#aghh ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,practical ,,reason by ,immanuel ,kant translat$ by ,?omas ,k+smill ,abbott ,,preface4 ,?is "w is call$ ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 n ( ! pure practical reason1 al?\gh its p>allelism ) ! speculative critique w\ld seem to require ! latt] t]m4 ,! reason ( ?is appe>s suffici5tly f ! treatise itself4 ,its bus9ess is to %[ t !re is pure practical reason1 & = ?is purpose x criticizes ! entire practical faculty ( reason4 ,if x succe$s 9 ?is1 x has no ne$ to criticize ! pure faculty itself 9 ord] to see :e!r reason 9 mak+ su* a claim does n presumptu\sly ov]/ep itself 7z is ! case ) ! speculative reason74 ,= if1 z pure reason1 x is actually practical1 x proves its own reality & t ( its concepts by fact1 & all disputation aga9/ ! possibility ( its be+ real is futile4 ,) ?is faculty1 transc5d5tal fre$om is also e/abli%$2 fre$om1 namely1 9 t absolute s5se 9 :i* speculative reason requir$ x 9 its use ( ! concept ( causality 9 ord] to escape ! ant9omy into :i* x inevitably falls1 :5 9 ! *a9 ( cause & effect x tries to ?9k ! uncondition$4 ,speculative reason c\ld only exhibit ?is concept 7( fre$om7 problematically z n impossible to ?\ght1 )\t assur+ x any objective reality1 & m]ely le/ ! suppos$ impossibility ( :at x mu/ at lea/ all[ to be ?9kable %\ld endang] its v be+ & plunge x into an abyss ( scepticism4 ,inasmu* z ! reality ( ! concept ( fre$om is prov$ by an apodeictic law ( practical reason1 x is ! key/one ( ! :ole sy/em ( pure reason1 ev5 ! speculative1 & all o!r concepts 7^? ( ,god & immortality7 :i*1 z be+ m]e ideas1 rema9 9 x unsupport$1 n[ atta* !mselves to ?is concept1 & by x obta9 consi/5ce & objective reality2 t is to say1 _! possibility is prov$ by ! fact t fre$om actually exi/s1 = ?is idea is reveal$ by ! moral law4 ,fre$om1 h[ev]1 is ! only "o ( all ! ideas ( ! speculative reason ( :i* we "k ! possibility a priori 7)\t1 h[ev]1 und]/&+ x71 because x is ! condition ( ! moral law :i* we "k4 99 ,! ideas ( ,god & immortality1 h[ev]1 are n conditions ( ! moral law1 b only conditions ( ! necess>y object ( a w det]m9$ by ?is law2 t is to say1 conditions ( ! practical use ( our pure reason4 ,h5ce1 ) respect to ^! ideas1 we _c affirm t we "k & und]/&1 ,i w n say ! actuality1 b ev5 ! possibility ( !m4 ,h[ev] !y are ! conditions ( ! application ( ! morally det]m9$ w to its object1 :i* is giv5 to x a priori1 viz41 ! summum bonum4 ,consequ5tly 9 ?is practical po9t ( view _! possibility mu/ be assum$1 al?\gh we _c !oretically "k & und]/& x4 ,to ju/ify ?is assumption x is suffici5t1 9 a practical po9t ( view1 t !y conta9 no intr9sic impossibility 7contradiction74 ,"h we h :at1 z f> z speculative reason is conc]n$1 is a m]ely subjective pr9ciple ( ass5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is objectively valid = a reason equally pure b practical1 & ?is pr9ciple1 by means ( ! concept ( fre$om1 assures objective reality & au?ority to ! ideas ( ,god & immortality4 ,nay1 !re is a subjective necessity 7a ne$ ( pure reason7 to assume !m4 ,nev]!less ! !oretical k ( reason is n h]eby enl>g$1 b only ! possibility is giv51 :i* h]et(ore 0 m]ely a problem & n[ becomes ass]tion1 & ?us ! practical use ( reason is connect$ ) ! elem5ts ( !oretical reason4 ,& ?is ne$ is n a m]ely hypo!tical "o = ! arbitr>y purposes ( speculation1 t we mu/ assume some?+ if we wi% 9 speculation to c>ry reason to its utmo/ limits1 b x is a ne$ :i* has ! =ce ( law to assume some?+ )\t :i* t _c be :i* we mu/ inevitably set be=e u z ! aim ( our action4 ,,preface p>agraph #e 99 ,le/ any "o %\ld imag9e t he f9ds an inconsi/5cy "h :5 ,i call fre$om ! condition ( ! moral law1 & h]eaft] ma9ta9 9 ! treatise itself t ! moral law is ! condition "u :i* we c fir/ become consci\s ( fre$om1 ,i w m]ely rem>k t fre$om is ! ratio ess5di ( ! moral law1 :ile ! moral law is ! ratio cognosc5di ( fre$om4 ,= _h n ! moral law be5 previ\sly di/9ctly ?\ght 9 our reason1 we %\ld nev] consid] ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ su* a ?+ z fre$om1 al?\gh x be n contradictory4 ,b 7 !re no fre$om x w\ld be impossible to trace ! moral law 9 ourselves at all4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be m satisfactory to our speculative reason if x c\ld solve ^! problems = itself )\t ?is circuit & pres]ve ! solution = practical use z a ?+ to be ref]r$ to1 b 9 fact our faculty ( speculation is n s well provid$4 ,^? :o boa/ ( su* high k ought n to keep x back1 b to exhibit x publicly t x may be te/$ & appreciat$4 ,!y want to prove3 v good1 let !m prove2 & ! critical philosophy lays its arms at _! feet z ! victors4 ,quid /atis8 ,nol9t4 ,atqui licet esse beatis4 ,z !y !n d n 9 fact *oose to d s1 probably because !y _c1 we mu/ take up ^! arms aga9 9 ord] to seek 9 ! mortal use ( reason1 & to base on ?is1 ! notions ( ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 ! possibility ( :i* speculation _c adequately prove4 ,"h fir/ is expla9$ ! enigma ( ! critical philosophy1 viz43 h[ we d5y objective reality to ! sup]s5sible use ( ! categories 9 speculation & yet admit ?is reality ) respect to ! objects ( pure practical reason4 ,?is mu/ at fir/ seem inconsi/5t z long z ?is practical use is only nom9ally kn[n4 ,b :51 by a ?or\gh analysis ( x1 "o becomes aw>e t ! reality spok5 ( does n imply any !oretical det]m9ation ( ! categories & ext5sion ( our k to ! sup]s5sible2 b t :at is meant is t 9 ?is respect an object belongs to !m1 because ei!r !y are conta9$ 9 ! necess>y det]m9ation ( ! w a priori1 or are insep>ably connect$ ) its object2 !n ?is inconsi/5cy disappe>s1 because ! use we make ( ^! concepts is diff]5t f :at speculative reason requires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re n[ appe>s an unexpect$ & v satisfactory pro( ( ! consi/5cy ( ! speculative critical philosophy4 ,= :]eas x insi/$ t ! objects ( exp]i5ce z su*1 includ+ our own subject1 h only ! value ( ph5om5a1 :ile at ! same "t ?+s 9 !mselves mu/ be suppos$ z _! basis1 s t n ev]y?+ sup]s5sible 0 to be reg>d$ z a fiction & its concept z empty2 s n[ practical reason itself1 )\t any conc]t ) ! speculative1 assures reality to a sup]s5sible object ( ! category ( causality1 viz41 fre$om1 al?\gh 7z becomes a practical concept7 only = practical use2 & ?is e/abli%es on ! evid5ce ( a fact t :i* 9 ! =m] case c\ld only be conceiv$4 ,by ?is ! /range b c]ta9 doctr9e ( ! speculative critical philosophy1 t ! ?9k+ subject is to itself 9 int]nal intuition only a ph5om5on1 obta9s 9 ! critical exam9ation ( ! practical reason its full confirmation1 & t s ?or\ghly t we %\ld be compell$ to adopt ?is doctr9e1 ev5 if ! =m] _h nev] prov$ x at all4 99 ,,preface p>agraph #aj 99 ,! union ( causality z fre$om ) causality z rational me*anism1 ! =m] e/abli%$ by ! moral law1 ! latt] by ! law ( nature 9 ! same subject1 namely1 man1 is impossible1 unless we conceive him ) ref]5ce to ! =m] z a be+ 9 himself1 & ) ref]5ce to ! latt] z a ph5om5on- ! =m] 9 pure consci\sness1 ! latt] 9 empirical consci\sness4 ,o!rwise reason inevitably contradicts itself4 ,by ?is also ,i c und]/& :y ! mo/ consid]able objections :i* ,i h z yet met ) aga9/ ! ,critique turn ab\t ^! two po9ts1 namely1 on ! "o side1 ! objective reality ( ! categories z appli$ to n\m5a1 :i* is 9 ! !oretical dep>tm5t ( k d5i$1 9 ! practical affirm$2 & on ! o!r side1 ! p>adoxical dem& to reg>d oneself qua subject ( fre$om z a n\m5on1 & at ! same "t f ! po9t ( view ( physical nature z a ph5om5on 9 "o's own empirical consci\sness2 = z long z "o has =m$ no def9ite notions ( morality & fre$om1 "o c\ld n conjecture on ! "o side :at 0 int5d$ to be ! n\m5on1 ! basis ( ! alleg$ ph5om5on1 & on ! o!r side x seem$ d\btful :e!r x 0 at all possible to =m any notion ( x1 see+ t we _h previ\sly assign$ all ! notions ( ! pure und]/&+ 9 its !oretical use exclusively to ph5om5a4 ,no?+ b a detail$ criticism ( ! practical reason c remove all ?is misappreh5sion & set 9 a cle> light ! consi/5cy :i* con/itutes its greate/ m]it4 ,s mu* by way ( ju/ification ( ! proce$+ by :i*1 9 ?is "w1 ! notions & pr9ciples ( pure speculative reason :i* h already und]gone _! special critical exam9ation are1 n[ & !n1 aga9 subject$ to exam9ation4 ,?is w\ld n 9 o!r cases be 9 accordance ) ! sy/ematic process by :i* a sci5ce is e/abli%$1 s9ce matt]s :i* h be5 decid$ ought only to be cit$ & n aga9 discuss$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x 0 n only all[able b necess>y1 because reason is "h consid]$ 9 transition to a diff]5t use ( ^! concepts f :at x _h made ( !m be=e4 ,su* a transition necessitates a comp>ison ( ! old & ! new usage1 9 ord] to di/+ui% well ! new pa? f ! old "o &1 at ! same "t1 to all[ _! connection to be obs]v$4 ,accord+ly consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 includ+ ^? :i* are once m direct$ to ! concept ( fre$om 9 ! practical use ( ! pure reason1 mu/ n be reg>d$ z an int]polation s]v+ only to fill up ! gaps 9 ! critical sy/em ( speculative reason 7= ?is is = its own purpose complete71 or l ! props & buttresses :i* 9 a ha/ily con/ruct$ build+ are (t5 add$ aft]w>ds2 b z true memb]s :i* make ! connexion ( ! sy/em pla91 & %[ u concepts1 "h pres5t$ z real1 :i* !re c\ld only be pres5t$ problematically4 ,?is rem>k applies especially to ! concept ( fre$om1 respect+ :i* "o _c b obs]ve ) surprise t s _m boa/ ( be+ able to und]/& x q well & to expla9 its possibility1 :ile !y reg>d x only psy*ologically1 :]eas if !y _h /udi$ x 9 a transc5d5tal po9t ( view1 !y mu/ h recogniz$ t x is n only indisp5sable z a problematical concept1 9 ! complete use ( speculative reason1 b also q incompreh5sible2 & if !y aft]w>ds came to consid] its practical use1 !y mu/ ne$s h come to ! v mode ( det]m9+ ! pr9ciples ( ?is1 to :i* !y are n[ s lo? to ass5t4 ,! concept ( fre$om is ! /one ( /umbl+ = all empirici/s1 b at ! same "t ! key to ! l(tie/ practical pr9ciples = critical morali/s1 :o p]ceive by its means t !y mu/ necess>ily proce$ by a rational me?od4 ,= ?is reason ,i beg ! read] n to pass lightly ov] :at is said ( ?is concept at ! end ( ! ,analytic4 ,i mu/ leave x to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) works ( ?is k9d to judge :e!r su* a sy/em z t ( ! practical reason1 :i* is "h develop$ f ! critical exam9ation ( x1 has co/ mu* or little tr\ble1 especially 9 seek+ n to miss ! true po9t ( view f :i* ! :ole c be rightly sket*$4 ,x presupposes1 inde$1 ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals1 b only 9 s f> z ?is gives a prelim9>y acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciple ( duty1 & assigns & ju/ifies a def9ite =mula !re(2 9 o!r respects x is indep5d5t4 99 ,x results f ! nature ( ?is practical faculty itself t ! complete classification ( all practical sci5ces _c be add$1 z 9 ! critique ( ! speculative reason4 ,= x is n possible to def9e duties specially1 z human duties1 ) a view to _! classification1 until ! subject ( ?is def9ition 7viz41 man7 is kn[n accord+ to 8 actual nature1 at lea/ s f> z is necess>y ) respect to duty2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n belong to a critical exam9ation ( ! practical reason1 ! bus9ess ( :i* is only to assign 9 a complete mann] ! pr9ciples ( its possibility1 ext5t1 & limits1 )\t special ref]5ce to human nature4 ,! classification !n belongs to ! sy/em ( sci5ce1 n to ! sy/em ( criticism4 ,,preface p>agraph #ae 99 ,a review] :o want$ to f9d "s fault ) ?is "w has hit ! tru? bett]1 p]haps1 ?an he ?\ght1 :5 he says t no new pr9ciple ( morality is set =? 9 x1 b only a new =mula4 ,b :o w\ld ?9k ( introduc+ a new pr9ciple ( all morality & mak+ himself z x 7 ! fir/ discov]] ( x1 j z if all ! _w be=e him 7 ignorant :at duty 0 or _h be5 9 ?or\gh-go+ error8 ,b :oev] kn[s ( :at importance to a ma!matician a =mula is1 :i* def9es accurately :at is to be done to "w a problem1 w n ?9k t a =mula is insignificant & useless :i* does ! same = all duty 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! ,analytic ,i h giv51 z ,i tru/1 a suffici5t answ] to ! objection ( a tru?-lov+ & acute critic 99 ( ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals- a critic always wor?y ( respect- ! objection1 namely1 t ! notion ( good 0 n e/abli%$ be=e ! moral pr9ciple1 z he ?9ks x ought to h be54 997#b7 ,i h also _h reg>d to _m ( ! objections :i* h rea*$ me f m5 :o %[ t !y h at he>t ! discov]y ( ! tru?1 & ,i %all cont9ue to d s 7= ^? :o h only _! old sy/em be=e _! eyes1 & :o h already settl$ :at is to be approv$ or disapprov$1 d n desire any explanation :i* might /& 9 ! way ( _! own private op9ion47 ,,preface p>agraph #bj 99 ,see ,kant's ,das mag 9 d] ,!oric ricktig seyn1 etc4 ,w]ke1 vol4 vii1 p4 #ahb4 997#b7 ,x might also h be5 object$ to me t ,i h n fir/ def9$ ! notion ( ! faculty ( desire1 or ( ! feel+ ( ,pleasure1 al?\gh ?is reproa* w\ld be unfair1 because ?is def9ition might reasonably be presuppos$ z giv5 9 psy*ology4 ,h[ev]1 ! def9ition !re giv5 might be su* z to f\nd ! det]m9ation ( ! faculty ( desire on ! feel+ ( pleasure 7z is commonly done71 & ?us ! supreme pr9ciple ( practical philosophy w\ld be necess>ily made empirical1 :i*1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be prov$ & 9 ?is critique is altoge!r refut$4 ,x w1 !re=e1 give ?is def9ition "h 9 su* a mann] z x ought to be giv51 9 ord] to leave ?is conte/$ po9t op5 at ! beg9n+1 z x %\ld be4 ,,life is ! faculty a be+ has ( act+ accord+ to laws ( ! faculty ( desire4 ,! faculty ( ,,desire is ! be+'s faculty ( becom+ by means ( its ideas ! cause ( ! actual exi/5ce ( ! objects ( ^! ideas4 ,,pleasure is ! idea ( ! agreem5t ( ! object1 or ! action ) ! subjective conditions ( life1 i4e41 ) ! faculty ( causality ( an idea 9 respect ( ! actuality ( its object 7or ) ! det]m9ation ( ! =ces ( ! subject to action :i* produces x74 ,i h no fur!r ne$ = ! purposes ( ?is critique ( notions borr[$ f psy*ology2 ! critique itself supplies ! re/4 ,x is easily se5 t ! "q :e!r ! faculty ( desire is always bas$ on pleasure1 or :e!r "u c]ta9 conditions pleasure only foll[s ! det]m9ation ( desire1 is by ?is def9ition left undecid$1 = x is compos$ only ( t]ms belong+ to ! pure und]/&+1 i4e41 ( categories :i* conta9 no?+ empirical4 ,su* precaution is v desirable 9 all philosophy & yet is (t5 neglect$2 namely1 n to prejudge que/ions by adv5tur+ def9itions be=e ! notion has be5 completely analys$1 :i* is (t5 v late4 ,x may be obs]v$ ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( ! critical philosophy 7( ! !oretical z well z ! practical reason7 t frequ5t opportunity (f]s ( supply+ defects 9 ! old dogmatic me?od ( philosophy1 & ( correct+ errors :i* are n obs]v$ until we make su* rational use ( ^! notions view+ !m z a :ole4 ,:5 we h to /udy a p>ticul> faculty ( ! human m9d 9 its s\rces1 its cont5t1 & its limits2 !n f ! nature ( human k we mu/ beg9 ) its p>ts1 ) an accurate & complete exposition ( !m2 complete1 namely1 s f> z is possible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( its elem5ts4 ,b !re is ano!r ?+ to be att5d$ to :i* is ( a m philosophical & ar*itectonic "*1 namely1 to grasp correctly ! idea ( ! :ole1 & f !nce to get a view ( all ^? p>ts z mutually relat$ by ! aid ( pure reason1 & by means ( _! d]ivation f ! concept ( ! :ole4 ,?is is only possible ?r\gh ! mo/ intimate acqua9tance ) ! sy/em2 & ^? :o f9d ! fir/ inquiry too tr\blesome1 & d n ?9k x wor? _! :ile to atta9 su* an acqua9tance1 _c rea* ! second /age1 namely1 ! g5]al view1 :i* is a syn!tical return to t :i* _h previ\sly be5 giv5 analytically4 ,x is no wond] !n if !y f9d inconsi/5cies ev]y:]e1 al?\gh ! gaps :i* ^! indicate are n 9 ! sy/em itself1 b 9 _! own incoh]5t tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,i h no fe>1 z reg>ds ?is treatise1 ( ! reproa* t ,i wi% to introduce a new language1 s9ce ! sort ( k "h 9 "q has itself some:at ( an ev]yday "*4 ,nor ev5 9 ! case ( ! =m] critique c\ld ?is reproa* occur to anyone :o _h ?\ght x ?r\gh & n m]ely turn$ ov] ! leaves4 ,to inv5t new words :]e ! language has no lack ( expressions = giv5 notions is a *ildi% ef=t to di/+ui% oneself f ! cr[d1 if n by new & true ?\ghts1 yet by new pat*es on ! old g>m5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! read]s ( t "w "k any m famili> expressions :i* are z suitable to ! ?\ght z ^? seem to me to be1 or if !y ?9k !y c %[ ! futility ( ^! ?\ghts !mselves & h5ce t ( ! expression1 !y w\ld1 9 ! fir/ case1 v mu* oblige me1 = ,i only desire to be und]/ood3 &1 9 ! second case1 !y w\ld des]ve well ( philosophy4 ,b1 z long z ^! ?\ghts /&1 ,i v mu* d\bt t suitable & yet m common expressions = !m c be f\nd4 99 ,,preface p>agraph #be 99 ,i am m afraid 9 ! pres5t treatise ( occasional misconception 9 respect ( "s expressions :i* ,i h *os5 ) ! greate/ c>e 9 ord] t ! notion to :i* !y po9t may n be miss$4 ,?us1 9 ! table ( categories ( ! ,practical reason "u ! title ( ,modality1 ! ,p]mitt$1 & =bidd5 79 a practical objective po9t ( view1 possible & impossible7 h almo/ ! same mean+ 9 common language z ! next category1 duty & contr>y to duty4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! =m] means :at co9cides )1 or contradicts1 a m]ely possible practical precept 7= example1 ! solution ( all problems ( geometry & me*anics72 ! latt]1 :at is simil>ly relat$ to a law actually pres5t 9 ! reason2 & ?is di/9ction is n q =eign ev5 to common language1 al?\gh some:at unusual4 ,= example1 x is =bidd5 to an orator1 z su*1 to =ge new words or con/ructions2 9 a c]ta9 degree ?is is p]mitt$ to a poet2 9 nei!r case is !re any "q ( duty4 ,= if anyone *ooses to =feit 8 reputation z an orator1 no "o c prev5t him4 ,we h "h only to d ) ! di/9ction ( imp]atives into problematical1 ass]torial1 & apodeictic4 ,simil>ly 9 ! note 9 :i* ,i h p>$ ! moral ideas ( practical p]fection 9 diff]5t philosophical s*ools1 ,i h di/+ui%$ ! idea ( wisdom f t ( hol9ess1 al?\gh ,i h /at$ t ess5tially & objectively !y are ! same4 ,b 9 t place ,i und]/& by ! =m] only t wisdom to :i* man 7! ,/oic7 lays claim2 !re=e ,i take x subjectively z an attribute alleg$ to belong to man4 7,p]haps ! expression virtue1 ) :i* also ! ,/oic made great %[1 w\ld bett] m>k ! *>act]i/ic ( 8 s*ool47 ,! expression ( a po/ulate ( pure practical reason might give mo/ occasion to misappreh5sion 9 case ! read] conf\nd$ x ) ! signification ( ! po/ulates 9 pure ma!matics1 :i* c>ry apodeictic c]ta9ty ) !m4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 po/ulate ! possibility ( an action1 ! object ( :i* has be5 previ\sly recogniz$ a priori 9 !ory z possible1 & t ) p]fect c]ta9ty4 ,b ! =m] po/ulates ! possibility ( an object itself 7,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l7 f apodeictic practical laws1 & !re=e only = ! purposes ( a practical reason4 ,?is c]ta9ty ( ! po/ulat$ possibility !n is n at all !oretic1 & consequ5tly n apodeictic2 t is to say1 x is n a kn[n necessity z reg>ds ! object1 b a necess>y supposition z reg>ds ! subject1 necess>y = ! ob$i5ce to its objective b practical laws4 ,x is1 !re=e1 m]ely a necess>y hypo!sis4 ,i c\ld f9d no bett] expression = ?is rational necessity1 :i* is subjective1 b yet true & unconditional4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !n1 ! a priori pr9ciples ( two faculties ( ! m9d1 ! faculty ( cognition & t ( desire1 w\ld be f\nd & det]m9$ z to ! conditions1 ext5t1 & limits ( _! use1 & ?us a sure f\ndation be paid = a sci5tific sy/em ( philosophy1 bo? !oretic & practical4 ,no?+ worse c\ld happ5 to ^! lab\rs ?an t anyone %\ld make ! unexpect$ discov]y t !re nei!r is1 nor c be1 any a priori k at all4 ,b !re is no dang] ( ?is4 ,?is w\ld be ! same ?+ z if "o s\ght to prove by reason t !re is no reason4 ,= we only say t we "k some?+ by reason1 :5 we are consci\s t we c\ld h kn[n x1 ev5 if x _h n be5 giv5 to u 9 exp]i5ce2 h5ce rational k & k a priori are "o & ! same4 ,x is a cle> contradiction to try to extract necessity f a pr9ciple ( exp]i5ce 7ex pumice aquam71 & to try by ?is to give a judgem5t true univ]sality 7)\t :i* !re is no rational inf]5ce1 n ev5 inf]5ce f analogy1 :i* is at lea/ a presum$ univ]sality & objective necessity74 ,to sub/itute subjective necessity1 t is1 cu/om1 = objective1 :i* exi/s only 9 a priori judgem5ts1 is to d5y to reason ! p[] ( judg+ ab\t ! object1 i4e41 ( kn[+ x1 & :at belongs to x4 ,x implies1 = example1 t we mu/ n say ( some?+ :i* (t5 or always foll[s a c]ta9 antec$5t /ate t we c conclude f ?is to t 7= ?is w\ld imply objective necessity & ! notion ( an a priori connexion71 b only t we may expect simil> cases 7j z animals d71 t is t we reject ! notion ( cause altoge!r z false & a m]e delusion4 ,z to attempt+ to rem$y ?is want ( objective & consequ5tly univ]sal validity by say+ t we c see no gr\nd = attribut+ any o!r sort ( k to o!r rational be+s1 if ?is reason+ 7 valid1 our ignorance w\ld d m = ! enl>gem5t ( our k ?an all our m$itation4 ,=1 !n1 on ?is v gr\nd t we h no k ( any o!r rational be+s besides man1 we %\ld h a "r to suppose !m to be ( ! same nature z we "k ourselves to be3 t is1 we %\ld really "k !m4 ,i omit to m5tion t univ]sal ass5t does n prove ! objective validity ( a judgem5t 7i4e41 its validity z a cognition71 & al?\gh ?is univ]sal ass5t %\ld accid5tally happ51 x c\ld furni% no pro( ( agreem5t ) ! object2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! objective validity :i* alone con/itutes ! basis ( a necess>y univ]sal cons5t4 ,,preface p>agraph #cj ,hume w\ld be q satisfi$ ) ?is sy/em ( univ]sal empiricism1 =1 z is well kn[n1 he desir$ no?+ m ?an t1 in/ead ( ascrib+ any objective mean+ to ! necessity 9 ! concept ( cause1 a m]ely subjective "o %\ld be assum$1 viz41 cu/om1 9 ord] to d5y t reason c\ld judge ab\t ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality2 & if once 8 pr9ciples 7 grant$1 he 0 c]ta9ly well able to d$uce 8 conclusions !refrom1 ) all logical coh]5ce4 ,b ev5 ,hume did n make 8 empiricism s univ]sal z to include ma!matics4 ,he holds ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics to be analytical2 & if 8 7 correct1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly be apodeictic also3 b we c\ld n inf] f ?is t reason has ! faculty ( =m+ apodeictic judgem5ts 9 philosophy also- t is to say1 ^? :i* are syn!tical judgem5ts1 l ! judgem5t ( causality4 ,b if we adopt a univ]sal empiricism1 !n ma!matics w be includ$4 ,n[ if ?is sci5ce is 9 contradiction ) a reason t admits only empirical pr9ciples1 z x inevitably is 9 ! ant9omy 9 :i* ma!matics prove ! inf9ite divisibility ( space1 :i* empiricism _c admit2 !n ! greate/ possible evid5ce ( demon/ration is 9 manife/ contradiction ) ! alleg$ conclusions f exp]i5ce1 & we are driv5 to ask1 l ,*eseld5's bl9d pati5t1 ,:i* deceives me1 sight or t\*8 7= empiricism is bas$ on a necessity felt1 rationalism on a necessity se574 ,& ?us univ]sal empiricism reveals itself z absolute scepticism4 ,x is errone\s to attribute ?is 9 su* an unqualifi$ s5se to ,hume1 99 s9ce he left at lea/ "o c]ta9 t\*/one 7:i* c only be f\nd 9 a priori pr9ciples71 al?\gh exp]i5ce consi/s n only ( feel+s1 b also ( judgem5ts4 99 ,names t designate ! foll[]s ( a sect h always be5 accompani$ ) mu* inju/ice2 j z if "o said1 ,n is an ,ideali/4 ,= al?\gh he n only admits1 b ev5 insi/s1 t our ideas ( ext]nal ?+s h actual objects ( ext]nal ?+s correspond+ to !m1 yet he holds t ! =m ( ! intuition does n dep5d on !m b on ! human m9d4 ,,preface p>agraph #ce ,h[ev]1 z 9 ?is philosophical & critical age su* empiricism c sc>cely be s]i\s1 & x is probably put =w>d only z an intellectual ex]cise & = ! purpose ( putt+ 9 a cle>] light1 by contra/1 ! necessity ( rational a priori pr9ciples1 we c only be grateful to ^? :o employ !mselves 9 ?is o!rwise un9/ructive lab\r4 ,,introduction ,,introduction4 ,( ! ,idea ( a ,critique ( ,practical ,reason4 ,! !oretical use ( reason 0 conc]n$ ) objects ( ! cognitive faculty only1 & a critical exam9ation ( x ) ref]5ce to ?is use appli$ prop]ly only to ! pure faculty ( cognition2 because ?is rais$ ! suspicion1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds confirm$1 t x might easily pass beyond its limits1 & be lo/ among unatta9able objects1 or ev5 contradictory notions4 ,x is q diff]5t ) ! practical use ( reason4 ,9 ?is1 reason is conc]n$ ) ! gr\nds ( det]m9ation ( ! w1 :i* is a faculty ei!r to produce objects correspond+ to ideas1 or to det]m9e ourselves to ! effect+ ( su* objects 7:e!r ! physical p[] is suffici5t or n72 t is1 to det]m9e our causality4 ,= "h1 reason c at lea/ atta9 s f> z to det]m9e ! w1 & has always objective reality 9 s f> z x is ! volition only t is 9 "q4 ,! fir/ "q "h !n is :e!r pure reason ( itself alone suffices to det]m9e ! w1 or :e!r x c be a gr\nd ( det]m9ation only z dep5d5t on empirical conditions4 ,n[1 "h !re comes 9 a notion ( causality ju/ifi$ by ! critique ( ! pure reason1 al?\gh n capable ( be+ pres5t$ empirically1 viz41 t ( fre$om2 & if we c n[ discov] means ( prov+ t ?is prop]ty does 9 fact belong to ! human w 7& s to ! w ( all rational be+s71 !n x w n only be %[n t pure reason c be practical1 b t x alone1 & n reason empirically limit$1 is indubitably practical2 consequ5tly1 we %all h to make a critical exam9ation1 n ( pure practical reason1 b only ( practical reason g5]ally4 ,= :5 once pure reason is %[n to exi/1 x ne$s no critical exam9ation4 ,= reason itself conta9s ! /&>d = ! critical exam9ation ( e use ( x4 ,! critique1 !n1 ( practical reason g5]ally is b\nd to prev5t ! empirically condition$ reason f claim+ exclusively to furni% ! gr\nd ( det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,if x is prov$ t !re is a practical reason1 its employm5t is alone imman5t2 ! empirically condition$ use1 :i* claims supremacy1 is on ! contr>y transc5d5t & expresses itself 9 dem&s & precepts :i* g q beyond its sph]e4 ,?is is j ! opposite ( :at might be said ( pure reason 9 its speculative employm5t4 ,h[ev]1 z x is /ill pure reason1 ! k ( :i* is "h ! f\ndation ( its practical employm5t1 ! g5]al outl9e ( ! classification ( a critique ( practical reason mu/ be arrang$ 9 accordance ) t ( ! speculative4 ,we mu/1 !n1 h ! ,elem5ts & ! ,me?odology ( x2 & 9 ! =m] an ,analytic z ! rule ( tru?1 & a ,dialectic z ! exposition & dissolution ( ! illusion 9 ! judgem5ts ( practical reason4 ,b ! ord] 9 ! subdivision ( ! ,analytic w be ! rev]se ( t 9 ! critique ( ! pure speculative reason4 ,=1 9 ! pres5t case1 we %all comm5ce ) ! pr9ciples & proce$ to ! concepts1 & only !n1 if possible1 to ! s5ses2 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! speculative reason we began ) ! s5ses & _h to end ) ! pr9ciples4 ,! reason ( ?is lies aga9 9 ?is3 t n[ we h to d ) a w1 & h to consid] reason1 n 9 its relation to objects1 b to ?is w & its causality4 ,we mu/1 !n1 beg9 ) ! pr9ciples ( a causality n empirically condition$1 aft] :i* ! attempt c be made to e/abli% our notions ( ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( su* a w1 ( _! application to objects1 & f9ally to ! subject & its s5se faculty4 ,we necess>ily beg9 ) ! law ( causality f fre$om1 t is1 ) a pure practical pr9ciple1 & ?is det]m9es ! objects to :i* alone x c be appli$4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,pure ,,practical ,,reason4 ,,book ,i4 ,! ,analytic ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #e ,i4 ,,def9ition4 ,practical pr9ciples are propositions :i* conta9 a g5]al det]m9ation ( ! w1 hav+ "u x sev]al practical rules4 ,!y are subjective1 or maxims1 :5 ! condition is reg>d$ by ! subject z valid only = 8 own w1 b are objective1 or practical laws1 :5 ! condition is recogniz$ z objective1 t is1 valid = ! w ( e rational be+4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #aj ,,rem>k4 ,suppos+ t pure reason conta9s 9 itself a practical motive1 t is1 "o adequate to det]m9e ! w1 !n !re are practical laws2 o!rwise all practical pr9ciples w be m]e maxims4 ,9 case ! w ( a rational be+ is pa?ologically affect$1 !re may occur a conflict ( ! maxims ) ! practical laws recogniz$ by itself4 ,= example1 "o may make x 8 maxim to let no injury pass unrev5g$1 & yet he may see t ?is is n a practical law1 b only 8 own maxim2 t1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d$ z be+ 9 "o & ! same maxim a rule = ! w ( e rational be+1 x mu/ contradict itself4 ,9 natural philosophy ! pr9ciples ( :at happ5s1 7e4g41 ! pr9ciple ( equality ( action & reaction 9 ! communication ( motion7 are at ! same "t laws ( nature2 = ! use ( reason !re is !oretical & det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! object4 ,9 practical philosophy1 i4e41 t :i* has to d only ) ! gr\nds ( det]m9ation ( ! w1 ! pr9ciples :i* a man makes = himself are n laws by :i* "o is inevitably b\nd2 because reason 9 practical matt]s has to d ) ! subject1 namely1 ) ! faculty ( desire1 ! special "* ( :i* may occasion v>iety 9 ! rule4 ,! practical rule is always a product ( reason1 because x prescribes action z a means to ! effect4 ,b 9 ! case ( a be+ ) :om reason does n ( itself det]m9e ! w1 ?is rule is an imp]ative1 i4e41 a rule *>act]iz$ by %all1 :i* expresses ! objective necessitation ( ! action & signifies t1 if reason completely det]m9$ ! w1 ! action w\ld inevitably take place accord+ to ?is rule4 ,imp]atives1 !re=e1 are objectively valid1 & are q di/9ct f maxims1 :i* are subjective pr9ciples4 ,! =m] ei!r det]m9e ! conditions ( ! causality ( ! rational be+ z an effici5t cause1 i4e41 m]ely 9 ref]5ce to ! effect & ! means ( atta9+ x2 or !y det]m9e ! w only1 :e!r x is adequate to ! effect or n4 ,! =m] w\ld be hypo!tical imp]atives1 & conta9 m]e precepts ( skill2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld be categorical1 & w\ld alone be practical laws4 ,?us maxims are pr9ciples1 b n imp]atives4 ,imp]atives !mselves1 h[ev]1 :5 !y are conditional 7i4e41 d n det]m9e ! w simply z w1 b only 9 respect to a desir$ effect1 t is1 :5 !y are hypo!tical imp]atives71 are practical precepts b n laws4 ,laws mu/ be suffici5t to det]m9e ! w z w1 ev5 be=e ,i ask :e!r ,i h p[] suffici5t = a desir$ effect1 or ! means necess>y to produce x2 h5ce !y are categorical3 o!rwise !y are n laws at all1 because ! necessity is want+1 :i*1 if x is to be practical1 mu/ be indep5d5t ( conditions :i* are pa?ological & are !re=e only cont+5tly connect$ ) ! w4 ,tell a man1 = example1 t he mu/ be indu/ri\s & ?rifty 9 y\?1 9 ord] t he may n want 9 old age2 ?is is a correct & important practical precept ( ! w4 ,b x is easy to see t 9 ?is case ! w is direct$ to some?+ else :i* x is presuppos$ t x desires2 & z to ?is desire1 we mu/ leave x to ! actor himself :e!r he looks =w>d to o!r res\rces ?an ^? ( 8 own acquisition1 or does n expect to be old1 or ?9ks t 9 case ( future necessity he w be able to make %ift ) little4 ,reason1 f :i* alone c spr+ a rule involv+ necessity1 does1 inde$1 give necessity to ?is precept 7else x w\ld n be an imp]ative71 b ?is is a necessity dep5d5t on subjective conditions1 & _c be suppos$ 9 ! same degree 9 all subjects4 ,b t reason may give laws x is necess>y t x %\ld only ne$ to presuppose itself1 because rules are objectively & univ]sally valid only :5 !y hold )\t any cont+5t subjective conditions1 :i* di/+ui% "o rational be+ f ano!r4 ,n[ tell a man t he %\ld nev] make a deceitful promise1 ?is is a rule :i* only conc]ns 8 w1 :e!r ! purposes he may h c be atta9$ !reby or n2 x is ! volition only :i* is to be det]m9$ a priori by t rule4 ,if n[ x is f\nd t ?is rule is practically "r1 !n x is a law1 because x is a categorical imp]ative4 ,?us1 practical laws ref] to ! w only1 )\t consid]+ :at is atta9$ by its causality1 & we may disreg>d ?is latt] 7z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se7 9 ord] to h !m q pure4 ,,ii4 ,,!orem ,i4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ae ,all practical pr9ciples :i* presuppose an object 7matt]7 ( ! faculty ( desire z ! gr\nd ( det]m9ation ( ! w are empirical & c furni% no practical laws4 ,by ! matt] ( ! faculty ( desire ,i mean an object ! realization ( :i* is desir$4 ,n[1 if ! desire = ?is object prec$es ! practical rule & is ! condition ( our mak+ x a pr9ciple1 !n ,i say 79 ! fir/ place7 ?is pr9ciple is 9 t case :olly empirical1 = !n :at det]m9es ! *oice is ! idea ( an object & t relation ( ?is idea to ! subject by :i* its faculty ( desire is det]m9$ to its realization4 ,su* a relation to ! subject is call$ ! pleasure 9 ! realization ( an object4 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ be presuppos$ z a condition ( ! possibility ( det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,b x is impossible to "k a priori ( any idea ( an object :e!r x w be connect$ ) pleasure or pa91 or be indiff]5t4 ,9 su* cases1 !re=e1 ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! *oice mu/ be empirical &1 !re=e1 also ! practical mat]ial pr9ciple :i* presupposes x z a condition4 ,9 ! second place1 s9ce susceptibility to a pleasure or pa9 c be kn[n only empirically & _c hold 9 ! same degree = all rational be+s1 a pr9ciple :i* is bas$ on ?is subjective condition may s]ve inde$ z a maxim = ! subject :i* possesses ?is susceptibility1 b n z a law ev5 to him 7because x is want+ 9 objective necessity1 :i* mu/ be recogniz$ a priori72 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t su* a pr9ciple c nev] furni% a practical law4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #bj ,,iii4 ,,!orem ,,ii4 ,all mat]ial practical pr9ciples z su* are ( "o & ! same k9d & come "u ! g5]al pr9ciple ( self-love or private happ9ess4 ,pleasure aris+ f ! idea ( ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 9 s f> z x is to det]m9e ! desire ( ?is ?+1 is f\nd$ on ! susceptibility ( ! subject1 s9ce x dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( an object2 h5ce x belongs to s5se 7feel+71 & n to und]/&+1 :i* expresses a relation ( ! idea to an object accord+ to concepts1 n to ! subject accord+ to feel+s4 ,x is1 !n1 practical only 9 s f> z ! faculty ( desire is det]m9$ by ! s5sation ( agreeabl5ess :i* ! subject expects f ! actual exi/5ce ( ! object4 ,n[1 a rational be+'s consci\sness ( ! pleasantness ( life un9t]rupt$ly accompany+ 8 :ole exi/5ce is happ9ess2 & ! pr9ciple :i* makes ?is ! supreme gr\nd ( det]m9ation ( ! w is ! pr9ciple ( self-love4 ,all mat]ial pr9ciples1 !n1 :i* place ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! w 9 ! pleasure or pa9 to be receiv$ f ! exi/5ce ( any object are all ( ! same k9d1 inasmu* z !y all belong to ! pr9ciple ( self-love or private happ9ess4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #be ,,coroll>y4 ,all mat]ial practical rules place ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 9 ! l[] desires2 & if !re 7 no purely =mal laws ( ! w adequate to det]m9e x1 !n we c\ld n admit any high] desire at all4 ,,rem>k ,i4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #cj ,x is surpris+ t m51 o!rwise acute1 c ?9k x possible to di/+ui% betwe5 high] & l[] desires1 accord+ z ! ideas :i* are connect$ ) ! feel+ ( pleasure h _! orig9 9 ! s5ses or 9 ! und]/&+2 = :5 we inquire :at are ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( desire1 & place !m 9 "s expect$ pleasantness1 x is ( no consequ5ce :5ce ! idea ( ?is pleas+ object is d]iv$1 b only h[ mu* x pleases4 ,:e!r an idea has its seat & s\rce 9 ! und]/&+ or n1 if x c only det]m9e ! *oice by presuppos+ a feel+ ( pleasure 9 ! subject1 x foll[s t its capability ( det]m9+ ! *oice dep5ds altoge!r on ! nature ( ! inn] s5se1 namely1 t ?is c be agreeably affect$ by x4 ,h[ev] dissimil> ideas ( objects may be1 ?\gh !y be ideas ( ! und]/&+1 or ev5 ( ! reason 9 contra/ to ideas ( s5se1 yet ! feel+ ( pleasure1 by means ( :i* !y con/itute ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 7! expect$ satisfaction :i* impels ! activity to ! production ( ! object71 is ( "o & ! same k9d1 n only inasmu* z x c only be kn[n empirically1 b also inasmu* z x affects "o & ! same vital =ce :i* manife/s itself 9 ! faculty ( desire1 & 9 ?is respect c only diff] 9 degree f e o!r gr\nd ( det]m9ation4 ,o!rwise1 h[ c\ld we comp>e 9 respect ( magnitude two pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 ! ideas ( :i* dep5d ^u diff]5t faculties1 s z to pref] t :i* affects ! faculty ( desire 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,! same man may return unread an in/ructive book :i* he _c aga9 obta91 9 ord] n to miss a hunt2 he may dep>t 9 ! mid/ ( a f9e spee*1 9 ord] n to be late = d9n]2 he may leave a rational conv]sation1 su* z he o!rwise values highly1 to take 8 place at ! gam+-table2 he may ev5 repulse a poor man :om he at o!r times takes pleasure 9 b5efit+1 because he has only j en\gh money 9 8 pocket to pay = 8 admission to ! !atre4 ,if ! det]m9ation ( 8 w re/s on ! feel+ ( ! agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess t he expects f any cause1 x is all ! same to him by :at sort ( ideas he w be affect$4 ,! only ?+ t conc]ns him1 9 ord] to decide 8 *oice1 is1 h[ great1 h[ long cont9u$1 h[ easily obta9$1 & h[ (t5 repeat$1 ?is agreeabl5ess is4 ,j z to ! man :o wants money to sp5d1 x is all ! same :e!r ! gold 0 dug out ( ! m\nta9 or wa%$ out ( ! s&1 provid$ x is ev]y:]e accept$ at ! same value2 s ! man :o c>es only = ! enjoym5t ( life does n ask :e!r ! ideas are ( ! und]/&+ or ! s5ses1 b only h[ mu* & h[ great pleasure !y w give = ! longe/ "t4 ,x is only ^? t w\ld gladly d5y to pure reason ! p[] ( det]m9+ ! w1 )\t ! presupposition ( any feel+1 :o c\ld deviate s f> f _! own exposition z to describe z q het]og5e\s :at !y h !mselves previ\sly br\ght "u "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,?us1 = example1 x is obs]v$ t we c f9d pleasure 9 ! m]e ex]cise ( p[]1 9 ! consci\sness ( our /r5g? ( m9d 9 ov]com+ ob/acles :i* are oppos$ to our designs1 9 ! culture ( our m5tal tal5ts1 etc42 & we ju/ly call ^! m ref9$ pleasures & enjoym5ts1 because !y are m 9 our p[] ?an o!rs2 !y d n we> out1 b r increase ! capacity = fur!r enjoym5t ( !m1 & :ile !y delight !y at ! same "t cultivate4 ,b to say on ?is acc\nt t !y det]m9e ! w 9 a diff]5t way & n ?r\gh s5se1 :]eas ! possibility ( ! pleasure presupposes a feel+ = x implant$ 9 u1 :i* is ! fir/ condition ( ?is satisfaction2 ?is is j z :5 ignorant p]sons t l to dabble 9 metaphysics imag9e matt] s subtle1 s sup]subtle t !y almo/ make !mselves giddy ) x1 & !n ?9k t 9 ?is way !y h conceiv$ x z a spiritual & yet ext5d$ be+4 ,if ) ,epicurus we make virtue det]m9e ! w only by means ( ! pleasure x promises1 we _c aft]w>ds blame him = hold+ t ?is pleasure is ( ! same k9d z ^? ( ! co>se/ s5ses4 ,= we h no reason :atev] to *>ge him ) hold+ t ! ideas by :i* ?is feel+ is excit$ 9 u belong m]ely to ! bodily s5ses4 ,z f> z c be conjectur$1 he s\ght ! s\rce ( _m ( !m 9 ! use ( ! high] cognitive faculty1 b ?is did n prev5t him1 & c\ld n prev5t him1 f hold+ on ! pr9ciple above /at$1 t ! pleasure itself :i* ^? intellectual ideas give u1 & by :i* alone !y c det]m9e ! w1 is j ( ! same k9d4 ,consi/5cy is ! highe/ obligation ( a philosoph]1 & yet ! mo/ r>ely f\nd4 ,! anci5t ,greek s*ools give u m examples ( x ?an we f9d 9 our syncreti/ic age1 9 :i* a c]ta9 %all[ & di%one/ sy/em ( compromise ( contradictory pr9ciples is devis$1 because x comm5ds itself bett] to a public :i* is cont5t to "k some?+ ( ev]y?+ & no?