( e>?y phosphates exi/$2 & at ! same "t ! liquid1 :i* = ! fir/ few days rema9$ p]fectly cle>1 began to gr[ turbid 9 consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( vibrios4 ,x 0 on ! same day t we fir/ obs]v$ a deposit on ! sides ( c>bonate ( lime 9 cry/als4 ,x is a matt] ( "s int]e/ to notice "h t1 9 ! mode ( proc$ure adopt$1 ev]y?+ comb9$ to prev5t ! int]f]5ce ( air4 ,a portion ( ! liquid expell$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 p>tly because ( ! increas$ temp]ature 9 ! ov5 & p>tly also by ! =ce ( ! gas1 z x began to be evolv$ f ! f]m5tative action1 rea*$ ! surface ( ! m]cury1 :]e1 be+ ! mo/ suitable m$ium we "k = ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 x spe$ily sw>m$ ) ^! organisms4 ,footnote3 ,! naturali/ ,cohn1 ( ,breslau1 :o publi%$ an excell5t "w on bact]ia 9 #ahgb1 describ$1 aft] ,may]1 ! composition ( a liquid peculi>ly adapt$ to ! propagation ( ^! organisms1 :i* x w\ld be well to comp>e = its utility 9 /udies ( ?is k9d ) our solution ( lactate & phosphates4 ,! foll[+ is ,cohn's =mula3 ,di/ill$ wat]4 444 4 444 4 444 4 44#bj cc4 7#j4g fl4 oz47 ,phosphate ( potassium4 444 4 444 444#j4a gramme 7#a4e gra9s7 ,sulphate ( magnesium4 444 4 444 4 #j4a gramme 7#a4e gra9s7 ,tribasic phosphate ( lime4 444 444 #j4ja gramme 7#j4ae gra97 ,t>trate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 444 #j4b gramme 7#c gra9s7 ,?is liquid1 ! au?or says1 has a feeble acid reaction & =ms a p]fectly cle> solution4 ,9 ?is way any passage ( air1 if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 betwe5 ! m]cury & ! sides ( ! deliv]y-tube 0 altoge!r prev5t$1 s9ce ! bact]ia w\ld consume e trace ( oxyg5 :i* might be dissolv$ 9 ! liquid ly+ on ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,h5ce x is impossible to imag9e t ! slighte/ trace ( oxyg5 c\ld h got into ! liquid 9 ! flask4 ,be=e pass+ on we may rem>k t 9 ?is ready absorption ( oxyg5 by bact]ia we h a means ( depriv+ f]m5table liquids ( e trace ( t gas ) a facility & success equal or ev5 great] ?an by ! prelim9>y me?od ( boil+4 ,su* a solution z we h describ$1 if kept at summ] heat1 )\t any previ\s boil+1 becomes turbid 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs f a ,,spontane\s developm5t ( bact]ia2 & x is easy to prove t !y absorb all ! oxyg5 held 9 solution4 ,footnote3 ,on ! rapid absorption ( oxyg5 by bact]ia1 see also our ,memoire ( #ahgb1 sur les ,g5]ations dites ,spontanees1 especially ! note on page #gh4 ,if we completely fill a flask ( a few litres capacity 7ab\t a gallon7 7,fig4 #i7 ) ! liquid describ$1 tak+ c>e to h ! deliv]y-tube also fill$1 & its op5+ plung$ "u m]cury1 &1 =ty- eight h\rs aft]w>ds by means ( a *loride ( calcium ba?1 expel f ! liquid on ! surface ( ! m]cury all ! gas :i* x holds 9 solution1 ?is gas1 :5 analyz$1 w be f\nd to be compos$ ( a mixture ( nitrog5 & c>bonic acid gas1 ,,)\t ,,! ,,lea/ ,,trace ,,( ,,oxyg54 ,"h1 !n1 we h an excell5t means ( depriv+ ! f]m5table liquid ( air2 we simply h completely to fill a flask ) ! liquid1 & place x 9 ! ov51 m]ely avoid+ any addition ( butyric vibrios1 be=e ! lapse ( two or ?ree days4 ,we may wait ev5 long]2 & !n1 if ! liquid does become impregnat$ spontane\sly ) vibrio g]ms1 ! liquid1 :i* at fir/ 0 turbid f ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 w become bright aga91 s9ce ! bact]ia1 :5 depriv$ ( life1 or1 at lea/1 ( ! p[] ( mov+1 aft] !y h exhau/$ all ! oxyg5 9 solution1 w fall in]t to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,on sev]al occasions we h det]m9$ ?is int]e/+ fact1 :i* t5ds to prove t ! butyric vibrios _c be reg>d$ z ano!r =m ( bact]ia1 inasmu* z1 on ! hypo!sis ( an orig9al relation betwe5 ! two productions1 butyric f]m5tation ought 9 e case to foll[ ! gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,we may also call att5tion to ano!r /rik+ exp]im5t1 well suit$ to %[ ! effect ( diff]5ces 9 ! composition ( ! m$ium ^u ! propagation ( microscopic be+s4 ,! f]m5tation :i* we la/ describ$ comm5c$ on ,m>* #bg? & cont9u$ until ,may #aj?2 t to :i* we are n[ to ref]1 h[ev]1 0 complet$ 9 f\r days1 ! liquid employ$ be+ simil> 9 composition & quantity to t employ$ 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,on ,april #bc1 #ahge1 we fill$ a flask ( ! same %ape z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & ( simil> capacity1 viz41 #f litres1 ) a liquid compos$ z describ$ at page #fi4 ,?is liquid _h be5 previ\sly left to itself = five days 9 l>ge op5 flasks1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x _h develop$ an abundant gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,on ! fif? day a few bubbles1 ris+ f ! bottom ( ! vessels1 at long int]vals1 betok5$ ! comm5cem5t ( butyric f]m5tation1 a fact1 moreov]1 confirm$ by ! microscope1 9 ! appe>ance ( ! vibrios ( ?is f]m5tation 9 specim5s ( ! liquid tak5 f ! bottom ( ! vessels1 ! middle ( its mass1 & ev5 9 ! lay] on ! surface t 0 sw>m+ ) bact]ia4 ,we transf]r$ ! liquid s prep>$ to ! #f litre flask arrang$ ov] ! m]cury4 ,by ev5+ a tol]ably active f]m5tation _h begun to manife/ itself4 ,on ! #bd? ?is f]m5tation 0 proce$+ ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ ! #be? & #bf?4 ,dur+ ! ev5+ ( ! #bf? x slack5$1 & on ! #bg? all signs ( f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,?is 0 n1 z might be suppos$1 a sudd5 /oppage due to "s unkn[n cause2 ! f]m5tation 0 actually complet$1 = :5 we exam9$ ! f]m5t$ liquid on ! #bh? we c\ld n f9d ! smalle/ quantity ( lactate ( lime4 ,if ! ne$s ( indu/ry %\ld ev] require ! production ( l>ge quantities ( butyric acid1 !re w\ld1 beyond d\bt1 be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ fact valuable in=mation 9 devis+ an easy me?od ( prep>+ t product 9 abundance4 ,footnote3 ,9 :at way are we to acc\nt = s great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two f]m5tations t we h j describ$8 ,probably x 0 ow+ to "s modification effect$ 9 ! m$ium by ! previ\s life ( ! bact]ia1 or to ! special "* ( ! vibrios us$ 9 impregnation4 ,or1 aga91 x might h be5 due to ! action ( ! air1 :i*1 "u ! conditions ( our second exp]im5t1 0 n absolutely elim9at$1 s9ce we took no precaution aga9/ its introduction at ! mom5t ( fill+ our flask1 & ?is w\ld t5d to facilitate ! multiplication ( ana]obian vibrios1 j z1 "u simil> conditions1 w\ld h be5 ! case if we _h be5 deal+ ) a f]m5tation by ord9>y yea/4 ,be=e we g any fur!r1 let u devote "s att5tion to ! vibrios ( ! prec$+ f]m5tations4 ,on ,may #bg?1 #ahfb1 we completely fill$ a flask capable ( hold+ #b4ghj litres 7ab\t five p9ts7 ) ! solution ( lactate & phosphates4 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is case ! liquid 0 compos$ z foll[s3 ,a saturat$ solution ( lactate ( lime1 at a temp]ature ( #be degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f471 0 prep>$1 conta9+ = e #a,,oo cc4 7#c #a_/b fl4 oz47 #be4fe grammes 7#cid gra9s7 ( ! lactate1 ,c#f ,h#e ,o#e ,ca ,o 7,,new ,,notation1 ,c#f ,h#aj ,ca ,o#f7 ,?is solution 0 r5d]$ v cle> by ! addition ( #a gramme ( phosphate ( ammonia & subsequ5t filtration4 ,= a volume ( #h litres 7#ad p9ts7 ( ?is cle> saturat$ solution we us$ 7#a gramme #ae4dc gra9s73 ,phosphate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 #b grammes ,phosphate ( potassium4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 #a gramme ,phosphate ( magnesium4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 #a gramme ,sulphate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 #j4e gramme ,we refra9$ f impregnat+ x ) any g]ms4 ,! liquid became turbid f a developm5t ( bact]ia & !n und]w5t butyric f]m5tation4 ,by ,june #i? ! f]m5tation _h become suffici5tly active to enable u to collect 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ov] m]cury1 z 9 all our exp]im5ts1 ab\t #ajj cc4 7ab\t #f cubic in*es7 ( gas4 ,by ,june #aa?1 judg+ f ! volume ( gas lib]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! activity ( ! f]m5tation _h d\bl$4 ,we exam9$ a drop ( ! turbid liquid4 ,"h are ! notes accompany+ ! sket* 7,fig4 #ab7 z !y /& 9 our note-book3 ,a sw>m ( vibrios1 s active 9 _! movem5ts t ! eye has great difficulty 9 foll[+ !m4 ,!y may be se5 9 pairs ?r\gh\t ! field1 app>5tly mak+ ef=ts to sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,! connection w\ld seem to be by "s invisible1 gelat9\s ?read1 :i* yields s f> to _! ef=ts t !y succe$ 9 break+ away f actual contact1 b yet are1 = a :ile1 s f> re/ra9$ t ! movem5ts ( "o h a visible effect on ^? ( ! o!r4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 we see a complete sep>ation effect$1 & ea* moves on its sep>ate way ) an activity great] ?an x ev] _h be=e4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,fig4 #ab ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods t c be employ$ = ! microscopical exam9ation ( ^! vibrios1 q out ( contact ) air1 is ! foll[+4 ,aft] butyric f]m5tation has be5 go+ on = sev]al days 9 a flask1 7,fig4 #ac71 we connect ?is flask by an india-rubb] tube ) "o ( ! flatt5$ bulbs previ\sly describ$1 :i* we !n place on ! /age ( ! microscope 7,fig4 #ac74 ,:5 we wi% to make an obs]vation we close1 "u ! m]cury1 at ! po9t ,b1 ! end ( ! drawn- out & b5t deliv]y-tube4 ,! cont9u$ evolution ( gas soon ex]ts su* a pressure )9 ! flask1 t :5 we op5 ! tap ,r1 ! liquid is driv5 into ! bulb ,,ll1 until x becomes q full & ! liquid fl[s ov] into ! glass ,v4 ,9 ?is mann] we may br+ ! vibrios "u obs]vation )\t _! com+ into contact ) ! lea/ trace ( air1 & ) z mu* success z if ! bulb1 :i* takes ! place ( an object glass1 _h be5 plung$ into ! v c5tre ( ! flask4 ,! movem5ts & fissip>\s multiplication ( ! vibrios may ?us be se5 9 all _! beauty1 & x is inde$ a mo/ int]e/+ sight4 ,! movem5ts d n imm$iately cease :5 ! temp]ature is sudd5ly l[]$1 ev5 to a consid]able ext5t1 #ae degrees ,c4 7#ei degrees ,f47 = example2 !y are only slack5$4 ,nev]!less1 x is bett] to obs]ve !m at ! temp]atures mo/ fav\rable to f]m5tation1 ev5 9 ! ov5 :]e ! vessels employ$ 9 ! exp]im5t are kept at a temp]ature betwe5 #be degrees ,c4 & #cj degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f4 & #hf degrees ,f474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,we may n[ cont9ue our acc\nt ( ! f]m5tation :i* we 7 /udy+ :5 we made ?is la/ digression4 ,on ,june #ag? t f]m5tation produc$ ?ree times z mu* gas z x did on ,june #aa?1 :5 ! residue ( hydrog51 aft] absorption by pota%1 0 #gb4f p] c5t42 :il/ on ! #ag? x 0 only #di4b p] c5t4 ,let u aga9 discuss ! microscopic aspect ( ! turbid liquid at ?is /age4 ,app5d$ is ! sket* we made 7,fig4 #ad7 & our notes on x3 ,a mo/ beautiful object3 vibrios all 9 motion1 advanc+ or undulat+4 ,!y h gr[n consid]ably 9 bulk & l5g? s9ce ! #aa?2 _m ( !m are jo9$ toge!r 9 long s9u\s *a9s1 v mobile at ! articulations1 visibly less active & m wav]+ 9 proportion to ! numb] t g to =m ! *a91 ( ! l5g? ( ! individuals4 ,?is description is applicable to ! majority ( ! vibrios :i* occur 9 cyl9drical rods & are homog5e\s 9 aspect4 ,!re are o!rs1 ( r>e occurr5ce 9 *a9s1 :i* h a cle> corpuscle1 t is to say1 a portion m refractive ?an o!r p>ts ( ! segm5ts1 at "o ( _! extremities4 ,sometimes ! =emo/ segm5t has ! corpuscle at "o end1 sometimes ! o!r4 ,! long segm5ts ( ! common] k9d atta9 a l5g? ( f #aj to #cj & ev5 #de ?\s&?s ( a millimetre4 ,_! diamet] is f #a #a_/b to #b1 v r>ely #c1 ?\s&?s ( a millimetre4 ,footnote3 #a millimetre #j4jci in*3 h5ce ! dim5sions indicat$ w be--l5g?1 f #j4jjjci to #j4jjaag1 or ev5 #j4jjagf 942 diamet]1 f #j4jjjjeh to #j4jjjjgh1 r>ely #j4jjjaag 94--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4 ,on ,june #bh?1 f]m5tation 0 q f9i%$2 !re 0 no long] any trace ( gas1 nor any lactate 9 solution4 ,all ! infusoria 7 ly+ motionless at ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,! liquid cl>ifi$ by degrees1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few days became q bright4 ,"h we may inquire1 7 ^! motionless infusoria1 :i* f complete exhau/ion ( ! lactate1 ! s\rce ( ! c>bonace\s "p ( _! food1 7 n[ ly+ in]t at ! bottom ( ! f]m5t+ vessel--7 !y dead beyond ! p[] ( revival8 ,footnote3 ,! c>bonace\s supply1 z we rem>k$1 _h fail$ !m1 & to ?is failure ! abs5ce ( vital action1 nutrition1 & multiplication 0 attributable4 ,! liquid1 h[ev]1 conta9$ butyrate ( lime1 a salt possess+ prop]ties simil> to ^? ( ! lactate4 ,:y c\ld n ?is salt equally well support ! life ( ! vibrios8 ,! explanation ( ! difficulty seems to u to lie simply 9 ! fact t lactic acid produces heat by its decomposition1 :il/ butyric acid does n1 & ! vibrios seem to require heat dur+ ! *emical process ( _! nutrition4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t leads u to believe t !y 7 n p]fectly lifeless1 & t !y might behave 9 ! same mann] z ! yea/ ( be]1 :i*1 aft] x has decompos$ all ! sug> 9 a f]m5table liquid1 is ready to revive & multiply 9 a fre% sac*>9e m$ium4 ,on ,april #bbnd1 #ahge1 we left 9 ! ov5 at a temp]ature ( #be degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f47 a f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime t _h be5 complet$4 ,! deliv]y tube ( ! flask ,a1 7,fig4 #ae71 9 :i* x _h tak5 place1 _h nev] be5 )drawn f "u ! m]cury4 ,we kept ! liquid "u obs]vation daily1 & saw x gradually become bright]2 ?is w5t on = fifte5 days4 ,we !n fill$ a simil> flask1 ,b1 ) ! solution ( lactate1 :i* we boil$1 n only to kill ! g]ms ( vibrios :i* ! liquid might conta91 b also to expel ! air t x held 9 solution4 ,:5 ! flask1 ,b1 _h cool$1 we connect$ ! two flasks1 avoid+ ! introduction ( air1 ,footnote3 ,to d ?is x is suffici5t1 fir/1 to fill ! curv$ ends ( ! /op-cock$ tubes ( ! flasks1 z well z ! india-rubb] tube ,c ,c :i* connects !m1 ) boil+ wat] t conta9s no air4 aft] hav+ slightly %ak5 ! flask1 ,a1 to /ir up ! deposit at ! bottom4 ,!re 0 !n a pressure due to c>bonic acid at ! end ( ! deliv]y tube ( ?is latt] flask1 at ! po9t ,a1 s t on op5+ ! taps ,r & ,s1 ! deposit at ! bottom ( flask ,a 0 driv5 ov] into flask ,b1 :i* 9 consequ5ce 0 impregnat$ ) ! deposit ( a f]m5tation t _h be5 complet$ fifte5 days be=e4 ,two days aft] impregnation ! flask ,b began to %[ signs ( f]m5tation4 ,x foll[s t ! deposit ( vibrios ( a complet$ butyric f]m5tation may be kept1 at lea/ = a c]ta9 "t1 )\t los+ ! p[] ( caus+ fem5tation4 ,x furni%es a butyric f]m5t1 capable ( revival & action 9 a suitable fre% f]m5table m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,! read] :o has att5tively /udi$ ! facts :i* we h plac$ be=e him _c1 9 our op9ion1 ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt on ! subject ( ! possible multiplication ( ! vibrios ( a f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime out ( contact ) atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,if fre% pro(s ( ?is important proposition 7 necess>y1 !y might be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ obs]vations1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t atmosph]ic oxyg5 is capable ( sudd5ly *eck+ a f]m5tation produc$ by butyric vibrios1 & r5d]+ !m absolutely motionless1 s t x _c be necess>y to enable !m to live4 ,on ,may #g?1 #ahfb1 we plac$ 9 ! ov5 a flask hold+ #b4ehj litres 7#d #a_/b p9ts71 & fill$ ) ! solution ( lactate ( lime & phosphates1 :i* we _h impregnat$ on ! #i? ) two drops ( a liquid 9 butyric f]m5tation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days f]m5tation decl>$ itself3 on ! #ah? x 0 active2 on ! #cj? x 0 v active4 ,on ,june #a/ x yield$ h\rly #ce cc4 7#b4c cubic in*es7 ( gas1 conta9+ t5 p] c5t1 ( hydrog54 ,on ! #bnd we began ! /udy ( ! action ( air on ! vibrios ( ?is f]m5tation4 ,to d ?is we cut (f ! deliv]y-tube on a level ) its po9t ( junction to ! flask1 !n ) a #ej cc4 pipette we took out t quantity 7#a #c_/d fl4 oz47 ( liquid :i* 01 ( c\rse1 replac$ at once by air4 ,we !n rev]s$ ! flask ) ! op5+ "u ! m]cury1 & %ook x e t5 m9utes = m ?an an h\r4 ,wi%+ to make sure1 to beg9 )1 t ! oxyg5 _h be5 absorb$ we connect$ "u ! m]cury ! beak ( ! flask by means ( a ?9 india-rubb] tube fill$ ) wat]1 ) a small flask1 ! neck ( :i* _h be5 drawn out & 0 fill$ ) wat]2 we !n rais$ ! l>ge flask ) ! small] kept above x4 ,a ,mohr's clip1 :i* clos$ ! india-rubb] tube1 & :i* we !n op5$1 p]mitt$ ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! small flask to pass into ! l>ge "o1 :il/ ! gas1 on ! contr>y1 pass$ upw>ds f ! l>ge flask into ! small "o4 ,we analyz$ ! gas imm$iately1 & f\nd t1 all[+ = ! c>bonic acid & hydrog51 x did n conta9 m ?an #ad4b p] c5t4 ( oxyg51 :i* corresponds to an absorption ( #f4f cc41 or ( #c4c cc4 7#j4b cubic in*7 ( oxyg5 = ! #ej cc4 7#c4je cubic in*es7 ( air employ$4 ,la/ly1 we aga9 e/abli%$ connection by an india- rubb] tube betwe5 ! flasks1 aft] hav+ se5 by microscopical exam9ation t ! movem5ts ( ! vibrios 7 v languid4 ,f]m5tation _h become less vigor\s )\t hav+ actually ceas$1 no d\bt because "s portions ( ! liquid _h n be5 br\ght into contact ) ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 9 spite ( ! prolong$ %ak+ t ! flask _h und]gone aft] ! introduction ( ! air4 ,:atev] ! cause might h be51 ! significance ( ! ph5om5on is n d\btful4 ,to assure ourselves fur!r ( ! effect ( air on ! vibrios1 we half fill$ two te/ tubes ) ! f]m5t+ liquid tak5 f ano!r f]m5tation :i* _h also atta9$ its maximum ( int5sity1 into "o ( :i* we pass$ a curr5t ( air1 into ! o!r c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r1 all ! vibrios 9 ! a]at$ tube 7 dead1 or at lea/ motionless1 & f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,9 ! o!r tube1 aft] ?ree h\rs' exposure to ! effects ( ! c>bonic acid gas1 ! vibrios 7 /ill v active1 & f]m5tation 0 go+ on4 ,!re is a mo/ simple me?od ( obs]v+ ! deadly effect ( atmosph]ic air ^u vibrios4 ,we h se5 9 ! microscopical exam9ation made by means ( ! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,,fig4 #ac1 h[ rem>kable 7 ! movem5ts ( ! vibrios :5 absolutely depriv$ ( air1 & h[ easy x 0 to disc]n !m4 ,we w repeat ?is obs]vation1 & at ! same "t make a comp>ative /udy ( ! same liquid "u ! microscope 9 ! ord9>y way1 t is to say1 by plac+ a drop ( ! liquid on an object-glass1 & cov]+ x ) a ?9 glass slip1 a me?od :i* mu/ necess>ily br+ ! drop into contact ) air1 if only = a mom5t4 ,x is surpris+ :at a rem>kable diff]5ce is obs]v$ imm$iately betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! vibrios 9 ! bulb & ^? "u ! glass4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 we g5]ally see all movem5t at once cease ne> ! edges ( ! glass1 :]e ! drop ( liquid is 9 direct contact ) ! air2 ! movem5ts cont9ue = a long] or %ort] "t ab\t ! c5tre1 9 proportion z ! air is m or less int]cept$ by ! vibrios at ! circumf]5ce ( ! liquid4 ,x does n require mu* skill 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d to enable "o to see pla9ly t imm$iately aft] ! glass has be5 plac$ on ! drop1 :i* has be5 affect$ all ov] by atmosph]ic air1 ! :ole ( ! vibrios seem to langui% & to manife/ symptoms ( illness--we c ?9k ( no bett] expression to expla9 :at we see tak+ place--& t !y gradually recov] _! activity ab\t ! c5tre1 9 proportion z !y f9d !mselves 9 a "p ( ! m$ium t is less affect$ by ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,"s ( ! mo/ curi\s facts are to be f\nd 9 connection ) an obs]vation1 ! correlative & inv]se ( ! =ego+1 on ! ord9>y a]obian bact]ia4 ,if we exam9e bel[ ! microscope a drop ( liquid full ( ^! organisms "u a cov]slip1 we v soon obs]ve a cessation ( motion 9 all ! bact]ia :i* lie 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! liquid1 :]e ! oxyg5 rapidly disappe>s to supply ! necessities ( ! bact]ia exi/+ !re2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ne> ! edges ( ! cov]-glass ! movem5ts are v active1 9 consequ5ce ( ! con/ant supply ( air4 ,9 spite ( ! spe$y dea? ( ! bact]ia b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! glass1 we see life prolong$ !re if by *ance a bubble ( air has be5 enclos$4 ,all r\nd ?is bubble a va/ numb] ( bact]ia collect 9 a ?ick1 mov+ circle1 b z soon z all ! oxyg5 ( ! bubble has be5 absorb$ !y fall app>5tly lifeless1 & are scatt]$ by ! movem5t ( ! liquid4 ,footnote3 ,we f9d ?is fact1 :i* we publi%$ z long ago z #ahfc1 confirm$ 9 a "w ( ,h4 ,h(fman's1 publi%$ 9 #ahfa "u ! title ( ,memoire sur les bact]ies1 :i* has appe>$ 9 ,fr5* 7,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 #e? s]ies1 vol4 ix474 ,on ?is subject we may cite an obs]vation t has n yet be5 publi%$4 ,a]obian bact]ia lose all p[] ( movem5t :5 sudd5ly plung$ into c>bonic acid gas2 !y recov] x1 h[ev]1 z if !y _h only be5 suff]+ f anae/hesia1 z soon z !y are br\ght into ! air aga94 ,we may "h be p]mitt$ to add1 z a purely hi/orical matt]1 t x 0 ^! two obs]vations j describ$1 made successively "o day 9 #ahfa1 on vibrios & bact]ia1 t fir/ sugge/$ to u ! idea ( ! possibility ( life )\t air1 & caus$ u to ?9k t ! vibrios :i* we met s frequ5tly 9 our lactic f]m5tations mu/ be ! true butyric f]m5t4 ,we may pause to consid] an int]e/+ "q 9 ref]5ce to ! two *>act]s "u :i* vibrios appe> 9 butyric f]m5tations4 ,:at is ! reason t "s vibrios exhibit refractive corpuscles1 g5]ally ( a l5ticul> =m1 su* z we see 9 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,we are /rongly incl9$ to believe t ^! corpuscles h to d ) a special mode ( reproduction 9 ! vibrios1 common alike to ! ana]obian =ms :i* we are /udy+1 & ! ord9>y a]obian =ms 9 :i* also ! corpuscles ( :i* we are speak+ may occur4 ,! explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 f our po9t ( view1 w\ld be t1 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( fisip>\s g5]ations1 & "u ! influ5ce ( v>iations 9 ! composition ( ! m$ium1 :i* is con/antly *ang+ ?r\gh f]m5tation z well z ?r\gh ! active life ( ! vibrios !mselves1 cy/s1 :i* are simply ! refractive corpuscles1 =m along !m at diff]5t po9ts4 ,f ^! gemmules we h ultimately produc$ vibrios1 ready to reproduce o!rs by ! process ( transv]se division = a c]ta9 "t1 to be !mselves ency/$1 lat] on4 ,v>i\s obs]vations incl9e u to believe t1 9 _! ord9>y =m ( m9ute1 s(t1 exub]ant rods1 ! vibrios p]i% :5 submitt$ to desiccation1 b :5 !y occur 9 corpuscul> or ency/$ =m !y possess unusual p[]s ( resi/ance & may be br\ght to ! /ate ( dry du/ & be waft$ ab\t by w9ds4 ,none ( ! matt] :i* surr\nds ! corpuscle or cy/ seems to take "p 9 ! pres]vation ( ! g]m1 :5 ! cy/ is =m$1 = x is all re-absorb$1 gradually leav+ ! cy/ b>e4 ,! cy/s appe> z masses ( corpuscles1 9 :i* ! mo/ practic$ eye _c detect any?+ ( an organic nature1 or any?+ to rem9d "o ( ! vibrios :i* produc$ !m2 nev]!less1 ^! m9ute bodies are end[$ ) a lat5t vital action1 & only await fav\rable conditions to develop long rods ( vibrios4 ,we are n1 x is true1 9 a position to adduce any v =cible pro(s 9 support ( ^! op9ions4 ,!y h be5 sugge/$ to u by exp]im5ts1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 h be5 absolutely decisive 9 _! fav\r4 ,we may cite "o ( our obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,9 a f]m5tation ( glyc]9e 9 a m9]al m$ium--! glyc]9e 0 f]m5t+ "u ! influ5ce ( butyric vibrios--aft] we _h det]m9$ !1 we may say1 exclusive pres5ce ( l5ticul> vibrios1 ) refractive corpuscles1 we obs]v$ ! f]m5tation1 :i* = "s unkn[n reason _h be5 v languid1 sudd5ly become extremely active1 b n[ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ord9>y vibrios4 ,! gemmules ) brilliant corpuscles _h almo/ disappe>$2 we c\ld see b v few1 & ^? n[ consi/$ ( ! refractive bodies alone1 ! bulk ( ! vibrios accompany+ !m hav+ und]gone "s process ( re-absorption4 ,ano!r obs]vation :i* /ill m closely accords ) ?is hypo!sis is giv5 9 our "w on silk-worm disease 7vol4 #a1 p4 #bef74 ,we !re demon/rat$ t1 :5 we place 9 wat] "s ( ! du/ =m$ ( desiccat$ vibrios1 conta9+ a ho/ ( ^! refractive corpuscles1 9 ! c\rse ( a v few h\rs l>ge vibrios appe>1 well-develop$ rods fully gr[n1 9 :i* ! brilliant po9ts are abs5t2 :il/ 9 ! wat] no process ( developm5t f small] vibrios is to be disc]n$1 a fact :i* seems to %[ t ! =m] _h issu$ fully gr[n f ! refractive corpuscles1 j z we see colpoda issue ) _! adult aspect f ! du/ ( _! cy/s4 ,?is obs]vation1 we may rem>k1 furni%es "o ( ! be/ pro(s t c be adduc$ aga9/ ! spontane\s g5]ation ( vibrios or bact]ia1 s9ce x is probable t ! same obs]vation applies to bact]ia4 ,x is true t we _c say ( m]e po9ts ( du/ exam9$ "u ! microscope1 t "o p>ticul> g]m belongs to vibrio1 ano!r to bact]ium2 b h[ is x possible to d\bt t ! vibrios issue1 z we see !m1 f an ovum ( "s k9d1 a cy/1 or g]m1 ( det]m9ate "*1 :51 aft] hav+ plac$ "s ( ^? indet]m9ate motes ( du/ into clean wat]1 we sudd5ly see1 aft] an int]val ( n m ?an "o or two h\rs1 an adult vibrio cross+ ! field ( ! microscope1 )\t our hav+ be5 able to detect any int]m$iate /ate betwe5 its bir? & adolesc5ce8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,x is a "q :e!r diff]5ces 9 ! aspect & nature ( vibrios1 :i* dep5d ^u _! m or less advanc$ age1 or are occasion$ by ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 conditions on ! m$ium 9 :i* !y propagate1 d n br+ ab\t correspond+ *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! f]m5tation & ! nature ( its products4 ,judg+ at lea/ f ! v>iations 9 ! proportions ( hydrog51 & c>bonic acid gas produc$ 9 butyric f]m5tations1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t ?is mu/ be ! case2 nay1 m1 we f9d t hydrog5 is n ev5 a con/ant product 9 ^! f]m5tations4 ,we h met ) butyric f]m5tations ( lactate ( lime :i* did n yield ! m9ute/ trace ( hydrog51 or any?