,,f\r ,,phases ,,( ,,morals ,,socrates1 ,,ari/otle1 ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,utilit>ianism4 ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,blackie1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh ,,second ,,edition4 ,,ed9burgh ,,edmon/on ,,& ,,d\glas #ahgd4 ,,to ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,holl&1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,op ,,great ,,brita91 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,z ! sub/ance ( ?is book 0 orig9ally deliv]$ 9 ! =m ( ,lectures be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 ,i 0 naturally l$1 9 giv+ my notes a m exact expression & a l>g] illu/ration1 to d s 9 connexion ) y\r "n--a "n :i*1 besides its (ficial significance 9 all t conc]ns ! ,albem>le ,/reet ,in/itution1 0 recomm5d$ to me by t rem>kable comb9ation ( r>e exp]i5ce ( life1 enlight5$ s*ol>%ip1 & v>i\s k ( m5 & places1 :i*1 m ?an ! greate/ metaphysical acut5ess1 or ! mo/ ext5sive academical le>n+1 enables a man to be a s\nd judge ( ^? important practical que/ions ) :i* ! sci5ce ( ,e?ics is occupi$4 ,z by ! arrangem5ts ( ! season--#ahfi--( :i* my c\rse =m$ a "p1 ! numb] ( ,lectures 0 limit$ to f\r1 & z ,i det]m9$ to treat ! subject 9 ! concrete hi/orically1 r ?an 9 ! =m ( ab/ract discussion1 x necess>ily happ5$ t ! f\r phases ( morals to :i* ,i specially direct$ att5tion1 view$ 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole sy/em ( e?ical doctr9e1 pres5t$ an incomplete & fragm5t>y aspect4 ,i endeav\r$ h[ev]1 "u ^! limitations1 to br+ =w>d ^? hi/orical manife/ations ( moral tru? :i* bo? af=d$ a ready occasion = discuss+ "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal que/ions ( ,e?ics1 &1 f hi/orical & local consid]ations1 7 mo/ fitt$ to be pres5t$ to a ,briti% audi5ce at ! pres5t day4 ,at ! same "t1 !re runs ?r\gh ! f\r disc\rses a unity ( ?\ght & t5d5cy beyond :at ! title indicates1 & :i* ^? :o are compet5t to judge w easily recognise4 ,hop+ t y w f9d no?+ 9 ?is book b :at has be5 8atta9$ ) hone/y1 & ma9ta9$ ) mod]ation0--! te/ ( excell5ce 9 su* matt]s :i* y\rself h wisely indicat$1--& t y may be able to accord to ^! ,disc\rses 9 _! writt5 =m "s portion ( t approbation :i* y\r pres5ce conf]r$ on _! oral deliv]y1 ,i am1 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,y\rs1 ) s9c]e e/eem1 ,,john ,,/u>t ,,blackie4 ,,univ]sity1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,octob] #ahga4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,socrates ,,ari/otle ,,*ri/ianity ,,utilit>ianism ,,socrates4 #a ,,z !re is no c\ntry :i* c boa/ ! hon\r ( possess+ m names ( a _w-wide significance ?an ,greece1 s among ^? :o hold ?is l(ty position !re is no "n sup]ior to ,socrates1 conc]n+ :om ! ,delphic oracle 9 anci5t times1 & a great utilit>ian au?ority 9 mod]n times1 agree 9 te/ify+ t he 0 ! wise/ ( ! wise ,greeks4#a4a ,& ?\gh /\t old ,cato1 9 anci5t times1 z ,plut>* in=ms u1 gruffly en\gh express$ 8 op9ion t ! son ( ,sophroniscus 0 a p]nici\s old babbl]1 ^: brea? 0 ju/ly /opp$ by ! cup ( hemlock :i* he drank = 8 la/ supp]--9 h>mony ) :om ! b5ign old dogmati/ :om ! mod]n utilit>ians rev]e z _! patri>* decl>es t ,socrates & ,plato wa/$ _! lives 9 talk+ nons5se "u ! pret5ce ( tea*+ philosophy1#a4b--yet ^! negative utt]ances1 few & f> betwe51 aga9/ ! fair fame ( ! fa!r ( moral sci5ce1 h di$ away almo/ z quickly z utt]$1 & are n[ no m he>d 9 ! gr& organ-swell ( ! g5]al admiration ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 #b ,unque/ionably if !re be any "n1 aft] ! great ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* is entitl$ to claim ! title ( a prea*] ( righte\sness = all times & all places1 x is ! "n ( ,socrates2 & x is ) ! view ( br++ 8 high m]its 9 t9s respect be=e ! g5]al public1 9 z easy a way z is consi/5t ) s*ol>ly accuracy1 t ,i h und]tak5 to write ! pres5t pap]4 ,! subject is "o peculi>ly attractive to a ?9k+ man1 n only on its own m]its1 b because ( ! ample & ?or\ghly tru/wor?y mat]ials :i* we possess = =m+ a correct judgm5t4 ,we are n "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,py?agoras1 s5t to fi% = fragm5ts ( tru? among fanciful writ]s :o liv$ sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! object ( _! transc5d5tal laudations2 b1 z 9 ! gospel hi/ory1 we h to deal ) ! intimate disciples & daily companions ( ! great h]o ( ! /ory4 ,we ga!r our k ( ! life & philosophy ( ,socrates f ,x5ophon & ,plato1 bo? ( :om h report$ _! int]c\rse ) ! philosoph] 9 a tone ( m+l$ admiration & sobriety :i* leaves no gr\nd = suspicion4 ,only ) reg>d to ,plato we mu/ take ) u ?is caution1 t he 0 bo? a poet by temp]am5t & by m5tal habit a sy/em-build]2 &1 z he *ose to set =? 8 own speculations 9 a s]ies ( dramatic dialogues :]e9 ,socrates is ! *ief speak]1 we mu/ bew>e ( accept+1 z /&+ on "o common basis1 ! facts ) reg>d to ! life ( ,socrates br\ght =w>d 9 ^! compositions & ! doctr9es :i* are put into 8 m\?4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 we may accept ,plato's evid5ce z a contempor>y au?ority ) ! #c utmo/ confid5ce2 ) reg>d to ! latt]1 we mu/ be con/antly on our gu>d2 & inde$1 accord+ to my view1 x is wise nev] to accept any /atem5t ( ,socrates's doctr9e f ,plato1 ( :i* ! g]m at lea/ does n lie pla9ly 9 ,x5ophon4 ,= ,x5ophon1 j because he 0 a less orig9al man ?an ,plato1 a pleas+ & graceful writ]1 some:at on ! level ( our ,addison1 0 = t reason free f ! temptation1 or r _h n ! capacity1 to int]polate any?+ into 8 acc\nt ( ! philosoph] :i* 0 n consi/5t ) ! actual fact4 ,he 0 a pla9 man1 ) no !ories to support1 & no pret5sions to ma9ta92 & z a fai?ful contempor>y record] ( :at he he>d & saw1 a m capable & tru/wor?y witness c\ld n be desir$4 ,we %all !re=e draw our sket* ( ! life & say+s ( ! great ,a!nian prea*] ma9ly f 8 pleasant little book1 introduc+ ! ideali/ ( ! ,academy only :]e he _c be suspect$ ( us+ 8 rev]$ ma/] z a m]e dramatic eng9e1 or :]e 8 sup]ior lit]>y p[]s h enabl$ him to pa9t a m effective picture4 ,! age ( ,socrates 0 ! age ( ,p]icles1 ! culm9at+ epo* ( ,a!nian glory2 he 0 contempor>y ) ,euripides1 ,sophocles1 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,hippocrates1 ,democritus1 ,anaxagoras1 ,ari/ophanes1 ,phidias2 b1 :ile he %>$ all ! elevat+ influ5ces ( ?is asc5dant age1 gr[+ ) its gr[? & blossom+ ) its blossom1 he 0 n sp>$ ! sorr[ ( quitt+ ! sc5e b5ea? ! fir/ d>k %ad[s ( its decay4 ,t milit>y ambition :i* is z mu* ! besett+ s9 ( democracy z ( autocracy1 _h precipitat$ ! ,a!nians1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury #d be=e ,*ri/1 into a di/ant exp$ition :i* crippl$ _! en]gies & exhau/$ _! res\rces2 all ?is1 & c]ta9 viol5t revolution>y *anges :i* arose out ( x1 ,socrates _h to live ?r\gh1 till at la/1 a few ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 he saw ! pride ( ,p]iclean ,a!ns laid pro/rate at ! feet ( ,lys&] & ! rude olig>*y ( ,lac$mon4 ,he 0 born 9 ! ye> #dfi ,b4,c41 elev5 ye>s aft] ! naval battle ( ,salamis :i* fre$ ,europe = ev] f ! appreh5sion ( ,asiatic s]vitude1 exactly at ! "t :5 ! brilliant b sob] policy ( ,p]icles comm5c$ its long p]iod ( happy sway ov] ! =tunes ( ! ,a!nian /ate4 ,at ?is "t ,simonides & ! o!r great poets :o _h se5 & sung ! glori\s victories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis 7 swiftly dep>t+ f ! sc5e2 b ! memory ( ^? patriotic a*ievem5ts /ill burn$ vigor\sly 9 e ,a!nian brea/1 & conspir$1 ) ! bir? ( new & ambiti\s intellectual aspirations1 to surr\nd ! y\? ( ! philosoph] ) an atmosph]e ! mo/ fav\rable to social & intellectual progress4 ,! importance :i* ! a*ievem5ts ( ! democracy at ,m>a?on & ,salamis gave to ! middle & l[] classes ( society at ,a!ns1 broke d[n ! b>ri]s :i* anci5t ari/ocratic exclusiv5ess might h rais$ aga9/ ! pret5sions ( m]e "* )\t position2 s t ,socrates1 ?