+ ?or\ghly1 s z to please e p>ty4 ,! pr9ciple ( private happ9ess1 h[ev] mu* und]/&+ & reason may be us$ 9 x1 _c conta9 any o!r det]m9+ pr9ciples = ! w ?an ^? :i* belong to ! l[] desires2 & ei!r !re are no high] desires at all1 or pure reason mu/ ( itself alone be practical2 t is1 x mu/ be able to det]m9e ! w by ! m]e =m ( ! practical rule )\t suppos+ any feel+1 & consequ5tly )\t any idea ( ! pleasant or unpleasant1 :i* is ! matt] ( ! desire1 & :i* is always an empirical condition ( ! pr9ciples4 ,!n only1 :5 reason ( itself det]m9es ! w 7n z ! s]vant ( ! incl9ation71 x is really a high] desire to :i* t :i* is pa?ologically det]m9$ is subord9ate1 & is really1 & ev5 specifically1 di/9ct f ! latt]1 s t ev5 ! slighte/ admixture ( ! motives ( ! latt] impairs its /r5g? & sup]iority2 j z 9 a ma!matical demon/ration ! lea/ empirical condition w\ld degrade & de/roy its =ce & value4 ,reason1 ) its practical law1 det]m9es ! w imm$iately1 n by means ( an int]v5+ feel+ ( pleasure or pa91 n ev5 ( pleasure 9 ! law itself1 & x is only because x c1 z pure reason1 be practical1 t x is possible = x to be legislative4 ,,rem>k ,,ii4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ce ,to be happy is necess>ily ! wi% ( e f9ite rational be+1 & ?is1 !re=e1 is inevitably a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( its faculty ( desire4 ,= we are n 9 possession orig9ally ( satisfaction ) our :ole exi/5ce- a bliss :i* w\ld imply a consci\sness ( our own indep5d5t self-suffici5cy ?is is a problem impos$ ^u u by our own f9ite nature1 because we h wants & ^! wants reg>d ! matt] ( our desires1 t is1 some?+ t is relative to a subjective feel+ ( pleasure or pa91 :i* det]m9es :at we ne$ 9 ord] to be satisfi$ ) our condition4 ,b j because ?is mat]ial pr9ciple ( det]m9ation c only be empirically kn[n by ! subject1 x is impossible to reg>d ?is problem z a law2 = a law be+ objective mu/ conta9 ! v same pr9ciple ( det]m9ation ( ! w 9 all cases & = all rational be+s4 ,=1 al?\gh ! notion ( happ9ess is 9 e case ! f\ndation ( practical relation ( ! objects to ! desires1 yet x is only a g5]al "n = ! subjective det]m9+ pr9ciples1 & det]m9es no?+ specifically2 :]eas ?is is :at alone we are conc]n$ ) 9 ?is practical problem1 :i* _c be solv$ at all )\t su* specific det]m9ation4 ,= x is e man's own special feel+ ( pleasure & pa9 t decides 9 :at he is to place 8 happ9ess1 & ev5 9 ! same subject ?is w v>y ) ! diff]5ce ( 8 wants accord+ z ?is feel+ *anges1 & ?us a law :i* is subjectively necess>y 7z a law ( nature7 is objectively a v cont+5t practical pr9ciple1 :i* c & mu/ be v diff]5t 9 diff]5t subjects & !re=e c nev] furni% a law2 s9ce1 9 ! desire = happ9ess x is n ! =m 7( con=mity to law7 t is decisive1 b simply ! matt]1 namely1 :e!r ,i am to expect pleasure 9 foll[+ ! law1 & h[ mu*4 ,pr9ciples ( self-love may1 inde$1 conta9 univ]sal precepts ( skill 7h[ to f9d means to accompli% "o's purpose71 b 9 t case !y are m]ely !oretical pr9ciples2 99 z1 = example1 h[ he :o w\ld l to eat bread %\ld contrive a mill2 b practical precepts f\nd$ on !m c nev] be univ]sal1 = ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! desire is bas$ on ! feel+ pleasure & pa91 :i* c nev] be suppos$ to be univ]sally direct$ to ! same objects4 99 ,propositions :i* 9 ma!matics or physics are call$ practical ought prop]ly to be call$ te*nical4 ,= !y h no?+ to d ) ! det]m9ation ( ! w2 !y only po9t out h[ a c]ta9 effect is to be produc$ & are1 !re=e1 j z !oretical z any propositions :i* express ! connection ( a cause ) an effect4 ,n[ :oev] *ooses ! effect mu/ also *oose ! cause4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #dj ,ev5 suppos+1 h[ev]1 t all f9ite rational be+s 7 ?or\ghly agre$ z to :at 7 ! objects ( _! feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 & also z to ! means :i* !y mu/ employ to atta9 ! "o & avoid ! o!r2 /ill1 !y c\ld by no means set up ! pr9ciple ( self-love z a practical law1 = ?is unanimity itself w\ld be only cont+5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( det]m9ation w\ld /ill be only subjectively valid & m]ely empirical1 & w\ld n possess ! necessity :i* is conceiv$ 9 e law1 namely1 an objective necessity aris+ f a priori gr\nds2 unless1 inde$1 we hold ?is necessity to be n at all practical1 b m]ely physical1 viz41 t our action is z inevitably det]m9$ by our incl9ation1 z yawn+ :5 we see o!rs yawn4 ,x w\ld be bett] to ma9ta9 t !re are no practical laws at all1 b only c\nsels = ! s]vice ( our desires1 ?an to raise m]ely subjective pr9ciples to ! rank ( practical laws1 :i* h objective necessity1 & n m]ely subjective1 & :i* mu/ be kn[n by reason a priori1 n by exp]i5ce 7h[ev] empirically univ]sal ?is may be74 ,ev5 ! rules ( correspond+ ph5om5a are only call$ laws ( nature 7e4g41 ! me*anical laws71 :5 we ei!r "k !m really a priori1 or 7z 9 ! case ( *emical laws7 suppose t !y w\ld be kn[n a priori f objective gr\nds if our insight rea*$ fur!r4 ,b 9 ! case ( m]ely subjective practical pr9ciples1 x is expressly made a condition t !y re/1 n on objective1 b on subjective conditions ( *oice1 & h5ce t !y mu/ always be repres5t$ z m]e maxims1 nev] z practical laws4 ,?is second rem>k seems at fir/ sight to be m]e v]bal ref9em5t1 b x def9es ! t]ms ( ! mo/ important di/9ction :i* c come into consid]ation 9 practical inve/igations4 ,,iv4 ,,!orem ,,ii4 ,a rational be+ _c reg>d 8 maxims z practical univ]sal laws1 unless he conceives !m z pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! w1 n by _! matt]1 b by _! =m only4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #de ,by ! matt] ( a practical pr9ciple ,i mean ! object ( ! w4 ,?is object is ei!r ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! w or x is n4 ,9 ! =m] case ! rule ( ! w is subject$ to an empirical condition 7viz41 ! relation ( ! det]m9+ idea to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa971 consequ5tly x c n be a practical law4 ,n[1 :5 we ab/ract f a law all matt]1 i4e41 e object ( ! w 7z a det]m9+ pr9ciple71 no?+ is left b ! m]e =m ( a univ]sal legislation4 ,!re=e1 ei!r a rational be+ _c conceive 8 subjective practical pr9ciples1 t is1 8 maxims1 z be+ at ! same "t univ]sal laws1 or he mu/ suppose t _! m]e =m1 by :i* !y are fitt$ = univ]sal legislation1 is alone :at makes !m practical laws4 ,,rem>k4 ,! commone/ und]/&+ c di/+ui% )\t in/ruction :at =m ( maxim is adapt$ = univ]sal legislation1 & :at is n4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ,i h made x my maxim to increase my =tune by e safe means4 ,n[1 ,i h a deposit 9 my h&s1 ! own] ( :i* is dead & has left no writ+ ab\t x4 ,?is is j ! case = my maxim4 ,i desire !n to "k :e!r t maxim c also bold good z a univ]sal practical law4 ,i apply x1 !re=e1 to ! pres5t case1 & ask :e!r x c\ld take ! =m ( a law1 & consequ5tly :e!r ,i c by my maxim at ! same "t give su* a law z ?is1 t ev]yone may d5y a deposit ( :i* no "o c produce a pro(4 ,i at once become aw>e t su* a pr9ciple1 view$ z a law1 w\ld annihilate itself1 because ! result w\ld be t !re w\ld be no deposits4 ,a practical law :i* ,i recognise z su* mu/ be qualifi$ = univ]sal legislation2 ?is is an id5tical proposition &1 !re=e1 self-evid5t4 ,n[1 if ,i say t my w is subject to a practical law1 ,i _c adduce my incl9ation 7e4g41 9 ! pres5t case my av>ice7 z a pr9ciple ( det]m9ation fitt$ to be a univ]sal practical law2 = ?is is s f> f be+ fitt$ = a univ]sal legislation t1 if put 9 ! =m ( a univ]sal law1 x w\ld de/roy itself4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ej ,x is1 !re=e1 surpris+ t intellig5t m5 c\ld h ?\ght ( call+ ! desire ( happ9ess a univ]sal practical law on ! gr\nd t ! desire is univ]sal1 &1 !re=e1 also ! maxim by :i* ev]yone makes ?is desire det]m9e 8 w4 ,= :]eas 9 o!r cases a univ]sal law ( nature makes ev]y?+ h>moni\s2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 if we attribute to ! maxim ! univ]sality ( a law1 ! extreme opposite ( h>mony w foll[1 ! greate/ opposition & ! complete de/ruction ( ! maxim itself & its purpose4 ,=1 9 t case1 ! w ( all has n "o & ! same object1 b ev]yone has 8 own 78 private welf>e71 :i* may accid5tally accord ) ! purposes ( o!rs :i* are equally selfi%1 b x is f> f suffic+ = a law2 because ! occasional exceptions :i* "o is p]mitt$ to make are endless1 & _c be def9itely embrac$ 9 "o univ]sal rule4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !n1 results a h>mony l t :i* a c]ta9 satirical poem depicts z exi/+ betwe5 a m>ri$ c\ple b5t on go+ to ru91 ,o1 m>vell\s h>mony1 :at he wi%es1 %e wi%es also2 or l :at is said ( ! pl$ge ( ,francis ,i to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 ,:at my bro!r ,*>les wi%es t ,i wi% also 7viz41 ,milan74 ,empirical pr9ciples ( det]m9ation are n fit = any univ]sal ext]nal legislation1 b j z little = int]nal2 = ea* man makes 8 own subject ! f\ndation ( 8 incl9ation1 & 9 ! same subject sometimes "o incl9ation1 sometimes ano!r1 has ! prepond]ance4 ,to discov] a law :i* w\ld gov]n !m all "u ?is condition1 namely1 br++ !m all into h>mony1 is q impossible4 ,v4 ,,problem ,i4 ,suppos+ t ! m]e legislative =m ( maxims is alone ! suffici5t det]m9+ pr9ciple ( a w1 to f9d ! nature ( ! w :i* c be det]m9$ by x alone4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ee ,s9ce ! b>e =m ( ! law c only be conceiv$ by reason1 & is1 !re=e1 n an object ( ! s5ses1 & consequ5tly does n belong to ! class ( ph5om5a1 x foll[s t ! idea ( x1 :i* det]m9es ! w1 is di/9ct f all ! pr9ciples t det]m9e ev5ts 9 nature accord+ to ! law ( causality1 because 9 _! case ! det]m9+ pr9ciples mu/ !mselves be ph5om5a4 ,n[1 if no o!r det]m9+ pr9ciple c s]ve z a law = ! w except t univ]sal legislative =m1 su* a w mu/ be conceiv$ z q indep5d5t ( ! natural law ( ph5om5a 9 _! mutual relation1 namely1 ! law ( causality2 su* indep5d5ce is call$ fre$om 9 ! /ricte/1 t is1 9 ! transc5d5tal1 s5se2 consequ5tly1 a w :i* c h its law 9 no?+ b ! m]e legislative =m ( ! maxim is a free w4 ,,vi4 ,,problem ,,ii4 ,suppos+ t a w is free1 to f9d ! law :i* alone is compet5t to det]m9e x necess>ily4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #fj ,s9ce ! matt] ( ! practical law1 i4e41 an object ( ! maxim1 c nev] be giv5 o!rwise ?an empirically1 & ! free w is indep5d5t on empirical conditions 7t is1 conditions belong+ to ! _w ( s5se7 & yet is det]m9able1 consequ5tly a free w mu/ f9d its pr9ciple ( det]m9ation 9 ! law1 & yet indep5d5tly ( ! matt] ( ! law4 ,b1 besides ! matt] ( ! law1 no?+ is conta9$ 9 x except ! legislative =m4 ,x is ! legislative =m1 !n1 conta9$ 9 ! maxim1 :i* c alone con/itute a pr9ciple ( det]m9ation ( ! free w4 ,,rem>k4 ,?us fre$om & an unconditional practical law reciprocally imply ea* o!r4 ,n[ ,i d n ask "h :e!r !y are 9 fact di/9ct1 or :e!r an uncondition$ law is n r m]ely ! consci\sness ( a pure practical reason & ! latt] id5tical ) ! positive concept ( fre$om2 ,i only ask1 :5ce beg9s our k ( ! unconditionally practical1 :e!r x is f fre$om or f ! practical law8 ,n[ x _c beg9 f fre$om1 = ( ?is we _c be imm$iately consci\s1 s9ce ! fir/ concept ( x is negative2 nor c we inf] x f exp]i5ce1 = exp]i5ce gives u ! k only ( ! law ( ph5om5a1 & h5ce ( ! me*anism ( nature1 ! direct opposite ( fre$om4 ,x is !re=e ! moral law1 ( :i* we become directly consci\s 7z soon z we trace = ourselves maxims ( ! w71 t fir/ pres5ts itself to u1 & leads directly to ! concept ( fre$om1 inasmu* z reason pres5ts x z a pr9ciple ( det]m9ation n to be outweigh$ by any s5sible conditions1 nay1 :olly indep5d5t ( !m4 ,b h[ is ! consci\sness1 ( t moral law possible8 ,we c become consci\s ( pure practical laws j z we are consci\s ( pure !oretical pr9ciples1 by att5d+ to ! necessity ) :i* reason prescribes !m & to ! elim9ation ( all empirical conditions1 :i* x directs4 ,! concept ( a pure w arises out ( ! =m]1 z t ( a pure und]/&+ arises out ( ! latt]4 ,t ?is is ! true subord9ation ( our concepts1 & t x is morality t fir/ discov]s to u ! notion ( fre$om1 h5ce t x is practical reason :i*1 ) ?is concept1 fir/ proposes to speculative reason ! mo/ insoluble problem1 !reby plac+ x 9 ! greate/ p]plexity1 is evid5t f ! foll[+ consid]ation3 ,s9ce no?+ 9 ph5om5a c be expla9$ by ! concept ( fre$om1 b ! me*anism ( nature mu/ con/itute ! only clue2 moreov]1 :5 pure reason tries to asc5d 9 ! s]ies ( causes to ! uncondition$1 x falls into an ant9omy :i* is entangl$ 9 incompreh5sibilities on ! "o side z mu* z ! o!r2 :il/ ! latt] 7namely1 me*anism7 is at lea/ useful 9 ! explanation ( ph5om5a1 !re=e no "o w\ld ev] h be5 s ra% z to introduce fre$om into sci5ce1 _h n ! moral law1 & ) x practical reason1 come 9 & =c$ ?is notion ^u u4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 confirms ?is ord] ( notions4 ,suppose "s "o ass]ts ( 8 lu/ful appetite t1 :5 ! desir$ object & ! opportunity are pres5t1 x is q irresi/ible4 ,ask him- if a gall[s 7 erect$ be=e ! h\se :]e he f9ds ?is opportunity1 9 ord] t he %\ld be hang$ !reon imm$iately aft] ! gratification ( 8 lu/1 :e!r he c\ld n !n control 8 passion2 we ne$ n be long 9 d\bt :at he w\ld reply4 ,ask him1 h[ev]- if 8 sov]eign ord]$ him1 on pa9 ( ! same imm$iate execution1 to be> false witness aga9/ an hon\rable man1 :om ! pr9ce might wi% to de/roy "u a plausible pretext1 w\ld he consid] x possible 9 t case to ov]come 8 love ( life1 h[ev] great x may be4 ,he w\ld p]haps n v5ture to affirm :e!r he w\ld d s or n1 b he mu/ unhesitat+ly admit t x is possible to d s4 ,he judges1 !re=e1 t he c d a c]ta9 ?+ because he is consci\s t he ought1 & he recognizes t he is free- a fact :i* b = ! moral law he w\ld nev] h kn[n4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #fe ,,vii4 ,,fundam5tal ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,pure ,,practical ,,reason4 ,act s t ! maxim ( ?y w c always at ! same "t hold good z a pr9ciple ( univ]sal legislation4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #gj ,,rem>k4 ,pure geometry has po/ulates :i* are practical propositions1 b conta9 no?+ fur!r ?an ! assumption t we c d some?+ if x is requir$ t we %\ld d x1 & ^! are ! only geometrical propositions t conc]n actual exi/5ce4 ,!y are1 !n1 practical rules "u a problematical condition ( ! w2 b "h ! rule says3 ,we absolutely mu/ proce$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,! practical rule is1 !re=e1 unconditional1 & h5ce x is conceiv$ a priori z a categorically practical proposition by :i* ! w is objectively det]m9$ absolutely & imm$iately 7by ! practical rule itself1 :i* ?us is 9 ?is case a law72 = pure reason practical ( itself is "h directly legislative4 ,! w is ?\ght z indep5d5t on empirical conditions1 &1 !re=e1 z pure w det]m9$ by ! m]e =m ( ! law1 & ?is pr9ciple ( det]m9ation is reg>d$ z ! supreme condition ( all maxims4 ,! ?+ is /range en\gh1 & has no p>allel 9 all ! re/ ( our practical k4 ,= ! a priori ?\ght ( a possible univ]sal legislation :i* is !re=e m]ely problematical1 is unconditionally comm&$ z a law )\t borr[+ any?+ f exp]i5ce or f any ext]nal w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a precept to d some?+ by :i* "s desir$ effect c be atta9$ 7= !n ! w w\ld dep5d on physical conditions71 b a rule t det]m9es ! w a priori only s f> z reg>ds ! =ms ( its maxims2 & ?us x is at lea/ n impossible to conceive t a law1 :i* only applies to ! subjective =m ( pr9ciples1 yet s]ves z a pr9ciple ( det]m9ation by means ( ! objective =m ( law 9 g5]al4 ,we may call ! consci\sness ( ?is fundam5tal law a fact ( reason1 because we _c reason x out f antec$5t data ( reason1 e4g41 ! consci\sness ( fre$om 7= ?is is n antec$5tly giv571 b x =ces itself on u z a syn!tic a priori proposition1 :i* is n bas$ on any intuition1 ei!r pure or empirical4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be analytical if ! fre$om ( ! w 7 presuppos$1 b to presuppose fre$om z a positive concept w\ld require an intellectual intuition1 :i* _c "h be assum$2 h[ev]1 :5 we reg>d ?is law z giv51 x mu/ be obs]v$1 9 ord] n to fall into any misconception1 t x is n an empirical fact1 b ! sole fact ( ! pure reason1 :i* !reby ann\nces itself z orig9ally legislative 7sic volo1 sic jubeo74 ,,coroll>y4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ge ,pure reason is practical ( itself alone & gives 7to man7 a univ]sal law :i* we call ! moral law4 ,,rem>k4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #hj ,! fact j m5tion$ is und5iable4 ,x is only necess>y to analyse ! judgem5t t m5 pass on ! lawfulness ( _! actions1 9 ord] to f9d t1 :atev] incl9ation may say to ! contr>y1 reason1 incorruptible & self-con/ra9$1 always confronts ! maxim ( ! w 9 any action ) ! pure w1 t is1 ) itself1 consid]+ itself z a priori practical4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple ( morality1 j on acc\nt ( ! univ]sality ( ! legislation :i* makes x ! =mal supreme det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 )\t reg>d to any subjective diff]5ces1 is decl>$ by ! reason to be a law = all rational be+s1 9 s f> z !y h a w1 t is1 a p[] to det]m9e _! causality by ! conception ( rules2 &1 !re=e1 s f> z !y are capable ( act+ accord+ to pr9ciples1 & consequ5tly also accord+ to practical a priori pr9ciples 7= ^! alone h ! necessity t reason requires 9 a pr9ciple74 ,x is1 !re=e1 n limit$ to m5 only1 b applies to all f9ite be+s t possess reason & w2 nay1 x ev5 includes ! ,inf9ite ,be+ z ! supreme intellig5ce4 ,9 ! =m] case1 h[ev]1 ! law has ! =m ( an imp]ative1 because 9 !m1 z rational be+s1 we c suppose a pure w1 b be+ creatures affect$ ) wants & physical motives1 n a holy w1 t is1 "o :i* w\ld be incapable ( any maxim conflict+ ) ! moral law4 ,9 _! case1 !re=e1 ! moral law is an imp]ative1 :i* comm&s categorically1 because ! law is uncondition$2 ! relation ( su* a w to ?is law is dep5d5ce "u ! "n ( obligation1 :i* implies a con/ra9t to an action1 ?\gh only by reason & its objective law2 & ?is action is call$ duty1 because an elective w1 subject to pa?ological affections 7?\gh n det]m9$ by !m1 &1 !re=e1 /ill free71 implies a wi% t arises f subjective causes &1 !re=e1 may (t5 be oppos$ to ! pure objective det]m9+ pr9ciple2 :5ce x requires ! moral con/ra9t ( a resi/ance ( ! practical reason1 :i* may be call$ an int]nal1 b intellectual1 compulsion4 ,9 ! supreme intellig5ce ! elective w is rightly conceiv$ z incapable ( any maxim :i* c\ld n at ! same "t be objectively a law2 & ! notion ( hol9ess1 :i* on t acc\nt belongs to x1 places x1 n inde$ above all practical laws1 b above all practically re/rictive laws1 & consequ5tly above obligation & duty4 ,?is hol9ess ( w is1 h[ev]1 a practical idea1 :i* mu/ necess>ily s]ve z a type to :i* f9ite rational be+s c only approximate indef9itely1 & :i* ! pure moral law1 :i* is itself on ?is acc\nt call$ holy1 con/antly & rightly holds be=e _! eyes4 ,! utmo/ t f9ite practical reason c effect is to be c]ta9 ( ?is indef9ite progress ( "o's maxims & ( _! /eady disposition to advance4 ,?is is virtue1 & virtue1 at lea/ z a naturally acquir$ faculty1 c nev] be p]fect1 because assurance 9 su* a case nev] becomes apodeictic c]ta9ty &1 :5 x only am\nts to p]suasion1 is v dang]\s4 ,,viii4 ,,!orem ,,iv4 ,! autonomy ( ! w is ! sole pr9ciple ( all moral laws & ( all duties :i* con=m to !m2 on ! o!r h&1 het]onomy ( ! elective w n only _c be ! basis ( any obligation1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 oppos$ to ! pr9ciple !re( & to ! morality ( ! w4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #he ,9 fact ! sole pr9ciple ( morality consi/s 9 ! indep5d5ce on all matt] ( ! law 7namely1 a desir$ object71 & 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! elective w by ! m]e univ]sal legislative =m ( :i* its maxim mu/ be capable4 ,n[ ?is indep5d5ce is fre$om 9 ! negative s5se1 & ?is self-legislation ( ! pure1 & !re=e practical1 reason is fre$om 9 ! positive s5se4 ,?us ! moral law expresses no?+ else ?an ! autonomy ( ! pure practical reason2 t is1 fre$om2 & ?is is itself ! =mal condition ( all maxims1 & on ?is condition only c !y agree ) ! supreme practical law4 ,if !re=e ! matt] ( ! volition1 :i* c be no?+ else ?an ! object ( a desire t is connect$ ) ! law1 ent]s into ! practical law1 z ! condition ( its possibility1 !re results het]onomy ( ! elective w1 namely1 dep5d5ce on ! physical law t we %\ld foll[ "s impulse or incl9ation4 ,9 t case ! w does n give itself ! law1 b only ! precept h[ rationally to foll[ pa?ological law2 & ! maxim :i*1 9 su* a case1 nev] conta9s ! univ]sally legislative =m1 n only produces no obligation1 b is itself oppos$ to ! pr9ciple ( a pure practical reason &1 !re=e1 also to ! moral disposition1 ev5 ?\gh ! result+ action may be con=mable to ! law4 ,,rem>k4 ,h5ce a practical precept1 :i* conta9s a mat]ial 7& !re=e empirical7 condition1 mu/ nev] be reckon$ a practical law4 ,= ! law ( ! pure w1 :i* is free1 br+s ! w into a sph]e q diff]5t f ! empirical2 & z ! necessity involv$ 9 ! law is n a physical necessity1 x c only consi/ 9 ! =mal conditions ( ! possibility ( a law 9 g5]al4 ,all ! matt] ( practical rules re/s on subjective conditions1 :i* give !m only a conditional univ]sality 79 case ,i desire ?is or t1 :at ,i mu/ d 9 ord] to obta9 x71 & !y all turn on ! pr9ciple ( private happ9ess4 ,n[1 x is inde$ und5iable t e volition mu/ h an object1 & !re=e a matt]2 b x does n foll[ t ?is is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple & ! condition ( ! maxim2 =1 if x is s1 !n ?is _c be exhibit$ 9 a univ]sally legislative =m1 s9ce 9 t case ! expectation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object w\ld be ! det]m9+ cause ( ! *oice1 & ! volition mu/ presuppose ! dep5d5ce ( ! faculty ( desire on ! exi/5ce ( some?+2 b ?is dep5d5ce c only be s\ght 9 empirical conditions &1 !re=e1 c nev] furni% a f\ndation = a necess>y & univ]sal rule4 ,?us1 ! happ9ess ( o!rs may be ! object ( ! w ( a rational be+4 ,b if x 7 ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! maxim1 we mu/ assume t we f9d n only a rational satisfaction 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs1 b also a want su* z ! sympa!tic disposition 9 "s m5 occasions4 ,b ,i _c assume ! exi/5ce ( ?is want 9 e rational be+ 7n at all 9 ,god74 ,! matt]1 !n1 ( ! maxim may rema91 b x mu/ n be ! condition ( x1 else ! maxim c\ld n be fit = a law4 ,h5ce1 ! m]e =m ( law1 :i* limits ! matt]1 mu/ also be a reason = add+ ?is matt] to ! w1 n = presuppos+ x4 ,= example1 let ! matt] be my own happ9ess4 ,?is 7rule71 if ,i attribute x to ev]yone 7z1 9 fact1 ,i may1 9 ! case ( e f9ite be+71 c become an objective practical law only if ,i include ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,!re=e1 ! law t we %\ld promote ! happ9ess ( o!rs does n arise f ! assumption t ?is is an object ( ev]yone's *oice1 b m]ely f ?is1 t ! =m ( univ]sality :i* reason requires z ! condition ( giv+ to a maxim ( self-love ! objective validity ( a law is ! pr9ciple t det]m9es ! w4 ,!re=e x 0 n ! object 7! happ9ess ( o!rs7 t det]m9$ ! pure w1 b x 0 ! =m ( law only1 by :i* ,i re/rict$ my maxim1 f\nd$ on incl9ation1 s z to give x ! univ]sality ( a law1 & ?us to adapt x to ! practical reason2 & x is ?is re/riction alone1 & n ! addition ( an ext]nal spr+1 t c give rise to ! notion ( ! obligation to ext5d ! maxim ( my self-love to ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ij ,,rem>k ,,ii4 ,! direct opposite ( ! pr9ciple ( morality is1 :5 ! pr9ciple ( private happ9ess is made ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 & ) ?is is to be reckon$1 z ,i h %[n above1 ev]y?+ t places ! det]m9+ pr9ciple :i* is to s]ve z a law1 any:]e b 9 ! legislative =m ( ! maxim4 ,?is contradiction1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely logical1 l t :i* w\ld arise betwe5 rules empirically condition$1 if !y 7 rais$ to ! rank ( necess>y pr9ciples ( cognition1 b is practical1 & w\ld ru9 morality altoge!r 7 n ! voice ( reason 9 ref]5ce to ! w s cle>1 s irrepressible1 s di/9ctly audible1 ev5 to ! commone/ m54 ,x c only1 inde$1 be ma9ta9$ 9 ! p]plex+ speculations ( ! s*ools1 :i* are bold en\gh to %ut _! e>s aga9/ t heav5ly voice1 9 ord] to support a !ory t co/s no tr\ble4 ,suppose t an acqua9tance :om y o!rwise lik$ 7 to attempt to ju/ify himself to y = hav+ borne false witness1 fir/ by alleg+ !1 9 8 view1 sacr$ duty ( consult+ 8 own happ9ess2 !n by enum]at+ ! advantages :i* he _h ga9$ !reby1 po9t+ out ! prud5ce he _h %[n 9 secur+ himself aga9/ detection1 ev5 by y\rself1 to :om he n[ reveals ! secret1 only 9 ord] t he may be able to d5y x at any "t2 & suppose he 7 !n to affirm1 9 all s]i\sness1 t he has fulfill$ a true human duty2 y w\ld ei!r laugh 9 8 face1 or %r9k back f him ) disgu/2 & yet1 if a man has regulat$ 8 pr9ciples ( action solely ) a view to 8 own advantage1 y w\ld h no?+ :atev] to object aga9/ ?is mode ( proce$+4 ,or suppose "s "o recomm5ds y a man z /ew>d1 z a man to :om y c bl9dly tru/ all y\r affairs2 &1 9 ord] to inspire y ) confid5ce1 extols him z a prud5t man :o ?or\ghly und]/&s 8 own int]e/1 & is s indefatigably active t he lets slip no opportunity ( advanc+ x2 la/ly1 le/ y %\ld be afraid ( f9d+ a vulg> selfi%ness 9 him1 praises ! good ta/e ) :i* he lives2 n seek+ 8 pleasure 9 money-mak+1 or 9 co>se wantonness1 b 9 ! enl>gem5t ( 8 k1 9 in/ructive int]c\rse ) a select circle1 & ev5 9 reliev+ ! ne$y2 :ile z to ! means 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 d]ive all _! value f ! end71 he is n p>ticul>1 & is ready to use o!r p's money = ! purpose z if x 7 8 own1 provid$ only he kn[s t he c d s safely1 & )\t discov]y2 y w\ld ei!r believe t ! recomm5d] 0 mock+ y1 or t he _h lo/ 8 s5ses4 ,s %>ply & cle>ly m>k$ are ! b\nd>ies ( morality & self-love t ev5 ! commone/ eye _c fail to di/+ui% :e!r a ?+ belongs to ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! few rem>ks t foll[ may appe> sup]flu\s :]e ! tru? is s pla91 b at lea/ !y may s]ve to give a little m di/9ctness to ! judgem5t ( common s5se4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ie ,! pr9ciple ( happ9ess may1 inde$1 furni% maxims1 b nev] su* z w\ld be compet5t to be laws ( ! w1 ev5 if univ]sal happ9ess 7 made ! object4 ,= s9ce ! k ( ?is re/s on m]e empirical data1 s9ce e man's judgem5t on x dep5ds v mu* on 8 p>ticul> po9t ( view1 :i* is itself moreov] v v>iable1 x c supply only g5]al rules1 n univ]sal2 t is1 x c give rules :i* on ! av]age w mo/ frequ5tly fit1 b n rules :i* mu/ hold good always & necess>ily2 h5ce1 no practical laws c be f\nd$ on x4 ,j because 9 ?is case an object ( *oice is ! f\ndation ( ! rule & mu/ !re=e prec$e x1 ! rule c ref] to no?+ b :at is felt1 & !re=e x ref]s to exp]i5ce & is f\nd$ on x1 & !n ! v>iety ( judgem5t mu/ be endless4 ,?is pr9ciple1 !re=e1 does n prescribe ! same practical rules to all rational be+s1 al?\gh ! rules are all includ$ "u a common title1 namely1 t ( happ9ess4 ,! moral law1 h[ev]1 is conceiv$ z objectively necess>y1 only because x holds = ev]yone t has reason & w4 ,! maxim ( self-love 7prud5ce7 only advises2 ! law ( morality comm&s4 ,n[ !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* we are advis$ to d & t to :i* we are oblig$4 ,! commone/ intellig5ce c easily & )\t hesitation see :at1 on ! pr9ciple ( autonomy ( ! w1 requires to be done2 b on supposition ( het]onomy ( ! w1 x is h>d & requires k ( ! _w to see :at is to be done4 ,t is to say1 :at duty is1 is pla9 ( itself to ev]yone2 b :at is to br+ true durable advantage1 su* z w ext5d to ! :ole ( "o's exi/5ce1 is always veil$ 9 imp5etrable obscurity2 & mu* prud5ce is requir$ to adapt ! practical rule f\nd$ on x to ! ends ( life1 ev5 tol]ably1 by mak+ prop] exceptions4 ,b ! moral law comm&s ! mo/ punctual ob$i5ce f ev]yone2 x mu/1 !re=e1 n be s difficult to judge :at x requires to be done1 t ! commone/ unpractis$ und]/&+1 ev5 )\t worldly prud5ce1 %\ld fail to apply x rightly4 ,x is always 9 ev]yone's p[] to satisfy ! categorical comm& ( morality2 :]eas x is seldom possible1 & by no means s to ev]yone1 to satisfy ! empirically condition$ precept ( happ9ess1 ev5 ) reg>d to a s+le purpose4 ,! reason is t 9 ! =m] case !re is "q only ( ! maxim1 :i* mu/ be g5u9e & pure2 b 9 ! latt] case !re is "q also ( "o's capacity & physical p[] to realize a desir$ object4 ,a comm& t ev]yone %\ld try to make himself happy w\ld be fooli%1 = "o nev] comm&s anyone to d :at he ( himself infallibly wi%es to d4 ,we mu/ only comm& ! means1 or r supply !m1 s9ce he _c d ev]y?+ t he wi%es4 ,b to comm& morality "u ! "n ( duty is q rational2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 n ev]yone is will+ to obey its precepts if !y oppose 8 incl9ations2 & z to ! means ( obey+ ?is law1 ^! ne$ n 9 ?is case be taught1 = 9 ?is respect :atev] he wi%es to d he c d4 ,he :o has lo/ at play may be vex$ at himself & 8 folly1 b if he is consci\s ( hav+ *eat$ at play 7al?\gh he has ga9$ !reby71 he mu/ despise himself z soon z he comp>es himself ) ! moral law4 ,?is mu/1 !re=e1 be some?+ diff]5t f ! pr9ciple ( private happ9ess4 ,= a man mu/ h a diff]5t crit]ion :5 he is compell$ to say to himself3 ,i am a wor?less fell[1 ?\gh ,i h fill$ my purse2 & :5 he approves himself1 & says3 ,i am a prud5t man1 = ,i h enri*$ my treasure4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ajj ,f9ally1 !re is some?+ fur!r 9 ! idea ( our practical reason1 :i* accompanies ! transgression ( a moral law- namely1 its ill des]t4 ,n[ ! notion ( puni%m5t1 z su*1 _c be unit$ ) t ( becom+ a p>tak] ( happ9ess2 = al?\gh he :o inflicts ! puni%m5t may at ! same "t h ! b5evol5t purpose ( direct+ ?is puni%m5t to ?is end1 yet x mu/ fir/ be ju/ifi$ 9 itself z puni%m5t1 i4e41 z m]e h>m1 s t if x /opp$ !re1 & ! p]son puni%$ c\ld get no glimpse ( k9dness hidd5 beh9d ?is h>%ness1 he mu/ yet admit t ju/ice 0 done him1 & t 8 rew>d 0 p]fectly suitable to 8 conduct4 ,9 e puni%m5t1 z su*1 !re mu/ fir/ be ju/ice1 & ?is con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! notion4 ,b5evol5ce may1 inde$1 be unit$ ) x1 b ! man :o has des]v$ puni%m5t has n ! lea/ reason to reckon ^u ?is4 ,puni%m5t1 !n1 is a physical evil1 :i*1 ?\gh x be n connect$ ) moral evil z a natural consequ5ce1 ought to be connect$ ) x z a consequ5ce by ! pr9ciples ( a moral legislation4 ,n[1 if e crime1 ev5 )\t reg>d+ ! physical consequ5ce ) respect to ! actor1 is 9 itself puni%able1 t is1 =feits happ9ess 7at lea/ p>tially71 x is obvi\sly absurd to say t ! crime consi/$ j 9 ?is1 t he has drawn puni%m5t on himself1 !reby injur+ 8 private happ9ess 7:i*1 on ! pr9ciple ( self-love1 mu/ be ! prop] notion ( all crime74 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! puni%m5t w\ld be ! reason = call+ any?+ a crime1 & ju/ice w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 consi/ 9 omitt+ all puni%m5t1 & ev5 prev5t+ t :i* naturally foll[s2 =1 if ?is 7 done1 !re w\ld no long] be any evil 9 ! action1 s9ce ! h>m :i* o!rwise foll[$ x1 & on acc\nt ( :i* alone ! action 0 call$ evil1 w\ld n[ be prev5t$4 ,to look1 h[ev]1 on all rew>ds & puni%m5ts z m]ely ! ma*9]y 9 ! h& ( a high] p[]1 :i* is to s]ve only to set rational creatures /riv+ aft] _! f9al end 7happ9ess71 ?is is to r$uce ! w to a me*anism de/ructive ( fre$om2 ?is is s evid5t t x ne$ n deta9 u4 ,m ref9$1 ?\gh equally false1 is ! !ory ( ^? :o suppose a c]ta9 special moral s5se1 :i* s5se & n reason det]m9es ! moral law1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! consci\sness ( virtue is suppos$ to be directly connect$ ) cont5tm5t & pleasure2 t ( vice1 ) m5tal dissatisfaction & pa92 ?us r$uc+ ! :ole to ! desire ( private happ9ess4 ,)\t repeat+ :at has be5 said above1 ,i w "h only rem>k ! fallacy !y fall into4 ,9 ord] to imag9e ! vici\s man z torm5t$ ) m5tal dissatisfaction by ! consci\sness ( 8 transgressions1 !y mu/ fir/ repres5t him z 9 ! ma9 basis ( 8 "*1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 morally good2 j z he :o is pleas$ ) ! consci\sness ( "r conduct mu/ be conceiv$ z already virtu\s4 ,! notion ( morality & duty mu/1 !re=e1 h prec$$ any reg>d to ?is satisfaction1 & _c be d]iv$ f x4 ,a man mu/ fir/ appreciate ! importance ( :at we call duty1 ! au?ority ( ! moral law1 & ! imm$iate dignity :i* ! foll[+ ( x gives to ! p]son 9 8 own eyes1 9 ord] to feel t satisfaction 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 con=mity to x & ! bitt] remorse t accompanies ! consci\sness ( its transgression4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to feel ?is satisfaction or dissatisfaction prior to ! k ( obligation1 or to make x ! basis ( ! latt]4 ,a man mu/ be at lea/ half hone/ 9 ord] ev5 to be able to =m a conception ( ^! feel+s4 ,i d n d5y t z ! human w is1 by virtue ( lib]ty1 capable ( be+ imm$iately det]m9$ by ! moral law1 s frequ5t practice 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple ( det]m9ation c1 at lea/1 produce subjectively a feel+ ( satisfaction2 on ! contr>y1 x is a duty to e/abli% & to cultivate ?is1 :i* alone des]ves to be call$ prop]ly ! moral feel+2 b ! notion ( duty _c be d]iv$ f x1 else we %\ld h to suppose a feel+ = ! law z su*1 & ?us make t an object ( s5sation :i* c only be ?\ght by ! reason2 & ?is1 if x is n to be a flat contradiction1 w\ld de/roy all notion ( duty & put 9 its place a m]e me*anical play ( ref9$ incl9ations sometimes cont5d+ ) ! co>s]4 ,if n[ we comp>e our =mal supreme pr9ciple ( pure practical reason 7t ( autonomy ( ! w7 ) all previ\s mat]ial pr9ciples ( morality1 we c exhibit !m all 9 a table 9 :i* all possible cases are exhau/$1 except ! "o =mal pr9ciple2 & ?us we c %[ visibly t x is va9 to look = any o!r pr9ciple ?an t n[ propos$4 ,9 fact all possible pr9ciples ( det]m9ation ( ! w are ei!r m]ely subjective1 & !re=e empirical1 or are also objective & rational2 & bo? are ei!r ext]nal or int]nal4 ,practical ,mat]ial ,pr9ciples ( ,det]m9ation tak5 z ! ,f\ndation ( ,morality1 are3 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #aje ,,subjective4 ,,ext]nal ,,int]nal ,education ,physical feel+ ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #aaj 7,montaigne7 7,epicurus7 ,! civil ,moral feel+ ,con/itution 7,hut*eson7 7,m&eville7 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #aae ,,objective4 ,,int]nal ,,ext]nal ,p]fection ,w ( ,god 7,wolf & ! 7,crusius & o!r ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #abj ,/oics7 !ological ,morali/s7 ,^? ( ! upp] table are all empirical & evid5tly incapable ( furni%+ ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( morality2 b ^? 9 ! l[] table are bas$ on reason 7= p]fection z a quality ( ?+s1 & ! highe/ p]fection conceiv$ z sub/ance1 t is1 ,god1 c only be ?\ght by means ( rational concepts74 ,b ! =m] notion1 namely1 t ( p]fection1 may ei!r be tak5 9 a !oretic signification1 & !n x means no?+ b ! complet5ess ( ea* ?+ 9 its own k9d 7transc5d5tal71 or t ( a ?+ m]ely z a ?+ 7metaphysical72 & ) t we are n conc]n$ "h4 ,b ! notion ( p]fection 9 a practical s5se is ! fitness or suffici5cy ( a ?+ = all sorts ( purposes4 ,?is p]fection1 z a quality ( man & consequ5tly int]nal1 is no?+ b tal5t &1 :at /r5g!ns or completes ?is1 skill4 ,supreme p]fection conceiv$ z sub/ance1 t is ,god1 & consequ5tly ext]nal 7consid]$ practically71 is ! suffici5cy ( ?is be+ = all ends4 ,ends !n mu/ fir/ be giv51 relatively to :i* only c ! notion ( p]fection 7:e!r int]nal 9 ourselves or ext]nal 9 ,god7 be ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w4 ,b an end- be+ an object :i* mu/ prec$e ! det]m9ation ( ! w by a practical rule & conta9 ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ?is det]m9ation1 & !re=e conta9 also ! matt] ( ! w1 tak5 z its det]m9+ pr9ciple- su* an end is always empirical &1 !re=e1 may s]ve = ! ,epicurean pr9ciple ( ! happ9ess !ory1 b n = ! pure rational pr9ciple ( morality & duty4 ,?us1 tal5ts & ! improvem5t ( !m1 because !y contribute to ! advantages ( life2 or ! w ( ,god1 if agreem5t ) x be tak5 z ! object ( ! w1 )\t any antec$5t indep5d5t practical pr9ciple1 c be motives only by reason ( ! happ9ess expect$ !refrom4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 fir/1 t all ! pr9ciples "h /at$ are mat]ial2 secondly1 t !y include all possible mat]ial pr9ciples2 &1 f9ally1 ! conclusion1 t s9ce mat]ial pr9ciples are q incapable ( furni%+ ! supreme moral law 7z has be5 %[n71 ! =mal practical pr9ciple ( ! pure reason 7accord+ to :i* ! m]e =m ( a univ]sal legislation mu/ con/itute ! supreme & imm$iate det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w7 is ! only "o possible :i* is adequate to furni% categorical imp]atives1 t is1 practical laws 7:i* make actions a duty71 & 9 g5]al to s]ve z ! pr9ciple ( morality1 bo? 9 criticiz+ conduct & also 9 its application to ! human w to det]m9e x4 ,i4 ,( ! ,d$uction ( ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #abe ,?is ,analytic %[s t pure reason c be practical1 t is1 c ( itself det]m9e ! w indep5d5tly ( any?+ empirical2 & ?is x proves by a fact 9 :i* pure reason 9 u proves itself actually practical1 namely1 ! autonomy %[n 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( morality1 by :i* reason det]m9es ! w to action4 ,x %[s at ! same "t t ?is fact is insep>ably connect$ ) ! consci\sness ( fre$om ( ! w1 nay1 is id5tical ) x2 & by ?is ! w ( a rational be+1 al?\gh z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se x recognizes itself z necess>ily subject to ! laws ( causality l o!r effici5t causes2 yet1 at ! same "t1 on ano!r side1 namely1 z a be+ 9 itself1 is consci\s ( exi/+ 9 & be+ det]m9$ by an intelligible ord] ( ?+s2 consci\s n by virtue ( a special intuition ( itself1 b by virtue ( c]ta9 dynamical laws :i* det]m9e its causality 9 ! s5sible _w2 = x has be5 else:]e prov$ t if fre$om is pr$icat$ ( u1 x transports u into an intelligible ord] ( ?+s4 ,n[1 if we comp>e ) ?is ! analytical "p ( ! critique ( pure speculative reason1 we %all see a rem>kable contra/4 ,!re x 0 n fundam5tal pr9ciples1 b pure1 s5sible intuition 7space & "t71 t 0 ! fir/ datum t made a priori k possible1 ?\gh only ( objects ( ! s5ses4 ,syn!tical pr9ciples c\ld n be d]iv$ f m]e concepts )\t intuition2 on ! contr>y1 !y c\ld only exi/ ) ref]5ce to ?is intuition1 & !re=e to objects ( possible exp]i5ce1 s9ce x is ! concepts ( ! und]/&+1 unit$ ) ?is intuition1 :i* alone make t k possible :i* we call exp]i5ce4 ,beyond objects ( exp]i5ce1 & !re=e ) reg>d to ?+s z n\m5a1 all positive k 0 rightly disclaim$ = speculative reason4 ,?is reason1 h[ev]1 w5t s f> z to e/abli% ) c]ta9ty ! concept ( n\m5a2 t is1 ! possibility1 nay1 ! necessity1 ( ?9k+ !m2 = example1 x %[$ aga9/ all objections t ! supposition ( fre$om1 negatively consid]$1 0 q consi/5t ) ^? pr9ciples & limitations ( pure !oretic reason4 ,b x c\ld n give u any def9ite enl>gem5t ( our k ) respect to su* objects1 b1 on ! contr>y1 cut (f all view ( !m altoge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! moral law1 al?\gh x gives no view1 yet gives u a fact absolutely inexplicable f any data ( ! s5sible _w1 & ! :ole compass ( our !oretical use ( reason1 a fact :i* po9ts to a pure _w ( ! und]/&+1 nay1 ev5 def9es x positively & enables u to "k some?+ ( x1 namely1 a law4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #acj ,?is law 7z f> z rational be+s are conc]n$7 gives to ! _w ( s5se1 :i* is a s5sible sy/em ( nature1 ! =m ( a _w ( ! und]/&+1 t is1 ( a sup]s5sible sy/em ( nature1 )\t int]f]+ ) its me*anism4 ,n[1 a sy/em ( nature1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 is ! exi/5ce ( ?+s "u laws4 ,! s5sible nature ( rational be+s 9 g5]al is _! exi/5ce "u laws empirically condition$1 :i*1 f ! po9t ( view ( reason1 is het]onomy4 ,! sup]s5sible nature ( ! same be+s1 on ! o!r h&1 is _! exi/5ce accord+ to laws :i* are indep5d5t ( e empirical condition &1 !re=e1 belong to ! autonomy ( pure reason4 ,&1 s9ce ! laws by :i* ! exi/5ce ( ?+s dep5ds on cognition are practical1 sup]s5sible nature1 s f> z we c =m any notion ( x1 is no?