+ besides c>bonic acid4 ,fig4 #af repres5ts ! vibrios :i* we obs]v$ 9 a f]m5tation ( ?is k9d4 ,!y pres5t no special features4 ,butyl alcohol is1 accord+ to our obs]vations1 an ord9>y product1 al?\gh x v>ies & is by no means a necess>y concomitant ( ^! f]m5tations4 ,x might be suppos$1 s9ce butylic alcohol may be produc$ & hydrog5 be 9 deficit1 t ! proportion ( ! =m] ( ^! products w\ld atta9 its maximum :5 ! latt] assum$ a m9imum4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case2 ev5 9 ^? few f]m5tations t we h met ) 9 :i* hydrog5 0 abs5t1 !re 0 no =mation ( butylic alcohol4 ,f a consid]ation ( all ! facts detail$ 9 ?is section we c h no hesitation 9 conclud+ t1 on ! "o h&1 9 cases ( butyric f]m5tation1 ! vibrios :i* ab\nd 9 !m & con/itute _! f]m5t1 live )\t air or free oxyg52 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( gase\s oxyg5 op]ates prejudicially aga9/ ! movem5ts & activity ( ^? vibrios4 ,b h[ does x foll[ t ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( air br\ght into contact ) a liquid und]go+ butyric f]m5tion w\ld prev5t ! cont9uance ( t f]m5tation or ev5 ex]cise any *eck ^u x8 ,we h n made any direct exp]im5ts ^u ?is subject2 b we %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d t1 s f> f h9d]+1 air may1 "u su* circum/ances1 facilitate ! propagation ( ! vibrios & accel]ate f]m5tation4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 ! case ( yea/4 ,b h[ c\ld we reconcile ?is1 suppos+ x 7 prov$ to be ! case1 ) ! fact j insi/$ on z to ! dang] ( br++ ! butyric vibrios into contact ) air8 ,x may be possible t ,,life ,,)\t ,,air results f habit1 :il/ ,,dea? ,,?r\gh ,,air may be br\ght ab\t by a sudd5 *ange 9 ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( ! vibrios4 ,! foll[+ rem>kable exp]im5t is well-kn[n3 ,a bird is plac$ 9 a glass j> ( "o or two litres 7#fj to #abj cubic in*es7 9 capacity :i* is !n clos$4 ,aft] a "t ! creature %[s e sign ( int5se uneas9ess & asphyxia long be=e x dies2 a simil> bird ( ! same size is introduc$ into ! j>2 ! dea? ( ! latt] takes place in/ante\sly1 :il/ ! life ( ! =m] may /ill be prolong$ "u ^! conditions = a consid]able "t1 & !re is no1 difficulty ev5 9 re/or+ ! bird to p]fect heal? by tak+ x out ( ! j>4 ,x seems impossible to d5y t we h "h a case ( ! adaptation ( an organism to ! gradual contam9ation ( ! m$ium2 & s x may likewise happ5 t ! ana]obian vibrios ( a butyric f]m5tation1 :i* develop & multiply absolutely )\t free oxyg51 p]i% imm$iately :5 sudd5ly tak5 out ( _! airless m$ium1 & t ! result might be diff]5t if !y _h be5 gradually br\ght "u ! action ( air 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,we are compell$ "h to admit t vibrios frequ5tly ab\nd 9 liquids expos$ to ! air1 & t !y appropriate ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 & c\ld n )/& a sudd5 removal f its influ5ce4 ,mu/ we1 !n1 believe t su* vibrios are absolutely diff]5t f ^? ( butyric f]m5tations8 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be m natural to admit t 9 ! "o case !re is an adaptation to life ) air1 & 9 ! o!r case an adaptation to life )\t air2 ea* ( ! v>ieties p]i%+ :5 sudd5ly transf]r$ f its habitual condition to t ( ! o!r1 :il/ by a s]ies ( progressive *anges "o might be modifi$ into ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,^! d\bts might be easily remov$ by putt+ ! matt] to ! te/ ( direct exp]im5t4 ,we "k t 9 ! case ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 al?\gh ^! c actually live )\t air1 propagation is wond]fully assi/$ by ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( air2 & c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* we h n yet publi%$ lead u to believe t1 aft] hav+ liv$ )\t air1 !y _c be sudd5ly expos$ ) impunity to ! influ5ce ( l>ge quantities ( oxyg54 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t a]obian torulae & ana]obian f]m5ts pres5t an example ( organisms app>5tly id5tical1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we h n yet be5 able to discov] any ties ( a common orig94 ,h5ce we are =c$ to reg>d !m z a di/9ct species2 & s x is possible t !re may likewise be a]obian & ana]obian vibrios )\t any trans=mation ( ! "o into ! o!r4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r vibrios1 especially ^? :i* we h %[n to be ! f]m5t ( butyric & _m o!r f]m5tations1 are 9 _! nature1 animal or vegetable4 ,m4 ,*4 ,rob9 atta*es great importance to ! solution ( ?is "q1 ( :i* he speaks z foll[s3 ,footnote3 ,,rob91 ,sur la nature des f]m5tations1 c4 7,j\rnal de l',academie et de la ,physiologie1 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahge1 ,p4 #chf74 ,! det]m9ation ( ! nature1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 ( organisms1 ei!r z a :ole or 9 respect to _! anatomical p>ts1 assimilative or reproductive1 is a problem :i* has be5 capable ( solution = a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! me?od has be5 br\ght to a /ate ( rem>kable precision1 exp]im5tally1 z well z 9 its !oretical aspects1 s9ce ^? :o devote _! att5tion to ! organic sci5ces consid] x indisp5sable 9 e obs]vation & exp]im5t to det]m9e accurately1 be=e any?+ else1 :e!r ! object ( _! /udy is animal or vegetable 9 its nature1 :e!r adult or o!rwise4 ,to neglect ?is is z s]i\s an omission = su* /ud5ts z = *emi/s w\ld be ! neglect+ to det]m9e :e!r x is nitrog5 or hydrog51 urea or /e>9e1 t has be5 extract$ f a tissue1 or :i* x is ^: comb9ations !y are /udy+ 9 ?is or t *emical op]ation4 ,n[1 sc>cely any "o ( ^? :o /udy f]m5tations1 prop]ly s-call$1 & putrefactions1 ev] pay any att5tion to ! prec$+ data4 444 ,among ! obs]v]s to :om ,i allude1 ev5 ,m4 ,pa/eur is to be f\nd1 :o1 ev5 9 8 mo/ rec5t communications1 omits to /ate def9itely :at is ! nature ( _m ( ! f]m5ts :i* he has /udi$1 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :i* belong to ! cryptogamic gr\p call$ torulaceae4 ,v>i\s passages 9 8 "w seem to %[ t he consid]s ! cryptogamic organisms call$ bact]ia1 z well z ^? kn[n z vibrios1 z belong+ to ! animal k+dom 7see ,bullet9 de l',academie de ,m$ec9e1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 pp4 #bdi1 #bea1 especially #bef1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bhi1 & #bij74 ,^! w\ld be v diff]5t1 at lea/ physiologically1 ! =m] be+ ana]obian1 t is to say1 requir+ no air to enable !m to live1 & be+ kill$ by oxyg51 %\ld x be dissolv$ 9 ! liquid to any consid]able ext5t4 ,we are unable to see ! matt] 9 ! same light z our le>n$ colleague does2 to our ?9k+1 we %\ld be lab\r+ "u a great delusion 7 we to suppose t x is q z s]i\s an omission n to det]m9e ! animal or vegetable nature ( a f]m5t z x w\ld be to conf\nd nitrog5 ) hydrog5 or urea ) /e>9e4 ,! importance ( ! solutions ( disput$ que/ions (t5 dep5ds on ! po9t ( view f :i* ^! are reg>d$4 ,z f> z ! result ( our lab\rs is conc]n$1 we devot$ our att5tion to ^! two que/ions exclusively3 #a4 ,is ! f]m5t1 9 e f]m5tation prop]ly s call$1 an organiz$ be+8 #b4 ,c ?is organiz$ be+ live )\t air8 ,n[1 :at be>+ c ! "q ( ! animal or vegetable nature ( ! f]m5t1 ( ! organiz$ be+1 h ^u ! inve/igation ( ^! two problems8 ,9 /udy+ butyric f]m5tation1 = example1 we endeav\r$ to e/abli% ^! two fundam5tal po9ts2 #a4 ,! ,,butyric ,,f]m5t ,,is ,a ,,vibrio4 #b4 ,,?is ,,vibrio ,,may ,,disp5se ,,) ,,air ,,9 ,,its ,,life1 ,,&1 ,,z ,a ,,matt] ,,( ,,fact1 ,,does ,,disp5se ,,) ,,x ,,9 ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,produc+ ,,butyric ,,f]m5tation4 ,we did n consid] x at all necess>y to pron\nce any op9ion z to ! animal or vegetable nature ( ?is organism1 &1 ev5 up to ! pres5t mom5t1 ! idea t vibrio is an animal & n a plant is 9 our m9ds1 a matt] ( s5tim5t r ?an ( conviction4 ,m4 ,rob91 h[ev]1 w\ld h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! limits ( ! two k+doms4 ,accord+ to him1 e v>iety ( cellulose is1 we may say1 insoluble 9 ammonia1 z also are ! reproductive elem5ts ( plants1 :e!r male or female4 ,:atev] phase ( evolution ! elem5ts :i* reproduce a new individual may h rea*$1 treatm5t ) ?is reag5t1 ei!r cold or rais$ to boil+1 leaves !m absolutely intact "u ! eyes ( ! obs]v]1 except t _! cont5ts1 f be+ p>tially dissolv$1 become m transp>5t4 ,e vegetable :e!r microscopic or n1 e mycelium & e spore1 ?us pres]ves 9 its entirety its special *>act]i/ics ( =m1 volume & /ructural arrangem5ts2 :il/ 9 ! case ( microscopic animals1 or ! ova & microscopic embryos ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! animal k+dom1 ! v opposite is ! case4 ,we %\ld be glad to le>n t ! employm5t ( a drop ( ammonia w\ld enable u to pron\nce an op9ion ) ?is degree ( confid5ce on ! nature ( ! l[e/ microscopic be+s2 b is ,m4 ,rob9 absolutely correct 9 8 assumptions8 ,t g5tleman himself rem>ks t sp]matozoa1 :i* belong to animal organisms1 are insoluble 9 ammonia1 ! effect ( :i* is m]ely to make !m pal]4 ,if a diff]5ce ( action 9 c]ta9 reag5ts1 9 ammonia1 = example1 7 suffici5t to det]m9e ! limits ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 might we n argue t !re mu/ be a v great & natural diff]5ce betwe5 m\lds & bact]ia1 inasmu* z ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( acid 9 ! nutritive m$ium facilitates ! gr[? & propagation ( ! =m]1 :il/ x is able to prev5t ! life ( bact]ia & vibrios8 ,al?\gh z is well kn[n1 movem5t is n an exclusive *>act]i/ic ( animals1 yet we h always be5 incl9$ to reg>d vibrios z animals1 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> "* ( _! movem5ts4 ,h[ greatly !y diff] 9 ?is respect f ! diatomacae1 = example6 ,:5 ! vibrio enc\nt]s an ob/acle x turns1 or aft] assur+ itself by "s visual ef=t or o!r t x _c ov]come x1 x retraces its /eps4 ,! colpoda--und\bt$ infusoria--behave 9 an exactly simil> mann]4 ,x is true "o may argue t ! zoospores ( c]ta9 cryptogamia exhibit simil> movem5ts2 b d n ^! zoospores possess z mu* ( an animal nature z d ! sp]matozoa8 ,z f> z bact]ia are conc]n$1 :51 z already rem>k$1 we see !m cr[d r\nd a bubble ( air 9 a liquid to prolong _! life1 oxyg5 hav+ fail$ !m ev]y:]e else1 h[ c we avoid believ+ t !y are animat$ by an in/9ct = life1 ( ! same k9d t we f9d 9 animals8 ,m4 ,rob9 seems to u to be wrong 9 suppos+ t x is possible to draw any absolute l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,! settlem5t ( ?is l9e h[ev]1 we repeat aga91 no matt] :at x may be1 has no s]i\s be>+ ^u ! que/ions t h be5 ! subject ( our rese>*es4 ,9 l mann] ! difficulty :i* ,m4 ,rob9 has rais$ 9 object+ to ! employm5t ( ! ^w ,,g]m1 :5 we _c specify :e!r ! nature ( t g]m is animal or vegetable1 is 9 _m respects an unnecess>y "o4 ,9 all ! que/ions :i* we h discuss$1 :e!r we 7 speak+ ( f]m5tation or spontane\s g5]ation1 ! ^w ,,g]m has be5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( ,,orig9 ,,( ,,liv+ ,,organism4 ,if ,liebig1 = example1 said ( an album9\s sub/ance t x gave bir? to f]m5t1 c\ld we contradict him m pla9ly ?an by reply+ ,no2 f]m5t is an organiz$ be+1 ! g]m ( :i* is always pres5t1 & ! album9\s sub/ance m]ely s]ves by its occurr5ce to n\ri% ! g]m & its successive g5]ations8 ,9 our ,memoir ( #ahfb1 on s-call$ ,,spontane\s g5]ations1 w\ld x n h be5 an entire mi/ake to h attempt$ to assign specific names to ! microscopic organisms :i* we met ) 9 ! c\rse ( our obs]vations8 ,n only w\ld we h met ) extreme difficulty 9 ! attempt1 aris+ f ! /ate ( extreme confusion :i* ev5 9 ! pres5t day exi/s 9 ! classification & nom5clature ( ^! microscopic organisms1 b we %\ld h be5 =c$ to sacrifice cle>ness 9 our "w besides2 at all ev5ts1 we %\ld h w&]$ f our pr9cipal object1 :i* 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( life 9 g5]al1 & _h no?+ to d ) ! manife/ation ( a p>ticul> k9d ( life 9 ?is or t species1 animal or vegetable4 ,?us we h sy/ematically employ$ ! vague/ nom5clature1 su* z mucors1 torulae1 bact]ia1 & vibrios4 ,!re 0 no?+ arbitr>y 9 our do+ ?is1 :]eas !re is mu* t is arbitr>y 9 adopt+ a def9ite sy/em ( nom5clature1 & apply+ x to organisms b imp]fectly kn[n1 ! diff]5ces or resemblances betwe5 :i* are only recognizable ?r\gh c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 ! true signification ( :i* is obscure4 ,take1 = example1 ! ext5sive array ( widely diff]5t sy/ems :i* h be5 inv5t$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s = ! species ( ! g5]a bact]ium & vibrio 9 ! works ( ,cohn1 ,h4 ,h(fmann1 ,halli]1 & ,billro?4 ,! confusion :i* prevails "h is v great1 al?\gh we d n ( c\rse by any means place ^! diff]5t works on ! same foot+ z reg>ds _! respective m]its4 ,m4 ,rob9 is1 h[ev]1 "r 9 recogniz+ ! impossibility ( ma9ta9+ 9 ! pres5t day1 z he =m]ly did1 ,t f]m5tation is an ext]ior ph5om5on1 go+ on outside cryptogamic cells1 a ph5om5on ( contact4 ,x is probably1 he adds1 an int]ior & molecul> action at "w 9 ! inn]mo/ recesses ( ! sub/ance ( ea* cell4 ,f ! day :5 we fir/ prov$ t x is possible = all organiz$ f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 to spr+ up & multiply f _! respective g]ms1 s[n1 :e!r consci\sly or by accid5t1 9 a m9]al m$ium free f organic & nitrog5\s matt]s o!r ?an ammonia1 9 :i* m$ium ! f]m5table matt] alone is adapt$ to provide ! f]m5t ) :atev] c>bon ent]s into its composition1 f t "t =w>d ! !ories ( ,liebig1 z well ( ,b]zelius1 :i* ,m4 ,rob9 =m]ly def5d$1 h _h to give place to o!rs m 9 h>mony ) facts4 ,we tru/ t ! day w come :5 ,m4 ,rob9 w likewise ackn[l$ge t he has be5 9 error on ! subject ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* he cont9ues to affirm1 )\t adduc+ any direct pro(s 9 support ( x1 at ! end ( ! article to :i* we h be5 "h reply+4 ,we h devot$ ! great] "p ( ?is *apt] to ! e/abli%+ ) all possible exactness ! extremely important physiological fact ( life )\t air1 & its correlation to ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tations prop]ly s call$--t is to say1 ( ^? :i* are due to ! pres5ce ( microscopic cellul> organisms4 ,?is is ! *ief basis ( ! new !ory t we propose = ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! details into :i* we h ent]$ 7 indisp5sable on acc\nt ( ! novelty ( ! subject no less ?an on acc\nt ( ! necessity we 7 "u ( combat+ ! criticisms ( ! two ,g]man naturali/s1 ,drs4 ,osc> ,brefeld & ,traube1 ^: works _h ca/ "s d\bts on ! correctness ( ! facts ^u :i* we _h bas$ ! prec$+ propositions4 ,we h mu* pleasure 9 add+ t at ! v mom5t we 7 revis+ ! pro(s ( ?is *apt]1 we receiv$ f ,m4 ,brefeld an essay1 dat$ ,b]l91 ,janu>y1 #ahgf1 9 :i*1 aft] describ+ 8 lat] exp]im5tal rese>*es1 he owns ) praisewor?y frankness t ,dr4 ,traube & he 7 bo? ( !m mi/ak54 ,life )\t air is n[ a proposition :i* he accepts z p]fectly demon/rat$4 ,he has witness$ x 9 ! case ( ,mucor racemosus & has also v]ifi$ x 9 ! case ( yea/4 ,if1 he says1 aft] ! results ( my previ\s rese>*es1 :i* ,i conduct$ ) all possible exactness1 ,i 0 incl9$ to consid] ,pa/eur's ass]tion z inaccurate & to attack !m1 ,i h no hesitation n[ 9 recogniz+ !m z true1 & 9 proclaim+ ! s]vice :i* ,pa/eur has r5d]$ to sci5ce 9 be+ ! fir/ to indicate ! exact relation ( ?+s 9 ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation4 ,9 8 lat] rese>*es1 ,dr4 ,brefeld has adopt$ ! me?od :i* we h long employ$ = demon/rat+ ! life & multiplication ( butyric vibrios 9 ! entire abs5ce ( air1 z well z ! me?od ( conduct+ gr[?s 9 m9]al m$ia associat$ ) f]m5table sub/ance4 ,we ne$ n pause to consid] c]ta9 o!r second>y criticisms ( ,dr4 ,brefeld4 ,a p]usal ( ! pres5t "w w1 we tru/1 conv9ce him t !y are bas$ on no sur] f\ndation ?an 7 8 =m] criticisms4 ,to br+ "o's self to believe 9 a tru? t has j dawn$ ^u "o is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds progress2 to p]suade o!rs is ! second4 ,!re is a ?ird /ep1 less useful p]haps1 b highly gratify+ nev]!less1 :i* is1 to conv9ce "o's oppon5ts4 ,we !re=e1 h exp]i5c$ great satisfaction 9 le>n+ t we h won ov] to our ideas an obs]v] ( s+ul> ability1 on a subject :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! physiology ( cells4 ,,vi4 ,,reply ,,to ,,! ,,critical ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,liebig1 ,,publi%$ ,,9 #ahgj4 ,footnote3 ,,liebig1 ,sur la f]m5tation et la s\rce de la =ce musculaire 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #d? s]ies1 t4 xxiii41 p4 #e1 #ahgj74 ,9 ! ,memoir :i* we publi%$1 9 #ahfj1 on alcoholic f]m5tation1 & 9 sev]al subsequ5t works1 we 7 l$ to a diff]5t conclusion on ! causes ( ?is v rem>kable ph5om5on f t :i* ,liebig _h adopt$4 ,! op9ions ( ,mits*]li* & ,b]zelius _h ceas$ to be t5able 9 ! pres5ce ( ! new facts :i* we _h br\ght to light4 ,f t "t we felt sure t ! celebrat$ *emi/ ( ,muni* _h adopt$ our conclusions1 f ! fact t he rema9$ sil5t on ?is "q = a long "t1 al?\gh x _h be5 until !n ! con/ant subject ( 8 /udy1 z is %[n by all 8 works4 ,sudd5ly !re appe>$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique a long essay1 reproduc$ f a lecture deliv]$ by him be=e ! ,academy ( ,bav>ia 9 #ahfh & #ahfi4 ,9 ?is ,liebig aga9 ma9ta9$1 n1 h[ev]1 )\t c]ta9 modifications1 ! views :i* he _h express$ 9 8 =m] publications1 & disput$ ! correctness ( ! pr9cipal facts enunciat$ 9 our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 on :i* 7 bas$ ! argum5ts aga9/ 8 !ory4 ,i _h admitt$1 he says1 t ! resolution ( f]m5table matt] into comp\nds ( a simpl] k9d mu/ be trac$ to "s process ( decomposition tak+ place 9 ! f]m5t1 & t ! action ( ?is same f]m5t on ! f]m5table matt] mu/ cont9ue or cease accord+ to ! prolongation or cessation ( ! alt]ation produc$ 9 ! f]m5t4 ,! molecul> *ange 9 ! sug>1 w\ld1 consequ5tly1 be br\ght ab\t by ! de/ruction or modification ( "o or m ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! f]m5t1 & c\ld only take place ?r\gh ! contact ( ! two sub/ances4 ,m4 ,pa/eur reg>ds f]m5tation 9 ! foll[+ light3 ,! *emical action ( f]m5tation is ess5tially a ph5om5on correlative ) a vital action1 beg9n+ & end+ ) x4 ,he believes t alcoholic f]m5tation c nev] occur )\t ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( organization1 developm5t1 & multiplication ( globules1 or cont9u\s life1 c>ri$ on f globules already =m$4 ,b ! idea t ! decomposition ( sug> dur+ f]m5tation is due to ! developm5t ( ! cellules ( ! f]m5t1 is 9 contradiction ) ! fact t ! f]m5t is able to br+ ab\t ! f]m5tation ( a pure solution ( sug>4 ,! great] "p ( ! f]m5t is compos$ ( a sub/ance t is ri* 9 nitrog5 & conta9s sulphur4 ,x conta9s1 moreov]1 an appreciable quantity ( phosphates1 h5ce x is difficult to conceive h[1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! elem5ts 9 a pure solution ( sug> und]go+ f]m5tation1 ! numb] ( cells is capable ( any increase4 ,not)/&+ ,liebig's belief to ! contr>y1 ! idea t ! decomposition ( sug> dur+ f]m5tation is intimately connect$ ) a developm5t ( ! cellules ( ! f]m5t1 or a prolongation ( ! life ( cellules already =m$1 is 9 no way oppos$ to ! fact t ! f]m5t is capable ( br++ ab\t ! f]m5tation ( a pure solution ( sug>4 ,x is manife/ to any "o :o has /udi$ su* f]m5tation ) ! microscope1 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ! sweet5$ wat] has be5 absolutely pure1 t f]m5t-cells d multiply1 ! reason be+ t ! cells c>ry ) !m all ! food-supplies necess>y = ! life ( ! f]m5t4 ,!y may be obs]v$ budd+1 at lea/ _m ( !m1 & !re c be no d\bt t ^? :i* d n bud /ill cont9ue to live2 life has o!r ways ( manife/+ itself besides developm5t & cell-prolif]ation4 ,if we ref] to ! figures on page #ha ( our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 ,exp]im5ts ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 ,i1 we %all see t ! weight ( yea/1 9 ! case ( ! f]m5tation ( a pure solution ( sug>1 und]goes a consid]able increase1 ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! fact t ! sug>$ wat] ga9s f ! yea/ c]ta9 soluble p>ts1 s9ce 9 ! exp]im5ts j m5tion$1 ! weights ( solid yea/1 wa%$ & dri$ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f471 are mu* great] ?an ^? ( ! raw yea/ employ$1 dri$ at ! same temp]ature4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts we employ$ ! foll[+ weights ( yea/1 express$ 9 grammes 7#a gramme#ae4dc gra9s73 7#a7 #b4cac 7#b7 #b4fbf 7#c7 #a4aih 7#d7 #j4fii 7#e7 #j4cbf 7#f7 #j4dgf :i* became1 aft] f]m5tation1 we repeat1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! matt]s :i* ! sug>$ wat] ga9$ f ! yea/3 grammes4 gra9s4 7#a7 #b4dhf ,increase #j4agc #b4fe 7#b7 #b4ifc ,increase #j4ccg #e4af 7#c7 #a4gjj ,increase #j4ejb #g4g 7#d7 #j4gab ,increase #j4jac #j4b 7#e7 #j4cbe ,increase #j4jji #j4ad 7#f7 #j4eij ,increase #j4aad #a4ge ,h we n 9 ?is m>k$ increase 9 weight a pro( ( life1 or1 to adopt an expression :i* may be pref]r$1 a pro( ( a pr(\nd *emical "w ( nutrition & assimilation8 ,we may cite on ?is subject "o ( our e>li] exp]im5ts1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,comptes r5dus de l',academie = ! ye> #aheg1 & :i* cle>ly %[s ! great influ5ce ex]t$ on f]m5tation by ! soluble portion t ! sug>$ wat] takes up f ! globules ( f]m5t3 ,we take two equal quantities ( fre% yea/ t h be5 wa%$ v freely4 ,"o ( ^! we cause to f]m5t 9 wat] conta9+ no?+ b sug>1 &1 aft] remov+ f ! o!r all its soluble p>ticles--by boil+ x 9 an excess ( wat] & !n filt]+ x to sep>ate ! globules--we add to ! filt]$ liquid z mu* sug> z 0 us$ 9 ! fir/ case along ) a m]e trace ( fre% yea/ insuffici5t1 z f> z its weight is conc]n$1 to affect ! results ( our exp]im5t4 ,! globules :i* we h s[n bud1 ! liquid becomes turbid1 a deposit ( yea/ gradually =ms1 &1 side by side ) ^! appe>ances1 ! decomposition ( ! sug> is effect$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs manife/s itself cle>ly4 ,^! results are su* z we might h anticipat$4 ,! foll[+ fact1 h[ev]1 is ( importance4 ,9 effect+ by ^! means ! organization into globules ( ! soluble "p ( ! yea/ t we us$ 9 ! second case1 we f9d t a consid]able quantity ( sug> is decompos$4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( our exp]im5t2 #e grammes ( yea/ caus$ ! f]m5tation ( #ab4i grammes ( sug> 9 six days1 at ! end ( :i* "t x 0 exhau/$4 ,! soluble portion ( a l quantity ( #e grammes ( ! same yea/ caus$ ! f]m5tation ( #aj grammes ( sug> 9 n9e days1 aft] :i* ! yea/ develop$ by ! s[+ 0 likewise exhau/$4 ,h[ is x possible to ma9ta9 t1 9 ! f]m5tation ( wat] conta9+ no?