\gh ! son ( a /one-cutt]1 & n1 l ,plato1 draw+ 8 blood f ! old ,attic ari/ocracy1 seems to h f\nd free entrance into ! society ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ public & lit]>y m5 ( 8 age4 ,8 "m1 z he himself took c>e to in=m ! _w1 0 a 8"r wor?y & wor%ipful #e 10 or lady-ob/etrician2 a 8wise woman10 z ! ,fr5* say1 9 matt]s :]e x seems mo/ natural t wom5 %\ld be specially wise2 h] "n 0 ,phn>ete2 b 9 social position1 accord+ to our ari/ocratic way ( talk+1 %e 0 nobody4 ,:at ,socrates's own pr(ession 01 or h[ he support$ himself1 a v important po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( all public m51 we un=tunately d n "k exactly2 t he practis$ /one-cutt+ 9 8 e>ly ye>s is n improbable2 & ?is may h giv5 rise to ! belief m5tion$ by ,pausanias1 t a gr\p ( ! ,graces at ! entrance ( ! ,propyla 0 8 "w2 b !re is n ! slighte/ indication ei!r 9 ,x5ophon or ,plato t he cont9u$ to practise ?is art1 or any o!r art1 9 aft] life4 ,he _h !re=e no pr(ession2 &1 z he made no money by 8 philosophy1 we mu/ believe t he _h be5 left "s small compet5ce by 8 fa!r1 or "s relation1 on :i* he 0 cont5t to live4 ,t he 0 extremely poor we "k1 bo? f ,x5ophon & f 8 own acc\nt ( himself be=e ! jury at 8 trial4 ,we "k also t 8 habits ( life 7 rem>kably pla9 & frugal1 t he requir$ little money1 & covet$ none4 ,t he 0 9 a position to h made money if he _h *os5 !re c be no d\bt2 b he expressly /ates t he _h rel9qui%$ all projects = increas+ 8 income1 9 ord] t he might devote himself )\t di/raction to ! great "w ( 8 life4 ,h[ev]1 ) 8 philosophical notions ab\t m]e ext]nal gr&eur1 he seems to h be5 ri* en\gh to live com=tably ) a wife & family4 ,?is wife 0 ! not$ ,xan?ippe1 n always ! mo/ pleasant companion1 &1 p]haps n altoge!r #f )\t reason1 f h] po9t ( view1 at v>iance ) a husb& :o %[$ su* utt] indiff]5ce to worldly aggr&izem5t & dome/ic display2 b = ?is t\* ( %>pness 9 ! temp] only1 z he argu$1 ! bett] fitt$ to be ! wife ( a philosoph]1 or to make a philosoph] ( h] husb&2 =1 z m5 :o wi% to le>n to ride d n *oose ! meeke/ & mo/ docile bea/ t !y c f9d1 b ! mo/ spirit$1 s ! husb& :o wi%es to rule a wife well %\ld h su* an "o z x is n easy b difficult to control4 ,?is "* ( ! philosoph]'s wife re/s on ! au?ority ( ,x5ophon2 ,plato n[h]e alludes to x2 & :atev] h] temp] might h be51 ,socrates c]ta9ly did n consid] x s bad z to ju/ify 8 sons 9 )hold+ f h] ! usual love & rev]5ce due f *ildr5 to _! p>5ts2 = 8y may be sure10 he said1 8if %e is a little cross sometimes1 x is = y\r good2 & !re is a reason 9 h] objurgations :i* a wise son ought to ackn[l$ge40 ,hav+ no special occupation or pr(ession 9 life1 ,socrates might p]haps h pass$ 9 ,a!ns = an idle man1 a l\ng] ab\t ! /reets1 & public talk]1 _h !re n sprung up ab\t ?is "t a class ( m5 pr(ess+ to be tea*]s ( eloqu5ce & ( all wisdom1 ) :om he 0 br\ght into connexion4 ,^! 7 ! ,sophi/s1 a "n :i* means no?+ m ?an pr(essors or tea*]s ( wisdom4 ,l ^! m51 ,socrates 0 always se5 9 ! /reets & public places ( ,a!ns1 conv]s+ ) ! clev] "y m51 & publicly debat+ all po9ts ( speculative & practical int]e/4 ,he 0 !re=e 9 outw>d appe>ance & to ! #g g5]al eye a m]e ,sophi/ among ,sophi/s4 ,= x is n ev]ybody :o c>es to "k t two m5 :o fight ) ! same weapons & 9 ! same /yle ( f5ce may be fight+ = v diff]5t causes1 on opposite sides1 & ) altoge!r contr>y results4 ,b ! tru? beh9d ! appe>ance 01 t :ile ! majority ( ^! ,sophi/s taught eloqu5ce z a trade1 & logical tra9+ z an affair ( intellectual exhibition1 ,socrates prea*$ virtue z a mission1 & ! ex]cise ( "r reason z ! only means ( obta9+ virtue4 ,we say mission "h n z a fa%ionable phrase ( ! day1 b ) a special emphasis2 = x is q c]ta91 bo? f ! spee* ( ! philosoph] at 8 trial1 & f n a few passages 9 ,x5ophon1 t he devot$ 8 life to self-improvem5t 9 ! fir/ place1 & to ! improvem5t ( 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 ! second place1 ) ! consci5ti\s devot$ness ( a man :o 0 /rongly impress$ ) ! conviction1 t ?is employm5t 0 assign$ to him direct f ,god1 ^: high injunction he 0 n at lib]ty to neglect4 ,8 language ) reg>d to ?is is 9 a precisely simil> tone to t ( ,/4 ,paul :5 he writes1 8,woe is me if ,i prea* n ! gospel40 ,! human s\rce ?r\gh :i* he got ?is mission "s writ]s h be5 curi\s to trace1 alleg+ t 8 ma/] 0 ,anaxagoras1 & o!r ?+s to t effect2 b !re is no h9t ( ?is ei!r 9 ,x5ophon or ,plato2 & 9 fact x is fooli% to g 9 se>* ( a ma/] = a man s ?or\ghly orig9al1 s di/9ct & decid$ a prote/] aga9/ all :o _h gone be=e him4 ,we may be assur$1 at lea/1 t 9 ! moral philosophy :i* 0 ! burd5 ( all 8 tea*+1 he _h no ma/] b #h himself 7z inde$ ,x5ophon makes him say 9 express words7 & ! ,god to :om he habitually ref]r$ 8 highe/ inspirations2 :ile 9 reg>d to o!r matt]s he _h enjoy$ ! common tra9+ ( all ,a!nians 9 music1 poetry1 gymna/ics1 & a little ma!matics to boot--a sci5ce :i*1 s9ce ! days ( ,?ales 7#fjj ,b4,c47 & ,py?agoras 7#eej ,b4,c471 _h occupi$ a conspicu\s place 9 ! high] culture ( ! ,a!nians4 ,( ! exact date :5 he assum$ a prom95t position z a public tea*] ( wisdom & virtue we h no exact acc\nt2 x is natural h[ev] to suppose1 f ! sobriety & solidity ( 8 "*1 & f ! long-cont9u$ quiet se>* aft] tru? :i* occupi$ him 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 t he did n sudd5ly em]ge into notoriety1 b grew up /ep by /ep into t g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( sup]ior wisdom1 on :i*1 accord+ to a well-accr$it$ acc\nt1 ! ,delphic oracle 0 n afraid to put its seal4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 ! ye> #dbc ,b4,c41 :5 he 0 ab\t =ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 he 0 su* a notable "* 9 ,a!ns z to h be5 br\ght ^u ! /age by ! broad lic5se ( ,attic com$y z ! repres5tative ( ! :ole class ( ,sophi/s1 ) :om1 by ! sup]ficial eye1 he 0 naturally conf\nd$4 ,we mu/ suppose !re=e t 8 reputation z a great public talk] & debat] _h be5 gradually gr[+1 up to t p]iod4 ,& no d\bt1 ev5 if he _h be5 a man ( less orig9al tal5t1 !re 0 some?+ ab\t 8 p]sonal appe>ance & "* t c\ld n fail to make him ! m>k ( g5]al obs]vation among ! busy-idle community ( ,a!ns4 ,he 0 no less odd 9 8 features & 9 8 mann] ?an 9 8 doctr9es2 an or #i ecc5tric p]son ,9 ! g5]al op9ion1 :om no man knew exactly :at to make (4 ,8 features1 ! v rev]se ( classical1 are famili> to all ! frequ5t]s ( our public museums2 & are1 besides1 m9utely describ$ by bo? 8 illu/ri\s disciples4 ,8 g5]al appe>ance 0 t ( a ,sil5us or ,satyr1 ) a flat1 some:at turn$-up1 nose1 full prom95t eyes1 big lips1 & 9 lat] life1 z appe>s f ! monum5ts1 a bald head2 b ^! defects 7 ( no avail1 ev5 ) ! beauty-lov+ ,a!nians1 to dim9i% ! *>m ( 8 conv]sation & ! p[] ( 8 address4 ,=1 z ,alcibiades says 9 ! ,platonic dialogue1 :]e he is "o ( ! *ief speak]s1 he 0 a ,satyr only ext]nally1 b int]nally full ( wond]ful %apes & sights ( gods1 l c]ta9 holl[ figures full ( pipes & tubes1 se5 9 ! /atu>ies' %ops1 :i* outw>dly 7 %ap$ l ,sil5i1 b )9 conta9$ a ma*9]y ( beautiful sacr$ images4 ,s1 z is wont to happ5 to wise m51 8 loss became 8 ga91 & 8 uncomely physiognomy1 to all t ent]$ into conv]sation ) him1 0 ! cause ( an agreeable surprise4 ,v diff]5t 9 ?is f a great mod]n poet1 :o 0 s5sitive ab\t 8 club-foot1 ! ,a!nian philosoph] made a je/ ( 8 unclassical nose1 say+ t if noses 7 to be valu$ z !y ought to be1 by _! fitness = p]=m+ ! prop] functions ( a nose1 8 olfactory organ 0 bett] ?an ^? noses ^: %ape 0 vulg>ly acc\nt$ m classical2 = ! upw>d ca/ ( 8 op5 no/rils made !m m ready to receive smells f all qu>t]s1 :ile ! comp>ative flatness ( 8 nasal protub]ance remov$ x f ! possibility ( int]f]+ ) ! free #aj vision ( 8 eyes2 & z to ! prom95cy ( ^! 8 organs ( vision1 ?is 0 a manife/ excell5ce ev5 m ?an ! con=mation ( 8 nose1 inasmu* z x enabl$ him to look1 n only /raight be=e him 9 ! way t mo/ eyes d1 bat sideways also1 & almo/ all r\nd1 s t he c\ld see :5 no "o suspect$ him ( look+ at !m4 ,b x 0 n only 8 g5]al oddity1 8 pleasant hum\r1 & 8 wisdom season$ ) salt t made him a noticeable man amid ! brilliant society ( ,a!ns3 he 0 moreov] a ?or\ghly heal?y man1 ( great p[]s ( endurance1 a valiant soldi] :5 8 c\ntry requir$ 8 s]vices1 & a good bottle-companion :5 piety t[>ds ,dionysus1 or any occasion ( social fe/ivity1 accord+ to ,attic usage1 dem&$ t m5 %\ld dr9k l>gely4 ,on ^! po9ts we h a graphic picture put by ,plato into ! m\? ( ,alcibiades1 :i*1 to complete our p]sonal portrait "h1 x w n be amiss to translate4 8,:5 we 7 toge!r 9 ! campaign at ,potida1 & ,i mess$ ) him e day1 ,i f\nd t 9 ! p[] ( endur+ toil he surpass$ n only me b all ! soldi]s 9 ! camp4 ,= :51 z sometimes w happ5 on ! m>*1 we might be at a loss = a d9n]1 ,socrates c\ld always fa/ ) ! lea/ compla9t2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 at our banquet+s & junket+s he always enjoy$ ev]y?+ 9 ! mo/ he>ty way2 & :5 he 0 =c$ to dr9k1 ev5 ?\gh n will+ly1 he c\ld dra9 cup = cup ) ! /\te/ bottle-companion 9 ! camp2 &1 :at is /range/ ( all1 ev5 aft] our /iffe/ b\ts no "o ev] saw ,socrates drunk4 ,& z to cold & fro/1 ,i rememb] #aa well1 "o night 9 "o ( ^? sev]e ,mac$onian w9t]s1 :5 !re 0 a v bit+ fro/1 & e man ei!r /ay$ )9 or w5t out well encas$ 9 w>m %eepsk9 jackets & felt %oes1 ,socrates alone w5t ab\t 9 ! op5 air ) no o!r cov]+ ?an 8 common mantle1 & trod ! fro/$ gr\nd ) 8 b>e feet m lightly ?an o!rs did ) _! w>m %oes4 ,b ,i mu/ tell y some?+ m notable ( 8 do+s at ,potida4 ,"o morn+ he w5t out e>ly to indulge "s contemplations2 b n succe$+1 z x w\ld appe>1 9 8 object1 :atev] t might be1 he rema9$ /&+ & look+ "r out be=e him till x 0 ne> mid-day2 & !n ! soldi]s began to notice him1 & said "o to ano!r t ,socrates _h be5 /&+ !re 9 a br[n /udy f sunrise4 ,!reaft] "s ( ! ,ionians ab\t ! ev5+1 aft] supp]1 took _! quilts & c>pets out1 = x 0 !n mild summ] wea!r1 &1 %ak+ !m on ! gr\nd1 slept 9 ! op5 air1 keep+ an eye at ! same "t on ,socrates to see :e!r he w\ld rema9 all night /&+ 9 t rev]ie2 & :5 !y awoke 9 ! morn+ ) ! sun1 lo6 ,socrates 0 /&+ 9 ! same spot2 &1 aft] say+ a pray] to ! sun1 %ortly retir$4 ,s mu* = 8 contemplative oddities2 b x is only fair t ,i %\ld tell y h[ he 0 z good a soldi] z a sophi/1 & c\ld a*ieve no less notable ?