,,he>t ,,( ,,europe                     
,illu/ration3 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,reims      
,,he>t ,,( ,,europe                     
,,by                     ,,ralph ,,adams
 ,,cram1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4           
,f4,a4,i4,a41 ,a4,n4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4   
,,illu/rat$                             
,,new ,,york                            
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons             
#aiaf                                   
,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by                
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons             
,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aiae                 
,illu/ration                            
,,to                                 ,e4
 ,s4 ,c4                         ,,:o   
,,"s ,,day ,,may ,,"k ,,!               
,,he>t ,,( ,,europe              ,,&    
,,to ,,:om ,,?is ,,book ,,may ,,be ,a   
,,dim ,,recall+                    8,,( 
,,old1 ,,unhappy1 ,,f>-,,(f ,,?+s       
,,& ,,battles ,,long ,,ago0             
,,:itehall                              
#bi ,,augu/1 #aiae   ,! au?or wi%es to  
express 8 great s5se ( p]sonal          

obligation to ,miss ,g]trude ,s*irm] &  
,mr4 ,emil ,p4 ,albre*t = _! k9dness 9  
furni%+ illu/rations t o!rwise c\ld n h 
be5 obta9$4     ,,cont5ts   ,,*apt]     
,,page  ,i4 ,a ,,sanctu>y ,,laid ,,wa/e 
#a  ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=g+ ,,( ,,m$i,,valism   
#ae  ,,iii4 ,,fl&]s ,,& ,,brabant       
#cg  ,,iv4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,ne!rl&s       
#fc  ,v4 ,,! ,,glory ,,( ,a ,,great     
,,art                                   
#hd  ,,vi4 ,,ami5s ,,& ,,reims          
#aji  ,,vii4 ,,! ,,burgh]s ,,& ,,_!     
,,build+                                
#abh  ,,viii4 ,,coal ,,& ,,iron         
#adi  ,,ix4 ,a ,,tale ,,( ,,?ree        
,,cities                                
#agb  ,x4 ,,m>g>et ,,( ,,mal9es         
#aia  ,,xi4 ,,! ,,fifte5?-,,c5tury      
,,pa9t]s                                
#bai  ,,xii4 ,,go?ic ,,sculpture        
#bch  ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,alli$ ,,arts        
#bef  ,,xiv4 ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,rh9el&     
#bgh  ,,xv4 ,,! ,,=e/ ,,( ,,ard5        
#bif  ,,xvi4 ,,ex ,,t5ebris ,,lux       
#caj     ,,illu/rations   ,reims        

,frontispiece                           
,fac+ page  ,! hall ( ! ,univ]sity (    
,l\va9                               #ab
  ,! *apel at ,aix                      
#cj  ,/4 ,bavon's ,t[]1 ,gh5t           
#dd  ,! ,quai aux ,h]bes1 ,gh5t         
#ej  ,bruges1 f ! ,quai du ,rosaire     
#ed  ,! ,duke ( ,alva1 ,moro van ,da%or/
                                 #fh    
,jumiges                                
#hf  ,laon                              
#ih  ,beauvais                          
#ajf  ,ami5s                            
#aab  ,reims                            
#aaf  ,! de/roy$ ,htel de ,ville (      
,arras                              #acj
  ,! de/roy$ ,clo? ,hall ( ,ypres       
#acb  ,bruges1 ,htel de ,ville          
#acd  ,! ,htel de ,ville ( ,l\va9       
#ach  ,a *imney-piece f ,c\rtrai        
#afd  ,a canal 9 ,mal9es                
#agd  ,! belfry ( ,bruges               
#ahd  ,! t[] ( ,/4 ,rombaut1 ,mal9es    
#bjb  ,a detail f ! *ur* at ,br\        
#baf  ,our ,lady1 f ! ,trypti* at ,gh5t1

 ,hub]t van ,eyck              #bbf  ,a 
draw+ ( ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ,jan van ,eyck      
#bcb  ,a ,meml+ alt>-piece              
#bcd  ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,luke1 ,van
 d] ,weyd5                    #bcf  ,a  
head1 n[ de/roy$1 f ,reims              
#bdb  ,?ree de/roy$ figures f ,reims    
#bej  ,fifte5?-c5tury ,flemi% tape/ry   
#bfb  ,worms                            
#bhb  ,cologne                          
#bhf  ,/rasb\rg                         
#bhh  ,ba*>a* on ! ,rh9e                
#bib  ,s*loss ,eltz                     
#cjj     ,,he>t ,,( ,,europe     ,i  ,a 
,,sanctu>y ,,laid ,,wa/e   ,betwe5 !    
,se9e & ! ,rh9e lay once a beautiful l& 
:]e9 m hi/ory 0 made1 & record$ 9 old   
monum5ts full ( grace & gr&eur & fancy1 
?an 9 almo/ any o!r region ( ! _w4 ,!   
old names 7 be/1 = ea* ar\s$ memory &   
begot /range dreams3 ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 !
 ,palat9ate2 ,pic>dy1 ,valois1          
,*ampagne1 ,fran*e-,comt2 ,artois1      
,burgundy1 & ,b>4 ,& ! t[n names r+ ) ! 
same sonor\s melody1 evok+ ! gho/s ( a  

great & indelible pa/3 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1  
,l\va91 & ,lige2 ,aix-la-,*apelle1      
,cobl5tz1 & ,trves2 ,ypres & ,lille1    
,t\rnai & ,font5ay1 ,arras &            
,malplaquet2 ,laon1 ,nancy1 ,v]dun1 &   
,v>5nes2 ,ami5s1 ,soissons1 & ,reims4   
,cs>1 ,*>lemagne1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,napoleon1 
) proconsuls1 palad9s1 crusad]s1 &      
m>%als unnumb]$2 k+s1 pr9ce-bi%ops1     
monks1 knights1 & aureol$ sa9ts take =m 
& %ape aga9 at ! clang ( ! spl5did      
names4  ,& 9 all ^! places1 & by all ^! 
m5 7& else:]e1 endlessly1 & by h&s      
unnumb]$71 two ?\s& ye>s _h wr\ght _!   
visible manife/ation 9 abbey1 *ur*1 &   
ca!dral2 9 manor & palace & ca/le1 9    
trade hall & civic hall1 & 9 libr>y &   
sem9>y & s*ool4  ,w>s1 great & small1 h 
swept x f riv] to riv]1 b mu* has be5   
free = a c5tury & all ( x free = =ty    
ye>s4 ,"u e oppression & e adv]sity x   
has ?riv5 & gr[n ri*1 n 9 mat]ial ?+s   
alone1 b 9 ^? commodities t h actual    
intr9sic value2 & a %ort ye> ago x 0 !  
mo/ prosp]\s1 peaceful1 & indu/ri\s     

qu>t] ( ,europe4 ,:atev] ! w>1 h[ev]    
viol5t ! oppos+ ag5cies1 its priceless  
records ( ar*itecture & o!r acts 7      
pi\sly or craftily sp>$1 except :5 !    
madness ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution swept ov] 
its conv5ts & cloi/]s1 leav+ ,coxyde1   
,vill]s1 ,/4 ,bavon1 ,/4 ,jean des      
,vignes1 ! ,abbaye des ,lys1 dead       
witnesses ( ! fai? t _h built !m & !    
sp>$ monum5ts z well4  ,& n[ a ?+ call+ 
itself ! highe/ civilisation 9 ,europe1 
) ! "n ( ,god 9 its m\?1 aga9 sweeps !  
already well-swept l&4 ,9 defiance (    
,peace ,palaces & ,conf]5ces2 9 spite ( 
! bank]s ( ! _w & _! d\ble-knott$       
purse-/r+s2 9 spite ( a socialism t said
 w> %\ld n happ5 aga91 & an evolution>y 
philosophy t said x c\ld n happ5 aga9   
7m5 n[ be+ s civilis$71 ! _w is at w>1 &
 ! old ar5a ( ,europe flames z at       
,armag$don1 :ile ^? ?+s too sacr$ =     
pillage & de/ruction by ! armies & !    
comm&]s ( five c5turies are giv5 ov] to 
annihilation 9 ord] t ! p]il ( ! ,slav1 
on ! o!r side ( ,europe1 may n m5ace !  

treasur$ civilisation ( ! ,we/1 ^:      
ve/iges ev5 n[ are blaz+ pyres1 or c9d]s
 & a%es6  ,x is significant t ?us f> !  
heavy h& ( ! pursu] has fall5 notably on
 two ?+s3 ! s*ool & ! *ur*2 = ^! are two
 ( ! ?ree ?+s he mo/ fe>s & hates4 ,n ! 
s*ool1 z ) him1 :]e secul>ism1 ?r\gh    
economic mat]ialism & a s9i/]           
philosophy1 bre$s a race z unpr9cipl$ z 
x is effici5t & fe>less1 nor ! *ur*1 z )
 him1 :]e intellectualism ou/s fai?1    
exp$i5cy morals1 & ,god is glad 8ably to
 support0 ! victori\s battalions ( a    
cr[n pr9ce4 ,q o!rwise2 ! s*ool t tea*es
 bo? indep5d5ce & reg>d = law1 )        
religion z ! only basis = "r conduct1 & 
! ,*ur* t tea*es humility & ! reality ( 
s91 & ! subs]vi5ce ( all rul]s1 :e!r k+ 
or p>liam5t1 to ! religion & ! au?ority 
( a liv+ ,*ri/ speak+ to-day z ,he spoke
 on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4  ,:5 ! ,univ]sity
 ( ,l\va9 pass$ 9 ! smoke & flame ( a   
murd]$ city2 :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pi]re & !
 ,ca!dral ( ,mal9es & ! ,%r9e ( ,our    
,lady ( ,reims 7 %att]$ by bombs & swept

 by dev\r+ fire1 !re 0 some?+ 9 x all   
o!r ?an ! grim necessity ( a savage w>2 
!re 0 ! symbol ( a new ?+ 9 ! _w1 built 
on all ,l\va91 ,mal9es1 & ,reims _h     
d5i$1 & de/roy+ ! v outw>d %[ ( :at c\ld
 n exi/ on e>? side by side ) its pot5t 
& dom9ant negation4  ,reims ,ca!dral    
8/ood 9 ! l9e ( gunfire10 x 0 8a l&m>k &
 un=tunately c\ld n escape10 x _h be5   
8=tifi$ by ! enemy & !re=e c\ld n be    
sp>$40 ,all true1 ea* /atem5t1 & ?us3 ,x
 /ood betwe5 a brute p[] f\nd$ on       
,bism>ckian =ce & ,nietzs*ean           
anti*ri/ian philosophy1 on ! "o h&1 & on
 ! o!r nations newly consci\s ( _!      
,*ri/ianity1 a%am$ ( _! backslid+1 &    
ready to fight to ! dea? = :at _h made  
!m4 ,x 0 a l&m>k1 a va/1 visible %[+ =? 
( a great ,*ri/ian _s & a great]        
,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 & z su* x mu/ g d[n4 
,x 0 =tifi$1 z e *ur* is =tifi$1 to     
fight aga9/ ! devil & all 8 works1 &    
!re=e1 equally ) ! alli$ =ces beh9d x1 x
 0 fight+ aga9/ a common enemy4 ,if by  
its ru9 x c make ?is univ]sally &       

et]nally cle>1 we c see x g )\t a te> or
 a regret1 =1 l ! m>tyr 9 ! ,roman ar5a1
 x has accompli%$ its "w4  ,?us f>1 ( ! 
great cities1 ,lige1 ,l\va91 ,mal9es1   
,ypres1 ,arras1 & ,reims are gone1 ) !  
great] "p ( _! treasur$ art1 :ile ,laon1
 ,soissons1 & ,namur h be5 griev\sly    
wreck$4 ,app>5tly1 ,ami5s1 ,noyon1      
,bruges1 & ,gh5t are n[ safe1 b endless 
opportunities op5 = de/ruction &        
pillage1 & we may well be prep>$ =      
irrep>able loss be=e ! invad] is hurl$  
back across 8 natural riv] fronti]4 ,let
 u consid]1 n :at already has be5       
annihilat$1 b ! k9d ( art x 01 s        
measur+1 9 a degree1 ! quality ( our    
loss--& ( :at we /ill may lose4  ,fir/ (
 all1 !re are ! t[ns !mselves1 = all art
 is n conc5trat$ 9 htel de ville &      
ca!dral2 x %[s itself sometimes 9 m     
appeal+ guise 9 ! riv] villages & pr\d  
cities1 & its te/imony to a great pa/ is
 "h equally pot5t4 ,ypres1 ,mal9es1     
,d9ant1 ,t]monde1 & ,huy1 all ( :i* are 
gone1 7 treasures t belong$ to all ! _w2

 ,namur & ,plombires we c\ld n sp>e1 & z
 = ,bruges & ,gh5t1 ev5 ap>t f _!       
exquisite ar*itecture & _! treasures (  
pa9t+1 ! s\l %udd]s at :at might happ5  
!re 7 !y involv$ 9 ! retreat ( a        
disorganis$ army1 :5 "o consid]s :at    
happ5$ to ,lige & ,l\va9 9 its victori\s
 advance4 ,all ,belgium & ,luxemb\rg1   
all ,pic>dy & ,*ampagne are1 or 71 ri* )
 lovely little t[ns & villages1 ea* a "w
 ( art 9 itself2 !y are %rivell+ l a    
g>d5 "u ! fir/ fro/1 &1 x may be1 9 a   
little :ile none w rema94  ,! major     
ar*itecture ( ?is unhappy l& falls into 
?ree classes & ?ree p]iods ( "t4 ,olde/ 
& mo/ priceless are ! *ur*es1 & ^! are (
 ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5? c5turies1 
! ages :5 religion 0 "o & secure & 0    
build+ a great civilisation t we w\ld   
fa9 see equall$ aga94 ,!n come ! t[n    
halls & guildhalls ( ! fifte5? c5tury1  
ea* speak+ = ! pr\d fre$om ( m]*ant &   
burgh]1 :5 ! hold ( religion 0 weak5+ a 
little1 & ! fir/ signs 7 %[+ !mselves ( 
:at1 9 ! end1 0 to h issue 9 ?is w> (   

w>s2 f9ally come ! t[n h\ses ( ! sixte5?
 & sev5te5? c5turies1 9 all _! qua9t    
individuality & _! ov]rid+ self-e/eem1  
?\gh f9e /ill1 & ) h9ts ( ! great art t 
already _h pass$4  ,brussels is full (  
^!1 & ,antw]p2 ,l\va9 _h !m1 & ,ypres1  
,t]monde1 ,arras1 & ,*>leville1 only a  
few mon?s ago2 9 ,bruges & ,gh5t !y fill
 :ole /reets & /& 9 sil5t accusation (  
:at we ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies h 
(f]$ z our contribution to ! h\s+ (     
civilisation4  ,( ! civic halls ! li/ is
 endless3 ,brussels1 ,mal9es1 ,bruges1  
,ypres1 ,gh5t1 ,antw]p1 ,mons1          
,aud5a>de1 ,t]monde & ,lige2 ,compigne1 
,/4 ,qu5t91 ,arras1 ,val5ci5nes2 rang+ f
 ! grave solemnity ( ! enorm\s &        
wide-spread ,ypres to ! lacy fanta/icism
 ( ,l\va9 & ,aud5a>de4 ,ar*itecture has 
gone f> f ! ,salle ,synodale ( ,s5s & ! 
,m]veille ( ,mont-,/4-,mi*el1 & x has n 
gone altoge!r well1 b h[ significant ^! 
/one fancies are ( ! ab\nd+ life & !    
spl5did pride & ! op5-h&$ b5efic5ce ( ! 
fifte5?-c5tury burgh]s1 :o lov$ _! t[ns 

& b5t ! rebelli\s masonry to _! w1 work+
 x into a k9d ( /ony lace & embroid]y to
 ! glory ( trade & civic _s6 ,if we %\ld
 lose !m n[1 z we almo/ lo/ ,l\va91 /&+ 
9 ! mid/ ( ! ro>+ flame & drift+ smoke1 
:ile tall *ur*es & ri* univ]sities &    
fair old h\ses crumbl$ & di$ ar\nd x1   
:at %\ld we n lose8  ,& ! *ur*es1 ^?    
mat*less monum5ts1 f\r1 five1 & six     
c5turies old1 :]e g5]ations h br\ght all
 _! be/ to glorify ,god1 :]e glass &    
sculpture1 tape/ries & frett$ woodwork1 
pictures1 & gold & silv] wr\ght cunn+ly 
into immortal art--h[ are we to speak ( 
^!1 or ?9k ( !m1 ) ,/4 ,pi]re ( ,l\va9 &
 ,/4 ,rombaut ( ,mal9es /ill smok+ ) _! 
dy+ fires1 :ile piece by piece ! calc9$ 
/one falls 9 ! emb]s1 & :ile ,reims1 "o 
( ! wond]s ( ! _w1 /&s gaunt & %att]$1  
wreck$ by bombs1 swept by fire1 its     
w9d[s t rivall$ ,*>tres split into      
irrem$iable ru91 its /atues deva/at$ t  
once /ood on a level ) ! sculptures (   
,greece8  ,! cata/rophe itself is s     
un?9kable t ! _w does n n[ half realise 

x4 ,& yet1 :at ( all t rema9s 9 !       
pa?way--backw>d or =w>d--( ,attila & 8  
,huns8 ,/4 ,gudule ( ,brussels1 ,/4     
,bavon ( ,gh5t1 & ! ca!drals ( ,antw]p1 
,tongres1 & ,t\rnai2 & 9 ,france t      
mat*less sequ5ce ( :i* ,reims 0 once !  
c5tral jewel1 ,soissons1 ,s5lis &       
,noyon1 ,/4 ,remi1 ,ami5s1 & ,laon2 "h1 
) ,reims1 are sev5 *ur*es su* z man nev]
 surpass$1 & equall$ only at ,p>is1     
,*>tres1 ,c\tances1 & ,b\rges2 ea* is ( 
a diff]5t timbre1 ea* a diff]5t         
expression ( ! greate/ c5tury ( ,*ri/ian
 civilisation1 &1 giv5 ! opportunity1   
!re is no reason :y ea* %\ld n suff] !  
fate ( ,reims4  ,!re is a ?9 & s9i/]    
philosophy1 ak9 to t ( ,treits*ke &     
,nietzs*e 7:i* is = to-day :at          
,ma*iavelli 0 = ! sixte5? c5tury71 t    
av[s no build+1 no consummate "w ( art (
 any k9d1 8wor? ! bones ( a ,pom]anian  
gr5adi]10 ju/ify+ its /atem5t on ! basis
 ( a sup]ficial humanism4 ,nev] 0 a m   
malignant e?ic4 ,a man is valuable 9    
proportion to :at he is & does =        

righte\s society1 & = :at he makes (    
himself z a free & immortal s\l         
responsible to ,god4 ,g ?r\gh ! ro>+    
mills ( ,crefeld & ,ess51 ! futile      
pleasure-haunts ( ,homburg & ,wiesbad51 
! bureaux & b>racks & palaces ( ,b]l92 y
 w f9d--z simil>ly 9 e c\ntry--hundr$s (
 ?\s&s ( peasants1 workm51 & ari/ocrats 
^: contribution to ,*ri/ian civilisation
 is no?+1 & w be no?+ h[ev] long !y may 
live2 :o =get _! s\ls & d5y _! ,god1 & (
 ^! we c say1 x is n ! bones ( a        
,pom]anian gr5adi] or ev5 ! bones ( a   
,prussian ,junk] t weigh m 9 ! scale ?an
 ,reims or ,l\va91 x is n a million ( ^!
 t mean s mu* = s]vice & ! glory ( ,god1
 z "o su* pot5t influ5ce z ,ami5s or    
,reims1 or ! libr>y & s*ools ( ,l\va91  
or ! pictures ( ,meml+ & ! ,van ,eycks 9
 ,bruges & ,antw]p & ,gh5t4  ,^? t cry  
l\de/ = ! sanctity ( human life & its   
priority be=e art & lett]s1 mo/         
insi/5tly hurl a hundr$ ?\s& lives aga9/
 inevitable dea?1 & spread black        
/>vation ov] myriads ( wom5 & *ildr51 9 

ord] t _! privilege ( sell+ inf]ior &   
unnecess>y products to f>-away savages  
may be pres]v$ intact4 ,aga9/ ?is set ! 
ca!drals & univ]sities & ! exquisite art
 ( ,france & ,belgium & ! ,rh9e2 consid]
 :at x meant once1 :at x means ev5 n[1  
:at = ! future x is de/9$ to mean z nev]
 be=e4  ,= ! old passes3 ! old t began )
 ,ma*iavelli & is end+ ) von ,b]nh>di4  
,x is n alone ,prussia t w be purg$ by !
 fire ( an inevitable conflict1 nor     
,g]many1 nor all ! ,teuton l&s2 x is !  
:ole _w1 t sold its bir?right = a mess (
 pottage & n[1 9 t]ror ( ! price at la/ 
to be paid1 d5\nces ! infam\s contract &
 fights to ! dea? aga9/ ! armies ( !    
,molo* x help$ to fa%ion4 ,& :5 ! field 
is won1 :at happ5s b ! com+ into its own
 aga9 ( ! v p[] t made ,reims & ,l\va91 
! recov]y ( ! old & righte\s & ,*ri/ian 
/&>d ( values1 ! build+ on ! ru9s ( five
 c5turies ( a new civilisation :]e      
:atev] art t rema9s w play its due "p z 
! reveal] ( t ,absolute ,tru? t br\ght x
 into be+1 =gott5 n[ = v long8 ,!n !    

pictures ( ,fl&]s & ,umbria & ,tuscany1 
! sculpture ( ,france1 ! music ( ,teuton
 & ,slav1 ! 8m9or arts0 ( all m$ivalism1
 ! ar*itecture ( ,b\rges & ,ami5s &     
,*>tres w bo? reveal & inspire ) d\bl$  
p[]4  ,& 9 all & ?r\gh all1 ,reims 9 its
 ru9 w be a m pot5t ag5cy ( reg5]ation  
?an ! p]fection ( ,*>tres or ! f9ality (
 ,b\rges4  ,i %\ld l to consid]1 ?\gh   
briefly & 9 ! light ( a v real unity t  
negativ$ ! political disunity t has     
always prevail$1 ! art ( ^! l&s :]e = a 
twelvemon? millions ( m5 h f\ght aft] a 
fa%ion nev] kn[n be=e1 :ile ar\nd !m ea*
 day saw ! irrep>able de/ruction ( ! be/
 t man c\ld d = ! love ( ,god1 & bett]  
?an he c d n[4 ,9 spite ( con/antly     
*ang+  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hall ,,( ,,! 
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,l\va9  fronti]s &     
dyna/ic vicissitudes1 ! great unity (   
m$ivalism bl5ds ! ,rh9el&1 ,fl&]s1      
,brabant1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,artois1          
,*ampagne1 ,ea/]n ,norm&y1 ,ea/]n       
,france1 into a consi/5t :ole1 s f> z   
all real ?+s are conc]n$4 ,9 spite ( its

 bick]+s & fight+s & jeal\sies & plots &
 c\nt]plots1 ,europe 0 really m unit$1 m
 a work+ :ole1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ?an 
ev] x has be5 s9ce4 ,"o religion & "o   
philosophy did = ! fluctuant /ates :at !
 ,re=mation1 democracy1 & 8enlight5m5t0 
c\ld only undo1 & 9 ?is vani%+ art1 :i*1
 aft] all1 is ! true/ hi/ory man c      
record1 we f9d ! dynamic =ce1 ! creative
 p[]1 ( a culture & a civilisation t    
took little c\nt ( artificial b>ri]s    
betwe5 p]fectly artificial nations1 b   
includ$ all 9 ! greate/ & mo/ b5efic5t  
syn!ses ,europe has ev] kn[n4  ,! art ( 
?is l&--or ^! l&s1 if y l--%\ld be s    
consid]$2 n z an int]e/+ & ev5 /imulat+ 
by-product ( social1 indu/rial1 &       
political evolution1 ) only an accid5tal
 relation%ip to !m1 & only an empirical 
int]e/ = ! m5 ( to-day1 b z ! mo/ p]fect
 mat]ial expression ( ! great reality t 
exi/$ ?r\gh & by ^! ag5cies t 7 9       
!mselves no?+2 ! "* t em]g$ ?r\gh !     
turmoil ( human activity1 z x %[s itself
 9 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! "t1 & expresses      

itself 9 _! art4  ,to d ?is fully is    
impossible2 e prov9ce w\ld require a    
volume1 e art a s]ies ( volumes1 b at   
lea/ we c catalogue aga9 ! m sali5t     
qualities ( ! great] ma/]pieces1 & try  
to co-ord9ate !m into "s outw>d         
semblance ( t ess5tial unity !y bo?     
promis$ & express$4     ,,ii  ,,! ,,=g+ 
,,( ,,m$i,,valism   ,x is n a l>ge l&1  
?is ,he>t ( ,europe2 ?ree hundr$ & fifty
 miles p]haps f ! ,alps to ! sea1 & n m 
?an two hundr$ & fifty f ! ,se9e at     
,p>is to ! ,rh9e at ,cologne2 half !    
size1 %all we say1 ( ,texas2 b :at      
,europe 0 = ! ?\s& ye>s foll[+ ! fall ( 
,rome1 ?is little c\ntry--or ! m5 t made
 x great--0 responsible4 ,add ! re/ (   
,norm&y1 & ! spiritual en]gy ( ! ,holy  
,see1 ) a v>y+ & sometimes negligible   
influ5ce f ! ,teutonic l&s beyond !     
,rh9e1 & y h ! ma9spr+s ( m$ivalism1 ev5
 ?\gh = its full manife/ation y mu/ take
 into acc\nt ! m5 9 ! f> c\ntries ( !   
,italian p59sula & ! ,ib]ian1 9 ,france 
& ,engl&1 ,bav>ia1 ,saxony1 ,bohemia4   

,! great empires ( to-day1 ,engl&1      
,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 two ( :i* h   
eat5 /eadily into its t]ritories until  
only a t9y ,luxemb\rg rema9s1 toge!r ) a
 small new /ate ) a novel "n made great]
 & m la/+ by ! ev5ts ( a ye> ?an ^? (   
its pr$ecessors1 h dull$ ! memory ( an  
anci5t unity1 tak+ to !mselves at ! same
 "t cr$it1 t is none ( !irs1 = m5 &     
happ5+s t made t5 c5turies ( endur+     
hi/ory2 s ! glory1 ! high a*ievem5ts ( !
 small old /ates are =gott54 ,& yet1 out
 ( ^! little duk$oms & c\nties & free   
cities came ! m5 :o made ,france &      
,g]many1 :o det]m9$ ! g5ius ( m$ivalism1
 imp>t$ to x ! high s\l & ! swift h& (  
its peculi> p]sonality1 & gave to ! _w !
 memory & tradition ( fai? & h]oism1    
toge!r ) s mu* ( t inimitable art t 0   
its p]fect %[+ =?1 &1 until ye/]day1 a  
visible monum5t ( its accompli%m5t4     
,national unity ?is t]ritory & ^!       
peoples h nev] possess$4 ,dur+ ! ,roman 
dom9ion !y =m$ ! prov9ces ( ,g]mania &  
,belgica1 9 ! diocese ( ,gaul2 "u !     

,m]ov+s all 0 compris$ 9 ! ,franki%     
k+dom1 ! old l9e betwe5 ! ,roman        
prov9ces rema9+ to divide ,au/rasia &   
,neu/ria1 z ! nor!rn & s\!rn sections   
came to be call$ "u ! ,c>ol+s4 ,) !     
disruption ( ! empire ( ,*>lemagne1     
,au/rasia w5t to ! k+dom ( ! ,ea/       
,franks1 ,neu/ria to t ( ! ,we/ ,franks1
 ! =m] becom+ 7we/ ( ! ,rh9e7 ! du*ies (
 ,upp] & ,l[] ,lorra9e1 ! latt] 7ea/ ( !
 ,se9e7 ,fl&]s & ,*ampagne4 ,:5 ,otto ! 
,great re/or$ ! ,holy ,roman ,empire 9  
,a4 ,d4 #ifb1 ! ,lorra9es ( c\rse =m$ a 
"p4 ,^! compris$ all t is n[ 7or 01 9   
,june1 #aiae7 ,g]many we/ ( ! ,rh9e1    
toge!r ) all ( ,belgium except ,fl&]s1  
,luxemb\rg1 & a /rip ( t]ritory along ! 
nor!a/ fronti] ( ,france4 ,we/w>d to !  
,se9e ! l& 0 divid$ into _m feudal      
hold+s1 ,fl&]s1 :i* !n compris$ n only  
nor!rn ,belgium b ! pres5t ,fr5*        
dep>tm5ts ( ,nord & ,pas de ,calais2    
,*ampagne1 ,ami5s1 ,v]m&ois1 ,laon1     
,reims1 ,*lons4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages   
,l[] ,lorra9e became ! du*y ( ,brabant &

 ! c\nty ( ,ha9ault4 ,upp] ,lorra9e1    
,luxemb\rg & ,b>1 s\!rn ,fl&]s1 ,artois4
 ,pic>dy & ,valois became entities1 & ! 
great bi%oprics ( ,cologne1 ,trves1     
,/rasb\rg1 ,cambray1 ,lige acquir$ m & m
 l& until !y 7 pr9cipalities 9 !mselves4
  ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury ! magnific5t   
ef=ts ( ! dukes ( ,burgundy to create = 
!mselves an indep5d5t /ate betwe5       
,france & ! ,empire1 & rea*+ f ! ,rh9e  
to ! ,aisne1 f ! ,alps to ! sea1 result$
 9 a p>tial & tempor>y unification ( !  
old ,belgian l&s1 b ) ! dea? ( ,m>y (   
,burgundy 9 #adhb1 ! :ole t]ritory      
became m & m closely knit into !        
,empire1 ,france los+ ev5 h] claim to   
suz]a9ty ov] ,fl&]s2 all ! l&s we/ ( !  
,meuse & ov] ! ,rh9e z f> z ! ,ems      
became ! ,ne!rl&s1 compris+ r\ghly :at  
is n[ ,holl& & ,belgium4 ,! du*ies (    
,luxemb\rg1 ,b>1 & ,lorra9e1 ) !        
,palat9ate1 %>$ all t lay betwe5 !      
,meuse & ! ,rh9e1 save :at ! great      
bi%oprics _h assum$ to !mselves1 :ile   
,burgundy 7except ! ,fran*e-,comt7 &    

,lorra9e 7 def9itively m]g$ 9 ,france4  
,!n came ! ,spani% dom9ion ov] ! :ole   
t]ritory1 b>r+ ! du*y ( ,juli* along !  
,rh9e2 ! revolt ( ,holl& & ! sev]+ ( !  
,unit$ ,ne!rl&s nor? ( ! ,rh9e f !      
,spani% t]ritories2 f9ally1 9 #agae1    
aft] #afj ye>s ( ru9\s dom9ation1 ,spa9 
0 driv5 out & ,au/ria succe$$ 9 ,fl&]s1 
,brabant1 & ,luxemb\rg1 ma9ta9+ h]self  
!re until ! "t ( ,napoleon a c5tury     
lat]1 :5 = a few ye>s ev]y?+ z f> z !   
,rh9e1 toge!r ) ! ,ne!rl&s on ! o!r     
side1 0 incorporat$ 9 ,france4 ,) ! fad+
 ( ! spl5did dream ( a ,napoleonic      
empire1 ,holl& & ,belgium1 z we "k !m   
n[1 came into exi/5ce1 ! l&s ( ! du*y ( 
,juli* w5t to ,prussia1 ! ,palat9ate to 
,bav>ia4 ,luxemb\rg 0 r$uc$ to its exi/+
 area & ! ,fr5* fronti] delimit$ z x is 
n[1 except = ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 :i* 7  
lo/ 9 #ahgj4  ,betwe5 ! upp] & ne!r     
mill/ones ( ,france & ! ,empire1 ! ,he>t
 ( ,europe = fifte5 c5turies has be5    
gr\nd into fragm5ts ( ev]-*ang+ =m1 nev]
 able to coalesce into unity1 b produc+ 

ev] 9 spite ( political *aos & dyna/ic  
oppression great ideals ( piety1        
righte\sness1 lib]ty2 great             
art-manife/ations ( ! vig\r & nobility (
 race1 great figures to uphold & en=ce !
 l(ty pr9ciples t h made s mu* ( !      
brilliant hi/ory ( m$ival ,europe1 & all
 c5tr+ ar\nd ! l&s ( ! _m tribes :o f   
e>lie/ times 7 kn[n z ! ,belg4  ,!y ent]
 well into hi/ory1 ^! ,belg1 9 !        
fifty-sev5? ye> be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1    
,n]vii1 ,v]om&ri1 ,atrobates1 f !       
valleys ( ! ,meuse & ! ,sambre1 z ,cs>  
f\nd & decl>$1 8t day aga9/ ! ,n]vii10  
:5 ! battle = ! w9n+ ( ?is new l& 0 8 by
 h>dly m ?an a *ance4 ,! tribes 7 h>d & 
free1 & !y di$ 9 ! end almo/ to a man1  
five hundr$ rema9+ out ( fifty ?\s&     
w>riors4 ,b ,cs> 0 magnanim\s1 z always1
 & by no means )\t appreciation ( 8     
adv]s>ies1 s ,allies ( ,rome1 ) full    
claim on h] protection1 !y became1 ) !  
rank & title ( a free p1 z !y h rema9$  
at he>t ev] s9ce4 ,9 sev5 ye>s ! la/ ( !
 tribes _h surr5d]$ & ,belgium became a 

fl\ri%+ colony z well z ! advance-gu>d (
 ,roman civilisation 9 its progress     
aga9/ ! savage ,g]mans ( ! ,rh9e4 ,by ! 
fall ( ! ,empire a great & unit$ p _h   
come into be+ betwe5 ,gaul & ,g]mania1  
divid$ into f\r great sections ) _!     
sev]al capitols at ,trves1 ,reims1      
,ma9z1 & ,cologne4  ,mean:ile ! ,franks 
_h come on ! sc5e1 ?\gh _! "n is r a    
rally+-cry ?an a m>k ( race1 mean+ only 
t c]ta9 ( ! tribes ( ,gaul1 ) o!rs ( !  
,belg1 7 det]m9$ to be free--z !y became
 %ortly & z !y h g5]ally rema9$ ev]     
s9ce4 ,n[ ! ,salian ,franks 7 ! dwell]s 
9 ,fl&]s & ,brabant & "u _! ,duke       
,clodion _h ext5d$ _! bord]s z f> z     
,soissons4 ,clodion's successor1 ,m]ovu1
 0 gr&fa!r ( ,clovis1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian k+
 ( ! nor?4 ,! ,m]ov+s1 !n1 are nei!r    
/rictly ( ,gaul nor ( ,g]many1 b ( !    
,he>t ( ,europe itself1 & _! blood1 l t 
( _! foll[]s1 a m+l+ ( ,g]manic &       
,celtic & ,roman /ra9s4  ,*lons saw !m  
alli$ ) ! ,romans & driv+ back ! fi]ce  
tide ( ! e>li] ,huns t ?reat5$ to beat  

out ! la/ flick] ( light 9 ,europe3     
,tolbiac saw !m hurl back ! savage      
,allemanni1 9 ! ye> #dif1 aga9 pres]v+ !
 ,european tradition f subm]g5ce "u     
b>b>ian hordes1 nor 0 ?is ! la/ "t !y 7 
to p]=m ?is s]vice4 ,already ,clovis _h 
m>ri$ ,clotilde1 niece ( ! ,duke (      
,burgundy1 s br++ ano!r region into     
close contact ) 8 own1 & n[1 aft] !     
successful issue ( ! battle ( ,tolbiac1 
:5 he _h fir/ call$ on ! ,god (         
,*ri/ians1 he pres5t$ himself be=e !    
,ar*bi%op ( ,reims1 ,/4 ,remi1 =        
baptism1 :]e he he>d ! significant      
words3 8,b[ ?y pr\d head1 ,sicambrian6  
de/roy :at ?\ ha/ wor%ipp$1 wor%ip :at  
?\ ha/ de/roy$40  ,:atev] ! motive1 &   
h[ev] inadequate ! p]=mance ( 8 new     
obligations by ,clovis1 8 baptism is "o 
( ! crucial ev5ts 9 hi/ory1 m>k+ ! end (
 paganism z a controll+ =ce1 & ) !      
conque/ ( ,italy by ,!odoric & !        
promulgation ( ! ,holy ,rule ( ,/4      
,b5$ict1 ! beg9n+ ( ! great ,*ri/ian era
 ( culture & civilisation t 0 to endure1

 unimpair$1 = a ?\s& ye>s4  ,! dom9ion (
 ,clovis compris$ all t is n[ ,france   
s\? to ! ,loire & ,burgundy1 ) ,holl&1  
,belgium1 ,switz]l&1 & ,bav>ia1 b 8     
capital 0 at ,t\rnai1 & he 0 9 fact ev5 
m a ,belgian ?an a ,fr5* sov]eign4 ,"u  
him all ! ,franks 7 unit$ & 8 p[] 0 su* 
t ! ,emp]or at ,con/ant9ople made him   
patrician1 consul1 & ,augu/us4 ,) 8 dea?
 9 #eaa began a long era ( division &   
reunion1 ( int]nec9e w>f>e & ! plott+ ( 
jeal\s wom51 two ( :om1 ,fr$egonde      
p]sonify+ ! ,gallic influ5ce1 ,brunhilde
 ! ,g]manic1 fo/]$ a conflict t h>dly   
came to an end be=e ! fall ( ! dyna/y4  
,little by little ! ,m]ov+s broke away f
 _! racial ,belgic affiliations1        
,soissons became ! capital r ?an        
,t\rnai1 & at la/ by a dramatic turn (  
fate ano!r ,belgian race br\ght !       
decrepit l9e to its t]m & f\nd$ a new & 
a nobl] h\se4 ,pep9 ( ,l&51 9 ! prov9ce 
( ,lige1 became mayor ( ! palace & !    
active influ5ce 9 royal affairs1 some:]e
 ab\t ! ye> #fbj1 & x 0 a son ( 8       

daught]1 ,pep9 ( ,h]/el 7a t[n also 9 ! 
prov9ce ( ,lige7 :o 0 fa!r ( ,*>les     
,m>tel1 :o 9 8 turn 0 ! gr&fa!r (       
,*>lemagne4  ,z ! ,huns & ! ,allemanni  
_h be5 roll$ back f _! savage incursions
 by ! aid ( m5 ( ,belgic nationality1 s 
n[ ! great] ?reat ( an onru%+           
,mohamm$anism 0 to be dispell$ by ano!r 
& a great] p]sonality1 ,*>les ! ,hamm]1 
a soldi] ( consummate ability1 ! real   
rul] ( all ! ,franks1 & ! victor at !   
battle ( ,t\rs :5 f9al decision 0 rea*$ 
z to :e!r ,europe 0 = ! future to be    
,moslem or ,*ri/ian4  ,*>les ,m>tel di$ 
:5 only fifty ye>s ( age1 & 8 son ,pep9 
succe$$ him z mayor ( ! palace4 ,!      
fiction ( ,m]ov+ k+%ip c\ld no long] be 
ma9ta9$2 ! /ock 0 hopelessly deg5]ate2 !
 p dem&$ an end1 ! ,pope sanction$ x1 & 
s1 aft] a mo/ ord]ly fa%ion ,*ild]ic    
,,iii betook himself to a conv5i5t      
cloi/]1 ,pep9 0 rais$ on ! %ields ( !   
,gallic soldi]s1 !n dec5tly cr[n$ 9 ,/4 
,d5is1 & ! dyna/y ( ! ,c>ol+s began4 ,= 
sixte5 ye>s he reign$ z k+s _h n be5    

wont to reign = _m c5turies2 ,saxony1   
,brittany1 ,langu$oc 7 add$ to !        
,franki% dom9ions1 ,rome twice sav$ f ! 
,lomb>d invad]s1 & ! ,papacy made !     
fai?ful ally & def5d] ( ! ,franki%      
k+dom1 !n ! "o great p[] 9 ,europe4     
,!re 7 m reasons ?an t ( policy = ?is   
alliance4 ,practically ab&on$ by !      
,roman ,emp]ors 9 ! ea/1 ,italy _h be5 !
 prey ( tribe aft] tribe ( nor!rn       
savages1 & ! ,papacy 0 ! only c5tre (   
ord] & au?ority4 ,9 spite ( ?is ! ,popes
 /ill %rank f sev]+ !mselves :olly f !  
imp]ial c5tre1 b ! iconocla/ic          
controv]sy _h result$ 9 :at 0 bo? h]esy 
& s*ism on ! "p ( ! patri>*ate (        
,con/ant9ople1 & communion 0 no long]   
possible4 ,moreov]1 all ! o!r nor!rn    
tribes t _h accept$ ,*ri/ianity--,go?s1 
,v&als1 ,lomb>ds--_h adopt$ ! ,arian    
h]esy & 7 !re=e ev5 m di/a/eful to ,rome
 ?an unconv]t$ hea!n4 ,?is condition (  
?+s ju/ifi$ ! ,papacy 9 its attitude (  
intol]ance1 & :5 ,pep9 came to ! ?rone1 
x 0 almo/ at ! la/ gasp1 ?r\gh          

p]secution1 spoliation1 & outrage at !  
h&s ( ! ,teutonic ,arians4 ,! ,franki%  
k+dom alone 0 ,ca?olic1 & en?usia/ically
 ,ca?olic1 & x is small wond] t to !    
,pope ! rise ( a great & p[]ful &       
,ca?olic nation "u ! dom9at+ ,c>ol+s    
came z a special m]cy f heav5--z1 inde$1
 x 04  ,) ! dea? ( ,pep9 & ! accession (
 8 son ,*>les--kn[n n[ = all "t z       
,*>lemagne--! curta9 rose on "o ( ! mo/ 
brilliant dramas ( hi/ory4 ,! ,lomb>ds  
_h aga9 revolt$2 ,pope ,hadrian call$ on
 ! ,franks 9 despair2 ,k+ ,*>les hurl$ 8
 armies into ,italy l an avalan*e1      
captur$ & depos$ ,desid]ius1 la/ ( !    
,lomb>d k+s1 proclaim$ himself ,k+ (    
,lomb>dy1 press$ on to ,rome1 & 0       
welcom$ !re by ! ,supreme ,pontiff z !  
savi\r ( ,*ri/5dom4  ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1   
accept no =mal hon\rs save t (          
patrician1 & return$ to ! nor? to       
cont9ue ! "w ( 8 fa!r 9 consolidat+ &   
ext5d+ ! k+dom4 ,= tw5ty-f\r ye>s he 0  
engag$ 9 innum]able w>s1 9 eag] ef=ts to
 re/ore education1 political ord]1      

ecclesia/ical righte\sness1 & ev5 "s    
small measure ( g5u9e culture1 ) results
 t seem miracul\s 9 ! light ( :at _h be5
 be=e = s _m c5turies4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ye> 
#gii1 he w5t aga9 to ,rome1 :]e ,leo    
,,iii n[ sat 9 ! *air ( ,pet]1 & at mass
 on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ,a4 ,d4 #hjj1 ! ,pope
 came sudd5ly beh9d him z he 0 kneel+   
be=e ! alt> 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s &1 plac+ a    
cr[n on 8 head1 cri$ 9 a l\d voice3     
8,life & victory to ,*>les1 ! great &   
pacific ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 cr[n$ by ! 
h& ( ,god60 & aft] ?ree c5turies & m (  
an>*y1 b>b>ism1 & hopeless deg5]ation1 !
 empire 0 re/or$ z ! ,holy ,roman       
,empire1 9 ! p]son ( a ,franki% w>rior (
 ! l&s ( ! ,belg1 & de/9$ to endure =   
ano!r ?\s& ye>s4  ,aix-la-,*apelle is ! 
v c5tre ( ! l& & ! p t built up !       
,*ri/ian civilisation ( ! ,middle ,ages1
 & x 0 "h t ,*>lemagne fix$ 8 *ief place
 ( resid5ce4 ,dur+ 8 lifetime x 0 ! v1 &
 ! only1 c5tre ( ord] & ( culture 9     
,europe4 ,a great w>rior1 he 0 an ev5   
great] adm9i/rator1 :ile z ! re/or] (   

le>n+ & ! patron ( art & lett]s he 0    
p]haps greate/ ( all4 ,:5 he came to !  
?rone !re lay beh9d him ne>ly f\r       
c5turies ( absolute an>*y & b>b>ism1 f !
 ,baltic to ! ,m$it]ranean & f !        
,atlantic to ! m>*es ( ! ,teutonic      
savages4 ,:at he built he built f !     
gr\nd upw>d1 & ?\gh 8 0 only ! 8false   
dawn0 t h]alds ! day1 pass+ utt]ly1 s f>
 z "o c\ld see1 )9 a g5]ation aft] 8    
dea?1 x 0 ! sav+ ( ,europe1 !           
pres]vation ( ! succession1 t1 ! second 
,d>k ,ages ov]pass$1 gu>ante$ ! com+ 9 (
 ! great era t began ) ! mill5nial ye> (
 ,*ri/ianity & la/$ = five full         
c5turies4  ,"u 8 direction a complete   
adm9i/rative sy/em 0 e/abli%$ ov] !     
unwieldy empire2 local gov]nm5ts 7 set  
up1 ) a sy/em ( regul> visitations f !  
c5tral au?ority1 & 9 ?is way !          
f\ndations 7 laid = ! c\nties ( ,fl&]s1 
,brabant1 ,ha9ault1 into :i*1 toge!r )  
,v]m&ois1 ,valois1 ,ami5s1 & ,*ampagne1 
?is t]ritory ( our survey 0 divid$ dur+ 
! ,middle ,ages4  ,9 religion1          

education1 & art ,*>lemagne w5t f>      
beyond 8 pr$ecessors = five c5turies1 s 
f> z ! =m & re-creation are conc]n$4    
,sep>at$ at la/ f ! *ur* 9 ! ,ea/1 n[   
def9itely s*ismatic1 h]etical1 &        
,era/ian1 ! ,papacy 0 9 a position to g 
on unh9d]$ 9 its developm5t1 &          
,*>lemagne became n only a def5d] b a   
zeal\s & en?usia/ic re=m]4 ,mona/icism 0
 univ]sally /r5g!n$ & ext5d$1 new       
bi%oprics 7 f\nd$1 ! /ate ( ! ,holy ,see
 purifi$1 :ile s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9      
connection ) ca!drals & mona/]ies       
?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,*>les _h a great    
passion = s*ol>s & arti/s1 ga!r+ !m f   
,italy1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 :]ev]1 inde$1 !y 
7 to be f\nd1 & = a "t 8 c\rt 0 !       
nucleus ( culture 9 ! ,we/4 ,ar*itecture
 0 reborn1 all ! ravell$ ?reads f ,rome1
 ,con/ant9ople1 ,rav5na1 ,syria 7 ga!r$ 
up & knit toge!r1 & ?\gh few au!ntic    
works f among ! myriads ( ! ,emp]or's   
creation /ill rema91 we "k f :at we h1 &
 *iefly ! royal *apel at ,aix1 t !      
result 0 ! re/or+ once m ( a l9e (      

cont9uity aft] ! va/ vacancy ( ! ,d>k   
,ages1 & ! initiation ( a new vitality  
t1 aft] ! second ,d>k ,ages1 0 to s]ve z
 ! en]gis+ p[] t br\ght ,romanesque art 
into exi/5ce & made possible ! great    
glory ( ,go?ic4  ,great z he 01         
,*>lemagne _h all ! weaknesses ( 8      
racial tradition1 & by yield+ to ^! 8   
era 0 8 alone1 nor c\ld x outla/ 8      
p]sonal influ5ce4 ,divid$ betwe5 8      
successors1 ! ,empire rapidly &         
naturally fell to pieces dur+ ! lifetime
 ( ,l\is le ,debonnaire1 :o = a brief   
p]iod _h succe$$ 9 unit+ x aga91 & dur+ 
! second ,d>k ,ages1 f #hej to #ajjj ,a4
 ,d41 !re is no m ( note to record 9 ?is
 region ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,!  
era _h culm9at$ "u ,*>lemagne2 x 0 n[ to
 s9k to its end1 z always _h happ5$     
be=e1 z always1 s f> z we c see1 mu/    
cont9ue to happ54 ,n until ! turn ( !   
tide at ! ye> #ajjj c\ld a real recov]y 
beg94 ,9 ! meantime hi/ory is little m  
?an a s]ies ( p]sonal conte/s1 b out (  
^! c]ta9 beg9n+s are made t are to h    

issue 9 great ?+s1 & among/ ^! are !    
appe>ance ( ! fir/ ,baldw9 ( ,fl&]s & ! 
e/abli%+ ( ! fir/ h]$it>y title1 & !re=e
 ! olde/ 9 ,europe4 ,baldw9 ( ! ,iron   
,arm successfully f\ght ! ,vik+s1 driv+ 
!m we/ until !y 7 =c$ to cont5t !mselves
 ) ! l& !y ultimately made immortal z   
,norm&y4 ,8 son m>ri$ a daught] ( ,alfr$
 ! ,great1 s e/abli%+ a c]ta9 connection
 betwe5 ,engl& & ,fl&]s1 & by =tify+    
,bruges1 ,ypres1 ,gh5t1 & ,c\rtrai1 he  
did mu* t[>d fix+ ^! cities z c5tres (  
municipal life & ( t fi]ce indep5d5ce t 
m>k$ !m = s _m g5]ations4  ,) ! op5+ ( !
 new era1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1
 a new vitality %[s itself 9 ! l&4      
,william ( ,norm&y _h become ! son-9-law
 ( ,baldw9 ,v1 & f ,fl&]s _m knights    
jo9$ ! ,conqu]or = 8 invasion ( ,engl&1 
"o becom+ fir/ ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ano!r
 fir/ ,e>l ( ,*e/]4 ,"u ,baldw9 ,,vi    
complete peace 0 re/or$ to ! di/ract$   
prov9ces1 :ile ! ,*>t] ( ,grammont is a 
l&m>k 9 t developm5t  ,illu/ration3 ,,! 
,,*apel ,,at ,,aix  ( p]sonal & civil   

lib]ty :i* is "o ( ! great glories (    
m$ivalism4 ,! ,tribunal ( ,peace1       
e/abli%$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,lige1 is ano!r  
%9+ sign ( ! times1 :ile ! defeat (     
,france 9 its attacks on ,flemi%        
indep5d5ce assur$ a long p]iod ( spl5did
 developm5t4  ,?is 0 enhanc$ by !       
,crusades1 & "h1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! fir/1 ! 
,he>t ( ,europe %[$ ! quality ( ! blood 
t 0 its life4 ,:atev] ! ,crusades may h 
become aft] long ye>s1 !y 7 9 _! e>lie/ 
impulse supreme examples ( human fai?1  
unselfi%ness1 devotion1 h]oism1 & piety4
 ,! r$emption ( ! ,holy ,places (       
,*ri/ianity f ! infidel became a        
passion1 & ! protagoni/1 ! mov+ &       
vitalis+ _s1 0 "o ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 ( !   
prov9ce ( ,lige1 :o1 crucifix 9 h&1     
toil$ ?r\gh ea/]n ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 !
 ,rh9el&1 z well z ?r\gh 8 own c\ntry1  
exhort+ pr9ce & peasant to take up arms 
= ! free+ ( ! ,holy ,l& f ! ,s>ac54  ,8 
success 0 almo/ miracul\s1 = ! great    
adv5ture appeal$ to e in/9ct ( !        
"t--piety1 rev]5ce1 *ivalry1 romance1 ! 

passion = a new & v5turesome & knightly 
que/--& 9 less ?an two ye>s ! ,pope     
himself set 8 seal ( approbation on !   
,fir/ ,crusade4 ,9 ,cl]mont1 9 ! ye>    
#ajie1 surr\nd$ by f\r hundr$ bi%ops &  
mitr$ abbots1 he cri$ to ! wait+        
multitudes ( ,europe3 8,are we call$ ^u 
to see 9 ?is c5tury ! desolation (      
,*ri/ianity & to rema9 at peace ! :ile  
our holy religion is giv5 ov] into ! h&s
 ( ! oppressor8 ,"h is a lawful w>2 g1  
def5d ! ,h\se ( ,israel60 ,almo/ ) a    
s+le voice ,europe made answ] ) !       
rally+-cry3 8,god wills x60 ,e sc>let   
g>m5t 0 %r$d$ 9 pieces to furni% crosses
 :i* 7 sewn to ! %\ld]s2 "s ev5 br&$    
!mselves ) ! sign ( ! cross by means (  
r$-hot irons4  ,)9 ano!r ye> an army (  
#ajj1jjj m5 _h be5 ga!r$ toge!r1 "u !   
lead]%ip ( ,pet]1 himself1 & x p\r$     
across ,europe z f> z ,con/ant9ople1 a  
disorganis$ & impot5t mob4 ,x met its   
fate z soon z x _h cross$ ! ,bosporus   
into ,s>ac5 t]ritory1 & only a %att]$   
remnant1 includ+ ! orig9ator ( ! mad    

v5ture1 ev] return$ to its home4 ,9 !   
meantime1 h[ev]1 a great] capta9 ?an    
,pet] ! ,h]mit1 & ( ! same race1 0 ga!r+
 ! enorm\s ho/ t succe$$ :]e he _h      
fail$4 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 ( ! prov9ce 
( ,lige1 a great s*ol> & great] soldi]1 
ga!r$ #ij1jjj knights & m5-at-arms 9    
,fl&]s & ,brabant1 & set out = ,j]usalem
 on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 #ajif4 ,a mon? lat]
 ! ,fr5* "u comm& ( ! ,k+'s bro!r1 & !  
,flem+s "u ,rob]t1 ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1      
foll[$ 9 8 track4 ,baldw9 ( ,b\rg1 !    
,c\nts ( ,ha9ault1 ,namur1 ,grez1       
,aud5a>de1 & ,ypres1 ) knights (        
,dixmude1 ,alo/1 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1        
,brussels1 & ,t\rnai 7 among/ ! lead]s1 
& a conc5tration 0 effect$ at           
,con/ant9ople :5 !re 7 no less ?an      
#fjj1jjj 9 all4 ,cross+ into ,asia1 !   
great ho/ swept onw>d f "o victory to   
ano!r2 ! battle ( ,dorylum1 f\ght on !  
#d? ( ,july1 #ajig1 prov$ !m inv9cible4 
,t>sus & ,antio* fell1 & no?+ lay betwe5
 !m & ,j]usalem4 ,! city 0 besieg$ &    
f9ally c>ri$ by assault1 ! attack beg9n+

 on ! #ad? ( ,july1 & aft] a week (     
incessant fight+ on ! walls & ?r\gh !   
/reets1 ,j]usalem 0 :olly 9 ! h&s ( !   
,crusad]s4 ,b ! ho/ t set out f its _m  
s\rces 9 ,europe _h vani%$ & only a t5? 
( ! orig9al numb] rema9$ to fight !     
reliev+ army f ,egypt at ,ascalon1 & to 
organise ! victory4 ,five hundr$ ?\s& m5
 _h p]i%$ on ! long m>*1 di$ ( disease1 
or fall5 9 battle4  ,godfrey ( ,b\illon 
became ! fir/ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 ! *oice  
re/+ betwe5 him & ,rob]t ( ,fl&]s4 ,he  
reign$ only a ye>1 & 0 succe$$ by 8     
bro!r ,baldw91 :o _h made himself ,c\nt 
( ,edessa1 & ^: desc5dants cont9u$ on ! 
?rone = sev]al g5]ations4  ,9 all !     
succe$+ ,crusades1 ,fl&]s & ,brabant1   
,lorra9e1 ,*ampagne1 & ,burgundy play$  
lead+ p>ts1 & 9 ! fif?1 :5 ! arms ( !   
knights 7 turn$ f ! relief ( ,j]usalem  
to ! conque/ ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1     
ano!r ,baldw9 ( ,fl&]s 0 lead]1 &1 aft] 
! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 became ! fir/   
,lat9 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 8 dyna/y cont9u+
 on ! ?rone = fifty ye>s4  ,amaz+ z 7 ! 

results ( ! ,crusades1 ) ! conqu]+ ( !  
,s>ac5s 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 & ! ov]?r[ ( !   
,ea/]n ,empire1 a ,walloon be+ cr[n$    
fir/ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem & a ,flem+ fir/    
,lat9 ,emp]or ( ,byzantium1 ! local     
results _h no p]man5cy1 ,j]usalem fall+ 
aga9 to ! ,mussulmans aft] a c5tury & a 
half1 ,con/ant9ople rev]t+ to ! ,ea/]n  
l9e at ab\t ! same "t4 ,9 ,europe1      
h[ev]1 ! results _h be5 ( pr(\nd import2
 directly1 ! ,crusades _h _h a va/      
influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! temp] & ! c\rse (  
m$ivalism1 indirectly !y _h laid !      
f\ndations ( ! indu/rial supremacy ( !  
,belgian cities & ( ! emancipation ( ! p
 f feudalism4 ,! ,s>ac5 ( ! twelf?      
c5tury 0 ! anti!sis ( ! ,ottoman ,turk (
 to-day1 & f him ! ,crusad]s le>n$ mu*  
to _! advantage1 :ile f ! ,ea/]n ,empire
 came new impulses t[>d ! developm5t ( a
 broad] culture ?an ! ,we/ alone c\ld h 
a*iev$4 ,s f> z ! cities ( ,fl&]s1      
,brabant1 & ,lorra9e 7 conc]n$1 ! abs5ce
 ( _! m>tial & turbul5t knights 0 by no 
means an unmix$ cata/rophe4 ,! va/      

exp$itions dem&$ va/ exp5ditures3 money 
came g5]ally into use 9 place ( b>t]2 ! 
common p :o rema9$ at home develop$ _!  
indu/ries1 increas$ _! weal?1 & 9 ! end 
took into _! own h&s mu* ( ! bus9ess ( !
 gov]nm5t4 ,! habit & tradition (       
indep5d5ce & lib]ty :i* s grew up1      
ma9ta9$ itself /eadily aga9/ all        
assaults1 nor has x laps$ or wan$1 z !  
la/ ye> has glori\sly prov$1 & _m ( !   
tall t[]s t became ! recognis$ symbol ( 
civic indep5d5ce /ill /& 9 te/imony1    
?\gh "o by "o !y are fall+ be=e ! arm$  
negation ( all !y rose to proclaim4     
,,iii  ,,fl&]s ,,& ,,brabant   ,9 a /udy
 su* z ?is tries to be1 x is1 ( c\rse1  
impossible to consid] 9 any degree !    
hi/ory ( ^? portions ( ! *os5 t]ritory t
 jo9$ !mselves to1 or 7 by =ce          
incorporat$ 91 ! great surr\nd+ /ates4  
,! ,rh9el&1 9 spite ( its m9or          
vicissitudes ( lord%ip1 is & has always 
be5 ,g]manic1 & its annals are "p &     
p>cel ( ^? ( ! ,teutonic ,holy ,roman   
,empire & ( ! ,g]man ,empire t succe$$  

x4 ,! m>%es ( ! m\? ( ! ,rh9e e>ly      
diff]5tiat$ !mselves bo? f ,g]many & f !
 ,gallic prov9ces f>!r s\?2 ,dut* !y 7 &
 ,dut* !y w ev] rema92 _! hi/ory & _!   
culture & _! art are by !mselves4 ,!    
same is true ( ,*ampagne1 ,pic>dy1      
,burgundy1 ,b>1 & ( ! l&s betwe5 !m & ! 
,se9e4 ,?is is ,france1 & its hi/ory is 
! hi/ory ( ,france ev5 if its art takes 
endur+ col\r f a p]si/5t quality 9 its p
 t is its own & n simply t ( ! ,franks &
 ,normans & ,celts :o coalesc$ ar\nd !  
old le de ,france to ! build+ ( "o ( !  
great peoples & "o ( ! great /ates 9    
hi/ory4 ,ea* gave m ?an x receiv$ :5 x  
became a "p ( a /ate t 0 sl[ly build+   
itself out ( assembl+ races & peoples1 b
 ea* 0 l ! daught] ( a h\se2 h[ev] mu*  
%e might br+ to "s alliance1 ( =tune or 
"* or p[]1 %e became m]g$ 9 h] new      
family1 =sak+ h] "n & accept+ t ( h]    
*os5 sp\se1 toge!r ) 8 ambitions1 8     
int]e/s1 & 8 =tunes4 ,we may !n consid] 
! outly+ l&s ( our c5tral di/rict z s _m
 fair daught]s :o h alli$ !mselves )    

suitors f neighb\r+ t]ritories2 rememb]+
 !m ) affection1 tak+ pride 9 ! d[ries  
!y h c>ri$ ) !m1 b conf9+ ourselves to !
 =tunes ( ! m5 ( ! l9e :o h pres]v$ !   
family "n & def5d$ its hon\r 9 ! field4 
,9 ?is s5se ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 &         
,luxemb\rg are ! ?ree pr9ces to :om 0   
giv5 ! def5ce ( ! patrimony t has be5   
!irs f ! anci5t times ( ! e>lie/ beg9n+s
 ( ! h\se among/ ! ,gallic & ,g]manic   
tribes ( ! ,rh9e valley1 ! mead[s &     
upl&s ( ! ,s*eldt & ! ,meuse & !        
,sambre1 & 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,ard5nes4  ,z !   
,he>t ( ,europe gradually became p>cell$
 out betwe5 ! great adjo9+ empires1 ea* 
tak+ its col\r m or less f ! c5tral     
influ5ces1 :ile 9 e in/ance contribut+  
some?+ 9 its turn to ! sum t made up !  
v>y+ greatness ( bo?1 ! ess5tial        
qualities ( ! orig9al ,belg seem$ to    
conc5trate 9 ! little prov9ce ( ,fl&]s1 
:i*1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages1     
play$ a "p 9 ,europe /rik+ly            
disproportionate to its size1 :i* 0 less
 ?an half t ( ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut1   