+ b sug>1 ! soluble portion ( ! yea/ does n act1 ei!r 9 ! production ( new globules or ! p]fection ( old ones1 :5 we see1 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 t aft] ?is nitrog5\s & m9]al portion has be5 remov$ by boil+1 x imm$iately s]ves = ! production ( new globules1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! s[+ ( a m]e trace ( globules1 causes ! f]m5tation ( s mu* sug>8 ,footnote3 ,x is important t we %\ld "h rem>k t1 9 ! f]m5tation ( pure solution ( sug> by means ( yea/1 ! oxyg5 orig9ally dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 z well z t appropriat$ by ! globules ( yea/ 9 _! contact ) air1 has a consid]able effect on ! activity ( ! f]m5tation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if we pass a /rong curr5t ( c>bonic acid ?r\gh ! sug>$ wat] & ! wat] 9 :i* ! yea/ has be5 treat$1 ! f]m5tation w be r5d]$ extremely sluggi%1 & ! few new cells ( yea/ :i* =m w assume /range & abnormal aspects4 ,inde$ ?is might h be5 expect$1 = we h se5 t yea/1 :5 some:at old1 is incapable ( developm5t or ( caus+ f]m5tation ev5 9 a f]m5table m$ium conta9+ all ! nutritive pr9ciples ( yea/ if ! liquid has be5 depriv$ ( air2 mu* m %\ld we expect ?is to be ! case 9 pure sug>$ wat]1 likewise depriv$ ( air4 ,9 %ort1 ,liebig is n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! solution ( pure sug>1 caus$ to f]m5t by means ( yea/1 conta9s none ( ! elem5ts ne$$ = ! gr[? ( yea/1 nei!r nitrog51 sulphur nor phosphorus1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x %\ld n be possible1 by our !ory1 = ! sug> to f]m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! solution does conta9 all ^! elem5ts1 z a consequ5ce ( ! introduction & pres5ce ( ! yea/4 ,let u proce$ )\t exam9ation ( ,liebig's criticisms3 ,to ?is1 he goes on to say1 mu/ be add$ ! decompos+ action :i* yea/ ex]cises on a great numb] ( sub/ances1 & :i* resembles t :i* sug> und]goes4 ,i h %[n t malate ( lime f]m5ts readily en\gh ?r\gh ! action ( yea/1 & t x splits up into ?ree o!r calc>e\s salts1 namely1 ! acetate1 ! c>bonate & ! succ9ate4 ,if ! action ( yea/ consi/s 9 its increase & multiplication1 x is difficult to conceive ?is action 9 ! case ( malate ( lime & o!r calc>e\s salts ( vegetable acids4 ,?is /atem5t1 ) all due def]5ce to ! op9ion ( our illu/ri\s critic1 is by no means correct4 ,yea/ has no action on malate ( lime1 or on o!r calc>e\s salts =m$ by vegetable acids4 ,liebig _h previ\sly1 mu* to 8 own satisfaction1 br\ght =w>d urea z be+ capable ( trans=mation into c>bonate ( ammonia dur+ alcoholic f]m5tation 9 contact ) yea/4 ,?is has be5 prov$ to be errone\s4 ,x is an error ( ! same k9d t ,liebig aga9 br+s =w>d "h4 ,9 ! f]m5tation ( :i* he speaks 7t ( malate ( lime71 c]ta9 spontane\s f]m5ts are produc$1 ! g]ms ( :i* are associat$ ) ! yea/1 & develop 9 ! mixture ( yea/ & malate4 ,! yea/ m]ely s]ves z a s\rce ( food = ^! new f]m5ts )\t tak+ any direct "p 9 ! f]m5tations ( :i* we are speak+4 ,our rese>*es leave no d\bt on ?is po9t1 z is evid5t f ! obs]vations on ! f]m5tation ( t>trate ( lime previ\sly giv54 ,x is true t !re are circum/ances "u :i* yea/ br+s ab\t modifications 9 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,doeb]e9] &1 ,mits*]li*1 m especially1 h %[n t yea/ imp>ts to wat] a soluble mat]ial1 :i* liquefies cane-sug> & produces inv]sion 9 x by caus+ x to take up ! elem5ts ( wat]1 j z dia/ase behaves to />* or emuls9 to amygdal94 ,m4 ,b]!lot also has %[n t ?is sub/ance may be isolat$ by precipitat+ x ) alcohol1 9 ! same way z dia/ase is precipitat$ f its solutions4 ,footnote3 ,,doeb]e9]1 ,j\rnal de ,*imie de ,s*weigg]1 vol4 xii41 p4 #abi1 & ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 vol4 i41 p4 #cdb4 ,,mits*]li*1 ,monatsb]i*te d4 ,kon4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss51 eu ,b]l91 & ,rapports annuels da ,b]zelius1 ,p>is1 #ahdc1 #crd ye>4 ,on ! occasion ( a communication on ! inv]sion ( cane-sug> by ,h4 ,rose1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 ,m4 ,mits*]li* obs]v$3 ,! inv]sion ( cane-sug> 9 alcoholic f]m5tation is n due to ! globules ( yea/1 b to a soluble matt] 9 ! wat] ) :i* !y mix4 ,! liquid obta9$ by /ra9+ (f ! f]m5t on a filt] pap] possesses ! prop]ty ( conv]t+ cane-sug> into uncry/allizable sug>4 ,,b]!lot1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie4 ,meet+ ( ,may #bh?1 #ahfj1 ,m4 ,b]!lot confirms ! prec$+ exp]im5t ( ,mits*]li*1 & proves1 moreov]1 t ! soluble matt] ( :i* ! au?or speaks may be precipitat$ ) alcohol )\t los+ its inv]tive p[]4 ,m4 ,be*amp has appli$ ,mits*]li*'s obs]vation1 conc]n+ ! soluble f]m5tative "p ( yea/1 to fungoid gr[?s1 & has made ! int]e/+ discov]y t fungoid gr[?s1 l yea/1 yield to wat] a sub/ance t inv]ts sug>4 ,:5 ! production ( fungoid gr[?s is prev5t$ by means ( an antiseptic1 ! inv]sion ( sug> does n take place4 ,we may "h say a few words respect+ ,m4 ,be*amp's claim to priority ( discov]y4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t we 7 ! fir/ to demon/rate t liv+ f]m5ts might be completely develop$ if _! g]ms 7 plac$ 9 pure wat] toge!r ) sug>1 ammonia1 & phosphates4 ,rely+ on ?is e/abli%$ fact1 t m\lds are capable ( developm5t 9 sweet5$ wat] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,be*amp1 !y inv]t ! sug>1 our au?or ass]ts t he has prov$ t liv+ organiz$ f]m5ts may orig9ate 9 m$ia :i* conta9 no album9\s sub/ances4 7,see ,comptes r5dus1 vol4 ixxv41 p4 #aeai47 ,to be logical1 ,m4 ,be*amp might say t he has prov$ t c]ta9 m\lds orig9ate 9 pure sweet5$ wat] )\t nitrog5 or phosphates or o!r m9]al elem5ts1 = su* a d$uction might v well be drawn f 8 "w1 9 :i* we d n f9d ! lea/ expression ( a/oni%m5t at ! possibility ( m\lds develop+ 9 pure wat] conta9+ no?+ b sug> )\t o!r m9]al or organic pr9ciples4 ,m4 ,be*amp's fir/ note on ! inv]sion ( sug> 0 publi%$ 9 #ahee4 ,9 x we f9d no?+ relat+ to ! influ5ce ( m\lds4 ,8 second1 9 :i* t influ5ce is notic$1 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aheh1 t is1 subsequ5tly to our "w on lactic f]m5tation1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aheg4 ,9 t "w we e/abli%$ = ! fir/ "t t ! lactic f]m5t is a liv+1 organiz$ be+1 t album9\s sub/ances h no %>e 9 ! production ( f]m5tation1 & t !y only s]ve z ! food ( ! f]m5t4 ,m4 ,be*amp's note 0 ev5 subsequ5t to our fir/ "w on alcoholic f]m5tation1 :i* appe>$ on ,decemb] #ba/1 #aheg4 ,x is s9ce ! appe>ance ( ^! two works ( ours t ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! life ( microscopic organism 9 ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation has be5 bett] und]/ood4 ,imm$iately aft] _! appe>ance ,m4 ,be*amp1 :o f #ahee _h made no obs]vation on ! action ( fungoid gr[?s on sug>1 al?\gh he _h rem>k$ _! pres5ce1 modifi$ 8 =m] conclusions4 7,comptes r5dus1 ,janu>y #d?1 #aheh47 ,^! are rem>kable facts1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 at pres5t b vaguely connect$ ) ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug> by means ( yea/4 ,! rese>*es 9 :i* we h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( special =ms ( liv+ f]m5ts 9 _m f]m5tations1 :i* "o might h suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by simple contact action1 _h e/abli%$ beyond d\bt ! exi/5ce ( pr(\nd diff]5ces betwe5 ^? f]m5tations1 :i* we h di/+ui%$ z f]m5tations prop]1 & ! ph5om5a connect$ ) soluble sub/ances4 ,! m we advance1 ! m cle>ly we are able to detect ^! diff]5ces4 ,m4 ,dumas has insi/$ on ! fact t ! f]m5ts ( f]m5tation prop] multiply & reproduce !mselves 9 ! process :il/ ! o!rs are de/roy$4 ,footnote3 ,!re are two classes ( f]m5ts2 ! fir/1 ( :i* ! yea/ ( be] may be tak5 z ! type1 p]petuate & r5ew !mselves if !y c f9d 9 ! liquid 9 :i* !y produce f]m5tation food en\gh = _! wants2 ! second1 ( :i* dia/ase is ! type1 always sacrifice !mselves 9 ! ex]cise ( _! activity4 7,,dumas1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie1 t4 lxxv41 p4 #bgg1 #ahgb47 ,/ill m rec5tly ,m4 ,muntz has %[n t *lor(orm prev5ts f]m5tations prop]1 b does n int]f]e ) ! action ( dia/ase 7,comptes r5dus1 #ahge74 ,m4 ,b\*>dat _h already e/abli%$ ! fact t hydrocyanic acid1 salts ( m]cury1 e!r1 alcohol1 creosote1 & ! oils ( turp5t9e1 lemon1 cloves1 & mu/>d de/roy or *eck alcoholic f]m5tations1 :il/ 9 no way int]f]+ ) ! glucoside f]m5tations 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique4 #crd s]ies1 t4 xiv41 #ahde74 ,we may add 9 praise ( ,m4 ,b\*>dat's sagacity1 t t skilful obs]v] has always consid]$ ^! results z a pro( t alcoholic f]m5tation is dep5d5t on ! life ( ! yea/-cell1 & t a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! two ord]s ( f]m5tation4 ,m4 ,paul ,b]t1 9 8 rem>kable /udies on ! influ5ce ( b>ometric pressure on ! ph5om5a ( life1 has recogniz$ ! fact t compress$ oxyg5 is fatal to c]ta9 f]m5ts1 :il/ "u simil> conditions x does n int]f]e ) ! action ( ^? sub/ances class$ "u ! "n ( ,,soluble ,,f]m5ts1 su* z dia/ase 7! f]m5t :i* inv]ts cane sug>7 emuls9 & o!rs4 ,dur+ _! /ay 9 compress$ air1 f]m5ts prop] ceas$ _! activity1 nor did !y resume x1 ev5 aft] exposure to air at ord9>y pressures1 provid$ ! access ( g]ms 0 prev5t$4 ,we n[ come to ,liebig's pr9cipal objection1 ) :i* he concludes 8 +5i\s argum5t1 & to :i* no less ?an eight or n9e pages ( ! ,annales are devot$4 ,our au?or takes up ! "q ( ! possibility ( caus+ yea/ to gr[ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 to :i* a salt ( ammonia & "s yea/-a% h be5 add$--a fact :i* is evid5tly incompatible ) 8 !ory t a f]m5t is always an album9\s sub/ance on its way to decomposition4 ,9 ?is case ! album9\s sub/ance does n exi/2 we h only ! m9]al sub/ances :i* w s]ve to produce x4 ,we "k t ,liebig reg>d$ yea/1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 any f]m5t :atev]1 z be+ a nitrog5\s1 album9\s sub/ance :i*1 9 ! same way z emuls91 = example1 possesses ! p[] ( br++ ab\t c]ta9 *emical decompositions4 ,he connect$ f]m5tation ) ! easy decomposition ( t album9\s sub/ance1 & imag9$ t ! ph5om5on occurr$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! album9\s sub/ance on its way to decomposition possesses ! p[] ( communicat+ to c]ta9 o!r bodies t same /ate ( mobility by :i* its own atoms are already affect$2 & ?r\gh its contact ) o!r bodies x imp>ts to !m ! p[] ( decompos+ or ( ent]+ into o!r comb9ations4 ,"h ,liebig fail$ to p]ceive t ! f]m5t1 9 its capacity ( a liv+ organism1 _h any?+ to d ) ! f]m5tation4 ,?is !ory dates back z f> z #ahdc4 ,9 #ahdf ,messrs4 ,b\tron & ,fremy1 9 a ,memoir on lactic f]m5tation1 publi%$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 /ra9$ ! conclusions d$ucible f x to a mo/ unju/ifiable ext5t4 ,!y ass]t$ t "o & ! same nitrog5\s sub/ance might und]go v>i\s modifications 9 contact ) air1 s z to become successively alcoholic1 lactic1 butyric1 & o!r f]m5ts4 ,!re is no?+ m conv5i5t ?an purely hypo!tical !ories1 !ories :i* are n ! necess>y consequ5ces ( facts2 :5 fre% facts :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ! orig9al hypo!sis are discov]$1 new hypo!ses c be tack$ on to ! old ones4 ,?is is exactly :at ,liebig & ,fremy h done1 ea* 9 8 turn1 "u ! pressure ( our /udies1 comm5c$ 9 #aheg4 ,9 #ahfd ,fremy devis$ ! !ory ( hemi-organism1 :i* meant no?+ m ?an t he gave up ,liebig's !ory ( #ahdc1 toge!r ) ! additions :i* ,b\tron & he _h made to x 9 #ahdf2 9 o!r words1 he ab&on$ ! idea ( album9\s sub/ances be+ f]m5ts1 to take up ano!r idea1 t album9\s sub/ances 9 contact ) air are peculi>ly adapt$ to und]go organization into new be+s--t is1 ! liv+ f]m5ts :i* we _h discov]$--& t ! f]m5ts ( be] & ( ! grape h a common orig94 ,?is !ory ( hemi-organism 0 ^w = ^w ! antiquat$ op9ion ( ,turp94 99 99 99 ,! public1 especially a c]ta9 section ( ! public did n g v deeply into an exam9ation ( ! subject4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :5 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 0 be+ discuss$ ) mu* w>m?4 ,! new ^w hemi-organism1 :i* 0 ! only novelty 9 ,m4 ,fremy's !ory1 deceiv$ p4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,m4 ,fremy _h really discov]$ ! solution ( ! "q ( ! day4 ,x is true t x 0 r difficult to und]/& ! process by :i* an album9\s sub/ance c\ld become all at once a liv+ & budd+ cell4 ,?is difficulty 0 solv$ by ,m4 ,fremy1 :o decl>$ t x 0 ! result ( "s p[] t 0 n yet und]/ood1 ! p[] ( organic impulse4 ,footnote3 ,,fremy1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie1 vol4 lviii41 p4 #ajfe1 #ahfd4 ,liebig1 :o1 z well z ,m4 ,fremy1 0 compell$ to r5\nce 8 orig9al op9ions conc]n+ ! nature ( f]m5ts1 devis$ ! foll[+ obscure !ory 7,memoir by ,liebig1 #ahgj1 already cit$73 ,!re seems to be no d\bt z to ! "p :i* ! vegetable organism plays 9 ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation4 ,x is ?r\gh x alone t an album9\s sub/ance & sug> are enabl$ to unite & =m ?is p>ticul> comb9ation1 ?is un/able =m "u :i* alone1 z a compon5t "p ( ! mycod]m1 !y manife/ an action on sug>4 ,%\ld ! mycod]m cease to gr[1 ! bond :i* unites ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! cellul> cont5ts is loos5$1 & x is ?r\gh ! motion produc$ !re9 t ! cells ( yea/ br+ ab\t a dis>rangem5t or sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( ! sug> into molecules4 ,"o might easily believe t ! translator = ! ,annales has made "s mi/ake1 s great is ! obscurity ( ?is passage4 ,:e!r we take ?is new =m ( ! !ory or ! old "o1 nei!r c be reconcil$ at all ) ! developm5t ( yea/ & f]m5tation 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 = 9 ! latt] exp]im5t f]m5tation is correlative to ! life ( ! f]m5t & to its nutrition1 a con/ant *ange go+ on betwe5 ! f]m5t & its food-matt]s1 s9ce all ! c>bon assimilat$ by ! f]m5t is d]iv$ f sug>1 its nitrog5 f ammonia & phosphorus f ! phosphates 9 solution4 ,& ev5 all said1 :at purpose c be s]v$ by ! gratuit\s hypo!sis ( contact-action or communicat$ motion8 ,! exp]im5t ( :i* we are speak+ is ?us a fundam5tal "o2 inde$1 x is its possibility t con/itutes ! mo/ effective po9t 9 ! controv]sy4 ,no d\bt ,liebig might say1 b x is ! motion ( life & ( nutrition :i* con/itutes y\r exp]im5t1 & ?is is ! communicat$ motion t my !ory requires4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,liebig does endeav\r1 z a matt] ( fact1 to say ?is1 b he does s timidly & incid5tally3 ,f a *emical po9t ( view1 :i* po9t ( view ,i w\ld n will+ly ab&on1 a ,,vital ,,action is a ph5om5on ( motion1 &1 9 ?is d\ble s5se ( ,,life ,m4 ,pa/eur's !ory agrees ) my own1 & is n 9 contradiction ) x 7page #f74 ,?is is true4 ,else:]e ,liebig says3 ,x is possible t ! only correlation betwe5 ! physiological act & ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation is ! production1 9 ! liv+ cell1 ( ! sub/ance :i*1 by "s special prop]ty analog\s to t by :i* emuls9 ex]ts a decompos+ action on salic9 & amygdal91 may br+ ab\t ! decomposition ( sug> into o!r organic molecules2 ! physiological act1 9 ?is view1 w\ld be necess>y = ! production ( ?is sub/ance1 b w\ld h no?+ else to d ) ! f]m5tation 7page #aj74 ,to ?is1 aga91 we h no objection to raise4 ,liebig1 h[ev]1 does n dwell ^u ^! consid]ations1 :i* he m]ely notices 9 pass+1 because he is well aw>e t1 z f> z ! def5ce ( 8 !ory is conc]n$1 !y w\ld be m]e evasions4 ,if he _h insi/$ on !m1 or bas$ 8 opposition solely ^u !m1 our answ] w\ld h be5 simply ?is3 ,if y d n admit ) u t f]m5tation is correlat$ ) ! life & nutrition ( ! f]m5t1 we agree ^u ! pr9cipal po9t4 ,s agree+1 let u exam9e1 if y w1 ! actual cause ( f]m5tation2--?is is a second "q1 q di/9ct f ! fir/4 ,sci5ce is built up ( successive solutions giv5 to que/ions ( ev] increas+ subtlety1 approa*+ ne>] & ne>] t[>ds ! v ess5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,if we proce$ to discuss toge!r ! "q ( h[ liv+1 organiz$ be+s act 9 decompos+ f]m5table sub/ances1 we w be f\nd to fall out once m on y\r hypo!sis ( communicat$ motion1 s9ce accord+ to our ideas1 ! actual cause ( f]m5tation is to be s\ght1 9 mo/ cases1 9 ! fact ( life )\t air1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( _m f]m5ts4 ,let u briefly see :at ,liebig ?9ks ( ! exp]im5t 9 :i* f]m5tation is produc$ by ! impregnation ( a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 a result s greatly at v>iance ) 8 mode ( view+ ! "q4 ,footnote3 ,see our ,memoir ( #ahfj 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 vol4 lviii1 p4 #fa1 & foll[+1 especially pp4 #fi & #gj1 :]e ! details ( ! exp]im5t w be f\nd74 ,aft] deep consid]ation he pron\nces ?is exp]im5t to be inexact1 & ! result ill-f\nd$4 ,liebig1 h[ev]1 0 n "o to reject a fact )\t grave reasons = do+ s1 or ) ! sole object ( evad+ a tr\blesome discussion4 ,i h repeat$ ?is exp]im5t1 he says1 a great numb] ( times1 ) ! greate/ possible c>e1 & h obta9$ ! same results z ,m4 ,pa/eur1 except+ z reg>ds ! =mation & increase ( ! f]m5t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! =mation & increase ( ! f]m5t t con/itut$ ! po9t ( ! exp]im5t4 ,our discussion 01 !re=e1 di/9ctly limit$ to ?is3 ,liebig d5i$ t ! f]m5t 0 capable ( developm5t 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 :il/ we ass]t$ t ?is developm5t did actually take place1 & 0 comp>atively easy to prove4 ,9 #ahga we repli$ to ,m4 ,liebig be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 a ,note1 9 :i* we (f]$ to prep>e 9 a m9]al m$ium1 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission to be *os5 = ! purpose1 z great a weight ( f]m5t z ,liebig c\ld reasonably dem&4 ,footnote3 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lxxiii41 p4 #adai4 #ahga4 ,we 7 bold] ?an we %\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 9 #ahfj2 ! reason 0 t our k ( ! subject _h be5 /r5g!n$ by t5 ye>s ( r5ew$ rese>*4 ,liebig did n accept our proposal1 nor did he ev5 reply to our ,note4 ,up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* took place on ,april #ah?1 #ahgc1 he wrote no?+ m on ! subject4 ,footnote3 ,9 8 ,memoir ( #ahgj1 ,liebig made a rem>kable admission3 ,my late fri5d ,pel\ze1 he says1 _h communicat$ to me n9e ye>s ago c]ta9 results ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's rese>*es on f]m5tation4 ,i told him t j !n ,i 0 n dispos$ to alt] my op9ion on ! cause ( f]m5tation1 & t if x 7 possible1 by means ( ammonia1 to produce or multiply ! yea/ 9 f]m5t+ liquors1 indu/ry w\ld soon avail itself ( ! fact1 & t ,i w\ld wait to see if x did s2 up to ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 !re _h n be5 ! lea/ *ange 9 ! manufacture ( yea/4 ,we d n "k :at ,m4 ,pel\ze's reply 02 b x is n difficult to conceive s sagaci\s an obs]v] rem>k+ to 8 illu/ri\s fri5d t ! possibility ( d]iv+ pecuni>y advantage f ! wide application ( a new sci5tific fact _h nev] be5 reg>d$ z ! crit]ion ( ! exactness ( t fact4 ,we c\ld prove1 moreov]1 by ! und\bt$ te/imony ( v di/+ui%$ practical m51 notably by t ( ,m4 ,pezeyre1 director ( di/ill]ies1 t ^u ?is po9t also ,liebig 0 mi/ak54 ,:5 we publi%$1 9 #ahfj1 ! details ( ! exp]im5t 9 "q1 we po9t$ out at "s l5g? ! difficulties ( conduct+ x successfully1 & ! possible causes ( failure4 ,we call$ att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! fact t sac*>9e m9]al m$ia are mu* m suit$ = ! nutrition ( bact]ia1 lactic f]m5t1 & o!r l[ly =ms1 ?an !y are to t ( yea/1 & 9 consequ5ce readily become fill$ ) v>i\s organisms f ! spontane\s gr[? ( g]ms d]iv$ f ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! reason :y we d n obs]ve ! gr[? ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 especially at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5ts1 is because ( ! unsuitabl5ess ( ^? m$ia = ! life ( yea/4 ,! latt] may1 nev]!less1 =m 9 !m subsequ5t to ?is developm5t ( o!r organiz$ =ms1 by reason ( ! modification produc$ 9 ! orig9al m9]al m$ium by ! album9\s matt]s t !y introduce into x4 ,x is int]e/+ to p]use1 9 our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 c]ta9 facts ( ! same k9d relat+ to f]m5tation by means ( album5s--t ( ! blood = example1 f :i*1 we may m5tion incid5tally1 we 7 l$ to inf] ! exi/5ce ( sev]al di/9ct album5s 9 ! s]um1 a conclusion :i*1 s9ce !n1 has be5 confirm$ by v>i\s obs]v]s1 notably by ,m4 ,be*amp4 ,n[1 9 8 exp]im5ts on f]m5tation 9 sweet5$ wat]1 ) yea/-a% & a salt ( ammonia1 !re is no d\bt t ,liebig _h fail$ to avoid ^? difficulties :i* are entail$ by ! spontane\s gr[? ( o!r organisms ?an yea/4 ,moreov]1 x is possible t1 to h e/abli%$ ! c]ta9ty ( ?is result1 ,liebig %\ld h _h rec\rse to a clos] microscopical obs]vation ?an f c]ta9 passages 9 8 ,memoir he seems to h adopt$4 ,we h little d\bt t 8 pupils c\ld tell u t ,liebig did n ev5 employ t in/rum5t )\t :i* any exact /udy ( f]m5tation is n m]ely difficult b well-nigh impossible4 ,we ourselves1 = ! reasons1 m5tion$1 did n obta9 a simple alcoholic f]m5tation any m ?an ,liebig did4 ,9 t p>ticul> exp]im5t1 ! details ( :i* we gave 9 our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 we obta9$ lactic & alcoholic f]m5tation toge!r2 an appreciable quantity ( lactic acid =m$ & arre/$ ! propagation ( ! lactic & alcoholic f]m5ts1 s t m ?an half ( ! sug> rema9$ 9 ! liquid )\t f]m5t+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 no way detract$ f ! correctness ( ! conclusion :i* we d$uc$ f ! exp]im5t1 & f o!r simil> ones2 x might ev5 be said t1 f a g5]al & philosophical po9t ( view--:i* is ! only "o ( int]e/ "h--! result 0 d\bly satisfactory1 inasmu* z we demon/rat$ t m9]al m$ia 7 adapt$ to ! simultane\s developm5t ( sev]al organiz$ f]m5ts in/ead ( only "o4 ,! =tuit\s association ( diff]5t f]m5ts c\ld n invalidate ! conclusion t all ! nitrog5 ( ! cells ( ! alcoholic & lactic f]m5ts 0 d]iv$ f ! nitrog5 9 ! ammoniacal salts1 & t all ! c>bon ( ^? f]m5ts 0 tak5 f ! sug>1 s9ce1 9 ! m$ium employ$ 9 our exp]im5t1 ! sug> 0 ! only sub/ance t conta9$ c>bon4 ,liebig c>efully ab/a9$ f notic+ ?is fact1 :i* w\ld h be5 fatal to ! v gr\ndwork ( 8 criticisms1 & ?