,,"t ,,& ,,free ,,w ,an ,essay on ! ,imm$iate ,data ( ,consci\sness ,,by ,,h5ri ,,b]gson ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,pr(essor ,,at ,,! ,,coll,,ge ,,de ,,france ,au?oriz$ ,translation by ,f4 ,l4 ,,pogson1 ,m4,a4 ,,london ,,george ,,all5 ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se1 #dd ,,& #de ,,ra?bone ,,place ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiac 1 1 1 4 ,,plot9us4 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,h5ri ,l\is ,b]gson 0 born 9 ,p>is1 ,octob] #ah1 #ahei4 ,he ent]$ ! cole normale 9 #ahgh1 & 0 admitt$ agrg de philosophie 9 #ahha & docteur s lettres 9 #ahhi4 ,aft] hold+ pr(essor%ips 9 v>i\s prov9cial & ,p>isian lyces1 he became matre de confr5ces at ! cole normale suprieure 9 #ahig1 & s9ce #aijj has be5 pr(essor at ! ,collge de ,france4 ,9 #aija he became a memb] ( ! ,in/itute on 8 election to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques4 ,a full li/ ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson's works is giv5 9 ! app5d$ bibliography4 ,9 mak+ ! foll[+ translation ( 8 ,essai sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce ,i h _h ! great advantage ( 8 co-op]ation at e /age1 & ! aid :i* he has giv5 has be5 mo/ g5]\s & untir+4 ,! book itself 0 work$ out & writt5 dur+ ! ye>s #ahhc to #ahhg & 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahhi4 ,! foot-notes 9 ! ,fr5* edition conta9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ref]5ces to ,fr5* translations ( ,engli% works4 ,9 ! pres5t translation ,i am responsible = cit+ ^! ref]5ces f ! orig9al ,engli%4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! fact t editions are sometimes ref]r$ to :i* h appe>$ subsequ5tly to #ahhi4 ,i h also add$ fairly ext5sive m>g9al summ>ies & a full index4 ,9 ,france ! ,essai is already 9 its sev5? edition4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ facts ab\t ,pr(essor ,b]gson's works is ! ext5t to :i* !y h appeal$ n only to ! pr(essional philosoph]s1 b also to ! ord9>y cultivat$ public4 ,! me?od :i* he pursues is n ! conceptual & ab/ract me?od :i* has be5 ! dom9ant tradition 9 philosophy4 ,= him reality is n to be rea*$ by any elaborate con/ruction ( ?\ght3 x is giv5 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce z a flux1 a cont9u\s process ( becom+1 to be grasp$ by intuition1 by sympa!tic insight4 ,concepts break up ! cont9u\s fl[ ( reality into p>ts ext]nal to "o ano!r1 !y fur!r ! int]e/s ( language & social life & are useful prim>ily = practical purposes4 ,b !y give u no?+ ( ! life & movem5t ( reality2 r1 by sub/itut+ = ?is an artificial recon/ruction1 a pat*work ( dead fragm5ts1 !y lead to ! difficulties :i* h always beset ! intellectuali/ philosophy1 & :i* on its premises are insoluble4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ a solution 9 ! intellectuali/ s5se1 ,pr(essor ,b]gson calls ^u 8 read]s to put ^! brok5 fragm5ts ( reality beh9d !m1 to imm]se !mselves 9 ! liv+ /ream ( ?+s & to f9d _! difficulties swept away 9 its resi/less fl[4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ,pr(essor ,b]gson fir/ deals ) ! int5sity ( consci\s /ates4 ,he %[s t quantitative diff]5ces are applicable only to magnitudes1 t is1 9 ! la/ resort1 to space1 & t int5sity 9 itself is purely qualitative4 ,pass+ !n f ! consid]ation ( sep>ate consci\s /ates to _! multiplicity1 he f9ds t !re are two =ms ( multiplicity3 quantitative or discrete multiplicity involves ! intuition ( space1 b ! multiplicity ( consci\s /ates is :olly qualitative4 ,?is unfold+ multiplicity con/itutes duration1 :i* is a succession )\t di/9ction1 an int]p5etration ( elem5ts s het]og5e\s t =m] /ates c nev] recur4 ,! idea ( a homog5e\s & measurable "t is %[n to be an artificial concept1 =m$ by ! intrusion ( ! idea ( space into ! realm ( pure duration4 ,inde$1 ! :ole ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson's philosophy c5tres r\nd 8 conception ( real concrete duration & ! specific feel+ ( duration :i* our consci\sness has :5 x does away ) conv5tion & habit & gets back to its natural attitude4 ,at ! root ( mo/ errors 9 philosophy he f9ds a confusion betwe5 ?is concrete duration & ! ab/ract "t :i* ma!matics1 physics1 & ev5 language & common s5se1 sub/itute = x4 ,apply+ ^! results to ! problem ( free w1 he %[s t ! difficulties arise f tak+ up "o's /& aft] ! act has be5 p]=m$1 & apply+ ! conceptual me?od to x4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! liv+1 develop+ self ^! difficulties are %[n to be illusory1 & fre$om1 ?\gh n def9able 9 ab/ract or conceptual t]ms1 is decl>$ to be "o ( ! cle>e/ facts e/abli%$ by obs]vation4 ,x is no d\bt mislead+ to attempt to sum up a sy/em ( philosophy 9 a s5t5ce1 b p]haps "s "p ( ! _s ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson's philosophy may be ga!r$ f ! motto :i*1 ) 8 p]mission1 ,i h prefix$ to ?is translation3--,if a man 7 to inquire ( ,nature ! reason ( h] creative activity1 & if %e 7 will+ to give e> & answ]1 %e w\ld say--',ask me n1 b und]/& 9 sil5ce1 ev5 z ,i am sil5t & am n wont to speak4' ,f4 ,l4 ,,pogson4 ,,ox=d1 ,june1 #aiaj4 ,,bibliography ,i4 ,,works ,,by ,,b]gson4 7a7 ,books4 ,quid ,ari/oteles de loco s5s]it1 7,!sis71 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,essai sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce1 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 #aiaj4 ,matire et ,mmoire1 ,essai sur la relation du corps avec l'esprit1 ,p>is1 #ahif1 #aiaj4 ,le ,rire1 ,essai sur la signification du comique1 ,p>is1 #aijj1 #aiaj4 7,fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,revue de ,p>is1 #aijj1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #eab-ede & #gei-gia47 ,l'volution cratrice1 ,p>is1 #aijg1 #aiaj4 7b7 ,articles4 ,la ,spcialit4 7,address at ! di/ribution ( prizes at ! lyce ( ,ang]s1 ,aug4 #ahhb47 ,de la simulation inconsci5te dans l'tat d'hypnotisme4 ,revue philosophique1 ,vol4 #bb1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ebe-eca4 ,le bon s5s et les tudes classiques4 7,address at ! di/ribution ( prizes at ! ,conc\rs gnral des lyces et collges1 #ahie47 ,mmoire et reconnaissance4 7,revue philos4 ,m>41 ,apr4 #ahif1 pp4 #bbe-bdh & #chj-cii4 ,republi%$ 9 ,matire et ,mmoire47 ,p]ception et matire4 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,may #ahif1 pp4 #beg-bgg4 ,republi%$ 9 ,matire et ,mmoire47 ,note sur les orig9es psy*ologiques de notre croyance la loi de causalit4 7,lecture at ! ,philosophical ,congress 9 ,p>is1 #aijj1 publi%$ 9 ! ,biblio?que du ,congrs ,int]national de ,philosophie2 cf4 ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,sept4 #aijj1 pp4 #fee ff47 ,le ,rve4 7,lecture at ! ,in/itut psy*ologique int]national3 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de l',in/itut psy*4 int]n4 ,may #aija2 cf4 ,revue sci5tifique1 #d;e ,s41 ,vol4 #ae1 ,june #h1 #aija1 pp4 #gje-gac1 & ,revue de ,philosophie1 ,june #aija1 pp4 #dhf-dhh47 ,le ,p>alllisme psy*o-physique et la mtaphysique positive4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit franaise de ,philosophie1 ,june #aija4 ,l',ef=t intellectuel4 ,revue philosophique1 ,jan4 #aijb4 ,introduction la mtaphysique4 ,revue de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,jan4 #aijc4 ,le ,p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique4 7,lecture at ! ,philosophical ,congress 9 ,g5eva1 #aijd1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,nov4 #aijd1 pp4 #hie-ijh2 see also pp4 #ajbg-ajcf47 ,l',ide de nant1 ,rev4 philos4 ,nov4 #aijf1 pp4 #ddi-dff4 7,"p ( ,*ap4 #d ( ,l'volution cratrice47 ,notice sur la vie et les uvres de ,m4 ,flix ,ravaisson-,molli54 7,lecture be=e ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques3 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy1 ,vol4 #be1 pp4 #a ff4 ,p>is1 #aijg47 ,le ,s\v5ir du prs5t et la fausse reconnaissance4 ,rev4 philos4 ,dec4 #aijh1 pp4 #efa-eic4 7c7 ,miscellane\s4 ,lucrce3 ,extraits 444 avec une tude sur la posie1 la philosophie1 la physique1 le texte et la langue de ,lucrce4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,pr9cipes de mtaphysique et de psy*ologie d'aprs ,m4 ,paul ,janet4 ,revue philos41 ,vol4 #dd1 ,nov4 #ahig1 pp4 #ebe-eea4 ,collaboration au ,vocabulaire philosophique1 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,phil4 ,july #aijb1 ,aug4 #aijg1 ,aug4 #aijh1 ,aug4 #aiji4 ,rem>ques sur la place et le c>actre de la ,philosophie dans l',enseignem5t secondaire1 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,phil4 ,feb4 #aijc1 pp4 #dd ff4 ,rem>ques sur la notion de la lib]t morale1 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,phil4 ,apr4 #aijc1 pp4 #aja-ajc4 ,rem>ques propos de la philosophie sociale de ,c\rnot1 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,phil4 ,aug4 #aijc1 p4 #bbi4 ,prface de la ,psy*ologie rationnelle de ,m4 ,lubac1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aijd4 ,sur sa relation ,w4 ,james1 ,revue philosophique1 ,vol4 #fj1 #aije1 p4 #bbi f4 ,sur sa ?orie de la p]ception1 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,philos4 ,m>4 #aije1 pp4 #id ff4 ,rapport sur le conc\rs p\r le prix ,bord91 #aije1 ayant p\r sujet ,ma9e de ,biran4 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques1 ,vol4 #be1 pp4 #hji ff41 ,p>is1 #aijg47 ,rapport sur le conc\rs p\r le prix ,le ,dissez de ,p5anrun1 #aijg4 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques1 ,vol4 #bf1 pp4 #gga ff4 ,p>is1 #aiji47 ,sur l'volution cratrice1 ,revue du ,mois1 ,sept4 #aijg1 p4 #cea4 ,a propos de l'volution de l'intellig5ce gomtrique1 ,revue de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,jan4 #aijh1 pp4 #bh-cc4 ,sur l'influ5ce de sa philosophie sur les lves des lyces1 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,philos41 ,jan4 #aijh1 p4 #ba2 cf4 ,l',anne psy*ologique1 #aijh1 pp4 #bbi-bca4 ,rponse une enqute sur la "q religieuse 7,la ,"q religieuse p> ,frdric ,*>p91 ,p>is1 #aijh74 ,rem>ques sur l'organisation des ,congrs de ,philosophie4 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,phil4 ,jan4 #aiji1 p4 #aa f4 ,prface un volume de la collection ,les gr&s philosophes1 7,g4 ,t>de1 p> ses fils74 ,p>is4 ,mi*aud1 #aiji4 ,rem>ques propos d'une ?se s\t5ue p> ,m4 ,dwel%auv]s ,l'inconsci5t dans la vie m5tale4 ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 fr4 de ,phil41 ,feb4 #aiaj4 ,a propos d'un article de ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,pitk9 intitule ,james & ,b]gson4 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #ad1 ,july #g1 #aiaj1 pp4 #che-chh4 ,,ii4 ,,select ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,& ,,articles ,,deal+ ,,9 ,,:ole ,,or ,,9 ,,"p ,,) ,,b]gson ,,& ,,8 ,,philosophy4 7,arrang$ alphabetically "u ea* language47 ,s4 ,alex&]1 ,matire et ,mmoire1 7,m9d1 ,oct4 #ahig1 pp4 #egb-c74 ,b4 ,h4 ,bode1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,philosophical ,review1 #aijh1 pp4 #hd-hi74 ,w4 ,boyd1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,review ( ,!ology & ,philosophy1 ,oct4 #aijg1 pp4 #bdi-bea74 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r1 ,b]gson's ,!ory ( ,k1 7,proce$+s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,society1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #da-fj74 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r1 ,b]gson's ,!ory ( ,in/9ct1 7,proce$+s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,society1 ,london1 #aiaj1 ,n4,s41 ,vol4 ,x74 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson1 7,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,july #aiaj1 pp4 #hgc-hhc74 ,w4 ,j4 ,f]r>1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,commonweal?1 ,dec4 #aiji1 pp4 #cfd-cfg74 ,h4 ,n4 ,g>d9]1 ,mmoire et reconnaissance1 7,psy*ological ,review1 #ahif1 pp4 #egh-ehj74 ,t4 ,e4 ,hulme1 ,! ,new ,philosophy1 7,new ,age1 ,july #a1 #bi1 #aiji74 ,william ,james1 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 ,london1 #aiji1 pp4 #bbe-bgc4 ,william ,james1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson1 7,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,april #aiji1 pp4 #efb-egg4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se2 see above74 ,william ,james1 ,bradley or ,b]gson8 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bi-cc74 ,h4 ,m4 ,kall51 ,james1 ,b]gson & ,mr4 ,pitk91 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,june #bc1 #aiaj1 pp4 #cec-ceg74 ,a4 ,lal&e1 ,philosophy 9 ,france1 #aijg1 7,philosophical ,review1 ,may1 #aijh74 ,j4 ,a4 ,leighton1 ,on ,cont9uity & ,discret5ess1 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,apr4 #bh1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bca-bch74 ,t4 ,lov$ay1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,m9d1 ,july #aijh1 pp4 #djb-h74 ,a4 ,o4 ,lovejoy1 ,! ,metaphysician ( ! ,life-,=ce1 7,nation1 ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #cj1 #aiji74 ,a4 ,mit*ell1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #bb1 ,oct4 #bb1 #aijh1 pp4 #fjc-fab74 ,w4 ,scott ,palm]1 ,pres5ce & ,omnipres5ce1 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,june #aijh1 pp4 #gcd-gdb74 ,w4 ,scott ,palm]1 ,?\ght & ,in/9ct1 7,nation1 ,june #e1 #aiji74 ,w4 ,scott ,palm]1 ,life & ! ,bra91 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,oct41 #aiji1 pp4 #dgd-dhd74 ,w4 ,b4 ,pitk91 ,james & ,b]gson2 or1 ,:o is aga9/ ,intellect8 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,apr4 #bh1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bbe-bca74 ,g4 ,r4 ,t4 ,ross1 ,a ,new ,!ory ( ,laught]1 7,nation1 ,nov4 #bh1 #aijh74 ,g4 ,r4 ,t4 ,ross1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,vitalism1 7,nation1 ,m>4 #ac1 #aiji7 ,j4 ,royce1 ,! ,reality ( ! ,temporal1 7,int4 ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,apr4 #aiaj1 pp4 #beg-bga74 ,g4 ,m4 ,sauvage1 ,! ,new ,philosophy 9 ,france1 7,ca?olic ,univ]sity ,bullet91 ,wa%+ton1 ,apr4 #aijf1 ,m>4 #aijh74 ,norman ,smi?1 ,subjectivism & ,realism 9 ,mod]n ,philosophy1 7,philosophical ,review1 ,apr4 #aijh1 pp4 #ach-adh74 ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t1 ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism1 7,speak]1 ,london1 ,may #aj1 #ahij74 ,j4 ,h4 ,tufts1 ,humor1 7,psy*ological ,review1 #aija1 pp4 #ih-ii74 ,g4 ,tyrrell1 ,creative ,evolution1 7,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,jan4 #aijh1 pp4 #dce-ddb74 ,t4 ,:ittak]1 ,essai sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce1 7,m9d1 ,apr4 #ahij1 pp4 #bib-c74 ,g4 ,aimel1 ,individualisme et philosophie b]gsoni5ne1 7,revue de ,philos41 ,june #aijh74 ,bal?as>1 ,le problme de ,dieu d'aprs la philosophie n\velle1 7,revue no-scola/ique1 ,nov4 #aijg74 ,g4 ,batault1 ,la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,m]cure de ,france1 ,m>4 #af1 #aijh1 pp4 #aic-baa74 ,g4 ,belot1 ,une ?orie n\velle de la lib]t1 7,revue philosophique1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 #ahij1 pp4 #cfj-cib74 ,g4 ,belot1 ,un n\veau spiritualisme1 ,matire et ,mmoire1 7,rev4 philos4 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 #ahig1 pp4 #ahc-aii74 ,jean ,blum1 ,la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson et la posie symboli/e1 7,m]cure de ,france1 ,sept4 #ae1 #aijf74 ,c4 ,b\gie1 ,syndicali/es et ,b]gsoni5s1 7,revue du ,mois1 ,apr4 #aiji1 pp4 #djc-daf74 ,g4 ,cantecor1 ,la philosophie n\velle et la vie de l'esprit1 7,rev4 philos4 ,m>4 #aijc1 pp4 #beb-bgg74 ,p4 ,crsole1 ,le p>alllisme psy*o-physiologique et l'argum5t de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,ar*ives de ,psy*ologie1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,oct4 #aije1 pp4 #aab-abj74 ,a4 ,*aumeix1 ,la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,j\rnal des ,dbats1 ,may #bd1 #aijh4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,pragmatisme et ,mod]nisme1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aiji74 ,a4 ,*aumeix1 ,les critiques du rationalisme1 7,revue ,hebdomadaire1 ,p>is1 ,jan4 #a1 #aiaj1 pp4 #a-cc74 ,a4 ,*ide1 ,le mobilisme mod]ne1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aijh4 7,see also ,revue philos41 ,apr4 #aijh1 ,dec4 #aiji74 ,c4 ,coignet1 ,kant et ,b]gson1 7,revue ,*rti5ne1 ,july #aijd74 ,c4 ,coignet1 ,la vie d'aprs ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,b]i*t b] d5 ,,iii ,kongress fr ,philosophie1 ,heidelb]g1 #aiji1 pp4 #ceh-cfd74 ,l4 ,con/ant1 ,c\rs de ,m4 ,b]gson sur l'hi/oire de l'ide de temps1 7,revue de ,philos4 ,jan4 #aijd1 pp4 #aje-aaa4 ,summ>y ( lectures74 ,p4 ,l4 ,c\*\d1 ,la mtaphysique n\velle1 propos de ,matire et ,mmoire de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,m>4 #aijb1 pp4 #bbe-bdc74 ,l4 ,c\turat1 ,la ?orie du temps de ,b]gson1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 #ahif1 pp4 #fdf-ffi74 ,lon ,cri/iani1 ,le problme de ,dieu et le pragmatisme1 ,p>is1 ,bl\d et ,cie41 #aijh4 ,f4 ,le ,dantec1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,revue du ,mois1 ,aug4 #aijg4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,sci5ce et ,consci5ce1 ,p>is1 ,flamm>ion1 #aijh74 ,l4 ,dauriac1 ,le ,rire1 7,revue philos4 ,dec4 #aijj1 pp4 #ffe-fgj74 ,v4 ,delbos1 ,matire et ,mmoire1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,may #ahig1 pp4 #cec-chi74 ,g4 ,l4 ,duprat1 ,la spatialit des faits psy*iques1 7,rev4 philos41 ,may #aijg1 pp4 #dib-eja74 ,g4 ,dwel%auv]s1 ,raison et ,intuition1 tude sur la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,la ,belgique arti/ique et littraire1 ,nov4 ,dec4 #aije1 ,apr4 #aijf74 ,g4 ,dwel%auv]s1 ,m4 ,b]gson et la m?ode intuitive1 7,revue du ,mois1 ,sept4 #aijg1 pp4 #ccf-cej74 ,g4 ,dwel%auv]s1 ,de l'intuition dans l'acte de l'esprit1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,jan4 #aijh1 pp4 #ee-fe74 ,a4 ,f>ges1 ,le problme de la cont+5ce d'aprs ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,revue pratique d'apologtique1 ,apr4 #ae1 #aiji74 ,a4 ,f>ges1 ,l'erreur fondam5tale de la philosophie n\velle1 7,revue ?omi/e1 ,may-,june1 #aiji74 ,a4 ,f>ges1 ,?orie fondam5tale de l'acte1 avec la critique de la philosophie n\velle de ,m4 ,b]gson1 ,p>is1 ,b]*e et ,tral91 #aiji4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 ,le m\vem5t idali/e et la raction contre la sci5ce positive1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #ahif1 pp4 #aih-bjf4 ,fr4 ,g>rig\-,lagrange1 ,le s5s commun1 la philosophie de l'tre et les =mules dogmatiques1 ,p>is1 ,beau*esne1 #aiji4 ,jules de ,gaulti]1 ,le ralisme du cont9u1 7,revue philos41 ,jan4 #aiaj1 pp4 #ci-fd74 ,r5 ,gill\91 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 ,p>is1 #aiaj4 7,a volume 9 ! s]ies ,les gr&s philosophes74 ,a4 ,holl>d1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,foi et ,vie1 ,sept4 #af1 #aijg1 pp4 #ede-eej74 ,b4 ,jacob1 ,la philosophie d'hi] et celle d'auj\rd'hui1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,m>4 #ahih1 pp4 #agj-bja74 ,g4 ,le*alas1 ,le nombre et le temps dans leurs rapports avec l'espace1 7,ann4 de ,phil1 *rt4 ,n4,s4 ,vol4 #bb1 #ahij1 pp4 #eaf-edj74 ,g4 ,le*alas1 ,matire et ,mmoire1 7,ann4 de ,phil1 *rt4 ,n4,s4 ,vol4 #cf1 #ahig1 pp4 #adi-afd & #cad-ccd7 ,a4 ,j\ssa91 ,romantisme et ,religion1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aiaj4 ,leg5dre1 ,m4 ,b]gson et son volution cratrice1 7,bullet9 de la ,sema9e1 ,may #f1 #aijh74 ,l5oble1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,revue du ,cl]g franais1 ,jan41 #aijh74 ,e4 ,le ,roy1 ,sci5ce et ,philosophie1 7,a ,s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 #ahii & #aijj74 ,l4 ,lvy-,bruhl1 ,l',essai sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce1 7,rev4 philos41 ,vol4 #bi1 #ahij1 pp4 #eai-ech74 ,g4 ,h4 ,luquet1 ,ides gnrales de psy*ologie1 ,p>is1 #aijf4 ,j4 ,lux1 ,nos philosophes1 ,m4 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 7,revue ,bleue1 ,dec4 #a1 #aijf74 ,x4 ,moisant1 ,la notion de multiplicit dans la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,revue de ,philos41 ,june1 #aijb74 ,x4 ,moisant1 ,dieu dans la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson1 7,revue de ,philos41 ,may1 #aije74 ,g4 ,monda91 ,rem>ques sur la ?orie matriali/e1 7,foi et ,vie1 ,june #ae1 #aijh1 pp4 #cfi-cgc74 ,d4 ,p>odi1 ,le ,rire1 p> ,h4 ,b]gson1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,m>4 #aija1 pp4 #bbd-bcf74 ,t4 ,m4 ,pgues ,l'volution cratrice 7,revue ?omi/e1 ,may-,june #aijh1 pp4 #acg-afc74 ,c4 ,piat1 ,de l'insuffisance des philosophies de l'intuition1 ,p>is1 #aijh4 ,maurice ,prad9es1 ,pr9cipes de t\te philosophie de l'action1 ,p>is1 #aiaj4 ,g4 ,rageot1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,rev4 philos41 ,july #aijg74 ,repr9t$ & enl>g$ 9 ,les savants et la philosophie1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aijg4 ,f4 ,rauh1 ,la consci5ce du dev5ir1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,nov4 #ahig1 pp4 #fei-fha1 & ,jan4 #ahih1 pp4 #ch-fj74 ,f4 ,rauh1 ,sur la position du problme du libre arbitre1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,nov4 #aijd1 pp4 #igg-ajjf74 ,p4 ,p4 ,raymond1 ,la philosophie de l'intuition et la philosophie du concept1 7tudes francisca9es1 ,june #aiji74 ,e4 ,seillire1 ,l',allemagne et la philosophie b]gsoni5ne1 7,l',op9ion1 ,july #c1 #aiji74 ,g4 ,sorel1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,le ,m\vem5t sociali/e1 ,oct4 ,dec4 #aijg1 ,jan4 ,m>4 ,apr4 #aijh74 ,t4 ,/eeg1 ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,notice biographique avec portrait1 7,revue univ]selle1 ,jan4 #aijb1 pp4 #ae-af74 ,j4 de ,tonqubec1 ,la notion de la vrit dans la philosophie n\velle1 ,p>is1 #aijh4 ,j4 de ,tonqubec1 ,comm5t int]prt] l'ordre du monde propos du d]ni] ouvrage de ,m4 ,b]gson1 ,p>is1 ,beau*esne1 #aijh4 ,h4 ,tr\*e1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,revue de ,philos4 ,nov4 #aijh74 ,h4 ,villassre1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,bullet9 critique1 ,sept4 #aijh1 pp4 #cib-daa47 ,tancrde de ,visan1 ,la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson et le lyrisme contempora91 7,v]s et ,prose1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 #aiaj1 pp4 #abe-adj74 ,l4 ,web]1 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4 ,sept4 #aijg1 pp4 #fbj-fgj74 ,v4 ,wilbois1 ,l'esprit positif1 7,a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,rev4 de ,mt4 et de ,mor4#aijj & #aija74 ,i4 ,b5rubi1 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 7,die ,zukunft1 ,june #d1 #aiaj74 ,k4 ,bornhaus51 ,die ,philosophie ,h5ri ,b]gsons und ihre ,b$eutung fr d5 ,religionsbegriff1 7,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie und ,kir*e1 ,tb+51 ,jahrg4 ,,xx1 ,heft ,i #aiaj1 pp4 #ci-gg47 ,o4 ,braun1 ,mat]ie und ,g$*tnis1 7,ar*iv fr die gesamte ,psy*ologie1 ,vol4 #ae1 #aiji1 ,heft #d1 pp4 #ac-ae74 ,hans ,dries*1 ,h4 ,b]gson1 d] biologis*e ,philosoph41 7,zeits*rift fr d5 ,ausbau d] ,entwickelungslehre1 ,jahrg4 ,,ii1 ,heft #a_/b1 ,/uttg>t1 #aijh74 ,v4 ,es*ba*1 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 7,klnis*e ,volkszeitung1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aiaj74 ,giessl]1 ,le ,rve1 7,zeits*rift fr ,psy*ologie und ,physiologie d] ,s9nesorgane1 ,vol4 #bi1 #aijb1 p4 #bca74 ,j4 ,gold/e91 ,h5ri ,b]gson und d] ,zeitlosigkeitsidealismus1 7,frankfurt] ,zeitung1 ,may #b1 #aiji74 ,j4 ,gold/e91 ,h5ri ,b]gson und die ,sozialwiss5s*aft1 7,ar*iv fr ,sozialwiss5s*aft und ,sozialpolitik1 ,bd4 ,,xxxi1 ,heft #a1 ,july #aiaj1 pp4 #a-bb74 ,a4 ,gurewits*1 ,die franzsis*e ,metaphysik d] ,geg5w>t 7,ar*iv fr sy/em4 ,philos4 ,bd4 ,,ix1 ,heft #d1 ,nov4 #aijc1 pp4 #dfb-dij74 ,heymans1 ,le ,rire1 7,zeits*4 f4 ,psy*ol1 u4 ,physiol4 d4 ,s9nesorgane1 ,vol4 #be1 #aija1 pp4 #aee-f74 ,k4 ,jol1 ,neues ,d5k51 7,neue ,runds*au1 ,apr4 #aiaj1 pp4 #edi-eeh74 ,h4 von ,keys]l+1 ,b]gson1 7,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,mn*51 ,nov4 #bh1 #aijh74 ,r4 ,kron]1 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 7,logos1 ,bd4 ,i1 ,heft #a1 ,tb+51 #aiaj74 ,a4 ,lasson1 ,h4 ,b]gson1 7,deuts*e ,lit]aturzeitung1 ,may #bh1 #aiaj74 ,r4 ,mll]-,frei5fels1 ,mat]ie und ,g$*tnis1 7,zeits*4 f4 ,psy*ol4 u4 ,physiol1 d4 ,s9nesorgane1 ,may #aiaj1 ,vol4 #ef1 ,heft #a_/b1 pp4 #abf-abi74 4 ,pilzeck]1 ,mmoire et reconnaissance1 7,zeits*4 f4 ,psy*ol41 u4 ,physiol1 d4 ,s9nesorgane1 ,vol4 #ac1 #ahig1 pp4 #bbi-bcb74 ,hans ,prag]1 ,h5ri ,b]gsons metaphysis*e ,grundans*auung1 7,ar*iv fr sy/em4 ,philos4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 ,,xvi1 ,heft #c1 pp4 #caj-cbj74 ,g4 ,selib]1 ,d] ,pragmatismus und se9e ,gegn]1 7,ar*iv fr sy/em4 ,philos4 #aiji1 pp4 #bhg-bih74 ,a4 ,/e5b]g51 ,h5ri ,b]gsons ,intuitive ,philosophie1 ,j5a1 #aiji4 ,w4 ,w9delb&1 ,preface to ,mat]ie und ,g$*tnis1 ,j5a1 #aijh1 pp4 ,i-,,xv4 ,?4 ,zieh51 ,matire et ,mmoire1 7,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie und philos4 ,kritik1 ,dec4 #ahih1 pp4 #bie-bii74 ,rob]to ,ardig1 ,una pretesa pregiudiziale contro il positivismo1 7,rivi/a di ,filos(ia e ,sci5ze aff9i1 ,jan4-,feb41 ,m>4-,apr4 #aijh4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,collect$ ,works1 ,vol4 #aj74 ,a4 ,crespi1 ,la metafisica di ,h4 ,b]gson1 7,co5obium1 ,july-,aug4 #aijh74 ,l4 ,f]ri1 ,essai sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce1 7,rivi/a ,italiana di ,filos(ia1 ,m>4-,apr4 #ahij1 pp4 #bdh-i74 ,a4 ,levi1 ,sulle ultime =me dell' indet]m9ismo francese1 ,fir5ze1 ,civelli1 #aijc4 ,a4 ,levi1 ,l',indet]m9ismo nella filos(ia francese contemporanea1 ,fir5ze1 ,seeb]1 #aije4 ,f4 ,masci1 ,l'idealismo indet]m9i/a1 ,napoli1 #ahii4 ,e4 ,morselli1 ,un nuovo idealismo1 7,h4 ,b]gson71 ,ud9e1 ,tosol9i1 #aijj4 ,i4 ,petrone1 ,sui limiti del det]m9ismo sci5tifico1 ,mod5a1 #aijj2 ,roma1 #aijc4 ,g4 ,prezzol9i1 ,del l+uaggio come causa di errore1 7,h4 ,b]gson71 ,fir5ze1 ,sp9elli1 #aijd4 ,g4 ,prezzol9i1 ,la filos(ia di ,h4 ,b]gson1 79 ,la ,teoria ,s9dacali/a1 ,napoli1 ,p]rella1 #aiji1 pp4 #bhc-cce74 ,f4 de ,s>lo1 ,le corr5ti filos(i*e del secolo ,,xix1 7,flegrea1 ,,iii #f2 ,sept4 #bj1 #aija1 pp4 #eca-eed7 ,g4 ,t>ozzi1 ,della necessit nel fatto naturale ed umano1 ,tor9o1 ,loes*]1 #ahif-ig4 ,b4 ,v>isco1 ,la filos(ia della cont+5za1 7,rivi/a filos(ica1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #aije1 pp4 #a-cg74 ,b4 ,v>isco1 ,la ,creazione1 7,rivi/a filos(ica1 ,m>4-,apr4 #aijh1 pp4 #adi-ahj74 ,c4 ,antoniade1 ,filos(ia lui ,h5ri ,b]gson1 7,/udii filos(ice1 ,buc>e/1 #aijh1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #afa-aib & #bei-bgh74 ,f4 ,g>cia ,cald]n1 ,dos filos(os franceses1 ,b]gson y ,b\tr\x1 7,el ,com]cio1 ,lima1 ,may #e1 #aijg74 ,e4 ,duprat1 ,e/udios de ,filos(ia contemporanea3 la ,filos(ia de ,h4 ,b]gson1 7,cultura ,espanola1 ,madrid1 #aijh1 pp4 #ahe-bjb & #efg-ehd74 ,silb]/e91 ,l'volution cratrice1 7,przeglad ,filoz(iczny1 #aijh74 ,mi*al ,sobeski1 ,h4 ,b]gson1 7,kuri] ,w>szawski1 #bj1 /ycznia1 #aiaj74 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,we necess>ily express ourselves by means ( words & we usually ?9k 9 t]ms ( space4 ,t is to say1 language requires u to e/abli% betwe5 our ideas ! same %>p & precise di/9ctions1 ! same discont9uity1 z betwe5 mat]ial objects4 ,?is assimilation ( ?\ght to ?+s is useful 9 practical life & necess>y 9 mo/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,b x may be ask$ :e!r ! insurm\ntable difficulties pres5t$ by c]ta9 philosophical problems d n arise f our plac+ side by side 9 space ph5om5a :i* d n occupy space1 & :e!r1 by m]ely gett+ rid ( ! clumsy symbols r\nd :i* we are fight+1 we might n br+ ! fight to an end4 ,:5 an illegitimate translation ( ! unext5d$ into ! ext5d$1 ( quality into quantity1 has introduc$ contradiction into ! v he>t ( ! "q1 contradiction mu/1 ( c\rse1 recur 9 ! answ]4 ,! problem :i* ,i h *os5 is "o :i* is common to metaphysics & psy*ology1 ! problem ( free w4 ,:at ,i attempt to prove is t all discussion betwe5 ! det]m9i/s & _! oppon5ts implies a previ\s confusion ( duration ) ext5sity1 ( succession ) simultaneity1 ( quality ) quantity3 ?is confusion once dispell$1 we may p]haps witness ! disappe>ance ( ! objections rais$ aga9/ free w1 ( ! def9itions giv5 ( x1 &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ( ! problem ( free w itself4 ,to prove ?is is ! object ( ! ?ird "p ( ! pres5t volume3 ! fir/ two *apt]s1 :i* treat ( ! conceptions ( int5sity & duration1 h be5 writt5 z an introduction to ! ?ird4 ,h4 ,,b]gson4 ,febru>y1 #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,int5sity ,,( ,,psy*ic ,,/ates ,quantitative diff]5ces applicable to magnitudes b n to int5sities1 #a-d2 ,attempt to e/imate int5sities by objective causes or atomic movem5ts1 #d-g2 ,diff]5t k9ds ( int5sities1 #g2 ,deep-seat$ psy*ic /ates3 desire1 #h1 hope1 #i1 joy & sorr[1 #aj2 ,ae/hetic feel+s1 #aa-ah3 grace1 #ab1 beauty1 #ad-ah1 music1 poetry1 art1 #ae-ah2 ,moral feel+s1 pity1 #ai2 ,consci\s /ates involv+ physical symptoms1 #bj3 muscul> ef=t1 #ba-bf1 att5tion & muscul> t5sion1 #bg-bh2 ,viol5t emotions1 #bi-ca3 rage1 #bi1 fe>1 #cj2 ,affective s5sations1 #cb-ci3 pleasure & pa91 #cc-ci1 disgu/1 #cf2 ,repres5tative s5sations1 #ci-fj3 & ext]nal causes1 #db1 s5sation ( s\nd1 #dc1 int5sity1 pit* & muscul> ef=t1 #de-f1 s5sations ( heat & cold1 #df-g1 s5sations ( pressure & weight1 #dg-ej1 s5sation ( light1 #ej-fj1 photometric exp]im5ts1 #eb-fj1 ,delbuf's exp]im5ts1 #ef-fj2 ,psy*ophysics1 #fj-gb3 ,web] & ,fe*n]1 #fa-fe1 ,delbuf1 #fg-gj1 ! mi/ake ( reg>d+ s5sations z magnitudes1 #gj-gb2 ,int5sity 9 7#a7 repres5tative1 7#b7 affective /ates1 int5sity & multiplicity1 #gb-gd4 pp4#a-gd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,multiplicity ,,( ,,consci\s ,,/ates ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,duration ,numb] & its units1 #ge-gg1 numb] & accompany+ intuition ( space1 #gh-he2 ,two k9ds ( multiplicity1 ( mat]ial objects & consci\s /ates1 #he-hg1 imp5etrability ( matt]1 #hh-hi1 homog5e\s "t & pure duration1 #ij-ia2 ,space & its cont5ts1 #ib1 empirical !ories ( space1 #ic-id1 intuition ( empty homog5e\s m$ium peculi> to man1 #ie-ig1 "t z homog5e\s m$ium r$ucible to space1 #ih-ii2 ,duration1 succession & space1 #ajj-ajd1 pure duration1 #aje-ajf2 ,is duration measurable8 #ajg-aaj2 ,is motion measurable8 #aaa-aab2 ,p>adox ( ! ,eleatics1 #aac-aae2 ,duration & simultaneity1 #aae-aaf2 ,velocity & simultaneity1 #aag-aai2 ,space alone homog5e\s1 duration & succession belong to consci\s m9d1 #abj-aba2 ,two k9ds ( multiplicity1 qualitative & quantitative1 #aba-abc1 sup]ficial psy*ic /ates inve/$ ) discont9uity ( _! ext]nal causes1 #abd-abf1 ^! elim9at$1 real duration is felt z a quality1 #abg-abh2 ,! two aspects ( ! self1 on ! surface well-def9$ consci\s /ates1 deep] d[n /ates :i* int]p5etrate & =m organic :ole1 #abi-aci1 solidify+ influ5ce ( language on s5sation1 #abi-acb1 analysis di/orts ! feel+s1 #acb-acd1 deep] consci\s /ates =m+ a "p ( ourselves1 #acd-acf2 ,problems soluble only by rec\rse to ! concrete & liv+ self1 #acg-aci4 pp4 #ge-aci ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,consci\s ,,/ates ,,free ,,w ,dynamism & me*anism1 #adj-adb2 ,two k9ds ( det]m9ism1 #adb2 ,physical det]m9ism1 #adc-aee3 & molecul> !ory ( matt]1 #adc1 & cons]vation ( en]gy1 #add1 if cons]vation univ]sal1 physiological & n]v\s ph5om5a necessitat$1 b p]haps n consci\s /ates1 #ade-adh1 b is pr9ciple ( conv]sation univ]sal8 #adi1 x may n apply to liv+ be+s & consci\s /ates1 #aej-aed1 idea ( its univ]sality dep5ds on confusion betwe5 concrete duration & ab/ract "t1 #aed-aee2 ,psy*ological det]m9ism1 #aee-afc3 implies associationi/ conception ( m9d1 #aee-aeh1 ?is involves defective conception ( self1 #aei-afc2 ,! free act3 fre$om z express+ ! fundam5tal self1 #afe-agj2 ,real duration & cont+5cy1 #agb-ahb3 c\ld our act h be5 diff]5t8 #agb-age1 geometrical repres5tation ( process ( com+ to a decision1 #age-agh1 ! fallacies to :i* x leads det]m9i/s & lib]t>ians1 #agi-ahc2 ,real duration & pr$iction1 #ahc-aih3 conditions ( ,paul's pr$iction ( ,pet]'s action 7#a7 be+ ,pet] 7#b7 kn[+ already 8 f9al act1 #ahd-ahi1 ! ?ree fallacies involv$1 #aij-aib1 a/ronomical pr$iction dep5ds on hypo!tical accel]ation ( movem5ts1 #aic-aie1 duration _c be ?us accel]at$1 #aif-aih2 ,real duration & causality1 #aii-bba3 ! law same antec$5ts1 same consequ5ts1 #aii-bja1 causality z regul> succession1 #bjb-bjc1 causality z prefigur+3 two k9ds 7#a7 prefigur+ z ma!matical pre-exi/5ce2 implies non-duration1 b we endure & !re=e may be free1 #bjd-baj1 7#b7 prefigur+ z hav+ idea ( future act to be realiz$ by ef=t2 does n involve det]m9ism1 #baa-bad1 det]m9ism results f confus+ ^! two s5ses1 #bae-bah2 ,fre$om real b indef9able1 #bai-bba4 pp4#adj-bba ,,conclusion ,/ates ( self p]ceiv$ ?r\gh =ms borr[$ f ext]nal _w1 #bbc2 ,int5sity z quality1 #bbe2 ,duration z qualitative multiplicity1 #bbf2 ,no duration 9 ! ext]nal _w1 #bbg2 ,ext5sity & duration mu/ be sep>at$1 #bbi2 ,only ! fundam5tal self free1 #bca2 ,kant's mi/ak5 idea ( "t z homog5e\s1 #bcb1 h5ce he put ! self :i* is free outside bo? space & "t1 #bcc2 ,duration is het]og5e\s1 relation ( psy*ic /ate to act is unique1 & act is free1 #bce-bdj4 pp4 #bbb-bdj ,,index ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,int5sity ,,( ,,psy*ic ,,/ates ,sid5ote3 ,c !re be quantitative diff]5ces 9 consci\s /ates8 ,x is usually admitt$ t /ates ( consci\sness1 s5sations1 feel+s1 passions1 ef=ts1 are capable ( gr[? & dim9ution2 we are ev5 told t a s5sation c be said to be twice1 ?rice1 f\r times z int5se z ano!r s5sation ( ! same k9d4 ,?is latt] !sis1 :i* is ma9ta9$ by psy*ophysici/s1 we %all exam9e lat]2 b ev5 ! oppon5ts ( psy*ophysics d n see any h>m 9 speak+ ( "o s5sation z be+ m int5se ?an ano!r1 ( "o ef=t z be+ great] ?an ano!r1 & 9 ?us sett+ up diff]5ces ( quantity betwe5 purely int]nal /ates4 ,common s5se1 moreov]1 has n ! slighte/ hesitation 9 giv+ its v]dict on ?is po9t2 p say !y are m or less w>m1 or m or less sad1 & ?is di/9ction ( m & less1 ev5 :5 x is c>ri$ ov] to ! region ( subjective facts & unext5d$ objects1 surprises nobody4 ,b ?is involves a v obscure po9t & a mu* m important problem ?an is usually suppos$4 ,:5 we ass]t t "o numb] is great] ?an ano!r numb] or "o body great] ?an ano!r body1 we "k v well :at we mean4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* diff]5ces applicable to magnitudes b n to int5sities4 ,= 9 bo? cases we allude to unequal spaces1 z %all be %[n 9 detail a little fur!r on1 & we call t space ! great] :i* conta9s ! o!r4 ,b h[ c a m int5se s5sation conta9 "o ( less int5sity8 ,%all we say t ! fir/ implies ! second1 t we rea* ! s5sation ( high] int5sity only on condition ( hav+ fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! less int5se /ages ( ! same s5sation1 & t 9 a c]ta9 s5se we are conc]n$1 "h also1 ) ! relation ( conta9] to conta9$8 ,?is conception ( int5sive magnitude seems1 inde$1 to be t ( common s5se1 b we _c advance x z a philosophical explanation )\t becom+ involv$ 9 a vici\s circle4 ,= x is beyond d\bt t1 9 ! natural s]ies ( numb]s1 ! lat] numb] exce$s ! e>li]1 b ! v possibility ( arrang+ ! numb]s 9 asc5d+ ord] arises f _! hav+ to ea* o!r relations ( conta9] & conta9$1 s t we feel ourselves able to expla9 precisely 9 :at s5se "o is great] ?an ! o!r4 ,! "q1 !n1 is h[ we succe$ 9 =m+ a s]ies ( ?is k9d ) int5sities1 :i* _c be sup]pos$ on ea* o!r1 & by :at sign we recognize t ! memb]s ( ?is s]ies increase1 = example1 in/ead ( dim9i%+3 b ?is always comes back to ! inquiry1 :y an int5sity c be assimilat$ to a magnitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,alleg$ di/9ction betwe5 two k9ds ( quantity3 ext5sive & int5sive magnitude4 ,x is only to evade ! difficulty to di/+ui%1 z is usually done1 betwe5 two species ( quantity1 ! fir/ ext5sive & measurable1 ! second int5sive & n admitt+ ( measure1 b ( :i* x c nev]!less be said t x is great] or less ?an ano!r int5sity4 ,= x is recogniz$ !reby t !re is some?+ common to ^! two =ms ( magnitude1 s9ce !y are bo? t]m$ magnitudes & decl>$ to be equally capable ( increase & dim9ution4 ,b1 f ! po9t ( view ( magnitude1 :at c !re be 9 common betwe5 ! ext5sive & ! int5sive1 ! ext5d$ & ! unext5d$8 ,if1 9 ! fir/ case1 we call t :i* conta9s ! o!r ! great] quantity1 :y g on speak+ ( quantity & magnitude :5 !re is no long] a conta9] or a conta9$8 ,if a quantity c increase & dim9i%1 if we p]ceive 9 x1 s to speak1 ! less inside ! m1 is n su* a quantity on ?is v acc\nt divisible1 & !reby ext5d$8 ,is x n !n a contradiction to speak ( an inext5sive quantity8 ,b yet common s5se agrees ) ! philosoph]s 9 sett+ up a pure int5sity z a magnitude1 j z if x 7 some?+ ext5d$4 ,& n only d we use ! same ^w1 b :e!r we ?9k ( a great] int5sity or a great] ext5sity1 we exp]i5ce 9 bo? cases an analog\s impression2 ! t]ms great] & less call up 9 bo? cases ! same idea4 ,if we n[ ask ourselves 9 :at does ?is idea consi/1 our consci\sness /ill (f]s u ! image ( a conta9] & a conta9$4 ,we picture to ourselves1 = example1 a great] int5sity ( ef=t z a great] l5g? ( ?read roll$ up1 or z a spr+ :i*1 9 unw9d+1 w occupy a great] space4 ,9 ! idea ( int5sity1 & ev5 9 ! ^w :i* expresses x1 we %all f9d ! image ( a pres5t contraction & consequ5tly a future expansion1 ! image ( some?+ virtually ext5d$1 &1 if we may say s1 ( a compress$ space4 ,we are ?us l$ to believe t we translate ! int5sive into ! ext5sive1 & t we comp>e two int5sities1 or at lea/ express ! comp>ison1 by ! confus$ intuition ( a relation betwe5 two ext5sities4 ,b x is j ! nature ( ?is op]ation :i* x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,attempt to di/+ui% int5sities by objective causes4 ,b we judge ( int5sity )\t kn[+ magnitude or nature ( ! cause4 ,! solution :i* occurs imm$iately to ! m9d1 once x has ent]$ ^u ?is pa?1 consi/s 9 def9+ ! int5sity ( a s5sation1 or ( any /ate :atev] ( ! ego1 by ! numb] & magnitude ( ! objective1 & !re=e measurable1 causes :i* h giv5 rise to x4 ,d\btless1 a m int5se s5sation ( light is ! "o :i* has be5 obta9$1 or is obta9able1 by means ( a l>g] numb] ( lum9\s s\rces1 provid$ !y be at ! same di/ance & id5tical ) "o ano!r4 ,b1 9 ! imm5se majority ( cases1 we decide ab\t ! int5sity ( ! effect )\t ev5 kn[+ ! nature ( ! cause1 mu* less its magnitude3 inde$1 x is ! v int5sity ( ! effect :i* (t5 leads u to v5ture an hypo!sis z to ! numb] & nature ( ! causes1 & ?us to revise ! judgm5t ( our s5ses1 :i* at fir/ repres5t$ !m z insignificant4 ,& x is no use argu+ t we are !n comp>+ ! actual /ate ( ! ego ) "s previ\s /ate 9 :i* ! cause 0 p]ceiv$ 9 its entirety at ! same "t z its effect 0 exp]i5c$4 ,no d\bt ?is is our proc$ure 9 a fairly l>ge numb] ( cases2 b we _c !n expla9 ! diff]5ces ( int5sity :i* we recognize betwe5 deep-seat$ psy*ic ph5om5a1 ! cause ( :i* is )9 u & n outside4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are nev] s bold 9 judg+ ! int5sity ( a psy*ic /ate z :5 ! subjective aspect ( ! ph5om5on is ! only "o to /rike u1 or :5 ! ext]nal cause to :i* we ref] x does n easily admit ( measurem5t4 ,?us x seems evid5t t we exp]i5ce a m int5se pa9 at ! pull+ out ( a too? ?an ( a hair2 ! arti/ kn[s )\t ! possibility ( d\bt t ! picture ( a ma/] af=ds him m int5se pleasure ?an ! signbo>d ( a %op2 & !re is n ! slighte/ ne$ ev] to h he>d ( =ces ( cohesion to ass]t t we exp5d less ef=t 9 b5d+ a /eel blade ?an a b> ( iron4 ,?us ! comp>ison ( two int5sities is usually made )\t ! lea/ appreciation ( ! numb] ( causes1 _! mode ( action or _! ext5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,attempt to di/+ui% int5sities by atomic movem5ts4 ,b x is ! s5sation :i* is giv5 9 consci\sness1 & n ! movem5t4 ,!re is /ill room1 x is true1 = an hypo!sis ( ! same nature1 b m subtle4 ,we "k t me*anical1 & especially k9etic1 !ories aim at expla9+ ! visible & s5sible prop]ties ( bodies by well def9$ movem5ts ( _! ultimate p>ts1 & _m ( u =esee ! "t :5 ! int5sive diff]5ces ( qualities1 t is to say1 ( our s5sations1 w be r$uc$ to ext5sive diff]5ces betwe5 ! *anges tak+ place beh9d !m4 ,may x n be ma9ta9$ t1 )\t kn[+ ^! !ories1 we h a vague surmise ( !m1 t beh9d ! m int5se s\nd we guess ! pres5ce ( ampl] vibrations :i* are propagat$ 9 ! di/urb$ m$ium1 & t x is ) a ref]5ce to ?is ma!matical relation1 precise 9 itself ?\gh confus$ly p]ceiv$1 t we ass]t ! high] int5sity ( a p>ticul> s\nd8 ,)\t ev5 go+ s f>1 c\ld x n be laid d[n t e /ate ( consci\sness corresponds to a c]ta9 di/urbance ( ! molecules & atoms ( ! c]ebral sub/ance1 & t ! int5sity ( a s5sation measures ! amplitude1 ! complication or ! ext5t ( ^! molecul> movem5ts8 ,?is la/ hypo!sis is at lea/ z probable z ! o!r1 b x no m solves ! problem4 ,=1 q possibly1 ! int5sity ( a s5sation be>s witness to a m or less consid]able "w accompli%$ 9 our organism2 b x is ! s5sation :i* is giv5 to u 9 consci\sness1 & n ?is me*anical "w4 ,inde$1 x is by ! int5sity ( ! s5sation t we judge ( ! great] or less am\nt ( "w accompli%$3 int5sity !n rema9s1 at lea/ app>5tly1 a prop]ty ( s5sation4 ,& /ill ! same "q recurs3 :y d we say ( a high] int5sity t x is great]8 ,:y d we ?9k ( a great] quantity or a great] space8 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t k9ds ( int5sities4 7#a7 deep-seat$ psy*ic /atese 7#b7muscul> ef=t4 ,int5sity is m easily def9able 9 ! =m] case4 ,p]haps ! difficulty ( ! problem lies *iefly 9 ! fact t we call by ! same "n1 & picture to ourselves 9 ! same way1 int5sities :i* are v diff]5t 9 nature1 e4g4 ! int5sity ( a feel+ & t ( a s5sation or an ef=t4 ,! ef=t is accompani$ by a muscul> s5sation1 & ! s5sations !mselves are connect$ ) c]ta9 physical conditions :i* probably c\nt = some?+ 9 ! e/imate ( _! int5sity3 we h "h to d ) ph5om5a :i* take place on ! surface ( consci\sness1 & :i* are always connect$1 z we %all see fur!r on1 ) ! p]ception ( a movem5t or ( an ext]nal object4 ,b c]ta9 /ates ( ! s\l seem to u1 rightly or wrongly1 to be self-suffici5t1 su* z deep joy or sorr[1 a reflective passion or an ae/hetic emotion4 ,pure int5sity ought to be m easily def9able 9 ^! simple cases1 :]e no ext5sive elem5t seems to be involv$4 ,we %all see1 9 fact1 t x is r$ucible "h to a c]ta9 quality or %ade :i* spreads ov] a m or less consid]able mass ( psy*ic /ates1 or1 if ! expression be pref]r$1 to ! l>g] or small] numb] ( simple /ates :i* make up ! fundam5tal emotion4 ,sid5ote3 ,take1 = example1 ! progress ( a desire4 ,= example1 an obscure desire gradually becomes a deep passion4 ,n[1 y w see t !e feeble int5sity ( ?is desire consi/$ at fir/ 9 its appe>+ to be isolat$ &1 z x 71 =eign to ! rema9d] ( y\r inn] life4 ,b little by little x p]meates a l>g] numb] ( psy*ic elem5ts1 t+e+ !m1 s to speak1 ) its own col\r3 & lo6 y\r outlook on ! :ole ( y\r surr\nd+s seems n[ to h *ang$ radically4 ,h[ d y become aw>e ( a deep passion1 once x has tak5 hold ( y1 if n by p]ceiv+ t ! same objects no long] impress y 9 ! same mann]8 ,all y\r s5sations & all y\r ideas seem to bright5 up3 x is l *ildhood back aga94 ,we exp]i5ce some?+ ( ! k9d 9 c]ta9 dreams1 9 :i* we d n imag9e any?+ out ( ! ord9>y1 & yet ?r\gh :i* !re res\nds an indescribable note ( orig9ality4 ,! fact is t1 ! fur!r we p5etrate into ! dep?s ( consci\sness1 ! less "r we h to treat psy*ic ph5om5a z ?+s :i* are set side by side4 ,:5 x is said t an object occupies a l>ge space 9 ! s\l or ev5 t x fills x entirely1 we ought to und]/& by ?is simply t its image has alt]$ ! %ade ( a ?