?\gh x conta9$ ov] #a1bjj1jjj p & c\nt$ 
cities l ,gh5t ) #bej1jjj population1   
,ypres ) #bjj1jjj1 ,bruges & ,c\rtrai ) 
#ajj1jjj ea*4 ,at ! same "t ,london c\ld
 boa/ only #ce1jjj citiz5s4 ,9 trade1   
indu/ry1 weal?1 culture1 & ! /&>d ( liv+
 ,fl&]s 0 f> 9 advance ( ! re/ ( nor!rn 
,europe1 :ile x 0 m>k$ by a p]fect      
passion = lib]ty n only = ! /ate b = ea*
 individual memb] !re(4  ,e portion ( ! 
l& we are consid]+ made its own         
contribution1 e>ly or late1 to ! great  
sum ( m$ivalism1 b x w\ld be impossible 
to consid]1 ev5 sup]ficially1 ! gifts ( 
,*ampagne1 ,burgundy1 ! ,rh9el&4 ,?is   
book does n assume to be a hi/ory1 x is 
only a sequ5ce ( notes on ! lo/ or      
imp]ill$ art ( ! ,he>t ( ,europe1 ) j s 
mu* ( hi/ory z may s]ve to sugge/ :at   
lay beh9d & gave ?is art its peculi> &  
unmat*$ quality4  ,! great elem5ts t    
ent]$ into ?is art & ?is civilisation t 
7 pre-em95tly ! art & civilisation (    
,*ri/ianity 7 prim>ily two3 nor!rn blood
 & mona/ic f]v\r4 ,to ! worn-out        

vitality ( ! ,m$it]ranean races came 9 !
 fre% vig\r ( ! ,nor?1 ,lomb>d1         
,g]manic1 ,norman1 ,frank1 :ile !       
mona/ic impulse imp>t$ by ,/4 ,b5$ict   
broke ! spell ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 made      
possible ! 8false dawn0 ( ,c>ol+ian     
civilisation1 & !n1 ?r\gh its           
successors1 ! monks ( ,cluny 9 ! elev5? 
c5tury & ! ,ci/]cians 9 ! twelf?1 br\ght
 to p]fection & to complete fulness (   
expression all ! lat5t possibilities 9 !
 clean new blood t _h be5 transfus$ into
 ! h>d5+ ve9s ( an ,europe already      
dang]\sly ne> dissolution4  ,^! elem5ts 
( new blood 7 *iefly suppli$ by !       
,franks 7bo? ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/71 !      
,burgundians1 & ! ,normans1 ! latt] be+ 
desc5dants ( ! ,vik+s f ! ,baltic4 ,!   
,belg 7 a subdivision ( ! ,franks1 &    
made up ( sev]al tribes1 ,trevii1       
,eburones1 ,n]vii1 etc4 ,g5]ally speak+1
 !y 7 ,g]manic1 ) a consid]able ,celtic 
admixture4 ,! ,cluniac & ,ci/]cian re=ms
 came f ,burgundy1 :i* is p>tially )9 ! 
limits ( our /udy1 ?\gh lat] !y receiv$ 

great accessions ( /r5g? f natives (    
,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 ! ,rh9el&1 &          
,*ampagne4 ,dur+ ! elev5? c5tury ,norm&y
 0 ! spiritual c5tre1 ! dynamic =ce1 (  
,europe1 :ile 9 ! twelf? c5tury !       
lead]%ip 0 assum$ by ! le de ,france1 z 
:olly "u ! inspiration ( ! ,ci/]cians z 
,norm&y _h be5 "u t ( ! ,cluniacs4 ,x 0 
dur+ ^! two c5turies t ! great bur/ (   
,norman & ( ,go?ic ar*itecture occurr$ 9
 ! le de ,france1 9 ,norm&y1 & 9        
,*ampagne4  ,! contributions ( ! l& we  
n[ "k z ,belgium 7 q diff]5t2 !y 7 at ! 
same "t a product ( m$ival culture & "o 
( its causes1 = !y grew out ( ! deep &  
vital impulses b5ea? ! :ole epo*1 :ile  
!y seem$ to det]m9e _m ( its            
manife/ations4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 !          
,crusades1 has already be5 ref]r$ to2 ! 
second1 ! great guild sy/em1 ) its      
concomitant1 ! commune1 & its result1 a 
desire = p]sonal1 civic1 & national     
lib]ty t became a passion1 ne$s "s      
consid]ation1 s9ce x is f ?is t came s  
mu* ( ! lat] m$ival art ( ,fl&]s &      

,brabant t is s priceless & s appall+ly 
9 dang] ( de/ruction4  ,j h[ & :y !     
,flem+s %\ld h become a nation ( weav]s1
 m]*ants1 & trad]s is h>d to say1 b ev5 
9 ! t5? c5tury1 weav+ _h become s       
important an indu/ry a *>t] 0 grant$ !  
guild ( weav]s by ,c\nt ,baldw94 ,!     
supply ( wool came ov]seas f ,engl&1 :]e
 an important m>ket = ! f9i%$ w>es 0    
also f\nd1 & z a result a close         
community ( int]e/s sprang up betwe5    
,fl&]s & ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,)\t natural     
protection ( any k9d1 ! l& ly+ op5 to   
any invasion1 wall$ cities became       
imp]ative1 z well z unions =            
self-def5ce1 & s came ! great & ri* &   
defiant cities su* z ,gh5t & ,bruges1   
,ypres & ,c\rtrai4 ,:5 ! nobles &       
knights flock$ (f on crusade1 ! citiz5s 
rema9$ at home1 & !y 7 n sl[ to seize ! 
opportunity (f]$ !m ( acquir+1 almo/ )\t
 prote/1 ! civil p[] t1 else:]e1 "u a   
dom9ant & univ]sal feudalism1 rema9$ 9 !
 h&s ( ! b>ons4  ,by ?is "t ! developm5t
 ( ! guilds _h rea*$ enorm\s            

proportions1 & ! memb]s 7 s num]\s1 s   
highly organis$1 & s defiant (          
mole/ation !y 7 almo/ irresi/ible4 ,9   
,gh5t1 = example1 !re 7 m ?an #ej1jjj   
enroll$ craftsm5 & artific]s 9 ! ?irte5?
 c5tury2 9 ,bruges !re 7 ! f\r great    
trad+ guilds ( wool m]*ants1 l95        
m]*ants1 m]c]s1 & brew]s1 & 9 addition  
no less ?an fifty-two guilds ( craftsm54
 ,^! guilds 7 n only = ! protection ( ! 
int]e/s ( _! memb]s1 !y equally aim$ at 
ma9ta9+ ! highe/ possible /&>d 9 _!     
products 7s diff]5tiat+ !mselves %>ply f
 ! contempor>y trade-union71 :ile !y    
dem&$ & receiv$ civic rights &          
privileges unhe>d ( be=e & else:]e4     
,f9ally !y 7 milit>y z well z civil 9 _!
 nature1 all ! memb]s be+ tra9$ to arms 
& "u compet5t milit>y direction4 ,!     
actual p[] !y c\ld ex]t is %[n by ! fact
 t at "o "t ! weav]s 9 ,gh5t put an     
effici5t army ( #dj1jjj m5 into ! field4
 ,e man 0 b\nd to answ] ! al>m-bell ( 8 
own guild on ! in/ant1 & s came ! great 
bell-t[]s t /ood n only z ! s\rce ( w>n+

 & ! rally+-place1 b also z visible     
evid5ces ( ! lib]ty ( ! m5 :o obey$ !   
summons f _! great b\rdons4  ,nev] be=e 
or s9ce has skill$ lab\r occupi$ a m    
advantage\s position ?an 9 ,fl&]s 9 !   
?irte5? c5tury2 wages 7 high1 life      
lib]al & self-respect+1 com=ts & ev5    
luxuries common to all1 :ile ! high /&>d
 ( workman%ip made lab\r dignifi$ &     
enjoyable1 & close union ( int]e/s      
gu>ante$ ! protection ( all aga9/ !     
aggressions ( ! nobles & ! feudal sy/em4
  ,(fsett+ ! ga9s 7 correspond+ losses4 
,successful indu/ry1 ?r\gh gr\p action1 
toge!r ) ! consequ5t developm5t ( ! t[n 
unit1 result$ 9 a g5]al loss ( any      
national or racial _s4 ,! int]e/s ( ea* 
man 7 ^? ( 8 guild or t[n1 & dur+ !     
entire ,middle ,ages !re 0 ! mo/        
kaleidoscopic gr\p+ & regr\p+ ( t[ns &  
prov9ces1 n[ aga9/ ! ,empire1 n[ aga9/  
,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,bavon',s ,,t[]1    
,,gh5t  ,france1 ,burgundy1 ,engl&1 n[  
aga9/ ea* o!r or "s c\nt or duke work+ 9
 8 turn = dyna/ic or political dom9ance4

 ,ano!r cause ( diss5sion 0 ! complicat$
 absurdity ( feudal t5ure1 :]eby !      
,fr5*-speak+ p ( ,brabant & ,lorra9e 7  
unit$ to ! ,empire1 ! ,flem+s to        
,france1 :ile1 z happ5$ 9 ! case ( !    
,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 a pr9ce might be "o ( ! 
,twelve ,pe]s ( ,france1 & a vassal ( ! 
,k+1 & yet be vassal to ! ,emp]or =     
portions ( 8 l&4 ,! process (           
progressive unification :i* 0 tak+ place
 else:]e 0 "h rev]s$1 & by ! end ( !    
twelf? c5tury ,brabant _h be5 brok5 up  
into five c\nties1 :ile z f> z ! ,se9e 7
 small & involv$ feudal doma9s &        
bi%oprics1 su* z ,ha9ault1 ,v]m&ois1    
,pon?ivre1 ,ami5s1 ,reims1 ,c\cy1       
,beauvais4  ,fl&]s reta9$ a c]ta9       
un/able unity1 & aga9/ ?is ,philip      
,augu/us ( ,france set himself 9 8      
compreh5sive policy ( unification2 aft] 
8 fir/ invasion ,f]r& ( ,portugal1 :o _h
 m>ri$ ! heiress ( ! la/ ,baldw9 (      
,fl&]s & ,ha9ault1 took ! lead 9 =m+ an 
alliance ) ,engl& & ! ,empire = ! cru%+ 
( ,france & ! division ( ! k+dom4       

,b\v9es saw ! end+ ( ! ambiti\s plot1 & 
z well ! beg9n+s ( mod]n ,france4 ,lat] 
came ! ,league ( ,grammont & ! second   
attempt to de/roy ,france1 :i* fail$    
also2 b at ! battle ( ,c\rtrai by !     
,lys1 ! ,flemi% army ( #be1jjj utt]ly   
defeat$ a ,fr5* =ce ( d\ble ! numb]1 ) !
 loss ( ! pr\de/ blood 9 ,france4 ,a    
?\s& knights fell1 ) #bj1jjj squires &  
m5-at-arms1 & 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady (  
,c\rtrai1 #gjj gold spurs1 f ! heels (  
dead knights1 7 hung to ! glory ( !     
great victory4  ,s ?r\gh ! ?irte5?      
c5tury incessant fight+ w5t on bo? 9    
,fl&]s & ,brabant1 & 9 ! great bi%opric 
( ,lige1 ! net result be+ ! complete    
d[nfall ( feudalism 9 advance ( ! re/ ( 
,europe & ! solidify+ ( ! popul> passion
 = p]sonal lib]ty & self-gov]nm5t4  ,!  
f\rte5? c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( !        
communes & z well ( r5ew$ resi/ance to !
 cont9u\s encroa*m5ts ( ,france1 :5 !   
brief p]iod ( ! comm]cial alliance )    
,engl& "u ,edw>d ,,iii came to an end4  
,?is ,engli% alliance1 prompt$ by bo?   

comm]cial & political consid]ations1 _h 
be5 ! dream ( ! fir/ ,van ,artevelde1   
,jacques by "n1 ! lead] ( ! weav]s (    
,gh5t4 ,= n9e ye>s he _h lab\r$ = !     
int]e/s ( 8 fell[ guildsm5 & ,gh5tois1  
support+ ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii 9 8 claims on 
! cr[n ( ,france1 plott+ & plann+ to    
pres]ve ! indep5d5ce ( ,fl&]s4 ,he fell 
a victim1 h[ev]1 to ! _s ( irresponsible
 faction :i* already _h be5 ! inevitable
 outcome ( ! democratic1 sociali/ic1 &  
selfi%ly gre$y elem5ts inh]5t 9 an      
unhamp]$ guild sy/em1 & 0 murd]$ by 8   
own foll[]s 9 ! /reets ( ,gh5t4  ,9 !   
meantime ,l\is de ,mle1 _h become ,c\nt 
( ,fl&]s1 9 succession to 8 fa!r1 ,l\is 
de ,nev]s1 :ile ,w5ceslas ( ,luxemb\rg1 
son ( ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 :o _h m>ri$ "o (
 ! daught]s ( ,john ,,iii1 became ,duke 
( ,brabant4 ,"h1 z 9 ,fl&]s1 ! v>i\s    
guilds _h ga9$ a control t 0 p]iodically
 conte/$ by ! nobles1 p>ticul>ly 9      
,l\va91 :]e ! disord]s cont9u$ = tw5ty  
ye>s4 ,9 ! end ! cities 7 defeat$1 = !y 
_h us$ _! p[] ill1 det]m9+ _! action by 

sup]human cruelty & gre$1 oppress+ !    
weak] communes :5ev] !y ?reat5$ _!      
trade1 fight+ among/ !mselves1 splitt+  
up into factions1 & vacillat+ betwe5    
sudd5 en?usiasms & correspond+ trea*]y4 
,already ! t5d5cy 0 sett+ 9 away f !    
m$ival loos5ess1 mobility1 & ev5        
democracy 9 gov]nm5t1 & t[>d t          
c5tralisation c\pl$ ) autocracy :i* 0 to
 be ! contribution ( ! ,r5aissance to ! 
sci5ce ( gov]nm5t & 0 to end 9 !        
absolutism ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,philip (    
,spa91 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,ev5 if ! guilds  
_h %[n a high /&>d ( morals & (         
/atesman%ip1 if ! communes _h be5 truly 
patriotic & national 9 _! aims & me?ods1
 !y c\ld h>dly h /ood aga9/ a t5d5cy    
already cle>ly def9$ & m>k+ ! new era1  
n[ com+ to bir?1 z _! high beg9n+s _h   
m>k$ t already draw+ to its close4      
,l\is made w> aga9/ ,brabant1 lo/1 b    
rega9$ ,mal9es1 :i* he _h sold to 8     
fa!r-9-law ( ,brabant1 & !n turn$ 8     
att5tion to a f9al suppression ( ,gh5t1 
! la/ /ronghold ( ! decl9+ democracy (  

,fl&]s4 ,x 0 9 #abgi t ,bruges ask$ = a 
canal to ! ,lys to make am5ds = ! silt+ 
up ( h] only outlet to ! sea4 ,gh5t     
prote/$1 fe>+ loss ( h] own trade1 &    
took up arms :5 ,l\is grant$ ! canal4 ,!
 8,:ite ,hoods0 defeat$ ! =ces s5t aga9/
 !m1 :]eupon ! fickle burg]s ( ,bruges &
 ,ypres w5t ov] to _! side & long1 h>d  
fight+ foll[$1 until ,l\is f\nd himself 
besieg$ 9 ,aud5a>de by "s #fj1jjj 8,:ite
 ,hoods0 & 0 only sav$ by ! int]v5tion (
 8 son-9-law ,*>les ( ,burgundy4        
,retreat+ to ,france1 ) headqu>t]s at   
,lille1 he reorganis$ 8 =ces1 r5ew$ !   
attack1 captur$ ,ypres1 &1 "o aft] !    
o!r1 all ! cities ( ,fl&]s except ,gh5t1
 to :i* he laid siege4 ,at ?is la/      
crisis 9 its =tunes ,gh5t turn$ to      
,philip1 son ( ,jacques van ,artevelde1 
:o took comm&1 organis$ a =ce ( #e1jjj  
m51 l$ !m aga9/ ,c\nt ,l\is' army (     
#dj1jjj1 attack$ ne> ,bruges1 & defeat$ 
x utt]ly1 ,l\is escap+ only 9 ! clo!s ( 
8 s]vant4 ,bruges 0 occupi$ & its walls 
de/roy$1 ,ypres & ,c\rtrai jo9$ 9 )     

,gh5t1 & ,bruges itself turn$ aga9/ its 
c\nt4  ,! issue 0 n[ fairly jo9$ betwe5 
commons & knights2 ,l\is de ,mle made 8 
cause t ( ord] & ! nobility aga9/ an>*y 
& ! prolet>iat1 ! ,k+ ( ,france & !     
,duke ( ,burgundy jo9$ him1 & "u ,oliv]1
 con/able ( ,france1 #hj1jjj m51 among/ 
:om no communal levies 7 admitt$1 m>*$  
on ,gh5t & its allies4 ,aga9/ ?is =ce   
,philip van ,artevelde mu/]$ #dj1jjj m5 
:o advanc$ to ! attack ) a mad confid5ce
 born ( _! rec5t victory ov] ,l\is4 ,9 a
 ?ick fog !y hurl$ !mselves 9 a solid   
body on ! c5tre ( ! enemy1 broke x1 saw 
victory be=e !m1 & !n1 ! fog lift+1 f\nd
 !mselves flank$ on bo? sides by !      
con/able's horse1 & ab&on$ !mselves to a
 panic t end$ 9 ! slaught] ( m ?an half 
_! numb]1 includ+ ,van ,artevelde       
himself1 ^: brief day ( success & glory 
_h la/$ exactly elev5 mon?s4  ,! ,fr5*  
sack$ ,c\rtrai & w5t home1 :]eupon ,gh5t
 aga9 took he>t ( hope1 &1 aid$ by ,h5ry
 ,sp5c]1 ,bi%op ( ,norwi*1 ) #c1jjj m51 
defi$ ,l\is & laid siege to ,ypres1 :i* 

0 reliev$ by ! return+ ,fr5*1 & a truce 
0 f9ally sign$ at ,calais4  ,x 0 ! end (
 ! democratic communes1 n only 9 ,fl&]s 
b 9 ,brabant1 :]e ,duke ,w5ceslas at !  
same "t _h defeat$ ! communes at ,l\va91
 & z well 9 ,france1 :]e ! gr[+ _s (    
communal  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,quai ,,aux
 ,,h]bes1 ,,gh5t  indep5d5ce 0 wip$ out 
by a k+ :o _h f\nd 9 ,fl&]s ! pro( t ?is
 _c co-exi/ ) a /rong & c5tralis$       
mon>*y4  ,already indu/rial decl9e _h   
set 92 ! c\ntry _h be5 h>ri$ by ,fr5*   
armies & by civil w>s1 _m _h gone       
ov]seas to ,engl& to e/abli% !re a rival
 indu/ry t sl[ly sapp$ ! prosp]ity (    
,fl&]s & ,brabant4 ,! ,black ,dea? _h   
decimat$ ! rema9+ population1 & ,bruges1
 ,c\rtrai1 ,ypres1 inde$ ne>ly all !    
great t[ns b ,gh5t1 sl[ly lo/ _!        
population until h>dly a t5? 0 left4    
,/ill a l>ge degree ( prosp]ity rema9$1 
& weal? 0 z mu* desir$ & z successfully 
atta9$ z be=e1 only )9 n>r[] l9es & by a
 f> small] numb] ( p4  ,:5 ,l\is de ,mle
 di$1 %ortly aft] ! victory ( 8 ,fr5*   

allies ov] ! communes1 8 son-9-law1     
,philip ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1     
became ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 & ! fifte5?      
c5tury 0 dom9at$ by ,burgundian ef=ts to
 build up a /rong c5tral k+dom :5 x     
became evid5t t x c\ld n control !      
de/9ies ( ,france4 ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 &  
,namur 7 all incorporat$ 9 ,burgundy1 & 
lat] ,holl& & ,ha9ault1 s t x seem$ = a 
"t t a great c5tral /ate might arise    
betwe5 ! ,empire & ! k+dom ( ,france4   
,philip's fir/ ef=ts 7 to wean ,fl&]s f 
its fri5d%ip ) ,engl& 9 ord] t he might 
use ! c\ntry = ! invasion he _h plann$  
to br+ ab\t4 ,he di$ 9 #adjd be=e he    
c\ld c>ry out 8 s*emes & 0 succe$$ by 8 
son1 ,john ! ,fe>less1 ^: aim 0 ! ,fr5* 
cr[n1 9 opposition to ! ,duke ( ,orleans
 :o _h become supreme 9 ,p>is4 ,he m>*$ 
on ! capital1 :i* op5$ its gates to him1
 :ile ,orleans took refuge 9 ! s\? b    
return$ & too confid+ly pat*$ up "s k9d 
( a peace ) ,burgundy1 :o _h him        
assass9at$ 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is 9 ! foll[+
 ye>4 ,out ( 8 murd] grew ! league ( !  

p>tisans ( ,orleans1 ! 8,armagnacs10 :o 
took _! "n f ,c\nt d',armagnac1         
fa!r-9-law ( "o ( ! daught]s ( ! murd]$ 
duke1 & ! w>f>e betwe5 !m & ! h\se (    
,burgundy4  ,9 ! meantime ,h5ry ,v _h   
laid claim to ! ,fr5* ?rone1 _h invad$  
,france1 & f\ght ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt4   
,?us f> ,john ! ,fe>less _h kept out ( !
 fight1 b n[ he alli$ himself ) !       
,dauph9 & w5t to meet him at ,mont]eau  
to seal 8 allegiance4 ,"h he 0 9 turn   
sla9 by ! ,armagnacs 9 rev5ge = 8 own   
murd] ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 & 8 son1    
,philip ! ,good1 at once ?rew himself   
into ! arms ( ,engl&1 aga9/ ,france1 & x
 0 he :o h&$ ov] ! ,b4 ,jeanne d',arc to
 ! ,bi%op ( ,beauvais1 aft] h] capture  
at ,compigne 9 #adcj1 z a wit* &        
sorc]ess4  ,philip 0 m devot$ to 8 new  
possessions ?an to 8 native ,burgundy1 &
 "u him ,bruges & ,gh5t took prec$5ce ( 
8 old capital ( ,dijon4 ,philip also 0 !
 f\nd] ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece on !
 occasion ( "o ( 8 num]\s m>riages1 ?is 
"t 9 ,bruges & to ! ,c\ntess ( ,nev]s4  

,! m>riage 0 a great ev5t 9 _m ways1 =  
to x came ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,b$=d1 he 
be+ !n ,reg5t ( ,france = ! ,engli% k+ &
 realis+ t ! triumphant c>e] ( ,jeanne  
d',arc 0 hav+ results t urg$ him to make
 ! mo/ ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 ! only    
fri5d left to 8 royal ma/]4 ,! ,gold5   
,fleece1 ! olde/ ord] on ! ,cont95t1 0  
in/itut$ 9 p>ticul> hon\r ( ,fl&]s1 &   
especially ! city ( ,bruges1 ! _w c5tre 
( ! wool trade4 ,!re 7 to be b tw5ty-f\r
 knights1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! duke1 & !y 7
 grant$ extraord9>y privileges1 among/  
!m immunity f all o!r /ates1 pr9ces &   
laws1 be+ subject only to _! sov]eign   
ma/]1 ?\gh !y rema9$ citiz5s ( _!       
respective /ates1 :atev] ^? may h be54  
,philip ,,ii ( ,spa9 did away ) ?is     
intol]able anomaly1 & 9 #agbe ! ord] 0  
divid$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,au/ria1 s los+   
:olly its orig9al & mo/ di/9ctive       
quality z a signal hon\r especially     
p]ta9+ to ,fl&]s4  ,by #adce ,philip1 ^:
 affection = ,engl& _h be5 at ! be/     
lukew>m1 c\ld be> no long] ! appall+    

mis]y ( ,france & ! excesses ( ! ,engli%
 armies4 ,all nor? ( ! ,loire _h become 
a wild]ness & ev5 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages
 pity 0 a feel+ /ill easily ar\s$4 ,by !
 treaty ( ,arras ,burgundy f9ally       
sep>at$ itself f ! ,engli% alliance &   
jo9$ ,*>les ,,vii1 ! imm$iate result be+
 a lett+-up ( ! w> 9 ,france & a        
transf]r+ ( ho/ilities to ,fl&]s4 ,!    
duke l$ an en?usia/ic =ce ( ,flem+s     
aga9/ ,calais1 fail$ to capture x1 & !n 
discov]$  ,illu/ration3 ,,bruges1 ,,f   
,,! ,,quai ,,du ,,rosaire  ! erratic    
nature ( 8 ,flemi% subjects1 = !y =?)   
turn$ aga9/ him z sudd5ly z !y _h des]t$
 ! ,engli% alliance1 & ,philip proce$$  
=?) to break _! _s1 or r ! frantic      
indep5d5ce ( _! cities4 ,he succe$$1 &  
yet ,fl&]s prosp]$ 9 spite ( ! sporadic 
int]nec9e w>f>e4 ,prosp]ity someh[ came 
back & weal? increas$1 :ile ,meml+1 !   
,van ,eycks & _! great l9e ( successors1
 toge!r ) o!r ma/]s ( art 9 alli$       
fields1 gave a glory to ! "t t w endure 
= ev]4 ,!n foll[$ ye>s ( /rife &        

turbul5ce1 ( %ift+ alliances & (        
sympa?ies z ready to turn z to be ar\s$4
 ,philip di$1 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,*>les
 ! ,bold1 & ! disord]s broke out afre% s
 successfully t at fir/ he 0 =c$ to give
 back all ! communal privileges 8 fa!r  
_h tak5 away4 ,9 addition to 8 dome/ic  
tr\bles he f\nd himself ! object ( !    
s]p5t9e plots ( ,l\is ,,xi n[ ,k+ (     
,france4 ,*>les 0 equal to ! occasion1  
h[ev]2 he m>ri$ ,m>g>et ( ,york1 si/] to
 ! ,engli% ,k+1 s acquir+ a new ally2   
m>*$ aga9/ ,lige1 ! c5tre ( ! local     
disaffection1 captur$ x triumphantly1 !n
 turn$ on ! crafty & unscrupul\s ,l\is &
 proce$$ to beat him at 8 own game4 ,9 !
 mid/ ( ?is enviable adv5ture1 ,lige    
revolt$ once m1 & ?is "t ,*>les1 dragg+ 
,l\is at 8 heels1 captur$ ! city aga91  
n[ %[+ none ( ! m]cy he _h be=e         
exhibit$4 ,! :ole city 0 sack$1 only !  
*ur*es & mona/]ies be+ sp>$1 & ! ru9s 7 
giv5 to ! flames4 ,9 spite ( ! exemption
 accord$ religi\s prop]ty1 ! de/ruction 
( ! great city 0 too manife/ly a        

violation ( ! common dec5cies ( ,*ri/ian
 conduct to be neutrally endur$ by !    
,pope1 :o at t "t 7x 0 almo/ five       
c5turies ago7 did n fe> to take a /rong 
/& = righte\sness :5 occasion (f]$1 &   
,*>les _h to make 8 peace ) ! head ( !  
,*ur* z be/ he c\ld4  ,! policy (       
8frightfulness0 _h its advantages to its
 p]petrator1 h[ev]1 & ! o!r rebelli\s   
cities surr5d]$ at discretion1 los+ _!  
treasur$ lib]ties & becom+ simply       
communities 9 a unit$ & c5tralis$ /ate4 
,9 ! end ,*>les lo/1 = ,l\is ,,xi 0 a   
s*em] ( su* pr(\nd duplicity t only !   
devil himself c\ld h mat*$ him 9 ! long 
run1 & on ev5 t]ms4 ,! duke met failure 
at e turn3 9 8 ef=t to co-ord9ate 8     
unruly prov9ces into a work+ organism1 9
 8 ambition to become ,k+ ( ,burgundy   
in/ead ( duke1 9 8 la/ w> aga9/ ! ,swiss
 :5 he 0 utt]ly defeat$ & sla94 ,he 0   
succe$$ by 8 daught]1 ! fam\s ,m>y (    
,burgundy1 :o also became a victim ( !  
royal spid] ( ,france1 b c\nt]$ on him  
by sudd5ly m>ry+ ,maximilian1 son ( !   

,emp]or1 & s beg9n+ t tra9 ( ev5ts t    
sev]$ ,burgundy f its ,fr5* associations
 & br\ght its sev]al p>ts into a        
relation%ip ) ,g]many t cont9u$ = ne>ly 
?ree c5turies4  ,"y1 beautiful1 clev]1 &
 imm5sely popul>1 ,m>y ( ,burgundy seem$
 de/9$ to accompli% :at h] fa!r _h fail$
 to br+ ab\t1 ! unification & re/oration
 ( a great ,burgundian /ate1 b aft] only
 five ye>s ( rule %e 0 kill$ by a fall f
 h] horse :ile hunt+1 & ,philip1 h]     
infant son1 became duke 9 "n1 & ! old   
political tr\bles rose to a climax t 9 !
 end br\ght 9 ! ,spani% dom9ion & ! ru9 
t foll[$ 9 its wake4  ,! cities ( ,fl&]s
 & ,brabant turn$ aga9 to ,france1 9 a  
frantic ef=t to rega9 _! lo/ lib]ties1  
:ile ,maximilian1 :o _h be5 cr[n$ ,k+ ( 
,rome1 & 0 ( c\rse next 9 succession to 
! ,empire1 f\ght aga9 & aga9 to re/ore 8
 supremacy1 & rega9 8 infant son1 !     
future ,philip ! ,fair1 :o _h be5 s5t to
 ,france to be educat$ & to get him out 
( ! h&s ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 ! end he defeat$ ! 
r+-lead+ cities1 ,gh5t1 ,bruges1 &      

,ypres1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ reg5t4 ,9 #adic   
,fr$]ick di$ & ,maximilian succe$$ him z
 ,emp]or1 proclaim+ ,philip z ,c\nt (   
,fl&]s1 m>ry+ him out ( h& to ,joanna1  
,infanta ( ,ca/ile1 & betro?+ 8 si/] to 
,don ,john1 heir to ! cr[n ( ,spa94 ,!  
sudd5 rise ( a great new p[] 9 ! ,ib]ian
 ,p59sula _h ov]turn$ all ! old         
alignm5ts2 ! driv+ ( ! ,moors f ,spa9 & 
! union ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile 9 ,f]d9& &  
,isabella _h reveal$ a new =ce t might  
be us$ aga9/ ,france1 & m dep5dable ?an 
,engl&1 & ! new ,emp]or 0 n sl[ to      
recognise 8 opportunity4 ,8 si/] nev]   
m>ri$ ,don ,john1 :o di$ be=e ! project$
 w$d+1 & 0 foll[$ by 8 si/]1 ! ,que5 (  
,portugal1 s sudd5ly ! ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s & 
8 c\ntess became heirs to ! ?rone (     
,spa94 ,!y ga9$ little advantage f ?is1 
al?\gh aft] ! dea? ( ,que5 ,isabella 9  
#aeje !y w5t to ,spa91 & 7 proclaim$ z  
k+ & que51 b _! glory 0 %ort-liv$1 = 9 !
 foll[+ ye> ,philip met a sudd5 &       
untimely end1 8 que5 w5t mad ?r\gh      
grief1 & ! ,emp]or became ! dom9at+     

influ5ce 9 ,spa9 z well z 9 ,fl&]s ?r\gh
 ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 five-ye>-old gr&son1 !
 future ,*>les ,v4  ,dur+ 8 m9ority 8   
aunt1 ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 _h act$ z      
reg5t1 & ) a wisdom & a b5evol5ce h]    
male pr$ecessors _h nev] %[n1 s t :5 9  
#aeae ,*>les became actual rul] (       
,fl&]s1 he f\nd himself 9 possession ( a
 calm & cont5t$ community4 ,c>efully    
educat$ by 8 admirable aunt1 ,*>les1 !  
heir to sev5te5 k+doms1 c\ld speak !    
language ( ea*1 & he _h1 moreov]1 !     
enorm\s advantage ( be+ tutor$ by !     
great ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam4 ,h>dly _h he
 become ,k+ ( ,spa9 ?r\gh ! dea? (      
,f]d9&1 :5 8 gr&fa!r di$1 & he became   
,emp]or z well4 ,practically all        
,europe1 & ,am]ica also1 7 81 & aft] 8  
w> ) ,france :i* end$ at ,pavia ) !     
capture ( ,francis ,i 7:5 all 0 8lo/    
save hon\r071 he 0 ! temporal ,"l ( !   
,_w1 except ,engl& alone1 :ile !        
spiritual p[] ( ! ,papacy 0 8 only rival
 on ! ,cont95t1 & ! ,pope himself 0 8   
old tutor1 ,adrian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o4 

,*>les 0 z able z he 0 univ]sal 9 8     
sov]eignty2 he organis$ 8 va/ empire on 
practical l9es "u well-*os5 reg5ts1 none
 ( :om 0 m excell5t ?an ,m>g>et (       
,au/ria1 "u :om ! c\ntry prosp]$        
exce$+ly4 ,%e 0 z %rewd & f>-see+ z %e 0
 admirable 9 "*2 a poet 9 h] own "r1 %e 
fo/]$ art1 lett]s1 & g5]al culture1 & h]
 dea? 9 #aecj 0 a loss to ,fl&]s & also 
to ! ,emp]or1 :o imm$iately appo9t$ 8   
si/] ,m>y reg5t 9 h] place1 a lady (    
less di/+ui%$ abilities1 b a good &     
fai?ful s]vant = a qu>t] ( a c5tury4    
,*>les ,v e/imat$ ,lu!r1 & ! ,re=mation 
g5]ally1 at some?+ ( _! true value2 he  
saw ! m5ace z well z ! m]it ( ! budd+   
revolution & oppos$ x firmly because (  
its dang]\s elem5ts1 :i* 7 already      
reveal+ !mselves4 ,! great era ( !      
,middle ,ages _h come to an end1 c>ry+ )
 x 9 its fall _m ( ^? elem5ts (         
righte\sness 9 ?\ght & action = :i*     
,*>les c>$ almo/ passionately4 ,he 0 ( !
 old] age r ?an ( ! new1 & 9 ! end !    
conviction t he _h fail$ to /em ! tide1 

c\pl$ ) ! progressive ru9 ( ! old       
religion1 ! old philosophy1 ! old ord] (
 life1 l$ him to abdicate :at 0 almo/ ! 
?rone ( ! _w & seek refuge 9 a mona/]y1 
:]e he devot$ ! brief rema9d] ( 8 life  
to pray]1 m$itation1 & ! mak+ ( wat*es4 
,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 he _h done ,europe
 ine/imable s]vices1 among/ !m ! beat+  
back ( ! ,moslem ho/1 ! recov]y to      
,*ri/ianity ( ,hung>y1 ! conque/ (      
,tunis1 & ! g5]al block+ ( ! d\ble l9es 
( ,mohamm$an advance4 ,he 0 successful 9
 8 new crusade aga9/ ! ,ea/]n infidels1 
b he c\ld n arre/ ! progress ( h]esy &  
an>*y 9 ! ,we/1 & he f9ally ab&on$ !    
fight 9 despair1 turn+ ov] to o!rs a    
royalty too heavy to be borne4 ,to 8 son
 ,philip 7 giv5 ,spa91 ! ,am]ican       
possessions1 & ! 8,l[ ,c\ntries10 :i* !n
 compris$ all ,belgium1 ,holl&1 &       
,luxemb\rg z well z ,artois & ,cambrai4 
,s began ! ,spani% dom9ion ov] ! v c5tre
 ( ! ,he>t ( ,europe4 ,x 0 ! ri*e/ /ate 
9 ! _w2 :5 ,philip ,,ii became sov]eign 
!re 7 sev5te5 prov9ces ) #bjh great     

wall$ t[ns1 #aej bor\ghs & m ?an #f1jjj 
villages4 ,! products 7 inf9itely v>i$ &
 7 fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w3 wooll5 clo?1 l951
 silk1 velvet1 damask1 embroid]ies1     
gloves1 metal-"w ( e k9d4 ,antw]p 0 9 ! 
lead 9 comm]ce1 & x is said t ! city _h 
a population ( #bej1jjj1 ) #a1jjj       
resid5t =eign m]*ants2 #ejj %ips ent]$ !
 port daily1 & #cjj wagons f across !   
fronti]s ( ,france & ! ,empire1 :ile m  
bus9ess 0 transact$ !re 9 a week ?an 9  
two ye>s 9 ,v5ice1 h] great comm]cial   
rival 9 ! ,s\?4 ,su* 7 ! l&s t came to  
,philip ( ,spa93 ! ri*e/ prize t ,europe
 c\ld af=d4     ,,iv  ,a ,,spani%       
,,ne!rl&s   ,:5 ,philip ,,ii came to !  
?rone !re 0 a new k+ 9 ,france1 ,h5ry   
,,ii1 :o =?) broke ! peace ,*>les ,v _h 
eng9e]$1 & proce$$ to invade bo? ,italy 
& ,fl&]s4 ,he 0 promptly beat51 9 ! nor?
 by ,egmont at ,/4 ,qu5t91 & aft] s     
disa/r\s a fa%ion t h>dly any "o b      
,nev]s & ,cond escap$4 ,x 0 9 gratitude 
= ! brilliant victory ( 8 ,belgian      
troops t ,philip built ! palace ( !     

,escorial4 ,try+ aga9 ! next ye>1 ,h5ry 
did inde$1 ?r\gh ! ,duke de ,guise 7^:  
luck 0 bett] ?an t :i* foll[$ him :5 he 
met ,alva ! ye> be=e 9 ,italy71 rega9   
,calais1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ,engli%      
g>rison1 :o 7 home on a holiday2 b aga9 
,egmont came into ! bree*1 cru%$ ! ,fr5*
 at ,gravel9es1 & s =c$ ! treaty (      
,cteau-,cambrsis1 :i* oblig$ ,france1   
among/ o!r p5alties1 to give up to      
,philip m ?an two hundr$ wall$ t[ns1    
?\gh %e 0 all[$ to reta9 ,calais1 ,m>y (
 ,engl& n[ be+ dead4  ,flemi% soldi]s1  
n[ =m+ ! be/ tra9$ & mo/ effective army 
9 ,europe1 _h won ! w> = ,philip1 b out 
( ! victory came 9 ! end ! ru9 ( _!     
c\ntry1 = be=e leav+ = ,spa91 :i* he    
lov$1 he dem&$ ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* he     
dislik$1 ?ree million flor9s t[>d !     
exp5se ( ! w>4 ,?is 0 grant$1 b c\pl$ ) 
a reque/ t ! ,spani% g>rison be )drawn4 
,x happ5$ t ?is dem& 0 made at !        
in/igation ( ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1
 :o n[ appe>s on ! sc5e1 = he _h        
discov]$ t ,h5ry & ,philip _h secretly  

agre$ to /amp out ,prote/antism 9 ! ,l[ 
,c\ntries by introduc+ ! ,spani%        
,inquisition1 & t ! ali5 g>rison 0 to be
 ! means ( putt+ ?is plan into effect4  
,william ( ,orange 0 n a ,flem+ b a     
,g]man2 he _h expect$ to be made reg5t  
:5 ! ,k+ w5t back to ,spa91 & _h be5    
disappo9t$4 ,he 0 nei!r a ,ca?olic nor a
 ,prote/ant1 b a cold1 sil5t1 f>-see+   
politician ( extremely rationali/ic     
views4 ,he knew t ! _s ( indep5d5ce 9 ! 
,ne!rl&s 0 s dom9at+ t ,ca?olics &      
,prote/ants alike c\ld be alli$ aga9/   
bo? ! ,inquisition & a =eign g>rison4   
,he clev]ly unit$ !m on ?is basis1      
ali5at$ ! la/ flick] ( fri5dly feel+ on 
! "p ( ,philip1 & s precipitat$ !       
conflict t rag$ = almo/ a c5tury to !   
ru9 & mis]y ( all ! sev5te5 prov9ces4   
,philip appe>$ to yield1 w5t back to    
,spa91 & at once began 8 s*em+ = !      
de/ruction ( ! ,prote/ant h]esy 9 8     
too-indep5d5t t]ritories4  ,s f> z !    
ari/ocracy1 ! ri* burgh]s1 & ! cultivat$
 classes 7 conc]n$1 ,prote/antism _h    

made little if any headway 9 spite ( !  
wide corruption ( ! ,*ur*1 b among !    
peasants & ! ignorant1 p>ticul>ly 9 !   
great cities1 x _h tak5 firm hold4 ,to  
,philip x 0 bo? a damnable h]esy & a    
civil m5ace2 he hat$ x z 8 fa!r _h hat$ 
x1 b ,*>les ,v 0 ( a diff]5t m\ld &     
temp]4 ,philip 0 a ,spani% ,ca?olic1 &  
!re9 7at t "t7 lay all ! diff]5ce4 ,to  
him ) 8 cold m9d & pitiless temp] !re 0 
only "o "q3 h[ to root out ?is accurs$ &
 poison\s gr[?4 ,! answ] 0 at h& 9 !    
%ape ( ! peculi> type ( inquisition :i* 
_h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,spa9 = ! sole purpose (
 complet+ ! expulsion ( ! ,moors & ,jews
 f ! ,p59sula aft] ! f9al defeat ( !    
,mohamm$an invad]s4 ,x _h prov$ its     
effici5cy to admiration1 &1 ?\gh x _h   
nev] be5 us$ aga9/ ,*ri/ian h]etics1    
,philip felt 7z o!rs h felt aft] him7 t 
bo? ! righte\s ,/ate & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 
71 ?r\gh ! ,k+1 fight+ = _! lives1 & t  
he _h no "r to balk at any means t (f]$ 
:5 x 0 a "q ( life or dea?4  ,! old     
8,papal0 ,inquisition1 :i* came into    

exi/5ce t[>d ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & 
0 ! coroll>y ( ! dawn+ _s ( !           
,r5aissance ) :i* x syn*ronis$1 0       
legitimate en\gh1 if y hold1 z e "o held
 !n1 t spiritual evil is z wick$ z      
mat]ial evil1 & j z wor?y ( =mal        
puni%m5t4 ,trials 7 conduct$ accord+ to 
civil law1 !y 7 public1 & ! secul> arm  
alone inflict$ puni%m5t4 ,! 8,spani%0   
,inquisition1 :i* is ! =m s bitt]ly     
condemn$ to-day1 0 a creature ( !       
,r5aissance 9 its fulness4 ,x 0 an eng9e
 ( ! mo/ diabolical effici5cy1 = its    
proce$+s 7 secret1 its f9d+ irrevocable1
 its p5alties m]ciless & z cruel z      
,engli% crim9al law 9 ! sev5te5? &      
eighte5? c5turies1 ?\gh x lack$ c]ta9 ( 
! ref9em5ts ( torture t 7 fir/ develop$ 
"u 8,good ,k+ ,hal0 :5 he 0 wag+ 8 w>   
aga9/ ! monks & mona/]ies ( 8 own       
,engl&4  ,_h ,philip be5 deal+ ) !      
,popes ( ! ,middle ,ages1 he c\ld nev] h
 impos$ ! ,spani% ,inquisition on !     
,ne!rl&s1 b ^? ( ! ,r5aissance 7 z      
diff]5t z possible1 & he _h no tr\ble 9 

ga9+ _! cons5t4 ,a few burn+s took      
place1 & !n ! loyal & ,ca?olic b        
int5sely patriotic nobles took matt]s   
into _! own h&s & ?r\gh ! reg5t1 ,m>g>et
 ( ,p>ma1 w>n$ ! ,k+ t unless ! ?+ 0    
/opp$ ! prov9ces w\ld act 9 def5ce ( _! 
own rights & 9 accordance ) _! solemnly 
gu>ante$ privileges4 ,! ,prote/ant mob  
also began to act aft] its own fa%ion1  
)\t wait+ = an answ] f ,philip1 & week  
aft] week c>ri$ on a c\rse ( de/ruction 
t wreck$ ca!drals1 mona/]ies1 *ur*es1 & 
de/roy$ m old /a9$ glass1 wond]ful      
/atues1 great pictures1 jewell$ ve/m5ts1
 & sacr$ vessels ?an h escap$ to ?is    
day4 ,! s5seless & sacrilegi\s fury (   
?is mob ( ! bas] sort n only la%$ ! ,k+ 
into a cold fury b x ev5 halt$ "s ( !   
,ca?olic nobles1 _m ( :om1 includ+      
,egmont himself1 began to wond] if1 aft]
 all1 ! ,inquisition 0 n p]missible 9 ! 
light ( ! revelations t 7 be+ made 9 !  
desecrat$ *ur*es ( ,antw]p & ,gh5t &    
,t\rnai4 ,no advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is     
*ang+ s5tim5t1 h[ev]1 &1 ready at la/1  

,philip /ruck1 & ! ,duke ( ,alva1 ) an  
army ( #aj1jjj pick$ m51 m>*$ up f      
,g5oa1 occupi$ ,brussels1 seiz$ e       
disaffect$ lead]1 includ+ ev5 ^? l      
,egmont & ,horn1 :o 7 bo? loyal & dev\t 
,ca?olics 7b b>r+ ,orange1 :o _h        
cauti\sly retreat$ to ,g]many71 &       
e/abli%$ ! 8,c\ncil ( ,blood10 :i* dur+ 
! fir/ week ( its activities execut$ m  
?an eight hundr$ m5 ^: only crime 0     
prote/+ aga9/ ! d5ial ( _! gu>ante$     
lib]ties & ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,inquisition4
  ,! ,pr9ce ( ,orange organis$ 9 ,g]many
 a small arm$ =ce = ! deliv]ance ( ! c[$
 & horrifi$ ,ne!rl&]s1 b 8 fir/ victory 
ov] ,alva's =ces 0 answ]$ by imm$iate   
reprisals 9 ,brussels1 a score ( nobles 
be+ s5t to ! block1 includ+ ,horn &     
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,alva1    
,,moro ,,van ,,da%or/  ,f a photograph  
by ,hanf/a5gl  ,egmont1 ! latt] be+ !   
mo/ hon\r$ ( ! nobles & z good a        
,ca?olic z he 0 a soldi]4 ,! p rema9$   
absolutely cru%$1 mak+ no ef=t to rise 9
 support ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o1      

defeat$ by ,alva1 s\ght ! aid ( ! ,fr5* 
,prote/ants1 attack$ f ! sea by means ( 
private]s :o prey$ on ,spani% comm]ce1 &
 f9ally1 by e/abli%+ a base 9 ,holl&1   
rais$ ?is portion ( ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s  
aga9/ ,alva & made himself actual head (
 a new /ate4 ,9 ! meantime a ,hugu5ot   
army _h laid siege to ,mons1 b j z      
victory seem$ ne> ! ,massacre ( ,/4     
,b>?olomew end$ ! ,prote/ant p>ty 9     
,france = ev]1 de/roy$ all ! hopes t _h 
be5 rais$ ?r\gh ! possibility (         
assi/ance f ,coligny1 & s5t ,orange back
 aga9 beh9d ! ,rh9e1 leav+ ,fl&]s &     
,brabant to _! fate4 ,alva saw to x t   
?is 0 suffici5tly awful1 & !n began     
op]ations aga9/ ,holl&1 b by ?is "t     
,philip _h become ?or\ghly tir$ ( !     
co/ly w> & li/5$ will+ly to ! enemies ( 
! t]rible duke1 recall$ him1 & s5t 9 8  
place ! comp>atively mild & accommodat+ 
,reques5s4  ,! tale is n[ "o (          
progressive & f9ally successful ef=ts at
 pacify+ ! c\ntry1 ! undo+ s f> z       
possible ( ! bloody "w ( ,alva1 ! w9n+  

back to ! ,*ur* & to ! ,spani% cr[n (   
all ^? :o _h n gone ov] def9itely to    
,prote/antism & ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,bo?
 ! ,pope & ! ,k+ (f]$ full amne/y1 & !  
s\!rn prov9ces1 ^?1 t is1 t n[ =m !     
k+dom ( ,belgium1 accept$ at once &     
completely1 = aft] all !y 7 solidly     
,ca?olic & 9 pr9ciple n av]se to ,spani%
 dom9ion4 ,! nor!rn prov9ces--i4 e41    
,holl&--reject$ all ov]tures1 b9d+      
!mselves completely1 implacably1 &      
savagely to ,prote/antism1 & f n[ on !  
=m] ,spani% ,ne!rl&s became two /ates3  
,holl&1 soon to w9 its indep5d5ce1 &    
,belgium1 n[ & = a long "t to come1 a   
,spani% prov9ce4  ,ord] 0 /ill f> away4 
,x 0 9 ! ye> #aegc t ,reques5s came to  
rev]se ! policy ( ,alva1 & n until !    
,peace ( ,utre*t 9 #agae1 :5 ,spani%    
rule 0 f9ally t]m9at$1 t !re 0 any re/  
or relief = ! tortur$ & ru9$ prov9ces ( 
,fl&]s & ,brabant4 ,reques5s di$2 !     
,spani% troops mut9i$1 7 jo9$ by !      
,g]man m]c5>ies1 & began a w> on _! own 
acc\nt1 burn+ & sack+ ,antw]p1 but*]+   

#f1jjj ( ! population1 & h>ry+ ! c\ntry 
"r & left4 ,!n came ,don ,john (        
,au/ria1 ,philip's new gov]nor-g5]al1 ! 
victor ( ,lepanto1 & a figure out ( !   
pages ( m$ival romance4 ,he came too    
late2 an>*y 0 firmly fix$ 9 ! saddle1   
rid+ r\gh-%od ov] ! desolat$ g>d5 (     
,europe4 ,ab&on+ 8 orig9al policy (     
pacification1 he turn$ to w> & 0        
successful1 b only to f9d ab\t e p[] 9  
,europe repres5t$ 9 ! ro>+ inf]no4      
,orange 0 fight+ f ,antw]p z 8          
headqu>t]s1 ! prov9cial repres5tatives1 
) ,brussels z _! c5tre1 7 h[l+ = help f 
any s\rce2 ! ,prote/ant faction call$   
,john ,casimir1 ,c\nt ,palat9e1 to _!   
assi/ance1 :ile ! ,ca?olics appeal$ to !
 ,duke d',al5on1 & bo? put 9 an         
appe>ance1 ! latt] seiz+ ,maubeuge &    
work+ !nce into ! int]ior1 :ile ! =m]   
defeat$ ,don ,john 9 a pit*$ battle &   
drove him back to ,namur1 :]e 9 a few   
mon?s he di$ ( *agr9 & a brok5 he>t1    
aft] mak+ 8 nephew ,alex&] ,f>nese1     
,pr9ce ( ,p>ma1 8 successor 9 ! field4  

,hell is ! only "n t c be appli$ to !   
unhappy l&1 ! condition ( :i* 0 n unlike
 t ( ,mexico 9 ?is ye> ( enlight5m5t1   
#aiae4 ,! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation    
toge!r _h ext+ui%$ bo? civilisation &   
culture ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe2 w> 0 
ev]y:]e & incessant1 all pr9ciple _h be5
 ab&on$ & ! e?ical /&>ds ( society _h   
disappe>$4 ,slaught]1 civil w>1         
assass9ation1 treason1 & sacrilege h[l$ 
?r\gh an ev]-wid5+ desolation & ! end ( 
! _w seem$ at h&4 ,=tunately1 9 a way1 !
 outrage\s c>e] ( ! ,prote/ants s]v$ z  
an impulse to union2 _! savag]y 9 ,gh5t 
& ,brussels someh[ pull$ ! p ( ,belgium 
toge!r & enabl$ ,p>ma to w9 "s small    
ord] out ( ! insane *aos4 ,he began a   
new campaign1 drove out ! ,fr5*1 laid   
siege to ! ,calv9i/s 9 ,gh5t1 & at la/  
7! ,pr9ce ( ,orange hav+ be5 assass9at$ 
at ! in/igation ( ,philip7 broke d[n !  
la/ ,prote/ant resi/ance 9 ,brussels &  
,antw]p & = ! mom5t re/or$ peace ov] a  
des]t$1 ru9$1 & blood-/a9$ l&4 ,& !n    
,philip ,,ii di$ & dy+ ab&on$ ! c\ntry  

he _h receiv$ z ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe & left
 z ! mo/ mis]able & pov]ty-/rick51 h&+ x
 ov] to new rul]s 9 ! p]sons ( 8 daught]
 ,isabella & h] husb&1 ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t
 ( ,au/ria4  ,! great & happy & weal?y  
/ate creat$ by ! ,h\se ( ,burgundy _h   
be5 utt]ly de/roy$ & irretrievably ru9$4
 ,a new ,prote/ant /ate _h be5 =m$ f "o 
fragm5t 9 ! nor?1 o!r portions 7 %ortly 
to be incorporat$ 9 ,france1 & ! n9e    
prov9ces t /ill rema9$ out ( ! orig9al  
sev5te5 7 h>dly m ?an a geographical    
ab/raction4 ,half ! great cities _h be5 
sack$ & burn$1 ! craftsm5 & artisans 7  
slaught]$ or 9 exile1 ! cold & gre$y    
,holl&]s _h seiz$ 7& 7 to reta9 by =ce  
or fraud7 ! va/ comm]ce t once 0 !      
possession ( ,fl&]s & ,brabant1         
agriculture _h ceas$1 fam9e 0 univ]sal1 
religion & m]cy & education 7 memories1 
:ile ! old civic _s & ! old fre$om &    
indep5d5ce 7 ?+s ( s long ago !y 7 n ev5
 rememb]$4  ,to d !m ju/ice1 ! new      
sov]eigns meant well by ! exhau/$       
c\ntry1 b fir/ ( all !y _h set _! he>ts 

on ! cru%+ ( ! ,prote/ant ,ne!rl&s1 &   
n9e ye>s ( w> set 9 :i* end$ at la/ ) ! 
complete victory ( ! ,dut* republic &   
its ackn[l$g$ indep5d5ce4 ,!n came !    
anomaly ( twelve ye>s ( peace ) !       
a/oni%+ outbur/ ( a g5u9e & brilliant if
 evanesc5t culture4 ,peace is a good    
f\ndation = indu/ry1 trade1 & comm]ce1 b
 ! fact is unavoidable t ! black pl\gh+ 
& ! r$ f]tilis+ ( a l& by w> frequ5tly  
br+ a luxuriant crop ( ^? cultural      
products t h issue 9 "* z !y foll[ f x4 
,"h 9 ,fl&]s ! ye>s betwe5 ! ,peace (   
,antw]p 9 #afji & ! re/oration ( ,spani%
 rule on ! dea? ( ,alb]t 9 #afbd1 7     
opul5t ) all mann] ( civic & p]sonal    
weal? 9 ^? l9es t are cultural r ?an    
mat]ial4 ,x 0 a "t ( ! re/oration (     
religion ?r\gh new mona/ic f\ndations1 (
 ! e/abli%+ ( h\ses ( m]cy1 ( ! build+  
up ( great univ]sities1 ( ! developm5t (
 pr9t+1 ( ! production ( great sci5ti/s 
& s*ol>s1 ( a new era ( pa9t+4 ,!       
,univ]sity ( ,l\va9 dates f ?is "t1 !   
great pr9t+-h\se ( ! ,plant9s & !       