\ght t he 0 keep+ up ! appe>ance ( a grave contradiction by argu+ t we _h nev] obta9$ a simple alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,x w\ld be unpr(itable to dwell long] ^u ! subject ( ! difficulties :i* ! propagation ( yea/ 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium =m]ly pres5t$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! progress ( our /udies has imp>t$ to ! "q an aspect v diff]5t f t :i* x =m]ly wore2 x 0 ?is circum/ance :i* embold5$ u to (f]1 9 our reply to ,liebig be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahga1 to prep>e1 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission to be appo9t$ by our oppon5t1 any quantity ( f]m5t t he might require1 & to effect ! f]m5tation ( any weight ( sug> :atsoev]4 ,our k ( ! facts detail$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] conc]n+ pure f]m5ts1 & _! manipulation 9 ! pres5ce ( pure air1 enables u completely to disreg>d ^? causes ( emb>rassm5t t result f ! =tuit\s occurr5ce ( ! g]ms ( organisms diff]5t 9 "* f ! f]m5ts introduc$ by ! air or f ! sides ( vessels1 or ev5 by ! f]m5t itself4 ,let u once m take "o ( our d\ble-neck$ flasks1 :i* we w suppose is capable ( conta9+ ?ree or f\r litres 7six to eight p9ts74 ,let u put into x ! foll[+3 ,pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,sug> c&y4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 #bjj grammes ,bit>trate ( potassium4 444 4 444 4 #a4j grammes ,bit>trate ( ammonia4 444 4 444 444 #j4e grammes ,sulphate ( ammonia414 444 4 444 444 #a4e grammes ,a% ( yea/4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 4 444 #a4e grammes 7#a gramme #ae4dc gra9s7 ,let u boil ! mixture1 to de/roy all g]ms ( organisms t may exi/ 9 ! air or liquid or on ! sides ( ! flask1 & !n p]mit x to cool1 aft] hav+ plac$1 by way ( extra precaution a small quantity ( asbe/os 9 ! end ( ! f9e curv$ tube4 ,let u next introduce a trace ( f]m5t into ! liquid1 ?r\gh ! o!r neck1 :i*1 z we h describ$1 is t]m9at$ by a small piece ( india-rubb] tube clos$ ) a glass /opp]4 ,"h are ! details ( su* an exp]im5t3-- ,on ,decemb] #i?1 #ahgc1 we s[$ "s pure f]m5t--sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,f ,decemb] #aa1 t is1 )9 s %ort a "t z =ty-eight h\rs aft] impregnation1 we saw a multitude ( extremely m9ute bubbles ris+ almo/ cont9u\sly f ! bottom1 indication t at ?is po9t ! f]m5tation _h comm5c$4 ,on ! foll[+ days1 sev]al pat*es ( fro? appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,we left ! flask undi/urb$ 9 ! ov51 at a temp]ature ( #be degrees ,c4 7#gg degrees ,f47 ,on ,april #bd1 #ahgd1 we te/$ "s ( ! liquid1 obta9$ by means ( ! /raight tube1 to see if x /ill conta9$ any sug>4 ,we f\nd t x conta9$ less ?an two grammes1 s t #aih grammes 7#d4b oz4 ,troy7 _h already disappe>$4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ! f]m5tation came to an end2 we c>ri$ on ! exp]im5t1 nev]!less1 until ,april #ah1 #ahge4 ,!re 0 no developm5t ( any organism absolutely =eign to ! f]m5t1 :i* 0 itself abundant1 a circum/ance t1 add$ to ! p]si/5t vitality ( ! f]m5t1 9 spite ( ! unsuitabl5ess ( ! m$ium = its nutrition1 p]mitt$ ! p]fect completion ( f]m5tation4 ,!re 0 n ! m9ute/ quantity ( sug> rema9+4 ,! total weight ( f]m5t1 aft] wa%+ & dry+ at #ajj degrees ,c4 7#bab degrees ,f471 0 #b4efc grammes 7#ci4e gra9s74 ,9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! f]m5t has to be weigh$1 x is bett] n to use any yea/-a% t _c be dissolv$ completely1 s z to be capable ( easy sep>ation f ! f]m5t =m$4 ,raul9's liquid ,footnote3 ,m4 ,jules ,raul9 has publi%$ a well-kn[n & rem>kable "w on ! discov]y ( ! m9]al m$ium be/ adapt$ by its composition to ! life ( c]ta9 fungoid gr[?2 he has giv5 a =mula = ! composition ( su* a m$ium4 ,x is ?is t we call "h ,raul9's liquid = abbreviation4 ,wat] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1ejj ,sug> c&y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gj ,t>t>ic acid 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #d ,nitrate ( ammonia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #d ,phosphate ( ammonia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4f ,c>bonate ( potassium 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4f ,c>bonate ( magnesia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4d ,sulphate ( ammonia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4be ,sulphate ( z9c 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4jg ,sulphate ( iron 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4jg ,silicate ( potassium 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4jg --,j4 ,raul91 ,p>is1 ,victor ,masson1 #ahgj4 ,^! p\r le doctorat4 may be us$ 9 su* cases ) success4 ,all ! alcoholic f]m5ts are n capable to ! same ext5t ( developm5t by means ( phosphates1 ammoniacal salts1 & sug>4 ,!re are "s ^: developm5t is arre/$ a long] or %ort] "t be=e ! trans=mation ( all ! sug>4 ,9 a s]ies ( comp>ative exp]im5ts1 #bjj grammes ( sug>-c&y be+ us$ 9 ea* case1 we f\nd t :il/ sac*>omyces pa/orianus effect$ a complete f]m5tation ( ! sug>1 ! case\s f]m5t did n decompose m ?an two-?irds1 & ! f]m5t we h designat$ ,,new ,,high ,,f]m5t n m ?an "o-fif?3 & keep+ ! flasks = a long] "t 9 ! ov5 _h no effect 9 increas+ ! proportions ( sug> f]m5t$ 9 ^! two la/ cases4 ,we conduct$ a great numb] ( f]m5tations 9 m9]al m$ia1 9 consequ5ce ( a circum/ance :i* x may be int]e/+ to m5tion "h4 ,a p]son :o 0 work+ 9 our laboratory ass]t$ t ! success ( our exp]im5ts dep5d$ ^u ! impurity ( ! sug>-c&y :i* we employ$1 & t if ?is sug> _h be5 pure--mu* pur] ?an 0 ! ord9>y1 :ite1 comm]cial sug>-c&y1 :i* up to t "t we _h always us$--! f]m5t c\ld n h multipli$4 ,! p]si/5t objections ( our fri5d1 & our desire to conv9ce him1 caus$ u to repeat all our previ\s exp]im5ts on ! subject1 us+ sug> ( great purity1 :i* _h be5 specially prep>$ = u1 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 by a skilful confection]1 ,seugnot4 ,! result only confirm$ our =m] conclusions4 ,ev5 ?is did n satisfy our ob/9ate fri5d1 :o w5t to ! tr\ble ( prep>+ "s pure sug> = himself1 9 little cry/als1 by repeat$ cry/allizations ( c>efully select$ comm]cial sug>-c&y2 he !n repeat$ our exp]im5ts himself4 ,?is "t 8 d\bts 7 ov]come4 ,x ev5 happ5$ t ! f]m5tations ) ! p]fectly pure sug> in/ead ( be+ sl[ 7 v active1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? :i* we _h conduct$ )1 ! comm]cial sug>-c&y4 ,we may "h add a few words on ! non-trans=mation ( yea/ into p5icillium glaucum4 ,if at any "t dur+ f]m5tation we p\r (f ! f]m5t+ liquid1 ! deposit ( yea/ rema9+ 9 ! vessel may cont9ue !re1 9 contact ) air1 )\t our ev] be+ able to discov] ! lea/ =mation ( p5icillium glaucum 9 x4 ,we may keep a curr5t ( pure air con/antly pass+ ?r\gh ! flask2 ! exp]im5t w give ! same result4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is a m$ium peculi>ly adapt$ to ! developm5t ( ?is m\ld1 inasmu* z if we 7 to introduce m]ely a few spores ( p5icillium an abundant vegetation ( t gr[? w aft]w>ds appe> on ! deposit4 ,! descriptions ( ,messrs4 ,turp91 ,h(fmann1 & ,trecul h1 !re=e1 be5 bas$ on "o ( ^! illusions :i* we meet ) s frequ5tly 9 microscopical obs]vations4 ,:5 we laid ^! facts be=e ! ,academy1 ,footnote3 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie1 vol4 lxxviii41 pp4 #bac-baf4 ,m4 ,trecul pr(ess$ 8 inability to compreh5d !m3 ,footnote3 ,,trecul1 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie1 vol4 lxxviii41 pp4 #bag1 #bah4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,pa/eur1 he said1 ! yea/ ( be] is ,,ana]obian1 t is to say1 x lives 9 a liquid depriv$ ( free oxyg52 & to become mycod]ma or p5icillium x is above all ?+s necess>y t x %\ld be plac$ 9 air1 s9ce1 )\t ?is1 z ! "n signifies1 an a]obian be+ _c exi/4 ,to br+ ab\t ! trans=mation ( ! yea/ ( be] into mycod]ma c]evisiae or into p5icillium glaucum we mu/ accept ! conditions "u :i* ^! two =ms are obta9$4 ,if ,m4 ,pa/eur w p]si/ 9 keep+ 8 yea/ 9 m$ia :i* are incompatible ) ! desir$ modification1 x is cle> t ! results :i* he obta9s mu/ always be negative4 ,contr>y to ?is p]fectly gratuit\s ass]tion ( ,m4 ,trecul's we d n keep our yea/ 9 m$ia :i* are calculat$ to prev5t its trans=mation into p5icillium4 ,z we h j se51 ! pr9cipal aim & object ( our exp]im5t 0 to br+ ?is m9ute plant into contact ) air1 & "u conditions t w\ld all[ ! p5icillium to develop ) p]fect fre$om4 ,we conduct$ our exp]im5ts exactly z ,turp9 & ,h(fmann conduct$ !irs1 & exactly z !y /ipulate t su* exp]im5ts %\ld be conduct$--) ! "o sole diff]5ce1 indisp5sable to ! correctness ( our obs]vations1 t we c>efully gu>d$ ourselves aga9/ ^? causes ( error :i* !y did n take ! lea/ tr\ble to avoid4 ,x is possible to produce a ready entrance & escape ( pure air 9 ! case ( ! d\ble-neck$ flasks :i* we h s (t5 employ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! cont9u\s passage ( a curr5t ( air4 ,hav+ made a file-m>k on ! ?9 curv$ neck at a di/ance ( two or ?ree c5timetres 7an in*7 f ! flask1 we mu/ cut r\nd ! neck at ?is po9t ) a glazi]'s diamond1 & !n remove x1 tak+ c>e to cov] ! op5+ imm$iately ) a %eef ( pap] :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame1 & :i* we mu/ fa/5 ) a ?read r\nd ! "p ( ! neck /ill left4 ,9 ?is mann] we may increase or prolong ! fructification ( fungoid gr[?s1 or ! life ( ! a]obian f]m5ts 9 our flasks4 ,:at we h said ( ,p5icillium glaucum w apply equally to ,mycod]ma c]evisiae4 ,not)/&+ t ,turp9 & ,trecul may ass]t to ! contr>y1 yea/1 9 contact ) air z x 0 "u ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t j describ$1 w n yield ,mycod]ma v9i or ,mycod]ma c]evisiae any m ?an x w ,p5icillium4 ,! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs on ! increase ( organiz$ f]m5ts 9 m9]al m$ia ( ! composition describ$1 are ( ! greate/ physiological int]e/4 ,among/ o!r results1 !y %[ t all ! proteic matt] ( f]m5ts may be produc$ by ! vital activity ( ! cells1 :i*1 ap>t altoge!r f ! influ5ce ( light or free oxyg5 7unless inde$1 we are deal+ ) a]obian m\lds :i* require free oxyg571 h ! p[] ( develop+ a *emical activity betwe5 c>bohydrates1 ammoniacal salts1 phosphates1 & sulphates ( potassium & magnesium4 ,x may be admitt$ ) tru? t a simil> effect obta9s 9 ! case ( ! high] plants1 s t 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce we fail to conceive :at s]i\s reason c be urg$ aga9/ our consid]+ ?is effect z g5]al4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly logical to ext5d ! results ( :i* we are speak+ to all plants1 & to believe t ! proteic matt] ( vegetables1 & p]haps ( animals also1 is =m$ exclusively by ! activity ( ! cells op]at+ ^u ! ammoniacal & o!r m9]al salts ( ! sap or plasma ( ! blood1 & ! c>bo-hydrates1 ! =mation ( :i*1 9 ! case ( ! high] plants1 requires only ! concurr5ce ( ! *emical impulse ( gre5 light4 ,view$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! =mation ( ! proteic sub/ances1 w\ld be indep5d5t ( ! great act ( r$uction ( c>bonic acid gas "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,^! sub/ances w\ld n be built up f ! elem5ts ( wat]1 ammonia1 & c>bonic acid gas1 aft] ! decomposition ( ?is la/2 !y w\ld be =m$ :]e !y are f\nd 9 ! cells !mselves1 by "s process ( union betwe5 ! c>bo-hydrates import$ by ! sap1 & ! phosphates ( potassium & magnesium & salts ( ammonia4 ,la/ly1 9 vegetable gr[?1 by means ( a c>bo-hydrate & a m9]al m$ium1 s9ce ! c>bo-hydrate is capable ( _m v>iations1 & x w\ld be difficult to und]/& h[ x c\ld be split up into its elem5ts be=e s]v+ to con/itute ! proteic sub/ances1 & ev5 cellulose sub/ances1 z ^! are c>bo-hydrates4 ,we h comm5c$ c]ta9 /udies 9 ?is direction4 ,if sol> radiation is indisp5sable to ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid & ! build+ up ( ! prim>y sub/ances 9 ! case ( high] vegetable life1 x is /ill possible t c]ta9 inf]ior organisms may d )\t x & nev]!less yield ! mo/ complex sub/ances1 fatty or c>bo-hydrate1 su* z cellulose1 v>i\s organic acids1 & proteic matt]2 n1 h[ev]1 by borr[+ _! c>bon f ! c>bonic acid :i* is saturat$ ) oxyg51 b f o!r matt]s /ill capable ( acquir+ oxyg51 & s ( yield+ heat 9 ! process1 su* z alcohol & acetic acid1 = example1 to cite m]ely c>bon comp\nds mo/ remov$ f organization4 ,z ^! la/ comp\nds1 & a ho/ ( o!rs equally adapt$ to s]ve z ! c>bonace\s food ( mycod]ms & ! muc$9es1 may be produc$ syn!tically by means ( c>bon & ! vap\r ( wat]1 aft] ! me?ods t sci5ce owes to ,b]!lot1 x foll[s t1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 inf]ior be+s1 life w\ld be possible ev5 if x %\ld be t ! sol> light 0 ext+ui%$4 ,footnote3 ,see on ?is subject ! v]bal obs]vations :i* we address$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at its meet+s ( ,april #aj? & #bd?1 #ahgf4 ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,& ,,its ,,applications ,,to ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,april #bi?1 #ahgh4 ,publi%$ 9 ,comptes ,r5dus de l' ,academie des ,sci5ces1 lxxxvi41 pp4 #ajcg-dc4 ,! ,sci5ces ga9 by mutual support4 ,:51 z ! result ( my fir/ communications on ! f]m5tations 9 #aheg-aheh1 x appe>$ t ! f]m5ts1 prop]ly s-call$1 are liv+ be+s1 t ! g]ms ( microscopic organisms ab\nd 9 ! surface ( all objects1 9 ! air & 9 wat]2 t ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation is *im]ical2 t w9es1 be]1 v9eg>1 ! blood1 ur9e & all ! fluids ( ! body und]go none ( _! usual *anges 9 pure air1 bo? ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y receiv$ fre% /imulation4 ,a ,fr5* physician1 ,dr4 ,dava9e1 0 =tunate 9 mak+ ! fir/ application ( ^! pr9ciples to ,m$ic9e1 9 #ahfc4 ,our rese>*es ( la/ ye>1 left ! etiology ( ! putrid disease1 or septicemia1 9 a mu* less advanc$ condition ?an t ( an?rax4 ,we _h demon/rat$ ! probability t septicemia dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce & gr[? ( a microscopic body1 b ! absolute pro( ( ?is important conclusion 0 n rea*$4 ,to demon/rate exp]im5tally t a microscopic organism actually is ! cause ( a disease & ! ag5t ( contagion1 ,i "k no o!r way1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,sci5ce1 ?an to subject ! microbe 7! new & happy t]m introduc$ by ,m4 ,s$illot7 to ! me?od ( cultivation out ( ! body4 ,x may be not$ t 9 twelve successive cultures1 ea* "o ( only t5 cubic c5timet]s volume1 ! orig9al drop w be dilut$ z if plac$ 9 a volume ( fluid equal to ! total volume ( ! e>?4 ,x is j ?is =m ( te/ to :i* ,m4 ,j\b]t & ,i subject$ ! an?rax bact]idium4 ,footnote3 ,9 mak+ ! translation1 x seems wis] to adh]e to ,pa/eur's nom5clature4 ,bacillus an?racis w\ld be ! t]m employ$ to-day4-- ,translator4 ,hav+ cultivat$ x a great numb] ( times 9 a /]ile fluid1 ea* culture be+ />t$ ) a m9ute drop f ! prec$+1 we !n demon/rat$ t ! product ( ! la/ culture 0 capable ( fur!r developm5t & ( act+ 9 ! animal tissues by produc+ an?rax ) all its symptoms4 ,su* is--z we believe--! indisputable pro( t ,,an?rax ,,is ,a ,,bact]ial ,,disease4 ,our rese>*es conc]n+ ! septic vibrio _h n s f> be5 conv9c+1 & x 0 to fill up ?is gap t we resum$ our exp]im5ts4 ,to ?is end1 we attempt$ ! cultivation ( ! septic vibrio f an animal dead ( septicemia4 ,x is wor? not+ t all ( our fir/ exp]im5ts fail$1 despite ! v>iety ( culture m$ia we employ$--ur9e1 be] yea/ wat]1 meat wat]1 etc4 ,our culture m$ia 7 n /]ile1 b we f\nd--mo/ commonly--a microscopic organism %[+ no relation%ip to ! septic vibrio1 & pres5t+ ! =m1 common en\gh else:]e1 ( *a9s ( extremely m9ute sph]ical granules possess$ ( no virul5ce :atev]4 ,footnote3 ,x is q possible t ,pa/eur 0 "h deal+ ) c]ta9 septicemic /reptococci t are n[ "k to lose _! virul5ce ) extreme rapidity "u artificial cultivation4--,translator4 ,?is 0 an impurity1 introduc$1 unkn[n to u1 at ! same "t z ! septic vibrio2 & ! g]m und\bt$ly pass$ f ! inte/9es--always inflam$ & di/5d$ 9 septicemic animals-- into ! abdom9al fluids f :i* we took our orig9al cultures ( ! septic vibrio4 ,if ?is explanation ( ! contam9ation ( our cultures 0 correct1 we ought to f9d a pure culture ( ! septic vibrio 9 ! he>t's blood ( an animal rec5tly dead ( septicemia4 ,?is 0 :at happ5$1 b a new difficulty pres5t$ itself2 all our cultures rema9$ /]ile4 ,fur!rmore ?is /]ility 0 accompani$ by loss 9 ! culture m$ia ( 7! orig9al7 virul5ce4 ,x occurr$ to u t ! septic vibrio might be an obligatory ana]obe & t ! /]ility ( our inoculat$ culture fluids might be due to ! de/ruction ( ! septic vibrio by ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! fluids4 ,! ,academy may rememb] t ,i h previ\sly demon/rat$ facts ( ?is nature 9 reg>d to ! vibrio ( butyric f]m5tation1 :i* n only lives )\t air b is kill$ by ! air4 ,x 0 necess>y !re=e to attempt to cultivate ! septic vibrio ei!r 9 a vacuum or 9 ! pres5ce ( in]t gases--su* z c>bonic acid4 ,results ju/ifi$ our attempt2 ! septic vibrio grew easily 9 a complete vacuum1 & no less easily 9 ! pres5ce ( pure c>bonic acid4 ,^! results h a necess>y coroll>y4 ,if a fluid conta9+ septic vibrios be expos$ to pure air1 ! vibrios %\ld be kill$ & all virul5ce %\ld disappe>4 ,?is is actually ! case4 ,if "s drops ( septic s]um be spread horizontally 9 a tube & 9 a v ?9 lay]1 ! fluid w become absolutely h>mless 9 less ?an half a day1 ev5 if at fir/ x 0 s virul5t z to produce dea? ^u ! inoculation ( ! smalle/ portion ( a drop4 ,fur!rmore all ! vibrios1 :i* cr[d$ ! liquid z motile ?reads1 are de/roy$ & disappe>4 ,aft] ! action ( ! air1 only f9e amorph\s granules c be f\nd1 unfit = culture z well z = ! transmission ( any disease :atev]4 ,x might be said t ! air burn$ ! vibrios4 ,if x is a t]rify+ ?\ght t life is at ! m]cy ( ! multiplication ( ^! m9ute bodies1 x is a consol+ hope t ,sci5ce w n always rema9 p[]less be=e su* enemies1 s9ce = example at ! v beg9n+ ( ! /udy we f9d t simple exposure to air is suffici5t at times to de/roy !m4 ,b1 if oxyg5 de/roys ! vibrios1 h[ c septicemia exi/1 s9ce atmosph]ic air is pres5t ev]y:]e8 ,h[ c su* facts be br\ght 9 accord ) ! g]m !ory8 ,h[ c blood1 expos$ to air1 become septic ?r\gh ! du/ ! air conta9s8 ,all ?+s are hidd51 obscure & debatable if ! cause ( ! ph5om5a be unkn[n1 b ev]y?+ is cle> if ?is cause be kn[n4 ,:at we h j said is true only ( a septic fluid conta9+ adult vibrios1 9 active developm5t by fission3 conditions are diff]5t :5 ! vibrios are trans=m$ into _! g]ms1 ,footnote3 ,by ! t]ms g]m & g]m corpuscles1 ,pa/eur und\bt$ly means spores1 b ! *ange is n made1 9 accordance ) note #c1 above4--,translator4 t is into ! gli/5+ corpuscles fir/ describ$ & figur$ 9 my /udies on silk-worm disease1 9 deal+ ) worms dead ( ! disease call$ fla*]ie4 ,only ! adult vibrios disappe>1 burn up1 & lose _! virul5ce 9 contact ) air3 ! g]m corpuscles1 "u ^! conditions1 rema9 always ready = new cultures1 & = new inoculations4 ,all ?is h[ev] does n d away ) ! difficulty ( und]/&+ h[ septic g]ms c exi/ on ! surface ( objects1 float+ 9 ! air & 9 wat]4 ,:]e c ^! corpuscles orig9ate8 ,no?+ is easi] ?an ! production ( ^! g]ms1 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( air 9 contact ) septic fluids4 ,if abdom9al s]\s exudate conta9+ septic vibrios actively gr[+ by fission be expos$ to ! air1 z we sugge/$ above1 b ) ! precaution ( giv+ a sub/antial ?ickness to ! lay]1 ev5 if only "o c5timet] be us$1 ?is curi\s ph5om5on w appe> 9 a few h\rs4 ,! oxyg5 is absorb$ 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! fluid--z is indicat$ by ! *ange ( color4 ,"h ! vibrios are dead & disappe>4 ,9 ! deep] lay]s1 on ! o!r h&1 t[>ds ! bottom ( ?is c5timet] ( septic fluid we suppose to be "u obs]vation1 ! vibrios cont9ue to multiply by fission--protect$ f ! action ( oxyg5 by ^? t h p]i%$ above !m3 little by little !y pass ov] to ! condition ( g]m corpuscles ) ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! ?read =ms4 ,s t in/ead ( mov+ ?reads ( v>y+ l5g?1 sometimes great] ?an ! field ( ! microscope1 !re is to be se5 only a numb] ( glitt]+ po9ts1 ly+ free or surr\nd$ by a sc>cely p]ceptible amorph\s mass4 ,footnote3 ,9 our note ( ,july #af?1 #ahgg1 x is /at$ t ! septic vibrio is n de/roy$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air nor by oxyg5 at high t5sion1 b t "u ^! conditions x is trans=m$ into g]m-corpuscles4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 an incorrect int]pretation ( facts4 ,! vibrio is de/roy$ by oxyg51 & x is only :]e x is 9 a ?ick lay] t x is trans=m$ to g]m-corpuscles 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & t its virul5ce is pres]v$4 ,?us is =m$1 conta9+ ! lat5t g]m life1 no long] 9 dang] f ! de/ructive action ( oxyg51 ?us1 ,i repeat1 is =m$ ! septic du/1 & we are able to und]/& :at has be=e seem$ s obscure2 we c see h[ putrescible fluids c be inoculat$ by ! du/ ( ! air1 & h[ x is t putrid diseases are p]man5t 9 ! _w4 ,! ,academy w p]mit me1 be=e leav+ ^! int]e/+ results1 to ref] to "o ( _! ma9 !oretical consequ5ces4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ^! rese>*es1 = !y reveal an entirely new field1 :at mu/ be insi/5tly dem&$8 ,! absolute pro( t !re actually exi/ transmissible1 contagi\s1 infecti\s diseases ( :i* ! cause lies ess5tially & solely 9 ! pres5ce ( microscopic organisms4 ,! pro( t = at lea/ "s diseases1 ! conception ( spontane\s virul5ce mu/ be =ev] ab&on$--z well z ! idea ( contagion & an infecti\s elem5t sudd5ly orig9at+ 9 ! bodies ( m5 or animals & able to orig9ate diseases :i* propagate !mselves "u id5tical =ms3 & all ( ^? op9ions fatal to m$ical progress1 :i* h giv5 rise to ! gratuit\s hypo!ses ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ( album9oid f]m5ts1 ( hemiorganisms1 ( ar*ebiosis1 & _m o!r conceptions )\t ! lea/ basis 9 obs]vation4 ,:at is to be s\ght = 9 ?is in/ance is ! pro( t along ) our vibrio !re does n exi/ an indep5d5t virul5ce belong+ to ! surr\nd+ fluids or solids1 9 %ort t ! vibrio is n m]ely an epiph5om5on ( ! disease ( :i* x is ! obligatory accompanim5t4 ,:at !n d we see1 9 ! results t ,i h j br\ght out8 ,a septic fluid1 tak5 at ! mom5t t ! vibrios are n yet *ang$ into g]ms1 loses its virul5ce completely ^u simple exposure to ! air1 b pres]ves ?is virul5ce1 al?\gh expos$ to air on ! simple condition ( be+ 9 a ?ick lay] = "s h\rs4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! virul5ce once lo/ by exposure to air1 ! liquid is incapable ( tak+ x on aga9 ^u cultivation3 b1 9 ! second case1 x pres]ves its virul5ce & c propagate1 ev5 aft] exposure to air4 ,x is impossible1 !n1 to ass]t t !re is a sep>ate virul5t sub/ance1 ei!r fluid or solid1 exi/+1 ap>t f ! adult vibrio or its g]m4 ,nor c x be suppos$ t !re is a virus :i* loses its virul5ce at ! mom5t t ! adult vibrio dies2 = su* a sub/ance %\ld also lose its virul5ce :5 ! vibrios1 *ang$ to g]ms1 are expos$ to ! air4 ,s9ce ! virul5ce p]si/s "u ^! conditions x c only be due to ! g]m corpuscles--! only ?+ pres5t4 ,!re is only "o possible hypo!sis z to ! exi/5ce ( a virus 9 solution1 & t is t su* a sub/ance1 :i* 0 pres5t 9 our exp]im5t 9 nonfatal am\nts1 %\ld be cont9u\sly furni%$ by ! vibrio itself1 dur+ its gr[? 9 ! body ( ! liv+ animal4 ,b x is ( little importance s9ce ! hypo!sis supposes ! =m+ & necess>y exi/5ce ( ! vibrio4 ,footnote3 ,! regul> limits1 oblige me to omit a portion ( my spee*4 ,i ha/5 to t\* ^u ano!r s]ies ( obs]vations :i* are ev5 m des]v+ ! att5tion ( ! surgeon ?an ! prec$+3 ,i desire to speak ( ! effects ( our microbe ( pus :5 associat$ ) ! septic vibrio4 ,!re is no?+ m easy to sup]pose--z x 7--two di/9ct diseases & to produce :at might be call$ a ,,septicemic ,,purul5t ,,infection1 or a ,,purul5t ,,septicemia4 ,:il/ ! microbe-produc+ pus1 :5 act+ alone1 gives rise to a ?ick pus1 :ite1 or sometimes ) a yell[ or blui% t9t1 n putrid1 diffus$ or enclos$ by ! s-call$ pyog5ic membrane1 n dang]\s1 especially if localiz$ 9 cellul> tissue1 ready1 if ! expression may be us$ = rapid resorption2 on ! o!r h& ! smalle/ abscess produc$ by ?is organism :5 associat$ ) ! septic vibrio takes on a ?ick gangr5\s appe>ance1 putrid1 gre5i% & infiltrat+ ! s(t5$ tissues4 ,9 ?is case ! microbe ( pus c>ri$ s to speak by ! septic vibrio1 accompanies x ?r\gh\t ! body3 ! highly-inflam$ muscul> tissues1 full ( s]\s fluid1 %[+ also globules ( pus "h & !re1 are l a knead+ ( ! two organisms4 ,by a simil> proc$ure ! effects ( ! an?rax bact]idium & ! microbe ( pus may be comb9$ & ! two diseases may be sup]pos$1 s z to obta9 a purul5t an?rax or an an?racoid purul5t infection4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to exagg]ate ! pr$om9ance ( ! new microbe ov] ! bact]idum4 ,if ! microbe be associat$ ) ! latt] 9 suffici5t am\nt x may cr[d x out completely--prev5t x f gr[+ 9 ! body at all4 ,an?rax does n appe>1 & ! infection1 entirely local1 becomes m]ely an abscess ^: cure is easy4 ,! microbe- produc+ pus & ! septic vibrio 7n7 ,footnote3 ,!re is und\bt$ly a mi/ake 9 ! orig9al4 ,pa/eur c\ld n h meant to say t bo? bact]ia are ana]obes4 ,! ^w n is introduc$ to correct ! error4--,translator4 be+ bo? ana]obes1 z we h demon/rat$1 x is evid5t t ! latt] w n mu* di/urb its neighbor4 ,nutri5t sub/ances1 fluid or solid1 c sc>cely be defici5t 9 ! tissues f su* m9ute organisms4 ,b ! an?rax bact]idium is exclusively a]obic1 & ! proportion ( oxyg5 is f> f be+ equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! tissues3 innum]able conditions c dim9i% or exhau/ ! supply "h & !re1 & s9ce ! microbe-produc+ pus is also a]obic1 x c be und]/ood h[1 by us+ a quantity slightly great] ?an t ( ! bact]idium x might easily deprive ! latt] ( ! oxyg5 necess>y = x4 ,b ! explanation ( ! fact is ( little importance3 x is c]ta9 t "u "s conditions ! microbe we are speak+ ( entirely prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! bact]idium4 ,summ>iz+--x appe>s f ! prec$+ facts t x is possible to produce at w1 purul5t infections ) no elem5ts ( putresc5ce1 putresc5t purul5t infections1 an?racoid purul5t infections1 & f9ally comb9ations ( ^! types ( lesions v>y+ accord+ to ! proportions ( ! mixtures ( ! specific organisms made to act on ! liv+ tissues4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal facts ,i h to communicate to ! ,academy 9 my "n & 9 ! names ( my collaborators1 ,messrs4 ,j\b]t & ,*amb]l&4 ,"s weeks ago 7,session ( ! #aa? ( ,m>* la/7 a memb] ( ! ,section ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y1 ,m4 ,s$illot1 aft] long m$itation on ! lessons ( a brilliant c>e]1 did n hesitate to ass]t t ! successes z well z ! failures ( ,surg]y f9d a rational explanation 9 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! g]m !ory is bas$1 & t ?is !ory w\ld f\nd a new ,surg]y--already begun by a celebrat$ ,engli% surgeon1 ,dr4 ,li/]1 ,footnote3 ,see ,"l ,li/]'s pap] 9 ! pres5t volume4--,ed4 :o 0 among ! fir/ to und]/& its f]tility4 ,) no pr(essional au?ority1 b ) ! conviction ( a tra9$ exp]im5t]1 ,i v5ture "h to repeat ! words ( an em95t confr]e4 ,,on ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,to ,,! ,,etiology ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,common ,,diseases ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,may #c1 #ahhj4 ,publi%$ 9 ,comptes r5dus1 de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 xc41 pp4 #ajcc-dd4 ,:5 ,i began ! /udies n[ occupy+ my att5tion1 ,footnote3 ,9 #ahhj4 ,especially engag$ 9 ! /udy ( *ick5 *ol]a & ! att5uation ( virul5ce--,translator4 ,i 0 attempt+ to ext5d ! g]m !ory to c]ta9 common diseases4 ,i d n "k :5 ,i c return to t "w4 ,!re=e 9 my desire to see x c>ri$ on by o!rs1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( pres5t+ x to ! public 9 its pres5t condition4 ,i4 ,furuncles4 ,9 ,may1 #ahgi1 "o ( ! work]s 9 my laboratory _h a numb] ( furuncles1 appe>+ at %ort int]vals1 sometimes on "o "p ( ! body & sometimes on ano!r4 ,con/antly impress$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! imm5se "p play$ by microscopic organisms 9 ,nature1 ,i qu]i$ :e!r ! pus 9 ! furuncles might n conta9 "o ( ^! organisms ^: pres5ce1 developm5t1 & *ance transportation "h & !re 9 ! tissues aft] entrance w\ld produce a local inflammation1 & pus =mation1 & might expla9 ! recurr5ce ( ! illness dur+ a long] or %ort] "t4 ,x 0 easy en\gh to subject ?is ?