\s& p]ceptions or memories1 & t 9 ?is s5se x p]vades !m1 al?\gh x does n itself come into view4 ,b ?is :olly dynamic way ( look+ at ?+s is repugnant to ! reflective consci\sness1 because ! latt] delights 9 clean cut di/9ctions1 :i* are easily express$ 9 words1 & 9 ?+s ) well-def9$ outl9es1 l ^? :i* are p]ceiv$ 9 space4 ,x w assume !n t1 ev]y?+ else rema9+ id5tical1 su* & su* a desire has gone up a scale ( magnitudes1 z ?\gh x 7 p]missible /ill to speak ( magnitude :]e !re is nei!r multiplicity nor space6 ,b j z consci\sness 7z w be %[n lat] on7 conc5trates on a giv5 po9t ( ! organism ! increas+ numb] ( muscul> contractions :i* take place on ! surface ( ! body1 ?us conv]t+ !m into "o s+le feel+ ( ef=t1 ( gr[+ int5sity1 s x w hypo/atize "u ! =m ( a gr[+ desire ! gradual alt]ations :i* take place 9 ! confus$ heap ( co-exi/+ psy*ic /ates4 ,b t is a *ange ( quality r ?an ( magnitude4 ,:at makes hope su* an int5se pleasure is ! fact t ! future1 :i* we dispose ( to our lik+1 appe>s to u at ! same "t "u a multitude ( =ms1 equally attractive & equally possible4 ,ev5 if ! mo/ covet$ ( ^! becomes realiz$1 x w be necess>y to give up ! o!rs1 & we %all h lo/ a great deal4 ,! idea ( ! future1 pregnant ) an inf9ity ( possibilities1 is ?us m fruitful ?an ! future itself1 & ?is is :y we f9d m *>m 9 hope ?an 9 possession1 9 dreams ?an 9 reality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! emotions ( joy & sorr[4 ,_! successive /ages correspond to qualitative *anges 9 ! :ole ( our psy*ic /ates4 ,let u try to discov] ! nature ( an increas+ int5sity ( joy or sorr[ 9 ! exceptional cases :]e no physical symptom int]v5es4 ,nei!r inn] joy nor passion is an isolat$ inn] /ate :i* at fir/ occupies a corn] ( ! s\l & gradually spreads4 ,at its l[e/ level x is v l a turn+ ( our /ates ( consci\sness t[>ds ! future4 ,!n1 z if _! weight 7 dim9i%$ by ?is attraction1 our ideas & s5sations succe$ "o ano!r ) great] rapidity2 our movem5ts no long] co/ u ! same ef=t4 ,f9ally1 9 cases ( extreme joy1 our p]ceptions & memories become t+$ ) an indef9able quality1 z ) a k9d ( heat or light1 s novel t n[ & !n1 z we />e at our own self1 we wond] h[ x c really exi/4 ,?us !re are sev]al *>act]i/ic =ms ( purely inw>d joy1 all ( :i* are successive /ages correspond+ to qualitative alt]ations 9 ! :ole ( our psy*ic /ates4 ,b ! numb] ( /ates :i* are conc]n$ ) ea* ( ^! alt]ations is m or less consid]able1 &1 )\t explicitly c\nt+ !m1 we "k v well :e!r1 = example1 our joy p]vades all ! impressions :i* we receive 9 ! c\rse ( ! day or :e!r any escape f its influ5ce4 ,we ?us set up po9ts ( division 9 ! int]val :i* sep>ates two successive =ms ( joy1 & ?is gradual transition f "o to ! o!r makes !m appe> 9 _! turn z diff]5t int5sities ( "o & ! same feel+1 :i* is ?us suppos$ to *ange 9 magnitude4 ,x c\ld be easily %[n t ! diff]5t degrees ( sorr[ also correspond to qualitative *anges4 ,sorr[ beg9s by be+ no?+ m ?an a fac+ t[>ds ! pa/1 an impov]i%m5t ( our s5sations & ideas1 z if ea* ( !m 7 n[ conta9$ entirely 9 ! little :i* x gives out1 z if ! future 7 9 "s way /opp$ up4 ,& x ends ) an impression ( cru%+ failure1 ! effect ( :i* is t we aspire to no?+ness1 :ile e new mis=tune1 by mak+ u und]/& bett] ! uselessness ( ! /ruggle1 causes u a bitt] pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ae/hetic feel+s4 ,_! increas+ int5sities are really diff]5t feel+s4 ,! ae/hetic feel+s (f] u a /ill m /rik+ example ( ?is progressive /epp+ 9 ( new elem5ts1 :i* c be detect$ 9 ! fundam5tal emotion & :i* seem to increase its magnitude1 al?\gh 9 reality !y d no?+ m ?an alt] its nature4 ,let u consid] ! simple/ ( !m1 ! feel+ ( grace4 ,at fir/ x is only ! p]ception ( a c]ta9 ease1 a c]ta9 facility 9 ! outw>d movem5ts4 ,& z ^? movem5ts are easy :i* prep>e ! way = o!rs1 we are l$ to f9d a sup]ior ease 9 ! movem5ts :i* c be =ese51 9 ! pres5t attitudes 9 :i* future attitudes are po9t$ out &1 z x 71 prefigur$4 ,if j]ky movem5ts are want+ 9 grace1 ! reason is t ea* ( !m is self-suffici5t & does n ann\nce ^? :i* are to foll[4 ,if curves are m graceful ?an brok5 l9es1 ! reason is t1 :ile a curv$ l9e *anges its direction at e mom5t1 e new direction is indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ "o4 ,?us ! p]ception ( ease 9 motion passes ov] into ! pleasure ( ma/]+ ! fl[ ( "t & ( hold+ ! future 9 ! pres5t4 ,a ?ird elem5t comes 9 :5 ! graceful movem5ts submit to a rhy?m & are accompani$ by music4 ,= ! rhy?m & measure1 by all[+ u to =esee to a /ill great] ext5t ! movem5ts ( ! danc]1 make u believe t we n[ control !m4 ,z we guess almo/ ! exact attitude :i* ! danc] is go+ to take1 he seems to obey u :5 he really takes x3 ! regul>ity ( ! rhy?m e/abli%es a k9d ( communication betwe5 him & u1 & ! p]iodic returns ( ! measure are l s _m invisible ?reads by means ( :i* we set 9 motion ?is imag9>y puppet4 ,inde$1 if x /ops = an in/ant1 our h& 9 its impati5ce _c refra9 f mak+ a movem5t1 z ?\gh to pu% x1 z ?\gh to replace x 9 ! mid/ ( ?is movem5t1 ! rhy?m ( :i* has tak5 complete possession ( our ?\ght & w4 ,?us a k9d ( physical sympa?y ent]s into ! feel+ ( grace4 ,n[1 9 analys+ ! *>m ( ?is sympa?y1 y w f9d t x pleases y ?r\gh its aff9ity ) moral sympa?y1 ! idea ( :i* x subtly sugge/s4 ,?is la/ elem5t1 9 :i* ! o!rs are m]g$ aft] hav+ 9 a measure u%]$ x 91 expla9s ! irresi/ible attractiv5ess ( grace4 ,we c\ld h>dly make out :y x af=ds u su* pleasure if x 7 no?+ b a sav+ ( ef=t1 z ,sp5c] ma9ta9s4#a ,b ! tru? is t 9 any?+ :i* we call v graceful we imag9e ourselves able to detect1 besides ! lightness :i* is a sign ( mobility1 "s sugge/ion ( a possible movem5t t[>ds ourselves1 ( a virtual & ev5 nasc5t sympa?y4 ,x is ?is mobile sympa?y1 always ready to (f] itself1 :i* is j ! ess5ce ( high] grace4 ,?us ! increas+ int5sities ( ae/hetic feel+ are "h resolv$ into z _m diff]5t feel+s1 ea* "o ( :i*1 already h]ald$ by its pr$ecessor1 becomes p]ceptible 9 x & !n completely eclipses x4 ,x is ?is qualitative progress :i* we int]pret z a *ange ( magnitude1 because we l simple ?\ghts & because our language is ill-suit$ to r5d] ! subtleties ( psy*ological analysis4 ,sid5ote3 ,! feel+ ( beauty3 art puts to sleep our active & resi/ant p[]s & makes u responsive to sugge/ion4 ,to und]/& h[ ! feel+ ( ! beautiful itself admits ( degrees1 we %\ld h to submit x to a m9ute analysis4 ,p]haps ! difficulty :i* we exp]i5ce 9 def9+3 x is l>gely ow+ to ! fact t we look ^u ! beauties ( nature z ant]ior to ^? ( art3 ! processes ( art are ?us suppos$ to be no?+ m ?an means by :i* ! arti/ expresses ! beautiful1 & ! ess5ce ( ! beautiful rema9s unexpla9$4 ,b we might ask ourselves :e!r nature is beautiful o!rwise ?an ?r\gh meet+ by *ance c]ta9 processes ( our art1 & :e!r1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 art is n prior to nature4 ,)\t ev5 go+ s f>1 x seems m 9 con=mity ) ! rules ( a s\nd me?od to /udy ! beautiful fir/ 9 ! works 9 :i* x has be5 produc$ by a consci\s ef=t1 & !n to pass on by imp]ceptible /eps f art to nature1 :i* may be look$ ^u z an arti/ 9 its own way4 ,by plac+ ourselves at ?is po9t ( view1 we %all p]ceive t ! object ( art is to put to sleep ! active or r resi/ant p[]s ( our p]sonality1 & ?us to br+ u into a /ate ( p]fect responsiv5ess1 9 :i* we realize ! idea t is sugge/$ to u & sympa?ize ) ! feel+ t is express$4 ,9 ! processes ( art we %all f9d1 9 a weak5$ =m1 a ref9$ & 9 "s measure spiritualiz$ v]sion ( ! processes commonly us$ to induce ! /ate ( hypnosis4 ,?us1 9 music1 ! rhy?m & measure susp5d ! normal fl[ ( our s5sations & ideas by caus+ our att5tion to sw+ to & fro betwe5 fix$ po9ts1 & !y take hold ( u ) su* =ce t ev5 ! fa9te/ imitation ( a groan w suffice to fill u ) ! utmo/ sadness4 ,if musical s\nds affect u m p[]fully ?an ! s\nds ( nature1 ! reason is t nature conf9es itself to express+ feel+s1 :]eas music sugge/s !m to u4 ,:5ce inde$ comes ! *>m ( poetry8 ,! poet is he ) :om feel+s develop into images1 & ! images !mselves into words :i* translate !m :ile obey+ ! laws ( rhy?m4 ,9 see+ ^! images pass be=e our eyes we 9 our turn exp]i5ce ! feel+ :i* 01 s to speak1 _! emotional equival5t3 b we %\ld nev] realize ^! images s /rongly )\t ! regul> movem5ts ( ! rhy?m by :i* our s\l is lull$ into self-=getfulness1 &1 z 9 a dream1 ?9ks & sees ) ! poet4 ,! pla/ic arts obta9 an effect ( ! same k9d by ! fixity :i* !y sudd5ly impose ^u life1 & :i* a physical contagion c>ries ov] to ! att5tion ( ! spectator4 ,:ile ! works ( anci5t sculpture express fa9t emotions :i* play ^u !m l a pass+ brea?1 ! pale immobility ( ! /one causes ! feel+ express$ or ! movem5t j begun to appe> z if !y 7 fix$ = ev]1 absorb+ our ?\ght & our w 9 _! own et]nity4 ,we f9d 9 ar*itecture1 9 ! v mid/ ( ?is />tl+ immobility1 c]ta9 effects analog\s to ^? ( rhy?m4 ,! symmetry ( =m1 ! indef9ite repetition ( ! same ar*itectural motive1 causes our faculty ( p]ception to oscillate betwe5 ! same & ! same aga91 & gets rid ( ^? cu/om>y incessant *anges :i* 9 ord9>y life br+ u back )\t ceas+ to ! consci\sness ( our p]sonality3 ev5 ! fa9t sugge/ion ( an idea w !n be en\gh to make ! idea fill ! :ole ( our m9d4 ,?us art aims at impress+ feel+s on u r ?an express+ !m2 x sugge/s !m to u1 & will+ly disp5ses ) ! imitation ( nature :5 x f9ds "s m efficaci\s means4 ,nature1 l art1 proce$s by sugge/ion1 b does n comm& ! res\rces ( rhy?m4 ,x supplies ! defici5cy by ! long comrade%ip1 bas$ on influ5ces receiv$ 9 common by nature & by ourselves1 ( :i* ! effect is t ! slighte/ indication by nature ( a feel+ ar\ses sympa?y 9 our m9ds1 j z a m]e ge/ure on ! "p ( ! hypnoti/ is en\gh to =ce ! int5d$ sugge/ion ^u a subject accu/om$ to 8 control4 ,& ?is sympa?y is %[n 9 p>ticul> :5 nature displays to u be+s ( normal proportions1 s t our att5tion is di/ribut$ equally ov] all ! p>ts ( ! figure )\t be+ fix$ on any "o ( !m3 our p]ceptive faculty !n f9ds itself lull$ & soo!d by ?is h>mony1 & no?+ h9d]s any long] ! free play ( sympa?y1 :i* is ev] ready to come =w>d z soon z ! ob/acle 9 its pa? is remov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ages 9 ! ae/hetic emotion4 ,x foll[s f ?is analysis t ! feel+ ( ! beautiful is no specific feel+1 b t e feel+ exp]i5c$ by u w assume an ae/hetic "*1 provid$ t x has be5 sugge/$1 & n caus$4 ,x w n[ be und]/ood :y ! ae/hetic emotion seems to u to admit ( degrees ( int5sity1 & also ( degrees ( elevation4 ,sometimes ! feel+ :i* is sugge/$ sc>cely makes a break 9 ! compact texture ( psy*ic ph5om5a ( :i* our hi/ory consi/s2 sometimes x draws our att5tion f !m1 b n s t !y become lo/ to sight2 sometimes1 f9ally1 x puts itself 9 _! place1 engrosses u & completely monopolizes our s\l4 ,!re are ?us di/9ct phases 9 ! progress ( an ae/hetic feel+1 z 9 ! /ate ( hypnosis2 & ^! phases correspond less to v>iations ( degree ?an to diff]5ces ( /ate or ( nature4 ,b ! m]it ( a "w ( art is n measur$ s mu* by ! p[] ) :i* ! sugge/$ feel+ takes hold ( u z by ! ri*ness ( ?is feel+ itself3 9 o!r words1 besides degrees ( int5sity we in/9ctively di/+ui% degrees ( dep? or elevation4 ,if ?is la/ concept be analys$1 x w be se5 t ! feel+s & ?\ghts :i* ! arti/ sugge/s to u express & sum up a m or less consid]able "p ( 8 hi/ory4 ,if ! art :i* gives only s5sations is an inf]ior art1 ! reason is t analysis (t5 fails to discov] 9 a s5sation any?+ beyond ! s5sation itself4 ,b ! great] numb] ( emotions are in/9ct ) a ?\s& s5sations1 feel+s or ideas :i* p]vade !m3 ea* "o is !n a /ate unique ( its k9d & indef9able1 & x seems t we %\ld h to re-live ! life ( ! subject :o exp]i5ces x if we wi%$ to grasp x 9 its orig9al complexity4 ,yet ! arti/ aims at giv+ u a %>e 9 ?is emotion1 s ri*1 s p]sonal1 s novel1 & at enabl+ u to exp]i5ce :at he _c make u und]/&4 ,?is he w br+ ab\t by *oos+1 among ! outw>d signs ( 8 emotions1 ^? :i* our body is likely to imitate me*anically1 ?\gh slightly1 z soon z x p]ceives !m1 s z to transport u all at once into ! indef9able psy*ological /ate :i* call$ !m =?4 ,?us w be brok5 d[n ! b>ri] int]pos$ by "t & space betwe5 8 consci\sness & ours3 & ! ri*] 9 ideas & ! m pregnant ) s5sations & emotions is ! feel+ )9 ^: limits ! arti/ has br\ght u1 ! deep] & ! high] %all we f9d ! beauty ?us express$4 ,! successive int5sities ( ! ae/hetic feel+ ?us correspond to *anges ( /ate occurr+ 9 u1 & ! degrees ( dep? to ! l>g] or small] numb] ( elem5t>y psy*ic ph5om5a :i* we dimly disc]n 9 ! fundam5tal emotion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral feel+s4 ,pity4 ,its increas+ int5sity is a qualitative progress4 ,! moral feel+s might be /udi$ 9 ! same way4 ,let u take pity z an example4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fir/ place 9 putt+ oneself m5tally 9 ! place ( o!rs1 9 suff]+ _! pa94 ,b if x 7 no?+ m1 z "s h ma9ta9$1 x w\ld inspire u ) ! idea ( avoid+ ! wret*$ r ?an help+ !m1 = pa9 is naturally abhorr5t to u4 ,?is feel+ ( horror may inde$ be at ! root ( pity2 b a new elem5t soon comes 91 ! ne$ ( help+ our fell[-m5 & ( alleviat+ _! suff]+4 ,%all we say ) ,la ,ro*ef\cauld t ?is s-call$ sympa?y is a calculation1 a %rewd insurance aga9/ evils to come8 ,p]haps a dread ( "s future evil to ourselves does hold a place 9 our compassion = o!r p's evil4 ,^! h[ev] are b l[] =ms ( pity4 ,true pity consi/s n s mu* 9 fe>+ suff]+ z 9 desir+ x4 ,! desire is a fa9t "o & we %\ld h>dly wi% to see x realiz$2 yet we =m x 9 spite ( ourselves1 z if ,nature 7 committ+ "s great inju/ice & x 7 necess>y to get rid ( all suspicion ( complicity ) h]4 ,! ess5ce ( pity is ?us a ne$ = self-abasem5t1 an aspiration d[nw>ds4 ,?is pa9ful aspiration nev]!less has a *>m ab\t x1 because x raises u 9 our own e/imation & makes u feel sup]ior to ^? s5su\s goods f :i* our ?\ght is tempor>ily deta*$4 ,! increas+ int5sity ( pity ?us consi/s 9 a qualitative progress1 9 a transition f repugnance to fe>1 f fe> to sympa?y1 & f sympa?y itself to humility4 ,sid5ote3 ,consci\s /ates connect$ ) ext]nal causes or involv+ psy*ical symptoms4 ,we d n propose to c>ry ?is analysis any fur!r4 ,! psy*ic /ates ^: int5sity we h j def9$ are deep-seat$ /ates :i* d n seem to h any close relation to _! ext]nal cause or to involve ! p]ception ( muscul> contraction4 ,b su* /ates are r>e4 ,!re is h>dly any passion or desire1 any joy or sorr[1 :i* is n accompani$ by physical symptoms2 &1 :]e ^! symptoms occur1 !y probably c\nt = some?+ 9 ! e/imate ( int5sities4 ,z = ! s5sations prop]ly s call$1 !y are manife/ly connect$ ) _! ext]nal cause1 & ?\gh ! int5sity ( ! s5sation _c be def9$ by ! magnitude ( its cause1 !re und\bt$ly exi/s "s relation betwe5 ^! two t]ms4 ,9 "s ( its manife/ations consci\sness ev5 appe>s to spread outw>ds1 z if int5sity 7 be+ develop$ into ext5sity1 e4g4 9 ! case ( muscul> ef=t4 ,let u face ?is la/ ph5om5on at once3 we %all ?us be transport$ at a b\nd to ! opposite extremity ( ! s]ies ( psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,sid5ote3 ,muscul> ef=t seems at fir/ sight to be quantitative4 ,if !re is a ph5om5on :i* seems to be pres5t$ imm$iately to consci\sness "u ! =m ( quantity or at lea/ ( magnitude1 x is und\bt$ly muscul> ef=t4 ,we picture to our m9ds a psy*ic =ce imprison$ 9 ! s\l l ! w9ds 9 ! cave ( ,aeolus1 & only wait+ = an opportunity to bur/ =?3 our w is suppos$ to wat* ov] ?is =ce & f "t to "t to op5 a passage = x1 regulat+ ! outfl[ by ! effect :i* x is desir$ to produce4 ,if we consid] ! matt] c>efully1 we %all see t ?is some:at crude conception ( ef=t plays a l>ge "p 9 our belief 9 int5sive magnitudes4 ,muscul> =ce1 ^: sph]e ( action is space & :i* manife/s itself 9 ph5om5a admitt+ ( measure1 seems to u to h exi/$ previ\s to its manife/ations1 b 9 small] volume1 &1 s to speak1 9 a compress$ /ate3 h5ce we d n hesitate to r$uce ?is volume m & m1 & f9ally we believe t we c und]/& h[ a purely psy*ic /ate1 :i* does n occupy space1 c nev]!less possess magnitude4 ,sci5ce1 too1 t5ds to /r5g!n ! illusion ( common s5se ) reg>d to ?is po9t4 ,ba91 = example1 decl>es t ! s5sibility accompany+ muscul> movem5t co9cides ) ! outgo+ /ream ( n]v\s en]gy3#b x is ?us j ! emission ( n]v\s =ce :i* consci\sness p]ceives4 ,wundt also speaks ( a s5sation1 c5tral 9 its orig91 accompany+ ! volunt>y inn]vation ( ! muscles1 & quotes ! example ( ! p>alytic :o has a v di/9ct s5sation ( ! =ce :i* he employs 9 ! ef=t to raise 8 leg1 al?\gh x rema9s motionless4#c ,mo/ ( ! au?orities adh]e to ?is op9ion1 :i* w\ld be ! unanim\s view ( positive sci5ce 7 x n t sev]al ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,william ,james drew ! att5tion ( physiologi/s to c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* _h be5 b little rem>k$1 al?\gh !y 7 v rem>kable4 ,sid5ote3 ,! feel+ ( ef=t4 ,we are consci\s n ( an exp5diture ( =ce b ( ! result+ muscul> movem5t4 ,:5 a p>alytic /rives to raise 8 useless limb1 he c]ta9ly does n execute ?is movem5t1 b1 ) or )\t 8 w1 he executes ano!r4 ,"s movem5t is c>ri$ out some:]e3 o!rwise !re is no s5sation ( ef=t4#d ,vulpian _h already call$ att5tion to ! fact t if a man affect$ ) hemiplegia is told to cl5* 8 p>alys$ fi/1 he unconsci\sly c>ries out ?is action ) ! fi/ :i* is n affect$4 ,f]ri] describ$ a /ill m curi\s ph5om5on4#e ,/ret* out y\r arm :ile slightly b5d+ y\r =ef+]1 z if y 7 go+ to press ! trigg] ( a pi/ol2 )\t mov+ ! f+]1 )\t contract+ any muscle ( ! h&1 )\t produc+ any app>5t movem5t1 y w yet be able to feel t y are exp5d+ en]gy4 ,on a clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 y w p]ceive t ?is s5sation ( ef=t co9cides ) ! fixation ( ! muscles ( y\r *e/1 t y keep y\r glottis clos$ & actively contract y\r respiratory muscles4 ,z soon z respiration resumes its normal c\rse ! consci\sness ( ef=t vani%es1 unless y really move y\r f+]4 ,^! facts already seem$ to %[ t we are consci\s1 n ( an exp5diture ( =ce1 b ( ! movem5t ( ! muscles :i* results f x4 ,! new feature 9 ,pr(essor ,james's inve/igation is t he has v]ifi$ ! hypo!sis 9 ! case ( examples :i* seem$ to contradict x absolutely4 ,?us :5 ! ext]nal rectus muscle ( ! "r eye is p>alys$1 ! pati5t tries 9 va9 to turn 8 eye t[>ds ! "r2 yet objects seem to him to rec$e t[>ds ! "r1 & s9ce ! act ( volition has produc$ no effect1 x foll[s1 said ,helmholtz1#f t he is consci\s ( ! ef=t ( volition4 ,b1 replies ,pr(essor ,james1 no acc\nt has be5 tak5 ( :at goes on 9 ! o!r eye4 ,?is rema9s cov]$ dur+ ! exp]im5ts2 nev]!less x moves & !re is n mu* tr\ble 9 prov+ t x does4 ,x is ! movem5t ( ! left eye1 p]ceiv$ by consci\sness1 :i* produces ! s5sation ( ef=t toge!r ) ! impression t ! objects p]ceiv$ by ! "r eye are mov+4 ,^! & simil> obs]vations lead ,pr(essor ,james to ass]t t ! feel+ ( ef=t is c5tripetal & n c5trifugal4 ,we are n consci\s ( a =ce :i* we are suppos$ to laun* ^u our organism3 our feel+ ( muscul> en]gy at "w is a complex aff]5t s5sation1 :i* comes f contract$ muscles1 /ret*$ ligam5ts1 compress$ jo9ts1 an immobiliz$ *e/1 a clos$ glottis1 a knit br[1 cl5*$ jaws1 9 a ^w1 f all ! po9ts ( ! p]iph]y :]e ! ef=t causes an alt]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,int5sity ( feel+ ( ef=t proportional to ext5t ( our body affect$4 ,x is n = u to take a side 9 ! dispute4 ,aft] all1 ! "q ) :i* we h to deal is n :e!r ! feel+ ( ef=t comes f ! c5tre or ! p]iph]y1 b 9 :at does our p]ception ( its int5sity exactly consi/8 ,n[1 x is suffici5t to obs]ve oneself att5tively to rea* a conclusion on ?is po9t :i* ,pr(essor ,james has n =mulat$1 b :i* seems to u q 9 accord ) ! _s ( 8 tea*+4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! m a giv5 ef=t seems to u to increase1 ! great] is ! numb] ( muscles :i* contract 9 sympa?y ) x1 & t ! app>5t consci\sness ( a great] int5sity ( ef=t at a giv5 po9t ( ! organism is r$ucible1 9 reality1 to ! p]ception ( a l>g] surface ( ! body be+ affect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,our consci\sness ( an increase ( muscul> ef=t consi/s 9 ! p]ception ( 7#a7 a great] numb] ( p]iph]al s5sations 7#b7 a qualitative *ange 9 "s ( !m4 ,try1 = example1 to cl5* ! fi/ ) increas+ =ce4 ,y w h ! impression ( a s5sation ( ef=t entirely localiz$ 9 y\r h& & runn+ up a scale ( magnitudes4 ,9 reality1 :at y exp]i5ce 9 y\r h& rema9s ! same1 b ! s5sation :i* 0 at fir/ localiz$ !re has affect$ y\r arm & asc5d$ to ! %\ld]2 f9ally1 ! o!r arm /iff5s1 bo? legs d ! same1 ! respiration is *eck$2 x is ! :ole body :i* is at "w4 ,b y fail to notice di/9ctly all ^! concomitant movem5ts unless y are w>n$ ( !m3 till !n y ?\ght y 7 deal+ ) a s+le /ate ( consci\sness :i* *ang$ 9 magnitude4 ,:5 y press y\r lips m & m tightly aga9/ "o ano!r1 y believe t y are exp]i5c+ 9 y\r lips "o & ! same s5sation :i* is cont9ually increas+ 9 /r5g?3 "h aga9 fur!r reflection w %[ y t ?is s5sation rema9s id5tical1 b t c]ta9 muscles ( ! face & ! head & !n ( all ! re/ ( ! body h tak5 "p 9 ! op]ation4 ,y felt ?is gradual encroa*m5t1 ?is increase ( ! surface affect$1 :i* is 9 tru? a *ange ( quantity2 b1 z y\r att5tion 0 conc5trat$ on y\r clos$ lips1 y localiz$ ! increase !re & y made ! psy*ic =ce !re exp5d$ into a magnitude1 al?\gh x possess$ no ext5sity4 ,exam9e c>efully somebody :o is lift+ heavi] & heavi] weights3 ! muscul> contraction gradually spreads ov] 8 :ole body4 ,z = ! special s5sation :i* he exp]i5ces 9 ! arm :i* is at "w1 x rema9s con/ant = a v long "t & h>dly *anges except 9 quality1 ! weight becom+ at a c]ta9 mom5t fatigue1 & ! fatigue pa94 ,yet ! subject w imag9e t he is consci\s ( a cont9ual increase 9 ! psy*ic =ce fl[+ into 8 arm4 ,he w n recognize 8 mi/ake unless he is w>n$ ( x1 s incl9$ is he to measure a giv5 psy*ic /ate by ! consci\s movem5ts :i* accompany x6 ,f ^! facts & f _m o!rs ( ! same k9d we believe we c d$uce ! foll[+ conclusion3 our consci\sness ( an increase ( muscul> ef=t is r$ucible to ! tw(old p]ception ( a great] numb] ( p]iph]al s5sations1 & ( a qualitative *ange occurr+ 9 "s ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! same def9ition ( int5sity applies to sup]ficial ef=ts1 deep-seat$ feel+s & /ates int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,we are ?us l$ to def9e ! int5sity ( a sup]ficial ef=t 9 ! same way z t ( a cases !re is a qualitative progress & an increas+ complexity1 indi/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,b consci\sness1 accu/om$ to ?9k 9 t]ms ( space & to translate its ?\ghts into words1 w d5ote ! feel+ by a s+le ^w & w localize ! ef=t at ! exact po9t :]e x yields a useful result3 x w !n become aw>e ( an ef=t :i* is always ( ! same nature & increases at ! spot assign$ to x1 & a feel+ :i*1 reta9+ ! same "n1 gr[s )\t *ang+ its nature4 ,n[1 ! same illusion ( consci\sness is likely to be met ) aga9 9 ! case ( ! /ates :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 sup]ficial ef=ts & deep-seat$ feel+s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( psy*ic /ates are accompani$1 9 fact1 by muscul> contractions & p]iph]al s5sations4 ,sometimes ^! sup]ficial elem5ts are co-ord9at$ by a purely speculative idea1 sometimes by an idea ( a practical ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re is intellectual ef=t or att5tion2 9 ! second we h ! emotions :i* may be call$ viol5t or acute3 ang]1 t]ror1 & c]ta9 v>ieties ( joy1 sorr[1 passion & desire4 ,let u %[ briefly t ! same def9ition ( int5sity applies to ^! int]m$iate /ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! int]m$iate /ates4 ,att5tion & its relation to muscul> contraction4 ,att5tion is n a purely physiological ph5om5on1 b we _c d5y t x is accompani$ by movem5ts4 ,^! movem5ts are nei!r ! cause nor ! result ( ! ph5om5on2 !y are "p ( x1 !y express x 9 t]ms ( space1 z ,ribot has s rem>kably prov$4#g ,fe*n] _h already r$uc$ ! ef=t ( att5tion 9 a s5se-organ to ! muscul> feel+ produc$ by putt+ 9 motion1 by a sort ( reflex action1 ! muscles :i* are correlat$ ) ! diff]5t s5se organs4 ,he _h notic$ ! v di/9ct s5sation ( t5sion & contraction ( ! scalp1 ! pressure f )\t inw>ds ov] ! :ole skull1 :i* we exp]i5ce :5 we make a great ef=t to recall some?+4 ,ribot has /udi$ m closely ! movem5ts :i* are *>act]i/ic ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,att5tion contracts ! frontal muscle3 ?is muscle 444 draws ! eyebr[ t[>ds itself1 raises x & causes transv]se wr9kles on ! =ehead4444 ,9 extreme cases ! m\? is op5$ wide4 ,) *ildr5 & ) _m adults eag] att5tion gives rise to a protrusion ( ! lips1 a k9d ( p\t4 ,c]ta9ly1 a purely psy*ic factor w always ent] into volunt>y att5tion1 ev5 if x be no?+ m ?an ! exclusion by ! w ( all ideas =eign to ! "o ) :i* ! subject wi%es to occupy himself4 ,b1 once ?is exclusion is made1 we believe t we are /ill consci\s ( a gr[+ t5sion ( s\l1 ( an immat]ial ef=t :i* increases4 ,analyse ?is impression & y w f9d no?+ b ! feel+ ( a muscul> contraction :i* spreads ov] a wid] surface or *anges its nature1 s t ! t5sion becomes pressure1 fatigue & pa94 ,sid5ote3 ,! int5sity ( viol5t emotions z muscul> t5sion4 ,n[1 we d n see any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ef=t ( att5tion & :at may be ,! int5sity call$ ! ef=t ( psy*ic t5sion3 acute desire1 uncontroll$ ang]1 passionate love1 viol5t hatr$4 ,ea* ( ^! /ates may be r$uc$1 we believe1 to a sy/em ( muscul> contractions co-ord9at$ by an idea2 b 9 ! case ( att5tion1 x is ! m or less reflective idea ( kn[+2 9 ! case ( emotion1 ! unreflective idea ( act+4 ,! int5sity ( ^! viol5t emotions is ?us likely to be no?+ b ! muscul> t5sion :i* accompanies !m4 ,d>w9 has giv5 a rem>kable description ( ! physiological symptoms ( rage4 ,! action ( ! he>t is mu* accel]at$4444 ,! face r$d5s or may turn deadly pale4 ,! respiration is lab\r$1 ! *e/ heaves1 & ! dilat$ no/rils quiv]4 ,! :ole body (t5 trembles4 ,! voice is affect$4 ,! tee? are cl5*$ or gr\nd toge!r & ! muscul> sy/em is commonly /imulat$ to viol5t1 almo/ frantic action4 ,! ge/ures 444 repres5t m or less pla9ly ! act ( /rik+ or fight+ ) an enemy4#h ,we %all n g s f> z to ma9ta91 ) ,pr(essor ,james1#i t ! emotion ( rage is r$ucible to ! sum ( ^! organic s5sations3 !re w always be an irr$ucible psy*ic elem5t 9 ang]1 if ?is be only ! idea ( /rik+ or fight+1 ( :i* ,d>w9 speaks1 & :i* gives a common direction to s _m div]se movem5ts4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is idea det]m9es ! direction ( ! emotional /ate & ! accompany+ movem5ts1 ! gr[+ int5sity ( ! /ate itself is1 we believe1 no?+ b ! deep] & deep] di/urbance ( ! organism1 a di/urbance :i* consci\sness has no difficulty 9 measur+ by ! numb] & ext5t ( ! bodily surfaces conc]n$4 ,x w be useless to ass]t t !re is a re/ra9$ rage :i* is all ! m int5se4 ,! reason is t1 :]e emotion has free play1 consci\sness does n dwell on ! details ( ! accompany+ movem5ts1 b x does dwell ^u !m & is conc5trat$ ^u !m :5 its object is to conceal !m4 ,elim9ate1 9 %ort1 all trace ( organic di/urbance1 all t5d5cy t[>ds muscul> contraction1 & all t w be left ( ang] w be ! idea1 or1 if y /ill insi/ on mak+ x an emotion1 y w be unable to assign x any int5sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,int5sity & reflex movem5ts4 ,no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 int5sity ( deep-seat$ feel+s & t ( viol5t emotions4 ,fe>1 :5 /rong1 says ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 expresses itself 9 cries1 9 ef=ts to escape1 9 palpitations1 9 trembl+s4#aj ,we g fur!r1 & ma9ta9 t ^! movem5ts =m "p ( ! t]ror itself3 by _! means ! t]ror becomes an emotion capable ( pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t degrees ( int5sity4 ,suppress !m entirely1 & ! m or less int5se /ate ( t]ror w be succe$$ by an idea ( t]ror1 ! :olly intellectual repres5tation ( a dang] :i* x conc]ns u to avoid4 ,!re are also high degrees ( joy & sorr[1 ( desire1 av]sion & ev5 %ame1 ! height ( :i* w be f\nd to be no?+ b ! reflex movem5ts begun by ! organism & p]ceiv$ by consci\sness4 ,:5 lov]s meet1 says ,d>w91 we "k t _! he>ts beat quickly1 _! brea?+ is hurri$ & _! faces flu%$4#aa ,av]sion is m>k$ by movem5ts ( repugnance :i* we repeat )\t notic+ :5 we ?9k ( ! object ( our dislike4 ,we blu% & involunt>ily cl5* ! f+]s :5 we feel %ame1 ev5 if x be retrospective4 ,! acut5ess ( ^! emotions is e/imat$ by ! numb] & nature ( ! p]iph]al s5sations :i* accompany !m4 ,little by little1 & 9 proportion z ! emotional /ate loses its viol5ce & ga9s 9 dep?1 ! p]iph]al s5sations w give place to inn] /ates2 x w be no long] our outw>d movem5ts b our ideas1 our memories1 our /ates ( consci\sness ( e description1 :i* w turn 9 l>g] or small] numb]s 9 a def9ite direction4 ,!re is1 !n1 no ess5tial diff]5ce f ! po9t ( view ( int5sity betwe5 ! deep-seat$ feel+s1 ( :i* we spoke at ! beg9n+1 & ! acute or viol5t emotions :i* we h j pass$ 9 review4 ,to say t love1 hatr$1 desire1 increase 9 viol5ce is to ass]t t !y are project$ outw>ds1 t !y radiate to ! surface1 t p]iph]al s5sations are sub/itut$ = inn] /ates3 b sup]ficial or deep-seat$1 viol5t or reflective1 ! int5sity ( ^! feel+s always consi/s 9 ! multiplicity ( simple /ates :i* consci\sness dimly disc]ns 9 !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,magnitude ( s5sations4 ,affective & repres5tative s5sations4 ,we h hi!rto conf9$ ourselves to feel+s & ef=ts1 complex /ates ! int5sity ( :i* does n absolutely dep5d on an ext]nal cause4 ,b s5sations seem to u simple /ates3 9 :at w _! magnitude consi/8 ,! int5sity ( s5sations v>ies ) ! ext]nal cause ( :i* !y are said to be ! consci\s equival5t3 h[ %all we expla9 ! pres5ce ( quantity 9 an effect :i* is inext5sive1 & 9 ?is case indivisible8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ fir/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! s-call$ affective & ! repres5tative s5sations4 ,!re is no d\bt t we pass gradually f ! "o to ! o!r & t "s affective elem5t ent]s into ! majority ( our simple repres5tations4 ,b no?+ prev5ts u f isolat+ ?is elem5t & inquir+ sep>ately1 9 :at does ! int5sity ( an affective s5sation1 a pleasure or a pa91 consi/8 ,sid5ote3 ,affective s5sations & organic di/urbance4 ,p]haps ! difficulty ( ! latt] problem is pr9cipally due to ! fact t we are unwill+ to see 9 ! affective /ate any?+ b ! consci\s expression ( an organic di/urbance1 ! inw>d e*o ( an outw>d cause4 ,we notice t a m int5se s5sation g5]ally corresponds to a great] n]v\s di/urbance2 b inasmu* z ^! di/urbances are unconsci\s z movem5ts1 s9ce !y come be=e consci\sness 9 ! guise ( a s5sation :i* has no resemblance at all to motion1 we d n see h[ !y c\ld transmit to ! s5sation any?+ ( _! own magnitude4 ,= !re is no?+ 9 common1 we repeat1 betwe5 sup]posable magnitudes su* z1 = example1 vibration-amplitudes1 & s5sations :i* d n occupy space4 ,if ! m int5se s5sation seems to u to conta9 ! less int5se1 if x assumes = u1 l ! physical impression itself1 ! =m ( a magnitude1 ! reason probably is t x reta9s some?+ ( ! physical impression to :i* x corresponds4 ,& x w reta9 no?+ ( x if x is m]ely ! consci\s translation ( a movem5t ( molecules2 =1 j because ?is movem5t is translat$ into ! s5sation ( pleasure or pa91 x rema9s unconsci\s z molecul> movem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,pleasure & pa9 z signs ( ! future reaction r ?an psy*ic translations ( ! pa/ /imulus4 ,b x might be ask$ :e!r pleasure & pa91 in/ead ( express+ only :at has j occurr$1 or :at is actually occurr+1 9 ! organism1 z is usually believ$1 c\ld n also po9t out :at is go+ to1 or :at is t5d+ to take place4 ,x seems inde$ some:at improbable t nature1 s pr(\ndly utilit>ian1 %\ld h "h assign$ to consci\sness ! m]ely sci5tific task ( in=m+ u ab\t ! pa/ or ! pres5t1 :i* no long] dep5d ^u u4 ,x mu/ be notic$ 9 addition t we rise by imp]ceptible /ages f automatic to free movem5ts1 & t ! latt] diff] f ! =m] pr9cipally 9 introduc+ an affective s5sation betwe5 ! ext]nal action :i* occasions !m & ! volitional reaction :i* ensues4 ,inde$1 all our actions might h be5 automatic1 & we c surmise t !re are _m organiz$ be+s 9 ^: case an ext]nal /imulus causes a def9ite reaction )\t call+ up consci\sness z an int]m$iate ag5t4 ,if pleasure & pa9 make _! appe>ance 9 c]ta9 privileg$ be+s1 x is probably to call =? a resi/ance to ! automatic reaction :i* w\ld h tak5 place3 ei!r s5sation has no?+ to d1 or x is nasc5t fre$om4 ,b h[ w\ld x enable u to resi/ ! reaction :i* is 9 prep>ation if x did n acqua9t u ) ! nature ( ! latt] by "s def9ite sign8 ,& :at c ?is sign be except ! sket*+1 &1 z x 71 ! prefigur+ ( ! future automatic movem5ts 9 ! v mid/ ( ! s5sation :i* is be+ exp]i5c$8 ,! affective /ate mu/ !n correspond n m]ely to ! physical di/urbances1 movem5ts or ph5om5a :i* h tak5 place1 b also1 & especially1 to ^? :i* are 9 prep>ation1 ^? :i* are gett+ ready to be4 ,sid5ote3 ,int5sity ( affective s5sations w\ld !n be our consci\sness ( ! involunt>y movem5ts t5d+ to foll[ ! /imulus4 ,x is c]ta9ly n obvi\s at fir/ sight h[ ?is hypo!sis simplifies ! problem4 ,= we are try+ to f9d :at !re c be 9 common1 f ! po9t ( view ( magnitude1 betwe5 a physical ph5om5on & a /ate ( consci\sness1 & we seem to h m]ely turn$ ! difficulty r\nd by mak+ ! pres5t /ate ( consci\sness a sign ( ! future reaction1 r ?an a psy*ic translation ( ! pa/ /imulus4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two hypo!ses is consid]able4 ,= ! molecul> di/urbances :i* 7 m5tion$ j n[ are necess>ily unconsci\s1 s9ce no trace ( ! movem5ts !mselves c be actually p]ceiv$ 9 ! s5sation :i* translates !m4 ,b ! automatic movem5ts :i* t5d to foll[ ! /imulus z its natural outcome are likely to be consci\s z movem5ts3 or else ! s5sation itself1 ^: function is to invite u to *oose betwe5 ?is automatic reaction & o!r possible movem5ts1 w\ld be ( no avail4 ,! int5sity ( affective s5sations might ?us be no?+ m ?an our consci\sness ( ! involunt>y movem5ts :i* are be+ begun & outl9$1 s to speak1 )9 ^! /ates1 & :i* w\ld h gone on 9 _! own way if nature _h made u automata in/ead ( consci\s be+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,int5sity ( a pa9 e/imat$ by ext5t ( organism affect$4 ,if su* be ! case1 we %all n comp>e a pa9 ( increas+ int5sity to a note :i* gr[s l\d] & l\d]1 b r to a symphony1 9 :i* an increas+ numb] ( in/rum5ts make !mselves he>d4 ,)9 ! *>act]i/ic s5sation1 :i* gives ! tone to all ! o!rs1 consci\sness di/+ui%es a l>g] or small] numb] ( s5sations aris+ at diff]5t po9ts ( ! p]iph]y1 muscul> contractions1 organic movem5ts ( e k9d3 ! *oir ( ^! elem5t>y psy*ic /ates voices ! new dem&s ( ! organism1 :5 confront$ by a new situation4 ,9 o!r words1 we e/imate ! int5sity ( a pa9 by ! l>g] or small] "p ( ! organism :i* takes int]e/ 9 x4 ,ri*et#ab has obs]v$ t ! slight] ! pa91 ! m precisely is x ref]r$ to a p>ticul> spot2 if x becomes m int5se1 x is ref]r$ to ! :ole ( ! memb] affect$4 ,& he concludes by say+ t ! pa9 spreads 9 proportion z x is m int5se4#ac ,we %\ld r rev]se ! s5t5ce1 & def9e ! int5sity ( ! pa9 by ! v numb] & ext5t ( ! p>ts ( ! body :i* sympa?ize ) x & react1 & ^: reactions are p]ceiv$ by consci\sness4 ,to conv9ce ourselves ( ?is1 x w be en\gh to read ! rem>kable description ( disgu/ giv5 by ! same au?or3 ,if ! /imulus is slight !re may be nei!r nausea nor vomit+4444 ,if ! /imulus is /rong]1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ to ! pneumo-ga/ric n]ve1 x spreads & affects almo/ ! :ole organic sy/em4 ,! face turns pale1 ! smoo? muscles ( ! sk9 contract1 ! sk9 is cov]$ ) a cold p]spiration1 ! he>t /ops beat+3 9 a ^w !re is a g5]al organic di/urbance foll[+ ! /imulation ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 & ?is di/urbance is ! supreme expression ( disgu/4#ad ,b is x no?+ m ?an its expression8 ,9 :at w ! g5]al s5sation ( disgu/ consi/1 if n 9 ! sum ( ^! elem5t>y s5sations8 ,& :at c we und]/& "h by increas+ int5sity1 if x is n ! con/antly increas+ numb] ( s5sations :i* jo9 9 ) ! s5sations already exp]i5c$8 ,d>w9 has drawn a /rik+ picture ( ! reactions foll[+ a pa9 :i* becomes m & m acute4 ,great pa9 urges all animals 444 to make ! mo/ viol5t & div]sifi$ ef=ts to escape f ! cause ( suff]+4444 ,) m5 ! m\? may be closely compress$1 or m commonly ! lips are retract$ ) ! tee? cl5*$ or gr\nd toge!r4444 ,! eyes />e wildly 444 or ! br[s are heavily contract$4 ,p]spiration ba!s ! body4444 ,! circulation & respiration are mu* affect$4#ae ,n[1 is x n by ?is v contraction ( ! muscles affect$ t we measure ! int5sity ( a pa98 ,analyse y\r idea ( any suff]+ :i* y call extreme3 d y n mean t x is unbe>able1 t is to say1 t x urges ! organism to a ?\s& diff]5t actions 9 ord] to escape f x8 ,i c picture to myself a n]ve transmitt+ a pa9 :i* is indep5d5t ( all automatic reaction2 & ,i c equally und]/& t /rong] or weak] /imulations influ5ce ?is n]ve diff]5tly4 ,b ,i d n see h[ ^! diff]5ces ( s5sation w\ld be int]pret$ by our consci\sness z diff]5ces ( quantity unless we connect$ !m ) ! reactions :i* usually accompany !m1 & :i* are m or less ext5d$ & m or less important4 ,)\t ^! subsequ5t reactions1 ! int5sity ( ! pa9 w\ld be a quality1 & n a magnitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,pleasures comp>$ by bodily incl9ation4 ,we h h>dly any o!r means ( comp>+ sev]al pleasures ) "o ano!r4 ,:at d we mean by a great] pleasure except a pleasure t is pref]r$8 ,& :at c our pref]5ce be1 except a c]ta9 disposition ( our organs1 ! effect ( :i* is t1 :5 two pleasures are (f]$ simultane\sly to our m9d1 our body incl9es t[>ds "o ( !m8 ,analyse ?is incl9ation itself & y w f9d a great _m little movem5ts :i* beg9 & become p]ceptible 9 ! organs conc]n$1 & ev5 9 ! re/ ( ! body1 z if ! organism 7 com+ =? to meet ! pleasure z soon z x is pictur$4 ,:5 we def9e incl9ation z a movem5t1 we are n us+ a metaphor4 ,:5 confront$ by sev]al pleasures pictur$ by our m9d1 our body turns t[>ds "o ( !m spontane\sly1 z ?\gh by a reflex action4 ,x re/s ) u to *eck x1 b ! attraction ( ! pleasure is no?+ b ?is movem5t t is begun1 & ! v ke5ness ( ! pleasure1 :ile we enjoy x1 is m]ely ! in]tia ( ! organism1 :i* is imm]s$ 9 x & rejects e o!r s5sation4 ,)\t ?is vis in]tiae ( :i* we become consci\s by ! v resi/ance :i* we (f] to any?+ t might di/ract u1 pleasure w\ld be a /ate1 b no long] a magnitude4 ,9 ! moral z 9 ! physical _w1 attraction s]ves to def9e movem5t r ?an to produce x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! int5sity ( repres5tative s5sations4 ,_m also affective & int5sity is measur$ by reaction call$ =?4 ,9 o!rs a new elem5t ent]s4 ,we h /udi$ ! affective s5sations sep>ately1 b we mu/ n[ notice t _m repres5tative s5sations possess an affective "*1 & ?us call =? a reaction on our "p :i* we take into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ _! int5sity4 ,a consid]able increase ( light is repres5t$ = u by a *>act]i/ic s5sation :i* is n yet pa91 b :i* is analog\s to dazzl+4 ,9 proportion z ! amplitude ( s\nd-vibrations increases1 our head & !n our body seem to u to vibrate or to receive a %ock4 ,c]ta9 repres5tative s5sations1 ^? ( ta/e1 smell & temp]ature1 h a fix$ "* ( pleasantness or unpleasantness4 ,betwe5 flav\rs :i* are m or less bitt] y w h>dly di/+ui% any?+ b diff]5ces ( quality2 !y are l diff]5t %ades ( "o & ! same col\r4 ,b ^! diff]5ces ( quality are at once int]pret$ z diff]5ces ( quantity1 because ( _! affective "* & ! m or less pron\nc$ movem5ts ( reaction1 pleasure or repugnance1 :i* !y sugge/ to u4 ,besides1 ev5 :5 ! s5sation rema9s purely repres5tative1 its ext]nal cause _c exce$ a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g? or weakness )\t incit+ u to movem5ts :i* enable u to measure x4 ,sometimes inde$ we h to make an ef=t to p]ceive ?is s5sation1 z if x 7 try+ to escape notice2 sometimes on ! o!r h& x obsesses u1 =ces itself ^u u & engrosses u to su* an ext5t t we make e ef=t to escape f x & to rema9 ourselves4 ,9 ! =m] case ! s5sation is said to be ( slight int5sity1 & 9 ! latt] case v int5se4 ,?us1 9 ord] to p]ceive a di/ant s\nd1 to di/+ui% :at we call a fa9t smell or a dim light1 we /ra9 all our faculties1 we pay att5tion4 ,& x is j because ! smell & ! light ?us require to be re9=c$ by our ef=ts t !y seem to u feeble4 ,&1 inv]sely1 we recognize a s5sation ( extreme int5sity by ! irresi/ible reflex movem5ts to :i* x incites u1 or by ! p[]lessness ) :i* x affects u4 ,:5 a cannon is fir$ (f close to our e>s or a dazzl+ light sudd5ly fl>es up1 we lose = an in/ant ! consci\sness ( our p]sonality2 ?is /ate may ev5 la/ "s "t 9 ! case ( a v n]v\s subject4 ,x mu/ be add$ t1 ev5 )9 ! range ( ! s-call$ m$ium int5sities1 :5 we are deal+ on ev5 t]ms ) a repres5tative s5sation1 we (t5 e/imate its importance by comp>+ x ) ano!r :i* x drives away1 or by tak+ acc\nt ( ! p]si/5ce ) :i* x returns4 ,?us ! tick+ ( a wat* seems l\d] at night because x easily monopolizes a consci\sness almo/ empty ( s5sations & ideas4 ,=eign]s talk+ to "o ano!r 9 a language :i* we d n und]/& seem to u to speak v l\dly1 because _! words no long] call up any ideas 9 our m9d1 & ?us break 9 ^u a k9d ( intellectual sil5ce & monopolize our att5tion l ! tick+ ( a wat* at night4 ,) ^! s-call$ m$ium s5sations1 h[ev]1 we approa* a s]ies ( psy*ic /ates1 ! int5sity ( :i* is likely to possess a new mean+4 ,=1 9 mo/ cases1 ! organism h>dly reacts at all1 at lea/ 9 a way t c be p]ceiv$2 & yet we /ill make a magnitude out ( ! pit* ( a s\nd1 ! int5sity ( a light1 ! saturation ( a col\r4 ,d\btless1 a clos] obs]vation ( :at takes place 9 ! :ole ( ! organism :5 we he> su* & su* a note or p]ceive su* & su* a col\r has m ?an "o surprise 9 /ore = u4 ,has n ,c4 ,fr %[n t e s5sation is accompani$ by an increase 9 muscul> =ce :i* c be measur$ by ! dynamomet]8#af ,b ( an increase ( ?is k9d !re is h>dly any consci\sness at all1 & if we reflect on ! precision ) :i* we di/+ui% s\nds & col\rs1 nay1 ev5 weights & temp]atures1 we %all easily guess t "s new elem5t mu/ come into play 9 our e/imate ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! purely repres5tative s5sations are measur$ by ext]nal causes4 ,n[1 ! nature ( ?is elem5t is easy to det]m9e4 ,=1 9 proportion z a s5sation loses its affective "* & becomes repres5tative1 ! reactions :i* x call$ =? on our "p t5d to disappe>1 b at ! same "t we p]ceive ! ext]nal object :i* is its cause1 or if we d n n[ p]ceive x1 we h p]ceiv$ x1 & we ?9k ( x4 ,n[1 ?is cause is ext5sive & !re=e measurable3 a con/ant exp]i5ce1 :i* began ) ! fir/ glimm]+s ( consci\sness & :i* cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( our life1 %[s u a def9ite %ade ( s5sation correspond+ to a def9ite am\nt ( /imulation4 ,we ?us associate ! idea ( a c]ta9 quantity ( cause ) a c]ta9 quality ( effect2 & f9ally1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( e acquir$ p]ception1 we transf] ! idea into ! s5sation1 ! quantity ( ! cause into ! quality ( ! effect4 ,at ?is v mom5t ! int5sity1 :i* 0 no?