,moretus1 ! art ( ,rub5s & ,v&yck4  ,x 0
 all tempor>y1 h[ev]1 & ephem]al4 ,spa9 
took *>ge once m1 ! ,dut* cont9u$ _!    
policy ( comm]cial & religi\s           
aggression1 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> drew !  
un=tunate prov9ces into its :irlpool2 ! 
w> betwe5 ,france & ,spa9 0 l>gely f\ght
 on _! t]ritory1 ! w> ( ,france aga9/ ! 
,unit$ ,ne!rl&s result$ 9 ! seizure by !
 unsuccessful p>ty--,france--( ,belgian 
t]ritory z a salve to its w\nd$ pride4  
,ye> aft] ye> ,belgium 0 subject to     
r5ew$ deva/ations2 :at ! ,prote/ants &  
,spani>ds _h left ! ,fr5* despoil$4     
,brussels1 :i* _h n[ become ! ri*e/ &   
mo/ spl5did ( ! cities1 0 bomb>d$ )     
r$-hot cannon balls & almo/ :olly       
de/roy$1 sixte5 *ur*es & f\r ?\s& h\ses 
be+ burn$1 & ! great city depriv$ (     
almo/ its la/ examples ( ! great art ( !
 ,middle ,ages4  ,& s ! wret*$ tale goes
 on1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,god alone 
kn[s h[ or :y any?+ 0 left 9 ,belgium1  
ei!r ( art or culture or "* or religion1
 or ev5 ( ! rudim5ts ( civilisation4    

,/ill some?+ did rema9 = de/ruction1 z 0
 prov$ a little lat] by ! revolutioni/s 
( ,france & rec5tly by ! ,prussians1 bo?
 ( :om h p]=m$ ! f9al "w q p]fectly4 ,! 
,he>t ( ,europe _h be5 torn1 lac]at$1   
cru%$1 = "o hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 & yet  
someh[ x cont9u$ to beat on4 ,a great   
,*ri/ian culture1 a great cong]ies (    
,*ri/ian peoples1 product ( ! spl5did   
c5turies f #ajjj to #aejj ,a4 ,d41 _h   
be5 de/roy$ & sup]s$$ by ! v diff]5t =ce
 eng5d]$ by ,r5aissance & ,re=mation4   
,if !re are ^? :o /ill1 despite ! blaz+ 
enlight5m5t ( ! la/ twelvemon?1 reta9   
any illusions z to ! comp>ative         
b5efic5ce ( ! two epo*s1 x w\ld be well 
= !m to consid] 9 detail ! annals & !   
peoples & ! p]sonalities ( ! ,he>t (    
,europe dur+ ! five c5turies (          
m$ivalism1 & ! same dur+ ! five c5turies
 ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation4 ,!     
contra/ is /rik+1 ! revision ( judgm5ts 
unescapable1 ! lesson1 imm$iately to be 
appli$ 9 ! pres5t crisis1 pregnant (    
possible b5efits4  ,) ! ,peace ( ,utre*t

 all t is n[ ,belgium pass$ to ! ,emp]or
 ,*>les ,,vi1 & ,au/rian dom9ion began4 
,9 contra/ to ! prec$+ horrors x 0      
comp>atively unev5tful2 :ile ,pr9ce     
,*>les ( ,lorra9e 0 gov]nor ! c\ntry 0  
quiet & prosp]\s & a c]ta9 advance      
occurr$ on cultural l9es4 ,?is enlight5$
 pr9ce des]ves well ( hi/ory 9 "o       
respect at lea/1 =1 by an imp]ial decree
 he caus$ to be issu$1 x 0 solemnly     
ass]t$ t a g5tleman did n lose 8 /atus z
 su* if he indulg$ 9 ! practice ( ! arts
 or lett]s6 ,joseph ,,ii1 :o foll[$ him1
 0 a p$antic re=m] ( laudable int5tions1
 :o set himself to ! p]fect+ ( ev]y?+1  
bo? religi\s & secul>1 to ! extreme     
irritation ( 8 p :o simply want$ to     
gov]n !mselves & app>5tly c>$ little    
:e!r ?is 7 well done or ill4 ,9 ! end ! 
:ole c\ntry broke up aga9 9 rebellion & 
disord]1 ! nobles leagu$ 9 "o gr\p "u ! 
,duke d',ar5b]g1 ! l[] classes 9 a      
second ) a vulg> & noisy demagogue1 ,van
 d] ,noot1 z its lead]4 ,someh[ or o!r  
!y manag$ to get toge!r at ,br$a1 rais$ 

an army1 defeat$ ! ,au/rian g>risons1 & 
drove ! ,emp]or ,joseph across ! ,meuse 
:5 he =?) di$ ( %e] disc\ragem5t4  ,!n  
foll[$ a %ort-liv$ 8republic0 eng9e]$ by
 ,van d] ,noot1 :o 0 an adh]5t ( ! new  
,fr5* ideas1 ) an attack on ! nobles :i*
 0 suffici5tly successful to br+ _! p>ty
 to an end4 ,next1 ! p[]s :o look$ mo/  
askance at ! fa/-gr[+                   
revolution--,engl&1 ,holl&1 &           
,prussia--unit$ = ! re/oration (        
,au/rian au?ority1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 &
 ! ,emp]or ,leopold ,,ii1 ) _! support1 
ass]t$1 & !n e/abli%$ 8 au?ority1       
captur+ ,namur & )9 two weeks occupy+ ! 
:ole c\ntry 7:i* accept$ him cont5t$ly  
en\gh71 driv+ ! ambiti\s advocate ) !   
revolution>y t5d5cies into a well-m]it$ 
exile4 ,au/ria tri$ hone/ly en\gh to    
conciliate ! c\ntry1 b its temp] &      
incl9ations 7 o!rwise1 s ,france 0 ask$ 
to int]v5e1 :i* %e 0 n loa? to d1 s5d+  
,dum\riez to und]take ! task4 ,badly    
beat5 at fir/1 he succe$$ f9ally at     
,valmy & ,jemappes1 & ! ,fr5*           

,revolution assum$ control4 ,! cabal (  
assass9s !n 9 p[] 9 ,p>is decre$ t      
,belgium %\ld be sav$1 b t fir/ %e mu/  
be purg$1 & a *oice assortm5t ( ?irty   
ruffians 0 s5t to ,brussels to see t ?is
 0 done4 ,a guillot9e 0 set up at once1 
& cl]ics1 nobles1 & ! weal?i] m]*ants   
became its victims1 :ile ! patriot army1
 support$ by ! local revolutioni/s1 act$
 aft] _! k9d & sack$ ! rema9+ *ur*es1   
de/roy$ religi\s h\ses1 & g5]ally       
plund]$ :atev] !y safely c\ld1 i4 e41   
:atev] 0 unable to def5d itself4        
,dum\riez c\nt5anc$ none ( ?is1 b he 0  
play+ a d\ble game1 act+ o/5sibly = !   
cabal 9 ,p>is ?\gh ) ! idea always be=e 
him t if he c\ld control ,belgium &     
conqu] ,holl& he w\ld be 9 a good       
position f :i* to turn on 8 employ]s1   
cru% !m1 & !n re/ore ! mon>*y on        
con/itutional l9es4 ,un=tunately = 8    
plans1 he 0 defeat$ by ! allies & aga9  
,au/ria won back h] insecure prov9ces4  
,%e 0 receiv$ ) ! facile en?usiasm :i*  
n[ seem$ *ronic ) ! %att]$ ,belgian "*1 

b aft] a few mon?s 0 driv5 out = ! la/  
"t :5 ,france 0 f9ally victori\s ov] !  
half-he>t$1 selfi%1 & ineffectual       
allies1 only "o ( :om1 ,engl&1 0 wag+ w>
 aga9/ ! republic ) any?+ approa*+      
s9c]ity & det]m9ation4  ,aga9 !         
,fr5*--or r ! republican faction--ent]$ 
into possession1 & unhappy ,belgium felt
 ! full =ce ( its gr9n+ hypocrisy1 its  
satanic savag]y1 & its unscrupul\s gre$4
 8,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,frat]nity0 0   
pa9t$ on ! walls1 & simultane\sly !     
c\ntry 0 robb$ ( its la/ co9s1 its laws 
& privileges 7 ov]?r[n1 its citiz5s     
depriv$ ( ev5 ! mo/ fundam5tal rights ( 
lib]ty & prop]ty1 :ile ! few rema9+     
abbeys & ca/les 7 sack$1 burn$1 & _!    
ru9s raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,alva _h be5 an   
amateur comp>$ ) ! new apo/les ( lib]ty1
 & :5 at la/ ,belgium 0 decl>$ reg5]ate 
& 0 incorporat$ 9 ! ,fr5* 8republic10   
no?+ rema9$ = incorporation except a "n1
 a memory1 & a huddle ( entirely ru9$ & 
p]fectly hopeless victims ( f\r c5turies
 ( cumulative enlight5m5t & progress4   

,( c\rse !y rebell$2 ( c\rse :ole gr\ps 
( desp]ate m5 took to ! =e/s & moors1   
robb+1 kill+1 exi/+ z be/ !y c\ld1 & (  
c\rse !y 7 cru%$ aga9 & aga92 at la/1   
h[ev]1 ,bonap>te began to br+ "s ord]   
out ( ! republican an>*y1 & conditions  
improv$4 ,:5 at la/ he proclaim$ himself
 ,emp]or ! ,belgians accept$ him ) !    
same avidity !y always _h %[n = any man 
:o promis$ "s alleviation ( _!          
intol]able suff]+s4 ,holl& 0 occupi$ &  
giv5 a k+ ( its own1 ,napoleon's bro!r  
,l\is1 :o 0 n only ! /ronge/ & f9e/ "* 9
 ! family1 b s righte\s 9 8 k+%ip & s   
:ole-he>t$ly devot$ to 8 ,dut* t he soon
 ali5at$ ! sympa?ies ( 8 imp]ial bro!r  
:ile fail+ to ga9 ^? ( 8 some:at        
difficult subjects4  ,! dream empire    
began to dissolve2 ,holl& revolt$1 & !  
,pr9ce ( ,orange 0 re/or$2 ,belgium 0   
occupi$ by ! ,allies1 :o _h got to "w   
aga91 & ! s*eme ( a new /ate1 to be =m$ 
( all ! old sev5te5 prov9ces unit$ "u ! 
,pr9ce ( ,orange1 0 br\ght =w>d aga9/ ! 
wi%es ( ! ,belgians1 :o pref]r$ !       

re/oration ( ,au/rian rule4 ,!y _h liv$ 
too close to _! ,prote/ant ,dut*        
neighb\rs & _h too ke5 a memory ( _! "* 
& habits to desire amalgamation ) !m on 
any t]ms4  ,napoleon w5t to ,elba1 came 
back1 call$ on 8 8loyal ,belgians0 to   
support him1 advanc$ into _! t]ritories1
 & at ,wat]loo lo/ ev]y?+ & melt$ away  
into hi/ory & leg5d1 leav+ ,belgium 9   
unnatural union ) ! ,dut* prov9ces1 :]e 
x rema9$ = "s fifte5 ye>s1 revolt+ 9    
#ahcj1 mak+ good its rebellion1 &       
e/abli%+ itself z an indep5d5t /ate "u !
 sov]eignty ( ,pr9ce ,leopold (         
,saxe-,cob\rg1 :o _h be5 elect$ ,k+ on !
 refusal ( ! ,duc de ,nem\rs1 fir/ *os5 
by ! victori\s provisional gov]nm5t4  ,!
 long agony 0 at an end2 x _h la/$ f    
,augu/ #bb1 #aefg1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,alva   
ent]$ ,brussels1 until ,july #ba1 #ahca1
 :5 ,leopold ,i 0 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,belgium1 
a p]iod ( two hundr$ & sixty-f\r ye>s4  
,o!r peoples & o!r /ates h be5 br\ght   
l[1 "t out ( m9d2 h suff]$1 dis9tegrat$1
 & disappe>$4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d     

ano!r in/ance1 h[ev]1 :]e s fabul\sly   
ri* a p1 & s cultivat$ )al1 s supreme 9 
_! a*ievem5t ( a l(ty & well-r\nd$      
civilisation1 h be5 call$ ^u to submit  
to s prolong$1 v>i$1 & se>*+ an assault1
 to desc5d to su* dep?s ( mis]y1 pov]ty1
 & degradation--& :o yet h pres]v$ ?r\gh
 two c5turies & a half ( agony &        
spoliation a tradition & a habit (      
righte\sness t1 :5 ! great te/ arriv$1  
blaz$ upw>d 9 sudd5 fi]c5ess (          
self-revelation to ! confusion ( new    
enemies & ! wond] ( a _w4 ,:at lies     
beyond awaits ! pro(1 b = ! mom5t ?ree  
c5turies h dropp$ away & ! old          
indep5d5ce1 ! old fe>lessness1 ! old    
hon\r ( ,bruges & ,gh5t1 ( ,lige &      
,mal9es %9e aga9 on old battle-fields ( 
new c>nage & 9 new he>ts ( old          
righte\sness4 ,! new era beg9s1 & ! _w  
waits1 confid5t ( ! issue4     ,v  ,,!  
,,glory ,,( ,a ,,great ,,art   ,,betwe5 
,p>is & ,cologne1 ,/rasb\rg & ,bruges   
lies1 9 little1 ne>ly ! :ole hi/ory (   
nor!rn ar*itecture f ,*>lemagne to ! la/

 ,l\is ( ,france1 :5 x ceas$ to be an   
art & became a fa%ion4 ,! great] "p (   
,norm&y lies1 x is true1 across ! ,se9e1
 & is1 = ! "t1 beyond our field (       
vision1 b1 b>r+ ,ca51 ar*itectural      
significance is well conc5trat$ 9 !     
triangle1 ,r\51 ,dieppe1 le ,havre4 ,!  
same is true ( ! old ,royaume ( ,france2
 ?\gh ,*>tres & ,b\rges lie to ! s\?1 ! 
beg9n+1 & 9 "s s5se ! culm9ation1 (     
,go?ic is to be f\nd betwe5 ,se9e &     
,somme4 ,9 ! ea/1 to ! ,rh9e1 we h      
practically all t ,g]many has           
contribut$1 except 9 ! lat] days ( !    
,r5aissance4  ,if we l1 we may g f>     
beyond ! dim & my/]i\s era ( ! ,c>ol+s1 
f9d+ 9 ,trves old ,roman ru9s t take u  
back f\r or five c5turies e>li]1 b !    
real hi/ory ( ?is region beg9s )        
,*>lemagne & takes u to 8 fav\rite city 
( ,aix-la-,*apelle = ! s+le1 b va/ly    
significant1 build+ left u z evid5ce ( 8
 inspiration & 8 creative p[]4 ,) ! end+
 ( ?is day-dream !re comes a great      
sil5ce1 :ile civilisation & culture     

disappe> aga91 to be re/or$ two c5turies
 lat]1 f> to ! we/1 & at ! h&s ( !      
,normans4 ,"h we f9d ,/4 ,georges de    
,bo*]ville1 ,fcamp1 & ! ine/imable &    
=gott5 ru9s ( ,jumiges4 ,= transition to
 ,go?ic we h ,s5lis1 ,soissons1 ,noyon1 
) ,laon & ,p>is z e>lie/ ,go?ic ( pure &
 consi/5t type2 ,*lons1 ,ami5s1 & ,reims
 = culm9ation1 & ,abbeville1 ,r\51      
,beauvais1 ,troyes1 & ,/rasb\rg = its   
sumptu\s decl9e4  ,f ! o!r h& we g on f 
,aix to ,cologne = ! f9e elev5?-c5tury  
"w t took up ! tale aft] ! second ,d>k  
,ages t foll[$ ! end+ ( ! empire ( !    
,c>ol+s1 ) m examples at ,laa* & 9      
,hilde%eim1 :i* also are beyond our     
survey4 ,a c5tury lat] we get ! consi/5t
 ,teutonic art ( ,trves1 ,may5ce1       
,spires1 & ,worms1 :ile ! high ,go?ic ( 
! noon ( m$ivalism is f\nd at ,cologne &
 ,/rasb\rg1 ) ! la/ ri* fantasy ( all1 9
 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 9        
,brussels & ,antw]p & ,mal9es1 9        
,c\rtrai1 ,t\rnai1 ,namur1 ,l\va91      
,gh5t1 ,ypres1 & ,bruges4 ,= ,r5aissance

 we f9d all we ne$1 & ev]y:]e2 *ur*es1  
palaces1 guild-halls1 *teaux1 dwell+s1 f
 ! fanciful transition at ,dieppe1 ,r\51
 ,gisors1 to ! sophi/icat$1             
well-condition$1 & p]fectly artificial  
re/or$ classic ( ,nancy4  ,z !re is no  
o!r c\ntry 9 ! nor?1 ( equal area1 :]e  
hi/ory has be5 made s pl5te\sly & ( su* 
v>i$ quality1 s x is ) its art1 & its   
ar*itecture 9 p>ticul>1 :i* m>ks !      
beg9n+s1 ! culm9ation1 & ! close ( !    
?ree /yli/ic p]iods ( ,*ri/ian          
civilisation 9 ! ,we/--,c>ol+ian1       
,norman1 & ,go?ic--& ?r\gh monum5ts     
s+ul>ly significant & equally notable 9 
_! p]fection4 ,x w\ld be impossible to  
quote a t5? ( !m2 !re are a hundr$ at   
lea/1 ea* ( :i* dem&s 7& _m h receiv$7 a
 volume or m1 b at lea/ we c pick ! mo/ 
priceless1 ei!r = hi/ory or beauty1 9 a 
f>ewell t may be f9al = all1 z already x
 is = su* consummate & vani%$ ma/]pieces
 z ! ,clo? ,hall at ,ypres & ! ,ca!dral 
( ,reims4  ,let u beg9 ) ,aix1 j ov] !  
,belgian  ,illu/ration3 ,,jumi,,ges     

fronti]1 ! 8,city ( ! ,great ,k+10 :]e  
culture light5$ aga9 aft] ! long night1 
& :]e1 ( all ! *ur*es & palaces ( !     
,emp]or1 only "o rema9s z evid5ce ( :at 
he did4 ,! royal *apel has be5 built    
onto & ov] & ar\nd1 b ! orig9al norm    
rema9s 9 ! %ape ( t polygonal =m )      
surr\nd+ arcades t 0 a /ep 9 !          
developm5t ( ! p]fect ,go?ic *evet4 ,to 
a great ext5t x is a replica ( ,san     
,vitale 9 ,rav5na1 & may v well h be5   
built by ! desc5dants ( ^? ,roman       
craftsm5 :o1 aft] ! fall ( ! "o-"t      
capitol ( ! _w1 s\ght refuge ei!r "u    
,byzant9e protection 9 ,rav5na or on    
,lake ,como1 :]e ! tradition is !y      
c>efully *]i%$ ! traditions & ! esot]ic 
my/]ies ( _! art1 p]petuat+ ! sl[ly fad+
 memory ?r\gh secret lodges t1 "s held1 
7 ! prog5itors ( mod]n freemasonry4  ,:5
 ! possibilities ( a new culture & a    
re/or$ civilisation reveal$ !mselves to 
! conqu]or1 :o 0 also /atesman1 patriot1
 & 7aft] 8 dim & flick]+ light7         
,*ri/ian1 two c5turies _h left ! ,we/ a 

wild]ness1 & all 0 to d ov] aga94 ,!re  
71 x seem$1 nei!r s*ol>s nor arti/s nor 
righte\s lead]s ( any sort 9 ! _w1 & !  
task mu/ h appe>$ hopeless4 ,*>lemagne1 
undaunt$1 s5t ea/ & we/1 f ,brita9 to   
,spa91 se>*+ out ^? :o1 by report1 rose 
above ! hopeless level ( b>b>ian        
m$iocrity4 ,alcu9 ( ,brita91 ,pet] (    
,pisa1 ,!odulphus1 ,h9cm>1 ,eriug5a1    
,radb]tus ,maurus1 ga!r$ ar\nd him at   
,aix1 =m+ a cultural c5tre1 re=m+ !     
,*ur*1 build+ up s*ools1 creat+ an art  
almo/ out ( no?+4  ,!re 0 little en\gh1 
?\gh ,rome _h its basilicas ( ! "t (    
,con/ant9e--,san ,paolo1 ,san ,lor5zo1  
,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore2 f ! ,ea/1 x is  
true1 travell]s br\ght back wond]+      
/ories ( ! spl5d\r ( ,ju/9ian's *ur*es1 
) ,hagia ,sophia at ! head2 9 ,rav5na 7 
! m mode/ monum5ts ( ! ,ex>*ate--,sant' 
,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 ,san ,vitale--9    
,i/ria1 at ,p>5zo & ,grado1 7 *ur*es %[+
 "s new elem5ts probably provid$ by     
,lomb>d build]s1 & ,san ,pietro1        
,toscanella /ood l a miracle1 novel1 )\t

 =ebe>s1 a new v]sion ( an anci5t !me4  
,^! are :at we h left1 & !n !re 0 m1 =  
mu* has s9ce be5 de/roy$1 b mo/ ( x lay 
f> afield1 & 9 ! nor? !re 0 no?+4 ,! "w 
( co-ord9ation 0 well p]=m$1 h[ev]1 & ! 
succession 0 re-e/abli%$2 aft] ! *apel  
at ,aix1 !re=e1 ar*itectural developm5t 
0 cont9u\s1 if mod]ate1 ?\gh any e/imate
 mu/ be dubi\s ow+ to ! almo/ complete  
de/ruction ( ! monum5ts4 ,we /ill h !   
apses ( ,sant' ,ambrogio 9 ,milan2 ,san 
,donato1 ,z>a1 ,n4 ,d4 de la ,c\ture (  
,le ,mans1 & ,monti] en ,d]1 none ( !m  
p>ticul>ly inspir+ or inspir$1 & none ) 
any h9t ( :at 0 sudd5ly to happ5 at     
,jumiges 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,t ! latt]  
build+ may n h be5 z amaz+ an innovation
 z x appe>s is indicat$ by fragm5ts &   
f\ndations ( ! "w t came betwe5 x &     
,*>lemagne1 z at ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 :]e 
! ,revolution has left u no?+ b         
f\ndations indicative ( a =m]           
sup]/ructure t may well h be5 !         
connect+-l9k1 & might h *ang$ our entire
 e/imate ( ! quality ( ! ar*itecture ( !

 second ,d>k ,ages4 ,z x is1 ?is *apel  
at ,aix /&s n only fir/ 9 ! great       
recov]y ( ! eigh? c5tury1 b almo/       
unique1 ) no successors = ne>ly ?ree    
c5turies4  ,:5 ! true dawn beg9s to     
light5 ! hills1 x is 9 ! we/ t its com+ 
is =e%[n1 9 t ,du*y ( ,norm&y1 :]e 9 a  
c5tury ! fi]ce ,vik+s1 :o _h be5 driv5 f
 ! coa/ ( ,fl&]s 9 _! =ays f ! ,baltic1 
_h become ! f9ely temp]$ mat]ial out (  
:i* 0 to be =g$1 by ! monks ( ,cluny1 a 
,ca?olic civilisation t 0 to ext5d      
itself ov] all we/]n ,europe & endure = 
five c5turies4 ,( ! ?ree great abbeys t 
7 ! c5tres f :i* radiat$ ! great        
trans=m+ =ce1 ,bec1 ,fcamp1 & ,jumiges1 
! two latt] lie on our side ( ! ,se9e1 )
 ! ?ird only t5 miles on ! o!r side1    
:ile ,/4 ,georges de ,bo*]ville1 intact 
except = its pe/il5tial re/oration1 is (
 ! same p]iod1 z is ,crisy le ,=t4 ,ca51
 ) its two abbeys ( ! ,conqu]or1        
ine/imable monum5ts ( ar*itectural      
hi/ory1 is well to ! we/1 ) ,evreux1    
,lisieux1 ,bayeux1 & ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el1 b

 we h en\gh on ! "r bank to demon/rate !
 nature & ! greatness ( ! "w accompli%$ 
by ,cluny & ! ,normans 9 a union cem5t$ 
by a vital & cresc5t ,*ri/ianity4       
,jumiges /&s fir/1 9 its =gott5 loop ( !
 ,se9e1 & is amaz+1 no less4 ,b = its   
f9e new f\rte5?-c5tury *evet1 x 01 at ! 
"t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 almo/ 9 its   
orig9al /ate1 b x 0 de/roy$ !n1 )       
,cluny1 ,avran*es1 ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 & 
o!r priceless monum5ts1 ?\gh by no means
 s completely4 ,to-day its t[]+ walls1  
ris+ above ?ick trees & gre5]y1 are     
/>tl+ly picturesque1 b _! great value   
lies 9 ! revelation !y make ( :at 0     
possible 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ian     
recov]y4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 #ajdj & f9i%$  
)9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 be+ foll[$          
imm$iately by ! abbeys ( ,ca51 z ^! 7   
foll[$ by ,/4 ,georges de ,bo*]ville4 ,!
 orig9al plan 0 9 ea* case ab\t ! same1 
! /&>d type1 orig9ally ,lat91 ) ,syrian1
 & probably ,lomb>d & ,c>ol+ian1        
developm5ts2 cruci=m1 aisl$ bo? 9 nave &
 *oir1 ! latt] be+ ( two bays only1 ) an

 apse1 b no apsidal aisle & *apels z at 
,t\rs4 ,! transepts are ( two bays on   
ei!r side ! c5tral t[]1 ! end bays hav+ 
gall]ies or tribunes1 ) a subord9ate    
apse to ! ea/1 s =m+1 9 ! l[] /age1     
small1 l[ *apels4 ,x is 9 ! work+ upw>d 
f ?is plan t ! significant developm5ts  
appe>1 & bo? "h & at ,crisy le ,=t1 we  
f9d ! ord] ( r\nd-ar*$ arcade1 high     
tri=ium ( two ar*es "u a conta9+ ar*1 & 
a s+le cl]e/ory w9d[1 ,crisy hav+ z well
 an op5 cl]e/ory arcade ( ?ree units4 ,!
 sy/em is cle>ly alt]nat+1 z 9 ,lomb>dy 
& ,tuscany1 b !re is no evid5ce t vault+
 0 ev] contemplat$2 in/ead1 ,i ?9k x    
c]ta9 t great transv]se ar*es on e o!r  
pi]1 support+ a wood5 ro(1 7 9 m9d1 aft]
 ! ,syrian fa%ion1 z x 0 lat] modifi$ at
 ,san ,m9iato 9 ,flor5ce1 a few ye>s    
be=e1 ?\gh ^! 7 c]ta9ly nev] built at   
,jumiges4 ,! we/ front1 ) its tall1     
flank+ t[]s1 is ( ! ,como type 7qu]y3   
,is ! h& ( ! ,comac9e ma/] visible "h871
 :ile all ! v]tical proportions are m   
l(ty & aspir+ ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n be=e4 

,z a matt] ( fact1 giv5 ! *evet ) its   
aisle & radiat+ *apels1 :i* 0 already   
be+ work$ out f>!r s\? by ! simple      
process ( halv+ ! ,syrian1 ,byzant9e1   
,rav5nesque1 & ,c>ol+ian polygonal *ur* 
& atta*+ ?is to ! simultane\sly develop$
 nave1 & y h all ! pot5cy ( ! ,go?ic    
sy/em1 ! high vault 7sexp>tite or       
quadrip>tite7 ) its fly+ buttresses n[  
to be work$ out at ,ca51 giv+ ! f9al    
/ructural elem5t1 :ile ! exp&+ ,ca?olic 
fai? & ! buoyant nor!rn blood 7 wov5    
toge!r to h issue 9 t ess5tially m$ival 
"* :i* 0 to trans=m ! :ole1 infus+ x ) t
 peculi> spiritual quality :i* gave its 
di/9ctive "*1 ?r\gh a new vision (      
beauty1 to ! art t _h be5 evolv$ = !    
full expression ( a ,*ri/ian            
civilisation at la/ triumphant & supreme
 ov] a dead paganism4  ,aft] ,cluny &   
,jumiges1 ,p>is1 ,b\rges1 ,*>tres1 &    
,reims are inevitable1 & ! work+ out ( a
 great de/9y is headlong & almo/        
incr$ible4 ,jumiges 0 f9i%$ 9 #ajff1 !  
ye> ( ! ,norman conque/ ( ,engl&2 ,reims

 0 begun 9 #abab4 ,)9 a space ( a c5tury
 & a half ! greate/ ar*itectural        
evolution 9 hi/ory _h tak5 place1 s e*o+
 & voic+ an equally unprec$5t$          
developm5t 9 human "* & culture4 ,9     
#ajff1 h>dly m ?an fifty ye>s _h pass$  
s9ce ,*ri/ian society em]g$ f two       
c5turies ( b>b>ism2 9 #abab x _h m\nt$  
to ! l(tie/ levels ( human a*ievem5t1 ) 
a !ology1 a philosophy1 & an art1 :atev]
 its =m1 ) :i* !re _h be5 no?+ comp>able
 9 ! pa/1 ) :i* ! a*ievem5ts t 7 to     
foll[1 z !y n[ %[ !mselves 9 ! r$ light 
( a reveal+ w>1 seem only ! insane w&]+s
 ( a disorganis$ horde4  ,! sequ5ce (   
developm5t is well work$ out ea/ ( !    
,se9e1 & at ! h&s ( ! ,franks ( !       
8,royaume10 n[ "u ! direction ( !       
,ci/]cians1 z a c5tury be=e ! ,normans  
_h be5 controll$ by ! ,cluniacs4 ,?is   
con/ant revivification ( mona/icism dur+
 cresc5t p]iods ( human gr[? is a v     
int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,app>5tly mona/icism1 
:i* has accompani$ ,*ri/ianity f its    
e>lie/ beg9n+ until to-day1 is an       

ess5tial portion ( its work+ /ructure1 &
 if y accept ,*ri/ianity 9 fact1 y _c   
escape accept+ ! 8religi\s life0 9      
pr9ciple4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t x is always
 9 un/able equilibrium1 prone to        
inevitable decad5ce1 & no ord] la/s out 
?ree g5]ations )\t los+ its b5efic5t    
en]gy4 ,:5 life is on its p]iodic upw>d 
curve1 a re=mation always occurs at !   
critical mom5t1 & !re is no loss (      
impetus2 s ! orig9al ,b5$ict9ism :i* _h 
s]v$ ,*>lemagne s well1 b _h sunk into  
worse ?an inaction1 gave place 9 !      
elev5? c5tury to ! great ,cluniac re=m1 
:i* 9 its turn 0 succe$$ by ! ,ci/]cian 
re=m1 z ?is yield$ aft] ano!r hundr$    
ye>s to ! re=m ( ,/4 ,dom9ic & ,/4      
,francis4  ,n[ ! ,romanesque art (      
,t\l\se1 ,aquita9e1 & ,burgundy1 !      
,norman ( ,norm&y & ,engl&1 ! ,rh5i% (  
,g]many1 7 l>gely ,b5$ict9e ( ! ,cluniac
 mode1 & ! /yle rapidly became          
inord9ately sumptu\s1 co/ly1 &          
magnific5t1 z at ,arles1 ,t\l\se1       
,poiti]s1 ,gla/onbury1 ,durham4 ,x has  

be5 said ( mona/ic movem5ts3 8,fir/     
g5]ation pi\s1 second g5]ation le>n$1   
?ird g5]ation decad5t40 ,c]ta9ly z !    
,b5$ict9es 9 ,france w5t on to ! twelf? 
c5tury1 _! orig9al au/]ity & f]v\r 7    
relax$1 & _! art became a ?+ ( spl5d\r z
 _! weal? & le>n+ & temporal p[]        
increas$4 ,! ,ci/]cian movem5t ( ,rob]t 
( ,molesme & ,/eph5 ,h>d+ & ,b]n>d (    
,clairvaux 0 a revolt aga9/ luxury &    
laxity1 an attempt 7z ev]7 to get back  
to ! supposititi\s simplicity ( e>li]   
times1 & 9 ! success t foll[$           
ar*itecture *ang$ completely1 ?\gh !    
end+ ( ! new /yle1 & ev5 its            
consummation1 7 diff]5t inde$ f :at !   
,ci/]cian re=ms _h desir$4  ,9 its      
beg9n+s ,go?ic ar*itecture 0 an attempt 
at economy1 ! try+ = some?+ less massive
 & ornate ?an ! great ,b5$ict9e piles ( 
in]t masonry4 ,by clev]ly develop+ a    
sy/em ( balanc$ ?ru/s1 ! %e] bulk (     
masonry 0 r$uc$ by half1 :ile att5tion 0
 drawn away f ! fa/-increas+            
ornam5tation to ! %ell itself1 :]eby a  

great ga9 0 effect$1 & ar*itecture      
became once m a /udy 9 organism1 9      
composition1 & 9 proportion4 ,go?ic is  
prim>ily ! p]fection ( exquisite        
organism1 almo/ liv+ 9 its consummate   
integrity & its s5sitive int]play (     
=ces4 ,?is p]fectly co-ord9at$ /ructure 
is1 ( c\rse1 infus$ & transfigur$ by an 
int5se s5se ( beauty1 q new 9 its =ms1 &
 giv5 a spiritual & symbolical cont5t   
peculi> to itself1 ! result be+ :at1 =  
want ( a bett] t]m1 we call ,go?ic4 ,!  
two elem5ts _c be disassociat$1 z p$ants
 feign1 =1 l all great art1 x is 9 a    
s5se sacram5tal1 & ! 8outw>d & visible  
sign0 may nev] be sep>at$ f ! 8inw>d &  
spiritual grace40,a  ,a 8,sacram5tum e/ 
corporale vel mat]iale elem5tum =is     
s5sibilit] propositum ex similitud9e    
reprs5tans1 et ex in/itutione           
significans et ex sanctificatione       
cont95s1 aliquam invisibilem et         
spiritualem gratiam40--7,hugo de ,/4    
,victoire47  ,bo? processes may be      
foll[$ ?r\gh ! great sequ5ce ( *ur*es   

betwe5 ! ,se9e1 ! ,m>ne1 & ! ,somme--or 
might h be5 a ye> ago4 ,to-day x is safe
 to po/ulate no?+ ( a dim & om9\s       
future2 we "k t mu* ( ?is galaxy has be5
 de/roy$ aft] sev5 c5turies ( c>eful    
*]i%+ ?r\gh innum]able w>s &            
revolutions4 ,t all may g is possible1 z
 ! p[] t br\ght !m into exi/5ce has     
gone1 ?\gh 9 ?is case only = a "t4      
,once1 h[ev]1 ! great & triumphal       
progress f ,jumiges ?r\gh ,noyon1       
,s5lis1 ,/4 ,d5is1 ,laon1 ,p>is1 ,ami5s1
 to its f9al a*ievem5t at ,reims1 0 a   
complete & visible record ( ! greate/ & 
mo/ headlong advance t[>d ! real ?+s 9  
,*ri/ian civilisation by means ( ! real 
?+s 9 ,*ri/ian civilisation hi/ory has  
ev] record$4 ,five ( ^!--,s5lis1 ,noyon1
 ,laon1 ,ami5s1 & ,reims lie ei!r )9 !  
battle l9es t h ma9ta9$ !mselves s long1
 or at lea/ )9 s\nd ( ! guns2 "o has be5
 de/roy$--,reims2 "o ?us f>             
pres]v$--,ami5s4 ,! fate ( ! o!rs is 9  
d\bt1 toge!r ) t ( all ! l&s t lie to ! 
ea/1 & ! dang] ( irrep>able loss is     

great] ?an ev] be=e s9ce ! ,fr5*        
,revolution4  ,!re 0 no bett] place ?an 
?is once-lovely region1 n[ hidd5 f view 
9 ! lurid smoke & ! poison$ fumes ( a   
new & demoniac sort ( w>1 9 :i* to wat* 
! swift gr[? to a spl5did               
self-consci\sness ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 
,! elem5ts ( ,go?ic organism _h be5     
develop$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury by ! great   
,cluniac-,norman alliance1 b ?is 0 only 
a beg9n+2 ,go?ic quality 0 /ill to be   
a*iev$1 & ?is consi/$ l>gely 9 ?ree     
elem5ts--cohesion1 economy1 & "*4 ,!    
fir/ means ! syn!tic knitt+ ( ev]y?+    
toge!r1 & ! giv+ x dynamic p[] to       
develop f )9 outw>d2 x means mak+       
/ructure absolutely c5tral &            
compreh5sive1 b also beautiful2 ornam5t1
 decoration1 rema9+ some?+ add$ to x1   
some?+ ( ! b5e esse1 ?\gh n ( ! esse2   
d]iv+ f x 9 e in/ance1 b n necess>y to  
its p]fection4 ,! second is ! r$uc+ (   
mass to its logical & /ructural 7& also 
optical7 m9imum1 br++ into play ! =ces (
 accommodation1 balance1 & active1 z    

oppos$ to passive1 resi/ance4 ,! ?ird is
 ! h>de/ to describe or det]m9e1 &      
probably c only be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh        
comp>ison4 ,x is ! diff]5tiation 9      
quality1 !  ,illu/ration3 ,,laon        
det]m9ation ( p]sonality1 & x is h>dly  
to be def9$1 ?\gh x is in/antly p]ceiv$4
  ,9 ! ,abbaye aux ,hommes1 or ,crisy1  
or ,/4 ,georges de ,bo*]ville1 we f9d   
great maje/y & beauty1 _m elem5ts t are 
di/9ctive ( true ,go?ic "w & p]si/ ?r\gh
 its entire c\rse1 b none ( ^! build+s  
is actually ,go?ic4 ,9 ,/4 ,g]m] de     
,fly1 h[ev]1 & 9 ,s5s & ,noyon1 :ile !re
 seems at fir/ little diff]5tiation f ! 
o!rs1 ! ,go?ic _s has f\nd itself & is  
already work+ rapidly t[>d its          
consummation4  ,( ! condition ( ,noyon  
at ! pres5t "t we "k little2 ( :at ?is  
may be 9 a few mon?s' "t we "k less4 ,! 
t[n itself 0 ( ! olde/1 its f\ndation   
be+ ,roman1 & )9 its walls ,*ilp]ic 0   
buri$ 9 #gba1 :ile ,*>lemagne 0 cr[n$   
,k+ ( ! ,franks ab\t ?irty ye>s be=e he 
became ,emp]or1 & ,hugh1 fir/ ( !       

,capetian dyna/y1 0 "h *os5 k+ 9 #ihg4  
,incid5tally1 ! t[n 0 also ! bir?place (
 ,john ,calv94 ,! anci5t ca!dral 0 burn$
 9 #aaca & ! pres5t "w begun %ortly     
aft]1 ?\gh x is h>d to believe t mu* ( !
 exi/+ /ructure ant$ates ! ye> #aaej4 ,!
 cross+ & transepts date f ab\t #aagj1 !
 nave ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 :ile ! we/     
front & t[]s are ( ! e>ly "p ( ! next   
c5tury4 ,! c]ta9ty & calm assurance ( ! 
"w is rem>kable4 ,p>is1 :i* is lat]1 is 
full ( t5tative exp]im5ts1 b !re is no  
halt+ "h1 r a s]5e c]ta9ty ( t\* t is   
p]fectly conv9c+4 ,! plan is curi\s 9 t 
x has transepts ) apsidal ends1 aft] !  
fa%ion ( ,rh5i% ,romanesque1 "o ( ! few 
in/ances 9 ,france4 ,! alt]nat+ sy/em is
 us$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! vault 0 orig9ally     
sexp>tite2 ! int]ior ord] consi/s ( a l[
 arcade1 high tri=ium1 tri=ium gall]y1 &
 a cl]e/ory compris$ :olly )9 ! vault   
l9es2 r\nd & po9t$ ar*es are us$        
indiscrim9ately1 & ! fly+ buttresses are
 p]haps ! e>lie/ t em]g$ f ! protection 
( ! tri=ium ro(s4 ,9 ! *oir1 :i* is     

e>lie/ 9 date1 ! ornam5t is rude1 ev5   
rudim5t>y1 ?\gh di/9ctly ,go?ic 9 =m1 b 
9 ! nave tw5ty ye>s has s]v$ to *ange   
?is into "w ( ! mo/ brilliant &         
classical beauty4 ,9 #abic ! :ole t[n 0 
de/roy$ by fire1 & ! ca!dral wreck$2 x 0
 imm$iately recon/ruct$1 h[ev]1 & at ?is
 "t ! sexp>tite gave place to           
quadrip>tite vault+1 :ile ! we/ front1 )
 its great t[]s1 v noble 9 _!           
proportions & _! p[]ful buttress+1 0    
complet$4 ,?is rebuild+ & ! loss ( all !
 orig9al glass has left ,noyon less     
p]fect ?an _m ( ! neighb\r+ *ur*es1 b x 
/ill rema9$ a grave & /rik+ly solemn    
example ( ! transition4  ,n f> away1 pa/
 ! huge & =midable ru9s ( ,c\cy1 !      
greate/ ca/le ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ^:     
lords haughtily proclaim$1 8,roi ne     
suys1 ne pr9ce1 ne duc1 ne comte aussi3 
,je suys le ,sire de ,c\cy10 is ,laon on
 its sudd5 hill4 ,h[ great ! loss has   
be5 "h we d n "k1 b ! t[n has be5       
frequ5tly "u ,g]man bomb>dm5t1 & ! end  
is n yet4 ,laon is unique1 a ma/]ly "w (

 curi\s vitality1 orig9al1 d>+1 & ev5   
rebelli\s aga9/ a gr[+ tradition4 ,9 !  
,middle ,ages x 0 va/ly admir$1 b to u (
 a day m dull & timor\s 9 ar*itecture1  
because we h no art ( our own & h f\nd s
 little 9 life f :i* we c\ld draw an    
inspiration1 x is less safe & satisfy+  
?an su* coh]5t & s*ola/ic "w z ,ami5s or
 ,reims4 ,begun ab\t #aafe1 x 0 f9i%$ 9 
#abbe1 ! gr[? be+ f ! cross+ 9 all      
directions1 = n only is ! amaz+ we/     
front ( ! c5tral p]iod ( ,go?ic         
p]fection1 b ! *oir z well1 = ! unique  
squ>e t]m9ation takes ! place ( a regul>
 *evet :i* 0 "p ( ! orig9al design4 ,?is
 squ>e-end$ *oir is ! only "o 9 ,france1
 & is ?or\ghly ,engli% 9 effect2        
moreov]1 ! transepts h aisles & are !   
fir/ 9 ,france to be s f9i%$1 :ile !y h 
tribunes at ! ends aft] ! ,norman       
fa%ion1 & !re is a c5tral t[] or lant]n 
z well4 ,! t[]s ( ,laon are its di/+ui%+
 glory1 = !re are five 9 all1 out ( an  
orig9al sev51 all incomplete1 n "o      
reta9+ its spire1 b /rik+ & imm5sely    

individual4 ,! int]ior organism is n    
:olly coh]5t1 = :ile ! vault+ is        
sexp>tite ?r\gh\t1 ! sy/em is regul>1 & 
0 z manife/ly int5d$ = quadrip>tite     
vault+ z ,noyon = sexp>tite4 ,! we/     
front is va/ly picturesque1 if some:at  
incoh]5t1 & is cle>ly a gr[? f ye> to   
ye>2 x lacks bo? ! sublime calm & gr&eur
 ( ,p>is & ! faultless organism (       
,reims1 b its detail is z brilliantly   
conceiv$ z any 9 ,france1 :ile its c>v+s
 & sculptures are 9 ! same class z ! be/
 ( ,hellas4 ,9 ! tops ( ! t[]s are !    
well-kn[n /one effigies ( ox51 plac$ !re
 by ! build]s 9 recognition ( ! pati5t  
s]vice ( ! bea/s t ye> aft] ye> help$   
drag ! heavy /ones f ! pla9 to ! top ( !
 hill :]e ! ca!dral /&s4  ,9 & ar\nd    
,laon 7 once innum]able religi\s h\ses1 
b ne>ly all _! *ur*es 7 de/roy$ dur+ !  
,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* annihilat$ m     
noble art 9 five ye>s ?an _h happ5$ 9   
five c5turies4 ,/4 ,m>t9 rema9s1 & is ( 
! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 b ! *ur* ( !
 ,abbey ( ,/4 ,v9c5t is :olly de/roy$4  

,s\? ( ,laon1 & ab\t z f> away z ,noyon1
 lies ,soissons1 an anci5t t[n1 fam\s 9 
hi/ory1 & conta9+1 until ! w>1 ano!r    
ma/]piece ( m$ival art1 ! ca!dral1 :i*  
already has be5 made ! t>get ( ,g]man   
%ells1 & has suff]$ s]i\sly4 ,z a city1 
x ant$at$ ! ,roman occupation1 0        
,*ri/ianis$ t[>d ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 
became a capital ( ! ,m]ov+s1 & a       
notable city ( ! ,c>ol+ian dyna/y4 ,!   
s\? transept is ! olde/ "p1 & dates f   
ab\t #aage1 ! *oir 0 f9i%$ 9 #abab1 !   
nor? transept & nave ab\t #abej4 ,port] 
says ( ! s\? transept3 8,?is portion (  
,soissons1 "o ( ! mo/ e!real ( all      
twelf?-c5tury designs1 is ! highe/      
expression ( t fairy-l1 ,s>ac5ic phase (
 ,go?ic art t _h fir/ come into be+ at  
,noyon4 ,l ,noyon1 h[ev]1 ?is transept  
lacks ! elem5ts ( gr&eur :i* are f\nd 9 
s /rik+ a degree 9 ! nave & *oir ( ?is  
same *ur* ( ,soissons40 ,! nave & *oir  
are inde$ among/ ! noble/ creations (   
,ca?olic art2 = ju/ness & delicacy (    
proportions1 ref9em5t ( l9e1 re/ra9t 9 !

 plac+ & det]m9ation ( ornam5t1         
,soissons ranks ) ,*>tres & ,b\rges4 ,! 
ri*ness ( its v]tical l9es is unusual1 !
 m\ld+s cle>1 p[]ful1 & di/+ui%$ 9      
cont\r1 & altoge!r x has well s]v$ =    
ne>ly sev5 c5turies z a p]fect exempl> (
 ! ,*ri/ian art ( ,france z its highe/  
po9t4  ,already x has be5 appall+ly     
%att]$1 "o %ell hav+ /ruck ! ro( ( !    
nor? aisle1 hurl+ "o ( ! nave %afts into
 fragm5ts & oblit]at+ an entire bay4    
,?us f> x has be5 sp>$ a conflagration1 
& if ! ,prussian l9es are promptly =c$  
back1 x may /ill be pres]v$ z a wond] = 
/ill fur!r g5]ations4  ,s f> z !        
numb]less o!r great *ur*es ( ,soissons  
are conc]n$1 x has = long be5 too late2 
!y p]i%$1 ) unc\nt$ o!rs 9 ?is region1  
at ! "t ( ! ,revolution4 ,( ! va/ abbey 
( ,/4 ,jean-des-,vignes no?+ rema9s b ! 
sumptu\s we/ front1 cut cle> l an       
ar*itectural 8frontispiece0 f all ! re/1
 & ev5 ?is has be5 fur!r %att]$ by      
,g]man gunfire4 ,! royal abbey ( ,our   
,lady has become a milit>y b>racks1 ,/4 

,crep91 ,/4 ,m$>d ) its fam\s sev5      
*ur*es1 all h vani%$1 & ! loss is       
irrep>able4  ,ne>] ,p>is we f9d ,s5lis1 
a fur!r /ep 9 ar*itectural developm5t4  
,! t[n itself is *>m+1 & full ( old art 
& old hi/ory4 ,roman walls1 ) sixte5    
t[]s1 /ill rema91 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( a 
royal palace ( ! ,fr5* k+s1 f ,clovis to
 ,h5ri ,,iv1 ) anci5t h\ses1 picturesque
 /reets1 desecrat$ *ur*es1 & mona/ic    
ru9s1 su* z ^? ( ! ,abbey ( ,victory1   
f\nd$ by ,philip ,augu/us aft] ! battle 
( ,b\v9es1 & wreck$1 ( c\rse1 dur+ !    
,revolution4  ,! ca!dral is curi\s &    
fasc9at+4 ,set out 9 #aaee on enorm\s   
l9es1 x 0 curtail$ bo? 9 height & l5g?  
?r\gh ! failure ( adequate funds4 ,x has
 be5 rebuilt1 ext5d$1 supplem5t$1 c5tury
 aft] c5tury1 until x has become almo/  
an epitome ( ,fr5* ar*itecture f !      
middle ( ! twelf? to ! middle ( !       
sixte5? c5tury4 ,! s\?we/ t[] 7its mate 
is unf9i%$7 is ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury       
culm9ation1 & surpass$ by no o!r spire 9
 ,france = subtlety ( composition &     

p]fection ( detail4 ,"o ( its crocket$  
p9nacles has already be5 %ot away1 b    
app>5tly fur!r dang] is well remov$1 & w
 become progressively less ?reat5+ z !  
,prussian l9es are driv5 back4  ,x is1 (
 c\rse1 q impossible ev5 to note all !  
ar*itectural monum5ts betwe5 ! ,se9e & !
 fronti]s ( ,belgium4 ,p>is mu/ be :olly
 left out1 = ,/4 ,d5is1 ,/4 ,g]ma9      
l',aux]ois1 ,notre ,dame1 & ! ,/e4      
,*apelle w\ld ju/ly require a volume to 
!mselves4 ,r\51 ) its ca!dral1 ,/4 ,ou51
 ,/4 ,macl\1 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 ri* )
 all ! lace & embroid]y ( ! flamboyant  
p]iod1 lies n[ well beyond dang]1 & s   
does ,beauvais1 :]e ! nemesis ( worldly 
pride ov]took ! lagg+ spiritual impulse 
t _h made ! ,middle ,ages ! climax (    
,*ri/ian civilisation4 ,*lons-sur-,m>ne1
 once ?reat5$1 is n[ repriev$1 & its    
,illu/ration3 ,,beauvais  ca!dral1 its  
*ur*es ( ,/4 ,jean & ,/4 ,l\p1 & its    
noble & di/+ui%$ ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady are 
safe = ano!r p]iod4  ,ap>t f ! great    
ar*itectural monum5ts are numb]less o!rs

 invaluable 9 ar*ology1 & =m+ l9ks 9 !  
great ,go?ic developm5t3 ,/4 ,eti5ne (  
,beauvais1 ,/4 ,leu d',ess]5t1          
,mori5val1 ,bury1 ,/4 ,g]m]1 & ,/4 ,remi
 ( ,reims--! la/ valuable beyond        
e/imate1 ) an apse t 0 unp>allel$ z a   
ma/]piece ( transitional "w :5 ,go?ic 0 
9 its fir/ & f9e/ e/ate1 n[ wreck$ &    
desecrat$ by %ells t h bur/ its vaults  
into crumbl$ fragm5ts & hurl$ its p]fect
 w9d[s 9 %[]s ( spl9t]$ glass to !      
pavem5ts heap$ high ) ! wreck ( masonry 
& ( dismemb]$ alt>s4  ,& z 9 ! case ( ! 
great *ur*es1 s 9 t ( ! small1 f        
,braisne to ,caudebec1 !y _c ev5 be     
catalogu$4 ,! :ole region 01 & is1 "o ( 
wond]ful little p>i% *ur*es1 ( all      
p]iods1 & _m ( !m are n[ only %apeless  
ru9s4 ,! great abbeys & small] religi\s 
h\ses are practically gone1 scores hav+ 
fall5 prey to ! insane fury ( !         
,revolution or ! sordid secul>ism ( !   
,re/oration4 ,:at we h lo/ may be se5 f 
c\ntless su* lovely & pa!tic fragm5ts z 
,/4 ,w&rille1 ne> ,caudebec1 giv5 a new 

fame ?r\gh ! "n ( ,maet]l9ck1 & s l9k$ )
 ! great] m>tyrdom ( ,belgium 9 ^! la/  
days4 ,?is1 l its myriad companions1 0  
ar*itecture ( ! mo/ s+ul> beauty1 ! loss
 ( :i* leaves ! _w poor1 s poor1 inde$1 
t x _h at fir/ no?+ :]e) to meet ! la/  
assault ( ! enemy4 ,! loss is be+ made  
good1 ! p5alty already is paid1 & ?\gh  
"o c\ld n--"o w\ld n--re/ore or rebuild 
^! sil5t fragm5ts ( exquisitely wr\ght  
/one1 me%$ 9 tall trees & clamb]+ v9es1 
! vision is possible ( new f\ndations1  
equal 9 numb] to ^! t are gone1 ea* an  
expiation & a spiritual gu>d1 ea* mak+  
late rep>ation = ! pa/1 gu>antee+ a     
future immunity f p]ils ( ! same nature 
z ^? t n[ %ake ! _w4     ,,vi  ,,ami5s  
,,& ,,reims   ,two monum5ts !re are to !
 ea/ ( ! ,se9e t =m ! realisation ( !   
dim b dom9ant ideal t[>d :i* ,*ri/ian   
society 9 ,france 0 t5d+ ev5 f ! days ( 
,/4 ,g]m] & ,jumiges1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate
 & progressive /eps ( ,noyon1 ,soissons1
 ,laon-,ami5s1 & ,reims4 ,equal 9 fame1 
c\nt+ no o!rs 9 _! own category save    

only ,*>tres & ,b\rges1 ! "o rema9s1 !  
o!r has pass$ = ev]4  ,x is a /range    
s5sation = u to-day to wat* f af> ! sl[ 
& implacable de/ruction ( "o ( ! greate/
 works ( art 9 ! _w1 = we mu/ g back m  
?an a c5tury to f9d any cata/rophe ( a  
simil> nature4 ,:at happ5$ !n1 :5 half a
 hundr$ ma/]pieces ( div9ely direct$    
human intellig5ce & aspiration 7 r$uc$  
to scrap-heaps at ! h&s ( revolution1 is
 v f> away1 & ! irrep>able loss is z    
unkn[n to-day z x 0 unappreciat$ !n4 ,we
 c no m recon/ruct = our und]/&+ ,cluny1
 ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 or ,avran*es ?an we 
c re/ore ! catalogue ( ! ,alex&rian     
libr>y2 m]cifully we _c e/imate our     
loss4 ,back ( ?is era ( annihilation we 
mu/ g two c5turies be=e we f9d 9 ,engl& 
"u ,h5ry ,,viii a simil> episode (      
infamy4 ,! case ( ,reims is :olly       
diff]5t2 !re are t5s ( ?\s&s :o knew x =
 :at x 0--! cr[n+ manife/ation ( a cr[n+
 civilisation1 & = !m ! loss is p]sonal1
 poignant1 & unexampl$1 a horror t      
sophi/ry _c palliate nor "t de/roy4  ,( 

! two great *ur*es1 ,ami5s c\ld m easily
 h be5 sp>$4 ,! ^w is ill *os52 ,ami5s 9
 ru9s1 its exquisite faade ) its p]fect 
sculptures se>$ & %att]$ by bur/+ %ells 
& consum+ fire1 w\ld h be5 a cata/rophe 
t c\ld only put to ! te/ ! mo/ /oical   
=titude1 b--x is nei!r ,*>tres nor      
,b\rges nor ,reims1 & simply because !  
p]fect balance betwe5 all possible      
elem5ts 9 great ar*itecture is "h       
trembl+ t[>d its ov]?r[4 ,go?ic art _h  
?ree controll+ =ces work+ t[>d an       
unatta9able p]fection2 /ructural        
integrity irradiat$ by consummate       
inv5tion & an almo/ div9e creative      
g5ius2 passion = t exalt$ beauty t is   
un*angeable & et]nal1 express$ ?r\gh new
 =ms at once nor!rn & ,ca?olic2 ! j     
balance & intimate int]play ( ^! two    
impulses4 ,its virtues1 l all virtues1 7
 mo/ easily transmut$ into vices1 once !
 controll+ balance 0 ov]?r[n1 & ea* 01 9
 its /imulat+ possibilities1 a con/ant &
 irresi/ible temptation t[>d excess4 ,9 
,reims1 ! beg9n+s ( :i* ant$ate ,ami5s  

by only a decade1 ! balance rema9s true 
& firm2 9 ,ami5s we see ! fir/ fatal    
/eps 9 ! developm5t ( a purely human 7& 
notably ,fr5*7 logic1 t[>d t            
intellectual pride1 t almo/ arrogance ( 
self-confid5ce1 t f\nd its nemesis 9 !  
un/able m>vel ( ,beauvais4  ,9 an       
admirable b anonym\s little book call$  
8,"s ,fr5* ,ca!drals10 ! au?or says3    
8,fr5* ,go?ic 0 mo/ rational & mo/      
beautiful :ile x /ill rememb]$ its      
,romanesque orig94 ,at ,ami5s x 0 j     
beg9n+ to =get t & to lose itself 9     
dreams ( an impossible romance :i* *ang$
 x f ar*itecture into a v wond]ful k9d (
 ornam5tal eng9e]+40 ,?is subtle &      
significant *ange y feel ev]y:]e except 
9 ! inimitable faade4 ,! int]ior is too 
high1 ! masonry too wire-drawn & t5u\s1 
! *evet too giddy & insecure4 ,x is true
 t all b ! we/ front has be5 impossibly 
re/or$1 s t outw>dly little rema9s ( !  
orig9al "w1 :ile ! glass is gone f all b
 ! ambulatory w9d[s1 leav+ ! nave a cold
 blaze ( intol]able light4 ,nev]!less1 !

 fundam5tal fault is !re2 ! ar*itect    
intrudes himself 9 place ( ! dvot1 !    
craft ( man supplants ! guid+ ( ,god2 s 
we h "o ( ! mo/ te*nically p]fect (     
ca!drals1 & "o ( ! lea/ inspir$2 y mu/ g
 to ! ,rh9e to f9d1 9 ,cologne1 a m     
self-consci\s & s]5ely satisfi$ "w1 & x 
is well to make ?is comp>ison1 = by s   
do+ y realise ! real greatness ( ,ami5s1
 & h[ x fails only 9 comp>ison ) ! ?ree 
p]fect examples ( an art t :olly        
expresses ! great concept ( m$ival      
,ca?olic philosophy1 t 9 life1 z we "k  
x1 mat]ial & spiritual are insep>able1 t
 _! j balance is ! true end ( man 9 ?is 
phase ( exi/5ce1 & t !re=e sacram5talism
 is ( ! esse ( religion1 & z well ! law 
( life4  ,z a :ole1 bo? f )9 & )\t1     
,ami5s 9 a measure fails1 b ?is does n  
hold  ,illu/ration3 ,,ami5s  ( its      
sev]al p>ts4 ,! we/ front is /ill a     
ma/]piece ( consummate & :olly orig9al  
design1 ?\gh ! t[]s h be5 incongru\sly  
7b engag+ly7 t]m9at$ 9 lat] c5turies4 ,!
 ?ree great doors1 ! fir/ & second      

arcades1 & ! rose-w9d[ /ory conta9 m    
brilliant1 spirit$1 +5i\s1 & )al        
beautiful design ?an any simil> "w 9 !  
_w1 :ile ! ornam5t 7!re is a wild-rose  
bord] ar\nd ! ar*ivolts ( ! great por*es
 t f9ds no rival 9 ,greece7 & !         
sculptures rea* a level ( decorative &  
emotional significance t m>ks ! "t ( _! 
production z ! cr[n+ mom5t 9 human      
culture & 9 ,*ri/ian civilisation4  ,we 
turn to ,reims--we turn n[ 9 rev]5ce to 
! memory ( ,reims--9 a diff]5t _s4 ,ma/]
 ,rob]t ( ,luz>*es 0 a ma/]1 & knew x4  
,ma/] ,rob]t ( ,c\cy 0 ! s]vant ( a ,"l 
:o 0 great] ?an he1 & knew ?is also1 & 0
 pr\d ( 8 s]vice4 ,he 0 j z great an    
ar*itect z 8 bro!r ( ,ami5s1 b he work$ 
9 a godly fe>1 & s he built ! noble/    
*ur* 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,?is is n to say t its
 nave ord] is equal to ,*>tres1 its     
rhy?m & composition equal to ,b\rges4 ,9
 e great *ur* f #aage to #abbe !re is "s
 "o elem5t or m t is f9al & unexcell$1 b
 at ,reims !re 0 a great consi/5cy1 a   
noble & all-embrac+ compet5ce1 t plac$ x

 9 a class by itself4  ,reims 0 )\t a   
fault2 p]haps ?is made its appeal less  
poignant & se>*+ ?an t ( ! eag] &       
sometimes less-p]fect ef=ts ( m5 m human
 9 _! inadequacies4 ,man is ! creature t
 tries1 & x is p]haps only human to feel
 a rev]5ce t less5s affection = ^? :o   
seem to transc5d ! limits t are set to  
human accompli%m5t4  ,e o!r ca!dral 9   
,france is a spl5did *ronicle1 a record 
( *ang+ times1 *ang+ endeav\rs1 *ang+   
impulses4 ,m5 ( v>y+ p]sonalities h     
wr\ght out _! ideals1 ye> aft] ye>1 & ! 
result is 9 ea* case a great sequ5ce1 a 
glori\s approximation4 ,reims 0 begun 9 
#abaa1 on ! fir/ anniv]s>y ( ! burn+ (  
its pr$ecessor1 & x 0 f9i%$1 manife/ly 9
 accordance ) an orig9al & pr$et]m9$    
design1 )9 fifty ye>s4 ,! ?ree gables & 
! upp] /ories ( ! we/]n t[]s are a      
c5tury lat]1 o!rwise ! "w is consi/5t & 
a s+le conception4 ,! great ideal       
compris$ a cr[n+ gr\p ( sev5 t[]s1 ea* )
 its sl5d] spire1 none ( :i* 0 ev]      
complet$1 & _h ?is maje/ic s*eme be5    

c>ri$ out1 ! *ur* w\ld h be5 ! mo/      
complete1 z x 0 ! mo/ p]fect1 ( !       
ar*itectural manife/ations (            
,*ri/ianity4  ,x is impossible to       
analyse ,reims1 to describe its vital & 
exquisite organism1 to laud its         
impeccable scale1 its vivid & /imulat+  
orig9ality1 to expla9 ! almo/ incr$ible 
compet5ce & beauty ( its buttress+1 !   
s]5e delicacy ( its detail1 to dwell    
once m on ! glory ( its sculpture t     
rank$ ) t ( ,greece1 on ! spl5d\r ( its 
glass t 0 rivall$ only at ,*>tres4 ,x is
 impossible to d ?is n[1 = its pass+ has
 be5 too rec5t & too griev\s4 ,dea? br+s
 sil5ce = a "t to ^? t knew ! dead4  ,9 
ano!r *apt] ,i h tri$ to say some?+ ( ! 
sculpture ( ,reims1 a cr[n+ glory :]e   
all 0 glori\s1 b sculpture does n mean !
 human figure alone2 x cov]$ 9 ! ,middle
 ,ages all =ms ( beauty *isell$ out (   
/one & m>ble1 & ! man :o wr\ght !       
wild-rose design on ! ar*ivolts ( ,ami5s
 0 j z great an arti/ z he :o fa%ion$ ! 
,virg9 ( ! s\? transept1 or ! 8,beau    

,dieu02 p]haps he 0 ! same man4 ,go?ic  
8ornam5t0 is q z beautiful z are ,go?ic 
sa9ts & angels1 & "h at ,reims ! /one   
c>v+ 0 ( ! f9e/4 ,e space (             
ornam5t--capital1 crocket1 boss1 frieze1
 & /r+-c\rse--0 a comb9ation ( ^! great 
elem5ts3 ar*itectural self-re/ra9t &    
id5tity ) ! "w z a :ole1 passionate love
 = all ! beautiful ?+s 9 nature1 joy 9  
do+ ev]y?+1 ev5 ! cutt+ ( unse5         
surfaces1 j z well z man c\ld d ! "w4 ,x
 is n bett] ?an ! ornam5t ( ,ami5s or   
,*>tres2 9 "s passages ,ami5s seems to h
 a*iev$ ! highe/ atta9able po9t1 b x is 
( ! same quality1 & t is en\gh glory =  
any *ur*4  ,mo/ ( ?is inimitable art    
already has be5 bla/$ & calc9$ away1 & !
 same fate has ov]tak5 ! glass4 ,"h 0 an
 a*ievem5t ( ! highe/ 9 an art ( ! be/4 
,9 ! light 7lit]ally7 ( ! /a9$ glass (  
our own times1 we _h f\nd "s difficulty 
9 realis+ t ?is 0 an art at all1 b x    
ne$$ only a visit to ,*>tres or ,reims =
 enlight5m5t to come to u4 ,at ,*>tres1 
9 ! v e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x 

rea*$ its  ,illu/ration3 ,,reims        
culm9ation2 !re is no great] glass      
any:]e ?an ?is1 almo/ no great] art1 &  
,reims1 :ile less complete 7! aisle     
w9d[s 7 :olly remov$ by eighte5?-c5tury 
canons on ! score ( an add$             
8*e]fulness071 0 ( ! same s*ool1 ?\gh   
lat] & j pa/ ! cre/+ ( ! wave4 ,if x    
lack$ ! une>?ly cl>ity & div9e radiance 
( ! we/]n lancets1 & ! 8,belle ,v]rire0 
( ,*>tres1 x _h qualities ( its own1    
p>ticul>ly its mo/ glori\s azures &     
rubies1 t all[$ no rival1 & x easily    
rank$ ) ,*>tres & ,b\rges & ,poiti]s z  
manife/+ ! possibilities ( a noble art1 
& a lo/ art1 at its highe/ po9t (       
a*ievem5t4  ,s f> z c be le>n$1 all ?is 
has p]i%$ & x _c be re/or$4 ,x lies 9   
%iv]$ heaps :]e x has fall5 & ! *apt] ( 
! glass ( ,reims is clos$4  ,f\r mon?s  
ago ! ru9 already 0 irrep>able1 & s9ce  
!n bomb>dm5ts h be5 frequ5t & m]ciless1 
nor has ! enemy z yet be5 driv5 beyond !
 range ( gun-fire4 ,:e!r ev5 ! %att]$ & 
crumbl+ fabric--:]efrom all c>v+1 all   

detail1 all glass1 all sculpture has be5
 burn$ & bla/$ away--survives 9 ! end1  
none c =etell2 b "o ?+ is sure1 & t is t
 no 8re/oration0 mu/ ev] be attempt$4   
,if en\gh rema9s s t c>eful h&s may     
pres]ve x f dis9tegration & make x      
available = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 well &     
good1 s long z no imitations1 :e!r 9    
/one or metal or glass1 are intrud$ to  
mock its vani%$ glory & oblit]ate =     
future g5]ations ! record ( an indelible
 crime4 ,= sev5 c5turies its beauty &   
its p]fection h spok5 to succe$+        
g5]ations1 ea* less will+ to li/5 ?an ! 
la/4 ,9 its ru9 & its deva/ation x w    
speak m cle>ly & to m will+ e>s1 ?an 9  
any pret5ti\s rehabilitation4  ,to !    
sordid wick$ness ( its de/ruction has   
be5 add$ ! insult ( ,prussian promises (
 complete re/oration--a cata/rophe t    
w\ld cr[n ! fir/ ) a great] & m         
contemptible indignity4 ,in/ead1 let    
,reims rema9 z x is left1 & !n1 9 ,p>is1
 let ,france1 reg5]at$ & r$eem$1 z      
already has glori\sly happ5$1 make = ev]

 visible h] re/oration1 ?r\gh blood &   
suff]+1 to h] old ideals1 by c>ry+ out  
h] v[ to build 9 hon\r ( ,/e4 ,jeanne   
d',arc a great new *ur*1 raise a new    
,reims1 l ! old 9 plan & =m & dim5sions4
 ,n a copy1 b a revival1 ) ! old ideals1
 ! old motives1 ! old self-consecration2
 diff]5t1 z ! new mu/ diff] f ! old1 b  
ak9 9 _s & 9 tru?4  ,if "o only knew h[ 
to int]pret x1 !re is "s my/]i\s        
significance 9 ! c5tr+ ( ! w> ( ! _w    
ar\nd ,reims & 9 ! p]si/5t & successful 
ef=ts ( ! ,prussians to raze x to !     
gr\nd4 ,sev5 c5turies ago ! my/ics ( ,/4
 ,victor w\ld h read ! riddle1 b = too  
long n[ we h be5 out ( temp] ) symbolism
 & too av]se to ! acceptance ( signs &  
port5ts to be able to see ev5 dimly !   
correspond5ces & ! significance ( ^?    
human happ5+s t are actually outside    
human control4 ,9 a way ,reims 0 !      
anci5t he>t ( ,france1 z ,p>is is n1 & x
 always 0 a sacr$ city above all o!rs--&
 sacr$ x is n[ z nev] be=e4 ,x 0 "h t ! 
,*ri/ianis+ ( ! ,franks 0 seal$ by !    

baptism ( ,clovis1 ,a4 ,d4 #dif1 by ,/4 
,remi1 ! canonis$ bi%op :o occupi$ ! see
 = sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,! cr[n+ ( k+s 7e  
sov]eign b f\r = a p]iod ( fifte5 hundr$
 ye>s came "h = 8 coronation71 !        
assembl+ ( great c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 !   
b5efic5t activities ( univ]sities &     
s*ools ( philosophy 7 all commonplaces (
 ! life ( ! city1 :ile x 0 "h t ,/e4    
,jeanne d',arc f9ally discomfit$ !      
,engli% & l$ h] ,k+ to 8 cr[n+ 9 ! *ur* 
t is n[ de/roy$4  ,"t & aga9 ! city has 
be5 deva/at$1 f ! ,v&als ( #cib to ^? ( 
#aiad4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution its *ur*es   
suff]$ bitt]ly2 ! ca!dral & ,/4 ,remi1  
until !n1 7 ri* ) unnumb]$ %r9es1 alt>s1
 /atues1 tombs1 :ile cloi/]s & religi\s 
build+s ( _m k9ds surr\nd$ !m on all    
sides4 ,all ?is weal? ( ho>d$ art t     
express$ ! piety & culture ( c5turies 0 
swept away1 ev5 to ! sacr$ ampulla (    
holy oil1 pi\sly believ$ to h be5 br\ght
 by a dove = ! consecration ( ,clovis & 
ev] aft] miracul\sly repl5i%$ = ea*     
succe$+ coronation4 ,to ?is irrep>able  

deva/ation 0 add$ ! indignity ( (ficial 
8re/oration10 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ! ca!dral 
at ! able & scrupul\s h&s (             
,viollet-le-,duc1 & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury !
 picturesque & beautiful old /reets gave
 place to b\lev>ds & a g5]al ,hausmanis+
 on approv$ ,p>isian l9es1 s t 9 #aiad !
 city _h become dull & some:at          
pret5ti\s1 fram+ ! two priceless jewels1
 ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady ( ,reims & t ( !  
holy ,/4 ,remi4  ,all is n[ gone1 !     
glori\s & ! insignificant alike ov]:elm$
 9 indiscrim9at+ ru94 ,! glass & !      
/atues t _h surviv$ w>1 revolution1 &   
/upidity are %att]$ 9 fragm5ts1 ! ro(s  
consum$ by fire1 ! vaults bur/ asund]1 !
 c>v$ /ones calc9$ & flak+ h\rly 9 a    
dre>y ra9 on blood-/a9$ pavem5ts :]e a  
hundr$ k+s h trod & into des]t$ /reets t
 h e*o$ to ! foot/eps ( ?reescore       
g5]ations4 ,! city has pass$2 deleta e/ 
,c>?ago1 b x has left a memory1 a       
tradition1 & an inspiration t may yet   
play a great] "p 9 ! rebuild+ (         
civilisation ?an c\ld h be5 a*iev$ by   

its rema9+ monum5ts z !y /ood mak+ _!   
unhe$$ appeal on ! day ! fir/ %ell 0    
fir$ f ! ,prussian batt]ies on ! ea/]n  
hills4  ,! t5d5cy ,i h spok5 ( :i* %[$  
itself 9 ,ami5s1 ! break+ up ( ! m$ival 
integrity & a consequ5t incl9ation t[>d 
undue emphasis on /ructural &           
intellectual arrogance1 nev] w5t v f>   
because ( ! ill days t fell on ,france4 
,! victory ( ! ,fr5* cr[n ov] ! ,papacy1
 ) ! result+ transf] ( ! ,holy ,see to  
,avignon1 0 ! ru9 ( ,ca?olic            
civilisation 9 ,france1 z well z 9      
,italy & ! re/ ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,*ur*    
became subs]vi5t to ! /ate &            
progressively corrupt 9 root & bran*4 ,!
 w>s ) ,engl& result$ 9 no?+ less ?an   
ru91 & culture & art came to an end4 ,by
 #acgj build+ _h become ?91 poor1       
un9spir$1 & yet1 )9 ! next t5 ye>s      
flamboyant ar*itecture appe>$1 & !      
fifte5? c5tury op5$ ) a sudd5 bur/ (    
arti/ic spl5d\r4 ,heav5 kn[s :at x all  
means2 ,france 0 at h] l[e/ dep?1 & yet1
 )\t w>n+1 a reg5]ation took place4 ,!  