\ght to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,fir/ obs]vation4--,on ,june second1 a puncture 0 made at ! base ( ! small cone ( pus at ! apex ( a furuncle on ! nape ( ! neck4 ,! fluid obta9$ 0 at once s[$ 9 ! pres5ce ( pure air--( c\rse ) ! precautions necess>y to exclude any =eign g]ms1 ei!r at ! mom5t ( puncture1 at ! mom5t ( s[+ 9 ! culture fluid1 or dur+ ! /ay 9 ! ov51 :i* 0 kept at ! con/ant temp]ature ( ab\t #ce degrees ,c1 ,! next day1 ! culture fluid _h become cl\dy & conta9$ a s+le organism1 consi/+ ( small sph]ical po9ts arrang$ 9 pairs1 sometimes 9 f\rs1 b (t5 9 irregul> masses4 ,two fluids 7 pref]r$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts--*ick5 & yea/ b\illon4 ,accord+ z "o or ! o!r 0 us$1 appe>ances v>i$ a little4 ,^! %\ld be describ$4 ,) ! yea/ wat]1 ! pairs ( m9ute granules are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! liquid1 :i* is uni=mly cl\d$4 ,b ) ! *ick5 b\illon1 ! granules are collect$ 9 little masses :i* l9e ! walls & bottom ( ! flasks :ile ! body ( ! fluid rema9s cle>1 unless x be %ak53 9 ?is case x becomes uni=mly cl\d$ by ! break+ up ( ! small masses f ! walls ( ! flasks4 ,second obs]vation4--,on ! t5? ( ,june a new furuncle made its appe>ance on ! "r ?igh ( ! same p]son4 ,pus c\ld n yet be se5 "u ! sk91 b ?is 0 already ?ick5$ & r$ ov] a surface ! size ( a franc4 ,! inflam$ "p 0 wa%$ ) alcohol1 & dri$ ) blott+ pap] pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( an alcohol lamp4 ,a puncture at ! ?ick5$ portion enabl$ u to secure a small am\nt ( lymph mix$ ) blood1 :i* 0 s[$ at ! same "t z "s blood tak5 f ! f+] ( ! h&4 ,! foll[+ days1 ! blood f ! f+] rema9$ absolutely /]ile3 b t obta9$ f ! c5t] ( ! =m+ furuncle gave an abundant gr[? ( ! same small organism z be=e4 ,?ird obs]vation4--,! f\rte5? ( ,june1 a new furuncle appe>$ on ! neck ( ! same p]son4 ,! same exam9ation1 ! same result1 t is to say ! developm5t ( ! microscopic organism previ\sly describ$ & complete /]ility ( ! blood ( ! g5]al circulation1 tak5 ?is "t at ! base ( ! furuncle outside ( ! inflam$ area4 ,at ! "t ( mak+ ^! obs]vations ,i spoke ( !m to ,dr4 ,maurice ,reynaud1 :o 0 good en\gh to s5d me a pati5t :o _h _h furuncles = m ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,on ,june ?irte5? ,i made cultures ( ! pus f a furuncle ( ?is man4 ,! next day !re 0 a g5]al cl\d9ess ( ! culture fluids1 consi/+ entirely ( ! prec$+ p>asite1 & ( ?is alone4 ,f\r? obs]vation4--,june f\rte5?1 ! same individual %[$ me a newly =m+ furuncle 9 ! left axilla3 !re 0 wide- spread ?ick5+ & r$ness ( ! sk91 b no pus 0 yet app>5t4 ,an incision at ! c5t] ( ! ?ick5+ %[$ a small quantity ( pus mix$ ) blood4 ,s[+1 rapid gr[? = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & ! appe>ance ( ! same organism4 ,blood f ! arm at a di/ance f ! furuncle rema9$ completely /]ile4 ,june #ag1 ! exam9ation ( a fre% furuncle on ! same individual gave ! same result1 ! developm5t ( a pure culture ( ! same organism4 ,fif? obs]vation4--,july tw5ty-fir/1 ,dr4 ,maurice ,reynaud in=m$ me t !re 0 a woman at ! ,l>iboisi]e hospital ) multiple furuncles4 ,z a matt] ( fact h] back 0 cov]$ ) !m1 "s 9 active suppuration1 o!rs 9 ! ulc]at+ /age4 ,i took pus f all ( ^! furuncles t _h n op5$4 ,aft] a few h\rs1 ?is pus gave an abundant gr[? 9 cultures4 ,! same organism1 )\t admixture1 0 f\nd4 ,blood f ! inflam$ base ( ! furuncle rema9$ /]ile4 ,9 brief1 x appe>s c]ta9 t e furuncle conta9s an a]obic microscopic p>asite1 to :i* is due ! local inflammation & ! pus =mation t foll[s4 ,culture fluids conta9+ ! m9ute organism inoculat$ "u ! sk9 ( rabbits & gu9ea-pigs produce abscesses g5]ally small 9 size & t promptly heal4 ,z long z heal+ is n complete ! pus ( ! abscesses conta9s ! microscopic organism :i* produc$ !m4 ,x is !re=e liv+ & develop+1 b its propagation at a di/ance does n occur4 ,^! cultures ( :i* ,i speak1 :5 inject$ 9 small quantities 9 ! jugul> ve9 ( gu9ea pigs %[ t ! m9ute organism does n gr[ 9 ! blood4 ,! day aft] ! injection !y _c be recov]$ ev5 9 cultures4 ,i seem to h obs]v$ z a g5]al pr9ciple1 t1 provid$ ! blood corpuscles are 9 good physiological condition x is difficult = a]obic p>asites to develop 9 ! blood4 ,i h always ?\ght t ?is is to be expla9$ by a k9d ( /ruggle betwe5 ! aff9ity ( ! blood corpuscles = oxyg5 & t belong+ to ! p>asite 9 cultures4 ,:il/ ! blood corpuscles c>ry (f1 t is1 take possession ( all ! oxyg51 ! life & developm5t ( ! p>asite become extremely difficult or impossible4 ,x is !re=e easily elim9at$1 dige/$1 if "o may use ! phrase4 ,i h se5 ^! facts _m times 9 an?rax & *ick5-*ol]a1 diseases bo? ( :i* are due to ! pres5ce ( an a]obic p>asite4 ,blood cultures f ! g5]al circulation be+ always /]ile 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 x w\ld seem t "u ! conditions ( ! furuncul> dia!sis1 ! m9ute p>asite does n exi/ 9 ! blood4 ,t x _c be cultivat$ = ! reason giv51 & t x is n abundant is evid5t2 b1 f ! /]ility ( ! cultures report$ 7five only7 x %\ld n be def9itely conclud$ t ! little p>asite may n1 at "s "t1 be tak5 up by ! blood & transplant$ f a furuncle :5 x is develop+ to ano!r "p ( ! body1 :]e x may be accid5tally lodg$1 may develop & produce a new furuncle4 ,i am conv9c$ t if1 9 cases ( furuncul> dia!sis1 n m]ely a few drops b sev]al grams ( blood f ! g5]al circulation c\ld be plac$ "u cultivation frequ5t successful gr[?s w\ld be obta9$4 ,footnote3 ,?is pr$iction is fully c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5t day successful use ( consid]able am\nts ( blood 9 cultures & ! resultant frequ5t demon/rations ( bact]ia pres5t 9 ! circulation 9 _m infections4-- ,translator4 ,9 ! _m exp]im5ts ,i h made on ! blood 9 *ick5-*ol]a1 ,i h frequ5tly demon/rat$ t repeat$ cultures f droplets ( blood d n %[ an ev5 developm5t ev5 :]e tak5 f ! same organ1 ! he>t = example1 & at ! mom5t :5 ! p>asite beg9s its exi/5ce 9 ! blood1 :i* c easily be und]/ood4 ,once ev51 x happ5$ t only ?ree out ( t5 *ick5s di$ aft] inoculation ) infecti\s blood 9 :i* ! p>asite _h j began to appe>1 ! rema9+ sev5 %[$ no symptoms :atev]4 ,9 fact1 ! microbe1 at ! mom5t ( beg9n+ its entrance into ! blood may exi/ s+ly or 9 m9ute numb]s 9 "o droplet & n at all 9 its imm$iate neighbor4 ,i believe !re=e t x w\ld be extremely in/ructive 9 furunculosis1 to f9d a pati5t will+ to submit to a numb] ( punctures 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body away f =m$ or =m+ furuncles1 & ?us secure _m cultures1 simultane\s ( o!rwise1 ( ! blood ( ! g5]al circulation4 ,i am conv9c$ t among !m w\ld be f\nd gr[?s ( ! micro-organism ( furuncles4 ,,ii4 ,on ,o/eomyelitis4 ,s+le obs]vation4 ,i h b "o obs]vation relat+ to ?is sev]e disease1 & 9 ?is ,dr4 ,lannelongue took ! initiative4 ,! monograph on o/eomyelitis publi%$ by ?is le>n$ practition] is well kn[n1 ) 8 sugge/ion ( ! possibility ( a cure by treph9+ ! bone & ! use ( antiseptic wa%es & dress+s4 ,on ! f\rte5? ( ,febru>y1 at ! reque/ ( ,dr4 ,lannelongue ,i w5t to ! ,sa9te-,eug5ie hospital1 :]e ?is skillful surgeon 0 to op]ate on a little girl ( ab\t twelve ye>s ( age4 ,! "r knee 0 mu* swoll51 z well z ! :ole leg bel[ ! calf & a "p ( ! ?igh above ! knee4 ,!re 0 no ext]nal op5+4 ,"u *lor(orm1 ,dr4 ,lannelongue made a long incision bel[ ! knee :i* let out a l>ge am\nt ( pus2 ! tibia 0 f\nd d5ud$ = a long di/ance4 ,?ree places 9 ! bone 7 treph9$4 ,f ea* ( ^!1 quantities ( pus fl[$4 ,pus f inside & outside ! bone 0 collect$ ) all possible precautions & 0 c>efully exam9$ & cultivat$ lat]4 ,! direct microscopic /udy ( ! pus1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 0 ( extreme int]e/4 ,x 0 se5 t bo? conta9$ l>ge numb]s ( ! organism simil> to t ( furuncles1 arrang$ 9 pairs1 9 f\rs & 9 packets1 "s ) %>p cle> cont\r1 o!rs only fa9tly visible & ) v pale outl9es4 ,! ext]nal pus conta9$ _m pus corpuscles1 ! int]nal _h none at all4 ,x 0 l a fatty pa/e ( ! furuncul> organism4 ,also1 x may be not$1 t gr[? ( ! small organism _h begun 9 less ?an six h\rs aft] ! cultures 7 />t$4 ,?us ,i saw1 t x correspond$ exactly ) ! organism ( furuncles4 ,! diamet] ( ! individuals 0 f\nd to be "o "o-?\s&? ( a millimet]4 ,if ,i v5tur$ to express myself s ,i might say t 9 ?is case at lea/ ! o/eomyelitis 0 really a furuncle ( ! bone m>r[4 ,footnote3 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$1 z is well kn[n4--,translator4 ,x is und\bt$ly easy to induce o/eomyelitis artificially 9 liv+ animals4 ,,iii4 ,on pu]p]al fev]4--,fir/ obs]vation4 ,on ! twelf? ( ,m>*1 #ahgh1 ,dr4 ,h]vieux 0 good en\gh to admit me to 8 s]vice 9 ! ,mat]nity to visit a woman deliv]$ "s days be=e & s]i\sly ill ) pu]p]al fev]4 ,! lo*ia 7 extremely fetid4 ,i f\nd !m full ( micro-organisms ( _m k9ds4 ,a small am\nt ( blood 0 obta9$ f a puncture on ! index f+] ( ! left h&1 7! f+] be+ fir/ prop]ly wa%$ & dri$ ) a ,,/]ile t[el17 & !n s[$ 9 *ick5 b\illon4 ,! culture rema9$ /]ile dur+ ! foll[+ days4 ,! ?irte5?1 m blood 0 tak5 f a puncture 9 ! f+] & ?is "t gr[? occurr$4 ,z dea? took place on ! sixte5? ( ,m>* at six 9 ! morn+1 x seems t ! blood conta9$ a microscopic p>asite at lea/ ?ree days be=e4 ,! fifte5? ( ,m>*1 eighte5 h\rs be=e dea?1 blood f a ne$le-prick 9 ! left foot 0 us$4 ,?is culture also 0 f]tile4 ,! fir/ culture1 ( ,m>* ?irte5?1 conta9$ only ! organism ( furuncles2 ! next "o1 t ( ! fifte5?1 conta9$ an organism resembl+ t ( furunculosis1 b :i* always diff]$ en\gh to make x easy usually to di/+ui% x4 ,9 ?is way2 :il/ ! p>asite ( furuncles is arrang$ 9 pairs1 v r>ely 9 *a9s ( ?ree or f\r elem5ts1 ! new "o1 t ( ! culture ( ! fifte5?1 occurs 9 long *a9s1 ! numb] ( cells 9 ea* be+ indef9ite4 ,! *a9s are flexible & (t5 appe> z little tangl$ packets l tangl$ /r+s ( pe>ls4 ,! autopsy 0 p]=m$ on ! sev5te5? at two o'clock4 ,!re 0 a l>ge am\nt ( pus 9 ! p]itoneum4 ,x 0 s[$ ) all possible precautions4 ,blood f ! basilic & femoral ve9s 0 also s[$4 ,s also 0 pus f ! muc\s surface ( ! ut]us1 f ! tubes1 & f9ally t f a lymphatic 9 ! ut]9e wall4 ,^! are ! results ( ^! cultures3 9 all !re 7 ! long *a9s ( cells j spok5 ( above1 & n[h]e any mixture ( o!r organisms1 except 9 ! culture f ! p]itoneal pus1 :i*1 9 addition to ! long *a9s1 also conta9$ ! small pyog5ic vibrio :i* ,i describe "u ! "n ,,organism ,,( ,,pus 9 ! ,note ,i publi%$ ) ,messrs4 ,j\b]t & ,*amb]l& on ! ?irtie? ( ,april1 #ahgh4 ,footnote3 ,see prec$+ pap]4 ,int]pretation ( ! disease & ( ! dea?4--,aft] conf9em5t1 ! pus t always naturally =ms 9 ! injur$ p>ts ( ! ut]us in/ead ( rema9+ pure becomes contam9at$ ) microscopic organisms f outside1 notably ! organism 9 long *a9s & ! pyog5ic vibrio4 ,^! organisms pass into ! p]itoneal cavity ?r\gh ! tubes or by o!r *annels1 & "s ( !m into ! blood1 probably by ! lymphatics4 ,! resorption ( ! pus1 always extremely easy & prompt :5 x is pure1 becomes impossible ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! p>asites1 ^: entrance mu/ be prev5t$ by all possible means f ! mom5t ( conf9em5t4 ,second obs]vation4--,! f\rte5? ( ,m>*1 a woman di$ ( pu]p]al fev] at ! ,l>iboisi]e hospital2 ! abdom5 0 di/5d$ be=e dea?4 ,pus 0 f\nd 9 abundance by a p]itoneal puncture & 0 s[$2 s also 0 blood f a ve9 9 ! arm4 ,! culture ( pus yield$ ! long *a9s not$ 9 ! prec$+ obs]vation & also ! small pyog5ic vibrio4 ,! culture f ! blood conta9$ only ! long *a9s4 ,?ird obs]vation4--,! sev5te5? ( ,may1 #ahgi1 a woman1 ?ree days pa/ conf9em5t1 0 ill1 z well z ! *ild %e 0 nurs+4 ,! lo*ia 7 full ( ! pyog5ic vibrio & ( ! organism ( furuncles1 al?\gh !re 0 b a small proportion ( ! latt]4 ,! milk & ! lo*ia 7 s[$4 ,! milk gave ! organism 9 long *a9s ( granules1 & ! lo*ia only ! pus organism4 ,! "m di$1 & !re 0 no autopsy4 ,on ,may tw5ty-eigh?1 a rabbit 0 inoculat$ "u ! sk9 ( ! abdom5 ) five drops ( ! prec$+ culture ( ! pyog5ic vibrio4 ,! days foll[+ an enorm\s abscess =m$ :i* op5$ spontane\sly on ! f\r? ( ,june4 ,an abundantly *eesy pus came f x4 ,ab\t ! abscess !re 0 ext5sive induration4 ,on ! eigh? ( ,june1 ! op5+ ( ! abscess 0 l>g]1 ! suppuration active4 ,ne> its bord] 0 ano!r abscess1 evid5tly jo9$ ) ! fir/1 = ^u press+ x ) ! f+]1 pus fl[$ freely f ! op5+ 9 ! fir/ abscess4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! mon? ( ,june1 ! rabbit 0 sick & ! abscesses suppurat$1 b less & less4 ,9 ,july !y clos$2 ! animal 0 well4 ,!re c\ld only be felt "s nodules "u ! sk9 ( ! abdom54 ,:at di/urbances might n su* an organism c>ry into ! body ( a p>turi5t woman1 aft] pass+ into ! p]itoneum1 ! lymphatics or ! blood ?r\gh ! mat]nal plac5ta6 ,its pres5ce is mu* m dang]\s ?an t ( ! p>asite arrang$ 9 *a9s4 ,fur!rmore1 its developm5t is always ?reat5+1 because1 z said 9 ! "w already quot$ 7,april1 #ahgh7 ?is organism c be easily recov]$ f _m ord9>y wat]s4 ,i may add t ! organism 9 long *a9s1 & t arrang$ 9 pairs are also extremely widespread1 & t "o ( _! habitats is ! muc\s surfaces ( ! g5ital tract4 ,footnote3 ,:51 by ! proc$ure ,i else:]e describ$1 ur9e is remov$ 9 a pure condition by ! ure?ra f ! bladd]1 if any *ance gr[? occurs ?r\gh "s error ( te*nic1 x is ! two organisms ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ t are almo/ exclusively pres5t4 ,app>5tly !re is no pu]p]al p>asite1 prop]ly speak+4 ,i h n enc\nt]$ true septicemia 9 my exp]im5ts2 b x ought to be among ! pu]p]al affections4 ,f\r? obs]vation4--,on ,june f\rte5?1 at ! ,l>iboisi]e1 a woman 0 v ill foll[+ a rec5t conf9em5t2 %e 0 at ! po9t ( dea?2 9 fact %e did die on ! f\rte5? at midnight4 ,"s h\rs be=e dea? pus 0 tak5 f an abscess on ! arm1 & blood f a puncture 9 a f+]4 ,bo? 7 s[$4 ,on ! next day 7! fifte5?7 ! flask conta9+ ! pus f ! abscess 0 fill$ ) long *a9s ( granules4 ,! flask conta9+ ! blood 0 /]ile4 ,! autopsy 0 at t5 o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! sixte5?4 ,blood f a ve9 ( ! arm1 pus f ! ut]9e walls & t f a collection 9 ! synovial sac ( ! knee 7 all plac$ 9 culture m$ia4 ,all %[$ gr[?1 ev5 ! blood1 & !y all conta9$ ! long /r+s ( granules4 ,! p]itoneum conta9$ no pus4 ,int]pretation ( ! disease & ( ! dea?4--,! injury ( ! ut]us dur+ conf9em5t z usual furni%$ pus1 :i* gave a lodg+ place = ! g]ms ( ! long *a9s ( granules4 ,^!1 probably ?r\gh ! lymphatics1 pass$ to ! jo9ts & to "s o!r places1 ?us be+ ! orig9 ( ! meta/ic abscesses :i* produc$ dea?4 ,fif? obs]vation4--,on ,june sev5te5?1 ,m4 ,dol]is1 a well-kn[n hospital int]ne1 br\ght to me "s blood1 remov$ ) ! necess>y precautions1 f a *ild dead imm$iately aft] bir?1 ^: "m1 be=e conf9em5t _h _h febrile symptoms ) *ills4 ,?is blood1 ^u cultivation1 gave an abundance ( ! pyog5ic vibrio4 ,on ! o!r h&1 blood tak5 f ! "m on ! morn+ ( ! eighte5? 7%e _h di$ at "o o'clock t morn+7 %[$ no developm5t :atev]1 on ! n9ete5? nor on foll[+ days4 ,! autopsy on ! "m took place on ! n9ete5?4 ,x is c]ta9ly wor?y ( note t ! ut]us1 p]itoneum & inte/9es %[$ no?+ special1 b ! liv] 0 full ( meta/atic abscesses4 ,at ! exit ( ! hepatic ve9 f ! liv] !re 0 pus1 & its walls 7 ulc]at$ at ?is place4 ,! pus f ! liv] abscesses 0 fill$ ) ! pyog5ic vibrio4 ,ev5 ! liv] tissues1 at a di/ance f ! visible abscesses1 gave abundant cultures ( ! same organism4 ,int]pretation ( ! disease & ( ! dea?4--,! pyog5ic vibrio1 f\nd 9 ! ut]us1 or :i* 0 p]haps already 9 ! body ( ! "m1 s9ce %e suff]$ f *ills be=e conf9em5t1 produc$ meta/atic abscesses 9 ! liv] &1 c>ri$ to ! blood ( ! *ild1 !re induc$ "o ( ! =ms ( infection call$ purul5t1 :i* caus$ its dea?4 ,six? obs]vation4--,! eighte5? ( ,june1 #ahgi1 ,m4 ,dol]is in=m$ me t a woman conf9$ "s days be=e at ! ,co*9 ,hospital1 0 v ill4 ,on ! tw5tie? ( ,june1 blood f a ne$le-prick 9 ! f+] 0 s[$2 ! culture 0 /]ile4 ,on ,july fifte5?1 t is to say tw5ty-five days lat]1 ! blood 0 tri$ aga94 ,/ill no gr[?4 ,!re 0 no organism di/9ctly recognizable 9 ! lo*ia3 ! woman 0 nev]!less1 !y told me1 dang]\sly ill & at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 %e did die on ! eighte5? ( ,july at n9e 9 ! morn+3 z may be se51 aft] a v long illness1 = ! fir/ obs]vations 7 made ov] a mon? be=e3 ! illness 0 also v pa9ful1 = ! pati5t c\ld make no movem5t )\t int5se suff]+4 ,an autopsy 0 made on ! n9ete5? at t5 9 ! morn+1 & 0 ( great int]e/4 ,!re 0 purul5t pleurisy ) a consid]able pocket ( pus1 & purul5t false membranes on ! walls ( ! pleura4 ,! liv] 0 blea*$1 fatty1 b ( firm consi/5cy1 & ) no app>5t meta/atic abscesses4 ,! ut]us1 ( small size1 appe>$ heal?y2 b on ! ext]nal surface :iti% nodules fill$ ) pus 7 f\nd4 ,,!re ,,0 ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,! ,,p]itoneum1 ,,:i* ,,0 ,,n ,,inflam$2 b !re 0 mu* pus 9 ! %\ld] jo9ts & ! symphysis pubis4 ,! pus f ! abscesses1 ^u cultivation1 gave ! long *a9s ( granules--n only t ( ! pleura1 b t f ! %\ld]s & a lymphatic ( ! ut]us z well4 ,an int]e/+ ?+1 b easily und]/ood1 0 t ! blood f a ve9 9 ! arm & tak5 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r aft] dea? 0 entirely /]ile4 ,no?+ grew f ! ,fallopian tubes nor ! broad ligam5ts4 ,int]pretation ( ! disease & ( ! dea?4--,! pus f\nd 9 ! ut]us aft] conf9em5t became infect$ ) g]ms ( microscopic organisms :i* grew !re1 !n pass$ into ! ut]9e lymphatics1 & f !re w5t on to produce pus 9 ! pleura & 9 ! articulations4 ,sev5? obs]vation4--,on ,june eighte5?1 ,m4 ,dol]is in=m$ me t a woman _h be5 conf9$ at ! ,co*9 ,hospital five days be=e & t fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ z to ! results ( an op]ation t _h be5 p]=m$1 x hav+ be5 necess>y to d an embryotomy4 ,! lo*ia 7 s[$ on ! #ah?2 !re 0 n ! slighte/ trace ( gr[? ! next day nor ! day aft]4 ,)\t ! lea/ k ( ?is woman s9ce ! eighte5?1 on ! tw5tie? ,i v5tur$ to ass]t t %e w\ld get well4 ,i s5t to inquire ab\t h]4 ,?is is ! text ( ! report3 ,,! ,,woman ,,is ,,do+ ,,extremely ,,well2 ,,%e ,,goes ,,out ,,tomorr[ ,int]pretation ( ! facts4--,! pus naturally =m$ on ! surface ( ! injur$ p>ts did n become contam9at$ ) organisms br\ght f )\t4 ,natura m$icatrix c>ri$ x (f1 t is to say ! vitality ( ! muc\s surfaces prev5t$ ! developm5t ( =eign g]ms4 ,! pus 0 easily resorb$1 & recov]y took place4 ,i beg ! ,academy to p]mit me1 9 clos+1 to submit c]ta9 def9ite views1 :i* ,i am /rongly incl9$ to consid] z legitimate conclusions f ! facts ,i h _h ! honor to communicate to x4 ,"u ! expression ,,pu]p]al ,,fev] are gr\p$ v diff]5t diseases1 ,footnote3 ,int]e/+ z ! />t+ po9t ( ! conception ( diseases accord+ to ! etiological factor1 n by gr\ps ( symptoms4--,translator4 b all appe>+ to be ! result ( ! gr[? ( common organisms :i* by _! pres5ce infect ! pus naturally =m$ on injur$ surfaces1 :i* spread by "o means or ano!r1 by ! blood or ! lymphatics1 to "o or ano!r "p ( ! body1 & !re induce morbid *anges v>y+ ) ! condition ( ! p>ts1 ! nature ( ! p>asite1 & ! g5]al con/itution ( ! subject4 ,:atev] ?is con/itution1 does x n seem t by tak+ measures oppos+ ! production ( ^! common p>asitic organisms recov]y w\ld usually occur1 except p]haps :5 ! body conta9s1 be=e conf9em5t1 microscopic organisms1 9 contam9at$ int]nal or ext]nal abscesses1 z 0 se5 9 "o /rik+ example 7fif? obs]vation74 ,! antiseptic me?od ,i believe likely to be sov]eign 9 ! va/ majority ( cases4 ,x seems to me t ,,imm$iately ,,aft] ,,conf9em5t ! application ( antiseptics %\ld be begun4 ,c>bolic acid c r5d] great s]vice1 b !re is ano!r antiseptic1 ! use ( :i* ,i am /rongly incl9$ to advise1 ?is is boric acid 9 conc5trat$ solution1 t is1 f\r p] c5t4 at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,?is acid1 ^: s+ul> influ5ce on cell life has be5 %[n by ,m4 ,dumas1 is s slightly acid t x is alkal9e to c]ta9 te/ pap]s1 z 0 long ago %[n by ,m4 ,*evreul1 besides ?is x has no odor l c>bolic acid1 :i* odor (t5 di/urbs ! sick4 ,la/ly1 its lack ( hurtful effects on muc\s membranes1 notably ( ! bladd]1 has be5 & is daily demon/rat$ 9 ! hospitals ( ,p>is4 ,! foll[+ is ! occasion ^u :i* x 0 fir/ us$4 ,! ,academy may rememb] t ,i /at$ be=e x1 & ! fact has nev] be5 d5i$1 t ammoniacal ur9e is always produc$ by a microscopic organism1 entirely simil> 9 _m respects to ! organism ( furuncles4 ,lat]1 9 a jo9t inve/igation ) ,m4 ,j\b]t1 we f\nd t a solution ( boric acid 0 easily fatal to ^! organisms4 ,aft] t1 9 #ahgg1 ,i induc$ ,dr4 ,guyon1 9 *>ge ( ! g5ito-ur9>y cl9ic at ! ,neck] hospital1 to try injections ( a solution ( boric acid 9 affections ( ! bladd]4 ,i am in=m$ by ?is skilful practition] t he has done s1 & daily obs]ves good results f x4 ,he also tells me t he p]=ms no op]ation ( li?otrity )\t ! use ( simil> injections4 ,i recall ^! facts to %[ t a solution ( boric acid is entirely h>mless to an extremely delicate muc\s membrane1 t ( ! bladd]1 & t x is possible to fill ! bladd] ) a w>m solution ( boric acid )\t ev5 inconv5i5ce4 ,to return to ! conf9em5t cases4 ,w\ld x n be ( great s]vice to place a w>m conc5trat$ solution ( boric acid1 & compresses1 at ! b$side ( ea* pati5t2 :i* %e c\ld r5ew frequ5tly aft] saturat+ ) ! solution1 & ?is also aft] conf9em5t4 ,x w\ld also be act+ ! "p ( prud5ce to place ! compresses1 be=e us+1 9 a hot air ov5 at #aej degrees ,c41 m ?an en\gh to kill ! g]ms ( ! common organisms4 ,footnote3 ,! adoption ( precautions1 simil> to ^? "h sugge/$1 has result$ 9 ! practically complete disappe>ance ( pu]p]al fevor4--,translator4 ,0 ,i ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ?is communication ,,on ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,g]m ,,!ory ,,to ,,! ,,etiology ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,common ,,diseases8 ,i h detail$ ! facts z !y h appe>$ to me & ,i h m5tion$ int]pretations ( !m3 b ,i d n conceal f myself t1 9 m$ical t]ritory1 x is difficult to support "o's self :olly on subjective f\ndations4 ,i d n =get t ,m$ic9e & ,vet]9>y practice are =eign to me4 ,i desire judgm5t & criticism ^u all my contributions4 ,little tol]ant ( frivol\s or prejudic$ contradiction1 contemptu\s ( t ignorant criticism :i* d\bts on pr9ciple1 ,i welcome ) op5 arms ! militant attack :i* has a me?od 9 d\bt+ & ^: rule ( conduct has ! motto ,m light4 ,x is a pleasure once m to ackn[l$ge ! helpfulness ( ! aid giv5 me by ,messrs4 ,*amb]l& & ,r\x dur+ ! /udies ,i h j record$4 ,i wi% also to ackn[l$ge ! great assi/ance ( ,m4 ,dol]is4 ,,prejudices ,,:i* ,,h ,,ret>d$ ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,geology ,,uni=mity ,,9 ,,! ,,s]ies ,,( ,,pa/ ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,animate ,,& ,,inanimate ,,_w ,,by ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell ,,introductory ,,note ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 0 born ne> ,kirriemuir1 ,=f>%ire1 ,scotl&1 on ,novemb] #ad1 #agig4 ,he graduat$ f ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 9 #ahai1 & proce$$ to ! /udy ( law4 ,al?