+ b a c]ta9 %ade or quality ( ! s5sation1 becomes a magnitude4 ,we %all easily und]/& ?is process if1 = example1 we hold a p9 9 our "r h& & prick our left h& m & m deeply4 ,at fir/ we %all feel z x 7 a tickl+1 !n a t\* :i* is succe$$ by a prick1 !n a pa9 localiz$ at a po9t1 & f9ally ! spread+ ( ?is pa9 ov] ! surr\nd+ zone4 ,& ! m we reflect on x1 ! m cle>ly %all we see t we are "h deal+ ) s _m qualitatively di/9ct s5sations1 s _m v>ieties ( a s+le species4 ,b yet we spoke at fir/ ( "o & ! same s5sation :i* spread fur!r & fur!r1 ( "o prick :i* increas$ 9 int5sity4 ,! reason is t1 )\t notic+ x1 we localiz$ 9 ! s5sation ( ! left h&1 :i* is prick$1 ! progressive ef=t ( ! "r h&1 :i* pricks4 ,we ?us introduc$ ! cause into ! effect1 & unconsci\sly int]pret$ quality z quantity1 int5sity z magnitude4 ,n[1 x is easy to see t ! int5sity ( e repres5tative s5sation ought to be und]/ood 9 ! same way4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5sations ( s\nd4 ,int5sity measur$ by ef=t necess>y to produce a simil> s\nd4 ,! s5sations ( s\nd display well m>k$ degrees ( int5sity4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! necessity ( tak+ into acc\nt ! affective "* ( ^! s5sations1 ! %ock receiv$ by ! :ole ( ! organism4 ,we h %[n t a v int5se s\nd is "o :i* engrosses our att5tion1 :i* supplants all ! o!rs4 ,b take away ! %ock1 ! well-m>k$ vibration1 :i* y sometimes feel 9 y\r head or ev5 ?r\gh\t y\r body3 take away ! cla% :i* takes place betwe5 s\nds he>d simultane\sly3 :at w be left except an indef9able quality ( ! s\nd :i* is he>d8 ,b ?is quality is imm$iately int]pret$ z quantity because y h obta9$ x y\rself a ?\s& times1 e4g4 by /rik+ "s object & ?us exp5d+ a def9ite quantity ( ef=t4 ,y "k1 too1 h[ f> y w\ld h to raise y\r voice to produce a simil> s\nd1 & ! idea ( ?is ef=t imm$iately comes into y\r m9d :5 y trans=m ! int5sity ( ! s\nd into a magnitude4 ,wundt#ag has drawn att5tion to ! q special connexions ( vocal & auditory n]v\s filam5ts :i* are met ) 9 ! human bra94 ,& has x n be5 said t to he> is to speak to oneself8 ,"s neuropa?s _c be pres5t at a conv]sation )\t mov+ _! lips2 ?is is only an exagg]ation ( :at takes place 9 ! case ( e "o ( u4 ,h[ w ! expressive or r sugge/ive p[] ( music be expla9$1 if n by admitt+ t we repeat to ourselves ! s\nds he>d1 s z to c>ry ourselves back into ! psy*ic /ate out ( :i* !y em]g$1 an orig9al /ate1 :i* no?+ w express1 b :i* some?+ may sugge/1 viz41 ! v motion & attitude :i* ! s\nd imp>ts to our body8 ,sid5ote3 ,int5sity & pit*4 ,! "p play$ by muscul> ef=t4 ,?us1 :5 we speak ( ! int5sity ( a s\nd ( m$ium =ce z a magnitude1 we allude pr9cipally to ! great] or less ef=t :i* we %\ld h ourselves to exp5d 9 ord] to summon1 by our own ef=t1 ! same auditory s5sation4 ,n[1 besides ! int5sity1 we di/+ui% ano!r *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! s\nd1 its pit*4 ,are ! diff]5ces 9 pit*1 su* z our e> p]ceives1 quantitative diff]5ces8 ,i grant t a %>p] s\nd calls up ! picture ( a high] position 9 space4 ,b does x foll[ f ?is t ! notes ( ! scale1 z auditory s5sations1 diff] o!rwise ?an 9 quality8 ,=get :at y h le>nt f physics1 exam9e c>efully y\r idea ( a high] or l[] note1 & see :e!r y d n ?9k simply ( ! great] or less ef=t :i* ! t5sor muscle ( y\r vocal *ords has to make 9 ord] to produce ! note8 ,z ! ef=t by :i* y\r voice passes f "o note to ano!r is discont9u\s1 y picture to y\rself ^! successive notes z po9ts 9 space1 to be rea*$ by a s]ies ( sudd5 jumps1 9 ea* ( :i* y cross an empty sep>at+ int]val3 ?is is :y y e/abli% int]vals betwe5 ! notes ( ! scale4 ,n[1 :y is ! l9e along :i* we dispose !m v]tical r ?an horizontal1 & :y d we say t ! s\nd asc5ds 9 "s cases & desc5ds 9 o!rs8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! high notes seem to u to produce "s sort ( resonance 9 ! head & ! deep notes 9 ! ?orax3 ?is p]ception1 :e!r real or illusory1 has und\bt$ly _h "s effect 9 mak+ u reckon ! int]vals v]tically4 ,b we mu/ also notice t ! great] ! t5sion ( ! vocal *ords 9 ! *e/ voice1 ! great] is ! surface ( ! body affect$1 if ! s+] is inexp]i5c$2 ?is is j ! reason :y ! ef=t is felt by him z m int5se4 ,& z he brea!s out ! air upw>ds1 he w attribute ! same direction to ! s\nd produc$ by ! curr5t ( air2 h5ce ! sympa?y ( a l>g] "p ( ! body ) ! vocal muscles w be repres5t$ by a movem5t upw>ds4 ,we %all ?us say t ! note is high] because ! body makes an ef=t z ?\gh to rea* an object :i* is m elevat$ 9 space4 ,9 ?is way x became cu/om>y to assign a c]ta9 height to ea* note ( ! scale1 & z soon z ! physici/ 0 able to def9e x by ! numb] ( vibrations 9 a giv5 "t to :i* x corresponds1 we no long] hesitat$ to decl>e t our e> p]ceiv$ diff]5ces ( quantity directly4 ,b ! s\nd w\ld rema9 a pure quality if we did n br+ 9 ! muscul> ef=t :i* produces x or ! vibrations :i* expla9 x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5sations ( heat & cold4 ,^! soon become affective & are measur$ by reactions call$ =?4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,blix1 ,golds*eid] & ,donaldson#ah h %[n t ! po9ts on ! surface ( ! body :i* feel cold are n ! same z ^? :i* feel heat4 ,physiology is ?us dispos$ to set up a di/9ction ( nature1 & n m]ely ( degree1 betwe5 ! s5sations ( heat & cold4 ,b psy*ological obs]vation goes fur!r1 = close att5tion c easily discov] specific diff]5ces betwe5 ! diff]5t s5sations ( heat1 z also betwe5 ! s5sations ( cold4 ,a m int5se heat is really ano!r k9d ( heat4 ,we call x m int5se because we h exp]i5c$ ?is same *ange a ?\s& times :5 we approa*$ ne>] & ne>] a s\rce ( heat1 or :5 a gr[+ surface ( our body 0 affect$ by x4 ,besides1 ! s5sations ( heat & cold v quickly become affective & incite u to m or less m>k$ reactions by :i* we measure _! ext]nal cause3 h5ce1 we are incl9$ to set up simil> quantitative diff]5ces among ! s5sations :i* correspond to l[] int5sities ( ! cause4 ,b ,i %all n insi/ any fur!r2 e "o mu/ "q himself c>efully on ?is po9t1 aft] mak+ a clean sweep ( ev]y?+ :i* 8 pa/ exp]i5ce has taught him ab\t ! cause ( 8 s5sations & com+ face to face ) ! s5sations !mselves4 ,! result ( ?is exam9ation is likely to be z foll[s3 x w be p]ceiv$ t ! magnitude ( a repres5tative s5sation dep5ds on ! cause hav+ be5 put into ! effect1 :ile ! int5sity ( ! affective elem5t dep5ds on ! m or less important reactions :i* prolong ! ext]nal /imulations & f9d _! way into ! s5sation itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5sation ( pressure & weight measur$ by ext5t ( organism affect$4 ,! same ?+ w be exp]i5c$ 9 ! case ( pressure & ev5 weight4 ,:5 y say t a pressure on y\r h& becomes /rong]1 see :e!r y d n mean t !re fir/ 0 a contact1 !n a pressure1 aft]w>ds a pa91 & t ?is pa9 itself1 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh a s]ies ( qualitative *anges1 has spread fur!r & fur!r ov] ! surr\nd+ region4 ,look aga9 & see :e!r y d n br+ 9 ! m & m int5se1 i4e4 m & m ext5d$1 ef=t ( resi/ance :i* y oppose to ! ext]nal pressure4 ,:5 ! psy*ophysici/ lifts a heavi] weight1 he exp]i5ces1 he says1 an increase ( s5sation4 ,exam9e :e!r ?is increase ( s5sation ought n r to be call$ a s5sation ( increase4 ,! :ole "q is c5tr$ 9 ?is1 = 9 ! fir/ case ! s5sation w\ld be a quantity l its ext]nal cause1 :il/ 9 ! second x w\ld be a quality :i* _h become repres5tative ( ! magnitude ( its cause4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! heavy & ! light may seem to be z old-fa%ion$ & z *ildi% z t betwe5 ! hot & ! cold4 ,b ! v *ildi%ness ( ?is di/9ction makes x a psy*ological reality4 ,& n only d ! heavy & ! light impress our consci\sness z g5]ically diff]5t1 b ! v>i\s degrees ( lightness & heav9ess are s _m species ( ^! two g5]a4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! diff]5ce ( quality is "h translat$ spontane\sly into a diff]5ce ( quantity1 because ( ! m or less ext5d$ ef=t :i* our body makes 9 ord] to lift a giv5 weight4 ,( ?is y w soon become aw>e if y are ask$ to lift a basket :i*1 y are told1 is full ( scrap-iron1 :il/ 9 fact !re is no?+ 9 x4 ,y w ?9k y are los+ y\r balance :5 y cat* hold ( x1 z ?\gh di/ant muscles _h int]e/$ !mselves be=eh& 9 ! op]ation & exp]i5c$ a sudd5 disappo9tm5t4 ,x is *iefly by ! numb] & nature ( ^! sympa!tic ef=ts1 :i* take place at diff]5t po9ts ( ! organism1 t y measure ! s5sation ( weight at a giv5 po9t2 & ?is s5sation w\ld be no?+ m ?an a quality if y did n ?us introduce into x ! idea ( a magnitude4 ,:at /r5g!ns ! illusion on ?is po9t is t we h become accu/om$ to believe 9 ! imm$iate p]ception ( a homog5e\s movem5t 9 a homog5e\s space4 ,:5 ,i lift a light weight ) my arm1 all ! re/ ( my body rema9+ motionless1 ,i exp]i5ce a s]ies ( muscul> s5sations ea* ( :i* has its local sign1 its peculi> %ade3 x is ?is s]ies :i* my consci\sness int]prets z a cont9u\s movem5t 9 space4 ,if ,i aft]w>ds lift a heavi] weight to ! same height ) ! same spe$1 ,i pass ?r\gh a new s]ies ( muscul> s5sations1 ea* ( :i* diff]s f ! correspond+ t]m ( ! prec$+ s]ies4 ,( ?is ,i c\ld easily conv9ce myself by exam9+ !m closely4 ,b z ,i int]pret ?is new s]ies also z a cont9u\s movem5t1 & z ?is movem5t has ! same direction1 ! same duration & ! same velocity z ! prec$+1 my consci\sness feels itself b\nd to localize ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! second s]ies ( s5sations & ! fir/ else:]e ?an 9 ! movem5t itself4 ,x ?us mat]ializes ?is diff]5ce at ! extremity ( ! arm :i* moves2 x p]suades itself t ! s5sation ( movem5t has be5 id5tical 9 bo? cases1 :ile ! s5sation ( weight diff]$ 9 magnitude4 ,b movem5t & weight are b di/9ctions ( ! reflective consci\sness3 :at is pres5t to consci\sness imm$iately is ! s5sation (1 s to speak1 a heavy movem5t1 & ?is s5sation itself c be resolv$ by analysis into a s]ies ( muscul> s5sations1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts by its %ade its place ( orig9 & by its col\r ! magnitude ( ! weight lift$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5sation ( light4 ,qualitative *anges ( col\r int]pret$ z quantitative *anges 9 int5sity ( lum9\s s\rce4 ,%all we call ! int5sity ( light a quantity1 or %all we treat x z a quality8 ,x has n p]haps be5 suffici5tly notic$ :at a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t factors co-op]ate 9 daily life 9 giv+ u in=mation ab\t ! nature ( ! lum9\s s\rce4 ,we "k f long exp]i5ce t1 :5 we h a difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! outl9es & details ( objects1 ! light is at a di/ance or on ! po9t ( go+ out4 ,exp]i5ce has taught u t ! affective s5sation or nasc5t dazzl+ t we exp]i5ce 9 c]ta9 cases mu/ be attribut$ to a high] int5sity ( ! cause4 ,any increase or dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( lum9\s s\rces alt]s ! way 9 :i* ! %>p l9es ( bodies /& out & also ! %ad[s :i* !y project4 ,/ill m important are ! *anges ( hue :i* col\r$ surfaces1 & ev5 ! pure col\rs ( ! spectrum1 und]go "u ! influ5ce ( a bright] or dimm] light4 ,z ! lum9\s s\rce is br\ght ne>]1 violet takes a blui% t+e1 gre5 t5ds to become a :iti% yell[1 & r$ a brilliant yell[4 ,inv]sely1 :5 ! light is mov$ away1 ultram>9e passes into violet & yell[ into gre52 f9ally1 r$1 gre5 & violet t5d to become a :iti% yell[4 ,physici/s h rem>k$ ^! *anges ( hue = "s "t2#ai b :at is /ill m rem>kable is t ! majority ( m5 d n p]ceive !m1 unless !y pay att5tion to !m or are w>n$ ( !m4 ,hav+ made up our m9d1 once = all1 to int]pret *anges ( quality z *anges ( quantity1 we beg9 by ass]t+ t e object has its own peculi> col\r1 def9ite & inv>iable4 ,& :5 ! hue ( objects t5ds to become yell[ or blue1 in/ead ( say+ t we see _! col\r *ange "u ! influ5ce ( an increase or dim9ution ( light1 we ass]t t ! col\r rema9s ! same b t our s5sation ( lum9\s int5sity increases or dim9i%es4 ,we ?us sub/itute once m1 = ! qualitative impression receiv$ by our consci\sness1 ! quantitative int]pretation giv5 by our und]/&+4 ,helmholtz has describ$ a case ( int]pretation ( ! same k9d1 b /ill m complicat$3 ,if we =m :ite ) two col\rs ( ! spectrum1 & if we increase or dim9i% ! int5sities ( ! two col\r$ lights 9 ! same ratio1 s t ! proportions ( ! comb9ation rema9 ! same1 ! resultant col\r rema9s ! same al?\gh ! relative int5sity ( ! s5sations und]goes a m>k$ *ange4444 ,?is dep5ds on ! fact t ! light ( ! sun1 :i* we consid] z ! normal :ite light dur+ ! day1 itself und]goes simil> modifications ( %ade :5 ! lum9\s int5sity v>ies4#bj ,sid5ote3 ,does exp]im5t prove t we c measure directly our s5sations ( light8 ,b yet1 if we (t5 judge ( v>iations 9 ! lum9\s s\rce by ! relative *anges ( hue ( ! objects :i* surr\nd u1 ?is is no long] ! case 9 simple in/ances :]e a s+le object1 e4g4 a :ite surface1 passes successively ?r\gh diff]5t degrees ( lum9osity4 ,we are b\nd to insi/ p>ticul>ly on ?is la/ po9t4 ,= ! physici/ speaks ( degrees ( lum9\s int5sity z ( real quantities3 &1 9 fact1 he measures !m by ! photomet]4 ,! psy*ophysici/ goes /ill fur!r3 he ma9ta9s t our eye itself e/imates ! int5sities ( light4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 attempt$1 at fir/ by ,delbuf1#ba & aft]w>ds by ,lehmann & ,neiglick1#bb ) ! view ( con/ruct+ a psy*ophysical =mula f ! direct measurem5t ( our lum9\s s5sations4 ,( ^! exp]im5ts we %all n dispute ! result1 nor %all we d5y ! value ( photometric processes2 b we mu/ see h[ we h to int]pret !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,photometric exp]im5ts4 ,we p]ceive diff]5t %ades & aft]w>ds int]pret !m z decreas+ int5sities ( :ite light4 ,look closely at a %eet ( pap] light$ e4g4 by f\r c&les1 & put out 9 succession "o1 two1 ,photometric ?ree ( !m4 ,y say t ! surface rema9s :ite & t its brightness dim9i%es4 ,b y are aw>e t "o c&le has j be5 put out2 or1 if y d n "k x1 y h (t5 obs]v$ a simil> *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( a :ite surface :5 ! illum9ation 0 dim9i%$4 ,put aside :at y rememb] ( y\r pa/ exp]i5ces & :at y are accu/om$ to say ( ! pres5t ones2 y w f9d t :at y really p]ceive is n a dim9i%$ illum9ation ( ! :ite surface1 x is a lay] ( %ad[ pass+ ov] ?is surface at ! mom5t ! c&le is ext+ui%$4 ,?is %ad[ is a reality to y\r consci\sness1 l ! light itself4 ,if y call ! fir/ surface 9 all its brilliancy :ite1 y w h to give ano!r "n to :at y n[ see1 = x is a diff]5t ?+3 x is1 if we may say s1 a new %ade ( :ite4 ,we h gr[n accu/om$1 ?r\gh ! comb9$ influ5ce ( our pa/ exp]i5ce & ( physical !ories1 to reg>d black z ! abs5ce1 or at lea/ z ! m9imum1 ( lum9\s s5sation1 & ! successive %ades ( grey z decreas+ int5sities ( :ite light4 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 black has j z mu* reality = our consci\sness z :ite1 & ! decreas+ int5sities ( :ite light illum9at+ a giv5 surface w\ld appe> to an unprejudic$ consci\sness z s _m diff]5t %ades1 n unlike ! v>i\s col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! *ange 9 ! s5sation is n cont9u\s1 z x is 9 ! ext]nal cause1 & :y ! light c increase or decrease = a c]ta9 p]iod )\t produc+ any app>5t *ange 9 ! illum9ation ( our :ite surface3 ! illum9ation w n appe> to *ange until ! increase or decrease ( ! ext]nal light is suffici5t to produce a new quality4 ,! v>iations 9 brightness ( a giv5 col\r--! affective s5sations ( :i* we h spok5 above be+ left aside--w\ld ?us be no?+ b qualitative *anges1 7 x n our cu/om to transf] ! cause to ! effect & to replace our imm$iate impressions by :at we le>n f exp]i5ce & sci5ce4 ,! same ?+ might be said ( degrees ( saturation4 ,inde$1 if ! diff]5t int5sities ( a col\r correspond to s _m diff]5t %ades exi/+ betwe5 ?is col\r & black1 ! degrees ( saturation are l %ades int]m$iate betwe5 ?is same col\r & pure :ite4 ,e col\r1 we might say1 c be reg>d$ "u two aspects1 f ! po9t ( view ( black & f ! po9t ( view ( :ite4 ,& black is !n to int5sity :at :ite is to saturation4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 photometric exp]im5ts ! physici/ comp>es1 n s5sations1 b physical effects4 ,! mean+ ( ! photometric exp]im5ts w n[ be und]/ood4 ,a c&le plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance f a %eet ( pap] illum9ates x 9 a c]ta9 way3 y d\ble ! di/ance & f9d t f\r c&les are requir$ to produce ! same effects1 s5sation4 ,f ?is y conclude t if y _h d\bl$ ! di/ance )\t increas+ ! int5sity ( ! lum9\s s\rce1 ! resultant illum9ation w\ld h be5 only "o-f\r? z bright4 ,b x is q obvi\s t y are "h deal+ ) ! physical & n ! psy*ological effect4 ,= x _c be said t y h comp>$ two s5sations ) "o ano!r3 y h made use ( a s+le s5sation 9 ord] to comp>e two diff]5t lum9\s s\rces ) ea* o!r1 ! second f\r times z /rong z ! fir/ b twice z f> (f4 ,9 a ^w1 ! physici/ nev] br+s 9 s5sations :i* are twice or ?ree times z great z o!rs1 b only id5tical s5sations1 de/9$ to s]ve z int]m$i>ies betwe5 two physical quantities :i* c !n be equat$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! s5sation ( light "h plays ! "p ( ! auxili>y unkn[n quantity :i* ! ma!matician introduces into 8 calculations1 & :i* is n int5d$ to appe> 9 ! f9al result4 ,sid5ote3 ,! psy*ophysici/ claims to comp>e & measure s5sations4 ,delbuf's exp]im5ts4 ,b ! object ( ! psy*ophysici/ is entirely diff]5t3 x is ! s5sation ( light itself :i* he /udies1 & claims to measure4 ,sometimes he w proce$ to integrate inf9itely small diff]5ces1 aft] ! me?od ( ,fe*n]2 sometimes he w comp>e "o s5sation directly ) ano!r4 ,! latt] me?od1 due to ,plateau & ,delbuf1 diff]s f> less ?an has hi!rto be5 believ$ f ,fe*n]'s3 b1 z x be>s m especially on ! lum9\s s5sations1 we %all deal ) x fir/4 ,delbuf places an obs]v] 9 front ( ?ree conc5tric r+s :i* v>y 9 brightness4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t he c cause ea* ( ^! r+s to pass ?r\gh all ! %ades int]m$iate betwe5 :ite & black4 ,let u suppose t two hues ( grey are simultane\sly produc$ on two ( ! r+s & kept un*ang$2 let u call !m ,a & ,b4 ,delbuf alt]s ! brightness1 ,c1 ( ! ?ird r+1 & asks ! obs]v] to tell him :e!r1 at a c]ta9 mom5t1 ! grey1 ,b1 appe>s to him equally di/ant f ! o!r two4 ,a mom5t comes1 9 fact1 :5 ! obs]v] /ates t ! contra/ ,a ,b is equal to ! contra/ ,b ,c1 s t1 accord+ to ,delbuf1 a scale ( lum9\s int5sities c\ld be con/ruct$ on :i* we might pass f ea* s5sation to ! foll[+ "o by equal s5sible contra/s3 our s5sations w\ld ?us be measur$ by "o ano!r4 ,i %all n foll[ ,delbuf into ! conclusions :i* he has drawn f ^! rem>kable exp]im5ts3 ! ess5tial "q1 ! only "q1 z x seems to me1 is :e!r a contra/ ,a ,b1 =m$ ( ! elem5ts ,a & ,b1 is really equal to a contra/ ,b ,c1 :i* is diff]5tly compos$4 ,z soon z x is prov$ t two s5sations c be equal )\t be+ id5tical1 psy*ophysics w be e/abli%$4 ,b x is ?is equality :i* seems to me op5 to "q3 x is easy to expla91 9 fact1 h[ a s5sation ( lum9\s int5sity c be said to be at an equal di/ance f two o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 :at cases diff]5ces ( col\r might be int]pret$ z diff]5ces ( magnitude4 ,let u assume = a mom5t t f our bir? onw>ds ! gr[+ int5sity ( a lum9\s s\rce _h always call$ up 9 our consci\sness1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! diff]5t col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! col\rs w\ld !n appe> to u z s _m notes ( a gamut1 z high] or l[] degrees 9 a scale1 9 a ^w1 z magnitudes4 ,moreov] x w\ld be easy = u to assign ea* ( !m its place 9 ! s]ies4 ,= al?\gh ! ext5sive cause v>ies cont9u\sly1 ! *anges 9 ! s5sation ( col\r are discont9u\s1 pass+ f "o %ade to ano!r %ade4 ,h[ev] num]\s1 !n1 may be ! %ades int]m$iate betwe5 ! two col\rs1 ,a & ,b1 x w always be possible to c\nt !m 9 ?\ght1 at lea/ r\ghly1 & asc]ta9 :e!r ?is numb] is almo/ equal to t ( ! %ades :i* sep>ate ,b f ano!r col\r ,c4 ,9 ! latt] case x w be said t ,b is equally di/ant f ,a & ,c1 t ! contra/ is ! same on "o side z on ! o!r4 ,b ?is w always be m]ely a conv5i5t int]pretation3 = al?\gh ! numb] ( int]m$iate %ades may be equal on bo? sides1 al?\gh we may pass f "o to ! o!r by sudd5 leaps1 we d n "k :e!r ^! leaps are magnitudes1 /ill less :e!r !y are equal magnitudes3 above all x w\ld be necess>y to %[ t ! int]m$i>ies :i* h help$ u ?r\gh\t our measurem5t c\ld be f\nd aga9 inside ! object :i* we h measur$4 ,if n1 x is only by a metaphor t a s5sation c be said to be an equal di/ance f two o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is is j ! case ) diff]5ces ( int5sity 9 s5sations ( light4 ,delbuf's und]ly+ po/ulate4 ,n[1 if ! views :i* we h be=e enum]at$ ) reg>d to lum9\s int5sities are accept$1 x w be recogniz$ t ! diff]5t hues ( grey :i* ,delbuf displays to u are /rictly analog\s1 = our consci\sness1 to col\rs1 & t if we decl>e t a grey t9t is equidi/ant f two o!r grey t9ts1 x is 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x might be said t orange1 = example1 is at an equal di/ance f gre5 & r$4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 all our pa/ exp]i5ce ! succession ( grey t9ts has be5 produc$ 9 connexion ) a progressive increase or decrease 9 illum9ation4 ,h5ce we d = ! diff]5ces ( brightness :at we d n ?9k ( do+ = ! diff]5ces ( col\r3 we promote ! *anges ( quality into v>iations ( magnitude4 ,inde$1 !re is no difficulty "h ab\t ! measur+1 because ! successive %ades ( grey produc$ by a cont9u\s decrease ( illum9ation are discont9u\s1 z be+ qualities1 & because we c c\nt approximately ! pr9cipal int]m$iate %ades :i* sep>ate any two k9ds ( grey4 ,! contra/ ,a ,b w ?us be decl>$ equal to ! contra/ ,b ,c :5 our imag9ation1 aid$ by our memory1 ins]ts betwe5 ,a & ,b ! same numb] ( int]m$iate %ades z betwe5 ,b & ,c4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is w necess>ily be a v r\gh e/imate4 ,we may anticipate t x w v>y consid]ably ) diff]5t p]sons4 ,above all x is to be expect$ t ! p]son w %[ m hesitation & t ! e/imates ( diff]5t p]sons w diff] m widely 9 proportion z ! diff]5ce 9 brightness betwe5 ! r+s ,a & ,b is increas$1 = a m & m labori\s ef=t w be requir$ to e/imate ! numb] ( int]m$iate hues4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s1 z we %all easily p]ceive by glanc+ at ! two tables drawn up by ,delbuf4#bc ,9 proportion z he increases ! diff]5ce 9 brightness betwe5 ! ext]ior r+ & ! middle r+1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb]s on :i* "o & ! same obs]v] or diff]5t obs]v]s successively fix increases almo/ cont9u\sly f #c degrees to #id1 f #e to #gc1 f #aj to #be1 f #g to #dj4 ,b let u leave ^! div]g5ces on "o side3 let u assume t ! obs]v]s are always consi/5t & always agree ) "o ano!r2 w x !n be e/abli%$ t ! contra/s ,a ,b & ,b ,c are equal8 ,x w\ld fir/ be necess>y to prove t two successive elem5t>y contra/s are equal quantities1 :il/1 9 fact1 we only "k t !y are successive4 ,x w\ld !n be necess>y to prove t inside a giv5 t9t ( grey we p]ceive ! less int5se %ades :i* our imag9ation has run ?r\gh 9 ord] to e/imate ! objective int5sity ( ! s\rce ( light4 ,9 a ^w1 ,delbuf's psy*ophysics assumes a !oretical po/ulate ( ! greate/ importance1 :i* is disguis$ "u ! cloak ( an exp]im5tal result1 & :i* we %\ld =mulate z foll[s3 ,:5 ! objective quantity ( light is cont9u\sly increas$1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! hues ( grey successively obta9$1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts ! smalle/ p]ceptible increase ( physical /imulation1 are quantities equal to "o ano!r4 ,& besides1 any "o ( ! s5sations obta9$ c be equat$ ) ! sum ( ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate f "o ano!r all previ\s s5sations1 go+ f z]o upw>ds4 ,n[1 ?is is j ! po/ulate ( ,fe*n]'s psy*ophysics1 :i* we are go+ to exam9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe*n]'s psy*ophysics4 ,web]'s ,law4 ,fe*n] took z 8 />t+-po9t a law discov]$ by ,web]1 accord+ to :i*1 giv5 a c]ta9 /imulus :i* calls =? a c]ta9 s5sation1 ! am\nt by :i* ! /imulus mu/ be increas$ = consci\sness to become aw>e ( any *ange be>s a fix$ relation to ! orig9al /imulus4 ,?us1 if we d5ote by ! /imulus :i* corresponds to ! s5sation ,s1 & by ! am\nt by :i* ! orig9al /imulus mu/ be increas$ 9 ord] t a s5sation ( diff]5ce may be produc$1 we %all h _/,e con/4 ,?is =mula has be5 mu* modifi$ by ! disciples ( ,fe*n]1 & we pref] to take no "p 9 ! discussion2 x is = exp]im5t to decide betwe5 ! relation e/abli%$ by ,web] & its sub/itutes4 ,nor %all we raise any difficulty ab\t grant+ ! probable exi/5ce ( a law ( ?is nature4 ,x is "h really a "q n ( measur+ a s5sation b only ( det]m9+ ! exact mom5t at :i* an increase ( /imulus produces a *ange 9 x4 ,n[1 if a def9ite am\nt ( /imulus produces a def9ite %ade ( s5sation1 x is obvi\s t ! m9imum am\nt ( /imulus requir$ to produce a *ange 9 ?is %ade is also def9ite2 & s9ce x is n con/ant1 x mu/ be a function ( ! orig9al /imulus4 ,b h[ are we to pass f a relation betwe5 ! /imulus & its m9imum increase to an equation :i* connects ! 9999am\nt ( s5sation ) ! correspond+ /imulus8 ,! :ole ( psy*ophysics is involv$ 9 ?is transition1 :i* is !re=e wor?y ( our close/ consid]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! und]ly+ assumptions & ! process by :i* ,fe*n]'s ,law is rea*$4 ,we %all di/+ui% sev]al diff]5t artifices 9 ! process ( transition f ,web]'s exp]im5ts1 or f any o!r s]ies ( simil> obs]vations1 to a psy*ophysical law l ,fe*n]'s4 ,x is fir/ ( all agre$ to consid] our consci\sness ( an increase ( /imulus z an increase ( ! s5sation ,s3 ?is is !re=e call$ ,s4 ,x is !n ass]t$ t all ! s5sations ,s1 :i* correspond to ! smalle/ p]ceptible increase ( /imulus1 are equal to "o ano!r4 ,!y are !re=e treat$ z quantities1 & :ile1 on ! "o h&1 ^! quantities are suppos$ to be always equal1 &1 on ! o!r1 exp]im5t has giv5 a c]ta9 relation 7,e7 betwe5 ! /imulus & its m9imum increase1 ! con/ancy ( ,s is express$ by writ+ ,s ,c ,e_/7,e71 ,c be+ a con/ant quantity4 ,f9ally x is agre$ to replace ! v small diff]5ces ,s & by ! inf9itely small diff]5ces d,s & d,e1 :5ce an equation :i* is1 ?is "t1 a diff]5tial "o3 d,s ,c d,e_/7,e74 ,we %all n[ simply h to integrate on bo? sides to obta9 ! desir$ relation#bd3 ,s,c d,e_/7,e74 ,& ! transition w ?us be made f a prov$ law1 :i* only conc]n$ ! occurr5ce ( a s5sation1 to an unprovable law :i* gives its measure4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u any ?or\gh discussion ( ?is +5i\s op]ation1 let u %[ 9 a few words h[ ,fe*n] has grasp$ ! real difficulty ( ! problem1 h[ he has tri$ to ov]come x1 & :]e1 z x seems to u1 ! flaw 9 8 reason+ lies4 ,sid5ote3 ,c two s5sations be equal )\t be+ id5tical8 ,fe*n] realiz$ t measurem5t c\ld n be introduc$ into psy*ology )\t fir/ def9+ :at is meant by ! equality & addition ( two simple /ates1 e4g4 two s5sations4 ,b1 unless !y are id5tical1 we d n at fir/ see h[ two s5sations c be equal4 ,und\bt$ly 9 ! physical _w equality is n synonym\s ) id5tity4 ,b ! reason is t e ph5om5on1 e object1 is !re pres5t$ "u two aspects1 ! "o qualitative & ! o!r ext5sive3 no?+ prev5ts u f putt+ ! fir/ "o aside1 & !n !re rema9s no?+ b t]ms :i* c be directly or indirectly sup]pos$ on "o ano!r & consequ5tly se5 to be id5tical4 ,n[1 ?is qualitative elem5t1 :i* we beg9 by elim9at+ f ext]nal objects 9 ord] to measure !m1 is ! v ?+ :i* psy*ophysics reta9s & claims to measure4 ,& x is no use try+ to measure ?is quality ,q by "s physical quantity ,q' :i* lies b5ea? x3 = x w\ld be necess>y to h previ\sly %[n t ,q is a function ( ,q'1 & ?is w\ld n be possible unless ! quality ,q _h fir/ be5 measur$ ) "s fraction ( itself4 ,?us no?+ prev5ts u f measur+ ! s5sation ( heat by ! degree ( temp]ature2 b ?is is only a conv5tion1 & ! :ole po9t ( psy*ophysics lies 9 reject+ ?is conv5tion & seek+ h[ ! s5sation ( heat v>ies :5 y *ange ! temp]ature4 ,9 a ^w1 x seems1 on ! "o h&1 t two diff]5t s5sations _c be said to be equal unless "s id5tical residuum rema9s aft] ! elim9ation ( _! qualitative diff]5ce2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is qualitative diff]5ce be+ all t we p]ceive1 x does n appe> :at c\ld rema9 once x 0 elim9at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe*n]'s me?od ( m9imum diff]5ces4 ,! novel feature 9 ,fe*n]'s treatm5t is t he did n consid] ?is difficulty insurm\ntable4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! fact t s5sation v>ies by sudd5 jumps :ile ! /imulus increases cont9u\sly1 he did n hesitate to call ^! diff]5ces ( s5sation by ! same "n3 !y are all1 he says1 m9imum diff]5ces1 s9ce ea* corresponds to ! smalle/ p]ceptible increase 9 ! ext]nal /imulus4 ,!re=e y c set aside ! specific %ade or quality ( ^! successive diff]5ces2 a common residuum w rema9 9 virtue ( :i* !y w be se5 to be 9 a mann] id5tical3 !y all h ! common "* ( be+ m9ima4 ,su* w be ! def9ition ( equality :i* we 7 seek+4 ,n[1 ! def9ition ( addition w foll[ naturally4 ,= if we treat z a quantity ! diff]5ce p]ceiv$ by consci\sness betwe5 two s5sations :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( a cont9u\s increase ( /imulus1 if we call ! fir/ s5sation ,s1 & ! second ,s ,s1 we %all h to consid] e s5sation ,s z a sum1 obta9$ by ! addition ( ! m9imum diff]5ces ?r\gh :i* we pass be=e rea*+ x4 ,! only rema9+ /ep w !n be to utilize ?is tw(old def9ition 9 ord] to e/abli%1 fir/ ( all1 a relation betwe5 ! diff]5ces ,s & 1 & !n1 ?r\gh ! sub/itution ( ! diff]5tials1 betwe5 ! two v>iables4 ,true1 ! ma!maticians may "h lodge a prote/ aga9/ ! sub/itution ( diff]5tial = diff]5ce2 ! psy*ologi/s may ask1 too1 :e!r ! quantity ,s1 in/ead ( be+ con/ant1 does n v>y z ! s5sation ,s itself2#be f9ally1 tak+ ! psy*ophysical law = grant$1 we may all debate ab\t its real mean+4 ,b1 by ! m]e fact t ,s is reg>d$ z a quantity & ,s z a sum1 ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( ! :ole process is accept$4 ,sid5ote3 ,break-d[n ( ! assumption t ! s5sation is a sum1 & ! m9imum diff]5ces quantities4 ,n[ x is j ?is po/ulate :i* seems to u op5 to "q1 ev5 if x c be und]/ood4 ,assume t ,i exp]i5ce a s5sation ,s1 & t1 increas+ ! /imulus cont9u\sly1 ,i p]ceive ?is increase aft] a c]ta9 "t4 ,i am n[ notifi$ ( ! increase ( ! cause3 b :y %\ld ,i call ?is notification an ari?metical diff]5ce8 ,no d\bt ! notification consi/s 9 ! fact t ! orig9al /ate ,s has *ang$3 x has become ,s'2 b ! transition f ,s to ,s' c\ld only be call$ an ari?metical diff]5ce if ,i 7 consci\s1 s to speak1 ( an int]val betwe5 ,s & ,s'1 & if my s5sation 7 felt to rise f ,s to ,s' by ! addition ( some?+4 ,by giv+ ?is transition a "n1 by call+ x ,s19999 y make x fir/ a reality & !n a quantity4 ,n[1 n only are y unable to expla9 9 :at s5se ?is transition is a quantity1 b reflection w %[ y t x is n ev5 a reality2 ! only realities are ! /ates ,s & ,s' ?r\gh :i* ,i pass4 ,no d\bt1 if ,s & ,s' 7 numb]s1 ,i c\ld ass]t ! reality ( ! diff]5ce ,s'--,s ev5 ?\gh ,s & ,s' alone 7 giv52 ! reason is t ! numb] ,s'--,s1 :i* is a c]ta9 sum ( units1 w !n repres5t j ! successive mom5ts ( ! addition by :i* we pass f ,s to ,s'4 ,b if ,s & ,s' are simple /ates1 9 :at w ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m consi/8 ,& :at1 !n1 c ! transition f ! fir/ /ate to ! second be1 if n a m]e act ( y\r ?\ght1 :i*1 arbitr>ily & = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 assimilates a succession ( two /ates to a diff]5tiation ( two magnitudes8 ,sid5ote3 ,we c speak ( ari?metical diff]5ce only 9 a conv5tional s5se4 ,ei!r y keep to :at consci\sness pres5ts to y or y h rec\rse to a conv5tional mode ( repres5tation4 ,9 ! fir/ case y w f9d a diff]5ce betwe5 ,s & ,s' l t betwe5 ! %ades s5se4 ,( ra9b[1 & n at all an int]val ( magnitude4 ,9 ! second case y may introduce ! symbol ,s if y l1 b x is only 9 a conv5tional s5se t y w speak "h ( an ari?metical diff]5ce1 & 9 a conv5tional s5se1 also1 t y w assimilate a s5sation to a sum4 ,! mo/ acute ( ,fe*n]'s critics1 ,jules ,tann]y1 has made ! latt] po9t p]fectly cle>4 ,x w be said1 = example1 t a s5sation ( #ej degrees is express$ by ! numb] ( diff]5tial s5sations :i* w\ld succe$ "o ano!r f ! po9t :]e s5sation is abs5t up to ! s5sation ( #ej degrees4444 ,i d n see t ?is is any?+ b a def9ition1 :i* is z legitimate z x is arbitr>y4#bf ,sid5ote3 ,delbuf's results seem m plausible b1 9 ! end1 all psy*ophysics revolves 9 a vici\s circle4 ,we d n believe1 9 spite ( all t has be5 said1 t ! me?od ( mean gradations has set psy*ophysics on a new pa?4 ,! novel feature 9 ,delbuf's inve/igation 0 t he *ose a p>ticul> case1 9 :i* consci\sness seem$ to decide 9 ,fe*n]'s fav\r1 & 9 :i* common s5se itself play$ ! "p ( ! psy*ophysici/4 ,he inquir$ :e!r c]ta9 s5sations did n appe> to u imm$iately z equal al?\gh diff]5t1 & :e!r x w\ld n be possible to draw up1 by _! help1 a table ( s5sations :i* 7 d\ble1 triple or quadruple ^? :i* prec$$ !m4 ,! mi/ake :i* ,fe*n] made1 z we h j se51 0 t he believ$ 9 an int]val betwe5 two successive s5sations ,s & ,s'1 :5 !re is simply a pass+ f "o to ! o!r & n a diff]5ce 9 ! ari?metical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b if ! two t]ms betwe5 :i* ! pass+ takes place c\ld be giv5 simultane\sly1 !re w\ld !n be a contra/ besides ! transition2 & al?\gh ! contra/ is n yet an ari?metical diff]5ce1 x resembles x 9 a c]ta9 respect2 = ! two t]ms :i* are comp>$ /& "h side by side z 9 a case ( subtraction ( two numb]s4 ,suppose n[ t ^! s5sations belong to ! same g5us & t 9 our pa/ exp]i5ce we h con/antly be5 pres5t at _! m>* pa/1 s to speak1 :ile ! physical /imulus increas$ cont9u\sly3 x is extremely probable t we %all ?ru/ ! cause into ! effect1 & t ! idea ( contra/ w ?us melt into t ( ari?metical diff]5ce4 ,z we %all h notic$1 moreov]1 t ! s5sation *ang$ abruptly :ile ! /imulus rose cont9u\sly1 we %all no d\bt e/imate ! di/ance betwe5 two giv5 s5sations by a r\gh guess at ! numb] ( ^! sudd5 jumps1 or at lea/ ( ! int]m$iate s5sations :i* usually s]ve u z l&m>ks4 ,to sum up1 ! contra/ w appe> to u z a diff]5ce1 ! /imulus z a quantity1 ! sudd5 jump z an elem5t ( equality3 comb9+ ^! ?ree factors1 we %all rea* ! idea ( equal quantitative diff]5ces4 ,n[1 ^! conditions are n[h]e s well realiz$ z :5 surfaces ( ! same col\r1 m or less illum9at$1 are simultane\sly pres5t$ to u4 ,n only is !re "h a contra/ betwe5 simil> s5sations1 b ^! s5sations correspond to a cause ^: influ5ce has always be5 felt by u to be closely connect$ ) its di/ance2 &1 z ?is di/ance c v>y cont9u\sly1 we _c h escap$ notic+ 9 our pa/ exp]i5ce a va/ numb] ( %ades ( s5sation :i* succe$$ "o ano!r along ) ! cont9u\s increase 9 ! cause4 ,we are !re=e able to say t ! contra/ betwe5 "o %ade ( grey & ano!r1 = example1 seems to u almo/ equal to ! contra/ betwe5 ! latt] & a ?ird "o2 & if we def9e two equal s5sations by say+ t !y are s5sations :i* a m or less confus$ process ( reason+ int]prets z su*1 we %all 9 fact rea* a law l t propos$ by ,delbuf4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t consci\sness has "h pass$ ?r\gh ! same int]m$iate /eps z ! psy*ophysici/1 & t its judgm5t is wor? "h j :at psy*ophysics is wor?2 x is a symbolical int]pretation ( quality z quantity1 a m or less r\gh e/imate ( ! numb] ( s5sations :i* c come 9 betwe5 two giv5 s5sations4 ,! diff]5ce is ?us n z great z is believ$ betwe5 ! me?od ( lea/ noticeable diff]5ces & t ( mean gradations1 betwe5 ! psy*ophysics ( ,fe*n] & t ( ,delbuf4 ,! fir/ l$ to a conv5tional measurem5t ( s5sation2 ! second appeals to common s5se 9 ! p>ticul> cases :]e common s5se adopts a simil> conv5tion4 ,9 a ^w1 all psy*ophysics is condemn$ by its orig9 to revolve 9 a vici\s circle1 = ! !oretical po/ulate on :i* x re/s condemns x to exp]im5tal v]ification1 & x _c be exp]im5tally v]ifi$ unless its po/ulate is fir/ grant$4 ,! fact is t !re is no po9t ( contact betwe5 ! unext5d$ & ! ext5d$1 betwe5 quality & quantity4 ,we c int]pret ! "o by ! o!r1 set up ! "o z ! equival5t ( ! o!r2 b soon] or lat]1 at ! beg9n+ or at ! end1 we %all h to recognize ! conv5tional "* ( ?is assimilation4 ,sid5ote3 ,psy*ophysics m]ely pu%es to its extreme consequ5ces ! fundam5tal b natural mi/ake ( reg>d+ s5sations z magnitudes4 ,9 tru?1 psy*ophysics m]ely =mulates ) precision & pu%es to its extreme consequ5ces a conception famili> to common s5se4 ,z spee* dom9ates ov] ?\ght1 z ext]nal objects1 :i* are common to u all1 are m important to u ?an ! subjective /ates ?r\gh :i* ea* ( u passes1 we h ev]y?+ to ga9 by objectify+ ^! /ates1 by introduc+ into !m1 to ! l>ge/ possible ext5t1 ! repres5tation ( _! ext]nal cause4 ,& ! m our k increases1 ! m we p]ceive ! ext5sive beh9d ! int5sive1 quantity beh9d quality1 ! m also we t5d to ?ru/ ! =m] into ! latt]1 & to treat our s5sations z magnitudes4 ,physics1 ^: p>ticul> function x is to calculate ! ext]nal cause ( our int]nal /ates1 takes ! lea/ possible int]e/ 9 ^! /ates !mselves3 con/antly & delib]ately x confuses !m ) _! cause4 ,x ?us enc\rages & ev5 exagg]ates ! mi/ake :i* common s5se makes on ! po9t4 ,! mom5t 0 inevitably b\nd to come at :i* sci5ce1 famili>iz$ ) ?is confusion betwe5 quality & quantity1 betwe5 s5sation & /imulus1 %\ld seek to measure ! "o z x measures ! o!r3 su* 0 ! object ( psy*ophysics4 ,9 ?is bold attempt ,fe*n] 0 enc\rag$ by 8 adv]s>ies !mselves1 by ! philosoph]s :o speak ( int5sive magnitudes :ile decl>+ t psy*ic /ates _c be submitt$ to measurem5t4 ,= if we grant t "o s5sation c be /rong] ?an ano!r1 & t ?is inequality is inh]5t 9 ! s5sations !mselves1 indep5d5tly ( all association ( ideas1 ( all m or less consci\s consid]ation ( numb] & space1 x is natural to ask by h[ mu* ! fir/ s5sation exce$s ! second1 & to set up a quantitative relation betwe5 _! int5sities4 ,nor is x any use to reply1 z ! oppon5ts ( psy*ophysics sometimes d1 t all measurem5t implies sup]position1 & t !re is no occasion to seek = a num]ical relation betwe5 int5sities1 :i* are n sup]posable objects4 ,= x w !n be necess>y to expla9 :y "o s5sation is said to be m int5se ?an ano!r1 & h[ ! conceptions ( great] & small] c be appli$ to ?+s :i*1 x has j be5 ackn[l$g$1 d n admit among !mselves ( ! relations ( conta9] to conta9$4 ,if1 9 ord] to cut %ort any "q ( ?is k9d1 we di/+ui% two k9ds ( quantity1 ! "o int5sive1 :i* admits only ( a m or less1 ! o!r ext5sive1 :i* l5ds itself to measurem5t1 we are n f> f sid+ ) ,fe*n] & ! psy*ophysici/s4 ,=1 z soon z a ?+ is ackn[l$g$ to be capable ( increase & decrease1 x seems natural to ask by h[ mu* x decreases or by h[ mu* x increases4 ,&1 because a measurem5t ( ?is k9d does n appe> to be possible directly1 x does n foll[ t sci5ce _c successfully accompli% x by "s indirect process1 ei!r by an integration ( inf9itely small elem5ts1 z ,fe*n] proposes1 or by any o!r r\ndab\t way4 ,ei!r1 !n1 s5sation is pure quality1 or1 if x is a magnitude1 we ought to try to measure x4 ,sid5ote3 ,?us int5sity judg$ 7#a7 9 repres5tative /ates by an e/imate ( ! magnitude ( ! cause 7#b7 9 affective /ates by multiplicity ( psy*ic ph5om5a involv$4 ,to sum up :at prec$es1 we h f\nd ! notion ( int5sity to pres5t itself "u a d\ble aspect1 accord+ z we /udy ! /ates ( consci\sness :i* repres5t an ext]nal cause1 or ^? :i* are self-suffici5t4 ,9 ! =m] case ! p]ception ( int5sity consi/s 9 a c]ta9 e/imate ( ! magnitude ( ! cause means ( a c]ta9 quality 9 ! effect3 x is1 z ! ,scotti% philosoph]s w\ld h said1 an acquir$ p]ception4 ,9 ! second case1 we give ! "n ( int5sity to ! l>g] or small] numb] ( simple psy*ic ph5om5a :i* we conjecture to be involv$ 9 ! fundam5tal /ate3 x is no long] an acquir$ p]ception1 b a confus$ p]ception4 ,9 fact1 ^! two mean+s ( ! ^w usually int]m+le1 because ! simpl] ph5om5a involv$ 9 an emotion or an ef=t are g5]ally repres5tative1 & because ! majority ( repres5tative /ates1 be+ at ! same "t affective1 !mselves include a multiplicity ( elem5t>y psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,! idea ( int5sity is ?us situat$ at ! junction ( two /reams1 "o ( :i* br+s u ! idea ( ext5sive magnitude f )\t1 :ile ! o!r br+s u f )91 9 fact f ! v dep?s ( consci\sness1 ! image ( an inn] multiplicity4 ,n[1 ! po9t is to det]m9e 9 :at ! latt] image consi/s1 :e!r x is ! same z t ( numb]1 or :e!r x is q diff]5t f x4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] we %all no long] consid] /ates ( consci\sness 9 isolation f "o ano!r1 b 9 _! concrete multiplicity1 9 s f> z !y unfold !mselves 9 pure duration4 ,&1 9 ! same way z we h ask$ :at w\ld be ! int5sity ( a repres5tative s5sation if we did n introduce into x ! idea ( its cause1 we %all n[ h to inquire :at ! multiplicity ( our inn] /ates becomes1 :at =m duration assumes1 :5 ! space 9 :i* x unfolds is elim9at$4 ,?is second "q is ev5 m important ?an ! fir/4 ,=1 if ! confusion ( quality ) quantity 7 conf9$ to ea* ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness tak5 sep>ately1 x w\ld give rise to obscurities1 z we h j se51 r ?an to problems4 ,b by invad+ ! s]ies ( our psy*ic /ates1 by introduc+ space into our p]ception ( duration1 x corrupts at its v s\rce our feel+ ( out] & inn] *ange1 ( movem5t1 & ( fre$om4 ,h5ce ! p>adoxes ( ! ,eleatics1 h5ce ! problem ( free w4 ,we %all insi/ r on ! second po9t2 b in/ead ( seek+ to solve ! "q1 we %all %[ ! mi/ake ( ^? :o ask x4 #a ,essays1 7,libr>y ,edition1 #ahia71 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #cha4 #b ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1#d? ed41 7#ahid71 p4 #gi4 #c ,grundzge d] ,physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1#bnd ed4 7#ahhj71 ,vol4 i1 p4 #cge4 #d ,w4 ,james1 ,le s5tim5t de l'ef=t 7,critique philosophique1 #ahhj1 ,vol4 ii17 cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 7#ahia71 ,vol4 ii1 *ap1 xxvi4 #e ,functions ( ! ,bra91 #bnd ed4 7#ahhf71 p4 #chf4 #f ,h&bu* d] ,physiologis*5 ,optik1 #a/ ed4 7#ahfg71 pp4 #fjj-fja4 #g ,le mcanisme de l'att5tion4 ,alcan1 #ahhh4 #h ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 #a/ ed41 7#ahgb71 p4 #gd4 #i ,:at is an ,emotion8 ,m9d1#ahhd1 p4 #ahi4 #aj ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #crd4 ed41 7#ahij71 ,vol4 i1 p4 #dhb4 #aa ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 #a/ ed41 p4 #gh4 #ab ,l'homme et l'intellig5ce1 p4 #cf4 #ac ,ibid4 p4 #cg4 #ad ,ibid4 p4 #dc4 #ae ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #gb1 #fi1 #gj4 #af ,c4 ,fr1 ,s5sation et ,m\vem5t1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #ag ,grundzge d] ,physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1 #bnd ed41 7#ahhj71 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #dcg4 #ah ,on ! ,temp]ature ,s5se1 ,m9d1 #ahhe4 #ai ,rood1 ,mod]n ,*romatics17#ahgi71 pp4 #aha-ahg4 #bj ,h&bu* d] ,physiologis*5 ,optik1 #a/ ed4 7#ahfg71 pp4 #cah-cai4 #ba lm5ts de psy*ophysique4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #bb ,see ! acc\nt giv5 ( ^! exp]im5ts 9 ! ,revue philosophique1 #ahhg1 ,vol4 i1 p4 #ga1 & ,vol4 ii1 p4 #ahj4 #bc lm5ts de psy*ophysique1 pp4 #fa1 #fi4 #bd ,9 ! p>ticul> case :]e we admit )\t re/riction ,web]'s ,law ,e_/,econ/41 integration gives ,s,c log4 ,e_/,q4 ,q be+ a con/ant4 ,?is is ,fe*n]'s log>i?mic law4 #be ,latt]ly x has be5 assum$ t ,s is proportional to ,s4 #bf ,revue sci5tifique1 ,m>* #ac & ,april #bd1 #ahge4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,multiplicity ,,( ,,consci\s ,,/ates#a ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,duration ,sid5ote3 ,:at is numb]8 ,numb] maybe def9$ 9 g5]al z a collection ( units1 or1 speak+ m exactly1 z ! syn!sis ( ! "o & ! _m4 ,e numb] is "o1 s9ce x is br\ght be=e ! m9d by a simple intuition & is giv5 a "n2 b ! unity :i* atta*es to x is t ( a sum1 x cov]s a multiplicity ( p>ts :i* c be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,)\t attempt+ = ! pres5t any ?or\gh exam9ation ( ^! conceptions ( unity & multiplicity1 let u inquire :e!r ! idea ( numb] does n imply ! repres5tation ( some?+ else z well4 ,sid5ote3 ,! units :i* make up a numb] mu/ be id5tical4 ,x is n en\gh to say t numb] is a collection ( units2 we mu/ add t ^! units are id5tical ) "o ano!r1 or at lea/ t !y are assum$ to be id5tical :5 !y are c\nt$4 ,no d\bt we c c\nt ! %eep 9 a flock & say t !re are fifty1 al?