+ else ?an a sy/em ( nature "u ! autonomy ( pure practical reason4 ,n[1 ! law ( ?is autonomy is ! moral law1 :i*1 !re=e1 is ! fundam5tal law ( a sup]s5sible nature1 & ( a pure _w ( und]/&+1 ^: c\nt]p>t mu/ exi/ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 b )\t int]f]+ ) its laws4 ,we might call ! =m] ! ar*etypal _w 7natura ar*etypa71 :i* we only "k 9 ! reason2 & ! latt] ! ectypal _w 7natura ectypa71 because x conta9s ! possible effect ( ! idea ( ! =m] :i* is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w4 ,= ! moral law1 9 fact1 transf]s u ideally into a sy/em 9 :i* pure reason1 if x 7 accompani$ ) adequate physical p[]1 w\ld produce ! summum bonum1 & x det]m9es our w to give ! s5sible _w ! =m ( a sy/em ( rational be+s4 ,! lea/ att5tion to oneself proves t ?is idea really s]ves z ! model = ! det]m9ations ( our w4 ,:5 ! maxim :i* ,i am dispos$ to foll[ 9 giv+ te/imony is te/$ by ! practical reason1 ,i always consid] :at x w\ld be if x 7 to hold z a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,x is manife/ t 9 ?is view x w\ld oblige ev]yone to speak ! tru?4 ,= x _c hold z a univ]sal law ( nature t /atem5ts %\ld be all[$ to h ! =ce ( pro( & yet to be purposely untrue4 ,simil>ly1 ! maxim :i* ,i adopt ) respect to dispos+ freely ( my life is at once det]m9$1 :5 ,i ask myself :at x %\ld be1 9 ord] t a sy/em1 ( :i* x is ! law1 %\ld ma9ta9 itself4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 su* a sy/em no "o c\ld arbitr>ily put an end to 8 own life1 = su* an arrangem5t w\ld n be a p]man5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,& s 9 all simil> cases4 ,n[1 9 nature1 z x actually is an object ( exp]i5ce1 ! free w is n ( itself det]m9$ to maxims :i* c\ld ( !mselves be ! f\ndation ( a natural sy/em ( univ]sal laws1 or :i* c\ld ev5 be adapt$ to a sy/em s con/itut$2 on ! contr>y1 its maxims are private incl9ations :i* con/itute1 inde$1 a natural :ole 9 con=mity ) pa?ological 7physical7 laws1 b c\ld n =m "p ( a sy/em ( nature1 :i* w\ld only be possible ?r\gh our w act+ 9 accordance ) pure practical laws4 ,yet we are1 ?r\gh reason1 consci\s ( a law to :i* all our maxims are subject1 z ?\gh a natural ord] mu/ be orig9at$ f our w4 ,?is law1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! idea ( a natural sy/em n giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 & yet possible ?r\gh fre$om2 a sy/em1 !re=e1 :i* is sup]s5sible1 & to :i* we give objective reality1 at lea/ 9 a practical po9t ( view1 s9ce we look on x z an object ( our w z pure rational be+s4 ,h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 ! laws ( a natural sy/em to :i* ! w is subject1 & ( a natural sy/em :i* is subject to a w 7z f> z its relation to its free actions is conc]n$71 re/s on ?is1 t 9 ! =m] ! objects mu/ be causes ( ! ideas :i* det]m9e ! w2 :]eas 9 ! latt] ! w is ! cause ( ! objects2 s t its causality has its det]m9+ pr9ciple solely 9 ! pure faculty ( reason1 :i* may !re=e be call$ a pure practical reason4 ,!re are !re=e two v di/9ct problems3 h[1 on ! "o side1 pure reason c cognise objects a priori1 & h[ on ! o!r side x c be an imm$iate det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 t is1 ( ! causality ( ! rational be+ ) respect to ! reality ( objects 7?r\gh ! m]e ?\ght ( ! univ]sal validity ( its own maxims z laws74 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ace ,! =m]1 :i* belongs to ! critique ( ! pure speculative reason1 requires a previ\s explanation1 h[ intuitions )\t :i* no object c be giv51 &1 !re=e1 none kn[n syn!tically1 are possible a priori2 & its solution turns out to be t ^! are all only s5sible &1 !re=e1 d n r5d] possible any speculative k :i* goes fur!r ?an possible exp]i5ce rea*es2 & t !re=e all ! pr9ciples ( t pure speculative reason avail only to make exp]i5ce possible2 ei!r exp]i5ce ( giv5 objects or ( ^? t may be giv5 ad inf9itum1 b nev] are completely giv54 ,! latt]1 :i* belongs to ! critique ( practical reason1 requires no explanation h[ ! objects ( ! faculty ( desire are possible1 = t be+ a problem ( ! !oretical k ( nature is left to ! critique ( ! speculative reason1 b only h[ reason c det]m9e ! maxims ( ! w2 :e!r ?is takes place only by means ( empirical ideas z pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 or :e!r pure reason c be practical & be ! law ( a possible ord] ( nature1 :i* is n empirically kn[able4 ,! possibility ( su* a sup]s5sible sy/em ( nature1 ! conception ( :i* c also be ! gr\nd ( its reality ?r\gh our own free w1 does n require any a priori intuition 7( an intelligible _w7 :i*1 be+ 9 ?is case sup]s5sible1 w\ld be impossible = u4 ,= ! "q is only z to ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( volition 9 its maxims1 namely1 :e!r x is empirical1 or is a conception ( ! pure reason 7hav+ ! legal "* belong+ to x 9 g5]al71 & h[ x c be ! latt]4 ,x is left to ! !oretic pr9ciples ( reason to decide :e!r ! causality ( ! w suffices = ! realization ( ! objects or n1 ?is be+ an inquiry into ! possibility ( ! objects ( ! volition4 ,intuition ( ^! objects is !re=e ( no importance to ! practical problem4 ,we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! det]m9ation ( ! w & ! det]m9+ pr9ciples ( its maxims z a free w1 n at all ) ! result4 ,=1 provid$ only t ! w con=ms to ! law ( pure reason1 !n let its p[] 9 execution be :at x may1 :e!r accord+ to ^! maxims ( legislation ( a possible sy/em ( nature any su* sy/em really results or n1 ?is is no conc]n ( ! critique1 :i* only inquires :e!r1 & 9 :at way1 pure reason c be practical1 t is directly det]m9e ! w4 ,9 ?is inquiry criticism may & mu/ beg9 ) pure practical laws & _! reality4 ,b in/ead ( intuition x takes z _! f\ndation ! conception ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! intelligible _w1 namely1 ! concept ( fre$om4 ,= ?is concept has no o!r mean+1 & ^! laws are only possible 9 relation to fre$om ( ! w2 b fre$om be+ suppos$1 !y are necess>y2 or conv]sely fre$om is necess>y because ^? laws are necess>y1 be+ practical po/ulates4 ,x _c be fur!r expla9$ h[ ?is consci\sness ( ! moral law1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ( fre$om1 is possible2 b t x is admissible is well e/abli%$ 9 ! !oretical critique4 ,! exposition ( ! supreme pr9ciple ( practical reason is n[ f9i%$2 t is to say1 x has be5 %[n fir/1 :at x conta9s1 t x subsi/s = itself q a priori & indep5d5t ( empirical pr9ciples2 & next 9 :at x is di/+ui%$ f all o!r practical pr9ciples4 ,) ! d$uction1 t is1 ! ju/ification ( its objective & univ]sal validity1 & ! disc]nm5t ( ! possibility ( su* a syn!tical proposition a priori1 we _c expect to succe$ s well z 9 ! case ( ! pr9ciples ( pure !oretical reason4 ,= ^! ref]r$ to objects ( possible exp]i5ce1 namely1 to ph5om5a1 & we c\ld prove t ^! ph5om5a c\ld be kn[n z objects ( exp]i5ce only by be+ br\ght "u ! categories 9 accordance ) ^! laws2 & consequ5tly t all possible exp]i5ce mu/ con=m to ^! laws4 ,b ,i c\ld n proce$ 9 ?is way ) ! d$uction ( ! moral law4 ,= ?is does n conc]n ! k ( ! prop]ties ( objects1 :i* may be giv5 to ! reason f "s o!r s\rce2 b a k :i* c itself be ! gr\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( ! objects1 & by :i* reason 9 a rational be+ has causality1 i4e41 pure reason1 :i* c be reg>d$ z a faculty imm$iately det]m9+ ! w4 ,n[ all our human insight is at an end z soon z we h arriv$ at fundam5tal p[]s or faculties1 = ! possibility ( ^! _c be und]/ood by any means1 & j z little %\ld x be arbitr>ily inv5t$ & assum$4 ,!re=e1 9 ! !oretic use ( reason1 x is exp]i5ce alone t c ju/ify u 9 assum+ !m4 ,b ?is exp$i5t ( adduc+ empirical pro(s1 in/ead ( a d$uction f a priori s\rces ( k1 is d5i$ u "h 9 respect to ! pure practical faculty ( reason4 ,= :atev] requires to draw ! pro( ( its reality f exp]i5ce mu/ dep5d = ! gr\nds ( its possibility on pr9ciples ( exp]i5ce2 & pure1 yet practical1 reason by its v notion _c be reg>d$ z su*4 ,fur!r1 ! moral law is giv5 z a fact ( pure reason ( :i* we are a priori consci\s1 & :i* is apodeictically c]ta91 ?\gh x be grant$ t 9 exp]i5ce no example ( its exact fulfilm5t c be f\nd4 ,h5ce1 ! objective reality ( ! moral law _c be prov$ by any d$uction by any ef=ts ( !oretical reason1 :e!r speculative or empirically support$1 & !re=e1 ev5 if we r5\nc$ its apodeictic c]ta9ty1 x c\ld n be prov$ a po/]iori by exp]i5ce1 & yet x is firmly e/abli%$ ( itself4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #adj ,b in/ead ( ?is va9ly s\ght d$uction ( ! moral pr9ciple1 some?+ else is f\nd :i* 0 q unexpect$1 namely1 t ?is moral pr9ciple s]ves conv]sely z ! pr9ciple ( ! d$uction ( an inscrutable faculty :i* no exp]i5ce c\ld prove1 b ( :i* speculative reason 0 compell$ at lea/ to assume ! possibility 79 ord] to f9d among/ its cosmological ideas ! uncondition$ 9 ! *a9 ( causality1 s z n to contradict itself7- ,i mean ! faculty ( fre$om4 ,! moral law1 :i* itself does n require a ju/ification1 proves n m]ely ! possibility ( fre$om1 b t x really belongs to be+s :o recognize ?is law z b9d+ on !mselves4 ,! moral law is 9 fact a law ( ! causality ( free ag5ts &1 !re=e1 ( ! possibility ( a sup]s5sible sy/em ( nature1 j z ! metaphysical law ( ev5ts 9 ! _w ( s5se 0 a law ( causality ( ! s5sible sy/em ( nature2 & x !re=e det]m9es :at speculative philosophy 0 compell$ to leave undet]m9$1 namely1 ! law = a causality1 ! concept ( :i* 9 ! latt] 0 only negative2 & !re=e = ! fir/ "t gives ?is concept objective reality4 ,?is sort ( cr$5tial ( ! moral law1 viz41 t x is set =? z a pr9ciple ( ! d$uction ( fre$om1 :i* is a causality ( pure reason1 is a suffici5t sub/itute = all a priori ju/ification1 s9ce !oretic reason 0 compell$ to assume at lea/ ! possibility ( fre$om1 9 ord] to satisfy a want ( its own4 ,= ! moral law proves its reality1 s z ev5 to satisfy ! critique ( ! speculative reason1 by ! fact t x adds a positive def9ition to a causality previ\sly conceiv$ only negatively1 ! possibility ( :i* 0 incompreh5sible to speculative reason1 :i* yet 0 compell$ to suppose x4 ,= x adds ! notion ( a reason t directly det]m9es ! w 7by impos+ on its maxims ! condition ( a univ]sal legislative =m72 & ?us x is able = ! fir/ "t to give objective1 ?\gh only practical1 reality to reason1 :i* always became transc5d5t :5 x s\ght to proce$ speculatively ) its ideas4 ,x ?us *anges ! transc5d5t use ( reason into an imman5t use 7s t reason is itself1 by means ( ideas1 an effici5t cause 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce74 ,! det]m9ation ( ! causality ( be+s 9 ! _w ( s5se1 z su*1 c nev] be uncondition$2 & yet = e s]ies ( conditions !re mu/ be some?+ uncondition$1 & !re=e !re mu/ be a causality :i* is det]m9$ :olly by itself4 ,h5ce1 ! idea ( fre$om z a faculty ( absolute spontaneity 0 n f\nd to be a want b1 z f> z its possibility is conc]n$1 an analytic pr9ciple ( pure speculative reason4 ,b z x is absolutely impossible to f9d 9 exp]i5ce any example 9 accordance ) ?is idea1 because among/ ! causes ( ?+s z ph5om5a x w\ld be impossible to meet ) any absolutely uncondition$ det]m9ation ( causality1 we 7 only able to def5d our supposition t a freely act+ cause might be a be+ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ 9 ! o!r po9t ( view z a n\m5on1 %[+ t !re is no contradiction 9 reg>d+ all its actions z subject to physical conditions s f> z !y are ph5om5a1 & yet reg>d+ its causality z physically uncondition$1 9 s f> z ! act+ be+ belongs to ! _w ( und]/&+1 & 9 ?us mak+ ! concept ( fre$om ! regulative pr9ciple ( reason4 ,by ?is pr9ciple ,i d n inde$ le>n :at ! object is to :i* t sort ( causality is attribut$2 b ,i remove ! difficulty1 =1 on ! "o side1 9 ! explanation ( ev5ts 9 ! _w1 & consequ5tly also ( ! actions ( rational be+s1 ,i leave to ! me*anism ( physical necessity ! "r ( asc5d+ f condition$ to condition ad inf9itum1 :ile on ! o!r side ,i keep op5 = speculative reason ! place :i* = x is vacant1 namely1 ! intelligible1 9 ord] to transf] ! uncondition$ ?i!r4 ,b ,i 0 n able to v]ify ?is supposition2 t is1 to *ange x into ! k ( a be+ s act+1 n ev5 into ! k ( ! possibility ( su* a be+4 ,?is vacant place is n[ fill$ by pure practical reason ) a def9ite law ( causality 9 an intelligible _w 7causality ) fre$om71 namely1 ! moral law4 ,speculative reason does n h]eby ga9 any?+ z reg>ds its insight1 b only z reg>ds ! c]ta9ty ( its problematical notion ( fre$om1 :i* "h obta9s objective reality1 :i*1 ?\gh only practical1 is nev]!less und\bt$4 ,ev5 ! notion ( causality- ! application1 & consequ5tly ! signification1 ( :i* holds prop]ly only 9 relation to ph5om5a1 s z to connect !m into exp]i5ces 7z is %[n by ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason7- is n s enl>g$ z to ext5d its use beyond ^! limits4 ,= if reason s\ght to d ?is1 x w\ld h to %[ h[ ! logical relation ( pr9ciple & consequ5ce c be us$ syn!tically 9 a diff]5t sort ( intuition f ! s5sible2 t is h[ a causa n\m5on is possible4 ,?is x c nev] d2 &1 z practical reason1 x does n ev5 conc]n itself ) x1 s9ce x only places ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( causality ( man z a s5sible creature 7:i* is giv57 9 pure reason 7:i* is !re=e call$ practical72 & !re=e x employs ! notion ( cause1 n 9 ord] to "k objects1 b to det]m9e causality 9 relation to objects 9 g5]al4 ,x c ab/ract altoge!r f ! application ( ?is notion to objects ) a view to !oretical k 7s9ce ?is concept is always f\nd a priori 9 ! und]/&+ ev5 indep5d5tly ( any intuition74 ,reason1 !n1 employs x only = a practical purpose1 & h5ce we c transf] ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w into ! intelligible ord] ( ?+s1 admitt+1 at ! same "t1 t we _c und]/& h[ ! notion ( cause c det]m9e ! k ( ^! ?+s4 ,b reason mu/ cognise causality ) respect to ! actions ( ! w 9 ! s5sible _w 9 a def9ite mann]2 o!rwise1 practical reason c\ld n really produce any action4 ,b z to ! notion :i* x =ms ( its own causality z n\m5on1 x ne$ n det]m9e x !oretically ) a view to ! cognition ( its sup]s5sible exi/5ce1 s z to give x significance 9 ?is way4 ,= x acquires significance ap>t f ?is1 ?\gh only = practical use1 namely1 ?r\gh ! moral law4 ,!oretically view$1 x rema9s always a pure a priori concept ( ! und]/&+1 :i* c be appli$ to objects :e!r !y h be5 giv5 s5sibly or n1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] case x has no def9ite !oretical significance or application1 b is only a =mal1 ?\gh ess5tial1 conception ( ! und]/&+ relat+ to an object 9 g5]al4 ,! significance :i* reason gives x ?r\gh ! moral law is m]ely practical1 inasmu* z ! idea ( ! law ( causality 7( ! w7 has self causality1 or is its det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,"r t ,pure ,reason 9 its ,practical use has to an ,ext5sion :i* is n possible to x 9 its ,speculative ,use4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #ade ,we h 9 ! moral pr9ciple set =? a law ( causality1 ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( :i* is set above all ! conditions ( ! s5sible _w2 we h x conceiv$ h[ ! w1 z belong+ to ! intelligible _w1 is det]m9able1 & !re=e h its subject 7man7 n m]ely conceiv$ z belong+ to a _w ( pure und]/&+1 & 9 ?is respect unkn[n 7:i* ! critique ( speculative reason enabl$ u to d71 b also def9$ z reg>ds 8 causality by means ( a law :i* _c be r$uc$ to any physical law ( ! s5sible _w2 & !re=e our k is ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( t _w1 a pret5sion :i* ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason decl>$ to be futile 9 all speculation4 ,n[1 h[ is ! practical use ( pure reason "h to be reconcil$ ) ! !oretical1 z to ! det]m9ation ( ! limits ( its faculty8 ,david ,hume1 ( :om we may say t he comm5c$ ! assault on ! claims ( pure reason1 :i* made a ?or\gh inve/igation ( x necess>y1 argu$ ?us3 ,! notion ( cause is a notion t involves ! necessity ( ! connexion ( ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t ?+s 7& t1 9 s f> z !y are diff]5t71 s t1 giv5 ,a1 ,i "k t some?+ q di/9ct !re f1 namely ,b1 mu/ necess>ily also exi/4 ,n[ necessity c be attribut$ to a connection1 only 9 s f> z x is kn[n a priori1 = exp]i5ce w\ld only enable u to "k ( su* a connection t x exi/s1 n t x necess>ily exi/s4 ,n[1 x is impossible1 says he1 to "k a priori & z necess>y ! connection betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r 7or betwe5 "o attribute & ano!r q di/9ct7 :5 !y h n be5 giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e ! notion ( a cause is fictiti\s & delusive &1 to speak 9 ! milde/ way1 is an illusion1 only excusable inasmu* z ! cu/om 7a subjective necessity7 ( p]ceiv+ c]ta9 ?+s1 or _! attributes z (t5 associat$ 9 exi/5ce along ) or 9 succession to "o ano!r1 is ins5sibly tak5 = an objective necessity ( suppos+ su* a connection 9 ! objects !mselves2 & ?us ! notion ( a cause has be5 acquir$ surreptiti\sly & n legitimately2 nay1 x c nev] be s acquir$ or au!nticat$1 s9ce x dem&s a connection 9 itself va91 *im]ical1 & unt5able 9 pres5ce ( reason1 & to :i* no object c ev] correspond4 ,9 ?is way 0 empiricism fir/ introduc$ z ! sole s\rce ( pr9ciples1 z f> z all k ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s is conc]n$ 7ma!matics !re=e rema9+ except$72 & ) empiricism ! mo/ ?or\gh scepticism1 ev5 ) reg>d to ! :ole sci5ce ( nature7 z philosophy74 ,= on su* pr9ciples we c nev] conclude f giv5 attributes ( ?+s z exi/+ to a consequ5ce 7= ?is w\ld require ! notion ( cause1 :i* involves ! necessity ( su* a connection72 we c only1 guid$ by imag9ation1 expect simil> cases- an expectation :i* is nev] c]ta91 h[ev] (t5 x has be5 fulfill$4 ,( no ev5t c\ld we say3 a c]ta9 ?+ mu/ h prec$$ x1 on :i* x necess>ily foll[$2 t is1 x mu/ h a cause2 & !re=e1 h[ev] frequ5t ! cases we h kn[n 9 :i* !re 0 su* an antec$5t1 s t a rule c\ld be d]iv$ f !m1 yet we nev] c\ld suppose x z always & necess>ily s happ5+2 we %\ld1 !re=e1 be oblig$ to leave its %>e to bl9d *ance1 ) :i* all use ( reason comes to an end2 & ?is firmly e/abli%es scepticism 9 ref]5ce to argum5ts asc5d+ f effects to causes & makes x impregnable4 ,ma!matics escap$ well1 s f>1 because ,hume ?\ght t its propositions 7 analytical2 t is1 proce$$ f "o prop]ty to ano!r1 by virtue ( id5tity &1 consequ5tly1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 s9ce1 on ! contr>y1 !y are syn!tical2 & al?\gh geometry1 = example1 has n to d ) ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b only ) _! a priori prop]ties 9 a possible intuition1 yet x proce$s j z 9 ! case ( ! causal notion1 f "o prop]ty 7,a7 to ano!r :olly di/9ct 7,b71 z necess>ily connect$ ) ! =m]4 ,nev]!less1 ma!matical sci5ce1 s highly vaunt$ = its apodeictic c]ta9ty1 mu/ at la/ fall "u ?is empiricism = ! same reason = :i* ,hume put cu/om 9 ! place ( objective necessity 9 ! notion ( cause &1 9 spite ( all its pride1 mu/ cons5t to l[] its bold pret5sion ( claim+ ass5t a priori & dep5d = ass5t to ! univ]sality ( its propositions on ! k9dness ( obs]v]s1 :o1 :5 call$ z witnesses1 w\ld surely n hesitate to admit t :at ! geomet] prop\nds z a !orem !y h always p]ceiv$ to be ! fact1 &1 consequ5tly1 al?\gh x be n necess>ily true1 yet !y w\ld p]mit u to expect x to be true 9 ! future4 ,9 ?is mann] ,hume's empiricism leads inevitably to scepticism1 ev5 ) reg>d to ma!matics1 & consequ5tly 9 e sci5tific !oretical use ( reason 7= ?is belongs ei!r to philosophy or ma!matics74 ,:e!r ) su* a t]rible ov]?r[ ( ! *ief bran*es ( k1 common reason w escape bett]1 & w n r become irrecov]ably involv$ 9 ?is de/ruction ( all k1 s t f ! same pr9ciples a univ]sal scepticism %\ld foll[ 7affect+1 inde$1 only ! le>n$71 ?is ,i w leave ev]yone to judge = himself4 ,z reg>ds my own lab\rs 9 ! critical exam9ation ( pure reason1 :i* 7 occasion$ by ,hume's sceptical tea*+1 b w5t mu* fur!r & embrac$ ! :ole field ( pure !oretical reason 9 its syn!tic use &1 consequ5tly1 ! field ( :at is call$ metaphysics 9 g5]al2 ,i proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] ) respect to ! d\bts rais$ by ! ,scotti% philosoph] t\*+ ! notion ( causality4 ,if ,hume took ! objects ( exp]i5ce = ?+s 9 !mselves 7z is almo/ always done71 he 0 q "r 9 decl>+ ! notion ( cause to be a deception & false illusion2 = z to ?+s 9 !mselves1 & _! attributes z su*1 x is impossible to see :y because ,a is giv51 ,b1 :i* is diff]5t1 mu/ necess>ily be also giv51 & !re=e he c\ld by no means admit su* an a priori k ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,/ill less c\ld ?is acute writ] all[ an empirical orig9 ( ?is concept1 s9ce ?is is directly contradictory to ! necessity ( connection :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! notion ( causality1 h5ce ! notion 0 proscrib$1 & 9 its place 0 put cu/om 9 ! obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( p]ceptions4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #aej ,x result$1 h[ev]1 f my inquiries1 t ! objects ) :i* we h to d 9 exp]i5ce are by no means ?+s 9 !mselves1 b m]ely ph5om5a2 & t al?\gh 9 ! case ( ?+s 9 !mselves x is impossible to see h[1 if ,a is suppos$1 x %\ld be contradictory t ,b1 :i* is q diff]5t f ,a1 %\ld n also be suppos$ 7i4e41 to see ! necessity ( ! connection betwe5 ,a z cause & ,b z effect72 yet x c v well be conceiv$ t1 z ph5om5a1 !y may be necess>ily connect$ 9 "o exp]i5ce 9 a c]ta9 way 7e4g41 ) reg>d to "t-relations72 s t !y c\ld n be sep>at$ )\t contradict+ t connection1 by means ( :i* ?is exp]i5ce is possible 9 :i* !y are objects & 9 :i* alone !y are cognisable by u4 ,& s x 0 f\nd to be 9 fact2 s t ,i 0 able n only to prove ! objective reality ( ! concept ( cause 9 reg>d to objects ( exp]i5ce1 b also to d$uce x z an a priori concept by reason ( ! necessity ( ! connection x impli$2 t is1 to %[ ! possibility ( its orig9 f pure und]/&+ )\t any empirical s\rces2 & ?us1 aft] remov+ ! s\rce ( empiricism1 ,i 0 able also to ov]?r[ ! inevitable consequ5ce ( ?is1 namely1 scepticism1 fir/ ) reg>d to physical sci5ce1 & !n ) reg>d to ma!matics 79 :i* empiricism has j ! same gr\nds71 bo? be+ sci5ces :i* h ref]5ce to objects ( possible exp]i5ce2 h]e) ov]?r[+ ! ?or\gh d\bt ( :atev] !oretic reason pr(esses to disc]n4 ,b h[ is x ) ! application ( ?is category ( causality 7& all ! o!rs2 = )\t !m !re c be no k ( any?+ exi/+7 to ?+s :i* are n objects ( possible exp]i5ce1 b lie beyond its b\nds8 ,= ,i 0 able to d$uce ! objective reality ( ^! concepts only ) reg>d to objects ( possible exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 ?is v fact1 t ,i h sav$ !m1 only 9 case ,i h prov$ t objects may by means ( !m be ?\ght1 ?\gh n det]m9$ a priori2 ?is x is t gives !m a place 9 ! pure und]/&+1 by :i* !y are ref]r$ to objects 9 g5]al 7s5sible or n s5sible74 ,if any?+ is /ill want+1 x is t :i* is ! condition ( ! application ( ^! categories1 & especially t ( causality1 to objects1 namely1 intuition2 = :]e ?is is n giv51 ! application ) a view to !oretic k ( ! object1 z a n\m5on1 is impossible &1 !re=e1 if anyone v5tures on x1 is 7z 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason7 absolutely =bidd54 ,/ill1 ! objective reality ( ! concept 7( causality7 rema9s1 & x c be us$ ev5 ( n\m5a1 b )\t our be+ able 9 ! lea/ to def9e ! concept !oretically s z to produce k4 ,= t ?is concept1 ev5 9 ref]5ce to an object1 conta9s no?+ impossible1 0 %[n by ?is1 t1 ev5 :ile appli$ to objects ( s5se1 its seat 0 c]ta9ly fix$ 9 ! pure und]/&+2 & al?\gh1 :5 ref]r$ to ?+s 9 !mselves 7:i* _c be objects ( exp]i5ce71 x is n capable ( be+ det]m9$ s z to repres5t a def9ite object = ! purpose ( !oretic k2 yet = any o!r purpose 7= in/ance1 a practical7 x might be capable ( be+ det]m9$ s z to h su* application4 ,?is c\ld n be ! case if1 z ,hume ma9ta9$1 ?is concept ( causality conta9$ some?+ absolutely impossible to be ?\ght4 ,9 ord] n[ to discov] ?is condition ( ! application ( ! said concept to n\m5a1 we ne$ only recall :y we are n cont5t ) its application to objects ( exp]i5ce1 b desire also to apply x to ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,x w appe>1 !n1 t x is n a !oretic b a practical purpose t makes ?is a necessity4 ,9 speculation1 ev5 if we 7 successful 9 x1 we %\ld n really ga9 any?+ 9 ! k ( nature1 or g5]ally ) reg>d to su* objects z are giv51 b we %\ld make a wide /ep f ! s5sibly condition$ 79 :i* we h already en\gh to d to ma9ta9 ourselves1 & to foll[ c>efully ! *a9 ( causes7 to ! sup]s5sible1 9 ord] to complete our k ( pr9ciples & to fix its limits2 :]eas !re always rema9s an inf9ite *asm unfill$ betwe5 ^? limits & :at we "k2 & we %\ld h he>k5$ to a va9 curiosity r ?an a solid-desire ( k4 ,b1 besides ! relation 9 :i* ! und]/&+ /&s to objects 79 !oretical k71 x has also a relation to ! faculty ( desire1 :i* is !re=e call$ ! w1 & ! pure w1 inasmu* z pure und]/&+ 79 ?is case call$ reason7 is practical ?r\gh ! m]e conception ( a law4 ,! objective reality ( a pure w1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ( a pure practical reason1 is giv5 9 ! moral law a priori1 z x 71 by a fact1 = s we may "n a det]m9ation ( ! w :i* is inevitable1 al?\gh x does n re/ on empirical pr9ciples4 ,n[1 9 ! notion ( a w ! notion ( causality is already conta9$1 & h5ce ! notion ( a pure w conta9s t ( a causality accompani$ ) fre$om1 t is1 "o :i* is n det]m9able by physical laws1 & consequ5tly is n capable ( any empirical intuition 9 pro( ( its reality1 b1 nev]!less1 completely ju/ifies its objective reality a priori 9 ! pure practical law2 n1 inde$ 7z is easily se57 = ! purposes ( ! !oretical1 b ( ! practical use ( reason4 ,n[ ! notion ( a be+ t has free w is ! notion ( a causa n\m5on1 & t ?is notion involves no contradiction1 we are already assur$ by ! fact- t inasmu* z ! concept ( cause has aris5 :olly f pure und]/&+1 & has its objective reality assur$ by ! d$uction1 z x is moreov] 9 its orig9 indep5d5t ( any s5sible conditions1 x is1 !re=e1 n re/rict$ to ph5om5a 7unless we want$ to make a def9ite !oretic use ( x71 b c be appli$ equally to ?+s t are objects ( ! pure und]/&+4 ,b1 s9ce ?is application _c re/ on any intuition 7= intuition c only be s5sible71 !re=e1 causa n\m5on1 z reg>ds ! !oretic use ( reason1 al?\gh a possible & ?9kable1 is yet an empty notion4 ,n[1 ,i d n desire by means ( ?is to und]/& !oretically ! nature ( a be+1 9 s f> z x has a pure w2 x is en\gh = me to h !reby designat$ x z su*1 & h5ce to comb9e ! notion ( causality ) t ( fre$om 7& :at is insep>able f x1 ! moral law1 z its det]m9+ pr9ciple74 ,n[1 ?is "r ,i c]ta9ly h by virtue ( ! pure1 n-empirical orig9 ( ! notion ( cause1 s9ce ,i d n consid] myself entitl$ to make any use ( x except 9 ref]5ce to ! moral law :i* det]m9es its reality1 t is1 only a practical use4 ,if1 ) ,hume1 ,i _h d5i$ to ! notion ( causality all objective reality 9 its !oretic use1 n m]ely ) reg>d to ?+s 9 !mselves 7! sup]s5sible71 b also ) reg>d to ! objects ( ! s5ses1 x w\ld h lo/ all significance1 & be+ a !oretically impossible notion w\ld h be5 decl>$ to be q useless2 & s9ce :at is no?+ _c be made any use (1 ! practical use ( a concept !oretically null w\ld h be5 absurd4 ,b1 z x is1 ! concept ( a causality free f empirical conditions1 al?\gh empty1 i4e41 )\t any appropriate intuition71 is yet !oretically possible1 & ref]s to an indet]m9ate object2 b 9 comp5sation significance is giv5 to x 9 ! moral law & consequ5tly 9 a practical s5se4 ,i h1 inde$1 no intuition :i* %\ld det]m9e its objective !oretic reality1 b n ! less x has a real application1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 concreto 9 int5tions or maxims2 t is1 x has a practical reality :i* c be specifi$1 & ?is is suffici5t to ju/ify x ev5 ) a view to n\m5a4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #aee ,n[1 ?is objective reality ( a pure concept ( ! und]/&+ 9 ! sph]e ( ! sup]s5sible1 once br\ght 91 gives an objective reality also to all ! o!r categories1 al?\gh only s f> z !y /& 9 necess>y connexion ) ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 7! moral law72 a reality only ( practical application1 :i* has n ! lea/ effect 9 enl>g+ our !oretical k ( ^! objects1 or ! disc]nm5t ( _! nature by pure reason4 ,s we %all f9d also 9 ! sequel t ^! categories ref] only to be+s z intellig5ces1 & 9 !m only to ! relation ( reason to ! w2 consequ5tly1 always only to ! practical1 & beyond ?is _c pret5d to any k ( ^! be+s2 & :atev] o!r prop]ties belong+ to ! !oretical repres5tation ( sup]s5sible ?+s may be br\ght into connexion ) ^! categories1 ?is is n to be reckon$ z k1 b only z a "r 79 a practical po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x is a necessity7 to admit & assume su* be+s1 ev5 9 ! case :]e we conceive sup]s5sible be+s 7e4g41 ,god7 accord+ to analogy1 t is1 a purely rational relation1 ( :i* we make a practical use ) ref]5ce to :at is s5sible2 & ?us ! application to ! sup]s5sible solely 9 a practical po9t ( view does n give pure !oretic reason ! lea/ enc\ragem5t to run riot into ! transc5d5t4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ! ,concept ( an ,object ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,by a concept ( ! practical reason ,i und]/& ! idea ( an object z an effect possible to be produc$ ?r\gh fre$om4 ,to be an object ( practical k1 z su*1 signifies1 !re=e1 only ! relation ( ! w to ! action by :i* ! object or its opposite w\ld be realiz$2 & to decide :e!r some?+ is an object ( pure practical reason or n is only to disc]n ! possibility or impossibility ( will+ ! action by :i*1 if we _h ! requir$ p[] 7ab\t :i* exp]i5ce mu/ decide71 a c]ta9 object w\ld be realiz$4 ,if ! object be tak5 z ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( our desire1 x mu/ fir/ be kn[n :e!r x is physically possible by ! free use ( our p[]s1 be=e we decide :e!r x is an object ( practical reason or n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! law c be consid]$ a priori z ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! action1 & ! latt] !re=e z det]m9$ by pure practical reason1 ! judgem5t :e!r a ?+ is an object ( pure practical reason or n does n dep5d at all on ! comp>ison ) our physical p[]2 & ! "q is only :e!r we %\ld w an action t is direct$ to ! exi/5ce ( an object1 if ! object 7 9 our p[]2 h5ce ! previ\s "q is only z ! moral possibility ( ! action1 = 9 ?is case x is n ! object1 b ! law ( ! w1 t is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! action4 ,! only objects ( practical reason are !re=e ^? ( good & evil4 ,= by ! =m] is meant an object necess>ily desir$ accord+ to a pr9ciple ( reason2 by ! latt] "o necess>ily %unn$1 also accord+ to a pr9ciple ( reason4 ,if ! notion ( good is n to be d]iv$ f an antec$5t practical law1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is to s]ve z its f\ndation1 x c only be ! notion ( some?+ ^: exi/5ce promises pleasure1 & ?us det]m9es ! causality ( ! subject to produce x1 t is to say1 det]m9es ! faculty ( desire4 ,n[1 s9ce x is impossible to disc]n a priori :at idea w be accompani$ ) pleasure & :at ) pa91 x w dep5d on exp]i5ce alone to f9d out :at is prim>ily good or evil4 ,! prop]ty ( ! subject1 ) ref]5ce to :i* alone ?is exp]im5t c be made1 is ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa91 a receptivity belong+ to ! int]nal s5se2 ?us t only w\ld be prim>ily good ) :i* ! s5sation ( pleasure is imm$iately connect$1 & t simply evil :i* imm$iately excites pa94 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is is oppos$ ev5 to ! usage ( language1 :i* di/+ui%es ! pleasant f ! good1 ! unpleasant f ! evil1 & requires t good & evil %all always be judg$ by reason1 &1 !re=e1 by concepts :i* c be communicat$ to ev]yone1 & n by m]e s5sation1 :i* is limit$ to individual subjects & _! susceptibility2 &1 s9ce nev]!less1 pleasure or pa9 _c be connect$ ) any idea ( an object a priori1 ! philosoph] :o ?\ght himself oblig$ to make a feel+ ( pleasure ! f\ndation ( 8 practical judgem5ts w\ld call t good :i* is a means to ! pleasant1 & evil1 :at is a cause ( unpleasantness & pa92 = ! judgem5t on ! relation ( means to ends c]ta9ly belongs to reason4 ,b1 al?\gh reason is alone capable ( disc]n+ ! connexion ( means ) _! ends 7s t ! w might ev5 be def9$ z ! faculty ( ends1 s9ce ^! are always det]m9+ pr9ciples ( ! desires71 yet ! practical maxims :i* w\ld foll[ f ! a=esaid pr9ciple ( ! good be+ m]ely a means1 w\ld nev] conta9 z ! object ( ! w any?+ good 9 itself1 b only some?+ good = some?+2 ! good w\ld always be m]ely ! useful1 & t = :i* x is useful mu/ always lie outside ! w1 9 s5sation4 ,n[ if ?is z a pleasant s5sation 7 to be di/+ui%$ f ! notion ( good1 !n !re w\ld be no?+ prim>ily good at all1 b ! good w\ld h to be s\ght only 9 ! means to some?+ else1 namely1 "s pleasantness4 ,x is an old =mula ( ! s*ools3 ,nihil appetimus nisi sub ratione boni2 ,nihil av]samur nisi sub ratione mali1 & x is us$ (t5 correctly1 b (t5 also 9 a mann] injuri\s to philosophy1 because ! expressions boni & mali are ambigu\s1 ow+ to ! pov]ty ( language1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y admit a d\ble s5se1 &1 !re=e1 inevitably br+ ! practical laws into ambiguity2 & philosophy1 :i* 9 employ+ !m becomes aw>e ( ! diff]5t mean+s 9 ! same ^w1 b c f9d no special expressions = !m1 is driv5 to subtile di/9ctions ab\t :i* !re is subsequ5tly no unanimity1 because ! di/9ction c\ld n be directly m>k$ by any suitable expression4 99 99 ,besides ?is1 ! expression sub ratione boni is also ambigu\s4 ,= x may mean3 ,we repres5t some?+ to ourselves z good1 :5 & because we desire 7w7 x2 or ,we desire some?+ because we repres5t x to ourselves z good1 s t ei!r ! desire det]m9es ! notion ( ! object z a good1 or ! notion ( good det]m9es ! desire 7! w72 s t 9 ! fir/ case sub ratione boni w\ld mean1 ,we w some?+ "u ! idea ( ! good2 9 ! second1 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is idea1 :i*1 z det]m9+ ! volition1 mu/ prec$e x4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #e ,! ,g]man language has ! good =tune to possess expressions :i* d n all[ ?is diff]5ce to be ov]look$4 ,x possesses two v di/9ct concepts & especially di/9ct expressions = t :i* ! ,lat9s express by a s+le ^w1 bonum4 ,= bonum x has das ,gute good1 & das ,wohl well1 weal1 = malum das ,bose evil1 & das ,ubel ill1 bad1 or das ,well woe4 ,s t we express two q di/9ct judgem5ts :5 we consid] 9 an action ! good & evil ( x1 or our weal & woe 7ill74 ,h5ce x already foll[s t ! above quot$ psy*ological proposition is at lea/ v d\btful if x is translat$3 ,we desire no?+ except ) a view to our weal or woe2 on ! o!r h&1 if we r5d] x ?us3 ,"u ! direction ( reason we desire no?+ except s f> z we e/eem x good or evil1 x is indubitably c]ta9 & at ! same "t q cle>ly express$4 ,well or ill always implies only a ref]5ce to our condition1 z pleasant or unpleasant1 z "o ( pleasure or pa91 & if we desire or avoid an object on ?is acc\nt1 x is only s f> z x is ref]r$ to our s5sibility & to ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 t x produces4 ,b good or evil always implies a ref]5ce to ! w1 z det]m9$ by ! law ( reason1 to make some?+ its object2 = x is nev] det]m9$ directly by ! object & ! idea ( x1 b is a faculty ( tak+ a rule ( reason = or motive ( an action 7by :i* an object may be realiz$74 ,good & evil !re=e are prop]ly ref]r$ to actions1 n to ! s5sations ( ! p]son1 & if any?+ is to be good or evil absolutely 7i4e41 9 e respect & )\t any fur!r condition71 or is to be s e/eem$1 x c only be ! mann] ( act+1 ! maxim ( ! w1 & consequ5tly ! act+ p]son himself z a good or evil man t c be s call$1 & n a ?+4 ,h[ev]1 !n1 m5 may laugh at ! ,/oic1 :o 9 ! sev]e/ p>oxysms ( g\t cri$ out3 ,pa91 h[ev] ?\ torm5te/ me1 ,i w nev] admit t ?\ art an evil 7kakov1 malum73 he 0 "r4 ,a bad ?+ x c]ta9ly 01 & 8 cry betray$ t2 b t any evil atta*$ to him !reby1 ?is he _h no reason :atev] to admit1 = pa9 did n 9 ! lea/ dim9i% ! wor? ( 8 p]son1 b only t ( 8 condition4 ,if he _h be5 consci\s ( a s+le lie1 x w\ld h l[]$ 8 pride1 b pa9 s]v$ only to raise x1 :5 he 0 consci\s t he _h n des]v$ x by any unrighte\s action by :i* he _h r5d]$ himself wor?y ( puni%m5t4 ,:at we call good mu/ be an object ( desire 9 ! judgem5t ( e rational man1 & evil an object ( av]sion 9 ! eyes ( ev]yone2 !re=e1 9 addition to s5se1 ?is judgem5t requires reason4 ,s x is ) tru?fulness1 z oppos$ to ly+2 s ) ju/ice1 z oppos$ to viol5ce1 c4 ,b we may call a ?+ a bad or ill ?+1 :i* yet ev]yone mu/ at ! same "t ackn[l$ge to be good1 sometimes directly1 sometimes indirectly4 ,! man :o submits to a surgical op]ation feels x no d\bt z a bad ?+1 b by _! reason he & ev]yone ackn[l$ge x to be good4 ,if a man :o delights 9 annoy+ & vex+ peaceable p at la/ receives a "r good beat+1 ?is is no d\bt a bad ?+2 b ev]yone approves x & reg>ds x z a good ?+1 ev5 ?\gh no?+ else result$ f x2 nay1 ev5 ! man :o receives x mu/ 9 8 reason ackn[l$ge t he has met ju/ice1 because he sees ! proportion betwe5 good conduct & good =tune1 :i* reason inevitably places be=e him1 "h put into practice4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #aj ,no d\bt our weal & woe are ( v great importance 9 ! e/imation ( our practical reason1 & z f> z our nature z s5sible be+s is conc]n$1 our happ9ess is ! only ?+ ( consequ5ce1 provid$ x is e/imat$ z reason especially requires1 n by ! transitory s5sation1 b by ! influ5ce t ?is has on our :ole exi/5ce1 & on our satisfaction !re)2 b x is n absolutely ! only ?+ ( consequ5ce4 ,man is a be+ :o1 z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 has wants1 & s f> 8 reason has an (fice :i* x _c refuse1 namely1 to att5d to ! int]e/ ( 8 s5sible nature1 & to =m practical maxims1 ev5 ) a view to ! happ9ess ( ?is life1 & if possible ev5 to t ( a future4 ,b he is n s completely an animal z to be indiff]5t to :at reason says on its own acc\nt1 & to use x m]ely z an in/rum5t = ! satisfaction ( 8 wants z a s5sible be+4 ,= ! possession ( reason w\ld n raise 8 wor? above t ( ! brutes1 if x is to s]ve him only = ! same purpose t in/9ct s]ves 9 !m2 x w\ld 9 t case be only a p>ticul> me?od :i* nature _h employ$ to equip man = ! same ends = :i* x has qualifi$ brutes1 )\t qualify+ him = any high] purpose4 ,no d\bt once ?is arrangem5t ( nature has be5 made = him he requires reason 9 ord] to take into consid]ation 8 weal & woe1 b besides ?is he possesses x = a high] purpose also1 namely1 n only to take into consid]ation :at is good or evil 9 itself1 ab\t :i* only pure reason1 un9flu5c$ by any s5sible int]e/1 c judge1 b also to di/+ui% ?is e/imate ?or\ghly f ! =m] & to make x ! supreme condition !re(4 ,9 e/imat+ :at is good or evil 9 itself1 z di/+ui%$ f :at c be s call$ only relatively1 ! foll[+ po9ts are to be consid]$4 ,ei!r a rational pr9ciple is already conceiv$1 z ( itself ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 )\t reg>d to possible objects ( desire 7& !re=e by ! m legislative =m ( ! maxim71 & 9 t case t pr9ciple is a practical a priori law1 & pure reason is suppos$ to be practical ( itself4 ,! law 9 t case det]m9es ! w directly2 ! action con=m$ to x is good 9 itself2 a w ^: maxim always con=ms to ?is law is good absolutely 9 e respect & is ! supreme condition ( all good4 ,or ! maxim ( ! w is consequ5t on a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( desire :i* presupposes an object ( pleasure or pa91 some?+ !re=e t pleases or displeases1 & ! maxim ( reason t we %\ld pursue ! =m] & avoid ! latt] det]m9es our actions z good relatively to our incl9ation1 t is1 good indirectly1 7i4e41 relatively to a diff]5t end to :i* !y are means71 & 9 t case ^! maxims c nev] be call$ laws1 b may be call$ rational practical precepts4 ,! end itself1 ! pleasure t we seek1 is 9 ! latt] case n a good b a welf>e2 n a concept ( reason1 b an empirical concept ( an object ( s5sation2 b ! use ( ! means !reto1 t is1 ! action1 is nev]!less call$ good 7because rational delib]ation is requir$ = x71 n h[ev]1 good absolutely1 b only relatively to our s5su\s nature1 ) reg>d to its feel+s ( pleasure & displeasure2 b ! w ^: maxim is affect$ !reby is n a pure w2 ?is is direct$ only to t 9 :i* pure reason by itself c be practical4 ,?is is ! prop] place to expla9 ! p>adox ( me?od 9 a critique ( practical reason1 namely1 t ! concept ( good & evil mu/ n be det]m9$ be=e ! moral law 7( :i* x seems z if x mu/ be ! f\ndation71 b only aft] x & by means ( x4 ,9 fact1 ev5 if we did n "k t ! pr9ciple ( morality is a pure a priori law det]m9+ ! w1 yet1 t we may n assume pr9ciples q gratuit\sly1 we mu/1 at lea/ at fir/1 leave x undecid$1 :e!r ! w has m]ely empirical pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 or :e!r x has n also pure a priori pr9ciples2 = x is contr>y to all rules ( philosophical me?od to assume z decid$ t :i* is ! v po9t 9 "q4 ,suppos+ t we wi%$ to beg9 ) ! concept ( good1 9 ord] to d$uce f x ! laws ( ! w1 !n ?is concept ( an object 7z a good7 w\ld at ! same "t assign to u ?is object z ! sole det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w4 ,n[1 s9ce ?is concept _h n any practical a priori law = its /&>d1 ! crit]ion ( good or evil c\ld n be plac$ 9 any?