,bless$ ,jeanne d',arc appe>s l a       
miracul\s vision1 ,orleans is sav$1 !   
rightful k+ is cr[n$1 & ?\gh ! m>tyrdom 
( ! savi\r ( ,france takes place 9      
#adcj1 ! ,engli% are driv5 out 9 #adef1 
& a new day beg9s4  ,0 ,jeanne d',arc a 
s+le manife/ation ( a new _s t _h ent]$ 
society1 or 0 ?is itself a cont9uation (
 :at %e _h initiat$ "u ,god8 ,! answ]   
does n really matt]1 ! important fact is
 t a great reg5]ation took place1 & a   
new type ( art foll[$ 9 its wake4 ,n[ ! 
t5d5cy 0 away f ! pr\d effici5cy ( a    
glorifi$ ar*itectural eng9e]+ & t[>d !  
o!r elem5t 9 ar*itecture1 beauty ( =m & 
spl5d\r ( ornam5t4 ,x 0 almo/ z ?\gh !  
,fr5* _h turn$ to religion & beauty z _!
 only refuge f ! mis]ies ( _! e/ate4 ,9 
! v fir/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 at !  
d>ke/ h\rs ( ,france1 ,notre ,dame de   
l',ep9e1 close by ,*lons on ! ,m>ne1 0  
built 9 #adai4 ,caudebec 9 #adbf1 ,/4   
,macl\1 ,r\51 9 #adcb1 & aft] ^! = m ?an
 a c5tury ,france ab&on$ h]self to !    
creation ( works ( ar*itectural art t1  

:atev] !y may lack ( ! spl5did consi/5cy
 & ! div9e s]5ity ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1   
are nev]!less among/ ! lovelie/ works ( 
man4 ,beauvais is an admirable example (
 ! two t5d5cies2 begun 9 #abbe1 its     
impossible *oir 0 f9i%$ 9 #abgb1 only to
 collapse twelve ye>s lat]1 pay+ !      
p5alty ( its /ructural arrogance4 ,= =ty
 ye>s x 0 9 process ( recon/ruction1    
aft] a m cons]vative fa%ion ?\gh ( its  
orig9al dim5sions1 & 9 #aejj ! transepts
 7 begun & f9i%$ fifty ye>s lat]4 ,9    
beauty & 9 an almo/ riot\s ri*ness1 !y  
are ! cr[n+ "w ( ?is phase ( design1    
:ile ! *oir itself1 ) its m>vell\sly    
articulat$ sy/em ( buttresses1 is a     
creation ( %e] ar*itectural p[] almo/   
unrivall$4 ,ambiti\s & defiant1 ! canons
 n[1 9 #aeej1 re>$ a va/ spire ov] !    
cross+1 ne>ly #dej feet high1 & ( ! same
 sumptu\s design z ! transepts4 ,! :ole 
/up5d\s erection fell tw5ty-five ye>s   
lat]1 & has nev] be5 rebuilt1 :ile !    
nave 0 nev] ev5 begun2 s ,beauvais      
rema9s a va/ fragm5t1 & a liv+ comm5t>y 

on ! excesses & ! p5alties ( t pride (  
life t succe$$ to ! spiritual humility (
 ! ,middle ,ages4  ,! new /yle1 h[ev]1 0
 p]fectly adapt$ to ! new life ( secul> 
supremacy1 &1 ) few exceptions1 bo? "h 9
 ea/]n ,france & 9 ,fl&]s & ,brabant & !
 ,ne!rl&s1 ! great civic monum5ts & !   
innum]able *teaux ( an exp&+ & rip5+    
society are c\*$ 9 its beautiful &      
elaborate t]ms4 ,ess5tially x is a mode 
( ornam5t1 conta9+ no new elem5t 9      
organism1 b always beautiful &1 9       
,france at all ev5ts1 m>k$ always by    
delicate & admirable ta/e4 ,) its       
flame-l trac]y1 its complicat$ p9nacles1
 its scaffold+s ( intricate latticework2
 ) its curv$ & aspir+ l9es1 glimm]+     
ni*es1 pi]c$ p>apets1 op5-"w spires1 &  
its tangl$ foliage1 da9ty filigree-"w & 
sculptur$ lace1 x is a m>vel (          
imag9ation1 dramatic s5se1 & consummate 
craftsman%ip4 ,sometimes x is /rik+ly   
compet5t 9 its composition1 z 9 !       
transepts ( ,beauvais & ! front (       
,troyes1 ! latt] be+ 9 its unfulfill$   

promise 7x is only a beg9n+7 "o ( !     
great faades ( ,france1 b frequ5tly its 
greate/ weakness is =getfulness (       
consi/5cy 9 a passion = beauty ( l9e &  
light & %ade t became almo/ insane4 ,) !
 beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! new art    
began sl[ly to decay 9 ecclesia/ical    
build+s1 b x cont9u$ = at lea/ ano!r    
hundr$ ye>s 9 *teaux & civic "w1 & x is 
?is 9 p>ticul> t is n[ disappe>+ ?r\gh a
 w> wag$ by unprec$5t$ me?ods & 9       
accordance ) pr9ciples 7if we may call  
!m su*7 :i* hi!rto h be5 f\nd associat$ 
only ) b>b>ian invasions or ! fr5zies ( 
a mad an>*y t has call$ itself          
,revolution4  ,= ! m di/+ui%$ *teaux we 
mu/ g outside our *os5 field1 to !      
,loire1 ,t\ra9e1 or to o!r p>ts (       
,france :]e ! deva/ation ( pa/ w>s &    
revolutions is less complete4 ,!re is   
,pi]refonds1 ( c\rse1 if "o c>es = t    
sort ( ?+1 b ( au!ntic ca/les ( !       
sixte5? c5tury !re are few ( notable    
quality1 ?\gh _m m9or f>ms & manors /ill
 rema9$ 9 ,augu/1 #aiad4 ,ec\5 &        

,*antilly are exceptions1 & ! latt]1    
giv5 to ! nation by ! ,duc d',aumale :5 
he 0 exil$ by ! republic = ! crime (    
belong+ to ! legitimate l9e ( k+s1 is a 
good example ( ! pr9cely build+s ( !    
,r5aissance :5 ! la/ fires ( ,go?ic _s 7
 dy+ away4  ,x is n s long ago t half ! 
t[ns 9 ,france betwe5 ! ,se9e & !       
,belgian fronti] 7 ?read$ by wond]ful   
little /reets ( /one-built & half-timb] 
h\ses ?ree c5turies old1 & bright )     
squ>es & m>ket-places fram$ 9 old       
ar*itecture ( ,francis ,i & ,h5ri ,,ii4 
,_! qua9t & delicate beauty 0 too mu* = 
! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 :i* revolt$    
aga9/ an old art z x revolt$ aga9/ an   
old culture & an old] religion1 s ne>ly 
all are gone1 _! place be+ tak5 by      
sub/itutes1 ! de/ruction ( :i* c\ld     
h>dly be c\nt$ aga9/ ! ,prussians =     
unrighte\sness1 if "o consid]$ /hetic   
que/ions alone1 :i* is1 =tunately1      
impossible4 ,= ^! dim old /reets & sunny
 sil5t squ>es "o c\ld1 until a few mon?s
 ago1 g confid5tly across ! bord]1 f9d+ 

9 ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 ,lige1 & ,luxemb\rg 
relief f ! appall+ sophi/ication t _h   
tak5 possession ( ! old cities (        
,*ampagne4 ,ev5 9 ,france1 until la/    
ye>1 7 ,d\ai1 ,pont--,m\sson1 ,meaux1 & 
( c\rse ,arras1 ?\gh n[ ( "s ( ^! worse 
?an no?+ rema9s4 ,9 ! latt] city 0 once1
 also1 a p>ticul>ly spl5did example ( ^?
 great civic halls t %[$ =? ! pride & ! 
indep5d5ce ( ! indu/rial cities ( ! lat]
 ,middle ,ages1 & ano!r /ood 9 ,d\ai4 ,z
 ,fl&]s & ,brabant are1 h[ev]1 ! *os5   
places = ?is p>ticul> manife/ation ( an 
indu/rial civilisation1 s diff]5t to our
 own 9 _s & 9 expression1 we may include
 !m !re)1 :]e !y racially & hi/orically 
belong2 & hav+ foll[$ ! developm5t ( an 
ess5tially religi\s art 9 ,france f     
,jumiges to ,beauvais1 note its         
translation 9 lat] ye>s into civic =ms1 
9 ! little & h]oic ,k+dom ) s great &   
h]oic a hi/ory1 n[ & = _m mon?s %ut (f f
 ! _w /ill free1 by ! veil ( smoke &    
poison$ gases4     ,,vii  ,,! ,,burgh]s 
,,& ,,_! ,,build+   ,! great civic halls

 7 ^? ( ,aud5a>de1 ,brussels1 ,l\va91   
,mal9es1 ,t]monde1 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1      
,ypres1 & ,arras1 & ea* ( ^! cities 0 z 
well full ( wond]ful old h\ses1 "s      
private resid5ces1 "s qu>t]s = ! v>i\s  
guilds4 ,x is impossible to discrim9ate 
betwe5 pa/ & pres5t t5se 9 describ+ !m2 
"s are :olly gone1 z ,ypres & ,arras1   
o!rs we suppose /ill rema91 b h[ long   
?is may be true "o _c say4 ,if we lose  
:at we h lo/ 9 ! onru% ( a victori\s    
army1 & 9 its long hold+ ( def5sive l9es
 9 ! mo/ amaz+ siege 9 hi/ory1 :at may  
we n expect at ! h&s ( an army 9 defeat1
 fight+ its way back to its own fronti]s
 = a la/ desp]ate /&8 ,arras1 ,ypres1 & 
,l\va9 7 h>d en\gh to lose1 b ! s\l     
%udd]s at ! ?\ght ( ,bruges & ,gh5t1    
,antw]p & ,brussels1 f\ght ov] day aft] 
day & ab&on$ to pillage & de/ruction4   
,! hi/orical significance ( ^! halls is 
v great2 !y put into mat]ial 7& z we _h 
?\ght endur+7 =m ! olig>*ical democracy1
 ! great weal?1 ! pride1 ! sumptu\s &   
lavi% _s ( successive g5]ations (       

pr9cely m]*ants & manufactur]s4         
,religion 0 /ill a vital =ce1 b x no    
long] /ood alone1 & n[ ! secul>         
organisations ( guilds & free cities    
claim$ & receiv$ ! tribute ( weal? ?r\gh
 ! m9i/ry ( art4 ,x 0 n ! old art ( !   
days ( ca!dral build+ & ! f\nd+ ( abbeys
 & univ]sities1 x 0 q a diff]5t art     
altoge!r1 b x fitt$ ! new motives &     
ideals z ! o!r c\ld n d4 ,( sev]ity1    
self-re/ra9t1 retic5ce1 x has no?+2 x is
 all spl5d\r & magnific5ce1 emulation & 
rivalry1 b x is /ill craftsman's art1 & 
:atev] ! ta/e ( ^! great & ev5 fanta/ic 
build+s1 !re is pro( ( joyful workman%ip
 & ( a jeal\s ma9t5ance ( ! highe/      
possible /&>ds4  ,ypres 0 ! fir/ 9 po9t 
( "t1 & fir/ 9 absolute arti/ic value4  
,begun by ,c\nt ,baldw9 9 ! ye> #abjj1 x
 0 remodell$1 rebuilt1 embelli%$ = a    
hundr$ ye>s1 & f9ally ! 8,nieuw]ke10 ( !
 mo/ ab&on$ ,r5aissance ta/e1 0 add$ to 
! ea/4 ,( huge dim5sions--! ma9 front 0 
f\r hundr$ & ?irty-?ree feet 9 l5g?1    
:ile ! great t[] 0 two hundr$ & ?irty   

feet high--! design 0 z simple1 impos+1 
& direct z "o w\ld expect to f9d dur+ ! 
e>ly ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a simple      
p>allelogram1 ?ree /ories high1 nobly   
arcad$1 ) ranges ( f9e ni*es :i* conta9$
 /atues ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s & o!r       
wor?ies1 until ^! 7 completely de/roy$  
by ! ,fr5* dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,a va/1  
high-pit*$ ro( cov]$ all1 brok5 9 !     
middle by ! belfry1 ) its corn] turrets1
 :i* 7 e*o$ at ! f\r corn]s ( ! build+  
by simil> spires4 ,a simpl] composition 
c\ld h>dly be imag9$1 or "o m impressive
 9 its grave re/ra9t4 ,ar*itecturally x 
0 unique2 !re 0 & is no o!r rival ( a   
simil> nature1 & its value 0 ine/imable4
 ,bold 9 conception1 /raight=w>d1       
direct1 confid5t )\t assurance1 x 0 "o  
great ma/]piece ( ! civic art ( !       
,middle ,ages1 miracul\sly pres]v$ = six
 c5turies z ! visible manife/ation ( !  
supreme quality ( a great p & a great   
art4 ,bo? )\t & )9 x _h t               
spontane\sness1 t f9e1 frank            
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,de/roy$ ,h,,tel ,,de

 ,,ville ,,( ,,arras  navet t "o f9ds 9 
all cresc5t p]iods & se>*es = 9 va9 9 ! 
foll[+ days t hi/ory always selects =   
p>ticul> admiration4 ,analyse x & see h[
 simple x all 04 ,fir/ !re 7 ?ree *ief  
organic elem5ts3 ! great wall unbrok5 by
 any 8features10 )\t buttresses because 
x 0 n vault$2 ! enorm\s1 high-pit*$ ro( 
b>e ( all gables or div]sions ( any k9d2
 ! squ>e1 unbuttress$ t[] 9 ! middle1 ) 
a tall1 po9t$ ro( & cupola1 surr\nd$ by 
f\r high p9nacles ( ! simple/ =m4 ,x is 
z calm & simple z a ,greek temple1 & l  
?is1 also1 x is f9al 9 ! p]fection ( its
 proportions & its relation ( p>ts2 also
 its great1 quiet elem5ts are left      
alone1 n tortur$ into n]v\s complexity (
 v>y+ planes & excitable vag>ies ( light
 & %ade4 ,=ty-eight po9t$ & mullion$    
w9d[s along ! ma9 floor give !          
horizontal divisions1 :ile v]tically !re
 7 ?ree /ages3 ! l[1 l9tell$ colonnade1 
a mezzan9e ) v beautiful trac]i$ w9d[s1 
"o to ea* bay1 & a va/ ma9 wall )\t     
horizontal subdivisions b ) a delicately

 design$ & v broad c\rse ( trac]i$      
panell+ above ! spl5did sequ5ce ( great 
w9d[s1 l a l(ty bl9d p>apet4 ,! t[] 0   
equally simple1 its sev5 /ories         
exquisitely v>i$ 9 _! heights & w9d[+1 b
 calm always1 & f9al 9 _! s5se ( exactly
 felt relations4 ,! p9nacles also1 f\r  
on ! t[] & o!rs at ei!r end ( ! faade1 7
 z simply & p]fectly design$ z c\ld be  
ask$1 )\t fanta/ic exub]ance or a /ra9+ 
= effect2 j trac]i$ octagons ) "o s]ies 
( po9t$ gables & high1 crocket$ spires4 
,! 8,nieuw]ke10 9 its ridicul\s         
,r5aissance effront]y snuggl$ up aga9/ !
 sil5t1 absorb$1 unnotic+ giant1 0 l an 
ar*itectural v]sion ( ,m]l9 & ,vivi52   
silly & sc5t$ impud5ce 9 its va9        
approximations to grave dignity & a     
self-respect pro( aga9/ all bl&i%m5ts4  
,! great hall inside 0 j ! same3 an     
a/oni%+ room1 f\r hundr$ & ?irty feet   
long1 brok5 only by ! columns & ar*es   
be>+ ! great t[]1 & ro($ ) a mass ( oak 
timb]+ l an anci5t & enorm\s %ip turn$  
bottom up4 ,huge oak5 beams rose aga9/ !

 wall divid+ x into panels1 & ea* pair  
support$ equally gigantic tie-beams     
brac$ by r\gh-hewn diagonal /ruts4 ,x 0 
b>n-build+1 if y l1 b a good b>n is     
bett] art ?an a ,newport  ,illu/ration3 
,,! ,,de/roy$ ,,clo? ,,hall ,,( ,,ypres 
8cottage02 & ?is spl5didly direct 8b>n0 
at ,ypres _h a quality ! ,l\vre c\ld    
nev] atta94  ,ea* panel ( ?is colossal &
 almo/ int]m9able wall 0 de/9$ = great  
hi/orical pictures1 mo/ ( :i* _h be5    
complet$1 & ! effect 0 maje/ical 9 its  
comb9ation ( col\r & c>p5try4 ,( x all  
no?+ n[ rema9s1 z ,i h said1 except a   
s+le turret at "o end4 ,! greate/       
surviv+ monum5t ( ! civic ar*itecture ( 
! ,middle ,ages has be5 sl[ly p\nd$ to  
p[d]1 & has tak5 its place ) ! o!r lo/  
ma/]pieces ( a _w t f "t to "t c create 
b c someh[ nev] reta9 ability to enjoy  
or ev5 to und]/&4 ,mon? aft] mon? x 0 ! 
special t>get ( ,prussian %ells2 ! fir/ 
bree*$ ! wall to ! "r ( ! t[] & 7 foll[$
 by o!rs t />t$ fires :i* swept ! build+
 f end to end1 consum+ ! enorm\s timb]$ 

ro(1 de/roy+ ! pa9t$ walls1 crumbl+ !   
trac]y ( ! tall t[]4 ,= a "t ! burn$-out
 walls rema9$1 & ,g]man pr(essors spoke 
g5tly & ) bl& reassurance ( ! simple    
task ( re/oration1 b ?is la/ indignity  
has ceas$ to ?reat51 = rec5tly !        
batt]ies h resum$ _! "w2 little by      
little ! belfry has be5 %ot away1 !     
frett$ arcades h be5 spl9t]$ into       
road-metal1 & n[ at la/ ! de/ruction is 
complete2 :at once 0 ! glory ( ,ypres1 !
 pride ( ,fl&]s1 ! delight ( ! ar*itect1
 is n[ only a heap ( refuse masonry1 )  
"o p9nacle /&+ alone1 accus+1 9 ! mid/ (
 ru9 f :i* !re is no salvation1 = :i*   
hi/ory w se>* 9 va9 = %ad[ ( excuse4  ,9
 sequ5ce ( "t1 ! old 8,halles0 ( ,mal9es
 come next1 z portions ( !m date f      
#acaa1 b !y h be5 recon/ruct$ at v>i\s  
times1 enl>g$ 9 sev]al /yles1 & 9 ! end 
7 nev] complet$1 = _! great belfry nev] 
succe$$ 9 gett+ above ! ro(4 ,nev]!less 
!y 7 a wond]fully picturesque & ev5     
!atrical composition ( po9t$ portals1   
fanta/ic gables1 dorm]s1 & turrets1 & a 

v engag+ epitome ( five c5turies (      
ar*itectural mutations4  ,! ,htel de    
,ville ( ,bruges is z consi/5t & p]fect 
z ,mal9es 0 casual & irresponsible4 ,x 0
 begun 9 #acgf1 ! corn]-/one be+ laid by
 ,l\is de ,mle1 & if !re is any:]e a m  
complete example ( civic ar*itecture1   
,illu/ration3 ,,bruges1 ,h,,tel ,,de    
,,ville  comb9+ ! re/ra9t & ! simplicity
 ( e>ly ,go?ic ) ! exquisite ornam5t & !
 s5se ( decorative beauty ( ! late/     
,go?ic1 x is n ( record4 ,x seems to    
come at ! mid-mo/ po9t1 :5 ev]y?+ met   
toge!r1 )\t loss & )\t exagg]ation1 = ! 
production ( a liv+ example ( :at       
society is capable :5 x a*ieves a       
p]fect1 if un5dur+1 equilibrium4 ,x is a
 ma/]piece ( ar*itectural composition1 (
 brilliant & supremely intellig5t       
design1 :ile x is vivifi$ by a poetry & 
an inspiration t exi/ only at a few     
cr[n+ mom5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,ev5 n[ x is "o (
 ! lovelie/ build+s 9 ,europe2 :at x mu/
 h be5 once1 :5 its fifty /atues1 ea* "u
 its crocket$ canopy 7!y also 7 pull$   

d[n & hamm]$ 9 pieces dur+ ! ,fr5*      
,revolution71 its trac]y1 balu/rades1 & 
p9nacles 7 blaz+ ) col\r & gild+1 passes
 ! imag9ation4 ,x is only a small build+
 ( six bays subdivid$ by its ?ree       
turrets into two triple gr\ps ) a       
doorway 9 ea*4 ,! composition is v      
subtle & q orig9al1 :ile ! design is    
emphasis$ v]tically1 !re be+ no         
horizontal memb]s :i* run ?r\gh f end to
 end1 ?\gh ! levels are v delicately    
indicat$ by w9d[ mullions1 ni*es1       
panels1 trac]i$ ar*es1 & ! cr[n+ p>apet4
 ,x is "o ( ! lea/ obvi\s ( ar*itectural
 compositions &1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1  
"o ( ! be/4 ,:ile x lacks ! ,doric      
simplicity ( ,ypres1 x has a s5sitive   
rhy?m & a ri*ness ( light & %ade )\t    
/udi$ intricacy or prem$itat$           
!atricalism t places x among/ ! few v   
p]fect works ( art4 ,x is a 8poetic0    
composition 9 ! highe/ s5se1 or r x is  
ak9 to music ( ! mode t foll[$ !        
,gregorian & op5$ up new possibilities (
 a m complex1 if no m poignant1         

spiritual expression4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/
 p]fect s+le piece ( ar*itecture 9      
,belgium1 & if x is ext+ui%$ 9 ! night (
 ,armag$don we lose a ?+ ( ine/imable   
value1 unequall$1 irreplaceable1 ev5 z  
we h lo/ t equally ine/imable spiritual 
=ce t br\ght x into exi/5ce4  ,!        
8,halles0 also1 ) _! fam\s 8,belfry (   
,bruges0 are a p>ticul>ly noble example 
( ! same p]iod ( arti/ic supremacy1 ?\gh
 !y lack consi/5cy1 = only ! l[] /ages (
 ! amaz+ t[] are orig9al1 ?is portion ( 
! "w be+ complet$ ab\t #abif4 ,all !    
upp] "p is ( ! v end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1
 & ! octagonal upp] /age is ( no high   
ord] ( design4 ,once ?is also 0 cr[n$ by
 a sl5d] spire hav+ a /atue ( ,/4       
,mi*ael sixte5 feet high1 :i* mu/ h     
br\ght ! /up5d\s erection almo/ to a    
height ( five hundr$ feet1 = ev5 n[ !   
topmo/ balu/rade is ?ree hundr$ &       
fifty-two feet above ! /reet4 ,t5 ye>s  
aft] ! spire 0 f9i%$ x 0 de/roy$ by     
lightn+1 rebuilt1 de/roy$ aga91 & !n    
left 9 its pres5t condition4  ,brussels 

foll[$ ,bruges1 & its huge ,city ,hall 0
 begun ab\t #adjd4 ,comp>$ ) ,arras1    
,bruges1 or ,l\va91 x is dry & some:at  
unimag9ative1 ) a curi\s mod]n look t   
may1 9 "p1 be due to v dra/ic           
re/orations & to ! devili% +5uity 9     
de/ruction ( ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s4 ,9 
! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 x fail$ 9 subtle       
proportions1 & 9 po9t ( composition z   
well4 ,its belfry1 graceful z x is1 is  
?9 & artificial 9 effect1 :ile ! faade  
is =mal )\t ! grave maje/y ( ,ypres1 ri*
 )\t ! s5sitive ref9em5t ( ,bruges or ! 
riot\s exub]ance ( ,l\va94 ,?is is n to 
condemn x z bad2 except = ! supreme     
qualities ( ! ?ree monum5ts la/ m5tion$ 
x w\ld /& high 9 ! ar*itectural scale1 b
 x is impossible to avoid comp>isons1 & 
?r\gh ^! x suff]s1 p]haps unju/ly4      
,less ?an fifty ye>s aft] ,brussels came
 ,l\va91 & s f> z good art is conc]n$ ! 
?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury s9ce ,bruges has 
n be5 altoge!r well sp5t4 ,z 9 ! case ( 
religi\s ar*itecture1 an ungov]n$       
passion = beauty & craftsman%ip has     

result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! sane & noble 
balance 9 su* *ur*es z ,reims1 su* civic
 halls z ,bruges & ,ypres1 :ile no?+ is 
left b an almo/ impossible luxuriance1 z
 ( a nor!rn fl[] =c$ 9 ! hot1 moi/ air (
 a gre5h\se4 ,! ,htel de ,ville (       
,l\va91 sp>$ by "s inconsequ5t &        
unnatural :im ( ^? :o wreck$ all ! city 
ar\nd & gave ov] ! priceless libr>ies ( 
! univ]sity to ! flames1 is "o ( !      
smalle/ ( its k9d 9 ,belgium2 x is only 
"o hundr$ & ?irte5 feet long1 =ty-"o    
feet wide1 & sev5ty feet to ! level (   
its p>apet--ab\t ! dim5sions1 let u say1
 ( an av]age ,new ,york dwell+ ( ! bett]
 class4 ,x is less a build+ ?an an      
ornam5t--a %r9e1 a tab]nacle = !        
sanctu>y ( a ca!dral4 ,y feel t y want  
to take x up & poli% x1 y reg>d x z y d 
an ivory c>v+ f ,pek91  ,illu/ration3   
,,! ,h,,tel ,,de ,,ville ,,( ,,l\va9  & 
s consid]$ x is well-nigh mat*less1 b x 
/ill rema9s outside ! category (        
ar*itecture1 & if y comp>e x ) ! ,/e4   
,*apelle1 y see at once t ! life is     

already almo/ gone f a great art1 ev5 if
 x has pass$ = ! mom5t into a supreme   
k9d ( decoration4  ,9 mak+ t /atem5t "o 
is l$ unaw>es into "o ( ^? g5]alisations
 t conta9s less ?an half ! tru?4 ,! life
 _h inde$ gone f ! l>g]1 ! (ficial      
ar*itecture1 ! art ( ! ,*ur*1 ( !       
commune4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 little m ?an a 
sorry tale ( rapid deg5]ation1 until !  
,fr5* & ! ,jesuits came ) _! new /yle1  
ei!r clev] & (t5 9 good ta/e at ! h&s ( 
! secul> p[]1 or tawdry & rococo :5     
popul>is$ by ! new religi\s ord] t 0 !  
fir/ inc>nation ( t 8effici5cy0 t 9 !   
end became ! obsession ( ! _w & ! root (
 ! w>4 ,x is true t ! new fa%ion rapidly
 sup]s$$ ! dy+ & dis9tegrat+ _s (       
m$ivalism1 & nev] a ,bruges t[n hall or 
a ,mal9es ca!dral came aga92 in/ead we  
get ! dull & blund]+ sev5te5?-c5tury    
portion ( ! ,gh5t ,htel de ,ville & !   
%[y & v vulg> ,jesuit *ur*es1 su* z t 9 
,antw]p 7attribut$ to ,rub5s7 & !       
,ca!dral ( ,arras4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & ?is  
is too (t5 =gott51 ! degradation ( /ate 

ar*itecture always prec$es by _m ye>s1  
sometimes c5turies1 ! d[nfall ( ! p's   
art1 & aft] a great era ( high "* &     
cultural atta9m5ts ! burgh]s & less]    
nobility1 ! f>m]s & m]*ants & small]    
mona/ic h\ses cont9ue in/9ctively to    
build beautifully1 prolong+ ! old       
traditions1 unhamp]$ by clev] ar*itects 
& ! comm&s ( irresponsible fa%ion1 until
 at la/ ev5 !y succumb & _! art falls to
 ! dead level ( ! /upid artifice t =    
long _h prevail$ among/ ! great ( e>?4  
,s 9 ,france :ile ! b>b>ities ( ! ,l\vre
 7 be+ p]petrat$1 ! lovelie/ little     
*teaux & f>ms & village *ur*es 7 ris+   
almo/ z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$2 s 9        
,g]many1 ,heidelb]g & ,dresd5 c\ld n    
prev5t ! ,tyrol & ,ro!nb\rg1 ,hilde%eim 
& ! ,black ,=e/ & ! ,rh9el& f creat+ !  
et]nally delightful timb] h\ses t f> m  
exactly express$ a racial quality t 0 to
 endure 9 all its f95ess1 until ! end ( 
! n9ete5? c5tury saw its end+ z well4 ,s
 9 ,engl&1 ,h5ry ,,viii & ,edw>d ,,vi   
might de/roy ! !n vital art1 & ,elizabe?

 might expunge its v memory1 build+     
ridicul\s semi-,g]man conceits to !     
grief ( ! judici\s2 nev]!less ! deep-ly+
 tradition prevail$ outside c\rt circles
 & ^? ( ! ,era/ianis$ ,*ur*1 & !        
sixte5?-c5tury dome/ic ar*itecture ( !  
,cotswolds1 ( ,surrey1 ,suffolk1        
,norfolk1 & ,essex--inde$ ( almo/ e     
c\nty 9 ,engl&--01 9 its way1 j z good  
ar*itecture z t :i* univ]sally prevail$ 
be=e ! 8,great ,pillage40  ,precisely ! 
same ?+ happ5$ 9 ,belgium1 & half !     
visual *>m ( cities su* z ,bruges1      
,t\rnai1 ,t]monde1 ,ypres1 & ( all t    
c\ntryside t has n be5 deva/at$ by !    
insane cult ( coal & iron1 is due to !  
colloquial dome/ic ar*itecture ( its    
crook$ old /reets1 its wide-spread      
m>ket-places1 & its dr[sy canals & w9d+ 
quays4 ,9 ! language ( ! s*ools !re is  
no 8ar*itecture10 prop]ly speak+1 9 !   
,quai aux ,avo9es1 or ! ,gr& ,bgu9age1  
or ! old alm%\ses ( ! ,abbaye de ,/4    
,trond 9 ,mal9es1 along ! banks ( !     
,dyle 9 murd]$ ,l\va91 on ! ,quai aux   

,h]bes 9 ,gh5t1 ! m>ket-place 9 ,ypres1 
! ,quai du ,rosaire1 & ! ,quai ,v]te 9  
,bruges4 ,all ! same1 9 ! simple & nave 
h\ses & hospitals & conv5ts1 ) _! w9d[s 
& doors :]e !y are want$1 _! big ro(s & 
gables & fri5dly *imneys1 _! frank use (
 native mat]ials1 & _! almo/ unfail+    
s5se ( pleasant proportions1 we h :at   
?us f> no s*ool has be5 able to tea*4   
,9 ! e>li] "w--e>ly1 t is1 = dome/ic    
ar*itecture1 say ( ! sixte5?            
c5tury--:ile !re is great individuality1
 ea* burgh] express+ himself & 8 own    
ta/es to ! full1 !re is a v c\rtly reg>d
 = 8 neighb\rs1 & a curi\s s5se (       
re/ra9t 9 ! light ( :at ! city itself   
might expect f its citiz5s4 ,!re is a   
well-br$ uni=mity ( scale1 a retic5ce 9 
detail1 a total lack ( jeal\s emulation 
t speaks well = ! self-respect ( ! old  
build]s4 ,mo/ ( ! great h\ses ( ! prec$+
 c5tury are gone1 ei!r raz$ entirely or 
mutilat$ & degrad$ to base uses2        
,bruges1 = example1 t once 0 ri* 9      
sumptu\s mansions ( nobles & great      

m]*ants1 has n[ almo/ none1 b ! quays ( 
,gh5t /ill reta9 _! f9e r[s (           
guild-h\ses & dwell+s1 & until a ye> ago
 ,ypres once _h !m also1 t are models ( 
f9e civic ar*itecture 7& ( civic _s z   
well71 & might well s]ve z su* to a m   
*aotic & unbalanc$ g5]ation4 ,!y are    
usually ?ree /ories high1 ) ?ree m 9 !  
/epp$ gables1 & ! mat]ials are g5]ally  
brick ) trimm+s ( cut /one1 ?\gh wood 0 
frequ5tly us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,ypres1 &   
always 9 ! mo/ consi/5t & jo9]-l way4   
,if !re 7 no o!r te/1 y c\ld always tell
 ! "w ( a good p]iod f t ( a bad by !   
frankness 9 use ( mat]ials3 brick is    
brick1 /one is /one1 & wood is wood1 &  
!re are no %ams1 imitations1 or         
subt]fuges any:]e4 ,:atev] ! l&         
produces1 t is us$ & made ! mo/ (1 :ile 
! /yle ( ! "t 7m>k1 n ! fa%ion ( ! h\r  
or ! fad ( ! s*ool or ! :im ( ! arti/7  
is s modifi$ z to adapt itself p]fectly 
to ^! re/rictions4  ,x is n until !     
,r5aissance t ! cult ( deception comes  
91 & mutton masqu]ades z lamb1 :ile     

silly columns & p$im5ts are pa/$ on :]e 
!re is no ne$ & brick is pla/]$ ov] to  
magnify ! app>5t opul5ce ( ! own]4 ,x is
 at ?is same "t t a mean individualism  
appe>s1 & ea* build] tries to outface 8 
neighbor4 ,! ,gr&e ,place 9 ,brussels is
 a good example ( ?is new selfi%ness1 & 
= *aotic orig9ality comp>es almo/       
fav\rably ) a city /reet ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury4 ,x is all v amus+1 ^! r[s (     
s]rat$ slices1 b$eck$ ) mi%&l$ 8ord]s0 &
 cre/$ ) miscellane\s gorge\sness on !  
l9es ( ! /]ns ( ! pr\d own]'s /ill pr\d]
 galleons1 & ! result is engag+ly       
!atrical & fanta/ic1 b x is a grave     
comm5t>y on a new civilisation t has lo/
 9 culture j 9 proportion z x has       
increas$ 9 effici5cy4  ,x is dang]\s to 
?9k too mu* ab\t ar*itecture--or any art
 = t matt]4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury 0 supreme 
9 its a*ievem5t because x ?\ght s mu*   
ab\t religion & "* & gett+ ! really good
 ?+s out ( life t = rew>d x 0 actually  
inspir$1 & s probably ?\ght z little    
ab\t its art z x did ab\t eug5ics2 be+ q

 cont5t to d ! ?+s x 0 impell$ to d by  
an impulse = :i* x 0 n consci\sly       
responsible & :i* x made little ef=t to 
control4 ,! ,r5aissance ?\ght s mu* ab\t
 art1 z well z ab\t its own ?\ghts 7:i* 
didn't matt] anyway71 t ev5 9 its be/ "w
 !re is an opul5t self-consci\sness t   
defeats its own ends & has issue at la/ 
9 a self-consci\s opul5ce t is ! nadir (
 culture4 ,^! build]s ( ,fl&]s &        
,brabant & ,artois & ,luxemb\rg & !     
,rh9el& ?\ght z little ab\t art z _! v  
diff]5t foll[]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & !y 
c]ta9ly lack$ ! div9e inspiration t made
 ,reims sup]human1 z ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 
& ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,%akespe>e 7      
sup]human1 b ! old in/9ct = beauty _h n 
be5 burn$ & hamm]$ out ( !m by coal &   
iron1 or rev]s$ into an un9telligible   
j>gon 7l ! ,"l's ,pray] said backw>d7 by
 an insol5t intellectualism & a mordant 
secul>ism2 & s1 ev5 :5 !y us$           
pseudo-,r5aissance =ms 9 _! *e]ful &    
humor\s fa%ion1 !y manag$ to produce "w 
t has a c]ta9 quality t ! be/-educat$   

ar*itect ( ?is c5tury ( effici5t tra9+  
_c contrive to obta9 9 spite ( all 8    
lab\rs4  ,& 9 any t[n t _h be5 left     
alone dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 p>ticul>ly 
9 ,bruges1 z well z 9 _m ( ^? !         
,prussians h de/roy$1 ev]y?+ seems to   
fall into picturesque & beautiful       
compositions t are ! despair ( mod]n    
plann]s & 8improv]s0 ( cities4 ,"h aga9 
! results 7 q unprem$itat$4 ,y _c imag9e
 ! build]s ( ! ,gruu?se 9 ,bruges       
c>efully arrang+ _! effects ( gables &  
turrets & mullion$ w9d[s ) scrupul\s    
reg>d to ! so>+ t[] ( ,our ,lady's      
,*ur*2 y _c imag9e ! weal?y burgh]s :o f
 "t to "t re>$ ! v>i$ /ructures along ! 
canal & ! ,quai du ,rosaire or 9 ! ,rue 
de l',ane ,aveugle 7! names are z joyful
 z ! ar*itecture7 or ar\nd ! ,pont du   
,bgu9age1 work+ /udi\sly = _! dramatic  
effects ) squ>e & triangle1 t5tative    
models1 & p]haps ! able advice ( a      
8,l&scape ,ar*itect0 or a 8,sc5ic       
,arti/40 ,if !y _h done ?is !y might h  
produc$ a tol]able /age-sett+ or ev5 a  

sup]ior sort ( _w's fair1 b !y w\ld n h 
built ,bruges4  ,no1 ! conviction has   
be5 gr[+1 & is n[ =c$ on u by a reveal+ 
w>1 t ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 7 ^?  
:o possess$ a civilisation & a culture  
beside :i* ours is a k9d ( raw b>b>ism2 
t !y by =ce ( ?is1 & ) ! aid ( a        
tradition ( /ill great] days 9 ! pa/1   
built by in/9ct z we _c build by        
erudition2 & t :atev] issu$ f _! h&s 0  
admirable & hon\rable & la/+ly fair4 ,x 
is well = u to rememb] sometimes :5 we  
amuse ourselves by disc\rse z to        
8inali5able rights ( man10 & t sort (   
?+1 t !re is "o su* ov] :i* no argum5t  
is possible1 & t is ! "r to beauty 9    
life & ?\ght & environm5t1 & t ^? :o    
fil*$ ?is f u dur+ ! c5tury & a half j  
pass$ 7& = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory7 7 tyrants
 & robb]s ( ! same /amp & degree z _!   
imm$iate pr$ecessors1 :o de/roy$ ! o!r  
"r ( man to free & joyful lab\r z well z
 t to ! g5u9e self-gov]nm5t & ! sane &  
:olesome democracy t m>k$ ! ,middle     
,ages & vani%$ ) ! despots & ! dogmas ( 

! ,r5aissance2 n to return1 s f> z we   
ourselves c p]ceive ( our own exp]i5ce4 
,god grant we may reta9 :at is /ill left
 u 9 ,fl&]s & ,brabant4 ,if by ! triumph
 ( coal & iron ei!r ?r\gh w> or 7p]haps 
ev5 worse7 ?r\gh ! imposition on        
t]ritories ?us f> sp>$ ( ! ideals &     
me?ods ( an effici5t indu/rialism1 we   
lose ,bruges z we h lo/ ,ypres & ,arras 
& ,mal9es & ,t]monde1 z we _h already   
lo/1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way1 ,lige &      
,lille1 ,mons & ,namur1 !n by s mu* 7& x
 is v mu*7 h we lo/ our hidd5 leav5 t 9 
! fulness ( "t we rely on = ! light5+ ( 
! :ole dull lump ( our misguid$ & n[    
discr$it$ life4     ,,viii  ,,coal ,,&  
,,iron   ,across ! face ( ,europe /ret*$
 a great sc>1 ev5 be=e ! w>2 a sc> t    
rea*$ f ,pic>dy & ,artois across        
,brabant & ! ,rh9el& f> into ,we/phalia4
 ,x 0 an op5 w\nd1 creep+ gangr5\sly    
outw>d1 & ye>ly involv+ m & m ( :at once
 0 heal?y & fair 9 its progressive      
putrefaction4 ,x 0 an area ( d>kness t  
_h tak5 ! place ( light2 ( burr[+s f>   

d[n 9 ! e>? :]e m5 7& wom5 & *ildr5     
once7 grubb$ dully & brea?lessly = poor 
wages on :i* to su/a9 life1 life t 0    
mo/ly ! same dull grubb+ above ! surface
 z bel[4 ,x 0 a place ( w>f>e betwe5 an 
immemorial v]dure ( trees & fl[]s &     
grass1 cle> /reams & pure air &1 on !   
o!r h&1 ev]-gr[+ heaps ( slag & a%es &  
scori1 ( fat smoke & noxi\s gases4 ,9   
place ( old *ur*es & quiet mona/]ies1 ( 
f>ms & flocks & =e/s1 ( delicate *teaux 
& v9e-clad old ru9$ ca/les1 ( sleepy    
t[ns1 ( w9d+ /reets full ( c>v$ & gabl$ 
h\ses1 grass-gr[n m>ket-places1 /ill    
canals "u _! ar*$ bridges1 anci5t trees 
& =gott5 g>d5s1 ) n[ & !n a va/ &       
my/]i\s *ur* built out ( _m ages & cr[d$
 ) old memories & ! aroma ( sp5t inc5se 
& vani%$ pray]s--9 place ( ?is          
impractical1 ineffici5t1 & v admirable  
old l& ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 _h come a   
great noise1 a great] activity1 & a     
rem>kable dim9ution ( endur+ results4 ,!
 *ur*es _h be5 despoil$ by ! ,hugu5ots1 
wreck$ by ! ,revolutioni/s1 & ei!r sold 

= ca% or re/or$ out ( pure delight 9    
wick$ness1 c\pl$ ) a conceit t only     
accompanies ! pr(\nde/ ignorance4       
,mon/r\s piles ( brick1 iron1 & cem5t _h
 bli/]$ ! l&1 :ile ! woods & fields 7   
scor$ & tangl$ by railway-l9es1         
tram-l9es1 telegraph-l9es4 ,ma*9es      
ev]y:]e1 "u & on & ov] ! e>?2 noise1    
oil1 gas1 smoke1 *emicals m+l$ 9 ! mak+ 
( a new civilisation1 & ! old 0 bo?     
=gott5 & d5i$4 ,x 0 a place :]e         
,effici5cy 0 god & 8 ,fir/ ,comm&m5t 0  
lawfully obey$2 :]e old virtues 7       
transmut$ ?r\gh exagg]ation &           
ov]-emphasis into new s9s1 :]e s\ls     
%rivell$1 bra9s atrophi$1 mann]s ceas$1 
t t5 might amass weal? !y c\ld n use1 at
 ! exp5se ( a ?\s& :o _h claim$ only a  
compet5ce4  ,a l& ( coal & iron1 & ( :at
 coal & iron c produce4 ,n happ9ess1 n  
"*1 n culture2 nei!r philosophy1 nor    
religion1 nor art4 ,ma*9es--appall+ &   
+5i\s complications ( :eels & cogs &    
valves & pi/ons1 t made m ( _! k9d1     
toge!r ) unhe>d-( eng9es ( dea? &       

mutilation4 ,& factories--emplacem5ts = 
ma*9es t ro>$ & vibrat$ endlessly1      
sp9n+1 weav+1 fabricat+ night & day1    
turn+ out :at ! _w ne$s1 b craftily     
fa%ion+ x s x w\ld n la/1 or :at ! _w   
does n ne$1 b t la/$ only too long4     
,turn+ out weal?1 ugl9ess1 hatr$1 p[]1  
ignorance1 & revolt4 ,a l& ( coal &     
iron1 black & pot5tial z ! fir/2 h>d1   
inhuman1 irresi/ible z ! la/4  ,! ,he>t 
( ,europe has produc$ _m ?+s 9 its "t1  
dyna/ies1 empires1 crusades2 religi\s   
en]gy1 new philosophies1 indu/rial      
revolutions1 immortal art4 ,?ree eras h 
ow$ x mu*3 t ( ,*>lemagne1 t ( ! ,middle
 ,ages1 t ( ! ,r5aissance-,re=mation4   
,p]haps1 aft] all1 ! late/ is its       
greate/ debtor1 & = its culm9ation 9 t  
civilisation ( irreligion1              
intellectualism1 mat]ialism1 & unhamp]$ 
=ce t is rid+ n[ = its fall1 x may be t 
! self-de/ructive en]gy has issu$ f     
,lille1 ,maubeuge1 & ,*>leville1 f ,lige
 & ,*>l]oi1 f ,crefeld & ,ess51         
,es*weil] & ,elb]feld4  ,! ,black       

,c\ntry ( ,engl&1 ! s\!rn c\nties (     
,wales2 ,pittsburgh1 ,*icago1 ,pat]son1 
,lawr5ce1 ,man*e/]2 cities innum]able 9 
,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 h jo9$ 9 !    
great act ( creat+ a new ideal & a new  
p[]1 b ! culm9ation t is its own        
antidote did n manife/ itself !re2      
in/ead x seems n[ to h develop$ 9 ! raw 
sc> across ! face ( ,europe1 & !        
malignant pu/ule t has bur/ at la/ =m$  
itself at ! f> ea/]n end4 ,"h1 9 !      
,rh9el& & ,we/phalia1 grew mon/r\sly !  
weal?1 ! pot5cy1 & ! mat]ial =ce t1 made
 op]ative by ! cold philosophy & !      
supreme effici5cy ( ,prussia1 h made    
possible1 & ev5 inevitable1 ! supreme   
attempt to br+ to an end ! outworn &    
discr$it$ ideals & me?ods ( t5 c5turies 
( ,*ri/ian civilisation1 & e/abli% 9    
unque/ion$ supremacy ! ideals & ! me?ods
 t h f\ght hidd5ly = dom9ion 9 ,*>l]oi &
 ,ess51 9 ,le$s & ,birm+ham1 9          
,pittsburgh1 ,*icago1 & ,new ,york4     
,coal & iron4 ,:5 ! fir/ bitum9\s lump  
blaz$ unexpect$ly on ! he>? ( ! amaz$   

cottag]1 ! iron t _h be5 man's s]vant = 
s long1 /irr$ 9 its fir/ wak+ to        
ma/]%ip1 a ma/]y a*iev$ at la/1         
incr$ible 9 its degree1 incr$ible 9 its 
pot5tiality4 ,creatures ( its own1 &    
allies br\ght into be+ be=e or s9ce1 b  
n[ tak+ a new =ce & appli$ ) new        
motives1 gunp[d]1 /eam1 electricity1 jo9
 ) x 9 plausibly (f]+ _! s]vices z      
b5efic5t ag5ts t[>d ! annihilat+ ( life2
 &1 z ag5t & controll] ( ! va/ hegemony1
 weal?1 desir$ above all ?+s1 p[]ful    
beyond all ?+s1 aft] _m days 8,"l ( !   
,_w40  ,nations & m5 h tri$ = _w-ma/]y1 
"t out ( m9d1 rely+ on brute /r5g? (    
muscle1 on craft ( bra91 on indomitable 
w1 & ev]la/+ fe>4 ,h tri$ & fail$--aft] 
a little--& ! empires ( ,alex&]1 ,cs>1  
,*>lemagne1 ,l\is1 ,philip1 ,napoleon h 
crumbl$ & become a memory4 ,failure 0   
inevitable = /r5g? ( arm1 ( bra91 ( w1 0
 n1 & c\ld n be made1 exclusive         
possession ( any race or p1 nor c\ld    
t]ror be conf9$ )9 t]ritorial limits2 9 
! end revolt2 ! ris+ ( new tribes1      

intrusion ( fe>1 weakness1 deg5]ation   
among/ ! victors1 _! om9\s evani%m5t f  
among/ ! conqu]$4  ,b h[ n[1 ) ^! new   
aids1 ^! untri$ =ces & pot5tialities8   
,suppose t ! une/imat$ en]gy ( a million
 ye>s1 /or$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 be appli$
 to ! dull iron & to ! h>ness+ ( !      
my/]i\s electrical =ce1 "u ! /imulus (  
,w emancipat$ f ! hamp]+ influ5ce ( a   
discr$it$ religion & a sup]/iti\s e?ic2 
suppose a new demiurge be creat$1 giv5  
supreme direction ov] s\l & m9d & body1 
& nam$ ,effici5cy1 & suppose = two      
g5]ations ! en]gy employ$ bl9dly & to no
 consi/5t end by dull nations1          
half-he>t$ 9 _! devotion & /ill b\nd by 
! memory ( dy+ cre$s & moribund old     
morals1 be appli$ by ! highe/ & mo/     
self-sacrific+ intellig5ce to ! creation
 ( a supreme1 p]fect1 & absolutely      
co-ord9at$ eng9e t1 at ! well-conceiv$  
mom5t1 %all be br\ght to be> )\t pity & 
)\t pause on ! inf]ior nations ( !      
globe4 ,:at !n8  ,! answ] is /ill )held1
 = ! trial is 9 process4 ,x 0 a         

magnific5t conception1 & inevitable1 = !
 great sequ5ce ( spiritual & mat]ial    
happ5+s t has foll[$ f ! fir/ weak5+ (  
,*ri/ian civilisation & ,ca?olic culture
 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 b\nd
 to h issue 9 its logical & dramatic    
cre/1 & 9 ! f9al te/ ( its effici5cy4   
,!re is no?+ half-way 9 its ef=t1 no?+  
indiff]5tly accompli%$ or insecure at   
any po9t4 ,ess51 ,wilhelm%av51 ,b]l9 h  
=gott5 no?+1 fail$ 9 no?+4 ,e mat]ial   
ag5cy1 pot5tial on ! e>? & "u1 has be5  
develop$1 h>ness$1 & appli$2 e hamp]+   
/umbl+-block ( an old righte\sness1 an  
old religion1 an old philosophy is      
remov$2 coal1 iron1 /eam1 electricity1  
*emi/ry are built up into a great &     
puissant unity1 made op]ative by ! weal?
 !y !mselves h creat$ & en]gis$ by !    
dynamic =ce ( int5sive intellect no     
long] hamp]$ by fe> ( ,god or *>ity =   
man1 or an anci5t s5se ( hon\r t came   
out ( feudalism1 ! ,crusades1 & a ,*ur* 
t held ! /ate 9 ?rall & %\ld h p]i%$ ) !
 ?+s %e _h made4  ,! my/]y ( ! 8,s9     

aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/10 ! my/]y (         
8,anti*ri/0 are my/]ies no long]1 b cle>
 writ+s on an op5 page2 blaz+ words on !
 walls ( ! banquet hall :]e ! fea/ has  
brok5 up 9 sudd5 & se>*+ t]ror4  ,coal &
 iron4 ,^! t]ritories are n[ ! c5tres ( 
greate/ conflict3 ,pol&1 ,galicia1 & !  
,sc> ( ,europe 9 ! we/4 ,ea* is ! l& (  
coal & iron4 ,9 ! ea/ ! conte/ sweeps   
back & =? 9 ,pol& to rob ,russia ( h]   
m9es & manufactures1 & add !m to !      
res\rces ( ,g]many2 9 ! s\? to pres]ve  
to ,au/ria ! coal & iron & oil (        
,galicia2 9 ! we/ to ga9 f ,france !    
coal & iron ( ,*ampagne1 ,artois1       
,pic>dy1 z ! coal & iron ( ,belgium 7   
ga9$ 9 ! beg9n+ at ! price ( pap]       
treaties & a negligible hon\r1 or to    
deprive ,g]many ( ! coal & iron t are ! 
f\ndations ( h] empire 7actual &        
pot5tial7 9 ! ,rh9el& & ,we/phalia4 ,0  
!re any drama ( ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 
,%akespe>e1 ,goe! t mat*$ ! sombre      
!atricalism ( life itself8 ,"h 9 ! we/1 
f> back 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ! fir/     

great c5tre ( manufacture & trade1      
,bruges1 ,gh5t1 ,arras1 great cities &  
_w m>kets :5 ,london 0 a little riv]    
t[n1 ,p>is a village1 ,b]l9 a fronti] =t
 on ! raw edge ( a savage & hea!n       
,prussia4 ,!n lat]1 aft] ?is fir/ 7&    
diff]5t7 indu/rial civilisation _h      
pass$1 came a new manife/ation1 & f     
,lille to ,ess5 appe>$ ! mat]ialisation 
( a new madness1 :ile ,bruges & ,c\rtrai
 & ,aix 7 =gott51 ) all !y /ood =1 & o!r
 c5tres grew up--black1 ro>+1 unc\?1 b =
 m5 admirable & desir$ f> beyond !      
re/or$ *ur*es & desecrat$ abbeys1 !     
s*ools & univ]sities1 ! dim & discr$it$ 
philosophies1 ! decay+ art & ! vani%$   
ideals ( ,fcamp & ,reims1 ( ,bruges &   
,l\va91 ( ,aix & ,trves & ,cologne4 ,&  
n[ ! ,frank5/e9 mon/] gets him to 8     
p]fect "w1 & ?r\gh ! coal-fields & ov] !
 =ges & factories1 :]e he 0 fa%ion$1    
spreads dea?1 deva/ation1 & ru9 t1      
nev]!less 7& "h ! my/]y & ! wond]       
increase71 may yet br+ r$emption1       
release1 & re/oration4  ,:at has be5 9 !

 imm$iate pa/ ne$s no description3      
,crefeld & ,lille are only ,man*e/] &   
,pittsburgh1 & _! famili>ity is         
suffici5t to itself4 ,:at is n[ is      
equally common to all1 & ,l\va91 ,arras1
 & ,reims 9 _! blood-/a9$ ru9 are a "p (
 ! common consci\sness4 ,mean:ile !re 71
 & = ! mom5t are1 o!r cities & o!r      
regions1 =gott5 or endur$1 t are all    
,*>l]oi is n1 or ,crefeld or ,maubeuge1 
& !y are well wor? a /udy1 p>tly = :at  
!y are1 p>tly = :at !y signify1 p>tly = 
:at !y may =eca/ = a future beyond !    
pres5t cataclysm4  ,!re is h>dly a m    
absorb+ly int]e/+ portion ( ,france1    
hi/orically1 arti/ically1 or            
picturesquely1 ?an t wond]ful           
quadrilat]al1                           
,compigne-,noyon-,laon-,soissons1 ) its 
?ree great ca!drals2 its f9e/ ca/le ru9 
9 ,france--,c\cy1 ! pride ( ,engu]r&    
,,iii--its f9e old t[ns1 z ,laon &      
,noyon1 ) _! groves & t]rac$ pa?s2 its  
great ,=e/ ( ,compigne2 & only a few    
miles away on "o h& or ! o!r1 *teaux su*

 z ,c\cy & ,ham1 battle-fields ( !      
significance ( ,crcy4 ,x is all f\ght   
ov] n[ & may be aga92 no "o kn[s h[ mu* 
is left1 or may be left by & by1 b x 0 a
 fair l&1 ) _m traces ( a m spaci\s &   
balanc$ pa/1 n 9 its great *ur*es alone 
b z well 9 its quiet villages & its f9e 
grey h\ses 9 old cities4 ,a fronti]1 9 a
 way1 = already ! creep+ desolation (   
indu/rialism _h rea*$ close1 work+      
always d[n f ! ,nor? ( coal & iron1     
already absorb+ ,/4 ,qu5t9 & involv+ its
 anci5t ar*itecture 9 smoke & traffic1  
blott+ out its /reets ( gabl$ h\ses1 &  
turn+ x into a typical manufactur+      
c5tre--?is1 t 0 once ! d[ry ( ,m>y      
,/u>t4  ,nor? we ent] into a g5]al      
d>kness1 b on our way t[>d ! dim old    
cities ( ,fl&]s & ,brabant t hold ev5 n[
 ! beauty ( an eld] day1 =gott5 by ! _w 
& outside ! area ( 8great natural       
res\rces10 we may pause 9 _s 9 ,arras 7x
 w\ld n be well to be !re 9 body1 unless
 "o 7 a soldi] 9 ! army ( ! ,allies1 :5 
x w\ld be p]il\s b t\*$ ) glory7 = sight

 ( an old1 old city t gave a vision1    
bett] ?an almo/ any o!r 9 ,france1 ( :at
 cities 7 9 ?is region at ! high-tide ( 
! ,r5aissance4 ,x is gone n[1 utt]ly1   
irrem$iably1 & ! ill "w begun 9 !       
,revolution & cont9u$ "u ! empire1 :5 ! 
great & spl5did ,go?ic ca!dral 0 sold & 
utt]ly de/roy$1 has be5 f9i%$ by        
,prussian %ells4  ,capital ( ,artois1 x 
_h a vivid & ev5tful hi/ory1 rea*+ back 
to pre-,roman times1 cont9u+ "u ,baldw9 
( ! ,iron ,arm1 :o became ! fir/ ,c\nt (
 ,arras2 !n be+ halv$ betwe5 ! ,c\nt (  
,fl&]s & ! ,k+ ( ,france2 giv5 by ,/4   
,l\is to 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 pass+ to !     
,c\nts ( ,burgundy1 rev]t+ to ,l\is de  
,mle ( ,flemi% fame1 ab&on$ to !        
,emp]or1 won back by ,france2 !n acquir+
 ! s9i/] di/9ction ( hav+ produc$       
,robespi]re &1 f9ally1 com+ n[ to its   
end at ! h&s ( ! ,g]man ho/s4 ,:at      
,arras mu/ h be5 be=e ! ,revolution we c
 only guess1 b ) its glori\s ca!dral1   
its ,*apelle des ,ard5ts1 & its         
8,pyramid ( ! ,holy ,c&le0 add$ to its  

surviv+ t[n hall ) its fanta/ically     
beautiful spire1 & its miracul\sly      
pres]v$ /reets & squ>es l9$ ) fancifully
 gabl$ & arcad$ h\ses1 x mu/ h be5 a    
sanctu>y ( old delights4 ,! ca!dral 0 ( 
all /yles f ! twelf? to ! sixte5?       
c5tury1 :ile ! *apel & ! 8pyramid10 7   
models ( m$ival art 9 its ri*e/ /ate4   
,bo? 7 de/roy$ by "o ,lebon1 a human    
demon & apo/ate prie/1 :o organis$ a    
8t]ror0 ( 8 own 9 8 city & has gone d[n 
to infamy = 8 pe/il5tial crimes4  ,bo? !
 de/roy$ monum5ts 7 votive (f]+s 9      
gratitude to ,our ,lady = h] miracul\s  
int]v5tion 9 ! case ( a fe>ful plague 9 
! twelf? c5tury1 ! in/rum5t (           
pres]vation be+ a c]ta9 holy c&le1 !    
melt$ wax f :i* 0 effective 9 pres]v+ ! 
life ( all x t\*$4 ,! pyramid 0 a sl5d] 
,go?ic tab]nacle & spire1 n9ety feet    
high1 /&+ 9 ! ,petite ,place1 a         
ma/]piece ( c>v$ & pa9t$ & gild$        
sculptures1 unique ( its k9d4 ,e ve/ige 
has vani%$ except a few relics pres]v$1 
toge!r ) t mo/ preci\s memorial1 !      