\gh he practis$ = a %ort "t1 he 0 mu* hamp]$ 9 ?is pr(ession1 z 9 all 8 "w1 by weak eyesight2 & aft] ! age ( ?irty he devot$ himself *iefly to sci5ce4 ,lyell's fa!r 0 a botani/ ( "s di/9ction1 & ! son seems to h be5 int]e/$ 9 natural hi/ory f an e>ly age4 ,:ile /ill an und]graduate he made geological j\rneys 9 ,scotl& & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 & ?r\gh\t 8 life he upheld by precept & example ! importance ( travel = ! geologi/4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcj2 & ! phrase us$ 9 ! sub-title1 an attempt to expla9 ! =m] *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 by ref]5ce to causes n[ 9 action /rikes ! keynote ( 8 :ole "w4 ,all 8 life he cont9u$ to urge ?is me?od ( explanation 9 opposition to ! hypo!ses1 =m]ly mu* 9 vogue1 :i* assum$ frequ5t cata/rophes to acc\nt = geologic *anges4 ,! *apt]s "h pr9t$ give 8 own f9al /atem5t ( 8 views on ?is important issue4 ,lyell's sci5tific "w receiv$ wide recognition3 he 0 m ?an once ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 9 #ahfd 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 0 knight$ 9 #ahdh1 & made a b>onet 9 #ahfd4 ,he possess$ a broad g5]al culture1 & 8 home 0 a not$ c5t] ( ! intellectual life ( ,london4 ,he twice came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to lecture1 & creat$ great int]e/4 ,on 8 dea?1 on ,febru>y #bb1 #ahge1 he 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,p]si/5t z 7 ,lyell's ef=ts = ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 ma9 !ory1 he rema9$ rem>kably op5-m9d$2 & :5 ! evolution>y hypo!sis 0 put =w>d he became a w>m support] ( x4 ,d>w9 9 8 autobiography ?us sums up ,lyell's a*ievem5t3 ,! sci5ce ( geology is enorm\sly indebt$ to ,lyell--m s1 z ,i believe1 ?an to any o!r man :o ew] liv$4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,geology ,footnote3 ,! text ( ! two foll[+ pap]s is tak5 f ! #aa? edition ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ! la/ edition revis$ by ! au?or4 ,i ,,prepossessions ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,pa/ ,,"t--,,prejudices ,,aris+ ,,f ,,our ,,peculi> ,,position ,,z ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,l&-- ,,o!rs ,,occasion$ ,,by ,,our ,,n ,,see+ ,,subt]ranean ,,*anges ,,n[ ,,9 ,,progress--,,all ,,^! ,,causes ,,comb9e ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,=m] ,,c\rse ,,( ,,nature ,,appe> ,,diff]5t ,,f ,,! ,,pres5t--,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,t ,,causes ,,simil> ,,9 ,,k9d ,,& ,,en]gy ,,to ,,^? ,,n[ ,,act+1 ,,h ,,produc$ ,,! ,,=m] ,,*anges ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,surface ,,consid]$ ,if we reflect on ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( geology we p]ceive t !re h be5 great fluctuations ( op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! causes to :i* all =m] *anges ( ! e>?'s surface are ref]able4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s conceiv$ ! monum5ts :i* ! geologi/ endeav\rs to deciph] to relate to an orig9al /ate ( ! e>?1 or to a p]iod :5 !re 7 causes 9 activity1 di/9ct1 9 a k9d & degree1 f ^? n[ con/itut+ ! economy ( nature4 ,^! views 7 gradually modifi$1 & "s ( !m entirely ab&on$1 9 proportion z obs]vations 7 multipli$1 & ! signs ( =m] mutations 7 skilfully int]pret$4 ,_m appe>ances1 :i* _h = a long "t be5 reg>d$ z indicat+ my/]i\s & extraord9>y ag5cy1 7 f9ally recognis$ z ! necess>y result ( ! laws n[ gov]n+ ! mat]ial _w2 & ! discov]y ( ?is unlook$-= con=mity has at l5g? induc$ "s philosoph]s to inf]1 t1 dur+ ! ages contemplat$ 9 geology1 !re has nev] be5 any int]ruption to ! ag5cy ( ! same uni=m laws ( *ange4 ,! same assemblage ( g5]al causes1 !y conceive1 may h be5 suffici5t to produce1 by _! v>i\s comb9ations1 ! endless div]sity ( effects1 ( :i* ! %ell ( ! e>? has pres]v$ ! memorials2 &1 consi/5tly ) ^! pr9ciples1 ! recurr5ce ( analog\s *anges is expect$ by !m 9 "t to come4 ,:e!r we co9cide or n 9 ?is doctr9e we mu/ admit t ! gradual progress ( op9ion conc]n+ ! succession ( ph5om5a 9 v remote eras1 resembles1 9 a s+ul> mann]1 t :i* has accompani$ ! gr[+ intellig5ce ( e p1 9 reg>d to ! economy ( nature 9 _! own times4 ,9 an e>ly /ate ( advancem5t1 :5 a great] numb] ( natural appe>ances are un9telligible1 an eclipse1 an e>?quake1 a flood1 or ! approa* ( a comet1 ) _m o!r occurr5ces aft]w>ds f\nd to belong to ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts1 are reg>d$ z prodigies4 ,! same delusion prevails z to moral ph5om5a1 & _m ( ^! are ascrib$ to ! int]v5tion ( demons1 gho/s1 wit*es1 & o!r immat]ial & sup]natural ag5ts4 ,by degrees1 _m ( ! enigmas ( ! moral & physical _w are expla9$1 &1 in/ead ( be+ due to extr9sic & irregul> causes1 !y are f\nd to dep5d on fix$ & inv>iable laws4 ,! philosoph] at la/ becomes conv9c$ ( ! undeviat+ uni=mity ( second>y causes2 &1 guid$ by 8 fai? 9 ?is pr9ciple1 he det]m9es ! probability ( acc\nts transmitt$ to him ( =m] occurr5ces1 & (t5 rejects ! fabul\s tales ( =m] times1 on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ irreconcilable ) ! exp]i5ce ( m enlight5$ ages4 ,,prepossessions ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,pa/ ,,"t4--,z a belief 9 ! want ( con=mity 9 ! cause by :i* ! e>?'s cru/ has be5 modifi$ 9 anci5t & mod]n p]iods 01 = a long "t1 univ]sally preval5t1 & t1 too1 among/ m5 :o 7 conv9c$ t ! ord] ( nature _h be5 uni=m = ! la/ sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 e circum/ance :i* c\ld h influ5c$ _! m9ds & giv5 an undue bias to _! op9ions des]ves p>ticul> att5tion4 ,n[ ! read] may easily satisfy himself1 t1 h[ev] undeviat+ ! c\rse ( nature may h be5 f ! e>lie/ epo*s1 x 0 impossible = ! fir/ cultivators ( geology to come to su* a conclusion1 s long z !y 7 "u a delusion z to ! age ( ! _w1 & ! date ( ! fir/ creation ( animate be+s4 ,h[ev] fanta/ical "s !ories ( ! sixte5? c5tury may n[ appe> to u1--h[ev] unwor?y ( m5 ( great tal5t & s\nd judgm5t1--we may re/ assur$ t1 if ! same misconception n[ prevail$ 9 reg>d to ! memorials ( human transactions1 x w\ld give rise to a simil> tra9 ( absurdities4 ,let u imag9e1 = example1 t ,*ampollion1 & ! ,fr5* & ,tuscan lit]ati :5 engag$ 9 explor+ ! antiquities ( ,egypt1 _h visit$ t c\ntry ) a firm belief t ! banks ( ! ,nile 7 nev] peopl$ by ! human race be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & t _! fai? 9 ?is dogma 0 z difficult to %ake z ! op9ion ( our ance/ors1 t ! e>? 0 nev] ! abode ( liv+ be+s until ! creation ( ! pres5t cont95ts1 & ( ! species n[ exi/+1--x is easy to p]ceive :at extravagant sy/ems !y w\ld frame1 :ile "u ! influ5ce ( ?is delusion1 to acc\nt = ! monum5ts discov]$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! sight ( ! pyramids1 obelisks1 colossal /atues1 & ru9$ temples1 w\ld fill !m ) su* a/oni%m5t1 t = a "t !y w\ld be z m5 spell-b\nd--:olly incapable ( reason+ ) sobriety4 ,!y might incl9e at fir/ to ref] ! con/ruction ( su* /up5d\s works to "s sup]human p[]s ( ! primeval _w4 ,a sy/em might be inv5t$ resembl+ t s gravely advanc$ by1 ,mane?o1 :o relates t a dyna/y ( gods orig9ally rul$ 9 ,egypt1 ( :om ,vulcan1 ! fir/ mon>*1 reign$ n9e ?\s& ye>s2 aft] :om came ,h]cules & o!r demigods1 :o 7 at la/ succe$$ by human k+s4 ,:5 "s fanciful speculations ( ?is k9d _h amus$ _! imag9ations = a "t1 "s va/ repository ( mummies w\ld be discov]$1 & w\ld imm$iately undeceive ^? antiqu>ies :o enjoy$ an opportunity ( p]sonally exam9+ !m2 b ! prejudices ( o!rs at a di/ance1 :o 7 n eye-witnesses ( ! :ole ph5om5a1 w\ld n be s easily ov]come4 ,! concurr5t report ( _m travell]s w\ld1 inde$1 r5d] x necess>y = !m to accommodate anci5t !ories to "s ( ! new facts1 & mu* wit & +5uity w\ld be requir$ to modify & def5d _! old positions4 ,ea* new inv5tion w\ld violate a great] numb] ( kn[n analogies2 = if a !ory be requir$ to embrace "s false pr9ciple1 x becomes m vision>y 9 proportion z facts are multipli$1 z w\ld be ! case if geomet]s 7 n[ requir$ to =m an a/ronomical sy/em on ! assumption ( ! immobility ( ! e>?4 ,among/ o!r fanciful conjectures conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 we may suppose "s ( ! foll[+ to be />t$4 ',z ! banks ( ! ,nile h be5 s rec5tly coloniz$ = ! fir/ "t1 ! curi\s sub/ances call$ mummies c\ld nev] 9 reality h belong$ to m54 ,!y may h be5 g5]at$ by "s ,,pla/ic ,,virtue resid+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 or !y may be abortions ( ,nature produc$ by h] incipi5t ef=ts 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,= if de=m$ be+s are sometimes born ev5 n[1 :5 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se is fully develop$1 _m m may h be5 s5t be=e _! "t sc>ce half made up1 :5 ! planet itself 0 9 ! embryo /ate4 ,b if ^! notions appe> to d]ogate f ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e attributes1 & if ^! mummies be 9 all _! p>ts true repres5tations ( ! human =m1 may we n ref] !m to ! future r ?an ! pa/8 ,may we n be look+ into ! womb ( ,nature1 & n h] grave8 ,may n ^! images be l ! %ades ( ! unborn 9 ,virgil's ,elysium--! ar*etypes ( m5 n yet call$ into exi/5ce8' ,^! speculations1 if advocat$ by eloqu5t writ]s1 w\ld n fail to attract _m zeal\s vot>ies1 = !y w\ld relieve m5 f ! pa9ful necessity ( r5\nc+ preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,incr$ible z su* scepticism may appe>1 x has be5 rivall$ by _m sy/ems ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & among o!rs by t ( ! le>n$ ,falloppio1 :o1 z we h se5 7p4 #cc71 reg>d$ ! tusks ( fossil elephants z e>?ly concretions1 & ! pott]y or fragm5ts ( vases 9 ! ,monte ,te/aceo1 ne> ,rome1 z works ( nature1 & n ( art4 ,b :5 "o g5]ation _h pass$ away1 & ano!r1 n compromis$ to ! support ( antiquat$ dogmas1 _h succe$$1 !y w\ld review ! evid5ce af=d$ by mummies m imp>tially1 & w\ld no long] controv]t ! prelim9>y "q1 t human be+s _h liv$ 9 ,egypt be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury3 s t :5 a hundr$ ye>s p]haps _h be5 lo/1 ! indu/ry & tal5ts ( ! philosoph] w\ld be at la/ direct$ to ! elucidation ( po9ts ( real hi/orical importance4 ,b ! above argum5ts are aim$ aga9/ "o only ( _m prejudices ) :i* ! e>li] geologi/s _h to cont5d4 ,ev5 :5 !y conc$$ t ! e>? _h be5 peopl$ ) animate be+s at an e>li] p]iod ?an 0 at fir/ suppos$1 !y _h no conception t ! quantity ( "t bore s great a proportion to ! hi/orical era z is n[ g5]ally conc$$4 ,h[ fatal e error z to ! quantity ( "t mu/ prove to ! introduction ( rational views conc]n+ ! /ate ( ?+s 9 =m] ages1 may be conceiv$ by suppos+ ! annals ( ! civil & milit>y transactions ( a great nation to be p]us$ "u ! impression t !y occurr$ 9 a p]iod ( "o hundr$ in/ead ( two ?\s& ye>s4 ,su* a portion ( hi/ory w\ld imm$iately assume ! air ( a romance2 ! ev5ts w\ld seem devoid ( cr$ibility1 & inconsi/5t ) ! pres5t c\rse ( human affairs4 ,a cr[d ( incid5ts w\ld foll[ ea* o!r 9 ?ick succession4 ,armies & fleets w\ld appe> to be assembl$ only to be de/roy$1 & cities built m]ely to fall 9 ru9s4 ,!re w\ld be ! mo/ viol5t transitions f =eign or inte/9e w> to p]iods ( pr(\nd peace1 & ! works effect$ dur+ ! ye>s ( disord] or tranquillity w\ld appe> alike sup]human 9 magnitude4 ,he :o %\ld /udy ! monum5ts ( ! natural _w "u ! influ5ce ( a simil> infatuation1 mu/ draw a no less exagg]at$ picture ( ! en]gy & viol5ce ( causes1 & mu/ exp]i5ce ! same insurm\ntable difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! =m] & pres5t /ate ( nature1 ,if we c\ld behold 9 "o view all ! volcanic cones ?r[n up 9 ,icel&1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 dur+ ! la/ five ?\s& ye>s1 & c\ld see ! lavas :i* h fl[$ dur+ ! same p]iod2 ! dislocations1 subsid5ces1 & elevations caus$ dur+ e>?quakes2 ! l&s add$ to v>i\s deltas1 or dev\r$ by ! sea1 toge!r ) ! effects ( deva/ation by floods1 & imag9e t all ^! ev5ts _h happ5$ 9 "o ye>1 we mu/ =m mo/ exalt$ ideas ( ! activity ( ! ag5ts1 & ! sudd5ness ( ! revolutions4 ,if geologi/s1 !re=e1 h mis9t]pret$ ! signs ( a succession ( ev5ts1 s z to conclude t c5turies 7 impli$ :]e ! *>act]s indicat$ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ?\s&s ( ye>s :]e ! language ( ,nature signifi$ millions1 !y c\ld n1 if !y reason$ logically f su* false premises1 come to any o!r conclusion ?an t ! sy/em ( ! natural _w _h und]gone a complete revolution4 ,we %\ld be w>rant$ 9 ascrib+ ! erection ( ! great pyramid to sup]human p[]1 if we 7 conv9c$ t x 0 rais$ 9 "o day2 & if we imag9e1 9 ! same mann]1 a cont95t or m\nta9-*a9 to h be5 elevat$ dur+ an equally small fraction ( ! "t :i* 0 really occupi$ 9 upheav+ x1 we might !n be ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+1 t ! subt]ranean movem5ts 7 once f> m en]getic ?an 9 our own times4 ,we "k t2 dur+ "o e>?quake ! coa/ ( ,*ili may be rais$ = a hundr$ miles to ! av]age height ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,a repetition ( two ?\s& %ocks1 ( equal viol5ce1 might produce a m\nta9-*a9 "o hundr$ miles long1 & six ?\s& feet high4 ,n[1 %\ld "o or two only ( ^! convulsions happ5 9 a c5tury1 x w\ld be consi/5t ) ! ord] ( ev5ts exp]i5c$ by ! ,*ilians f ! e>lie/ times3 b if ! :ole ( !m 7 to occur 9 ! next hundr$ ye>s1 ! entire di/rict mu/ be depopulat$1 sc>cely any animals or plants c\ld survive1 & ! surface w\ld be "o confus$ heap ( ru9 & desolation4 ,"o consequ5ce ( und]valu+ greatly ! quantity ( pa/ "t1 is ! app>5t co9cid5ce :i* x occasions ( ev5ts necess>ily disconnect$1 or :i* are s unusual1 t x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) all calculation ( *ances to suppose !m to happ5 at "o & ! same "t4 ,:5 ! unlook$-= association ( su* r>e ph5om5a is witness$ 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( nature1 x sc>cely ev] fails to excite a suspicion ( ! pret]natural 9 ^? m9ds :i* are n firmly conv9c$ ( ! uni=m ag5cy ( second>y causes2--z if ! dea? ( "s individual 9 ^: fate !y are int]e/$ happ5s to be accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( a lum9\s meteor1 or a comet1 or ! %ock ( an e>?quake4 ,x w\ld be only necess>y to multiply su* co9cid5ces indef9itely1 & ! m9d ( e philosoph] w\ld be di/urb$4 ,n[ x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! numb] ( physical ev5ts1 _m ( !m mo/ r>e & unconnect$ 9 _! nature1 :i* 7 imag9$ by ! ,woodw>dian hypo!sis to h happ5$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s3 & num]\s o!r examples might be f\nd ( popul> geological !ories1 :i* require u to imag9e t a long succession ( ev5ts happ5$ 9 a brief & almo/ mom5t>y p]iod4 ,ano!r liability to error1 v ne>ly alli$ to ! =m]1 arises f ! frequ5t contact ( geological monum5ts ref]r+ to v di/ant p]iods ( "t4 ,we (t5 behold1 at "o glance1 ! effects ( causes :i* h act$ at times incalculably remote1 & yet !re may be no /rik+ circum/ances to m>k ! occurr5ce ( a great *asm 9 ! *ronological s]ies ( ,nature's ar*ives4 ,9 ! va/ int]val ( "t :i* may really h elaps$ betwe5 ! results ( op]ations ?us comp>$1 ! physical condition ( ! e>? may1 by sl[ & ins5sible modifications1 h become entirely alt]$2 "o or m races ( organic be+s may h pass$ away1 & yet h left beh9d1 9 ! p>ticul> region "u contemplation1 no trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,to a m9d unconsci\s ( ^! int]m$iate ev5ts1 ! passage f "o /ate ( ?+s to ano!r mu/ appe> s viol5t1 t ! idea ( revolutions 9 ! sy/em inevitably sugge/s itself4 ,! imag9ation is z mu* p]plex$ by ! deception1 z x might be if two di/ant po9ts 9 space 7 sudd5ly br\ght into imm$iate proximity4 ,let u suppose1 = a mom5t1 t a philosoph] %\ld lie d[n to sleep 9 "s arctic wild]ness1 & !n be transf]r$ by a p[]1 su* z we read ( 9 tales ( en*antm5t1 to a valley 9 a tropical c\ntry1 :]e1 on awak+1 he might f9d himself surr\nd$ by birds ( brilliant plumage1 & all ! luxuriance ( animal & vegetable =ms ( :i* ,nature is s prodigal 9 ^? regions4 ,! mo/ reasonable supposition1 p]haps1 :i* he c\ld make1 if by ! necromanc]'s art he 7 plac$ 9 su* a situation1 w\ld be1 t he 0 dream+2 & if a geologi/ =m !ories "u a simil> delusion1 we _c expect him to pres]ve m consi/5cy 9 8 speculations1 ?an 9 ! tra9 ( ideas 9 an ord9>y dream4 ,x may af=d1 p]haps1 a m lively illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple "h insi/$ ^u1 if ,i recall to ! read]'s recollection ! leg5d ( ! ,sev5 ,sleep]s4 ,! sc5e ( t popul> fable 0 plac$ 9 ! two c5turies :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,decius & ! dea? ( ,!odosius ! y\ng]4 ,9 t int]val ( "t 7betwe5 ! ye>s #bdi & #dej ( our era7 ! union ( ! ,roman empire _h be5 dissolv$1 & "s ( its faire/ prov9ces ov]run by ! b>b>ians ( ! nor?4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t _h pass$ f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople1 & ! ?rone f a pagan p]secutor to a succession ( ,*ri/ian & or?odox pr9ces4 ,! g5ius ( ! empire _h be5 humbl$ 9 ! du/1 & ! alt>s ( ,diana & ,h]cules 7 on ! po9t ( be+ transf]r$ to ,ca?olic sa9ts & m>tyrs4 ,! leg5d relates1 't :5 ,decius 0 /ill p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians1 sev5 noble y\?s ( ,ephesus conceal$ !mselves 9 a spaci\s cav]n 9 ! side ( an adjac5t m\nta91 :]e !y 7 doom$ to p]i% by ! tyrant1 :o gave ord]s t ! entrance %\ld be firmly secur$ ) a pile ( huge /ones4 ,!y imm$iately fell into a deep slumb]1 :i* 0 miracul\sly prolong$1 )\t injur+ ! p[]s ( life1 dur+ a p]iod ( #ahg ye>s4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! slaves ( ,adolius1 to :om ! inh]itance ( ! m\nta9 _h desc5d$1 remov$ ! /ones to supply mat]ials = "s ru/ic edifice3 ! light ( ! sun d>t$ into ! cav]n1 & ! sev5 sleep]s 7 p]mitt$ to awake4 ,aft] a slumb]1 z !y ?\ght1 ( a few h\rs1 !y 7 press$ by ! calls ( hung]1 & resolv$ t ,jamhli*us1 "o ( _! numb]1 %\ld secretly return to ! city to pur*ase bread = ! use ( 8 companions4 ,! y\? c\ld no long] recognise ! once famili> aspect ( 8 native c\ntry1 & 8 surprise 0 increas$ by ! appe>ance ( a l>ge cross triumphantly erect$ ov] ! pr9cipal gate ( ,ephesus4 ,8 s+ul> dress & obsolete language conf\nd$ ! bak]1 to :om he (f]$ an anci5t m$al ( ,decius z ! curr5t co9 ( ! empire2 & ,jambli*us1 on ! suspicion ( a secret treasure1 0 dragg$ be=e ! judge4 ,_! mutual enquiries produc$ ! amaz+ discov]y1 t two c5turies 7 almo/ elaps$ s9ce ,jambli*us & 8 fri5ds _h escap$ f ! rage ( a pagan tyrant4' ,?is leg5d 0 receiv$ z au!ntic ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 & 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ by ,mahomet z a div9e revelation into ! ,koran1 & f h5ce 0 adopt$ & adorn$ by all ! nations f ,b5gal to ,africa :o pr(ess$ ! ,mahometan fai?4 ,"s ve/iges ev5 ( a simil> tradition h be5 discov]$ 9 ,sc&9avia4 ',?is easy & univ]sal belief1' obs]ves ! philosophical hi/orian ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall1 's expressive ( ! s5se ( mank9d1 may be ascrib$ to ! g5u9e m]it ( ! fable itself4 ,we imp]ceptibly advance f y\? to age1 )\t obs]v+ ! gradual1 b incessant1 *ange ( human affairs2 & ev51 9 our l>g] exp]i5ce ( hi/ory1 ! imag9ation is accu/om$1 by a p]petual s]ies ( causes & effects1 to unite ! mo/ di/ant revolutions4 ,b if ! int]val betwe5 two memorable eras c\ld be in/antly annihilat$2 if x 7 possible1 aft] a mom5t>y slumb] ( two hundr$ ye>s1 to display ! new _w to ! eyes ( a spectator :o /ill reta9$ a lively & rec5t impression ( ! old1 8 surprise & 8 reflections w\ld furni% ! pleas+ subject ( a philosophical romance4' ,footnote3 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall4 *ap1 xxxiii4 ,,prejudices ,,aris+ ,,f ,,our ,,peculi> ,,position ,,z ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,l&4--,! s\rces ( prejudice hi!rto consid]$ may be deem$ peculi> = ! mo/ "p to ! infancy ( ! sci5ce1 b o!rs are common to ! fir/ cultivators ( geology & to ourselves1 & are all s+ul>ly calculat$ to produce ! same deception1 & to /r5g!n our belief t ! c\rse ( ,nature 9 ! e>li] ages diff]$ widely f t n[ e/abli%$4 ,al?\gh ^! circum/ances _c be fully expla9$ )\t assum+ "s ?+s z prov$1 :i* x has be5 my object else:]e to demon/rate1 ,footnote3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 #f? edit41 #ahfe2 & ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts1 #ahga4 x may be well to allude to !m briefly 9 ?is place4 ,! fir/ & greate/ difficulty1 !n1 consi/s 9 an habitual unconsci\sness t our position z obs]v]s is ess5tially unfav\rable1 :5 we endeav\r to e/imate ! nature & magnitude ( ! *anges n[ 9 progress4 ,9 consequ5ce ( our inatt5tion to ?is subject1 we are liable to s]i\s mi/akes 9 contra/+ ! pres5t ) =m] /ates ( ! globe4 ,z dwell]s on ! l&1 we inhabit ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! surface2 & t portion is almo/ exclusively a !atre ( decay1 & n ( reproduction4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t new deposits are annually =m$ 9 seas & lakes1 & t e ye> "s new igne\s rocks are produc$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 b we _c wat* ! progress ( _! =mation1 & z !y are only pres5t to our m9ds by ! aid ( reflection1 x requires an ef=t bo? ( ! reason & ! imag9ation to appreciate duly _! importance4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t we e/imate v imp]fectly ! result ( op]ations ?us unse5 by u2 & t1 :5 analog\s results ( =m] epo*s are pres5t$ to our inspection1 we _c imm$iately recognise ! analogy4 ,he :o has obs]v$ ! qu>ry+ ( /one f a rock1 & has se5 x %ipp$ = "s di/ant port1 & !n endeav\rs to conceive :at k9d ( edifice w be rais$ by ! mat]ials1 is 9 ! same pr$icam5t z a geologi/1 :o1 :ile he is conf9$ to ! l&1 sees ! decomposition ( rocks1 & ! transportation ( matt] by riv]s to ! sea1 & !n endeav\rs to picture to himself ! new /rata :i* ,nature is build+ b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,,prejudices ,,aris+ ,,f ,,our ,,n ,,see+ ,,subt]ranean ,,*anges4--,nor is 8 position less unfav\rable :51 behold+ a volcanic eruption1 he tries to conceive :at *anges ! column ( lava has produc$1 9 its passage upw>ds1 on ! int]sect$ /rata2 or :at =m ! melt$ matt] may assume at great dep?s on cool+2 or :at may be ! ext5t ( ! subt]ranean riv]s & res]voirs ( liquid matt] f> b5ea? ! surface4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be rememb]$1 t ! task impos$ on ^? :o /udy ! e>?'s hi/ory requires no ord9>y %>e ( discretion2 = we are preclud$ f collat+ ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! sy/em ( ?+s z x exi/s n[1 & z x exi/$ at =m] p]iods4 ,if we 7 inhabitants ( ano!r elem5t--if ! great ocean 7 our doma91 in/ead ( ! n>r[ limits ( ! l&1 our difficulties w\ld be consid]ably less5$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re c be little d\bt1 al?\gh ! read] may1 p]haps1 smile at ! b>e sugge/ion ( su* an idea1 t an amphibi\s be+1 :o %\ld possess our faculties1 w\ld /ill m easily arrive at s\nd !oretical op9ions 9 geology1 s9ce he might behold1 on ! "o h&1 ! decomposition ( rocks 9 ! atmosph]e1 or ! transportation ( matt] by runn+ wat]2 &1 on ! o!r1 exam9e ! deposition ( s$im5t 9 ! sea1 & ! imb$d+ ( animal & vegetable rema9s 9 new /rata4 ,he might asc]ta91 by direct obs]vation1 ! action ( a m\nta9 torr5t1 z well z ( a m>9e curr5t2 might comp>e ! products ( volcanos p\r$ out ^u ! l& ) ^? eject$ b5ea? ! wat]s2 & might m>k1 on ! "o h&1 ! gr[? ( ! =e/1 &1 on ! o!r1 t ( ! coral reef4 ,yet1 ev5 ) ^! advantages1 he w\ld be liable to fall into ! greate/ errors1 :5 endeav\r+ to reason on rocks ( subt]ranean orig94 ,he w\ld seek 9 va91 )9 ! sph]e ( 8 obs]vation1 = any direct analogy to ! process ( _! =mation1 & w\ld !re=e be 9 dang] ( attribut+ !m1 :]ev] !y are uprais$ to view1 to "s 'primeval /ate ( nature4' ,b if we may be all[$ s f> to indulge ! imag9ation1 z to suppose a be+ entirely conf9$ to ! ne!r _w--"s 'dusky melan*oly sprite1' l ,umbriel1 :o c\ld 'flit on sooty p9ions to ! c5tral e>?1' b :o 0 nev] p]mitt$ to 'sully ! fair face ( light1' & em]ge into ! regions ( wat] & ( air2 & if ?is be+ %\ld busy himself 9 inve/igat+ ! /ructure ( ! globe1 he might frame !ories ! exact conv]se ( ^? usually adopt$ by human philosoph]s4 ,he might inf] t ! /ratifi$ rocks1 conta9+ %ells & o!r organic rema9s1 7 ! olde/ ( creat$ ?