+ b ! agreem5t ( ! object ) our feel+ ( pleasure or pa92 & ! use ( reason c\ld only consi/ 9 det]m9+ 9 ! fir/ place ?is pleasure or pa9 9 connexion ) all ! s5sations ( my exi/5ce1 & 9 ! second place ! means ( secur+ to myself ! object ( ! pleasure4 ,n[1 z exp]i5ce alone c decide :at con=ms to ! feel+ ( pleasure1 & by hypo!sis ! practical law is to be bas$ on ?is z a condition1 x foll[s t ! possibility ( a priori practical laws w\ld be at once exclud$1 because x 0 imag9$ to be necess>y fir/ ( all to f9d an object ! concept ( :i*1 z a good1 %\ld con/itute ! univ]sal ?\gh empirical pr9ciple ( det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,b :at x 0 necess>y to inquire fir/ ( all 0 :e!r !re is n an a priori det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 7& ?is c\ld nev] be f\nd any:]e b 9 a pure practical law1 9 s f> z ?is law prescribes to maxims m]ely _! =m )\t reg>d to an object74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we laid ! f\ndation ( all practical law 9 an object det]m9$ by our conceptions ( good & evil1 :]eas )\t a previ\s law t object c\ld n be conceiv$ by empirical concepts1 we h depriv$ ourselves be=eh& ( ! possibility ( ev5 conceiv+ a pure practical law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we _h fir/ inve/igat$ ! latt] analytically1 we %\ld h f\nd t x is n ! concept ( good z an object t det]m9es ! moral law & makes x possible1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! moral law t fir/ det]m9es ! concept ( good & makes x possible1 s f> z x des]ves ! "n ( good absolutely4 ,?is rem>k1 :i* only conc]ns ! me?od ( ultimate e?ical inquiries1 is ( importance4 ,x expla9s at once ! occasion ( all ! mi/akes ( philosoph]s ) respect to ! supreme pr9ciple ( morals4 ,= !y s\ght = an object ( ! w :i* !y c\ld make ! matt] & pr9ciple ( a law 7:i* consequ5tly c\ld n det]m9e ! w directly1 b by means ( t object ref]r$ to ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa92 :]eas !y ought fir/ to h se>*$ = a law t w\ld det]m9e ! w a priori & directly1 & aft]w>ds det]m9e ! object 9 accordance ) ! w74 ,n[1 :e!r !y plac$ ?is object ( pleasure1 :i* 0 to supply ! supreme conception ( goodness1 9 happ9ess1 9 p]fection1 9 moral feel+1 or 9 ! w ( ,god1 _! pr9ciple 9 e case impli$ het]onomy1 & !y mu/ inevitably come ^u empirical conditions ( a moral law1 s9ce _! object1 :i* 0 to be ! imm$iate pr9ciple ( ! w1 c\ld n be call$ good or bad except 9 its imm$iate relation to feel+1 :i* is always empirical4 ,x is only a =mal law- t is1 "o :i* prescribes to reason no?+ m ?an ! =m ( its univ]sal legislation z ! supreme condition ( its maxims- t c be a priori a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( practical reason4 ,! anci5ts av[$ ?is error )\t concealm5t by direct+ all _! moral inquiries to ! det]m9ation ( ! notion ( ! summum bonum1 :i* !y int5d$ aft]w>ds to make ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 9 ! moral law2 :]eas x is only f> lat]1 :5 ! moral law has be5 fir/ e/abli%$ = itself1 & %[n to be ! direct det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 t ?is object c be pres5t$ to ! w1 ^: =m is n[ det]m9$ a priori2 & ?is we %all und]take 9 ! ,dialectic ( ! pure practical reason4 ,! mod]ns1 ) :om ! "q ( ! summum bonum has gone out ( fa%ion1 or at lea/ seems to h become a second>y matt]1 hide ! same error "u vague 7expressions z 9 _m o!r cases74 ,x %[s itself1 nev]!less1 9 _! sy/ems1 z x always produces het]onomy ( practical reason2 & f ?is c nev] be d]iv$ a moral law giv+ univ]sal comm&s4 ,n[1 s9ce ! notions ( good & evil1 z consequ5ces ( ! a priori det]m9ation ( ! w1 imply also a pure practical pr9ciple1 & !re=e a causality ( pure reason2 h5ce !y d n orig9ally ref] to objects 7s z to be1 = in/ance1 special modes ( ! syn!tic unity ( ! manifold ( giv5 intuitions 9 "o consci\sness7 l ! pure concepts ( ! und]/&+ or categories ( reason 9 its !oretic employm5t2 on ! contr>y1 !y presuppose t objects are giv52 b !y are all modes 7modi7 ( a s+le category1 namely1 t ( causality1 ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( :i* consi/s 9 ! rational conception ( a law1 :i* z a law ( fre$om reason gives to itself1 !reby a priori prov+ itself practical4 ,h[ev]1 z ! actions on ! "o side come "u a law :i* is n a physical law1 b a law ( fre$om1 & consequ5tly belong to ! conduct ( be+s 9 ! _w ( intellig5ce1 yet on ! o!r side z ev5ts 9 ! _w ( s5se !y belong to ph5om5a2 h5ce ! det]m9ations ( a practical reason are only possible 9 ref]5ce to ! latt] &1 !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! categories ( ! und]/&+2 n inde$ ) a view to any !oretic employm5t ( x1 i4e41 s z to br+ ! manifold ( 7s5sible7 intuition "u "o consci\sness a priori2 b only to subject ! manifold ( desires to ! unity ( consci\sness ( a practical reason1 giv+ x comm&s 9 ! moral law1 i4e41 to a pure w a priori4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ae ,^! categories ( fre$om- = s we *oose to call !m 9 contra/ to ^? !oretic categories :i* are categories ( physical nature- h an obvi\s advantage ov] ! latt]1 inasmu* z ! latt] are only =ms ( ?\ght :i* designate objects 9 an indef9ite mann] by means ( univ]sal concept ( e possible intuition2 ! =m]1 on ! contr>y1 ref] to ! det]m9ation ( a free elective w 7to :i* inde$ no exactly correspond+ intuition c be assign$1 b :i* has z its f\ndation a pure practical a priori law1 :i* is n ! case ) any concepts belong+ to ! !oretic use ( our cognitive faculties72 h5ce1 in/ead ( ! =m ( intuition 7space & "t71 :i* does n lie 9 reason itself1 b has to be drawn f ano!r s\rce1 namely1 ! s5sibility1 ^! be+ elem5t>y practical concepts h z _! f\ndation ! =m ( a pure w1 :i* is giv5 9 reason &1 !re=e1 9 ! ?9k+ faculty itself4 ,f ?is x happ5s t z all precepts ( pure practical reason h to d only ) ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 n ) ! physical conditions 7( practical ability7 ( ! execution ( "o's purpose1 ! practical a priori pr9ciples 9 relation to ! supreme pr9ciple ( fre$om are at once cognitions1 & h n to wait = intuitions 9 ord] to acquire significance1 & t = ?is rem>kable reason1 because !y !mselves produce ! reality ( t to :i* !y ref] 7! int5tion ( ! w71 :i* is n ! case ) !oretical concepts4 ,only we mu/ be c>eful to obs]ve t ^! categories only apply to ! practical reason2 & ?us !y proce$ 9 ord] f ^? :i* are z yet subject to s5sible conditions & morally indet]m9ate to ^? :i* are free f s5sible conditions & det]m9$ m]ely by ! moral law4 ,table ( ! ,categories ( ,fre$om relatively to ! ,notions ( ,good & ,evil4 ,i4 ,,quantity4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #bj ,subjective1 accord+ to maxims 7practical op9ions ( ! individual7 ,objective1 accord+ to pr9ciples 7,precepts7 ,a priori bo? objective & subjective pr9ciples ( fre$om 7laws7 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #be ,,ii4 ,,quality4 ,practical rules ( action 7praeceptivae7 ,practical rules ( omission 7prohibitivae7 ,practical rules ( exceptions 7exceptivae7 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #cj ,,iii4 ,,relation4 ,to p]sonality ,to ! condition ( ! p]son4 ,reciprocal1 ( "o p]son to ! o!rs ( ! o!rs4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ce ,,iv4 ,,modality4 ,! ,p]mitt$ & ! ,=bidd5 ,duty & ! contr>y to duty4 ,p]fect & imp]fect duty4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #dj ,x w at once be obs]v$ t 9 ?is table fre$om is consid]$ z a sort ( causality n subject to empirical pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 9 reg>d to actions possible by x1 :i* are ph5om5a 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & t consequ5tly x is ref]r$ to ! categories :i* conc]n its physical possibility1 :il/ yet ea* category is tak5 s univ]sally t ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( t causality c be plac$ outside ! _w ( s5se 9 fre$om z a prop]ty ( a be+ 9 ! _w ( intellig5ce2 & f9ally ! categories ( modality introduce ! transition f practical pr9ciples g5]ally to ^? ( morality1 b only problematically4 ,^! c be e/abli%$ dogmatically only by ! moral law4 ,i add no?+ fur!r "h 9 explanation ( ! pres5t table1 s9ce x is intelligible en\gh ( itself4 ,a division ( ?is k9d bas$ on pr9ciples is v useful 9 any sci5ce1 bo? = ! sake ( ?or\ghness & intelligibility4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we "k f ! prec$+ table & its fir/ numb] :at we mu/ beg9 f 9 practical inquiries2 namely1 f ! maxims :i* e "o f\nds on 8 own incl9ations2 ! precepts :i* hold = a species ( rational be+s s f> z !y agree 9 c]ta9 incl9ations2 & f9ally ! law :i* holds = all )\t reg>d to _! incl9ations1 etc4 ,9 ?is way we survey ! :ole plan ( :at has to be done1 e "q ( practical philosophy t has to be answ]$1 & also ! ord] t is to be foll[$4 ,( ! ,typic ( ! ,pure ,practical ,judgem5t4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #de ,x is ! notions ( good & evil t fir/ det]m9e an object ( ! w4 ,!y !mselves1 h[ev]1 are subject to a practical rule ( reason :i*1 if x is pure reason1 det]m9es ! w a priori relatively to its object4 ,n[1 :e!r an action :i* is possible to u 9 ! _w ( s5se1 comes "u ! rule or n1 is a "q to be decid$ by ! practical judgem5t1 by :i* :at is said 9 ! rule univ]sally 79 ab/racto7 is appli$ to an action 9 concreto4 ,b s9ce a practical rule ( pure reason 9 ! fir/ place z practical conc]ns ! exi/5ce ( an object1 & 9 ! second place z a practical rule ( pure reason implies necessity z reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( ! action &1 !re=e1 is a practical law1 n a physical law dep5d+ on empirical pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 b a law ( fre$om by :i* ! w is to be det]m9$ indep5d5tly on any?+ empirical 7m]ely by ! conception ( a law & its =m71 :]eas all in/ances t c occur ( possible actions c only be empirical1 t is1 belong to ! exp]i5ce ( physical nature2 h5ce1 x seems absurd to expect to f9d 9 ! _w ( s5se a case :i*1 :ile z su* x dep5ds only on ! law ( nature1 yet admits ( ! application to x ( a law ( fre$om1 & to :i* we c apply ! sup]s5sible idea ( ! morally good :i* is to be exhibit$ 9 x 9 concreto4 ,?us1 ! judgem5t ( ! pure practical reason is subject to ! same difficulties z t ( ! pure !oretical reason4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 _h means at h& ( escap+ f ^! difficulties1 because1 9 reg>d to ! !oretical employm5t1 intuitions 7 requir$ to :i* pure concepts ( ! und]/&+ c\ld be appli$1 & su* intuitions 7?\gh only ( objects ( ! s5ses7 c be giv5 a priori &1 !re=e1 z f> z reg>ds ! union ( ! manifold 9 !m1 con=m+ to ! pure a priori concepts ( ! und]/&+ z s*emata4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! morally good is some?+ ^: object is sup]s5sible2 = :i*1 !re=e1 no?+ correspond+ c be f\nd 9 any s5sible intuition4 ,judgem5t dep5d+ on laws ( pure practical reason seems1 !re=e1 to be subject to special difficulties aris+ f ?is1 t a law ( fre$om is to be appli$ to actions1 :i* are ev5ts tak+ place 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & :i*1 s f>1 belong to physical nature4 ,b "h aga9 is op5$ a fav\rable prospect = ! pure practical judgem5t4 ,:5 ,i subsume "u a pure practical law an action possible to me 9 ! _w ( s5se1 ,i am n conc]n$ ) ! possibility ( ! action z an ev5t 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,?is is a matt] t belongs to ! decision ( reason 9 its !oretic use accord+ to ! law ( causality1 :i* is a pure concept ( ! und]/&+1 = :i* reason has a s*ema 9 ! s5sible intuition4 ,physical causality1 or ! condition "u :i* x takes place1 belongs to ! physical concepts1 ! s*ema ( :i* is sket*$ by transc5d5tal imag9ation4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h to d1 n ) ! s*ema ( a case t occurs accord+ to laws1 b ) ! s*ema ( a law itself 7if ! ^w is all[able "h71 s9ce ! fact t ! w 7n ! action relatively to its effect7 is det]m9$ by ! law alone )\t any o!r pr9ciple1 connects ! notion ( causality ) q diff]5t conditions f ^? :i* con/itute physical connection4 ,! physical law be+ a law to :i* ! objects ( s5sible intuition1 z su*1 are subject1 mu/ h a s*ema correspond+ to x- t is1 a g5]al proc$ure ( ! imag9ation 7by :i* x exhibits a priori to ! s5ses ! pure concept ( ! und]/&+ :i* ! law det]m9es74 ,b ! law ( fre$om 7t is1 ( a causality n subject to s5sible conditions71 & consequ5tly ! concept ( ! unconditionally good1 _c h any intuition1 nor consequ5tly any s*ema suppli$ to x = ! purpose ( its application 9 concreto4 ,consequ5tly ! moral law has no faculty b ! und]/&+ to aid its application to physical objects 7n ! imag9ation72 & ! und]/&+ = ! purposes ( ! judgem5t c provide = an idea ( ! reason1 n a s*ema ( ! s5sibility1 b a law1 ?\gh only z to its =m z law2 su* a law1 h[ev]1 z c be exhibit$ 9 concreto 9 objects ( ! s5ses1 & !re=e a law ( nature4 ,we c !re=e call ?is law ! type ( ! moral law4 ,! rule ( ! judgem5t accord+ to laws ( pure practical reason is ?is3 ask y\rself :e!r1 if ! action y propose 7 to take place by a law ( ! sy/em ( nature ( :i* y 7 y\rself a "p1 y c\ld reg>d x z possible by y\r own w4 ,ev]yone does1 9 fact1 decide by ?is rule :e!r actions are morally good or evil4 ,?us1 p say3 ,if ev]yone p]mitt$ himself to deceive1 :5 he ?\ght x to 8 advantage2 or ?\ght himself ju/ifi$ 9 %ort5+ 8 life z soon z he 0 ?or\ghly we>y ( x2 or look$ ) p]fect indiff]5ce on ! necessity ( o!rs2 & if y belong$ to su* an ord] ( ?+s1 w\ld y d s ) ! ass5t ( y\r own w8 ,n[ ev]yone kn[s well t if he secretly all[s himself to deceive1 x does n foll[ t ev]yone else does s2 or if1 unobs]v$1 he is de/itute ( compassion1 o!rs w\ld n necess>ily be s to him2 h5ce1 ?is comp>ison ( ! maxim ( 8 actions ) a univ]sal law ( nature is n ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( 8 w4 ,su* a law is1 nev]!less1 a type ( ! e/imation ( ! maxim on moral pr9ciples4 ,if ! maxim ( ! action is n su* z to /& ! te/ ( ! =m ( a univ]sal law ( nature1 !n x is morally impossible4 ,?is is ! judgem5t ev5 ( common s5se2 = its ord9>y judgem5ts1 ev5 ^? ( exp]i5ce1 are always bas$ on ! law ( nature4 ,x has x !re=e always at h&1 only t 9 cases :]e causality f fre$om is to be criticis$1 x makes t law ( nature only ! type ( a law ( fre$om1 because1 )\t some?+ :i* x c\ld use z an example 9 a case ( exp]i5ce1 x c\ld n give ! law ( a pure practical reason its prop] use 9 practice4 ,x is !re=e all[able to use ! sy/em ( ! _w ( s5se z ! type ( a sup]s5sible sy/em ( ?+s1 provid$ ,i d n transf] to ! latt] ! intuitions1 & :at dep5ds on !m1 b m]ely apply to x ! =m ( law 9 g5]al 7! notion ( :i* occurs ev5 9 ! commone/ use ( reason1 b _c be def9itely kn[n a priori = any o!r purpose ?an ! pure practical use ( reason72 = laws1 z su*1 are s f> id5tical1 no matt] f :at !y d]ive _! det]m9+ pr9ciples4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ej ,fur!r1 s9ce ( all ! sup]s5sible absolutely no?+ is kn[n except fre$om 7?r\gh ! moral law71 & ?is only s f> z x is insep>ably impli$ 9 t law1 & moreov] all sup]s5sible objects to :i* reason might lead u1 foll[+ ! guidance ( t law1 h /ill no reality = u1 except = ! purpose ( t law1 & = ! use ( m]e practical reason2 & z reason is au?oriz$ & ev5 compell$ to use physical nature 79 its pure =m z an object ( ! und]/&+7 z ! type ( ! judgem5t2 h5ce1 ! pres5t rem>k w s]ve to gu>d aga9/ reckon+ among/ concepts !mselves t :i* belongs only to ! typic ( concepts4 ,?is1 namely1 z a typic ( ! judgem5t1 gu>ds aga9/ ! empiricism ( practical reason1 :i* f\nds ! practical notions ( good & evil m]ely on exp]i5c$ consequ5ces 7s-call$ happ9ess74 ,no d\bt happ9ess & ! inf9ite advantages :i* w\ld result f a w det]m9$ by self-love1 if ?is w at ! same "t erect$ itself into a univ]sal law ( nature1 may c]ta9ly s]ve z a p]fectly suitable type ( ! morally good1 b x is n id5tical ) x4 ,! same typic gu>ds also aga9/ ! my/icism ( practical reason1 :i* turns :at s]v$ only z a symbol into a s*ema1 t is1 proposes to provide = ! moral concepts actual intuitions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n s5sible 7intuitions ( an invisible ,k+dom ( ,god71 & ?us plunges into ! transc5d5t4 ,:at is befitt+ ! use ( ! moral concepts is only ! rationalism ( ! judgem5t1 :i* takes f ! s5sible sy/em ( nature only :at pure reason c also conceive ( itself1 t is1 con=mity to law1 & transf]s into ! sup]s5sible no?+ b :at c conv]sely be actually exhibit$ by actions 9 ! _w ( s5se accord+ to ! =mal rule ( a law ( nature4 ,h[ev]1 ! caution aga9/ empiricism ( practical reason is mu* m important2 = my/icism is q reconcilable ) ! purity & sublimity ( ! moral law1 &1 besides1 x is n v natural or agreeable to common habits ( ?\ght to /ra9 "o's imag9ation to sup]s5sible intuitions2 & h5ce ! dang] on ?is side is n s g5]al4 ,empiricism1 on ! contr>y1 cuts up at ! roots ! morality ( int5tions 79 :i*1 & n 9 actions only1 consi/s ! high wor? t m5 c & ought to give to !mselves71 & sub/itutes = duty some?+ q diff]5t1 namely1 an empirical int]e/1 ) :i* ! incl9ations g5]ally are secretly leagu$2 & empiricism1 moreov]1 be+ on ?is acc\nt alli$ ) all ! incl9ations :i* 7no matt] :at fa%ion !y put on7 degrade humanity :5 !y are rais$ to ! dignity ( a supreme practical pr9ciple2 & z ^!1 nev]!less1 are s fav\rable to ev]yone's feel+s1 x is = t reason mu* m dang]\s ?an my/icism1 :i* c nev] con/itute a la/+ condition ( any great numb] ( p]sons4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,( ! ,motives ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,:at is ess5tial 9 ! moral wor? ( actions is t ! moral law %\ld directly det]m9e ! w4 ,if ! det]m9ation ( ! w takes place 9 con=mity inde$ to ! moral law1 b only by means ( a feel+1 no matt] ( :at k9d1 :i* has to be presuppos$ 9 ord] t ! law may be suffici5t to det]m9e ! w1 & !re=e n = ! sake ( ! law1 !n ! action w possess legality1 b n morality4 ,n[1 if we und]/& by motive 7elat] animi7 ! subjective gr\nd ( det]m9ation ( ! w ( a be+ ^: reason does n necess>ily con=m to ! objective law1 by virtue ( its own nature1 !n x w foll[1 fir/1 t no motives c be attribut$ to ! ,div9e w1 & t ! motives ( ! human w 7z well z t ( e creat$ rational be+7 c nev] be any?+ else ?an ! moral law1 & consequ5tly t ! objective pr9ciple ( det]m9ation mu/ always & alone be also ! subjectively suffici5t det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! action1 if ?is is n m]ely to fulfil ! lett] ( ! law1 )\t conta9+ its _s4 99 99 ,we may say ( e action t con=ms to ! law1 b is n done = ! sake ( ! law1 t x is morally good 9 ! lett]1 n 9 ! _s 7! int5tion74 ,s9ce1 !n1 = ! purpose ( giv+ ! moral law influ5ce ov] ! w1 we mu/ n seek = any o!r motives t might enable u to disp5se ) ! motive ( ! law itself1 because t w\ld produce m]e hypocrisy1 )\t consi/5cy2 & x is ev5 dang]\s to all[ o!r motives 7= in/ance1 t ( int]e/7 ev5 to co-op]ate along ) ! moral law2 h5ce no?+ is left u b to det]m9e c>efully 9 :at way ! moral law becomes a motive1 & :at effect ?is has ^u ! faculty ( desire4 ,= z to ! "q h[ a law c be directly & ( itself a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 7:i* is ! ess5ce ( morality71 ?is is1 = human reason1 an insoluble problem & id5tical ) ! "q3 h[ a free w is possible4 ,!re=e :at we h to %[ a priori is n :y ! moral law 9 itself supplies a motive1 b :at effect x1 z su*1 produces 7or1 m correctly speak+1 mu/ produce7 on ! m9d4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #e ,! ess5tial po9t 9 e det]m9ation ( ! w by ! moral law is t be+ a free w x is det]m9$ simply by ! moral law1 n only )\t ! co-op]ation ( s5sible impulses1 b ev5 to ! rejection ( all su*1 & to ! *eck+ ( all incl9ations s f> z !y might be oppos$ to t law4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! effect ( ! moral law z a motive is only negative1 & ?is motive c be kn[n a priori to be su*4 ,= all incl9ation & e s5sible impulse is f\nd$ on feel+1 & ! negative effect produc$ on feel+ 7by ! *eck on ! incl9ations7 is itself feel+2 consequ5tly1 we c see a priori t ! moral law1 z a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 mu/ by ?w>t+ all our incl9ations produce a feel+ :i* may be call$ pa92 & 9 ?is we h ! fir/1 p]haps ! only1 in/ance 9 :i* we are able f a priori consid]ations to det]m9e ! relation ( a cognition 79 ?is case ( pure practical reason7 to ! feel+ ( pleasure or displeasure4 ,all ! incl9ations toge!r 7:i* c be r$uc$ to a tol]able sy/em1 9 :i* case _! satisfaction is call$ happ9ess7 con/itute self-reg>d 7solipsismus74 ,?is is ei!r ! self-love t consi/s 9 an excessive fondness = oneself 7philautia71 or satisfaction ) oneself 7arrogantia74 ,! =m] is call$ p>ticul>ly selfi%ness2 ! latt] self-conceit4 ,pure practical reason only *ecks selfi%ness1 look+ on x z natural & active 9 u ev5 prior to ! moral law1 s f> z to limit x to ! condition ( agreem5t ) ?is law1 & !n x is call$ rational self-love4 ,b self-conceit reason /rikes d[n altoge!r1 s9ce all claims to self-e/eem :i* prec$e agreem5t ) ! moral law are va9 & unju/ifiable1 = ! c]ta9ty ( a /ate ( m9d t co9cides ) ?is law is ! fir/ condition ( p]sonal wor? 7z we %all pres5tly %[ m cle>ly71 & prior to ?is con=mity any pret5sion to wor? is false & unlawful4 ,n[ ! prop5sity to self-e/eem is "o ( ! incl9ations :i* ! moral law *ecks1 inasmu* z t e/eem re/s only on morality4 ,!re=e ! moral law breaks d[n self-conceit4 ,b z ?is law is some?+ positive 9 itself1 namely1 ! =m ( an intellectual causality1 t is1 ( fre$om1 x mu/ be an object ( respect2 =1 by oppos+ ! subjective antagonism ( ! incl9ations1 x weak5s self-conceit2 & s9ce x ev5 breaks d[n1 t is1 humiliates1 ?is conceit1 x is an object ( ! highe/ respect &1 consequ5tly1 is ! f\ndation ( a positive feel+ :i* is n ( empirical orig91 b is kn[n a priori4 ,!re=e respect = ! moral law is a feel+ :i* is produc$ by an intellectual cause1 & ?is feel+ is ! only "o t we "k q a priori & ! necessity ( :i* we c p]ceive4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 t ev]y?+ t pres5ts itself z an object ( ! w prior to ! moral law is by t law itself1 :i* is ! supreme condition ( practical reason1 exclud$ f ! det]m9+ pr9ciples ( ! w :i* we h call$ ! unconditionally good2 & t ! m]e practical =m :i* consi/s 9 ! adaptation ( ! maxims to univ]sal legislation fir/ det]m9es :at is good 9 itself & absolutely1 & is ! basis ( ! maxims ( a pure w1 :i* alone is good 9 e respect4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d t our nature z s5sible be+s is su* t ! matt] ( desire 7objects ( incl9ation1 :e!r ( hope or fe>7 fir/ pres5ts itself to u2 & our pa?ologically affect$ self1 al?\gh x is 9 its maxims q unfit = univ]sal legislation2 yet1 j z if x con/itut$ our entire self1 /rives to put its pret5sions =w>d fir/1 & to h !m ackn[l$g$ z ! fir/ & orig9al4 ,?is prop5sity to make ourselves 9 ! subjective det]m9+ pr9ciples ( our *oice s]ve z ! objective det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w g5]ally may be call$ self-love2 & if ?is pret5ds to be legislative z an unconditional practical pr9ciple x may be call$ self-conceit4 ,n[ ! moral law1 :i* alone is truly objective 7namely1 9 e respect71 entirely excludes ! influ5ce ( self-love on ! supreme practical pr9ciple1 & indef9itely *ecks ! self-conceit t prescribes ! subjective conditions ( ! =m] z laws4 ,n[ :atev] *ecks our self-conceit 9 our own judgem5t humiliates2 !re=e ! moral law inevitably humbles e man :5 he comp>es ) x ! physical prop5sities ( 8 nature4 ,t1 ! idea ( :i* z a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( our w humbles u 9 our self-consci\sness1 awakes respect = itself1 s f> z x is itself positive & a det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! moral law is ev5 subjectively a cause ( respect4 ,n[ s9ce ev]y?+ t ent]s into self-love belongs to incl9ation1 & all incl9ation re/s on feel+s1 & consequ5tly :atev] *ecks all ! feel+s toge!r 9 self-love has necess>ily1 by ?is v circum/ance1 an influ5ce on feel+2 h5ce we compreh5d h[ x is possible to p]ceive a priori t ! moral law c produce an effect on feel+1 9 t x excludes ! incl9ations & ! prop5sity to make !m ! supreme practical condition1 i4e41 self-love1 f all p>ticipation 9 ! supreme legislation4 ,?is effect is on "o side m]ely negative1 b on ! o!r side1 relatively to ! re/rict+ pr9ciple ( pure practical reason1 x is positive4 ,no special k9d ( feel+ ne$ be assum$ = ?is "u ! "n ( a practical or moral feel+ z antec$5t to ! moral law & s]v+ z its f\ndation4 ,! negative effect on feel+ 7unpleasantness7 is pa?ological1 l e influ5ce on feel+ & l e feel+ g5]ally4 ,b z an effect ( ! consci\sness ( ! moral law1 & consequ5tly 9 relation to a sup]s5sible cause1 namely1 ! subject ( pure practical reason :i* is ! supreme lawgiv]1 ?is feel+ ( a rational be+ affect$ by incl9ations is call$ humiliation 7intellectual self-depreciation72 b ) ref]5ce to ! positive s\rce ( ?is humiliation1 ! law1 x is respect = x4 ,!re is inde$ no feel+ = ?is law2 b inasmu* z x removes ! resi/ance out ( ! way1 ?is removal ( an ob/acle is1 9 ! judgem5t ( reason1 e/eem$ equival5t to a positive help to its causality4 ,!re=e ?is feel+ may also be call$ a feel+ ( respect = ! moral law1 & = bo? reasons toge!r a moral feel+4 ,:ile ! moral law1 !re=e1 is a =mal det]m9+ pr9ciple ( action by practical pure reason1 & is moreov] a mat]ial ?\gh only objective det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! objects ( action z call$ good & evil1 x is also a subjective det]m9+ pr9ciple1 t is1 a motive to ?is action1 inasmu* z x has influ5ce on ! morality ( ! subject & produces a feel+ conducive to ! influ5ce ( ! law on ! w4 ,!re is "h 9 ! subject no antec$5t feel+ t5d+ to morality4 ,= ?is is impossible1 s9ce e feel+ is s5sible1 & ! motive ( moral int5tion mu/ be free f all s5sible conditions4 ,on ! contr>y1 :ile ! s5sible feel+ :i* is at ! bottom ( all our incl9ations is ! condition ( t impression :i* we call respect1 ! cause t det]m9es x lies 9 ! pure practical reason2 & ?is impression !re=e1 on acc\nt ( its orig91 mu/ be call$1 n a pa?ological b a practical effect4 ,= by ! fact t ! conception ( ! moral law deprives self-love ( its influ5ce1 & self-conceit ( its illusion1 x less5s ! ob/acle to pure practical reason & produces ! conception ( ! sup]iority ( its objective law to ! impulses ( ! s5sibility2 & ?us1 by remov+ ! c\nt]poise1 x gives relatively great] weight to ! law 9 ! judgem5t ( reason 79 ! case ( a w affect$ by ! a=esaid impulses74 ,?us ! respect = ! law is n a motive to morality1 b is morality itself subjectively consid]$ z a motive1 inasmu* z pure practical reason1 by reject+ all ! rival pret5sions ( self-love1 gives au?ority to ! law1 :i* n[ alone has influ5ce4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t z respect is an effect on feel+1 & !re=e on ! s5sibility1 ( a rational be+1 x presupposes ?is s5sibility1 & !re=e also ! f9it5ess ( su* be+s on :om ! moral law imposes respect2 & t respect = ! law _c be attribut$ to a supreme be+1 or to any be+ free f all s5sibility1 9 :om1 !re=e1 ?is s5sibility _c be an ob/acle to practical reason4 ,?is feel+ 7:i* we call ! moral feel+7 is !re=e produc$ simply by reason4 ,x does n s]ve = ! e/imation ( actions nor = ! f\ndation ( ! objective moral law itself1 b m]ely z a motive to make ?is ( itself a maxim4 ,b :at "n c\ld we m suitably apply to ?is s+ul> feel+ :i* _c be comp>$ to any pa?ological feel+8 ,x is ( su* a peculi> k9d t x seems to be at ! disposal ( reason only1 & t pure practical reason4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #aj ,respect applies always to p]sons only- n to ?+s4 ,! latt] may ar\se incl9ation1 & if !y are animals 7e4g41 horses1 dogs1 etc471 ev5 love or fe>1 l ! sea1 a volcano1 a bea/ ( prey2 b nev] respect4 ,some?+ t comes ne>] to ?is feel+ is admiration1 & ?is1 z an affection1 a/oni%m5t1 c apply to ?+s also1 e4g41 l(ty m\nta9s1 ! magnitude1 numb]1 & di/ance ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! /r5g? & swiftness ( _m animals1 etc4 ,b all ?is is n respect4 ,a man also may be an object to me ( love1 fe>1 or admiration1 ev5 to a/oni%m5t1 & yet n be an object ( respect4 ,8 jocose hum\r1 8 c\rage & /r5g?1 8 p[] f ! rank he has among/ o!rs1 may inspire me ) s5tim5ts ( ?is k9d1 b /ill inn] respect = him is want+4 ,font5elle says1 ,i b[ be=e a great man1 b my m9d does n b[4 ,i w\ld add1 be=e an humble pla9 man1 9 :om ,i p]ceive uprightness ( "* 9 a high] degree ?an ,i am consci\s ( 9 myself1- my m9d b[s :e!r ,i *oose x or n1 & ?\gh ,i be> my head nev] s high t he may n =get my sup]ior rank4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because 8 example exhibits to me a law t humbles my self-conceit :5 ,i comp>e x ) my conduct3 a law1 ! practicability ( ob$i5ce to :i* ,i see prov$ by fact be=e my eyes4 ,n[1 ,i may ev5 be consci\s ( a l degree ( uprightness1 & yet ! respect rema9s4 ,= s9ce 9 man all good is defective1 ! law made visible by an example /ill humbles my pride1 my /&>d be+ furni%$ by a man ^: imp]fections1 :atev] !y may be1 are n kn[n to me z my own are1 & :o !re=e appe>s to me 9 a m fav\rable light4 ,respect is a tribute :i* we _c refuse to m]it1 :e!r we w or n2 we may inde$ outw>dly )hold x1 b we _c help feel+ x inw>dly4 ,respect is s f> f be+ a feel+ ( pleasure t we only reluctantly give way to x z reg>ds a man4 ,we try to f9d out some?+ t may light5 ! burd5 ( x1 "s fault to comp5sate u = ! humiliation :i* su* an example causes4 ,ev5 ! dead are n always secure f ?is criticism1 especially if _! example appe>s inimitable4 ,ev5 ! moral law itself 9 its solemn maje/y is expos$ to ?is endeav\r to save oneself f yield+ x respect4 ,c x be ?\ght t x is = any o!r reason t we are s ready to r$uce x to ! level ( our famili> incl9ation1 or t x is = any o!r reason t we all take su* tr\ble to make x out to be ! *os5 precept ( our own int]e/ well und]/ood1 b t we want to be free f ! det]r5t respect :i* %[s u our own unwor?9ess ) su* sev]ity8 ,nev]!less1 on ! o!r h&1 s little is !re pa9 9 x t if once "o has laid aside self-conceit & all[$ practical influ5ce to t respect1 he c nev] be satisfi$ ) contemplat+ ! maje/y ( ?is law1 & ! s\l believes itself elevat$ 9 proportion z x sees ! holy law elevat$ above x & its frail nature4 ,no d\bt great tal5ts & activity proportion$ to !m may also occasion respect or an analog\s feel+4 ,x is v prop] to yield x to !m1 & !n x appe>s z if ?is s5tim5t 7 ! same ?+ z admiration4 ,b if we look clos] we %all obs]ve t x is always unc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! ability is due to native tal5t1 & h[ mu* to dilig5ce 9 cultivat+ x4 ,reason repres5ts x to u z probably ! fruit ( cultivation1 & !re=e z m]itori\s1 & ?is notably r$uces our self-conceit1 & ei!r ca/s a reproa* on u or urges u to foll[ su* an example 9 ! way t is suitable to u4 ,?is respect1 !n1 :i* we %[ to su* a p]son 7prop]ly speak+1 to ! law t 8 example exhibits7 is n m]e admiration2 & ?is is confirm$ also by ! fact t :5 ! common run ( admir]s ?9k !y h le>n$ f any s\rce ! badness ( su* a man's "* 7= in/ance ,voltaire's7 !y give up all respect = him2 :]eas ! true s*ol> /ill feels x at lea/ ) reg>d to 8 tal5ts1 because he is himself engag$ 9 a bus9ess & a vocation :i* make imitation ( su* a man 9 "s degree a law4 ,respect = ! moral law is1 !re=e1 ! only & ! und\bt$ moral motive1 & ?is feel+ is direct$ to no object1 except on ! gr\nd ( ?is law4 ,! moral law fir/ det]m9es ! w objectively & directly 9 ! judgem5t ( reason2 & fre$om1 ^: causality c be det]m9$ only by ! law1 consi/s j 9 ?is1 t x re/ricts all incl9ations1 & consequ5tly self-e/eem1 by ! condition ( ob$i5ce to its pure law4 ,?is re/riction n[ has an effect on feel+1 & produces ! impression ( displeasure :i* c be kn[n a priori f ! moral law4 ,s9ce x is s f> only a negative effect :i*1 aris+ f ! influ5ce ( pure practical reason1 *ecks ! activity ( ! subject1 s f> z x is det]m9$ by incl9ations1 & h5ce *ecks ! op9ion ( 8 p]sonal wor? 7:i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( agreem5t ) ! moral law1 is r$uc$ to no?+72 h5ce1 ! effect ( ?is law on feel+ is m]ely humiliation4 ,we c1 !re=e1 p]ceive ?is a priori1 b _c "k by x ! =ce ( ! pure practical law z a motive1 b only ! resi/ance to motives ( ! s5sibility4 ,b s9ce ! same law is objectively1 t is1 9 ! conception ( pure reason1 an imm$iate pr9ciple ( det]m9ation ( ! w1 & consequ5tly ?is humiliation takes place only relatively to ! purity ( ! law2 h5ce1 ! l[]+ ( ! pret5sions ( moral self-e/eem1 t is1 humiliation on ! s5sible side1 is an elevation ( ! moral1 i4e41 practical1 e/eem = ! law itself on ! intellectual side2 9 a ^w1 x is respect = ! law1 & !re=e1 z its cause is intellectual1 a positive feel+ :i* c be kn[n a priori4 ,= :atev] dim9i%es ! ob/acles to an activity fur!rs ?is activity itself4 ,n[ ! recognition ( ! moral law is ! consci\sness ( an activity ( practical reason f objective pr9ciples1 :i* only fails to reveal its effect 9 actions because subjective 7pa?ological7 causes h9d] x4 ,respect = ! moral law !n mu/ be reg>d$ z a positive1 ?\gh indirect1 effect ( x on feel+1 inasmu* z ?is respect weak5s ! imp$+ influ5ce ( incl9ations by humiliat+ self-e/eem2 & h5ce also z a subjective pr9ciple ( activity1 t is1 z a motive to ob$i5ce to ! law1 & z a pr9ciple ( ! maxims ( a life con=mable to x4 ,f ! notion ( a motive arises t ( an int]e/1 :i* c nev] be attribut$ to any be+ unless x possesses reason1 & :i* signifies a motive ( ! w 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ by ! reason4 ,s9ce 9 a morally good w ! law itself mu/ be ! motive1 ! moral int]e/ is a pure int]e/ ( practical reason alone1 indep5d5t ( s5se4 ,on ! notion ( an int]e/ is bas$ t ( a maxim4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is morally good only 9 case x re/s simply on ! int]e/ tak5 9 ob$i5ce to ! law4 ,all ?ree notions1 h[ev]1 t ( a motive1 ( an int]e/1 & ( a maxim1 c be appli$ only to f9ite be+s4 ,= !y all suppose a limitation ( ! nature ( ! be+1 9 t ! subjective "* ( 8 *oice does n ( itself agree ) ! objective law ( a practical reason2 !y suppose t ! be+ requires to be impell$ to action by some?+1 because an int]nal ob/acle opposes itself4 ,!re=e !y _c be appli$ to ! ,div9e w4 ,!re is some?+ s s+ul> 9 ! unb\nd$ e/eem = ! pure moral law1 ap>t f all advantage1 z x is pres5t$ = our ob$i5ce by practical reason1 ! voice ( :i* makes ev5 ! bolde/ s9n] tremble & compels him to hide himself f x1 t we _c wond] if we f9d ?is influ5ce ( a m]e intellectual idea on ! feel+s q incompreh5sible to speculative reason & h to be satisfi$ ) see+ s mu* ( ?is a priori t su* a feel+ is insep>ably connect$ ) ! conception ( ! moral law 9 e f9ite rational be+4 ,if ?is feel+ ( respect 7 pa?ological1 & !re=e 7 a feel+ ( pleasure bas$ on ! inn] s5se1 x w\ld be 9 va9 to try to discov] a connection ( x ) any idea a priori4 ,b x is a feel+ t applies m]ely to :at is practical1 & dep5ds on ! conception ( a law1 simply z to its =m1 n on acc\nt ( any object1 & !re=e _c be reckon$ ei!r z pleasure or pa91 & yet produces an int]e/ 9 ob$i5ce to ! law1 :i* we call ! moral int]e/1 j z ! capacity ( tak+ su* an int]e/ 9 ! law 7or respect = ! moral law itself7 is prop]ly ! moral feel+4 ,! consci\sness ( a free submission ( ! w to ! law1 yet comb9$ ) an inevitable con/ra9t put ^u all incl9ations1 ?\gh only by our own reason1 is respect = ! law4 ,! law t dem&s ?is respect & inspires x is cle>ly no o!r ?an ! moral 7= no o!r precludes all incl9ations f ex]cis+ any direct influ5ce on ! w74 ,an action :i* is objectively practical accord+ to ?is law1 to ! exclusion ( e det]m9+ pr9ciple ( incl9ation1 is duty1 & ?is by reason ( t exclusion includes 9 its concept practical obligation1 t is1 a det]m9ation to actions1 h[ev] reluctantly !y may be done4 ,! feel+ t arises f ! consci\sness ( ?is obligation is n pa?ological1 z w\ld be a feel+ produc$ by an object ( ! s5ses1 b practical only1 t is1 x is made possible by a prec$+ 7objective7 det]m9ation ( ! w & a causality ( ! reason4 ,z submission to ! law1 !re=e1 t is1 z a comm& 7ann\nc+ con/ra9t = ! s5sibly affect$ subject71 x conta9s 9 x no pleasure1 b on ! contr>y1 s f>1 pa9 9 ! action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 z ?is con/ra9t is ex]cis$ m]ely by ! legislation ( our own reason1 x also conta9s some?+ elevat+1 & ?is subjective effect on feel+1 inasmu* z pure practical reason is ! sole cause ( x1 may be call$ 9 ?is respect self-approbation1 s9ce we recognize ourselves z det]m9$ !reto solely by ! law )\t any int]e/1 & are n[ consci\s ( a q diff]5t int]e/ subjectively produc$ !reby1 & :i* is purely practical & free2 & our tak+ ?is int]e/ 9 an action ( duty is n sugge/$ by any incl9ation1 b is comm&$ & actually br\ght ab\t by reason ?r\gh ! practical law2 :5ce ?is feel+ obta9s a special "n1 t ( respect4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #ae ,! notion ( duty1 !re=e1 requires 9 ! action1 objectively1 agreem5t ) ! law1 &1 subjectively 9 its maxim1 t respect = ! law %all be ! sole mode 9 :i* ! w is det]m9$ !reby4 ,& on ?is re/s ! di/9ction betwe5 ! consci\sness ( hav+ act$ accord+ to duty & f duty1 t is1 f respect = ! law4 ,! =m] 7legality7 is possible ev5 if incl9ations h be5 ! det]m9+ pr9ciples ( ! w2 b ! latt] 7morality71 moral wor?1 c be plac$ only 9 ?is1 t ! action is done f duty1 t is1 simply = ! sake ( ! law4 99 99 ,if we exam9e accurately ! notion ( respect = p]sons z x has be5 already laid d[n1 we %all p]ceive t x always re/s on ! consci\sness ( a duty :i* an example %[s u1 & t respect1 !re=e1 c nev] h any b a moral gr\nd1 & t x is v good & ev51 9 a psy*ological po9t ( view1 v useful = ! k ( mank9d1 t :5ev] we use ?is expression we %\ld att5d to ?is secret & m>vell\s1 yet (t5 recurr+1 reg>d :i* m5 9 _! judgem5t pay to ! moral law4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to att5d ) ! utmo/ exactness 9 all moral judgem5ts to ! subjective pr9ciple ( all maxims1 t all ! morality ( actions may be plac$ 9 ! necessity ( act+ f duty & f respect = ! law1 n f love & incl9ation = t :i* ! actions are to produce4 ,= m5 & all creat$ rational be+s moral necessity is con/ra9t1 t is obligation1 & e action bas$ on x is to be conceiv$ z a duty1 n z a proce$+ previ\sly pleas+1 or likely to be pleas+ to u ( our own accord4 ,z if inde$ we c\ld ev] br+ x ab\t t )\t respect = ! law1 :i* implies fe>1 or at lea/ appreh5sion ( transgression1 we ( ourselves1 l ! indep5d5t ,deity1 c\ld ev] come into possession ( hol9ess ( w by ! co9cid5ce ( our w ) ! pure moral law becom+ z x 7 "p ( our nature1 nev] to be %ak5 79 :i* case ! law w\ld cease to be a comm& = u1 z we c\ld nev] be tempt$ to be untrue to x74 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #bj ,! moral law is 9 fact = ! w ( a p]fect be+ a law ( hol9ess1 b = ! w ( e f9ite rational be+ a law ( duty1 ( moral con/ra9t1 & ( ! det]m9ation ( its actions by respect = ?is law & rev]5ce = its duty4 ,no o!r subjective pr9ciple mu/ be assum$ z a motive1 else :ile ! action might *ance to be su* z ! law prescribes1 yet1 z does n proce$ f duty1 ! int5tion1 :i* is ! ?+ prop]ly 9 "q 9 ?is legislation1 is n moral4 ,x is a v beautiful ?+ to d good to m5 f love to !m & f sympa!tic good w1 or to be j f love ( ord]2 b ?is is n yet ! true moral maxim ( our conduct :i* is suitable to our position among/ rational be+s z m51 :5 we pret5d ) fanciful pride to set ourselves above ! ?\ght ( duty1 l volunte]s1 &1 z if we 7 indep5d5t on ! comm&1 to want to d ( our own good pleasure :at we ?9k we ne$ no comm& to d4 ,we /& "u a discipl9e ( reason & 9 all our maxims mu/ n =get our subjection to x1 nor )draw any?+ !refrom1 or by an egoti/ic presumption dim9i% aught ( ! au?ority ( ! law 7al?\gh our own reason gives x7 s z to set ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( our w1 ev5 ?