+s ) 8 h& ?an ) 8 head4 ,= :5 ! battle took place1 = my conduct 9 :i* ! g5]als gave me su* hon\rable m>ks ( di/9ction1 ,i1 :o knew ! real /ate ( ! case1 insi/$ t if any man _h di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! fight x 0 ,socrates1 to :om on t occasion #ab ,i %\ld will+ly resign ! int5d$ laurels4 ,b ?\gh ?is 0 q true1 ! judges 7 incl9$ to fav\r me2 & ,socrates came =w>d & ass]t$ ) ! greate/ emphasis t my claims 7 sup]ior to 82 & s ,i c>ri$ (f ! rew>d ( val\r :i* none b he c\ld ) p]fect ju/ice claim4 ,!n aga9 :5 we retreat$ f ,delium1 aft] ! defeat ,i 0 rid+ (f on horseback1 :ile ,socrates & ,la*es foll[$1 z hoplites1 on foot1 & com+ up to !m ,i cri$1 ,fe> n1 good fri5ds1 ,i w keep alongside ( y & def5d y f ! pursuit4 ,on t occasion ,i admir$ ev5 m ?an at ,potida ! conduct ( ?is man2 = :ile bo? 7 9 dang] ( be+ ov]tak5 x 0 manife/ t ,socrates dur+ ! :ole retreat display$ f> m coolness ?an ,la*es1 :o 0 by pr(ession a soldi]4 444 ,in/ead ( hurry & trepidation we saw 9 him only ! l>ge full eye t ) wise w>9ess turn$ to ?is side & to t 9 a fa%ion t seem$ to say to all com]s t !y w\ld f9d a /eady n]ve if !y came )9 sword's l5g? ( him4 ,& ?us he got out ( ! ru% safely2 = s ,i h always obs]v$ t 9 a retreat ! m5 :o are mo/ afraid always f>e ! wor/4 ,& _m o!r ?+s !re are ,i might relate1 :i* w\ld %[ cle>ly :at a /range & truly admirable creature ?is ,socrates is4 ,individual p]sons1 behav+ 9 individual cases z excell5tly z ,socrates1 x might be easy to po9t out2 b su* a comp\nd1 a ?+ 9 ! %ape ( a man s utt]ly unlike any o!r man1 y w f9d n[h]e1 ei!r among fam\s anci5ts op illu/ri\s mod]ns4 ,"o might make an adequate portraiture ( ,a*illes1 or ,brasidas1 ( ,p]icles1 or #ac ,ne/or1 or ,ant5or1 & o!r fam\s *>act]s2 b su* a unique mortal z ?is son ( ,sophroniscus no man c describe1 unless1 inde$1 he *ooses to /eal my simile1 & say t he is a ,sil5us sup]ficially1 bo? 9 8 appe>ance & 9 8 talk1 b to ^? :o look deep] 8 s\l is a %r9e ( mo/ excell5t1 beautiful1 & wor%ipful div9ities40 ,?is passage w make x pla9 t ,socrates 0 no m]e idle speculator or subtle talk]1 su* z might be f\nd 9 anci5t ,a!ns or 9 any mod]n ,g]man univ]sity by scores--b a practical man1 & an effective citiz5 ( prom95t m]it4 ,b if he %[$ c\rage 9 ! field ( battle n inf]ior to ! /\te/ & coole/ pr(essional soldi]1 he display$ a civic virtue on o!r occasions1 :i* only ! fewe/ on all occasions h be5 able to exhibit4 ,?is virtue 0 moral c\rage2 a quality :i*1 :5 ex]cis$ 9 critical circum/ances1 raises a man high above ! av]age ( 8 k9d1 :]eas ) m]e physical c\rage he is only a m cool & calculat+ rival ( dogs & cocks & tig]s1 & o!r f]9e combatants4 ,on t memorable occasion1 :5 ! :ole ( ,a!ns 0 frett$ into a fev]-fit ( indignation on acc\nt ( ! neglect ( ! dead & dy+ sla9 by ! victors at ,arg9us 7,b4,c4 #djf71 & 9 ! torr5t ( :at appe>$ to !m mo/ righte\s wra?1 7 eag] to ov]be> all ! cu/om>y =ms ( fair judicial trial1 ,socrates happ5$ to be s]v+ z "o ( ! s5ators ^: duty x 0 to put ! "q to ! assembly ( ! p 9 ! case ( great public trials2 &1 a motion hav+ be5 made t ! g5]als :o 7 guilty ( ! alleg$ neglect ( pi\s duty %\ld be condemn$ to dr9k ! hemlock1 & h _! prop]ty #ad confiscat$1 x fell to ! s5ators to p]=m ! prep>atory /ep 9 ! prosecution4 ,b z ! proce$+s 9 ! case _h be5 dictat$ by viol5t excitem5t1 & 7 decid$ly illegal1 ,socrates refus$1 9 ! face ( viol5t popul> clam\r1 to h any?+ to d ) ! matt]1 & lift$ up 8 s+le prote/--"o among/ fifty--aga9/ violat+ ! sacr$ =ms ( law at ! dictation ( an excit$ populace4 ,on ?is1 z on o!r simil> occasions :5 he came into collision ) ! public au?orities1 he ma9ta9$ a truly apo/olic be>+1 us+ 9 almo/ id5tical t]ms ! language ( ! apo/les ,pet] & ,john1 :5 !y 7 =bidd5 to prea* by ! ,sanh$rim3 8,:e!r x be "r 9 ! sight ( ! gods to he>k5 unto y r ?an to ! gods1 judge ye2 b z = me1 ,i h sworn to obey ! laws1 & ,i _c =swe> myself40 ,) all ?is fai?fulness1 h[ev]1 9 ! public s]vice1 ,socrates 0 v f> f wi%+ to be :at we call a public man2 on ! contr>y1 he kept himself sy/ematically out ( places :i* 7 eag]ly covet$ by less able m51 & refus$ to h any?+ to d ) ! p>ty politics ( ! day4 ,?is )drawal f ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 to ! majority ( ,greeks1 ) :om ! ,/ate 0 ev]y?+1 c\ld n b appe> /range1 & t5d to increase _! prejudice aga9/ philosophy & philosoph]s4 ,b ,socrates act$ "h1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 ) admirable good s5se2 he felt t to be a politician & a prea*] ( righte\sness 0 to comb9e two vocations practically incompatible2 = ! popul> measure :i* x might s]ve ! imm$iate ne$ ( ! political man to advocate x might n seldom be ! fir/ duty ( #ae ! morali/ to condemn4 ,besides1 if he took (fice ) m5 :o habitually act$ on pr9ciples ( :i* he c\ld n b disapprove1 he w\ld be =c$ to wa/e 8 /r5g? 9 a fruitless opposition to measures :i* he c\ld n prev5t2 & 9 ?is way x came to pass t1 :ile he utt]ly disapprov$1 9 ! g5]al case1 ( a good citiz51 :e!r f ! love ( selfi% ease1 or f false mode/y1 or f moral c[>dice1 refus+ to take "p 9 public life1 9 8 own p>ticul> "w he felt t political activity w\ld be a h9drance1 & t x 0 8 duty to ab/a94 ,9 ^! few p>agraphs are summ$ up all t f indisputable au?ority we "k ( ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! greate/ ( hea!n prea*]s4 ,! circum/ances connect$ ) 8 dea? are too closely int]wov5 ) ! "* ( 8 tea*+ to be intelligible "h4 ,we %all !re=e ent] n[ directly into a %ort exposition ( 8 e?ical tea*+2 aft] :i* we %all be 9 a condition to consid] ) an intellig5t a/oni%m5t h[ x came to pass t ! prea*] ( ! noble/ doctr9e t ,a!ns ev] he>d1 be=e ! prea*+ ( ,paul on ! ,hill ( ,m>s1 aft] liv+ 9 high repute & popul>ity = sev5ty ye>s1 %\ld at la/ h be5 made to quit ! sc5e ( 8 moral triumphs1 publicly br&$ ) ! /igma :i* 0 wont to be atta*$ to ! l[e/ ( malefactors & ! vile/ ( traitors4 ,! two fir/ que/ions to be ask$ ) reg>d to any great moral or political re=m] are--,:at _h he to re=m8 & !n1 ,9 ! "w ( re=m :o 7 8 antagoni/s8 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions is answ]$ intelligibly & pla9ly en\gh 9 #af ! curr5t k ( e s*oolboy1 t ,socrates br\ght d[n philosophy f heav5 to e>?1 or1 z ,cic]o has x m fully 9 ! ,tusculan que/ions1 8,socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e clo1 et 9 urbibus collocavit1 et 9 domos etiam introduxit1 et coegit de vit et moribus1 rebusque bonis et mails qur]e40 ,n[ !re _c be any d\bt t1 bo? relatively to ! "t & place :]e he taught1 & absolutely = all times & all places1 ,socrates by ?is /ep did "o ( ! highe/ s]vices to human progress4 ,by a natural vice ( ! human imag9ation we are l$ to seek 9 ! mi/y di/ance = "s pleasant excitem5t to ?\ght1 :ile neglect+ ! direct lessons ( famili> wisdom f ?+s "u our eyes1 :i* appe> contemptible only because !y are common4 ,we attempt ambiti\sly to measure ! remote movem5t ( ! sph]es1 & to note _! imag9$ music1 be=e we h br\ght any ord] or h>mony into ! daily c\rse ( our own lives2 we climb all ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ,europe = a f9e prospect1 :5 !re is likely a mu* bett] "o to be enjoy$ n five miles f our own door4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is t5d5cy ( ! human m9d ! e>ly philosophy ( ,greece 0 occupi$ pr9cipally 7n altoge!r c]ta9ly1 = ,py?agoras 0 a great morali/7 ) cosmical & metaphysical speculations :i* amus$ ! fancy & rais$ int]e/+ & puzzl+ problems = ?\ght1 )\t any valuable practical result4 ,:5 ,?ales1 = "o1 said t ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s 0 wat]1 he enunciat$ a great tru?2 x is true t :]ev] !re is life !re mu/ be humidity2 ) dryness dwells only du/ & dea? & fro/4 ,b ?is 0 a tru? #ag lead+ to no applications2 x c\ld nei!r purify ! wells nor improve ! w9es2 no man w\ld be ! bett] 9 8 body or 8 s\l = =mulat+ a cosmical g5]ality ( ?is k9d4 ,& if ,h]aclitus1 ! sombre sage ( ,ephesus1 advanc$ a /ep fur!r 9 a true g5]alization1 :5 he said t fire or heat is ! fundam5tal =ce :i* makes wat] possible1 z mod]n *emi/ry has amply demon/rat$1 ?is doctr9e did n advance human nature "o /ep ei!r t[>ds outw>d com=t or inw>d satisfaction4 ,& ( :at avail 0 x to tell m51 z he did1 t 8all ?+s are 9 a p]petual flux10 if he did n tea* !m h[ to regulate t flux 9 ! fl[ ( _! own lives1 & to prev5t ! tidal curr5ts ( _! s\l f gett+ into a pla% & jabble ( conflict+ wat]s 9 ! navigation ( :i* no seamancraft c\ld avail aga9/ mis]able %ipwreck8 ,m useless /ill 0 x to ass]t1 z ,anaxagoras is report$ to h done1 t ! sun is a l>ge mass ( gl[+ /one or metal1 s _m times bigg] ?an ! e>?--a proposition :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld n tea* a poor c[]+ savage to k9dle a /ick fire1 nor make "o olive-tree bright] ) blossoms t promis$ a pur] & a ri*] oil2 :ile1 if x 7 n true1 !n ! :ole ( y\r l(ty heliacal philosophy is only a blaze ( lies4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce1 inde$1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! close & cauti\s me?od ( exp]im5t introduc$ by ,bacon1 %[s t all physical inquiry />t+ f unprov$ assumptions1 & end+ 9 sweep+ speculations1 is only a sublime sort ( idl5ess1 & a procreation ( cl\d-phantoms4 ,socrates !re=e act$ wisely = 8 own "t & place 9 say+ to a p fond ( #ah curi\s subtlety & unfruitful speculation4 ,let u h done ) ?is l(ty-s\nd+ b ess5tially holl[ talk ab\t sun & moon & />s1 & let u "k some?