+s1 belong+ to "s orig9al & nasc5t /ate ( ! planet4 ',( ^! masses' he might say1 ':e!r !y consi/ ( loose incoh]5t s&1 s(t clay1 or solid /one1 none h be5 =m$ 9 mod]n times4 ,e ye> "s ( !m are brok5 & %att]$ by e>?quakes1 or melt$ by volcanic fire2 & :5 !y cool d[n sl[ly f a /ate ( fusion1 !y assume a new & m cry/all9e =m1 no long] exhibit+ t /ratifi$ disposition & ^? curi\s impressions & fanta/ic m>k+s1 by :i* !y 7 previ\sly *>act]is$4 ,?is process _c h be5 c>ri$ on = an indef9ite "t1 = 9 t case all ! /ratifi$ rocks w\ld long ere ?is h be5 fus$ & cry/allis$4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! :ole planet once consi/$ ( ^! my/]i\s & curi\sly b$d$ =mations at a "t :5 ! volcanic fire _h n yet be5 br\ght into activity4 ,s9ce t p]iod !re seems to h be5 a gradual developm5t ( heat2 & ?is augm5tation we may expect to cont9ue till ! :ole globe %all be 9 a /ate ( fluidity1 or %all consi/1 9 ^? p>ts :i* are n melt$1 ( volcanic & cry/all9e rocks4' ,su* might be ! sy/em ( ! ,gnome at ! v "t t ! foll[]s ( ,leibnitz1 reason+ on :at !y saw on ! out] surface1 might be tea*+ ! opposite doctr9e ( gradual refrig]ation1 & av]r+ t ! e>? _h begun its c>e] z a fi]y comet1 & might be de/9$ h]eaft] to become a froz5 mass4 ,! t5ets ( ! s*ools ( ! ne!r & ( ! upp] _w w\ld be directly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 = bo? w\ld p>take ( ! prejudices inevitably result+ f ! cont9ual contemplation ( "o class ( ph5om5a to ! exclusion ( ano!r4 ,man obs]ves ! annual decomposition ( cry/all9e & igne\s rocks1 & may sometimes see _! conv]sion into /ratifi$ deposits2 b he _c witness ! reconv]sion ( ! s$im5t>y into ! cry/all9e by subt]ranean heat4 ,he is 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ all ! s$im5t>y rocks z m rec5t ?an ! un/ratifi$1 = ! same reason t we may suppose him to fall into ! opposite error if he saw ! orig9 ( ! igne\s class only4 ,= m ?an two c5turies ! %elly /rata ( ! ,subap5n9e hills af=d$ matt] ( speculation to ! e>ly geologi/s ( ,italy1 & few ( !m _h any suspicion t simil> deposits 7 !n =m+ 9 ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,"s imag9$ t ! /rata1 s ri* 9 organic rema9s1 in/ead ( be+ due to second>y ag5ts1 _h be5 s creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s by ! fiat ( ! ,almighty4 ,o!rs1 z we h se51 ascrib$ ! imb$d$ fossil bodies to "s pla/ic p[] :i* resid$ 9 ! e>? 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w4 ,9 :at mann] 7 ^! dogmas at l5g? explod$8 ,! fossil relics 7 c>efully comp>$ ) _! liv+ analogues1 & all d\bts z to _! organic orig9 7 ev5tually dispell$4 ,s1 also1 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! conta9+ b$s ( mud1 s&1 & lime/one3 ^? p>ts ( ! bottom ( ! sea 7 exam9$ :]e %ells are n[ becom+ annually entomb$ 9 new deposits1 ,donati explor$ ! b$ ( ! ,adriatic1 & f\nd ! close/ resemblance betwe5 ! /rata !re =m+1 & ^? :i* con/itut$ hills above a ?\s& feet high 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,italian p59sula4 ,he asc]ta9$ by dr$g+ t liv+ te/acea 7 !re gr\p$ toge!r 9 precisely ! same mann] z 7 _! fossil analogues 9 ! inl& /rata2 & :ile "s ( ! rec5t %ells ( ! ,adriatic 7 becom+ incru/$ ) calc>e\s rock1 be obs]v$ t o!rs _h be5 newly buri$ 9 s& & clay1 precisely z fossil %ells occur 9 ! ,subap5n9e hills4 ,9 l mann]1 ! volcanic rocks ( ! ,vic5t9 _h be5 /udi$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury2 b no geologi/ suspect$1 be=e ! "t ( ,ardu9o1 t ^! 7 compos$ ( anci5t subm>9e lavas4 ,dur+ _m ye>s ( controv]sy1 ! popul> op9ion incl9$ to a belief t basalt & rocks ( ! same class _h be5 precipitat$ f a *aotic fluid1 or an ocean :i* rose at successive p]iods ov] ! cont95ts1 *>g$ ) ! compon5t elem5ts ( ! rocks 9 "q4 ,few w n[ dispute t x w\ld h be5 difficult to inv5t a !ory m di/ant f ! tru?2 yet we mu/ cease to wond] t x ga9$ s _m proselytes1 :5 we rememb] t its claims to probability arose p>tly f ! v circum/ance ( its confirm+ ! assum$ want ( analogy betwe5 geological causes & ^? n[ 9 action4 ,by :at tra9 ( inve/igations 7 geologi/s induc$ at l5g? to reject ^! views1 & to ass5t to ! igne\s orig9 ( ! trappean =mations8 ,by an exam9ation ( volcanos n[ active1 & by comp>+ _! /ructure & ! composition ( _! lavas ) ! anci5t trap rocks4 ,! e/abli%m5t1 f "t to "t1 ( num]\s po9ts ( id5tification1 drew at l5g? f geologi/s a reluctant admission1 t !re 0 m correspond5ce betwe5 ! condition ( ! globe at remote eras & n[1 & m uni=mity 9 ! laws :i* h regulat$ ! *anges ( its surface1 ?an !y at fir/ imag9$4 ,if1 9 ?is /ate ( ! sci5ce1 !y /ill despair$ ( reconcil+ e class ( geological ph5om5a to ! op]ations ( ord9>y causes1 ev5 by /ra9+ analogy to ! utmo/ limits ( cr$ibility1 we might h expect$1 at lea/1 t ! balance ( probability w\ld n[ h be5 presum$ to incl9e t[>ds ! close analogy ( ! anci5t & mod]n causes4 ,b1 aft] repeat$ exp]i5ce ( ! failure ( attempts to speculate on geological monum5ts1 z belong+ to a di/9ct ord] ( ?+s1 new sects cont9u$ to p]sev]e 9 ! pr9ciples adopt$ by _! pr$ecessors4 ,!y /ill began1 z ea* new problem pres5t$ itself1 :e!r relat+ to ! animate or inanimate _w1 to assume an orig9al & dissimil> ord] ( nature2 & :5 at l5g? !y approximat$1 or entirely came r\nd to an opposite op9ion1 x 0 always ) ! feel+1 t !y 7 conc$+ :at !y _h be5 ju/ifi$ a priori 9 deem+ improbable4 ,9 a ^w1 ! same m5 :o1 z natural philosoph]s1 w\ld h be5 mo/ incr$ul\s respect+ any extraord9>y deviations f ! kn[n c\rse ( nature1 if report$ to h happ5$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,own ,,"t1 7 equally dispos$1 z geologi/s1 to expect ! pro(s ( su* deviations at e p]iod ( ! pa/4 99 99 99 99 ,,uni=mity ,,( ,,*ange ,,ii ,,suppos$ ,,alt]nate ,,p]iods ,,( ,,repose ,,& ,,disord]--,,obs]v$ ,,facts ,,9 ,,:i* ,,?is ,,doctr9e ,,has ,,orig9at$--,,^! ,,may ,,be ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,suppos+ ,a ,,uni=m ,,& ,,un9t]rupt$ ,,s]ies ,,( ,,*anges--,,?ree- ,,fold ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,?is ,,subject3 ,,fir/1 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,laws ,,:i* ,,gov]n ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,fossilif]\s ,,/rata1 ,,& ,,! ,,%ift+ ,,( ,,! ,,areas ,,( ,,s$im5t>y ,,deposition2 ,,secondly1 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,liv+ ,,creation1 ,,ext9ction ,,( ,,species1 ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,new ,,animals ,,& ,,plants2 ,,?irdly1 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,*anges ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/ ,,by ,,! ,,cont9uance ,,( ,,subt]ranean ,,movem5ts ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,areas1 ,,& ,,_! ,,transf]5ce ,,aft] ,,long ,,p]iods ,,to ,,new ,,areas--,,on ,,! ,,comb9$ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,all ,,^! ,,modes ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,,produc+ ,,breaks ,,& ,,*asms ,,9 ,,! ,,*a9 ,,( ,,records--,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,id5tity ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,& ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,t]re/rial ,,*anges4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,alt]nate ,,p]iods ,,( ,,repose ,,& ,,disord]4--,x has be5 truly obs]v$1 t :5 we arrange ! fossilif]\s =mations 9 *ronological ord]1 !y con/itute a brok5 & defective s]ies ( monum5ts3 we pass )\t any int]m$iate gradations f sy/ems ( /rata :i* are horizontal1 to o!r sy/ems :i* are highly incl9$--f rocks ( peculi> m9]al composition to o!rs :i* h a "* :olly di/9ct--f "o assemblage ( organic rema9s to ano!r1 9 :i* frequ5tly ne>ly all ! species1 & a l>ge "p ( ! g5]a1 are diff]5t4 ,^! violations ( cont9uity are s common z to con/itute 9 mo/ regions ! rule r ?an ! exception1 & !y h be5 consid]$ by _m geologi/s z conclusive 9 fav\r ( sudd5 revolutions 9 ! inanimate & animate _w4 ,we h already se5 t accord+ to ! speculations ( "s writ]s1 !re h be5 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! planet alt]nate p]iods ( tranquillity & convulsion1 ! =m] endur+ = ages1 & resembl+ ! /ate ( ?+s n[ exp]i5c$ by man1 ! o!r brief1 transi5t1 & p>oxysmal1 giv+ rise to new m\nta9s1 seas1 & valleys1 annihilat+ "o set ( organic be+s1 & u%]+ 9 ! creation ( ano!r4 ,x w be ! object ( ! pres5t *apt] to demon/rate t ^! !oretical views are n borne out by a fair int]pretation ( geological monum5ts4 ,x is true t 9 ! solid framework ( ! globe we h a *ronological *a9 ( natural records1 _m l9ks ( :i* are want+3 b a c>eful consid]ation ( all ! ph5om5a leads to ! op9ion t ! s]ies 0 orig9ally defective--t x has be5 r5d]$ /ill m s by "t--t a great "p ( :at rema9s is inaccessible to man1 & ev5 ( t fraction :i* is accessible n9e-t5?s or m are to ?is day unexplor$4 ,! readie/ way1 p]haps1 ( p]suad+ ! read] t we may disp5se ) great & sudd5 revolutions 9 ! geological ord] ( ev5ts is by %[+ him h[ a regul> & un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( *anges 9 ! animate & inanimate _w mu/ give rise to su* breaks 9 ! sequ5ce1 & su* uncon=mability ( /ratifi$ rocks1 z are usually ?\ght to imply convulsions & cata/rophes4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to /ate t ! ord] ( ev5ts ?us assum$ to occur1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 %\ld be 9 h>mony ) all ! conclusions legitimately drawn by geologi/s f ! /ructure ( ! e>?1 & mu/ be equally 9 accordance ) ! *anges obs]v$ by man to be n[ go+ on 9 ! liv+ z well z 9 ! inorganic creation4 ,x may be necess>y 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce to supply "s "p ( ! assum$ c\rse ( nature hypo!tically2 b if s1 ?is mu/ be done )\t any violation ( probability1 & always consi/5tly ) ! analogy ( :at is kn[n bo? ( ! pa/ & pres5t economy ( our sy/em4 ,al?\gh ! discussion ( s compreh5sive a subject mu/ c>ry ! beg9n] f> beyond 8 dep?1 x w also1 x is hop$1 /imulate 8 curiosity1 & prep>e him to read "s elem5t>y treatises on geology ) advantage1 & tea* him ! be>+ on t sci5ce ( ! *anges n[ 9 progress on ! e>?4 ,at ! same "t x may enable him ! bett] to und]/& ! intimate connection betwe5 ! ,second & ,?ird ,books ( ?is "w1 "o ( :i* is occupi$ ) ! *anges ( ! inorganic1 ! latt] ) ^? ( ! organic creation4 ,9 pursuance1 !n1 ( ! plan above propos$1 ,i w consid] 9 ?is *apt]1 fir/1 ! laws :i* regulate ! d5udation ( /rata & ! deposition ( s$im5t2 secondly1 ^? :i* gov]n ! fluctuation 9 ! animate _w2 & ?irdly1 ! mode 9 :i* subt]ranean movem5ts affect ! e>?'s cru/4 ,,uni=mity ,,( ,,*ange ,,consid]$1 ,,fir/1 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,d5udation ,,& ,,s$im5t>y ,,deposition4--,fir/1 9 reg>d to ! laws gov]n+ ! deposition ( new /rata4 ,if we survey ! surface ( ! globe1 we imm$iately p]ceive t x is divisible into areas ( deposition & non-deposition2 or1 9 o!r words1 at any giv5 "t !re are spaces :i* are ! recipi5ts1 o!rs :i* are n ! recipi5ts1 ( s$im5t>y matt]4 ,no new /rata1 = example1 are ?r[n d[n on dry l&1 :i* rema9s ! same f ye> to ye>2 :]eas1 9 _m p>ts ( ! bottom ( seas & lakes1 mud1 s&1 & pebbles are annually spread out by riv]s & curr5ts4 ,!re are also great masses ( lime/one gr[+ 9 "s seas1 *iefly compos$ ( corals & %ells1 or1 z 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,atlantic1 ( *alky mud made up ( =am9if]a & diatomaceae4 ,z to ! dry l&1 s f> f be+ ! receptacle ( fre% accessions ( matt]1 x is expos$ almo/ ev]y:]e to wa/e away4 ,=e/s may be z d5se & l(ty z ^? ( ,brazil1 & may sw>m ) quadrup$s1 birds1 & insects1 yet at ! end ( ?\s&s ( ye>s "o lay] ( black m\ld a few in*es ?ick may be ! sole repres5tative ( ^? myriads ( trees1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruits1 ^? innum]able bones & skeletons ( birds1 quadrup$s1 & reptiles1 :i* t5ant$ ! f]tik region4 ,%\ld ?is l& be at l5g? subm]g$1 ! waves ( ! sea may wa% away 9 a few h\rs ! scanty cov]+ ( m\ld1 & x may m]ely imp>t a d>k] %ade ( col\r to ! next /ratum ( m>l1 s&1 or o!r matt] newly ?r[n d[n4 ,s also at ! bottom ( ! ocean :]e no s$im5t is accumulat+1 seawe$1 zoophytes1 fi%1 & ev5 %ells1 may multiply = ages & decompose1 leav+ no ve/ige ( _! =m or sub/ance beh9d4 ,_! decay1 9 wat]1 al?\gh m sl[1 is z c]ta9 & ev5tually z complete z 9 ! op5 air4 ,nor c !y be p]petuat$ = indef9ite p]iods 9 a fossil /ate1 unless imb$d$ 9 "s matrix :i* is imp]vi\s to wat]1 or :i* at lea/ does n all[ a free p]colation ( t fluid1 impregnat$1 z x usually is1 ) a slight quantity ( c>bonic or o!r acid4 ,su* a free p]colation may be prev5t$ ei!r by ! m9]al nature ( ! matrix itself1 or by ! sup]position ( an imp]meable /ratum2 b if unimp$$1 ! fossil %ell or bone w be dissolv$ & remov$1 p>ticle aft] p>ticle1 & ?us entirely effac$1 unless petrifaction or ! sub/itution ( "s m9]al = ! organic matt] happ5 to take place4 ,t !re has be5 l& z well z sea at all =m] geological p]iods1 we "k f ! fact t fossil trees & t]re/rial plants are imb$d$ 9 rocks ( e age1 except ^? :i* are s anci5t z to be v imp]fectly kn[n to u4 ,occasionally lacu/r9e & fluviatile %ells1 or ! bones ( amphibi\s or l& reptiles1 po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,! exi/5ce ( dry l& at all p]iods ( ! pa/ implies1 z be=e m5tion$1 ! p>tial deposition ( s$im5t1 or its limitation to c]ta9 areas2 & ! next po9t to :i* ,i %all call ! read]'s att5tion is ! %ift+ ( ^! areas f "o region to ano!r4 ,fir/1 !n1 v>iations 9 ! site ( s$im5t>y deposition are br\ght ab\t indep5d5tly ( subt]ranean movem5ts4 ,!re is always a slight *ange f ye> to ye>1 or f c5tury to c5tury4 ,! s$im5t ( ! ,rhone1 = example1 ?r[n into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 is n[ convey$ to a spot a mile & a half di/ant f t :]e x accumulat$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & six miles f ! po9t :]e ! delta began orig9ally to =m4 ,we may look =w>d to ! p]iod :5 ?is lake w be fill$ up1 & !n ! di/ribution ( ! transport$ matt] w be sudd5ly alt]$1 = ! mud & s& br\ght d[n f ! ,alps w !nce=?1 in/ead ( be+ deposit$ ne> ,g5eva1 be c>ri$ ne>ly #bjj miles s\?w>ds1 :]e ! ,rhone ent]s ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ! deltas ( l>ge riv]s1 su* z ^? ( ! ,ganges & ,indus1 ! mud is fir/ c>ri$ d[n = _m c5turies ?r\gh "o arm1 & on ?is be+ /opp$ up x is dis*>g$ by ano!r1 & may !n ent] ! sea at a po9t #ej or #ajj miles di/ant f its fir/ receptacle4 ,! direction ( m>9e curr5ts is also liable to be *ang$ by v>i\s accid5ts1 z by ! heap+ up ( new s&banks1 or ! we>+ away ( cliffs & promontories4 ,b1 secondly1 all ^! causes ( fluctuation 9 ! s$im5t>y areas are entirely subord9ate to ^? great upw>d or d[nw>d movem5ts ( l&1 :i* w pres5tly be spok5 (1 z prevail+ ov] l>ge tracts ( ! globe4 ,by su* elevation or subsid5ce c]ta9 spaces are gradually subm]g$1 or made gradually to em]ge3 9 ! "o case s$im5t>y deposition may be sudd5ly r5ew$ aft] hav+ be5 susp5d$ = "o or m geological p]iods1 9 ! o!r z sudd5ly made to cease aft] hav+ cont9u$ = ages4 ,if deposition be r5ew$ aft] a long int]val1 ! new /rata w usually diff] greatly f ! s$im5t>y rocks previ\sly =m$ 9 ! same place1 & especially if ! old] rocks h suff]$ d]angem5t1 :i* implies a *ange 9 ! physical geography ( ! di/rict s9ce ! previ\s conveyance ( s$im5t to ! same spot4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t1 ev5 :]e ! two gr\ps1 ! sup]ior & ! inf]ior1 are horizontal & con=mable to ea* o!r1 !y may /ill diff] entirely 9 m9]al "*1 because1 s9ce ! orig9 ( ! old] =mation1 ! geography ( "s di/ant c\ntry has be5 alt]$4 ,9 t c\ntry rocks be=e conceal$ may h become expos$ by d5udation2 volcanos may h bur/ out & cov]$ ! surface ) scoriae & lava2 or new lakes1 int]cept+ ! s$im5t previ\sly convey$ f ! upp] c\ntry1 may h be5 =m$ by subsid5ce2 & o!r fluctuations may h occurr$1 by :i* ! mat]ials br\ght d[n f !nce by riv]s to ! sea h acquir$ a di/9ct m9]al "*4 ,x is well kn[n t ! /ream ( ! ,mississippi is *>g$ ) s$im5t ( a diff]5t col\r f t ( ! ,arkansas & ,r$ ,riv]s1 :i* are t+$ ) r$ mud1 d]iv$ f rocks ( porphyry & r$ gypse\s clays 9 '! f> we/4' ,! wat]s ( ! ,uruguay1 says ,d>w91 dra9+ a granitic c\ntry1 are cle> & black1 ^? ( ! ,p>ana1 r$4 ,footnote3 ,d>w9's ,j\rnal1 p4 #afc1 & edit41 p4 #aci4 ,! mud ) :i* ! ,indus is load$1 says ,burnes1 is ( a clayey hue1 t ( ! ,*5ab1 on ! o!r h&1 is r$di%1 t ( ! ,sutlej is m pale4 ,footnote3 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,geograph4 ,soc41 vol4 iii1 p4 #adb4 ,! same causes :i* make ^! sev]al riv]s1 sometimes situat$ at no great di/ance ! "o f ! o!r1 to diff] greatly 9 ! "* ( _! s$im5t1 w make ! wat]s dra9+ ! same c\ntry at diff]5t epo*s1 especially be=e & aft] great revolutions 9 physical geography1 to be entirely dissimil>4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t m>9e curr5ts w be affect$ 9 an analog\s mann] 9 consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( new %oals1 ! em]g5ce ( new isl&s1 ! subsid5ce ( o!rs1 ! gradual wa/e ( neighb\r+ coa/s1 ! gr[? ( new deltas1 ! increase ( coral reefs1 volcanic eruptions1 & o!r *anges4 ,,uni=mity ,,( ,,*ange ,,consid]$1 ,,secondly1 ,,9 ,,reg]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,liv+ ,,creation4--,secondly1 9 reg>d to ! vicissitudes ( ! liv+ creation1 all are agre$ t ! successive gr\ps ( s$im5t>y /rata f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/ are n only dissimil> 9 m9]al composition = reasons above allud$ to1 b are likewise di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by _! organic rema9s4 ,! g5]al inf]5ce drawn f ! /udy & comp>ison ( ! v>i\s gr\ps1 arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 is ?is3 t at successive p]iods di/9ct tribes ( animals & plants h inhabit$ ! l& & wat]s1 & t ! organic types ( ! new] =mations are m analog\s to species n[ exi/+ ?an ^? ( m anci5t rocks4 ,if we !n turn to ! pres5t /ate ( ! animate creation1 & enquire :e!r x has n[ become fix$ & /ation>y1 we discov] t1 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual flux--t !re are _m causes 9 action :i* t5d to ! ext9ction ( species1 & :i* are conclusive aga9/ ! doctr9e ( _! unlimit$ durability4 ,!re are also causes :i* give rise to new v>ieties & races 9 plants & animals1 & new =ms are cont9ually supplant+ o!rs :i* _h endur$ = ages4 ,b natural hi/ory has be5 sucessfully cultivat$ = s %ort a p]iod1 t a few examples only ( local1 & p]haps b "o or two ( absolute1 extirpation ( species c z yet be prov$1 & ^! only :]e ! int]f]5ce ( man has be5 conspicu\s4 ,x w nev]!less appe> evid5t1 f ! facts & argum5ts detail$ 9 ! *apt]s :i* treat ( ! geographical di/ribution ( species 9 ! next volume1 t man is n ! only ext]m9at+ ag5t2 & t1 indep5d5tly ( 8 int]v5tion1 ! annihilation ( species is promot$ by ! multiplication & gradual diffusion ( e animal or plant4 ,x w also appe> t e alt]ation 9 ! physical geography & climate ( ! globe _c fail to h ! same t5d5cy4 ,if we proce$ /ill f>!r1 & enquire :e!r new species are sub/itut$ f "t to "t = ^? :i* die out1 we f9d t ! successive introduction ( new =ms appe>s to h be5 a con/ant "p ( ! economy ( ! t]re/rial sy/em1 & if we h no direct pro( ( ! fact x is because ! *anges take place s sl[ly z n to come )9 ! p]iod ( exact sci5tific obs]vation4 ,to enable ! read] to appreciate ! gradual mann] 9 :i* a passage may h tak5 place f an ext9ct fauna to t n[ liv+1 ,i %all say a few words on ! fossils ( successive ,t]ti>y p]iods4 ,:5 we trace ! s]ies ( =mations f ! m anci5t to ! m mod]n1 x is 9 ^! ,t]ti>y deposits t we fir/ meet ) assemblages ( organic rema9s hav+ a ne> analogy to ! fauna ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! globe 9 our own "t4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e1 or olde/ subdivisions1 "s few ( ! te/acea belong to exi/+ species1 al?\gh almo/ all ( !m1 & app>5tly all ! associat$ v]tebrata1 are n[ ext9ct4 ,^! ,eoc5e /rata are succe$$ by a great numb] ( m mod]n deposits1 :i* dep>t gradually 9 ! "* ( _! fossils f ! ,eoc5e type1 & approa* m & m to t ( ! liv+ creation4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 x is *iefly by ! aid ( %ells t we are enabl$ to arrive at ^! results1 = ( all classes ! te/acea are ! mo/ g5]ally diffus$ 9 a fossil /ate1 & may be call$ ! m$als pr9cipally employ$ by nature 9 record+ ! *ronology ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e rocks 7,no4 #e ( ! table1 p4 #ace7 we beg9 to f9d a consid]able numb]1 al?\gh /ill a m9ority1 ( rec5t species1 int]mix$ ) "s fossils common to ! prec$+1 or ,eoc5e1 epo*4 ,we !n arrive at ! ,plioc5e /rata1 9 :i* species n[ contempor>y ) man beg9 to prepond]ate1 & 9 ! newe/ ( :i* n9e-t5?s ( ! fossils agree ) species /ill inhabit+ ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,x is 9 ! ,po/-,t]ti>y /rata1 :]e all ! %ells agree ) species n[ liv+1 t we h discov]$ ! fir/ or e>lie/ kn[n rema9s ( man associat$ ) ! bones ( quadrup$s1 "s ( :i* are ( ext9ct species4 ,9 ?us pass+ f ! old] to ! new] memb]s ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em1 we meet ) _m *asms1 b none :i* sep>ate entirely1 by a broad l9e ( dem>cation1 "o /ate ( ! organic _w f ano!r4 ,!re are no signs ( an abrupt t]m9ation ( "o fauna & flora1 & ! />t+ into life ( new & :olly di/9ct =ms4 ,al?\gh we are f> f be+ able to demon/rate geologically an ins5sible transition f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mioc5e1 or ev5 f ! latt] to ! rec5t fauna1 yet ! m we enl>ge & p]fect our g5]al survey1 ! m ne>ly d we approximate to su* a cont9u\s s]ies1 & ! m gradually are we conduct$ f times :5 _m ( ! g5]a & ne>ly all ! species 7 ext9ct1 to ^? 9 :i* sc>cely a s+le species fl\ri%$ :i* we d n "k to exi/ at pres5t4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,philippi1 inde$1 aft] an elaborate comp>ison ( ! fossil t]ti>y %ells ( ,sicily ) ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ann\nc$1 z ! result ( 8 exam9ation1 t !re are /rata 9 t isl& :i* atte/ a v gradual passage f a p]iod :5 only ?irte5 9 a hundr$ ( ! %ells 7 l ! species n[ liv+ 9 ! sea1 to an era :5 ! rec5t species _h atta9$ a proportion ( n9ety-five 9 a hundr$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 evid5ce1 he says1 9 ,sicily ( ?is revolution 9 ! animate _w hav+ be5 effect$ ')\t ! int]v5tion ( any convulsion or abrupt *anges1 c]ta9 species hav+ f "t to "t di$ out & o!rs hav+ be5 introduc$1 until at l5g? ! exi/+ fauna 0 elaborat$4' ,9 no "p ( ,europe is ! abs5ce ( all signs ( man or 8 works1 9 /rata ( comp>atively mod]n date1 m /rik+ ?an 9 ,sicily4 ,9 ! c5tral p>ts ( t isl& we obs]ve a l(ty table-l& & hills1 sometimes ris+ to ! height ( #c1jjj feet1 capp$ ) a lime/one1 9 :i* f #gj to #he p] c5t ( ! fossil te/acea are specifically id5tical ) ^? n[ inhabit+ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! calc>e\s & o!r argillace\s /rata ( ! same age are int]sect$ by deep valleys :i* appe> to h be5 gradually =m$ by d5udation1 b h n v>i$ mat]ially 9 wid? or dep? s9ce ,sicily 0 fir/ colonis$ by ! ,greeks4 ,! lime/one1 moreov]1 :i* is ( s late a date 9 geological *ronology1 0 qu>ri$ = build+ ^? anci5t temples ( ,girg5ti & ,syracuse1 ( :i* ! ru9s c>ry u back to a remote era 9 human hi/ory4 ,if we are lo/ 9 conjectures :5 speculat+ on ! ages requir$ to lift up ^! =mations to ! height ( sev]al ?\s& feet above ! sea1 & to excavate ! valleys1 h[ mu* m remote mu/ be ! era :5 ! same rocks 7 gradually =m$ b5ea? ! wat]s6 ,! int5se cold ( ! ,glacial p]iod 0 spok5 ( 9 ! t5? *apt]4 ,al?\gh we h n yet succe$$ 9 detect+ pro(s ( ! orig9 ( man antec$5tly to t epo*1 we h yet f\nd evid5ce t mo/ ( ! te/acea1 & n a few ( ! quadrup$s1 :i* prec$$1 7 ( ! same species z ^? :i* foll[$ ! extreme cold4 ,to :atev] local di/urbances ?is cold may h giv5 rise 9 ! di/ribution ( species1 x seems to h done little 9 effect+ _! annihilation4 ,we may conclude !re=e1 f a survey ( ! t]ti>y & mod]n /rata1 :i* con/itute a m complete & unbrok5 s]ies ?an rocks ( old] date1 t ! ext9ction & creation ( species h be51 & are1 ! result ( a sl[ & gradual *ange 9 ! organic _w4 ,,uni=mity ,,( ,,*ange ,,consid]$1 ,,?irdly1 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,subt]ranean ,,movem5ts4--,?irdly1 to pass on to ! la/ ( ! ?ree topics be=e propos$ = discussion1 ! read] w f9d1 9 ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,second ,book1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ( ! e>?quakes record$ 9 hi/ory1 t c]ta9 c\ntries h f "t immemorial1 be5 rudely %ak5 aga9 & aga92 :ile o!rs1 compris+ by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ! globe1 h rema9$ to all appe>ance motionless4 ,9 ! regions ( convulsion rocks h be5 r5t asund]1 ! surface has be5 =c$ up into ridges1 *asms h op5$1 or ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t l>ge spaces has be5 p]man5tly lift$ up above or let d[n bel[ its =m] level4 ,9 ! regions ( tranquillity "s areas h rema9$ at re/1 b o!rs h be5 asc]ta9$1 by a comp>ison ( measurem5ts made at diff]5t p]iods1 to h ris5 by an ins5sible motion1 z 9 ,sw$51 or to h subsid$ v sl[ly1 z 9 ,gre5l&4 ,t ^! same movem5ts1 :e!r asc5d+ or desc5d+1 h cont9u$ = ages 9 ! same direction has be5 e/abli%$ by hi/orical or geological evid5ce4 ,?us we f9d on ! opposite coa/s ( ,sw$5 t bracki% wat] deposits1 l ^? n[ =m+ 9 ! ,baltic1 occur on ! ea/]n side1 & uprais$ /rata fill$ ) purely m>9e %ells1 n[ prop] to ! ocean1 on ! we/]n coa/4 ,bo? ( ^! h be5 lift$ up to an elevation ( sev]al hundr$ feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,! rise )9 ! hi/orical p]iod has n am\nt$ to _m y>ds1 b ! great] ext5t ( antec$5t upheaval is prov$ by ! occurr5ce 9 inl& spots1 sev]al hundr$ feet high1 ( deposits fill$ ) fossil %ells ( species n[ liv+ ei!r 9 ! ocean or ! ,baltic4 ,x mu/ 9 g5]al be m difficult to detect pro(s ( sl[ & gradual subsid5ce ?an ( elevation1 b ! !ory :i* acc\nts = ! =m ( circul> coral reefs & lagoon isl&s1 & :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ?is "w1 w satisfy ! read] t !re are spaces on ! globe1 sev]al ?