\gh ! law be con=m$ to1 any:]e else b 9 ! law itself & 9 respect = ?is law4 ,duty & obligation are ! only names t we mu/ give to our relation to ! moral law4 ,we are inde$ legislative memb]s ( a moral k+dom r5d]$ possible by fre$om1 & pres5t$ to u by reason z an object ( respect2 b yet we are subjects 9 x1 n ! sov]eign1 & to mi/ake our inf]ior position z creatures1 & presumptu\sly to reject ! au?ority ( ! moral law1 is already to revolt f x 9 _s1 ev5 ?\gh ! lett] ( x is fulfill$4 ,) ?is agrees v well ! possibility ( su* a comm& z3 ,love ,god above ev]y?+1 & ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 99 ,= z a comm& x requires respect = a law :i* comm&s love & does n leave x to our own arbitr>y *oice to make ?is our pr9ciple4 ,love to ,god1 h[ev]1 consid]$ z an incl9ation 7pa?ological love71 is impossible1 = ,he is n an object ( ! s5ses4 ,! same affection t[>ds m5 is possible no d\bt1 b _c be comm&$1 = x is n 9 ! p[] ( any man to love anyone at comm&2 !re=e x is only practical love t is meant 9 t pi? ( all laws4 ,to love ,god means1 9 ?is s5se1 to l to d ,8 comm&m5ts2 to love "o's neighb\r means to l to practise all duties t[>ds him4 ,b ! comm& t makes ?is a rule _c comm& u to h ?is disposition 9 actions con=m$ to duty1 b only to endeav\r aft] x4 ,= a comm& to l to d a ?+ is 9 itself contradictory1 because if we already "k ( ourselves :at we are b\nd to d1 & if fur!r we are consci\s ( lik+ to d x1 a comm& w\ld be q ne$less2 & if we d x n will+ly1 b only out ( respect = ! law1 a comm& t makes ?is respect ! motive ( our maxim w\ld directly c\nt]act ! disposition comm&$4 ,t law ( all laws1 !re=e1 l all ! moral precepts ( ! ,gospel1 exhibits ! moral disposition 9 all its p]fection1 9 :i*1 view$ z an ideal ( hol9ess1 x is n atta9able by any creature1 b yet is ! patt]n :i* we %\ld /rive to approa*1 & 9 an un9t]rupt$ b inf9ite progress become l to4 ,9 fact1 if a rational creature c\ld ev] rea* ?is po9t1 t he ?or\ghly likes to d all moral laws1 ?is w\ld mean t !re does n exi/ 9 him ev5 ! possibility ( a desire t w\ld tempt him to deviate f !m2 = to ov]come su* a desire always co/s ! subject "s sacrifice & !re=e requires self-compulsion1 t is1 inw>d con/ra9t to some?+ t "o does n q l to d2 & no creature c ev] rea* ?is /age ( moral disposition4 ,=1 be+ a creature1 & !re=e always dep5d5t ) respect to :at he requires = complete satisfaction1 he c nev] be q free f desires & incl9ations1 & z ^! re/ on physical causes1 !y c nev] ( !mselves co9cide ) ! moral law1 ! s\rces ( :i* are q diff]5t2 & !re=e !y make x necess>y to f\nd ! m5tal disposition ( "o's maxims on moral obligation1 n on ready incl9ation1 b on respect1 :i* dem&s ob$i5ce to ! law1 ev5 ?\gh "o may n l x2 n on love1 :i* appreh5ds no inw>d reluctance ( ! w t[>ds ! law4 ,nev]!less1 ?is latt]1 namely1 love to ! law 7:i* w\ld !n cease to be a comm&1 & !n morality1 :i* w\ld h pass$ subjectively into hol9ess1 w\ld cease to be virtue7 mu/ be ! con/ant ?\gh unatta9able goal ( 8 endeav\rs4 ,= 9 ! case ( :at we highly e/eem1 b yet 7on acc\nt ( ! consci\sness ( our weakness7 dread1 ! increas$ facility ( satisfy+ x *anges ! mo/ rev]5tial awe into incl9ation1 & respect into love2 at lea/ ?is w\ld be ! p]fection ( a disposition devot$ to ! law1 if x 7 possible = a creature to atta9 x4 99 ,?is law is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! pr9ciple ( private happ9ess :i* "s make ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality4 ,?is w\ld be express$ ?us3 ,love ?yself above ev]y?+1 & ,god & ?y neighb\r = ?9e own sake4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #be ,?is reflection is int5d$ n s mu* to cle> up ! evangelical comm& j cit$1 9 ord] to prev5t religi\s fanaticism 9 reg>d to love ( ,god1 b to def9e accurately ! moral disposition ) reg>d directly to our duties t[>ds m51 & to *eck1 or if possible prev5t1 a m]ely moral fanaticism :i* infects _m p]sons4 ,! /age ( morality on :i* man 7&1 z f> z we c see1 e rational creature7 /&s is respect = ! moral law4 ,! disposition t he ought to h 9 obey+ ?is is to obey x f duty1 n f spontane\s incl9ation1 or f an endeav\r tak5 up f lik+ & unbidd52 & ?is prop] moral condition 9 :i* he c always be is virtue1 t is1 moral disposition militant1 & n hol9ess 9 ! fanci$ possession ( a p]fect purity ( ! disposition ( ! w4 ,x is no?+ b moral fanaticism & exagg]at$ self-conceit t is infus$ into ! m9d by exhortation to actions z noble1 sublime1 & magnanim\s1 by :i* m5 are l$ into ! delusion t x is n duty1 t is1 respect = ! law1 ^: yoke 7an easy yoke inde$1 because reason itself imposes x on u7 !y mu/ be>1 :e!r !y l x or n1 t con/itutes ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( _! actions1 & :i* always humbles !m :ile !y obey x2 fancy+ t ^? actions are expect$ f !m1 n f duty1 b z pure m]it4 ,= n only w\ld !y1 9 imitat+ su* de$s f su* a pr9ciple1 n h fulfill$ ! _s ( ! law 9 ! lea/1 :i* consi/s n 9 ! legality ( ! action 7)\t reg>d to pr9ciple71 b 9 ! subjection ( ! m9d to ! law2 n only d !y make ! motives pa?ological 7seat$ 9 sympa?y or self-love71 n moral 79 ! law71 b !y produce 9 ?is way a va91 high-fly+1 fanta/ic way ( ?9k+1 flatt]+ !mselves ) a spontane\s goodness ( he>t t ne$s nei!r spur nor bridle1 = :i* no comm& is ne$$1 & !reby =gett+ _! obligation1 :i* !y ought to ?9k ( r ?an m]it4 ,inde$ actions ( o!rs :i* are done ) great sacrifice1 & m]ely = ! sake ( duty1 may be prais$ z noble & sublime1 b only s f> z !re are traces :i* sugge/ t !y 7 done :olly out ( respect = duty & n f excit$ feel+s4 ,if ^!1 h[ev]1 are set be=e anyone z examples to be imitat$1 respect = duty 7:i* is ! only true moral feel+7 mu/ be employ$ z ! motive- ?is sev]e holy precept :i* nev] all[s our va9 self-love to dally ) pa?ological impulses 7h[ev] analog\s !y may be to morality71 & to take a pride 9 m]itori\s wor?4 ,n[ if we se>* we %all f9d = all actions t are wor?y ( praise a law ( duty :i* comm&s1 & does n leave u to *oose :at may be agreeable to our incl9ations4 ,?is is ! only way ( repres5t+ ?+s t c give a moral tra9+ to ! s\l1 because x alone is capable ( solid & accurately def9$ pr9ciples4 ,if fanaticism 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se is a delib]ate ov] /epp+ ( ! limits ( human reason1 !n moral fanaticism is su* an ov] /epp+ ( ! b\nds t practical pure reason sets to mank9d1 9 t x =bids u to place ! subjective det]m9+ pr9ciple ( correct actions1 t is1 _! moral motive1 9 any?+ b ! law itself1 or to place ! disposition :i* is !reby br\ght into ! maxims 9 any?+ b respect = ?is law1 & h5ce comm&s u to take z ! supreme vital pr9ciple ( all morality 9 m5 ! ?\ght ( duty1 :i* /rikes d[n all arrogance z well z va9 self-love4 ,if ?is is s1 x is n only writ]s ( romance or s5tim5tal educators 7al?\gh !y may be zeal\s oppon5ts ( s5tim5talism71 b sometimes ev5 philosoph]s1 nay1 ev5 ! sev]e/ ( all1 ! ,/oics1 t h br\ght 9 moral fanaticism in/ead ( a sob] b wise moral discipl9e1 al?\gh ! fanaticism ( ! latt] 0 m h]oic1 t ( ! =m] ( an insipid1 effem9ate "*2 & we may1 )\t hypocrisy1 say ( ! moral tea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 t x fir/1 by ! purity ( its moral pr9ciple1 & at ! same "t by its suitability to ! limitations ( f9ite be+s1 br\ght all ! good conduct ( m5 "u ! discipl9e ( a duty pla9ly set be=e _! eyes1 :i* does n p]mit !m to indulge 9 dreams ( imag9>y moral p]fections2 & t x also set ! b\nds ( humility 7t is1 self-k7 to self-conceit z well z to self-love1 bo? :i* are ready to mi/ake _! limits4 ,duty6 ,?\ sublime & mighty "n t do/ embrace no?+ *>m+ or ins9uat+1 b require/ submission1 & yet seeke/ n to move ! w by ?reat5+ aught t w\ld ar\se natural av]sion or t]ror1 b m]ely holde/ =? a law :i* ( itself f9ds entrance into ! m9d1 & yet ga9s reluctant rev]5ce 7?\gh n always ob$i5ce71 a law be=e :i* all incl9ations are dumb1 ev5 ?\gh !y secretly c\nt]-"w x2 :at orig9 is !re wor?y ( !e1 & :]e is to be f\nd ! root ( ?y noble desc5t :i* pr\dly rejects all k9dr$ ) ! incl9ations2 a root to be d]iv$ f :i* is ! indisp5sable condition ( ! only wor? :i* m5 c give !mselves8 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #cj ,x c be no?+ less ?an a p[] :i* elevates man above himself 7z a "p ( ! _w ( s5se71 a p[] :i* connects him ) an ord] ( ?+s t only ! und]/&+ c conceive1 ) a _w :i* at ! same "t comm&s ! :ole s5sible _w1 & ) x ! empirically det]m9able exi/5ce ( man 9 "t1 z well z ! sum total ( all ends 7:i* totality alone suits su* unconditional practical laws z ! moral74 ,?is p[] is no?+ b p]sonality1 t is1 fre$om & indep5d5ce on ! me*anism ( nature1 yet1 reg>d$ also z a faculty ( a be+ :i* is subject to special laws1 namely1 pure practical laws giv5 by its own reason2 s t ! p]son z belong+ to ! s5sible _w is subject to 8 own p]sonality z belong+ to ! intelligible sup]s5sible _w4 ,x is !n n to be wond]$ at t man1 z belong+ to bo? worlds1 mu/ reg>d 8 own nature 9 ref]5ce to its second & highe/ *>act]i/ic only ) rev]5ce1 & its laws ) ! highe/ respect4 ,on ?is orig9 are f\nd$ _m expressions :i* designate ! wor? ( objects accord+ to moral ideas4 ,! moral law is holy 7inviolable74 ,man is inde$ unholy en\gh1 b he mu/ reg>d humanity 9 8 own p]son z holy4 ,9 all creation e ?+ "o *ooses & ov] :i* "o has any p[]1 may be us$ m]ely z means2 man alone1 & ) him e rational creature1 is an end 9 himself4 ,by virtue ( ! autonomy ( 8 fre$om he is ! subject ( ! moral law1 :i* is holy4 ,j = ?is reason e w1 ev5 e p]son's own individual w1 9 relation to itself1 is re/rict$ to ! condition ( agreem5t ) ! autonomy ( ! rational be+1 t is to say1 t x is n to be subject to any purpose :i* _c accord ) a law :i* might arise f ! w ( ! passive subject himself2 ! latt] is1 !re=e1 nev] to be employ$ m]ely z means1 b z itself also1 concurr5tly1 an end4 ,we ju/ly attribute ?is condition ev5 to ! ,div9e w1 ) reg>d to ! rational be+s 9 ! _w1 :i* are ,8 creatures1 s9ce x re/s on _! p]sonality1 by :i* alone !y are ends 9 !mselves4 ,?is respect-inspir+ idea ( p]sonality :i* sets be=e our eyes ! sublimity ( our nature 79 its high] aspect71 :ile at ! same "t x %[s u ! want ( accord ( our conduct ) x & !reby /rikes d[n self-conceit1 is ev5 natural to ! commone/ reason & easily obs]v$4 ,has n e ev5 mod]ately hon\rable man sometimes f\nd t1 :]e by an o!rwise in(f5sive lie he might ei!r h )drawn himself f an unpleasant bus9ess1 or ev5 h procur$ "s advantages = a lov$ & well-des]v+ fri5d1 he has avoid$ x solely le/ he %\ld despise himself secretly 9 8 own eyes8 ,:5 an upright man is 9 ! greate/ di/ress1 :i* he might h avoid$ if he c\ld only h disreg>d$ duty1 is he n su/a9$ by ! consci\sness t he has ma9ta9$ humanity 9 its prop] dignity 9 8 own p]son & hon\r$ x1 t he has no reason to be a%am$ ( himself 9 8 own sight1 or to dread ! inw>d glance ( self-exam9ation8 ,?is consolation is n happ9ess1 x is n ev5 ! smalle/ "p ( x1 = no "o w\ld wi% to h occasion = x1 or w\ld1 p]haps1 ev5 desire a life 9 su* circum/ances4 ,b he lives1 & he _c endure t he %\ld be 9 8 own eyes unwor?y ( life4 ,?is inw>d peace is !re=e m]ely negative z reg>ds :at c make life pleasant2 x is1 9 fact1 only ! escap+ ! dang] ( s9k+ 9 p]sonal wor?1 aft] ev]y?+ else t is valuable has be5 lo/4 ,x is ! effect ( a respect = some?+ q diff]5t f life1 some?+ 9 comp>ison & contra/ ) :i* life ) all its enjoym5t has no value4 ,he /ill lives only because x is 8 duty1 n because he f9ds any?+ pleasant 9 life4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! true motive ( pure practical reason2 x is no o!r ?an ! pure moral law itself1 inasmu* z x makes u consci\s ( ! sublimity ( our own sup]s5sible exi/5ce & subjectively produces respect = _! high] nature 9 m5 :o are also consci\s ( _! s5sible exi/5ce & ( ! consequ5t dep5d5ce ( _! pa?ologically v susceptible nature4 ,n[ ) ?is motive may be comb9$ s _m *>ms & satisfactions ( life t ev5 on ?is acc\nt alone ! mo/ prud5t *oice ( a rational ,epicurean reflect+ on ! greate/ advantage ( life w\ld decl>e itself on ! side ( moral conduct1 & x may ev5 be advisable to jo9 ?is prospect ( a *e]ful enjoym5t ( life ) t supreme motive :i* is already suffici5t ( itself2 b only z a c\nt]poise to ! attractions :i* vice does n fail to exhibit on ! opposite side1 & n s z1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 to place 9 ?is ! prop] mov+ p[] :5 duty is 9 "q4 ,= t w\ld be j ! same z to wi% to ta9t ! purity ( ! moral disposition 9 its s\rce4 ,! maje/y ( duty has no?+ to d ) enjoym5t ( life2 x has its special law & its special tribunal1 & ?\gh ! two %\ld be nev] s well %ak5 toge!r to be giv5 well mix$1 l m$ic9e1 to ! sick s\l1 yet !y w soon sep>ate ( !mselves2 & if !y d n1 ! =m] w n act2 & al?\gh physical life might ga9 some:at 9 =ce1 ! moral life w\ld fade away irrecov]ably4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #ce ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,analytic ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,by ! critical exam9ation ( a sci5ce1 or ( a portion ( x1 :i* con/itutes a sy/em by itself1 ,i und]/& ! inquiry & pro( :y x mu/ h ?is & no o!r sy/ematic =m1 :5 we comp>e x ) ano!r sy/em :i* is bas$ on a simil> faculty ( k4 ,n[ practical & speculative reason are bas$ on ! same faculty1 s f> z bo? are pure reason4 ,!re=e ! diff]5ce 9 _! sy/ematic =m mu/ be det]m9$ by ! comp>ison ( bo?1 & ! gr\nd ( ?is mu/ be assign$4 ,! ,analytic ( pure !oretic reason _h to d ) ! k ( su* objects z may h be5 giv5 to ! und]/&+1 & 0 oblig$ !re=e to beg9 f intuition & consequ5tly 7z ?is is always s5sible7 f s5sibility2 & only aft] t c\ld advance to concepts 7( ! objects ( ?is intuition71 & c\ld only end ) pr9ciples aft] bo? ^! _h prec$$4 ,on ! contr>y1 s9ce practical reason has n to d ) objects s z to "k !m1 b ) its own faculty ( realiz+ !m 79 accordance ) ! k ( !m71 t is1 ) a w :i* is a causality1 inasmu* z reason conta9s its det]m9+ pr9ciple2 s9ce1 consequ5tly1 x has n to furni% an object ( intuition1 b z practical reason has to furni% only a law 7because ! notion ( causality always implies ! ref]5ce to a law :i* det]m9es ! exi/5ce ( ! _m 9 relation to "o ano!r72 h5ce a critical exam9ation ( ! ,analytic ( reason1 if ?is is to be practical reason 7& ?is is prop]ly ! problem71 mu/ beg9 ) ! possibility ( practical pr9ciples a priori4 ,only aft] t c x proce$ to concepts ( ! objects ( a practical reason1 namely1 ^? ( absolute good & evil1 9 ord] to assign !m 9 accordance ) ^? pr9ciples 7= prior to ^? pr9ciples !y _c possibly be giv5 z good & evil by any faculty ( k71 & only !n c\ld ! section be conclud$ ) ! la/ *apt]1 t1 namely1 :i* treats ( ! relation ( ! pure practical reason to ! s5sibility & ( its necess>y influ5ce !reon1 :i* is a priori cognisable1 t is1 ( ! moral s5tim5t4 ,?us ! ,analytic ( ! practical pure reason has ! :ole ext5t ( ! conditions ( its use 9 common ) ! !oretical1 b 9 rev]se ord]4 ,! ,analytic ( pure !oretic reason 0 divid$ into transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic & transc5d5tal ,logic1 t ( ! practical rev]sely into ,logic & ,ae/hetic ( pure practical reason 7if ,i may1 = ! sake ( analogy m]ely1 use ^! designations1 :i* are n q suitable74 ,?is logic aga9 0 !re divid$ into ! ,analytic ( concepts & t ( pr9ciples3 "h into t ( pr9ciples & concepts4 ,! ,ae/hetic also _h 9 ! =m] case two p>ts1 on acc\nt ( ! two k9ds ( s5sible intuition2 "h ! s5sibility is n consid]$ z a capacity ( intuition at all1 b m]ely z feel+ 7:i* c be a subjective gr\nd ( desire71 & 9 reg>d to x pure practical reason admits no fur!r division4 ,x is also easy to see ! reason :y ?is division into two p>ts ) its subdivision 0 n actually adopt$ "h 7z "o might h be5 induc$ to attempt by ! example ( ! =m] critique74 ,= s9ce x is pure reason t is "h consid]$ 9 its practical use1 & consequ5tly z proce$+ f a priori pr9ciples1 & n f empirical pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 h5ce ! division ( ! analytic ( pure practical reason mu/ resemble t ( a syllogism2 namely1 proce$+ f ! univ]sal 9 ! major premiss 7! moral pr9ciple71 ?r\gh a m9or premiss conta9+ a subsumption ( possible actions 7z good or evil7 "u ! =m]1 to ! conclusion1 namely1 ! subjective det]m9ation ( ! w 7an int]e/ 9 ! possible practical good1 & 9 ! maxim f\nd$ on x74 ,he :o has be5 able to conv9ce himself ( ! tru? ( ! positions occurr+ 9 ! ,analytic w take pleasure 9 su* comp>isons2 = !y ju/ly sugge/ ! expectation t we may p]haps "s day be able to disc]n ! unity ( ! :ole faculty ( reason 7!oretical z well z practical7 & be able to d]ive all f "o pr9ciple1 :i*1 is :at human reason inevitably dem&s1 z x f9ds complete satisfaction only 9 a p]fectly sy/ematic unity ( its k4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #dj ,if n[ we consid] also ! cont5ts ( ! k t we c h ( a pure practical reason1 & by means ( x1 z %[n by ! ,analytic1 we f9d1 along ) a rem>kable analogy betwe5 x & ! !oretical1 no less rem>kable diff]5ces4 ,z reg>ds ! !oretical1 ! faculty ( a pure rational cognition a priori c\ld be easily & evid5tly prov$ by examples f sci5ces 79 :i*1 z !y put _! pr9ciples to ! te/ 9 s _m ways by me?odical use1 !re is n s mu* reason z 9 common k to fe> a secret mixture ( empirical pr9ciples ( cognition74 ,b1 t pure reason )\t ! admixture ( any empirical pr9ciple is practical ( itself1 ?is c\ld only be %[n f ! commone/ practical use ( reason1 by v]ify+ ! fact1 t e man's natural reason ackn[l$ges ! supreme practical pr9ciple z ! supreme law ( 8 w- a law completely a priori & n dep5d+ on any s5sible data4 ,x 0 necess>y fir/ to e/abli% & v]ify ! purity ( its orig91 ev5 9 ! judgem5t ( ?is common reason1 be=e sci5ce c\ld take x 9 h& to make use ( x1 z a fact1 t is1 prior to all disputation ab\t its possibility1 & all ! consequ5ces t may be drawn f x4 ,b ?is circum/ance may be readily expla9$ f :at has j be5 said2 because practical pure reason mu/ necess>ily beg9 ) pr9ciples1 :i* !re=e mu/ be ! fir/ data1 ! f\ndation ( all sci5ce1 & _c be d]iv$ f x4 ,x 0 possible to effect ?is v]ification ( moral pr9ciples z pr9ciples ( a pure reason q well1 & ) suffici5t c]ta9ty1 by a s+le appeal to ! judgem5t ( common s5se1 = ?is reason1 t any?+ empirical :i* might slip into our maxims z a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w c be detect$ at once by ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 :i* necess>ily atta*es to x z excit+ desire2 :]eas pure practical reason positively refuses to admit ?is feel+ into its pr9ciple z a condition4 ,! het]og5eity ( ! det]m9+ pr9ciples 7! empirical & rational7 is cle>ly detect$ by ?is resi/ance ( a practically legislat+ reason aga9/ e admixture ( incl9ation1 & by a peculi> k9d ( s5tim5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n prec$e ! legislation ( ! practical reason1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is produc$ by ?is z a con/ra9t1 namely1 by ! feel+ ( a respect su* z no man has = incl9ations ( :atev] k9d b = ! law only2 & x is detect$ 9 s m>k$ & prom95t a mann] t ev5 ! mo/ un9/ruct$ _c fail to see at once 9 an example pres5t$ to him1 t empirical pr9ciples ( volition may inde$ urge him to foll[ _! attractions1 b t he c nev] be expect$ to obey any?+ b ! pure practical law ( reason alone4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! doctr9e ( happ9ess & ! doctr9e ( morality1 9 ! =m] ( :i* empirical pr9ciples con/itute ! entire f\ndation1 :ile 9 ! second !y d n =m ! smalle/ "p ( x1 is ! fir/ & mo/ important (fice ( ! ,analytic ( pure practical reason2 & x mu/ proce$ 9 x ) z mu* exactness &1 s to speak1 scrupul\sness1 z any geomet] 9 8 "w4 ,! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 has great] difficulties to cont5d ) "h 7z always 9 rational cognition by means ( concepts m]ely )\t con/ruction71 because he _c take any intuition z a f\ndation 7= a pure n\m5on74 ,he has1 h[ev]1 ?is advantage t1 l ! *emi/1 he c at any "t make an exp]im5t ) e man's practical reason = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ ! moral 7pure7 pr9ciple ( det]m9ation f ! empirical2 namely1 by add+ ! moral law 7z a det]m9+ pr9ciple7 to ! empirically affect$ w 7e4g41 t ( ! man :o w\ld be ready to lie because he c ga9 some?+ !reby74 ,x is z if ! analy/ add$ alkali to a solution ( lime 9 hydro*loric acid1 ! acid at once =sakes ! lime1 comb9es ) ! alkali1 & ! lime is precipitat$4 ,j 9 ! same way1 if to a man :o is o!rwise hone/ 7or :o = ?is occasion places himself only 9 ?\ght 9 ! position ( an hone/ man71 we pres5t ! moral law by :i* he recognises ! wor?lessness ( ! li>1 8 practical reason 79 =m+ a judgem5t ( :at ought to be done7 at once =sakes ! advantage1 comb9es ) t :i* ma9ta9s 9 him respect = 8 own p]son 7tru?fulness71 & ! advantage aft] x has be5 sep>at$ & wa%$ f e p>ticle ( reason 7:i* is altoge!r on ! side ( duty7 is easily weigh$ by ev]yone1 s t x c ent] into comb9ation ) reason 9 o!r cases1 only n :]e x c\ld be oppos$ to ! moral law1 :i* reason nev] =sakes1 b mo/ closely unites itself )4 ,b x does n foll[ t ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! pr9ciple ( happ9ess & t ( morality is an opposition betwe5 !m1 & pure practical reason does n require t we %\ld r5\nce all claim to happ9ess1 b only t ! mom5t duty is 9 "q we %\ld take no acc\nt ( happ9ess4 ,x may ev5 9 c]ta9 respects be a duty to provide = happ9ess2 p>tly1 because 7includ+ skill1 weal?1 ri*es7 x conta9s means = ! fulfilm5t ( our duty2 p>tly1 because ! abs5ce ( x 7e4g41 pov]ty7 implies temptations to transgress our duty4 ,b x c nev] be an imm$iate duty to promote our happ9ess1 /ill less c x be ! pr9ciple ( all duty4 ,n[1 z all det]m9+ pr9ciples ( ! w1 except ! law ( pure practical reason alone 7! moral law71 are all empirical &1 !re=e1 z su*1 belong to ! pr9ciple ( happ9ess1 !y mu/ all be kept ap>t f ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality & nev] be incorporat$ ) x z a condition2 s9ce ?is w\ld be to de/roy all moral wor? j z mu* z any empirical admixture ) geometrical pr9ciples w\ld de/roy ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matical evid5ce1 :i* 9 ,plato's op9ion is ! mo/ excell5t ?+ 9 ma!matics1 ev5 surpass+ _! utility4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( ! d$uction ( ! supreme pr9ciple ( pure practical reason1 t is1 ! explanation ( ! possibility ( su* a k a priori1 ! utmo/ we 7 able to d 0 to %[ t if we saw ! possibility ( ! fre$om ( an effici5t cause1 we %\ld also see n m]ely ! possibility1 b ev5 ! necessity1 ( ! moral law z ! supreme practical law ( rational be+s1 to :om we attribute fre$om ( causality ( _! w2 because bo? concepts are s insep>ably unit$ t we might def9e practical fre$om z indep5d5ce ( ! w on any?+ b ! moral law4 ,b we _c p]ceive ! possibility ( ! fre$om ( an effici5t cause1 especially 9 ! _w ( s5se2 we are =tunate if only we c be suffici5tly assur$ t !re is no pro( ( its impossibility1 & are n[1 by ! moral law :i* po/ulates x1 compell$ & !re=e au?oriz$ to assume x4 ,h[ev]1 !re are /ill _m :o ?9k t !y c expla9 ?is fre$om on empirical pr9ciples1 l any o!r physical faculty1 & treat x z a psy*ological prop]ty1 ! explanation ( :i* only requires a m exact /udy ( ! nature ( ! s\l & ( ! motives ( ! w1 & n z a transc5d5tal pr$icate ( ! causality ( a be+ t belongs to ! _w ( s5se 7:i* is really ! po9t74 ,!y ?us deprive u ( ! gr& revelation :i* we obta9 ?r\gh practical reason by means ( ! moral law1 ! revelation1 namely1 ( a sup]s5sible _w by ! realization ( ! o!rwise transc5d5t concept ( fre$om1 & by ?is deprive u also ( ! moral law itself1 :i* admits no empirical pr9ciple ( det]m9ation4 ,!re=e x w be necess>y to add some?+ "h z a protection aga9/ ?is delusion & to exhibit empiricism 9 its nak$ sup]ficiality4 ,! notion ( causality z physical necessity1 9 opposition to ! same notion z fre$om1 conc]ns only ! exi/5ce ( ?+s s f> z x is det]m9able 9 "t1 &1 consequ5tly1 z ph5om5a1 9 opposition to _! causality z ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,n[ if we take ! attributes ( exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 "t = attributes ( ?+s 9 !mselves 7:i* is ! common view71 !n x is impossible to reconcile ! necessity ( ! causal relation ) fre$om2 !y are contradictory4 ,= f ! =m] x foll[s t e ev5t1 & consequ5tly e action t takes place at a c]ta9 po9t ( "t1 is a necess>y result ( :at exi/$ 9 "t prec$+4 ,n[ z "t pa/ is no long] 9 my p[]1 h5ce e action t ,i p]=m mu/ be ! necess>y result ( c]ta9 det]m9+ gr\nds :i* are n 9 my p[]1 t is1 at ! mom5t 9 :i* ,i am act+ ,i am nev] free4 ,nay1 ev5 if ,i assume t my :ole exi/5ce is indep5d5t on any =eign cause 7= in/ance1 ,god71 s t ! det]m9+ pr9ciples ( my causality1 & ev5 ( my :ole exi/5ce1 7 n outside myself1 yet ?is w\ld n 9 ! lea/ trans=m t physical necessity into fre$om4 ,= at e mom5t ( "t ,i am /ill "u ! necessity ( be+ det]m9$ to action by t :i* is n 9 my p[]1 & ! s]ies ( ev5ts inf9ite a p>te priori1 :i* ,i only cont9ue accord+ to a pre-det]m9$ ord] & c\ld nev] beg9 ( myself1 w\ld be a cont9u\s physical *a91 & !re=e my causality w\ld nev] be fre$om4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #de ,if1 !n1 we w\ld attribute fre$om to a be+ ^: exi/5ce is det]m9$ 9 "t1 we _c except him f ! law ( necessity z to all ev5ts 9 8 exi/5ce &1 consequ5tly1 z to 8 actions also2 = t w\ld be to h& him ov] to bl9d *ance4 ,n[ z ?is law inevitably applies to all ! causality ( ?+s1 s f> z _! exi/5ce is det]m9able 9 "t1 x foll[s t if ?is 7 ! mode 9 :i* we _h also to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ^! ?+s 9 !mselves1 fre$om mu/ be reject$ z a va9 & impossible conception4 ,consequ5tly1 if we w\ld /ill save x1 no o!r way rema9s b to consid] t ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 s f> z x is det]m9able 9 "t1 & !re=e its causality1 accord+ to ! law ( physical necessity1 belong to appe>ance1 & to attribute fre$om to ! same be+ z a ?+ 9 itself4 ,?is is c]ta9ly inevitable1 if we w\ld reta9 bo? ^! contradictory concepts toge!r2 b 9 application1 :5 we try to expla9 _! comb9ation 9 "o & ! same action1 great difficulties pres5t !mselves :i* seem to r5d] su* a comb9ation impracticable4 ,:5 ,i say ( a man :o commits a !ft t1 by ! law ( causality1 ?is de$ is a necess>y result ( ! det]m9+ causes 9 prec$+ "t1 !n x 0 impossible t x c\ld n h happ5$2 h[ !n c ! judgem5t1 accord+ to ! moral law1 make any *ange1 & suppose t x c\ld h be5 omitt$1 because ! law says t x ought to h be5 omitt$2 t is1 h[ c a man be call$ q free at ! same mom5t1 & ) respect to ! same action 9 :i* he is subject to an inevitable physical necessity8 ,"s try to evade ?is by say+ t ! causes t det]m9e 8 causality are ( su* a k9d z to agree ) a comp>ative notion ( fre$om4 ,accord+ to ?is1 t is sometimes call$ a free effect1 ! det]m9+ physical cause ( :i* lies )9 ! act+ ?+ itself1 e4g41 t :i* a projectile p]=ms :5 x is 9 free motion1 9 :i* case we use ! ^w fre$om1 because :ile x is 9 flight x is n urg$ by any?+ ext]nal2 or z we call ! motion ( a clock a free motion1 because x moves its h&s itself1 :i* !re=e d n require to be pu%$ by ext]nal =ce2 s al?\gh ! actions ( man are necess>ily det]m9$ by causes :i* prec$e 9 "t1 we yet call !m free1 because ^! causes are ideas produc$ by our own faculties1 :]eby desires are evok$ on occasion ( circum/ances1 & h5ce actions are wr\ght accord+ to our own pleasure4 ,?is is a wret*$ subt]fuge ) :i* "s p]sons /ill let !mselves be put (f1 & s ?9k !y h solv$1 ) a petty ^w- juggl]y1 t difficult problem1 at ! solution ( :i* c5turies h lab\r$ 9 va91 & :i* c !re=e sc>cely be f\nd s completely on ! surface4 ,9 fact1 9 ! "q ab\t ! fre$om :i* mu/ be ! f\ndation ( all moral laws & ! consequ5t responsibility1 x does n matt] :e!r ! pr9ciples :i* necess>ily det]m9e causality by a physical law reside )9 ! subject or )\t him1 or 9 ! =m] case :e!r ^! pr9ciples are in/9ctive or are conceiv$ by reason1 if1 z is admitt$ by ^! m5 !mselves1 ^! det]m9+ ideas h ! gr\nd ( _! exi/5ce 9 "t & 9 ! antec$5t /ate1 & ?is aga9 9 an antec$5t1 etc4 ,!n x matt]s n t ^! are int]nal2 x matt]s n t !y h a psy*ological & n a me*anical causality1 t is1 produce actions by means ( ideas & n by bodily movem5ts2 !y are /ill det]m9+ pr9ciples ( ! causality ( a be+ ^: exi/5ce is det]m9able 9 "t1 & !re=e "u ! necessitation ( conditions ( pa/ "t1 :i* !re=e1 :5 ! subject has to act1 are no long] 9 8 p[]4 ,?is may imply psy*ological fre$om 7if we *oose to apply ?is t]m to a m]ely int]nal *a9 ( ideas 9 ! m9d71 b x involves physical necessity &1 !re=e1 leaves no room = transc5d5tal fre$om1 :i* mu/ be conceiv$ z indep5d5ce on ev]y?+ empirical1 &1 consequ5tly1 on nature g5]ally1 :e!r x is an object ( ! int]nal s5se consid]$ 9 "t only1 or ( ! ext]nal 9 "t & space4 ,)\t ?is fre$om 79 ! latt] & true s5se71 :i* alone is practical a priori1 no moral law & no moral imputation are possible4 ,j = ?is reason ! necessity ( ev5ts 9 "t1 accord+ to ! physical law ( causality1 may be call$ ! me*anism ( nature1 al?\gh we d n mean by ?is t ?+s :i* are subject to x mu/ be really mat]ial ma*9es4 ,we look "h only to ! necessity ( ! connection ( ev5ts 9 a "t-s]ies z x is develop$ accord+ to ! physical law1 :e!r ! subject 9 :i* ?is developm5t takes place is call$ automaton mat]iale :5 ! me*anical be+ is mov$ by matt]1 or ) ,leibnitz spirituale :5 x is impell$ by ideas2 & if ! fre$om ( our w 7 no o!r ?an ! latt] 7say ! psy*ological & comp>ative1 n also transc5d5tal1 t is1 absolute71 !n x w\ld at bottom be no?+ bett] ?an ! fre$om ( a turnspit1 :i*1 :5 once x is w\nd up1 accompli%es its motions ( itself4 ,n[1 9 ord] to remove 9 ! suppos$ case ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 fre$om & ! me*anism ( nature 9 "o & ! same action1 we mu/ rememb] :at 0 said 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 or :at foll[s !refrom2 viz41 t ! necessity ( nature1 :i* _c co-exi/ ) ! fre$om ( ! subject1 app]ta9s only to ! attributes ( ! ?+ t is subject to "t-conditions1 consequ5tly only to ^? ( ! act+ subject z a ph5om5on2 t !re=e 9 ?is respect ! det]m9+ pr9ciples ( e action ( ! same reside 9 :at belongs to pa/ "t & is no long] 9 8 p[] 79 :i* mu/ be includ$ 8 own pa/ actions & ! "* t ^! may det]m9e = him 9 8 own eyes z a ph5om5on74 ,b ! v same subject1 be+ on ! o!r side consci\s ( himself z a ?+ 9 himself1 consid]s 8 exi/5ce also 9 s f> z x is n subject to "t-conditions1 & reg>ds himself z only det]m9able by laws :i* he gives himself ?r\gh reason2 & 9 ?is 8 exi/5ce no?+ is antec$5t to ! det]m9ation ( 8 w1 b e action1 & 9 g5]al e modification ( 8 exi/5ce1 v>y+ accord+ to 8 int]nal s5se1 ev5 ! :ole s]ies ( 8 exi/5ce z a s5sible be+ is 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 sup]s5sible exi/5ce no?+ b ! result1 & nev] to be reg>d$ z ! det]m9+ pr9ciple1 ( 8 causality z a n\m5on4 ,9 ?is view n[ ! rational be+ c ju/ly say ( e unlawful action t he p]=ms1 t he c\ld v well h left x undone2 al?\gh z appe>ance x is suffici5tly det]m9$ 9 ! pa/1 & 9 ?is respect is absolutely necess>y2 = x1 ) all ! pa/ :i* det]m9es x1 belongs to ! "o s+le ph5om5on ( 8 "* :i* he makes = himself1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he imputes ! causality ( ^? appe>ances to himself z a cause indep5d5t on s5sibility4 ,) ?is agree p]fectly ! judicial s5t5ces ( t wond]ful faculty 9 u :i* we call consci5ce4 ,a man may use z mu* art z he likes 9 ord] to pa9t to himself an unlawful act1 t he rememb]s1 z an un9t5tional error1 a m]e ov]sight1 su* z "o c nev] altoge!r avoid1 & !re=e z some?+ 9 :i* he 0 c>ri$ away by ! /ream ( physical necessity1 & ?us to make himself out innoc5t1 yet he f9ds t ! advocate :o speaks 9 8 fav\r c by no means sil5ce ! accus] )91 if only he is consci\s t at ! "t :5 he did ?is wrong he 0 9 8 s5ses1 t is1 9 possession ( 8 fre$om2 &1 nev]!less1 he acc\nts = 8 error f "s bad habits1 :i* by gradual neglect ( att5tion he has all[$ to gr[ ^u him to su* a degree t he c reg>d 8 error z its natural consequ5ce1 al?\gh ?is _c protect him f ! blame & reproa* :i* he ca/s ^u himself4 ,?is is also ! gr\nd ( rep5tance = a long pa/ action at e recollection ( x2 a pa9ful feel+ produc$ by ! moral s5tim5t1 & :i* is practically void 9 s f> z x _c s]ve to undo :at has be5 done4 7,h5ce ,prie/ley1 z a true & consi/5t fatali/1 decl>es x absurd1 & he des]ves to be comm5d$ = ?is c&\r m ?an ^? :o1 :ile !y ma9ta9 ! me*anism ( ! w 9 fact1 & its fre$om 9 words only1 yet wi% x to be ?\ght t !y include x 9 _! sy/em ( compromise1 al?\gh !y d n expla9 ! possibility ( su* moral imputation47 ,b ! pa9 is q legitimate1 because :5 ! law ( our intelligible sup]s5sible exi/5ce 7! moral law7 is 9 "q1 reason recognizes no di/9ction ( "t1 & only asks :e!r ! ev5t belongs to me1 z my act1 & !n always morally connects ! same feel+ ) x1 :e!r x has happ5$ j n[ or long ago4 ,= 9 ref]5ce to ! sup]s5sible consci\sness ( its exi/5ce 7i4e41 fre$om7 ! life ( s5se is b a s+le ph5om5on1 :i*1 inasmu* z x conta9s m]ely manife/ations ( ! m5tal disposition ) reg>d to ! moral law 7i4e41 ( ! "*71 mu/ be judg$ n accord+ to ! physical necessity t belongs to x z ph5om5on1 b accord+ to ! absolute spontaneity ( fre$om4 ,x may !re=e be admitt$ t1 if x 7 possible to h s pr(\nd an insight into a man's m5tal "* z %[n by int]nal z well z ext]nal actions z to "k all its motives1 ev5 ! smalle/1 & likewise all ! ext]nal occasions t c influ5ce !m1 we c\ld calculate a man's conduct = ! future ) z great c]ta9ty z a lun> or sol> eclipse2 & nev]!less we may ma9ta9 t ! man is free4 ,9 fact1 if we 7 capable ( a fur!r glance1 namely1 an intellectual intuition ( ! same subject 7:i* inde$ is n grant$ to u1 & in/ead ( x we h only ! rational concept71 !n we %\ld p]ceive t ?is :ole *a9 ( appe>ances 9 reg>d to all t conc]ns ! moral laws dep5ds on ! spontaneity ( ! subject z a ?+ 9 itself1 ( ! det]m9ation ( :i* no physical explanation c be giv54 ,9 default ( ?is intuition1 ! moral law assures u ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! relation ( our actions z appe>ance to our s5sible nature1 & ! relation ( ?is s5sible nature to ! sup]s5sible sub/ratum 9 u4 ,9 ?is view1 :i* is natural to our reason1 ?\gh inexplicable1 we c also ju/ify "s judgem5ts :i* we pass$ ) all consci5ti\sness1 & :i* yet at fir/ sight seem q oppos$ to all equity4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* m51 ev5 ) ! same education :i* has be5 pr(itable to o!rs1 yet %[ su* e>ly depravity1 & s cont9ue to progress 9 x to ye>s ( manhood1 t !y are ?\ght to be born villa9s1 & _! "* altoge!r incapable ( improvem5t2 & nev]!less !y are judg$ = :at !y d or leave undone1 !y are reproa*$ = _! faults z guilty2 nay1 !y !mselves 7! *ildr57 reg>d ^! reproa*es z well f\nd$1 exactly z if 9 spite ( ! hopeless natural quality ( m9d ascrib$ to !m1 !y rema9$ j z responsible z any o!r man4 ,?is c\ld n happ5 if we did n suppose t :atev] spr+s f a man's *oice 7z e action int5tionally p]=m$ und\bt$ly does7 has z its f\ndation a free causality1 :i* f e>ly y\? expresses its "* 9 its manife/ations 7i4e41 actions74 ,^!1 on acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( conduct1 exhibit a natural connection1 :i* h[ev] does n make ! vici\s quality ( ! w necess>y1 b on ! contr>y1 is ! consequ5ce ( ! evil pr9ciples volunt>ily adopt$ & un*angeable1 :i* only make x s mu* ! m culpable & des]v+ ( puni%m5t4 ,!re /ill rema9s a difficulty 9 ! comb9ation ( fre$om ) ! me*anism ( nature 9 a be+ belong+ to ! _w ( s5se2 a difficulty :i*1 ev5 aft] all ! =ego+ is admitt$1 ?reat5s fre$om ) complete de/ruction4 ,b ) ?is dang] !re is also a circum/ance t (f]s hope ( an issue /ill fav\rable to fre$om2 namely1 t ! same difficulty presses mu* m /rongly 79 fact z we %all pres5tly see1 presses only7 on ! sy/em t holds ! exi/5ce det]m9able 9 "t & space to be ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves2 x does n !re=e oblige u to give up our capital supposition ( ! ideality ( "t z a m]e =m ( s5sible intuition1 & consequ5tly z a m]e mann] ( repres5tation :i* is prop] to ! subject z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se2 & !re=e x only requires t ?is view be reconcil$ ) ?is idea4 ,! difficulty is z foll[s3 ,ev5 if x is admitt$ t ! sup]s5sible subject c be free ) respect to a giv5 action1 al?\gh1 z a subject also belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 he is "u me*anical conditions ) respect to ! same action1 /ill1 z soon z we all[ t ,god z univ]sal fir/ cause is also ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( sub/ance 7a proposition :i* c nev] be giv5 up )\t at ! same "t giv+ up ! notion ( ,god z ! ,be+ ( all be+s1 & !re) giv+ up 8 all suffici5cy1 on :i* ev]y?+ 9 !ology dep5ds71 x seems z if we mu/ admit t a man's actions h _! det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 some?+ :i* is :olly out ( 8 p[]- namely1 9 ! causality ( a ,supreme ,be+ di/9ct f himself & on :om 8 own exi/5ce & ! :ole det]m9ation ( 8 causality are absolutely dep5d5t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 if a man's actions z belong+ to 8 modifications 9 "t 7 n m]ely modifications ( him z appe>ance1 b z a ?+ 9 itself1 fre$om c\ld n be sav$4 ,man w\ld be a m>ionette or an automaton1 l ,vaucanson's1 prep>$ & w\nd up by ! ,supreme ,arti/4 ,self-consci\sness w\ld inde$ make him a ?9k+ automaton2 b ! consci\sness ( 8 own spontaneity w\ld be m]e delusion if ?is 7 mi/ak5 = fre$om1 & x w\ld des]ve ?is "n only 9 a comp>ative s5se1 s9ce1 al?\gh ! proximate det]m9+ causes ( its motion & a long s]ies ( _! det]m9+ causes are int]nal1 yet ! la/ & highe/ is f\nd 9 a =eign h&4 ,!re=e ,i d n see h[ ^? :o /ill insi/ on reg>d+ "t & space z attributes belong+ to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 c avoid admitt+ ! fatality ( actions2 or if 7l ! o!rwise acute ,m5delssohn7 !y all[ !m to be conditions necess>ily belong+ to ! exi/5ce ( f9ite & d]iv$ be+s1 b n to t ( ! inf9ite ,supreme ,be+1 ,i d n see on :at gr\nd !y c ju/ify su* a di/9ction1 or1 inde$1 h[ !y c avoid ! contradiction t meets !m1 :5 !y hold t exi/5ce 9 "t is an attribute necess>ily belong+ to f9ite ?+s 9 !mselves1 :]eas ,god is ! cause ( ?is exi/5ce1 b _c be ! cause ( "t 7or space7 itself 7s9ce ?is mu/ be presuppos$ z a necess>y a priori condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s72 & consequ5tly z reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( ^! ?+s4 ,8 causality mu/ be subject to conditions & ev5 to ! condition ( "t2 & ?is w\ld inevitably br+ 9 ev]y?+ contradictory to ! notions ( ,8 inf9ity & indep5d5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q easy = u to draw ! di/9ction betwe5 ! attribute ( ! div9e exi/5ce ( be+ indep5d5t on all "t-conditions1 & t ( a be+ ( ! _w ( s5se1 ! di/9ction be+ t betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( a be+ 9 itself & t ( a ?+ 9 appe>ance4 ,h5ce1 if ?is ideality ( "t & space is n adopt$1 no?+ rema9s b ,sp9ozism1 9 :i* space & "t are ess5tial attributes ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ,himself1 & ! ?+s dep5d5t on ,him 7ourselves1 !re=e1 includ$7 are n sub/ances1 b m]ely accid5ts inh]+ 9 ,him2 s9ce1 if ^! ?+s z ,8 effects exi/ 9 "t only1 ?is be+ ! condition ( _! exi/5ce 9 !mselves1 !n ! actions ( ^! be+s mu/ be simply ,8 actions :i* ,he p]=ms 9 "s place & "t4 ,?us1 ,sp9ozism1 9 spite ( ! absurdity ( its fundam5tal idea1 argues m consi/5tly ?an ! creation !ory c1 :5 be+s assum$ to be sub/ances1 & be+s 9 !mselves exi/+ 9 "t1 are reg>d$ z effects ( a ,supreme ,cause1 & yet z n belong+ to ,him & ,8 action1 b z sep>ate sub/ances4 ,,book#a;,,*apt]#c p>agraph #ej ,! above-m5tion$ difficulty is resolv$ briefly & cle>ly z foll[s3 ,if exi/5ce 9 "t is a m]e s5sible mode ( repres5tation belong+ to ?9k+ be+s 9 ! _w & consequ5tly does n apply to !m z ?+s 9 !mselves1 !n ! creation ( ^! be+s is a creation ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 s9ce ! notion ( creation does n belong to ! s5sible =m ( repres5tation ( exi/5ce or to causality1 b c only be ref]r$ to n\m5a4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,i say ( be+s 9 ! _w ( s5se t !y are creat$1 ,i s f> reg>d !m z n\m5a4 ,z x w\ld be a contradiction1 !re=e1 to say t ,god is a creator ( appe>ances1 s also x is a contradiction to say t z creator ,he is ! cause ( actions 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & !re=e z appe>ances1 al?