blood-/a9$ ro*et ( ,/4 ,?omas  ,becket1 
9 ! mod]n ca!dral :i* ,b]l9 has j       
ann\nc$ has be5 completely &            
int5tionally de/roy$ by gun-fire4       
,until its rec5t de/ruction1 ,arras 0 "o
 ( ! few t]ritorially ,fr5* t[ns 9 ?is  
region t c\ld & did take "o back into ! 
atmosph]e ( ! pre-coal-&-iron era (     
,europe1 ?\gh ) a diff]5ce4 ,! f9e vig\r
 & riot\s life ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! gaiety
 & spontane\sness ( m$ivalism 7 gone1 ) 
! col\r & gold ( ! c>v$ & pa9t$ %r9es & 
h\ses1 ! fanciful co/umes1 ! al]t civic 
life2 & in/ead 0 a grey %ad[1 a sl[ly   
dissolv+ memory4 ,/ill ! pale simulacrum
 c\ld /imulate ! imag9ation1 z ! rose j>
 r5ews ! memory ( ! rose4 ,n[ ! j> is   
%att]$ & ! sc5t$ leaves are trodd5 9 !  
r$ mire1 & we mu/ make our way across ! 
fronti] if we are to f9d & enjoy :at    
once ,arras c\ld 9 a measure give4 ,god 
grant we may always be able to d s1 & t 
,aud5a>de & ,t\rnai1 ,bruges & ,mal9es1 
& ,c\rtrai1 ) ! /ill little villages 9  
betwe51 may rema9 to u aft] coal & iron 

h a*iev$ _! p]fect "w & be5 replac$ 9 t 
position 9 life to :i* x pleas$ ,god to 
call !m1 s surr5d]+ ! m dom9at+ place to
 :i* man _h call$ !m 9 8 turn4  ,(      
,ypres & ,dixmude x is bett] to say     
little4 ,( ! fir/ ( ^!1 & its vani%$    
glory1 ! solemn & s+le great ,clo?      
,hall1 ,i h said an inadequate some?+1 b
 !re 0 also ,/4 ,m>t9's1 once a ca!dral1
 ) its delicate type ( ,go?ic1 its ri*  
,r5aissance woodwork1 its tombs & scre5s
 & treasures ( ecclesia/ical art2 !re 7 
its old guild-h\ses & its qua9t dwell+s1
 c>v$ & gabl$ & ) wond]ful old          
brickwork4 ,& 9 ,dixmude !re 0 ! ,*ur* (
 ,/4 ,ni*olas ) its jub1 or rood-l(t1 z 
gorge\s a piece ( flamboyant art z "o   
c\ld f9d any:]e 9 ,belgium or ,france4  
,all ?is is gone1 b a little f>!r on1   
beh9d ! pres5t battle l9es1 are m       
wond]ful cities /ill--or are at ?is     
writ+1 9 ,july1 #aiae4  ,?is little     
,fl&]s1 f ! ,s*eldt to ! sea1 0 a       
v]itable g>d5 ( dreams4 ,nieuport1      
,furnes1 ,ypres1 ,dixmude1 ,c\rtrai1    

,t\rnai1 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1 ,aud5a>de--all 
are haunt$ by inf9ite old memories1 &   
mo/ ( !m h pres]v$ _! s\ls ?r\gh        
seclusion & comm]cial oblivion1 b ar\nd 
& betwe5 lie endless little villages (  
delicate old h\ses1 grey ,go?ic *ur*es t
 h n be5 secul>is$ or ab&on$ 7= ,fl&]s  
always 0 a ,ca?olic c\ntry71 g>d5s1 sl[ 
canals & brooks "u _! l[ /one bridges1 &
 an +ratiat+ quiet t gives ! lie to !   
progressive1 practical1 effici5t1 &     
weal?y /rip ( inord9ate activity t      
8disquiete? itself 9 va90 f ,lille to   
,lige ?r\gh ,mons & ,c\rcelles1 ,*>l]oi 
& ,namur4  ,z ! old names come =w>d aga9
 9 rum\rs & reports f ! front1 9 dea?   
li/s & hide\s n>ratives ( outrage &     
de/ruction1 inde/ructible memories1     
dormant = ?irty ye>s1 take =m & %ape    
aga91 & daily ! g5tle *>m ( a =gott5 l& 
becomes liv+1 & ! dull fe> ( an         
unpr$ictable & s9i/] future gr[s m om9\s
 & int5se4 ,!re is no o!r l& q l x2 no  
place :]e ! old has be5 sp>$ by ! new to
 su* a degree1 & :]e ! old has rema9$ s 

altoge!r lovely4  ,( c\rse ,bruges is ! 
,holy ( ,holies 9 ?is sanctu>y ( lo/    
ideals1 b on ! way /op to consid] ! out]
 r+ ( a bett] k9d ( =tresses t circle h]
 inn] citadel4  ,nieuport1 ,dixmude1 &  
,ypres once held _! /ations f ! sea to !
 ,lys1 b _! ramp>ts & ba/ions 7 n pro(  
aga9/ ! siege-guns ( ,ess5 & !y h fall54
 ,next to ! ea/ & f>!r d[n ! ,lys1 is   
,c\rtrai1 "u ^: walls 9 #acjb 0 f\ght t 
battle ( ! burgh]s ( ,fl&]s aga9/ !     
,fr5*1 :5 #a1bjj ( ! fl[] ( ,fr5*       
knigh?ood1 n to speak ( ! m5-at-arms1 7 
sla91 & #fjj gold5 spurs 7 ga!r$ f !    
field & hung 9 triumph 9 ! abbey *ur*4  
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*imney-,,piece ,,f   
,,c\rtrai  ,once a great city1 ,c\rtrai 
_h recov]$ some?+ ( its anci5t weal? &  
activity1 b ?is _h injur$ x less ?an "o 
might suppose1 & x 0 /ill a fair t[n1 ) 
_m trees & g>d5s1 & its air ( pride 9 a 
f9e pa/4 ,!re 7 _m *ur*es1 confus$ 9 _! 
sequ5t /yles1 b full ( *>m1 ) ri* scre5s
 ( ,go?ic lace "w1 old wall pa9t+s1 & 9 
"o--,notre ,dame--,v&yck's 8,elevation (

 ! ,cross10 a great picture 9 e way4 ,!n
 !re 0 ! ,htel de ,ville1 late ,go?ic ( 
! k9d t l+]$ s long 9 ,fl&]s aft] x _h  
p]i%$ else:]e1 ) sumptu\s *imneypieces (
 fanta/ic c>v+s & cr[d$ /atues1 & f9ally
 ! mat*less old bridge ) its ?ree r\nd  
ar*es & its enorm\s t[]s at ei!r end )  
_! high ext+ui%] ro(s2 altoge!r a good  
old t[n1 s self-respect+ & sane t x c\ld
 a*ieve a new prosp]ity )\t sacrific+   
its old ideals4  ,s\? ( ,c\rtrai lies   
,t\rnai1 on ei!r side ! ,s*eldt1 ! la/  
outpo/ ( an old culture aga9/ a new     
civilisation1 = beyond lies ,le         
,bor9age1 ! ,great ,sc>1 :]e none w\ld  
v5ture unless "u compulsion4 ,l ,c\rtrai
 x holds its own bravely aga9/ coal &   
iron1 pres]v+ its f9e old build+s1 &    
l>gely conf9+ itself to its traditional 
weav+ & embroid]y1 mu* ( :i* is /ill !  
product ( h&-looms & deft f+]s4 ,all day
 ! black coal b>ges slide d[n ! riv]1   
com+ f ! inn] d>kness to disappe> 9 !   
out] d>kness1 leav+ ! city itself clean 
& sweet1 b prosp]\s )al1 & manife/+ a   

t5d5cy t[>d b\lev>ds t prompts bo?      
regret & appreh5sion4  ,an anci5t       
capital ( ! ,m]ov+s1 a great city 9 !   
fifte5? c5tury1 f\r times ! size ( su*  
/ruggl+ communities z ,london1 besieg$ f
 "t to "t by pretty mu* e /ate or       
faction ( ,nor? ,europe1 ,t\rnai is full
 ( pregnant records ( e age = fifte5    
c5turies4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury ! grave ( ,k+ ,*ildeb]t himself 0
 discov]$1 conta9+ innum]able rema9s (  
royal ve/m5ts & regalia--?ree hundr$    
gold5 bees f 8 dalmatic1 m$als1 co9s1   
portions ( a sceptre1 sword1 axe1       
javel91 toge!r ) ! great seal-r+ ( ! ,k+
 himself &1 z well1 ve/iges ( ! skeleton
 & trapp+s ( 8 w>horse1 kill$ & buri$ ) 
him4 ,un=tunately ^! preci\s relics 7   
seiz$ & tak5 to ,p>is1 :]e mo/ ( !m 7   
lat] /ol5 & nev] recov]$4 ,x 0 f ! gold 
bees1 h[ev]1 t ,napoleon d]iv$ 8 idea ( 
sub/itut+ ?is emblem = ! traditional    
lilies ( ,france4 ,n[ ! lilies are fad$ 
& ! bees are du/1 b a resurrection is   
possible = ei!r1 & out ( ! w> "o or !   

o!r may come to a new day--or w bo?     
yield to ! ,rampant ,lion f a blood-/a9$
 & =ev]-glori\s flag1 bl[+ n[1 ?\gh 9   
exile1 among/ ! bann]s ( ,europe1 equal 
9 dignity & fir/ 9 hon\r8  ,! ,ca!dral (
 ,our ,lady ( ,t\rnai is f> less kn[n   
?an its peculi> importance & its peculi>
 beauty dem&4 ,x is a curi\s accretion &
 plexus ( /yles1 f ! middle ( ! elev5?  
to ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ) an       
incongru\s b beautiful rood-scre5 ( !   
,r5aissance4 ,cruci=m1 & ( great size   
7#dbe feet 9 l5g?71 x has ! apsidal     
transepts ( ! ,rh5i% /yle1 ea* ) its    
column$ ambulatory2 a c5tral t[] ) high 
po9t$ ro(1 also ,rh5i% 7& ,engli%7 &1 z 
well1 f\r slim surr\nd+ t[]s1 two to ea*
 transept1 z at ,laon1 :]e !y are n all 
complete1 & at ,reims1 :]e !y nev] rose 
above ! nave cornice4 ,all ?is is 9 a   
f9e1 /rong1 simple1 r\nd-ar*$ transition
 /yle1 f> sup]ior to any?+ on ! ,rh9e1 &
 at lea/ equal to ,noyon & ,p>is4 ,! f\r
 tall t[]s are equal 9 size & g5]al     
design1 b run f a consi/5t ,romanesque  

to a /raight=w>d ,go?ic 9 detail1 !     
effect be+ p>ticul>ly vital & int]e/+4  
,! enorm\s *oir ( late & v delicate     
m$ival design1 hav+ be5 begun 9 ! la/   
qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? & f9i%$ 9 ! middle ( !
 f\rte5? c5tury1 is "o ( ! few ,go?ic   
?+s "o regrets1 = :ile x is v beautiful 
9 itself1 x has elim9at$ :at 0 probably 
a /rik+ly effective ,romanesque *oir1   
:ile its t[]+ mass cru%es all ! re/ ( ! 
*ur* & makes x a r %apeless composition4
  ,! ca!dral has suff]$ con/antly & at !
 h&s ( _m k9ds ( unscrupul\s v&als4 ,!  
8,re=m]s0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury pillag$ x &
 wreck$ its gild$ %r9es & its anci5t    
glass2 ! ,revolutioni/s cont9u$ ! dread 
"w 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & a hundr$ ye>s 
lat] blund]+ ef=ts to re9=ce x by crude 
masses ( masonry 7 succe$$ by equally   
blund]+ ef=ts at re/oration4 ,x has1    
h[ev]1 pres]v$ & ga!r$ toge!r _m        
treasures ( ,ca?olic art1 includ+       
*asubles ( ,/4 ,?omas  ,becket1 ,flemi% 
tape/ries1 ivory c>v+s1 embroid]$ alt>  
frontals1 metal "w1 & m$ival missals4   

,!re are _m o!r f9e old *ur*es 9        
,t\rnai--,/4 ,jacques1 ,/4 ,qu5t91 ,/4  
,ni*olas1 ,/4 ,brice--all ) elem5ts (   
int]e/1 :ile ! anci5t ,clo? ,hall       
conta9s a mo/ valuable collection (     
m$ival art-"w ( all k9ds1 & ! old]      
/reets /ill pres]ve f9e dwell+s &       
guild-h\ses ( ! ,middle ,ages & e>ly    
,r5aissance4  ,aud5a>de is all old1 & x 
lies "s five & tw5ty miles d[n !        
sl[-w9d+ ,s*eldt on its r\ndab\t &      
unhurri$ way to ,gh5t & ,antw]p & ! sea4
 ,once also x 0 a great city1 n[ x is a 
village ( six or sev5 ?\s& s\ls1 = x has
 =tunately nev] recov]$ its prosp]ity "u
 ! new & unh&some conditions t m>k$ !   
n9ete5? c5tury1 z happ5$ 9 ! case (     
,brussels & ,antw]p & ,gh5t4 ,9 e>li]   
days x 0 fam\s1 l ,arras1 = its         
tape/ries1 & _m ( ^? exquisite          
fifte5?-c5tury ma/]pieces t are n[ exil$
 9 ali5 museums :]e !y d n belong1 b :]e
 at lea/ _! value is appreciat$ &       
e/imat$ at almo/ _! weight 9 gold1 came 
f its looms4 ,tape/ries are made "h no  

m1 nor 9 any o!r place1 = _! art 0 ( a  
peculi> subtlety t1 ev5 if x f9ds       
appreciation among/ /ray connoisseurs & 
curators1 is z f> beyond ! p[]s ( !     
pres5t day & g5]ation z ! glass (       
,*>tres or ! sculptures ( ,reims4 ,l95 &
 cotton weav+ & ! brew+ ( be] h tak5 !  
place ( tape/ries 9 ,aud5a>de1 b ! old  
t[n itself is little h>m$ !reby4  ,f !  
l>ge & pi\s & opul5t days ( ! lat]      
,middle ,ages1 !re rema9 9 ,aud5a>de a v
 spl5did great hall & two equally great 
*ur*es ( r unusual value4 ,! hall is    
e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 v ri* & equally    
graceful1 ) a sl5d] t[] & spire1 end+ 9 
a great cr[n z did ! n[-%att]$ t[] (    
,arras4 ,its rooms are v spl5did1 ) big 
c>v$ *imneypieces ( ! mo/ elaborate     
design1 & ) its small size & scrupul\s  
detail x ranks ) ,bruges & ,arras & 9   
advance ( ! m ambiti\s creations (      
,brussels & ,gh5t4  ,! two rema9+ *ur*es
 ( ,aud5a>de1 ,/e4 ,walburga & ,notre   
,dame1 h mu* di/9ction & ar*itectural   
value1 p>ticul>ly ,notre ,dame1 :i* 0   

,ci/]cian & is a surpris+ly pure example
 ( ! res]v$ & ascetic ,go?ic :i* always 
m>k$ ! build+s ( ?is ord]--:i* x l>gely 
creat$ z a matt] ( fact4 ,/e4 ,walburga 
is q diff]5t1 ) its ,romanesque *oir ( v
 mode/ proportions1 its ambiti\s &      
ov]%ad[+ nave ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & its 
unf9i%$ transepts %[+ :]e ! great s*eme 
( rebuild+1 und]tak5 :5 x 0 too late &  
religion 0 already a wan+ =ce1 _h be5   
ab&on$4 ,!re has be5 too mu* re/oration 
9 ! case ( all ^! works ( admirable art1
 & ! anci5t atmosph]e is pretty well    
gone1 b !y are noble /ill1 9 spite ( !  
n]v\s & me*anical att5tions ( ar*ologi/s
 & ar*itects & o!r well-mean+ b misguid$
 p4     ,,ix  ,a ,,tale ,,( ,,?ree      
,,cities   ,/ill f>!r to ! nor?1 at !   
conflu5ce ( ! ,s*eldt & ! ,lys1 is      
,gh5t1 ! pr\d & turbul5t metropolis ( ! 
fifte5? c5tury1 ! city-/ate t 0 s       
prepo/]\sly democratic x c\ld nev] get  
along ) its neighb\rs1 nor ev5 ) itself2
 ! city ( ,de ,conn9ck & ,breidel & !   
,van ,artevelds1 ( sudd5 & h]oic c\rage1

 ( irresponsible turn+s f "o side to !  
o!r1 & a *>act]i/ic vacillation 9 public
 policy t kept x always 9 hot wat] & 0 9
 ! end its undo+2 ! place ( /range old  
*ur*es & wond]ful h\ses2 ! %r9e (       
m>vell\s pictures & "o ( !m p]haps1 :at 
x has be5 call$1 ! greate/ picture 9 !  
_w4  ,to ,gh5t1 ov] :i* lay = c5turies !
 oblivion t came ^u all ! cities (      
,fl&]s aft] !y lo/ _! indep5d5ce & fell 
into ! h&s ( ! unscrupul\s pr9ces &     
/ates ( ! ,r5aissance1 "o foll[+ ano!r )
 v>iety ( oppression b no cessation     
!re(1 has come a new vitality4 ,x is z  
great a city n[ z !n1 c\nt+ a population
 ( well ov] #bjj1jjj1 :ile ,bruges has  
no m ?an a qu>t] ( ?is numb]4           
,provid5tially1 x has suff]$ less ?an   
might h be5 fe>$ by ?is accession (     
prosp]ity2 its wond]ful *ur*es & tall   
t[]s1 its quays ) _! s]ri$ l9es ( high  
gabl$ h\ses1 its great ca/le ( ! ,c\nts 
( ,fl&]s1 its w9d+ /reets & tortu\s     
canals l9$ ) anci5t & lovely dwell+s &  
spann$ by little /one bridges1 all tell 

ev5 n[ = almo/ _! full value2 & ?\gh !  
city is q metropolitan 9 its cleanness &
 well-be+1 ) f9e new /reets & bridges & 
%ops1 ! spell ( a great antiquity is ov]
 x1 & ! new foll[s ! old ) consci5ti\s  
ef=t & delightful delicacy ( feel+4 ,if 
an old city mu/ ga9 a new lease ( life1 
let x be aft] ! fa%ion ( ,gh5t4  ,"h is 
an old treasure-h\se full ( wond]s1 & x 
c be t\*$ ^u lightly1 if at all1 = x    
dem&s a volume to itself4 ,x has a doz5 
*ur*es1 all ( ! deepe/ int]e/2 !        
,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,bavon1 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,/4
 ,mi*ael1 ,/4 ,jacques1 /&+ to ! front4 
,all suff]$ f ! ,prote/ants & ! ,fr5*   
,revolution1 & "s f ! mi%&l+ ( re/or]s1 
b !y reta9 _! individuality1 :i* is v   
m>k$1 = "o & all are v local v>iants ( !
 /yles "o f9ds else:]e2 !y are ( ,gh5t &
 ( no o!r place4 ,brick is us$ widely1 z
 else:]e 9 ,fl&]s1 ei!r by itself or    
m+l$ ) /one2 & x is us$ ) t intellig5ce1
 s r>e 9 mod]n times1 t indicates !     
possibility ( adapt+ a /yle to !        
mat]ials ?r\gh :i* x is express$4 ,(    

c\rse1 !n art 0 z liv+ a ?+ z religion &
 ! realities ( lib]ty1 :]eas n[ !y all  
fall 9 ! category ( ^? fictions t please
 :ile !y d n p]suade--:i* makes all !   
diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,all ,fl&]s is a lesson
 9 ! use ( brick1 & z x is us$ "h 9 ,/4 
,ni*olas1 & 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,quai aux     
,h]bes1 z x 0 us$ 9 lo/ ,l\va91 9       
desolat$ ,ypres1 9 batt]$ ,mal9es1 x 0 a
 /udy 9 good art1 a lesson 9 ! hi/ory ( 
human culture1 a demon/ration ( ! p]fect
 adaptation ( mode/ means to a v noble  
end4  ,gh5t mu/ h be5 a city (          
indescribable beauty ab\t ! middle ( !  
sixte5? c5tury be=e its d>k days began &
 "o sc\rge aft]  ,illu/ration3 ,a       
,,canal ,,9 ,,mal9es  ano!r foll[$ !    
,re=m]s ) _! comb9ation ( dull          
brutality1 insane self-suffici5cy1 &    
savage fury ( de/ruction4 ,ev5 n[ ! gr\p
 ( t[]s1 ,/4 ,bavon1 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 & !  
belfry ) its 8,great ,bell ,rol&0--?\gh 
! orig9al spires are gone & ! belfry has
 fur!r suff]$ ! indignity ( an ext+ui%] 
cap ( iron--gives "s fa9t idea ( :at mu/

 h be5 be=e coal & iron came1 fir/ to   
de/roy & !n mo/ hide\sly to re-create4  
,s also does ! t[]+ old ca/le give a    
h9t1 :e!r y see x f ! ,place ,/e4       
,ph>ailde or f ! canal1 ) its great     
buttresses lift+ out ( ! wat]2 s does ! 
unf9i%$ b sumptu\s ,htel de ,ville ) its
 frett$ bays & balconi$ turrets2 s d !  
beautiful ru9s ( ! anci5t abbey %r\d$ 9 
v9es & trees4 ,life 9 a m$ival city su* 
z ?is c\ld h left little to be desir$ s 
f> z beauty ( environm5t 0 conc]n$1 & :5
 ?is conta9$ )9 itself unspoliat$1      
unre/or$ *ur*es t 7 9 use all ! "t &    
meant some?+ besides a sev5?-day        
respectability1 & a great bell 9 a tall 
t[]1 ar\nd ^: rim 7 ! words1 8,my "n is 
,rol&4 ,:5 ,i toll !re is fire2 :5 ,i r+
 !re is victory 9 ,fl&]s10 x is easy to 
see h[ m5 c\ld & did pa9t su* pictures z
 8,! ,adoration ( ! ,lamb ,t ,0 ,sla940 
,?is1 ) ! o!r great pictures 9 ,fl&]s1 w
 be consid]$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,x is !     
c5tral art-treasure ( ! ca!dral1 ! pride
 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & "o ( ! wond]s ( pa9t+ (

 ! _w4  ,pa/ tragic ,t]monde--a "n & a  
de$ nev] to be =gott5 s long z hi/ory   
endures--n[ only a des]t ( brok5 walls &
 a place ( unquiet gho/s1 ! ,s*eldt goes
 d[n to ,antw]p1 ! la/ ( ! inn] circle (
 impot5t def5ces ( ! et]nal ?+s t _c    
resi/1 aga9/ ! pass+ ?+s t are omnipot5t
 dur+ _! little day4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury
 x 0 ! greate/ & ri*e/ city 9 ,europe2  
n[1 ) its #djj1jjj inhabitants1 x is    
d\ble its =m] size b num]ically c\nts = 
little beside ! insane aggregations t   
call !mselves cities & are ! "w ( ! la/ 
c5tury ( misdirect$ & evanesc5t en]gy4  
,its greatness culm9at$ 9 #aeej1 & !n   
came ! sequ5ce ( cata/rophes t r$uc$ x  
to mat]ial insignificance = ?ree hundr$ 
ye>s1 ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 ) its    
savage de/ruction 9 #aeff ( *ur*es &    
mona/]ies1 & ( :at !y /ood = z well2 !  
,spani% occupation1 ) ,alva's enormities
 9 #aegf1 :5 ! m indu/ri\s & able       
citiz5s 7 driv5 into ,engl&1 & ! city   
itself burn$2 ! w9n+ away by ! ,dut* (  
its old comm& ( comm]ce2 ! clos+ ( !    

riv] by ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 & f9ally 
! deva/at+ /orm ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution   
:i* de/roy$ pretty mu* ( any?+ t _h be5 
left4 ,by ?is "t ! population _h fall5  
to #dj1jjj1 b "u ,napoleon a %ort-liv$  
recov]y began1 :i* 0 br\ght to an end by
 ! revolution ( #ahcj1 & x 0 n until !  
middle ( ! c5tury t a m la/+ developm5t 
0 initiat$4  ,antw]p is a good en\gh    
mod]n t[n1 z ^! g1 b its disa/]s h robb$
 x ( all its anci5t quality1 & ev5 !    
ca!dral has ! air ( be+ out ( place4    
,great z x is1 x is n a ma/]piece1 or   
ev5 an exempl> ( its _m ,go?ic v>iants  
at _! be/4 ,its unusual wid? & numb] (  
aisles1 its great height & its =e/ (    
columns give a c]ta9 impressiv5ess & a v
 beautiful play ( light & %ade1 :ile its
 s+le t[] is q wond]ful 9 its sl5d]     
grace & its intricate & delicate        
scaffold+4 ,its "o fam\s picture is !   
ov]-prais$ 8,desc5t f ! ,cross0 (       
,rub5s1 pa9t$ :ile he 0 "u ,italian     
influ5ce & !re=e1 if q un*>act]i/ic1    
nobl] & m self-conta9$ ?an ! products ( 

8 maturity :5 he _h become :olly        
himself4  ,!re are "o or two o!r *ur*es 
( fragm5t>y value1 ! unique museum made 
out ( ! old dwell+ & pr9t+-(fice (      
,*ri/oph] ,plant91 ) its /ores ( m$ival 
& ,r5aissance indu/rial art1 & ! ,royal 
,museum :]e !re are m admirable examples
 ( ! pa9t+ ( ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 & !      
,ne!rl&s ?an are to be f\nd ga!r$ toge!r
 9 any o!r "o place4 ,= critical1 or 9 a
 limit$ way1 arti/ic /udy1 ?is ho>d+    
toge!r1 *eek by j[l1 ( innum]able works 
( art collect$ f desecrat$ *ur*es & ru9$
 mona/]ies1 has its uses1 b no "o ( !   
pictures torn f its orig9al & int5d$    
surr\nd+s tells = its full value4 ,"o   
wond]s sometimes :e!r a daily newspap]1 
a s*ool ( f9e arts1 or a picture-gall]y 
is ! mo/ bit+ indictm5t ( contempor>y   
culture & arti/ic s5se2 c]ta9ly :atev] !
 answ]1 ! picture-gall]y pres5ts p[]ful 
claims t are n lightly to be disreg>d$4 
,s1 f ! dunes ( ! ,nor? ,sea ar\nd to ! 
wide e/u>y ( ! ,s*eldt1 ! r+ ( def5ces  
is complete1 & 9 ! mid/ l a citadel lies

 ,bruges1 ! ,dream ,city1 pres]v+1      
gu>d+1 & rev]5c+ its dreams4  ,i knew   
,bruges fir/ 9 #ahhf :5 ,i seem to      
rememb] its old walls1 :5 its new       
build+s 7 few & unobjectionable1 & :5 ! 
t\ri/--,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,am]ican--0 z   
mu* ( a novelty z he 0 an ana*ronism4 ,i
 am told n[ t ! walls h gone1 & !       
b\lev>ds & ar*itects' build+s1 & !      
t\ri/s h come 92 h come 9 ho/s1 ) all _!
 de/ructive possibilities1 b ,i c ?9k   
only ( ! old ,bruges1 /ill1 m$itative1  
s]5e2 a t[n ,maxfield ,p>i% might h     
design$1 b impossible else:]e except z a
 survival1 by "s provid5tial miracle (  
b5efic5ce1 f ! he>t ( ! ,middle ,ages4  
,?is is n to say t ,bruges has surviv$  
intact4 ,hurl$ into ! mid/ ( ! mael/rom 
( *aos t *>act]is$ ! ,r5aissance 9 all  
its political aspects1 %e 0 ru9$ utt]ly 
betwe5 ,maximilian ( ,au/ria1 !         
,calv9i/s1 & ! ,duke ( ,alva4 ,w> &     
pillage1 massacre1 brib]y1 treason1 !   
rack m>k$ ! advance 9 culture &         
civilisation beyond ! d>k days (        

m$ivalism4 ,:at ! ,au/rian sp>$ !       
,prote/ant dev\r$1 :ile ! ,spani>d      
glean$ ! crumbs t rema9$4 ,bruges1 t    
great city1 pr\d1 ri*1 & beautiful above
 all cities ( ! ,nor?1 c\nt$ n[ a       
population ( a scant #cj1jjj1 hopeless1 
ab&on$1 pov]ty-/rick54  ,! greate/ ru9 0
 wr\ght by "o ,balf\r1 a creature 9 !   
pay ( ,william ( ,orange1 :o 9 #aegh    
captur$ ! city & held x = six ye>s1 dur+
 :i* "t ! ,ca?olic religion 0 prohibit$1
 ! bi%op 0 imprison$1 all prie/s 7 ei!r 
driv5 into exile or tortur$ & !n burn$  
at ! /ake1 :ile *ur*es 7 de/roy$1 turn$ 
into /ables1 sack$ & desecrat$1 & m     
great pictures1 /atues1 %r9es1 w9d[s1   
sacr$ vessels1 & ve/m5ts 7 de/roy$ ?an h
 be5 miracul\sly pres]v$4 ,e religi\s   
h\se 9 ! vic9ity 0 completely expung$1  
includ+ ! va/ ,ci/]cian mona/]y (       
,coxyde1 ! mo/ glori\s *ur* 9 ,fl&]s2 & 
its wide-spread g>d5s1 fields1 & or*>ds 
rega9$ f ! dunes by c5turies ( lab\r1   
rev]t$ to _! orig9al e/ate1 & desolation
 took ! place ( b5efic5t & h>d-won      

f]tility4  ,out ( ?is reign ( t]ror came
 z "s comp5sation ! sav+ ( ,bruges--or  
:at 0 left ( x4 ,9 #aefj ! ,pope _h made
 ! city an episcopal see1 on ! urg+ (   
,philip ,,ii1 & aft] ,balf\r _h met a   
well-m]it$1 b too sudd5 & m]ciful1 dea?1
 ! exil$ & plund]$ ord]s took refuge )9 
its walls1 build+ new & humbl] qu>t]s = 
!mselves & hospitals & alm%\ses = !     
mis]able citiz5s4 ,! ,*ur* took ! place 
( comm]ce1 & "u its c>e "s degree ( life
 came back to ! ru9$ city2 & ! quality x
 !n took on1 ( a community ( religi\s   
h\ses1 in/itutions ( *>ity & m]cy1 & old
 *ur*es re/or$ aga9 to _! prop] uses1 x 
has nev] lo/4  ,t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? 
& all ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury ! sl[     
de/ruction ( old beauty w5t on1 ?\gh ) a
 diff]5t impulse4 ,n[ x 0 ! unescapable 
v&alism ( ignorance & degrad$ ta/e t    
m>k$ ! "t2 old w9d[s t _h escap$ !      
,calv9i/s 7 pull$ out s t a bett] light 
might fall on a new alt>1 s9ce x 0 8su* 
an admirable imitation ( m>ble10 ev5 z  
happ5$ 9 ,*>tres1 :]e "s ( ! mat*less   

w9d[s 7 contemptu\sly ca/ into a dit* to
 reveal ! tawdry spl5d\rs ( ! lam5table 
high alt> & imitation m>ble ( ! *oir :i*
 repres5t$ ! enlight5$ intellig5ce ( !  
eighte5?-c5tury canons4 ,! sixte5?      
c5tury 0 bad en\gh1 b "o wond]s         
sometimes h[ any cont95tal culture      
surviv$ ! eighte5? c5tury4  ,lat]1 :5 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury came to cr[n ) p]fect    
a*ievem5t ! ardu\s b incomplete ef=ts ( 
its pr$ecessor1 ugly & b>b>\s h\ses took
 ! place ( only too _m ( ! beautiful    
works ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & f9ally !     
wond]ful old walls 7 ru?lessly raz$ to  
give place to silly b\lev>ds4 ,& 9 spite
 ( x all ,bruges survives1 & m          
completely ?an any o!r city ( ! ,nor?1 =
 x is f>!/ away f ! k+dom ( coal & iron1
 & if w> passes x by1 x may /ill rema9  
an oasis1 a sanctu>y 9 ! des]t4  ,!     
beauty ( ,bruges is incomp>able &       
unique4 ,?read$ by w9d+ canals1 cross$  
by innum]able old /one bridges1 :]e     
p9k-&-grey walls1 tall gables1 spir$    
turrets1 lean+ fronts ( mullion$ w9d[s  

rise f old /onepav$ quays & g>d5 walls  
hung ) v9es & back$ by tree tops2 cut by
 n>r[ /reets ( anci5t h\ses1 ) old      
*ur*es & conv5ts & *apels on e h& & )   
sl5d] t[]s lift+ ov] qua9t m>ket-places 
& little squ>es & sudd5 g>d5s1 x is a   
cont9u\s & ev]-v>y+ & nev]-exhau/+      
delight t1 s f> z ,i "k1 f9ds its rival 
only 9 ,v5ice4 ,a city t has %runk5 a   
little )9 its walls is always m         
beautiful ?an "o t has bur/ !m & is     
/eadily intrud+ into ! flee+ c\ntryside4
 ,t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! advance ( man
 & t ( nature4 ,gh5t1 ,rome1 ,nuremb]g  
are k]nels ( sweetness surr\nd$ by a    
mon/r\sly exp&+ r9d t is exce$+ bitt]1 b
 ,c>cassonne1 ,ro!nburg1 ,si5a1 ,bruges 
are s :olly diff]5t !re is no           
possibility ( comp>ison4 ,:5 ! h\ses (  
an old t[n seem to huddle a little m    
closely toge!r1 :ile sup]flu\s walls    
fall away & ! tide ( gre5 comes lapp+ on
 already moss-gr[n walls to cov] &      
oblit]ate ! traces man has left ( 8 less
 successful ef=ts1 !n y h some?+        

approa*+ a p]fect environm5t1 p>ticul>ly
 if1 z "h1 !re are innum]able & endless 
treasures ( ! be/ t man c d1 n[ c>efully
 pres]v$1 & gr[+ bett] ! ne>] nature    
comes to t\* !m ) h] w& ( magic4        
,ar*itecturally1 ,bruges is fifte5?     
c5tury ) a s+ul> consi/5cy--:5 x isn't (
 a c5tury lat] or1 & less conspicu\sly1 
( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 n t x matt]s mu*1 x 
all hangs toge!r because x is all ( "o  
mood & "o impulse & "o race4 ,its ,htel 
de ,ville1 "o ( ! p]fect ?+s 9          
ar*itecture1 ,i h spok5 ( else:]e2 its  
*ur*es1 at lea/ six ( !m1 are ea* engag+
 9 a diff]5t way1 & ea* conta9s         
treasures ( endless pictures1 wood c>v+1
 metal "w1 ve/m5ts1 ga!r$ f ru9$        
mona/]ies & *ur*es to take ! place ( !  
great] treasures pillag$ & de/roy$ by ! 
,calv9i/s4 ,our ,lady's ,*ur*1 ) its    
curi\sly beautiful t[] & its gem-l por*2
 ! ca!dral ) its ugly mod]n t[] & its   
f9e int]ior ) all its pictures &        
treasures ( 8d9&]ie02 ! ,*apel ( ! ,holy
 ,blood1 /ill fanta/ic & *>m+ 9 spite ( 

its suff]+s at ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*          
,revolutioni/s2 ,/4 ,jacques1 ,/4       
,gilles1 & ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re )
 its noble tomb ( ,c\nt ,baldw9 (       
,j]usalem & 8 wife4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,belfry ,,( ,,bruges  ,!n !re are all !
 old guild-h\ses1 hospitals1 conv5ts1   
mona/]ies1 & ! r[s & r[s ( f9e old      
dwell+s1 ea* a model ( p]sonal &        
curi\sly cont5t$ ar*itectural art1 b1   
aft] all1 ,bruges is n ,bruges because (
 its s+le build+s1 or all ( !m toge!r1  
or because ( its pictures & its metal "w
 & wood c>v+4 ,x is ,bruges because (   
its une>?ly beauty ( canals & g>d5s1 (  
endless sudd5 compositions ( lovely =ms 
& l9es & silh\ettes2 because ( its /ill 
atmosph]e ( old days & bett] ways1 &    
because x is a place :]e religion no    
long] appe>s z an accessory b takes its 
place ev5 9 ^! mod]n times z a con/ant1 
daily1 poignant1 & p]sonal influ5ce4    
,already ?is liv+ *>m _h begun to ex]t  
itself ov] a wid] & wid] field1 & :5 !  
w> came !re 7 m ?an #d1jjj ,engli% &    

,am]icans :o _h tak5 up _! resid5ce !re1
 drawn by its subtle *>m & by :at ?is   
/ood = once1 & /&s = n[4 ,:5 ! ,k+ is   
back 9 ,brussels aga91 & real life beg9s
 once m1 :o kn[s b t ! _s ( ,bruges may 
f9d itself dom9ant ov] ! _s 7has x a    
_s87 ( ,*>l]oi1 n only 9 ,fl&]s &       
,belgium & ,europe1 b ?r\gh\t ! _w1 = 8!
 old ord] *ange?1 giv+ place to new10 & 
! 8new0 is also1 & unmi/akably1 ! old1  
pres]v$ z "h 9 ,bruges = bett] days1 :5 
?r\gh suff]+ & ru9 man comes into 8 own 
aga91 & sees once m :at is1 :at is n1   
wor? :ile4  ,9 ,brabant 7 once o!r      
c5tres ( old memories3 ,maa/ri*t1 ,lige1
 ,huy1 & ,namur2 ,d9ant1 ,l\va91 &      
,mal9es4 ,none ( !m rema9s1 = across    
,brabant runs ! black sc> t has trans=m$
 ! cities ( ! ,sambre & ! ,meuse into   
smok+ anvils1 :]e iron is hamm]$ out    
into effici5cy & coal is torn f ! e>? & 
burn$ 9 consum+ fires to ! same end2 =  
across ,brabant runs ! r$ sc> t         
effici5cy has blaz$ l a trail ( endur+  
flame1 nev] to be =gott5 or =giv5 s long

 z man rema9s on e>?2 a port5t & a      
horror to all g5]ations 9 scula         
sculorum4 ,d9ant1 ,l\va91 ,mal9es2 yes1 
& ,tirlemont1 ,a]s*ot1 ,wavre & !       
innum]able o!r names t are utt]$ bel[ ! 
brea? z signify+ ?+s t _c be spok5 b    
nev] w be =gott51 ?+s t give "o at la/  
to und]/& ! /]n necessity ( ! once      
discr$it$1 b n[ grateful1 doctr9es (    
hell & ( et]nal damnation 9 ! ,*ri/ian  
s*eme ( ! univ]se4  ,d9ant1 ^: fame 9 ! 
fifte5? c5tury = ! mak+ ( wond]ful works
 ( art 9 metal1 gave ! "n 8d9&]ie0 to   
?is admirable art--,d9ant1 cr\*$ "u !   
ca/le-cr[n$ cliffs ( ! ,meuse1 ) its    
qua9t *ur*1 has gone n[1 & gone also is 
,l\va91 all b its ,htel de ,ville :i* is
 m l a pyx or a reliqu>y1 or "s o!r "w (
 8d9&]ie10 ?an a real build+4 ,!        
de/ruction ( ,l\va9 ne$s no description1
 = its fires h burn$ its /ory indelibly 
into human consci\sness4 ,we "k only too
 well h[ its univ]sity 0 de/roy$1 ) its 
priceless libr>y & its anci5t & unique  
manuscripts2 h[ ! great & beautiful     

,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pi]re 0 swept by flames &  
left a hopeless ru92 h[ its /reets 7    
absorb$1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 ! ro>+        
conflagration1 cov]+ ) _! dbris ! /a9s (
 massacre & pillage4 ,( ,mal9es we "k   
less1 nor %all until ! great cl\d rolls 
back1 b !re 0 mu* !re to lose1 & "s (   
?is we "k has be5 lo/ :ile m may foll[4 
,9 spite ( ! alt>s to coal & iron       
outside ! old c9cture ( ! t[n1 ,mal9es  
itself 0 a g5tle & lovely old place1    
ga!r$ ar\nd its great ,*ur* ( ,/4       
,rombaut ) its incr$ible t[]4 ,a t[n (  
old h\ses & /ill canals 9 /rangely      
poetic comb9ation1 a little ,bruges ) a 
f9] *ur* ?an any ! p]fect ,flemi% city  
c\ld boa/4 ,! *ur* itself is ( a vigor\s
 type ( ! e>lie/ f\rte5?-c5tury         
ar*itecture1 b ! great t[]1 :i* 0 plann$
 z ! highe/ & mo/ spl5did spire 9 ! _w1 
?\gh x complet$ only ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty
 ( its project$ five hundr$ & fifty     
feet1 is fifte5? c5tury1 & z p]fect an  
example ( late ,go?ic at its be/ z may  
be f\nd any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,x is really     

indescribable 9 its comb9ation ( maje/y1
 brilliancy ( design1 & inconceivable   
intricacy ( detail4 ,! exub]ance t m>ks 
! flamboyant art ( ,france is "h        
controll$ & direct$ into ! mo/ excell5t 
*annels1 & if ev] x _h be5 complet$ x   
mu/ h tak5 its place z ! mo/ beautiful  
t[] 9 ! _w4 ,z x is1 x ranks 9 its own  
way ) ! s\!rn fl*e ( ,*>tres & ,giotto's
 ,t[] 9 ,flor5ce1 & m "o _c say4        
,in=mation is n =?com+ z to h[ f> x     
already has be5 wreck$2 x is said t !   
glimm]+ p9nacles & ni*es ( its amaz+    
buttresses h suff]$ sev]ely f %ell-fire1
 & t its c>illon1 ! f9e/ 9 ,belgium1 has
 be5 de/roy$2 if no?+ worse foll[s1 ! _w
 may yet see its vision>y spire take    
actual =m at la/1 9 ! gratitude ( a p = 
! pass+ f !mselves1 & f ! _w1 ( ! %ad[ (
 dea?4  ,inevitably1 :5 "o ?9ks (       
,mal9es1 ,l\va91 ,ypres1 ,arras1        
,soissons1 ,reims1 !re comes ! sugge/ion
 ( possible re/orations1 concretely     
express$ already by ,g]man savants &    
ar*ologi/s incapable ( compreh5d+ !     

diff]5ce betwe5 art & imitation1 & z "s 
palliation = ! evils t h be5 done4 ,x is
 a ?\ght t mu/ resolutely be put aside4 
,z ,i said 9 speak+ ( ,reims1 if en\gh  
rema9s to be made habitable by simple   
pat*+ & protection1 let ?is be done by  
all means1 b )\t a foot ( false c>v+ or 
glass or sculpture4 ,build o!r *ur*es if
 y l1 & z y mu/1 & p]haps on ! old g5]al
 l9es1 ?\gh else:]e1 b let u h no m a   
,pi]refond or a ,mt4 ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,:at  
is gone is gone irrevocably1 & its %ells
 & %>ds are too valuable 9 _! et]nal    
tea*+ to be oblit]at$ by well-meant     
s*emes ( rehabilitation4 ,:5 a :ole t[n 
passes1 z ,ypres & ,l\va9 & ,arras1 !n z
 x fell s let x lie4 ,a k9dly nature w  
sl[ly turn ^! bleak piles ( fall5       
masonry into beautiful memorials1 clo?+ 
!m ) grass & v9es & fl[]s & trees4 ,let 
!m /& s = ev]1 a memorial to ! dead & a 
w>n+ to man 9 8 pride ( life & insol5ce 
( w2 & = ! new cities1 let !m rise z    
beautifully z may be alongside1 b n ov]1
 ! graves ( a dead era4 ,gla/onbury &   

,jumiges1 9 _! solemn & noble ru91 tell 
_! /ory to e>s t at la/ are dispos$ to  
li/51 & ! /ory ( ,reims & ,l\va91 ) !   
same moral at its end1 mu/ be told      
et]nally aft] ! same fa%ion4     ,x     
,,m>g>et ,,( ,,mal9es   ,! hi/orians    
always call h] ,m>gu]ite ( ,au/ria1 b   
?is is h>dly fair1 = ev5 if %e 7 a      
daught] ( ! ,hapsburg ,emp]or           
,maximilian %e did n come into h] own   
until %e took up h] resid5ce 9 a        
beautiful ca/le 9 ,mal9es & made t own !
 =tune & ! de/9ies & ! happ9ess ( !     
,flemi% p :o _h be5 giv5 h]4 ,on bo? h] 
fa!r's side & h] "m's %e 0 ,engli%1 if y
 g back f> en\gh1 h] great1 great1      
great-gr&fa!r hav+ be5 t 8,john ( ,gaunt
 7,gh5t71 "t-hon\r$ ,lanca/]0 ( :om we h
 he>d be=e4 ,h] "m1 ,m>y ( ,burgundy1 :o
 di$ :5 %e 0 a baby1 trac$ h] l9e back  
?r\gh ,*>les ! ,bold & ,isabella (      
,b\rbon to ,john ( ,gaunt's daught]1    
,philippa1 :o m>ri$ ,john ,i (          
,portugal2 & x is ?r\gh ,philippa's son 
,edu>d & 8 daught] ,eleanor :o m>ri$    

,maximilian's fa!r1 ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick  
,,iii1 t ! /ra9 comes on ! fa!r's side4 
,s 8,m>g>et ( ,mal9es0 let h] be2 & z   
well ! well-belov$ ,reg5t ( ,fl&]s1 =   
nev]1 ev5 9 ! great days ( great k+s &  
gov]nors1 0 !re ev] a bett] sov]eign or 
a m engag+ lady4  ,! ,middle ,ages are z
 full ( lovable & admirable wom5 z !    
,r5aissance is ( s9i/] & regrettable    
repres5tatives ( ! same sex4 ,!y _h no  
votes & !y claim$ no rights2 !y 7 less  
welcome at bir? ?an pr9ces1 & !y 7      
incont95tly 7& (t5 prodigally7 m>ri$ (f 
)\t a 8by y\r leave0 by _! s*em+ fa!rs4 
,:olly subs]vi5t bo? 9 pr9ciple & 9 law1
 !y 7 any?+ b ?is 9 fact1 & a /udy ( !  
,middle ,ages reveals a c]ta9 fem99e    
dom9ance t is />tl+ to ! male ( to-day4 
,x is well to rememb] t ! cl++ type1 ) !
 r+lets & facile emotions & te>s1 is a  
product ( mod]n civilisation2 m$ivalism 
knew no?+ ( x1 & little ( t ev5 less    
attractive aspect t always becomes      
conspicu\s :5 society is break+ d[n at !
 end ( an era2 a ,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 :ile

 n )\t prototypes 9 ! ,middle ,ages1    
w\ld h be5 z anomal\s !n z a ,blan*e (  
,ca/ile 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,app>5tly1 
! only conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! m5 
& wom5 ( m$ivalism 7 t ! m5 did ! fight+
 & mo/ ( ! active or viol5t "w1 :ile !  
wom5 direct$ _! c\rses1 correct$ _!     
mi/akes1 & built up _! "* & t ( _!      
*ildr52 & t ! m5 conf9$ !mselves to !   
tactics :ile ! wom5 controll$ ! major   
/rategy ( ! battle ( life4  ,! glitt] & 
! %[ rema9$ ) ! m51 ! sub/ance ( p[]    
rema9$ ) ! wom51 & z _! vision is apt to
 be wid] & m p5etrat+ x is =tunate t ?is
 0 s4 ,( c\rse x 0 all a "p ( ! v real  
supremacy ( ,*ri/ianity ov] all doma9s (
 activity1 all phases ( life & ?\ght4 ,z
 soon z its p[] began to lapse & old    
pagan !ories came 9 ) ! ,r5aissance1    
:ile ,our ,lady & ! sa9ts 7 de?ron$ by !
 ,re=mation1 ! :olesome balance 0       
ov]?r[n & wom5 sl[ly fell back to t     
e>li] position :]e ! only def5ce aga9/  
male oppression 0 ! p[] ( sex1 ! result 
be+ ^? artificial b>ri]s & diff]5ces1 & 

! un:olesome b>t]+ ( bribes & promises &
 ?reats1 t always h result$1 & always w1
 9 a complete d[nfall ( p]sonal & social
 righte\sness4 ,! problem to-day is n h[
 wom5 are to get ! ballot b h[ !y are to
 rega9 _! old m$ival equality 7or       
supremacy if y l7 )\t x4 ,dur+ m$ivalism
 m5 7 m mascul9e & wom5 m fem99e ?an ev]
 be=e or s9ce1 & 9 all probability a    
good "p ( ! e?ical1 cultural1 & social  
success ( ! "t 0 due to ?is fact & to ! 
abs5ce ( artificial b>ri]s t d5i$ to    
demon/rat$ "* & to prov$ capacity !     
opportunity ( effective s]vice4  ,:5ev] 
y f9d a great man 9 m$ival hi/ory 7or   
any o!r = t matt]7 *]*ez la femme2 t5 to
 "o y w f9d beh9d a ,/4 ,l\is a "m l    
,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 or a gu>dian l       
,m>g>et ( ,au/ria beh9d a ,*>les ,v4 ,m5
 try 9 va9 to *ange ! c\rse ( hi/ory by 
_! own ef=ts2 wom5 always h ! p[] to d  
?is ?r\gh ! new g5]ation !y are nurs+ & 
educat+1 :ile ! m5 are exhau/+ _!       
en]gies 9 ! fight+ & ! politics & !     
ev]la/+ /r5u\sness t br+ s _m great ?+s 

to pass t h>dly la/ ov]night4 ,aft] all1
 s f> anyway z ! ,middle ,ages are      
conc]n$1 x 0 ! monks & nuns at _!       
endless pray]s 9 *apel & cell & cloi/]1 
& ! mo!rs 9 _! tall t[]s & _! wall$     
g>d5s1 ) _! *ildr5 ab\t !m1 t made !    
great & endur+ ?+s possible4  ,m>g>et ( 
,mal9es 0 z p]fect a type ( ?is         
consecrat$ womanhood z "o c\ld f9d 9 a  
ye>'s delv+ 9 anci5t hi/ory2 9 addition 
%e 0 a p>ticul>ly *>m+ lady & a v great 
/atesman4 ,moreov] h] tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( 
rule 9 ! ,ne!rl&s cov] a p>ticul>ly     
significant & int]e/+ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory (
 ?is c\ntry & ! end ( m$ival            
civilisation "h :5 x _h outla/$ its c>e]
 else:]e 9 ,europe1 s we may try 9 a    
*apt] to give "s idea ( society 9 !     
,he>t ( ,europe1 at exactly ! mom5t :5 x
 0 ab\t to surr5d] to ! an>*y t already 
0 progressively dom9ant else:]e4        
,m>g>et 0 born on ,janu>y #aj1 #adhj1 9 
,brussels4 ,h] fa!r1 ! ,ar*duke         
,maximilian ( ,hapsburg1 0 app>5tly a   
k9d ( imp]ial ,admirable                

,cri*ton--h&some1 fe>less1 a gallant    
knight1 a poet1 pa9t]1 s*ol>1 patron (  
all arts & lett]s1 & z s]5ely consci\s (
 8 p]sonal m]its z !y des]v$4 ,h] "m 0 !
 beautiful ,m>y ( ,burgundy1 daught] ( !
 headlong & magnific5t ,*>les ! ,bold & 
,isabel ( ,b\rbon :o1 l ,m>g>et's own   
"m1 & h] fa!r's "m1 ,eleanor (          
,portugal1 0 "o ( ^? f9e & beautiful    
*>act]s ) :i* m$ival hi/ory is s full4  
,:5 ! little ,m>g>et 0 only two ye>s old
 h] radiant "m1 :o 0 ador$ by e "o1 0   
kill$ :ile hunt+ & ,maximilian1 :o 0    
he>tbrok5 & q frantic ) grief1 f\nd 8   
two *ildr51 ,m>g>et & h] bro!r ,philip1 
seiz$ by ! some:at aggressive burgh]s ( 
,gh5t on ! gr\nd t x 0 = ! /ate1 & n !  
fa!r1 to det]m9e _! education & _!      
future4 ,l\is ,,xi ( ,france 0 und\bt$ly
 beh9d !m1 = he believ$ he saw 8 *ance  
to dev\r ,burgundy1 & 9 ! end he clev]ly
 eng9e]$ ! treaty ( ,arras :]eby ! small
 ,m>g>et 0 affianc$ to 8 son ,*>les &   
tak5 to ! ,fr5* c\rt to be prop]ly      
educat$1 :ile ,philip rema9$ 9 ,fl&]s to

 be re>$ z ! burgh]s saw fit4           
,=tunately1 ! old ,fr5* spid]1 ,l\is    
,,xi1 di$ almo/ z soon z ,m>g>et rea*$  
,p>is1 & h] education 0 und]tak5 by 8   
daught] ! ,pr9cess ,anne1 :o became     
reg5t = ! ,dauph9 ,*>les & 0 ano!r ( ^? 
/rong & righte\s p]sonalities ( a "t t  
already _h almo/ exhau/$ itself by      
ov]production4 ,"u h] able direction !  
*teau ( ,amboise became a k9d ( 8f9i%+  
s*ool0 = pr9cesses1 & "h ! small ,m>g>et
 0 subject$ to a sy/em ( tra9+ t w\ld   
/agg] ! pres5t day4 8,on a f\ndation (  
/rong religi\s pr9ciples hewn f ! e>ly  
fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,enseignem5ts de    
,sa9t ,l\is1 %e built up a moral &      
philosophic education ) ! help ( !      
anci5t philosoph]s1 especially ,plato z 
/udi$ ) ! comm5t>y ( ,boe?ius10 ma9ta9+ 
a cloi/]al simplicity ( life & fight+   
affectation & pret5ce ) an au/]e ard\r t
 contra/s qua9tly ) ! c\rt life ( ! "t4 
,& all ?is j be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica &
 on ! eve ( ! election ( ! ,borgia1     
,alex&] ,,vi1 to ! ,papacy6  ,9 spite ( 

h] gorge\s betro?al to ! poor little    
awkw>d & mis%ap5 pr9ce1 ! m>riage 0     
de/9$ n to come (f2 political           
consid]ations int]v5$1 & ,*>les m>ri$   
,anne1 ! heiress ( ,brittany1 out ( h&1 
& ! ,pr9cess ,m>g>et 0 unc]emoni\sly    
return$ to ,fl&]s :]e %e 0 receiv$ )    
en?usiasm by h] loyal if turbul5t &     
irresponsible ,flem+s4  ,! situation 0  
*>act]i/ically fifte5? c5tury1 :i* is to
 say impetu\s & fanta/ic4 ,maximilian _h
 j be5 made ,k+ ( ! ,romans & heir to ! 
,holy ,roman ,empire2 he _h v5tur$ into 
! ne/ ( unruly ,flem+s1 be5 captur$1 &  
imprison$ = elev5 weeks1 to ! sc&al (   
,europe & ( ! ,pope :o put bo? ,bruges &
 ,gh5t "u ! int]dict4 ,maximilian won 9 
! end by promis+ mu* & p]=m+ little1 &  
!n back$ ,brittany aga9/ ,france1 int5d+
 to m>ry ! little ,pr9cess ,anne1 b he  
lo/ bo? ! battle & 8 covet$ bride ) h]  
desirable t]ritories1 bo? be+ won by 8  
prospective son-9-law ,*>les :o at "o   
bl[ ?rew ov] ,m>g>et1 & won ! v lady h] 
fa!r _h be5 /riv+ to atta94             

,maximilian's irritation 0 p]haps       
excusable "u ! circum/ances1 b :5 he    
f\nd no "o :o really c>$ to help him 9 a
 w> aga9/ ,france he turn$ to s*emes ( a
 new crusade = driv+ ! ,turks out (     
,europe1 consol$ himself ) a ,s=za      
pr9cess f ,milan1 & work$ out a         
beautiful new s*eme ( a ,spani% alliance
 by m>ry+ 8 son ,philip to ! ,pr9cess   
,juana & ,m>g>et to ! royal ,infante1   
,don ,juan4 ,m>g>et 0 n[ sev5te51 & aft]
 ,dona ,juana _h made h] way to ,fl&]s  
by sea1 always 9 imm95t dang] (         
%ipwreck1 & m>ri$ ,pr9ce ,philip1 %e    
took ! poor /orm-toss$ ladies-9-wait+   
back ) h] by ! same uncom=table r\te1   
produc+ = _! edification1 9 ! mid/ ( !  
wor/ ( ! incessant tempe/s1 h] propos$  
epitaph :i* ran3      8,ci-gi/ ,m>got1  
la g5tile demoiselle      ,qu'eut deux  
m>is1 et ci m\rut pucelle40  ,! epitaph 
0 n ne$$1 & ,m>g>et rea*$ ,spa9 at la/1 
:]e %e 0 receiv$ ) wild joy1 at once    
becom+ ! idol ( all :o met h]1 f ,que5  
,isabella d[n4 ,! pr9ce 0 ( ! same temp]

 z h]self1 h&some1 noble 9 "*1 le>n$1   
pr(ici5t 9 all ! arts1 & !y 7 m>ri$ !   
mom5t ,l5t 0 ov]1 9 ! mid/ ( a k9d (    
fr5zy ( g5]al joy & magnific5ce4 ,?is 0 
on ,ea/] ,sunday1 ,april #aj1 #adig2 on 
,octob] #d ! fairy pr9ce 0 dead ( !     
plague1 dy+ z he _h liv$ 8 brief life ( 
n9ete5 ye>s1 a g5tle & p]fect knight1   
de/roy+ ! gold5 dreams ( 8 p1 break+ !  
he>t ( ! ,que51 & leav+ ,m>g>et1        
he>tbrok5 also1 to await ! bir? ( h]    
*ild1 :o 0 born only to die aft] a s+le 
brea?4 ,! life ( ! girl-wid[ 0 despair$ 
(1 b %e f9ally recov]$1 & 9 spite ( !   
pray]s ( ! sorr[+ ,que5 & c\rt1 :o _h   
acquir$ a passionate affection = h]1    
return$ to ,fl&]s1 :]e h] bro!r ,philip1
 ?r\gh a sequ5ce ( dea?s 9 ! royal      
family ( ,spa91 _h sudd5ly f\nd 8 wife !
 heir to ! va/ & p[]ful k+dom4 ,m>g>et  
arriv$ 9 #adii & two ye>s lat]1 aga9 =  
political reasons 7h] spirit$ fa!r n[   
be+ int]e/$ 9 ! conque/ ( ,italy71 0    
m>ri$ to ,duke ,philib]t ( ,savoy1      
,philib]t le ,beau1 a figure ( spl5d\r1 

c\rage1 le>n+1 & b5efic5ce2 devot$ to 8 
p1 to gov]nm5tal & indu/rial re=m1 to ! 
f\nd+ ( s*ools1 hospitals1 mona/]ies4   
,"o looks agha/ on ! mortality ( "y &   
promis+ lead]s at ?is p>ticul> "t4 ,!y  
arise l spl5did />s1 !y embody all !    
b5efic5t quality ( ! five c5turies (    
m$ivalism t already _h come to an end2  
!y h no k9%ip ) ! new type ( !          
,r5aissance !n fir/ %[+ itself--) a     
,h5ry ,,viii1 a ,francis ,i1 a ,philip  
,,ii1 an ,alex&] ,,vi--& "o by "o !y are
 blott$ out ( ! d>k5+ heav5s4 ,born out 
( due "t1 aft] ! end+ ( an epo* (       
righte\sness & beauty1 !y seem to be    
tak5 away f a _w !y c\ld n save & t c\ld
 only h be5 = !m a mis]y & a            
disappo9tm5t1 z x 0 = ,m>g>et's baby    
nephew1 ,*>les1 :o 0 de/9$ to inh]it !  
_w 9 its *aotic desolation only to      
surr5d] x at la/ & seek refuge 9 !      
cloi/]4  ,s x 0 ) ?is model ( *ivalry1  
,philib]t ! ,beautiful2 ?ree ye>s (     
ec/atic happ9ess 7 grant$ him & 8       
du*ess1 ,m>g>et1 & !n he also di$1 9 !  

room 9 :i* he _h be5 born1 at ,pont     
d',a91 only tw5ty-f\r ye>s be=e4 ,m>g>et
 )drew at once f ! _w1 cut (f h] great  
weal? ( gold5 hair1 & devot$ h]self to  
pray]s & devotions1 & to ! build+ at    
,br\1 9 memory ( ! dead duke1 ( t       
mat*less piece ( ar*itectural jewel "w1 
! %r9e t occupi$ ! en]gies ( ! greate/  
arti/-craftsm5 9 ,europe = a p]iod (    
tw5ty-five ye>s1 ,f e "p ( ,france1     
,fl&]s1 ,burgundy1 ,italy ar*itects1    
pa9t]s1 sculptors1 glassmak]s1          
wood-work]s1 craftsm5 9 metals 7 ga!r$  
toge!r1 & ?us !y lab\r$ ye> aft] ye>1 at
 fir/ sup]vis$ by ! ,du*ess ,m>g>et f an
 oratory %e _h built :]e %e might divide
 h] "t betwe5 int]cessions = ! repose ( 
! s\l ( h] knight & sup]9t5d5ce ( !     
build+ t 0 to immortalise 8 memory & =m 
! place ( sepulture = him1 & = h] :5    
,god will$4 ,9 ! money ( our "t ! co/ ( 
?is %r9e1 small z x is1 0 ov]           
#d1jjj1jjj1 & x repres5t$ ! end+ ( art z
 x m>k$ ! end+ ( a great epo*4  ,! peace
 & ! )drawal f ! _w ! poor pr9cess      

desir$ above ev]y?+ 7 d5i$ h]4 ,two ye>s
 aft] ! dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,savoy1        
,philip1 ! only son ( ,maximilian1 bro!r
 ( ,m>g>et1 husb& ( poor ,dona ,juana1  
:o 0 de/9$ to a life ( madness1 ,philip1
 ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 reg5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s1
 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 ano!r ( ! promis+ pr9ces
 ( ,*ri/5dom1 di$ at ! age (            
tw5ty-eight1 leav+ five *ildr51 ) ano!r 
%ortly to be born1 & among/ !m 0 !      
sev5-ye>-old ,*>les1 ! heir ( ! _w4 ,at 
! solemn obsequies 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4   
,rombaut 9 ,mal9es 7! same ^: t[] is n[ 
%att]$ by ,prussian %ells71 at ! end ( !
 mass1 ! ,k+-at-,arms ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece
 ca/ 8 baton  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[]   
,,( ,,/4 ,,rombaut1 ,,mal9es  along !   
pavem5t & cri$ ?ree times 9 a l\d voice3
 8,le ,roi e/ mort60 ,rais+ x aga9 he   
cri$ aga93 8,vive don ,*>les1 p> la     
grace ,dieu1 ,ar*iduc d',autrice1 ,pr9ce
 des ,espagnes60 & )\t a pause a h]ald  
cont9u$1 rais+ 8 great bann] f ! gr\nd1 
8de ,b\rbon1 de ,lo/ric1 et de          
,brabant02 & a second1 8,comte de       

,fl&res1 d',are?orys1 de ,b\rgone1      
,palat9 d',haynault1 de ,holl&e1 de     
,zel&e1 de ,namur1 et de ,zutph560 & a  
?ird cont9u$ ! long li/1 & a f\r?1 ! la/
 end+3 8,m>quis du ,sa9ct ,empire1      
,seigneur de ,frise1 de ,sal9s1 et de   
,mal9es60  ,s ! future ,"l ( ! ,_w ent]$
 into 8 inh]itance at ! age ( sev51 & z 
always1 )\t a murmur or a prote/1       
,m>g>et left h] oratory1 turn$ f h]     
sl[ly ris+ %r9e1 & w5t into ,fl&]s to be
 gu>dian = ! future ,emp]or1 to tra9 him
 = 8 task1 & meantime to adm9i/] = him  
"o ( ! mo/ turbul5t1 if ri* & beautiful1
 dom9ions ( 8 patrimony4  ,bruges &     
,gh5t 7 too unc]ta9 9 _! temp] z !      
result ( an uncontroll$ guild sy/em &   
its inevitable democracy1 inorganic &   
*aotic4 ,moreov]1 ,m>g>et h]self _h be5 
educat$ 9 ,mal9es by h] gr&mo!r1 ,m>g>et
 ( ,york1 wid[ ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 s to   
,mal9es %e came ) f\r ( h] little       
nephews & nieces1 & 0 receiv$ ) great   
rejoic+1 tak+ up h] resid5ce 9 a v      
spl5did palace1 ! ,htel de ,savoy1      

portions ( :i* /ill rema9 & are us$ z a 
,palais de ,ju/ice4  ,mal9es 9 #aejg 0 a
 v diff]5t city f t ( to-day2 z we c\ld 
h se5 x a ye> ago ) its n>r[ & w9d+     
/reets1 its fragm5ts ( old ru9s1 its    
little gabl$ h\ses1 we lov$ x = its     
qua9tness & its mode/ picturesqu5ess :i*
 =m$ a k9d ( foil to ! va/ t[] ( ,/4    
,rombaut1 lift+ l a truncat$ obelisk    
above a l[ pla94 ,at ! beg9n+ ( !       
sixte5? c5tury x 01 l ! o!r great cities
 ( ,fl&]s & ,brabant1 a place ( palaces 
& g>d5s1 a c\rtly & spl5did city1 ri*1  
busy1 magnific5t4 ,9 ! night ( !        
8,spani% ,fury0 9 ,antw]p x is ( record 
t among/ o!r pr\d build+s1 five hundr$  
palaces ( m>ble or *isell$ /one 7       
de/roy$1 & ?is gives "s idea ( ! nature 
( ! o!r cities t rivall$ & exce$$       
,antw]p 9 magnific5ce4 ,mal9es1 :5 !    
,du*ess ,m>g>et took up h] abode !re1 0 
no village ( d>k & dirty little /reets1 
b a city ( palaces1 f> f9] ?an ,london1 
or ev5 ,p>is1 & a fitt+ resid5ce = a    
pr9cely c\rt & = ! future ,emp]or4  ,!  

new ,reg5t made x m magnific5t ?an ev]2 
x 0 a "t :5 five c5turies ( m$ival      
culture 7 bloom+ 9 beauty & great le>n+1
 & ! b5efic5t qualities ( ! e>ly1 or    
,*ri/ian ,r5aissance1 7 unit+ ) all t _h
 come f an epo* ^: t]m _h already       
arriv$4 ,9 ,italy ! ,r5aissance _h rott$
 into a poison1 b ! virus _h p5etrat$   
only a little way into ! ve9s ( ,europe4
 ,! ,papacy 0 rott5 to ! core1 ! ,m$ici 
7 cloak+ _! pe/il5tial tyranny & _!     
glorification ( mat]ial ga9 9 ! f9e     
ve/ure ( le>n+ & /hetics4 ,ma*iavelli 0 
de?ron+ ,*ri/ian e?ics & sub/itut+      
effici5cy 9 its place1 b ! ,*ri/ian     
,r5aissance 0 /ill fight+ its los+      
battle ?r\gh ,c>d9al ,cusa1 ,sir ,?omas 
,m1 & ,erasmus4 ,dr]1 ,holbe91 ,hans    
,sa*s 7 giv+ a new glory to at lea/ two 
( ! arts 9 ,g]many1 & z yet ,lu!r 0 no m
 ?an a ?reat1 ,wolsey a ris+ /> ^:      
balefulness 0 n app>5t1 ,calv9 unhe>d (1
 ,h5ry ,,viii a spl5did pr9ce %ortly to 
be proclaim$ 8,def5d] ( ! ,fai?0 he 0 s 
soon to ca/ d[n into ! mire4  ,9 !      

doma9s ( ,m>g>et ( ,mal9es ! aft]gl[ (  
,ca?olic culture 0 /ill gold5 & graci\s1
 & :ile %e def5d$ ! int]e/s & ! welf>e (
 ! pr9cipality %e held 9 tru/ ) a vig\r 
& a p]si/5cy t ?rew into ! %ade ! less] 
abilities ( h] male pr$ecessors1 %e made
 ( h] city a new c5tre ( le>n+ &        
righte\sness4 ,"h came ,l\is ,vives &   
,adrian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,utre*t1 lat] !    
,pope ( a ye> :o1 _h he liv$1 might h   
re=m$ ! ,*ur* & made ! ,prote/ant       
,re=mation innocu\s2 ,erasmus (         
,rott]dam1 t engag+ "* :o c\ld h mat*$ &
 wor/$ ,lu!r1 & done 8 "w bett] ?an he1 
_h he possess$ ! s9c]ity & !            
consecration ( a m>tyr2 8,cornelius     
,agrippa10 ,mass1 ,ev]>d1 ,mol9et1      
,r5acle de ,flori5ne1 & o!r less]       
lights4 ,mabuse1 ,van ,orley1 ,coxcie   
came z pa9t]s to produce ! alt>-pieces &
 portraits desir$ by ! ,reg5t & h] c\rt2
 compos]s & musicians s\ght h]          
patronage1 = %e _h a passionate love =  
music ( all sorts & wrote _m poems &    
songs :i* !y set aft] ! fa%ion ( ! "t4  

,h] int]e/ 9 ar*itecture 0 int5se1 & %e 
made ,rombaut ,keld]mans h] c\rt        
ar*itect1 *>g+ him among/ o!r ?+s ) !   
completion ( ! va/ t[] ( ! *ur* ( 8     
"n-sa9t1 begun by 8 direct ance/or ,jan 
9 #adeb4 ,?is 0 a fam\s family ( ma/]   
masons1 ,jan1 ) 8 bro!r ,&r1 ,ma?ieu1   
,anto9e1 & lat] ,anto9e ,,ii1 ,rombaut1 
& ,laur5t4 ,! designs = ! completion (  
,/4 ,rombaut's t[] & also = a great     
,htel de ,ville are /ill pres]v$1 & 9   
vision "o c see !m c>ri$ out by & by 9 a
 new & reg5]at$ ,mal9es "u a new &      
reg5]at$ civilisation4 ,z a matt] (     
fact1 ! /one = ,/4 ,rombaut's spire 0   
already cut & on ! gr\nd :5 ! =tunes (  
,fl&]s *ang$1 & 9 #aehb x 0 all seiz$ by
 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 & c>ri$ away to    
build a new t[n at ,willem/adt4 ,dur+   
,m>g>et's reg5cy1 ! great ,ca!dral (    
,/e4 ,gudule at ,brussels 0 built1 !    
good "p ( ! ,gh5t ,htel de ,ville1 !    
belfry ( ,bruges1 ! spire ( ,antw]p1 z  
well z innum]able o!r great works t     
p]i%$ at ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds1 !         