+ c]ta91 & d some?+ useful4 ,?is we %all a*ieve if we keep )9 our own l[] sph]e1 & att5d to our own "w z m52 let u ord] our h\ses well 9 ! fir/ place1 & aft] t conc]n ourselves ) ! ord] ( ! univ]se2 if1 inde$1 ?is does n r belong to ! gods1 :o may safely be left to d _! cosmical "w quietly1 )\t any ,anaxagoras or ,ar*elaus to tempt ) adv5tur\s guesses ! pr9ciples ( _! adm9i/ration4 ,su* 0 ! ?or\ghly practical1 &1 if y w1 ?or\ghly utilit>ian tone :i*1 taught by ,x5ophon1 we ju/ly view z ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,socratic philosophy4 ,& !re c be no d\bt man is s ess5tially a practical animal1 t if ev5 ! accurate & curi\sly v]ifi$ physical sci5ce ( ^! latt] days 7 z de/itute ( social applications & z b>r5 ( practical results z ,greek sci5ce 0 9 ! days ( ,socrates1 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e p]sons ( ^? :o n[ delight to dabble 9 *emi/ry & geology w\ld leave ^! int]e/+ sci5ces to ! few m5 ( a purely speculative "* ) :om m]e k is lov$ = itself4 ,b :5 by geology we are enabl$ to une>? coals & gold1 & "k :]e to s9k wells mu* m c]ta9ly ?an by ! m$ival magic ( ! div9+-rod2 & :5 by *emi/ry we improve our /ores1 blea* our clo!s1 purify our infect$ *amb]s1 & dye our clo? ) hues ( :i* ev5 ! mo/ skilful ( ! li*5-ga!r]s 9 ! ,highl& gl5s nev] dreamt--!n1 to use a booksell]'s phrase1 y are #ai sure to int]e/ a l>ge public4 ,b !re is ano!r view ( ! case1 :i* places ! ,socratic philosoph] on a mu* m l(ty & hon\rable p$e/al4 ,= not)/&+ all ! surpris+ discov]ies & brilliant a*ievem5ts ( mod]n physical sci5ce1 x mu/ /ill rema9 true t 8,! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man10 & t no k9d ( k ev] c surpass ei!r 9 int]e/ or importance ! k ( man z a social be+1 z ! memb] ( a ,family1 ( a ,*ur*1 & ( a ,/ate4 ,! depreciation ( moral sci5ce :i* we h lately he>d f ,mr4 ,buckle & o!r memb]s ( t s*ool is a transitional ph5om5on aris+ out ( ! "o-sid$ culture ( ! und]/&+1 & a defective emotional1 volitional1 & imag9ative organization4 ,if new discov]ies are n e day trumpet$ 9 ! doma9 ( moral philosophy1 x is j because ?is sci5ce1 l ,euclid1 is too c]ta91 too fundam5tal1 & too indisp5sable to h be5 left to ! happy *ance ( be+ f\nd out aft] ! lapse ( long c5turies4 ,morals are z necess>y to ! act+ man z ! sun's light to ! gr[+ plant2 !y are n discov]$1 because !y always h be5 & always mu/ be2 & ! only great result t we h to look = !n 9 !m is t !y %all be m univ]sally recognis$1 m sci5tifically h&l$1 & m practically appli$4 ,socrates !re=e 0 "r1 n only = ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 b = ,engl& at ! pres5t mom5t1 & = all times & places1 :5 he proclaim$ on ! h\se-tops t ! fir/ & mo/ necess>y wisdom = all m5 is n to measure ! />s1 or #bj to weigh ! du/1 or to analyse ! air1 b1 accord+ to ! old ,delphic s5t5ce1 to "k !mselves1 & to realize 9 all ! bread? & dep? ( its significance :at x is to be a man1 & n a pig or a god4 ,& 9 atta9+ ?is k1 :ile he w\ld c]ta9ly f9d t1 ?\gh a /able physical plat=m to /& on & a heal?y physical atmosph]e to brea! are necess>y = ! production ( a normal humanity1 yet 9 g5]al ! measure ( a man's manhood is to be tak5 n s mu* f :at he atta*es to himself f )\t z f :at he br+s ) him f )94 8,! k+dom ( heav5 is )9 y0 is a pregnant ,socratic maxim z well z a pr(\nd evangelic text1 &1 9 ref]5ce to our pres5t subject1 simply means t1 :ile ! mo/ brilliant discov]ies ( physical sci5ce only m9i/] to our com=ts1 our conv5i5ces1 & our furni%+s1 moral sci5ce alone c tea* u to be m52 = we are m5 by :at we are1 n by :at we h4 ,gas-pipes1 & wat]-pipes1 sp9n+-j5nies1 /eamboats1 /eam-coa*es1 subm>9e telegraphs1 photographs1 oleographs1 oxyhydrog51 bl[pipes1 & ! ?\s& & "o devices = us+ & controll+ nature :i* we owe to advanc$ physical sci5ce1 may adorn & improve life 9 _m ways1 may multiply production ( all k9ds inf9itely1 & facilitate ! diffusion ( intellectual z well z mat]ial b5efits2 b !y h no orig9at+ p[] 9 :at is highe/2 !y c create nei!r ?\ght nor "*2 !y are ! mo/ useful ( m9i/]s1 b ! mo/ unmean+ ( ma/]s4 ,& !re c be little d\bt t1 if ,socrates 7 to rise f ! grave at ! pres5t mom5t1 :ile1 ) 81 /rong #ba common s5se & ke5 eye = ! practical1 he w\ld joyfully recognise all ! wond]ful mat]ial progress ( :i* ,engl& & ,am]ica make _! boa/1 he w\ld n ! less feel himself con/ra9$ to utt] an emphatic w>n+ aga9/ ! dang] ( e/imat+ our national gr&eur by ! visible pomp ( gigantic ma*9]y & complex app>atus r ?an by ! invisible p[] ( noble purpose & l(ty design4 ,su* 0 ! attitude ( ,socrates to ! great tea*]s :o s9ce ,?ales d[nw>ds _h prec$$ him 9 lead+ ! intellectual advance ( ! mo/ intellectual p ( ! anci5t _w4 ,he /ood =w>d z a tea*] ( moral sci5ce1 z a prea*] & philosophical mission>y also2 = 9 morals1 ! sep>ation ( !ory f practice is an inconsi/5cy ( :i* only a feeble & imp]fect nature is capable4 ,:o1 !n1 & ( :at quality1 7 8 antagoni/s 9 ! great reg5]ative "w :i* he und]took8 ,n s mu* ! physical philosoph]s1 :o might /ill pursue _! rese>*es or pamp] _! imag9ations 9 _! own speculative corn]s )\t di/urb+ ! busy _w1 except 9 s f> z !y n[ & !n might come into collision ) !ological or?odoxy1 b ! great untra9$ mass ( ! p !mselves1 & ! pret5ti\s array ( a class ( m5 :o put !mselves =w>d z _! in/ructors1--! fam\s ,,sophi/s4 ,! ^w ,sophi/s signifies pr(essors ( wisdom1 9 :i* s5se ,lucian calls our ,savi\r --t crucifi$ ,sophi/--because ,he came =w>d z a public in/ructor pr(ess+ to tea* m5 wisdom4 ,b z wisdom is a vague ^w 79 fact 9 ,greek signifies clev]1 & ev5 #bb cunn+ z (t5 z wise71 we mu/ consult ! circum/ances ( "t & place to "k :at x exactly meant 9 any p>ticul> in/ance4 ,! g5]ation imm$iately prec$+ ,socrates1 :5 ! ,sophi/s fir/ became prom95t1 0 ! era ( ! great ,p]sian w>s1 & ( ! notable upris+ ( national _s & ( popul> p[] :i* t memorable /ruggle call$ =?4 ,h[ fi]cely ! /rife betwe5 ! old ari/ocratic & ! new democratic elem5t 9 ,greek society _h be5 rag+ 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ epo*1 ! poems ( ,!ognis may s]ve suffici5tly to indicate2 & n[ t by ! battle ( ,salamis ! political importance ( ! middle & sub-middle classes _h be5 blazon$ =? be=e univ]sal ,greece 9 gl[+ *>act]s1 ! democracy 9 great comm]cial cities l ,a!ns at once />t$ into an attitude ( hi!rto unsuspect$ significance4 ,new aspirations _h be5 creat$1 new pret5sions 7 put =?1 & new guides 7 requir$ = a l>ge class ( p :o felt !mselves z x 7 sudd5ly %oot+ up f pupilage into majority4 ,n[ :at guides _h a p1 circum/anc$ z ! ,a!nians !n1 71 to look to = direction8 ,! ,*ur* 9 ^? days--if we may call x a ,*ur*--0 n a tea*+ body2 its moral efficacy 0 ex]cis$ ?r\gh sacr$ c]emonial & pi\s hymns2 its intellectual ag5cy 0 almo/ null4 ,& ?\gh gymna/ics & music1 includ+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! mo/ popul> lit]>y culture1 7 common1 !re 7 no in/itutions l our ,univ]sities1 = ! sev]e & sy/ematic discipl9e ( ! ?9k+ faculties4 ,a cry w5t up f ! he>t ( ! p = prophets to enlight5 !m2 b !re 7 no s*ools #bc ( ! prophets4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 ! natural soil f :i* a class ( self-con/itut$ popul> tea*]s w\ld gr[ up2 & ^! tea*]s 7 ! ,sophi/s4 ,& if we ask fur!r 9 detail :at !y taught1 ! answ] w be furni%$ f ! same s\rces t expla9 _! exi/5ce4 ,z ! democracy br\ght !m into exi/5ce1 ! dem& ( ! democracy w\ld be ! measure ( ! k9d & quality ( ! article :i* !y 7 expect$ to supply2 & ! article :i* a democracy dem&s = ! use ( its public spokesm5 is always ! same1--a c]ta9 practical k & %rewdness 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 a c]ta9 ready sympa?y )1 popul> prejudices & passions1 a c]ta9 sup]ficial dext]ity 9 argum5t1 & above all1 a flu5t & effective /yle ( popul> oratory4 ,to supply ^! wants ! acceptable tea*]s ( ! p w\ld require to pr(ess a k ( ! great lead+ pr9ciples ( law1 a famili>ity ) political =ms & ! be/ me?ods ( controll+ masses ( m5 into habits or fits ( co-op]ation1 a practical comm& ( logic1 s z to be able to turn ! po9t ( an argum5t1 or entangle 9 a net ( subtleties an inexp]i5c$ jury1 &1 z ! cr[n+ accompli%m5t1 a faculty ( spee*1 al]t & unscrupul\s1 :i* might nev] lack a %ift to give plausibility to a bad case1 & %\ld ev] be ready to conf\nd1 ov]:elm1 & dazzle :]e x 0 hopeless to refute4 ,n[ x is easy to p]ceive t ! lessons deliv]$ by ! pr(essors ( ?is wisdom1 h[ev] acceptable to clev] & ambiti\s "y g5tlem5 eag] to ent] ^u ! ar5a ( public life1 c\ld n1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 be conceiv$ 9 any v exalt$ tone ( morals or be fram$ s z to inculcate ! =mation #bd ( any /rictly hon\rable rules ( conduct4 ,! ,sophi/s 7 m]e tradesm52 !y 7 paid = ! furni%+ ( a c]ta9 article1 & !y _h to supply t article1 ( ! quality & 9 ! way & mann] :i* might be mo/ agreeable to ^? on ^: patronage !y dep5d$4 ,!y 7 !re=e1 z ,socrates con/antly po9t$ out1 ! slaves ( ! p>ties by :om !y 7 paid2 & if :at _! employ]s want$ 0 ! %[ ( wisdom r ?an ! sub/ance1 a ready comm& ( words & argum5ts 9 pref]5ce to an e>ne/ & sev]e se>* aft] tru?1 x 0 n to be expect$ t ! majority ( !m w\ld give !mselves mu* conc]n to inculcate a sev]] wisdom4 ,tradesm5 are seldom f\nd act+ ^u pr9ciples :i* h a direct t5d5cy to fright5 cu/om]s f _! %ops4 ,n t !re 0 any?