\gh ,he is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! act+ be+s 7:i* are n\m5a74 ,if n[ x is possible to affirm fre$om 9 spite ( ! natural me*anism ( actions z appe>ances 7by reg>d+ exi/5ce 9 "t z some?+ t belongs only to appe>ances1 n to ?+s 9 !mselves71 !n ! circum/ance t ! act+ be+s are creatures _c make ! slighte/ diff]5ce1 s9ce creation conc]ns _! sup]s5sible & n _! s5sible exi/5ce1 &1 !re=e1 _c be reg>d$ z ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! appe>ances4 ,x w\ld be q diff]5t if ! be+s 9 ! _w z ?+s 9 !mselves exi/$ 9 "t1 s9ce 9 t case ! creator ( sub/ance w\ld be at ! same "t ! au?or ( ! :ole me*anism ( ?is sub/ance4 ,( s great importance is ! sep>ation ( "t 7z well z space7 f ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves :i* 0 effect$ 9 ! ,critique ( ! ,pure ,speculative ,reason4 ,x may be said t ! solution "h propos$ involves great difficulty 9 itself & is sc>cely susceptible ( a lucid exposition4 ,b is any o!r solution t has be5 attempt$1 or t may be attempt$1 easi] & m intelligible8 ,r might we say t ! dogmatic tea*]s ( metaphysics h %[n m %rewdness ?an c&\r 9 keep+ ?is difficult po9t out ( sight z mu* z possible1 9 ! hope t if !y said no?+ ab\t x1 probably no "o w\ld ?9k ( x4 ,if sci5ce is to be advanc$1 all difficulties mu/ be laid op51 & we mu/ ev5 se>* = ^? t are hidd51 = e difficulty calls =? a rem$y1 :i* _c be discov]$ )\t sci5ce ga9+ ei!r 9 ext5t or 9 exactness2 & ?us ev5 ob/acles become means ( increas+ ! ?or\ghness ( sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! difficulties are int5tionally conceal$1 or m]ely remov$ by palliatives1 !n soon] or lat] !y bur/ out into incurable mis*iefs1 :i* br+ sci5ce to ru9 9 an absolute scepticism4 ,s9ce x is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! notion ( fre$om alone among/ all ! ideas ( pure speculative reason t s greatly enl>ges our k 9 ! sph]e ( ! sup]s5sible1 ?\gh only ( our practical k1 ,i ask myself :y x exclusively possesses s great f]tility1 :]eas ! o!rs only designate ! vacant space = possible be+s ( ! pure und]/&+1 b are unable by any means to def9e ! concept ( !m4 ,i pres5tly f9d t z ,i _c ?9k any?+ )\t a category1 ,i mu/ fir/ look = a category = ! rational idea ( fre$om ) :i* ,i am n[ conc]n$2 & ?is is ! category ( causality2 & al?\gh fre$om1 a concept ( ! reason1 be+ a transc5d5t concept1 _c h any intuition correspond+ to x1 yet ! concept ( ! und]/&+- = ! syn!sis ( :i* ! =m] dem&s ! uncondition$- 7namely1 ! concept ( causality7 mu/ h a s5sible intuition giv51 by :i* fir/ its objective reality is assur$4 ,n[1 ! categories are all divid$ into two classes- ! ma!matical1 :i* conc]n ! unity ( syn!sis 9 ! conception ( objects1 & ! dynamical1 :i* ref] to ! unity ( syn!sis 9 ! conception ( ! exi/5ce ( objects4 ,! =m] 7^? ( magnitude & quality7 always conta9 a syn!sis ( ! homog5e\s1 & x is n possible to f9d 9 ?is ! uncondition$ antec$5t to :at is giv5 9 s5sible intuition z condition$ 9 space & "t1 z ?is w\ld itself h to belong to space & "t1 & !re=e be aga9 /ill condition$4 ,:5ce x result$ 9 ! ,dialectic ( ,pure ,!oretic ,reason t ! opposite me?ods ( atta9+ ! uncondition$ & ! totality ( ! conditions 7 bo? wrong4 ,! categories ( ! second class 7^? ( causality & ( ! necessity ( a ?+7 did n require ?is homog5eity 7( ! condition$ & ! condition 9 syn!sis71 s9ce "h :at we h to expla9 is n h[ ! intuition is comp\nd$ f a manifold 9 x1 b only h[ ! exi/5ce ( ! condition$ object correspond+ to x is add$ to ! exi/5ce ( ! condition 7add$1 namely1 9 ! und]/&+ z connect$ !re)72 & 9 t case x 0 all[able to suppose 9 ! sup]s5sible _w ! uncondition$ antec$5t to ! altoge!r condition$ 9 ! _w ( s5se 7bo? z reg>ds ! causal connection & ! cont+5t exi/5ce ( ?+s !mselves71 al?\gh ?is uncondition$ rema9$ indet]m9ate1 & to make ! syn!sis transc5d5t4 ,h5ce1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,dialectic ( ! ,pure ,speculative ,reason t ! two app>5tly opposite me?ods ( obta9+ = ! condition$ ! uncondition$ 7 n really contradictory1 e4g41 9 ! syn!sis ( causality to conceive = ! condition$ 9 ! s]ies ( causes & effects ( ! s5sible _w1 a causality :i* has no s5sible condition1 & t ! same action :i*1 z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 is always s5sibly condition$1 t is1 me*anically necess>y1 yet at ! same "t may be d]iv$ f a causality n s5sibly condition$- be+ ! causality ( ! act+ be+ z belong+ to ! sup]s5sible _w- & may consequ5tly be conceiv$ z free4 ,n[1 ! only po9t 9 "q 0 to *ange ?is may be into is2 t is1 t we %\ld be able to %[ 9 an actual case1 z x 7 by a fact1 t c]ta9 actions imply su* a causality 7namely1 ! intellectual1 s5sibly uncondition$71 :e!r !y are actual or only comm&$1 t is1 objectively necess>y 9 a practical s5se4 ,we c\ld n hope to f9d ?is connexion 9 actions actually giv5 9 exp]i5ce z ev5ts ( ! s5sible _w1 s9ce causality ) fre$om mu/ always be s\ght outside ! _w ( s5se 9 ! _w ( intellig5ce4 ,b ?+s ( s5se are ! only ?+s (f]$ to our p]ception & obs]vation4 ,h5ce1 no?+ rema9$ b to f9d an inconte/able objective pr9ciple ( causality :i* excludes all s5sible conditions3 t is1 a pr9ciple 9 :i* reason does n appeal fur!r to some?+ else z a det]m9+ gr\nd ( its causality1 b conta9s ?is det]m9+ gr\nd itself by means ( t pr9ciple1 & 9 :i* !re=e x is itself z pure reason practical4 ,n[1 ?is pr9ciple _h n to be se>*$ = or discov]$2 x _h long be5 9 ! reason ( all m51 & incorporat$ 9 _! nature1 & is ! pr9ciple ( morality4 ,!re=e1 t uncondition$ causality1 ) ! faculty ( x1 namely1 fre$om1 is no long] m]ely indef9itely & problematically ?\ght 7?is speculative reason c\ld prove to be feasible71 b is ev5 z reg>ds ! law ( its causality def9itely & ass]torially kn[n2 & ) x ! fact t a be+ 7,i myself71 belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 belongs also to ! sup]s5sible _w1 ?is is also positively kn[n1 & ?us ! reality ( ! sup]s5sible _w is e/abli%$ & 9 practical respects def9itely giv51 & ?is def9it5ess1 :i* = !oretical purposes w\ld be transc5d5t1 is = practical purposes imman5t4 ,we c\ld n1 h[ev]1 make a simil> /ep z reg>ds ! second dynamical idea1 namely1 t ( a necess>y be+4 ,we c\ld n rise to x f ! s5sible _w )\t ! aid ( ! fir/ dynamical idea4 ,= if we attempt$ to d s1 we %\ld h v5tur$ to leave at a b\nd all t is giv5 to u1 & to leap to t ( :i* no?+ is giv5 u t c help u to effect ! connection ( su* a sup]s5sible be+ ) ! _w ( s5se 7s9ce ! necess>y be+ w\ld h to be kn[n z giv5 outside ourselves74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n[ obvi\s t ?is connection is q possible 9 relation to our own subject1 inasmu* z ,i "k myself to be on ! "o side z an intelligible sup]s5sible be+ det]m9$ by ! moral law 7by means ( fre$om71 & on ! o!r side z act+ 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,x is ! concept ( fre$om alone t enables u to f9d ! uncondition$ & intelligible = ! condition$ & s5sible )\t go+ out ( ourselves4 ,= x is our own reason t by means ( ! supreme & unconditional practical law kn[s t itself & ! be+ t is consci\s ( ?is law 7our own p]son7 belong to ! pure _w ( und]/&+1 & moreov] def9es ! mann] 9 :i*1 z su*1 x c be active4 ,9 ?is way x c be und]/ood :y 9 ! :ole faculty ( reason x is ! practical reason only t c help u to pass beyond ! _w ( s5se & give u k ( a sup]s5sible ord] & connection1 :i*1 h[ev]1 = ?is v reason _c be ext5d$ fur!r ?an is necess>y = pure practical purposes4 ,let me be p]mitt$ on ?is occasion to make "o m rem>k1 namely1 t e /ep t we make ) pure reason1 ev5 9 ! practical sph]e :]e no att5tion is paid to subtle speculation1 nev]!less accords ) all ! mat]ial po9ts ( ! ,critique ( ! ,!oretical ,reason z closely & directly z if ea* /ep _h be5 ?\ght out ) delib]ate purpose to e/abli% ?is confirmation4 ,su* a ?or\gh agreem5t1 :olly uns\ght = & q obvi\s 7z anyone c conv9ce himself1 if he w only c>ry moral inquiries up to _! pr9ciples71 betwe5 ! mo/ important proposition ( practical reason & ! (t5 seem+ly too subtle & ne$less rem>ks ( ! ,critique ( ! ,speculative ,reason1 occasions surprise & a/oni%m5t1 & confirms ! maxim already recogniz$ & prais$ by o!rs1 namely1 t 9 e sci5tific inquiry we %\ld pursue our way /eadily ) all possible exactness & frankness1 )\t c>+ = any objections t may be rais$ f outside its sph]e1 b1 z f> z we c1 to c>ry out our inquiry tru?fully & completely by itself4 ,frequ5t obs]vation has conv9c$ me t1 :5 su* rese>*es are conclud$1 t :i* 9 "o "p ( !m appe>$ to me v que/ionable1 consid]$ 9 relation to o!r extrane\s doctr9es1 :5 ,i left ?is d\btfulness out ( sight = a "t & only att5d$ to ! bus9ess 9 h& until x 0 complet$1 at la/ 0 unexpect$ly f\nd to agree p]fectly ) :at _h be5 discov]$ sep>ately )\t ! lea/ reg>d to ^? doctr9es1 & )\t any p>tiality or prejudice = !m4 ,au?ors w\ld save !mselves _m errors & mu* lab\r lo/ 7because sp5t on a delusion7 if !y c\ld only resolve to g to "w ) m frankness4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#a ,,book ,,ii4 ,dialectic ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,( a ,dialectic ( ,pure ,practical ,reason ,g5]ally4 ,pure reason always has its dialetic1 :e!r x is consid]$ 9 its speculative or its practical employm5t2 = x requires ! absolute totality ( ! 'conditions ( :at is giv5 condition$1 & ?is c only be f\nd 9 ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,b z all conceptions ( ?+s 9 !mselves mu/ be ref]r$ to intuitions1 & ) u m5 ^! c nev] be o!r ?an s5sible & h5ce c nev] enable u to "k objects z ?+s 9 !mselves b only z appe>ances1 & s9ce ! uncondition$ c nev] be f\nd 9 ?is *a9 ( appe>ances :i* consi/s only ( condition$ & conditions2 ?us f apply+ ?is rational idea ( ! totality ( ! conditions 79 o!r words ( ! uncondition$7 to appe>ances1 !re arises an inevitable illusion1 z if ^! latt] 7 ?+s 9 !mselves 7= 9 ! abs5ce ( a w>n+ critique !y are always reg>d$ z su*74 ,?is illusion w\ld nev] be notic$ z delusive if x did n betray itself by a conflict ( reason ) itself1 :5 x applies to appe>ances its fundam5tal pr9ciple ( presuppos+ ! uncondition$ to ev]y?+ condition$4 ,by ?is1 h[ev]1 reason is compell$ to trace ?is illusion to its s\rce1 & se>* h[ x c be remov$1 & ?is c only be done by a complete critical exam9ation ( ! :ole pure faculty ( reason2 s t ! ant9omy ( ! pure reason :i* is manife/ 9 its dialectic is 9 fact ! mo/ b5eficial error into :i* human reason c\ld ev] h fall51 s9ce x at la/ drives u to se>* = ! key to escape f ?is labyr9?2 & :5 ?is key is f\nd1 x fur!r discov]s t :i* we did n seek b yet _h ne$ (1 namely1 a view into a high] & an immutable ord] ( ?+s1 9 :i* we ev5 n[ are1 & 9 :i* we are !reby enabl$ by def9ite precepts to cont9ue to live accord+ to ! highe/ dictates ( reason4 ,x may be se5 9 detail 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason h[ 9 its speculative employm5t ?is natural dialectic is to be solv$1 & h[ ! error :i* arises f a v natural illusion may be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,b reason 9 its practical use is n a :it bett] (f4 ,z pure practical reason1 x likewise seeks to f9d ! uncondition$ = ! practically condition$ 7:i* re/s on incl9ations & natural wants71 & ?is is n z ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 b ev5 :5 ?is is giv5 79 ! moral law7 x seeks ! uncondition$ totality ( ! object ( pure practical reason "u ! "n ( ! summum bonum4 ,to def9e ?is idea practically1 i4e41 suffici5tly = ! maxims ( our rational conduct1 is ! bus9ess ( practical wisdom1 & ?is aga9 z a sci5ce is philosophy1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w 0 und]/ood by ! anci5ts1 ) :om x meant in/ruction 9 ! conception 9 :i* ! summum bonum 0 to be plac$1 & ! conduct by :i* x 0 to be obta9$4 ,x w\ld be well to leave ?is ^w 9 its anci5t signification z a doctr9e ( ! summum bonum1 s f> z reason endeav\rs to make ?is into a sci5ce4 ,= on ! "o h& ! re/riction annex$ w\ld suit ! ,greek expression 7:i* signifies ! love ( wisdom71 & yet at ! same "t w\ld be suffici5t to embrace "u ! "n ( philosophy ! love ( sci5ce3 t is to say1 ( all speculative rational k1 s f> z x is s]viceable to reason1 bo? = t conception & also = ! practical pr9ciple det]m9+ our conduct1 )\t lett+ out ( sight ! ma9 end1 on acc\nt ( :i* alone x c be call$ a doctr9e ( practical wisdom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be no h>m to det] ! self-conceit ( "o :o v5tures to claim ! title ( philosoph] by hold+ be=e him 9 ! v def9ition a /&>d ( self-e/imation :i* w\ld v mu* l[] 8 pret5sions4 ,= a tea*] ( wisdom w\ld mean some?+ m ?an a s*ol> :o has n come s f> z to guide himself1 mu* less to guide o!rs1 ) c]ta9 expectation ( atta9+ s high an end3 x w\ld mean a ma/] 9 ! k ( wisdom1 :i* implies m ?an a mode/ man w\ld claim = himself4 ,?us philosophy z well z wisdom w\ld always rema9 an ideal1 :i* objectively is pres5t$ complete 9 reason alone1 :ile subjectively = ! p]son x is only ! goal ( 8 unceas+ endeav\rs2 & no "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 pr(ess+ to be 9 possession ( x s z to assume ! "n ( philosoph] :o c\ld n also %[ its infallible effects 9 8 own p]son z an example 79 8 self-ma/]y & ! unque/ion$ int]e/ t he takes pre-em95tly 9 ! g5]al good71 & ?is ! anci5ts also requir$ z a condition ( des]v+ t hon\rable title4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#a p>agraph #e ,we h ano!r prelim9>y rem>k to make respect+ ! dialectic ( ! pure practical reason1 on ! po9t ( ! def9ition ( ! summum bonum 7a successful solution ( :i* dialectic w\ld lead u to expect1 z 9 case ( t ( ! !oretical reason1 ! mo/ b5eficial effects1 inasmu* z ! self-contradictions ( pure practical reason hone/ly /at$1 & n conceal$1 =ce u to und]take a complete critique ( ?is faculty74 ,! moral law is ! sole det]m9+ pr9ciple ( a pure w4 ,b s9ce ?is is m]ely =mal 7viz41 z prescrib+ only ! =m ( ! maxim z univ]sally legislative71 x ab/racts z a det]m9+ pr9ciple f all matt] t is to say1 f e object ( volition4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! summum bonum may be ! :ole object ( a pure practical reason1 i4e41 a pure w1 yet x is n on t acc\nt to be reg>d$ z its det]m9+ pr9ciple2 & ! moral law alone mu/ be reg>d$ z ! pr9ciple on :i* t & its realization or promotion are aim$ at4 ,?is rem>k is important 9 s delicate a case z ! det]m9ation ( moral pr9ciples1 :]e ! slighte/ mis9t]pretation p]v]ts m5's m9ds4 ,= x w h be5 se5 f ! ,analytic t1 if we assume any object "u ! "n ( a good z a det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w prior to ! moral law & !n d$uce f x ! supreme practical pr9ciple1 ?is w\ld always introduce het]onomy & cru% out ! moral pr9ciple4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t t if ! notion ( ! summum bonum includes t ( ! moral law z its supreme condition1 !n ! summum bonum w\ld n m]ely be an object1 b ! notion ( x & ! conception ( its exi/5ce z possible by our own practical reason w\ld likewise be ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 s9ce 9 t case ! w is 9 fact det]m9$ by ! moral law :i* is already includ$ 9 ?is conception1 & by no o!r object1 z ! pr9ciple ( autonomy requires4 ,?is ord] ( ! conceptions ( det]m9ation ( ! w mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 z o!rwise we %\ld misund]/& ourselves & ?9k we _h fall5 into a contradiction1 :ile ev]y?+ rema9s 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ! ,dialectic ( ,pure ,reason 9 def9+ ! ,conception ( ! ,summum ,bonum4 ,! conception ( ! summum itself conta9s an ambiguity :i* might occasion ne$less disputes if we did n att5d to x4 ,! summum may mean ei!r ! supreme 7supremum7 or ! p]fect 7consummatum74 ,! =m] is t condition :i* is itself uncondition$1 i4e41 is n subord9ate to any o!r 7orig9>ium72 ! second is t :ole :i* is n a "p ( a great] :ole ( ! same k9d 7p]fectissimum74 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! ,analytic t virtue 7z wor?9ess to be happy7 is ! supreme condition ( all t c appe> to u desirable1 & consequ5tly ( all our pursuit ( happ9ess1 & is !re=e ! supreme good4 ,b x does n foll[ t x is ! :ole & p]fect good z ! object ( ! desires ( rational f9ite be+s2 = ?is requires happ9ess also1 & t n m]ely 9 ! p>tial eyes ( ! p]son :o makes himself an end1 b ev5 9 ! judgem5t ( an imp>tial reason1 :i* reg>ds p]sons 9 g5]al z ends 9 !mselves4 ,= to ne$ happ9ess1 to des]ve x1 & yet at ! same "t n to p>ticipate 9 x1 _c be consi/5t ) ! p]fect volition ( a rational be+ possess$ at ! same "t ( all p[]1 if1 = ! sake ( exp]im5t1 we conceive su* a be+4 ,n[ inasmu* z virtue & happ9ess toge!r con/itute ! possession ( ! summum bonum 9 a p]son1 & ! di/ribution ( happ9ess 9 exact proportion to morality 7:i* is ! wor? ( ! p]son1 & 8 wor?9ess to be happy7 con/itutes ! summum bonum ( a possible _w2 h5ce ?is summum bonum expresses ! :ole1 ! p]fect good1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 virtue z ! condition is always ! supreme good1 s9ce x has no condition above x2 :]eas happ9ess1 :ile x is pleasant to ! possessor ( x1 is n ( itself absolutely & 9 all respects good1 b always presupposes morally "r behavi\r z its condition4 ,:5 two elem5ts are necess>ily unit$ 9 "o concept1 !y mu/ be connect$ z reason & consequ5ce1 & ?is ei!r s t _! unity is consid]$ z analytical 7logical connection71 or z syn!tical 7real connection7 ! =m] foll[+ ! law ( id5tity1 ! latt] t ( causality4 ,! connection ( virtue & happ9ess may !re=e be und]/ood 9 two ways3 ei!r ! endeav\r to be virtu\s & ! rational pursuit ( happ9ess are n two di/9ct actions1 b absolutely id5tical1 9 :i* case no maxim ne$ be made ! pr9ciple ( ! =m]1 o!r ?an :at s]ves = ! latt]2 or ! connection consi/s 9 ?is1 t virtue produces happ9ess z some?+ di/9ct f ! consci\sness ( virtue1 z a cause produces an effect4 ,! anci5t ,greek s*ools 71 prop]ly speak+1 only two1 & 9 det]m9+ ! conception ( ! summum bonum ^! foll[$ 9 fact "o & ! same me?od1 inasmu* z !y did n all[ virtue & happ9ess to be reg>d$ z two di/9ct elem5ts ( ! summum bonum1 & consequ5tly s\ght ! unity ( ! pr9ciple by ! rule ( id5tity2 b !y diff]$ z to :i* ( ! two 0 to be tak5 z ! fundam5tal notion4 ,! ,epicurean said3 ,to be consci\s t "o's maxims lead to happ9ess is virtue2 ! ,/oic said3 ,to be consci\s ( "o's virtue is happ9ess4 ,) ! =m]1 ,prud5ce 0 equival5t to morality2 ) ! latt]1 :o *ose a high] designation = virtue1 morality alone 0 true wisdom4 ,:ile we mu/ admire ! m5 :o 9 su* e>ly times tri$ all imag9able ways ( ext5d+ ! doma9 ( philosophy1 we mu/ at ! same "t lam5t t _! acut5ess 0 un=tunately misappli$ 9 try+ to trace out id5tity betwe5 two extremely het]og5e\s notions1 ^? ( happ9ess & virtue4 ,b x agrees ) ! dialectical _s ( _! times 7& subtle m9ds are ev5 n[ sometimes misl$ 9 ! same way7 to get rid ( irreconcilable diff]5ces 9 pr9ciple by seek+ to *ange !m into a m]e conte/ ab\t words1 & ?us app>5tly work+ out ! id5tity ( ! notion "u diff]5t names1 & ?is usually occurs 9 cases :]e ! comb9ation ( het]og5e\s pr9ciples lies s deep or s high1 or w\ld require s complete a trans=mation ( ! doctr9es assum$ 9 ! re/ ( ! philosophical sy/em1 t m5 are afraid to p5etrate deeply into ! real diff]5ce & pref] treat+ x z a diff]5ce 9 que/ions ( =m4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #e ,:ile bo? s*ools s\ght to trace out ! id5tity ( ! practical pr9ciples ( virtue & happ9ess1 !y 7 n agre$ z to ! way 9 :i* !y tri$ to =ce ?is id5tity1 b 7 sep>at$ inf9itely f "o ano!r1 ! "o plac+ its pr9ciple on ! side ( s5se1 ! o!r on t ( reason2 ! "o 9 ! consci\sness ( s5sible wants1 ! o!r 9 ! indep5d5ce ( practical reason on all s5sible gr\nds ( det]m9ation4 ,accord+ to ! ,epicurean1 ! notion ( virtue 0 already involv$ 9 ! maxim3 ,to promote "o's own happ9ess2 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 on ! o!r h&1 ! feel+ ( happ9ess 0 already conta9$ 9 ! consci\sness ( virtue4 ,n[ :atev] is conta9$ 9 ano!r notion is id5tical ) "p ( ! conta9+ notion1 b n ) ! :ole1 & moreov] two :oles may be specifically di/9ct1 al?\gh !y consi/ ( ! same p>ts2 namely if ! p>ts are unit$ into a :ole 9 totally diff]5t ways4 ,! ,/oic ma9ta9$ t ! virtue 0 ! :ole summum bonum1 & happ9ess only ! consci\sness ( possess+ x1 z mak+ "p ( ! /ate ( ! subject4 ,! ,epicurean ma9ta9$ t happ9ess 0 ! :ole summum bonum1 & virtue only ! =m ( ! maxim = its pursuit2 viz41 ! rational use ( ! means = atta9+ x4 ,n[ x is cle> f ! ,analytic t ! maxims ( virtue & ^? ( private happ9ess are q het]og5e\s z to _! supreme practical pr9ciple1 &1 al?\gh !y belong to "o summum bonum :i* toge!r !y make possible1 yet !y are s f> f co9cid+ t !y re/rict & *eck "o ano!r v mu* 9 ! same subject4 ,?us ! "q3 ,h[ is ! summum bonum practically possible8 /ill rema9s an unsolv$ problem1 not)/&+ all ! attempts at coalition t h hi!rto be5 made4 ,! ,analytic has1 h[ev]1 %[n :at x is t makes ! problem difficult to solve2 namely1 t happ9ess & morality are two specifically di/9ct elem5ts ( ! summum bonum &1 !re=e1 _! comb9ation _c be analytically cognis$ 7z if ! man t seeks 8 own happ9ess %\ld f9d by m]e analysis ( 8 conception t 9 s act+ he is virtu\s1 or z if ! man t foll[s virtue %\ld 9 ! consci\sness ( su* conduct f9d t he is already happy ipso facto71 b mu/ be a syn!sis ( concepts4 ,n[ s9ce ?is comb9ation is recognis$ z a priori1 & !re=e z practically necess>y1 & consequ5tly n z d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 s t ! possibility ( ! summum bonum does n re/ on any empirical pr9ciple1 x foll[s t ! d$uction legitimation ( ?is concept mu/ be transc5d5tal4 ,x is a priori 7morally7 necess>y to produce ! summum bonum by fre$om ( w3 !re=e ! condition ( its possibility mu/ re/ solely on a priori pr9ciples ( cognition4 ,i4 ,! ,ant9omy ( ,practical ,reason4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #aj ,9 ! summum bonum :i* is practical = u1 i4e41 to be realiz$ by our w1 virtue & happ9ess are ?\ght z necess>ily comb9$1 s t ! "o _c be assum$ by pure practical reason )\t ! o!r also be+ atta*$ to x4 ,n[ ?is comb9ation 7l e o!r7 is ei!r analytical or syn!tical4 ,x has be5 %[n t x _c be analytical2 x mu/ !n be syn!tical &1 m p>ticul>ly1 mu/ be conceiv$ z ! connection ( cause & effect1 s9ce x conc]ns a practical good1 i4e41 "o t is possible by means ( action2 consequ5tly ei!r ! desire ( happ9ess mu/ be ! motive to maxims ( virtue1 or ! maxim ( virtue mu/ be ! effici5t cause ( happ9ess4 ,! fir/ is absolutely impossible1 because 7z 0 prov$ 9 ! ,analytic7 maxims :i* place ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 9 ! desire ( p]sonal happ9ess are n moral at all1 & no virtue c be f\nd$ on !m4 ,b ! second is also impossible1 because ! practical connection ( causes & effects 9 ! _w1 z ! result ( ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 does n dep5d ^u ! moral dispositions ( ! w1 b on ! k ( ! laws ( nature & ! physical p[] to use !m = "o's purposes2 consequ5tly we _c expect 9 ! _w by ! mo/ punctili\s obs]vance ( ! moral laws any necess>y connection ( happ9ess ) virtue adequate to ! summum bonum4 ,n[1 z ! promotion ( ?is summum bonum1 ! conception ( :i* conta9s ?is connection1 is a priori a necess>y object ( our w & insep>ably atta*$ to ! moral law1 ! impossibility ( ! =m] mu/ prove ! falsity ( ! latt]4 ,if !n ! supreme good is n possible by practical rules1 !n ! moral law also :i* comm&s u to promote x is direct$ to va9 imag9>y ends & mu/ consequ5tly be false4 ,,ii4 ,critical ,solution ( ! ,ant9omy ( ,practical ,reason4 ,! ant9omy ( pure speculative reason exhibits a simil> conflict betwe5 fre$om & physical necessity 9 ! causality ( ev5ts 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 solv$ by %[+ t !re is no real contradiction :5 ! ev5ts & ev5 ! _w 9 :i* !y occur are reg>d$ 7z !y ought to be7 m]ely z appe>ances2 s9ce "o & ! same act+ be+1 z an appe>ance 7ev5 to 8 own inn] s5se71 has a causality 9 ! _w ( s5se t always con=ms to ! me*anism ( nature1 b ) respect to ! same ev5ts1 s f> z ! act+ p]son reg>ds himself at ! same "t z a n\m5on 7z pure intellig5ce 9 an exi/5ce n dep5d5t on ! condition ( "t71 he c conta9 a pr9ciple by :i* t causality act+ accord+ to laws ( nature is det]m9$1 b :i* is itself free f all laws ( nature4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ae ,x is j ! same ) ! =ego+ ant9omy ( pure practical reason4 ,! fir/ ( ! two propositions1 ,t ! endeav\r aft] happ9ess produces a virtu\s m9d1 is absolutely false2 b ! second1 ,t a virtu\s m9d necess>ily produces happ9ess1 is n absolutely false1 b only 9 s f> z virtue is consid]$ z a =m ( causality 9 ! s5sible _w1 & consequ5tly only if ,i suppose exi/5ce 9 x to be ! only sort ( exi/5ce ( a rational be+2 x is !n only conditionally false4 ,b z ,i am n only ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ t ,i exi/ also z a n\m5on 9 a _w ( ! und]/&+1 b ev5 h 9 ! moral law a purely intellectual det]m9+ pr9ciple ( my causality 79 ! s5sible _w71 x is n impossible t morality ( m9d %\ld h a connection z cause ) happ9ess 7z an effect 9 ! s5sible _w7 if n imm$iate yet m$iate 7viz41 ?r\gh an intellig5t au?or ( nature71 & moreov] necess>y2 :ile 9 a sy/em ( nature :i* is m]ely an object ( ! s5ses1 ?is comb9ation c\ld nev] occur except cont+5tly &1 !re=e1 c\ld n suffice = ! summum bonum4 ,?us1 not)/&+ ?is seem+ conflict ( practical reason ) itself1 ! summum bonum1 :i* is ! necess>y supreme end ( a w morally det]m9$1 is a true object !re(2 = x is practically possible1 & ! maxims ( ! w :i* z reg>ds _! matt] ref] to x h objective reality1 :i* at fir/ 0 ?reat5$ by ! ant9omy t appe>$ 9 ! connection ( morality ) happ9ess by a g5]al law2 b ?is 0 m]ely f a misconception1 because ! relation betwe5 appe>ances 0 tak5 = a relation ( ! ?+s 9 !mselves to ^! appe>ances4 ,:5 we f9d ourselves oblig$ to g s f>1 namely1 to ! connection ) an intelligible _w1 to f9d ! possibility ( ! summum bonum1 :i* reason po9ts out to all rational be+s z ! goal ( all _! moral wi%es1 x mu/ seem /range t1 nev]!less1 ! philosoph]s bo? ( anci5t & mod]n times h be5 able to f9d happ9ess 9 accurate proportion to virtue ev5 9 ?is life 79 ! s5sible _w71 or h p]suad$ !mselves t !y 7 consci\s !re(4 ,= ,epicurus z well z ! ,/oics extoll$ above ev]y?+ ! happ9ess t spr+s f ! consci\sness ( liv+ virtu\sly2 & ! =m] 0 n s base 9 8 practical precepts z "o might inf] f ! pr9ciples ( 8 !ory1 :i* he us$ = explanation & n = action1 or z !y 7 int]pret$ by _m :o 7 misl$ by 8 us+ ! t]m pleasure = cont5tm5t2 on ! contr>y1 he reckon$ ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ practice ( good among/ ! ways ( enjoy+ ! mo/ intimate delight1 & 8 s*eme ( pleasure 7by :i* he meant con/ant *e]fulness ( m9d7 includ$ ! mod]ation & control ( ! incl9ations1 su* z ! /ricte/ moral philosoph] might require4 ,he diff]$ f ! ,/oics *iefly 9 mak+ ?is pleasure ! motive1 :i* !y v rightly refus$ to d4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! virtu\s ,epicurus1 l _m well-int5tion$ m5 ( ?is day :o d n reflect deeply en\gh on _! pr9ciples1 fell into ! error ( presuppos+ ! virtu\s disposition 9 ! p]sons = :om he wi%$ to provide ! spr+s to virtue 7& inde$ ! upright man _c be happy if he is n fir/ consci\s ( 8 uprightness2 s9ce ) su* a "* ! reproa* t 8 habit ( ?\ght w\ld oblige him to make aga9/ himself 9 case ( transgression & 8 moral self-condemnation w\ld rob him ( all enjoym5t ( ! pleasantness :i* 8 condition might o!rwise conta974 ,b ! "q is3 ,h[ is su* a disposition possible 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & su* a habit ( ?\ght 9 e/imat+ ! wor? ( "o's exi/5ce1 s9ce prior to x !re c be 9 ! subject no feel+ at all = moral wor?8 ,if a man is virtu\s )\t be+ consci\s ( 8 integrity 9 e action1 he w c]ta9ly n enjoy life1 h[ev] fav\rable =tune may be to him 9 its physical circum/ances2 b c we make him virtu\s 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 o!r words1 be=e he e/eems ! moral wor? ( 8 exi/5ce s highly1 by prais+ to him ! peace ( m9d t w\ld result f ! consci\sness ( an integrity = :i* he has no s5se8 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re is "h an occasion ( a vitium subreptionis1 & z x 7 ( an optical illusion1 9 ! self-consci\sness ( :at "o does z di/+ui%$ f :at "o feels- an illusion :i* ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ _c altoge!r avoid4 ,! moral disposition ( m9d is necess>ily comb9$ ) a consci\sness t ! w is det]m9$ directly by ! law4 ,n[ ! consci\sness ( a det]m9ation ( ! faculty ( desire is always ! s\rce ( a satisfaction 9 ! result+ action2 b ?is pleasure1 ?is satisfaction 9 oneself1 is n ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! action2 on ! contr>y1 ! det]m9ation ( ! w directly by reason is ! s\rce ( ! feel+ ( pleasure1 & ?is rema9s a pure practical n s5sible det]m9ation ( ! faculty ( desire4 ,n[ z ?is det]m9ation has exactly ! same effect )9 9 impell+ to activity1 t a feel+ ( ! pleasure to be expect$ f ! desir$ action w\ld h _h1 we easily look on :at we ourselves d z some?+ :i* we m]ely passively feel1 & take ! moral spr+ = a s5sible impulse1 j z x happ5s 9 ! s-call$ illusion ( ! s5ses 79 ?is case ! inn] s5se74 ,x is a sublime ?+ 9 human nature to be det]m9$ to actions imm$iately by a purely rational law2 sublime ev5 is ! illusion t reg>ds ! subjective side ( ?is capacity ( intellectual det]m9ation z some?+ s5sible & ! effect ( a special s5sible feel+ 7= an intellectual feel+ w\ld be a contradiction74 ,x is also ( great importance to att5d to ?is prop]ty ( our p]sonality & z mu* z possible to cultivate ! effect ( reason on ?is feel+4 ,b we mu/ bew>e le/ by falsely extoll+ ?is moral det]m9+ pr9ciple z a spr+1 mak+ its s\rce lie 9 p>ticul> feel+s ( pleasure 7:i* are 9 fact only results71 we degrade & disfigure ! true g5u9e spr+1 ! law itself1 by putt+ z x 7 a false foil ^u x4 ,respect1 n pleasure or enjoym5t ( happ9ess1 is some?+ = :i* x is n possible t reason %\ld h any antec$5t feel+ z its f\ndation 7= ?is w\ld always be s5sible & pa?ological72 & consci\sness ( imm$iate obligation ( ! w by ! law is by no means analog\s to ! feel+ ( pleasure1 al?\gh 9 relation to ! faculty ( desire x produces ! same effect1 b f diff]5t s\rces3 x is only by ?is mode ( conception1 h[ev]1 t we c atta9 :at we are seek+1 namely1 t actions be done n m]ely 9 accordance ) duty 7z a result ( pleasant feel+s71 b f duty1 :i* mu/ be ! true end ( all moral cultivation4 ,h we n1 h[ev]1 a ^w :i* does n express enjoym5t1 z happ9ess does1 b indicates a satisfaction 9 "o's exi/5ce1 an analogue ( ! happ9ess :i* mu/ necess>ily accompany ! consci\sness ( virtue8 ,yes ?is ^w is self-cont5tm5t :i* 9 its prop] signification always designates only a negative satisfaction 9 "o's exi/5ce1 9 :i* "o is consci\s ( ne$+ no?+4 ,fre$om & ! consci\sness ( x z a faculty ( foll[+ ! moral law ) unyield+ resolution is indep5d5ce ( incl9ations1 at lea/ z motives det]m9+ 7?\gh n z affect+7 our desire1 & s f> z ,i am consci\s ( ?is fre$om 9 foll[+ my moral maxims1 x is ! only s\rce ( an unalt]$ cont5tm5t :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) x & re/s on no special feel+4 ,?is may be call$ intellectual cont5tm5t4 ,! s5sible cont5tm5t 7improp]ly s-call$7 :i* re/s on ! satisfaction ( ! incl9ations1 h[ev] delicate !y may be imag9$ to be1 c nev] be adequate to ! conception ( x4 ,= ! incl9ations *ange1 !y gr[ ) ! indulg5ce %[n !m1 & always leave beh9d a /ill great] void ?an we _h ?\ght to fill4 ,h5ce !y are always burd5some to a rational be+1 &1 al?\gh he _c lay !m aside1 !y wre/ f him ! wi% to be rid ( !m4 ,ev5 an incl9ation to :at is "r 7e4g41 to b5efic5ce71 ?\gh x may mu* facilitate ! efficacy ( ! moral maxims1 _c produce any4 ,= 9 ^! all mu/ be direct$ to ! conception ( ! law z a det]m9+ pr9ciple1 if ! action is to conta9 morality & n m]ely legality4 ,incl9ation is bl9d & slavi%1 :e!r x be ( a good sort or n1 &1 :5 morality is 9 "q1 reason mu/ n play ! "p m]ely ( gu>dian to incl9ation1 b disreg>d+ x altoge!r mu/ att5d simply to its own int]e/ z pure practical reason4 ,?is v feel+ ( compassion & t5d] sympa?y1 if x prec$es ! delib]ation on ! "q ( duty & becomes a det]m9+ pr9ciple1 is ev5 annoy+ to "r ?9k+ p]sons1 br+s _! delib]ate maxims into confusion1 & makes !m wi% to be deliv]$ f x & to be subject to lawgiv+ reason alone4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #bj ,f ?is we c und]/& h[ ! consci\sness ( ?is faculty ( a pure practical reason produces by action 7virtue7 a consci\sness ( ma/]y ov] "o's incl9ations1 & !re=e ( indep5d5ce ( !m1 & consequ5tly also ( ! discont5t t always accompanies !m1 & ?us a negative satisfaction ) "o's /ate1 i4e41 cont5tm5t1 :i* is prim>ily cont5tm5t ) "o's own p]son4 ,fre$om itself becomes 9 ?is way 7namely1 indirectly7 capable ( an enjoym5t :i* _c be call$ happ9ess1 because x does n dep5d on ! positive concurr5ce ( a feel+1 nor is x1 /rictly speak+1 bliss1 s9ce x does n include complete indep5d5ce ( incl9ations & wants1 b x resembles bliss 9 s f> z ! det]m9ation ( "o's w at lea/ c hold itself free f _! influ5ce2 & ?us1 at lea/ 9 its orig91 ?is enjoym5t is analog\s to ! self-suffici5cy :i* we c ascribe only to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,f ?is solution ( ! ant9omy ( practical pure reason1 x foll[s t 9 practical pr9ciples we may at lea/ conceive z possible a natural & necess>y connection betwe5 ! consci\sness ( morality & ! expectation ( a proportionate happ9ess z its result1 ?\gh x does n foll[ t we c "k or p]ceive ?is connection2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 pr9ciples ( ! pursuit ( happ9ess _c possibly produce morality2 t1 !re=e1 morality is ! supreme good 7z ! fir/ condition ( ! summum bonum71 :ile happ9ess con/itutes its second elem5t1 b only 9 su* a way t x is ! morally condition$1 b necess>y consequ5ce ( ! =m]4 ,only ) ?is subord9ation is ! summum bonum ! :ole object ( pure practical reason1 :i* mu/ necess>ily conceive x z possible1 s9ce x comm&s u to contribute to ! utmo/ ( our p[] to its realization4 ,b s9ce ! possibility ( su* connection ( ! condition$ ) its condition belongs :olly to ! sup]s5sual relation ( ?+s & _c be giv5 accord+ to ! laws ( ! _w ( s5se1 al?\gh ! practical consequ5ces ( ! idea belong to ! _w ( s5se1 namely1 ! actions t aim at realiz+ ! summum bonum2 we w !re=e endeav\r to set =? ! gr\nds ( t possibility1 fir/1 9 respect ( :at is imm$iately 9 our p[]1 & !n1 secondly1 9 t :i* is n 9 our p[]1 b :i* reason pres5ts to u z ! supplem5t ( our impot5ce1 = ! realization ( ! summum bonum 7:i* by practical pr9ciples is necess>y74 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,primacy ( ,pure ,practical ,reason 9 its ,union ) ! ,speculative ,reason4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #be ,by primacy betwe5 two or m ?+s connect$ by reason1 ,i und]/& ! pr]ogative1 belong+ to "o1 ( be+ ! fir/ det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 ! connection ) all ! re/4 ,9 a n>r[] practical s5se x means ! pr]ogative ( ! int]e/ ( "o 9 s f> z ! int]e/ ( ! o!r is subord9at$ to x1 :ile x is n po/pon$ to any o!r4 ,to e faculty ( ! m9d we c attribute an int]e/1 t is1 a pr9ciple1 t conta9s ! condition on :i* alone ! =m] is call$ into ex]cise4 ,reason1 z ! faculty ( pr9ciples1 det]m9es ! int]e/ ( all ! p[]s ( ! m9d & is det]m9$ by its own4 ,! int]e/ ( its speculative employm5t consi/s 9 ! cognition ( ! object pu%$ to ! highe/ a priori pr9ciples3 t ( its practical employm5t1 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! w 9 respect ( ! f9al & complete end4 ,z to :at is necess>y = ! possibility ( any employm5t ( reason at all1 namely1 t its pr9ciples & affirmations %\ld n contradict "o ano!r1 ?is con/itutes no "p ( its int]e/1 b is ! condition ( hav+ reason at all2 x is only its developm5t1 n m]e consi/5cy ) itself1 t is reckon$ z its int]e/4 ,if practical reason c\ld n assume or ?9k z giv5 any?+ fur!r ?an :at speculative reason ( itself c\ld (f] x f its own insight1 ! latt] w\ld h ! primacy4 ,b suppos+ t x _h ( itself orig9al a priori pr9ciples ) :i* c]ta9 !oretical positions 7 insep>ably connect$1 :ile ^! 7 )drawn f any possible insight ( speculative reason 7:i*1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ n contradict72 !n ! "q is3 ,:i* int]e/ is ! sup]ior 7n :i* mu/ give way1 = !y are n necess>ily conflict+71 :e!r speculative reason1 :i* kn[s no?+ ( all t ! practical (f]s = its acceptance1 %\ld take up ^! propositions & 7al?\gh !y transc5d x7 try to unite !m ) its own concepts z a =eign possession h&$ ov] to x1 or :e!r x is ju/ifi$ 9 ob/9ately foll[+ its own sep>ate int]e/ &1 accord+ to ! canonic ( ,epicurus1 reject+ z va9 subtlety ev]y?+ t _c accr$it its objective reality by manife/ examples to be %[n 9 exp]i5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be nev] s mu* int]wov5 ) ! int]e/ ( ! practical 7pure7 use ( reason1 & 9 itself n contradictory to ! !oretical1 m]ely because x infr+es on ! int]e/ ( ! speculative reason to ?is ext5t1 t x removes ! b\nds :i* ?is latt] _h set to itself1 & gives x up to e nons5se or delusion ( imag9ation8 ,9 fact1 s f> z practical reason is tak5 z dep5d5t on pa?ological conditions1 t is1 z m]ely regulat+ ! incl9ations "u ! s5sible pr9ciple ( happ9ess1 we c\ld n require speculative reason to take its pr9ciples f su* a s\rce4 ,mohamm$'s p>adise1 or ! absorption into ! ,deity ( ! !osophi/s & my/ics w\ld press _! mon/rosities on ! reason accord+ to ! ta/e ( ea*1 & "o might z well h no reason z surr5d] x 9 su* fa%ion to all sorts ( dreams4 ,b if pure reason ( itself c be practical & is actually s1 z ! consci\sness ( ! moral law proves1 !n x is /ill only "o & ! same reason :i*1 :e!r 9 a !oretical or a practical po9t ( view1 judges accord+ to a priori pr9ciples2 & !n x is cle> t al?\gh x is 9 ! fir/ po9t ( view incompet5t to e/abli% c]ta9 propositions positively1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n contradict x1 !n1 z soon z ^! propositions are insep>ably atta*$ to ! practical int]e/ ( pure reason1 x mu/ accept !m1 ?\gh x be z some?+ (f]$ to x f a =eign s\rce1 some?+ t has n gr[n on its own gr\nd1 b yet is suffici5tly au!nticat$2 & x mu/ try to comp>e & connect !m ) ev]y?+ t x has 9 its p[] z speculative reason4 ,x mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ^! are n additions to its insight1 b yet are ext5sions ( its employm5t 9 ano!r1 namely1 a practical aspect2 & ?is is n 9 ! lea/ oppos$ to its int]e/1 :i* consi/s 9 ! re/riction ( wild speculation4 ,?us1 :5 pure speculative & pure practical reason are comb9$ 9 "o cognition1 ! latt] has ! primacy1 provid$1 namely1 t ?is comb9ation is n cont+5t & arbitr>y1 b f\nd$ a priori on reason itself & !re=e necess>y4 ,= )\t ?is subord9ation !re w\ld arise a conflict ( reason ) itself2 s9ce1 if !y 7 m]ely co-ord9ate1 ! =m] w\ld close its b\nd>ies /rictly & admit no?+ f ! latt] into its doma91 :ile ! latt] w\ld ext5d its b\nds ov] ev]y?+ & :5 its ne$s requir$ w\ld seek to embrace ! =m] )9 !m4 ,nor c\ld we rev]se ! ord] & require pure practical reason to be subord9ate to ! speculative1 s9ce all int]e/ is ultimately practical1 & ev5 t ( speculative reason is conditional1 & x is only 9 ! practical employm5t ( reason t x is complete4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #cj ,,iv4 ,! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l z a ,po/ulate ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,! realization ( ! summum bonum 9 ! _w is ! necess>y object ( a w det]m9able by ! moral law4 ,b 9 ?is w ! p]fect accordance ( ! m9d ) ! moral law is ! supreme condition ( ! summum bonum4 ,?is !n mu/ be possible1 z well z its object1 s9ce x is conta9$ 9 ! comm& to promote ! latt]4 ,n[1 ! p]fect accordance ( ! w ) ! moral law is hol9ess1 a p]fection ( :i* no rational be+ ( ! s5sible _w is capable at any mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,s9ce1 nev]!less1 x is requir$ z practically necess>y1 x c only be f\nd 9 a progress 9 inf9itum t[>ds t p]fect accordance1 & on ! pr9ciples ( pure practical reason x is necess>y to assume su* a practical progress z ! real object ( our w4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ce ,n[1 ?is endless progress is only possible on ! supposition ( an endless duration ( ! exi/5ce & p]sonality ( ! same rational be+ 7:i* is call$ ! immortality ( ! s\l74 ,! summum bonum1 !n1 practically is only possible on ! supposition ( ! immortality ( ! s\l2 consequ5tly ?is immortality1 be+ insep>ably connect$ ) ! moral law1 is a po/ulate ( pure practical reason 7by :i* ,i mean a !oretical proposition1 n demon/rable z su*1 b :i* is an insep>able result ( an unconditional a priori practical law4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! moral de/9ation ( our nature1 namely1 t x is only 9 an endless progress t we c atta9 p]fect accordance ) ! moral law1 is ( ! greate/ use1 n m]ely = ! pres5t purpose ( supplem5t+ ! impot5ce ( speculative reason1 b also ) respect to religion4 ,9 default ( x1 ei!r ! moral law is q degrad$ f its hol9ess1 be+ made out to be indulg5t & con=mable to our conv5i5ce1 or else m5 /ra9 _! notions ( _! vocation & _! expectation to an unatta9able goal1 hop+ to acquire complete hol9ess ( w1 & s !y lose !mselves 9 fanatical !osophic dreams1 :i* :olly contradict self-k4 ,9 bo? cases ! unceas+ ef=t to obey punctually & ?or\ghly a /rict & inflexible comm& ( reason1 :i* yet is n ideal b real1 is only h9d]$4 ,= a rational b f9ite be+1 ! only ?+ possible is an endless progress f ! l[] to high] degrees ( moral p]fection4 ,! ,inf9ite ,be+1 to :om ! condition ( "t is no?+1 sees 9 ?is to u endless succession a :ole ( accordance ) ! moral law2 & ! hol9ess :i* 8 comm& inexorably requires1 9 ord] to be true to 8 ju/ice 9 ! %>e :i* ,he assigns to ea* 9 ! summum bonum1 is to be f\nd 9 a s+le intellectual intuition ( ! :ole exi/5ce ( rational be+s4 ,all t c be expect$ ( ! creature 9 respect ( ! hope ( ?is p>ticipation w\ld be ! consci\sness ( 8 tri$ "*1 by :i* f ! progress he has hi!rto made f ! worse to ! morally bett]1 & ! immutability ( purpose :i* has ?us become kn[n to him1 he may hope = a fur!r unbrok5 cont9uance ( ! same1 h[ev] long 8 exi/5ce may la/1 ev5 beyond ?is life1 99 & ?us he may hope1 n inde$ "h1 nor 9 any imag9able po9t ( 8 future exi/5ce1 b only 9 ! endlessness ( 8 duration 7:i* ,god alone c survey7 to be p]fectly adequate to 8 w 7)\t indulg5ce or excuse1 :i* d n h>monize ) ju/ice74 99 ,x seems1 nev]!less1 impossible = a creature to h ! conviction ( 8 unwav]+ firmness ( m9d 9 ! progress t[>ds goodness4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,*ri/ian religion makes x come only f ! same ,_s t works sanctification1 t is1 ?is firm purpose1 & ) x ! consci\sness ( /eadfa/ness 9 ! moral progress4 ,b naturally "o :o is consci\s t he has p]sev]$ ?r\gh a long portion ( 8 life up to ! end 9 ! progress to ! bett]1 & ?is g5u9e moral motives1 may well h ! com=t+ hope1 ?\gh n ! c]ta9ty1 t ev5 9 an exi/5ce prolong$ beyond ?is life he w cont9ue 9 ^! pr9ciples2 & al?\gh he is nev] ju/ifi$ "h 9 8 own eyes1 nor c ev] hope to be s 9 ! increas$ p]fection ( 8 nature1 to :i* he looks =w>d1 toge!r ) an increase ( duties1 nev]!less 9 ?is progress :i*1 ?\gh x is direct$ to a goal inf9itely remote1 yet is 9 ,god's sight reg>d$ z equival5t to possession1 he may h a prospect ( a bless$ future2 = ?is is ! ^w t reason employs to designate p]fect well-be+ indep5d5t ( all cont+5t causes ( ! _w1 & :i*1 l hol9ess1 is an idea t c be conta9$ only 9 an endless progress & its totality1 & consequ5tly is nev] fully atta9$ by a creature4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #dj ,v4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god z a ,po/ulate ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,9 ! =ego+ analysis ! moral law l$ to a practical problem :i* is prescrib$ by pure reason alone1 )\t ! aid ( any s5sible motives1 namely1 t ( ! necess>y complet5ess ( ! fir/ & pr9ciple elem5t ( ! summum bonum1 viz41 morality2 &1 z ?is c be p]fectly solv$ only 9 et]nity1 to ! po/ulate ( immortality4 ,! same law mu/ also lead u to affirm ! possibility ( ! second elem5t ( ! summum bonum1 viz41 happ9ess proportion$ to t morality1 & ?is on gr\nds z dis9t]e/$ z be=e1 & solely f imp>tial reason2 t is1 x mu/ lead to ! supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( a cause adequate to ?is effect2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z ! necess>y condition ( ! possibility ( ! summum bonum 7an object ( ! w :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) ! moral legislation ( pure reason74 ,we proce$ to exhibit ?is connection 9 a conv9c+ mann]4 ,happ9ess is ! condition ( a rational be+ 9 ! _w ) :om ev]y?+ goes accord+ to 8 wi% & w2 x re/s1 !re=e1 on ! h>mony ( physical nature ) 8 :ole end & likewise ) ! ess5tial det]m9+ pr9ciple ( 8 w4 ,n[ ! moral law z a law ( fre$om comm&s by det]m9+ pr9ciples1 :i* ought to be q indep5d5t ( nature & ( its h>mony ) our faculty ( desire 7z spr+s74 ,b ! act+ rational be+ 9 ! _w is n ! cause ( ! _w & ( nature itself4 ,!re is n ! lea/ gr\nd1 !re=e1 9 ! moral law = a necess>y connection betwe5 morality & proportionate happ9ess 9 a be+ t belongs to ! _w z "p ( x1 & !re=e dep5d5t on x1 & :i* = t reason _c by 8 w be a cause ( ?is nature1 nor by 8 own p[] make x ?or\ghly h>monize1 z f> z 8 happ9ess is conc]n$1 ) 8 practical pr9ciples4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! practical problem ( pure reason1 i4e41 ! necess>y pursuit ( ! summum bonum1 su* a connection is po/ulat$ z necess>y3 we ought to endeav\r to promote ! summum bonum1 :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ be possible4 ,accord+ly1 ! exi/5ce ( a cause ( all nature1 di/9ct f nature itself & conta9+ ! pr9ciple ( ?is connection1 namely1 ( ! exact h>mony ( happ9ess ) morality1 is also po/ulat$4 ,n[ ?is supreme cause mu/ conta9 ! pr9ciple ( ! h>mony ( nature1 n m]ely ) a law ( ! w ( rational be+s1 b ) ! conception ( ?is law1 9 s f> z !y make x ! supreme det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 & consequ5tly n m]ely ) ! =m ( morals1 b ) _! morality z _! motive1 t is1 ) _! moral "*4 ,!re=e1 ! summum bonum is possible 9 ! _w only on ! supposition ( a ,supreme ,be+ hav+ a causality correspond+ to moral "*4 ,n[ a be+ t is capable ( act+ on ! conception ( laws is an intellig5ce 7a rational be+71 & ! causality ( su* a be+ accord+ to ?is conception ( laws is 8 w2 !re=e ! supreme cause ( nature1 :i* mu/ be presuppos$ z a condition ( ! summum bonum is a be+ :i* is ! cause ( nature by intellig5ce & w1 consequ5tly its au?or1 t is ,god4 ,x foll[s t ! po/ulate ( ! possibility ( ! highe/ d]iv$ good 7! be/ _w7 is likewise ! po/ulate ( ! reality ( a highe/ orig9al good1 t is to say1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,n[ x 0 se5 to be a duty = u to promote ! summum bonum2 consequ5tly x is n m]ely all[able1 b x is a necessity connect$ ) duty z a requisite1 t we %\ld presuppose ! possibility ( ?is summum bonum2 & z ?is is possible only on condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x insep>ably connects ! supposition ( ?is ) duty2 t is1 x is morally necess>y to assume ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ "h t ?is moral necessity is subjective1 t is1 x is a want1 & n objective1 t is1 itself a duty1 = !re _c be a duty to suppose ! exi/5ce ( any?+ 7s9ce ?is conc]ns only ! !oretical employm5t ( reason74 ,moreov]1 x is n meant by ?is t x is necess>y to suppose ! exi/5ce ( ,god z a basis ( all obligation 9 g5]al 7= ?is re/s1 z has be5 suffici5tly prov$1 simply on ! autonomy ( reason itself74 ,:at belongs to duty "h is only ! endeav\r to realize & promote ! summum bonum 9 ! _w1 ! possibility ( :i* c !re=e be po/ulat$2 & z our reason f9ds x n conceivable except on ! supposition ( a supreme intellig5ce1 ! admission ( ?is exi/5ce is !re=e connect$ ) ! consci\sness ( our duty1 al?\gh ! admission itself belongs to ! doma9 ( speculative reason4 ,consid]$ 9 respect ( ?is alone1 z a pr9ciple ( explanation1 x may be call$ a hypo!sis1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! intelligibility ( an object giv5 u by ! moral law 7! summum bonum71 & consequ5tly ( a requirem5t = practical purposes1 x may be call$ fai?1 t is to say a pure rational fai?1 s9ce pure reason 7bo? 9 its !oretical & practical use7 is ! sole s\rce f :i* x spr+s4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #de ,f ?is d$uction x is n[ intelligible :y ! ,greek s*ools c\ld nev] atta9 ! solution ( _! problem ( ! practical possibility ( ! summum bonum1 because !y made ! rule ( ! use :i* ! w ( man makes ( 8 fre$om ! sole & suffici5t gr\nd ( ?is possibility1 ?9k+ t !y _h no ne$ = t purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,no d\bt !y 7 s f> "r t !y e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( morals ( itself indep5d5tly ( ?is po/ulate1 f ! relation ( reason only to ! w1 & consequ5tly made x ! supreme practical condition ( ! summum bonum2 b x 0 n !re=e ! :ole condition ( its possibility4 ,! ,epicureans _h inde$ assum$ z ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality a :olly false "o1 namely t ( happ9ess1 & _h sub/itut$ = a law a maxim ( arbitr>y *oice accord+ to e man's incl9ation2 !y proce$$1 h[ev]1 consi/5tly en\gh 9 ?is1 t !y degrad$ _! summum bonum likewise1 j 9 proportion to ! meanness ( _! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & look$ = no great] happ9ess ?an c be atta9$ by human prud5ce 7includ+ temp]ance & mod]ation ( ! incl9ations71 & ?is z we "k w\ld be scanty en\gh & w\ld be v diff]5t accord+ to circum/ances2 n to m5tion ! exceptions t _! maxims mu/ p]petually admit & :i* make !m incapable ( be+ laws4 ,! ,/oics1 on ! contr>y1 _h *os5 _! supreme practical pr9ciple q rightly1 mak+ virtue ! condition ( ! summum bonum2 b :5 !y repres5t$ ! degree ( virtue requir$ by its pure law z fully atta9able 9 ?is life1 !y n only /ra9$ ! moral p[]s ( ! man :om !y call$ ! wise beyond all ! limits ( 8 nature1 & assum$ a ?+ t contradicts all our k ( m51 b also & pr9cipally !y w\ld n all[ ! second elem5t ( ! summum bonum1 namely1 happ9ess1 to be prop]ly a special object ( human desire1 b made _! wise man1 l a div9ity 9 8 consci\sness ( ! excell5ce ( 8 p]son1 :olly indep5d5t ( nature 7z reg>ds 8 own cont5tm5t72 !y expos$ him inde$ to ! evils ( life1 b made him n subject to !m 7at ! same "t repres5t+ him also z free f moral evil74 ,!y ?us1 9 fact1 left out ! second elem5t ( ! summum bonum namely1 p]sonal happ9ess1 plac+ x solely 9 action & satisfaction ) "o's own p]sonal wor?1 ?us includ+ x 9 ! consci\sness ( be+ morally m9d$1 9 :i* !y ,might h be5 suffici5tly refut$ by ! voice ( _! own nature4 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 99 ev5 if we d n yet consid] x z a religi\s doctr9e1 gives1 t\*+ ?is po9t1 a conception ( ! summum bonum 7! k+dom ( ,god71 :i* alone satisfies ! /ricte/ dem& ( practical reason4 ,! moral law is holy 7unyield+7 & dem&s hol9ess ( morals1 al?\gh all ! moral p]fection to :i* man c atta9 is /ill only virtue1 t is1 a rightful disposition aris+ f respect = ! law1 imply+ consci\sness ( a con/ant prop5sity to transgression1 or at lea/ a want ( purity1 t is1 a mixture ( _m spuri\s 7n moral7 motives ( ob$i5ce to ! law1 consequ5tly a self-e/eem comb9$ ) humility4 ,9 respect1 !n1 ( ! hol9ess :i* ! ,*ri/ian law requires1 ?is leaves ! creature no?+ b a progress 9 inf9itum1 b = t v reason x ju/ifies him 9 hop+ = an endless duration ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,! wor? ( a "* p]fectly accordant ) ! moral law is inf9ite1 s9ce ! only re/riction on all possible happ9ess 9 ! judgem5t ( a wise & all p[]ful di/ributor ( x is ! abs5ce ( con=mity ( rational be+s to _! duty4 ,b ! moral law ( itself does n promise any happ9ess1 = accord+ to our conceptions ( an ord] ( nature 9 g5]al1 ?is is n necess>ily connect$ ) ob$i5ce to ! law4 ,n[ ,*ri/ian morality supplies ?is defect 7( ! second indisp5sable elem5t ( ! summum bonum7 by repres5t+ ! _w 9 :i* rational be+s devote !mselves ) all _! s\l to ! moral law1 z a k+dom ( ,god1 9 :i* nature & morality are br\ght into a h>mony =eign to ea* ( itself1 by a holy ,au?or :o makes ! d]iv$ summum bonum possible4 ,hol9ess ( life is prescrib$ to !m z a rule ev5 9 ?is life1 :ile ! welf>e proportion$ to x1 namely1 bliss1 is repres5t$ z atta9able only 9 an et]nity2 because ! =m] mu/ always be ! patt]n ( _! conduct 9 e /ate1 & progress t[>ds x is already possible & necess>y 9 ?is life2 :ile ! latt]1 "u ! "n ( happ9ess1 _c be atta9$ at all 9 ?is _w 7s f> z our own p[] is conc]n$71 & !re=e is made simply an object ( hope4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( morality itself is n !ological 7s z to be het]onomy71 b is autonomy ( pure practical reason1 s9ce x does n make ! k ( ,god & ,8 w ! f\ndation ( ^! laws1 b only ( ! atta9m5t ( ! summum bonum1 on condition ( foll[+ ^! laws1 & x does n ev5 place ! prop] spr+ ( ?is ob$i5ce 9 ! desir$ results1 b solely 9 ! conception ( duty1 z t ( :i* ! fai?ful obs]vance alone con/itutes ! wor?9ess to obta9 ^? happy consequ5ces4 99 ,x is commonly held t ! ,*ri/ian precept ( morality has no advantage 9 respect ( purity ov] ! moral conceptions ( ! ,/oics2 ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is1 h[ev]1 v obvi\s4 ,! ,/oic sy/em made ! consci\sness ( /r5g? ( m9d ! pivot on :i* all moral dispositions %\ld turn2 & al?\gh its disciples spoke ( duties & ev5 def9$ !m v well1 yet !y plac$ ! spr+ & prop] det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w 9 an elevation ( ! m9d above ! l[] spr+s ( ! s5ses1 :i* owe _! p[] only to weakness ( m9d4 ,) !m !re=e1 virtue 0 a sort ( h]oism 9 ! wise man rais+ himself above ! animal nature ( man1 is suffici5t = ,himself1 &1 :ile he prescribes duties to o!rs1 is himself rais$ above !m1 & is n subject to any temptation to transgress ! moral law4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 !y c\ld n h done if !y _h conceiv$ ?is law 9 all its purity & /rictness1 z ! precept ( ! ,gospel does4 ,:5 ,i give ! "n idea to a p]fection to :i* no?+ adequate c be giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 x does n foll[ t ! moral ideas are ?+ transc5d5t1 t is some?+ ( :i* we c\ld n ev5 det]m9e ! concept adequately1 or ( :i* x is unc]ta9 :e!r !re is any object correspond+ to x at all1 z is ! case ) ! ideas ( speculative reason2 on ! contr>y1 be+ types ( practical p]fection1 !y s]ve z ! indisp5sable rule ( conduct & likewise z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,n[ if ,i consid] ,*ri/ian morals on _! philosophical side1 !n comp>$ ) ! ideas ( ! ,greek s*ools1 !y w\ld appe> z foll[s3 ! ideas ( ! ,cynics1 ! ,epicureans1 ! ,/oics1 & ! ,*ri/ians are3 simplicity ( nature1 prud5ce1 wisdom1 & hol9ess4 ,9 respect ( ! way ( atta9+ !m1 ! ,greek s*ools 7 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r ?us t ! ,cynics only requir$ common s5se1 ! o!rs ! pa? ( sci5ce1 b bo? f\nd ! m]e use ( natural p[]s suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,*ri/ian morality1 because its precept is fram$ 7z a moral precept mu/ be7 s pure & unyield+1 takes f man all confid5ce t he c be fully adequate to x1 at lea/ 9 ?is life1 b aga9 sets x up by enabl+ u to hope t if we act z well z x is 9 our p[] to d1 !n :at is n 9 our p[] w come 9 to our aid f ano!r s\rce1 :e!r we "k h[ ?is may be or n4 ,ari/otle & ,plato diff]$ only z to ! orig9 ( our moral conceptions4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ej ,9 ?is mann]1 ! moral laws lead ?r\gh ! conception ( ! summum bonum z ! object & f9al end ( pure practical reason to religion1 t is1 to ! recognition ( all duties z div9e comm&s1 n z sanctions1 t is to say1 arbitr>y ord9ances ( a =eign & cont+5t 9 !mselves1 b z ess5tial laws ( e free w 9 itself1 :i*1 nev]!less1 mu/ be reg>d$ z comm&s ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 because x is only f a morally p]fect 7holy & good7 & at ! same "t all-p[]ful w1 & consequ5tly only ?r\gh h>mony ) ?is w1 t we c hope to atta9 ! summum bonum :i* ! moral law makes x our duty to take z ! object ( our endeav\rs4 ,"h aga91 !n1 all rema9s dis9t]e/$ & f\nd$ m]ely on duty2 nei!r fe> nor hope be+ made ! fundam5tal spr+s1 :i* if tak5 z pr9ciples w\ld de/roy ! :ole moral wor? ( actions4 ,! moral law comm&s me to make ! highe/ possible good 9 a _w ! ultimate object ( all my conduct4 ,b ,i _c hope to effect ?is o!rwise ?an by ! h>mony ( my w ) t ( a holy & good ,au?or ( ! _w2 & al?\gh ! conception ( ! summum bonum z a :ole1 9 :i* ! greate/ happ9ess is conceiv$ z comb9$ 9 ! mo/ exact proportion ) ! highe/ degree ( moral p]fection 7possible 9 creatures71 includes my own happ9ess1 yet x is n ?is t is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w :i* is enjo9$ to promote ! summum bonum1 b ! moral law1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 limits by /rict conditions my unb\nd$ desire ( happ9ess4 ,h5ce also morality is n prop]ly ! doctr9e h[ we %\ld make ourselves happy1 b h[ we %\ld become wor?y ( happ9ess4 ,x is only :5 religion is add$ t !re also comes 9 ! hope ( p>ticipat+ "s day 9 happ9ess 9 proportion z we h endeav\r$ to be n unwor?y ( x4 ,a man is wor?y to possess a ?+ or a /ate :5 8 possession ( x is 9 h>mony ) ! summum bonum4 ,we c n[ easily see t all wor?9ess dep5ds on moral conduct1 s9ce 9 ! conception ( ! summum bonum ?is con/itutes ! condition ( ! re/ 7:i* belongs to "o's /ate71 namely1 ! p>ticipation ( happ9ess4 ,n[ x foll[s f ?is t morality %\ld nev] be treat$ z a doctr9e ( happ9ess1 t is1 an in/ruction h[ to become happy2 = x has to d simply ) ! rational condition 7conditio s9e qua non7 ( happ9ess1 n ) ! means ( atta9+ x4 ,b :5 morality has be5 completely exp\nd$ 7:i* m]ely imposes duties in/ead ( provid+ rules = selfi% desires71 !n fir/1 aft] ! moral desire to promote ! summum bonum 7to br+ ! k+dom ( ,god to u7 has be5 awak5$1 a desire f\nd$ on a law1 & :i* c\ld n previ\sly arise 9 any selfi% m9d1 & :5 = ! beho( ( ?is desire ! /ep to religion has be5 tak51 !n ?is e?ical doctr9e may be also call$ a doctr9e ( happ9ess because ! hope ( happ9ess fir/ beg9s ) religion only4 ,we c also see f ?is t1 :5 we ask :at is ,god's ultimate end 9 creat+ ! _w1 we mu/ n "n ! happ9ess ( ! rational be+s 9 x1 b ! summum bonum1 :i* adds a fur!r condition to t wi% ( su* be+s1 namely1 ! condition ( be+ wor?y ( happ9ess1 t is1 ! morality ( ^! same rational be+s1 a condition :i* alone conta9s ! rule by :i* only !y c hope to %>e 9 ! =m] at ! h& ( a wise ,au?or4 ,= z wisdom1 !oretically consid]$1 signifies ! k ( ! summum bonum &1 practically1 ! accordance ( ! w ) ! summum bonum1 we _c attribute to a supreme indep5d5t wisdom an end bas$ m]ely on goodness4 ,= we _c conceive ! action ( ?is goodness 79 respect ( ! happ9ess ( rational be+s7 z suitable to ! highe/ orig9al good1 except "u ! re/rictive conditions ( h>mony ) ! hol9ess 99 ( 8 w4 ,!re=e1 ^? :o plac$ ! end ( creation 9 ! glory ( ,god 7provid$ t ?is is n conceiv$ an?ropomorphically z a desire to be prais$7 h p]haps hit ^u ! be/ expression4 ,= no?+ glorifies ,god m ?an t :i* is ! mo/ e/imable ?+ 9 ! _w1 respect = 8 comm&1 ! obs]vance ( ! holy duty t 8 law imposes on u1 :5 !re is add$ !reto 8 glori\s plan ( cr[n+ su* a beautiful ord] ( ?+s ) correspond+ happ9ess4 ,if ! latt] 7to speak humanly7 makes ,him wor?y ( love1 by ! =m] ,he is an object ( adoration4 ,ev5 m5 c nev] acquire respect by b5evol5ce alone1 ?\gh !y may ga9 love1 s t ! greate/ b5efic5ce only procures !m hon\r :5 x is regulat$ by wor?9ess4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ee 99 ,9 ord] to make ^! *>act]i/ics ( ^! conceptions cle>1 ,i add ! rem>k t :il/ we ascribe to ,god v>i\s attributes1 ! quality ( :i* we also f9d applicable to creatures1 only t 9 ,him !y are rais$ to ! highe/ degree1 e4g41 p[]1 k1 pres5ce1 goodness1 etc41 "u ! designations ( omnipot5ce1 omnisci5ce1 omnipres5ce1 etc41 !re are ?ree t are ascrib$ to ,god exclusively1 & yet )\t ! addition ( greatness1 & :i* are all moral ,he is ! only holy1 ! only bless$1 ! only wise1 because ^! conceptions already imply ! abs5ce ( limitation4 ,9 ! ord] ( ^! attributes ,he is also ! holy lawgiv] 7& creator71 ! good gov]nor 7& pres]v]7 & ! j judge1 ?ree attributes :i* include ev]y?+ by :i* ,god is ! object ( religion1 & 9 con=mity ) :i* ! metaphysical p]fections are add$ ( !mselves 9 ! reason4 ,t 9 ! ord] ( ends1 man 7& ) him e rational be+7 is an end 9 himself1 t is1 t he c nev] be us$ m]ely z a means by any 7n ev5 by ,god7 )\t be+ at ! same "t an end also himself1 t !re=e humanity 9 our p]son mu/ be holy to ourselves1 ?is foll[s n[ ( itself because he is ! subject ( ! moral law1 9 o!r words1 ( t :i* is holy 9 itself1 & on acc\nt ( :i* & 9 agreem5t ) :i* alone c any?+ be t]m$ holy4 ,= ?is moral law is f\nd$ on ! autonomy ( 8 w1 z a free w :i* by its univ]sal laws mu/ necess>ily be able to agree ) t to :i* x is to submit itself4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,po/ulates ( ,pure ,practical ,reason ,g5]ally4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #fj ,!y all proce$ f ! pr9ciple ( morality1 :i* is n a po/ulate b a law1 by :i* reason det]m9es ! w directly1 :i* w1 because x is s det]m9$ z a pure w1 requires ^! necess>y conditions ( ob$i5ce to its precept4 ,^! po/ulates are n !oretical dogmas b1 suppositions practically necess>y2 :ile !n !y d n ext5d our speculative k1 !y give objective reality to ! ideas ( speculative reason 9 g5]al 7by means ( _! ref]5ce to :at is practical71 & give x a "r to concepts1 ! possibility ev5 ( :i* x c\ld n o!rwise v5ture to affirm4 ,^! po/ulates are ^? ( immortality1 fre$om positively consid]$ 7z ! causality ( a be+ s f> z he belongs to ! intelligible _w71 & ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! fir/ results f ! practically necess>y condition ( a duration adequate to ! complete fulfilm5t ( ! moral law2 ! second f ! necess>y supposition ( indep5d5ce ( ! s5sible _w1 & ( ! faculty ( det]m9+ "o's w accord+ to ! law ( an intelligible _w1 t is1 ( fre$om2 ! ?ird f ! necess>y condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! summum bonum 9 su* an intelligible _w1 by ! supposition ( ! supreme indep5d5t good1 t is1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,?us ! fact t respect = ! moral law necess>ily makes ! summum bonum an object ( our endeav\rs1 & ! supposition !nce result+ ( its objective reality1 lead ?r\gh ! po/ulates ( practical reason to conceptions :i* speculative reason might inde$ pres5t z problems1 b c\ld nev] solve4 ,?us x leads3 #a4 ,to t "o 9 ! solution ( :i* ! latt] c\ld d no?+ b commit p>alogisms 7namely1 t ( immortality71 because x c\ld n lay hold ( ! "* ( p]man5ce1 by :i* to complete ! psy*ological conception ( an ultimate subject necess>ily ascrib$ to ! s\l 9 self-consci\sness1 s z to make x ! real conception ( a sub/ance1 a "* :i* practical reason furni%es by ! po/ulate ( a duration requir$ = accordance ) ! moral law 9 ! summum bonum1 :i* is ! :ole end ( practical reason4 #b4 ,x leads to t ( :i* speculative reason conta9$ no?+ b ant9omy1 ! solution ( :i* x c\ld only f\nd on a notion problematically conceivable inde$1 b ^: objective reality x c\ld n prove or det]m9e1 namely1 ! cosmological idea ( an intelligible _w & ! consci\sness ( our exi/5ce 9 x1 by means ( ! po/ulate ( fre$om 7! reality ( :i* x lays d[n by virtue ( ! moral law71 & ) x likewise ! law ( an intelligible _w1 to :i* speculative reason c\ld only po9t1 b c\ld n def9e its conception4 #c4 ,:at speculative reason 0 able to ?9k1 b 0 oblig$ to leave undet]m9$ z a m]e transc5d5tal ideal1 viz41 ! !ological conception ( ! fir/ ,be+1 to ?is x gives significance 79 a practical view1 t is1 z a condition ( ! possibility ( ! object ( a w det]m9$ by t law71 namely1 z ! supreme pr9ciple ( ! summum bonum 9 an intelligible _w1 by means ( moral legislation 9 x inve/$ ) sov]eign p[]4 ,is our k1 h[ev]1 actually ext5d$ 9 ?is way by pure practical reason1 & is t imman5t 9 practical reason :i* = ! speculative 0 only transc5d5t8 ,c]ta9ly1 b only 9 a practical po9t ( view4 ,= we d n !reby take k ( ! nature ( our s\ls1 nor ( ! intelligible _w1 nor ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ) respect to :at !y are 9 !mselves1 b we h m]ely comb9$ ! conceptions ( !m 9 ! practical concept ( ! summum bonum z ! object ( our w1 & ?is altoge!r a priori1 b only by means ( ! moral law1 & m]ely 9 ref]5ce to x1 9 respect ( ! object :i* x comm&s4 ,b h[ fre$om is possible1 & h[ we are to conceive ?is k9d ( causality !oretically & positively1 is n !reby discov]$2 b only t !re is su* a causality is po/ulat$ by ! moral law & 9 its beho(4 ,x is ! same ) ! rema9+ ideas1 ! possibility ( :i* no human intellig5ce w ev] fa?om1 b ! tru? ( :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 no sophi/ry w ev] wre/ f ! conviction ev5 ( ! commone/ man4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #fe ,,vii4 ,h[ is x possible to conceive an ,ext5sion ( ,pure ,reason 9 a ,practical po9t ( view1 )\t its ,k z ,speculative be+ enl>g$ at ! same "t8 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #gj ,9 ord] n to be too ab/ract1 we w answ] ?is "q at once 9 its application to ! pres5t case4 ,9 ord] to ext5d a pure cognition practically1 !re mu/ be an a priori purpose giv51 t is1 an end z object 7( ! w71 :i* indep5d5tly ( all !ological pr9ciple is pres5t$ z practically necess>y by an imp]ative :i* det]m9es ! w directly 7a categorical imp]ative71 & 9 ?is case t is ! summum bonum4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n possible )\t presuppos+ ?ree !oretical conceptions 7= :i*1 because !y are m]e conceptions ( pure reason1 no correspond+ intuition c be f\nd1 nor consequ5tly by ! pa? ( !ory any objective reality72 namely1 fre$om1 immortality1 & ,god4 ,?us by ! practical law :i* comm&s ! exi/5ce ( ! highe/ good possible 9 a _w1 ! possibility ( ^? objects ( pure speculative reason is po/ulat$1 & ! objective reality :i* ! latt] c\ld n assure !m4 ,by ?is ! !oretical k ( pure reason does inde$ obta9 an accession2 b x consi/s only 9 ?is1 t ^? concepts :i* o!rwise x _h to look ^u z problematical 7m]ely ?9kable7 concepts1 are n[ %[n ass]torially to be su* z actually h objects2 because practical reason indisp5sably requires _! exi/5ce = ! possibility ( its object1 ! summum bonum1 :i* practically is absolutely necess>y1 & ?is ju/ifies !oretical reason 9 assum+ !m4 ,b ?is ext5sion ( !oretical reason is no ext5sion ( speculative1 t is1 we _c make any positive use ( x 9 a !oretical po9t ( view4 ,= z no?+ is accompli%$ 9 ?is by practical reason1 fur!r ?an t ^! concepts are real & actually h _! 7possible7 objects1 & no?+ 9 ! way ( intuition ( !m is giv5 !reby 7:i* inde$ c\ld n be dem&$71 h5ce ! admission ( ?is reality does n r5d] any syn!tical proposition possible4 ,consequ5tly1 ?is discov]y does n 9 ! lea/ help u to ext5d ?is k ( ours 9 a speculative po9t ( view1 al?\gh x does 9 respect ( ! practical employm5t ( pure reason4 ,! above ?ree ideas ( speculative reason are /ill 9 !mselves n cognitions2 !y are h[ev] 7transc5d5t7 ?\ghts1 9 :i* !re is no?+ impossible4 ,n[1 by help ( an apodeictic practical law1 be+ necess>y conditions ( t :i* x comm&s to be made an object1 !y acquire objective reality2 t is1 we le>n f x t !y h objects1 )\t be+ able to po9t out h[ ! conception ( !m is relat$ to an object1 & ?is1 too1 is /ill n a cognition ( ^! objects2 = we _c !reby =m any syn!tical judgem5t ab\t !m1 nor det]m9e _! application !oretically2 consequ5tly1 we c make no !oretical rational use ( !m at all1 9 :i* use all speculative k ( reason consi/s4 ,nev]!less1 ! !oretical k1 n inde$ ( ^! objects1 b ( reason g5]ally1 is s f> enl>g$ by ?is1 t by ! practical po/ulates objects 7 giv5 to ^? ideas1 a m]ely problematical ?\ght hav+ by ?is means fir/ acquir$ objective reality4 ,!re is !re=e no ext5sion ( ! k ( giv5 sup]s5sible objects1 b an ext5sion ( !oretical reason & ( its k 9 respect ( ! sup]s5sible g5]ally2 inasmu* z x is compell$ to admit t !re are su* objects1 al?\gh x is n able to def9e !m m closely1 s z itself to ext5d ?is k ( ! objects 7:i* h n[ be5 giv5 x on practical gr\nds1 & only = practical use74 ,= ?is accession1 !n1 pure !oretical reason1 = :i* all ^? ideas are transc5d5t & )\t object1 has simply to ?ank its practical faculty4 ,9 ?is !y become imman5t & con/itutive1 be+ ! s\rce ( ! possibility ( realiz+ ! necess>y object ( pure practical reason 7! summum bonum72 :]eas ap>t f ?is !y are transc5d5t1 & m]ely regulative pr9ciples ( speculative reason1 :i* d n require x to assume a new object beyond exp]i5ce1 b only to br+ its use 9 exp]i5ce ne>] to complet5ess4 ,b :5 once reason is 9 possession ( ?is accession1 x w g to "w ) ^! ideas z speculative reason 7prop]ly only to assure ! c]ta9ty ( its practical use7 9 a negative mann]3 t is1 n ext5d+ b cle>+ up its k s z on "o side to keep (f an?ropomorphism1 z ! s\rce ( sup]/ition1 or seem+ ext5sion ( ^! conceptions by suppos$ exp]i5ce2 & on ! o!r side fanaticism1 :i* promises ! same by means ( sup]s5sible intuition or feel+s ( ! l k9d4 ,all ^! are h9drances to ! practical use ( pure reason1 s t ! removal ( !m may c]ta9ly be consid]$ an ext5sion ( our k 9 a practical po9t ( view1 )\t contradict+ ! admission t = speculative purposes reason has n 9 ! lea/ ga9$ by ?is4 ,e employm5t ( reason 9 respect ( an object requires pure concepts ( ! und]/&+ 7categories71 )\t :i* no object c be conceiv$4 ,^! c be appli$ to ! !oretical employm5t ( reason1 i4e41 to t k9d ( k1 only 9 case an intuition 7:i* is always s5sible7 is tak5 z a basis1 & !re=e m]ely 9 ord] to conceive by means (- !m an object ( possible exp]i5ce4 ,n[ "h :at h to be ?\ght by means ( ! categories 9 ord] to be kn[n are ideas ( reason1 :i* _c be giv5 9 any exp]i5ce4 ,only we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! !oretical k ( ! objects ( ^! ideas1 b only ) ?is1 :e!r !y h objects at all4 ,?is reality is suppli$ by pure practical reason1 & !oretical reason has no?+ fur!r to d 9 ?is b to ?9k ^? objects by means ( categories4 ,?is1 z we h else:]e cle>ly %[n1 c be done well en\gh )\t ne$+ any intuition 7ei!r s5sible or sup]s5sible7 because ! categories h _! seat & orig9 9 ! pure und]/&+1 simply z ! faculty ( ?\ght1 be=e & indep5d5tly ( any intuition1 & !y always only signify an object 9 g5]al1 no matt] 9 :at way x may be giv5 to u4 ,n[ :5 ! categories are to be appli$ to ^! ideas1 x is n possible to give !m any object 9 intuition2 b t su* an object actually exi/s1 & consequ5tly t ! category z a m]e =m ( ?\ght is "h n empty b has significance1 ?is is suffici5tly assur$ !m by an object :i* practical reason pres5ts beyond d\bt 9 ! concept ( ! summum bonum1 ! reality ( ! conceptions :i* are requir$ = ! possibility ( ! summum bonum2 )\t1 h[ev]1 effect+ by ?is accession ! lea/ ext5sion ( our k on !oretical pr9ciples4 ,:5 ^! ideas ( ,god1 ( an intelligible _w 7! k+dom ( ,god71 & ( immortality are fur!r det]m9$ by pr$icates tak5 f our own nature1 we mu/ n reg>d ?is det]m9ation z a s5sualiz+ ( ^? pure rational ideas 7an?ropomorphism71 nor z a transc5d5t k ( sup]s5sible objects2 = ^! pr$icates are no o!rs ?an und]/&+ & w1 consid]$ too 9 ! relation to ea* o!r 9 :i* !y mu/ be conceiv$ 9 ! moral law1 & !re=e1 only s f> z a pure practical use is made ( !m4 ,z to all ! re/ t belongs to ^! conceptions psy*ologically1 t is1 s f> z we obs]ve ^! faculties ( ours empirically 9 _! ex]cise 7e4g41 t ! und]/&+ ( man is discursive1 & its notions !re=e n intuitions b ?\ghts1 t ^! foll[ "o ano!r 9 "t1 t 8 w has its satisfaction always dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( its object1 etc41 :i* _c be ! case 9 ! ,supreme ,be+71 f all ?is we ab/ract 9 t case1 & !n !re rema9s ( ! notions by :i* we conceive a pure intellig5ce no?+ m ?an j :at is requir$ = ! possibility ( conceiv+ a moral law4 ,!re is !n a k ( ,god inde$1 b only = practical purposes1 &1 if we attempt to ext5d x to a !oretical k1 we f9d an und]/&+ t has intuitions1 n ?\ghts1 a w t is direct$ to objects on ! exi/5ce ( :i* its satisfaction does n 9 ! lea/ dep5d 7n to m5tion ! transc5d5tal pr$icates1 z1 = example1 a magnitude ( exi/5ce1 t is duration1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n 9 "t1 ! only possible means we h ( conceiv+ exi/5ce z magnitude74 ,n[ ^! are all attributes ( :i* we c =m no conception t w\ld help to ! k ( ! object1 & we le>n f ?is t !y c nev] be us$ = a !ory ( sup]s5sible be+s1 s t on ?is side !y are q incapable ( be+ ! f\ndation ( a speculative k1 & _! use is limit$ simply to ! practice ( ! moral law4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ge ,?is la/ is s obvi\s1 & c be prov$ s cle>ly by fact1 t we may confid5tly *all5ge all pret5d$ natural !ologians 7a s+ul> "n7 99 to specify 7ov] & above ! m]ely ontological pr$icates7 "o s+le attribute1 :e!r ( ! und]/&+ or ( ! w1 det]m9+ ?is object ( !irs1 ( :i* we c\ld n %[ incontrov]tibly t1 if we ab/ract f x ev]y?+ an?ropomorphic1 no?+ w\ld rema9 to u b ! m]e ^w1 )\t our be+ able to connect ) x ! smalle/ notion by :i* we c\ld hope = an ext5sion ( !oretical k4 ,b z to ! practical1 !re /ill rema9s to u ( ! attributes ( und]/&+ & w ! conception ( a relation to :i* objective reality is giv5 by ! practical law 7:i* det]m9es a priori precisely ?is relation ( ! und]/&+ to ! w74 ,:5 once ?is is done1 !n reality is giv5 to ! conception ( ! object ( a w morally det]m9$ 7! conception ( ! summum bonum71 & ) x to ! conditions ( its possibility1 ! ideas ( ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 b always only relatively to ! practice ( ! moral law 7& n = any speculative purpose74 99 ,le>n+ is prop]ly only ! :ole cont5t ( ! hi/orical sci5ces4 ,consequ5tly x is only ! tea*] ( reveal$ !ology t c be call$ a le>n$ !ologian4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we *oose to call a man le>n$ :o is 9 possession ( ! rational sci5ces 7ma!matics & philosophy71 al?\gh ev5 ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! signification ( ! ^w 7:i* always c\nts z le>n+ only t :i* "o mu/ be le>n$ & :i*1 !re=e1 he _c discov] ( himself by reason71 ev5 9 t case ! philosoph] w\ld make too poor a figure ) 8 k ( ,god z a positive sci5ce to let himself be call$ on t acc\nt a le>n$ man4 ,accord+ to ^! rem>ks x is n[ easy to f9d ! answ] to ! weighty "q :e!r ! notion ( ,god is "o belong+ to physics 7& !re=e also to metaphysics1 :i* conta9s ! pure a priori pr9ciples ( ! =m] 9 _! univ]sal import7 or to morals4 ,if we h rec\rse to ,god z ! ,au?or ( all ?+s1 9 ord] to expla9 ! arrangem5ts ( nature or its *anges1 ?is is at lea/ n a physical explanation1 & is a complete confession t our philosophy has come to an end1 s9ce we are oblig$ to assume some?+ ( :i* 9 itself we h o!rwise no conception1 9 ord] to be able to frame a conception ( ! possibility ( :at we see be=e our eyes4 ,metaphysics1 h[ev]1 _c enable u to atta9 by c]ta9 inf]5ce f ! k ( ?is _w to ! conception ( ,god & to ! pro( ( ,8 exi/5ce1 = ?is reason1 t 9 ord] to say t ?is _w c\ld be produc$ only by a ,god 7accord+ to ! conception impli$ by ?is ^w7 we %\ld "k ?is _w z ! mo/ p]fect :ole possible2 & = ?is purpose %\ld also "k all possible worlds 79 ord] to be able to comp>e !m ) ?is72 9 o!r words1 we %\ld be omnisci5t4 ,x is absolutely impossible1 h[ev]1 to "k ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,be+ f m]e concepts1 because e exi/5tial proposition1 t is1 e proposition t affirms ! exi/5ce ( a be+ ( :i* ,i frame a concept1 is a syn!tic proposition1 t is1 "o by :i* ,i g beyond t conception & affirm ( x m ?an 0 ?\ght 9 ! conception itself2 namely1 t ?is concept 9 ! und]/&+ has an object correspond+ to x outside ! und]/&+1 & ?is x is obvi\sly impossible to elicit by any reason+4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 only "o s+le process possible = reason to atta9 ?is k1 namely1 to />t f ! supreme pr9ciple ( its pure practical use 7:i* 9 e case is direct$ simply to ! exi/5ce ( some?+ z a consequ5ce ( reason7 & ?us det]m9e its object4 ,!n its inevitable problem1 namely1 ! necess>y direction ( ! w to ! summum bonum1 discov]s to u n only ! necessity ( assum+ su* a ,fir/ ,be+ 9 ref]5ce to ! possibility ( ?is good 9 ! _w1 b1 :at is mo/ rem>kable1 some?+ :i* reason 9 its progress on ! pa? ( physical nature altoge!r fail$ to f9d1 namely1 an accurately def9$ conception ( ?is ,fir/ ,be+4 ,z we c "k only a small "p ( ?is _w1 & c /ill less comp>e x ) all possible worlds1 we may inde$ f its ord]1 design1 & greatness1 inf] a wise1 good1 p[]ful1 etc41 ,au?or ( x1 b n t ,he is all-wise1 all-good1 all-p[]ful1 etc4 ,x may inde$ v well be grant$ t we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 supply+ ?is inevitable defect by a legitimate & reasonable hypo!sis2 namely1 t :5 wisdom1 goodness1 etc1 are display$ 9 all ! p>ts t (f] !mselves to our ne>] k1 x is j ! same 9 all ! re/1 & t x w\ld !re=e be reasonable to ascribe all possible p]fections to ! ,au?or ( ! _w1 b ^! are n /rict logical inf]5ces 9 :i* we c pride ourselves on our insight1 b only p]mitt$ conclusions 9 :i* we may be indulg$ & :i* require fur!r recomm5dation be=e we c make use ( !m4 ,on ! pa? ( empirical inquiry !n 7physics71 ! conception ( ,god rema9s always a conception ( ! p]fection ( ! ,fir/ ,be+ n accurately en\gh det]m9$ to be held adequate to ! conception ( ,deity4 7,) metaphysic 9 its transc5d5tal "p no?+ :atev] c be accompli%$47 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #hj ,:5 ,i n[ try to te/ ?is conception by ref]5ce to ! object ( practical reason1 ,i f9d t ! moral pr9ciple admits z possible only ! conception ( an ,au?or ( ! _w possess$ ( ! highe/ p]fection4 ,he mu/ be omnisci5t1 9 ord] to "k my conduct up to ! inmo/ root ( my m5tal /ate 9 all possible cases & into all future "t2 omnipot5t1 9 ord] to allot to x its fitt+ consequ5ces2 simil>ly ,he mu/ be omnipres5t1 et]nal1 etc4 ,?us ! moral law1 by means ( ! conception ( ! summum bonum z ! object ( a pure practical reason1 det]m9es ! concept ( ! ,fir/ ,be+ z ! ,supreme ,be+2 a ?+ :i* ! physical 7& 9 its high] developm5t ! metaphysical71 9 o!r words1 ! :ole speculative c\rse ( reason1 0 unable to effect4 ,! conception ( ,god1 !n1 is "o t belongs orig9ally n to physics1 i4e41 to speculative reason1 b to morals4 ,! same may be said ( ! o!r conceptions ( reason ( :i* we h treat$ above z po/ulates ( x 9 its practical use4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,grecian philosophy we f9d no di/9ct traces ( a pure rational !ology e>li] ?an ,anaxagoras2 b ?is is n because ! old] philosoph]s _h n intellig5ce or p5etration en\gh to raise !mselves to x by ! pa? ( speculation1 at lea/ ) ! aid ( a ?or\ghly reasonable hypo!sis4 ,:at c\ld h be5 easi]1 :at m natural1 ?an ! ?\ght :i* ( itself occurs to ev]yone1 to assume in/ead ( sev]al causes ( ! _w1 in/ead ( an indet]m9ate degree ( p]fection1 a s+le rational cause hav+ all p]fection8 ,b ! evils 9 ! _w seem$ to !m to be mu* too s]i\s objections to all[ !m to feel !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 su* a hypo!sis4 ,!y %[$ intellig5ce & p5etration !n 9 ?is v po9t1 t !y did n all[ !mselves to adopt x1 b on ! contr>y look$ ab\t among/ natural causes to see if !y c\ld n f9d 9 !m ! qualities & p[] requir$ = a ,fir/ ,be+4 ,b :5 ?is acute p _h advanc$ s f> 9 _! inve/igations ( nature z to treat ev5 moral que/ions philosophically1 on :i* o!r nations _h nev] done any?