\gh !y are all diff]5t f "o ano!r & are easily recogniz$ by ! %eph]d3 b ! reason is t we agree 9 t case to neglect _! individual diff]5ces & to take into acc\nt only :at !y h 9 common4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z soon z we fix our att5tion on ! p>ticul> features ( objects or individuals1 we c ( c\rse make an enum]ation ( !m1 b n a total4 ,we place ourselves at ^! two v diff]5t po9ts ( view :5 we c\nt ! soldi]s 9 a battalion & :5 we call ! roll4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! idea ( numb] implies ! simple intuition ( a multiplicity ( p>ts or units1 :i* are absolutely alike4 ,sid5ote3 ,b !y mu/ also be di/9ct4 ,& yet !y mu/ be someh[ di/9ct f "o ano!r1 s9ce o!rwise !y w\ld m]ge into a s+le unit4 ,let u assume t all ! %eep 9 ! flock are id5tical2 !y diff] at lea/ by ! position :i* !y occupy 9 space1 o!rwise !y w\ld n =m a flock4 ,b n[ let u ev5 set aside ! fifty %eep !mselves & reta9 only ! idea ( !m4 ,ei!r we include !m all 9 ! same image1 & x foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce t we place !m side by side 9 an ideal space1 or else we repeat fifty times 9 succession ! image ( a s+le "o1 & 9 t case x does seem1 inde$1 t ! s]ies lies 9 duration r ?an 9 space4 ,b we %all soon f9d out t x _c be s4 ,= if we picture to ourselves ea* ( ! %eep 9 ! flock 9 succession & sep>ately1 we %all nev] h to d ) m ?an a s+le %eep4 ,9 ord] t ! numb] %\ld g on increas+ 9 proportion z we advance1 we mu/ reta9 ! successive images & set !m alongside ea* ( ! new units :i* we picture to ourselves3 n[1 x is 9 space t su* a juxtaposition takes place & n 9 pure duration4 ,9 fact1 x w be easily grant$ t c\nt+ mat]ial objects means ?9k+ all ^! objects toge!r1 !reby leav+ !m 9 space4 ,b does ?is intuition ( space accompany e idea ( numb]1 ev5 ( an ab/ract numb]8 ,sid5ote3 ,we c n =m an image or idea ( numb] )\t ! accompany+ intuition ( space4 ,any "o c answ] ?is "q by review+ ! v>i\s =ms :i* ! idea ( numb] has assum$ = him s9ce 8 *ildhood4 ,x w be se5 t we began by imag9+ e4g4 a r[ ( balls1 t ^! balls aft]w>ds became po9ts1 &1 f9ally1 ?is image itself disappe>$1 leav+ beh9d x1 z we say1 no?+ b ab/ract numb]4 ,b at ?is v mom5t we ceas$ to h an image or ev5 an idea ( x2 we kept only ! symbol :i* is necess>y = reckon+ & :i* is ! conv5tional way ( express+ numb]4 ,= we c confid5tly ass]t t #ab is half ( #bd )\t ?9k+ ei!r ! numb] #ab or ! numb] #bd3 inde$1 z f> z quick calculation is conc]n$1 we h ev]y?+ to ga9 by n do+ s4 ,b z soon z we wi% to picture numb] to ourselves1 & n m]ely figures or words1 we are compell$ to h rec\rse to an ext5d$ image4 ,:at leads to misund]/&+ on ?is po9t seems to be ! habit we h fall5 into ( c\nt+ 9 "t r ?an 9 space4 ,9 ord] to imag9e ! numb] #ej1 = example1 we repeat all ! numb]s />t+ f unity1 & :5 we h arriv$ at ! fiftie?1 we believe we h built up ! numb] 9 duration & 9 duration only4 ,& !re is no d\bt t 9 ?is way we h c\nt$ mom5ts ( duration r ?an po9ts 9 space2 b ! "q is :e!r we h n c\nt$ ! mom5ts ( duration by means ( po9ts 9 space4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible to p]ceive 9 "t1 & 9 "t only1 a succession :i* is no?+ b a succession1 b n an addition1 i4e4 a succession :i* culm9ates 9 a sum4 ,= ?\gh we rea* a sum by tak+ into acc\nt a succession ( diff]5t t]ms1 yet x is necess>y t ea* ( ^! t]ms %\ld rema9 :5 we pass to ! foll[+1 & %\ld wait1 s to speak1 to be add$ to ! o!rs3 h[ c\ld x wait1 if x 7 no?+ b an in/ant ( duration8 ,& :]e c\ld x wait if we did n localize x 9 space8 ,we involunt>ily fix at a po9t 9 space ea* ( ! mom5ts :i* we c\nt1 & x is only on ?is condition t ! ab/ract units come to =m a sum4 ,no d\bt x is possible1 z we %all %[ lat]1 to conceive ! successive mom5ts ( "t indep5d5tly ( space2 b :5 we add to ! pres5t mom5t ^? :i* h prec$$ x1 z is ! case :5 we are add+ up units1 we are n deal+ ) ^! mom5ts !mselves1 s9ce !y h vani%$ = ev]1 b ) ! la/+ traces :i* !y seem to h left 9 space on _! passage ?r\gh x4 ,x is true t we g5]ally disp5se ) ?is m5tal image1 & t1 aft] hav+ us$ x = ! fir/ two or ?ree numb]s1 x is en\gh to "k t x w\ld s]ve j z well = ! m5tal pictur+ ( ! o!rs1 if we ne$$ x4 ,b e cle> idea ( numb] implies a visual image 9 space2 & ! direct /udy ( ! units :i* g to =m a discrete multiplicity w lead u to ! same conclusion on ?is po9t z ! exam9ation ( numb] itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,all unity is ! unity ( a simple act ( ! m9d4 ,unity divisible only because reg>d$ z ext5d$ 9 space4 ,e numb] is a collection ( units1 z we h said1 & on ! o!r h& e numb] is itself a unit1 9 s f> z x is a syn!sis ( ! units :i* compose x4 ,b is ! ^w unit tak5 9 ! same s5se 9 bo? cases8 ,:5 we ass]t t numb] is a unit1 we und]/& by ?is t we ma/] ! :ole ( x by a simple & indivisible intuition ( ! m9d2 ?is unity ?us includes a multiplicity1 s9ce x is ! unity ( a :ole4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! units :i* g to =m numb]1 we no long] ?9k ( ^! units z sums1 b z pure1 simple1 irr$ucible units1 int5d$ to yield ! natural s]ies ( numb]s by an indef9itely cont9u$ process ( accumulation4 ,x seems1 !n1 t !re are two k9ds ( units1 ! "o ultimate1 out ( :i* a numb] is =m$ by a process ( addition1 & ! o!r provisional1 ! numb] s =m$1 :i* is multiple 9 itself1 & owes its unity to ! simplicity ( ! act by :i* ! m9d p]ceives x4 ,& !re is no d\bt t1 :5 we picture ! units :i* make up numb]1 we believe t we are ?9k+ ( indivisible compon5ts3 ?is belief has a great deal to d ) ! idea t x is possible to conceive numb] indep5d5tly ( space4 ,nev]!less1 by look+ m closely into ! matt]1 we %all see t all unity is ! unity ( a simple act ( ! m9d1 & t1 z ?is is an act ( unification1 !re mu/ be "s multiplicity = x to unify4 ,no d\bt1 at ! mom5t at :i* ,i ?9k ea* ( ^! units sep>ately1 ,i look ^u x z indivisible1 s9ce ,i am det]m9$ to ?9k ( its unity alone4 ,b z soon z ,i put x aside 9 ord] to pass to ! next1 ,i objectify x1 & by t v de$ ,i make x a ?+1 t is to say1 a multiplicity4 ,to conv9ce oneself ( ?is1 x is en\gh to notice t ! units by means ( :i* ari?metic =ms numb]s are provisional units1 :i* c be subdivid$ )\t limit1 & t ea* ( !m is ! sum ( fractional quantities z small & z num]\s z we l to imag9e4 ,h[ c\ld we divide ! unit1 if x 7 "h t ultimate unity :i* *>act]izes a simple act ( ! m9d8 ,h[ c\ld we split x up into fractions :il/ affirm+ its unity1 if we did n reg>d x implicitly z an ext5d$ object1 "o 9 intuition b multiple 9 space8 ,y w nev] get out ( an idea :i* y h =m$ any?+ :i* y h n put into x2 & if ! unity by means ( :i* y make up y\r numb] is ! unity ( an act & n ( an object1 no ef=t ( analysis w br+ out ( x any?+ b unity pure & simple4 ,no d\bt1 :5 y equate ! numb] #c to ! sum ( #a #a #a1 no?+ prev5ts y f reg>d+ ! units :i* compose x z indivisible3 b ! reason is t y d n *oose to make use ( ! multiplicity :i* is enclos$ )9 ea* ( ^! units4 ,inde$1 x is probable t ! numb] #c fir/ assumes to our m9d ?is simpl] %ape1 because we ?9k r ( ! way 9 :i* we h obta9$ x ?an ( ! use :i* we might make ( x4 ,b we soon p]ceive t1 :ile all multiplication implies ! possibility ( treat+ any numb] :atev] z a provisional unit :i* c be add$ to itself1 inv]sely ! units 9 _! turn are true numb]s :i* are z big z we l1 b are reg>d$ z provisionally indivisible = ! purpose ( comp\nd+ !m ) "o ano!r4 ,n[1 ! v admission t x is possible to divide ! unit into z _m p>ts z we l1 %[s t we reg>d x z ext5d$4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] 9 process ( =mation is discont9u\s1 b1 :5 =m$1 is inve/$ ) ! cont9uity ( space4 ,= we mu/ und]/& :at is meant by ! ( numb]4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! =mation or con/ruction ( a numb] implies discont9uity4 ,9 o!r words1 z we rem>k$ above1 ea* ( ! units ) :i* we =m ! numb] #c seems to be indivisible :ile we are deal+ ) x1 & we pass abruptly f "o to ! o!r4 ,aga91 if we =m ! same numb] ) halves1 ) qu>t]s1 ) any units :atev]1 ^! units1 9 s f> z !y s]ve to =m ! said numb]1 w /ill con/itute elem5ts :i* are provisionally indivisible1 & x is always by j]ks1 by sudd5 jumps1 s to speak1 t we advance f "o to ! o!r4 ,& ! reason is t1 9 ord] to get a numb]1 we are compell$ to fix our att5tion successively on ea* ( ! units ( :i* x is comp\nd$4 ,! indivisibility ( ! act by :i* we conceive any "o ( !m is !n repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a ma!matical po9t :i* is sep>at$ f ! foll[+ po9t by an int]val ( space4 ,b1 :ile a s]ies ( ma!matical po9ts arrang$ 9 empty space expresses fairly well ! process by :i* we =m ! idea ( numb]1 ^! ma!matical po9ts h a t5d5cy to develop into l9es 9 proportion z our att5tion is div]t$ f !m1 z if !y 7 try+ to reunite ) "o ano!r4 ,& :5 we look at numb] 9 its f9i%$ /ate1 ?is union is an accompli%$ fact3 ! po9ts h become l9es1 ! divisions h be5 blott$ out1 ! :ole displays all ! *>act]i/ics ( cont9uity4 ,?is is :y numb]1 al?\gh we h =m$ x accord+ to a def9ite law1 c be split up on any sy/em we please4 ,9 a ^w1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! unity :i* we ?9k ( & ! unity :i* we set up z an object aft] hav+ ?\ght ( x1 z also betwe5 numb] 9 process ( =mation & numb] once =m$4 ,! unit is irr$ucible :ile we are ?9k+ x & numb] is discont9u\s :ile we are build+ x up3 b1 z soon z we consid] numb] 9 its f9i%$ /ate1 we objectify x1 & x !n appe>s to be divisible to an unlimit$ ext5t4 ,9 fact1 we apply ! t]m subjective to :at seems to be completely & adequately kn[n1 & ! t]m objective to :at is kn[n 9 su* a way t a con/antly increas+ numb] ( new impressions c\ld be sub/itut$ = ! idea :i* we actually h ( x4 ,?us1 a complex feel+ w conta9 a fairly l>ge numb] ( simple elem5ts2 b1 z long z ^! elem5ts d n /& out ) p]fect cle>ness1 we _c say t !y 7 completely realiz$1 &1 z soon z consci\sness has a di/9ct p]ception ( !m1 ! psy*ic /ate :i* results f _! syn!sis w h *ang$ = ?is v reason4 ,b !re is no *ange 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( a body1 h[ev] x is analys$ by ?\ght1 because ^! diff]5t analyses1 & an inf9ity ( o!rs1 are already visible 9 ! m5tal image :i* we =m ( ! body1 ?\gh !y are n realiz$3 ?is actual & n m]ely virtual p]ception ( subdivisions 9 :at is undivid$ is j :at we call objectivity4 ,x !n becomes easy to det]m9e ! exact "p play$ by ! subjective & ! objective 9 ! idea ( numb]4 ,:at prop]ly belongs to ! m9d is ! indivisible process by :i* x conc5trates att5tion successively on ! diff]5t p>ts ( a giv5 space2 b ! p>ts :i* h ?us be5 isolat$ rema9 9 ord] to jo9 ) ! o!rs1 &1 once ! addition is made1 !y may be brok5 up 9 any way :atev]4 ,!y are !re=e p>ts ( space1 & space is1 accord+ly1 ! mat]ial ) :i* ! m9d builds up numb]1 ! m$ium 9 :i* ! m9d places x4 ,prop]ly speak+1 x is ari?metic :i* tea*es u to split up )\t limit ! units ( :i* numb] consi/s4 ,common s5se is v mu* incl9$ to build up numb] ) indivisibles4 ,sid5ote3 ,x foll[s t numb] is actually ?\ght ( z a juxtaposition 9 space4 ,& ?is is easily und]/ood1 s9ce ! provisional simplicity ( ! compon5t units is j :at !y owe to ! m9d1 & ! latt] pays m att5tion to its own acts ?an to ! mat]ial on :i* x works4 ,sci5ce conf9es itself1 "h1 to draw+ our att5tion to ?is mat]ial3 if we did n already localize numb] 9 space1 sci5ce w\ld c]ta9ly n succe$ 9 mak+ u transf] x ?i!r4 ,f ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 we mu/ h ?\ght ( numb] z ( a juxtaposition 9 space4 ,?is is ! conclusion :i* we rea*$ at fir/1 bas+ ourselves on ! fact t all addition implies a multiplicity ( p>ts simultane\sly p]ceiv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( multiplicity3 7#a7 mat]ial objects1 c\nt$ 9 space2 7#b7 consci\s /ates1 n c\ntable unless symbolically repres5t$ 9 space4 ,n[1 if ?is conception ( numb] is grant$1 x w be se5 t ev]y?+ is n c\nt$ 9 ! same way1 & t !re are two v diff]5t k9ds ( multiplicity4 ,:5 we speak ( mat]ial objects1 we ref] to ! possibility ( see+ & t\*+ !m2 we localize !m 9 space4 ,9 t case1 no ef=t ( ! inv5tive faculty or ( symbolical repres5tation is necess>y 9 ord] to c\nt !m2 we h only to ?9k !m1 at fir/ sep>ately1 & !n simultane\sly1 )9 ! v m$ium 9 :i* !y come "u our obs]vation4 ,! case is no long] ! same :5 we consid] purely affective psy*ic /ates1 or ev5 m5tal images o!r ?an ^? built up by means ( sight & t\*4 ,"h1 ! t]ms be+ no long] giv5 9 space1 x seems1 a priori1 t we c h>dly c\nt !m except by "s process ( symbolical repres5tation4 ,9 fact1 we are well aw>e ( a repres5tation ( ?is k9d :5 we are deal+ ) s5sations ! cause ( :i* is obvi\sly situat$ 9 space4 ,?us1 :5 we he> a noise ( /eps 9 ! /reet1 we h a confus$ vision ( somebody walk+ along3 ea* ( ! successive s\nds is !n localiz$ at a po9t 9 space :]e ! pass]-by might tread3 we c\nt our s5sations 9 ! v space 9 :i* _! tangible causes are rang$4 ,p]haps "s p c\nt ! successive /rokes ( a di/ant bell 9 a simil> way1 _! imag9ation pictures ! bell com+ & go+2 ?is spatial sort ( image is suffici5t = ! fir/ two units1 & ! o!rs foll[ naturally4 ,b mo/ p's m9ds d n proce$ 9 ?is way4 ,!y range ! successive s\nds 9 an ideal space & !n fancy t !y are c\nt+ !m 9 pure duration4 ,yet we mu/ be cle> on ?is po9t4 ,! s\nds ( ! bell c]ta9ly rea* me "o aft] ! o!r2 b "o ( two alt]natives mu/ be true4 ,ei!r ,i reta9 ea* ( ^! successive s5sations 9 ord] to comb9e x ) ! o!rs & =m a gr\p :i* rem9ds me ( an air or rhy?m :i* ,i "k3 9 t case ,i d n c\nt ! s\nds1 ,i limit myself to ga!r+1 s to speak1 ! qualitative impression produc$ by ! :ole s]ies4 ,or else ,i int5d explicitly to c\nt !m1 & !n ,i %all h to sep>ate !m1 & ?is sep>ation mu/ take place )9 "s homog5e\s m$ium 9 :i* ! s\nds1 /ripp$ ( _! qualities1 & 9 a mann] empti$1 leave traces ( _! pres5ce :i* are absolutely alike4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r ?is m$ium is "t or space4 ,b a mom5t ( "t1 we repeat1 _c p]si/ 9 ord] to be add$ to o!rs4 ,if ! s\nds are sep>at$1 !y mu/ leave empty int]vals bet we5 !m4 ,if we c\nt !m1 ! int]vals mu/ rema9 ?\gh ! s\nds disappe>3 h[ c\ld ^! int]vals rema91 if !y 7 pure duration & n space8 ,x is 9 space1 !re=e1 t ! op]ation takes place4 ,x becomes1 inde$1 m & m difficult z we p5etrate fur!r into ! dep?s ( consci\sness4 ,"h we f9d ourselves confront$ by a confus$ multiplicity ( s5sations & feel+s :i* analysis alone c di/+ui%4 ,_! numb] is id5tical ) ! numb] ( ! mom5ts :i* we take up :5 we c\nt !m2 b ^! mom5ts1 z !y c be add$ to "o ano!r1 are aga9 po9ts 9 space4 ,our f9al conclusion1 !re=e1 is t !re are two k9ds ( multiplicity3 t ( mat]ial objects1 to :i* ! conception ( numb] is imm$iately applicable2 & ! multiplicity ( /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z num]ical )\t ! help ( "s symbolical repres5tation1 9 :i* a necess>y elem5t is space4 ,sid5ote3 ,! imp5etrability ( matt] is n a physical b a logical necessity4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ea* ( u makes a di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( multiplicity :5ev] he speaks ( ! imp5etrability ( matt]4 ,we sometimes set up imp5etrability z a fundam5tal prop]ty ( bodies1 kn[n 9 ! same way & put on ! same level z e4g4 weight or resi/ance4 ,b a purely negative prop]ty ( ?is k9d _c be reveal$ by our s5ses2 inde$1 c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9 mix+ & comb9+ ?+s might lead u to call x 9 "q if our m9ds 7 n already made up on ! po9t4 ,try to picture "o body p5etrat+ ano!r3 y w at once assume t !re are empty spaces 9 ! "o :i* w be occupi$ by ! p>ticles ( ! o!r2 ^! p>ticles 9 _! turn _c p5etrate "o ano!r unless "o ( !m divides 9 ord] to fill up ! int]/ices ( ! o!r2 & our ?\ght w prolong ?is op]ation indef9itely 9 pref]5ce to pictur+ two bodies 9 ! same place4 ,n[1 if imp5etrability 7 really a quality ( matt] :i* 0 kn[n by ! s5ses1 x is n at all cle> :y we %\ld exp]i5ce m difficulty 9 conceiv+ two bodies m]g+ into "o ano!r ?an a surface devoid ( resi/ance or a weightless fluid4 ,9 reality1 x is n a physical b a logical necessity :i* atta*es to ! proposition3 ,two bodies _c occupy ! same place at ! same "t ,! contr>y ass]tion involves an absurdity :i* no conceivable exp]i5ce c\ld succe$ 9 dispell+4 ,9 a ^w1 x implies a contradiction4 ,b does n ?is am\nt to recogniz+ t ! v idea ( ! numb] #b1 or1 m g5]ally1 ( any numb] :atev]1 involves ! idea ( juxtaposition 9 space8 ,if imp5etrability is g5]ally reg>d$ z a quality ( matt]1 ! reason is t ! idea ( numb] is ?\ght to be indep5d5t ( ! idea ( space4 ,we ?us believe t we are add+ some?+ to ! idea ( two or m objects by say+ t !y _c occupy ! same place3 z if ! idea ( ! numb] #b1 ev5 ! ab/ract numb]1 7 n already1 z we h %[n1 t ( two diff]5t positions 9 space6 ,h5ce to ass]t ! imp5etrability ( matt] is simply to recognize ! int]connexion betwe5 ! notions ( numb] & space1 x is to /ate a prop]ty ( numb] r ?an ( matt]4--,yet1 x w be said1 d we n c\nt feel+s1 s5sations1 ideas1 all ( :i* p]meate "o ano!r1 & ea* ( :i*1 = its "p1 takes up ! :ole ( ! s\l8--,yes1 und\bt$ly2 b1 j because !y p]meate "o ano!r1 we _c c\nt !m unless we repres5t !m by homog5e\s units :i* occupy sep>ate positions 9 space & consequ5tly no long] p]meate "o ano!r4 ,imp5etrability ?us makes its appe>ance at ! same "t z numb]2 & :5 we attribute ?is quality to matt] 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ev]y?+ :i* is n matt]1 we simply /ate "u ano!r =m ! di/9ction e/abli%$ above betwe5 ext5d$ objects1 to :i* ! conception ( numb] is imm$iately applicable1 & /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* h fir/ ( all to be repres5t$ symbolically 9 space4 ,sid5ote3 ,homog5e\s "t z ! m$ium 9 :i* consci\s /ates =m discrete s]ies4 ,?is "t is no?+ b space1 & pure duration is some?+ diff]5t4 ,x is advisable to dwell on ! la/ po9t4 ,if1 9 ord] to c\nt /ates ( consci\sness1 we h to repres5t !m symbolically 9 space1 is x n likely t ?is symbolical repres5tation w alt] ! normal conditions ( inn] p]ception8 ,let u recall :at we said a %ort "t ago ab\t ! int5sity ( c]ta9 psy*ic /ates4 ,repres5tative s5sation1 look$ at 9 itself1 is pure quality2 b1 se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ext5sity1 ?is quality becomes 9 a c]ta9 s5se quantity1 & is call$ int5sity4 ,9 ! same way1 our projection ( our psy*ic /ates into space 9 ord] to =m a discrete multiplicity is likely to influ5ce ^! /ates !mselves & to give !m 9 reflective consci\sness a new =m1 :i* imm$iate p]ception did n attribute to !m4 ,n[1 let u notice t :5 we speak ( "t1 we g5]ally ?9k ( a homog5e\s m$ium 9 :i* our consci\s /ates are rang$ alongside "o ano!r z 9 space1 s z to =m a discrete multiplicity4 ,w\ld n "t1 ?us und]/ood1 be to ! multiplicity ( our psy*ic /ates :at int5sity is to c]ta9 ( !m1--a sign1 a symbol1 absolutely di/9ct f true duration8 ,let u ask consci\sness to isolate itself f ! ext]nal _w1 &1 by a vigor\s ef=t ( ab/raction1 to become itself aga94 ,we %all !n put ?is "q to x3 does ! multiplicity ( our consci\s /ates be> ! slighte/ resemblance to ! multiplicity ( ! units ( a numb]8 ,has true duration any?+ to d ) space8 ,c]ta9ly1 our analysis ( ! idea ( numb] c\ld n b make u d\bt ?is analogy1 to say no m4 ,= if "t1 z ! reflective consci\sness repres5ts x1 is a m$ium 9 :i* our consci\s /ates =m a discrete s]ies s z to admit ( be+ c\nt$1 & if on ! o!r h& our conception ( numb] ends 9 spread+ out 9 space ev]y?+ :i* c be directly c\nt$1 x is to be presum$ t "t1 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( a m$ium 9 :i* we make di/9ctions & c\nt1 is no?+ b space4 ,t :i* goes to confirm ?is op9ion is t we are compell$ to borr[ f space ! images by :i* we describe :at ! reflective consci\sness feels ab\t "t & ev5 ab\t succession2 x foll[s t pure duration mu/ be some?+ diff]5t4 ,su* are ! que/ions :i* we h be5 l$ to ask by ! v analysis ( ! notion ( discrete multiplicity4 ,b we _c ?r[ any light ^u !m except by a direct /udy ( ! ideas ( space & "t 9 _! mutual relations4 ,sid5ote3 ,does space exi/ indep5d5tly ( its cont5ts1 z ,kant held8 ,we %all n lay too mu* /ress on ! "q ( ! absolute reality ( space3 p]haps we might z well ask :e!r space is or is n 9 space4 ,9 %ort1 our s5ses p]ceive ! qualities ( bodies & space along ) !m3 ! great difficulty seems to h be5 to discov] :e!r ext5sity is an aspect ( ^! physical qualities--a quality ( quality--or :e!r ^! qualities are ess5tially unext5d$1 space com+ 9 z a lat] addition1 b be+ self-suffici5t & exi/+ )\t !m4 ,on ! fir/ hypo!sis1 space w\ld be r$uc$ to an ab/raction1 or1 speak+ m correctly1 an extract2 x w\ld express ! common elem5t possess$ by c]ta9 s5sations call$ repres5tative4 ,9 ! second case1 space w\ld be a reality z solid z ! s5sations !mselves1 al?\gh ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,we owe ! exact =mulation ( ?is latt] conception to ,kant3 ! !ory :i* he works out 9 ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic consi/s 9 end[+ space ) an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( its cont5t1 9 lay+ d[n z de jure sep>able :at ea* ( u sep>ates de facto1 & 9 refus+ to reg>d ext5sity z an ab/raction l ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,kantian conception ( space diff]s less ?an is usually imag9$ f ! popul> belief4 ,f> f %ak+ our fai? 9 ! reality ( space1 ,kant has %[n :at x actually means & has ev5 ju/ifi$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! empirici/s really agree ) ,kant = ext5sity c n result f syn!sis ( unext5d$ s5sations )\t an act ( ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 ! solution giv5 by ,kant does n seem to h be5 s]i\sly disput$ s9ce 8 "t3 inde$1 x has =c$ itself1 sometimes )\t _! k1 on ! majority ( ^? :o h approa*$ ! problem anew1 :e!r nativi/s or empirici/s4 ,psy*ologi/s agree 9 assign+ a ,kantian orig9 to ! nativi/ic explanation ( ,johann ,mll]2 b ,lotze's hypo!sis ( local signs1 ,ba9's !ory1 & ! m compreh5sive explanation sugge/$ by ,wundt1 may seem at fir/ q indep5d5t ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic4 ,! au?ors ( ^! !ories seem inde$ to h put aside ! problem ( ! nature ( space1 9 ord] to inve/igate simply by :at process our s5sations come to be situat$ 9 space & to be set1 s to speak1 alongside "o ano!r3 b ?is v "q %[s t !y reg>d s5sations z inext5sive & make a radical di/9ction1 j z ,kant did1 betwe5 ! matt] ( repres5tation & its =m4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ! !ories ( ,lotze & ,ba91 & f ,wundt's attempt to reconcile !m1 is t ! s5sations by means ( :i* we come to =m ! notion ( space are !mselves unext5d$ & simply qualitative3 ext5sity is suppos$ to result f _! syn!sis1 z wat] f ! comb9ation ( two gases4 ,! empirical or g5etic explanations h ?us tak5 up ! problem ( space at ! v po9t :]e ,kant left x3 ,kant sep>at$ space f its cont5ts3 ! empirici/s ask h[ ^! cont5ts1 :i* are tak5 out ( space by our ?\ght1 manage to get back aga94 ,x is true t !y h app>5tly disreg>d$ ! activity ( ! m9d1 & t !y are obvi\sly incl9$ to reg>d ! ext5sive =m "u :i* we repres5t ?+s z produc$ by a k9d ( alliance ( ! s5sations ) "o ano!r3 space1 )\t be+ extract$ f ! s5sations1 is suppos$ to result f _! co-exi/5ce4 ,b h[ c we expla9 su* an orig9ation )\t ! active int]v5tion ( ! m9d8 ,! ext5sive diff]s by hypo!sis f ! inext5sive3 & ev5 if we assume t ext5sion is no?+ b a relation betwe5 inext5sive t]ms1 ?is relation mu/ /ill be e/abli%$ by a m9d capable ( ?us associat+ sev]al t]ms4 ,x is no use quot+ ! example ( *emical comb9ations1 9 :i* ! :ole seems to assume1 ( its own accord1 a =m & qualities :i* did n belong to any ( ! elem5t>y atoms4 ,?is =m & ^! qualities owe _! orig9 j to ! fact t we ga!r up ! multiplicity ( atoms 9 a s+le p]ception3 get rid ( ! m9d :i* c>ries out ?is syn!sis & y w at once d away ) ! qualities1 t is to say1 ! aspect "u :i* ! syn!sis ( elem5t>y p>ts is pres5t$ to our consci\sness4 ,?us inext5sive s5sations w rema9 :at !y are1 viz41 inext5sive s5sations1 if no?+ be add$ to !m4 ,= _! co-exi/5ce to give rise to space1 !re mu/ be an act ( ! m9d :i* takes !m 9 all at ! same "t & sets !m 9 juxtaposition3 ?is unique act is v l :at ,kant calls an a priori =m ( s5sibility4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is act consi/s 9 ! intuition ( an empty homog5e\s m$ium3 p]haps peculi> to man & n %>$ by animals4 ,if we n[ seek to *>act]ize ?is act1 we see t x consi/s ess5tially 9 ! intuition1 or r ! conception1 ( an empty homog5e\s m$ium4 ,= x is sc>cely possible to give any o!r def9ition ( space3 space is :at enables u to di/+ui% a numb] ( id5tical & simultane\s s5sations f "o ano!r2 x is ?us a pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation o!r ?an t ( qualitative diff]5tiation1 & consequ5tly x is a reality ) no quality4 ,someone may say1 ) ! believ]s 9 ! !ory ( local signs1 t simultane\s s5sations are nev] id5tical1 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! div]sity ( ! organic elem5ts :i* !y affect1 !re are no two po9ts ( a homog5e\s surface :i* make ! same impression on ! sight or ! t\*4 ,we are q ready to grant x1 = if ^! two po9ts affect$ u 9 ! same way1 !re w\ld be no reason = plac+ "o ( !m on ! "r r ?an on ! left4 ,b1 j because we aft]w>ds int]pret ?is diff]5ce ( quality 9 ! s5se ( a diff]5ce ( situation1 x foll[s t we mu/ h a cle> idea ( a homog5e\s m$ium1 i4e4 ( a simultaneity ( t]ms :i*1 al?\gh id5tical 9 quality1 are yet di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,! m y insi/ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! impressions made on our ret9a by two po9ts ( a homog5e\s surface1 ! m d y !reby make room = ! activity ( ! m9d1 :i* p]ceives "u ! =m ( ext5sive homog5eity :at is giv5 x z qualitative het]og5eity4 ,no d\bt1 ?\gh ! repres5tation ( a homog5e\s space gr[s out ( an ef=t ( ! m9d1 !re mu/ be )9 ! qualities !mselves :i* diff]5tiate two s5sations "s reason :y !y occupy ?is or t def9ite position 9 space4 ,we mu/ ?us di/+ui% betwe5 ! p]ception ( ext5sity & ! conception ( space3 !y are no d\bt impli$ 9 "o ano!r1 b1 ! high] we rise 9 ! scale ( intellig5t be+s1 ! m cle>ly d we meet ) ! indep5d5t idea ( a homog5e\s space4 ,x is !re=e d\btful :e!r animals p]ceive ! ext]nal _w q z we d1 & especially :e!r !y repres5t ext]nality 9 ! same way z ourselves4 ,naturali/s h po9t$ out1 z a rem>kable fact1 ! surpris+ ease ) :i* _m v]tebrates1 & ev5 "s insects1 manage to f9d _! way ?r\gh space4 ,animals h be5 se5 to return almo/ 9 a /raight l9e to _! old home1 pursu+ a pa? :i* 0 hi!rto unkn[n to !m ov] a di/ance :i* may am\nt to sev]al hundr$s ( miles4 ,attempts h be5 made to expla9 ?is feel+ ( direction by sight or smell1 &1 m rec5tly1 by ! p]ception ( magnetic curr5ts :i* w\ld enable ! animal to take its be>+s l a liv+ compass4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t space is n s homog5e\s = ! animal z = u1 & t det]m9ations ( space1 or directions1 d n assume = x a purely geometrical =m4 ,ea* ( ^! directions might appe> to x ) its own %ade1 its peculi> quality4 ,we %all und]/& h[ a p]ception ( ?is k9d is possible if we rememb] t we ourselves di/+ui% our "r f our left by a natural feel+1 & t ^! two p>ts ( our own ext5sity d !n appe> to u z if !y bore a diff]5t quality2 9 fact1 ?is is ! v reason :y we _c give a prop] def9ition ( "r & left4 ,9 tru?1 qualitative diff]5ces exi/ ev]y:]e 9 nature1 & ,i d n see :y two concrete directions %\ld n be z m>k$ 9 imm$iate p]ception z two col\rs4 ,b ! conception ( an empty homog5e\s m$ium is some?+ f> m extraord9>y1 be+ a k9d ( reaction aga9/ t het]og5eity :i* is ! v gr\nd ( our exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( say+ t animals h a special s5se ( direction1 we may z well say t m5 h a special faculty ( p]ceiv+ or conceiv+ a space )\t quality4 ,?is faculty is n ! faculty ( ab/raction3 inde$1 if we notice t ab/raction assumes clean-cut di/9ctions & a k9d ( ext]nality ( ! concepts or _! symbols ) reg>d to "o ano!r1 we %all f9d t ! faculty ( ab/raction already implies ! intuition ( a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,:at we mu/ say is t we h to d ) two diff]5t k9ds ( reality1 ! "o het]og5e\s1 t ( s5sible qualities1 ! o!r homog5e\s1 namely space4 ,?is latt]1 cle>ly conceiv$ by ! human intellect1 enables u to use clean-cut di/9ctions1 to c\nt1 to ab/ract1 & p]haps also to speak4 ,sid5ote3 ,"t1 9 s f> z x is a homog5i\s m$ium1 & n concrete duration1 is r$ucible to space4 ,n[1 if space is to be def9$ z ! homog5e\s1 x seems t inv]sely e homog5e\s & unb\nd$ m$ium w be space4 ,=1 homog5eity "h consi/+ 9 ! abs5ce ( e quality1 x is h>d to see h[ two =ms ( ! homog5e\s c\ld be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,nev]!less x is g5]ally agre$ to reg>d "t z an unb\nd$ m$ium1 diff]5t f space b homog5e\s l ! latt]3 ! homog5e\s is ?us suppos$ to take two =ms1 accord+ z its cont5ts co-exi/ or foll[ "o ano!r4 ,x is true t1 :5 we make "t a homog5e\s m$ium 9 :i* consci\s /ates unfold !mselves1 we take x to be giv5 all at once1 :i* am\nts to say+ t we ab/ract x f duration4 ,?is simple consid]ation ought to w>n u t we are ?us unwitt+ly fall+ back ^u space1 & really giv+ up "t4 ,moreov]1 we c und]/& t mat]ial objects1 be+ ext]ior to "o ano!r & to ourselves1 d]ive bo? ext]iorities f ! homog5eity ( a m$ium :i* ins]ts int]vals betwe5 !m & sets (f _! outl9es3 b /ates ( consci\sness1 ev5 :5 successive1 p]meate "o ano!r1 & 9 ! simple/ ( !m ! :ole s\l c be reflect$4 ,we may !re=e surmise t "t1 conceiv$ "u ! =m ( a homog5e\s m$ium1 is "s spuri\s concept1 due to ! trespass+ ( ! idea ( space ^u ! field ( pure consci\sness4 ,at any rate we _c f9ally admit two =ms ( ! homog5e\s1 "t & space1 )\t fir/ seek+ :e!r "o ( !m _c be r$uc$ to ! o!r4 ,n[1 ext]nality is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?+s :i* occupy space1 :ile /ates ( consci\sness are n ess5tially ext]nal to "o ano!r1 & become s only by be+ spread out 9 "t1 reg>d$ z a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,if1 !n1 "o ( ^! two suppos$ =ms ( ! homog5e\s1 namely "t & space1 is d]iv$ f ! o!r1 we c surmise a priori t ! idea ( space is ! fundam5tal datum4 ,b1 misl$ by ! app>5t simplicity ( ! idea ( "t1 ! philosoph]s :o h tri$ to r$uce "o ( ^! ideas to ! o!r h ?\ght t !y c\ld make ext5sity out ( duration4 ,:ile %[+ h[ !y h be5 misl$1 we %all see t "t1 conceiv$ "u ! =m ( an unb\nd$ & homog5e\s m$ium1 is no?+ b ! gho/ ( space haunt+ ! reflective consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,mi/ake ( ! attempt to d]ive relations ( ext5sity f ^? ( succession4 ,! conception ( pure duration4 ,! ,engli% s*ool tries1 9 fact1 to r$uce relations ( ext5sity to m or less complex relations ( succession 9 "t4 ,:51 ) our eyes %ut1 we run our h&s along a surface1 ! rubb+ ( our f+]s aga9/ ! surface1 & especially ! v>i$ play ( our jo9ts1 provide a s]ies ( s5sations1 :i* diff] only by _! qualities & :i* exhibit a c]ta9 ord] 9 "t4 ,moreov]1 exp]i5ce tea*es u t ?is s]ies c be rev]s$1 t we c1 by an ef=t ( a diff]5t k9d 7or1 z we %all call x lat]1 9 an opposite direction71 obta9 ! same s5sations ov] aga9 9 an inv]se ord]3 relations ( position 9 space might !n be def9$ z rev]sible relations ( succession 9 "t4 ,b su* a def9ition involves a vici\s circle1 or at lea/ a v sup]ficial idea ( "t4 ,!re are1 inde$1 z we %all %[ a little lat]1 two possible conceptions ( "t1 ! "o free f all alloy1 ! o!r surreptiti\sly br++ 9 ! idea ( space4 ,pure duration is ! =m :i* ! succession ( our consci\s /ates assumes :5 our ego lets itself live1 :5 x refra9s f sep>at+ its pres5t /ate f its =m] /ates4 ,= ?is purpose x ne$ n be entirely absorb$ 9 ! pass+ s5sation or idea2 = !n1 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld no long] endure4 ,nor ne$ x =get its =m] /ates3 x is en\gh t1 9 recall+ ^! /ates1 x does n set !m alongside its actual /ate z "o po9t alongside ano!r1 b =ms bo? ! pa/ & ! pres5t /ates into an organic :ole1 z happ5s :5 we recall ! notes ( a tune1 melt+1 s to speak1 into "o ano!r4 ,might x n be said t1 ev5 if ^! notes succe$ "o ano!r1 yet we p]ceive !m 9 "o ano!r1 & t _! totality may be comp>$ to a liv+ be+ ^: p>ts1 al?\gh di/9ct1 p]meate "o ano!r j because !y are s closely connect$8 ,! pro( is t1 if we int]rupt ! rhy?m by dwell+ long] ?an is "r on "o note ( ! tune1 x is n its exagg]at$ l5g?1 z l5g?1 :i* w w>n u ( our mi/ake1 b ! qualitative *ange !reby caus$ 9 ! :ole ( ! musical phrase4 ,we c ?us conceive ( succession )\t di/9ction1 & ?9k ( x z a mutual p5etration1 an int]connexion & organization ( elem5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* repres5ts ! :ole1 & _c be di/+ui%$ or isolat$ f x except by ab/ract ?\ght4 ,su* is ! acc\nt ( duration :i* w\ld be giv5 by a be+ :o 0 ev] ! same & ev] *ang+1 & :o _h no idea ( space4 ,b1 famili> ) ! latt] idea & inde$ beset by x1 we introduce x unwitt+ly into our feel+ ( pure succession2 we set our /ates ( consci\sness side by side 9 su* a way z to p]ceive !m simultane\sly1 no long] 9 "o ano!r1 b alongside "o ano!r2 9 a ^w1 we project "t into space1 we express duration 9 t]ms ( ext5sity1 & succession ?us takes ! =m ( a cont9u\s l9e or a *a91 ! p>ts ( :i* t\* )\t p5etrat+ "o ano!r4 ,note t ! m5tal image ?us %ap$ implies ! p]ception1 no long] successive1 b simultane\s1 ( a be=e & aft]1 & t x w\ld be a contradiction to suppose a succession :i* 0 only a succession1 & :i* nev]!less 0 conta9$ 9 "o & ! same in/ant4 ,n[1 :5 we speak ( an ord] ( succession 9 duration1 & ( ! rev]sibility ( ?is ord]1 is ! succession we are deal+ ) pure succession1 su* z we h j def9$ x1 )\t any admixture ( ext5sity1 or is x succession develop+ 9 space1 9 su* a way t we c take 9 at once a numb] ( elem5ts :i* are bo? di/9ct & set side by side8 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! answ]3 we c\ld n introduce ord] among t]ms )\t fir/ di/+ui%+ !m & !n comp>+ ! places :i* !y occupy2 h5ce we mu/ p]ceive !m z multiple1 simultane\s & di/9ct2 9 a ^w1 we set !m side by side1 & if we introduce an ord] 9 :at is successive1 ! reason is t succession is conv]t$ into simultaneity & is project$ into space4 ,9 %ort1 :5 ! movem5t ( my f+] along a surface or a l9e provides me ) a s]ies ( s5sations ( diff]5t qualities1 "o ( two ?+s happ5s3 ei!r ,i picture ^! s5sations to myself z 9 duration only1 & 9 t case !y succe$ "o ano!r 9 su* a way t ,i _c at a giv5 mom5t p]ceive a numb] ( !m z simultane\s & yet di/9ct2 or else ,i make out an ord] ( succession1 b 9 t case ,i display ! faculty n only ( p]ceiv+ a succession ( elem5ts1 b also ( sett+ !m out 9 l9e aft] hav+ di/+ui%$ !m3 9 a ^w1 ,i already possess ! idea ( space4 ,h5ce ! idea ( a rev]sible s]ies 9 duration1 or ev5 simply ( a c]ta9 ord] ( succession 9 "t1 itself implies ! repres5tation ( space1 & _c be us$ to def9e x4 ,sid5ote3 ,succession _c be symboliz$ z a l9e )\t introduc+ ! idea ( space ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,to give ?is argum5t a /rict] =m1 let u imag9e a /raight l9e ( unlimit$ l5g?1 & on ?is l9e a mat]ial po9t ,a1 :i* moves4 ,if ?is po9t 7 consci\s ( itself1 x w\ld feel itself *ange1 s9ce x moves3 x w\ld p]ceive a succession2 b w\ld ?is succession assume = x ! =m ( a l9e8 ,no d\bt x w\ld1 if x c\ld rise1 s to speak1 above ! l9e :i* x trav]ses1 & p]ceive simultane\sly sev]al po9ts ( x 9 juxtaposition3 b by do+ s x w\ld =m ! idea ( space1 & x is 9 space & n 9 pure duration t x w\ld see display$ ! *anges :i* x und]goes4 ,we "h put our f+] on ! mi/ake ( ^? :o reg>d pure duration z some?+ simil> to space1 b ( a simpl] nature4 ,!y are fond ( sett+ psy*ic /ates side by side1 ( =m+ a *a9 or a l9e ( !m1 & d n imag9e t !y are introduc+ into ?is op]ation ! idea ( space prop]ly s call$1 ! idea ( space 9 its totality1 because space is a m$ium ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,b h[ c !y fail to notice t1 9 ord] to p]ceive a l9e z a l9e1 x is necess>y to take up a position outside x1 to take acc\nt ( ! void :i* surr\nds x1 & consequ5tly to ?9k a space ( ?ree dim5sions8 ,if our consci\s po9t ,a does n yet possess ! idea ( space--& ?is is ! hypo!sis :i* we h agre$ to adopt--! succession ( /ates ?r\gh :i* x passes _c assume = x ! =m ( a l9e2 b its s5sations w add !mselves dynamically to "o ano!r & w organize !mselves1 l ! successive notes ( a tune by :i* we all[ ourselves to be lull$ & soo!d4 ,9 a ^w1 pure duration might well be no?+ b a succession ( qualitative *anges1 :i* melt into & p]meate "o ano!r1 )\t precise outl9es1 )\t any t5d5cy to ext]nalize !mselves 9 relation to "o ano!r1 )\t any affiliation ) numb]3 x w\ld be pure het]og5eity4 ,b = ! pres5t we %all n insi/ ^u ?is po9t2 x is en\gh = u to h %[n t1 f ! mom5t :5 y attribute ! lea/ homog5eity to duration1 y surreptiti\sly introduce space4 ,sid5ote3 ,pure duration is :olly qualitative4 ,x _c be measur$ unless symbolically repres5t$ 9 space4 ,x is true t we c\nt successive mom5ts ( duration1 & t1 because ( its relations ) numb]1 "t at fir/ seems to u to be a measurable magnitude1 j l space4 ,b !re is "h an important di/9ction to be made4 ,i say1 e4g41 t a m9ute has j elaps$1 & ,i mean by ?is t a p5dulum1 beat+ ! seconds1 has complet$ sixty oscillations4 ,if ,i picture ^! sixty oscillations to myself all at once by a s+le m5tal p]ception1 ,i exclude by hypo!sis ! idea ( a succession4 ,i d n ?9k ( sixty /rokes :i* succe$ "o ano!r1 b ( sixty po9ts on a fix$ l9e1 ea* "o ( :i* symbolizes1 s to speak1 an oscillation ( ! p5dulum4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i wi% to picture ^! sixty oscillations 9 succession1 b )\t alt]+ ! way !y are produc$ 9 space1 ,i %all be compell$ to ?9k ( ea* oscillation to ! exclusion ( ! recollection ( ! prec$+ "o1 = space has pres]v$ no trace ( x2 b by do+ s ,i %all condemn myself to rema9 = ev] 9 ! pres5t2 ,i %all give up ! attempt to ?9k a succession or a duration4 ,n[ if1 f9ally1 ,i reta9 ! recollection ( ! prec$+ oscillation toge!r ) ! image ( ! pres5t oscillation1 "o ( two ?+s w happ54 ,ei!r ,i %all set ! two images side by side1 & we !n fall back on our fir/ hypo!sis1 or ,i %all p]ceive "o 9 ! o!r1 ea* p]meat+ ! o!r & organiz+ !mselves l ! notes ( a tune1 s z to =m :at we %all call a cont9u\s or qualitative multiplicity ) no resemblance to numb]4 ,i %all ?us get ! image ( pure duration2 b ,i %all h entirely got rid ( ! idea ( a homog5e\s m$ium or a measurable quantity4 ,by c>efully exam9+ our consci\sness we %all recognize t x proce$s 9 ?is way :5ev] x refra9s f repres5t+ duration symbolically4 ,:5 ! regul> oscillations ( ! p5dulum make u sleepy1 is x ! la/ s\nd he>d1 ! la/ movem5t p]ceiv$1 :i* produces ?is effect8 ,no1 und\bt$ly n1 = :y !n %\ld n ! fir/ h done ! same8 ,is x ! recollection ( ! prec$+ s\nds or movem5ts1 set 9 juxtaposition to ! la/ "o8 ,b ?is same recollection1 if x is lat] on set 9 juxtaposition to a s+le s\nd or movem5t1 w rema9 )\t effect4 ,h5ce we mu/ admit t ! s\nds comb9$ ) "o ano!r & act$1 n by _! quantity z quantity1 b by ! quality :i* _! quantity exhibit$1 i4e4 by ! rhy?mic organization ( ! :ole4 ,c\ld ! effect ( a slight b cont9u\s /imulation be und]/ood 9 any o!r way8 ,if ! s5sation rema9$ always ! same1 x w\ld cont9ue to be indef9itely slight & indef9itely be>able4 ,b ! fact is t ea* increase ( /imulation is tak5 up into ! prec$+ /imulations1 & t ! :ole produces on u ! effect ( a musical phrase :i* is con/antly on ! po9t ( end+ & con/antly alt]$ 9 its totality by ! addition ( "s new note4 ,if we ass]t t x is always ! same s5sation1 ! reason is t we are ?9k+1 n ( ! s5sation itself1 b ( its objective cause situat$ 9 space4 ,we !n set x out 9 space 9 its turn1 & 9 place ( an organism :i* develops1 9 place ( *anges :i* p]meate "o ano!r1 we p]ceive "o & ! same s5sation /ret*+ itself out l5g?wise1 s to speak1 & sett+ itself 9 juxtaposition to itself )\t limit4 ,pure duration1 t :i* consci\sness p]ceives1 mu/ ?us be reckon$ among ! s-call$ int5sive magnitudes1 if int5sities c be call$ magnitudes3 /rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 x is n a quantity1 & z soon z we try to measure x1 we unwitt+ly replace x by space4 ,sid5ote3 ,"t1 z dealt ) by ! a/ronom] & ! physici/1 does inde$ seem to be measurable & !re=e homog5e\s4 ,b we f9d x extraord9>ily difficult to ?9k ( duration 9 its orig9al purity2 ?is is due1 no d\bt1 to ! fact t we d n endure alone1 ext]nal objects1 x seems1 endure z we d1 & "t1 reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 has e appe>ance ( a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,n only d ! mom5ts ( ?is duration seem to be ext]nal to "o ano!r1 l bodies 9 space1 b ! movem5t p]ceiv$ by our s5ses is !1 s to speak1 palpable sign ( a homog5e\s & measurable duration4 ,nay m1 "t ent]s into ! =mulae ( me*anics1 into ! calculations ( ! a/ronom]1 & ev5 ( ! physici/1 "u ! =m ( a quantity4 ,we measure ! velocity ( a movem5t1 imply+ t "t itself is a magnitude4 ,inde$1 ! analysis :i* we h j attempt$ requires to be complet$1 = if duration prop]ly s-call$ _c be measur$1 :at is x t is measur$ by ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum8 ,grant$ t inn] duration1 p]ceiv$ by consci\sness1 is no?+ else b ! melt+ ( /ates ( consci\sness into "o ano!r1 & ! gradual gr[? ( ! ego1 x w be said1 not)/&+1 t ! "t :i* ! a/ronom] introduces into 8 =mulae1 ! "t :i* our clocks divide into equal portions1 ?is "t1 at lea/1 is some?+ diff]5t3 x mu/ be a measurable & !re=e homog5e\s magnitude4--,x is no?+ ( ! sort1 h[ev]1 & a close exam9ation w dispel ?is la/ illusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :at we call measur+ "t is no?+ b c\nt+ simultaneities4 ,! clock tak5 z an illu/ration4 ,:5 ,i foll[ ) my eyes on ! dial ( a clock ! movem5t ( ! h& :i* corresponds to ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 ,i d n measure duration1 z seems to be ?\ght2 ,i m]ely c\nt simultaneities1 :i* is v diff]5t4 ,outside ( me1 9 space1 !re is nev] m ?an a s+le position ( ! h& & ! p5dulum1 = no?+ is left ( ! pa/ positions4 ,)9 myself a process ( organization or int]p5etration ( consci\s /ates is go+ on1 :i* con/itutes true duration4 ,x is because ,i endure 9 ?is way t ,i picture to myself :at ,i call ! pa/ oscillations ( ! p5dulum at ! same "t z ,i p]ceive ! pres5t oscillation4 ,n[1 let u )draw = a mom5t ! ego :i* ?9ks ^! s-call$ successive oscillations3 !re w nev] be m ?an a s+le oscillation1 & inde$ only a s+le position1 ( ! p5dulum1 & h5ce no duration4 ,)draw1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p5dulum & its oscillations2 !re w no long] be any?+ b ! het]og5e\s duration ( ! ego1 )\t mom5ts ext]nal to "o ano!r1 )\t relation to numb]4 ,?us1 )9 our ego1 !re is succession )\t mutual ext]nality2 outside ! ego1 9 pure space1 mutual ext]nality )\t succession3 mutual ext]nality1 s9ce ! pres5t oscillation is radically di/9ct f ! previ\s oscillation1 :i* no long] exi/s2 b no succession1 s9ce succession exi/s solely = a consci\s spectator :o keeps ! pa/ 9 m9d & sets ! two oscillations or _! symbols side by side 9 an auxili>y space4 ,n[1 betwe5 ?is succession )\t ext]nality & ?is ext]nality )\t succession1 a k9d ( ex*ange takes place1 v simil> to :at physici/s call ! ph5om5on ( endosmosis4 ,z ! successive phases ( our consci\s life1 al?\gh int]p5etrat+1 correspond individually to an oscillation ( ! p5dulum :i* occurs at ! same "t1 & z1 moreov]1 ^! oscillations are %>ply di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 we get into ! habit ( sett+ up ! same di/9ction betwe5 ! successive mom5ts ( our consci\s life3 ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum break x up1 s to speak1 into p>ts ext]nal to "o ano!r3 h5ce ! mi/ak5 idea ( a homog5e\s inn] duration1 simil> to space1 ! mom5ts ( :i* are id5tical & foll[1 )\t p5etrat+1 "o ano!r4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 :i* are di/9ct only because "o has disappe>$ :5 ! o!r appe>s on ! sc5e1 pr(it1 z x 71 f ! influ5ce :i* !y h ?us ex]cis$ ov] our consci\s life4 ,ow+ to ! fact t our consci\sness has organiz$ !m z a :ole 9 memory1 !y are fir/ pres]v$ & aft]w>ds dispos$ 9 a s]ies3 9 a ^w1 we create = !m a f\r? dim5sion ( space1 :i* we call homog5e\s "t1 & :i* enables ! movem5t ( ! p5dulum1 al?