+ necess>ily bad or immoral 9 ! pr(ession or tea*+ ( a ,sophi/2 "s ( !m1 evid5tly1 su* z ,protagoras & ,prodicus1 ev5 on ! witness ( _! great adv]s>y ,plato1 7 v prop] & respectable g5tlem52 few ( !m1 p]haps1 grossly immoral2 & ) ^? ( !m :o1 l ,gorgias ( ,leontium1 conf9$ !mselves /rictly to ! tea*+ ( ! rules ( pure rhetoric & elocution1 no fault c\ld ju/ly be f\nd any m ?an ) ,qu9ctilian among ! lat] ,romans1 or ,pr9cipal ,campbell ( ,ab]de5 among ourselves4 ,b x is pla91 f ! v nature ( ! case1 t ! ,sophi/s1 s f> z !y w5t a /ep beyond ! prov9ce ( /rict rhetoric1 7 plac$ 9 a position :i* r5d]$ _! moral & philosophical tea*+ a matt] ( j conc]n to all :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! education ( ! y\? ( ,a!ns1 & 9 ! #be "* ( h] public m54 ,besides1 among an impressible & excitable p l ! ,a!nians1 fond ( display1 & ambiti\s ( popul>ity1 ! m]e me?odiz$ art ( talk+1 ap>t f any solid k1 & )\t any high moral inspiration1 0 a v dang]\s eng9e to put into ! h& ( ambiti\s "y politicians4 ,& ! fact unque/ionably is1 accord+ to ! concurr5t te/imony ( ,x5ophon1 ,plato1 ,isocrates1 ,ari/otle1--9 fact1 ( all antiquity1--t ^! public tea*]s g5]ally did disp5se v %all[ & (t5 v dang]\s doctr9e4 ,!y 7 ! natural bir? ( an age ( movem5t & innovation2 & 9 su* an age1 along ) mu* t may op]ate z a heal?y /imulant to progressive ?\ght1 !re is always pres5t a dra/ic admixture ( ! m]ely analytic1 sceptical1 & de/ructive elem5t1 a negative =ce1 /rong to impugn ! validity ( anci5t f\ndations1 b weak to e/abli% any?+ equally /able & effective 9 _! place4 ,by ! negative & sceptical tea*+s ( ^! m51 ,socrates f\nd ! y\? ( ,a!ns %ak5 f _! old moor+s1 & toss+ ab\t amid seas ( p]plex+ d\bt on ! "o h&1 & unpr9cipl$ lib]t9ism on ! o!r4 ,e great pr9ciple ( social ord] & human "r t =m]ly _h be5 receiv$ f v5]at$ tradition1 & believ$ by ! co-op]ation ( a heal?y in/9ct ) a ho>y au?ority1 0 n[ d5i$2 & ! field 0 wait+ = ! appe>ance ( a great con/ructive prophet1 :o %\ld br+ p back ?r\gh /eps ( sci5tific reason+ to a liv+ fai? 9 ^? maxims ( immutable morality :i* !y _h orig9ally inh]it$ ) ! blood f _! fa!rs' ve9s & ! milk f _! mo!rs' brea/s4 #bf ,su* a great prophet n[ appe>$1 & 8 "n 0 ,socrates4#bf4a ,we h n[ cle>ly be=e u ! battle-field 9 :i* ,socrates _h to appe>1 & ! oppon5ts ) :om he _h to cont5d2 we see also ! cause = :i* he _h to fight4 ,?is 0 no?+ #bg less ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( a firm philosophy ( human life1 a sure guide = human conduct1 & a /rong regulator ( society4 ,! way n[ lies op5 to inquire :at special doctr9e he taught 9 ord] to a*ieve victory 9 ?is /ruggle2 & a c>eful p]usal ( ,x5ophon's book1 :i* we reg>d z ! #bh only safe au?ority 9 ! matt]1 leads to a g5]aliz$ /atem5t ( ! ,socratic moral philosophy1 compris$ 9 ! foll[+ two propositions3-- 7,i47 ,man is naturally a sympa!tic & a social animal4 ,he has1 no d\bt1 /rong1 self-pres]v+1 self-ass]t+1 & self-advanc+ in/9cts1 :i*1 if left )\t c\nt]action1 w\ld naturally lead to isolation or mutual ho/ility1 & ultimate ext]m9ation2 b ^! in/9cts ( isolat$ individualism are met by yet /rong] in/9cts ( sympa?y1 love1 & fell[%ip1 9 ! asc5d5cy ( :i* ! true humanity ( man z di/+ui%$ f tig]hood & spid]hood consi/s4 7,,ii47 ,man is naturally a reason+ animal1 & is only !n truly a man :5 8 passions are temp]$ & 8 conduct regulat$ by reason4 ,! function ( reason is ! recognition & ! realization ( tru?2 tru? recognis$ 9 speculation is sci5ce2 #bi tru? realiz$ 9 action is a moral life & a well-ord]$ society4 ,^! two propositions may appe> to _m p]sons n[-a-days to conta9 no?+ t is n v vague & v *eap2 nev]!less1 :5 look$ into accurately & foll[$ out unconditionally1 !y lead to mo/ important practical consequ5ces2 9 fact1 :ile _! consi/5t ass]tion "u all circum/ances necess>ily leads up to a noble & a h]oic life1 _! habitual d5ial z necess>ily leads d[n to a base & a bruti% life4 ,let u look at !m !re=e %>ply 9 detail4 ,! fir/ proposition1 z ! read] w readily p]ceive1 is levell$ directly aga9/ ! selfi% !ory ( morals :i* 0 advocat$ ) m or less op5ness by _m ( ! ,greek ,sophi/s1 & 0 prom95tly put =? 9 ?is c\ntry1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 at ! "t ( ! great ,civil ,w>1 by ! celebrat$ ,?omas ,hobbes ( ,malmesbury4 ,t /\t speculator1 9 8 treatise on 8! ,philosophical ,elem5ts ( a ,true ,citiz510 lays x d[n ) a di/9ctness :i* admits ( no qualification1 t 8all society is ei!r = ga9 or = glory2 t is1 n s mu* = love ( our fell[s z = love ( ourselves20 & aga91 a few pages fur!r on 9 ! same treatise1 he puts =? ! fam\s dictum t 8! natural /ate ( man is a w> ( all m5 aga9/ all m540 ,aga9/ su* a "o-sid$1 unhuman1 unwor?y1 & altoge!r false ass]tion1 ,socrates comes arm$1 n only ) ! :ole =ce ( a sympa!tic1 a social1 & a b5evol5t nature1 b ) t heal?y in/9ct & practical good s5se1 :i* 9 him 0 prophetic n s mu* ( 8 imm$iate disciple ,plato z ( 8 great successor ,ari/otle4 #cj ,9 "o ( ! conv]sations ( ! ,memorabilia ( :i* ! subject is --a mu* wid] ^w1 let x be well not$1 ?an ! ,engli% 8fri5d%ip10--,critobulus1 "o ( ! "y foll[]s ( ! philosoph]1 is introduc$ z lam5t+ ov] ! difficulty ( mak+ fri5ds2 & ! views ( ,socrates foll[ 9 reply4 ,we extract ! :ole passage3-- 8,:at p]plexes y1 my "y fri5d1 said ,socrates1 seems to be t y h frequ5tly se5 ev5 ! be/ m51 & ( ! mo/ noble quality1 qu>rell+ ) "o ano!r1 & fann+ !mselves into ho/ility1 ev5 m fi]ce ?an t :i* divides ! mo/ wor?less memb]s ( society4 ,j s1 said ,critobulus1 & n only ?is1 b ! be/-ord]$ societies1 & ^? ,/ates :i* seem to possess ! mo/ delicate s5se ( public hon\r1 are (t5 f\nd to plunge into ! mo/ unju/ifiable w>s4 ,:]e1 !n1 %all we f9d a place = social sympa?y & true fri5d%ip8 ,if ! bad by _! v nature _c "k :at love means1 if betwixt ! bad & ! good !re c be no fell[%ip any m ?an betwixt fire & wat]1 & if f9ally ! good1 :o practise virtue mo/ sev]ely1 9 ! ambiti\s conte/s ( human life are /ill f\nd = ! mo/ "p envy+ "o ano!r & hat+ "o ano!r1 among :at class ( m51 ,i ask1 are fell[%ip & good fai? possible8 ,b1 said ,socrates1 ?is is by no means su* a simple matt] z y seem to ?9k4 ,nature "h z else:]e has two sides4 ,!re is naturally implant$ 9 m5 a social & sympa!tic elem5t2 = !y naturally ne$ "o ano!r1 & feel = "o ano!r1 & help "o ano!r by co-op]ation2 & alongside ( ?is !re exi/s also an elem5t ( ho/ility2 = :]ev] a #ca great numb] ( p]sons f9d _! affections fix$ on ! same object1 :i* !y _c all enjoy1 opposition & w> 9 ref]5ce to t object w naturally ensue4 ,h5ce /rife & wra? & ! passion = aggr&izem5t1 & feel+s ( envy & dislike t[>d ^? :o 9 ! great competition ( life are m successful ?an ourselves4 ,nev]!less1 s /rong is ! sympa!tic pr9ciple 9 nature1 t x p5etrates ?r\gh all ^! b>ri]s1 & jo9s 9 bonds ( bro!rhood all ! noble & ! good40 ,?is passage des]ves special prom95ce 9 e e/imate ( ! philosophy ( ,socrates1 n only on acc\nt ( its own /rong practical good s5se--a lead+ quality ( ! philosoph]'s m9d--b on acc\nt ( ! complem5t :i* x supplies to ! o!r "p ( 8 doctr9e1 t virtue is practical reason4 ,h[ true ?is doctr9e ( rational morality is1 & h[ compreh5sive1 we %all endeav\r to %[ imm$iately2 b 9 ! fir/ place1 be=e apply+ reason to ! actions ( a social be+1 we mu/ po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( a sympa!tic in/9ct1 )\t ^: impulsive & attractive p[] reason c\ld nev] be induc$ to ex]cise itself 9 any social direction4 ,to prove to a man :o has no love 9 8 nature t he ought to love 8 neighb\r1 & t )\t su* love no society is possible 7a pro( by ! way :i* ,hobbes leads v triumphantly71 is all v well z a piece ( reason+2 b x c\ld lead to no practical consequ5ces if ! p]son to :om x 0 address$ 0 root & bran* made up ( pure selfi%ness4 ,x w\ld be l argu+ to a tig] t x %\ld become a lamb4 ,9 all moral que/ions1 !re=e1 ! motive p[]s mu/ be suppos$ #cb z a fact2 !y belong to ! nature ( a moral be+ z /eam belongs to a /eam-eng9e2 & !re=e ,socrates1 ^: :ole tea*+ brea!s ! e>ne/ conviction ( ! great tru? t moral philosophy has no mean+ z a !ory1 b exi/s only z a fact1 is ev]y:]e exhibit$ z a great lov] ( m54 ,love ( 8 k9d1 inde$1 0 ! ma9 inspiration ( 8 life1 z 9 fact x mu/ be t ( all m5 :o aspire to ! noble position ( social re=mation 9 any %ape2 !re=e x 0 t he 0 se5 con/antly 9 ! /reets & 9 ! m>ket-places1 & 9 ! public %ops1 & ! ateli]s ( ! sculptors1 & 9 fe/al & convivial celebrations ( all k9ds2 !re=e x 0 t he pr(ess$ himself on all occasions --a passionate admir] ( ev]y?