,calv9i/s1 & ! ,fr5* devils ( !         
,revolution4  ,z a collector ( books1   
pictures1 works ( art ( all k9ds %e 0   
indefatigable4 ,9 h] own h\se1 :i* 0 a  
true palace ( art1 7 ,van ,eycks1       
,meml+s1 ,van d] ,weyd5s1 ,di]ick ,b\ts1
 mo/ ( :i* succumb$ long ago to         
ignorance & v&alism4 ,!re 7 priceless   
tape/ries )\t end1 sequ5ces ( six or m3 
,! ,life ( ,que5 ,e/h]1 ! ,/ory ( !     
,?ree ,k+s1 ( ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 (      
,arcadia2 ,la ,cit des ,dames1 ! ,hi/ory
 ( ! ,cid1 ( ,alex&]1 ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,an 
inv5tory ( ! palace art /ill exi/s &    
reads l a /ory out ( ! ,arabian ,nights2
 we "h f9d catalogu$ wond]ful c>pets &  
rugs2 arm\r inlaid ) gold & silv]2      
caskets1 clocks1 vases ( preci\s metals1
 c>v$ & engrav$ gems1 preci\s m>bles1   
jasp]1 ivory1 alaba/]1 *alc$ony2        
gold-&-silv] plate set ) preci\s /ones4 
,z = h] private libr>y x 0 a            
treasure-h\se & a /ud5t's sanctu>y4 ,!re
 7 "o hundr$ & fifty vellum volumes     
illum9$ ) col\rs & gold & b\nd 9 velvet1

 gild$ lea!r1 metal /udd$ ) gems2 !re 7 
?ree editions ( ,ari/otle1 f\r ( ,livy1 
) ! works ( ,ovid1 ,s5eca1 ,cs>4 ,!re 0 
a l>ge collection ( !ological & moral   
works1 decretals & dige/s 9 ,lat9 &     
,fr5*1 ! works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,lives ( 
,sa9ts1 ,bibles1 missals1 brevi>ies1    
books ( h\rs1 ,gospels1 ,te/am5ts4      
,froiss>t 0 !re1 ) all ! old ,ar?urian  
romances1 z well z ! 8,gold5 ,leg5d10   
8,le ,livre de ,tresor10 8le ,mirroir du
 ,monde10 8le ,mirroir des ,dames02     
books on hunt+1 falconry1 *ess1 fa%ions4
 ,all ^! 7 illum9$ manuscripts1 b pr9t+ 
0 already an indu/ry1 & :at ,m>g>et _h 9
 ?is l9e we c only guess1 z ?is p>ticul>
 catalogue is gone4  ,x 0 9 ?is wond]ful
 palace1 set 9 ! mid/ ( _m o!r palaces 9
 a ri* & c\rtly city1 :]e ! /reets 7    
always full ( ! pageantry ( ! iridesc5t 
m+l+ ( an end+ m$ivalism & an unfold+   
,r5aissance1 t ,m>g>et liv$ = a qu>t] ( 
a c5tury1 tra9+ ! little pr9ces &       
pr9cesses1 adm9i/]+ ! v complicat$      
affairs ( h] /ate1 def5d+ x aga9/       

aggression1 compos+ its int]nal         
diff]5ces1 giv+ aid to ! sick1 ! suff]+1
 & ! disquiet$ 9 m9d & s\l1 conv]s+ ) ! 
philosoph]s1 poets1 & !ologians %e _h   
drawn f _m s\rces1 & all ! "t keep+     
ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 craftsm5  
busy 9 add+ to ! weal? ( beauty already 
sup]abundant 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4  ,fl&]s &    
,brabant h always be5 =tunate :5 wom5   
rul$ 9 ! place ( m5 & nev] m s ?an "u   
,m>g>et ( ,mal9es4 ,%e gu>d$ ) ! mo/    
jeal\s c>e e j int]e/ ( h] p1 beat+ at !
 outset ,h5ry ,,vii ( ,engl& 9 a        
diplomatic conte/1 b lat] refus+ to m>ry
 ! ?rifty mon>* 78,!y h tri$ to m>ry me 
?ree times1 b my luck is bad4071 br++   
,*>les ( ,gueld]s to rights1 aid+ 9 !   
defeat ( ,france by h] fa!r & "y ,pr9ce 
,h5ry ( ,engl& at ! ,battle ( ! ,spurs1 
b on ! :ole ma9ta9+ an unwont$ peace4   
,n = a ?\s& ye>s _h !re be5 a "t m      
mom5t\s ?an ! ye>s ( ,m>g>et's reg5cy2 m
 complicat$ 9 its conflict+ curr5ts1 m  
amaz+ 9 its possibilities & 9 ! ideas t 
7 br\ght =?4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 9 ! saddle

 9 ,italy1 rid+ ! ,*ur* & society to _! 
fall2 9 ,g]many ,prote/antism 0 claim+ &
 fight+ = ! succession1 :ile ,france 0  
foll[+ ,italy 9 its progressive         
corruption1 ,engl& /ill /&+ firm beh9d  
h] ,*annel cliffs t seem$ s well to     
def5d h] aga9/ spiritual z well z       
physical invasion4 ,all ?+s 7 *ang+1 a  
new era 0 e/abli%+ itself1 b ,maximilian
 0 n cont5t to see ! old dep>t )\t a    
/ruggle1 nor 0 8 son ,*>les :5 he       
succe$$ him4 ,9 ! volum9\s correspond5ce
 t has be5 pres]v$ betwe5 ! ,emp]or & 8 
,reg5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s !re is an a/\nd+    
lett] :i* reveals ! almo/ insane l5g?s  
to :i* ! imag9ation c\ld g 9 ^!         
ov]/imulat$ times2 9 x ,maximilian      
confesses t he has a great s*eme = !    
r$emption ( ,europe & x is ?is3 he1     
himself1 is to be made a k9d ( coadjutor
 to ! ,pope 7,julius ,,ii1 !n ill71     
:]eupon he w surr5d] ! ,empire to 8 son 
,*>les1 & !n :5 ,julius %all die1 be    
made ,pope 9 8 place1 ?us unit+ all     
spiritual & temporal p[] 9 ! p]sons ( ! 

,hapsburg fa!r & son6  ,he w\ldn't h    
made a bad ,pope1 ?is %rewd1 crusad+1   
ideali/ic ,maximilian1 c]ta9ly he w\ld h
 be5 a bett] ?an ! ,alex&] ,,vi1 ,julius
 ,,ii1 ,leo ,x type !n 9 vogue1 & !     
vision ( ,maximilian 9 ! *air ( ,pet]1 )
 ,*>les ,v ! temporal "l ( ! _w1 is     
/imulat+ & provocative ( speculation z  
to :at might h happ5$4 ,h[ev]1 x all    
came to no?+2 ,julius recov]$1 & 0      
succe$$ 9 #aeac by ,leo ,x1 :o reign$   
furi\sly = eight ye>s & !n di$1 to be   
succe$$1 n by ,wolsey1 :o 0 ex]t+ e     
diplomatic & pecuni>y ag5cy to ga9 !    
prize1 n by a ,c>d9al ( ! ,m$ici or !   
,colonna1 b by an obscure recluse1      
,adrian1 sometime ,ar*bi%op ( ,utre*t1 a
 g5tle pr(essor at ,l\va9 :om           
,maximilian _h discov]$ & s5t to ,mal9es
 to help educate ! future ,*>les ,v1 &  
:o _h s9ce be5 immur$ 9 ,spa9 z ,c>d9al 
( ,tortosa4  ,x 0 "o ( ^? kaleidoscopic 
ph5om5a t gave an exce$+ vivacity to !  
age4 ,into ! mid/ ( a l9e ( ,popes      
di/+ui%$ = _! highly develop$ & q       

artificial ta/e1 _! rapacity & simony1  
_! p]si/5t nepotism & _! s]5e pr(ligacy1
 came sudd5ly a %y1 ascetic /ud5t1 pi\s1
 au/]e1 & simple4 ,into ! ,vatican ( an 
,alex&] ,,vi & ,leo ,x he came ) 8 old  
,flemi% h\sekeep]1 to ! horror ( !      
curia1 &1 we may believe1 ! sympa!tic   
amusem5t ( ! angels4 ,= a mom5t x seem$ 
z ?\gh ! ideal ( ,maximilian 0 to be    
atta9$ by m or?odox me?ods4 ,adrian ,,vi
 set himself to ! task ( re=m+ n alone !
 curia b ! :ole ,*ur*2 to reg5]ate      
,ca?olicism on ,ca?olic l9es1 defeat    
,prote/antism 9 its own field1 re/ore   
peace to ! _w4 ,de/9y1 h[ev]1 is n to be
 escap$2 ! _w _h busily made its b$ & 9 
x x 0 de/9$ to lie4 ,"o by "o ea* "y &  
righte\s pr9ce _h be5 tak5 away by dea? 
be=e he c\ld set 8 lance 9 re/ aga9/ !  
common enemy1 & n[ ! anomal\s ,pope 0   
d5i$ 8 self-appo9t$ task4 ,9 less ?an   
two ye>s he 0 dead1 ,clem5t ,,vii reign$
 9 8 /ead1 & ! _w1 hav+ tak5 a long     
brea? ( relief1 w5t on v mu* z be=e1 to 
its inescapable de/9y4  ,:5 he 0 fifte5 

ye>s old ,*>les =mally took ov] !       
gov]nm5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s & f\r ye>s lat] he
 0 elect$ to ! ,empire1 becom+ ,*>les   
,v1 b ,m>g>et /ill rema9$ at ! head ( ! 
,c\ncil ( ,reg5cy ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ! w>s
 betwe5 ! ,emp]or & ,francis ,i1 !      
,ne!rl&s escap$ z ! fight+ 0 else:]e1 & 
_! peace & prosp]ity rema9$ practically 
unbrok54 ,9 ! end ,m>g>et cr[n$ h] c>e] 
by initiat+ & complet+ ! 8,ladies'      
,peace10 :i* result$ 9 ! treaty (       
,cambrai4 ,francis ,i _h already be5    
completely beat5 by ! ,emp]or1 r5\nc+ 8 
claims ov] ,fl&]s & ,artois & promis+ to
 keep ! peace1 b he promptly broke all 8
 engagem5ts & _h to be beat5 aga91 v    
?or\ghly ?is "t1 ) fur!r disa/r\s       
results to ! rema9s ( ,*ri/ian culture1 
= ,clem5t ,,vii _h jo9$ ) ,francis aga9/
 ! ,empire1 & ,rome 0 /orm$ & sack$ by !
 lawless troops ( ! ,con/able ( ,b\rbon1
 un=tunately kill$ 9 ! assault1 amid/   
appall+ sc5es ( murd]1 arson1 & pillage1
 :5 untold weal? ( anci5t art 0 utt]ly  
de/roy$4 ,! :ole w> 0 a sc&al on ! "n ( 

dec5cy & m ?an ,m>g>et & ! o!r dec5t    
wom5 c\ld be>1 s %e propos$ to ! ,emp]or
 t %e %\ld und]take to make peace1 &    
actually succe$$ 9 do+ s1 ) ! aid (     
,l\ise ( ,savoy1 "m ( ,k+ ,francis1     
,m>gu]ite ( ,france1 ,que5 ( ,nav>re1 & 
,m>ie ( ,luxemb\rg1 ,c\ntess ( ,v5dme4  
,m>g>et's "w 0 app>5tly f9i%$4 ,all h]  
bro!r's *ildr5 _h be5 gu>d$1 educat$1 & 
m>ri$1 ,eleanore to ! ,k+ ( ,portugal1  
,isabelle to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ,m>ie to ! 
,k+ ( ,hung>y1 :ile ,f]d9& :o _h be5    
educat$ 9 ,spa9 _h m>ri$ ,anne ( ,hung>y
 & receiv$ f 8 bro!r1 ! ,emp]or1 ! ?rone
 ( ,au/ria1 to :i* 7 add$ ,bohemia &    
,hung>y aft] ! great beat+ back ( !     
,turks f ,vi5na 9 #aebi1 s9ce ,k+ ,l\is1
 husb& ( ,m>ie1 _h lo/ 8 life 9 !       
t]rible disa/] ( ! battle ( ,mohacs 9   
#aebf1 :5 = ! mom5t ! ,moslems _h be5   
victori\s & _h ?reat5$ all ,europe f !  
field :]e #bj1jjj _h laid d[n _! lives 9
 a va9 attempt to /em ! hea!n tide4  ,z 
= h] imp]ial nephew ,*>les1 he 0 n[ !   
unque/ion$ head ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire

 & lead] ( ,*ri/5dom2 on ,febru>y #bd1  
#aecj1 he 0 solemnly cr[n$ by ! ,pope1 9
 ,bologna1 ) ! ,iron ,cr[n ( ,lomb>dy & 
! cr[n ( ,*>lemagne4 ,peace ( sorts1 _h 
settl$ on ,europe1 & x 0 a peace (      
,m>g>et's own mak+4 ,! ,lu!ran h]esy 0  
sull5 & ?reat5+1 b ?us f> !re 0 no      
actual viol5ce4 ,!re 0 a pause 9 ! om9\s
 progress ( ev5ts1 & tir$1 appreh5sive  
,m>g>et det]m9$ to resign h] *>ge to !  
,emp]or1 :o 0 com+ f 8 cr[n+ to visit h]
 9 ,mal9es1 & retire to "o ( ! conv5ts  
%e h]self _h f\nd$4 ,%e _h e>n$ ! peace 
%e desir$1 & a great] peace1 :i* 0      
accord$ h] by ! grace ( ,god1 = on      
,novemb] #cj1 #aecj1 %e di$ f an ov]dose
 ( opium giv5 h] by h] physicians 9     
prep>ation = an op]ation t _h become    
necess>y1 ow+ to an injury to a foot :i*
 _h n be5 prop]ly treat$4  ,%e di$ z %e 
_h liv$1 ?\ghtful = o!rs1 g5]\s1 meek 9 
_s1 s9c]ely & devot$ly a ,ca?olic4 ,all 
! ,ne!rl&s m\rn$ = h] z a righte\s &    
able gov]nor &1 aft] ! impos+ fun]al    
s]vices 9 ,bruges1 %e 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh !   

sn[1 along ! road %e _h foll[$ on h]    
w$d+ j\rney1 ?irty ye>s be=e1 to ! *ur* 
at ,br\1 :]e %e 0 plac$ by ! side ( !   
husb&1 :o _h be5 h]s = s few ye>s1 & =  
love ( :om %e _h built ! mo/ beautiful  
%r9e 9 ,europe4  ,! *ur* at ,br\ is !   
la/ ( ,go?ic art1 & ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1  
by ! love ( h] p1 ,m>g>et ( ,mal9es1 0 !
 la/ ( ! great & righte\s & pi\s wom5 ( 
! age t _h made ?is art its own4  ,) !  
pass+ ( ,m>g>et1 ,mal9es ceas$ to be !  
capital ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 b = comp5sation 9 
"s sort x 0 made an ar*bi%opric2 & ?\gh 
its great palaces h pass$ ) its glory1 !
 ho>d$ art & !  ,illu/ration3 ,a        
,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,br\      
m>vell\s libr>y ( ! ,reg5t gone to fe$ !
 fires ( sacrilege or enri* ! gall]ies (
 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 ?\gh its weal? 
is no m & ?rongs ( f9ely clad burgh]s & 
m]*ants no long] enri* its w9d+ /reets )
 ! pageant ( a w$d$ ,m$ivalism &        
,r5aissance1 out ( ?is ecclesia/ical    
aggr&isem5t has come 9 ^! lat] days a   
new hon\r to ,mal9es2 = :5 w> & pillage 

aga9 swept x ) ! flames ( hell1 x 0 !   
,c>d9al ( ,mal9es1 ,ar*bi%op ,m]ci]1 :o 
d>$ to /& =? & defy ! spoil]1 :ile %am+ 
8 too-cauti\s ecclesia/ical sup]ior1    
weigh+1 vacillat+1 c\nt+ co/s & pr(its 9
 ! mid/ ( 8 buzz+ curia4  ,! ,he>t (    
,europe1 pi]c$ by ! sword & %$d+ !      
life-blood t _h c\rs$ = a ?\s& ye>s     
?r\gh ! art]ies ( ! _w1 knew t ! h\r ( !
 et]nal "q _h come1 t ! clean division  
betwe5 "r & wrong _h be5 cut by ! sword1
 t once m ! ,voice _h gone =?3 8,he t is
 n ) ,me is aga9/ ,me10 & t !re 0 no    
long] place on e>? = ! emasculate1 !    
neut]1 9 ! cat*word p>lance ( ! "t1 !   
neutral4 ,pet] %udd]$ & hesitat$ on !   
?rone ( ! ,fi%]man2 great nations       
outside ! wid5+ r+ ( fire c\nt$ ! co/ & 
dream$ day-dreams ( arbitration &       
pacification1 b once aga9 ,mal9es spoke1
 z 9 ! pa/1 ) ! tongue ( ! pa/--& ( !   
future4 ,m]ci] ( ,mal9es spoke = ,god & 
8 own p1 & = ! righte\sness t is et]nal1
 z f\r c5turies ago spoke ,m>g>et (     
,mal9es4     ,,xi  ,,!                  

,,fifte5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t]s   ,! hi/ory1
 ! pr9ciples1 ! motives1 ! me?ods ( t   
mode ( art :i* expresses itself 9       
pictorial =m are involv$ 9 m error &    
misrepres5tation ?an happ5s 9 ! case (  
any ( its allies4 ,= ?is ! n9ete5?      
c5tury1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,teutonic n9ete5?
 c5tury1 ) its inability to und]/& art 9
 any =m save t ( music1 is *iefly       
responsible4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to    
isolate x z an indep5d5t =m ( art1 to   
conf9e x to 8easel pa9t+0 on panel or   
canvas1 or to wall decorations conceiv$ 
aft] ! same fa%ion & on ! same l9es1 to 
r$uce x to c]ta9 s*ools & individuals & 
localities2 9 a ^w1 to make x a highly  
specialis$ =m ( p]sonal expression1 l   
lyric poetry or !ological h]esy4 ,?is is
 to miss its ess5tial "* & d5y its      
prim>y function4  ,pa9t+ is ! use (     
col\r & ! composition ( l9es & =ms = %e]
 joy 9 ?is p>ticul> k9d ( beauty2 = !   
hon\r+ ( ! mo/ hon\rable ?+s2 = !       
/imulat+ ( high & f9e human emotion2 = !
 symbolical 7& !re=e sacram5tal7        

expression ( spiritual adv5tures &      
exp]i5ces t s f> transc5d ! limitations 
( ! mat]ial t !y are n susceptible (    
intellectual manife/ation4 ,pa9t+ is    
prim>ily & 9 its highe/ e/ate an ally & 
an aid ( ar*itecture1 z are also        
sculpture & 79 a less intimate degree7  
music1 poetry1 & ! drama1 all work+     
toge!r = ! build+ up1 "u ! inspiration (
 religion1 ( a great /imulus & a great  
expression4 ,z a ?+ by itself x fails ( 
half its p[]1 b1 l all ! arts1 x c be   
us$ 9 ?is way1 ?\gh indiff]5tly & only  
)9 c]ta9 limitations4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t 
pa9t+ z an art began ) ,giotto or       
,cimabue or ,duccio1 is absurd2 !re 0   
great pa9t+ long be=e !m1 & "s ( x rea*$
 heights ev5 !y c\ld n atta94 ,( c\rse  
mo/ ( x is gone1 vani%+ ) ! de/roy$ or  
remodell$ build+s1 :]e x work$          
intimately ) ar*itecture1 scrap$ (f by  
8re/or]s10 :itewa%$ by iconocla/s1 done 
ov] by easel pa9t]s1 s x is h>d to judge
 x ju/ly1 b a few fragm5ts rema9 9      
,france & ,italy t give "s idea ( its   

orig9al p[] & beauty4  ,simil>ly1       
illum9ation is n a h&icraft or an       
indu/rial art2 x 0 frequ5tly great art (
 a v di/+ui%$ quality1 & s 0 ! pa9t+ (  
c>v+ & sculpture1 an art n disda9$ by ! 
,van ,eycks !mselves4 ,f ! e>lie/       
beg9n+s ( ! ,middle ,ages !re 0 great   
pa9t+1 & ! ,duccios & ,massaccios &     
,meml+s only add$ to x c]ta9 diff]5t1 & 
n always admirable1 qualities1 :ile     
devis+ novel me?ods t made possible     
novel modes ( expression4  ,& "h ent]s  
ano!r misconception t has done mu* h>m3 
! ,van ,eycks did n inv5t oil pa9t+1 if 
by ! phrase is meant ! oil pa9t+ ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is1 ! use (           
me*anically gr\nd pigm5ts already mix$ )
 an oil m$ium1 is a trick h>dly m ?an a 
c5tury old1 & is a "t-sav+ device = !   
obta9+ 7:i* x does n succe$ 9 do+71 at !
 lea/ exp5diture ( "t & ?\ght1 ( !      
effects orig9ally produc$ by ! old me?od
 t held f ! "t ( ,hub]t ,van ,eyck d[n  
to t ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,?is old  
me?od consi/$ 9 divid+ ! "w ( a pa9t]   

into ?ree /ages--draw+1 modell+1        
col\r+--ea* ( :i* _h to be done         
labori\sly & to p]fection4 ,aft] !      
picture _h be5 drawn completely & 9 e   
detail x 0 modell$ 9 a ?ick und]pa9t+ ( 
impa/o ) its v>i$ reliefs & textures1 & 
!n ! col\r 0 appli$2 successive coats ( 
transp>5t pigm5t1 "o impos$ on ! o!r1   
ea* be+ all[$ to dry be=e ! next 0 put  
on4 ,! result 01 among/ o!r ?+s1 t dep?1
 resonance1 & transp>5cy ( col\r t m>k !
 great pa9t+ ( ! pa/ & are absolutely   
unobta9able by ! use ( ! opaque & muddy 
pigm5ts squeez$ out ( collapsible tubes4
 ,9 ?is e>li] me?od !re 0 no %ort road  
to success2 a pa9t] c\ld n sweep 9 8    
broad masses ( pa9t ) a few ma/]ly      
/rokes1 mask+ 8 lack ( pr(ici5cy 9 draw+
 by d>+ & !atrical bru% "w1 & mak+ am5ds
 = 8 opaque & unbeautiful col\r by a    
/unn+ exhibition ( a delusive           
*i>o-oscuro4 ,ev]y?+ 0 built up         
labori\sly & consci5ti\sly2 x 0         
consummate craftsman%ip1 ) mu* 9 common 
) /a9$ glass1 orfv]ie1 & ev5 )          

ar*itecture4 ,no wond] a pa9t]'s tra9+  
frequ5tly began ) a goldsmi?2 x dem&$ ! 
mo/ exquisite & consci5ti\s craft & !re 
0 no sub/itute t a public tra9$ 9 eye & 
quick 9 appreciation c\ld be induc$ to  
accept4 ,temp]am5t 0 no excuse =        
incapacity2 d>+ bru% "w made no am5ds = 
lack ( compet5ce2 = once pa9t+ 0 on a p>
 ) ! o!r arts1 & a pa9t] 0 z mu* a ma/] 
( craft1 & z rigidly held to its highe/ 
/&>ds1 z a musician or a ma/] build]4   
,( c\rse !re always _h be5 fresco-pa9t+1
 & "h ! me?od 0 q diff]5t1 = ! col\r _h 
to be appli$ swiftly & once = all to !  
wet pla/]4 ,"h ! te*nique 0 direct &    
in/antane\s1 q unlike t ( panel pa9t+1 &
 ?\gh x 0 no m adaptable to ! vag>ies ( 
temp]am5tal expression1 x op5$ up new   
possibilities ( :i* pa9t]s 7 always try+
 to take advantage4 ,giotto himself1 be+
 ! greate/ ma/] ( ?is p>ticul> mode1 0  
always work+ along ^! l9es1 & lat]      
,velasquez comb9$ !m ) ! possibilities  
inh]5t 9 ! developm5t ( und]pa9t+ z a ?+
 f9al 9 itself1 )\t ! labori\s & /udi$  

glaz+ ( successive coats ( pure col\r4  
,! art ( pa9t+ 0 nev] a rigid & immobile
 sy/em2 e pa9t] 0 /riv+ = new me?ods &  
new developm5ts1 & frequ5tly f9d+ !m2 9 
! end1 z ! old arti/ic s5se di$ away1   
virtuosity took its place1 & ?is f\nd   
its opportunity ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( all
 ! old elem5ts ( craftsman%ip & a       
developm5t ( ! qualities ( bread? &     
swiftness inh]5t 9 fresco-pa9t+1 toge!r 
) ! da% & bravura t (f]$ !mselves ?r\gh 
! clev] manipulation ( ! ?ick & solid & 
suave mat]ial ( ! old und]pa9t+4 ,9 a   
^w1 ! t5d5cy 0 t[>d comb9+ draw+1       
modell+1 & col\r 9 "o process1 obta9+   
f9al effects 9 "o op]ation2 & :ile ?is  
meant a possible sl\*+ ( draw+1 a       
sub/itution ( surprise & bravado =      
consi/5t modell+1 a loss ( all dep? &   
resonance ( col\r1 & ! putt+ ( a premium
 on su* q unimportant 7& sometimes      
vici\s7 matt]s z da%+ bru% "w1 x mu/ be 
admitt$ x did p]mit 8temp]am5t0 to      
express itself ) a swiftness & mobility 
impossible be=e1 grant+ always t ?is is 

desirable4  ,n[ 9 ! work+ ( ?is         
revolution ! ,van ,eycks _h no "p       
:atev]4 ,!y did n inv5t 8oil pa9t+0 or  
any?+ l x4 ,!y 7 ! greate/              
pa9t]-craftsm5 ev] kn[n1 & !y & !       
g5]ations t foll[$ !m 9 ,fl&]s & ,italy 
held fai?fully to ! old ?reefold mode ( 
op]ation until ,t9toretto1 ,velasquez1 &
 ,rub5s began to m]ge ! ?ree 9 "o & to  
lay ! f\ndations = ! pres5t lam5table   
subt]fuges ( ! ,salon & ! ,royal        
,academy4 ,:at !y did d 0 ?is3 until    
,hub]t's "t e pa9t] _h be5 se>*+ = "s   
m$ium :i* w\ld n mitigate ! p]fect      
transp>5cy ( _! h&-gr\nd col\rs & w\ld  
dry quickly4 ,all k9ds ( visc\s ?+s _h  
be5 employ$--:ite ( egg1 fig juice1 &   
o!r less seemly m$ia--b none 0 :olly    
satisfactory4 ,oil 0 ! natural ?+1 b oil
 0 an unconscionable "t 9 dry+4 ,hub]t  
,van ,eyck f\nd "s oil m$ium 7or v>ni%7 
t dri$ quickly & ?is at once became !   
univ]sal m$ium4 ,x 0 a great discov]y & 
a great boon1 b x _h no?+ :atev] to d ) 
8oil pa9t+10 :i* did n actually come    

into exi/5ce until ! d>k days ( ! late  
eighte5? or e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 !re=e !
 skirts ( ! ,van ,eycks are cle> & we c 
absolve !m ( all responsibility4  ,!re  
nev] 0 a s*ool ( su* consummate         
craftsman%ip z ?is ( ,fl&]s4 ,! ,van    
,eycks1 ,meml+1 ,van d] ,weyd5 7 ! mo/  
p]fectly tra9$1 ! mo/ compreh5sively    
compet5t1 & ! mo/ consci5ti\sly labori\s
 arti/s ev] kn[n2 also !y und]/ood      
draw+1 composition1 & light+ z no o!rs  
ev] did1 :ile _! s5se ( beauty ( col\r1 
ei!r 9 itself or 9 subtle & spl5did     
comb9ations1 0 unique4 ,!y 7 n port5ts1 
sudd5 meteors %oot+ across a d>k sky1 !y
 simply cont9u$ & develop$ a long &     
glori\s tradition4 ,long be=e !m !      
mona/]ies _h be5 produc+ great art ( e  
k9d--frescos1 illum9ations1 /a9$ glass1 
embroid]y1 pa9t$ sculpture--& x 0 all   
art ( ! greate/4 ,:5 ,hub]t pa9t$ !     
8,adoration ( ! ,lamb10 he m]ely ga!r$  
toge!r all ^! arts & manife/$ 8 enorm\s 
& a/\nd+ syn!sis 9 conc5trat$ =m1 &     
bett] ?an any "o _h ev] done be=e4 ,all 

! intricate delicacy ( jewel "w1 all !  
vivacity ( clean-cut sculpture1 all !   
suavity ( silk5 ne$lework1 all ! flam+  
spl5d\r ( /a9$ glass are br\ght toge!r  
"h 9 "o a/oni%+ comb9ation1 & to ?is    
era-mak+ syn!sis is add$ ! liv+ light   
,illu/ration3  ,,our ,,lady1 ,,f ,,!    
,,trypti* ,,at ,,gh5t ,,hub]t ,,van     
,,eyck   & ! human appeal ( ! poignant  
beauty ( ! _w1 & ! transc5d5t magic ( ! 
sup]natural1 sacram5tally & visibly set 
=?4  ,?is1 :i* v well may be ! greate/  
picture 9 ! _w 7x does n matt]71 0 ord]$
 f ,hub]t ,van ,eyck :5 he 0 ne>ly fifty
 ye>s old1 he hav+ be5 born ab\t #acff 9
 ! prov9ce ( ,limb\rg & com+ ( a long   
l9e ( pa9t]s4 ,x 0 ord]$ by ,jodocus    
,vydts1 a wor?y burgh] ( ,gh5t1 z an    
alt>-piece = a *apel he _h built & end[$
 7accord+ to ! pi\s & admirable practice
 ( ^? good ,ca?olic times7 9 ! ,ca!dral 
( ,/4 ,bavon4 ,= t5 ye>s he work$ at 8  
ma/]piece1 & !n dea? ov]took him 9 ! ye>
 #adbf1 :5 8 "w 0 only p>tly f9i%$1 :5 8
 bro!r1 ,jan1 took x up & br\ght x to a 

triumphant conclusion 9 #adcb4 ,x is a  
great tripty* ( tw5ty-two pa9t$ panels &
 its pres]vation has be5 no?+ %ort (    
miracul\s4 ,philip ,,ii tri$ to c>ry x  
(f 9 #aeeh1 ! ,prote/ants to de/roy x 9 
#aeff1 & ! ,calv9i/s to give x away to  
,que5 ,elizabe? 9 #aegh4 ,x 0 ne>ly     
de/roy$ by fire 9 #afda1 dismemb]$ &    
pack$ away 9 #agha1 c>ri$ (f 7p>ts ( x7 
to ,p>is 9 #agid4 ,9 #ahaf mo/ ( ! w+s 7
 sold to a %rewd deal] = #bj1jjj & by   
him to ! ,b]l9 ,museum = #hj1jjj2 f9ally
 ! ,adam & ,eve panels 7 tak5 to !      
,brussels ,museum1 & a set ( copies     
atta*$ to ! mutilat$ rema9d] 9 !        
,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,bavon4  ,! "w is "o va/1
 compreh5sive1 & sacram5tal manife/ation
 ( ! c5tral ,ca?olic sacram5t ( ! mass1 
se>*+ & f9al 9 its symbolism1 consummate
 9 its ma/]y ( all ! elem5ts t ent] into
 ! make-up ( a great "w ( pictorial &   
decorative art1 unapproa*$ &            
unapproa*able 9 its spl5d\r ( liv+ &    
radiant col\r4 ,9 its philosophical     
grasp1 its te*nical p]fection1 its      

une>?ly beauty1 its communication ( ! v 
ess5ce ( a fundam5tal my/]y1 & 9 its    
evocative p[] x /agg]s ! imag9ation &   
takes its place among/ ! few great works
 ( man1 9 any category1 :i* are s f>    
beyond :at seems possible ( a*ievem5t t 
!y rank z def9itely sup]human4 ,s f> z  
its spiritual cont5t is conc]n$1 x c no 
m be e/imat$ ?an c ! mass itself1 or    
p>aphras$ 9 words ?an ,*>tres ,ca!dral  
or a ,brahms symphony or ! ,v5us (      
,melos4 ,if ! ,van ,eycks are           
responsible = ?is1 !y rank ) ,/4 ,?omas 
,aqu9as & ,%akespe>e & ,leon>do da ,v9ci
 z ! greate/ creative =ces among/ m54 ,(
 c\rse !y 7 n1 nor ! o!rs1 nam$4 ,someh[
 ea* 0 us$ by some?+ great] ?an he3 !   
conc5trat$ consci\sness ( 8 fell[s1 !   
und]ly+ & in=m+ "t-_s ( an era--or :y n 
,god ,himself8--z a *annel ?r\gh :i* &  
by :i* absolute tru? 0 communicat$ to   
man :o1 ( 8 own motion1 c d mu*1 b n s  
mu* z ?is4  ,= ! consummate arti/ry1 = !
 p]fect s5se ( decoration & composition1
 ! ke5 & exquisite l9e1 ! p]ception &   

record+ ( div]sifi$ "*1 ! poignant love 
( all natural beauty & correspond+      
rejection ( all ugl9ess1 = ! te*nique   
:i* is t ( a ma/] 9 ! fa%ion+ ( preci\s 
metals & ! cutt+ ( priceless gems1 = !  
col\r t is n[ resonant ) all ! deep     
spl5d\r ( great music1 n[ ?9 & a]ial )  
all ! delicacy ( f> horizons & mi/y =e/s
 at "s pale dawn 9 a l& ( dreams--= all 
^! ?+s we may rememb] ,hub]t ,van ,eyck 
& 8 bro!r ,jan1 = ?is is _! "w1 b beyond
 ?is we g else:]e1 at lea/ z f> z ! mass
 itself1 = ! inspiration t has made ?is 
,flemi% tripty* "o ( ! great1 reveal+   
creations ( ! _w4  ,! inf9ite v>iety (  
conception & r5dition simply transc5d   
exp]i5ce4 ,! ?ree great1 dom9at+        
figures--,god ! ,fa!r1 ,our ,lady1 & ,/4
 ,john ,bapti/--are ( a ,byzant9e maje/y
 transfus$ by a passionate humanism t is
 almo/ unique 9 any =m4 ,f !m y pass to 
! c5tral panel ( ! 8,wor%ip ( ! ,lamb ,t
 ,0 ,sla910 :i* is z t5d] & p]sonal &   
human z ! be/ ( ,fra ,angelico1 &1 l 8  
cle> visions1 irradiat$ by a k9d (      

p>adisal glory t sets x 9 a heav5 ( its 
own2 f ?is y g to ! panels ( s++ angels 
& spl5did att5dant knights & m>*+       
pilgrims t are pages out ( ! daily      
record ( life 9 pr\d & beautiful        
,bruges1 & f9ally y come to ! ,adam &   
,eve :o are %e]1 unadult]at$ realism    
unapproa*able 9 its m9ute v]acity4      
,surely1 ^! two m5 7 a type ( ! univ]sal
 g5ius4 ,!y balk$ at no?+ & f\nd no?+   
too difficult ( accompli%m5t1 simply    
because !y 7 p]fectly tra9$ & broadly   
accompli%$ craftsm5 :o knew t !irs 0 an 
exact+ & a jeal\s craft = :i*           
8temp]am5t0--arti/ic or o!rwise--0 n1 & 
c\ld n be made1 a sub/itute4  ,x is ) a 
feel+ almo/ ( relief t we come d[n ne>] 
! e>? & confront ! ma/]pieces ( ,jan    
,van ,eyck4 ,) ,hub]t we are tak5 into a
 k9d ( sev5? heav5 ( my/ical revelation2
 ) 8 bro!r & ^? t foll[ we come back to 
:at is m human1 m 9 scale ) exp]i5ce4   
,great art /ill1 z great z "o c f9d     
else:]e1 & ) all ! ma/]y ( me?ods1 all !
 confid5t c]ta9ty1 all ! triumphant     

col\r & ! exquisite design & ! faultless
 craftsman%ip ( ! pa9t$ 8,beatific      
,vision0 itself4 ,!re once 7 _m o!r     
pictures by ,hub]t ,van ,eyck1 b all n[ 
are gone1 de/roy$ by ! savage h&s (     
,calv9i/s & ,revolution>ies1 & !        
8,adoration ( ! ,lamb0 rema9s alone z an
 isolat$ miracle4  ,jan 0 ( ano!r sort2 
equally great z a craftsman1 he 0 a f9e 
g5tleman1 a c\rti]1 ! fri5d ( pr9ces1 & 
a diplomat4 ,9 ^? b>b>\s days be=e !    
culm9ation ( ! era ( enlight5m5t1 art 0 
n a cult1 isolat$ f life1 nor 7 arti/s a
 sort ( creature ap>t1 made s by !      
possession ( a !n undiscov]$ & q        
pa?ological affliction call$ ! 8arti/ic 
temp]am5t40 ,!y 7 good citiz5s & an     
integral "p ( a l-m9d$ community1 s]v+  
_! k9d aft] _m fa%ions1 among/ !m be+ ! 
hon\rable & admirable craft ( art4 ,(   
?is craft ,jan 0 pa/ ma/]2 he pa9t$     
/atues & illum9at$ missals & fa%ion$    
/a9$ glass2 he creat$ great alt>-pieces 
& produc$ liv+ portraits ( old          
ecclesia/ics & wor?y burgh]s & _! wives2

 = all ,i "k he 0 an ar*itect z well--at
 all ev5ts he might h be51 z is prov$ by
 ! wond]ful draw+ ( ,/4 ,b>b>a ) its    
backgr\nd ( a great ,go?ic t[] "u       
con/ruction4 ,a ?or\ghly typical example
 ( 8 pa9t+ is ! ,/4 ,donatian           
alt>-piece1 a votive picture ord]$ by ! 
excell5t old ,canon ,van d] ,paele1 :o  
is %[n 9 adoration be=e ,our ,lady & !  
,holy ,*ild & att5d$ by ,/4 ,donatian   
himself & ,/4 ,george4 ,mr4 ,b]5son c\ld
 f9d no f9] example ?an ?is ( t 8space  
composition0 on :i* he rightly lays su* 
/ress2 ,holbe9 c\ld pa9t no m exact &   
*>act]i/ic portraits2 all ! goldsmi?s ( 
,byzantium c\ld n rival ! jewel "w (    
arm\r & orphreys1 brocades &            
embroid]ies1 & sculptures & inlays1 :ile
 ! col\r1 bo? 9 its individual p>ts &   
its composition1 comes ne>] ! liv+ light
 ( !  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,draw+ ,,( ,,/4 
,,b>b>a1 ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck  w9d[s (    
,*>tres ?an any o!r pa9t$ col\r 9 ! _w4 
,"o w\ld l to hang ?is p>ticul> picture 
7= a "t only1 !n replac+ x ov] an alt>  

:]e alone x belongs7 9 ! mid/ ( a       
8,rub5s ,gall]y10 or a room 9 !         
,luxemb\rg or ! ,royal ,academy1 & call 
all ! _w to see4  ,!re is little en\gh  
left ( ,jan's "w1 & = ! same humiliat+  
reason t holds 9 ! case ( 8 bro!r4 ,(   
,hans ,meml+1 ano!r wond] *ild1 !re is  
=tunately mu*4 ,:5 "o catalogues ! li/ (
 ?is e>lie/ & greate/ "w 9 ,fl&]s &     
recalls ! wreck+ ) axe & tor* (         
ca!drals1 abbeys1 conv5ts1 hospitals1   
*teaux by ,calv9i/s & sans-culottes2 !  
pyres ( sm\ld]+ pictures1 ! dit*es fill$
 up ) pulv]is$ glass1 %att]$ /atues1    
illum9at$ missals & graduales & books ( 
h\rs2 ! sacr$ vessels & gorge\s ve/m5ts1
 su* z ,hub]t & ,jan1 ,hans & ,g]>d %[$ 
9 _! pictures1 despoil$ ( _! spl5did    
jewels 7transf]r$ = a consid]ation to   
,hebrew brok]s7 & melt$ d[n or us$ =    
*air cov]s1 z ! case may be2 & :5 9 ?is 
lurid light "o weighs ! ?ick hides & !  
muddl$ bra9s & ! %rivell$ s\ls ( !      
wreck]s aga9/ ev5 ! m]e arti/ic value ( 
_! spoils1 "o m>vels /ill m at ! wond]s 

( sci5tific evolution & ! promises (    
evolution>y philosophy4  ,meml+ is !    
?ird ( ! great trio ( ,flem+s1 & ?\gh   
!re 7 innum]able o!rs ^: art 0 ne>      
p]fection1 ^! ?ree /& = ev] by !mselves 
ap>t4 ,!re is m ( human t5d]ness 9 8 "w 
& a c]ta9 spiritualisation in=m+ ev]y?+ 
t gives a diff]5t quality2 ! portraiture
 & diff]5tiation ( "* are possibly      
beyond :at any o!r ev] atta9$1 b 8      
composition z x ga9s 9 complexity &     
facile ease loses some?+ ( t broad &    
p[]ful directness1 t supreme quality (  
rhy?m & s]5ity t m>k$ ! ,van ,eycks4 ,! 
col\r also is less inv>iably sonor\s1   
less pure & spl5did & lum9\s bo? 9 its  
s+le tones & its h>monies1 :ile n[ & !n 
! univ]sal ,flemi% passion = sumptu\s   
/uffs & gorge\s patt]ns & glitt]+       
accessories betrays him into a loss (   
unity & balance4 ,/ill1 any criticism is
 impud5t2 8 ,/4 ,ursula s]ies1 8 ,/4    
,john ,bapti/1 8 ,/4 ,b]t9 & ,flore9s & 
,moreel alt>-pieces are among/ ! greate/
 pictures t  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,meml+   

,,alt>-,,piece  ,f a photograph by      
,hanf/a5gl  h be5 pa9t$1 :ile 8         
portraits are pure life express$ ?r\gh !
 t]ms ( pure beauty4  ,x w\ld be        
impossible to review all ! "w ( all !   
great ,flem+s4 ,driv5 by ! same impulse1
 ea* gave 8 own p]sonality to all he    
did1 & ! sequ5ce is z a/oni%+ z x is    
priceless4 ,g]>d1 ,david1 ,rog] ,van d] 
,weyd51 ,qu5t9 ,metsys1 ,di]ick ,b\ts1  
,lucas ,crana*1 z well z numb]less      
unkn[n ^: "w survives _! contempor>y    
fame1 all rea*$ _! sev]al heights (     
atta9m5t on _! own individual l9es1 & _!
 pictures /ill rema9 9 ,bruges & ,gh5t1 
9 ,brussels & ,antw]p 7or rema9 to-day1 
9 ,augu/1 #aiae7 to be> witness to !    
full & vigor\s life1 ! :olesome & happy 
religi\s devotion1 ! a/oni%+ physical   
beauty ( ,flemi% environm5t ( ^? la/    
ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,europe :5 !  
fair day ( m$ivalism came to its gold5  
close4  ,betwe5 ?is :ole-s\l$ art ( !   
,middle ,ages & t ( ! ,r5aissance came  
an int]v5+ gr\p t s]v$ to effect !      

necess>y modulation f "o key to q ano!r4
 ,mabeuse1 ,van ,orley1 ! y\ng] ,porbus1
 & ! ,breughels are ! *ief              
repres5tatives & ?r\gh !m "o sees ! old 
& mascul9e qualities dy+ away1 ! new &  
ali5 elem5ts f ! s\? ent]+ 9 to take    
possession4 ,:5 ?is transition 0 effect$
 x 0 9 ,holl& t x f\nd its opportunity1 
& z ! ,dut* prov9ces are outside our    
consid]ation we ne$ n consid] "h !      
products ( a s*ool t rang$ 9 quality f  
,rub5s to ,rembr&t1 f ,frans ,hals to   
,v]me] ( ,delft4 ,! succession 0 brok51 
! tor* 7) :atev] flame t rema9$7 0 pass$
 f ! ,flem+s to ! ,dut*1 & only ,v&yck  
appe>$ 9 ! l9e ( true ,flemi% desc5t to 
demon/rate ! possibilities t /ill rema9$
 9 spite ( ,rub5s 7& at ! h&s ( 8 own   
pupil7 = ! developm5t ( a re/ra9$ &     
self-respect+ & beautiful art1 ev5 ?\gh 
! mov+ _s _h be5 dissolv$ & ! great     
tradition become no m ?an a memory4 ,!  
great p]iod ( m$ival pa9t+ 7= x 0 ?is 9 
_s & 9 tru?7 _h begun & end$ 9 ?is ,cor 
,cordium1 ?is ,flemi% conc5tration ( !  