\gh tak+ place at "o spot1 to be cont9ually set 9 juxtaposition to itself4 ,n[1 if we try to det]m9e ! exact "p play$ by ! real & ! imag9>y 9 ?is v complex process1 ?is is :at we f9d4 ,!re is a real space1 )\t duration1 9 :i* ph5om5a appe> & disappe> simultane\sly ) our /ates ( consci\sness4 ,!re is a real duration1 ! het]og5e\s mom5ts ( :i* p]meate "o ano!r2 ea* mom5t1 h[ev]1 c be br\ght into relation ) a /ate ( ! ext]nal _w :i* is contemporane\s ) x1 & c be sep>at$ f ! o!r mom5ts 9 consequ5ce ( ?is v process4 ,! comp>ison ( ^! two realities gives rise to a symbolical repres5tation ( duration1 d]iv$ f space4 ,duration ?us assumes ! illusory =m ( a homog5e\s m$ium1 & ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ^! two t]ms1 space & duration1 is simultaneity1 :i* might be def9$ z ! int]section ( "t & space4 ,sid5ote3 ,two elem5ts 9 motion3 7#a7 ! space trav]s$1 :i* is homog5e\s & divisible2 7#b7 ! act ( trav]s+1 indivisible & real only = consci\sness4 ,if we analyse 9 ! same way ! concept ( motion1 ! liv+ symbol ( ?is seem+ly homog5e\s duration1 we %all be l$ to make a di/9ction ( ! same k9d4 ,we g5]ally say t a movem5t takes place 9 space1 & :5 we ass]t t motion is homog5e\s & divisible1 x is ( ! space trav]s$ t we are ?9k+1 z if x 7 int]*angeable ) ! motion itself4 ,n[1 if we reflect fur!r1 we %all see t ! successive positions ( ! mov+ body really d occupy space1 b t ! process by :i* x passes f "o position to ! o!r1 a process :i* occupies duration & :i* has no reality except = a consci\s spectator1 eludes space4 ,we h to d "h n ) an object b ) a progress3 motion1 9 s f> z x is a passage f "o po9t to ano!r1 is a m5tal syn!sis1 a psy*ic & !re=e unext5d$ process4 ,space conta9s only p>ts ( space1 & at :atev] po9t ( space we consid] ! mov+ body1 we %all get only a position4 ,if consci\sness is aw>e ( any?+ m ?an positions1 ! reason is t x keeps ! successive positions 9 m9d & syn!sizes !m4 ,b h[ does x c>ry out a syn!sis ( ?is k9d8 ,x _c be by a fre% sett+ out ( ^! same positions 9 a homog5e\s m$ium1 = a fre% syn!sis w\ld be necess>y to connect ! positions ) "o ano!r1 & s on indef9itely4 ,we are ?us compell$ to admit t we h "h to d ) a syn!sis :i* is1 s to speak1 qualitative1 a gradual organization ( our successive s5sations1 a unity resembl+ t ( a phrase 9 a melody4 ,?is is j ! idea ( motion :i* we =m :5 we ?9k ( x by itself1 :51 s to speak1 f motion we extract mobility4 ,?9k ( :at y exp]i5ce on sudd5ly p]ceiv+ a %oot+ />3 9 ?is extremely rapid motion !re is a natural & in/9ctive sep>ation betwe5 ! space trav]s$1 :i* appe>s to y "u ! =m ( a l9e ( fire1 & ! absolutely indivisible s5sation ( motion or mobility4 ,a rapid ge/ure1 made ) "o's eyes %ut1 w assume = consci\sness ! =m ( a purely qualitative s5sation z long z !re is no ?\ght ( ! space trav]s$4 ,9 a ^w1 !re are two elem5ts to be di/+ui%$ 9 motion1 ! space trav]s$ & ! act by :i* we trav]se x1 ! successive positions & ! syn!sis ( ^! positions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! elem5ts is a homog5e\s quantity3 ! second has no reality except 9 a consci\sness3 x is a quality or an int5sity1 :i*ev] y pref]4 ,b "h aga9 we meet ) a case ( endosmosis1 an int]m+l+ ( ! purely int5sive s5sation ( mobility ) ! ext5sive repres5tation ( ! space trav]s$4 ,on ! "o h& we attribute to ! motion ! divisibility ( ! space :i* x trav]ses1 =gett+ t x is q possible to divide an object1 b n an act3 & on ! o!r h& we accu/om ourselves to project+ ?is act itself into space1 to apply+ x to ! :ole ( ! l9e :i* ! mov+ body trav]ses1 9 a ^w1 to solidify+ x3 z if ?is localiz+ ( a progress 9 space did n am\nt to ass]t+ t1 ev5 outside consci\sness1 ! pa/ co-exi/s along ) ! pres5t6 ,sid5ote3 ,! common confusion betwe5 motion & ! space trav]s$ gives rise to ! p>adoxes ( ! ,eleatics4 ,x is to ?is confusion betwe5 motion & ! space trav]s$ t ! p>adoxes ( ! ,eleatics are due2 = ! int]val :i* sep>ates two po9ts is inf9itely divisible1 & if motion consi/$ ( p>ts l ^? ( ! int]val itself1 ! int]val w\ld nev] be cross$4 ,b ! tru? is t ea* ( ,a*illes' /eps is a simple indivisible act1 & t1 aft] a giv5 numb] ( ^! acts1 ,a*illes w h pass$ ! tortoise4 ,! mi/ake ( ! ,eleatics arises f _! id5tification ( ?is s]ies ( acts1 ea* ( :i* is ( a def9ite k9d & indivisible1 ) ! homog5e\s space :i* und]lies !m4 ,z ?is space c be divid$ & put toge!r aga9 accord+ to any law :atev]1 !y ?9k !y are ju/ifi$ 9 recon/ruct+ ,a*illes' :ole movem5t1 n ) ,a*illes' k9d ( /ep1 b ) ! tortoise's k9d3 9 place ( ,a*illes pursu+ ! tortoise !y really put two tortoises1 regulat$ by ea* o!r1 two tortoises :i* agree to make ! same k9d ( /eps or simultane\s acts1 s z nev] to cat* "o ano!r4 ,:y does ,a*illes out/rip ! tortoise8 ,because ea* ( ,a*illes' /eps & ea* ( ! tortoise's /eps are indivisible acts 9 s f> z !y are movem5ts1 & are diff]5t magnitudes 9 s f> z !y are space3 s t addition w soon give a great] l5g? = ! space trav]s$ by ,a*illes ?an is obta9$ by add+ toge!r ! space trav]s$ by ! tortoise & ! h&icap ) :i* x />t$4 ,?is is :at ,z5o leaves out ( acc\nt :5 he recon/ructs ! movem5t ( ,a*illes accord+ to ! same law z ! movem5t ( ! tortoise1 =gett+ t space alone c be divid$ & put toge!r aga9 9 any way we l1 & ?us confus+ space ) motion4 ,h5ce we d n ?9k x necess>y to admit1 ev5 aft] ! acute & pr(\nd analysis ( a contempor>y ?9k]1#b t ! meet+ ( ! two mov+ bodies implies a discrepancy betwe5 real & imag9>y motion1 betwe5 space 9 itself & indef9itely divisible space1 betwe5 concrete "t & ab/ract "t4 ,:y resort to a metaphysical hypo!sis1 h[ev] +5i\s1 ab\t ! nature ( space1 "t1 & motion1 :5 imm$iate intuition %[s u motion )9 duration1 & duration outside space8 ,!re is no ne$ to assume a limit to ! divisibility ( concrete space2 we c admit t x is inf9itely divisible1 provid$ t we make a di/9ction betwe5 ! simultane\s positions ( ! two mov+ bodies1 :i* are 9 fact 9 space1 & _! movem5ts1 :i* _c occupy space1 be+ duration r ?an ext5t1 quality & n quantity4 ,to measure ! velocity ( a movem5t1 z we %all see1 is simply to asc]ta9 a simultaneity2 to introduce ?is velocity into calculations is simply to use a conv5i5t means ( anticipat+ a simultaneity4 ,?us ma!matics conf9es itself to its own prov9ce z long z x is occupi$ ) det]m9+ ! simultane\s positions ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise at a giv5 mom5t1 or :5 x admits priori t ! two mov+ bodies meet at a po9t ,x--a meet+ :i* is itself a simultaneity4 ,b x goes beyond its prov9ce :5 x claims to recon/ruct :at takes place 9 ! int]val betwe5 two simultaneities2 or r x is inevitably l$1 ev5 !n1 to consid] simultaneities once m1 fre% simultaneities1 ! indef9itely increas+ numb] ( :i* ought to be a w>n+ t we _c make movem5t out ( immobilities1 nor "t out ( space4 ,9 %ort1 j z no?+ w be f\nd homog5e\s 9 duration except a symbolical m$ium ) no duration at all1 namely space1 9 :i* simultaneities are set out 9 l9e1 9 ! same way no homog5e\s elem5t w be f\nd 9 motion except t :i* lea/ belongs to x1 ! trav]s$ space1 :i* is motionless4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce has to elim9ate duration f "t & mobility f motion be=e x c deal ) !m4 ,n[1 j = ?is reason1 sci5ce _c deal ) "t & motion except on condition ( fir/ elim9at+ ! ess5tial & qualitative elem5t--( "t1 duration1 & ( motion1 mobility4 ,we may easily conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by exam9+ ! "p play$ 9 a/ronomy & me*anics by consid]ations ( "t1 motion1 & velocity4 ,treatises on me*anics are c>eful to ann\nce t !y d n int5d to def9e duration itself b only ! equality ( two durations4 ,two int]vals ( "t are equal :5 two id5tical bodies1 9 id5tical conditions at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ( ^! int]vals & subject to ! same actions & influ5ces ( e k9d1 h trav]s$ ! same space at ! end ( ^! int]vals4 ,9 o!r words1 we are to note ! exact mom5t at :i* ! motion beg9s1 i4e4 ! co9cid5ce ( an ext]nal *ange ) "o ( our psy*ic /ates2 we are to note ! mom5t at :i* ! motion ends1 t is to say1 ano!r simultaneity2 f9ally we are to measure ! space trav]s$1 ! only ?+1 9 fact1 :i* is really measurable4 ,h5ce !re is no "q "h ( duration1 b only ( space & simultaneities4 ,to ann\nce t some?+ w take place at ! end ( a "t t is to decl>e t consci\sness w note betwe5 n[ & !n a numb] t ( simultaneities ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,& we mu/ n be l$ a/ray by ! words betwe5 n[ & !n1 = ! int]val ( duration exi/s only = u & on acc\nt ( ! int]p5etration ( our consci\s /ates4 ,outside ourselves we %\ld f9d only space1 & consequ5tly no?+ b simultaneities1 ( :i* we c\ld n ev5 say t !y are objectively successive1 s9ce succession c only be ?\ght ?r\gh comp>+ ! pres5t ) ! pa/4--,t ! int]val ( duration itself _c be tak5 into acc\nt by sci5ce is prov$ by ! fact t1 if all ! motions ( ! univ]se took place twice or ?rice z quickly1 !re w\ld be no?+ to alt] ei!r 9 our =mulae or 9 ! figures :i* are to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,consci\sness w\ld h an indef9able & z x 7 qualitative impression ( ! *ange1 b ! *ange w\ld n make itself felt outside consci\sness1 s9ce ! same numb] ( simultaneities w\ld g on tak+ place 9 space4 ,we %all see1 lat] on1 t :5 ! a/ronom] pr$icts1 e4g41 an eclipse1 he does some?+ ( ?is k9d3 he %ort5s inf9itely ! int]vals ( duration1 z ^! d n c\nt = sci5ce1 & ?us p]ceives 9 a v %ort "t--a few seconds at ! mo/--a succession ( simultaneities :i* may take up sev]al c5turies = ! concrete consci\sness1 compell$ to live ?r\gh ! int]vals in/ead ( m]ely c\nt+ _! extremities4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is is se5 9 ! def9ition ( velocity4 ,a direct analysis ( ! notion ( velocity w br+ u to ! same conclusion4 ,me*anics gets ?is notion ?r\gh a s]ies ( ideas1 ! connexion ( :i* x is easy en\gh to trace4 ,x fir/ builds up ! idea ( uni=m motion by pictur+1 on ! "o h&1 ! pa? ,,ab ( a c]ta9 mov+ body1 &1 on ! o!r1 a physical ph5om5on :i* is repeat$ indef9itely "u ! same conditions1 e4g41 a /one always fall+ f ! same height on to ! same spot4 ,if we m>k on ! pa? ,,ab ! po9ts ,m1 1 ,p 444 rea*$ by ! mov+ body at ea* ( ! mom5ts :5 ! /one t\*es ! gr\nd1 & if ! int]vals ,,am1 ,,mn & ,,np are f\nd to be equal to "o ano!r1 ! motion w be said to be uni=m3 & any "o ( ^! int]vals w be call$ ! velocity ( ! mov+ body1 provid$ t x is agre$ to adopt z unit ( duration ! physical ph5om5on :i* has be5 *os5 z ! t]m ( comp>ison4 ,?us1 ! velocity ( a uni=m motion is def9$ by me*anics )\t appeal+ to any o!r notions ?an ^? ( space & simultaneity4 ,n[ let u turn to ! case ( a v>iable motion1 t is1 to ! case :5 ! elem5ts ,,am1 ,,mn1 ,,np 444 are f\nd to be unequal4 ,9 ord] to def9e ! velocity ( ! mov+ body ,a at ! po9t ,m1 we %all only h to imag9e an unlimit$ numb] ( mov+ bodies ,a99#a1 ,a99#b1 ,a99#c 444 all mov+ uni=mly ) velocities v99#a1 v99#b1 v99#c 444 :i* are arrang$1 e4g41 9 an asc5d+ scale & :i* correspond to all possible magnitudes4 ,let u !n consid] on ! pa? ( ! mov+ body ,a two po9ts ,m' & ,m1 situat$ on ei!r side ( ! po9t ,m b v ne> x4 ,at ! same "t z ?is mov+ body rea*es ! po9ts ,m'1 ,m1 ,m1 ! o!r mov+ bodies rea* po9ts ,m'99#a ,m99#a ,m99#a1 ,m'99#b ,m99#b ,m99#b 444 on _! respective pa?s2 & !re mu/ be two mov+ bodies ,ah & ,ap su* t we h on ! "o h& ,m' ,m ,m'99h ,m99h & on ! o!r h& ,m ,m ,m99p ,m99p4 ,we %all !n agree to say t ! velocity ( ! mov+ body ,a at ! po9t ,m lies betwe5 v99h & v99p4 ,b no?+ prev5ts our assum+ t ! po9ts ,m' & ,m are /ill ne>] ! po9t ,m1 & x w !n be necess>y to replace v99h & v99p by two fre% velocities v99i & v99n1 ! "o great] ?an v99h & ! o!r less ?an v99p4 ,& 9 proportion z we r$uce ! two int]vals ,m',m & ,,mm1 we %all less5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! velocities ( ! uni=m correspond+ movem5ts4 ,n[1 ! two int]vals be+ capable ( decreas+ "r d[n to z]o1 !re evid5tly exi/s betwe5 v99i & v99n a c]ta9 velocity v99m1 su* t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is velocity & v99h1 v99i 444 on ! "o h&1 & v99p1 v99n 444 on ! o!r1 c become small] ?an any giv5 quantity4 ,x is ?is common limit v99m :i* we %all call ! velocity ( ! mov+ body ,a at ! po9t ,m4--,n[1 9 ?is analysis ( v>iable motion1 z 9 t ( uni=m motion1 x is a "q only ( spaces once trav]s$ & ( simultane\s positions once rea*$4 ,we 7 ?us ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t1 :ile all t me*anics reta9s ( "t is simultaneity1 all t x reta9s ( motion itself--re/rict$1 z x is1 to a measurem5t ( motion--is immobility4 ,*>act]s prec$$ by '99' are 9 subscript 9 orig9al4 ,sid5ote3 ,me*anics deals ) equations1 :i* express some?+ f9i%$1 & n processes1 su* z duration & motion4 ,?is result might h be5 =ese5 by notic+ t me*anics necess>ily deals ) equations1 & t an algebraic equation always expresses some?+ already done4 ,n[1 x is ( ! v ess5ce ( duration & motion1 z !y appe> to our consci\sness1 to be some?+ t is unceas+ly be+ done2 ?us algebra c repres5t ! results ga9$ at a c]ta9 mom5t ( duration & ! positions occupi$ by a c]ta9 mov+ body 9 space1 b n duration & motion !mselves4 ,ma!matics may1 inde$1 increase ! numb] ( simultaneities & positions :i* x takes into consid]ation by mak+ ! int]vals v small3 x may ev51 by us+ ! diff]5tial in/ead ( ! diff]5ce1 %[ t x is possible to increase )\t limit ! numb] ( ^! int]vals ( duration4 ,nev]!less1 h[ev] small ! int]val is suppos$ to be1 x is ! extremity ( ! int]val at :i* ma!matics always places itself4 ,z = ! int]val itself1 z = ! duration & ! motion1 !y are necess>ily left out ( ! equation4 ,! reason is t duration & motion are m5tal syn!ses1 & n objects2 t1 al?\gh ! mov+ body occupies1 "o aft] ! o!r1 po9ts on a l9e1 motion itself has no?+ to d ) a l9e2 & f9ally t1 al?\gh ! positions occupi$ by ! mov+ body v>y ) ! diff]5t mom5ts ( duration1 ?\gh x ev5 creates di/9ct mom5ts by ! m]e fact ( occupy+ diff]5t positions1 duration prop]ly s call$ has no mom5ts :i* are id5tical or ext]nal to "o ano!r1 be+ ess5tially het]og5e\s1 cont9u\s1 & ) no analogy to numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion3 space alone is homog5e\s3 duration & succession belong n to ! ext]nal _w1 b to ! consci\s m9d4 ,x foll[s f ?is analysis t space alone is homog5e\s1 t objects 9 space =m a discrete multiplicity1 & t e discrete multiplicity is got by a process ( unfold+ 9 space4 ,x also foll[s t !re is nei!r duration nor ev5 succession 9 space1 if we give to ^! words ! mean+ 9 :i* consci\sness takes !m3 ea* ( ! s-call$ successive /ates ( ! ext]nal _w exi/s alone2 _! multiplicity is real only = a consci\sness t c fir/ reta9 !m & !n set !m side by side by ext]naliz+ !m 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,if x reta9s !m1 x is because ^! di/9ct /ates ( ! ext]nal _w give rise to /ates ( consci\sness :i* p]meate "o ano!r1 imp]ceptibly organize !mselves into a :ole1 & b9d ! pa/ to ! pres5t by ?is v process ( connexion4 ,if x ext]nalizes !m 9 relation to "o ano!r1 ! reason is t1 ?9k+ ( _! radical di/9ctness 7! "o hav+ ceas$ to be :5 ! o!r appe>s on ! sc5e71 x p]ceives !m "u ! =m ( a discrete multiplicity1 :i* am\nts to sett+ !m out 9 l9e1 9 ! space 9 :i* ea* ( !m exi/$ sep>ately4 ,! space employ$ = ?is purpose is j t :i* is call$ homog5e\s "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( multiplicity3 two s5ses ( ! ^w di/+ui%1 ! "o qualitative & ! o!r quantitative4 ,b ano!r conclusion results f ?is analysis1 namely1 t ! multiplicity ( consci\s /ates1 reg>d$ 9 its orig9al purity1 is n at all l ! discrete multiplicity :i* goes to =m a numb]4 ,9 su* a case !re is1 z we said1 a qualitative multiplicity4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ admit two k9ds ( multiplicity1 two possible s5ses ( ! ^w di/+ui%1 two conceptions1 ! "o qualitative & ! o!r quantitative1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 same & o!r4 ,sometimes ?is multiplicity1 ?is di/9ctness1 ?is het]og5eity conta9s numb] only pot5tially1 z ,ari/otle w\ld h said4 ,consci\sness1 !n1 makes a qualitative discrim9ation )\t any fur!r ?\ght ( c\nt+ ! qualities or ev5 ( di/+ui%+ !m z sev]al4 ,9 su* a case we h multiplicity )\t quantity4 ,sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 x is a "q ( a multiplicity ( t]ms :i* are c\nt$ or :i* are conceiv$ z capable ( be+ c\nt$2 b we ?9k !n ( ! possibility ( ext]naliz+ !m 9 relation to "o ano!r1 we set !m out 9 space4 ,un=tunately1 we are s accu/om$ to illu/rate "o ( ^! two mean+s ( ! same ^w by ! o!r1 & ev5 to p]ceive ! "o 9 ! o!r1 t we f9d x extraord9>ily difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m or at lea/ to express ?is di/9ction 9 words4 ,?us ,i said t sev]al consci\s /ates are organiz$ into a :ole1 p]meate "o ano!r1 gradually ga9 a ri*] cont5t1 & might ?us give any "o ignorant ( space ! feel+ ( pure duration2 b ! v use ( ! ^w sev]al %[s t ,i _h already isolat$ ^! /ates1 ext]naliz$ !m 9 relation to "o ano!r1 &1 9 a ^w1 set !m side by side2 ?us1 by ! v language :i* ,i 0 compell$ to use1 ,i betray$ ! deeply +ra9$ habit ( sett+ out "t 9 space4 ,f ?is spatial sett+ out1 already accompli%$1 we are compell$ to borr[ ! t]ms :i* we use to describe ! /ate ( a m9d :i* has n yet accompli%$ x3 ^! t]ms are ?us mislead+ f ! v beg9n+1 & ! idea ( a multiplicity )\t relation to numb] or space1 al?\gh cle> = pure reflective ?\ght1 _c be translat$ into ! language ( common s5se4 ,& yet we _c ev5 =m ! idea ( discrete multiplicity )\t consid]+ at ! same "t a qualitative multiplicity4 ,:5 we explicitly c\nt units by /r++ !m along a spatial l9e1 is x n ! case t1 alongside ?is addition ( id5tical t]ms /&+ out f a homog5e\s backgr\nd1 an organization ( ^! units is go+ on 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l1 a :olly dynamic process1 n unlike ! purely qualitative way 9 :i* an anvil1 if x c\ld feel1 w\ld realize a s]ies ( bl[s f a hamm]8 ,9 ?is s5se we might almo/ say t ! numb]s 9 daily use h ea* _! emotional equival5t4 ,tradesm5 are well aw>e ( x1 & in/ead ( indicat+ ! price ( an object by a r\nd numb] ( %ill+s1 !y w m>k ! next small] numb]1 leav+ !mselves to ins]t aft]w>ds a suffici5t numb] ( p5ce & f>?+s4 ,9 a ^w1 ! process by :i* we c\nt units & make !m into a discrete multiplicity has two sides2 on ! "o h& we assume t !y are id5tical1 :i* is conceivable only on condition t ^! units are rang$ alongside ea* o!r 9 a homog5e\s m$ium2 b on ! o!r h& ! ?ird unit1 = example1 :5 add$ to ! o!r two1 alt]s ! nature1 ! appe>ance &1 z x 71 ! rhy?m ( ! :ole2 )\t ?is int]p5etration & ?is1 s to speak1 qualitative progress1 no addition w\ld be possible4 ,h5ce x is ?r\gh ! quality ( quantity t we =m ! idea ( quantity )\t quality4 ,sid5ote3 ,our successive s5sations are reg>d$ z mutually ext]nal1 l _! objective causes1 & ?is reacts on our deep] psy*ic life4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t1 if x did n betake itself to a symbolical sub/itute1 our consci\sness our successive w\ld nev] reg>d "t z a homog5e\s m$ium1 9 :i* ! t]ms ( a succession rema9 outside "o ano!r4 ,b we naturally rea* ?is symbolical repres5tation by ! m]e fact t1 9 a s]ies ( id5tical t]ms1 ea* t]m assumes a d\ble aspect = our consci\sness3 "o aspect :i* is ! same = all ( !m1 s9ce we are ?9k+ !n ( ! sam5ess ( ! ext]nal object1 & ano!r aspect :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ea* ( !m1 because ! sup]v5+ ( ea* t]m br+s ab\t a new organization ( ! :ole4 ,h5ce ! possibility ( sett+ out 9 space1 "u ! =m ( num]ical multiplicity1 :at we h call$ a qualitative multiplicity1 & ( reg>d+ ! "o z ! equival5t ( ! o!r4 ,n[1 ?is tw(old process is n[h]e accompli%$ s easily z 9 ! p]ception ( ! ext]nal ph5om5on :i* takes = u ! =m ( motion4 ,"h we c]ta9ly h a s]ies ( id5tical t]ms1 s9ce x is always ! same mov+ body2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! syn!sis c>ri$ out by our consci\sness betwe5 ! actual position & :at our memory calls ! =m] positions1 causes ^! images to p]meate1 complete1 &1 s to speak1 cont9ue "o ano!r4 ,h5ce1 x is pr9cipally by ! help ( motion t duration assumes ! =m ( a homog5e\s m$ium1 & t "t is project$ into space4 ,b1 ev5 if we leave out motion1 any repetition ( a well-m>k$ ext]nal ph5om5on w\ld sugge/ to consci\sness ! same mode ( repres5tation4 ,?us1 :5 we he> a s]ies ( bl[s ( a hamm]1 ! s\nds =m an indivisible melody 9 s f> z !y are pure s5sations1 &1 "h aga91 give rise to a dynamic progress2 b1 kn[+ t ! same objective cause is at "w1 we cut up ?is progress into phases :i* we !n reg>d z id5tical2 & ?is multiplicity ( elem5ts no long] be+ conceivable except by be+ set out 9 space1 s9ce !y h n[ become id5tical1 we are necess>ily l$ to ! idea ( a homog5e\s "t1 ! symbolical image ( real duration4 ,9 a ^w1 our ego comes 9 contact ) ! ext]nal _w at its surface2 our successive s5sations1 al?\gh dissolv+ into "o ano!r1 reta9 some?+ ( ! mutual ext]nality :i* belongs to _! objective causes2 & ?us our sup]ficial psy*ic life comes to be pictur$ )\t any great ef=t z set out 9 a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,b ! symbolical "* ( su* a picture becomes m /rik+ z we advance fur!r into ! dep?s ( consci\sness3 ! deep-seat$ self :i* pond]s & decides1 :i* heats & blazes up1 is a self ^: /ates & *anges p]meate "o ano!r & und]go a deep alt]ation z soon z we sep>ate !m f "o ano!r 9 ord] to set !m out 9 space4 ,b z ?is deep] self =ms "o & ! same p]son ) ! sup]ficial ego1 ! two seem to endure 9 ! same way4 ,& z ! repeat$ picture ( "o id5tical objective ph5om5on1 ev] recurr+1 cuts up our sup]ficial psy*ic life into p>ts ext]nal to "o ano!r1 ! mom5ts :i* are ?us det]m9$ det]m9e 9 _! turn di/9ct segm5ts 9 ! dynamic & undivid$ progress ( our m p]sonal consci\s /ates4 ,?us ! mutual ext]nality :i* mat]ial objects ga9 f _! juxtaposition 9 homog5e\s space rev]b]ates & spreads into ! dep?s ( consci\sness3 little by little our s5sations are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r l ! ext]nal causes :i* gave rise to !m1 & our feel+s or ideas come to be sep>at$ l ! s5sations ) :i* !y are contemporane\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,elim9ate ! sup]ficial psy*ic /ates1 & we no long] p]ceive a homog5e\s "t or measure duration1 b feel x z a quality4 ,t our ord9>y conception ( duration dep5ds on a gradual incursion ( space into ! doma9 ( pure consci\sness is prov$ by ! fact t1 9 ord] to deprive ! ego ( ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ a homog5e\s "t1 x is en\gh to take away f x ?is out] circle ( psy*ic /ates :i* x uses z a balance-:eel4 ,^! conditions are realiz$ :5 we dream2 = sleep1 by relax+ ! play ( ! organic functions1 alt]s ! communicat+ surface betwe5 ! ego & ext]nal objects4 ,"h we no long] measure duration1 b we feel x2 f quantity x returns to ! /ate ( quality2 we no long] e/imate pa/ "t ma!matically3 ! ma!matical e/imate gives place to a confus$ in/9ct1 capable1 l all in/9cts1 ( committ+ gross errors1 b also ( act+ at times ) extraord9>y skill4 ,ev5 9 ! wak+ /ate1 daily exp]i5ce ought to tea* u to di/+ui% betwe5 duration z quality1 t :i* consci\sness rea*es imm$iately & :i* is probably :at animals p]ceive1 & "t s to speak mat]ializ$1 "t t has become quantity by be+ set out 9 space4 ,:il/ ,i am writ+ ^! l9es1 ! h\r /rikes on a neighb\r+ clock1 b my inatt5tive e> does n p]ceive x until sev]al /rokes h made !mselves he>d4 ,h5ce ,i h n c\nt$ !m2 & yet ,i only h to turn my att5tion backw>ds to c\nt up ! f\r /rokes :i* h already s\nd$ & add !m to ^? :i* ,i he>4 ,if1 !n1 ,i "q myself c>efully on :at has j tak5 place1 ,i p]ceive t ! fir/ f\r s\nds _h /ruck my e> & ev5 affect$ my consci\sness1 b t ! s5sations produc$ by ea* "o ( !m1 in/ead ( be+ set side by side1 _h melt$ into "o ano!r 9 su* a way z to give ! :ole a peculi> quality1 to make a k9d ( musical phrase out ( x4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to e/imate retrospectively ! numb] ( /rokes s\nd$1 ,i tri$ to recon/ruct ?is phrase 9 ?\ght3 my imag9ation made "o /roke1 !n two1 !n ?ree1 & z long z x did n rea* ! exact numb] f\r1 my feel+1 :5 consult$1 answ]$ t ! total effect 0 qualitatively diff]5t4 ,x _h ?us asc]ta9$ 9 its own way ! succession ( f\r /rokes1 b q o!rwise ?an by a process ( addition1 & )\t br++ 9 ! image ( a juxtaposition ( di/9ct t]ms4 ,9 a ^w1 ! numb] ( /rokes 0 p]ceiv$ z a quality & n z a quantity3 x is ?us t duration is pres5t$ to imm$iate consci\sness1 & x reta9s ?is =m s long z x does n give place to a symbolical repres5tation d]iv$ f ext5sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are !re=e two =ms ( multiplicity1 ( duration & consci\s life4 ,we %\ld !re=e di/+ui% two =ms ( multiplicity1 two v diff]5t ways ( reg>d+ duration1 two aspects ( consci\s life4 ,bel[ homog5e\s duration1 :i* is ! ext5sive symbol ( true duration1 a close psy*ological analysis di/+ui%es a duration ^: het]og5e\s mom5ts p]meate "o ano!r2 bel[ ! num]ical multiplicity ( consci\s /ates1 a qualitative multiplicity2 bel[ ! self ) well-def9$ /ates1 a self 9 :i* succe$+ ea* o!r means melt+ into "o ano!r & =m+ an organic :ole4 ,b we are g5]ally cont5t ) ! fir/1 i4e4 ) ! %ad[ ( ! self project$ into homog5e\s space4 ,consci\sness1 goad$ by an insatiable desire to sep>ate1 sub/itutes ! symbol = ! reality1 or p]ceives ! reality only ?r\gh ! symbol4 ,z ! self ?us refract$1 & !reby brok5 to pieces1 is mu* bett] adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( social life 9 g5]al & language 9 p>ticul>1 consci\sness pref]s x1 & gradually loses sight ( ! fundam5tal self4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two aspects ( our consci\s /ates4 ,9 ord] to recov] ?is fundam5tal self1 z ! unsophi/icat$ consci\sness w\ld p]ceive x1 a vigor\s ef=t ( analysis is necess>y1 :i* w isolate ! fluid inn] /ates f _! image1 fir/ refract$1 !n solidifi$ 9 homog5e\s space4 ,9 o!r words1 our p]ceptions1 s5sations1 emotions & ideas occur "u two aspects3 ! "o cle> & precise1 b imp]sonal2 ! o!r confus$1 ev] *ang+1 & inexpressible1 because language _c get hold ( x )\t arre/+ its mobility or fit x into its common-place =ms )\t mak+ x into public prop]ty4 ,if we h be5 l$ to di/+ui% two =ms ( multiplicity1 two =ms ( duration1 we mu/ expect ea* consci\s /ate1 tak5 by itself1 to assume a diff]5t aspect accord+ z we consid] x )9 a discrete multiplicity or a confus$ multiplicity1 9 ! "t z quality1 9 :i* x is produc$1 or 9 ! "t z quantity1 into :i* x is project$4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o ( :i* is due to ! solidify+ influ5ce ( ext]nal objects & language on our con/antly *ang+ feel+s4 ,:5 e4g4 ,i take my fir/ walk 9 a t[n 9 :i* ,i am go+ to live1 my environm5t produces on me two impressions at ! same "t1 "o ( :i* is de/9$ to la/ :ile ! o!r w con/antly *ange4 ,e day ,i p]ceive ! same h\ses1 & z ,i "k t !y are ! same objects1 ,i always call !m by ! same "n & ,i also fancy t !y always look ! same to me4 ,b if ,i recur1 at ! end ( a suffici5tly long p]iod1 to ! impression :i* ,i exp]i5c$ dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s1 ,i am surpris$ at ! rem>kable1 inexplicable1 & inde$ inexpressible *ange :i* has tak5 place4 ,x seems t ^! objects1 cont9ually p]ceiv$ by me & con/antly impress+ !mselves on my m9d1 h end$ by borr[+ f me some?+ ( my own consci\s exi/5ce2 l myself !y h liv$1 & l myself !y h gr[n old4 ,?is is n a m]e illusion2 = if to-day's impression 7 absolutely id5tical ) t ( ye/]day1 :at diff]5ce w\ld !re be betwe5 p]ceiv+ & recogniz+1 betwe5 le>n+ & rememb]+8 ,yet ?is diff]5ce escapes ! att5tion ( mo/ ( u2 we %all h>dly p]ceive x1 unless we are w>n$ ( x & !n c>efully look into ourselves4 ,! reason is t our out] &1 s to speak1 social life is m practically important to u ?an our inn] & individual exi/5ce4 ,we in/9ctively t5d to solidify our impressions 9 ord] to express !m 9 language4 ,h5ce we confuse ! feel+ itself1 :i* is 9 a p]petual /ate ( becom+1 ) its p]man5t ext]nal object1 & especially ) ! ^w :i* expresses ?is object4 ,9 ! same way z ! fleet+ duration ( our ego is fix$ by its projection 9 homog5e\s space1 our con/antly *ang+ impressions1 wrapp+ !mselves r\nd ! ext]nal object :i* is _! cause1 take on its def9ite outl9es & its immobility4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ language gives a fix$ =m to fleet+ s5sations4 ,our simple s5sations1 tak5 9 _! natural /ate1 are /ill m fleet+4 ,su* & su* a flav\r1 su* & su* a sc5t1 pleas$ me :5 ,i 0 a *ild ?\gh ,i dislike !m to-day4 ,yet ,i /ill give ! same "n to ! s5sation exp]i5c$1 & ,i speak z if only my ta/e _h *ang$1 :il/ ! sc5t & ! flav\r h rema9$ ! same4 ,?us ,i aga9 solidify ! s5sation2 & :5 its *angeabl5ess becomes s obvi\s t ,i _c help recogniz+ x1 ,i ab/ract ?is *angeabl5ess to give x a "n ( its own & solidify x 9 ! %ape ( a ta/e4 ,b 9 reality !re are nei!r id5tical s5sations nor multiple ta/es3 = s5sations & ta/es seem to me to be objects z soon z ,i isolate & "n !m1 & 9 ! human s\l !re are only processes4 ,:at ,i ought to say is t e s5sation is alt]$ by repetition1 & t if x does n seem to me to *ange f day to day1 x is because ,i p]ceive x ?r\gh ! object :i* is its cause1 ?r\gh ! ^w :i* translates x4 ,?is influ5ce ( language on s5sation is deep] ?an is usually ?\ght4 ,n only does language make u believe 9 ! un*angeabl5ess ( our s5sations1 b x w sometimes deceive u z to ! nature ( ! s5sation felt4 ,?us1 :5 ,i p>take ( a di% t is suppos$ to be exquisite1 ! "n :i* x be>s1 sugge/ive ( ! approval giv5 to x1 comes betwe5 my s5sation & my consci\sness2 ,i may believe t ! flav\r pleases me :5 a slight ef=t ( att5tion w\ld prove ! contr>y1 ,9 %ort1 ! ^w ) well-def9$ outl9es1 ! r\gh & ready ^w1 :i* /ores up ! /able1 common1 & consequ5tly imp]sonal elem5t 9 ! impressions ( mank9d1 ov]:elms or at lea/ cov]s ov] ! delicate & fugitive impressions ( our individual consci\sness4 ,to ma9ta9 ! /ruggle on equal t]ms1 ! latt] ought to express !mselves 9 precise words2 b ^! words1 z soon z !y 7 =m$1 w\ld turn aga9/ ! s5sation :i* gave bir? to !m1 &1 inv5t$ to %[ t ! s5sation is un/able1 !y w\ld impose on x _! own /ability4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ analysis & description di/ort ! feel+s4 ,?is ov]:elm+ ( ! imm$iate consci\sness is n[h]e s /rik+ z 9 ! case ( our feel+s4 ,a viol5t love or a deep melan*oly takes possession ( our ,,s\l3 "h we feel a ?\s& diff]5t elem5ts :i* dissolve into & p]meate "o ano!r )\t any precise outl9es1 )\t ! lea/ t5d5cy to ext]nalize !mselves 9 relation to "o ano!r2 h5ce _! orig9ality4 ,we di/ort !m z soon z we di/+ui% a num]ical multiplicity 9 _! confus$ mass3 :at w x be1 !n1 :5 we set !m out1 isolat$ f "o ano!r1 9 ?is homog5e\s m$ium :i* may be call$ ei!r "t or space1 :i*ev] y pref]8 ,a mom5t ago ea* ( !m 0 borr[+ an indef9able col\r f its surr\nd+s3 n[ we h x col\rless1 & ready to accept a "n4 ,! feel+ itself is a be+ :i* lives & develops & is !re=e con/antly *ang+2 o!rwise h[ c\ld x gradually lead u to =m a resolution8 ,our resolution w\ld be imm$iately tak54 ,b x lives because ! duration 9 :i* x develops is a duration ^: mom5ts p]meate "o ano!r4 ,by sep>at+ ^! mom5ts f ea* o!r1 by spread+ out "t 9 space1 we h caus$ ?is feel+ to lose its life & its col\r4 ,h5ce1 we are n[ /&+ be=e our own %ad[3 we believe t we h analys$ our feel+1 :ile we h really replac$ x by a juxtaposition ( lifeless /ates :i* c be translat$ into words1 & ea* ( :i* con/itutes ! common elem5t1 ! imp]sonal residue1 ( ! impressions felt 9 a giv5 case by ! :ole ( society4 ,& ?is is :y we reason ab\t ^! /ates & apply our simple logic to !m3 hav+ set !m up z g5]a by ! m]e fact ( hav+ isolat$ !m f "o ano!r1 we h prep>$ !m = use 9 "s future d$uction4 ,n[1 if "s bold noveli/1 te>+ aside ! clev]ly wov5 curta9 ( our conv5tional ego1 %[s u "u ?is appe>ance ( logic a fundam5tal absurdity1 "u ?is juxtaposition ( simple /ates an inf9ite p]meation ( a ?\s& diff]5t impressions :i* h already ceas$ to exi/ ! in/ant !y are nam$1 we comm5d him = hav+ kn[n u bett] ?an we knew ourselves4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 & ! v fact t he spreads out our feel+ 9 a homog5e\s "t1 & expresses its elem5ts by words1 %[s t he 9 8 turn is only (f]+ u its %ad[3 b he has arrang$ ?is %ad[ 9 su* a way z to make u suspect ! extraord9>y & illogical nature ( ! object :i* projects x2 he has made u reflect by giv+ outw>d expression to some?+ ( t contradiction1 t int]p5etration1 :i* is ! v ess5ce ( ! elem5ts express$4 ,enc\rag$ by him1 we h put aside = an in/ant ! veil :i* we int]pos$ betwe5 our consci\sness & ourselves4 ,he has br\ght u back into our own pres5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,on ! surface our consci\s /ates obey ! laws ( association4 ,deep] d[n !y int]p5etrate & =m a "p ( ourselves4 ,we %\ld exp]i5ce ! same sort ( surprise if we /rove to seize our ideas !mselves 9 _! natural /ate1 z our consci\sness w\ld p]ceive !m if x 7 no long] beset by space4 ,?is break+ up ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( an idea1 :i* issues 9 ab/raction1 is too conv5i5t = u to d )\t x 9 ord9>y life & ev5 9 philosophical discussion4 ,b :5 we fancy t ! p>ts ?us artificially sep>at$ are ! g5u9e ?reads ) :i* ! concrete idea 0 wov51 :51 sub/itut+ = ! int]p5etration ( ! real t]ms ! juxtaposition ( _! symbols1 we claim to make duration out ( space1 we unavoidably fall into ! mi/akes ( associationism4 ,we %all n insi/ on ! latt] po9t1 :i* w be ! subject ( a ?or\gh exam9ation 9 ! next *apt]4 ,let x be en\gh to say t ! impulsive zeal ) :i* we take sides on c]ta9 que/ions %[s h[ our intellect has its in/9cts--& :at c an in/9ct ( ?is k9d be if n an impetus common to all our ideas1 i4e4 _! v int]p5etration8 ,! beliefs to :i* we mo/ /rongly adh]e are ^? ( :i* we %\ld f9d x mo/ difficult to give an acc\nt1 & ! reasons by :i* we ju/ify !m are seldom ^? :i* h l$ u to adopt !m4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se we h adopt$ !m )\t any reason1 = :at makes !m valuable 9 our eyes is t !y mat* ! col\r ( all our o!r ideas1 & t f ! v fir/ we h se5 9 !m some?+ ( ourselves4 ,h5ce !y d n take 9 our m9ds t common look+ =m :i* !y w assume z soon z we try to give expression to !m 9 words2 &1 al?\gh !y be> ! same "n 9 o!r m9ds1 !y are by no means ! same ?+4 ,! fact is t ea* ( !m has ! same k9d ( life z a cell 9 an organism3 ev]y?+ :i* affects ! g5]al /ate ( ! self affects x also4 ,b :ile ! cell occupies a def9ite po9t 9 ! organism1 an idea :i* is truly ours fills ! :ole ( our self4 ,n all our ideas1 h[ev]1 are ?us incorporat$ 9 ! fluid mass ( our consci\s /ates4 ,_m float on ! surface1 l dead leaves on ! wat] ( a pond3 ! m9d1 :5 x ?9ks !m ov] & ov] aga91 f9ds !m ev] ! same1 z if !y 7 ext]nal to x4 ,among ^! are ! ideas :i* we receive ready made1 & :i* rema9 9 u )\t ev] be+ prop]ly assimilat$1 or aga9 ! ideas :i* we h omitt$ to *]i% & :i* h )]$ 9 neglect4 ,if1 9 proportion z we get away f ! deep] /rata ( ! self1 our consci\s /ates t5d m & m to assume ! =m ( a num]ical multiplicity1 & to spread out 9 a homog5e\s space1 x is j because ^! consci\s /ates t5d to become m & m lifeless1 m & m imp]sonal4 ,h5ce we ne$ n be surpris$ if only ^? ideas :i* lea/ belong to u c be adequately express$ 9 words3 only to ^!1 z we %all see1 does ! associationi/ !ory apply4 ,ext]nal to "o ano!r1 !y keep up relations among !mselves 9 :i* ! inmo/ nature ( ea* ( !m c\nts = no?+1 relations :i* c !re=e be classifi$4 ,x may ?us be said t !y are associat$ by contiguity or = "s logical reason4 ,b if1 digg+ bel[ ! surface ( contact betwe5 ! self & ext]nal objects1 we p5etrate into ! dep?s ( ! organiz$ & liv+ intellig5ce1 we %all witness ! jo9+ toge!r or r ! bl5d+ ( _m ideas :i*1 :5 once dissociat$1 seem to exclude "o ano!r z logically contradictory t]ms4 ,! /range/ dreams1 9 :i* two images ov]lie "o ano!r & %[ u at ! same "t two diff]5t p]sons1 :o yet make only "o1 w h>dly give u an idea ( ! int]weav+ ( concepts :i* goes on :5 we are awake4 ,! imag9ation ( ! dream]1 cut (f f ! ext]nal _w1 imitates ) m]e images1 & p>odies 9 its own way1 ! process :i* con/antly goes on ) reg>d to ideas 9 ! deep] regions ( ! intellectual life4 ,sid5ote3 ,by sep>at+ our consci\s /ates we promote social life1 b raise problems soluble only by rec\rse to ! concrete & liv+ self4 ,?us may be v]ifi$1 ?us1 too1 w be illu/rat$ by a fur!r /udy ( deep-seat$ psy*ic ph5om5a ! pr9ciple f :i* we />t$3 consci\s life displays two aspects accord+ z we p]ceive x directly or by refraction ?r\gh space4 ,consid]$ 9 !mselves1 ! deep-seat$ consci\s /ates h no relation to quantity1 !y are pure quality2 !y int]m+le 9 su* a way t we _c tell :e!r !y are "o or sev]al1 nor ev5 exam9e !m f ?is po9t ( view )\t at once alt]+ _! nature4 ,! duration :i* !y ?us create is a duration ^: mom5ts d n con/itute a num]ical multiplicity3 to *>act]ize ^! mom5ts by say+ t !y encroa* on "o ano!r w\ld /ill be to di/+ui% !m4 ,if ea* ( u liv$ a purely individual life1 if !re 7 nei!r society nor language1 w\ld our consci\sness grasp ! s]ies ( inn] /ates 9 ?is unbrok5 =m8 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld n q succe$1 because we %\ld /ill reta9 ! idea ( a homog5e\s space 9 :i* objects are %>ply di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 & because x is too conv5i5t to set out 9 su* a m$ium ! some:at cl\dy /ates :i* fir/ attract ! att5tion ( consci\sness1 9 ord] to resolve !m into simpl] t]ms4 ,b m>k t ! intuition ( a homog5e\s space is already a /ep t[>ds social life4 ,probably animals d n picture to !mselves1 beside _! s5sations1 z we d1 an ext]nal _w q di/9ct f !mselves1 :i* is ! common prop]ty ( all consci\s be+s4 ,our t5d5cy to =m a cle> picture ( ?is ext]nality ( ?+s & ! homog5eity ( _! m$ium is ! same z ! impulse :i* leads u to live 9 common & to speak4 ,b1 9 proportion z ! conditions ( social life are m completely realiz$1 ! curr5t :i* c>ries our consci\s /ates f )9 outw>ds is /r5g!n$2 little by little ^! /ates are made into objects or ?+s2 !y break (f n only f "o ano!r1 b f ourselves4 ,h5ce=? we no long] p]ceive !m except 9 ! homog5e\s m$ium 9 :i* we h set _! image1 & ?r\gh ! ^w :i* l5ds !m its common-place col\r4 ,?us a second self is =m$ :i* obscures ! fir/1 a self ^: exi/5ce is made up ( di/9ct mom5ts1 ^: /ates are sep>at$ f "o ano!r & easily express$ 9 words4 ,i d n mean1 "h1 to split up ! p]sonality1 nor to br+ back 9 ano!r =m ! num]ical multiplicity :i* ,i %ut out at ! beg9n+4 ,x is ! same self :i* p]ceives di/9ct /ates at fir/1 & :i*1 by aft]w>ds conc5trat+ its att5tion1 w see ^! /ates melt into "o ano!r l ! cry/als ( a sn[-flake :5 t\*$ = "s "t ) ! f+]4 ,&1 9 tru?1 = ! sake ( language1 ! self has ev]y?+ to ga9 by n br++ back confusion :]e ord] reigns1 & 9 n upsett+ ?is +5i\s arrangem5t ( almo/ imp]sonal /ates by :i* x has ceas$ to =m a k+dom )9 a k+dom4 ,an inn] life ) well di/+ui%$ mom5ts & ) cle>ly *>act]iz$ /ates w answ] bett] ! requirem5ts ( social life4 ,inde$1 a sup]ficial psy*ology may be cont5t ) describ+ x )\t !reby fall+ into error1 on condition1 h[ev]1 t x re/ricts itself to ! /udy ( :at has tak5 place & leaves out :at is go+ on4 ,b if1 pass+ f /atics to dynamics1 ?is psy*ology claims to reason ab\t ?+s 9 ! mak+ z x reason$ ab\t ?+s made1 if x (f]s u ! concrete & liv+ self z an association ( t]ms :i* are di/9ct f "o ano!r & are set side by side 9 a homog5e\s m$ium1 x w see difficulty aft] difficulty ris+ 9 its pa?4 ,& ^! difficulties w multiply ! great] ! ef=ts x makes to ov]come !m1 = all its ef=ts w only br+ into cle>] light ! absurdity ( ! fundam5tal hypo!sis by :i* x spreads out "t 9 space & puts succession at ! v c5tre ( simultaneity4 ,we %all see t ! contradictions impli$ 9 ! problems ( causality1 fre$om1 p]sonality1 spr+ f no o!r s\rce1 & t1 if we wi% to get rid ( !m1 we h only to g back to ! real & concrete self & give up its symbolical sub/itute4 #a ,i _h already complet$ ! pres5t "w :5 ,i read 9 ! ,critique philosophique7= #ahhc & #ahhd7 ,f4 ,pillon's v rem>kable refutation ( an int]e/+ article by ,g4 ,nol on ! int]connexion ( ! notions ( numb] & space4 ,b ,i h n f\nd x necess>y to make any alt]ations 9 ! foll[+ pages1 see+ t ,pillon does n di/+ui% betwe5 "t z quality & "t z quantity1 betwe5 ! multiplicity ( juxtaposition & t ( int]p5etration4 ,)\t ?is vital di/9ction1 :i* x is ! *ief aim ( ! pres5t *apt] to e/abli%1 x w\ld be possible to ma9ta91 ) ,pillon1 t numb] may be built up f ! relation ( co-exi/5ce4 ,b :at is "h meant by co-exi/5ce8 ,if ! co-exi/+ t]ms =m an organic :ole1 !y w nev] lead u to ! notion ( numb]2 if !y rema9 di/9ct1 !y are 9 juxtaposition & we are deal+ ) space4 ,x is no use to quote ! example ( simultane\s impressions receiv$ by sev]al s5ses4 ,we ei!r leave ^! s5sations _! specific diff]5ces1 :i* am\nts to say+ t we d n c\nt !m2 or else we elim9ate _! diff]5ces1 & !n h[ are we to di/+ui% !m if n by _! position or t ( _! symbols8 ,we %all see t ! v]b to di/+ui% has two mean+s1 ! "o qualitative1 ! o!r quantitative3 ^! two mean+s h be5 confus$1 9 my op9ion1 by ! philosoph]s :o h dealt ) ! relations betwe5 numb] & space4 #b vell91 ,inf9i et quantit4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,consci\s ,,/ates ,,free ,,w ,sid5ote3 ,me*anism1 dynamism & free w4 ,x is easy to see :y ! "q ( free w br+s into conflict ^! two rival sy/ems ( nature1 me*anism & dynamism4 ,dynamism />ts f ! idea ( volunt>y activity1 giv5 by consci\sness1 & comes to repres5t in]tia by gradually empty+ ?is idea3 x has ?us no difficulty 9 conceiv+ free =ce on ! "o h& & matt] gov]n$ by laws on ! o!r4 ,me*anism foll[s ! opposite c\rse4 ,x assumes t ! mat]ials :i* x syn!sizes are gov]n$ by necess>y laws1 & al?\gh x rea*es ri*] & ri*] comb9ations1 :i* are m & m difficult to =esee1 & to all appe>ance m & m cont+5t1 yet x nev] gets out ( ! n>r[ circle ( necessity )9 :i* x at fir/ %ut itself up4 ,sid5ote3 ,= dynamism facts m real ?an laws3 me*anism rev]ses ?is attitude4 ,?is idea ( spontaneity simpl] ?an t ( in]tia4 ,a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ^! two conceptions ( nature w %[ t !y involve two v diff]5t hypo!ses z to ! relations betwe5 laws & ! facts :i* !y gov]n4 ,z he looks high] & high]1 ! believ] 9 dynamism ?9ks t he p]ceives facts :i* m & m elude ! grasp ( laws3 he ?us sets up ! fact z ! absolute reality1 & ! law z ! m or less symbolical expression ( ?is reality4 ,me*anism1 on ! contr>y1 discov]s )9 ! p>ticul> fact a c]ta9 numb] ( laws ( :i* ! fact is ?us made to be ! meet+ po9t1 & no?+ else3 on ?is hypo!sis x is ! law :i* becomes ! g5u9e reality4 ,n[1 if x is ask$ :y ! "o p>ty assigns a high] reality to ! fact & ! o!r to ! law1 x w be f\nd t me*anism & dynamism take ! ^w simplicity 9 two v diff]5t s5ses4 ,= ! fir/1 any pr9ciple is simple ( :i* ! effects c be =ese5 & ev5 calculat$3 ?us1 by ! v def9ition1 ! notion ( in]tia becomes simpl] ?an t ( fre$om1 ! homog5e\s simpl] ?an ! het]og5e\s1 ! ab/ract simpl] ?an ! concrete4 ,b dynamism is n anxi\s s mu* to arrange ! notions 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t ord] z to f9d out _! real relation%ip3 (t51 9 fact1 ! s-call$ simple notion--t :i* ! believ] 9 me*anism reg>ds z primitive--has be5 obta9$ by ! bl5d+ toge!r ( sev]al ri*] notions :i* seem to be d]iv$ f x1 & :i* h m or less neutraliz$ "o ano!r 9 ?is v process ( bl5d+1 j z d>kness may be produc$ by ! int]f]5ce ( two lights4 ,reg>d$ f ?is new po9t ( view1 ! idea ( spontaneity is indisputably simpl] ?an t ( in]tia1 s9ce ! second c be und]/ood & def9$ only by means ( ! fir/1 :ile ! fir/ is self-suffici5t4 ,= ea* ( u has ! imm$iate k 7be x ?