+ b talk1 !n fir/ !y f\nd a new & practical want1 :i* did n fail to give def9it5ess to _! conception ( ! ,fir/ ,be+3 & 9 ?is ! speculative reason play$ ! "p ( spectator1 or at be/ _h ! m]it ( embelli%+ a conception t _h n gr[n on its own gr\nd1 & ( apply+ a s]ies ( confirmations f ! /udy ( nature n[ br\ght =w>d = ! fir/ "t1 n inde$ to /r5g!n ! au?ority ( ?is conception 7:i* 0 already e/abli%$71 b r to make a %[ ) a suppos$ discov]y ( !oretical reason4 ,f ^! rem>ks1 ! read] ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,speculative ,reason w be ?or\ghly conv9c$ h[ highly necess>y t labori\s d$uction ( ! categories 01 & h[ fruitful = !ology & morals4 ,= if1 on ! "o h&1 we place !m 9 pure und]/&+1 x is by ?is d$uction alone t we c be prev5t$ f reg>d+ !m1 ) ,plato1 z innate1 & f\nd+ on !m extravagant pret5sions to !ories ( ! sup]s5sible1 to :i* we c see no end1 & by :i* we %\ld make !ology a magic lant]n ( *im]as2 on ! o!r h&1 if we reg>d !m z acquir$1 ?is d$uction saves u f re/rict+1 ) ,epicurus1 all & e use ( !m1 ev5 = practical purposes1 to ! objects & motives ( ! s5ses4 ,b n[ t ! ,critique has %[n by t d$uction1 fir/1 t !y are n ( empirical orig91 b h _! seat & s\rce a priori 9 ! pure und]/&+2 secondly1 t z !y ref] to objects 9 g5]al indep5d5tly ( ! intuition ( !m1 h5ce1 al?\gh !y _c effect !oretical k1 except 9 application to empirical objects1 yet :5 appli$ to an object giv5 by pure practical reason !y enable u to conceive ! sup]s5sible def9itely1 only s f>1 h[ev]1 z x is def9$ by su* pr$icates z are necess>ily connect$ ) ! pure practical purpose giv5 a priori & ) its possibility4 ,! speculative re/riction ( pure reason & its practical ext5sion br+ x into t relation ( equality 9 :i* reason 9 g5]al c be employ$ suitably to its end1 & ?is example proves bett] ?an any o!r t ! pa? to wisdom1 if x is to be made sure & n to be impassable or mislead+1 mu/ ) u m5 inevitably pass ?r\gh sci5ce2 b x is n till ?is is complete t we c be conv9c$ t x leads to ?is goal4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #he ,,viii4 ,( ,belief f a ,requirem5t ( ,pure ,reason4 ,a want or requirem5t ( pure reason 9 its speculative use leads only to a hypo!sis2 t ( pure practical reason to a po/ulate2 = 9 ! =m] case ,i asc5d f ! result z high z ,i please 9 ! s]ies ( causes1 n 9 ord] to give objective reality to ! result 7e4g41 ! causal connection ( ?+s & *anges 9 ! _w71 b 9 ord] ?or\ghly to satisfy my inquir+ reason 9 respect ( x4 ,?us ,i see be=e me ord] & design 9 nature1 & ne$ n resort to speculation to assure myself ( _! reality1 b to expla9 !m ,i h to presuppose a ,deity z _! cause2 & !n s9ce ! inf]5ce f an effect to a def9ite cause is always unc]ta9 & d\btful1 especially to a cause s precise & s p]fectly def9$ z we h to conceive 9 ,god1 h5ce ! highe/ degree ( c]ta9ty to :i* ?is pre-supposition c be br\ght is t x is ! mo/ rational op9ion = u m54 99 ,on ! o!r h&1 a requirem5t ( pure practical reason is bas$ on a duty1 t ( mak+ some?+ 7! summum bonum7 ! object ( my w s z to promote x ) all my p[]s2 9 :i* case ,i mu/ suppose its possibility &1 consequ5tly1 also ! conditions necess>y !reto1 namely1 ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality2 s9ce ,i _c prove ^! by my speculative reason1 al?\gh nei!r c ,i refute !m4 ,?is duty is f\nd$ on some?+ t is inde$ q indep5d5t ( ^! suppositions & is ( itself apodeictically c]ta91 namely1 ! moral law2 & s f> x ne$s no fur!r support by !oretical views z to ! inn] con/itution ( ?+s1 ! secret f9al aim ( ! ord] ( ! _w1 or a presid+ rul] !re(1 9 ord] to b9d me 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] to act 9 unconditional con=mity to ! law4 ,b ! subjective effect ( ?is law1 namely1 ! m5tal disposition con=m$ to x & made necess>y by x1 to promote ! practically possible summum bonum1 ?is pre-supposes at lea/ t ! latt] is possible1 = x w\ld be practically impossible to /rive aft] ! object ( a conception :i* at bottom 0 empty & _h no object4 ,n[ ! above-m5tion$ po/ulates conc]n only ! physical or metaphysical conditions ( ! possibility ( ! summum bonum2 9 a ^w1 ^? :i* lie 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 n1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( an arbitr>y speculative purpose1 b ( a practically necess>y end ( a pure rational w1 :i* 9 ?is case does n *oose1 b obeys an inexorable comm& ( reason1 ! f\ndation ( :i* is objective1 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s z !y mu/ be univ]sally judg$ by pure reason1 & is n bas$ on incl9ation2 = we are 9 n[ise ju/ifi$ 9 assum+1 on acc\nt ( :at we wi% on m]ely subjective gr\nds1 t ! means !reto are possible or t its object is real4 ,?is1 !n1 is an absolutely necess>y requirem5t1 & :at x pre-supposes is n m]ely ju/ifi$ z an all[able hypo!sis1 b z a po/ulate 9 a practical po9t ( view2 & admitt+ t ! pure moral law inexorably b9ds e man z a comm& 7n z a rule ( prud5ce71 ! righte\s man may say3 ,i w t !re be a ,god1 t my exi/5ce 9 ?is _w be also an exi/5ce outside ! *a9 ( physical causes & 9 a pure _w ( ! und]/&+1 & la/ly1 t my duration be endless2 ,i firmly abide by ?is1 & w n let ?is fai? be tak5 f me2 = 9 ?is in/ance alone my int]e/1 because ,i mu/ n relax any?+ ( x1 inevitably det]m9es my judgem5t1 )\t reg>d+ sophi/ries1 h[ev] unable ,i may be to answ] !m or to oppose !m ) o!rs m plausible4 997#b7 99 ,b ev5 "h we %\ld n be able to allege a requirem5t ( reason1 if we _h n be=e our eyes a problematical1 b yet inevitable1 conception ( reason1 namely1 t ( an absolutely necess>y be+4 ,?is conception n[ seeks to be def9$1 & ?is1 9 addition to ! t5d5cy to ext5d itself1 is ! objective gr\nd ( a requirem5t ( speculative reason1 namely1 to h a m precise def9ition ( ! conception ( a necess>y be+ :i* is to s]ve z ! fir/ cause ( o!r be+s1 s z to make ^! latt] kn[able by "s means4 ,)\t su* antec$5t necess>y problems !re are no requirem5ts- at lea/ n ( pure reason- ! re/ are requirem5ts ( incl9ation4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ij 997#b7 ,9 ! ,deuts*es ,museum1 ,febru>y1 #aghg1 !re is a diss]tation by a v subtle & cle>-head$ man1 ! late ,wiz5mann1 ^: e>ly dea? is to be lam5t$1 9 :i* he disputes ! "r to argue f a want to ! objective reality ( its object1 & illu/rates ! po9t by ! example ( a man 9 love1 :o hav+ fool$ himself into an idea ( beauty1 :i* is m]ely a *im]a ( 8 own bra91 w\ld fa9 conclude t su* an object really exi/s some:]e4 ,i q agree ) him 9 ?is1 9 all cases :]e ! want is f\nd$ on incl9ation1 :i* _c necess>ily po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( its object ev5 = ! man t is affect$ by x1 mu* less c x conta9 a dem& valid = ev]yone1 & !re=e x is m]ely a subjective gr\nd ( ! wi%4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case we h a want ( reason spr++ f an objective det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w1 namely1 ! moral law1 :i* necess>ily b9ds e rational be+1 & !re=e ju/ifies him 9 assum+ a priori 9 nature ! conditions prop] = x1 & makes ! latt] insep>able f ! complete practical use ( reason4 ,x is a duty to realize ! summum bonum to ! utmo/ ( our p[]1 !re=e x mu/ be possible1 consequ5tly x is unavoidable = e rational be+ 9 ! _w to assume :at is necess>y = its objective possibility4 ,! assumption is z necess>y z ! moral law1 9 connection ) :i* alone x is valid4 ,9 ord] to prev5t misconception 9 ! use ( a notion z yet s unusual z t ( a fai? ( pure practical reason1 let me be p]mitt$ to add "o m rem>k4 ,x might almo/ seem z if ?is rational fai? 7 "h ann\nc$ z itself a comm&1 namely1 t we %\ld assume ! summum bonum z possible4 ,b a fai? t is comm&$ is nons5se4 ,let ! prec$+ analysis1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ ( :at is requir$ to be suppos$ 9 ! conception ( ! summum bonum1 & x w be se5 t x _c be comm&$ to assume ?is possibility1 & no practical disposition ( m9d is requir$ to admit x2 b t speculative reason mu/ conc$e x )\t be+ ask$1 = no "o c affirm t x is impossible 9 itself t rational be+s 9 ! _w %\ld at ! same "t be wor?y ( happ9ess 9 con=mity ) ! moral law & also possess ?is happ9ess proportionately4 ,n[ 9 respect ( ! fir/ elem5t ( ! summum bonum1 namely1 t :i* conc]ns morality1 ! moral law gives m]ely a comm&1 & to d\bt ! possibility ( t elem5t w\ld be ! same z to call 9 "q ! moral law itself4 ,b z reg>ds ! second elem5t ( t object1 namely1 happ9ess p]fectly proportion$ to t wor?9ess1 x is true t !re is no ne$ ( a comm& to admit its possibility 9 g5]al1 = !oretical reason has no?+ to say aga9/ x2 b ! mann] 9 :i* we h to conceive ?is h>mony ( ! laws ( nature ) ^? ( fre$om has 9 x some?+ 9 respect ( :i* we h a *oice1 because !oretical reason decides no?+ ) apodeictic c]ta9ty ab\t x1 & 9 respect ( ?is !re may be a moral int]e/ :i* turns ! scale4 ,i _h said above t 9 a m]e c\rse ( nature 9 ! _w an accurate correspond5ce betwe5 happ9ess & moral wor? is n to be expect$ & mu/ be reg>d$ z impossible1 & t !re=e ! possibility ( ! summum bonum _c be admitt$ f ?is side except on ! supposition ( a moral ,au?or ( ! _w4 ,i purposely res]v$ ! re/riction ( ?is judgem5t to ! subjective conditions ( our reason1 9 ord] n to make use ( x until ! mann] ( ?is belief %\ld be def9$ m precisely4 ,! fact is t ! impossibility ref]r$ to is m]ely subjective1 t is1 our reason f9ds x impossible = x to r5d] conceivable 9 ! way ( a m]e c\rse ( nature a connection s exactly proportion$ & s ?or\ghly adapt$ to an end1 betwe5 two sets ( ev5ts happ5+ accord+ to su* di/9ct laws2 al?\gh1 z ) ev]y?+ else 9 nature t is adapt$ to an end1 x _c prove1 t is1 %[ by suffici5t objective reason1 t x is n possible by univ]sal laws ( nature4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a decid+ pr9ciple ( a diff]5t k9d comes into play to turn ! scale 9 ?is unc]ta9ty ( speculative reason4 ,! comm& to promote ! summum bonum is e/abli%$ on an objective basis 79 practical reason72 ! possibility ( ! same 9 g5]al is likewise e/abli%$ on an objective basis 79 !oretical reason1 :i* has no?+ to say aga9/ x74 ,b reason _c decide objectively 9 :at way we are to conceive ?is possibility2 :e!r by univ]sal laws ( nature )\t a wise ,au?or presid+ ov] nature1 or only on supposition ( su* an ,au?or4 ,n[ "h !re comes 9 a subjective condition ( reason1 ! only way !oretically possible = x1 ( conceiv+ ! exact h>mony ( ! k+dom ( nature ) ! k+dom ( morals1 :i* is ! condition ( ! possibility ( ! summum bonum2 & at ! same "t ! only "o conducive to morality 7:i* dep5ds on an objective law ( reason74 ,n[ s9ce ! promotion ( ?is summum bonum1 & !re=e ! supposition ( its possibility1 are objectively necess>y 7?\gh only z a result ( practical reason71 :ile at ! same "t ! mann] 9 :i* we w\ld conceive x re/s ) our own *oice1 & 9 ?is *oice a free int]e/ ( pure practical reason decides = ! assumption ( a wise ,au?or ( ! _w2 x is cle> t ! pr9ciple t h]e9 det]m9es our judgem5t1 ?\gh z a want x is subjective1 yet at ! same "t be+ ! means ( promot+ :at is objectively 7practically7 necess>y1 is ! f\ndation ( a maxim ( belief 9 a moral po9t ( view1 t is1 a fai? ( pure practical reason4 ,?is1 !n1 is n comm&$1 b be+ a volunt>y det]m9ation ( our judgem5t1 conducive to ! moral 7comm&$7 purpose1 & moreov] h>moniz+ ) ! !oretical requirem5t ( reason1 to assume t exi/5ce & to make x ! f\ndation ( our fur!r employm5t ( reason1 x has itself sprung f ! moral disposition ( m9d2 x may !re=e at times wav] ev5 9 ! well-dispos$1 b c nev] be r$uc$ to unbelief4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ie ,,ix4 ,( ! ,wise ,adaptation ( ,man's ,cognitive ,faculties to 8 ,practical ,de/9ation4 ,if human nature is de/9$ to endeav\r aft] ! summum bonum1 we mu/ suppose also t ! measure ( its cognitive faculties1 & p>ticul>ly _! relation to "o ano!r1 is suitable to ?is end4 ,n[ ! ,critique ( ,pure ,speculative ,reason proves t ?is is incapable ( solv+ satisfactorily ! mo/ weighty problems t are propos$ to x1 al?\gh x does n ignore ! natural & important h9ts receiv$ f ! same reason1 nor ! great /eps t x c make to approa* to ?is great goal t is set be=e x1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x c nev] rea* ( itself1 ev5 ) ! help ( ! greate/ k ( nature4 ,nature !n seems "h to h provid$ u only 9 a /ep-mo!rly fa%ion ) ! faculty requir$ = our end4 ,,book#b;,,*apt]#b p>agraph #ajj ,suppose1 n[1 t 9 ?is matt] nature _h con=m$ to our wi% & _h giv5 u t capacity ( disc]nm5t or t enlight5m5t :i* we w\ld gladly possess1 or :i* "s imag9e !y actually possess1 :at w\ld 9 all probability be ! consequ5ce8 ,unless our :ole nature 7 at ! same "t *ang$1 our incl9ations1 :i* always h ! fir/ ^w1 w\ld fir/ ( all dem& _! own satisfaction1 &1 jo9$ ) rational reflection1 ! greate/ possible & mo/ la/+ satisfaction1 "u ! "n ( happ9ess2 ! moral law w\ld aft]w>ds speak1 9 ord] to keep !m )9 _! prop] b\nds1 & ev5 to subject !m all to a high] end1 :i* has no reg>d to incl9ation4 ,b in/ead ( ! conflict t ! moral disposition has n[ to c>ry on ) ! incl9ations1 9 :i*1 ?\gh aft] "s defeats1 moral /r5g? ( m9d may be gradually acquir$1 ,god & et]nity ) _! awful maje/y w\ld /& unceas+ly be=e our eyes 7= :at we c prove p]fectly is to u z c]ta9 z t ( :i* we are assur$ by ! sight ( our eyes74 ,transgression ( ! law1 w\ld1 no d\bt1 be avoid$2 :at is comm&$ w\ld be done2 b ! m5tal disposition1 f :i* actions ought to proce$1 _c be infus$ by any comm&1 & 9 ?is case ! spur ( action is ev] active & ext]nal1 s t reason has no ne$ to ex]t itself 9 ord] to ga!r /r5g? to resi/ ! incl9ations by a lively repres5tation ( ! dignity ( ! law3 h5ce mo/ ( ! actions t con=m$ to ! law w\ld be done f fe>1 a few only f hope1 & none at all f duty1 & ! moral wor? ( actions1 on :i* alone 9 ! eyes ( supreme wisdom ! wor? ( ! p]son & ev5 t ( ! _w dep5ds1 w\ld cease to exi/4 ,z long z ! nature ( man rema9s :at x is1 8 conduct w\ld ?us be *ang$ into m]e me*anism1 9 :i*1 z 9 a puppet-%[1 ev]y?+ w\ld ge/iculate well1 b !re w\ld be no life 9 ! figures4 ,n[1 :5 x is q o!rwise ) u1 :5 ) all ! ef=t ( our reason we h only a v obscure & d\btful view into ! future1 :5 ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w all[s u only to conjecture 8 exi/5ce & 8 maje/y1 n to behold !m or prove !m cle>ly2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! moral law )9 u1 )\t promis+ or ?reat5+ any?+ ) c]ta9ty1 dem&s ( u dis9t]e/$ respect2 & only :5 ?is respect has become active & dom9ant1 does x all[ u by means ( x a prospect into ! _w ( ! sup]s5sible1 & !n only ) weak glances3 all ?is be+ s1 !re is room = true moral disposition1 imm$iately devot$ to ! law1 & a rational creature c become wor?y ( %>+ 9 ! summum bonum t corresponds to ! wor? ( 8 p]son & n m]ely to 8 actions4 ,?us :at ! /udy ( nature & ( man tea*es u suffici5tly else:]e may well be true "h also2 t ! unse>*able wisdom by :i* we exi/ is n less wor?y ( admiration 9 :at x has d5i$ ?an 9 :at x has grant$4 ,,"p#b,,me?odology ,,second ,,"p4 ,me?odology ( ,pure ,practical ,reason4 ,by ! me?odology ( pure practical reason we are n to und]/& ! mode ( proce$+ ) pure practical pr9ciples 7:e!r 9 /udy or 9 exposition71 ) a view to a sci5tific k ( !m1 :i* alone is :at is prop]ly call$ me?od else:]e 9 !oretical philosophy 7= popul> k requires a mann]1 sci5ce a me?od1 i4e41 a process accord+ to pr9ciples ( reason by :i* alone ! manifold ( any bran* ( k c become a sy/em74 ,on ! contr>y1 by ?is me?odology is und]/ood ! mode 9 :i* we c give ! laws ( pure practical reason access to ! human m9d & influ5ce on its maxims1 t is1 by :i* we c make ! objectively practical reason subjectively practical also4 ,n[ x is cle> en\gh t ^? det]m9+ pr9ciples ( ! w :i* alone make maxims prop]ly moral & give !m a moral wor?1 namely1 ! direct conception ( ! law & ! objective necessity ( obey+ x z our duty1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! prop] spr+s ( actions1 s9ce o!rwise legality ( actions might be produc$1 b n morality ( "*4 ,b x is n s cle>2 on ! contr>y1 x mu/ at fir/ sight seem to e "o v improbable t ev5 subjectively t exhibition ( pure virtue c h m p[] ov] ! human m9d1 & supply a f> /rong] spr+ ev5 = effect+ t legality ( actions1 & c produce m p[]ful resolutions to pref] ! law1 f pure respect = x1 to e o!r consid]ation1 ?an all ! deceptive allurem5ts ( pleasure or ( all t may be reckon$ z happ9ess1 or ev5 ?an all ?reat5+s ( pa9 & mis=tune4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is actually ! case1 & if human nature 7 n s con/itut$1 no mode ( pres5t+ ! law by r\ndab\t ways & indirect recomm5dations w\ld ev] produce morality ( "*4 ,all w\ld be simple hypocrisy2 ! law w\ld be hat$1 or at lea/ despis$1 :ile x 0 foll[$ = ! sake ( "o's own advantage4 ,! lett] ( ! law 7legality7 w\ld be f\nd 9 our actions1 b n ! _s ( x 9 our m9ds 7morality72 & z ) all our ef=ts we c\ld n q free ourselves f reason 9 our judgem5t1 we mu/ inevitably appe> 9 our own eyes wor?less1 deprav$ m51 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld seek to comp5sate ourselves = ?is mortification be=e ! inn] tribunal1 by enjoy+ ! pleasure t a suppos$ natural or div9e law might be imag9$ to h connect$ ) x a sort ( police ma*9]y1 regulat+ its op]ations by :at 0 done )\t tr\bl+ itself ab\t ! motives = do+ x4 ,x _c inde$ be d5i$ t 9 ord] to br+ an uncultivat$ or degrad$ m9d into ! track ( moral goodness "s prep>atory guidance is necess>y1 to attract x by a view ( its own advantage1 or to al>m x by fe> ( loss2 b z soon z ?is me*anical "w1 ^! lead+-/r+s h produc$ "s effect1 !n we mu/ br+ be=e ! m9d ! pure moral motive1 :i*1 n only because x is ! only "o t c be ! f\ndation ( a "* 7a practically consi/5t habit ( m9d ) un*angeable maxims71 b also because x tea*es a man to feel 8 own dignity1 gives ! m9d a p[] unexpect$ ev5 by himself1 to te> himself f all s5sible atta*m5ts s f> z !y w\ld fa9 h ! rule1 & to f9d a ri* comp5sation = ! sacrifice he (f]s1 9 ! indep5d5ce ( 8 rational nature & ! greatness ( s\l to :i* he sees t he is de/9$4 ,we w !re=e %[1 by su* obs]vations z e "o c make1 t ?is prop]ty ( our m9ds1 ?is receptivity = a pure moral int]e/1 & consequ5tly ! mov+ =ce ( ! pure conception ( virtue1 :5 x is prop]ly appli$ to ! human he>t1 is ! mo/ p[]ful spr+ &1 :5 a cont9u$ & punctual obs]vance ( moral maxims is 9 "q1 ! only spr+ ( good conduct4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t if ^! obs]vations only prove ! reality ( su* a feel+1 b d n %[ any moral improvem5t br\ght ab\t by x1 ?is is no argum5t aga9/ ! only me?od t exi/s ( mak+ ! objectively practical laws ( pure reason subjectively practical1 ?r\gh ! m]e =ce ( ! conception ( duty2 nor does x prove t ?is me?od is a va9 delusion4 ,= z x has nev] yet come into vogue1 exp]i5ce c say no?+ ( its results2 "o c only ask = pro(s ( ! receptivity = su* spr+s1 & ^! ,i w n[ briefly pres5t1 & !n sket* ! me?od ( f\nd+ & cultivat+ g5u9e moral dispositions4 ,,"p#b,,me?odology p>agraph #e ,:5 we att5d to ! c\rse ( conv]sation 9 mix$ companies1 consi/+ n m]ely ( le>n$ p]sons & subtle reason]s1 b also ( m5 ( bus9ess or ( wom51 we obs]ve t1 besides /ory-tell+ & je/+1 ano!r k9d ( ent]ta9m5t f9ds a place 9 !m1 namely1 argum5t2 = /ories1 if !y are to h novelty & int]e/1 are soon exhau/$1 & je/+ is likely to become insipid4 ,n[ ( all argum5t !re is none 9 :i* p]sons are m ready to jo9 :o f9d any o!r subtle discussion t$i\s1 none t br+s m livel9ess into ! company1 ?an t :i* conc]ns ! moral wor? ( ?is or t action by :i* ! "* ( "s p]son is to be made out4 ,p]sons1 to :om 9 o!r cases any?+ subtle & speculative 9 !oretical que/ions is dry & irksome1 pres5tly jo9 9 :5 ! "q is to make out ! moral import ( a good or bad action t has be5 relat$1 & !y display an exactness1 a ref9em5t1 a subtlety1 9 excogitat+ ev]y?+ t c less5 ! purity ( purpose1 & consequ5tly ! degree ( virtue 9 x1 :i* we d n expect f !m 9 any o!r k9d ( speculation4 ,9 ^! criticisms1 p]sons :o are pass+ judgem5t on o!rs (t5 reveal _! own "*3 "s1 9 ex]cis+ _! judicial (fice1 especially ^u ! dead1 seem incl9$ *iefly to def5d ! goodness t is relat$ ( ?is or t de$ aga9/ all injuri\s *>ges ( ins9c]ity1 & ultimately to def5d ! :ole moral wor? ( ! p]son aga9/ ! reproa* ( dissimulation & secret wick$ness2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 turn _! ?\ghts m ^u attack+ ?is wor? by accusation & fault f9d+4 ,we _c always1 h[ev]1 attribute to ^! latt] ! int5tion ( argu+ away virtue altoge!r out ( all human examples 9 ord] to make x an empty "n2 (t51 on ! contr>y1 x is only well-meant /rictness 9 det]m9+ ! true moral import ( actions accord+ to an uncompromis+ law4 ,comp>ison ) su* a law1 in/ead ( ) examples1 l[]s self-conceit 9 moral matt]s v mu*1 & n m]ely tea*es humility1 b makes e "o feel x :5 he exam9es himself closely4 ,nev]!less1 we c = ! mo/ "p obs]ve1 9 ^? :o def5d ! purity ( purpose 9 giv+ examples t :]e !re is ! presumption ( uprightness !y are anxi\s to remove ev5 ! lea/ spot1 le/1 if all examples _h _! tru?fulness disput$1 & if ! purity ( all human virtue 7 d5i$1 x might 9 ! end be reg>d$ z a m]e phantom1 & s all ef=t to atta9 x be made light ( z va9 affectation & delusive conceit4 ,i d n "k :y ! educators ( y\? h n long s9ce made use ( ?is prop5sity ( reason to ent] ) pleasure ^u ! mo/ subtle exam9ation ( ! practical que/ions t are ?r[n up2 & :y !y h n1 aft] fir/ lay+ ! f\ndation ( a purely moral cate*ism1 se>*$ ?r\gh ! biographies ( anci5t & mod]n times ) ! view ( hav+ at h& in/ances ( ! duties laid d[n1 9 :i*1 especially by comp>ison ( simil> actions "u diff]5t circum/ances1 !y might ex]cise ! critical judgem5t ( _! s*ol>s 9 rem>k+ _! great] or less moral significance4 ,?is is a ?+ 9 :i* !y w\ld f9d t ev5 e>ly y\?1 :i* is /ill unripe = speculation ( o!r k9ds1 w\ld soon ,become v acute & n a little int]e/$1 because x feels ! progress ( its faculty ( judgem5t2 &1 :at is mo/ important1 !y c\ld hope ) confid5ce t ! frequ5t practice ( kn[+ & approv+ good conduct 9 all its purity1 & on ! o!r h& ( rem>k+ ) regret or contempt ! lea/ deviation f x1 al?\gh x may be pursu$ only z a sport 9 :i* *ildr5 may compete ) "o ano!r1 yet w leave a la/+ impression ( e/eem on ! "o h& & disgu/ on ! o!r2 & s1 by ! m]e habit ( look+ on su* actions z des]v+ approval or blame1 a good f\ndation w\ld be laid = uprightness 9 ! future c\rse ( life4 ,only ,i wi% !y w\ld sp>e !m ! example ( s-call$ noble 7sup]-m]itori\s7 actions1 9 :i* our s5tim5tal books s mu* ab\nd1 & w\ld ref] all to duty m]ely1 & to ! wor? t a man c & mu/ give himself 9 8 own eyes by ! consci\sness ( n hav+ transgress$ x1 s9ce :atev] runs up into empty wi%es & long+s aft] inaccessible p]fection produces m]e h]oes ( romance1 :o1 :ile !y pique !mselves on _! feel+ = transc5d5t greatness1 release !mselves 9 return f ! obs]vance ( common & e-day obligations1 :i* !n seem to !m petty & insignificant4 99 99 ,x is q prop] to extol actions t display a great1 unselfi%1 sympa?iz+ m9d or humanity4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 we mu/ fix att5tion n s mu* on ! elevation ( s\l1 :i* is v fleet+ & transitory1 z on ! subjection ( ! he>t to duty1 f :i* a m endur+ impression may be expect$1 because ?is implies pr9ciple 7:]eas ! =m] only implies ebullitions74 ,"o ne$ only reflect a little & he w always f9d a debt t he has by "s means incurr$ t[>ds ! human race 7ev5 if x 7 only ?is1 by ! inequality ( m5 9 ! civil con/itution1 enjoys advantages on acc\nt ( :i* o!rs mu/ be ! m 9 want71 :i* w prev5t ! ?\ght ( duty f be+ repress$ by ! self-complac5t imag9ation ( m]it4 ,,"p#b,,me?odology p>agraph #aj ,b if x is ask$3 ,:at1 !n1 is really pure morality1 by :i* z a t\*/one we mu/ te/ ! moral significance ( e action1 !n ,i mu/ admit t x is only philosoph]s t c make ! decision ( ?is "q d\btful1 = to common s5se x has be5 decid$ long ago1 n inde$ by ab/ract g5]al =mulae1 b by habitual use1 l ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "r & left h&4 ,we w !n po9t out ! crit]ion ( pure virtue 9 an example fir/1 &1 imag9+ t x is set be=e a boy1 ( say t5 ye>s old1 = 8 judgem5t1 we w see :e!r he w\ld necess>ily judge s ( himself )\t be+ guid$ by 8 tea*]4 ,tell him ! hi/ory ( an hone/ man :om m5 want to p]suade to jo9 ! calumniators ( an innoc5t & p[]less p]son 7say ,anne ,boleyn1 accus$ by ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&74 ,he is (f]$ advantages1 great gifts1 or high rank2 he rejects !m4 ,?is w excite m]e approbation & applause 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,n[ beg9s ! ?reat5+ ( loss4 ,among/ ^! traduc]s are 8 be/ fri5ds1 :o n[ r5\nce 8 fri5d%ip2 ne> k9sfolk1 :o ?reat5 to dis9h]it him 7he be+ )\t =tune72 p[]ful p]sons1 :o c p]secute & h>ass him 9 all places & circum/ances2 a pr9ce1 :o ?reat5s him ) loss ( fre$om1 yea1 loss ( life4 ,!n to fill ! measure ( suff]+1 & t he may feel ! pa9 t only ! morally good he>t c feel v deeply1 let u conceive 8 family ?reat5$ ) extreme di/ress & want1 entreat+ him to yield2 conceive himself1 ?\gh upright1 yet ) feel+s n h>d or ins5sible ei!r to compassion or to 8 own di/ress2 conceive him1 ,i say1 at ! mom5t :5 he wi%es t he _h nev] liv$ to see ! day t expos$ him to su* unutt]able angui%1 yet rema9+ true to 8 uprightness ( purpose1 )\t wav]+ or ev5 d\bt+2 !n w my y\?ful he>] be rais$ gradually f m]e approval to admiration1 f t to amazem5t1 & f9ally to ! greate/ v5]ation1 & a lively wi% t he himself c\ld be su* a man 7?\gh c]ta9ly n 9 su* circum/ances74 ,yet virtue is "h wor? s mu* only because x co/s s mu*1 n because x br+s any pr(it4 ,all ! admiration1 & ev5 ! endeav\r to resemble ?is "*1 re/ :olly on ! purity ( ! moral pr9ciple1 :i* c only be /rik+ly %[n by remov+ f ! spr+s ( action ev]y?+ t m5 may reg>d z "p ( happ9ess4 ,morality1 !n1 mu/ h ! m p[] ov] ! human he>t ! m purely x is exhibit$4 ,:5ce x foll[s t1 if ! law ( morality & ! image ( hol9ess & virtue are to ex]cise any influ5ce at all on our s\ls1 !y c d s only s f> z !y are laid to he>t 9 _! purity z motives1 unmix$ ) any view to prosp]ity1 = x is 9 suff]+ t !y display !mselves mo/ nobly4 ,n[ t ^: removal /r5g!ns ! effect ( a mov+ =ce mu/ h be5 a h9drance1 consequ5tly e admixture ( motives tak5 f our own happ9ess is a h9drance to ! influ5ce ( ! moral law on ! he>t4 ,i affirm fur!r t ev5 9 t admir$ action1 if ! motive f :i* x 0 done 0 a high reg>d = duty1 !n x is j ?is respect = ! law t has ! greate/ influ5ce on ! m9d ( ! spectator1 n any pret5sion to a suppos$ inw>d greatness ( m9d or noble m]itori\s s5tim5ts2 consequ5tly duty1 n m]it1 mu/ h n only ! mo/ def9ite1 b1 :5 x is repres5t$ 9 ! true light ( its inviolability1 ! mo/ p5etrat+1 influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,x is m necess>y ?an ev] to direct att5tion to ?is me?od 9 our times1 :5 m5 hope to produce m effect on ! m9d ) s(t1 t5d] feel+s1 or high-fl[n1 puff+-up pret5sions1 :i* r )] ! he>t ?an /r5g!n x1 ?an by a pla9 & e>ne/ repres5tation ( duty1 :i* is m suit$ to human imp]fection & to progress 9 goodness4 ,to set be=e *ildr51 z a patt]n1 actions t are call$ noble1 magnanim\s1 m]itori\s1 ) ! notion ( captivat+ !m by infus+ en?usiasm = su* actions1 is to defeat our end4 ,= z !y are /ill s backw>d 9 ! obs]vance ( ! commone/ duty1 & ev5 9 ! correct e/imation ( x1 ?is means simply to make !m fanta/ical romanc]s betimes4 ,b1 ev5 ) ! in/ruct$ & exp]i5c$ "p ( mank9d1 ?is suppos$ spr+ has1 if n an injuri\s1 at lea/ no g5u9e1 moral effect on ! he>t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is :at x 0 desir$ to produce4 ,all feel+s1 especially ^? t are to produce unwont$ ex]tions1 mu/ accompli% _! effect at ! mom5t !y are at _! height & be=e ! calm d[n2 o!rwise !y effect no?+2 = z !re 0 no?+ to /r5g!n ! he>t1 b only to excite x1 x naturally returns to its normal mod]ate tone &1 ?us1 falls back into its previ\s languor4 ,pr9ciples mu/ be built on conceptions2 on any o!r basis !re c only be p>oxysms1 :i* c give ! p]son no moral wor?1 nay1 n ev5 confid5ce 9 himself1 )\t :i* ! highe/ good 9 man1 consci\sness ( ! morality ( 8 m9d & "*1 _c exi/4 ,n[ if ^! conceptions are to become subjectively practical1 we mu/ n re/ satisfi$ ) admir+ ! objective law ( morality1 & e/eem+ x highly 9 ref]5ce to humanity1 b we mu/ consid] ! conception ( x 9 relation to man z an individual1 & !n ?is law appe>s 9 a =m inde$ t is highly des]v+ ( respect1 b n s pleasant z if x belong$ to ! elem5t to :i* he is naturally accu/om$2 b on ! contr>y z (t5 compell+ him to quit ?is elem5t1 n )\t self-d5ial1 & to betake himself to a high]1 9 :i* he c only ma9ta9 himself ) tr\ble & ) unceas+ appreh5sion ( a relapse4 ,9 a ^w1 ! moral law dem&s ob$i5ce1 f duty n f pr$ilection1 :i* _c & ought n to be presuppos$ at all4 ,let u n[ see1 9 an example1 :e!r ! conception ( an action1 z a noble & magnanim\s "o1 has m subjective mov+ p[] ?an if ! action is conceiv$ m]ely z duty 9 relation to ! solemn law ( morality4 ,! action by :i* a man endeav\rs at ! greate/ p]il ( life to rescue p f %ipwreck1 at la/ los+ 8 life 9 ! attempt1 is reckon$ on "o side z duty1 b on ! o!r & = ! mo/ "p z a m]itori\s action1 b our e/eem = x is mu* weak5$ by ! notion ( duty to himself :i* seems 9 ?is case to be some:at infr+$4 ,m decisive is ! magnanim\s sacrifice ( life = ! safety ( "o's c\ntry2 & yet !re /ill rema9s "s scruple :e!r x is a p]fect duty to devote "o's self to ?is purpose spontane\sly & unbidd51 & ! action has n 9 itself ! full =ce ( a patt]n & impulse to imitation4 ,b if an indisp5sable duty be 9 "q1 ! transgression ( :i* violates ! moral law itself1 & )\t reg>d to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 & z x 7 tramples on its hol9ess 7su* z are usually call$ duties to ,god1 because 9 ,him we conceive ! ideal ( hol9ess 9 sub/ance71 !n we give our mo/ p]fect e/eem to ! pursuit ( x at ! sacrifice ( all t c h any value = ! de>e/ incl9ations1 & we f9d our s\l /r5g!n$ & elevat$ by su* an example1 :5 we conv9ce ourselves by contemplation ( x t human nature is capable ( s great an elevation above e motive t nature c oppose to x4 ,juv5al describes su* an example 9 a climax :i* makes ! read] feel vividly ! =ce ( ! spr+ t is conta9$ 9 ! pure law ( duty1 z duty3 ,,"p#b,,me?odology p>agraph #ae ,e/o bonus miles1 tutor bonus1 arbit] idem ,integ]2 ambiguae si qu&o citab]e te/is ,inc]taeque rei1 ,phal>is licet imp]et ut sis ,falsus1 et admoto dictet p]iuria tauro1 ,summum cr$e nefas animam praef]re pudori1 ,,"p#b,,me?odology p>agraph #bj ,et propt] vitam viv5di p]d]e causas4 99 99 ,juv5al1 ,satirae1 ,be y a good soldi]1 a fai?ful tutor1 an uncorrupt$ umpire also2 if y are summon$ z a witness 9 a d\btful & unc]ta9 ?+1 ?\gh ,phal>is %\ld comm& t y %\ld be false1 & %\ld dictate p]juries ) ! bull br\ght to y1 believe x ! highe/ impiety to pref] life to reputation1 & = ! sake ( life1 to lose ! causes ( liv+4 ,:5 we c br+ any flatt]+ ?\ght ( m]it into our action1 !n ! motive is already some:at alloy$ ) self-love & has !re=e "s assi/ance f ! side ( ! s5sibility4 ,b to po/pone ev]y?+ to ! hol9ess ( duty alone1 & to be consci\s t we c because our own reason recognises ?is z its comm& & says t we ought to d x1 ?is is1 z x 71 to raise ourselves altoge!r above ! _w ( s5se1 & !re is insep>ably involv$ 9 ! same a consci\sness ( ! law1 z a spr+ ( a faculty t controls ! s5sibility2 & al?\gh ?is is n always att5d$ ) effect1 yet frequ5t engagem5t ) ?is spr+1 & ! at fir/ m9or attempts at us+ x1 give hope t ?is effect may be wr\ght1 & t by degrees ! greate/1 & t a purely moral int]e/ 9 x may be produc$ 9 u4 ,,"p#b,,me?odology p>agraph #be ,! me?od !n takes ! foll[+ c\rse4 ,at fir/ we are only conc]n$ to make ! judg+ ( actions by moral laws a natural employm5t accompany+ all our own free actions1 z well z ! obs]vation ( ^? ( o!rs1 & to make x z x 7 a habit1 & to %>p5 ?is judgem5t1 ask+ fir/ :e!r ! action con=ms objectively to ! moral law1 & to :at law2 & we di/+ui% ! law t m]ely furni%es a pr9ciple ( obligation f t :i* is really obligatory 7leges oblig&i a legibus obligantibus72 z1 = in/ance1 ! law ( :at m5's wants require f me1 z contra/$ ) t :i* _! rights dem&1 ! latt] ( :i* prescribes ess5tial1 ! =m] only non-ess5tial duties2 & ?us we tea* h[ to di/+ui% diff]5t k9ds ( duties :i* meet 9 ! same action4 ,! o!r po9t to :i* att5tion mu/ be direct$ is ! "q :e!r ! action 0 also 7subjectively7 done = ! sake ( ! moral law1 s t x n only is morally correct z a de$1 b also1 by ! maxim f :i* x is done1 has moral wor? z a disposition4 ,n[ !re is no d\bt t ?is practice1 & ! result+ culture ( our reason 9 judg+ m]ely ( ! practical1 mu/ gradually produce a c]ta9 int]e/ ev5 9 ! law ( reason1 & consequ5tly 9 morally good actions4 ,= we ultimately take a lik+ = a ?+1 ! contemplation ( :i* makes u feel t ! use ( our cognitive faculties is ext5d$2 & ?is ext5sion is especially fur!r$ by t 9 :i* we f9d moral correctness1 s9ce x is only 9 su* an ord] ( ?+s t reason1 ) its faculty ( det]m9+ a priori on pr9ciple :at ought to be done1 c f9d satisfaction4 ,an obs]v] ( nature takes lik+ at la/ to objects t at fir/ (f5d$ 8 s5ses1 :5 he discov]s 9 !m ! great adaptation ( _! organization to design1 s t 8 reason f9ds food 9 its contemplation4 ,s ,leibnitz sp>$ an insect t he _h c>efully exam9$ ) ! microscope1 & replac$ x on its leaf1 because he _h f\nd himself in/ruct$ by ! view ( x & _h1 z x 71 receiv$ a b5efit f x4 ,b ?is employm5t ( ! faculty ( judgem5t1 :i* makes u feel our own cognitive p[]s1 is n yet ! int]e/ 9 actions & 9 _! morality itself4 ,x m]ely causes u to take pleasure 9 engag+ 9 su* criticism1 & x gives to virtue or ! disposition t con=ms to moral laws a =m ( beauty1 :i* is admir$1 b n on t acc\nt s\ght aft] 7laudatur et alget72 z ev]y?+ ! contemplation ( :i* produces a consci\sness ( ! h>mony ( our p[]s ( conception1 & 9 :i* we feel ! :ole ( our faculty ( k 7und]/&+ & imag9ation7 /r5g!n$1 produces a satisfaction1 :i* may also be communicat$ to o!rs1 :ile nev]!less ! exi/5ce ( ! object rema9s indiff]5t to u1 be+ only reg>d$ z ! occasion ( our becom+ aw>e ( ! capacities 9 u :i* are elevat$ above m]e animal nature4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! second ex]cise comes 91 ! liv+ exhibition ( morality ( "* by examples1 9 :i* att5tion is direct$ to purity ( w1 fir/ only z a negative p]fection1 9 s f> z 9 an action done f duty no motives ( incl9ation h any influ5ce 9 det]m9+ x4 ,by ?is ! pupil's att5tion is fix$ ^u ! consci\sness ( 8 fre$om1 & al?\gh ?is r5unciation at fir/ excites a feel+ ( pa91 nev]!less1 by its )draw+ ! pupil f ! con/ra9t ( ev5 real wants1 !re is proclaim$ to him at ! same "t a deliv]ance f ! manifold dissatisfaction 9 :i* all ^! wants entangle him1 & ! m9d is made capable ( receiv+ ! s5sation ( satisfaction f o!r s\rces4 ,! he>t is fre$ & light5$ ( a burd5 t always secretly presses on x1 :5 in/ances ( pure moral resolutions reveal to ! man an inn] faculty ( :i* o!rwise he has no "r k1 ! inw>d fre$om to release himself f ! boi/]\s importunity ( incl9ations1 to su* a degree t none ( !m1 n ev5 ! de>e/1 %all h any influ5ce on a resolution1 = :i* we are n[ to employ our reason4 ,suppose a case :]e ,i alone "k t ! wrong is on my side1 & al?\gh a free confession ( x & ! (f] ( satisfaction are s /rongly oppos$ by vanity1 selfi%ness1 & ev5 an o!rwise n illegitimate antipa?y to ! man ^: rights are impair$ by me1 ,i am nev]!less able to disc>d all ^! consid]ations2 9 ?is !re is impli$ a consci\sness ( indep5d5ce on incl9ations & circum/ances1 & ( ! possibility ( be+ suffici5t = myself1 :i* is salut>y to me 9 g5]al = o!r purposes also4 ,& n[ ! law ( duty1 9 consequ5ce ( ! positive wor? :i* ob$i5ce to x makes u feel1 f9ds easi] access ?r\gh ! respect = ourselves 9 ! consci\sness ( our fre$om4 ,:5 ?is is well e/abli%$1 :5 a man dreads no?+ m ?an to f9d himself1 on self-exam9ation1 wor?less & contemptible 9 8 own eyes1 !n e good moral disposition c be graft$ on x1 because ?is is ! be/1 nay1 ! only gu>d t c keep (f f ! m9d ! pressure ( ignoble & corrupt+ motives4 ,i h only int5d$ to po9t out ! mo/ g5]al maxims ( ! me?odology ( moral cultivation & ex]cise4 ,z ! manifold v>iety ( duties requires special rules = ea* k9d1 & ?is w\ld be a prolix affair1 ,i %all be readily excus$ if 9 a "w l ?is1 :i* is only prelim9>y1 ,i cont5t myself ) ^! outl9es4 ,,"p#b;,,conclusion ,,conclusion4 ,two ?+s fill ! m9d ) ev] new & increas+ admiration & awe1 ! (t5] & ! m /eadily we reflect on !m3 ! />ry heav5s above & ! moral law )94 ,i h n to se>* = !m & conjecture !m z ?\gh !y 7 veil$ 9 d>kness or 7 9 ! transc5d5t region beyond my horizon2 ,i see !m be=e me & connect !m directly ) ! consci\sness ( my exi/5ce4 ,! =m] beg9s f ! place ,i occupy 9 ! ext]nal _w ( s5se1 & enl>ges my connection !re9 to an unb\nd$ ext5t ) worlds ^u worlds & sy/ems ( sy/ems1 & moreov] into limitless times ( _! p]iodic motion1 its beg9n+ & cont9uance4 ,! second beg9s f my invisible self1 my p]sonality1 & exhibits me 9 a _w :i* has true inf9ity1 b :i* is traceable only by ! und]/&+1 & ) :i* ,i disc]n t ,i am n 9 a m]ely cont+5t b 9 a univ]sal & necess>y connection1 z ,i am also !reby ) all ^? visible worlds4 ,! =m] view ( a c\ntless multitude ( worlds annihilates z x 7 my importance z an animal creature1 :i* aft] x has be5 = a %ort "t provid$ ) vital p[]1 "o kn[s n h[1 mu/ aga9 give back ! matt] ( :i* x 0 =m$ to ! planet x inhabits 7a m]e speck 9 ! univ]se74 ,! second1 on ! contr>y1 inf9itely elevates my wor? z an intellig5ce by my p]sonality1 9 :i* ! moral law reveals to me a life indep5d5t ( animality & ev5 ( ! :ole s5sible _w1 at lea/ s f> z may be inf]r$ f ! de/9ation assign$ to my exi/5ce by ?is law1 a de/9ation n re/rict$ to conditions & limits ( ?is life1 b rea*+ into ! inf9ite4 ,b ?\gh admiration & respect may excite to inquiry1 !y _c supply ! want ( x4 ,:at1 !n1 is to be done 9 ord] to ent] on ?is 9 a useful mann] & "o adapt$ to ! l(t9ess ( ! subject8 ,examples may s]ve 9 ?is z a w>n+ & also = imitation4 ,! contemplation ( ! _w began f ! noble/ spectacle t ! human s5ses pres5t to u1 & t our und]/&+ c be> to foll[ 9 _! va/ rea*2 & x end$- 9 a/rology4 ,morality began ) ! noble/ attribute ( human nature1 ! developm5t & cultivation ( :i* give a prospect ( inf9ite utility2 & end$- 9 fanaticism or sup]/ition4 ,s x is ) all crude attempts :]e ! pr9cipal "p ( ! bus9ess dep5ds on ! use ( reason1 a use :i* does n come ( itself1 l ! use ( ! feet1 by frequ5t ex]cise1 especially :5 attributes are 9 "q :i* _c be directly exhibit$ 9 common exp]i5ce4 ,b aft] ! maxim _h come into vogue1 ?\gh late1 to exam9e c>efully be=eh& all ! /eps t reason purposes to take1 & n to let x proce$ o!rwise ?an 9 ! track ( a previ\sly well consid]$ me?od1 !n ! /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se took q a diff]5t direction1 & !reby atta9$ an incomp>ably happi] result4 ,! fall ( a /one1 ! motion ( a sl+1 resolv$ into _! elem5ts & ! =ces t are manife/$ 9 !m1 & treat$ ma!matically1 produc$ at la/ t cle> & h5ce=w>d un*angeable insight into ! sy/em ( ! _w :i*1 z obs]vation is cont9u$1 may hope always to ext5d itself1 b ne$ nev] fe> to be compell$ to retreat4 ,?is example may sugge/ to u to ent] on ! same pa? 9 treat+ ( ! moral capacities ( our nature1 & may give u hope ( a l good result4 ,we h at h& ! in/ances ( ! moral judgem5t ( reason4 ,by analys+ ^! into _! elem5t>y conceptions1 & 9 default ( ma!matics adopt+ a process simil> to t ( *emi/ry1 ! sep>ation ( ! empirical f ! rational elem5ts t may be f\nd 9 !m1 by repeat$ exp]im5ts on common s5se1 we may exhibit bo? pure1 & le>n ) c]ta9ty :at ea* "p c accompli% ( itself1 s z to prev5t on ! "o h& ! errors ( a /ill crude untra9$ judgem5t1 & on ! o!r h& 7:at is f> m necess>y7 ! extravagances ( g5ius1 by :i*1 z by ! adepts ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 )\t any me?odical /udy or k ( nature1 vision>y treasures are promis$ & ! true are ?r[n away4 ,9 "o ^w1 sci5ce 7critically und]tak5 & me?odically direct$7 is ! n>r[ gate t leads to ! true doctr9e ( practical wisdom1 if we und]/& by ?is n m]ely :at "o ought to d1 b :at ought to s]ve tea*]s z a guide to con/ruct well & cle>ly ! road to wisdom :i* ev]yone %\ld travel1 & to secure o!rs f go+ a/ray4 ,philosophy mu/ always cont9ue to be ! gu>dian ( ?is sci5ce2 & al?\gh ! public does n take any int]e/ 9 its subtle inve/igations1 x mu/ take an int]e/ 9 ! result+ doctr9es1 :i* su* an exam9ation fir/ puts 9 a cle> light4 ,,! ,,end