,he>t ( ,europe4 ,x _h begun ) ! monki% 
illum9ations ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1        
culm9at$ 9 ! great c5tury f #acie1 :5   
,hub]t ,van ,eyck began to pa9t1 to     
#adid1 :5 ,meml+ di$1 &  ,illu/ration3  
,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,,) ,,/4 ,,luke1   
,,van ,,d] ,,weyd5  ,f a photograph by  
,hanf/a5gl  sl[ly disappe>$ "u !        
influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,re=mation1 
& ! ,spani% oppression2 by ! ye> #afjj x
 _h ceas$ to exi/1 & ! ,r5aissance1 :i* 
_h e/abli%$ itself 9 all secul> &       
ecclesia/ical matt]s1 n[ took ov] art   
also = ! purpose ( develop+ its own     
exact expression4 ,! five c5turies (    
,ca?olic civilisation _h come to an end4
     ,,xii  ,,go?ic ,,sculpture   ,long 
be=e ! days ( ! ,pisani 9 ,italy1 :o 7  
errone\sly held to h be5 ! re/or]s ( !  
lo/ art ( sculpture1 ,france _h initiat$
 & develop$ ?ree great s*ools1 "o ( :i* 
at lea/ rea*$ great] heights ev5 ?an !  
lat] s*ools ( ,italy1 ev5 ?an ,donatello
 & ,mi*ael ,angelo if y te/ ?is art by !
 e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! greate/         

sculpture ! _w has ev] kn[n--t (        
,greece4 ,^! ?ree 73 ,! s*ool ( ! s\? ) 
,t\l\se z a c5tre1 ! s*ool ( ,burgundy1 
or ,vezelay1 & ! s*ool ( ! le de        
,france4 ,! fir/ is ( ! late elev5?     
c5tury1 ! second ( ! twelf?1 ! ?ird ( ! 
latt] "p ( ?is c5tury & ! fir/ half ( ! 
?irte5?4 ,! e>li] "w s\? ( ! ,loire is  
"p ,roman1 "p ,byzant9e1 & x            
occasionally rea*es1 z at ,moissac1 a   
level ( extraord9>y decorative value1 )1
 9 its bas reliefs1 a feel+ = rhy?mical 
l9e & space composition t are q a/\nd+4 
,9 ,burgundy1 comb9$ ) great rud5ess &  
an almo/ savage directness1 !re is f>   
great] humanism1 ) mu* action & an      
unusual am\nt ( "* diff]5tiation2 mu* ( 
! be/ "w ( ?is s*ool is to be f\nd at   
,autun & ,vezelay4 ,) ! middle ye>s ( ! 
twelf? c5tury ! sculpture ( ! le de     
,france seems sudd5ly to bur/ =? at ,/4 
,d5is & ,*>tres l "s miracul\s happ5+4  
,x 0 n ?is1 b ! result ( _m ye>s (      
cumulative & progressive ef=t2 b all t  
w5t be=e has p]i%$1 :ile =tunately "s   

examples at ,/4 ,d5is & a supreme       
collection at ,*>tres rema9 to give !   
impression ( an unwont$ & unh]ald$ ev5t4
 ,?is sculpture ( ,*>tres is m sup]bly  
ar*itectural1 m intimately a "p ( ! :ole
 arti/ic s*eme ?an any o!r on record2   
all is =mal1 conv5tionalis$2 ! figures  
are erect1 rigid1 imm5sely elongat$2 !  
multipli$ f9e l9es & delicate zigzags ( 
! drap]y1 ! simple figure-modell+1 !    
immobile1 dispassionate faces1 all %[ a 
mo/ curi\s self-abnegation on ! "p ( !  
sculptor & a pr(\nd conviction t bo? he 
& 8 art are only "p ( a great] :ole1 =  
!y are purely ar*itectural & inde$ no?+ 
b ! ar*itectural _s express+ itself     
?r\gh an alli$ arti/ic mode4 ,!y are    
/>tl+ly ak9 to ar*aic ,greek "w &1 z    
,pr(essor ,moore has said ( ! sculpture 
f ,delos3 8,"o ( ^! anci5t ,greek /atues
 might1 if wr\ght 9 ,fr5* lime/one &    
slightly modifi$ 9 outl9e1 /& 9 ! we/   
portal ( ,*>tres )\t app>5t lack (      
keep+40 ,yet !re is manife/ly no        
possible po9t ( hi/orical contact betwe5

 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,fr5* "w1 & ! k9%ip     
simply %[s ! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 ways (    
look+ at & feel+ ab\t ?+s1 & !          
inevitable if unconsci\s return ( "o    
g5]ation to ! ways ( ano!r1 t =m a      
comm5t>y1 bo? cruel & humor\s1 on !     
evolution>y philosophy curr5t dur+ ! la/
 c5tury1 & q unju/ifiably claim+ desc5t 
f ! innoc5t speculations ( ,d>w9 &      
,h]b]t ,sp5c]4  ,out ( ?is sculpture (  
,*>tres grew ! v wond]ful art ( !       
?irte5? c5tury1 :i* gives a sorely      
dim9i%$ glory to ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>is &   
gave1 a ye> ago1 a /ill great] glory to 
t immortal gr\p ( *ur*es n[ sl[ly       
crumbl+ "u gun-fire4 ,v notable examples
 ( ! transition are at ,s5lis1 b !y h   
be5 %ock+ly mutilat$1 & only "o ( ! two 
wond]ful c>v$ l9tels /ill gives mu* idea
 ( its orig9al beauty4 ,! panel ( !     
8,resurrection ( ! ,virg910 has all !   
ar*itectural =m & ! decorative s5se (   
,*>tres1 b x has z well an add$ human   
quality t makes x endur+ly vital &      
appeal+4 ,! same c be said ( ! surr\nd+ 

/atues & reliefs t are ( ! same p]iod1 &
 altoge!r ! almo/ unique "w at ,s5lis   
/rikes a s+ul>ly happy balance1 z       
sculptur$ ar*itecture1 betwe5 ! rigid   
=malism ( ,*>tres & ,vezelay & !        
exquisite humanism & ! almo/            
too-surpass+ art ( ,p>is1 ,ami5s1 &     
,reims4 ,b = ! ,revolution ,s5lis w\ld n
 h /ood s alone = sculptural art ( !    
transition4 ,laon once possess$ f> m1 & 
( an ev5 high] type1 b all ! column     
figures ( ! we/ doors1 & inde$          
practically all ! free-/&+ /atues1 7 !n 
ru?lessly de/roy$ & ^? t h tak5 _!      
places are m]ely mod]n assumptions4 ,!  
tympana ( ! doors are orig9al1 ?\gh     
mutilat$3 ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91     
sc5es f h] life1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t2 :ile 9
 ! ar*ivolts & ar\nd ! w9d[s are rema9s 
( s+ul>ly beautiful effigies ( ! wise & 
fooli% virg9s1 ! sev5 lib]al arts1      
episodes f ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,m or less
 ( ! orig9al poly*romatic decoration    
rema9s1 & ! /atues !mselves1 ev5 9 _!   
batt]$ /ate1 are m>vels ( art4 ,e trace 

( ar*aism & ( unc]ta9ty is gone1 !      
sculptor works ) a def9it5ess & a       
c]ta9ty ( t\* t are amaz+1 :ile 8 s5se (
 ! et]nally sculpturesque is infallible4
 ,e face--:]e a face rema9s--is         
brilliantly *>act]is$2 ! poses are      
graceful1 unaffect$1 con/antly v>i$2 !  
ge/ures are conv9c+1 ! /one quality nev]
 lo/1 :ile !re is no?+ outside          
,hellas--except ,ami5s & ,reims--s      
faultless 9 its composition ( drap]y4 ,f
 ! v fir/ ?is 0 "o ( ! /rong po9ts 9    
,fr5* sculpture2 ea* arti/ /rove =1 &   
atta9$1 n only di/9ction1 b naturalism  
express$ ?r\gh & by an almo/ classic    
=malism2 ! l9e composition1 f ,vezelay  
to ,reims1 is a succession ( ev]-wax+   
m>vels4 ,at ,laon are ev5 n[ mutilat$   
figures t are z p]fect 9 _! composition 
( l9es & masses z any?+ 9 ,a!ns1 & !    
same 0 true ( ,reims4 ,p]sonally ,i h   
always ?\ght ( ! figure "w at ,ami5s    
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,head1 ,,n[ ,,de/roy$1
 ,,f ,,reims  7ap>t f ! bas reliefs7 z  
less p]fect 9 ?is respect1 9 spite (    

exp]t op9ion1 ?an t ( ,p>is1 ,laon1 &   
,reims2 less brilliantly compos$1 m     
heavy & reali/ic1 :ile ! figures        
!mselves are c]ta9ly n z sl5d] &        
graceful1 or s v>i$ 9 pose4 ,moissac &  
,vezelay are hi]atic ab/ractions1       
,*>tres pure ar*itecture1 ,soissons a   
brea?+ ( div9e life into anci5t =ms1 b  
,laon & ,p>is & ,reims are pure & p]fect
 sculpture aga9/ :i* no criticism ( any 
k9d c be br\ght4 ,nev] has actual life  
be5 bett] express$ ?r\gh ! necess>ily   
trans=m+ modes ( art ?an "h2 9 ^!       
exquisite & rhy?mical compositions !    
b>b>\s folly ( ! naturali/ic & reali/ic 
s*ools ( mod]n times is made cruelly    
app>5t1 & ! base products ( ! av]age    
n9ete5?-c5tury practition]s 7b>r+ a few 
exceptions su* z ,/4 ,gaud5s at 8 be/1 z
 9 ! ,rock ,creek figure7 become 9      
comp>ison z absurd z d ! %ameless       
vulg>ities ( ,b]n9i & 8 unhappy ilk4    
,!re /ill rema9 at ,laon _m brok5 &     
headless fragm5ts1 & ,i d n "k :]e any?+
 c be f\nd m complete 9 e sculptural    

quality4 ,?is is a great art at its     
highe/1 & x %[s1 z ,reims once %[$1 t 9 
! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury ,france possess$  
an art ( sculpture t c\ld take its place
 una%am$ beside ! be/ ( ! ,p>!non4      
,usually "o ?9ks ( ,go?ic sculpture 9 ! 
t]ms ( t late f\rte5?-c5tury "w s easily
 obta9able f v5d]s ( ! rema9s ( m$ival  
art1 b ?is is ( a "t :5 a cold conv5tion
 _h kill$ ! art itself2 :5 ! subtle     
curves ( su* mat*less ?+s z ! /atue ( ! 
,virg9 f ! nor? door ( h] *ur* 9 ,p>is  
_h be5 di/ort$ into grotesque           
exagg]ation2 :5 ! ?91 close l9es (      
drap]y _h co>s5$ into triangul> spaces (
 mean+less uphol/]y1 & ! s5sitive1      
spiritual faces ( ,reims _h giv5 place  
to fat attempts at a /olid pul*ritude4  
,?is is n art b a trade1 & x be>s no    
e>?ly resemblance to ! consummate "w ( a
 c5tury e>li]1 :5 ! art itself & !      
religion & ! joy & ! p]sonal lib]ty     
beh9d x 7 v real ?+s4  ,*ronologically1 
! next great sculpture ( ,france is t ( 
! ,ca!dral ( ,p>is1 b z ,i h arbitr>ily 

exclud$ ?is city f ! survey1 s9ce "o mu/
 /op some:]e1 :ile ,p>is requires a     
volume to itself1 x is only necess>y to 
say t 9 spite ( ! deva/ations ( man dur+
 six c5turies1 end+ ) ! dull b>b>ity ( !
 ar*itect ,sufflot1 :o hack$ away !     
trumeau ( ! great c5tral we/ door1      
toge!r ) a l>ge section ( ! tympanum ( !
 ,la/ ,judgm5t1 9 ord] to provide a m   
magnific5t means ( entrance =           
processions1 en\gh /ill exi/s to %[ !   
s+ul> ma/]y ( ! art4 ,z = ! /atue ( ,our
 ,lady on ! nor? transept1 x is "o ( !  
f9e/ works ( sculpture ( any "t or      
place1 ! p]fection ( ! drap]y f9d+      
rivals only 9 ,greece4 ,x is int]e/+ to 
realise t ?is m>vell\s "w ant$ates      
,niccolo ,pisano by m ?an a c5tury1 s t 
if !re /ill are ^? :o se>* = ! orig9s ( 
sculpture aft] ! great blank ( ! ,d>k   
,ages1 !y mu/ =sake ! ,r5aissance &     
,italy & f9d :at !y s\ght 9 ,france dur+
 ! culm9ation ( ! ,middle ,ages4  ,at   
,ami5s !re is also1 ov] ! s\? portal1 a 
figure ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 & :ile x is  

:olly diff]5t 9 _s f t ( ,p>is1 x is    
almo/ z lovely & ev5 m delicate & full (
 *>m4 ,p>is has ! maje/y & nobility (   
,mi*ael ,angelo1 ) no?+ ( 8 high b      
inopportune paganism1 b ?is is l ,m9o da
 ,fiesole1 ) all 8 da9t9ess & sweetness 
( feel+1 & add$ to ?is an almo/ playful 
humanism t is wond]fully appeal+4 8,le  
,beau ,dieu0 ( ,ami5s1 on ! trumeau ( ! 
c5tral we/ door is almo/ 9 ! class ( !  
,p>is ,virg9 & ! sculpture ( ,reims1 &  
is p]haps m ne>ly a satisfactory %[+ =? 
( ,*ri/ 9 human =m ?an any o!r "w ( art 
9 ! _w4 ,! :ole va/ *ur* is a pageant ( 
c>v5 figures--prophets1 sa9ts1 apo/les1 
k+s1 virtues & vices1 symbolical        
*>act]s1 sc5es f ! ,old & ,new          
,te/am5ts1 ! lives ( ! sa9ts1           
philosophy1 romance--e tympanum is c>v$ 
9 bas relief1 & ! wall bel[ ! columns ( 
! we/ portals is set ) innum]able       
m$allions ( ! signs ( ! zodiac & !      
lab\rs ( man4 ,nev] 0 !re su* an        
apo!osis ( imag9ation1 & only at ,reims 
is !re any?+ a degree f9] z art4 ,ev5   

!re ! diff]5ce is mo/ly "o ( p]sonal    
ta/e2 if y l ! lo/ m>vels ( ,reims bett]
 ?an ! miracul\sly pres]v$ wond]s (     
,ami5s1 well & good2 x is = y to say1 = 
bo? are mat*less1 ea* aft] its own k9d4 
,h[ ! amaz+ array ( c>v+s & /atues at   
,ami5s has surviv$ passes ! und]/&+2 "o 
w\ld h suppos$ t its spiritual emphasis1
 its priceless nature1 & its s+ul>      
beauty w\ld h subject$ x to ! sequ5t    
att5tions ( ,hugu5ots1 ,revolution>ies1 
& ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b all h pass$ x by2 
& ev5 ! ,prussians 9 _! brief occupation
 on _! way to defeat at ! ,m>ne _h no "t
 to leave _! m>k4 ,n[ t ,reims is gone1 
,ami5s mu/ rema9 7if x does rema97 !    
great & cr[n+ exempl> ( ,*ri/ian        
sculpture at its highe/ & mo/ triumphant
 cre/+ ( a*ievem5t4  ,x is h>d to write 
( ! sculptures ( ,reims1 or ( any?+ dead
 & f\lly mutilat$4 ,= g5]ations ! ?\s&s 
( c>v$ figures /ood 9 _! ni*es gr[+ grey
 & wea!r-worn ?r\gh ! pass+ (           
ye>s--neglect$1 unnotic$1 despis$--:ile 
silly effigies 7 turn$ out by incompet5t

 bungl]s to receive ! laudation ( !     
haunt]s ( int]national expositions & !  
gall]ies ( ! ,salon4 ,!n sudd5ly a dim  
light %[$ itself & grew /eadily bright] 
until at la/1 a ye> or two ago1 !       
consci\sness became sure t "h 0 "o ( ! v
 great ?+s 9 ! _w1 "o ( ! few supreme   
products ( man 9 8 highe/ & mo/         
unfamili> e/ate1 priceless &            
unreplaceable1 z ! ,p>!non or !         
philosophy ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 or !   
plays ( ,%akespe>e1 or ! music ( ,johann
 ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,& ! long-delay$ k came
 to u only to be turn$ into a memory1 ! 
new possession 0 ours only to be tak5   
away1 & n[ nev]more = ev] c x be grant$ 
to u to live 9 & ) ?is p]i%$ art1 = x is
 gone z utt]ly z ! lo/ dramas (         
,sophocles1 ! burn$ libr>y ( ,alex&ria1 
! 8,la/ ,supp]0 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4    
8,! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 #8!re is no 
,god1'0 & ! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t3 8,i 
am great] & m preci\s ?an silly works ( 
art40 ,:at is ! result ( ?is insol5ce1 !
 8,pom]anian gr5adi]0 type ( insol5ce t 

exalts an ignorant1 degrad$1 useless    
hulk ( dull fle% & blood ov] ! supreme  
works ( div9ely inspir$ m58 ,"u ! la% ( 
indu/rialism he c trans=m coal & iron   
into money values2 he c fight = m>kets  
ov]seas :]e 8 ma/]s c sell articles no  
man ne$s1 to p :o d n want !m2 he c     
beget *ildr5 aft] 8 own k9d1 9 _! turn  
to d likewise1 & f9ally--?\gh ?is is n !
 appeal+ argum5t to ! p>tisans ( 8      
ess5tial sup]iority--he has an immortal 
s\l he is do+ 8 be/ to lose1 & frequ5tly
 succe$+ to admiration4 ,are ! vile     
types t reveal$ !mselves 9 rape & murd] 
& mutilation 9 ! undef5d$ villages (    
,belgium1 or ^? "u ^: ord]s !y act$1 m  
wor? sav+ = fur!r indu/ry ( ! same      
nature ?an ! 8,wor%ip ( ! ,lamb0 9 ,gh5t
 or ! sculptures ( ! nor?we/ door (     
,reims8 ,x is an easy argum5t to (f]1 ! 
sanctity ( human life1 b x is n ! motive
 beh9d ! batt]ies on ! hills to ! ea/ ( 
! deva/at$ capital ( ,*ampagne1 mon?    
aft] mon? p\r+ %ell on ! greate/ ca!dral
 t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,we/ has re>$ to ! 

glory ( ,god4 ,! motive beh9d ! batt]ies
 is an in/9ctive realisation t ,reims is
 a record ( human greatness to :i* !    
gunn]s & _! ma/]s _c atta91 a la/+      
reproa* to inf]iority1 a s]mon & a      
pray]1 a m5ace to bloat$ self-suffici5cy
 & to a baseless pride4 ,nobility       
eng5d]s hate z well z rev]5ce1 ! *oice  
dep5ds only on ! nature ( ! man :o      
confronts x1 & !re nev] has be5 a "t 9  
all hi/ory :5 decad5ce did n br+ into   
exi/5ce a hatr$ ( all f9e & noble ?+s t 
= v rage & res5tm5t will$ ! de/ruction (
 ! dumb accus]4 ,reims1 & :at ,reims    
/ood =1 _c exi/ 9 ! _w toge!r ) _! pot5t
 & effici5t negation2 !re=e ,reims      
p]i%es1 z has p]i%$ at simil> times 9 ! 
pa/ s mu* ( ! record 9 sublimity &      
beauty ( t human sup]iority :i* is !    
sil5t accus] ( all spiritual & e?ical   
deg5]ation4  ,= ! mak+ ( ! we/ front (  
,reims all ! great ma/]s & craftsm5 (   
,france ga!r$ toge!r1 & ! sculpture %[$ 
n only great] excell5ce ?an may be f\nd 
else:]e1 b a great] v>iety 9 g5ius &    

p]sonality4 ,x is n t 9 ! doors ( ?is   
faade 7 to be f\nd great /atues 9       
conspicu\s places ) less] "w all ar\nd2 
e piece ( sculpture or ( c>v+ 0 a       
ma/]piece ( its k9d4 ,high up 9 !       
gables1 hidd5 9 ! %ad[s ( ! ar*ivolts1  
=gott5 9 odd corn]s :]e only p]si/5t    
se>* w\ld reveal !m1 7 little figures or
 isolat$ heads z c>efully ?\ght out & z 
f9ely felt z ! augu/ hi]>*ies ( ! front 
itself4 ,p]sonality1 v>i$1 vital1       
di/+ui%$1 m>k$ ! sculpture ( ,reims1    
toge!r ) an un]r+ s5se ( beauty (       
=malis$ l9e1 & an erudition1 a          
famili>ity ) ! ,scriptures1 ) s*ola/ic  
philosophy1 ) !  ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree   
,,de/roy$ ,,figures ,,f ,,reims  lives (
 ! sa9ts1 & ) ! arts & sci5ces t w\ld   
appe> to d away ) ! qua9t sup]/ition t !
 ,middle ,ages 7 a "t ( intellectual    
ignorance4 ,! m5 :o c>v$ ^! /atues 7 n (
 ! /hetically elect2 !y 7 n a few highly
 tra9$1 well-dress$1 & sup]cili\s       
speciali/s1 work+ 9 ! confid5ce born (  
ye>s 9 ,p>is & ,rome2 !y 7 /one-masons1 

memb]s ( _! own self-respect+ union1 :o 
_h work$ _! way up a little high] ?an _!
 fell[s & s c\ld c>ve ea* 8 gr\p (      
/atues to ! satisfaction ( bi%op or     
abbot or ma/] mason &--:i* 0 ev5 m to ! 
po9t--to 8 own satisfaction & 9         
accordance ) ! jeal\s /&>ds ( excell5ce 
( 8 guild4 ,he _h to "k :at he 0 do+ &  
:at he _h to express2 !re 0 no ubiquit\s
 ar*itect to in/ruct him1 no 8committee 
on symbolism0 to %[ him ! way1 & s if he
 c\ld n read well en\gh to enjoy a mod]n
 8yell[ j\rnal10 or write well en\gh to 
=ge a "n or draft a speculative         
prospectus1 he did "k f> m ab\t         
religion1 !ology1 philosophy1 hi/ory1 & 
! contempor>y sci5ces & arts & romances 
?an ! mod]n workman ) 8 ye>s ( public   
s*ool beh9d him1 or _m an ar*itect or   
sculptor ) 8 high s*ool1 prep>atory     
s*ool1 & univ]sity tra9+ beh9d him z    
well4  ,!y knew & felt & enjoy$1 ^!     
sculptors ( ,reims1 ^: "w endur$ = six  
c5turies & might h la/$ six m4 ,p]haps !
 quality ( enjoym5t 0 m cle>ly express$ 

?an any?+ else4 ,life 0 wor? liv+ to !m 
& !y made ! mo/ ( x1 & ) mu* laught]4   
,^! c>v$ figures at ,reims & ,ami5s &   
,p>is %[ 9 e l9e ! good human joy ( do+ 
a ?+ well1 j z s mu* ( ! output ( s mu* 
( mod]n indu/rialism %[s ! dull         
indiff]5ce or ! we>y disgu/ = do+ a ?+  
ill4 ,no sculptor !n w\ld h cont5t$     
himself ) mak+ a clay model & a pla/]   
ca/ & !n turn+ ! execution ov] to a gang
 ( ignorant day-lab\r]s work+ l b&]logs1
 only ) ! intellig5t assi/ance (        
me*anical devices4 ,! arti/ 0 !         
craftsman & ! art 0 a craft1 j z ! craft
 0 an art1 & ! "w %[s x all to ^? :o    
/ill c see4 ,great "w1 ! greate/ "w1 if 
y l2 b s f> z ,reims is conc]n$ x is n[ 
fire-scor*$ dbris1 & = its loss we are  
consol$ by ! (f] (--ano!r ,sieges       
,allee1 p]haps4 ,! _w may be =giv5 =    
?9k+ t ! game is n wor? ! c&le4  ,dur+ !
 ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> sculpture 9 ,france 
froze into a sometimes pleas+ b nev] v  
pr(itable conv5tion2 n[ & !n x _h great 
lovel9ess1 z 9 ! /atues ( ! *ur* at     

,br\1 b g5]ally x _h ^? qualities (     
exagg]ation1 affectation1 & ins9c]ity to
 :i* ,i already h ref]r$4 ,te*nically1 x
 0 always v p]fect & sometimes !        
decorative design & ! manipulation ( !  
m>ble 7 almo/ ,japanese 9 _! curi\s     
delicacy4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! c5tury !re is 
an improvem5t ow+ to ! influ5ce (       
,fl&]s1 !n prosp]\s & cultur$ :ile s mu*
 ( ! re/ ( ,europe 0 spiritually &      
physically deva/at$ by w>s1 b ?is lat]  
"w seem$ ! p>ticul> dete/ation ( !      
re=m]s1 & mo/ly x is gone1 p>ticul>ly 9 
! l& ( its orig91 :]e re=m foll[$ by    
revolution left no?+ intact t c\ld be   
mutilat$4 ,little ( ! "w ( ! two great  
s*ools ( ,t\rnai & ,burgundy rema9s1 b  
!re is en\gh to %[ t if ! tor* (        
sculptural art _h pass$ 9 blood & flame 
f ! h&s ( ,france1 x _h be5 seiz$ by !  
m5 ( ! ,ne!rl&s & c>ri$ on = two        
c5turies at lea/ ) little dim9ution 9   
its radiance4 ,) ! sev5te5? c5tury !    
flame 0 sudd5ly ext+ui%$ & aft]w>d 0    
no?+ b t type ( b>oque absurdity t /ill 

disgraces ! undeva/at$ *ur*es )         
prepo/]\s m>ble scre5s & l\d-m\!d1      
!atrical pulpits1 & pranc+ images (     
h]oic size /uck on ! columns ( nave &   
*oir4  ,:at ! sev5te5? c5tury fail$ to  
accompli% 9 ! l9e ( ^! atrocities is    
sc>cely wor? do+2 ! grotesque insanity (
 ! confessionals & pulpits & o!r        
woodwork ( ! "t passes imag9ation1 & is 
mat*$ only by ! misdirect$ +5uity &     
facility ( x all4 ,! ca!dral 9          
,brussels2 ,/4 ,&r at ,antw]p2 ,/4      
,m>t91 ,ypres2 ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,l\va91 7    
p>ticul>ly h>d hit1 b !re 7 few *ur*es t
 did n boa/ at lea/ a pulpit 9 a /yle ( 
design t w\ld h look$ l a k+'s coa* (   
/ate _h x n m closely resembl$ a        
b&wagon4 ,/4 ,gudule 9 ,brussels suff]$ 
mo/ ( all1 = x n only possesses a       
peculi>ly irritat+ pulpit ( mo/         
ridicul\s design b its columns are      
disfigur$ by ! impossible /atues on     
grotesque brackets1 :ile x is disgrac$  
by "s ( ! v wor/ /a9$ glass produc$ be=e
 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 all 

pa/ records 7 revis$4  ,:5 "o comp>es ! 
tawdry horrors t 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5?
 c5turies blott$ almo/ e *ur* 9 ,fl&]s &
 ,brabant1 & comp>es x1 n ) ! consummate
 sculpture & decoration ( ! great era b 
ev5 ) su* "w ( ! und\bt$ decad5ce z !   
scre5s ( ,l\va9 & ,li]re1 ! impossible  
gulf betwe5 ! two civilisations becomes 
peculi>ly conspicu\s4 ,:5 "o realises   
fur!r t ! black-&-:ite-m>ble mortu>y    
horrors 9 ! way ( scre5s 9 ,bruges1     
,antw]p1 & ,gh5t exi/ at ! exp5se ( su* 
works ( real1 if ungu>d$1 art z ! scre5 
at ,li]re1 de/roy$ to give place to _!  
p]fum$ artifice1 ! annihilation ( art t 
has foll[$ its production ) implacable  
/eps takes on a new poignancy1 & !      
cont9u$ de/ruction1 n[ viol5tly 9       
process1 becomes ev5 less endurable ?an 
be=e4     ,,xiii  ,,! ,,alli$ ,,arts    
,! debt ( ,europe to ! region we are    
consid]+ is z great 9 ! case ( ! s-call$
 8m9or arts0 z x is else:]e4 ,ev5 !     
language pres]ves ! record3 ,arras has  
giv5 its "n to ! tape/ries = :i* x 0    

fam\s1 l95 wov5 9 regul> patt]ns is     
call$ diap]1 or 8l+e d',ypres10 cambric 
is simply ! product ( ,cambrai1 gauntlet
 pres]ves ! fame ( ,gh5t = its gloves1  
:ile ! lo/ city ( ,d9ant 0 once s fam\s 
= its "w 9 copp]1 brass1 bronze1 & gild$
 metal t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages all       
products ( ?is k9d 7 call$ d9&]ie4      
,tape/ry weav+ is1 or 01 an art         
ess5tially ,flemi%2 illum9ation1 if %>$ 
) ,italy & 9 a measure e l& :]e !re 7   
monks & mona/]ies1 rea*$ peculi>ly      
notable heights 9 ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 &   
,*ampagne2 ! ca/+ ( bells & ! =m+ ( !m  
into c>illons is peculi>ly ! prov9ce (  
?is region1 :ile metal "w1 :e!r ( gold &
 silv]1 or ( bronze & copp] & brass1 0  
an art ( di/9ction ev5 f ! "t (         
,*>lemagne4  ,x 0 he t 0 prim>ily       
responsible = ! beg9n+s ( _m ( ^!       
admirable arts4 ,f 8 capital at ,aix1   
:]e he _h ga!r$ all ! art & le>n+ he    
c\ld glean f we/]n ,europe1 w5t out !   
influ5ces t p]si/$ long beyond 8 day & t
 ( 8 ill-=tun$ dyna/y4 ,! ,sc&9avian    

tribes & ! ,celts ( ,gaul _h always be5 
craftsm5 9 metals1 p>ticul>ly bronze1 & 
,*>lemagne us$ !m "u ! direction ( 8    
,roman & ,byzant9e artific]s1 develop+  
an art t 0 nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 b a new  
,*ri/ian mode ( expression4 ,:5 t[>d !  
close ( ! t5? c5tury ! "y ,pr9cess      
,!ophano came f ! ,bosporus z ! bride ( 
,o?o ,,ii1 %e br\ght ) h] o!r arti/s1 ) 
a treasure ( ,byzant9e craftsman%ip 9   
weav+1 metals1 enamels1 & ivory c>v+2 & 
a new impulse 0 giv51 s t1 "u !         
direction ( a cresc5t ,*ri/ianity1 a    
local & racial art develop$ along _m    
l9es & ext5d$ itself ?r\gh ! :ole region
 & into ,france1 ,norm&y1 ,engl&1 &     
,g]many z well4 ,f ,aix1 ,ar*bi%op      
,willigis & ,bi%op ,b]nw>d c>ri$ into   
,g]many ! art ( metal work+ z !y _h     
le>n$ x1 "o to ,ma9z1 ! o!r to          
,hilde%eim1 :]e _! works /ill rema94 ,to
 ,d9ant1 ,huy1 & ,lige ! same impulse 0 
giv5 t lat] ext5d$ ?r\gh ,brabant &     
,fl&]s4 ,9 ,france ! beg9n+s seem to h  
be5 at ! h&s ( ,/4 ,eloi at ,limoges &  

,abbot ,sug] ( ,/4 ,d5is1 b x 0 all )9 !
 area to :i* our att5tion is conf9$4  ,f
 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne ! production ( works 
( art 9 preci\s & common metals 0 an    
ev]-increas+ indu/ry1 laps+ dur+ !      
second ,d>k ,ages1 beg9n+ ) new &       
unexampl$ vig\r ) ! great religi\s      
revival ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! elev5? c5tury4
 ,x is impossible to =m an adequate     
e/imate ei!r ( ! magnitude ( ! product  
or ! degree ( concrete beauty t came 9  
^! _m l9es ( art out ( ! ,middle ,ages4 
,= five hundr$ ye>s craftsm5 7 busy ov] 
all t is n[ ,rh5i% ,prussia1 ,holl&1    
,belgium1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 ) !        
,sc&9avian c\ntries1 ,italy1 & ,spa9 9  
only a less degree1 9 produc+ an inf9ite
 numb] ( exquisite ?+s = an inf9ite     
numb] ( *ur*es2 metal "w ( e k9d & = e  
conceivable purpose--sacr$ vessels1     
crosses1 crosi]s1 reliqu>ies1 %r9es1    
tombs1 & scre5s2 wov5 tape/ries to hang 
! walls ( *teaux & ca!drals2 embroid]$ &
 jewell$ ve/m5ts = an un5d+ s]ies (     
bi%ops1 prie/s1 alt>s2 illum9at$ volumes

 ^: e vellum page 0 a "w ( art & ^:     
b9d+s 7 /udd$ ) jewels2 c>v$ wood &     
ivory 9 endless designs & = endless     
purposes2 /a9$ glass1 enamels1 tiles4 ,e
 *ur*1 abbey1 & ca!dral 0 by ! beg9n+ ( 
! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> z full ( works (   
consummate art z ! private museum ( a   
mod]n millionaire1 & 7 y to ga!r toge!r 
! treasures ( ecclesia/ical crafts 9 !  
,cluny1 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & 
! ,metropolitan 9 ,new ,york y might h  
ab\t z mu* z at t "t might h be5 f\nd 9 
a prov9cial ca!dral ( ! second class or 
a m9or mona/]y4 ,9 ,france ! sculpture  
has be5 l>gely1 & ! glass p>tially1     
sav$2 9 ,fl&]s _m ( ! pictures2 9 ,engl&
 a good proportion ( ! *ur*es !mselves1 
b ! re/ is gone1 utt]ly & irrevocably1 &
 we c h>dly m ?an dimly imag9e f a      
,gl\ce/] c&le/ick1 an ,ascoli cope1 a   
,%r9e ( ,/4 ,sebald ! nature ( :at has  
be5 tak5 f u4  ,ev5 f ! fir/ ^! ?+s _h  
?ree qualities t argu$ aga9/ _!         
pres]vation1 ! _w be+ :at x is4 ,!y 7   
intr9sically valuable because ( _!      

bronze & silv] & gold & preci\s gems2   
!re=e 9 ! w>s t foll[$ ! cre/+ (        
m$ivalism !y 7 /ol5 :olesale by "o army 
aft] ano!r & _! jewels pluck$ out1 & !n 
!y 7 brok5 up1 melt$ d[n1 & return$ to  
_! orig9al e/ate ( lumps ( bullion1 or  
dead metal1 all ( :i* _h its price4 ,!y 
7 ! mo/ sacr$ mat]ial ?+s possess$ by ! 
,*ur* t _h creat$ !m2 "p & p>cel ( !    
,ca?olic sacram5ts1 memorials ( ! hon\r$
 dead1 caskets = ! rev]5t treasur+ ( !  
relics ( ! sa9ts2 !re=e !y 7 ! p>ticul> 
object ( ! bl9d & furi\s hatr$ (        
,prote/ants1 :e!r ,hugu5ots1 ,calv9i/s1 
,presbyt]ians1 or1 9 a less degree1     
,lu!rans4 ,!y 7 ,go?ic 9 _! inimitable  
art1 h5ce ana!ma to ! bewigg$ bi%ops1 ! 
worldly prie/s1 &1 mo/ dang]\s ( all1 ! 
conceit$ canons ( ! eighte5? c5tury4    
,:at ! ?ief ov]look$ ! fanatic de/roy$1 
& :at he =got ! ignorant & vulg> amateur
 purg$ away to make place = imitation   
m>ble & secul> fripp]y4 ,aft] f\r       
c5turies ( ?is x is a wond] t any?+     
rema9s1 &1 to tell ! tru?1 !re is little

 en\gh4  ,nev]!less1 x is surpris+ h[   
mu* ( ?is 0 /ill 9 our *os5 t]ritory 9  
#aiad1 & h[ mu* t is 9 museums else:]e  
came orig9ally f ! same place4 ,lige _h 
its extraord9>y bronze font1 ,hal a     
font1 a lect]n1 & _m o!r treasures (    
late ,go?ic & e>ly ,r5aissance art2     
,l\va91 ,tirlemont1 ,xant51 ,aix1 &     
,trves ea* _h a few pieces ( metal "w ( 
imm5se arti/ic value1 :ile 9 ,bruges1   
,gh5t1 ,brussels1 & ,antw]p1 9 ,laon1   
,noyon1 ,s5s1 & ,reims 7 a few          
miracul\sly pres]v$ %r9es1 tape/ries1   
ve/m5ts1 & sacr$ vessels4 ,z = !        
treasures ( ! ,european & ,am]ican      
museums1 ! great] "p came f ,fl&]s1     
,brabant1 ! ,rh9el&1 or ea/]n ,france1 =
 ?is 0 ! great c5tre ( indu/ry1 !       
f\nta9head ( arti/ic inspiration4 ,( !  
8d9&]ie0 t ow$ its exi/5ce to ! influ5ce
 ( ! f\r great lead]s1 ,/4 ,eloi1 ,/4   
,willigis1 ,abbot ,sug]1 & ,bi%op       
,b]nw>d1 absolutely no?+ rema9s except !
 f9e gr\p ( bronze ma/]pieces by ! la/  
at ,hilde%eim4 ,lige _h1 h[ev]1 !       

extremely important bronze font made by 
,regni] ( ,huy ab\t #aaab1 & ,lille     
possess$ a c5s] ( 8 workman%ip1 :ile 9  
,maa/ri*t 0 a great %r9e ( gild$ &      
enamell$ copp] set ) preci\s /ones2 !   
,conv5t ( ,notre ,dame at ,namur & !    
*ur* ( ,walc\rt _h no less ?an eighte5  
specim5s ( ! h&icraft ( ,bro!r ,hugh ( !
 great b long ago de/roy$ ,abbey at     
,oignies betwe5 ! ,meuse & ! ,sambre1   
repres5t+ ! art ( a c5tury lat]1 :ile   
lat] /ill we _h ! 8,*asse de ,notre     
,dame0 & ! reliqu>y ( ,/4 ,eleu!rus at  
,t\rnai1 & ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,g]trude (      
,nivelles made 9 #abgb4 ,( ! va/ product
 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re are a few       
fragm5ts only1 an eagle lect]n & a great
 pas*al c&le/ick at ,tongres1 "s        
crosses1 reliqu>ies1 mon/rances1 &      
c&le/icks at ,aix1 ,tongres1 ,furnes1   
,ma9z1 ,xant51 ,bruges1 & ,gh5t1 b1     
=tunately x w\ld n[ seem1 ! great] "p ( 
:at rema9s is pres]v$ 9 ! museums (     
,p>is & ,london & !re=e safe = ano!r    
p]iod4 ,outside ! museums ! great       

treasures 7 to be f\nd at ,s5s & ,laon1 
! latt] be+ p>ticul>ly ri*1 z is prov$  
by ! fact t ! ca!dral is said to conta9 
no less ?an eighty reliqu>ies cov]+ !   
:ole  ,illu/ration3 ,,fifte5?-,,c5tury  
,,flemi% ,,tape/ry  p]iod ( ! ,middle   
,ages4 ,s f> z monum5tal tombs are      
conc]n$1 e *ur* 9 ,france has be5 swept 
cle>1 *iefly by ! ,revolutioni/s1 n "o (
 ! m>vell\s collections at ,/4 ,d5is &  
,reims rema9+1 b 9 ,bruges we /ill h !  
f9e tomb ( ,m>y ( ,burgundy1 ( black    
m>ble encas$ 9 a foliat$ trac]y ( gild$ 
copp] & col\r$ enamels4  ,9 ! b\rdons ( 
,france & ! c>illons ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries !
 art ( ! metal-work] comb9es ) t (      
music4 ,bo? ! c>illon & ! ,engli% peal  
are late developm5ts1 ! fir/ ( !        
sixte5?1 ! second ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b
 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury great    
bells1 us$ s+ly or 9 small comb9ations1 
7 9 con/ant use4 ,mo/ ( ! latt] are     
gone1 melt$ d[n 9 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> &
 ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 & ! w>s (     
religion 9 ! ,rh9el& & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 

?\gh a few rema9 at ,ami5s1 ,s5s1 ,metz1
 & ,beauvais1 ) "o weigh+ ov] a ton :i* 
hung at ,reims until la/ ye>4 ,!        
c>illons ( ,belgium & ,holl& 7 intact   
until t "t1 ?\gh _m h n[ fall5 ) !      
spl5did t[]s t held !m4 ,arras is gone &
 probably ,dunk]que2 ,l\va9 & ,ypres are
 gone & possibly ,mons2 ,mal9es1 mo/    
beautiful ( all1 has be5 batt]$ to      
pieces & its =ty-five bells h be5       
crack$1 melt$1 hurl$ 9 ru9 d[n ?r\gh !  
_m /ories ( ! great t[]4 ,"t aft] "t    
dur+ ! la/ g5]ation f tw5ty ?\s& to =ty 
?\s& p h assembl$ to he> ^! bells rung  
by ,m4 ,d5yn1 ! greate/ ma/] ( ! art1 b 
!y w he> !m no m until1 p]haps1 :5 ! _w 
is made new ! bells ( ,mal9es may r+ out
 aga9 to welcome ! dawn ( a bett] day4  
,:e!r ! ,engli% peal ( an octave1 ) !   
bells attun$ to ! int]vals ( ! diatonic 
scale1 & swung by h&1 a man to ea* rope1
 9 accordance ) ! mo/ intricate         
ma!matical =mulas & )\t recognis$       
melodies1 is bett] or worse art ?an !   
c>illon ( ?irty-five to fifty-two bells1

 cov]+ sometimes f\r octaves & a half1 9
 accord ) ! *romatic scale1 fix$ 9 _!   
head-/ocks & /ruck by hamm]s manipulat$ 
by "o man sitt+ be=e a keybo>d1 &       
reproduc+ ! mo/ elaborate musical       
compositions1 is no "p ( ! argum5t4 ,ea*
 has its place1 ea* is a mode ( musical 
art1 & j because "o may l ! /range &    
subtle v>iations ( an ,engli% peal      
?und]+ out its vibrant tones f great    
bells sw++ & cla%+ 9 a grey old t[]1 x  
does n foll[ t he mu/ reject ! float+ & 
e!real h>monies ( ! ,belgian c>illon    
p\r+ into ! /ill ev5+ air /range        
melodies t are et]nally haunt+ 9 _!     
poignant appeal4 ,!y are sil5t n[1 ev5  
^? t /ill hang 9 _! tall t[]s1 & ! ro> (
 giant artill]y1 splitt+ & h>%ly        
rev]b]at+1 has tak5 _! place4 ,9 ! good 
beg9n+s iron 0 ana!ma & might n be us$ 9
 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*2 bronze alone 0     
tol]able4 ,n[ iron is k+ & holds dom9ion
 ov] ! _w1 transmut$ into /eel ?r\gh !  
(fices ( its ally1 coal4 ,bronze is     
reject$1 %att]$1 de?ron$1 b "s ( ! great

 bells yet rema91 hang+ sil5t & pati5t  
:ile hell rages ar\nd !m & iron ass]ts  
its univ]sal dom9ion4 ,p]haps by & by !y
 w give tongue aga91 proclaim+ ! end ( !
 iron age1 call+ 9 once m a bett] & m   
righte\s sov]eignty4  ,"s day ! _w w    
awak5 to ! fact t !re are o!r great arts
 besides ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 &          
sculpture2 already !re is a suspicion   
abroad t music1 poetry1 & ! drama are   
arts also & n m]ely vehicles = !        
expression ( temp]am5t1 & !re is ev5 a  
prelim9>y wak+ ( ! subconsci\sness :i*  
?reat5s to confess t ritual & c]emonial 
h be51 & may be aga91 a great f9e art 9 
! same s5se4 ,little by little !        
ph>isaic phrase1 8indu/rial art10 is    
yield+ "s ( its compon5t p>ts & (f]+ !m 
to ! v sup]ior haute noblesse ( f9e art1
 & among/ ^! are /a9$ glass & tape/ry4  
,! rec5t discov]y ( ! exi/5ce ( ,*>tres 
,ca!dral & its glass has settl$ "o po9t1
 & mu* aga9/ _! w ! arti/ & ! amateur & 
! comm5tator h _h to admit t ! art ( ^! 
w9d[s1 & ( ^? at ,b\rges & ,le ,mans &  

,ang]s1 is ( ! highe/1 & q 9 ! class ( !
 pa9t]s ( ,italy & ,fl&]s1 ! sculptors (
 ,france & ,engl& 79 ! ,middle ,ages71 &
 ! ma/] build]s f ,laon to ,ami5s4  ,(  
?is p>ticul>ly glori\s art1 :i* has     
become m completely a lo/ art ?an any   
o!r ev] reveal$ to man1 !re is little 9 
! region "u consid]ation4 ,x did n issue
 f ! ,he>t ( ,europe1 b _h its beg9n+s  
else:]e & its culm9ation z well4 ,x 0 an
 art ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? & f\rte5?     
c5turies1 deg5]at+ rapidly aft] ! ye>   
#acjj1 &1 :ile ! *ur*es & abbeys &      
ca!drals betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,somme 7    
once spl5did ) glass t almo/ rivall$ t (
 ,*>tres1 ! ,re=mation & ! ,revolution  
_h se5 to x t ! major "p ( ?is glory _h 
be5 made to dep>t4 ,ami5s reta9s a      
little 9 its *evet *apels1 & ,reims only
 a ye> ago 0 blaz+ ) an apocalyptic     
spl5d\r t is n[ trans=m$ into gap+ &    
fire-swept op5+s1 lac$ by di/ort$ metal 
b>s1 & heaps ( pulv]is$ refuse gr\nd    
into ! blood & a%es on %att]$ pavem5ts4 
,:atev] ! ,l[ ,c\ntries may h _h is long

 s9ce gone ! way ( all ! o!r beautiful  
?+s ! ,calv9i/s did n l & only fragm5ts1
 imitations1 & ,r5aissance absurdities  
rema94  ,) ! o!r great art1 t ( tape/ry1
 ! case is =tunately diff]5t4 ,?is 0    
almo/ ! intimate art ( ! ,he>t (        
,europe1 f9d+ its beg9n+s 9 ,aix :5 !   
,greek pr9cess br\ght ) h] f ! ,ea/ !   
fir/ examples ( ,byzant9e ne$lework &   
weav+ t _h be5 se5 9 ! ,we/ 9 h] day1 & 
go+ on to new glories 9 ,arras1         
,brussels1 ,t\rnai1 ,aud5a>de1 ,lille1  
,enghi54 ,! p]fection ( tape/ry weav+   
came 9 ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b 
! advance 0 regul> = a c5tury be=e1 & if
 we c judge f ! few examples left ! "w (
 ! f\rte5? c5tury _h _m f9e & p[]ful    
qualities t 7 all its own4 ,! collapse  
came sudd5ly1 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1  
be+ m>k$ by ,raphael's intrusion into a 
field :]e he _h no place1 & aft] ?is !re
 0 no m hope = tape/ry ?an = ! o!r arts1
 & x rapidly sank to ! po9t :]e !       
products ( ! ,gobel9s1 ,beauvais1 &     
,aubussons looms 7 mu* admir$4  ,if     

,go?ic tape/ry _h possess$ a pecuni>y   
value easily translat$ into ca%1 or if x
 _h be5 closely associat$ ) ! mo/ sacr$ 
religi\s ?+s1 we %\ld h pres]v$ less ?an
 is actually ! case4 ,z x is1 x 0 seldom
 ! victim ( cupidity or fanaticism1 b by
 its v nature x 0 p]i%able1 & !re=e     
ne>ly all ! "w ant$at+ ! fifte5? c5tury 
has vani%$4 ,its greate/ enemy1 h[ev]1 0
 ! ignorant & vulg> culture ( ! n9ete5? 
c5tury1 & dur+ ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ?is  
de/ructive epo* x melt$ rapidly away4 ,j
 be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution x
 is no exagg]ation to say t !re 7 9     
,france alone en\gh tape/ries to c>pet a
 road f ,p>is to ,arras2 ( c\rse1 _m 7 (
 ! ,gobel9s type & comp>atively         
valueless z art1 b e *teau1 e ca!dral & 
mona/]y1 almo/ e *ur* _h its sets (     
8arras10 & ^! 7 ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?   
c5turies2 ! curi\s products ( !         
,r5aissance 7 conf9$ to k+s1 pr9ces1    
great nobles1 & to _! respective        
palaces4 ,) #agic ! massacre began2     
ev]y?+ feudal1 ev5 by implication1 0    

burn$1 sometimes j out ( pure deviltry1 
z :5 tape/ries 7 consum$ 9 heaps at !   
foot ( ! 8,tree ( ,lib]ty02 sometimes   
?r\gh ?rift1 z :5 9 #agig ! ,directory  
burn$ at "o "t ne>ly two hundr$ anci5t  
works ( art to recov] ! gold & silv]    
bullion--:i* !y did at ?is "o holocau/  
to ! value ( #ac1jjj4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4      
,hunt] has reckon$ ! value ( ^! de/roy$ 
tape/ries at ab\t #b1ejj1jjj 9 ! m>ket (
 to-day4 ,at ?is rate1 ! curr5t value ( 
all ! tape/ries 9 ,france at !          
,revolution w\ld h be5 ab\t             
#bej1jjj1jjj4  ,no appreciation ( ?is   
value develop$ until ne>ly ! end ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 #aheb a set ( t51    
=m]ly belong+ to ,l\is ,philippe1 ) a   
total l5g? ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet1    
sold = ab\t #a1bjj1 & at ! same sale    
ano!r set ( six1 runn+ to eighty feet1 0
 b\ght = #djj4 ,at pres5t ! intr9sic    
value ( ^! wond]ful creations is q fully
 appreciat$1 & any "o :o c secure a     
fifte5?-c5tury "w = less ?an #cjj a     
squ>e y>d is =tunate4 ,& yet dur+ ! :ole

 ( ! eighte5? c5tury tape/ries 7        
ru?lessly cut up to =m floor rugs1 us$ =
 pack+ bales ( m]*&ise1 or1 z at ,ang]s1
 sla%$ into /rips to protect ! roots (  
orange-trees f ! cold1 or nail$ on !    
/alls ( ! bi%op's /able s t ! episcopal 
nags might n sc> _! preci\s flanks4 ,?is
 la/ outrage1 by ! way1 0 p]petrat$ on !
 unique s]ies ( ! ,apocalypse1 a sequ5ce
 ( panels eighte5 feet high ) a total   
l5g? ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-two feet1    
wov5 9 ,p>is ab\t #acgj f designs by    
,jean de ,bruges1 c\rt pa9t] to !       
,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 = ! use ( ! ,duke (  
,anj\ 9 8 private *apel1 & at a co/ 79 !
 money ( to-day7 ( upw>d ( #fj1jjj4 ,!y 
_h be5 giv5 to ! ca!dral by ,k+ ,r5 9   
#adhj1 b by ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 
!y 7 q out ( fa%ion & !re=e useless2 s  
until a rag m]*ant suffici5tly          
accommodat+ c\ld be f\nd !y 7 us$ z not$
 above & f9ally sold 7! opportunity at  
la/ (f]+7 9 #ahdc = #fj1 ! pur*as]      
ultimately return+ !m to ! ca!dral :5 "s
 glimm]+s ( intellig5ce came back to !  

ecclesia/ical au?orities4  ,:5 ?is sort 
( ?+ 0 ! rule 9 ,france & ,engl& &      
,g]many = m ?an a c5tury dur+ :i*       
civilisation & culture 7 progress+ ) su*
 notable rapidity1 x is a miracle t     
any?+ has come d[n to u1 p>ticul>ly :5 y
 rememb] :at ! ,calv9i/s & ,sansculottes
 & ,re=m]s did to mona/]ies & *teaux &  
entire cities 9 ! two prec$+ c5turies2 b
 a good deal did s come d[n1 includ+ ev5
 ! poor rema9s ( ! v mu* dome/icat$     
tape/ries ( ,ang]s4 ,!re is only "o o!r 
f\rte5?-c5tury set wov5 at ,arras t c   
positively be id5tifi$1 & t is ! s]ies  
n[ 7or rec5tly7 9 ! ca!dral ( ,t\rnai1  
?\gh we "k f wills & inv5tories t at !  
beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury !y exi/$ 9    
hundr$s4 ,! rema9s ( ?is e>ly "w are f9e
 & /rong 9 design1 p[]ful z decoration1 
cle> b fad$ 9 col\r4 ,) ! fifte5? c5tury
 !re came an amaz+ advance1 simil> to ! 
sudd5 appe>ance ( ! ,van ,eycks 9 pa9t+ 
at exactly ! same mom5t4 ,! 8,burgundian
 ,sacram5ts0--or :at rema9s--n[ 9 !     
,metropolitan ,museum z ! gift ( ! late 

,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 is "o ( ! f9e/ examples
 9 exi/5ce ( ?is e>lie/ ( ! great       
p]iods4 ,admirable z x is1 x fails 9    
p]fection ( beauty be=e ! wond]ful works
 ( art t imm$iately foll[$4 ,) ! beg9n+ 
( ! fifte5? c5tury tape/ry weav+ came   
sudd5ly to a level ( supreme excell5ce t
 places x = a hundr$ ye>s on a level ) !
 o!r arts1 h[ev] augu/ !y may be4 ,v few
 ( ^! ma/]pieces rema9 9 ,belgium2 y mu/
 se>* = !m 9 ,p>is1 9 ,london1 9        
,madrid1 9 ,new ,york1 9 ! museums ( all
 ! _w1 b ! se>* is rew>d$ by ! discov]y 
( an art t1 h[ev] brief its day1 0 "o ( 
! great arts ( ! _w4  ,ea* art has its  
own m$ium ( expression & to ?is m$ium x 
absolutely adh]es 9 its p]iods (        
greatness1 adapt+ itself to its         
limitations1 work+ )9 !m1 & ev5 mak+ !m 
tribut>y to its excell5ce4 ,limitations 
are1 aft] all1 ! greate/ gift ( ,god to 
man in/ead ( be+1 z ! la/ c5tury feign$1
 some?+ t deplorably exi/$ only to be   
transc5d$2 )\t !m man w\ld rev]t to !   
condition ( ! jellyfi% or ! primal ooze 

( ! dep?s ( ! sea2 ) !m he has an       
opportunity to demon/rate 8 div9e       
elem5ts ?r\gh a developm5t t is bo? 9   
spite ( & because ( ! firm l9es !y draw 
t _c be ov]pass$4 ,"o ( ! great ?+s 9   
art is its revelation ( ! possibility ( 
spiritual a*ievem5t by & ?r\gh ! n>r[e/ 
physical limitations4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 
ar*itecture tries to assimilate !       
peculi> me?ods ( bridge build+2 :5 pa9t+
 intrudes into ! prov9ce ( sculpture1   
lit]ature1 photography1 or ev5 music2 :5
 music becomes ma!matical or takes to   
itself ! habits ( ! circus p]=m]2 :5    
sculpture deliquesces into a sloppy k9d 
( black-&-:ite illu/ration2 :5 /a9$     
glass & tape/ry become pictorial2 :51 9 
fact1 all ! arts =sake _! own prov9ces &
 d5y _! own limitations1 z !y h t5d$ to 
d dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 spla%+ ov]1 ! "o   
into ! o!r1 !y cease to be arts at all &
 become unpr(itable ab]rations4  ,only  
?ree great arts h come into exi/5ce dur+
 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s--music1 /a9$ glass1
 & tape/ry--& ea* develop$ its own exact

 & individual mode ( expression4 ,music 
0 z old z ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 sculpture1
 poetry1 & ! drama1 b "u ! influ5ces (  
,*ri/ianity x gradually trans=m$ itself 
into :at 0 almo/ a new art & "o t has   
rema9$ ! only vital art ?r\gh all !     
unfri5dly influ5ces ( mod]n             
civilisation4 ,/a9$ glass 0 an          
absolutely new art1 tak+ its rise 9 !   
twelf? c5tury1 culm9at+ 9 ! ?irte5?1    
decay+ ?r\gh ! two foll[+ c5turies1 &   
entirely disappe>+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 
,x is an art ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( ,frank    
g5ius1 & ( ! le de ,france4 ,tape/ry is 
also a new art1 beg9n+ ab\t #acej1      
culm9at+ a c5tury lat]1 dy+ almo/ 9 a   
day 7z a great art71 ab\t #aebj4 ,x also
 is ,*ri/ian1 b1 unlike glass1 x is     
prim>ily secul>1 & x is explicitly &    
almo/ exclusively ,flemi%1 ! great      
contribution ( a di/+ui%$ race to !     
imp]i%able art ( ! _w4  ,x 0 !          
glorification ( a national              
indu/ry--weav+--& is significant z %[+  
h[1 "u :olesome impulses & 9 a /imulat+ 

environm5t1 a simple indu/ry may be     
transfigur$ & made into art4 ,its m$ium 
0 peculi>ly delicate1 subtle1 &         
beautiful1 ?reads ( spun wool1 silk &   
gold & silv] wov5 by h& into a fix$ w>p 
( /rung ?reads4 ,^! filam5ts ( silk 7z 9
 ! f9e/ "w7 _h peculi> qualities (      
beauty1 comb9+ bo? lu/r\sness & dep?1   
:ile ! col\rs be+ entirely vegetable    
dyes1 ) none ( ! h>% horrors ( ! anal9e 
by-products ( coal-t>1 7 inf9itely v>i$ 
& ( unique ri*ness & s(t spl5d\r4       
,=tunately1 ?is new arti/ic mode 0      
develop$ suffici5tly prior to ! breakd[n
 ( art :i* 0 signalis$ by ! c>e] ( a man
 9 himself a v great arti/--,raphael--to
 p]mit a full c5tury ( life1 & at ! h&s 
( a p :o _h a peculi> appreciation (    
decoration & ( decorative me?ods4 ,!    
result 0 />tl+1 = a new art 0 born & "o 
( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ quality4 ,z col\r      
decoration ! tape/ries ( ,fl&]s come ne>
 be+ ! v f9e/ ?+s 9 ! _w1 al?\gh we mu/ 
judge !m f a few examples only1 !       
admitt$ly greate/ hav+ long s9ce fall5  

victims to gre$1 fanaticism1 & ! /olid  
ignorance ( ! eighte5? c5tury4          
,=tunately = ! g5]al public1 ! rema9+   
ma/]pieces are n[ widely scatt]$ & may  
be /udi$ ) comp>ative ease1 !           
,metropolitan ,museum 9 ,new ,york be+  
p>ticul>ly ri* & hav+1 ei!r 9 its own "n
 or by loan1 ! ,burgundian ,sacram5ts1 !
 mat*less 8,maz>90 ,*ri/ 9 ,glory1 !    
almo/ equally beautiful 8,coronation ( !
 ,virg910 z well z scores ( o!rs1 _m (  
!m ( supreme excell5ce4  ,x is z        
impossible to describe a tape/ry 9 words
 z x is to d ! same by a ,*>tres w9d[4  
,9 po9t ( composition ! tape/ries ( !   
fifte5? c5tury are mat*$ only by !      
greate/ pictures2 ev5 :5 !y are cr[d$ ) 
figures !re is ! mo/ ma/]ly spac+ (     
masses1 ! mo/ consummate balance ( =m4  
,:5 "o realises t 9 e case ! design is !
 "w ( ! memb]s ( ! guild & n ( ! m fam\s
 pa9t]s ( ! "t1 ! wond] gr[s ov] !      
app>5tly univ]sal feel+ = ! highe/ type 
( arti/ic expression4 ,comp>$ ) ! be/ ( 
! ,flemi% tape/ries1 ! boa/$ & 8mu*     

admir$0 composition ( ,raphael 9 !      
8,disputa0 & ! 8,s*ool ( ,a!ns10 (      
,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 is   
ma!matical & academic4 ,9 l9e & l9e     
composition !re is ! same exquisite     
s5sitiv5ess t is almo/ ,greek or        
,japanese 9 its subtlety & rhy?m1 :ile !
 col\r1 ?\gh 9 _m cases fad$1 is z pure 
& musical 9 its sev]al tones z x is     
resonant & spl5did 9 comb9ation4 ,&     
?r\gh all ?is consummate ma/]y & ?is    
supreme arti/ic s5se run a peculi> *>m &
 di/9ction t are f\nd only 9 su* unique 
products z ! pictures ( ,jan van ,eyck1 
,fra ,angelico1 ! ,lor5zetti1 ,c>paccio1
 & _! k9d4 ,?r\gh !m y ent] into a dim &
 gold5 fairyl& full ( wi/ful music &    
haunt+ memories1 :]e fair ladies1       
c\rte\s knights1 delicate-w+$ angels1   
aureol$ sa9ts 9 blaz+ dalmatics pass l  
dreams ?r\gh f> c\ntries1 8:]e x is     
always aft]noon0 & :]e ! l& is always   
lovely1 ! skies s]5e1 ! fl[]s & birds & 
little bea/s fri5dly & well belov$4     
,*reti5 de ,troyes & ! tr\bad\rs & !    

,c\rt ( ,love1 ,k+ ,ar?ur & ,rol& & ,k+ 
,r51 ,gu5iv]e1 & ! graci\s que5s & g5tle
 ladies ( all ! ,middle ,ages live aga91
 or r prolong _! lives ?r\gh a passive  
immortality into :i* :oev] und]/&s is   
welcome to ent] & sit him d[n 9 peace4  
,,xiv  ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,rh9el&   ,f      
,*>lemagne's ambiti\s c5tre at          
,aix-la-,*apelle ! influ5ce ( a new     
culture w5t we/ r ?an ea/1 & x is n     
until ! elev5? c5tury t we c look = art 
( any sort along ! valley ( ! ,rh9e & 9 
! l&s ( old ,lorra9e4 ,!re 0 little     
en\gh else:]e1 b :51 at ! f+]-t\* ( a   
new mona/icism call+ a new nor!rn blood 
to action1 civilisation began aga9 9    
,norm&y & !n 9 ! le de ,france1 its e*o 
9 ! ,rh9el& 0 f> & long delay$1 & nev] m
 ?an an e*o at mo/4 ,!re 7 bad k+s until
 ! second ,crusade & ! com+ ( !         
,ci/]cians 9 #aagd1 & little culture2 b 
f !n on !re 0 a di/9ct spiritual        
revival1 a new impulse 9 religion & 9   
life1 & z a result ! output ( art ( all 
k9ds 0 greatly increas$4 ,! ?ree elem5ts

 ent]+ into ! new ar*itecture 73 !      
reviv$ tradition ( ! old "w ( ! ,c>ol+s1
 mu* ( :i* /ill exi/$ 9 ru9\s =m1 ! new 
ideas br\ght home f ,syria by !         
crusad]s1 & ! infiltration ( ,lomb>d    
fa%ions f nor? ,italy1 ) ! ,ci/]cian    
monks always ex]t+ _! au/]e & re=m+     
influ5ce t[>d simplicity4  ,_m ( !      
e>lie/ examples ( ?is new "w--at lea/ ! 
e>lie/ n[ exi/+--are across ! ,rh9e1 9  
,?ur+ia & ,saxony1 & are outside our    
survey4 ,g]nrode1 ,ess51 ,hilde%eim1 are
 all beyond our t]ritory1 b ,cologne is 
?is side ! riv] & conta9s "s ( ! mo/    
organic & be/ ( ! late t5? & e>ly elev5?
 c5tury "w4 ,/a4 ,m>ia 9 ,capitolio &   
,/4 ,m>t9 are bo? ( t v peculi> type (  
plan t has an apse & apsidal transepts (
 equal size & semicircul> 9 plan4 ,!    
c5tral t[] is support$ on f\r pi]s made 
up ( gr\ps ( f\r1 z at ,san ,m>co 9     
,v5ice1 & ! apse & transepts are        
surr\nd$ by ambulatories1 ! ma9 walls   
be+ c>ri$ on columns1 set r close toge!r
 & c>ry+ r\nd ar*es4 ,x is an int]e/+ & 

+5i\s s*eme1 ) great possibilities (    
developm5t1 ?\gh x has almo/ nev] be5   
us$ else:]e2 probably x is ( ,syrian    
orig91 ! idea be+ br\ght home by e>ly   
crusad]s1 ?\gh x may be ,byzant9e1 9 :i*
 case also x 0 probably d]iv$ f ,antio*1
 :]e ! crusad]s f\nd s mu* ( value to !m
 9 ! developm5t ( ! lat] art ( ,europe4 
,/4 ,m>t9's has also a v beautiful t[] )
 a high broa* spire & admirably design$ 
corn] turrets4 ,! composition ( ! *ur* f
 ! ea/1 ) its curv+ apsidal l9es1 its   
delicate little colonnades ( ,lomb>d =m 
"u ! eaves1 & ! graceful yet p[]ful     
t[]s1 is noble & dignifi$1 & ! :ole     
build+ is f> m organic & logically      
articulat$ ?an ! bigg] "w ( a c5tury    
lat] f>!r up ! ,rh9e4  ,! ,*ur* ( !     
,apo/les is ne>] ?is lat] type & has its
 un=tunate agglom]ation ( ill-plac$     
t[]s1 b ,/4 ,g]eon is sui g5]is2 x c    
h>dly be said to h any plan at all1 = x 
is made up ( a simple little aisleless  
*ur* ( ?ree bays ) a r\nd apse & two    
small transept-l t[]s1 jo9$ on to an    

irregul> decagon ( a nave1 some:at      
elliptical 9 plan1 ) l>ge ni*es 9 ea* ( 
! eight lat]al sides & a squ>e por* or  
n>!x at ! we/ end4 ,?is anomal\s 8nave0 
is e>ly ?irte5? c5tury x is true1 :ile !
 ea/]n *ur* is "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s   
old]1 b ! ,go?ic "w is on f\ndations    
und\bt$ly ,roman & takes ! place ( a    
/ructure ( some:at simil> plan built by 
! ,empress ,hel5a4 ,! sequ5ce is curi\s2
 !re 0 fir/ a circul> or elliptical     
,roman build+1 on ! f\ndations ( :i* !  
,empress ,hel5a built h] *ur*1 ! crypt (
 :i* /ill rema9s1 !n ! ea/]ly *oir 0    
built by ,ar*bi%op ,hanno late 9 !      
elev5? c5tury1 & f9ally ! orig9al ma9   
*ur* 0 torn d[n & rebuilt on ,go?ic l9es
 ab\t #abbe4  ,9 ne>ly all ! ,romanesque
 *ur*es ( ,cologne an attempt has be5   
made to reproduce ! orig9al poly*romatic
 decoration :i* once cov]$ all portions 
( ! masonry1 b ! results are n em95tly  
satisfactory1 = me*anical diap] &       
/5cill+ _c take ! place ( ! old "w :i* 0
 done freely & )\t exactness ( l9e &    

spac+1 :ile ! col\rs & ! m$ium us$ 7 q  
diff]5t f :at is employ$ to-day4 ,!re is
 no d\bt t once e ,go?ic int]ior1 n[    
grey & sombre1 or g>i% 9 its clean      
:itewa% & ma!matical jo9t+ ( pa9t$ l9es1
 0 entirely cov]$ ) ! ri*e/ possible    
surface decoration 9 col\rs & gold1 & ! 
result mu/ h be5 a gorge\sness & a      
gaiety ( :i* we "k no?+ & t w\ld        
probably %ock our s5sitive ta/e to !    
po9t ( hy/]ia4 ,"o w\ld l to see "s     
great *ur* ) full col\r decoration1 b z 
matt]s n[ /&1 ) oil pa9t1 /5cils1       
coal-t> col\rs1 & all t1 ! exp]im5t c\ld
 h>dly be made ) any degree ( safety4   
,9 ,cologne also are _m e>ly1 middle1 & 
late ,go?ic *ur*es2 t ( ! ,m9orites1 ,/4
 ,sev]9s1 ,/4 ,panteleon1 ,/4 ,&reas1   
,/4 ,cunib]t2 9 fact1 ,cologne is       
especially ri* 9 *ur*es ( _m /yles & mo/
 ( !m rem>kably good1 b !y are apt to be
 ov]look$ by ! t\ri/ :o c see1 & c>es to
 see1 only ! ov]gr[n gr&eur ( ! ca!dral4
 ,f>!r up ! ,rh9e we f9d a long         
succession ( great *ur*es :i* are       

*>act]i/ically ,g]man & well %[ ! be/ ! 
,teutonic g5ius 0 capable ( "u ! highe/ 
impulse2 ,bonn1 ,cobl5tz1 ,may5ce1      
,worms1 & ,spires are all huge /ructures
 & q 9 a class by !mselves4 ,!y are n   
beautiful by any /ret* ( c\rtesy2 big !y
 are & massive1 ) curi\s comb9ations (  
multipli$ apses & transepts & t[]s1 b !y
 are )\t organic quality ( any k9d1 _!  
composition is diffuse & casual1 _!     
,illu/ration3 ,,worms  detail crude &   
un9t]e/+4 ,n[h]e is !re a /ep =w>d 9 !  
developm5t ( organism1 & z !y increase 9
 size !y %[ only a multiplication ( r   
infelicit\s p>ts4 ,und]nea? is an idea t
 0 susceptible ( developm5t into some?+ 
f9e & national1 b x nev] _h ei!r ! "t or
 ! _s to "w itself out & s rema9s a     
heavy & r illit]ate lab\r+ aft] some?+  
too dimly se5 to be really /imulat+ 9 ! 
s5se 9 :i* ! ideal 9 ,norm&y & ,france 0
 /imulat+4 ,actually !re 0 m ( promise 9
 ! "w ( ! elev5? c5tury1 z we see x at  
,hilde%eim & ,cologne1 b ?is also 0 left
 undevelop$ & nev] work$ out its inh]5t 

possibilities4  ,! ar*itectural         
developm5t ( ,g]many began too late2 x 0
 always a full c5tury beh9d ,france &   
,italy1 & :5 ! ,rh5i% p 7 hamm]+ away at
 _! clumsy & un9spir$ giants ( masonry t
 nev] seem$ to become any?+ else & nev] 
produc$ any elem5ts ( novelty or        
progress1 ei!r /ructurally or           
/hetically1 ,norm&y already _h /ruck out
 ^? ma/]pieces ( cresc5t vitality1      
,jumiges & ! abbeys ( ,ca51 :ile ,france
 0 well along ! highroad ( h] consummate
 ,go?ic1 ?r\gh ,/4 ,d5is1 ,noyon1 ,laon1
 & ,p>is4  ,?is backw>dness 9 !         
acceptance ( civilisation has always    
work$ aga9/ ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ levels
 ( culture by t portion ( ! ,g]manic    
nation nor? ( ! ,danube & ea/ ( ! ,rh9e1
 :ile x has giv5 x a c]ta9 advantage 9 !
 a*ievem5t ( mat]ial ends1 s9ce ! e?ical
 & religi\s consid]ations1 t 9 a measure
 held else:]e1 7 naturally lack+4 ,no "p
 ( ?is wild l& ( savage & hea!n tribes  
ev] felt ! t\* ( ,roman civilisation1   
su* z x 01 & x 0 ! la/ "p ( c5tral      