\ght true or fallaci\s7 ( 8 free spontaneity1 )\t ! notion ( in]tia hav+ any?+ to d ) ?is k4 ,b1 if we wi% to def9e ! in]tia ( matt]1 we mu/ say t x _c move or /op ( its own accord1 t e body p]sev]es 9 ! /ate ( re/ or motion s long z x is n act$ ^u by any =ce3 & 9 bo? cases we are unavoidably c>ri$ back to ! idea ( activity4 ,x is !re=e natural t1 a priori1 we %\ld rea* two opposite conceptions ( human activity1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* we und]/& ! relation betwe5 ! concrete & ! ab/ract1 ! simple & ! complex1 facts & laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,det]m9ism3 7#a7 physical 7#b7 psy*ological4 ,=m] r$ucible to latt]1 :i* itself re/s on inaccurate conception ( multiplicity ( consci\s /ates or duration4 ,a po/]iori1 h[ev]1 def9ite facts are appeal$ to aga9/ fre$om1 "s physical1 o!rs psy*ological4 ,sometimes x is ass]t$ t our actions are necessitat$ by our feel+s1 our ideas1 & ! :ole prec$+ s]ies ( our consci\s /ates2 sometimes fre$om is d5\nc$ z be+ incompatible ) ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( matt]1 & 9 p>ticul> ) ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,h5ce two k9ds ( det]m9ism1 two app>5tly diff]5t empirical pro(s ( univ]sal necessity4 ,we %all %[ t ! second ( ^! two =ms is r$ucible to ! fir/1 & t all det]m9ism1 ev5 physical det]m9ism1 involves a psy*ological hypo!sis3 we %all !n prove t psy*ological det]m9ism itself1 & ! refutations :i* are giv5 ( x1 re/ on an inaccurate conception ( ! multiplicity ( consci\s /ates1 or r ( duration4 ,?us1 9 ! light ( ! pr9ciples work$ out 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 we %all see a self em]ge ^: activity _c be comp>$ to t ( any o!r =ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,physical det]m9ism /at$ 9 ! language ( ! molecul> !ory ( matt]4 ,physical det]m9ism1 9 its late/ =m1 is closely b\nd up ) me*anical or r k9etic !ories ( matt]4 ,! univ]se is pictur$ z a heap ( matt] :i* ! imag9ation resolves into molecules & atoms4 ,^! p>ticles are suppos$ to c>ry out unceas+ly movem5ts ( e k9d1 sometimes ( vibration1 sometimes ( translation2 & physical ph5om5a1 *emical action1 ! qualities ( matt] :i* our s5ses p]ceive1 heat1 s\nd1 electricity1 p]haps ev5 attraction1 are ?\ght to be r$ucible objectively to ^! elem5t>y movem5ts4 ,! matt] :i* goes to make up organiz$ bodies be+ subject to ! same laws1 we f9d 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 = example1 only molecules & atoms :i* are 9 motion & attract & repel "o ano!r4 ,n[ if all bodies1 organiz$ or unorganiz$1 ?us act & react on "o ano!r 9 _! ultimate p>ts1 x is obvi\s t ! molecul> /ate ( ! bra9 at a giv5 mom5t w be modifi$ by ! %ocks :i* ! n]v\s sy/em receives f ! surr\nd+ matt]1 s t ! s5sations1 feel+s & ideas :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 u c be def9$ z me*anical resultants1 obta9$ by ! comp\nd+ ( %ocks receiv$ f )\t ) ! previ\s movem5ts ( ! atoms ( ! n]v\s sub/ance4 ,b ! opposite ph5om5on may occur2 & ! molecul> movem5ts :i* g on 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 if comp\nd$ ) "o ano!r or ) o!rs1 w (t5 give z resultant a reaction ( our organism on its environm5t3 h5ce ! reflex movem5ts1 h5ce also ! s-call$ free & volunt>y actions4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy has be5 assum$ to admit ( no exception1 !re is n an atom1 ei!r 9 ! n]v\s sy/em or 9 ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 ^: position is n det]m9$ by ! sum ( ! me*anical actions :i* ! o!r atoms ex]t ^u x4 ,& ! ma!matician :o knew ! position ( ! molecules or atoms ( a human organism at a giv5 mom5t1 z well z ! position & motion ( all ! atoms 9 ! univ]se capable ( influ5c+ x1 c\ld calculate ) unfail+ c]ta9ty ! pa/1 pres5t & future actions ( ! p]son to :om ?is organism belongs1 j z "o pr$icts an a/ronomical ph5om5on4#a ,sid5ote3 ,if pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy is univ]sal1 physiological & n]v\s ph5om5a are necessitat$1 b p]haps n consci\s /ates4 ,we %all n raise any difficulty ab\t recogniz+ t ?is conception ( physiological ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 & n]v\s ph5om5a 9 p>ticul>1 is a v natural d$uction f ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! atomic !ory ( matt] is /ill at ! hypo!tical /age1 & ! purely k9etic explanations ( physical facts lose m ?an !y ga9 by be+ too closely b\nd up ) x4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t1 ev5 if we leave aside ! atomic !ory z well z any o!r hypo!sis z to ! nature ( ! ultimate elem5ts ( matt]1 ! necessitat+ ( physiological facts by _! antec$5ts foll[s f ! !orem ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 z soon z we ext5d ?is !orem to all processes go+ on 9 all liv+ bodies4 ,= to admit ! univ]sality ( ?is !orem is to assume1 at bottom1 t ! mat]ial po9ts ( :i* ! univ]se is compos$ are subject solely to =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 aris+ f ^! po9ts !mselves & possess+ int5sities :i* dep5d only on _! di/ances3 h5ce ! relative position ( ^! mat]ial po9ts at a giv5 mom5t--:atev] be _! nature--w\ld be /rictly det]m9$ by relation to :at x 0 at ! prec$+ mom5t4 ,let u !n assume = a mom5t t ?is la/ hypo!sis is true3 we propose to %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x does n involve ! absolute det]m9ation ( our consci\s /ates by "o ano!r1 & !n t ! v univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy _c be admitt$ except 9 virtue ( "s psy*ological hypo!sis4 ,sid5ote3 ,to prove consci\s /ates det]m9$1 we %\ld h to %[ a necess>y connexion betwe5 !m & c]ebral /ates4 ,no su* pro(4 ,ev5 if we assum$ t ! position1 ! direction & ! velocity ( ea* atom ( c]ebral matt] are det]m9$ at e mom5t ( "t1 x w\ld n at all foll[ t our psy*ic life is subject to ! same necessity4 ,= we %\ld fir/ h to prove t a /rictly det]m9$ psy*ic /ate corresponds to a def9ite c]ebral /ate1 & ! pro( ( ?is is /ill to be giv54 ,z a rule we d n ?9k ( dem&+ x1 because we "k t a def9ite vibration ( ! tympanum1 a def9ite /imulation ( ! auditory n]ve1 gives a def9ite note on ! scale1 & because ! p>allelism ( ! physical & psy*ical s]ies has be5 prov$ 9 a fairly l>ge numb] ( cases4 ,b !n1 nobody has ev] cont5d$ t we 7 free1 "u giv5 conditions1 to he> any note or p]ceive any col\r we lik$4 ,s5sations ( ?is k9d1 l _m o!r psy*ic /ates1 are obvi\sly b\nd up ) c]ta9 det]m9+ conditions1 & x is j = ?is reason t x has be5 possible to imag9e or discov] b5ea? !m a sy/em ( movem5ts :i* obey our ab/ract me*anics4 ,9 %ort1 :]ev] we succe$ 9 giv+ a me*anical explanation1 we obs]ve a fairly /rict p>allelism betwe5 ! physiological & ! psy*ological s]ies1 & we ne$ n be surpris$ at x1 s9ce explanations ( ?is k9d w assur$ly n be met ) except :]e ! two s]ies exhibit p>allel t]ms4 ,b to ext5d ?is p>allelism to ! s]ies !mselves 9 _! totality is to settle a priori ! problem ( fre$om4 ,c]ta9ly ?is may be done1 & "s ( ! greate/ ?9k]s h set ! example2 b !n1 z we said at fir/1 x 0 n = reasons ( a physical ord] t !y ass]t$ ! /rict correspond5ce betwe5 /ates ( consci\sness & modes ( ext5sion4 ,leibniz ascrib$ x to a pree/abli%$ h>mony1 & w\ld nev] h admitt$ t a motion c\ld give rise to a p]ception z a cause produces an effect4 ,sp9oza said t ! modes ( ?\ght & ! modes ( ext5sion correspond ) b nev] influ5ce "o ano!r3 !y only express 9 two diff]5t languages ! same et]nal tru?4 ,b ! !ories ( physical det]m9ism :i* are rife at ! pres5t day are f> f display+ ! same cle>ness1 ! same geometrical rig\r4 ,!y po9t to molecul> movem5ts tak+ place 9 ! bra93 consci\sness is suppos$ to arise out ( ^! at times 9 "s my/]i\s way1 or r to foll[ _! track l ! phosphoresc5t l9e :i* results f ! rubb+ ( a mat*4 ,or yet aga9 we are to ?9k ( an invisible musician play+ beh9d ! sc5es :ile ! actor /rikes a keybo>d ! notes ( :i* yield no s\nd3 consci\sness mu/ be suppos$ to come f an unkn[n region & to be sup]impos$ on ! molecul> vibrations1 j z ! melody is on ! rhy?mical movem5ts ( ! actor4 ,b1 :atev] image we fall back ^u1 we d n prove & we nev] %all prove by any reason+ t ! psy*ic fact is fatally det]m9$ by ! molecul> movem5t4 ,= 9 a movem5t we may f9d ! reason ( ano!r movem5t1 b n ! reason ( a consci\s /ate3 only obs]vation c prove t ! latt] accompanies ! =m]4 ,n[ ! unv>y+ conjunction ( ! two t]ms has n be5 v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce except 9 a v limit$ numb] ( cases & ) reg>d to facts :i* all confess to be almo/ indep5d5t ( ! w4 ,b x is easy to und]/& :y physical det]m9ism ext5ds ?is conjunction to all possible cases4 ,sid5ote3 ,physical det]m9ism1 :5 assum$ to be univ]sal1 po/ulates psy*ological det]m9ism4 ,consci\sness inde$ in=ms u t ! majority ( our actions c be expla9$ by motives4 ,b x does n appe> t det]m9ation "h means necessity1 s9ce common s5se believes 9 free w4 ,! det]m9i/1 h[ev]1 l$ a/ray by a conception ( duration & causality :i* we %all criticise a little lat]1 holds t ! det]m9ation ( consci\s /ates by "o ano!r is absolute4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( associationi/ det]m9ism1 an hypo!sis 9 support ( :i* ! te/imony ( consci\sness is appeal$ to1 b :i* _c1 9 ! beg9n+1 lay claim to sci5tific rig\r4 ,x seems natural t ?is1 s to speak1 approximate det]m9ism1 ?is det]m9ism ( quality1 %\ld seek support f ! same me*anism t und]lies ! ph5om5a ( nature3 ! latt] w\ld ?us convey to ! =m] its own geometrical "*1 & ! transaction w\ld be to ! advantage bo? ( psy*ological det]m9ism1 :i* w\ld em]ge f x 9 a /rict] =m1 & ( physical me*anism1 :i* w\ld !n spread ov] ev]y?+4 ,a =tunate circum/ance fav\rs ?is alliance4 ,! simple/ psy*ic /ates d 9 fact occur z accessories to well-def9$ physical ph5om5a1 & ! great] numb] ( s5sations seem to be b\nd up ) def9ite molecul> movem5ts4 ,?is m]e beg9n+ ( an exp]im5tal pro( is q en\gh = ! man :o1 = psy*ological reasons1 is already conv9c$ t our consci\s /ates are ! necess>y outcome ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y happ54 ,h5ce=? he no long] hesitates to hold t ! drama enact$ 9 ! !atre ( consci\sness is a lit]al & ev5 slavi% translation ( "s sc5es p]=m$ by ! molecules & atoms ( organiz$ matt]4 ,! physical det]m9ism :i* is rea*$ 9 ?is way is no?+ b psy*ological det]m9ism1 seek+ to v]ify itself & fix its own outl9es by an appeal to ! sci5ces ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,is ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy univ]sal valid8 ,b we mu/ own t ! am\nt ( fre$om :i* is left to u aft] /rictly comply+ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is r limit$4 ,=1 ev5 if ?is law does n ex]t a necessitat+ influ5ce ov] ! c\rse ( our ideas1 x w at lea/ det]m9e our movem5ts4 ,our inn] life w /ill dep5d ^u ourselves up to a c]ta9 po9t2 b1 to an outside obs]v]1 !re w be no?+ to di/+ui% our activity f absolute automatism4 ,we are ?us l$ to inquire :e!r ! v ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy to all ! bodies 9 nature does n itself involve "s psy*ological !ory1 & :e!r ! sci5ti/ :o did n possess a priori any prejudice aga9/ human fre$om w\ld ?9k ( sett+ up ?is pr9ciple z a univ]sal law4 ,sid5ote3 ,x implies t a sy/em c return to its orig9al /ate4 ,neglects duration1 h5ce inapplicable to liv+ be+s & consci\s /ates4 ,we mu/ n ov]rate ! "p play$ by ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 9 ! hi/ory ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,9 its pres5t =m x m>ks a c]ta9 phase 9 ! evolution ( c]ta9 sci5ces2 b x has n be5 ! gov]n+ factor 9 ?is evolution & we %\ld be wrong 9 mak+ x ! indisp5sable po/ulate ( all sci5tific rese>*4 ,c]ta9ly1 e ma!matical op]ation :i* we c>ry out on a giv5 quantity implies ! p]man5ce ( ?is quantity ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! op]ation1 9 :atev] way we may split x up4 ,9 o!r words1 :at is giv5 is giv51 :at is n giv5 is n giv51 & 9 :atev] ord] we add up ! same t]ms we %all get ! same result4 ,sci5ce w = ev] rema9 subject to ?is law1 :i* is no?+ b ! law ( non-contradiction2 b ?is law does n involve any special hypo!sis z to ! nature ( :at we ought to take z giv51 or :at w rema9 con/ant4 ,no d\bt x in=ms u t some?+ _c come f no?+2 b exp]i5ce alone w tell u :i* aspects or functions ( reality mu/ c\nt = some?+1 & :i* = no?+1 f ! po9t ( view ( positive sci5ce4 ,9 %ort1 9 ord] to =esee ! /ate ( a det]m9ate sy/em at a det]m9ate mom5t1 x is absolutely necess>y t some?+ %\ld p]si/ z a con/ant quantity ?r\gh\t a s]ies ( comb9ations2 b x belongs to exp]i5ce to decide z to ! nature ( ?is some?+1 & especially to let u "k :e!r x is f\nd 9 all possible sy/ems1 :e!r1 9 o!r words1 all possible sy/ems l5d !mselves to our calculations4 ,x is n c]ta9 t all ! physici/s be=e ,leibniz believ$1 l ,desc>tes1 9 ! cons]vation ( a fix$ quantity ( motion 9 ! univ]se3 7 _! discov]ies less valuable on ?is acc\nt or _! rese>*es less successful8 ,ev5 :5 ,leibniz _h sub/itut$ = ?is pr9ciple t ( ! cons]vation ( vis viva1 x 0 n possible to reg>d ! law z q g5]al1 s9ce x admitt$ ( an obvi\s exception 9 ! case ( ! direct impact ( two inela/ic bodies4 ,?us sci5ce has done = a v long "t )\t a univ]sal cons]vative pr9ciple4 ,9 its pres5t =m1 & s9ce ! developm5t ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy c]ta9ly seems to apply to ! :ole range ( physico-*emical ph5om5a4 ,b no "o c tell :e!r ! /udy ( physiological ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 & ( n]v\s ph5om5a 9 p>ticul>1 w n reveal to u1 besides ! vis viva or k9etic en]gy ( :i* ,leibniz spoke1 & ! pot5tial en]gy :i* 0 a lat] & necess>y adjunct1 "s new k9d ( en]gy :i* may diff] f ! o!r two by rebell+ aga9/ calculation4 ,physical sci5ce w\ld n !reby lose any ( its exactitude or geometrical rig\r1 z has lately be5 ass]t$3 only x w\ld be realiz$ t cons]vative sy/ems are n ! only sy/ems possible1 & ev51 p]haps1 t 9 ! :ole ( concrete reality ea* ( ^! sy/ems plays ! same "p z ! *emi/'s atom 9 bodies & _! comb9ations4 ,let u note t ! mo/ radical ( me*anical !ories is t :i* makes consci\sness an epiph5om5on :i*1 9 giv5 circum/ances1 may sup]v5e on c]ta9 molecul> movem5ts4 ,b1 if molecul> movem5t c create s5sation out ( a z]o ( consci\sness1 :y %\ld n consci\sness 9 its turn create movem5t ei!r out ( a z]o ( k9etic & pot5tial en]gy1 or by mak+ use ( ?is en]gy 9 its own way8 ,let u also note t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy c only be intelligibly appli$ to a sy/em ( :i* ! po9ts1 aft] mov+1 c return to _! =m] positions4 ,?is return is at lea/ conceiv$ ( z possible1 & x is suppos$ t "u ^! conditions no?+ w\ld be *ang$ 9 ! orig9al /ate ( ! sy/em z a :ole or ( its elem5ts4 ,9 %ort1 "t _c bite into x2 & ! in/9ctive1 ?\gh vague1 belief ( mank9d 9 ! cons]vation ( a fix$ quantity ( matt]1 a fix$ quantity ( en]gy1 p]haps has its root 9 ! v fact t in]t matt] does n seem to endure or to pres]ve any trace ( pa/ "t4 ,b ?is is n ! case 9 ! realm ( life4 ,"h duration c]ta9ly seems to act l a cause1 & ! idea ( putt+ ?+s back 9 _! place at ! end ( a c]ta9 "t involves a k9d ( absurdity1 s9ce su* a turn+ backw>ds has nev] be5 accompli%$ 9 ! case ( a liv+ be+4 ,b let u admit t ! absurdity is a m]e appe>ance1 & t ! impossibility = liv+ be+s to come back to ! pa/ is simply ow+ to ! fact t ! physico-*emical ph5om5a :i* take place 9 liv+ bodies1 be+ inf9itely complex1 h no *ance ( ev] occurr+ aga9 all at ! same "t3 at lea/ x w be grant$ to u t ! hypo!sis ( a turn+ backw>ds is almo/ mean+less 9 ! sph]e ( consci\s /ates4 ,a s5sation1 by ! m]e fact ( be+ prolong$1 is alt]$ to ! po9t ( becom+ unbe>able4 ,! same does n "h rema9 ! same1 b is re9=c$ & swoll5 by ! :ole ( its pa/4 ,9 %ort1 :ile ! mat]ial po9t1 z me*anics und]/&s x1 rema9s 9 an et]nal pres5t1 ! pa/ is a reality p]haps = liv+ bodies1 & c]ta9ly = consci\s be+s4 ,:ile pa/ "t is nei!r a ga9 nor a loss = a sy/em assum$ to be cons]vative1 x may be a ga9 = ! liv+ be+1 & x is indisputably "o = ! consci\s be+4 ,su* be+ ! case1 is !re n mu* to be said = ! hypo!sis ( a consci\s =ce or free w1 :i*1 subject to ! action ( "t & /or+ up duration1 may !reby escape ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy8 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( ! univ]sality ( cons]vation dep5ds on confusion betwe5 concrete duration & ab/ract "t4 ,9 tru?1 x is n a wi% to meet ! requirem5ts ( positive sci5ce1 b r a psy*ological mi/ake :i* has caus$ ?is ab/ract pr9ciple ( me*anics to be set up z a univ]sal law4 ,z we are n accu/om$ to obs]ve ourselves directly1 b p]ceive ourselves ?r\gh =ms borr[$ f ! ext]nal _w1 we are l$ to believe t real duration1 ! duration liv$ by consci\sness1 is ! same z ! duration :i* glides ov] ! in]t atoms )\t p5etrat+ & alt]+ !m4 ,h5ce x is t we d n see any absurdity 9 putt+ ?+s back 9 _! place aft] a lapse ( "t1 9 suppos+ ! same motives act+ afre% on ! same p]sons1 & 9 conclud+ t ^! causes w\ld aga9 produce ! same effect4 ,t su* an hypo!sis has no real mean+ is :at we %all prove lat] on4 ,= ! pres5t let u simply %[ t1 if once we ent] ^u ?is pa?1 we are ( c\rse l$ to set up ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy z a univ]sal law4 ,= we h !reby got rid ( j t diff]5ce betwe5 ! out] & ! inn] _w :i* a close exam9ation %[s to be ! ma9 "o3 we h id5tifi$ true duration ) app>5t duration4 ,aft] ?is x w\ld be absurd to consid] "t1 ev5 our "t1 z a cause ( ga9 or loss1 z a concrete reality1 or a =ce 9 its own way4 ,?us1 :ile we ought only to say 7if we kept alo( f all presuppositions conc]n+ free w7 t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy gov]ns physical ph5om5a & may1 "o day1 be ext5d$ to all ph5om5a if psy*ological facts also prove fav\rable to x1 we g f> beyond ?is1 &1 "u ! influ5ce ( a metaphysical prepossession1 we lay d[n ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy z a law :i* %\ld gov]n all ph5om5a :atev]1 or mu/ be suppos$ to d s until psy*ological facts h actually spok5 aga9/ x4 ,sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 has !re=e no?+ to d ) all ?is4 ,we are simply confront$ ) a confusion betwe5 concrete duration & ab/ract "t1 two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 a ^w1 ! s-call$ physical det]m9ism is r$ucible at bottom to a psy*ological det]m9ism1 & x is ?is latt] doctr9e1 z we h9t$ at fir/1 t we h to exam9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,psy*ological det]m9ism dep5ds on associationi/ conception ( m9d4 ,psy*ological det]m9ism1 9 its late/ & mo/ precise %ape1 implies an associationi/ conception ( m9d4 ,! exi/+ /ate ( consci\sness is fir/ ?\ght ( z necessitat$ by ! prec$+ /ates1 b x is soon realiz$ t ?is _c be a geometrical necessity1 su* z t :i* connects a resultant1 = example1 ) its compon5ts4 ,= betwe5 successive consci\s /ates !re exi/s a diff]5ce ( quality :i* w always fru/rate any attempt to d$uce any "o ( !m a priori f its pr$ecessors4 ,s exp]i5ce is appeal$ to1 ) ! object ( %[+ t ! transition f "o psy*ic /ate to ano!r c always be expla9$ by "s simple reason1 ! second obey+ z x 7 ! call ( ! fir/4 ,exp]i5ce really does %[ ?is3 &1 z = ourselves1 we %all will+ly admit t !re always is "s relation betwe5 ! exi/+ /ate ( consci\sness & any new /ate to :i* consci\sness passes4 ,b is ?is relation1 :i* expla9s ! transition1 ! cause ( x8 ,sid5ote3 ,! s]ies ( associations may be m]ely an ex po/ facto attempt to acc\nt = a new idea4 ,may we "h give an acc\nt ( :at we h p]sonally obs]v$8 ,9 resum+ a conv]sation :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ = a few mom5ts we h happ5$ to notice t bo? we ourselves & our fri5d 7 ?9k+ ( "s new object at ! same "t4--,! reason is1 x w be said1 t ea* has foll[$ up = 8 own "p ! natural developm5t ( ! idea at :i* ! conv]sation _h /opp$3 ! same s]ies ( associations has be5 =m$ on bo? sides4--,no d\bt ?is int]pretation holds good 9 a fairly l>ge numb] ( cases2 c>eful inquiry1 h[ev]1 has l$ u to an unexpect$ result4 ,x is a fact t ! two speak]s d connect ! new subject ( conv]sation ) ! =m] "o3 !y w ev5 po9t out ! int]v5+ ideas2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 !y w n always connect ! new idea1 :i* !y h bo? rea*$1 ) ! same po9t ( ! prec$+ conv]sation1 & ! two s]ies ( int]v5+ associations may be q diff]5t4 ,:at are we to conclude f ?is1 if n t ?is common idea is due to an unkn[n cause--p]haps to "s physical influ5ce--& t1 9 ord] to ju/ify its em]g5ce1 x has call$ =? a s]ies ( antec$5ts :i* expla9 x & :i* seem to be its cause1 b are really its effect8 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,:5 a pati5t c>ries out at ! appo9t$ "t ! sugge/ion receiv$ 9 ! hypnotic /ate1 ! act :i* he p]=ms is br\ght ab\t1 accord+ to him1 by ! prec$+ s]ies ( 8 consci\s /ates4 ,yet ^! /ates are really effects1 & n causes3 x 0 necess>y t ! act %\ld take place2 x 0 also necess>y t ! pati5t %\ld expla9 x to himself2 & x is ! future act :i* det]m9$1 by a k9d ( attraction1 ! :ole s]ies ( psy*ic /ates ( :i* x is to be ! natural consequ5ce4 ,! det]m9i/s w seize on ?is argum5t3 x proves z a matt] ( fact t we are sometimes irresi/ibly subject to ano!r's w4 ,b does x n also %[ u h[ our own w is capable ( will+ = will+'s sake1 & ( !n leav+ ! act :i* has be5 p]=m$ to be expla9$ by antec$5ts ( :i* x has really be5 ! cause8 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f delib]ation4 ,if we "q ourselves c>efully1 we %all see t we sometimes weigh motives & delib]ate ov] !m1 :5 our m9d is already made up4 ,an inn] voice1 h>dly p]ceivable1 :isp]s3 ,:y ?is delib]ation8 ,y "k ! result & y are q c]ta9 ( :at y are go+ to d4 ,b no matt]6 x seems t we make a po9t ( safe-gu>d+ ! pr9ciple ( me*anism & ( con=m+ to ! laws ( ! association ( ideas4 ,! abrupt int]v5tion ( ! w is a k9d ( c\p d'tat :i* our m9d =esees & :i* x tries to legitimate be=eh& by a =mal delib]ation4 ,true1 x c\ld be ask$ :e!r ! w1 ev5 :5 x wills = will+'s sake1 does n obey "s decisive reason1 & :e!r will+ = will+'s sake is free will+4 ,we %all n insi/ on ?is po9t = ! mom5t4 ,x w be en\gh = u to h %[n t1 ev5 :5 adopt+ ! po9t ( view ( associationism1 x is difficult to ma9ta9 t an act is absolutely det]m9$ by its motive & our consci\s /ates by "o ano!r4 ,b5ea? ^! deceptive appe>ances a m att5tive psy*ology sometimes reveals to u effects :i* prec$e _! causes1 & ph5om5a ( psy*ic attraction :i* elude ! kn[n laws ( ! association ( ideas4 ,b ! "t has come to ask :e!r ! v po9t ( view :i* associationism adopts does n involve a defective conception ( ! self & ( ! multiplicity ( consci\s /ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,associationism involves a defective conception ( ! self4 ,associationi/ det]m9ism repres5ts ! self z a collection ( psy*ic /ates1 ! /ronge/ ( :i* ex]ts a prevail+ influ5ce & c>ries ! o!rs ) x4 ,?is doctr9e ?us %>ply di/+ui%es co-exi/+ psy*ic ph5om5a f "o ano!r4 ,i c\ld h ab/a9$ f murd]1 says ,/u>t ,mill1 if my av]sion to ! crime & my dread ( its consequ5ces _h be5 weak] ?an ! temptation :i* impell$ me to commit x4#b ,& a little fur!r on3 ,8 desire to d "r & 8 av]sion to do+ wrong are /rong en\gh to ov]come 444 any o!r desire or av]sion :i* may conflict ) !m4#c ,?us desire1 av]sion1 fe>1 temptation are "h pres5t$ z di/9ct ?+s :i* !re is no inconv5i5ce 9 nam+ sep>ately4 ,ev5 :5 he connects ^! /ates ) ! self :i* exp]i5ces !m1 ! ,engli% philosoph] /ill insi/s on sett+ up cle>-cut di/9ctions3 ,! conflict is betwe5 me & myself2 betwe5 7= in/ance7 me desir+ a pleasure & me dread+ self-reproa*4#d ,ba91 = 8 "p1 devotes a :ole *apt] to ! ,conflict ( ,motives4#e ,9 x he balances pleasures & pa9s z s _m t]ms to :i* "o might attribute1 at lea/ by ab/raction1 an exi/5ce ( _! own4 ,note t ! oppon5ts ( det]m9ism agree to foll[ x into ?is field4 ,!y too speak ( associations ( ideas & conflicts ( motives1 & "o ( ! able/ ( ^! philosoph]s1 ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 goes s f> z to make ! idea ( fre$om itself a motive capable ( c\nt]balanc+ o!rs4#f ,"h1 h[ev]1 lies ! dang]4 ,bo? p>ties commit !mselves to a confusion :i* arises f language1 & :i* is due to ! fact t language is n meant to convey all ! delicate %ades ( inn] /ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is errone\s t5d5cy aid$ by language4 ,illu/ration4 ,i rise1 = example1 to op5 ! w9d[1 & ,i h h>dly /ood up be=e ,i =get :at ,i _h to d4--,all "r1 x w be said2 y h associat$ two ideas1 t ( an end to be atta9$ & t ( a movem5t to be accompli%$3 "o ( ! ideas has vani%$ & only ! idea ( ! movem5t rema9s4--,h[ev]1 ,i d n sit d[n aga92 ,i h a confus$ feel+ t some?+ rema9s to be done4 ,?is p>ticul> /&+ /ill1 !re=e1 is n ! same z any o!r /&+ /ill2 9 ! position :i* ,i take up ! act to be p]=m$ is z x 7 prefigur$1 s t ,i h only to keep ?is position1 to /udy x1 or r to feel x intimately1 9 ord] to recov] ! idea :i* _h vani%$ = a mom5t4 ,h5ce1 ?is idea mu/ h t+$ ) a c]ta9 p>ticul> col\r+ ! m5tal image ( ! int5d$ movem5t & ! position tak5 up1 & ?is col\r+1 )\t d\bt1 w\ld n h be5 ! same if ! end to be atta9$ _h be5 diff]5t4 ,nev]!less language w\ld h /ill express$ ! movem5t & ! position 9 ! same way2 & associationism w\ld h di/+ui%$ ! two cases by say+ t ) ! idea ( ! same movem5t !re 0 associat$ ?is "t ! idea ( a new end3 z if ! m]e newness ( ! end to be atta9$ did n alt] 9 "s degree ! idea ( ! movem5t to be p]=m$1 ev5 ?\gh ! movem5t itself rema9$ ! same6 ,we %\ld ?us say1 n t ! image ( a c]ta9 position c be connect$ 9 consci\sness ) images ( diff]5t ends to be atta9$1 b r t positions geometrically id5tical outside look diff]5t to consci\sness f ! inside1 accord+ to ! end contemplat$4 ,! mi/ake ( associationism is t x fir/ did away ) ! qualitative elem5t 9 ! act to be p]=m$ & reta9$ only ! geometrical & imp]sonal elem5t3 ) ! idea ( ?is act1 ?us r5d]$ col\rless1 x 0 !n necess>y to associate "s specific diff]5ce to di/+ui% x f _m o!r acts4 ,b ?is association is ! "w ( ! associationi/ philosoph] :o is /udy+ my m9d1 r ?an ( my m9d itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f associations ( smell4 ,i smell a rose & imm$iately confus$ recollections ( *ildhood come back to my memory4 ,9 tru?1 ^! recollections h n be5 call$ up by ! p]fume ( ! rose3 ,i brea! !m 9 ) ! v sc5t2 x means all t to me4 ,to o!rs x w smell diff]5tly4--,x is always ! same sc5t1 y w say1 b associat$ ) diff]5t ideas4--,i am q will+ t y %\ld express y\rself 9 ?is way2 b d n =get t y h fir/ remov$ ! p]sonal elem5t f ! diff]5t impressions :i* ! rose makes on ea* "o ( u2 y h reta9$ only ! objective aspect1 t "p ( ! sc5t ( ! rose :i* is public prop]ty & !reby belongs to space4 ,only ?us 0 x possible to give a "n to ! rose & its p]fume4 ,y !n f\nd x necess>y1 9 ord] to di/+ui% our p]sonal impressions f "o ano!r1 to add specific *>act]i/ics to ! g5]al idea ( rose-sc5t4 ,& y n[ say t our diff]5t impressions1 our p]sonal impressions1 result f ! fact t we associate diff]5t recollections ) rose-sc5t4 ,b ! association ( :i* y speak h>dly exi/s except = y1 & z a me?od ( explanation4 ,x is 9 ?is way t1 by sett+ side by side c]ta9 lett]s ( an alphabet common to a numb] ( kn[n languages1 we may imitate fairly well su* & su* a *>act]i/ic s\nd belong+ to a new "o2 b n ) any ( ^! lett]s1 nor ) all ( !m1 has ! s\nd itself be5 built up4 ,sid5ote3 ,associationism fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ! multiplicity ( juxtaposition & t ( fusion4 ,we are ?us br\ght back to ! di/9ction :i* we set up above betwe5 ! multiplicity ( juxtaposition & t ( fusion or int]p5etration4 ,su* & su* a feel+ su* & su* an idea1 conta9s an indef9ite plurality ( consci\s /ates3 b ! plurality w n be obs]v$ unless x is1 z x 71 spread out 9 ?is homog5e\s m$ium :i* "s call duration1 b :i* is 9 reality space4 ,we %all !n p]ceive t]ms ext]nal to "o ano!r1 & ^! t]ms w no long] be ! /ates ( consci\sness !mselves1 b _! symbols1 or1 speak+ m exactly1 ! words :i* express !m4 ,!re is1 z we h po9t$ out1 a close connexion betwe5 ! faculty ( conceiv+ a homog5e\s m$ium1 su* z space1 & t ( ?9k+ by means ( g5]al ideas4 ,z soon z we try to give an acc\nt ( a consci\s /ate1 to analyse x1 ?is /ate1 :i* is above all p]sonal1 w be resolv$ into imp]sonal elem5ts ext]nal to "o ano!r1 ea* ( :i* calls up ! idea ( a g5us & is express$ by a ^w4 ,b because our reason1 equipp$ ) ! idea ( space & ! p[] ( creat+ symbols1 draws ^! multiple elem5ts out ( ! :ole1 x does n foll[ t !y 7 conta9$ 9 x4 ,= )9 ! :ole !y did n occupy space & did n c>e to express !mselves by means ( symbols2 !y p]meat$ & melt$ into "o ano!r4 ,associationism ?us makes ! mi/ake ( con/antly replac+ ! concrete ph5om5on :i* takes place 9 ! m9d by ! artificial recon/ruction ( x giv5 by philosophy1 & ( ?us confus+ ! explanation ( ! fact ) ! fact itself4 ,we %all p]ceive ?is m cle>ly z we consid] deep] & m compreh5sive psy*ic /ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,failure ( associationism to expla9 ! deep] /ates ( ! self4 ,! self comes into contact ) ! ext]nal _w at its surface2 & z ?is surface reta9s ! impr9t ( objects1 ! self w associate by contiguity t]ms :i* x has p]ceiv$ 9 juxtaposition3 x is connexions ( ?is k9d1 connexions ( q simple & s to speak imp]sonal s5sations1 t ! associationi/ !ory fits4 ,b1 j 9 proportion z we dig bel[ ! surface & get d[n to ! real self1 d its /ates ( consci\sness cease to /& 9 juxtaposition & beg9 to p]meate & melt into "o ano!r1 & ea* to be t+$ ) ! col\r+ ( all ! o!rs4 ,?us ea* ( u has 8 own way ( lov+ & hat+2 & ?is love or ?is hatr$ reflects 8 :ole p]sonality4 ,language1 h[ev]1 d5otes ^! /ates by ! same words 9 e case3 s t x has be5 able to fix only ! objective & imp]sonal aspect ( love1 hate1 & ! ?\s& emotions :i* /ir ! s\l4 ,we e/imate ! tal5t ( a noveli/ by ! p[] ) :i* he lifts out ( ! common doma91 to :i* language _h ?us br\ght !m d[n1 feel+s & ideas to :i* he /rives to re/ore1 by add+ detail to detail1 _! orig9al & liv+ individuality4 ,b j z we c g on ins]t+ po9ts betwe5 two positions ( a mov+ body )\t ev] fill+ up ! space trav]s$1 9 ! same way1 by ! m]e fact t we associate /ates ) /ates & t ^! /ates are set side by side in/ead ( p]meat+ "o ano!r1 we fail to translate completely :at our s\l exp]i5ces3 !re is no common measure betwe5 m9d & language4 ,sid5ote3 ,! self is n an aggregate ( consci\s /ates4 ,fre$om is self-expression1 admitt+ ( degrees1 & may be curtail$ by education4 ,!re=e1 x is only an inaccurate psy*ology1 misl$ by language1 :i* w %[ u ! s\l det]m9$ by sympa?y1 av]sion1 or hate z ?\gh by s _m =ces press+ ^u x4 ,^! feel+s1 provid$ t !y g deep en\gh1 ea* make up ! :ole s\l1 s9ce ! :ole cont5t ( ! s\l is reflect$ 9 ea* ( !m4 ,to say t ! s\l is det]m9$ "u ! influ5ce ( any "o ( ^! feel+s is ?us to recognize t x is self-det]m9$4 ,! associationi/ r$uces ! self to an aggregate ( consci\s /ates3 s5sations1 feel+s1 & ideas4 ,b if he sees 9 ^! v>i\s /ates no m ?an is express$ 9 _! "n1 if he reta9s only _! imp]sonal aspect1 he may set !m side by side = ev] )\t gett+ any?+ b a phantom self1 ! %ad[ ( ! ego project+ itself into space4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he takes ^! psy*ic /ates ) ! p>ticul> col\r+ :i* !y assume 9 ! case ( a def9ite p]son1 & :i* comes to ea* ( !m by reflection f all ! o!rs1 !n !re is no ne$ to associate a numb] ( consci\s /ates 9 ord] to rebuild ! p]son1 = ! :ole p]sonality is 9 a s+le "o ( !m1 provid$ t we "k h[ to *oose x4 ,& ! outw>d manife/ation ( ?is inn] /ate w be j :at is call$ a free act1 s9ce ! self alone w h be5 ! au?or ( x1 & s9ce x w express ! :ole ( ! self4 ,fre$om1 ?us und]/ood1 is n absolute1 z a radically lib]t>ian philosophy w\ld h x2 x admits ( degrees4 ,= x is by no means ! case t all consci\s /ates bl5d ) "o ano!r z ra9drops ) ! wat] ( a lake4 ,! self1 9 s f> z x has to d ) a homog5e\s space1 develops on a k9d ( surface1 & on ?is surface indep5d5t gr[?s may =m & float4 ,?us a sugge/ion receiv$ 9 ! hypnotic /ate is n incorporat$ 9 ! mass ( consci\s /ates1 b1 end[$ ) a life ( its own1 x w usurp ! :ole p]sonality :5 its "t comes4 ,a viol5t ang] r\s$ by "s accid5tal circum/ance1 an h]$it>y vice sudd5ly em]g+ f ! obscure dep?s ( ! organism to ! surface ( consci\sness1 w act almo/ l a hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,alongside ^! indep5d5t elem5ts !re may be f\nd m complex s]ies1 ! t]ms ( :i* d p]meate "o ano!r1 b :i* nev] succe$ 9 bl5d+ p]fectly ) ! :ole mass ( ! self4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( feel+s & ideas :i* are ! result ( an education n prop]ly assimilat$1 an education :i* appeals to ! memory r ?an to ! judgm5t4 ,"h w be f\nd1 )9 ! fundam5tal self1 a p>asitic self :i* cont9ually encroa*es ^u ! o!r4 ,_m live ?is k9d ( life1 & die )\t hav+ kn[n true fre$om4 ,b sugge/ion w\ld become p]suasion if ! entire self assimilat$ x2 passion1 ev5 sudd5 passion1 w\ld no long] be> ! /amp ( fatality if ! :ole hi/ory ( ! p]son 7 reflect$ 9 x1 z 9 ! indignation ( ,alce/e2#g & ! mo/ au?oritative education w\ld n curtail any ( our fre$om if x only imp>t$ to u ideas & feel+s capable ( impregnat+ ! :ole s\l4 ,x is ! :ole s\l1 9 fact1 :i* gives rise to ! free decision3 & ! act w be s mu* ! fre] ! m ! dynamic s]ies ) :i* x is connect$ t5ds to be ! fundam5tal self4 ,sid5ote3 ,our e-day acts obey ! laws ( association4 ,at great great crises our decisions are really free z express+ ! fundam5tal self4 ,?us und]/ood1 free acts are exceptional1 ev5 on ! "p ( ^? :o are mo/ giv5 to controll+ & reason+ out :at !y d4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t we g5]ally p]ceive our own self by refraction ?r\gh space1 t our consci\s /ates cry/allize into words1 & t our liv+ & concrete self ?us gets cov]$ ) an out] cru/ ( clean-cut psy*ic /ates1 :i* are sep>at$ f "o ano!r & consequ5tly fix$4 ,we add$ t1 = ! conv5i5ce ( language & ! promotion ( social relations1 we h ev]y?+ to ga9 by n break+ ?r\gh ?is cru/ & by assum+ x to give an exact outl9e ( ! =m ( ! object :i* x cov]s4 ,x %\ld n[ be add$ t our daily actions are call$ =? n s mu* by our feel+s !mselves1 :i* are con/antly *ang+1 z by ! un*ang+ images ) :i* ^! feel+s are b\nd up4 ,9 ! morn+1 :5 ! h\r /rikes at :i* ,i am accu/om$ to rise1 ,i might receive ?is impression 1 z ,plato says2 ,i might let x bl5d ) ! confus$ mass ( impressions :i* fill my m9d2 p]haps 9 t case x w\ld n det]m9e me to act4 ,b g5]ally ?is impression1 in/ead ( di/urb+ my :ole consci\sness l a /one :i* falls into ! wat] ( a pond1 m]ely /irs up an idea :i* is1 s to speak1 solidifi$ on ! surface1 ! idea ( ris+ & att5d+ to my usual occupations4 ,?is impression & ?is idea h 9 ! end become ti$ up ) "o ano!r1 s t ! act foll[s ! impression )\t ! self int]f]+ ) x4 ,9 ?is in/ance ,i am a consci\s automaton1 & ,i am s because ,i h ev]y?+ to ga9 by be+ s4 ,x w be f\nd t ! majority ( our daily actions are p]=m$ 9 ?is way & t1 ow+ to ! solidification 9 memory ( su* & su* s5sations1 feel+s1 or ideas1 impressions f ! outside call =? movem5ts on our "p :i*1 ?\gh consci\s & ev5 intellig5t1 h _m po9ts ( resemblance ) reflex acts4 ,x is to ^! acts1 :i* are v num]\s b = ! mo/ "p insignificant1 t ! associationi/ !ory is applicable4 ,!y are1 tak5 all toge!r1 ! sub/ratum ( our free activity1 & ) respect to ?is activity !y play ! same "p z our organic functions 9 relation to ! :ole ( our consci\s life4 ,moreov] we w grant to det]m9ism t we (t5 resign our fre$om 9 m s]i\s circum/ances1 & t1 by sluggi%ness or indol5ce1 we all[ ?is same local process to run its c\rse :5 our :ole p]sonality ought1 s to speak1 to vibrate4 ,:5 our mo/ tru/wor?y fri5ds agree 9 advis+ u to take "s important /ep1 ! s5tim5ts :i* !y utt] ) s mu* insi/5ce lodge on ! surface ( our ego & !re get solidifi$ 9 ! same way z ! ideas ( :i* we spoke j n[4 ,little by little !y w =m a ?ick cru/ :i* w cov] up our own s5tim5ts2 we %all believe t we are act+ freely1 & x is only by look+ back to ! pa/1 lat] on1 t we %all see h[ mu* we 7 mi/ak54 ,b !n1 at ! v m9ute :5 ! act is go+ to be p]=m$1 some?+ may revolt aga9/ x4 ,x is ! deep-seat$ self ru%+ up to ! surface4 ,x is ! out] cru/ bur/+1 sudd5ly giv+ way to an irresi/ible ?ru/4 ,h5ce 9 ! dep?s ( ! self1 bel[ ?is mo/ reasonable pond]+ ov] mo/ reasonable pieces ( advice1 some?+ else 0 go+ on--a gradual heat+ & a sudd5 boil+ ov] ( feel+s & ideas1 n unp]ceiv$1 b r unnotic$4 ,if we turn back to !m & c>efully scrut9ize our memory1 we %all see t we _h ourselves %ap$ ^! ideas1 ourselves liv$ ^! feel+s1 b t1 ?r\gh "s /range reluctance to ex]cise our w1 we _h ?ru/ !m back into ! d>ke/ dep?s ( our s\l :5ev] !y came up to ! surface4 ,& ?is is :y we seek 9 va9 to expla9 our sudd5 *ange ( m9d by ! visible circum/ances :i* prec$$ x4 ,we wi% to "k ! reason :y we h made up our m9d1 & we f9d t we h decid$ )\t any reason1 & p]haps ev5 aga9/ e reason4 ,b1 9 c]ta9 cases1 t is ! be/ ( reasons4 ,= ! action :i* has be5 p]=m$ does n !n express "s sup]ficial idea1 almo/ ext]nal to ourselves1 di/9ct & easy to acc\nt =3 x agrees ) ! :ole ( our mo/ intimate feel+s1 ?\ghts & aspirations1 ) t p>ticul> conception ( life :i* is ! equival5t ( all our pa/ exp]i5ce1 9 a ^w1 ) our p]sonal idea ( happ9ess & ( hon\r4 ,h5ce x has be5 a mi/ake to look = examples 9 ! ord9>y & ev5 indiff]5t circum/ances ( life 9 ord] to prove t man is capable ( *oos+ )\t a motive4 ,x might easily be %[n t ^! insignificant actions are b\nd up ) "s det]m9+ reason4 ,x is at ! great & solemn crisis1 decisive ( our reputation ) o!rs1 & yet m ) ourselves1 t we *oose 9 defiance ( :at is conv5tionally call$ a motive1 & ?is abs5ce ( any tangible reason is ! m /rik+ ! deep] our fre$om goes4 ,sid5ote3 ,det]m9ism sets on ! "o side ! ego1 always self-id5tical & on ! o!r contr>y feel+s4 ,b ?is is m]e symbolism4 ,b ! det]m9i/1 ev5 :5 he refra9s f reg>d+ ! m s]i\s emotions or deep-seat$ psy*ic /ates z =ces1 nev]!less di/+ui%es !m f "o ano!r & is ?us l$ to a me*anical conception ( ! self4 ,he w %[ u ?is self hesitat+ betwe5 two contr>y feel+s1 pass+ f "o to ! o!r & f9ally decid+ 9 fav\r ( "o ( !m4 ,! self & ! feel+s :i* /ir x are ?us treat$ z well def9$ objects1 :i* rema9 id5tical dur+ ! :ole ( ! process4 ,b if x is always ! same self :i* delib]ates1 & if ! two opposite feel+s by :i* x is mov$ d n *ange1 h[1 9 virtue ( ?is v pr9ciple ( causality :i* det]m9ism appeals to1 w ! self ev] come to a decision8 ,! tru? is t ! self1 by ! m]e fact ( exp]i5c+ ! fir/ feel+1 has already *ang$ to a slight ext5t :5 ! second sup]v5es3 all ! "t t ! delib]ation is go+ on1 ! self is *ang+ & is consequ5tly modify+ ! two feel+s :i* agitate x4 ,a dynamic s]ies ( /ates is ?us =m$ :i* p]meate & /r5g!n "o ano!r1 & :i* w lead by a natural evolution to a free act4 ,b det]m9ism1 ev] crav+ = symbolical repres5tation1 _c help sub/itut+ words = ! opposite feel+s :i* %>e ! ego betwe5 !m1 z well z = ! ego itself4 ,by giv+ fir/ ! p]son & !n ! feel+s by :i* he is mov$ a fix$ =m by means ( %>ply def9$ words1 x deprives !m 9 advance ( e k9d ( liv+ activity4 ,x w !n see on ! "o side an ego always self-id5tical1 & on ! o!r contr>y feel+s1 also self-id5tical1 :i* dispute = its possession2 victory w necess>ily belong to ! /rong]4 ,b ?is me*anism1 to :i* we h condemn$ ourselves 9 advance1 has no value beyond t ( a symbolical repres5tation3 x _c hold good aga9/ ! witness ( an att5tive consci\sness1 :i* %[s u inn] dynamism z a fact4 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om & "*4 ,! det]m9i/ next asks1 c\ld y\r act h be5 diff]5t or c x be =etold8 ,9 %ort1 we are free :5 our acts spr+ f our :ole p]sonality1 :5 !y express x1 :5 t indef9able resemblance to x :i* "o sometimes f9ds betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 "w4 ,x is no use ass]t+ t we are !n yield+ to ! all-p[]ful influ5ce ( our "*4 ,our "* is /ill ourselves2 & because we are pleas$ to split ! p]son into two p>ts s t by an ef=t ( ab/raction we may consid] 9 turn ! self :i* feels or ?9ks & ! self :i* acts1 x w\ld be v /range to conclude t "o ( ! two selves is co]c+ ! o!r4 ,^? :o ask :e!r we are free to alt] our "* lay !mselves op5 to ! same objection4 ,c]ta9ly our "* is alt]+ imp]ceptibly e day1 & our fre$om w\ld suff] if ^! new acquisitions 7 graft$ on to our self & n bl5d$ ) x4 ,b1 z soon z ?is bl5d+ takes place1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! *ange :i* has sup]v5$ 9 our "* belongs to u1 t we h appropriat$ x4 ,9 a ^w1 if x is agre$ to call e act free :i* spr+s f ! self & f ! self alone1 ! act :i* be>s ! m>k ( our p]sonality is truly free1 = our self alone w lay claim to its pat]nity4 ,x w\ld ?us be recogniz$ t free w is a fact1 if x 7 agre$ to look = x 9 a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic ( ! decision :i* is tak51 9 ! free act itself4 ,b ! det]m9i/ feel+ t he _c reta9 8 hold on ?is position1 takes refuge 9 ! pa/ or ! future4 ,sometimes he transf]s himself 9 ?\ght to "s e>li] p]iod & ass]ts ! necess>y det]m9ation1 f ?is v mom5t1 ( ! act :i* is to come2 sometimes1 assum+ 9 advance t ! act is already p]=m$1 he claims t x c\ld n h tak5 place 9 any o!r way4 ,! oppon5ts ( det]m9ism !mselves will+ly foll[ x on to ?is new gr\nd & agree to introduce into _! def9ition ( our free act -p]haps n )\t "s risk--! anticipation ( :at we might d & ! recollection ( "s o!r decision :i* we might h tak54 ,x is advisable1 !n1 t we %\ld place ourselves at ?is new po9t ( view1 &1 sett+ aside all translation into words1 all symbolism 9 space1 att5d to :at pure consci\sness alone %[s u ab\t an action t has come to pass or an action :i* is /ill to come4 ,! orig9al error ( det]m9ism & ! mi/ake ( its oppon5ts w ?us be grasp$ on ano!r side1 9 s f> z !y be> explicitly on a c]ta9 misconception ( duration4 ,sid5ote3 ,det]m9i/ & lib]t>ian doctr9es ( possible acts4 ,to be consci\s ( free w1 says ,/u>t ,mill1 mu/ mean to be consci\s1 be=e ,i h decid$1 t ,i am able to decide ei!r way4#h ,?is is really ! way 9 :i* ! def5d]s ( free w und]/& x2 & !y ass]t t :5 we p]=m an action freely1 "s o!r action w\ld h be5 equally possible4 ,on ?is po9t !y appeal to ! te/imony ( consci\sness1 :i* %[s u1 beyond ! act itself1 ! p[] ( decid+ 9 fav\r ( ! opposite c\rse4 ,inv]sely1 det]m9ism claims t1 giv5 c]ta9 antec$5ts1 only "o resultant action 0 possible4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ourselves hypo!tically1 ,/u>t ,mill goes on1 z hav+ act$ o!rwise ?an we did1 we always suppose a diff]5ce 9 ! antec$5ts4 ,we picture ourselves z hav+ kn[n some?+ t we did n "k1 or n kn[n some?