+ beautiful & excell5t :e!r 9 man or woman2 & f ?is quick & ready sympa?y ) all human excell5ce x 0 t1 :ile he spoke ! tru? on all occasions )\t fe>1 !re 0 s little g5]ally ( h>%ness 9 8 repro(2 nay1 he w\ld c>ry 8 human =be>ance & sympa!tic complaisance s f> on occasions z to visit a beautiful 1 & conv]se ) h] on ! philosophy ( dress1 & ! mo/ sci5tific mann] ( spread+ ! net & bait+ ! hook = h] admir]s4#cb4a ,h[ incongru\s w\ld x n be to figure ,john ,calv9 or any mod]n !ological doctor relax+ 8 gravity 9 ?is region s f>2 & yet ,socrates 0 z v]itable a sa9t z ,calv91 only ! m5 7 con/itutionally n only diff]5t1 b adv]se2 besides1 ,socrates 0 a ,greek1 &1 s f> z impressibility by m]e physical beauty is conc]n$1 ?is #cc implies mu*4 ,:at ! mod]n ,prote/ant !ologian w\ld h ?\ght x a s9 to look at 9 ! anci5t philosoph] might h excit$ an innoc5t & pi\s admiration4 ,b ! tol]ant univ]sality ( l>ge human sympa?y 9 ,socrates1 h[ev] difficult x may be = "s m5 to und]/&1 0 9 fact mu* less an anomaly 9 a sev]e morali/ ?an ! selfi% !ory ( ,hobbes is 9 a man pret5d+ to be a man at all4 ,to expla9 su* a p]v]se ph5om5on we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! love ( s+ul>ity 9 "s m9ds is great] ?an ! love ( tru?2 t "s m5 ( great intellectual capacity are defici5t 9 "s ( ! f9] in/9cts t /ir h]oic brea/s1 & fail to recognise 9 o!rs :at !y h no exp]i5ce ( 9 !mselves2 t 9 ! common *>act]s :om "o meets 9 daily life an ess5tially selfi% motive c (t5 be trac$ b5ea? ! graci\s surface1 :]e to ! public eye only b5evol5ce1 philan?ropy1 humility1 & self-d5ial %9e out ) g5ial radiance2 t ! sci5tific m9d has a peculi> pleasure 9 track+ out su* inconsi/5cies2 t ! speculative m9d 9 its eag]ness to embrace v>i\s ph5om5a "u "o law is apt to run a-muck aga9/ ,nature1 delight+1 z %e does sometimes1 m 9 ! compromise ( v>i\s pr9ciples ?an 9 ! triumph ( "o2 & f9ally1 t m5 tra9$ pr9cipally 9 ! political & legal _w (t5 h a t5d5cy to transf] ! selfi% pr9ciples :i* are mo/ consid]$ 9 _! doma9 to o!r sph]es ( ! social sy/em1 :]e m free scope is giv5 to ! ex]cise ( ! b5evol5t & unselfi% prop5sities4 ,^! consid]ations may p]haps acc\nt = ! g5esis ( su* an incomplete morali/ z ,hobbes1--x is only #cd ! common in/ance ( a meagre plant gr[+ up 9 a bad climate4 ,socrates1 on ! o!r h&1 surprises & puzzles u by 8 %e] r$undancy ( e?ical s5sibility2 z a tropical vegetation seems sometimes to smo!r ) ! exub]ance ( gre5 life ! sob] dem&s ( an eye educat$ 9 a temp]ate climate4 ,let u n[ turn to ! second proposition3 ,,man ,,is ,a ,,reason+ ,,animal2--trite en\gh1 b :at does ?is imply8 & h[ f> does x br+ u :5 we attempt to answ] ! "q />t$ by ,dr4 ,paley1 ,:y am ,i b\nd to keep my ^w8 ,let u see h[ ,socrates w\ld h answ]$ ?is "q4 ,?r\gh ! memoirs he /&s =w>d 9 no "* s /rongly z 9 t ( ! expos] ( unrealities4 ,himself ! mo/ tru?ful ( all m51 ?r\gh\t a long life he c f9d no?+ bett] to d ?an to help o!rs1 fir/ to draw ! real tru? out ( !mselves1 & !n1 by ! t\*/one ?us acquir$1 to di/+ui% ! true man 9 ! actual c\rse ( life f ! fake pret5d]4 ,tru? !re=e1 unadult]at$ tru? 9 ?\ght & 9 act1 0 ! pole-/> ( 8 navigation4 ,b ! recognition & realization ( tru? is ! di/9ctive function ( reason2 !re=e tru?fulness "u e =m ( ?\ght or action is ! gr& law ( reasonabl5ess1 & 9 virtue ( ?is ! gr& rule ( human conduct4 ,= no creature c be call$ ^u to act at v>iance ) its own nature2 & if x %\ld attempt to d s1 x w ei!r fail utt]ly--z if a worm %\ld essay to fly--or1 succe$+ s f> 9 ! exp]im5t1 z :5 a be> dances or a man speaks lies habitually1 ! creature w make itself ei!r ridicul\s or contemptible4 ,z !re=e y expect #ce y\r dog to nose well1 y\r cat to m\se well1 y\r horse to race well1 & y\r c[1 :5 well grass$1 to give good milk1 s expect y\rself on all occasions to ?9k & to act reasonably1 t is tru?fully or 9 con=mity ) ! reality ( ?+s2 & "k = c]ta9 on ea* occasion t y\r ?\ght or y\r act deviates f "r reason1 t ?us f> y are n y\r prop] self1 y are n1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 a man2 y are1 9 fact1 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 act+ l a madman4 ,=1 z ,socrates 9 8 famili> way puts x1 if a man1 imag9+ himself twelve feet high1 %\ld b[ 8 head :5ev] he ent]$ a door eight feet high1 9 ord] to avoid fracture ( ! skull1 w\ld we n call su* a p]son mad8 ,& if he is ju/ly e/eem$ insane :o 9 su* an exorbitant way takes a false measure ( 8 bodily height1 :y %\ld "o be e/eem$ sane :o habitually makes an equally false e/imate ( 8 m5tal /ature8 ,if a p]son 7 to imag9e t he knew ,greek1 b :5ev] he op5$ 8 m\? p\r$ =? a m]e swall[-twitt] ( in>ticulate j>gon1 c\ld he possibly be held to be ( s\nd m9d8 or if a man %\ld pu% himself =w>d into ! van ( any great und]tak+1 su* z ! build+ ( bridges or ! cutt+ ( tunnels1 conceiv+ himself to be able to d ^! ?+s1 :5 he 0 kn[n to be ignorant ( ! simple/ practical elem5ts ( ar*itecture & eng9e]+1 %\ld we n say truly t su* a p]son is lab\r+ "u a delusion1 :i*1 if n madness1 is some?+ v closely alli$ to x8 ,f su* consid]ations z ^! ,socrates d$uc$1 ) all ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matical demon/ration1 t ! mo/ imp]ative duty1 & ! mo/ b9d+ #cf obligation ( e man--! po/ulate1 9 fact1 ( all reasonable & fruitful activity 9 life--is 1 ,,"k ,,?yself6 & ?is maxim does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t a man is to g into a corn]1 & by a s]ies ( prob+s to take ! measure ( 8 own capacity2 x means r t we %all "k our relation to t out] _w 9 :i* our active p[]s are to be sp5t2 x means t we %all "k ! _w by free int]c\rse & by cauti\s trial1 & t we %all make x our bus9ess ) consci5ti\s c>e to discov] :at we are fit = on ?is /age ( ?+s on :i* ! drama ( our life is enact$1 & :at we are n fit =4 ,& always 9 e "w1 reasonably und]tak51 if ! execution is to be endur+ly successful1 let ! reasonable & true man /udy1 z ! "o ?+ ne$ful1 ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,?+ ,,t ,,he ,,w\ld ,,seem ,,to ,,be4 ,f ?is /atem5t1 tak5 directly f ! report ( ,x5ophon1 ! read] w p]ceive t we h got 9 ,socrates fundam5tally only a v mod]n ,scot* fri5d ) a v anci5t ,greek face1 viz41 ! excell5t laird ( ,craig5putto* & v5]able prophet ( ,*elsea on ! ,?ames1 ! burd5 ( ^: prea*+ has always be5 ! unveil+ ( ,,%ams4 ,mr4 ,rusk9's ,lamp ( ,tru? 9 ,ar*itecture %9es also manife/ly ) a k9dr$ light2 & 9 fact x is q c]ta91 & ! mo/ important ( all tru?s to be implant$ 9 ! y\?ful m9d :5 />t+ on ! c>e] ( life1 t we live 9 a _w ( mo/ grave & e>ne/ & /iff realities1 t mu/ be dealt ) 9 a real & hone/ way--t is1 nei!r 9 a sup]ficial nor 9 a false way1 nor 9 an absurd way1 nor ) any sort ( r&om /rokes1 b only 9 a calculat$ & a reasonable #cg way1 & accord+ to ! un*angeable nature ( ?+s--if n1 ! p5alty is sure4 ,if we w mi/ake a granite rock = a gigot ( mutton1 we %all f9d t we h d9$ on some?+ t no cul9>y art c make at all dige/ible4 ,let u exam9e 9 rapid detail h[ f> ! g5]al ,socratic pr9ciple ( act+1 reasonably & tru?fully w br+ out ! individual virtues :i* are ! mo/ necess>y & ! mo/ e/eem$1 :e!r 9 ! common conc]ns ( life or 9 ^? seasons ( r>e culm9ation :5 manhood rises into h]oism4 ,n[1 "h we see pla9ly en\gh1 9 ! fir/ place1 t all ! s-call$ intellectual virtues--t is1 ^? t dep5d on ! vigor\s & well-direct$ use ( ! intellectual faculties--are1 by ! ,socratic pr9ciple1 at once provid$ = 9 ! mo/ effective way4 ,^! virtues are =esight1 calculation1 prud5ce 9 e %ape1 tra9$ tal5t1 pr(essional exp]tness1 & sub/antial "w on sci5tific pr9ciples 9 all trades & occupations4 ,! man :o does any k9d ( "w 9 a c>eless1 bungl+1 or sup]ficial way is n act+ z a reasonable be+2 = ! fir/ dem& ( reason1 z ! tru?ful faculty 9 ! _w ( action1 is to realize its idea completely & ?or\ghly2 & ?is no ha/y & sup]ficial h&iwork c pret5d to d4 ,aga91 if a man1 z happ5s only too (t51 und]takes a long walk1 & hav+ miscalculat$ ! di/ance1 or c>ri$ ) him confus$ ideas ( nor? & s\?1 f9ds himself "u ! veil ( night w&]+ ab\t 9 a boggy wa/e :5 he ought to h be5 snug 9 8 b$1 he has himself to blame3 he act$ unreasonably 9 und]tak+ an unkn[n exp$ition )\t exact in=mation or wise calculation2 & x is only reasonable #ch t he %\ld be ov]tak5 by ! necess>y consequ5ces ( all unreason+ proc$ure 9 a _w :]e ,reason is ! only law & ,tru? ! un]r+ judge4 ,9 ! same way1 f want ( accurate k1 wise =esight1 & compreh5sive survey1 ,crimean campaigns are bungl$1 & ,re=m ,bills ( mo/ s]i\s consequ5ce are huddl$ or juggl$ ?r\gh a h\se ( fretful or fev]i% s5ators1 & ,acts ( ,p>liam5t are pat*$ up ) clauses t contradict "o ano!r1 & make ! preamble look l a bridegroom :o f9ds he has promis$ et]nal fidelity to a mi/ak5 bride4 ,all ?is is unreasonable "w1 & ! m5 :o did x 7 n ex]cis+ _! reason at ! "t ( ! p]petration2 = any practical purpose !y might z well h be5 bl9d1 furi\s1 fatu\s1 or asleep4 ',tis pla91 !re=e1 t all ! effici5cy ( e k9d ( "w done 9 ! _w dep5ds on its reasonabl5ess1 t is1 on its tru?fulness2 & 9 full view1 s to speak1 ( ! importance ( ?is intellectual virtue ,nature has furni%$ man ) a moral excell5ce closely ak9 to x4 ,! recognition ( tru? 9 ! /rictly intellectual _w becomes1 9 ! _w ( propulsive passions & inspir+ emotions1 ! love ( tru?4 ,?is virtue %[s itself 9 frankness1 op5ness1 & simplicity ( "*1 & 9 an imp]i\s disda9 ( all sorts ( equivocation1 dissembl+1 falsehood1 & disguise1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n type ( ! h]oic "* 9 ,hom]3 8,t man )9 my s\l ,i hate1 ev5 z ! gates ( hell1 ,:o speaks fair words1 b 9 8 he>t d>k lies & trea*]y dwell40 ,"h ,a*illes1 e "o feels1 is speak+ l a man2 &1 ?