\s& miles 9 circumf]5ce1 ?r\gh\t :i* ! d[nw>d movem5t has pr$om9at$ = ages1 & yet ! l& has nev]1 9 a s+le in/ance1 gone d[n sudd5ly = sev]al hundr$ feet at once4 ,yet geology demon/rates t ! p]si/5cy ( subt]ranean movem5ts 9 "o direction has n be5 p]petual ?r\gh\t all pa/ "t4 ,!re h be5 great oscillations ( level1 by :i* a surface ( dry l& has be5 subm]g$ to a dep? ( sev]al ?\s& feet1 & !n at a p]iod long subsequ5t rais$ aga9 & made to em]ge4 ,nor h ! regions n[ motionless be5 always at re/2 & "s ( ^? :i* are at pres5t ! !atres ( reit]at$ e>?quakes h =m]ly enjoy$ a long cont9uance ( tranquillity4 ,b1 al?\gh di/urbances h ceas$ aft] hav+ long prevail$1 or h recomm5c$ aft] a susp5sion = ages1 !re has be5 no univ]sal disruption ( ! e>?'s cru/ or desolation ( ! surface s9ce times ! mo/ remote4 ,! non-occurr5ce ( su* a g5]al convulsion is prov$ by ! p]fect horizontality n[ reta9$ by "s ( ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s /rata ?r\gh\t wide areas4 ,t ! subt]ranean =ces h visit$ diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe at successive p]iods is inf]r$ *iefly f ! uncon=mability ( /rata belong+ to gr\ps ( diff]5t ages4 ,?us1 = example1 on ! bord]s ( ,wales & ,%rop%ire1 we f9d ! slaty b$s ( ! anci5t ,silurian sy/em incl9$ & v]tical1 :ile ! b$s ( ! ov]ly+ c>bonif]\s %ale & s&/one are horizontal4 ,all are agre$ t 9 su* a case ! old] set ( /rata _h suff]$ great di/urbance be=e ! deposition ( ! new] or c>bonif]\s b$s1 & t ^! la/ h nev] s9ce be5 viol5tly fractur$1 nor h ev] be5 b5t into folds1 :e!r by sudd5 or cont9u\s lat]al pressure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m anci5t or ,silurian gr\p suff]$ only a local d]angem5t1 & nei!r 9 ,wales nor else:]e are all ! rocks ( t age f\nd to be curv$ or v]tical4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 = example1 & p>ticul>ly ne> ,lake ,w5] 9 ! s\? ( ,sw$51 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,russia1 ! ,silurian /rata ma9ta9 ! mo/ p]fect horizontality2 & a simil> obs]vation may be made respect+ lime/ones & %ales ( l antiquity 9 ! great lake di/rict ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! old] rocks are /ill z flat & horizontal z :5 fir/ =m$2 yet1 s9ce _! orig91 n only h mo/ ( ! actual m\nta9-*a9s be5 uplift$1 b "s ( ! v rocks ( :i* ^?1 m\nta9s are compos$ h be5 =m$1 "s ( !m by igne\s & o!rs by aque\s action4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply in/ances ( simil> uncon=mability 9 =mations ( o!r ages2 b a few m w suffice4 ,! c>bonif]\s rocks be=e allud$ to z horizontal on ! bord]s ( ,wales are v]tical 9 ! ,m5dip hills 9 ,som]set%ire1 :]e ! ov]ly+ b$s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one are horizontal4 ,aga91 9 ! ,wolds ( ,york%ire ! la/- m5tion$ s&/one supports on its curv$ & incl9$ b$s ! horizontal ,*alk4 ,! ,*alk aga9 is v]tical on ! flanks ( ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! t]ti>y /rata repose uncon=mably ^u x4 ,z almo/ e c\ntry supplies illu/rations ( ! same ph5om5a1 !y :o advocate ! doctr9e ( alt]nate p]iods ( disord] & repose may appeal to ! facts above describ$1 z prov+ t e di/rict has be5 by turns convuls$ by e>?quakes & !n respit$ = ages f convulsions4 ,b s x might ) equal tru? be affirm$ t e "p ( ,europe has be5 visit$ alt]nately by w9t] & summ]1 al?\gh x has always be5 w9t] & always summ] 9 "s "p ( ! planet1 & nei!r ( ^! seasons has ev] reign$ simultane\sly ov] ! entire globe4 ,!y h be5 always %ift+ f place to place2 b ! vicissitudes :i* recur ?us annually 9 a s+le spot are nev] all[$ to int]f]e ) ! inv>iable uni=mity ( seasons ?r\gh\t ! :ole planet4 ,s1 9 reg>d to subt]ranean movem5ts1 ! !ory ( ! p]petual uni=mity ( ! =ce :i* !y ex]t on ! e>?'s cru/ is q consi/5t ) ! admission ( _! alt]nate developm5t & susp5sion = long & indef9ite p]iods )9 limit$ geographical areas4 ,if1 = reasons be=e /at$1 we assume a cont9ual ext9ction ( species & appe>ance ( o!rs on ! globe1 x w !n foll[ t ! fossils ( /rata =m$ at two di/ant p]iods on ! same spot w diff] ev5 m c]ta9ly ?an ! m9]al composition ( ^? /rata4 ,= rocks ( ! same k9d h sometimes be5 reproduc$ 9 ! same di/rict aft] a long int]val ( "t2 :]eas all ! evid5ce d]iv$ f fossil rema9s is 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t species :i* h once di$ out h nev] be5 reproduc$4 ,! subm]g5ce1 !n1 ( l& mu/ be (t5 att5d$ by ! comm5cem5t ( a new class ( s$im5t>y deposits1 *>act]iz$ by a new set ( fossil animals & plants1 :ile ! reconv]sion ( ! b$ ( ! sea into l& may arre/ at once & = an indef9ite "t ! =mation ( geological monum5ts4 ,%\ld ! l& aga9 s9k1 /rata w aga9 be =m$2 b "o or _m entire revolutions 9 animal or vegetable life may h be5 complet$ 9 ! int]val4 ,z to ! want ( complet5ess 9 ! fossilif]\s s]ies1 :i* may be said to be almo/ univ]sal1 we h only to reflect on :at has be5 already said ( ! laws gov]n+ s$im5t>y deposition1 & ^? :i* give rise to fluctuations 9 ! animate _w1 to be conv9c$ t a v r>e comb9ation ( circum/ances c alone give rise to su* a sup]position & pres]vation ( /rata z w be> te/imony to ! gradual passage f "o /ate ( organic life to ano!r4 ,to produce su* /rata no?+ less w be requisite ?an ! =tunate co9cid5ce ( ! foll[+ conditions3 fir/1 a nev]-fail+ supply ( s$im5t 9 ! same region ?r\gh\t a p]iod ( va/ duration2 secondly1 ! fitness ( ! deposit 9 e "p = ! p]man5t pres]vation ( imb$d$ fossils2 &1 ?irdly1 a gradual subsid5ce to prev5t ! sea or lake f be+ fill$ up & conv]t$ into l&4 ,x w appe> 9 ! *apt] on coral reefs1 t1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 mo/ ( ^! conditions1 if n all1 are compli$ )1 & ! con/ant gr[? ( coral1 keep+ pace ) ! s9k+ ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 seems to h gone on s sl[ly1 = su* indef9ite p]iods1 t ! signs ( a gradual *ange 9 organic life might probably be detect$ 9 t qu>t] ( ! globe if we c\ld explore its subm>9e geology4 ,in/ead ( ! gr[? ( corall9e lime/one1 let u suppose1 9 "s o!r place1 ! cont9u\s deposition ( fluviatile mud & s&1 su* z ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra h p\r$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s into ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,"p ( ?is bay1 al?\gh ( consid]able dep?1 might at l5g? be fill$ up be=e an appreciable am\nt ( *ange 0 effect$ 9 ! fi%1 mollusca1 & o!r inhabitants ( ! sea & neighb\r+ l&4 ,b if ! bottom be l[]$ by s9k+ at ! same rate t x is rais$ by fluviatile mud1 ! bay c nev] be turn$ into dry l&4 ,9 t case "o new lay] ( matt] may be sup]impos$ ^u ano!r = a ?ickness ( _m ?\s& feet1 & ! fossils ( ! inf]ior b$s may diff] greatly f ^? entomb$ 9 ! upp]mo/1 yet e int]m$iate gradation may be indicat$ 9 ! passage f an old] to a new] assemblage ( species4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 t su* an unbrok5 sequ5ce ( monum5ts may ?us be elaborat$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sea1 & t ! /rata happ5 to be all ( !m well adapt$ to pres]ve ! includ$ fossils f decomposition1 h[ _m accid5ts mu/ /ill concur be=e ^! subm>9e =mations w be laid op5 to our inve/igation6 ,! :ole deposit mu/ fir/ be rais$ sev]al ?\s& feet1 9 ord] to br+ into view ! v f\ndation2 & dur+ ! process ( exposure ! sup]ior b$s mu/ n be entirely swept away by d5udation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! *ances are ne>ly z ?ree to "o aga9/ ! m]e em]g5ce ( ! mass above ! wat]s1 because ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! globe are cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,b if x be upheav$ & made to con/itute "p ( ! dry l&1 x mu/ also1 be=e x c be available = our in/ruction1 become "p ( t area already survey$ by geologi/s4 ,9 ?is small fraction ( l& already explor$1 & /ill v imp]fectly kn[n1 we are requir$ to f9d a set ( /rata deposit$ "u peculi> conditions1 & :i*1 hav+ be5 orig9ally ( limit$ ext5t1 w\ld h be5 probably mu* less5$ by subsequ5t d5udation4 ,yet x is precisely because we d n enc\nt] at e /ep ! evid5ce ( su* gradations f "o /ate ( ! organic _w to ano!r1 t s _m geologi/s h embrac$ ! doctr9e ( great & sudd5 revolutions 9 ! hi/ory ( ! animate _w4 ,n cont5t ) simply avail+ !mselves1 = ! conv5i5ce ( classification1 ( ^? gaps & *asms :i* "h & !re int]rupt ! cont9uity ( ! *ronological s]ies1 z at pres5t kn[n1 !y d$uce1 f ! frequ5cy ( ^! breaks 9 ! *a9 ( records1 an irregul> mode ( succession 9 ! ev5ts !mselves1 bo? 9 ! organic & inorganic _w4 ,b1 besides t "s l9ks ( ! *a9 :i* once exi/$ are n[ entirely lo/ & o!rs conceal$ f view1 we h good reason to suspect t x 0 nev] complete orig9ally4 ,x may und\bt$ly be said t /rata h be5 always =m+ some:]e1 & !re=e at e mom5t ( pa/ "t ,nature has add$ a page to h] ar*ives2 b1 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t we c nev] hope to compile a consecutive hi/ory by ga!r+ toge!r monum5ts :i* 7 orig9ally deta*$ & scatt]$ ov] ! globe4 ,=1 z ! species ( organic be+s contemporane\sly inhabit+ remote regions are di/9ct1 ! fossils ( ! fir/ ( sev]al p]iods :i* may be pres]v$ 9 any "o c\ntry1 z 9 ,am]ica = example1 w h no connection ) ^? ( a second p]iod f\nd 9 ,india1 & w !re=e no m enable u to trace ! signs ( a gradual *ange 9 ! liv+ creation1 ?an a fragm5t ( ,*9ese hi/ory w fill up a blank 9 ! political annals ( ,europe4 ,! abs5ce ( any deposits ( importance conta9+ rec5t %ells 9 ,*ili1 or any:]e on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 naturally l$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to ! conclusion t :]e ! b$ ( ! sea is ei!r /ation>y or ris+1 circum/ances are f> less fav\rable ?an :]e ! level is s9k+ to ! accumulation ( con*if]\s /rata ( suffici5t ?ickness & ext5sion to resi/ ! av]age va/ am\nt ( d5udation4 ,footnote3 ,d>w9's ,s4 ,am]ica1 pp4 #acf1 #aci4 ,9 l mann] ! b$s ( sup]ficial s&1 clay1 & gravel1 ) rec5t %ells1 on ! coa/s ( ,norway & ,sw$51 :]e ! l& has ris5 9 ,po/-t]ti>y times1 are s ?9 & scanty z to incl9e u to admit a simil> proposition4 ,we may 9 fact assume t 9 all cases :]e ! bottom ( ! sea has be5 und]go+ cont9u\s elevation1 ! total ?ickness ( s$im5t>y matt] accumulat+ at dep?s suit$ to ! habitation ( mo/ ( ! species ( %ells c nev] be great1 nor c ! deposits be ?ickly cov]$ by sup]9cumb5t matt]1 s z to be consolidat$ by pressure4 ,:5 !y are upheav$1 !re=e1 ! waves on ! bea* w be> d[n & disp]se ! loose mat]ials2 :]eas1 if ! b$ ( ! sea subsides sl[ly1 a mass ( /rata1 conta9+ abundance ( su* species z live at mod]ate dep?s1 may be =m$ & may increase 9 ?ickness to any am\nt4 ,x may also ext5d horizontally ov] a broad area1 z ! wat] gradually encroa*es on ! subsid+ l&4 ,h5ce x w foll[ t great violations ( cont9uity 9 ! *ronological s]ies ( fossilif]\s rocks w always exi/1 & ! imp]fection ( ! record1 ?\gh less5$1 w nev] be remov$ by future discov]ies4 ,= n only w no deposits orig9ate on ! dry l&1 b ^? =m$ 9 ! sea ne> l&1 :i* is und]go+ con/ant upheaval1 w usually be too slight 9 ?ickness to endure = ages4 ,9 proportion z we become acqua9t$ ) l>g] geographical areas1 _m ( ! gaps1 by :i* a *ronological table1 l t giv5 at page #ace1 is r5d]$ defective1 w be remov$4 ,we 7 enabl$ by aid ( ! lab\rs ( ,pr(4 ,s$gwick & ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison to int]calate1 9 #ahch1 ! m>9e /rata ( ! ,devonian p]iod1 ) _! fossil %ells1 corals1 & fi%1 betwe5 ! ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,previ\sly ! m>9e fauna ( ^! la/- m5tion$ =mations want$ ! connect+ l9ks :i* n[ r5d] ! passage f ! "o to ! o!r mu* less abrupt4 ,9 l mann] ! ,upp] ,mioc5e has no repres5tative 9 ,engl&1 b 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l& x con/itutes a mo/ in/ructive l9k betwe5 ! liv+ creation & ! middle ( ! great ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,/ill we mu/ expect1 = reasons be=e /at$1 t *asms w = ev] cont9ue to occur1 9 "s p>ts ( our s$im5t>y s]ies4 ,conclud+ rem>ks on ! consi/5cy ( ! !ory ( gradual *ange ) ! exi/5ce ( great breaks 9 ! s]ies4--,to return to ! g5]al argum5t pursu$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x is assum$1 = reasons above expla9$1 t a sl[ *ange ( species is 9 simultane\s op]ation ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! habitable surface ( sea & l&2 :]eas ! fossilisation ( plants & animals is conf9$ to ^? areas :]e new /rata are produc$4 ,^! areas1 z we h se51 are always %ift+ _! position1 s t ! fossilis+ process1 by means ( :i* ! commemoration ( ! p>ticul> /ate ( ! organic _w1 at any giv5 "t1 is effect$1 may be said to move ab\t1 visit+ & revisit+ diff]5t tracts 9 succession4 ,to make /ill m cle> ! suppos$ work+ ( ?is ma*9]y1 ,i %all comp>e x to a some:at analog\s case t might be imag9$ to occur 9 ! hi/ory ( human affairs4 ,let ! mortality ( ! population ( a l>ge c\ntry repres5t ! successive ext9ction ( species1 & ! bir?s ( new individuals ! introduction ( new species4 ,:ile ^! fluctuations are gradually tak+ place ev]y:]e1 suppose commission]s to be appo9t$ to visit ea* prov9ce ( ! c\ntry 9 succession1 tak+ an exact acc\nt ( ! numb]1 names1 & individual peculi>ities ( all ! inhabitants1 & leav+ 9 ea* di/rict a regi/] conta9+ a record ( ?is in=mation4 ,if1 aft] ! completion ( "o c5sus1 ano!r is imm$iately made on ! same plan1 & !n ano!r1 !re w at la/ be a s]ies ( /ati/ical docum5ts 9 ea* prov9ce4 ,:5 ^? belong+ to any "o prov9ce are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 ! cont5ts ( su* z /& next to ea* o!r w diff] accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! int]vals ( "t betwe5 ! tak+ ( ea* c5sus4 ,if1 = example1 !re are sixty prov9ces1 & all ! regi/]s are made 9 a s+le ye> & r5ew$ annually1 ! numb] ( bir?s & dea?s w be s small1 9 proportion to ! :ole ( ! inhabitants1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! compil+ ( two consecutive docum5ts1 t ! individuals describ$ 9 su* docum5ts w be ne>ly id5tical2 :]eas1 if ! survey ( ea* ( ! sixty prov9ces occupies all ! commission]s = a :ole ye>1 s t !y are unable to revisit ! same place until ! expiration ( sixty ye>s1 !re w !n be an almo/ entire discordance betwe5 ! p]sons enum]at$ 9 two consecutive regi/]s 9 ! same prov9ce4 ,!re are1 und\bt$ly1 o!r causes1 besides ! m]e quantity ( "t1 :i* may augm5t or dim9i% ! am\nt ( discrepancy4 ,?us1 at "s p]iods a pe/il5tial disease may h less5$ ! av]age duration ( human life2 or a v>iety ( circum/ances may h caus$ ! bir?s to be unusually num]\s1 & ! population to multiply2 or a prov9ce may be sudd5ly colonis$ by p]sons migrat+ f surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,^! exceptions may be comp>$ to ! accel]at$ rate ( fluctuations 9 ! fauna & flora ( a p>ticul> region1 9 :i* ! climate & physical geography may be und]go+ an extraord9>y degree ( alt]ation4 ,b ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] t ! case above propos$ has no pret5sions to be reg>d$ z an exact p>allel to ! geological ph5om5a :i* ,i desire to illu/rate2 = ! commission]s are suppos$ to visit ! diff]5t prov9ces 9 rotation2 :]eas ! commemorat+ processes by :i* organic rema9s become fossilis$1 al?\gh !y are always %ift+ f "o area to ! o!r1 are yet v irregul> 9 _! movem5ts4 ,!y may ab&on & revisit _m spaces aga9 & aga91 be=e !y once approa* ano!r di/rict2 &1 besides ?is s\rce ( irregul>ity1 x may (t5 happ5 t1 :ile ! deposit+ process is susp5d$1 d5udation may take place1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! occasional de/ruction by fire or o!r causes ( "s ( ! /ati/ical docum5ts be=e m5tion$4 ,x is evid5t t :]e su* accid5ts occur ! want ( cont9uity 9 ! s]ies may become indef9itely great1 & t ! monum5ts :i* foll[ next 9 succession w by no means be equidi/ant f ea* o!r 9 po9t ( "t4 ,if ?is tra9 ( reason+ be admitt$1 ! occasional di/9ctness ( ! fossil rema9s1 9 =mations imm$iately 9 contact1 w\ld be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! exi/+ laws ( s$im5t>y deposition & subt]ranean movem5t1 accompani$ by a con/ant dy+-out & r5ovation ( 'species4 ,z all ! conclusions above insi/$ on are directly oppos$ to op9ions /ill popul>1 ,i %all add ano!r comp>ison1 9 ! hope ( prev5t+ any possible misappreh5sion ( ! argum5t4 ,suppose we _h discov]$ two buri$ cities at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 imm$iately sup]impos$ ^u ea* o!r1 ) a great mass ( tuff & lava int]v5+1 j z ,portici & ,res9a1 if n[ cov]$ ) a%es1 w\ld ov]lie ,h]culaneum4 ,an antiqu>y might possibly be entitl$ to inf]1 f ! inscriptions on public edifices1 t ! inhabitants ( ! inf]ior & old] city 7 ,greeks1 & ^? ( ! mod]n t[ns ,italians4 ,b he w\ld reason v>y ha/ily if he also conclud$ f ^! data1 t !re _h be5 a sudd5 *ange f ! ,greek to ! ,italian language 9 ,campania4 ,b if he aft]w>ds f\nd ?ree buri$ cities1 "o above ! o!r1 ! int]m$iate "o be+ ,roman1 :ile1 z 9 ! =m] example1 ! l[e/ 0 ,greek & ! upp]mo/ ,italian1 he w\ld !n p]ceive ! fallacy ( 8 =m] op9ion1 & w\ld beg9 to suspect t ! cata/rophes1 by :i* ! cities 7 inhum$ might h no relation :atev] to ! fluctuations 9 ! language ( ! inhabitants2 & t1 z ! ,roman tongue _h evid5tly int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,greek & ,italian1 s _m o!r dialects may h be5 spok5 9 succession1 & ! passage f ! ,greek to ! ,italian may h be5 v gradual1 "s t]ms gr[+ obsolete1 :ile o!rs 7 introduc$ f "t to "t4 ,if ?is antiqu>y c\ld h %[n t ! volcanic p>oxysms ( ,vesuvius 7 s gov]n$ z t cities %\ld be buri$ "o above ! o!r1 j z (t5 z any v>iation occurr$ 9 ! language ( ! inhabitants1 !n1 ,inde$1 ! abrupt passage f a ,greek to a ,roman1 & f a ,roman to an ,italian city1 w\ld af=d pro( ( fluctuations no less sudd5 9 ! language ( ! p4 ,s1 9 ,geology1 if we c\ld assume t x is "p ( ! plan ( ,nature to pres]ve1 9 e region ( ! globe1 an unbrok5 s]ies ( monum5ts to commemorate ! vicissitudes ( ! organic creation1 we might inf] ! sudd5 extirpation ( species1 & ! simultane\s introduction o6 o!rs1 z (t5 z two =mations 9 contact are f\nd to include dissimil> organic fossils4 ,b we mu/ %ut our eyes to ! :ole economy ( ! exi/+ causes1 aque\s1 igne\s1 & organic1 if we fail to p]ceive t su* is n ! plan ( ,nature4 ,i %all n[ conclude ! discussion ( a "q ) :i* we h be5 occupi$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? *apt]--namely1 :e!r !re has be5 any int]ruption1 f ! remote/ p]iods1 ( "o uni=m & cont9u\s sy/em ( *ange 9 ! animate & inanimate _w4 ,we 7 induc$ to ent] into t enquiry by reflect+ h[ mu* ! progress ( op9ion 9 ,geology _h be5 influ5c$ by ! assumption t ! analogy 0 slight 9 k9d1 & /ill m slight 9 degree1 betwe5 ! cases :i* produc$ ! =m] revolutions ( ! globe1 & ^? n[ 9 e-day op]ation4 ,x appe>$ cle> t ! e>li] geologi/s _h n only a scanty acqua9tance ) exi/+ *anges1 b 7 s+ul>ly unconsci\s ( ! am\nt ( _! ignorance4 ,) ! presumption naturally inspir$ by ?is unconsci\sness1 !y _h no hesitation 9 decid+ at once t "t c\ld nev] enable ! exi/+ p[]s ( nature to "w out *anges ( great magnitude1 /ill less su* important revolutions z ^? :i* are br\ght to light by ,geology4 ,!y !re=e felt !mselves at lib]ty to indulge _! imag9ations 9 guess+ at :at might be1 r ?an enquir+ :at is2 9 o!r words1 !y employ$ !mselves 9 conjectur+ :at might h be5 ! c\rse ( ,nature at a remote p]iod1 r ?an 9 ! inve/igation ( :at 0 ! c\rse ( ,nature 9 _! own times4 ,x appe>$ to !m f> m philosophical to speculate on ! possibilities ( ! pa/1 ?an pati5tly to explore ! realities ( ! pres5t2 & hav+ inv5t$ !ories "u ! influ5ce ( su* maxims1 !y 7 consi/5tly unwill+ to te/ _! validity by ! crit]ion ( _! accordance ) ! ord9>y op]ations ( ,nature4 ,on ! contr>y4 ! claims ( ea* new hypo!sis to cr$ibility appe>$ enhanc$ by ! great contra/1 9 k9d or int5sity1 ( ! causes ref]r$ to & ^? n[ 9 op]ation4 ,nev] 0 !re a dogma m calculat$ to fo/] indol5ce1 & to blunt ! ke5 edge ( curiosity1 ?an ?is assumption ( ! discordance betwe5 ! anci5t & exi/+ causes ( *ange4 ,x produc$ a /ate ( m9d unfav\rable 9 ! highe/ degree to ! c&id reception ( ! evid5ce ( ^? m9ute b incessant alt]ations :i* e "p ( ! e>?'s surface is und]go+1 & by :i* ! condition ( its liv+ inhabitants is cont9ually made to v>y4 ,! /ud5t1 in/ead ( be+ enc\rag$ ) ! hope ( int]pret+ ! enigmas pres5t$ to him 9 ! e>?'s /ructure--in/ead ( be+ prompt$ to und]take labori\s enquiries into ! natural hi/ory ( ! organic _w1 & ! complicat$ effects ( ! igne\s & aque\s causes n[ 9 op]ation--0 taught to despond f ! fir/4 ,geology1 x 0 affirm$1 c\ld nev] rise to ! rank ( an exact sci5ce2 ! great] numb] ( ph5om5a mu/ = ev] rema9 inexplicable1 or only be p>tially elucidat$ by +5i\s conjectures4 ,ev5 ! my/]y :i* inve/$ ! subject 0 said to con/itute "o ( its pr9cipal *>ms1 af=d+1 z x did1 full scope to ! fancy to indulge 9 a b\ndless field ( speculation4 ,! c\rse directly oppos$ to ?is me?od ( philosophis+ consi/s 9 an e>ne/ & pati5t enquiry1 h[ f> geological appe>ances are reconcilable ) ! effect ( *anges n[ 9 progress1 or :i* may be 9 progress 9 regions inaccessible to u1 b ( :i* ! reality is atte/$ by volcanos & subt]ranean movem5ts4 ,x also endeav\rs to e/imate ! aggregate result ( ord9>y op]ations multipli$ by "t1 & *]i%es a sangu9e hope t ! res\rces to be d]iv$ f obs]vation & exp]im5t1 or f ! /udy ( ,nature su* z %e n[ is1 are v f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,= ?is reason all !ories are reject$ :i* involve ! assumption ( sudd5 & viol5t cata/rophes & revolutions ( ! :ole e>?1 & its inhabitants--!ories :i* are re/ra9$ by no ref]5ce to exi/+ analogies1 & 9 :i* a desire is manife/$ to cut1 r ?an pati5tly to untie1 ! ,gordian knot4 ,we h n[1 at lea/1 ! advantage ( kn[+1 f exp]i5ce1 t an opposite me?od has always put geologi/s on ! road t leads to tru?--sugge/+ views :i*1 al?\gh imp]fect at fir/1 h be5 f\nd capable ( improvem5t1 until at la/ adopt$ by univ]sal cons5t2 :ile ! me?od ( speculat+ on a =m] di/9ct /ate ( ?+s & causes has l$ inv>iably to a multitude ( contradictory sy/ems1 :i* h be5 ov]?r[n "o aft] ! o!r--h be5 f\nd incapable ( modification--& :i* h (t5 requir$ to be precisely rev]s$4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is "w w be devot$ to an inve/igation ( ! *anges n[ go+ on 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,! importance :i* ! /ud5t w atta* to su* rese>*es w ma9ly dep5d on ! degree ( confid5ce :i* he feels 9 ! pr9ciples above exp\nd$4 ,if he firmly believes 9 ! resemblance or id5tity ( ! anci5t & pres5t sy/em ( t]re/rial *anges1 he w reg>d e fact collect$ respect+ ! cause 9 diurnal action z af=d+ him a key to ! int]pretation ( "s my/]y 9 ! pa/4 ,ev5ts :i* h occurr$ at ! mo/ di/ant p]iods 9 ! animate & inanimate _w w be ackn[l$g$ to ?r[ light on ea* o!r1 & ! defici5cy ( our in=mation respect+ "s ( ! mo/ obscure p>ts ( ! pres5t creation w be remov$4 ,= z1 by /udy+ ! ext]nal configuration ( ! exi/+ l& & its inhabitants1 we may re/ore 9 imag9ation ! appe>ance ( ! anci5t cont95ts :i* h pass$ away1 s may we obta9 f ! deposits ( anci5t seas & lakes an insight into ! nature ( ! subaque\s processes n[ 9 op]ation1 & ( _m =ms ( organic life :i*1 ?\gh n[ exi/+1 are veil$ f sight4 ,rocks1 also1 produc$ by subt]ranean fire 9 =m] ages1 at great dep?s 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 pres5t u1 :5 uprais$ by gradual movem5ts1 & expos$ to ! light ( heav51 ) an image ( ^? *anges :i* ! deep-seat$ volcano may n[ occasion 9 ! ne!r regions4 ,?us1 al?\gh we are m]e soj\rn]'s on ! surface ( ! planet1 *a9$ to a m]e po9t 9 space1 endur+ b = a mom5t ( "t1 ! human m9d is n only enabl$ to numb] worlds beyond ! unassi/$ k5 ( mortal eye1 b to trace ! ev5ts ( indef9ite ages be=e ! creation ( our race1 & is n ev5 )held f p5etrat+ into ! d>k secrets ( ! ocean1 or ! int]ior ( ! solid globe2 free1 l ! _s :i* ! poet describ$ z animat+ ! univ]se1 ------ire p] omnes ,t]rasque1 tractusque m>is1 ccelumque pr(isndutn4 ,footnote3 ,to g ?r\gh all b9ds1 & ! tracts ( ! ocean1 & ! b\ndless heav54