+ t we did "k4#i ,&1 fai?ful to 8 pr9ciple1 ! ,engli% philosoph] assigns consci\sness ! rle ( in=m+ u ab\t :at is1 n ab\t :at might be4 ,we %all n insi/ = ! mom5t on ?is la/ po9t3 we res]ve ! "q 9 :at s5se ! ego p]ceives itself z a det]m9+ cause4 ,b beside ?is psy*ological "q !re is ano!r1 belong+ r to metaphysics1 :i* ! det]m9i/s & _! oppon5ts solve a priori along opposite l9es4 ,! argum5t ( ! =m] implies t !re is only "o possible act correspond+ to giv5 antec$5ts3 ! believ]s 9 free w assume1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! same s]ies c\ld issue 9 sev]al diff]5t acts1 equally possible4 ,x is on ?is "q ( ! equal possibility ( two contr>y actions or volitions t we %all fir/ dwell3 p]haps we %all ?us ga!r "s indication z to ! nature ( ! op]ation by :i* ! w makes its *oice4 ,sid5ote3 ,geometrical 7& !reby deceptive7 repres5tation ( ! process ( com+ to a decision4 ,i hesitate betwe5 two possible actions ,x & ,y1 & ,i g 9 turn f "o to ! o!r4 ,?is means t ,i pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ates1 & t ^! /ates c be divid$ into two gr\ps accord+ z ,i incl9e m t[>ds ,x or 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,inde$1 ^! opposite incl9ations alone h a real exi/5ce1 & ,x & ,y are two symbols by :i* ,i repres5t at _! arrival-or t]m9ation-po9ts1 s to speak1 two diff]5t t5d5cies ( my p]sonality at successive mom5ts ( duration4 ,let u !n r d5ote ! t5d5cies !mselves by ,x & ,y2 w ?is new notation give a m fai?ful image ( ! concrete reality8 ,x mu/ be notic$1 z we said above1 t ! self gr[s1 exp&s1 & *anges z x passes ?r\gh ! two contr>y /ates3 if n1 h[ w\ld x ev] come to a decision8 ,h5ce !re are n exactly two contr>y /ates1 b a l>ge numb] ( successive & diff]5t /ates )9 :i* ,i di/+ui%1 by an ef=t ( imag9ation1 two opposite directions4 ,illu/ration ,?us we %all get /ill ne>] ! reality by agree+ to use ! inv>iable signs ,x & ,y to d5ote1 n ^! t5d5cies or /ates !mselves1 s9ce !y are con/antly *ang+1 b ! two diff]5t directions :i* our imag9ation ascribes to !m = ! great] conv5i5ce ( language4 ,x w also be und]/ood t ^! are symbolical repres5tations1 t 9 reality !re are n two t5d5cies1 or ev5 two directions1 b a self :i* lives & develops by means ( its v hesitations1 until ! free action drops f x l an ov]-ripe fruit4 ,sid5ote3 ,! only reality is ! liv+ develop+ self1 9 :i* we di/+ui% by ab/raction two opposite t5d5cies or directions4 ,b ?is conception ( volunt>y activity does n satisfy common s5se1 because1 be+ ess5tially a devotee ( me*anism1 x loves cle>-cut di/9ctions1 ^? :i* are express$ by %>ply def9$ words or by diff]5t positions 9 space4 ,h5ce x w picture a self :i*1 aft] hav+ trav]s$ a s]ies ,m ,o ( consci\s /ates1 :5 x rea*es ! po9t ,o f9ds be=e x two directions ,o ,x & ,o ,y1 equally op54 ,^! directions ?us become ?+s1 real pa?s into :i* ! highroad ( consci\sness leads1 & x dep5ds only on ! self :i* ( !m is ent]$ ^u4 ,9 %ort1 ! cont9u\s & liv+ activity ( ?is self1 9 :i* we h di/+ui%$1 by ab/raction only1 two opposite directions1 is replac$ by ^! directions !mselves1 trans=m$ into indiff]5t in]t ?+s await+ our *oice4 ,b !n we mu/ c]ta9ly transf] ! activity ( ! self some:]e or o!r4 ,we w put x1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 at ! po9t ,o3 we w say t ! self1 :5 x rea*es ,o & f9ds two c\rses op5 to x1 hesitates1 delib]ates & f9ally decides 9 fav\r ( "o ( !m4 ,z we f9d x difficult to picture ! d\ble direction ( ! consci\s activity 9 all ! phases ( its cont9u\s developm5t1 we sep>ate (f ^! two t5d5cies on ! "o h& & ! activity ( ! self on ! o!r3 we ?us get an imp>tially active ego hesitat+ betwe5 two in]t &1 z x 71 solidifi$ c\rses ( action4 ,n[1 if x decides 9 fav\r ( ,o ,x1 ! l9e ,o ,y w nev]!less rema92 if x *ooses ,o ,y1 ! pa? ,o ,x w rema9 op51 wait+ 9 case ! self retraces its /eps 9 ord] to make use ( x4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we say1 :5 speak+ ( a free act1 t ! contr>y action 0 equally possible4 ,&1 ev5 if we d n draw a geometrical figure on pap]1 we involunt>ily & almo/ unconsci\sly ?9k ( x z soon z we di/+ui% 9 ! free act a numb] ( successive phases1 ! conception ( opposite motives1 hesitation & *oice--?us hid+ ! geometrical symbolism "u a k9d ( v]bal cry/allization4 ,n[ x is easy to see t ?is really me*anical conception ( fre$om issues naturally & logically 9 ! mo/ unb5d+ det]m9ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ?is symbolism repres5ts ! facts1 ! activity ( ! self has always t5d$ 9 "o direction1 & det]m9ism results4 ,! liv+ activity ( ! self1 9 :i* we di/+ui% by ab/raction two opposite t5d5cies1 w f9ally issue ei!r at ,x or ,y4 ,n[1 s9ce x is agre$ to localize ! d\ble activity ( ! self at ! po9t ,o1 !re is no reason to sep>ate ?is activity f ! act 9 :i* x w issue & :i* =ms "p & p>cel ( x4 ,& if exp]i5ce %[s t ! decision has be5 9 fav\r ( ,x1 x is n a neutral activity :i* %\ld be plac$ at ! po9t ,o1 b an activity t5d+ 9 advance 9 ! direction ,o ,x1 9 spite ( app>5t hesitations4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 obs]vation proves t ! decision has be5 9 fav\r ( ,y1 we mu/ inf] t ! activity localiz$ by u at ! po9t ,o 0 b5t 9 ?is second direction 9 spite ( "s oscillations t[>ds ! fir/4 ,to ass]t t ! self1 :5 x rea*es ! po9t ,o1 *ooses indiff]5tly betwe5 ,x & ,y1 is to /op half way 9 ! c\rse ( our geometrical symbolism2 x is to sep>ate (f at ! po9t ,o only a "p ( ?is cont9u\s activity 9 :i* we und\bt$ly di/+ui%$ two diff]5t directions1 b :i* 9 addition has gone on to ,x or ,y3 :y n take ?is la/ fact into acc\nt z well z ! o!r two8 ,:y n assign x ! place t belongs to x 9 ! symbolical figure :i* we h j con/ruct$8 ,b if ! self1 :5 x rea*es ! po9t ,o1 is already det]m9$ 9 "o direction1 !re is no use 9 ! o!r way rema9+ op51 ! self _c take x4 ,& ! same r\gh symbolism :i* 0 meant to %[ ! cont+5cy ( ! action p]=m$1 ends1 by a natural ext5sion1 9 prov+ its absolute necessity4 ,sid5ote3 ,lib]t>ians ignore ! fact t "o pa? has be5 *os51 & n ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 def5d]s & oppon5ts ( free w agree 9 hold+ t ! action is prec$$ by a k9d ( me*anical oscillation betwe5 two po9ts ,x & ,y4 ,if ,i decide 9 fav\r ( ,x1 ! =m] w tell me3 y hesitat$ & delib]at$1 !re=e ,y 0 possible4 ,! o!rs w answ]3 y *ose ,x1 !re=e y _h "s reason = do+ s1 & ^? :o decl>e t ,y 0 equally possible =get ?is reason3 !y leave aside "o ( ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,n[1 if ,i dig deep] und]nea? ^! two opposite solutions1 ,i discov] a common po/ulate3 bo? take up _! position aft] ! action ,x has be5 p]=m$1 & repres5t ! process ( my volunt>y activity by a pa? ,m ,o :i* bran*es (f at ! po9t ,o1 ! l9es ,o ,x & ,o ,y symboliz+ ! two directions :i* ab/raction di/+ui%es )9 ! cont9u\s activity ( :i* ,x is ! goal4 ,b :ile ! det]m9i/s take acc\nt ( all t !y "k1 & note t ! pa? ,m ,o ,x has be5 trav]s$1 _! oppon5ts mean to ignore "o ( ! data ) :i* !y h con/ruct$ ! figure1 & aft] hav+ trac$ out ! l9es ,o ,x & ,o ,y1 :i* %\ld toge!r repres5t ! progress ( ! activity ( ! self1 !y br+ back ! self to ! po9t ,o to oscillate !re until fur!r ord]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! figure m]ely gives ! /]eotyp$ memory ( ! process1 & n ! dynamic progress :i* issu$ 9 ! set4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 inde$1 t ! figure1 :i* is really a splitt+ ( our psy*ic activity 9 space1 is purely symbolical1 & z su*1 _c be con/ruct$ unless we adopt ! hypo!sis t our delib]ation is f9i%$ & our m9d made up4 ,if y trace x be=eh&1 act y assume t y h rea*$ ! end & are pres5t 9 imag9ation at ! f9al act4 ,9 %ort ?is figure does n %[ me ! de$ 9 ! do+ b ! de$ already done4 ,d n ask me !n :e!r ! self1 hav+ trav]s$ ! pa? ,m ,o & decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,x1 c\ld or c\ld n *oose ,y3 ,i %\ld answ] t ! "q is mean+less1 because !re is no l9e ,m ,o1 no po9t ,o1 no pa? ,o ,x1 no direction ,o ,y4 ,to ask su* a "q is to admit ! possibility ( adequately repres5t+ "t by space & a succession by a simultaneity4 ,x is to ascribe to ! figure we h trac$ ! value ( a description1 & n m]ely ( a symbol2 x is to believe t x is possible to foll[ ! process ( psy*ic activity on ?is figure l ! m>* ( an army on a map4 ,we h be5 pres5t at ! delib]ation ( ! self 9 all its phases until ! act 0 p]=m$3 !n1 recapitulat+ ! t]ms ( ! s]ies1 we p]ceive succession "u ! =m ( simultaneity1 we project "t into space1 & we base our reason+1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 on ?is geometrical figure4 ,b ?is figure repres5ts a ?+ & n a progress2 x corresponds1 9 its in]tness1 to a k9d ( /]eotyp$ memory ( ! :ole process ( delib]ation & ! f9al decision arriv$ at3 h[ c\ld x give u ! lea/ idea ( ! concrete movem5t1 ! dynamic progress by :i* ! delib]ation issu$ 9 ! act8 ,& yet1 once ! figure is con/ruct$1 we g back 9 imag9ation into ! pa/ & w h x t our psy*ic activity has foll[$ exactly ! pa? trac$ out by ! figure4 ,we ?us fall into ! mi/ake :i* has be5 po9t$ out above3 we give a me*anical explanation ( a fact1 & !n sub/itute ! explanation = ! fact itself4 ,h5ce we enc\nt] insup]able difficulties f ! v beg9n+3 if ! two c\rses 7 equally possible1 h[ h we made our *oice8 ,if only "o ( !m 0 possible1 :y did we believe ourselves free8 ,& we d n see t bo? que/ions come back to ?is3 ,is "t space8 ,sid5ote3 ,fundam5tal error is confusion ( "t & space4 ,! self infallible 9 affirm+ imm$iate exp]i5ce ( fre$om1 b _c expla9 x4 ,if ,i glance ov] a road m>k$ on ! map & foll[ x up to a c]ta9 po9t1 !re is no?+ to prev5t my turn+ back & try+ to f9d out :e!r x bran*es (f any:]e4 ,b "t is n a l9e along :i* "o c pass aga94 ,c]ta9ly1 once x has elaps$1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 pictur+ ! successive mom5ts z ext]nal to "o ano!r & 9 ?us ?9k+ ( a l9e trav]s+ space2 b x mu/ !n be und]/ood t ?is l9e does n symbolize ! "t :i* is pass+ b ! "t :i* has pass$4 ,def5d]s & oppon5ts ( free w alike =get ?is--! =m] :5 !y ass]t1 & ! latt] :5 !y d5y ! possibility ( act+ diff]5tly f :at we h done4 ,! =m] reason ?us3 ,! pa? is n yet trac$ out1 !re=e x may take any direction :atev]4 ,to :i* ! answ] is3 ,y =get t x is n possible to speak ( a pa? till ! action is p]=m$3 b !n x w h be5 trac$ out4 ,! latt] say3 ,! pa? has be5 trac$ out 9 su* & su* a way3 !re=e its possible direction 0 n any direction :atev]1 b only ?is "o direction4 ,to :i* ! answ] is3 ,be=e ! pa? 0 trac$ out !re 0 no direction1 ei!r possible or impossible1 = ! v simple reason t !re c\ld n yet be any "q ( a pa?4 ,get rid ( ?is clumsy symbolism1 ! idea ( :i* besets y )\t y\r kn[+ x2 y w see t ! argum5t ( ! det]m9i/s assumes ?is pu]ile =m3 ,! act1 once p]=m$1 is p]=m$1 & t _! oppon5ts reply3 ,! act1 be=e be+ p]=m$1 0 n yet p]=m$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "q ( fre$om rema9s aft] ?is discussion exactly :]e x 0 to beg9 )2 nor mu/ we be surpris$ at x1 s9ce fre$om mu/ be s\ght 9 a c]ta9 %ade or quality ( ! action itself & n 9 ! relation ( ?is act to :at x is n or to :at x might h be54 ,all ! difficulty arises f ! fact t bo? p>ties picture ! delib]ation "u ! =m ( an oscillation 9 space1 :ile x really consi/s 9 a dynamic progress 9 :i* ! self & its motives1 l real liv+ be+s1 are 9 a con/ant /ate ( becom+4 ,! self1 infallible :5 x affirms its imm$iate exp]i5ces1 feels itself free & says s2 b1 z soon z x tries to expla9 its fre$om to itself1 x no long] p]ceives itself except by a k9d ( refraction ?r\gh space4 ,h5ce a symbolism ( a me*anical k9d1 equally incapable ( prov+1 disprov+1 or illu/rat+ free w4 ,sid5ote3 ,is pr$iction ( an act possible8 ,probable & infallible conclusions4 ,b det]m9ism w n admit itself beat51 &1 putt+ ! "q 9 a new =m1 x w say3 ,let u leave aside actions already p]=m$3 let u consid] only actions t are to come4 ,! "q is :e!r1 kn[+ f n[ onw>ds all ! future antec$5ts1 "s high] intellig5ce w\ld n be able to pr$ict ) absolute c]ta9ty ! decision :i* w result4--,we gladly agree to ! "q be+ put 9 ^! t]ms3 x w give u a *ance ( /at+ our own !ory ) great] precision4 ,b we %all fir/ draw a di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o ?9k t ! k ( antec$5ts w\ld enable u to /ate a probable conclusion & ^? :o speak ( an infallible =esight4 ,to say t a c]ta9 fri5d1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 w v probably act 9 a c]ta9 way1 is n s mu* to pr$ict ! future conduct ( our fri5d z to pass a judgm5t on 8 pres5t "*1 t is to say1 on 8 pa/4 ,al?\gh our feel+s1 our ideas1 our "*1 are con/antly alt]+1 a sudd5 *ange is seldom obs]v$2 & x is /ill m seldom t we _c say ( a p]son :om we "k t c]ta9 actions seem to accord fairly well ) 8 nature & t c]ta9 o!rs are absolutely inconsi/5t ) x4 ,all philosoph]s w agree on ?is po9t2 = to say t a giv5 action is consi/5t or inconsi/5t ) ! pres5t "* ( a p]son :om "o kn[s is n to b9d ! future to ! pres5t4 ,b ! det]m9i/ goes mu* fur!r3 he ass]ts t our solution is provisional simply because we nev] "k all ! conditions ( ! problem3 t our =eca/ w\ld ga9 9 probability 9 proportion z we 7 provid$ ) a l>g] numb] ( ^! conditions2 t1 !re=e1 complete & p]fect k ( all ! antec$5ts )\t any exception w\ld make our =eca/ infallibly true4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! hypo!sis :i* we h to exam9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,to "k completely ! antec$5ts & conditions ( an action is to be actually p]=m+ x4 ,= ! sake ( great] def9it5ess1 let u imag9e a p]son call$ ^u to make a seem+ly free decision "u s]i\s circum/ances3 we %all call him ,pet]4 ,! "q is :e!r a philosoph] ,paul1 liv+ at ! same p]iod z ,pet]1 or1 if y pref]1 a few c5turies be=e1 w\ld h be5 able1 kn[+ all ! conditions "u :i* ,pet] acts1 to =etell ) c]ta9ty ! *oice :i* ,pet] made4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( pictur+ ! m5tal condition ( a p]son at a giv5 mom5t4 ,we try to d x :5 e4g4 we read a novel2 b :atev] c>e ! au?or may h tak5 9 depict+ ! feel+s ( 8 h]o1 & ev5 9 trac+ back 8 hi/ory1 ! end1 =ese5 or un=ese51 w add some?+ to ! idea :i* we _h =m$ ( ! "*3 ! "*1 !re=e1 0 only imp]fectly kn[n to u4 ,9 tru?1 ! deep] psy*ic /ates1 ^? :i* are translat$ by free acts1 express & sum up ! :ole ( our pa/ hi/ory3 if ,paul kn[s all ! conditions "u :i* ,pet] acts1 we mu/ suppose t no detail ( ,pet]'s life escapes him1 & t 8 imag9ation recon/ructs & ev5 lives ov] aga9 ,pet]'s hi/ory4 ,b we mu/ "h make a vital di/9ction4 ,:5 ,i myself pass ?r\gh a c]ta9 psy*ic /ate1 ,i "k exactly ! int5sity ( ?is /ate & its importance 9 relation to ! o!rs1 n by measurem5t or comp>ison1 b because ! int5sity ( e4g4 a deep-seat$ feel+ is no?+ else ?an ! feel+ itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i try to give y an acc\nt ( ?is psy*ic /ate1 ,i %all be unable to make y realize its int5sity except by "s def9ite sign ( a ma!matical k9d3 ,i %all h to measure its importance1 comp>e x ) :at goes be=e & :at foll[s1 9 %ort det]m9e ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! f9al act4 ,& ,i %all say t x is m or less int5se1 m or less important1 accord+ z ! f9al act is expla9$ by x or ap>t f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = my own consci\sness1 :i* p]ceiv$ ?is inn] /ate1 !re 0 no ne$ ( a comp>ison ( ?is k9d3 ! int5sity 0 giv5 to x z an inexpressible quality ( ! /ate itself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! int5sity ( a psy*ic /ate is n giv5 to consci\sness z a special sign accompany+ ?is /ate & d5ot+ its p[]1 l an expon5t 9 algebra2 we h %[n above t x expresses r its %ade1 its *>act]i/ic col\r+1 & t1 if x is a "q ( a feel+1 = example1 its int5sity consi/s 9 be+ felt4 ,h5ce we h to di/+ui% two ways ( assimilat+ ! consci\s /ates ( o!r p3 ! "o dynamic1 :i* consi/s 9 exp]i5c+ !m oneself2 ! o!r /atic1 :i* consi/s 9 sub/itut+ = ! consci\sness ( ^! /ates _! image or r _! intellectual symbol1 _! idea4 ,9 ?is case ! consci\s /ates are imag9$ in/ead ( be+ reproduc$2 b1 !n1 to ! image ( ! psy*ic /ates !mselves "s indication ( _! int5sity %\ld be add$1 s9ce !y no long] act on ! p]son 9 ^: m9d !y are pictur$ & ! latt] has no long] any *ance ( exp]i5c+ _! =ce by actually feel+ !m4 ,n[1 ?is indication itself w necess>ily assume a quantitative "*3 x w be po9t$ out1 = example1 t a c]ta9 feel+ has m /r5g? ?an ano!r feel+1 t x is necess>y to take m acc\nt ( x1 t x has play$ a great] "p2 & h[ c\ld ?is be kn[n unless ! lat] hi/ory ( ! p]son 7 kn[n 9 advance1 ) ! precise actions 9 :i* ?is multiplicity ( /ates or incl9ations has issu$8 ,!re=e1 if ,paul is to h an adequate idea ( ,pet]'s /ate at any mom5t ( 8 hi/ory1 !re are only two c\rses op52 ei!r1 l a noveli/ :o kn[s :i!r he is conduct+ 8 *>act]s1 ,paul mu/ already "k ,pet]'s f9al act1 & mu/ ?us be able to supplem5t 8 m5tal image ( ! successive /ates ?r\gh :i* ,pet] is go+ to pass by "s indication ( _! value 9 relation to ! :ole ( ,pet]'s hi/ory2 or he mu/ make up 8 m9d to pass ?r\gh ^! diff]5t /ates1 n 9 imag9ation1 b 9 reality4 ,! =m] hypo!sis mu/ be put on "o side s9ce ! v po9t at issue is :e!r1 ! antec$5ts alone be+ giv51 ,paul w be able to =esee ! f9al act4 ,we f9d ourselves compell$1 !re=e1 to alt] radically ! idea :i* we _h =m$ ( ,paul3 he is n1 z we _h ?\ght at fir/1 a spectator ^: eyes pi]ce ! future1 b an actor :o plays ,pet]'s "p 9 advance4 ,& notice t y _c exempt him f any detail ( ?is "p1 = ! mo/ common-place ev5ts h _! importance 9 a life-/ory2 & ev5 suppos+ t !y h n1 y _c decide t !y are insignificant except 9 relation to ! f9al act1 :i*1 by hypo!sis1 is n giv54 ,nei!r h y ! "r to cut %ort--7 x only by a second--! diff]5t /ates ( consci\sness ?r\gh :i* ,paul is go+ to pass be=e ,pet]2 = ! effects ( ! same feel+1 = example1 g on accumulat+ at e mom5t ( duration1 & ! sum total ( ^! effects c\ld n be realiz$ all at once unless "o knew ! importance ( ! feel+1 tak5 9 its totality1 9 relation to ! f9al act1 :i* is ! v ?+ t is suppos$ to rema9 unkn[n4 ,b if ,pet] & ,paul h exp]i5c$ ! same feel+s 9 ! same ord]1 if _! m9ds h ! same hi/ory1 h[ w y di/+ui% "o f ! o!r8 ,w x be by ! body 9 :i* !y dwell8 ,!y w\ld !n always diff] 9 "s respect1 viz41 t at no mom5t ( _! hi/ory w\ld !y h a m5tal picture ( ! same body4 ,w x be by ! place :i* !y occupy 9 "t8 ,9 t case !y w\ld no long] be pres5t at ! same ev5ts3 n[1 by hypo!sis1 !y h ! same pa/ & ! same pres5t1 hav+ ! same exp]i5ce4 ,y mu/ n[ make up y\r m9d ab\t x3 ,pet] & ,paul are "o & ! same p]son1 :om y call ,pet] :5 he acts & ,paul :5 y recapitulate 8 hi/ory4 ,! m complete y made ! sum ( ! conditions :i*1 :5 kn[n1 w\ld h enabl$ y to pr$ict ,pet]'s future action1 ! clos] became y\r grasp ( 8 exi/5ce & ! ne>] y came to liv+ 8 life ov] aga9 d[n to its smalle/ details3 y ?us rea*$ ! v mom5t :51 ! action tak+ place1 !re 0 no long] any?+ to be =ese51 b only some?+ to be done4 ,"h aga9 any attempt to recon/ruct ideally an act really will$ ends 9 ! m]e witness+ ( ! act :il/ x is be+ p]=m$ or :5 x is already done4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce mean+less to ask :e!r an act c be =ese5 :5 all its antec$5ts are giv54 ,h5ce x is a "q devoid ( mean+ to ask3 ,c\ld or c\ld n ! act be =ese51 giv5 ! sum total ( its antec$5ts8 ,= !re are two ways ( assimilat+ ^! antec$5ts1 ! "o dynamic ! o!r /atic4 ,9 ! fir/ case we %all be l$ by imp]ceptible /eps to id5tify ourselves ) ! p]son we are deal+ )1 to pass ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( /ates1 & ?us to get back to ! v mom5t at :i* ! act is p]=m$2 h5ce !re c no long] be any "q ( =esee+ x4 ,9 ! second case1 we presuppose ! f9al act by ! m]e fact ( annex+ to ! qualitative description ( ! previ\s /ates ! quantitative appreciation ( _! importance4 ,"h aga9 ! "o p>ty is l$ m]ely to realize t ! act is n yet p]=m$ :5 x is to be p]=m$1 & ! o!r1 t :5 p]=m$ x is p]=m$4 ,?is1 l ! previ\s discussion1 leaves ! "q ( fre$om exactly :]e x 0 to beg9 )4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two fallacies involv$3 7#a7 reg>d+ int5sity z a magnitude1 n a quality2 7#b7 sub/itut+ mat]ial symbol = dynamic process4 ,by go+ deep] into ?is tw(old argum5t1 we %all f9d1 at its v root1 ! two fundam5tal illusions ( ! reflective consci\sness4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 reg>d+3 int5sity z a ma!matical prop]ty ( psy*ic /ates & n1 z we said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is essay1 z a special quality1 z a p>ticul> %ade ( ^! v>i\s /ates4 ,! second consi/s 9 sub/itut+ = ! concrete reality or dynamic progress1 :i* consci\sness p]ceives1 ! mat]ial symbol ( ?is progress :5 x has already rea*$ its end1 t is to say1 ( ! act already accompli%$ toge!r ) ! s]ies ( its antec$5ts4 ,c]ta9ly1 once ! f9al act is complet$1 ,i c ascribe to all ! antec$5ts _! prop] value1 & picture ! int]play ( ^! v>i\s elem5ts z a conflict or a composition ( =ces4 ,b to ask :e!r1 ! antec$5ts be+ kn[n z well z _! value1 "o c\ld =etell ! f9al act1 is to beg ! "q2 x is to =get t we _c "k ! value ( ! antec$5ts )\t kn[+ ! f9al act1 :i* is ! v ?+ t is n yet kn[n2 x is to suppose wrongly t ! symbolical diagram :i* we draw 9 our own way = repres5t+ ! action :5 complet$ has be5 drawn by ! action itself :il/ progress+1 & drawn by x 9 an automatic mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,claim+ to =esee an action always comes back to confus+ "t ) space4 ,n[1 9 ^! two illusions !mselves a ?ird "o is involv$1 & y w see t ! "q :e!r ! act c\ld or c\ld n be =ese5 always comes back to ?is3 ,is "t space8 ,y beg9 by sett+ side by side 9 "s ideal space ! consci\s /ates :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 ,pet]'s m9d1 & y p]ceive 8 life z a k9d ( pa? ,m ,o ,x ,y trac$ out by a mov+ body ,m 9 space4 ,y !n blot out 9 ?\ght ! "p ,o ,x ,y ( ?is curve1 & y inquire :e!r1 kn[+ ,m ,o1 y w\ld h be5 able to det]m9e ! portion ,o ,x ( ! curve :i* ! mov+ body describes beyond ,o4 ,illu/ration ,su* is1 9 ! ma91 ! "q :i* y put :5 y br+ 9 a philosoph] ,paul1 :o lives be=e ,pet] & has to picture to himself ! conditions "u :i* ,pet] w act4 ,y ?us mat]ialize ^! conditions2 y make ! "t to come into a road already m>k$ out across ! pla91 :i* we c contemplate f ! top ( ! m\nta91 ev5 if we h n trav]s$ x & are nev] to d s4 ,b1 n[1 y soon notice t ! k ( ! "p ,m ,o ( ! curve w\ld n be en\gh1 unless y 7 %[n ! position ( ! po9ts ( ?is l9e1 n only 9 relation to "o ano!r1 b also 9 relation to ! po9ts ( ! :ole l9e ,m ,o ,x ,y2 :i* w\ld am\nt to be+ giv5 9 advance ! v elem5ts :i* h to be det]m9$4 ,s y !n alt] y\r hypo!sis2 y realize t "t does n require to be se51 b to be liv$2 & h5ce y conclude t1 if y\r k ( ! l9e ,m ,o 0 n a suffici5t datum1 ! reason mu/ h be5 t y look$ at x f ! outside in/ead ( id5tify+ y\rself ) ! po9t ,m1 :i* describes n only ,m ,o b also ! :ole curve1 & ?us mak+ its movem5t y\r own4 ,!re=e1 y p]suade ,paul to come & co9cide ) ,pet]2 & naturally1 !n1 x is ! l9e ,m ,o ,x ,y :i* ,paul traces out 9 space1 s9ce1 by hypo!sis1 ,pet] describes ?is l9e4 ,b 9 no wise d y prove ?us t ,paul =esaw ,pet]'s action2 y only %[ t ,pet] act$ 9 ! way he did1 s9ce ,paul became ,pet]4 ,x is true t y !n come back1 unwitt+ly1 to y\r =m] hypo!sis1 because y cont9ually confuse ! l9e ,m ,o ,x ,y 9 its trac+ ) ! l9e ,m ,o ,x ,y already trac$1 t is to say1 "t ) space4 ,aft] caus+ ,paul to come d[n & id5tify himself ) ,pet] z long z 0 requir$1 y let him g up aga9 & resume 8 =m] po/ ( obs]vation4 ,no wond] if he !n p]ceives ! l9e ,m ,o ,x ,y complete3 he himself has j be5 complet+ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,confusion aris+ f pr$iction ( a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,:at makes ! confusion a natural & almo/ an unavoidable "o is t sci5ce seems to po9t to _m cases :]e we d anticipate ! future4 ,d we n det]m9e be=eh& ! conjunctions ( heav5ly bodies1 sol> & lun> eclipses1 9 %ort ! great] numb] ( a/ronomical ph5om5a8 ,does n1 !n1 ! human intellect embrace 9 ! pres5t mom5t imm5se int]vals ( duration /ill to come8 ,no d\bt x does2 b an anticipation ( ?is k9d has n ! slighte/ resemblance to ! anticipation ( a volunt>y act4 ,inde$1 z we %all see1 ! reasons :i* r5d] x possible to =etell an a/ronomical ph5om5on are ! v ones :i* prev5t u f det]m9+ 9 advance an act :i* spr+s f our free activity4 ,= ! future ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 al?\gh contemporane\s ) ! future ( a consci\s be+1 has no analogy to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f hypo!tical accel]ation ( physical movem5ts4 ,9 ord] to put our f+] on ?is vital diff]5ce1 let u assume = a mom5t t "s mis*iev\s illu/ration g5ius1 m p[]ful /ill ?an ! mis*iev\s g5ius conjur$ up by ,desc>tes decre$ t all ! movem5ts ( ! univ]se %\ld g twice z fa/4 ,!re w\ld be no *ange 9 a/ronomical ph5om5a1 or at any rate 9 ! equations :i* enable u to =esee !m1 = 9 ^! equations ! symbol t does n /& = a duration1 b = a relation betwe5 two durations1 = a c]ta9 numb] ( units ( "t1 9 %ort1 = a c]ta9 numb] ( simultaneities3 ^! simultaneities1 ^! co9cid5ces w\ld /ill take place 9 equal numb]3 only ! int]vals :i* sep>ate !m w\ld h dim9i%$1 b ^! int]vals nev] make _! appe>ance 9 our calculations4 ,n[ ^! int]vals are j duration liv$1 duration :i* our consci\sness p]ceives1 & our consci\sness w\ld soon in=m u ( a %ort5+ ( ! day if we _h n exp]i5c$ ! usual am\nt ( duration betwe5 sunrise & sunset4 ,no d\bt x w\ld n measure ?is %ort5+1 & p]haps x w\ld n ev5 p]ceive x imm$iately z a *ange ( quantity2 b x w\ld realize 9 "s way or o!r a decl9e 9 ! usual /or+ up ( exp]i5ce1 a *ange 9 ! progress usually accompli%$ betwe5 sunrise & sunset4 ,sid5ote3 ,a/ronomical prophecy su* z accel]ation4 ,n[1 :5 an a/ronom] =etells e4g4 a lun> eclipse1 he m]ely ex]cises 9 8 own way ! p[] :i* we h ascrib$ to our mis*iev\s g5ius4 ,he decrees t "t %all g t5 times1 a hundr$ times1 a ?\s& times z fa/1 & he has a "r to d s1 s9ce all t he ?us *anges is ! nature ( ! consci\s int]vals1 & s9ce ^! int]vals1 by hypo!sis1 d n ent] into ! calculations4 ,!re=e1 into a psy*ological duration ( a few seconds he may put sev]al ye>s1 ev5 sev]al c5turies ( a/ronomical "t3 t is 8 proc$ure :5 he traces 9 advance ! pa? ( a heav5ly body or repres5ts x by an equation4 ,:at he does is no?+ b e/abli%+ a s]ies ( relations ( position betwe5 ?is body & o!r giv5 bodies1 a s]ies ( simultaneities & co9cid5ces1 a s]ies ( num]ical relations3 z = duration prop]ly s call$1 x rema9s outside ! calculation & c\ld only be p]ceiv$ by a consci\sness capable ( liv+ ?r\gh ! int]vals &1 9 fact1 liv+ ! int]vals !mselves1 in/ead ( m]ely p]ceiv+ _! extremities4 ,inde$ x is ev5 conceivable t ?is consci\sness c\ld live s sl[ & lazy a life z to take 9 ! :ole pa? ( ! heav5ly body 9 a s+le p]ception1 j z we d :5 we p]ceive ! successive positions ( a %oot+ /> z "o l9e ( fire4 ,su* a consci\sness w\ld f9d itself really 9 ! same conditions 9 :i* ! a/ronom] places himself ideally2 x w\ld see 9 ! pres5t :at ! a/ronom] p]ceives 9 ! future4 ,9 tru?1 if ! latt] =esees a future ph5om5on1 x is only on condition ( mak+ x to a c]ta9 ext5t a pres5t ph5om5on1 or at lea/ ( enorm\sly r$uc+ ! int]val :i* sep>ates u f x4 ,9 %ort1 ! "t ( :i* we speak 9 a/ronomy is a numb]1 & ! nature ( ! units ( ?is numb] _c be specifi$ 9 our calculations2 we may !re=e assume !m to be z small z we please1 provid$ t ! same hypo!sis is ext5d$ to ! :ole s]ies ( op]ations1 & t ! successive relations ( position 9 space are ?us pres]v$4 ,we %all !n be pres5t 9 imag9ation at ! ph5om5on we wi% to =etell2 we %all "k exactly at :at po9t 9 space & aft] h[ _m units ( "t ?is ph5om5on takes place2 if we !n re/ore to ^! units _! psy*ical nature1 we %all ?ru/ ! ev5t aga9 into ! future & say t we h =ese5 x1 :5 9 reality we h se5 x4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 deal+ ) /ates ( consci\sness we _c v>y _! duration )\t alt]+ _! nature4 ,b ^! units ( "t :i* make up liv+ duration1 & :i* ! a/ronom] c dispose ( z he pleases because !y give no h&le to sci5ce1 are j :at conc]n ! psy*ologi/1 = psy*ology deals ) ! int]vals !mselves & n ) _! extremities4 ,c]ta9ly pure consci\sness does n p]ceive "t z a sum ( units ( duration3 left to itself1 x has no means & ev5 no reason to measure "t2 b a feel+ :i* la/$ only half ! numb] ( days1 = example1 w\ld no long] be ! same feel+ = x2 x w\ld lack ?\s&s ( impressions :i* gradually ?ick5$ its sub/ance & alt]$ its col\r4 ,true1 :5 we give ?is feel+ a c]ta9 "n1 :5 we treat x z a ?+1 we believe t we c dim9i% its duration by half1 = example1 & also halve ! duration ( all ! re/ ( our hi/ory3 x seems t x w\ld /ill be ! same life1 only on a r$uc$ scale4 ,b we =get t /ates ( consci\sness are processes1 & n ?+s2 t if we d5ote !m ea* by a s+le ^w1 x is = ! conv5i5ce ( language2 t !y are alive & !re=e con/antly *ang+2 t1 9 consequ5ce1 x is impossible to cut (f a mom5t f !m )\t mak+ !m poor] by ! loss ( "s impression1 & ?us alt]+ _! quality4 ,i q und]/& t ! orbit ( a planet might be p]ceiv$ all at once or 9 a v %ort "t1 because its successive positions or ! results ( its movem5t are ! only ?+s t matt]1 & n ! duration ( ! equal int]vals :i* sep>ate !m4 ,b :5 we h to d ) a feel+1 x has no precise result except its hav+ be5 felt2 &1 to e/imate ?is result adequately1 x w\ld be necess>y to h gone ?r\gh all ! phases ( ! feel+ itself & to h tak5 up ! same duration4 ,ev5 if ?is feel+ has f9ally issu$ 9 "s def9ite action1 :i* might be comp>$ to ! def9ite position ( a planet 9 space1 ! k ( ?is act w h>dly enable u to e/imate ! influ5ce ( ! feel+ on ! :ole ( a life-/ory1 & x is ?is v influ5ce :i* we want to "k4 ,all =esee+ is 9 reality see+1 & ?is see+ takes place :5 we c r$uce z mu* z we please an int]val ( future "t :ile pres]v+ ! relation ( its p>ts to "o ano!r1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( a/ronomical pr$ictions4 ,b :at does r$uc+ an int]val ( "t mean1 except empty+ or impov]i%+ ! consci\s /ates :i* fill x8 ,& does n ! v possibility ( see+ an a/ronomical p]iod 9 m9iature ?us imply ! impossibility ( modify+ a psy*ological s]ies 9 ! same way1 s9ce x is only by tak+ ?is psy*ological s]ies z an inv>iable basis t we %all be able to make an a/ronomical p]iod v>y arbitr>ily z reg>ds ! unit ( duration8 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 pa/ & future duration 9 ?is respect4 ,?us1 :5 we ask :e!r a future action c\ld h be5 =ese51 we unwitt+ly id5tify t "t ) :i* we h to d 9 ! exact sci5ces1 & :i* is r$ucible to a numb]1 ) real duration1 ^: s-call$ quantity is really a quality1 & :i* we _c curtail by an in/ant )\t alt]+ ! nature ( ! facts :i* fill x4 ,no d\bt ! id5tification is made easi] by ! fact t 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases we are ju/ifi$ 9 deal+ ) real duration z ) a/ronomical "t4 ,?us1 :5 we call to m9d ! pa/1 i4e4 a s]ies ( de$s done1 we always %ort5 x1 )\t h[ev] di/ort+ ! nature ( ! ev5t :i* int]e/s u4 ,! reason is t we "k x already2 = ! psy*ic /ate1 :5 x rea*es ! end ( ! progress :i* con/itutes its v exi/5ce1 becomes a ?+ :i* "o c picture to oneself all at once4 ,"h we f9d ourselves 9 ! same position z ! a/ronom]1 :5 he takes 9 at a glance ! orbit :i* a planet w ne$ sev]al ye>s to trav]se4 ,9 fact1 a/ronomical pr$iction %\ld be comp>$ ) ! recollection ( ! pa/ /ate ( consci\sness1 n ) ! anticipation ( ! future "o4 ,b :5 we h to det]m9e a future /ate ( consci\sness1 h[ev] sup]ficial x may be1 we c no long] view ! antec$5ts 9 a /atic condition z ?+s2 we mu/ view !m 9 a dynamic condition z processes1 s9ce we are conc]n$ ) _! influ5ce alone4 ,n[ _! duration is ?is v influ5ce4 ,!re=e x w no long] d to %ort5 future duration 9 ord] to picture its p>ts be=eh&2 "o is b\nd to live ?is duration :il/ x is unfold+4 ,z f> z deep-seat$ psy*ic /ates are conc]n$1 !re is no p]ceptible diff]5ce betwe5 =esee+1 see+1 & act+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! det]m9i/ argum5t t psy*ic ph5om5a are subject to ! law same antec$5ts1 same consequ5t4 ,only "o c\rse w rema9 op5 to ! det]m9i/4 ,he w probably give up ass]t+ ! possibility ( =esee+ a c]ta9 future act or /ate ( consci\sness1 b w ma9ta9 t e act is det]m9$ by its psy*ic antec$5ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! facts ( consci\sness1 w5t1 ! ph5om5a ( nature1 are subject to laws4 ,?is way ( argu+ means1 at bottom1 t he w leave out ! p>ticul> features ( ! concrete psy*ic /ates1 le/ he f9d himself confront$ by ph5om5a :i* defy all symbolical repres5tation & !re=e all anticipation4 ,! p>ticul> nature ( ^! ph5om5a is ?us ?ru/ out ( sight1 b x is ass]t$ t1 be+ ph5om5a1 !y mu/ rema9 subject to ! law ( causality4 ,n[1 x is argu$1 ?is law means t e ph5om5on is det]m9$ by its conditions1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! same causes produce ! same effects4 ,ei!r1 !n1 ! act is insep>ably b\nd to its antec$5ts1 or ! pr9ciple ( causality admits ( an incompreh5sible exception4 ,sid5ote3 ,b z reg>ds inn] /ates ! same antec$5ts w nev] recur4 ,?is la/ =m ( ! det]m9i/ argum5t diff]s less ?an might be ?\ght f all ! o!rs :i* h be5 exam9$ above4 ,to say t ! same inn] causes w reproduce ! same effects is to assume t ! same cause c appe> a second "t on ! /age ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 if duration is :at we say1 deep-seat$ psy*ic /ates are radically het]og5e\s to ea* o!r1 & x is impossible t any two ( !m %\ld be q alike1 s9ce !y are two diff]5t mom5ts ( a life-/ory4 ,:ile ! ext]nal object does n be> ! m>k ( ! "t t has elaps$ & ?us1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( "t1 ! physici/ c aga9 enc\nt] id5tical elem5t>y conditions1 duration is some?+ real = ! consci\sness :i* pres]ves ! trace ( x1 & we _c "h speak ( id5tical conditions1 because ! same mom5t does n occur twice4 ,x is no use argu+ t1 ev5 if !re are no two deep-seat$ psy*ic /ates :i* are altoge!r alike1 yet analysis w\ld resolve ^! diff]5t /ates into m g5]al & homog5e\s elem5ts :i* might be comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,?is w\ld be to =get t ev5 ! simple/ psy*ic elem5ts possess a p]sonality & a life ( _! own1 h[ev] sup]ficial !y may be2 !y are 9 a con/ant /ate ( becom+1 & ! same feel+1 by ! m]e fact ( be+ repeat$1 is a new feel+4 ,inde$1 we h no reason = call+ x by its =m] "n save t x corresponds to ! same ext]nal cause or projects itself outw>dly into simil> attitudes3 h5ce x w\ld simply be begg+ ! "q to d$uce f ! s-call$ lik5ess ( two consci\s /ates t ! same cause produces ! same effect4 ,9 %ort1 if ! causal relation /ill holds good 9 ! realm ( inn] /ates1 x _c resemble 9 any way :at we call causality 9 nature4 ,= ! physici/1 ! same cause always produces ! same effect3 = a psy*ologi/ :o does n let himself be misl$ by m]ely app>5t analogies1 a deep-seat$ inn] cause produces its effect once = all & w nev] reproduce x4 ,& if x is n[ ass]t$ t ?is effect 0 insep>ably b\nd up ) ?is p>ticul> cause1 su* an ass]tion w mean "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r t1 ! antec$5ts be+ giv51 ! future action might h be5 =ese52 or t1 ! action hav+ once be5 p]=m$1 any o!r actionals se51 "u ! giv5 conditions1 to h be5 impossible4 ,n[ we saw t bo? ^! ass]tions 7 equally mean+less1 & t !y also involv$ a false conception ( duration4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis ( ! conception ( cause1 :i* und]lies ! :ole det]m9i/ argum5t4 ,nev]!less x w be wor? :ile to dwell on ?is latt] =m ( ! det]m9i/ argum5t1 ev5 ?\gh x be only to expla9 f our po9t ( view ! mean+ ( ! two words det]m9ation & causality4 ,9 va9 d we argue t !re _c be any "q ei!r ( =esee+ a future action 9 ! way t an a/ronomical ph5om5on is =ese51 or ( ass]t+1 :5 once an action is done1 t any o!r action w\ld h be5 impossible "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,9 va9 d we add t1 ev5 :5 x takes ?is =m3 ,! same causes produce ! same effects1 ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal det]m9ation loses e %r$ ( mean+ 9 ! inn] _w ( consci\s /ates4 ,! det]m9i/ w p]haps yield to our argum5ts on ea* ( ^! ?ree po9ts 9 p>ticul>1 w admit t 9 ! psy*ical field "o _c ascribe any ( ^! ?ree mean+s to ! ^w det]m9ation1 w probably fail to discov] a f\r? mean+1 & yet w g on repeat+ t ! act is insep>ably b\nd up ) its antec$5ts4 ,we ?us f9d ourselves "h confront$ by s deep-seat$ a misappreh5sion & s ob/9ate a prejudice t we _c get ! bett] ( !m )\t attack+ !m at _! root1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,by analys+ ! concept ( cause1 we %all %[ ! ambiguity :i* x involves1 &1 ?\gh n aim+ at a =mal def9ition ( fre$om1 we %all p]haps get beyond ! purely negative idea ( x :i* we h fram$ up to ! pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,causality z regul> succession does n apply to consci\s /ates & _c disprove free w4 ,we p]ceive physical ph5om5a1 & ^! ph5om5a obey laws4 ,?is means3 7i7 t ph5om5a a1 b1 c1 d1 previ\sly p]ceiv$1 c occur aga9 9 ! same %ape2 7#b7 t a c]ta9 ph5om5on ,p1 :i* appe>$ aft] ! conditions a1 b1 c1 d1 & aft] ^! conditions only1 w n fail to recur z soon z ! same conditions are aga9 pres5t4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( causality told u no?+ m1 z ! empirici/s claim1 we %\ld will+ly grant ^! philosoph]s t _! pr9ciple is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce2 b x w\ld no long] prove any?+ aga9/ our fre$om4 ,= x w\ld !n be und]/ood t def9ite antec$5ts give rise to a def9ite consequ5t :]ev] exp]i5ce %[s u ?is regul> succession2 b ! "q is :e!r ?is regul>ity is f\nd 9 ! doma9 ( consci\sness too1 & t is ! :ole problem ( free w4 ,we grant y = a mom5t t ! pr9ciple ( causality is no?+ b ! summ+ up ( ! uni=m & unconditional successions obs]v$ 9 ! pa/3 by :at "r1 !n1 d y apply x to ^? deep-seat$ /ates ( consci\sness 9 :i* no regul> succession has yet be5 discov]$1 s9ce ! attempt to =esee !m ev] fails8 ,& h[ c y base on ?is pr9ciple y\r argum5t to prove ! det]m9ism ( inn] /ates1 :51 accord+ to y1 ! det]m9ism ( obs]v$ facts is ! sole s\rce ( ! pr9ciple itself8 ,9 tru?1 :5 ! empirici/s make use ( ! pr9ciple ( causality to disprove human fre$om1 !y take ! ^w cause 9 a new mean+1 :i* is ! v mean+ giv5 to x by common s5se4 ,to ass]t ! regul> succession ( two ph5om5a is1 inde$1 to recognize t1 ! fir/ be+ giv51 we already cat* sight ( ! second4 ,b ?is :olly subjective connexion betwe5 two ideas is n en\gh = common s5se4 ,x seems to common s5se t1 if ! idea ( ! second ph5om5on is already impli$ 9 t ( ! fir/1 ! second ph5om5on itself mu/ exi/ objectively1 9 "s way or o!r1 )9 ! fir/ ph5om5on4 ,& common s5se 0 b\nd to come to ?is conclusion1 because to di/+ui% exactly betwe5 an objective connexion ( ph5om5a & a subjective association betwe5 _! ideas presupposes a fairly high degree ( philosophical culture4 ,we ?us pass imp]ceptibly f ! fir/ mean+ to ! second1 & we picture ! causal relation z a k9d ( prefigur+ ( ! future ph5om5on 9 its pres5t conditions4 ,n[ ?is prefigur+ c be und]/ood 9 two v diff]5t ways1 & x is j "h t ! ambiguity beg9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,causality1 z ! prefigur+ ( ! future ph5om5on 9 its pres5t conditions1 9 "o =m de/roys concrete ph5om5a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ma!matics furni%es u ) "o type ( ?is k9d ( prefigur+4 ,! v movem5t by :i* we draw ! circumf]5ce ( a circle on a %eet ( pap] g5]ates all ! ma!matical prop]ties ( ?is figure3 9 ?is s5se an unlimit$ numb] ( !orems c be said to pre-exi/ )9 ! def9ition1 al?\gh !y w be spread out 9 duration = ! ma!matician :o d$uces !m4 ,x is true t we are "h 9 ! realm ( pure quantity & t1 z geometrical prop]ties c be express$ 9 ! =m ( equations1 x is easy to und]/& h[ ! orig9al equation1 express+ ! fundam5tal prop]ty ( ! figure1 is trans=m$ into an unlimit$ numb] ( new ones1 all virtually conta9$ 9 ! fir/4 ,on ! contr>y1 physical ph5om5a1 :i* succe$ "o ano!r & are p]ceiv$ by our s5ses1 are di/+ui%$ by quality n less ?an by quantity1 s t !re w\ld be "s difficulty 9 at once decl>+ !m equival5t to "o ano!r4 ,b1 j because !y are p]ceiv$ ?r\gh our s5se-organs1 we seem ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ _! qualitative diff]5ces to ! impression :i* !y make on u & 9 assum+1 beh9d ! het]og5eity ( our s5sations1 a homog5e\s physical univ]se4 ,?us1 we %all /rip matt] ( ! concrete qualities ) :i* our s5ses clo! x1 col\r1 heat1 resi/ance1 ev5 weight1 & we %all f9ally f9d ourselves confront$ ) homog5e\s ext5sity1 space )\t body4 ,! only /ep !n rema9+ w be to describe figures 9 space1 to make !m move accord+ to ma!matically =mulat$ laws1 & to expla9 ! app>5t qualities ( matt] by ! %ape1 position1 & motion ( ^! geometrical figures4 ,n[1 position is giv5 by a sy/em ( fix$ magnitudes & motion is express$ by a law1 i4e4 by a con/ant relation betwe5 v>iable magnitudes2 b %ape is a m5tal image1 &1 h[ev] t5u\s1 h[ev] transp>5t we assume x to be1 x /ill con/itutes1 9 s f> z our imag9ation has1 s to speak1 ! visual p]ception ( x1 a concrete & !re=e irr$ucible quality ( matt]4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to make a clean sweep ( ?is image itself & replace x by ! ab/ract =mula ( ! movem5t :i* gives rise to ! figure4 ,picture !n algebraical relations gett+ entangl$ 9 "o ano!r1 becom+ objective by ?is v entanglem5t1 & produc+1 by ! m]e effect ( _! complexity1 concrete1 visible1 & tangible reality1--y w be m]ely draw+ ! consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciple ( causality1 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( an actual prefigur+ ( ! future 9 ! pres5t4 ,! sci5ti/s ( our "t d n seem1 inde$1 to h c>ri$ ab/raction s f>1 except p]haps ,"l ,kelv94 ,?is acute & pr(\nd physici/ assum$ t space is fill$ ) a homog5e\s & incompressible fluid 9 :i* vortices move1 ?us produc+ ! prop]ties ( matt]3 ^! vortices are ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( bodies2 ! atom ?us becomes a movem5t1 & physical ph5om5a are r$uc$ to regul> movem5ts tak+ place )9 an incompressible fluid4 ,b1 if y w notice t ?is fluid is p]fectly homog5e\s1 t betwe5 its p>ts !re is nei!r an empty int]val :i* sep>ates !m nor any diff]5ce :atev] by :i* !y c be di/+ui%$1 y w see t all movem5t tak+ place )9 ?is fluid is really equival5t to absolute immobility1 s9ce be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! movem5t no?+ *anges & no?+ has *ang$ 9 ! :ole4 ,! movem5t :i* is "h spok5 ( is ?us n a movem5t :i* actually takes place1 b only a movem5t :i* is pictur$ m5tally3 x is a relation betwe5 relations4 ,x is implicitly suppos$1 ?\gh p]haps n actually realiz$1 t motion has some?+ to d ) consci\sness1 t 9 space !re are only simultaneities1 & t ! bus9ess ( ! physici/ is to provide u ) ! means ( calculat+ ^! relations ( simultaneity = any mom5t ( our duration4 ,n[h]e has me*anism be5 c>ri$ fur!r ?an 9 ?is sy/em1 s9ce ! v %ape ( ! ultimate elem5ts ( matt] is "h r$uc$ to a movem5t4 ,b ! ,c>tesian physics already anticipat$ ?is int]pretation2 = if matt] is no?+1 z ,desc>tes claim$1 b homog5e\s ext5sity1 ! movem5ts ( ! p>ts ( ?is ext5sity c be conceiv$ ?r\gh ! ab/ract law :i* gov]ns !m or ?r\gh an algebraical equation betwe5 v>iable magnitudes1 b _c be repres5t$ "u ! concrete =m ( an image4 ,& x w\ld n be difficult to prove t ! m ! progress ( me*anical explanations enables u to develop ?is conception ( causality & !re=e to relieve ! atom ( ! weight ( its s5sible qualities1 ! m ! concrete exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( nature t5ds to vani% into algebraical smoke4 ,sid5ote3 ,x ?us leads to ,desc>tes' physics & ,sp9oza's metaphysics1 b _c b9d future to pres5t )\t neglect+ duration4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! relation ( causality is a necess>y relation 9 ! s5se t x w indef9itely approa* ! relation ( id5tity1 z a curve approa*es its asymptote4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( id5tity is ! absolute law ( our consci\sness3 x ass]ts t :at is ?\ght is ?