\gh all tru? is n always ev]y:]e #ci to be proclaim$1 yet on great occasions1 :]e to /rike ! j mean is difficult1 he :o 9 an impulse ( fe>less f]v\r v5ts a little too mu* tru?1 is always m admir$ ?an ! man :o f a sur*>ge ( cauti\s retic5ce speaks too little4 ,= a lie1 9 fact1 z ,plato says 9 ! ,republic1 is a ?+ naturally hateful bo? to gods & m52 nor inde$ c\ld x be o!rwise2 = :at is all nature b a manife/ation 9 visible =ms ( a gr& army ( invisible =ces8 & an untru?ful manife/ation is no manife/ation at all1 b r a concealm5t1 z if a man %\ld use words to say ! v contr>y ( :at he means1 :i* words1 c]ta9ly1 :atev] effect !y might h1 c\ld n possibly be any exhibition ( 8 real nature4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t a lie is on e occasion a contradiction to ! ess5tial tru?fulness1 & an ob/acle ?r[n 9 ! way to ! direct purpose1 ( nature2 & :5ev] lies are told1 x w be f\nd t !y proce$ ei!r f a fundam5tal feebl5ess1 t is1 an inh]5t lack ( ass]tive & demon/rative =ce1 or f fe>1 t is1 a comp>ative feebl5ess 9 respect ( "s ext]nal ?reat5+ =ce1 or f9ally f a sy/ematic p]v]sion or inv]sion ( nature 9 individual cases or unfav\rable circum/ances1 :i* op]ate z an ob/ruction to ! free expression ( ! ess5tial tru?fulness ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is way individuals ^: social sympa?ies h be5 fro/$ 9 e>ly life1 may gr[ up into a mon/r\s inc>nation ( selfi%ness1 liv+ by ! practice ( sy/ematic falsity1 ( :i* we h examples en\gh 9 ! pr(essional sw9dl]s ( ^: a*ievem5ts almo/ e newspap] conta9s "s record2 & :ole classes ( m51 z slaves & helots1 kept 9 a #dj /ate ( unnatural bondage & subjection1 may le>n1 or r mu/ le>n1 to practise lies z _! only safety f inju/ice4 ,e slave is naturally a li>2 = 8 nature is a false nature1 & has gr[n up into a contradiction to all nature1 z trees by =ceful artifice are made to gr[ d[nw>ds seek+ ! e>?1 in/ead ( upw>ds to f9d ! sun4 ,& we may say g5]ally1 t n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ lies t are told 9 society are lies ( c[>dice2 lies ( gigantic impud5ce & unblu%+ selfi%ness1 l ! lies ( ,alex&] ! false prophet 9 ! second c5tury1 & o!r gross impo/ors1 be+ comp>atively few2 ?\gh ( c\rse1 :5 !y d occur1 !y excite m att5tion & figure m l>gely 9 ! newspap]s4 ,& f ^! consid]ations we see pla9ly h[ x is t ! _w places su* a high value on ! virtue ( c\rage2 = c\rage arises ma9ly f ! possession ( t am\nt ( physical or moral en]gy :i* enables a man tru?fully & emphatically 9 a real _w to ass]t himself z an effective reality2 & 9 fact !re is no "* t 9 ! g5]al judgm5t ( mank9d1 & 9 a special degree to ! ,briti% feel+1 appe>s m contemptible ?an ! man :o1 on ! appe>ance ( any petty dang]1 or ! prospective em]g5ce ( a possible difficulty1 =?) sneaks out ( 8 position1 gives ! op5 lie to 8 own pr(essions1 & ! cold %\ld] to 8 be/ fri5d4 ,s deep-root$ & s wide-spread1 s wov5 into ! liv+ fibres ( ! v he>t ( ?+s1 is ! virtue ( tru? & tru?fulness 9 nature & life1 :i* aga91 z we h said1 is ! m]e utt]ance ( reason2 ! necess>y utt]ance consequ5tly ( an ess5tially reasonable be+1 & n at all ! artificial product ( a selfi% compact #da or calculation ( any k9d1 z ,hobbes & ! o!r advocates ( selfism1 m or less modifi$1 affirm4 ,we speak ! tru? !re=e1 & we are b\nd to keep our promise1 n because exp]i5ce proves t society c\ld n exi/ = a s+le day "u ! p]vad+ influ5ce ( all sorts ( falsehood1 nor aga9 because x c be prov$ by a =mal induction t to speak ! tru?1 z a g5]al rule1 is ! be/ way to secure ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]--?\gh !re c be no h>m 9 a man =tify+ 8 virtue by ^! v true & v philan?ropic consid]ations1 if he *ooses1--b ! root ( ! matt] lies deep] & m ne> to ! he>t ( ! individual man1 spr++1 z we h said1 directly out ( ! ess5tial tru?fulness & reasonabl5ess ( nature1 accord+ to ! prime po/ulate n ( ! philosophy ( ,socrates only1 b ( ,plato & ,ari/otle also1 & all ! great tea*]s ( practical wisdom among/ ! ,greeks4 ,x does n seem necess>y1 aft] :at has be5 said1 to expatiate l>gely on ! obvi\s d$uction ( ! o!r c>d9al virtues f ! ,socratic pr9ciple ( ,reason or ,tru?4 ,:]ev] we turn our eyes x w require little p]spicacity to p]ceive t to d ! "r is on all occasions to d ! true ?+1--z an apo/le has x1 1 to d ! tru?2 or1 9 ! words ( a great son ( ! ,por*1 n to dem& t ?+s %all be z we wi%1 b to wi% t ?+s %all be z !y are4 ,! great virtue ( ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 :i*1 9 its wide/ & well-kn[n ,platonic s5se1 signifies giv+ to e p]son & ?+ t :i* prop]ly belongs to x1 is no?+ b ! ass]tion 9 act ( ! tru? 9 ref]5ce to _! concurr5t or adv]se claims2 = h[ c a man realize 9 any #db relation ( life ! beautiful ,/oical def9ition ( ,"r giv5 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian--,ju/itia e/ con/ans et p]petua voluntas suum cuique tribu5di--h[ c a man assign to ea* p]son t :i* is prop]ly 81 unless he kn[s truly ! nature & natural claims n ( t p]son only1 b ( all p]sons ) :om 8 claim may come into competition8 ,x is pla9 !re=e t ,ju/ice is m]ely k or reason2#db4a & z ! claims ( diff]5t p>ties 9 ref]5ce to ! same ?+ are (t5 v v>i\s & complicat$1 h5ce x is t to be a j judge a man does n require to h a b5evol5t nature--?\gh 9 cases ( equity ! k9dly feel+s also mu/ come into play--s mu* z to h an intellect ( l>ge range1 ( firm grasp1 & ( subtle p[] ( discrim9ation4 ,& if anybody1 ) special ref]5ce to legal decisions1 *ooses to ask n only :at qualities con/itute a good judge1 b on :at pr9ciples ! idea ( prop]ty is f\nd$--h[ he is to "k ! exact b\nd>ies ( ,,meum & ,,tuum 9 p>ticul> cases1--! answ] "h also1 on ! ,socratic po/ulate ( tru? & natural reasonabl5ess1 w be obvi\s en\gh4 ,t is m9e by ! law ( nature & tru? & ,god1 :i* is ei!r a "p ( me1 or ! natural & necess>y1 fruit & product ( t vital en]gy :i* ,i call ,,me2 or1 m simply1 ! product ( my lab\r & ! issues ( my activity are m9e2 & no man c h a "r or a claim consi/5t ) ! tru? ( ?+s1 to appropriate ! fruit ( t gr[? :]e( ! root & ! /em & ! liv+ bran*es #dc & ! vital juices are a necess>y "p ( me4#dc4a ,b x is n m]e legal ju/ice & a true apportionm5t ( ! ,m9e & ,?9e t fl[ z a pla9 coroll>y f ! obligation ( act+ ! tru?1 b ! wid] equities ( ,*ri/ian *>ity & tol]ation2 yea1 & ! v con/ra9+ p[] ( ! ,gold5 ,rule itself is evolv$ unmi/akeably f ! same pr9ciple4 ,= :at is x t f ! "t ( ,greeks & ,romans d[n to v rec5t days has ta9t$ ! :ole laws ( ,european c\ntries ) su* h>% decl>ations ( intol]ant dogmatism & m]ciless p]secution8 ,simply ! fact t m51 f defect ( sympa?y & defect ( k1 _h nev] be5 tra9$ to realize ! tru? ( ?+s z betwe5 ! natural "r ( a majority to pr(ess a national cre$1 & ! equally natural "r ( a m9ority to ent]ta9 d\bts & to /ate objections z to ! :ole or any "p ( su* a cre$4 ,intol]ance proce$s ei!r f n>r[ness ( view or f defici5cy ( sympa?y2 & 9 ei!r case x bl9ds ! bigot to ! fact t ! "r :i* he has to 8 own op9ions nev] c conf] on him any "r to dictate op9ions to o!rs2 ! mom5t he does t he invades a dom9ion t does n belong to him1 & transgresses ! tru? ( ,nature2 nor w ?is transgression be less flagrant :5 x is made by t5 millions aga9/ "o man1 ?an if x #dd 7 made by "o aga9/ t5 millions4 ,9 ! same way all ^? sup]ficial & inadequate1 too (t5 also h>% & sev]e1 judgm5ts :i* we see & read daily among/ m5 9 ! common conv]se ( life1 are ! result ( a habitual c>elessness z to tru?1 ( :i* habit only too effici5tly conceals ! grossness4 ,& "u ! bitt] inspiration ( ecclesia/ical & political w>f>e1 m51 :5 speak+ ( _! adv]s>ies1 w n only lightly excuse !mselves f us+ any special c>e 9 te/+ ! facts :i* x suits _! purpose to p>ade1 b !y w ev5 consci\sly pres5t a g>bl$ /atem5t con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( pu%+ into prom95ce ev]y?+ t is bad1 & keep+ out ( view ev]y?+ t is good 9 ! "* ( ! p]son :om x may suit ! use ( ! mom5t to vilify4 ,& 9 ?is way ev5 ! sacr$-s\nd+ columns ( an evangelical newspap] may become a sy/ematic manufactory ( lies1 aga9/ :i* mo/ gross abuse ( ! tru? ( ,nature ! son ( ,sophroniscus1 if he 7 to appe> on e>? n[1 w\ld assur$ly lift 8 prote/ ) t5fold m emphasis ?an he ev] did aga9/ ! %am k ( ! mo/ sup]ficial ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,"o or two %ort p>agraphs w enable u n[ to say all t rema9s to be said on ! great pr9ciples ( ! ,socratic philosophy ( ,e?ics4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no?