,europe to be ,*ri/ianis$4 ,! ,bav>ians1
 ,burgundians1 & ,franks all accept$    
,*ri/ianity at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 b 
! tribes betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,wes] 7     
hea!ns = ano!r ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,!     
,w5di% l&s 7:]e ,b]l9 n[ is7 did n come 
into ,*ri/ian ,europe until ! e>ly      
elev5? c5tury1 at ab\t ! "t1 let u say1 
( ,duke ,ri*>d ( ,norm&y & ! f\nd+ ( !  
great abbeys & s*ools ( ,bec1 ,fcamp1 & 
,jumiges2 ,pom]ania 7:]e ! gr5adi]s come
 f7 0 conv]t$ aft] a fa%ion a hundr$    
ye>s lat] /ill1 9 ! days ( ! highe/     
civilisation 9 ,europe1 b ,prussia 0 !  
la/ ( all1 & :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$ 9  
its arid pla9s & among/ its /ubbornly   
hea!n peoples ,reims ca!dral 0 ris+ into
 its sublime maje/y1 m>k+ ! high        
atta9m5ts ( almo/ eight c5turies (      
cumulative ,*ri/ian culture4  ,ev5 9 !  
,rh9el&1 h[ev]1 !re 0 some?+ lack+ to t 
culture t always has issue 9 great      
ar*itectural art2 _m ?+s 7 />t$ b none 0
 ev] f9i%$4 ,! s*ool ( ,cologne gave    
place to ! ,rh5i% fa%ion & ?is 0 sudd5ly

 ab&on$ = ,go?ic aft] x _h be5 rais$ to 
its highe/ po9t 9 ,france & 0 at ! v    
mom5t ( decl9e4 ,nei!r ,cologne nor     
,/rasb\rg is ( ! same quality (         
p]fection z ,b\rges or ,ami5s or ,reims2
 inde$1 !y bo? fall immeasurably %ort1 &
 ?\gh lat]1 across ! ,rh9e1 9 ,freib\rg1
 ,erfurt1 ev5 z f> afield z ,vi5na1     
,teutonic blood 0 to beg9 a new c\rs+   
?r\gh ve9s already h>d5+1 aga9 !re 0 to 
be no culm9ation & ! ,r5aissance 0      
accept$1 ready-made1 z x came f ,france 
& ,italy4  ,cologne is a magnific5t     
essay 9 prem$itat$ art1 & x has c]ta9   
qualities ( almo/ ov]-p[]+ gr&eur t are 
:olly its own2 ! we/ front ) its va/    
t[]s is a ma/]piece ( consi/5t design1 b
 x is s kn[+ & academic t x misses !    
inspiration accord$ to m mode/ &        
,god-fe>+ ma/] build]s1 :ile ! int]ior  
is wire-drawn & metallic & q )\t !      
inf9ite grace & subtlety ( ! be/ ,fr5*  
or ev5 ,engli% "w4 ,( ! s5se ( scale x  
has little or no?+1 its detail is ( a   
ca/-iron quality1 & altoge!r x seems l a

 v successful n9ete5?-c5tury essay 9    
academic design4  ,( c\rse1 mu* ( :at we
 see is mod]n2 ! *oir is fairly e>ly =  
,go?ic 9 ,g]many1 hav+ be5 begun 9 #abdh
 & f9i%$ j sev5ty-five ye>s lat]2 !     
transepts foll[$ at once1 & ! l[]       
portion ( ! nave1 b int]e/ di$ out & "s 
"t dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury "w completely  
/opp$4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance no?+ 0 done  
except to mess up ! =lorn int]ior )     
pseudo-classic ineptitudes1 & f9ally !  
,revolutioni/s came ov] to turn ! :ole  
?+ into a /orage place = hay4 ,9 #ahbc  
royalty conceiv$ ! s*eme ( re/or+ ! ru9 
& complet+ ! entire design 9 accordance 
) c]ta9 orig9al plans :i* _h be5        
pres]v$4 ,x is said1 possibly ) tru?1   
,illu/ration3 ,,cologne  t ! fir/       
ar*itect1 ,ma/] ,g]>d1 sold 8 s\l to !  
devil z ! price = ^! same plans1 & if s 
he w\ld p]haps h done bett] _h he foll[$
 ! practice ( ! ma/] masons ( a c5tury  
e>li] 9 ,france1 :o pref]r$ to deal )   
o!r spiritual p[]s & n on ! basis (     
trade4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! "w w5t on at

 ! exp5se ( all ,g]many1 & 0 f9ally     
complet$ 9 #ahhj1 at a co/ ( "s five    
millions ( doll>s4  ,z x /&s1 !n1 x is  
l>gely ! "w ( re/oration & (            
n9ete5?-c5tury tal5t2 h5ce1 if 9 !      
=tunes ( w> x %\ld be subject$ to ! hail
 ( %ell & %rapnel f ,fr5* & ,briti%     
batt]ies1 s work+ out ! h>d old         
,israeliti% law ( an eye = an eye1 a    
too? = a too?1 & suff]+ ev5 z ,reims has
 suff]$1 ! _w w\ld look on ) f> diff]5t 
s5tim5ts s9ce1 ap>t f its w9d[s 7"s (   
!m7 & pictures & tombs1 no?+ w\ld be lo/
 t c\ld n be replac$ & aft] a bett]     
fa%ion2 = aft] all :5 y say ! mo/ y c = 
! n9ete5? c5tury x w g5]ally be admitt$ 
t1 ev5 9 ,g]many1 x 0 n a /imulat+ era s
 f> z creative or ev5 ar*ological ,go?ic
 art is conc]n$4  ,/rasb\rg is mu* m    
int]e/+ & poetic1 ) great ref9em5t &    
orig9ality 9 design1 ?\gh its ta/e is f>
 f impeccable1 its /ructural s5se       
gravely defici5t4 ,! t5d5cy is :olly    
t[>d lace-l & fanta/ic design1 b x has  
little resemblance to ! late ,fr5*      

flamboyant ) its curv+ & int]lac+ l9es2 
in/ead1 x is m sugge/ive ( ! ,engli%    
p]p5dicul>1 ) its scaffold+ ( v]tical   
l9es appli$ to1 b n a "p (1 ! basic     
fabric4 ,x has no consi/5cy ( plan1 = ! 
ea/]n end1 ) its semicircul> apse &     
portions ( its transepts1 is ( a s+ul>ly
 noble type ( twelf?-c5tury ,romanesque1
 :ile ! nave is mid-?irte5? c5tury & !  
t[] & upp] portion ( ! we/ front are a  
hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,confus$ z x is1 !re  
is an extraord9>y *>m ab\t x all1 = e "p
 is p]sonal & di/+ui%$1 full ( novel &  
poetic ideas & all k9ds ( unaffect$     
t\*es ( g5ius4 ,! wond]ful col\r ( !    
ext]ior & ! s+ul>ly f9e glass ( !       
int]ior h mu* to d ) its g5]al effect ( 
a delicate m$ival lovel9ess t makes     
am5ds = its ar*itectural %ortcom+s4  ,( 
! ca/le ar*itecture ( ! ,rh9e !re is    
,illu/ration3 ,,/rasb\rg  little left f 
! m$ival p]iod f :i* "o c ga9 an        
adequate idea ( its excell5ce1 :i* 0    
probably great4 ,z 9 ,luxemb\rg1 ev]y?+ 
has be5 %att]$ into wildly picturesque  

ru9s :i* are outside ! category (       
ar*itecture1 & su* ,r5aissance "w z     
,heidelb]g is q z f> )\t ! same         
category1 ?\gh = ano!r reason2 "h ev5   
picturesqu5ess ( site & dilapidation _c 
make am5ds = ignorance1 assurance1 &    
excruciat+ ta/e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !   
be/ ar*itecture ( ! ,rh9e is ! dome/ic  
build+ ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 
! half timb]1 _m-gabl$ /ructures t give 
! little ,rh9e t[ns a *>m t is unexcell$
 & te/ify to ! native s5se ( beauty 9 ! 
common p1 :5 !y 7 left alone & n confus$
 by ! self-satisfi$ & ill-br$ int]f]5ce 
( ! connoisseur4  ,if ,*ri/ian culture  
began too late along ! ,rh9e to f9d a   
great expression 9 ar*itecture1 ! same  
is n true ( pa9t+1 :i* foll[$ aft] &    
a*iev$ mu* t ! old] art c\ld n          
accompli%4 ,! ,teutonic tribes ( ! ,rh9e
 _h always excell$ 9 c]ta9 virtues (    
frugality1 temp]ance1 dome/ic morality1 
& a righte\s revolt %[$ itself "h aga9/ 
! corruption ( ! ,*ur* & society 9 !    
f\rte5? c5tury t foll[$ ! fir/ d[nw>d   

tr5d ( m$ivalism4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury m5 & 
wom5 began to draw away f a _w ) :i* !y 
_h little sympa?y1 /riv+ = p]sonal      
righte\sness1 ! s5se ( an inn] relation 
to ,god1 ! atta9m5t ?r\gh my/ical means 
( escape f ! deva/at+ w>s1 ! pe/il5ce & 
fam9e1 ! fav\ritism & cupidity &        
lic5ti\sness ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! c5tre ( ^!   
my/ical bro!rhoods 0 ,cologne1          
p>ticul>ly at ! end ( ! f\rte5? & !     
beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x is n a   
m]e co9cid5ce t "h at ,cologne also1 &  
at ! same "t1 a new s*ool ( pa9t+ %\ld  
come into exi/5ce1 exactly z _h happ5$ a
 few ye>s e>li] 9 ,si5a & ,flor5ce4 ,!re
 _h be5 great wall pa9t+ = sev]al       
c5turies1 b x _h always be5 an ess5tial 
"p ( ar*itecture1 hi]atic1 =mal1        
monum5tal1 imp]sonal2 n[ ! new spiritual
 impulse 0 to "w out an orig9al & v     
p]sonal =m ( expression on ! basis ( ^! 
e>li] works1 b at small] scale & ) a    
m9ute craftsman%ip borr[$ p>tly f !     
goldsmi?s' "w & ! enamels = :i* ,cologne
 already 0 fam\s2 p>tly f ! exquisite   

illum9ation ( ! vellum volumes ( ! "t4  
,x 0 some:]e ab\t #acej t ,ma/]         
,wilhelm1 :o holds ! same place 9 ! nor?
 t 0 atta9$ by ,cimabue 9 ! s\?1 0 born4
 ,8 pictures are r>e b !re is "o ( great
 value 9 ,cologne ca!dral1 ! 8,/4 ,cl>a 
,tripty*10 & x %[s all ! elem5ts n[ at  
"w t[>d ! developm5t ( ! new art1 ! f9e 
& ma/]ly l9e & composition1 ) a /rong   
rhy?mic s5se tak5 ov] f ! fully develop$
 wall pa9t+ ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 !        
delicate craftsman%ip ( ! goldsmi?1 !   
illum9ator1 or ! work] 9 enamels1 & !   
extraord9>y p]sonal quality1 ! direct   
human appeal1 t 0 furni%$ by ! my/ical  
seek]s aft] union ) ,god ?r\gh a direct 
relation%ip outside ! =malis$           
in/itutions & practices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,y   
get ! quality be/ ( all p]haps f !      
8,madonna ( ! ,bean-fl[]0 9 ! ,cologne  
,museum1 ano!r picture by ,ma/]         
,wilhelm1 & z lovely & p]sonal z "o c\ld
 ask4 ,!re are also ! 8,p>adise         
pictures10 equally human & ev5 m        
my/ical2 visions ( delicate & graci\s   

g>d5s1 :]e y\?s & ladies & *ildr5 &     
angels all m+le 9 ! mid/ ( fl[]s & s++  
ar\nd ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 h]self2 ef=ts1 "o
 might ?9k1 to create a p>adise = !     
imag9ation1 :]e "o c\ld escape f ! too  
num]\s horrors ( a none too accommodat+ 
_w4 ,! m specifically devotional        
pictures are v num]\s & g5]ally         
anonym\s2 pa9t]s !n 7 craftsm51 memb]s (
 guilds devot$ to ! upbuild+ ( ! highe/ 
/&>ds ( workman%ip1 & c>+ little = _!   
own p]sonal fame4 ,picture exhibitions &
 competitions = prizes & m$als 7 also   
unkn[n1 :i* made a diff]5ce4 ,9 all ^!  
works is ! same sweet humanism1 !       
inv>iable p]sonal appeal1 & x is easy to
 und]/& t a new art su* z ?is mu/ h be5 
a wond]ful boon to a we>y & disappo9t$  
g5]ation4  ,! ,teuton _h at la/ f\nd a  
field = ! expression ( t /hetic s5se t 0
 "o ( ! inali5able possessions ( man d[n
 to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & he made ! v be/ 
( x1 z he 0 to make ! be/ ( ! /ill new] 
art ( music a few c5turies lat]4 ,! _w  
want$ ?is new art1 & f ,cologne x spread

 rapidly to ! we/ into ,fl&]s &         
,brabant1 & s\? to ,franconia & ,suabia4
 ,to !  ,illu/ration3 ,,ba*>a* ,,on ,,! 
,,rh9e  s*ool ( ,cologne ,hub]t van     
,eyck ow$ mu*1 he c\ld h>dly h be5 :at  
he 0 b = ,ma/] ,wilhelm & 8             
contempor>ies1 b he add$ some?+ ( 8 own 
,fl&]s1 & m ( himself1 & ! art he       
initiat$ rose immeasurably above its    
s\rce4  ,9 sculpture also ! ,teuton f\nd
 a facile & cong5ial =m ( expression1 b 
?is art develop$ r to ! nor? & ea/ ( !  
,rh9e4 ,hilde%eim 01 ( c\rse1 ! c5tre1 =
 x 0 "h t ,bi%op ,b]nw>d ga!r$ or       
educat$ 8 amaz+ craftsm5 9 bronze4 ,:]e 
su* an arti/ came f1 z he :o made !     
ca!dral doors & ! bronze column1 heav5  
alone kn[s1 = x 0 e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury
 t ^! came into exi/5ce4 ,!y began a    
s*ool1 h[ev]1 t cont9u$ 9 ,saxony = _m  
c5turies & _h its influ5ce ov] all      
,g]many4 ,! e>ly ?irte5?-c5tury bronze  
font1 also 9 ! ca!dral1 is "o ( ^?      
ma/]pieces t defy comp>ison4 ,! great   
s*ool ( sculpture 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5?  

c5turies 0 t :i* grew up betwe5 ! ,elbe 
& ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 n only 9 ,hilde%eim 
b ,halb]/adt1 ,bamb]g1 ,freib]g1        
,magdeb\rg1 ,naumb\rg1 ! ma/]s (        
,magdeb\rg rank+ ) ^? ( ,ami5s & ,reims4
 ,und\bt$ly !re is ,fr5* influ5ce "h1   
p]haps ?r\gh ! tra9+1 "u ! ma/]s (      
,france1 ( ! craftsm5 :o lat] w5t back  
to _! native l&s to practise _! art4 ,9 
,/rasb\rg ! ,fr5* influ5ce is ev5 m     
cle>ly se5 b "h x is r 9 ! l9e ( ! m    
s\!rly s*ools4 ,x is at ,/rasb\rg t we  
f9d t s+ul> & +5i\s ma/]piece1 ! 8,pill>
 ( ! ,angels10 sl5d] gr\p$ %afts )      
int]m$iate ni*es1 "o above ! o!r1 ea*   
conta9+ an exquisite /atue ( an apo/le1 
an angel1 or1 at ! top1 our ,"l at !    
,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,?is is "o ( ^? sudd5 &
 unprec$5t$ happ5+s 9 m$ival art t m>k !
 va/ vitality1 imag9ation1 & p]sonal    
initiative ( ! "t4 ,x has no prog5itors1
 no successors1 x is a sport ( p]sonal  
g5ius1 & ! ma/]piece ( "o ,erv9 de      
,/e9ba*1 :o appe>s to h be5 ! ar*itect =
 ! lat] portions ( ! ca!dral4  ,ap>t f  

,/rasb\rg1 h[ev]1 sculpture seems nev]  
to h be5 a fav\r$ art 9 ! ,rh9el&1 & !  
pa9t+ ( ,cologne rema9s its *ief claim  
to hon\rable record1 ?\gh /a9$ glass    
rea*$ consid]able heights1 z is se5 bo? 
at ,cologne & ,/rasb\rg1 & on def9itely 
local l9es4 ,by ! fifte5? c5tury !      
,flemi% s*ools ( art ( all k9ds _h      
succe$$ by _! %e] a*ievem5t 9 e/abli%+  
_! dom9ant influ5ce along ! ,rh9e1 & ) !
 ,r5aissance ! l+]+ elem5ts ( an        
in/9ctive practice ( beauty q di$ away4 
,,xv  ,,! ,,=e/ ,,( ,,ard5   ,:]e !     
immemorial ,=e/ ( ! ,ard5nes closes 9 on
 ! ,moselle t w9ds beautifully to !     
,rh9e1 !re is a little l& t c give u    
small aid 9 ! way ( art1 = ! h& ( man & 
( an implacable fatality has be5 heavy1 
& little rema9s1 b x is a place (       
inf9ite *>m & ( significance z well1    
:ile 9 ! la/ ye> its anci5t "n has come 
into ! light aga91 ev5 z x 0 "s c5turies
 ago4 ,x has borne _m names1 ackn[l$g$  
_m sov]eignties2 ,roman ,belgica1 "p ( !
 k+dom ( ! ,ripu>ian ,franks1 ,au/rasia1

 ,lorra9e1 a prov9ce ( ! ,g]manic ,holy 
,roman ,empire1 ,burgundy1 ! ,ne!rl&s   
7,spani% & ,au/rian71 ,france aga91 bo? 
( ! republican & imp]ial mode1 !n back 9
 an amorph\s ,g]many1 & n[1 cru%$ into a
 t9y b conc5trat$ /ate1 an indep5d5t b  
sov]eign ,gr& ,du*y ( ,luxemb\rg1       
imprison$ = ! mom5t 9 d>k fa/nesses (   
oppression :]efrom no ^w issues =?1 b   
de/9$ "u ,god to a triumphant release & 
to a re/oration t may mean a return to  
e>li] & wid] fronti]s4  ,luxemb\rg means
 t portion ( ! ,he>t ( ,europe ly+      
betwe5 ! ,meuse & ! ,moselle1 & "o l9e  
drawn f ,limb\rg to ,trves1 ano!r f     
,v]dun to ,metz4 ,x is n[ a ti! ( ?is1 b
 :o c say :at may be 9 ! future8 ,all   
its great nor!rn portion has = long be5 
incorporat$ 9 ! et]nally hon\rable k+dom
 ( ,belgium1 & !re x w rema91 b !re is  
always ! old ,ar*bi%opric ( ,trves ) its
 ,moselle valley1 & !re are ! l&s along 
! ,sa> & ! new 7& old7 fronti]s (       
,france4 ,at pres5t1 z a result ( ?ree  
treaties 9 :i* x play$ ! passive "p (   

victim1 x is a f\r? ! size x once _h "u 
its fir/ ,duke ,w5ceslas2 ! fir/ section
 0 lo/ 9 #afei1 ! second at ! ,congress 
( ,vi5na 9 #ahae1 ! ?ird & l>ge/ at     
,london 9 #ahei1 b1 z a ,japanese guide 
rem>k$ at ! mona/]y ( ,horiuji1 8,!     
quality is n dep5d5t on ! num]ality (   
quantity10 & z no?+ 0 lo/ b l& !        
indomitable _s ( ! p rema9$ intact &    
m]ely conc5trat$ itself /ill m int5sely 
)9 its %runk5 bord]s4  ,luxemb\rg lies  
along t l9e :]e fir/ ! ,teuton bl5d$ ) !
 primitive ,gaul1 or ,celt1 & :]e a     
second m+l+ lat] took place betwe5 !    
result ( ! fir/--! ,salian ,frank--& !  
same old ,teutonic /ock4 ,x is !        
mat+-place ( races & !re=e !            
fight+-place z well1 & always w rema9 s1
 z !y & we n[ realise only too cle>ly4  
,!y 7 f> en\gh ap>t1 ^! ,celts &        
,g]mans1 to gu>antee good prog5y4 ,!    
,gaul 0 huge ( /ature1 blonde1          
long-hair$1 fond ( f9e clo!s & gold5    
*a9s4 ,he 0 pa/oral & agricultural1     
ari/ocratic 9 8 social & political      

sy/ems1 incont95t1 good-natur$1         
quick-temp]$1 sup]/iti\s1 ,druidical4 ,!
 ,teuton 0 r$-hair$1 %av5 except = a    
fi]ce top-knot1 grim 9 8 clo?+1         
contemptu\s ( agriculture & ( ev]y?+    
else except fight+2 z a y\? he wore an  
iron coll> :i* c\ld n be remov$ until he
 _h kill$ 8 man4 ,politically he 0      
ultra-democratic2 socially1 monogam\s & 
*a/e2 !ologically1 mono!i/ic4 ,f !      
fusion ( ^! two elem5ts came ! _m tribes
 ( ,gallia ,belgica1 & 9 good "t mo/ ( !
 peoples ( ! ,he>t ( ,europe1 ( ,fl&]s1 
,brabant1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,lorra9e1 ! hi!r  
,rh9el&1 ,*ampagne1 ,burgundy1 ,pic>dy1 
,artois4 ,trves1 head city ( ! ,trev]i1 
0 ! natural capital & s x became "u !   
,cs>s :5 !y _h made _! wild]ness & call$
 x peace4  ,x did n rema9 a wild]ness   
long2 pres5tly came ! pacific ,cs>s ( a 
lat] day & ! :ole l& became fir/ !      
8kit*5-g>d5 ( ,rome0 & !n ! ,newport ( !
 ,empire4 ,f9e roads cut ! =e/s 9 e     
direction1 l& 0 cle>$1 agriculture      
int5sifi$1 s t %ortly ! :ole region 0 a 

g>d5 dott$ ) private p>ks & e/ates4     
,trves 0 made a great city1 ) palaces1  
temples1 ba?s1 amphi!atres1 ! summ]     
capital ( ,europe & second 9 ,gaul only 
to ,lyons4 ,a city ( manifold pleasures 
& z _m beauties2 ri*1 sumptu\s1 s5su\s1 
:]e f ! %ores ( ,tib] & ,bosporus       
en]vat$ & exhau/$ devotees ( ! joy (    
liv+ came to cool !mselves & re/ore _!  
vitality 9 ! fre% air & ! gre5 riv]     
valleys ( ?is curi\sly picturesque      
retreat4 ,all along ! ,moselle rose     
gorge\s villas ) _! rooms ( %eet$ m>ble 
& mosaic & gild$ c$> & spl5did fabrics1 
_! t]rac$ g>d5s & cool groves &         
wide-spread+ p>ks4 ,a gold5 day-dream   
focuss$ along ! w9d+s ( a little riv] & 
de/9$1 ! sleep]s dream$1 to endure =    
ev]4  ,& !n ! great] dream ( empire     
began to turn into nightm>e4 ,! ,gallic 
legions revolt$ aga9/ a weak5+ h& 9     
,rome1 & ,cs>s ( a day & a ?\s& votes   
f\ght back & =? ov] ! l&1 & burn$ &     
murd]$ & di$ until peace came aga91 &   
re/oration1 ) real emp]ors refre%+      

!mselves 9 _! imp]ial city ( ,trves & _!
 dim =e/s on ! hilly walls ( ! w9d+     
,moselle4 ,w> aga91 & ru91 ?is "t ( a   
nature to la/ = g5]ations & to leave !  
m>ble villas to ! sl[ b k9dly burial (  
trees & v9es & moss4 ,out ( ! t]rible   
ea/ ! ,huns came l a flood ) ! deadly   
,attila at _! head1 bl9d t]ror be=e !m1 
dea? & sil5ce beh9d4 ,j to ! we/1 at    
,*lons1 !y 7 beat5 back & fl$ ea/w>d    
aga9 7m5 ?\ght = ev]71 & :at 0 left     
became "p ( ! new ,franki% k+dom4 ,( !  
mak]s ( ?is nation & ! /ock f :i* sprang
 ,m]ov+s1 ,c>ol+s1 & mo/ (              
,illu/ration3 ,,s*loss ,,eltz  ! o!r    
royal h\ses ( ,europe1 ! ,rev]5d ,t4 ,h4
 ,passmore writes engag+ly ?us3       ,!
 record ( ?is p1 until ! close ( ! fif? 
c5tury1 is      dim & discursive4 ,up to
 t "t !y 7 m l a firework      display  
?an a p4 ,!y appe> & disappe> on !      
hi/oric      horizon confus+ly1 ! only  
unify+ condition be+ a g5]al      & mo/ 
sacr$ s5se ( mission1 ! mission be+ !   
demolition      ( ! univ]se4 ,! fir/    

head ^u :i* hi/ory /eadily      focusses
 its light is t ( ! great ,clovis4 ,he 0
 "l ( !      small ,salian tribe 9      
,batavia & sack$ & plund]$ all ar\nd    
him to su* an ext5t t ! o!r ,franki%    
tribes :o liv$      along ! ,belgic     
riv]s 7 smitt5 ) admiration & flock$ to 
! /&>d ( s virtu\s a pr9ce4444 ,! pi\s  
,clovis 0 a      born diplomati/4 ,he 0 
a sangu9>y ,teuton1 a cultur$ ,roman1 & 
a ,*ri/ian sa9t accord+ to circum/ances4
 ,he 0 great4       ,aft] cle>+ ,gaul ( 
! ,burgundians & o!r ,g]mans :o /ill    
b>r$ 8 progress1 & wip+ out !           
,alemanni--^? *ronic      foes :om ,rome
 _h f\nd inv9cible--,clovis li/5$ to !  
pray]s      ( 8 ,*ri/ian wife1          
,clotilde1 & 0 baptis$ 9 ,rheims        
,ca!dral by ,/4 ,remigius ) ?ree ?\s& ( 
8 devot$      ,franks1 :o w\ld probably 
h he>d ( x aga9 _h !y made any          
tr\ble ab\t ! matt]4 ,he does n seem1   
h[ev]1 to h gr[n      any nic] or k9d]  
on ?is acc\nt4 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 8  
biograph] & panegyri/1 :o 0 some:at     

mode/ly end[$ )      ! s5se ( hum\r1    
tells u gravely t on "o occasion1 aft]  
dismiss+ ) pray] a synod ( ! ,gallican  
,*ur*1 he quietly      proce$$ to but*] 
all ! ,m]ov+ian pr9ces4 ,hav+ pu%$ 8    
arms into ,france1 he fix$ on ,p>is z 8 
royal seat2 conqu]$      ! ,go?s "u     
,al>ic1 8 only rema9+ rivals2 & 0       
inve/$ ) purple tunic 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's *ur*
 at ,t\rs4      ,tw5ty-five ye>s aft] 8 
dea? ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian g5]\sly         
be/[$ on 8 sons ! prov9ces ( ,gaul1 :i* 
!y already      possess$2 & mo/         
gracefully absolv$ its inhabitants f _! 
allegiance to himself1 :i* _h only exi/$
 9 8 own augu/      imag9ation4 ,?us !  
,fr5* k+dom ( ! ,m]ov+ians1 to !        
g5]ation succe$+ ,clovis1 already       
includ$ all ,gaul f      we/]n ,france  
to ! ,rh9e & _! suz]a9ty rea*$ to !     
,alps & beyond !m4  ,luxemb\rg _h long  
be5 ,*ri/ian aft] a fa%ion2 ! fir/      
,bi%op ( ,trves _h be5 appo9t$ by ,/4   
,pet] himself1 :ile ! ,emp]or           
,con/ant9e1 :o _h liv$ mu* 9 ! city1    

fo/]$ ! new religion 9 e way4 ,lat]1 at 
! "t ( ! era-mak+ ,pep9 ( ,h]i/al1 ,/4  
,willibrord came f ,engl& on 8 great    
mission to ! hea!n ( ,friesl&1 & :ile   
conv]t+ !m1 & mu* ( ,norway & ,d5m>k to 
boot1 e/abli%$ "h at ,e*t]na* a great   
mona/]y t 0 8 spiritual p[]-h\se1 f :i* 
he drew ! en]gy t s5t him on 8 endless  
j\rneys & cruises1 by l& & sea1 = ! w9n+
 ( s\ls to ,*ri/4 ,he did 8 "w well1    
none bett]1 & :]ev] he w5t ,*ri/ianity  
w5t ) him1 & a new civilisation1 a new  
culture1 t rema9$ = _m c5turies aft] he 
_h be5 call$ to 8 high rew>d1 buri$ 9 8 
de> abbey at ,e*t]na* & enroll$ 9 !     
,kal5d> ( ,sa9ts4  ,x 0 a va/ mona/]y & 
a magnific5t "o1 b x is a mona/]y no    
long]2 = c5turies x cont9u$ to p\r out f
 its inexhau/ible ,b5$ict9e /ore1       
mission>ies1 prophets1 prie/s1 lead]s & 
protectors ( ! p2 fo/]+ education1      
agriculture1 ! arts2 e/abli%+ ord]1     
nurs+ a piety t f\nd its rew>d 9 ?is _w 
?r\gh ! consci\sness ( an ev]-wid5+     
civilisation1 & a great] rew>d 9 heav54 

,!n ! p[] & weal? grew too great = !    
equanimity ( pr9ces1 & x 0 robb$ by "o  
aft] ano!r1 oppress$ by lay abbots 9    
comm5dam1 its ,b5$ict9e monks driv5 out 
& secul> canons intrud$1 & f9ally       
pillag$ by recreant bi%ops ( ! new      
disp5sation ( humanism & enlight5m5t &  
by t conc5tration & apo!osis ( ! same1  
,le ,roi ,soleil1 & s h&$ ov] to !      
emiss>ies ( ! deluge t foll[$ him1 !    
attractive exempl>s ( revolution1 :o    
swept ! place clean ( books & pictures &
 /atues & all ! ho>d$ art ( a ?\s&      
ye>s--yes1 ev5 ( ! poor a%es ( ! good   
sa9t himself--to make place a half      
c5tury lat] = ! a%es & slag (           
bla/-furnaces set up )9 ! anci5t walls1 
& = ! h\s+ ( soldi]s & _! m\nts4  ,/ill1
 ! "w c\ld n :olly be undone1 ,luxemb\rg
 0 a ,*ri/ian /ate & s x rema9$1 ?r\gh  
fair days & f\l1 ! faire/ be+ p]haps ^? 
:51 unit$ to ,fl&]s & ,brabant "u !     
,emp]or ,maximilian1 x fell into ! *>ge 
( t great lady & un(ficial sa9t1 ,m>g>et
 8( ,mal9es10 ^: /ory ,i h tri$ to tell 

else:]e4  ,) ! w>s ( religion ?is peace 
& prosp]ity came to an end & = two      
hundr$ ye>s all ! du*y 0 deva/at$ by all
 ! armies ( ,europe1 f ^? ( ,francis ,i 
to ! obsc5e hordes ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 
,x _h nev] revolt$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic     
religion nor aga9/ its v>i$ rul]s1 & its
 rew>d 0 a sl[ & savage ext]m9ation4    
,cities 7 burn$ & _! names =gott52 great
 abbeys & *ur*es l ^? ( ,orval &        
,clairefonta9e 7 utt]ly ext+ui%$2 tall  
ca/les t cr[n$ e height ( l& 7 bl[n up )
 gunp[d]2 fields & f>ms became wa/e l&2 
& ?r\gh />vation1 massacre1 & exile !   
population 0 r$uc$ to a ti! ( its =m]   
numb]s1 & at la/1 by ! republic t came  
to br+ lib]ty1 tax$ into an all-engulf+ 
p5ury4  ,! era ( enlight5m5t _h n be5   
:olly happy 9 its action on ,luxemb\rg1 
b x 0 free at la/1 &1 9 #ahfg1          
indep5d5t1 z x rema9$ until t memorable 
day 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! day ( brok5      
treaties1 :5 ! little ,gr& ,du*ess back$
 h] motor-c> across ! bridge1 clos+ x ) 
a pa!tic b>ri] 9 ! va9 prote/ ( hon\r   

aga9/ a =ce t did n recognise ! mean+ ( 
! ^w or ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ x signifi$4    
,luxemb\rg to-day is n a place :]e "o   
may g to revel 9 ! arti/ic memorials ( a
 great pa/2 ! great pa/ is !re1 & its   
memory is /ill gre51 b ev5 m ?an        
,brabant or ,*ampagne has x borne !     
griev\s h>r[+ ( endless w>s &           
recrudesc5t b>b>isms1 n ! lea/          
de/ructive ( ^! visitations be+ !       
n9ete5? c5tury 9 its satisfy+           
complet5ess1 :i* saw _m an abbey & old  
haunt$ ca/le dismantl$1 r$uc$ to        
road-metal1 & c>t$ away = ! value inh]5t
 9 its raw mat]ial1 or turn$ to         
inconceivably base uses f all ( :i* "s  
pecuni>y pr(it might be obta9$4 ,once x 
0 z ri* 9 enorm\s ca/les z any c\ntry 9 
! _w t happily has a m$ival pa/4        
,b\rs*eid on its great hill1 lordly &   
dom9at+ /ill & a wild]ness ( va/ crags (
 masonry1 9 spite ( all t man c\ld d2   
,br&5b\rg1 rigid & riv5 9 its r+ (      
m\nta9s2 ,es*1 split into t[]+ & sund]$ 
fragm5ts on ! raw cliffs ov]hang+ !     

,sre2 ,holl5fel1 ,cl]vaux1 sp>$ by w> to
 fall victim to ! contemptu\s neglect ( 
own]s :o pref]r$ pseudo-,go?ic villas ) 
all mod]n conv5i5ces2 ,beau=t1 ) its    
noble proportions & its beauty ( a lat] 
& m graci\s m$ivalism2 ,vi&51 mo/       
fasc9at+ ( all ) its dizzy gables1 & its
 *apel /ill intact 9 spite ( ! wide ru9 
( its surr\nd+s4 ,& e ca/le ru9 is      
haunt$ to he>t's desire1 cr[d$ ) atte/$ 
gho/s ^: consi/5t habits & dep5dable    
visitations are a peculi> joy 9 a _w t  
until a twelvemon? ago c\ld n believe 9 
! impossible & promptly disc\nt$ !      
improbable4 ,any peasant 9 ,luxemb\rg   
knew bett]1 & n only ! ru9s b ! :ole    
du*y is honeycomb$ by ! midnight pr[l+s 
( an entire population ( delectable     
phantoms1 :ile ! /ories & leg5ds ( _!   
comm]ce 9 ! pa/ ) lords & ladies &      
knights & monks & bi%ops =m a lit]ature 
9 !mselves4  ,9 spite ( its losses1 ! l&
 0 "o ( inf9ite & unfamili> *>m2 a l& ( 
wide & high plateaus cut by _m w9d+ riv]
 c\rses1 ea* a possible j\rney ( v>y+   

delights4 ,our & ,sre & ,black ,er5z2   
,alzette & ,cl]f & ,:ite ,er5z1 ) _m    
o!rs ( m9or fl[1 cut ! du*y 9 e         
direction1 all at la/ f9d+ ! goal ( _!  
wat]s 9 ! magical ,moselle1 z x fl[s pa/
 old ,roman ,trves on its devi\s way to 
! ,rh9e4 ,& x 0 a k9d ( little e>?ly    
p>adise z well1 = ! fifty ye>s ( its    
well-e>n$ peace4 ,a l& ( f>ms & g>d5s & 
pa/ures1 ( cont5t$ little villages &    
riv]-bord]$ hamlets1 & a k9dly & devot$ 
p4 ,coal & iron h left little m>k1 ?\gh 
! effici5t ,ba$ek] 7to :om %all we g =  
guidance on our j\rneys 9 ! long days to
 come871 9 "o ( 8 concise &             
unprem$itately dramatic p>agraphs does  
say3 8#ah ,m4 ,weil]ba*1 = ! iron-f\ndry
 ( ,weil]ba* & ! =m] summ]-h\se ( !     
,abbots ( ,e*t]na*1 magnific5tly situat$
 amid/ wood0--an anti!sis ( />tl+       
illum9ation4 ,prote/antism pass$ x by1  
except = purposes ( plund]1 & x has     
always be5 unanim\sly & en?usia/ically  
,ca?olic1 ) a record = public & private 
morality t puts any & e o!r "p ( ,europe

 to sudd5 %ame4  ,:at is to be its      
future :5 ! great /orm t is clean+ !    
soil$ _w ( its du/ & a%es ( false ideals
 & burnt-out sup]/itions sweeps away    
into ! holl[s ( a night t is only 9 its 
d>kness ! promise ( a new day8 ,:o %all 
say8 b any "o c weave 8 vision1 & to "s 
x already appe>s t1 ) ! met+ out (      
inadequate e>?ly rew>d = irrep>able     
bodily suff]+1 w come ! l&s to ! ea/ z  
f> z ! ,kyll1 ) to ! s\? ,sa>b\rg1 & !  
f> side ( ! ,moselle to ! ,ho*wald1     
includ+ anci5t ,trves1 no long] a =gott5
 relic ( an old imp]ialism b a great] & 
bett] & m pot5t ,hague1 a c5tral city ( 
,europe & ( peace1 :]e1 "u ! unit$      
gu>antees ( all ! /ates1 is p]man5tly   
sitt+ a great c\ncil ( ambassadors = !  
devis+ ( measures ( common int]e/1 !    
adju/m5t ( int]national diff]5ces1 !    
pres]vation ( a righte\s peace betwe5   
nations1 & ) au?ority to suppress any   
violation ( treaties or any wilful      
aggression ( "o /ate aga9/ ano!r1 by    
call+ into ! field aga9/ ! (f5d] all !  

milit>y & naval =ces ( all ! o!r p[]s   
signatory to an ,european ,treaty (     
,p]man5t ,peace & repres5t$ 9 ! c\ncil (
 ambassadors4  ,or p]haps ,trves1 )     
surr\nd+ t]ritory )9 a five-mile radius1
 might be erect$ into an int]national   
city ( c\ncil1 surr\nd$ by ,luxemb\rg1  
,belgium1 :i* may be ext5d$ to !        
,moselle & ea/w>d half-way to ! ,rh9e1  
,france1 ! new fronti]s ( :i* w\ld be ! 
old ea/]n bord]s ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 &
 a re/or$ ,palat9ate limit$ to ! nor? & 
ea/ by ! ,rh9e & ! ,moselle4 ,c5tral 9  
?is circle ( gu>d+ /ates1 ) all ,europe 
= add$ def5ce aga9/ any possible        
recrudesc5ce ( local egoism 9 any place1
 ,trves might aga9 become a great city (
 refuge & ( ,*ri/ian righte\sness1 )    
noble build+s on its circle ( surr\nd+  
hills1 a c5tre ( religion & education & 
m]cy1 gu>dian ( ! peace ( ,europe1 a    
liv+ & glori\s symbol ( ! _w enlight5m5t
 t came ?r\gh ! clean purg+ ( a w>      
great] ?an all =m] w>s because ! ne$ 0  
great]4     ,,xvi  ,,ex ,,t5ebris ,,lux 

,i h tri$ to give "s idea ( !           
contributions ( ! l&s & ! peoples 9 !   
we/]n !atre ( ! w> 9 c]ta9 ( ! fields ( 
art2 to note ! developm5t ( culture1 !  
direction ( human happ5+s1 ! be>+ (     
great m5 & wom5 :o 7 lead]s 9 ,europe1  
?r\gh an abbreviation ( hi/orical       
records1 to ju/ify ! giv+ to ! region   
betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,rh9e1 ! ,alps & !   
sea1 ! "n ( 8,he>t ( ,europe40 ,su* a   
survey ( su* a t]ritory mu/1 (          
necessity1 be sup]ficial & incomplete1 =
 too _m & wond]ful ?+s happ5$ !re to be 
record$ 9 a volume ( limit$ ext5t4      
,*iefly1 ,i h spok5 ( :at c\ld be1 & is 
be+1 de/roy$1 b !re is mu* else t is n  
subject to annihilation at ! h&s (      
furi\s m51 ! contributions to music1 to 
lett]s1 to ! sl[-gr[+ spiritual deposit 
9 society ?r\gh philosophy1 !ology1 &   
religion4  ,9 music alone ! ,he>t (     
,europe has done m1 & at diff]5t times1 
?an any simil> area4 ,:ile ! tr\bad\rs (
 ! twelf? c5tury came into exi/5ce 9 !  
sunny l&s ( ,langu$oc1 x 0 9 ,aquita9e1 

,*ampagne1 & ,fl&]s t ! tr\vres develop$
 ! norm ( ! tr\bad\rs 8into some?+ ri* &
 /range10 & "u ! ,c\ntess ,m>ie (       
,*ampagne creat$ t beautiful & pot5t    
fiction ( 8c\rte\s love10 :i* _h issue 9
 s _m exquisite phases ( human "* & made
 possible a great s*ool ( romantic      
poets4 ,!y1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,*reti5 de  
,troyes1 made = ! ,c\ntess ,m>ie1 out ( 
! rude elem5ts t _h come f ,engl& &     
,wales ?r\gh ,brittany1 ! great poems & 
romances ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & 8 knights4 ,!   
greate/ ( ! tr\vres 0 ,adam de la ,hle &
 he 0 born 9 ,arras 9 ! ye> #abdj4 ,long
 be=e him1 h[ev]1 ,gottfri$ ( ,/rasb\rg1
 a contempor>y ( ,*reti5 de ,troyes1 _h 
made ( ! tale ( ,lancelot & ,gu9ev]e "o 
( ! dea?less poems ( ! _w1 z ,wolfram   
von ,ess5ba* ( ,bav>ia 0 to create its  
great c\nt]p>t f ! /ory ( ,p>sifal4  ,v 
sl[ly 9 ! meantime music _h be5 work+   
out its wond]ful gr[? f ! classical     
models ( ,,ss4 ,ambrose & ,gregory      
int]m+l$ ) ! in/9ctive folk-music ( !   
s\?1 & 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! lead]%ip    

fell full into ! h&s ( ,fl&]s1 :]e monks
 & laym5 set !mselves to ! cong5ial task
 ( build+ up a new & ri*] music on      
polyphonic l9es4 ,bro!r ,hair\et1 :o 0  
at "w ab\t #adbj2 ,b9*ois1 born ne>     
,mons & di$ 9 #adfj2 ,dufay1 born 9     
,ha9ault & tra9$ 9 ! ca!dral at         
,cambrai1 7 all1 toge!r ) ! ,engli%     
,dun/able1 pot5t lead]s 9 ! great "w1   
lay+ well ! f\ndations on :i* a few     
c5turies lat] 0 to be erect$ ! va/ &    
magnific5t sup]/ructure ( ,ba* & 8      
successors4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 t ( !    
close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,antw]p became
 ! c5tre1 ,jean de ,okeghem1 ( ,t]monde1
 ! lead] 9 ! intellectualis+ ( music & !
 e/abli%+ x on me?odical l9es1 :ile 9 ! 
?ird p]iod1 ( ! end ( ! fifte5? & !     
beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,josqu9 des   
,pres l$ ! c\rse back t[>d a pur]       
beauty1 ?\gh ?r\gh modes t 7 increas+ly 
clev] 9 _! elaborate virtuosity4 ,aft]  
?is ! lead pass$ across ! ,rh9e1 )      
memorable results a c5tury lat]1 :5 !   
great cycle1 f ,ba* to ,brahms1 r\nd$   

itself into a p]fect r+4  ,! era-mak+   
movem5ts 9 religion all began outside   
our t]ritorial limits at ,monte ,cass9o1
 ,cluny1 ,clairveaux1 b x 0 ?r\gh ,/4   
,b5$ict ( ,aniane t ,*>lemagne at       
,aix-la-,*apelle effect$ 8 reg5]ation ( 
! ,*ur* & 8 initiation ( a new ,*ri/ian 
education & culture2 ,/4 ,bruno1 (      
,cologne1 sometime head ( ! ca!dral     
s*ool ( ,reims1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,ord] (   
,c>?usians2 ,/4 ,*rodegang1 ,ar*bi%op ( 
,metz1 br\ght into exi/5ce ! ,canons    
,regul> ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o introduc$    
into ca!dral *apt]s ! ord] & discipl9e (
 mona/icism2 ,/4 ,norb]t1 ( ,xant51     
creat$ ! ,ord] ( ,prmontr1 "o ( ! mo/   
b5efic5t & beautiful ( ! religi\s       
bro!rhoods ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile !    
8,imitation ( ,*ri/10 ! mo/ purely      
spiritual & devotional "w ( ! "t1 0 !   
product ( ,?omas  ,kempis1 an obscure   
monk ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ! developm5t (    
,*ri/ian my/icism ! ,rh9e valley /&s    
pre-em95t1 ?\gh ! greate/ ( all ^? ( ?is
 s*ool ( comb9$ ?\ght & vision 0 ,hugh (

 ,/4 ,victor1 ( ! mona/]y ( ,augu/9ian  
,canons 9 ,p>is1 on ! banks ( ! ,se9e1  
:]e n[ is ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 ,!      
anci5t tradition is t he 0 born ne>     
,ypres1 ?\gh rec5t rese>*es seem to     
indicate t he may h be5 a son ( ! ,c\nt 
( ,blank5burg 9 ,saxony4 ,9 any case1 he
 0 ! great expositor ( sacram5tal       
religion & philosophy z ,*>lemagne's    
,radb]tus ,pas*asus 0 ! great def5d] ( !
 true doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation4 ,if1
 inde$1 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor 0 a product 
( ,fl&]s1 !n ! cr$it goes !re ( hav+    
giv5 bir? to "o ( ! noble/ & mo/        
p5etrat+ m9ds ! _w has kn[n1 "o t ranks 
) t greate/ pure intellect ( all "t1 ,/4
 ,?omas ,aqu9as4  ,:e!r "o accepts !    
my/icism ( ! ,rh9e or n does n matt]2 x 
0 a pot5t elem5t 9 ! fl[]+ ( ,*ri/ian   
piety & ! developm5t ( ,ca?olic !ology1 
& ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau1 ,hildeg>de ( ,b+51
 ,m>y ( ,ognies1 ,liutg>d ( ,tongres1   
,me*tilde ( ,magdeb\rg1 are all names t 
connote a poignancy ( spiritual exp]i5ce
 t proves bo? ! p]sonal exaltation ( !  

"t & ! quality ( ! blood t _h issue 9 "*
 su* z !irs4 ,?is my/ical vision ( !    
holy wom5 ( ! ,rh9e is simply an extreme
 int5sification ( ! same vision t 0 giv5
 9 less] measure & 9 diff]5t ways to all
 ! creative arti/s1 philosoph]s1 &      
!ologians ( ! ,middle ,ages1 f ,o?loh ( 
! elev5? to ,/4 ,bonav5ture ( ! ?irte5? 
c5tury1 & x _h a great "p 9 det]m9+ &   
fix+ ! arti/ic manife/ation ( ?is amaz+ 
"t4 ,bo? z a result & an influ5ce x is  
va/ly important & n to be ignor$4 ,out (
 x came mu* ( t m>vell\s symbolism ( !  
mass & ! ca!dral s explicitly set =? by 
! monk ,dur&us & ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 & =
 its good (fices "h alone ! _w owes x a 
deep & la/+ gratitude4  ,"o is tempt$ to
 g on ?r\gh o!r fields :]e ! h>ve/ is   
pl5te\s1 b an end mu/ be made1 & x is   
"h4 ,!re rema9s ! "q ( ! issue ( x      
all--:e!r out ( ?is late/ deva/ation t s
 adequately foll[s ^? ( ! n9ete5?       
c5tury1 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 (        
,prote/antism & ! w>s ( religion1 ( !   
,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> ) ,engl&1 any        

comp5sation may come = ! progressive 7& 
z yet unf9i%$7 de/ruction ( ! art       
records ( a great pa/4 ,if we consid]   
alone ! wide ru9 9 ,fl&]s & ,brabant1 9 
,artois & ,pic>dy & ,*ampagne1 !re seems
 no possible comp5sation = :at we       
ourselves knew & n[ h lo/ = ev]4        
,nev]!less1 ! law ( ! univ]se is dea? t 
life may come2 & out ( ?is pres5t dea? t
 is s immeasurably m wide-spread &      
inclusive ?an any kn[n be=e1 ev5 :5 !   
,huns or ! ,moslems 7 on _! deadly m>*  
across ,europe1 !re %\ld come a         
proportionately full] life1 a 8life m   
abundant10 ?an t :i* is n[ 9            
dissolution4 ,if ?is is s1 if we c look 
across ! pla9s ( dea? & immeasurable    
de/ruction to ! dimly se5 peaks ( !     
m\nta9 fronti]s ( a new ,l& ( ,promise1 
!n we c see ,l\va9 & ,lige1 ,ypres &    
,arras1 ,laon & ,soissons & ,reims pass 
9 ! cra% & ! dim smoke ( oblit]ation1   
cont5t ) _! tragic de/9y1 ev5 z we c see
 p\r$ out z a new oblation ! t5 millions
 ( lives1 ! te>s ( an hundr$ millions ( 

^? :o foll[ d[n into ! ,valley ( ! ,%ad[
 ( ,dea?4  ,is x all a va9 oblation8    
,!re is ! crucial "q & ! answ] is left )
 u4 ,?is is no w> ( economic & indu/rial
 rivalry1 ( jeal\s dyna/ies1 ( oppos$   
political !ories2 x is n ! inevitable   
result ( a malignant diplomacy f        
,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,mett]ni* to        
,disraeli & ! ,g]man ,kais]2 x is n ev5 
! la/ act 9 a drama u%]$ 9 by           
,ma*iavelli & br\ght to its d5\em5t at  
,pottsdam4 ,all ^! & myriad o!r /r&s h  
gone to ! weav+ ( ! poison$ %irt (      
,nessus1 b !y all are bl9d ag5ts1 tools 
( a dom9ant & supreme de/9y by :i* are  
br\ght ab\t ! ev5ts t are only ! way (  
work+ ( an unescapable fate4 ,! w> is a 
culm9at+ cata/rophe1 b x is z well !    
greate/ m]cy ev] ext5d$ to m51 = x may  
be made ! means ( a great purg+1 !      
atonem5t = ! lat] s9s ( ! _w1 !         
r$emption f a wilful bl9dness & folly t 
are n consonant ) ! w ( ,god4  ,!re is a
 /]n propriety 9 ! c5tr+ ar\nd !        
,ca!dral ( ,reims ( ! fir/ phase ( !    

great conflict1 & 9 its sl[ & implacable
 demolition4 ,long ago ,he9ri* ,he9e1 ! 
poet ( ! ,g]man p1 ?\gh n himself a     
,g]man1 saw cle>ly ! com+ ru9 & wrote z 
foll[s3       ,*ri/ianity--& ?is is its 
highe/ m]it--has 9 "s degree      s(t5$1
 b x c\ld n de/roy1 ! brutal ,g]man joy 
(      battle4 ,:5 once ! tam+ talisman1
 ! ,cross1 breaks 9 two1      ! savag]y 
( ! old fight]s1 ! s5seless ,b]s]k] fury
 (      :i* ! nor!rn poets s+ & say s   
mu*1 w gu% up anew4      ,t talisman is 
decay$1 & ! day w come :5 x w           
pite\sly collapse4 ,!n ! old /one gods w
 rise f !      sil5t ru9s1 & rub ! du/ (
 a ?\s& ye>s f _! eyes4      ,?or1 ) 8  
giant's hamm]1 w at la/ spr+ up1 & %att]
      to bits ! ,go?ic ca!drals4  ,bett]
 ?an any o!r1 he has decl>$ ! nature (  
?is w> t arose a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4    
,?or1 ! imp]sonation ( consci5celess &  
unmitigat$ =ce1 %att]s 9 pieces ! ,go?ic
 ca!drals because he & !y are anti!ses &
 !y _c exi/ 9 ! same _w4 ,l ,b>b>ossa   
sitt+ /onily 9 8 dim cave "u gr\nd1     

c5tury aft] c5tury1 :ile 8 be>d gr[s    
?r\gh ! rocky table be=e him1 wait+ = ! 
call t w s5d him =? into ! _w aga91     
primitive =ce & primitive craft h       
sull5ly await$ ! day :5 ! ,*ri/ian      
disp5sation passes & !y issue aga9 into 
! light4 ,9 ! fulness ( "t _! day       
arrives & _! fir/ task is to de/roy !   
symbol ( _! end$ bondage4 ,) ! "n (     
,*ri/ on _! lips & ! boa/ ( ,*ri/ian    
civilisation 9 _! m\?s1 ! nations & !   
peoples =sake ,*ri/ianity until only !  
nom5clature rema9s & ! memorials ( its  
p[] & glory4  ,reims falls1 b t :i*     
built ,reims fell long ago1 :ile !      
devi\s und]m9+ & ! bl9d sapp+ began ev5 
:ile ! la/ cubits 7 be+ add$ to its     
/ature1 & s9ce !n has be5 only a /eady  
progression 9 /r5g? & assurance ( its   
anti!ses--( mat]ialism1 intellectualism1
 secul>ism1 indu/rialism1 opportunism1  
effici5cy2 f\nd$ on ! coal & iron ( !   
,sc> ( ,europe & on ! s9i/] & +ratiat+  
philosophy t came out ( a re-entrant    
paganism1 ?riv$ "u ! f]tilisation ( an  

evolution>y empiricism1 fl[]$ 9 a       
,nietzs*e1 a ,treits*ke1 & a ,b]nh>di4  
,& always x pres5t$ itself 9 a graci\s  
guise2 intellectual emancipation1       
humanit>ianism1 social s]vice1          
democratic lib]ty1 evolution1 p>liam5t>y
 gov]nm5t1 progress1 direct approa* (   
ea* s\l to ,god4 ,x all s\nd$ f9e & high
 & noble1 & on ! #cj? day ( ,july1      
#aiad1 !re c\ld h be5 h>dly a ?\s& m5 9 
! _w1 ap>t f ^? 9 ! secret1 :o w\ld n h 
said--!re 7 n a ?\s& 9 ,europe :o did n 
believe--t man 9 8 regul> progress f l[]
 ev] to high] ?+s _h a*iev$ a plane :]e 
! w>s & savag]y & lies ( ! pa/ 7 no     
long] possible4  ,& 9 "o week f t       
fateful #cj? ( ,july ! cl\d ca/le _h    
dissolv$ 9 a ra9 ( blood4 ,c\ld         
conviction h come to ! _w 9 any o!r way8
 ,w\ld ! diseas$ body h react$ to a     
g5tle prophylactic1 c\ld ! ,surgeon h   
sp>$ ,8 knife8 ,s9ce ! knife is us$1 !  
answ] admits ( no dispute1 b w x be     
en\gh8 ,?is is ! "q t is ask$ on e      
battle-field ( a _w at w>2 ! lesson is  

set = ! le>n+--w ! nations le>n8 ,9 s f>
 z !y h div]g$ f :at ,reims /ood =2 f   
,leo ,,ix & ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t   
,,iii2 f ,edw>d ,i & ,f]d9& ,,iii &     
,l\is ,,ix2 f ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne &      
,blan*e ( ,ca/ile & ,m>g>et ( ,mal9es2 f
 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4 ,norb]t1 & ,/4 ,anselm2
 f ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,hugh ( ,/4       
,victor & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 j s f> h  
!y to return1 br++ ) !m n empty h&s b   
all ! great good w9n[$ f ! h>ve/ ( gra9 
& *aff !y h reap$ 9 ^? ye>s ( spiritual 
& mat]ial & national disord] t began :5 
! dizzy fabric ( m$ivalism trembl$ to   
its base at ! exile at ,avignon &       
8pite\sly collaps$0 betwe5 ! nail+ at   
,witt5b]g & ! sansculotte ?ron+ ( !     
8,goddess ( ,reason0 9 ! desecrat$      
ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame4 ,!re is good    
gra9 9 pl5ty1 b x is s[$ along ) ! *aff 
& ! t>es1 & n[ = ! la/ h>ve/+ ! gra9 has
 g]m9at$ only to dw9dle & die1 = ! t>es 
h sprung up & *ok$ x & ! r$ g>n]+ is (  
t>es alone4  ,m5 w\ld ?9k1 z !y foll[ ! 
sc>let annals ( w>1 t ! lesson 0        

suffici5tly cle> ev5 = pacifici/s to    
read z !y run1 b is x s8 ,france reads &
 le>ns1 glori\sly reg5]ate1 blott+ out !
 memory ( old folly ) h] blood (        
sacrifice1 turn+ aga9 z h] fir/ ,k+     
,clovis 0 adjur$ by ,/4 ,remi ( ,reims1 
de/roy+ :at %e wor%ipp$ a ye> ago1      
wor%ipp+ :at !n1 & = two c5turies be=e1 
%e _h de/roy$4 ,aga9 ,france %[s ! way1 
trav]s+ x ) ble$+ feet & ) _m te>s2     
,russia is le>n+ x1 ?\gh %e _h less to  
unle>n2 ,belgium mu/ h le>n$ x ?r\gh h] 
bl9d m>tyrdom2 b h[ ( ! o!rs8 ,is ,engl&
 le>n+1 & ,italy2 w ,g]many le>n1 &     
,au/ria2 w ,am]ica le>n1 /&+ alo( f !   
smok+ alt> ( sacrifice2 w ! ,*ur* le>n1 
!re 9 trembl+ isolation :ile aga9 ,pet] 
li/5s = ! cr[+ ( ! cock8 ,if n1 if :5   
sil5ce comes d[n on a decimat$1 an      
exhau/$1 a bankrupt _w1 ! old ways are  
s\ght aga9 & m5 g on z be=e1 !n ! myriad
 lives & ! dre>y ra9 ( te>s are inde$ a 
va9 oblation1 & all w be to d ov] aga94 
,god sets no lesson t ne$ n be le>n$1 & 
unless out ( x all comes an old heav5 & 

a new e>?1 !n ! lesson is set aga91 z "t
 aft] "t x 0 set = imp]ial ,rome1 until 
a c5tury ( w> & pe/il5ce & fam9e broke  
d[n h] insol5t pride & made f ! ru9s (  
h] va+lory a f\ndation = a new          
civilisation 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,*ri/ianity  
%e _h d5i$4  ,& if ! lesson is le>n$ by 
all tongues & all peoples1 z we mu/     
believe w be1 !n ! horror ( human loss1 
! bitt]ness ( ,ypres & ,l\va9 & ,reims w
 receive its comp5sation1 = out ( dea? w
 come life & no man w h di$ 9 va91 no "w
 ( art w h p]i%$ )\t a return 9 k9d4 ,to
 lose ,reims & rega9 aft] long ye>s !   
impulse & ! p[] to build aft] ! same    
fa%ion w\ld be m ?an ample comp5sation4 
,we h tri$ = _m c5turies & h fail$2 no  
man has built any?+ approa*+ x = sev5   
hundr$ ye>s1 nor has any "o mat*$ !     
/atue ( ,our ,lady at ,p>is1 or !       
8,wor%ip ( ! ,lamb0 at ,gh5t1 or ! glass
 ( ,*>tres1 or ! tape/ries ( ,arras1 or 
! metal "w ( ,d9ant & ,t\rnai4 ,!re 0   
some?+ lack+1 "s once indwell+ _s _h be5
 tak5 away1 & ?\gh we tri$ to reassure  

ourselves by our boa/+ 9 f>-away l9es ( 
accompli%m5t--p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1      
manhood suffrage1 clev] me*anical       
devices1 d$uctive sci5ce1 ma/]y ( e>?   
=ces hi!rto unkn[n1 indu/rialism1 high  
f9ance1 fav\rable balance ( trade1      
evolution>y philosophy1 public-s*ool    
sy/ems1 vocational tra9+1 or :at-n2 ?\gh
 we ev5 made ! ef=t to exalt ! ,pan!on &
 ,fif? ,av5ue to rivalry ) ,ami5s1 !    
,sieges ,allee into an emulation ( !    
/atues ( ,reims1 ! ,salon & ,luxemb\rg &
 ,royal ,academy above ! primitives (   
,fl&]s--x 0 all unconv9c+ to ourselves &
 9 ! end we came to say t1 aft] all1 x  
did n matt] anyway1 art 01 89 ! ultimate
 analysis10 only a disp5sable am5ity (  
life1 :i* c\ld g on v well )\t x4 ,!n   
came ! revelation ( #aiad & we saw our  
fooli%ness1 realis+ at la/ t1 8am5ity0  
or no1 art did indicate ! exi/5ce 9 a   
society ( some?+ )\t :i* x 0 b\nd to    
decay to ! po9t ( ext9ction2 & z !      
monum5ts we _h despis$ because !y exce$$
 our own p[]s ( a*ievem5t 7 "o by "o    

tak5 f u1 we saw ar*itecture & pa9t+ &  
sculpture & all ! o!r arts 9 a new light
 & (f]$ our rev]5ce1 too late1 to :at we
 _h lo/ = ev]4  ,:atev] ! issue ( ! w>1 
! _w c nev] be ! same1 b a v diff]5t    
place2 & among/ ! diff]5ces w be a new  
realisation ( ! nature & function ( art4
 ,all ! follies ( ! la/ fifty           
ye>s--didacticism1 ,bav>ian illu/ration1
 realism1 8new art10 impressionism1     
8cubism10 b\lev>desque & neo-,go?ic &   
reviv$ ,roman ar*itecture--all ! petty &
 ins9c]e & prem$itat$ fa%ions mu/ g1 & 9
 _! place come a new s9c]ity1 a new s5se
 ( self-consecration4  ,! real ?+s (    
life are com+ into view ?r\gh ! reveal+ 
fires ( ! battle-field1 & ! new         
exp]i5ces ( m5 confront$ at la/ by      
ev]la/+ tru?s4 ,) ! de/ruction ( ea* "w 
( old art comes a new duty t dem&s all t
 is be/ & /ronge/ & mo/ s9c]e 9 e man--!
 duty ( mak+ good ! loss1 9 k9d2 ! duty 
( build+ a new civilisation & a new     
culture on ! old f\ndations n[ reveal$  
?r\gh ! burn+ away ( ! useless          

cumbrances ( futile sup]/ructures2 !    
duty ( mak+ a ,ca!dral ( ,reims possible
 aga91 n ?r\gh self-consci\s & compet5t 
prem$itation b because at la/ m5 h come 
to _! s5ses1 rega9$ _! old /&>d (       
comp>ative values1 & s c no m fail to   
build 9 ! _s ( ,reims & 9 rev]5ce = !   
et]nal tru?s x en%r9$ & set =? ?an c\ld 
^? :o built x sev5 c5turies ago 9 !     
sweat ( _! br[s1 ! joy ( _! he>ts1 & !  
high devotion ( _! s\ls4