\ght at ! mom5t :5 we ?9k x3 & :at gives ?is pr9ciple its absolute necessity is t x does n b9d ! future to ! pres5t1 b only ! pres5t to ! pres5t3 x expresses ! un%akable confid5ce t consci\sness feels 9 itself1 s long z1 fai?ful to its duty1 x conf9es itself to decl>+ ! app>5t pres5t /ate ( ! m9d4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( causality1 9 s f> z x is suppos$ to b9d ! future to ! pres5t1 c\ld nev] take ! =m ( a necess>y pr9ciple2 = ! successive mom5ts ( real "t are n b\nd up ) "o ano!r1 & no ef=t ( logic w succe$ 9 prov+ t :at has be5 w be or w cont9ue to be1 t ! same antec$5ts w always give rise to id5tical consequ5ts4 ,desc>tes und]/ood ?is s well t he attribut$ ! regul>ity ( ! physical _w & ! cont9uation ( ! same effects to ! con/antly r5ew$ grace ( ,provid5ce2 he built up1 z x 71 an in/antane\s physics1 int5d$ = a univ]se ! :ole duration ( :i* might z well be conf9$ to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,& ,sp9oza ma9ta9$ t ! indef9ite s]ies ( ph5om5a1 :i* takes = u ! =m ( a succession 9 "t1 0 equival5t1 9 ! absolute1 to ! div9e unity3 he ?us assum$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! relation ( app>5t causality betwe5 ph5om5a melt$ away into a relation ( id5tity 9 ! absolute1 &1 on ! o!r1 t ! indef9ite duration ( ?+s 0 all conta9$ 9 a s+le mom5t1 :i* is et]nity4 ,9 %ort1 :e!r we /udy ,c>tesian physics1 ,sp9ozi/ic metaphysics1 or ! sci5tific !ories ( our own "t1 we %all f9d ev]y:]e ! same anxiety to e/abli% a relation ( logical necessity betwe5 cause & effect1 & we %all see t ?is anxiety %[s itself 9 a t5d5cy to trans=m relations ( succession into relations ( inh]5ce1 to d away ) active duration1 & to sub/itute = app>5t causality a fundam5tal id5tity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! necess>y det]m9ation ( ph5om5a implies non-duration2 b we endure & are !re=e free4 ,n[1 if ! developm5t ( ! notion ( causality1 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( necess>y connexion1 leads to ! ,sp9ozi/ic or ,c>tesian conception ( nature1 inv]sely1 all relation ( necess>y det]m9ation e/abli%$ betwe5 successive ph5om5a may be suppos$ to arise f our p]ceiv+1 9 a confus$ =m1 "s ma!matical me*anism beh9d _! het]og5eity4 ,we d n claim t common s5se has any intuition ( ! k9etic !ories ( matt]1 /ill less p]haps ( a ,sp9ozi/ic me*anism2 b x w be se5 t ! m ! effect seems necess>ily b\nd up ) ! cause1 ! m we t5d to put x 9 ! cause itself1 z a ma!matical consequ5ce 9 its pr9ciple1 & ?us to cancel ! effect ( duration4 ,t "u ! influ5ce ( ! same ext]nal conditions ,i d n behave to-day z ,i behav$ ye/]day is n at all surpris+1 because ,i *ange1 because ,i endure4 ,b ?+s consid]$ ap>t f our p]ception d n seem to endure2 & ! m ?or\ghly we exam9e ?is idea1 ! m absurd x seems to u to suppose t ! same cause %\ld n produce to-day ! effect :i* x produc$ ye/]day4 ,we c]ta9ly feel1 x is true1 t al?\gh ?+s d n endure z we d ourselves1 nev]!less !re mu/ be "s reason :y ph5om5a are se5 to succe$ "o ano!r in/ead ( be+ set out all at once4 ,& ?is is :y ! notion ( causality1 al?\gh x gets indef9itely ne> t ( id5tity1 w nev] seem to u to co9cide ) x1 unless we conceive cle>ly ! idea ( a ma!matical me*anism or unless "s subtle metaphysics removes our v legitimate scruples on ! po9t4 ,x is no less obvi\s t our belief 9 ! necess>y det]m9ation ( ph5om5a by "o ano!r becomes /rong] 9 proportion z we are m incl9$ to reg>d duration z a subjective =m ( our consci\sness4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m we t5d to set up ! causal relation z a relation ( necess>y det]m9ation1 ! m we ass]t !reby t ?+s d n endure l ourselves4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t ! m we /r5g!n ! pr9ciple ( causality1 ! m we emphasize ! diff]5ce betwe5 a physical s]ies & a psy*ical "o4 ,:5ce1 f9ally1 x w\ld result 7h[ev] p>adoxical ! op9ion may seem7 t ! assumption ( a relation ( ma!matical inh]5ce betwe5 ext]nal ph5om5a ought to br+ ) x1 z a natural or at lea/ z a plausible consequ5ce1 ! belief 9 human free w4 ,b ?is la/ consequ5ce w n conc]n u = ! mom5t3 we are m]ely try+ "h to trace out ! fir/ mean+ ( ! ^w causality1 & we ?9k we h %[n t ! prefigur+ ( ! future 9 ! pres5t is easily conceiv$ "u a ma!matical =m1 ?anks to a c]ta9 conception ( duration :i*1 )\t seem+ to be s1 is fairly famili> to common s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,prefigur+1 z hav+ an idea ( a future act :i* we _c realize )\t ef=t1 does n involve necess>y det]m9ation4 ,b !re is a prefigur+ ( ano!r k9d1 /ill m famili> to our m9d1 because imm$iate prefigur+1 z consci\sness gives u ! type ( x4 ,we g1 9 fact1 ?r\gh successive /ates ( consci\sness1 & al?\gh ! lat] 0 n conta9$ 9 ! e>li]1 we _h be=e u at ! "t a m or less confus$ idea ( x4 ,! actual realization ( ?is idea1 h[ev]1 did n appe> z c]ta9 b m]ely z possible4 ,yet1 betwe5 ! idea & ! action1 "s h>dly p]ceptible int]m$iate processes come 91 ! :ole mass ( :i* takes = u a =m sui g5]is1 :i* is call$ ! feel+ ( ef=t4 ,& f ! idea to ! ef=t1 f ! ef=t to ! act1 ! progress has be5 s cont9u\s t we _c say :]e ! idea & ! ef=t end1 & :]e ! act beg9s4 ,h5ce we see t 9 a c]ta9 s5se we may /ill say "h t ! future 0 prefigur$ 9 ! pres5t2 b x mu/ be add$ t ?is prefigur+ is v imp]fect1 s9ce ! future action ( :i* we h ! pres5t idea is conceiv$ z realizable b n z realiz$1 & s9ce1 ev5 :5 we plan ! ef=t necess>y to accompli% x1 we feel t !re is /ill "t to /op4 ,if1 !n1 we decide to picture ! causal relation 9 ?is second =m1 we c ass]t a priori t !re w no long] be a relation ( necess>y det]m9ation betwe5 ! cause & ! effect1 = ! effect w no long] be giv5 9 ! cause4 ,x w be !re only 9 ! /ate ( pure possibility & z a vague idea :i* p]haps w n be foll[$ by ! correspond+ action4 ,b we %all n be surpris$ t ?is approximation is en\gh = common s5se if we ?9k ( ! read9ess ) :i* *ildr5 & primitive p accept ! idea ( a :imsical ,nature1 9 :i* caprice plays a "p no less important ?an necessity4 ,nay1 ?is way ( conceiv+ causality w be m easily und]/ood by ! g5]al run ( p1 s9ce x does n dem& any ef=t ( ab/raction & only implies a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 ! out] & ! inn] _w1 betwe5 ! succession ( objective ph5om5a & t ( our subjective /ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is second conception ( causality leads to ,leibniz z ! fir/ l$ to ,sp9oza4 ,9 tru?1 ?is second way ( conceiv+ ! relation ( cause to effect is m natural ?an ! fir/ 9 t x imm$iately satisfies ! ne$ ( a m5tal image4 ,if we look = ! ph5om5on ,b )9 ! ph5om5on ,a1 :i* regul>ly prec$es x1 ! reason is t ! habit ( associat+ ! two images ends 9 giv+ u ! idea ( ! second ph5om5on wrapp$ up1 z x 71 9 t ( ! fir/4 ,x is natural1 !n1 t we %\ld pu% ?is objectification to its fur!/ limit & t we %\ld make ! ph5om5on ,a itself into a psy*ic /ate1 9 :i* ! ph5om5on ,b is suppos$ to be conta9$ z a v vague idea4 ,we simply suppose1 !reby1 t ! objective connexion ( ! two ph5om5a resembles ! subjective association :i* sugge/$ ! idea ( x to u4 ,! qualities ( ?+s are ?us set up z actual /ates1 some:at analog\s to ^? ( our own self2 ! mat]ial univ]se is cr$it$ ) a vague p]sonality :i* is diffus$ ?r\gh space & :i*1 al?\gh n exactly end[$ ) a consci\s w1 is l$ on f "o /ate to ano!r by an inn] impulse1 a k9d ( ef=t4 ,su* 0 anci5t hylozoism1 a half-he>t$ & ev5 contradictory hypo!sis1 :i* left matt] its ext5sity al?\gh attribut+ to x real consci\s /ates1 & :i* spread ! qualities ( matt] ?r\gh\t ext5sity :ile treat+ ^! qualities z inn] i4e4 simple /ates4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,leibniz to d away ) ?is contradiction & to %[ t1 if ! succession ( ext]nal qualities or ph5om5a is und]/ood z ! succession ( our own ideas1 ^! qualities mu/ be reg>d$ z simple /ates or p]ceptions1 & ! matt] :i* supports !m z an unext5d$ monad1 analog\s to our s\l4 ,b1 if su* be ! case1 ! successive /ates ( matt] _c be p]ceiv$ f ! outside any m ?an our own psy*ic /ates2 ! hypo!sis ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony mu/ be introduc$ 9 ord] to expla9 h[ ^! inn] /ates are repres5tative ( "o ano!r4 ,?us1 ) our second conception ( ! relation ( causality we rea* ,leibniz1 z ) ! fir/ we rea*$ ,sp9oza4 ,& 9 bo? cases we m]ely pu% to _! extreme limit or =mulate ) great] precision two half-he>t$ & confus$ ideas ( common s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,x does n involve necess>y det]m9ation4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ! relation ( causality1 und]/ood 9 ?is second way1 does n involve ! necess>y det]m9ation ( ! effect by ! cause4 ,hi/ory inde$ proves x4 ,we see anci5t hylozoism1 ! fir/ outcome ( ?is conception ( causality1 expla9$ ! regul> succession ( causes & effects by a real deus ex ma*9a3 sometimes x 0 a ,necessity ext]nal to ?+s & hov]+ ov] !m1 sometimes an inn] ,reason act+ by rules some:at simil> to ^? :i* gov]n our own conduct4 ,nor d ! p]ceptions ( ,leibniz's monad necessitate "o ano!r2 ,god has to regulate _! ord] 9 advance4 ,9 fact1 ,leibniz's det]m9ism does n spr+ f 8 conception ( ! monad1 b f ! fact t he builds up ! univ]se ) monads only4 ,hav+ d5i$ all me*anical influ5ce ( sub/ances on "o ano!r1 he _h to expla9 h[ x happ5s t _! /ates correspond4 ,h5ce a det]m9ism :i* arises f ! necessity ( posit+ a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 & n at all f ! dynamic conception ( ! relation ( causality4 ,b let u leave hi/ory aside4 ,consci\sness itself te/ifies t ! ab/ract idea ( =ce is t ( indet]m9ate ef=t1 t ( an ef=t :i* has n yet issu$ 9 an act & 9 :i* ! act is /ill only at ! /age ( an idea4 ,9 o!r words1 ! dynamic conception ( ! causal relation ascribes to ?+s a duration absolutely l our own1 :atev] may be ! nature ( ?is duration2 to picture 9 ?is way ! relation ( cause to effect is to assume t ! future is n m closely b\nd up ) ! pres5t 9 ! ext]nal _w ?an x is 9 our own inn] life4 ,sid5ote3 ,ea* ( ^! contradictory int]pretations ( causality & duration by itself safegu>ds fre$om2 tak5 toge!r !y de/roy x4 ,x foll[s f ?is tw(old analysis t ! pr9ciple ( causality involves two contradictory conceptions ( duration1 two mutually exclusive ways ( prefigur+ ! future 9 ! pres5t4 ,sometimes all ph5om5a1 physical or psy*ical1 are pictur$ z endur+ 9 ! same way1 & !re=e 9 ! way t we d3 9 ?is case ! future w exi/ 9 ! pres5t only z an idea1 & ! pass+ f ! pres5t to ! future w take ! =m ( an ef=t :i* does n always lead to ! realization ( ! idea conceiv$4 ,sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 duration is reg>d$ z ! *>act]i/ic =m ( consci\s /ates2 9 ?is case1 ?+s are no long] suppos$ to endure z we d1 & a ma!matical pre-exi/5ce ( _! future 9 _! pres5t is admitt$4 ,n[1 ea* ( ^! two hypo!ses1 :5 tak5 by itself1 safegu>ds human fre$om2 = ! fir/ w\ld lead to ! result t ev5 ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 cont+5t1 & ! second1 by attribut+ ! necess>y det]m9ation ( physical ph5om5a to ! fact t ?+s d n endure z we d1 invites u to reg>d ! self :i* is subject to duration z a free =ce4 ,!re=e1 e cle> conception ( causality1 :]e we "k our own mean+1 leads to ! idea ( human fre$om z a natural consequ5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ! habit has gr[n up ( tak+ ! pr9ciple ( causality 9 bo? s5ses at ! same "t1 because ! "o is m flatt]+ to our imag9ation & ! o!r is m fav\rable to ma!matical reason+4 ,sometimes we ?9k p>ticul>ly ( ! regul> succession ( physical ph5om5a & ( ! k9d ( inn] ef=t by :i* "o becomes ano!r2 sometimes we fix our m9d on ! absolute regul>ity ( ^! ph5om5a1 & f ! idea ( regul>ity we pass by imp]ceptible /eps to t ( ma!matical necessity1 :i* excludes duration und]/ood 9 ! fir/ way4 ,& we d n see any h>m 9 lett+ ^! two conceptions bl5d into "o ano!r1 & 9 assign+ great] importance to ! "o or ! o!r accord+ z we are m or less conc]n$ ) ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,b to apply ! pr9ciple ( causality1 9 ?is ambigu\s =m1 to ! succession ( consci\s /ates1 is uselessly & wantonly to run into inextricable difficulties4 ,! idea ( =ce1 :i* really excludes t ( necess>y det]m9ation1 has got into ! habit1 s to speak1 ( amalgamat+ ) t ( necessity1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v use :i* we make ( ! pr9ciple ( causality 9 nature4 ,on ! "o h&1 we "k =ce only ?r\gh ! witness ( consci\sness1 & consci\sness does n ass]t1 does n ev5 und]/&1 ! absolute det]m9ation1 n[1 ( actions t are /ill to come3 t is all t exp]i5ce tea*es u1 & if we hold by exp]i5ce we %\ld say t we feel ourselves free1 t we p]ceive =ce1 rightly or wrongly1 z a free spontaneity4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is idea ( =ce1 c>ri$ ov] into nature1 travell+ !re side by side ) ! idea ( necessity1 has got corrupt$ be=e x returns f ! j\rney4 ,x returns impregnat$ ) ! idea ( necessity3 & 9 ! light ( ! rle :i* we h made x play 9 ! ext]nal _w1 we reg>d =ce z det]m9+ ) /rict necessity ! effects :i* fl[ f x4 ,"h aga9 ! mi/ake made by consci\sness arises f ! fact t x looks at ! self1 n directly1 b by a k9d ( refraction ?r\gh ! =ms :i* x has l5t to ext]nal p]ception1 & :i* ! latt] does n give back )\t hav+ left its m>k on !m4 ,a compromise1 z x 71 has be5 br\ght ab\t betwe5 ! idea ( =ce & t ( necess>y det]m9ation4 ,! :olly me*anical det]m9ation ( two ext]nal ph5om5a by "o ano!r n[ assumes 9 our eyes ! same =m z ! dynamic relation ( our ex]tion ( =ce to ! act :i* spr+s f x3 b1 9 return1 ?is latt] relation takes ! =m ( a ma!matical d]ivation1 ! human action be+ suppos$ to issue me*anically1 & !re=e necess>ily1 f ! =ce :i* produces x4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is m+l+ ( two diff]5t & almo/ opposite ideas (f]s advantages to common s5se1 s9ce x enables u to picture 9 ! same way1 & d5ote by "o & ! same ^w1 bo? ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 two mom5ts ( our life & t :i* b9ds toge!r ! successive mom5ts ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,we h se5 t1 ?\gh our deepe/ consci\s /ates exclude num]ical multiplicity1 yet we break !m up into p>ts ext]nal to "o ano!r2 t ?\gh ! elem5ts ( concrete duration p]meate "o ano!r1 duration express+ itself 9 ext5sity exhibits mom5ts z di/9ct z ! bodies scatt]$ 9 space4 ,is x surpris+1 !n1 t betwe5 ! mom5ts ( our life1 :5 x has be51 s to speak1 objectifi$1 we set up a relation analog\s to ! objective relation ( causality1 & t an ex*ange1 :i* aga9 may be comp>$ to ! ph5om5on ( endosmosis1 takes place betwe5 ! dynamic idea ( free ef=t & ! ma!matical concept ( necess>y det]m9ation8 ,sid5ote3 ,?\gh unit$ 9 popul> ?\ght1 ! ideas ( free ef=t & necess>y det]m9ation are kept ap>t by physical sci5ce4 ,b ! sund]+ ( ^! two ideas is an accompli%$ fact 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,! physici/ may speak ( =ces1 & ev5 picture _! mode ( action by analogy ) an inn] ef=t1 b he w nev] introduce ?is hypo!sis into a sci5tific explanation4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 ) ,f>aday1 replace ! ext5d$ atoms by dynamic po9ts1 w treat ! c5tres ( =ce & ! l9es ( =ce ma!matically1 )\t tr\bl+ ab\t =ce itself consid]$ z an activity or an ef=t4 ,x ?us comes to be und]/ood t ! relation ( ext]nal causality is purely ma!matical1 & has no resemblance to ! relation betwe5 psy*ical =ce & ! act :i* spr+s f x4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y %\ld be kept ap>t too by psy*ology4 ,x is n[ "t to add t ! relation ( inn] causality is purely dynamic1 & has no analogy ) ! relation ( two ext]nal ph5om5a :i* condition "o ano!r4 ,= z ! latt] are capable ( recurr+ 9 a homog5e\s space1 _! relation c be express$ 9 t]ms ( a law1 :]eas deep-seat$ psy*ic /ates occur once 9 consci\sness & w nev] occur aga94 ,a c>eful analysis ( ! psy*ological ph5om5on l$ u to ?is conclusion 9 ! beg9n+3 ! /udy ( ! notions ( causality & duration1 view$ 9 !mselves1 has m]ely confirm$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om real b indef9eable4 ,we c n[ =mulate our conception ( fre$om4 ,fre$om is ! relation ( ! concrete self to ! act :i* x p]=ms4 ,?is relation is indef9able1 j because we are free4 ,= we c analyse a ?+1 b n a process2 we c break up ext5sity1 b n duration4 ,or1 if we p]si/ 9 analys+ x1 we unconsci\sly trans=m ! process into a ?+ & duration into ext5sity4 ,by ! v fact ( break+ up concrete "t we set out its mom5ts 9 homog5e\s space2 9 place ( ! do+ we put ! already done2 &1 z we h begun by1 s to speak1 /]eotyp+ ! activity ( ! self1 we see spontaneity settle d[n into in]tia & fre$om into necessity4 ,?us1 any positive def9ition ( fre$om w ensure ! victory ( det]m9ism4 ,%all we def9e ! free act by say+ ( ?is act1 :5 x is once done1 t x might h be5 left undone8 ,b ?is ass]tion1 z also its opposite1 implies ! idea ( an absolute equival5ce betwe5 concrete duration & its spatial symbol3 & z soon z we admit ?is equival5ce1 we are l$ on1 by ! v developm5t ( ! =mula :i* we h j set =?1 to ! mo/ rigid det]m9ism4 ,%all we def9e ! free act z t :i* c\ld n be =ese51 ev5 :5 all ! conditions 7 kn[n 9 advance8 ,b to conceive all ! conditions z giv51 is1 :5 deal+ ) concrete duration1 to place oneself at ! v mom5t at :i* ! act is be+ p]=m$4 ,or else x is admitt$ t ! matt] ( psy*ic duration c be pictur$ symbolically 9 advance1 :i* am\nts1 z we said1 to treat+ "t z a homog5e\s m$ium1 & to reass]t+ 9 new words ! absolute equival5ce ( duration ) its symbol4 ,a clos] /udy ( ?is second def9ition ( fre$om w ?us br+ u once m to det]m9ism4 ,%all we f9ally def9e ! free act by say+ t x is n necess>ily det]m9$ by its cause8 ,b ei!r ^! words lose _! mean+ or we und]/& by !m t ! same inn] causes w n always call =? ! same effects4 ,we admit1 !n1 t ! psy*ic antec$5ts ( a free act c be repeat$1 t fre$om is display$ 9 a duration ^: mom5ts resemble "o ano!r1 & t "t is a homog5e\s m$ium1 l space4 ,we %all ?us be br\ght back to ! idea ( an equival5ce betwe5 duration & its spatial symbol2 & by press+ ! def9ition ( fre$om :i* we h laid d[n1 we %all once m get det]m9ism out ( x4 ,to sum up2 e dem& = explanation 9 reg>d to fre$om comes back1 )\t our suspect+ x1 to ! foll[+ "q3 ,c "t be adequately repres5t$ by space8 ,to :i* we answ]3 ,yes1 if y are deal+ ) "t fl[n2 ,no1 if y speak ( "t fl[+4 ,n[1 ! free act takes place 9 "t :i* is fl[+ & n 9 "t :i* has already fl[n4 ,fre$om is !re=e a fact1 & among ! facts :i* we obs]ve !re is none cle>]4 ,all ! difficulties ( ! problem1 & ! problem itself1 arise f ! desire to end[ duration ) ! same attributes z ext5sity1 to int]pret a succession by a simultaneity1 & to express ! idea ( fre$om 9 a language into :i* x is obvi\sly untranslatable4 ,,conclusion ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n psy*ology holds hat we p]ceive ?+s ?r\gh =ms borr[$ f our own con/itution4 ,to sum up ! =ego+ discussion1 we %all put aside = ! pres5t ,kant's t]m9ology & also 8 doctr9e1 to :i* we %all return lat]1 & we %all take ! po9t ( view ( common s5se4 ,mod]n psy*ology seems to u p>ticul>ly conc]n$ to prove t we p]ceive ?+s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c]ta9 =ms1 borr[$ f our own con/itution4 ,?is t5d5cy has become m & m m>k$ s9ce ,kant3 :ile ! ,g]man philosoph] drew a %>p l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 "t & space1 ! ext5sive & ! int5sive1 &1 z we %\ld say to-day1 consci\sness & ext]nal p]ception1 ! empirical s*ool1 c>ry+ analysis /ill fur!r1 tries to recon/ruct ! ext5sive out ( ! int5sive1 space out ( duration1 & ext]nality out ( inn] /ates4 ,physics1 moreov]1 comes 9 to complete ! "w ( psy*ology 9 ?is respect3 x %[s t1 if we wi% to =eca/ ph5om5a1 we mu/ make a clean sweep ( ! impression :i* !y produce on consci\sness & treat s5sations z signs ( reality1 n z reality itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,b are n ! /ates ( ! self p]ceiv$ ?r\gh =ms borr[$ f ! ext]nal _w8 ,x seem$ to u t !re 0 good reason to set ourselves ! opposite problem & to ask :e!r ! mo/ obvi\s /ates ( ! ego itself1 :i* we believe t we grasp directly1 are n mo/ly p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c]ta9 =ms borr[$ f ! ext]nal _w1 :i* ?us gives u back :at we h l5t x4 ,a priori x seems fairly probable t ?is is :at happ5s4 ,=1 assum+ t ! =ms allud$ to1 into :i* we fit matt]1 come entirely f ! m9d1 x seems difficult to apply !m con/antly to objects )\t ! latt] soon leav+ a m>k on !m3 by !n us+ ^! =ms to ga9 a k ( our own p]son we run ! risk ( mi/ak+ = ! col\r+ ( ! self ! reflection ( ! frame 9 :i* we place x1 i4e4 ! ext]nal _w4 ,b "o c g fur!r /ill & ass]t t =ms applicable to ?+s _c be entirely our own "w1 t !y mu/ result f a compromise betwe5 matt] & m9d1 t if we give mu* to matt] we probably receive some?+ f x1 & t ?us1 :5 we try to grasp ourselves aft] an excursion into ! ext]nal _w1 we no long] h our h&s free4 ,sid5ote3 ,to und]/& ! int5sity1 duration & volunt>y det]m9ation ( psy*ic /ates1 we mu/ elim9ate ! idea ( space4 ,n[ j z1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! real relations ( physical ph5om5a to "o ano!r1 we ab/ract :atev] obvi\sly cla%es ) !m 9 our way ( p]ceiv+ & ?9k+1 s1 9 ord] to view ! self 9 its orig9al purity1 psy*ology ought to elim9ate or correct c]ta9 =ms :i* be> ! obvi\s m>k ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,:at are ^! =ms8 ,:5 isolat$ f "o ano!r & reg>d$ z s _m di/9ct units1 psy*ic /ates seem to be m or less int5se4 ,next1 look$ at 9 _! multiplicity1 !y unfold 9 "t & con/itute duration4 ,f9ally1 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 & 9 s f> z a c]ta9 unity is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t _! multiplicity1 !y seem to det]m9e "o ano!r4 ,int5sity1 duration1 volunt>y det]m9ation1 ^! are ! ?ree ideas :i* _h to be cl>ifi$ by ridd+ !m ( all t !y owe to ! intrusion ( ! s5sible _w &1 9 a ^w1 to ! obsession ( ! idea ( space4 ,sid5ote3 ,int5sity is quality & n quantity or magnitude4 ,exam9+ ! fir/ ( ^! ideas1 we f\nd t psy*ic ph5om5a 7 9 !mselves pure quality or qualitative multiplicity1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 _! cause situat$ 9 space 0 quantity4 ,9 s f> z ?is quality becomes ! sign ( ! quantity & we suspect ! pres5ce ( ! latt] beh9d ! =m]1 we call x int5sity4 ,! int5sity ( a simple /ate1 !re=e1 is n quantity b its qualitative sign4 ,y w f9d t x arises f a compromise betwe5 pure quality1 :i* is ! /ate ( consci\sness1 & pure quantity1 :i* is necess>ily space4 ,n[ y give up ?is compromise )\t ! lea/ scruple :5 y /udy ext]nal ?+s1 s9ce y !n leave aside ! =ces !mselves1 assum+ t !y exi/1 & consid] only _! measurable & ext5d$ effects4 ,:y1 !n1 d y keep to ?is hybrid concept :5 y analyse 9 its turn ! /ate ( consci\sness8 ,if magnitude1 outside y1 is nev] int5sive1 int5sity1 )9 y1 is nev] magnitude4 ,x is ?r\gh hav+ ov]look$ ?is t philosoph]s h be5 compell$ to di/+ui% two k9ds ( quantity1 ! "o ext5sive1 ! o!r int5sive1 )\t ev] succe$+ 9 expla9+ :at !y _h 9 common or h[ ! same words increase & decrease c\ld be us$ = ?+s s unlike4 ,9 ! same way !y are responsible = ! exagg]ations ( psy*ophysics1 = z soon z ! p[] ( increas+ 9 magnitude is attribut$ to s5sation 9 any o!r ?an a metaphorical s5se1 we are invit$ to f9d out by h[ mu* x increases4 ,&1 al?\gh consci\sness does n measure int5sive quantity1 x does n foll[ t sci5ce may n succe$ indirectly 9 do+ s1 if x be a magnitude4 ,h5ce1 ei!r a psy*ophysical =mula is possible or ! int5sity ( a simple psy*ic /ate is pure quality4 ,sid5ote3 ,our consci\s /ates n a discreet multiplicity4 ,turn+ !n to ! concept ( multiplicity1 we saw t to con/ruct a numb] we mu/ fir/ h ! intuition ( a homog5e\s m$ium1 viz4 space1 9 :i* t]ms di/9ct f "o ano!r c\ld be set out 9 l9e1 &1 secondly1 a process ( p]meation & organization by :i* ^! units are dynamically add$ toge!r & =m :at we call$ a qualitative multiplicity4 ,x is ow+ to ?is dynamic process t ! units get add$1 b x is because ( _! pres5ce 9 space t !y rema9 di/9ct4 ,h5ce numb] or discrete multiplicity also results f a compromise4 ,n[1 :5 we consid] mat]ial objects 9 !mselves1 we give up ?is compromise1 s9ce we reg>d !m z imp5etrable & divisible1 i4e4 endlessly di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ give x up1 too1 :5 we /udy our own selves4 ,x is ?r\gh hav+ fail$ to d s t associationism has made _m mi/akes1 su* z try+ to recon/ruct a psy*ic /ate by ! addition ( di/9ct /ates ( consci\sness1 ?us sub/itut+ ! symbol ( ! ego = ! ego itself4 ,^! prelim9>y consid]ations enabl$ u to approa* ! pr9cipal object ( ?is "w1 ! analysis ( ! ideas ( duration & volunt>y det]m9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,inn] duration is a qualitative multiplicity4 ,:at is duration )9 u8 ,a qualitative multiplicity1 ) no lik5ess to numb]2 an organic evolution :i* is yet n an increas+ quantity2 a pure het]og5eity )9 :i* !re are no di/9ct qualities4 ,9 a ^w1 ! mom5ts ( inn] duration are n ext]nal to "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! ext]nal we f9d n duration b simultaneity4 ,:at duration is !re exi/+ outside u8 ,! pres5t only1 or1 if we pref] ! expression1 simultaneity4 ,no d\bt ext]nal ?+s *ange1 b _! mom5ts d n succe$ "o ano!r1 if we reta9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 except = a consci\sness :i* keeps !m 9 m9d4 ,we obs]ve outside u at a giv5 mom5t a :ole sy/em ( simultane\s positions2 ( ! simultaneities :i* h prec$$ !m no?+ rema9s4 ,to put duration 9 space is really to contradict oneself & place succession )9 simultaneity4 ,h5ce we mu/ n say t ext]nal ?+s endure1 b r t !re is 9 !m "s inexpressible reason 9 virtue ( :i* we _c exam9e !m at successive mom5ts ( our own duration )\t obs]v+ t !y h *ang$4 ,b ?is *ange does n involve succession unless ! ^w is tak5 9 a new mean+3 on ?is po9t we h not$ ! agreem5t ( sci5ce & common s5se4 ,?us 9 consci\sness we f9d /ates :i* succe$1 )\t be+ di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r2 & 9 space simultaneities :i*1 )\t succe$+1 are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 9 ! s5se t "o has ceas$ to exi/ :5 ! o!r appe>s4 ,outside u1 mutual ext]nality )\t succession2 )9 u1 succession )\t mutual ext]nality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( a measurable "t arises f compromise betwe5 ideas ( succession & ext]nality4 ,"h aga9 a compromise comes 94 ,to ! simultaneities1 :i* con/itute ! ext]nal _w1 &1 al?\gh di/9ct1 succe$ "o ano!r = our consci\sness1 we attribute succession 9 !mselves4 ,h5ce ! idea t ?+s endure z we d ourselves & t "t may be br\ght )9 space4 ,b :ile our consci\sness ?us introduces succession into ext]nal ?+s1 inv]sely ^! ?+s !mselves ext]nalize ! successive mom5ts ( our inn] duration 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,! simultaneities ( physical ph5om5a1 absolutely di/9ct 9 ! s5se t ! "o has ceas$ to be :5 ! o!r takes place1 cut up into portions1 :i* are also di/9ct & ext]nal to "o ano!r1 an inn] life 9 :i* succession implies int]p5etration1 j z ! p5dulum ( a clock cuts up into di/9ct fragm5ts & spreads out1 s to speak1 l5g?wise1 ! dynamic & undivid$ t5sion ( ! spr+4 ,?us1 by a real process ( endosmosis we get ! mix$ idea ( a measurable "t1 :i* is space 9 s f> z x is homog5eity1 & duration 9 s f> z x is succession1 t is to say1 at bottom1 ! contradictory idea ( succession 9 simultaneity4 ,sid5ote3 ,z sci5ce elim9ates duration f ! out]1 philosophy mu/ elim9ate space f ! inn] _w4 ,n[1 ^! two elem5ts1 ext5sity & duration1 sci5ce te>s asund] :5 x und]takes ! close /udy ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,= we h po9t$ out t sci5ce reta9s no?+ ( duration b simultaneity1 & no?+ ( motion itself position ( ! mov+ body1 i4e4 immobility4 ,a v %>p sep>ation is "h made & space gets ! be/ ( x4 ,!re=e ! same sep>ation w h to be made aga91 b ?is "t to ! advantage ( duration1 :5 inn] ph5om5a are /udi$1--n inn] ph5om5a once develop$1 to be sure1 or aft] ! discursive reason has sep>at$ !m & set !m out 9 a homog5e\s m$ium 9 ord] to und]/& !m1 b inn] ph5om5a 9 _! develop+1 & 9 s f> z !y make up1 by _! int]p5etration1 ! cont9u\s evolution ( a free p]son4 ,duration1 ?us re/or$ to its orig9al purity1 w appe> z a :olly qualitative multiplicity1 an absolute het]og5eity ( elem5ts :i* pass ov] into "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! neglect to sep>ate ext5sity & duration leads "o p>ty to d5y fre$om & ! o!r to def9e x4 ,n[ x is because !y h neglect$ to make ?is necess>y sep>ation t "o p>ty has be5 l$ to d5y fre$om & ! o!r to def9e x1 & !reby1 involunt>ily1 to d5y x too4 ,!y ask 9 fact :e!r ! act c\ld or c\ld n be =ese51 ! :ole ( its conditions be+ giv52 & :e!r !y ass]t x or d5y x1 !y admit t ?is totality ( conditions c\ld be conceiv$ z giv5 9 advance3 :i* am\nts1 z we h %[n1 to treat+ duration z a homog5e\s ?+ & int5sities z magnitudes4 ,!y w ei!r say t ! act is det]m9$ by its conditions1 )\t p]ceiv+ t !y are play+ on ! d\ble s5se ( ! ^w causality1 & t !y are ?us giv+ to duration at ! same "t two =ms :i* are mutually exclusive4 ,or else !y w appeal to ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 )\t ask+ :e!r ?is pr9ciple is equally applicable to ! mom5ts ( ! ext]nal _w1 :i* are equival5t to "o ano!r1 & to ! mom5ts ( a liv+ & consci\s be+1 :i* acquire a ri*] & ri*] cont5t4 ,9 :atev] way1 9 a ^w1 fre$om is view$1 x _c be d5i$ except on condition ( id5tify+ "t ) space2 x _c be def9$ except on condition ( dem&+ t space %\ld adequately repres5t "t2 x _c be argu$ ab\t 9 "o s5se or ! o!r except on condition ( previ\sly confus+ succession & simultaneity4 ,all det]m9ism w ?us be refut$ by exp]i5ce1 b e attempt to def9e fre$om w op5 ! way to det]m9ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is sep>ation fav\rable to physical sci5ce1 b aga9/ ! int]e/s ( language & social life4 ,inquir+ !n :y ?is sep>ation ( duration & ext5sity1 :i* sci5ce c>ries out s naturally 9 ! ext]nal _w1 dem&s su* an ef=t & r\ses s mu* repugnance :5 x is a "q ( inn] /ates1 we 7 n long 9 p]ceiv+ ! reason4 ,! ma9 object ( sci5ce is to =eca/ & measure3 n[ we _c =eca/ physical ph5om5a except on condition t we assume t !y d n endure z we d2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! only ?+ we are able to measure is space4 ,h5ce ! brea* "h comes ab\t ( itself betwe5 quality & quantity1 betwe5 true duration & pure ext5sity4 ,b :5 we turn to our consci\s /ates1 we h ev]y?+ to ga9 by keep+ up ! illusion ?r\gh :i* we make !m %>e 9 ! reciprocal ext]nality ( out] ?+s1 because ?is di/9ctness1 & at ! same "t ?is solidification1 enables u to give !m fix$ names 9 spite ( _! in/ability1 & di/9ct ones 9 spite ( _! int]p5etration4 ,x enables u to objectify !m1 to ?r[ !m out into ! curr5t ( social life4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce two diff]5t selves3 7#a7 ! fundam5tal self2 7#b7 its spatial & social repres5tation3 only ! =m] is free4 ,h5ce !re are f9ally two diff]5t selves1 "o ( :i* is1 z x 71 ! ext]nal projection ( ! o!r1 its spatial &1 s to speak1 social repres5tation4 ,we rea* ! =m] by deep introspection1 :i* leads u to grasp our inn] /ates z liv+ ?+s1 con/antly becom+1 z /ates n am5able to measure1 :i* p]meate "o ano!r & ( :i* ! succession 9 duration has no?+ 9 common ) juxtaposition 9 homog5e\s space4 ,b ! mom5ts at :i* we ?us grasp ourselves are r>e1 & t is j :y we are r>ely free4 ,! great] "p ( ! "t we live outside ourselves1 h>dly p]ceiv+ any?+ ( ourselves b our own gho/1 a col\rless %ad[ :i* pure duration projects into homog5e\s space4 ,h5ce our life unfolds 9 space r ?an 9 "t2 we live = ! ext]nal _w r ?an = ourselves2 we speak r ?an ?9k2 we are act$ r ?an act ourselves4 ,to act freely is to recov] possession ( oneself1 & to get back into pure duration4 ,sid5ote3 ,kant clung to fre$om1 b put ! self :i* is free outside bo? space & "t4 ,kant's great mi/ake 0 to take "t z a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,he did n notice t real duration is made up ( mom5ts inside "o ano!r1 & t :5 x seems to assume ! =m ( a homog5e\s :ole1 x is because x gets express$ 9 space4 ,?us ! v di/9ction :i* he makes betwe5 space & "t am\nts at bottom to confus+ "t ) space1 & ! symbolical repres5tation ( ! ego ) ! ego itself4 ,he ?\ght t consci\sness 0 incapable ( p]ceiv+ psy*ic /ates o!rwise ?an by juxtaposition1 =gett+ t a m$ium 9 :i* ^! /ates are set side by side & di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r is ( c\rse space1 & n duration4 ,he 0 !reby l$ to believe t ! same /ates c recur 9 ! dep?s ( consci\sness1 j z ! same physical ph5om5a are repeat$ 9 space2 ?is at lea/ is :at he implicitly admitt$ :5 he ascrib$ to ! causal relation ! same mean+ & ! same function 9 ! inn] z 9 ! out] _w4 ,?us fre$om 0 made into an incompreh5sible fact4 ,& yet1 ow+ to 8 unlimit$ ?\gh unconsci\s confid5ce 9 ?is inn] p]ception ^: scope he tri$ to re/rict1 8 belief 9 fre$om rema9$ un%akable4 ,he !re=e rais$ x to ! sph]e ( n\m5a2 & z he _h confus$ duration ) space1 he made ?is g5u9e free self1 :i* is inde$ outside space1 into a self :i* is suppos$ to be outside duration too1 & !re=e out ( ! rea* ( our faculty ( k4 ,b ! tru? is t we p]ceive ?is self :5ev]1 by a /r5u\s ef=t ( reflection1 we turn our eyes f ! %ad[ :i* foll[s u & retire into ourselves4 ,?\gh we g5]ally live & act outside our own p]son1 9 space r ?an 9 duration1 & ?\gh by ?is means we give a h&le to ! law ( causality1 :i* b9ds ! same effects to ! same causes1 we c nev]!less always get back into pure duration1 ( :i* ! mom5ts are int]nal & het]og5e\s to "o ano!r1 & 9 :i* a cause _c repeat its effect s9ce x w nev] repeat itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,kant reg>d$ bo? space & "t z homog5e\s4 ,9 ?is v confusion ( true duration ) its symbol bo? ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ,kantianism reside4 ,kant imag9es on ! "o side ?+s 9 !mselves1 & on ! o!r a homog5e\s ,"t & ,space1 ?r\gh :i* ! ?+s 9 !mselves1 are refract$3 ?us are suppos$ to arise on ! "o h& ! ph5om5al self--a self :i* consci\sness p]ceives--&1 on ! o!r1 ext]nal objects4 ,"t & space on ?is view w\ld n be any m 9 u ?an outside u2 ! v di/9ction ( outside & inside w\ld be ! "w ( "t & space4 ,?is doctr9e has ! advantage ( provid+ our empirical ?\ght ) a solid f\ndation1 & ( gu>antee+ t ph5om5a1 z ph5om5a1 are adequately kn[able4 ,inde$1 we might set up ^! ph5om5a z absolute & d )\t ! incompreh5sible ?+s 9 !mselves1 7 x n t ! ,practical ,reason1 ! reveal] ( duty1 came 91 l ! ,platonic rem9isc5ce1 to w>n u t ! ?+ 9 itself exi/s1 invisible b pres5t4 ,! controll+ factor 9 ! :ole ( ?is !ory is ! v %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! matt] ( consci\sness & its =m1 betwe5 ! homog5e\s & ! het]og5e\s1 & ?is vital di/9ction w\ld probably nev] h be5 made unless "t also _h be5 reg>d$ z a m$ium indiff]5t to :at fills x4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if "t1 z duration1 7 homog5e\s1 sci5ce c\ld deal ) x4 ,b if "t1 z imm$iate consci\sness p]ceives x1 71 l space1 a homog5e\s m$ium1 sci5ce w\ld be able to deal ) x1 z x c ) space4 ,n[ we h tri$ to prove t duration1 z duration1 & motion1 z motion1 elude ! grasp ( ma!matics3 ( "t ev]y?+ slips ?r\gh its f+]s b simultaneity1 & ( movem5t ev]y?+ b immobility4 ,?is is :at ! ,kantians & ev5 _! oppon5ts d n seem to h p]ceiv$3 9 ?is s-call$ ph5om5al _w1 :i*1 we are told1 is a _w cut out = sci5tific k1 all ! relations :i* _c be translat$ into simultaneity1 i4e4 into space1 are sci5tifically unkn[able4 ,sid5ote3 ,& fre$om w\ld be incompreh5sible4 ,kant's solution4 ,9 ! second place1 9 a duration assum$ to be homog5e\s1 ! same /ates c\ld occur ov] aga91 causality w\ld imply necess>y det]m9ation1 & all fre$om w\ld become incompreh5sible4 ,su*1 inde$1 is ! result to :i* ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason leads4 ,b in/ead ( conclud+ f ?is t real duration is het]og5e\s1 :i*1 by cle>+ up ! second difficulty1 w\ld h call$ 8 att5tion to ! fir/1 ,kant pref]r$ to put fre$om outside "t & to raise an impassable b>ri] betwe5 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 :i* he h&s ov] root & bran* to our und]/&+1 & ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 :i* he =bids u to ent]4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ correct$ by tak+ real duration into acc\nt4 ,b p]haps ?is di/9ction is too %>ply drawn & p]haps ! b>ri] is easi] to cross ?an he suppos$4 ,= if p]*ance ! mom5ts ( real duration1 p]ceiv$ by an att5tive consci\sness1 p]meat$ "o ano!r in/ead ( ly+ side by side1 & if ^! mom5ts =m$ 9 relation to "o ano!r a het]og5eity )9 :i* ! idea ( necess>y det]m9ation lo/ e %r$ ( mean+1 !n ! self grasp$ by consci\sness w\ld be a free cause1 we %\ld h absolute k ( ourselves1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 j because ?is absolute con/antly comm+les ) ph5om5a &1 :ile fill+ itself ) !m1 p]meates !m1 ^! ph5om5a !mselves w\ld n be z am5able z is claim$ to ma!matical reason+1 ,sid5ote3 ,) ,kant1 we assume a homog5e\s space1 ! intuition ( :i* is peculi> to man & prep>es ! way = social life4 ,s we h assum$ ! exi/5ce ( a homog5e\s ,space &1 ) ,kant1 di/+ui%$ ?is space f ! matt] :i* fills x4 ,) him we h admitt$ t homog5e\s space is a =m ( our s5sibility3 & we und]/& by ?is simply t o!r m9ds1 e4g4 ^? ( animals1 social life1 al?\gh !y p]ceive objects1 d n di/+ui% !m s cle>ly ei!r f "o ano!r or f !mselves4 ,?is intuition ( a homog5e\s m$ium1 an intuition peculi> to man1 enables u to ext]nalize our concepts 9 relation to "o ano!r1 reveals to u ! objectivity ( ?+s1 & ?us1 9 two ways1 on ! "o h& by gett+ ev]y?+ ready = language1 & on ! o!r by %[+ u an ext]nal _w1 q di/9ct f ourselves1 9 ! p]ception ( :i* all m9ds h a common %>e1 =e%ad[s & prep>es ! way = social life4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if concrete duration is het]og5e\s1 ! relation ( psy*ic /ate to act is unique & ! act is rightly judg$ free4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is homog5e\s space we h put ! self z p]ceiv$ by an att5tive consci\sness1 a liv+ self1 ^: /ates1 at once undi/+ui%$ & un/able1 _c be sep>at$ )\t *ang+ _! nature1 & _c receive a fix$ =m or be express$ 9 words )\t becom+ public prop]ty4 ,h[ c\ld ?is self1 :i* di/+ui%es ext]nal objects s %>ply & repres5ts !m s easily by means ( symbols1 )/& ! temptation to introduce ! same di/9ctions into its own life & to replace ! int]p5etration ( its psy*ic /ates1 _! :olly qualitative multiplicity1 by a num]ical plurality ( t]ms :i* are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 set side by side1 & express$ by means ( words8 ,9 place ( a het]og5e\s duration ^: mom5ts p]meate "o ano!r1 we ?us get a homog5e\s "t ^: mom5ts are /rung on a spatial l9e4 ,9 place ( an inn] life ^: successive phases1 ea* unique ( its k9d1 _c be express$ 9 ! fix$ t]ms ( language1 we get a self :i* c be artificially recon/ruct$1 & simple psy*ic /ates :i* c be add$ to & tak5 f "o ano!r j l ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 =m+ words4 ,n[1 ?is mu/ n be ?\ght to be a mode ( symbolical repres5tation only1 = imm$iate intuition & discursive ?\ght are "o 9 concrete reality1 & ! v me*anism by :i* we only meant at fir/ to expla9 our conduct w end by also controll+ x4 ,our psy*ic /ates1 sep>at+ !n f ea* o!r1 w get solidifi$2 betwe5 our ideas1 ?us cry/alliz$1 & our ext]nal movem5ts we %all witness p]man5t associations be+ =m$2 & little by little1 z our consci\sness ?us imitates ! process by :i* n]v\s matt] procures reflex actions1 automatism w cov] ov] fre$om4#aj ,x is j at ?is po9t t ! associationi/s & ! det]m9i/s come 9 on ! "o side1 & ! ,kantians on ! o!r4 ,z !y look at only ! commone/ aspect ( our consci\s life1 !y p]ceive cle>ly m>k$ /ates1 :i* c recur 9 "t l physical ph5om5a1 & to :i* ! law ( causal det]m9ation applies1 if we wi%1 9 ! same s5se z x does to nature4 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m$ium 9 :i* ^! psy*ic /ates are set side by side exhibits p>ts ext]nal to "o ano!r1 9 :i* ! same facts seem capable ( be+ repeat$1 !y d n hesitate to make "t a homog5e\s m$ium & treat x z space4 ,h5ce=? all diff]5ce betwe5 duration & ext5sity1 succession & simultaneity1 is aboli%$3 ! only ?+ left is to turn fre$om out ( doors1 or1 if y _c entirely ?r[ (f y\r traditional respect = x1 to escort x ) all due c]emony up to ! supratemporal doma9 ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 ^: my/]i\s ?re%old y\r consci\sness _c cross4 ,b1 9 our view1 !re is a ?ird c\rse :i* might be tak51 namely1 to c>ry ourselves back 9 ?\ght to ^? mom5ts ( our life :5 we made "s s]i\s decision1 mom5ts unique ( _! k9d1 :i* w nev] be repeat$--9999any m ?an ! pa/ phases 9 ! hi/ory ( a nation w ev] come back aga94 ,we %\ld see t if ^! pa/ /ates _c be adequately express$ 9 words or artificially recon/ruct$ by a juxtaposition ( simpl] /ates1 x is because 9 _! dynamic unity & :olly qualitative multiplicity !y are phases ( our real & concrete duration1 a het]og5e\s duration & a liv+ "o4 ,we %\ld see t1 if our action 0 pron\nc$ by u to be free1 x is because ! relation ( ?is action to ! /ate f :i* x issu$ c\ld n be express$ by a law1 ?is psy*ic /ate be+ unique ( its k9d & unable ev] to occur aga94 ,we %\ld see1 f9ally1 t ! v idea ( necess>y det]m9ation "h loses e %r$ ( mean+1 t !re _c be any "q ei!r ( =esee+ ! act be=e x is p]=m$ or ( reason+ ab\t ! possibility ( ! contr>y action once ! de$ is done1 = to h all ! conditions giv5 is1 9 concrete duration1 to place oneself at ! v mom5t ( ! act & n to =esee x4 ,b we %\ld also und]/& ! illusion :i* makes ! "o p>ty ?9k t !y are compell$ to d5y fre$om1 & ! o!rs t !y mu/ def9e x4 ,x is because ! transition is made by imp]ceptible /eps f concrete duration1 ^: elem5ts p]meate "o ano!r1 to symbolical duration1 ^: mom5ts are set side by side1 & consequ5tly f free activity to consci\s automatism4 ,x is because1 al?\gh we are free :5ev] we are will+ to get back into ourselves1 x seldom happ5s t we are will+4 ,x is because1 f9ally1 ev5 9 ! cases :]e ! action is freely p]=m$1 we _c reason ab\t x )\t sett+ out its conditions ext]nally to "o ano!r1 !re=e 9 space & no long] 9 pure duration4 ,! problem ( fre$om has ?us sprung f a misund]/&+3 x has be5 to ! mod]ns :at ! p>adoxes ( ! ,eleatics 7 to ! anci5ts1 &1 l ^! p>adoxes1 x has its orig9 9 ! illusion ?r\gh :i* we confuse succession & simultaneity1 duration & ext5sity1 quality & quantity4 #a ,on ?is po9t see ,lange1 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 ,vol4 ii1 ,"p ii4 #b ,cf4 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,philosophy4#e? ed41 7#ahgh71 p4 #ehc4 #c ,ibid4 p4 #ehe4 #d ,ibid4 p4 #ehe4 #e ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 ,*ap4 vi4 #f ,f\ille1 ,la ,lib]t et le ,dt]m9isme4 #g ,9 ,molire's com$y ,le ,misan?rope1 7,tr474 #h ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,philosophy4 #e? ed41 7#ahgh71 p4 #ehj4 #i ,ibid4 p4 #ehc4 #aj ( ^! volunt>y acts :i* may be comp>$ to reflex movem5ts1 & he has re/rict$ fre$om to mom5ts ( crisis4 ,b he does n seem to h notic$ t ! process ( our free activity goes on1 z x 71 unkn[n to ourselves1 9 ! obscure dep?s ( our consci\sness at e mom5t ( duration1 t ! v feel+ ( duration comes f ?is s\rce1 & t )\t ?is het]og5e\s & cont9u\s duration1 9 :i* our self evolves1 !re w\ld be no moral crisis4 ,! /udy1 ev5 ! close /udy1 ( a giv5 free action w ?us n settle ! problem ( fre$om4 ,! :ole s]ies ( our het]og5e\s /ates ( consci\sness mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 o!r words1 x is 9 a close analysis ( ! idea ( duration t ! key to ! problem mu/ be s\ght4