+ t has be5 said "h 9 endeav\r+ %ortly to epitomize ! lead+ idea ( ,socrates ) reg>d to practical reason & act$ tru?1 assumes to settle def9itively t mu*-vex$ "q1 ,h[ f> is a man at any "t1 f any motive1 & = any object1 entitl$ to tell or to enact #de a lie8 ,9 a dialogue ( consid]able l5g?1 :i* ,socrates holds ) ,eu?ydemus1 a raw & conceit$ "y ,a!nian1 :o1 because he possess$ a great libr>y1 imag9$ himself to possess mu* wisdom1 ! philosoph] is repres5t$ z puzzl+ ! "y g5tleman ) su* que/ions z ! foll[+3 ,:e!r is x lawful = a g5]al1 ) ! view ( rais+ ! droop+ spirits ( 8 soldi]s1 to give out an unf\nd$ report t fri5ds are com+ up to help !m8 ,:e!r1 if a fa!r1 ^: sick son refuses to take a necess>y m$ic9e1 %all disguise ?is m$ic9e "u ! aspect ( food1 & by ! m9i/ry ( ?is drugg$ alim5t re/ore 8 son to heal?1 ?is act ( deceit is "r or wrong8 ,or aga91 if a fri5d :om we love is giv5 to fits ( melan*oly1 & may be apt 9 an evil mom5t to m$itate suicide1 is x an act ( culpable !ft privately to purlo9 or =cibly to ab/ract ! sword or o!r le?al in/rum5t ( :i* he may avail himself to commit ! fatal act8 ,9 su* & simil> cases1 ?\gh ! po9t is r rais$ ?an settl$1 ,socrates pla9ly seems to imply t lies are bo? natural & b5eficial1 & !re=e ought to be tol]at$4 ,& 9 tru?1 ?\gh ! extreme dogmatism ( c]ta9 ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs lays d[n ! doctr9e t ! obligation ( tru?-speak+ & tru?-do+ is absolute1 & admits ( no exception1 yet ! common s5se ( mank9d1 & ! univ]sal practice ( sa9ts & s9n]s 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries1 goes along ) ,socrates 7& we may add ,plato "h1 ,rep4 ii47 9 ! ass]tion1 t :]e viol5ce is done to ,nature 9 "o way by an unnatural ov]:elm+ =ce1 su* z occurs 9 w>1 !n ,nature def5ds h]self by a #df viol5ce to h] habitual pr9ciples 9 an opposite direction2 t is to say1 x w be ju/ifiable1 on c]ta9 occasions1 & )9 c]ta9 limits1 to defeat =ce by fraud2 or1 z ,lys&] ! captor ( ,a!ns us$ to say1 :]e a man may n %[ ! lion's hide he mu/ wrap himself 9 ! fox's sk94 ,b ! v suspicion ) :i* ! g5]al moral s5tim5t gu>ds ! ext5sion ( ?is motive1 :i* 9 extreme cases x all[s1 %[s t all deviation f tru? is look$ ^u z ! result ( a =ce ^u ,nature2 &1 if x may 9 c]ta9 cases be excus$ or ev5 imp]atively comm&$1 x nev] br+s ) x ! natural alim5t ( our bett] nature1 :i* brea!s freely only 9 ! wide & pure atmosph]e ( tru?4 ,! g5]al obligation ( tru?1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,socrates1 is n at all weak5$ by ! occasional necessity ( deceit2 = :ile ! "o re/s firmly on ! f\ndation ( ! et]nal con/itution ( ?+s1 ! o!r is ! m]e %ift ( ! mom5t1 ! sudd5 dictate ( an exp$i5cy1 :i* 9 noble natures is half a%am$ ( itself :5 x succe$s4 ,ano!r well-kn[n dogma ( ! ,socratic philosophy is1 t n only is ,sci5ce z ! product ( ,reason ! supreme legislative au?ority 9 all que/ions ( morals1 b 9 po9t ( fact also1 t to "k :at is "r is to d :at is good1 = no man ) 8 eyes op5 w p]petrate an act :i* demon/rably leads to 8 own de/ruction4 ,( ?is ass]tion1 s contr>y to ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 & s ably refut$ by ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool 9 ! ,nicoma*ean e?ics1 x ne$ only be said t x is "o ( ^? p>adoxes 9 ! g>b ( #dg :i* all philosophies are apt to clo! !mselves occasionally1 p>tly = ! gratification ( ! tea*]1 :o delights to pu% 8 pr9ciple to an acme1 p>tly = ! b5efit ( ! s*ol>1 ^: att5tion is excit$ & 8 imag9ation pleas$ by ! />tl+ novelty ( ! dictum4 ,! proposition ( ,socrates !re=e1 t k is virtue1 & vice n only folly b ignorance1 is ( ! same nature ) ! p>adox ( ! ,/oics1 t ! virtu\s man c h no enemy1 or t pa9 is no evil1 or ) ! precept 9 ! ,gospel1 :i* no man ev] ?9ks ( obey+ 9 ! lett]1 t :5 a ?ief takes y\r cloak y %\ld ?ank him1 l a b5ign ,quak]1 = 8 k9dness1 & give him y\r coat into ! b>ga94 ,b x is possible to def5d ! p>adox ( ,socrates tak5 /rictly1 by say+ t :5 a man does a ?+ :i* demon/rably leads to 8 ru91 he ei!r nev] _h ?is demon/ration vividly pres5t to 8 m9d1 or1 at ! mom5t :5 ! self-de/roy+ act 0 committ$1 8 kn[+ faculty 0 bl9d$ & sopit$1 dos$ & drugg$ by 8 passions1 & s2 at ! "t :5 8 k 0 mo/ requir$1 he 0 virtually ignorant ( :at he 0 ab\t4 ,b !re is little pr(it 9 puzzl+ ab\t su* p>adoxical maxims1 z1 l ,b]keley's !ory ab\t ! non-exi/5ce ( matt]1 !y are con/antly op5 to be correct$ by common-s5se & ! daily exp]i5ce ( life4 ,a ,calv9i/ prea*es ,fatalism 9 ! pulpit to-day1 b to-morr[ flogs 8 slave or 8 son = abus+ 8 free-w4 ,s a sm>t twit* ( ! too?a*e answ]s ! ,/oics :5 !y ass]t t pa9 is no evil3 & ! lives ( ,solomon1 ,k+ ,david1 & ,rob]t ,burns prove t great m5 9 all ages h1 9 #dh _! cool mom5ts1 be5 z nobly sagaci\s z ,socrates1 b n !re=e at all mom5ts z consi/5tly virtu\s4 ,! la/ po9t :i* dem&s notice "h is ! relation :i* virtue be>s to happ9ess1 & to ! mu*-bespok5 utilit>ianism ( ! mo/ rec5t e?ical s*ool 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,n[ ! tru? ) reg>d to ?is /&s pat5t on ! v face ( ! ,socratic argum5t1 & c escape no man :o goes ?r\gh ! ,memorabilia ) ord9>y sympa?y4 ,! happ9ess ( e creature consi/s 9 ! free & unh9d]$ ex]cise ( its *>act]i/ic function2 ! happ9ess ( a horse 9 rac+ well1 ( a dog 9 nos+ well1 ( a cat 9 m\s+ well1 ( a man 9 reason+ well1 t is1 9 ?9k+ & act+ reasonably4 ,= ! opposite /ate ( ?+s to ?is c\ld only exi/ on ! supposition t ! ,au?or ( ,nature or ! ,supreme ,artific] 7 1 z ,socrates & ,plato lov$ to phrase x7 delight$ 9 inspir+ creatures ) a desire1 & provid+ !m ) a ma*9]y1 to d ?+s ! direct effect ( :i* is to make !m mis]able2 t is to say1 if ! demiurge 7 a demon2 ( :i* demoniacal gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 happily !re is no sign2 = n ev5 ! mo/ tortur$ victim ( too?a*e1 z ,dr4 ,paley obs]ves1 has yet f\nd himself w>rant$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t tee? 9 g5]al 7 made = no o!r purpose ?an t p might be torm5t$ ) su* excruciat+ pangs4 ,happ9ess1 !re=e1 & ! reasonable ex]cise ( 8 faculties by a reasonable creature1 are id5tical4 ,no creature c delib]ately desire to make itself mis]able1 & no rational creature c escape mis]y except by act+ reasonably4 ,& if1 #di 9 ! language ( ! s*ools1 any p]son1 f ?is po9t ( view1 %all call ,socrates a eudmoni/1#di4a a eudmoni/ unque/ionably he 04 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 :ile he 0 ! w>m advocate ( all sorts ( happ9ess & enjoym5t1 & himself at ! same "t a liv+ picture ( vital joy & g5iality1 he nev] all[$ himself to be c>ri$ away by ! p]v]se & p]il\s subtlety ( a c]ta9 s*ool ( philosoph]s1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 :o ?\ght to d hon\r to ! eudmoni/ic pr9ciple by conf\nd+ ! good ) ! pleasurable4#di4b ,= ! di/9ction s broadly e/abli%$ 9 all languages betwe5 ,pleasure z an affair ( mom5t>y excitem5t or titillation1 & ,good z ! s\rce ( la/+ & p]man5t enjoym5t1 is n to be oblit]at$ by ! arbitr>y t]m9ology ( m5 :o write e?ical sy/ems 9 books4 ,accord+ to ! e/abli%$ use ( language1 f ,socrates & ,/4 ,paul d[n to ! pres5t h\r1 ,pleasure _c be ! good ( man1--x may be ! good ( a brute2 = z pleasure is mom5t>y happ9ess1 )\t reason1 or x may be (t5 9 ! tee? ( reason1 s ! ,good is reasonable & p]man5t happ9ess1 accompani$1 x may be1 ) a little mom5t>y pa91 b productive ( la/+ satisfaction4 ,s mu* = eudmonism4 ,!n1 z = utilit>ianism1 :e!r x be a diff]5t ?+ f eudmonism1 or only a diff]5t aspect ( ! same ?+1 #ej !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t ,socrates 0 a utilit>ian4 ,! ^w useful 7 or 7 is con/antly occurr+ 9 8 conv]sations2 utility 9 fact 0 ! />t+-po9t ( 8 :ole movem5t1 & gives ! key-note to all 8 discussions2 = 8 gr& objection1 z we saw above1 to ! physical speculations ( 8 pr$ecessors1 0 t !y 7 useless1 z oppos$ to :i* ! doctr9e :i* he prea*$ 0 recomm5d$ on ! gr\nd ( its practical utility4 ,( ?is utilit>ian pr9ciple he 0 inde$ s fond1 t1 l 8 doctr9e ( virtue be+ f\nd$ on k1 he 0 incl9$ to pu% x too f>1 & c]ta9ly did run x1 9 "s cases1 to absolute falsity4 ,?is appe>s mo/ /rik+ly 9 two dialogues 9 ! ,memoirs1 :]e1 9 opposition to ! idol-wor%ip ( m]e beauty1 s de> to ! ,greeks1 he flatly lays d[n ! c\nt] proposition t no?+ c be beautiful except 9 s f> z x s]ves ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$2 9 o!r words1 t beauty consi/s 9 t suitability or fitness ( an article to effect its purpose :i* makes x a useful article4 ,b e "o sees t !re is a jump 9 ! logic "h1 :i*1 if ,socrates _h be5 z anxi\s to e/abli% a sci5tific !ory ( beauty z he 0 to pres5t rational morals1 he c]ta9ly c\ld n h made4 ,= ?\gh e article1 z ! imp]ative condition ( its exi/5ce1 ought to answ] ! purpose = :i* x 0 made1 & ! article :i* answ]s ?is purpose be/ is ! be/ article2 & ?\gh beauty ( /ructure is a some?+ sup]add$1 & :i* w always (f5d if x is pla9ly at w> ) ! design1 fitness1 & utility ( ! /ructure--= :i* reason1 z ar*itects say1 ! ornam5tation #ea ought always to gr[ out ( ! con/ruction1--x is q a diff]5t ?+ to say t beauty & fitness or utility are id5tical4 ,! railway companies 9 our day h ?r[n across n a few beautiful riv]s & picturesque gorges ! uglie/ iron bridges t c be conceiv$2 b no d\bt !y are z useful1 & p]haps may be m p]man5t1 ?an /one /ructures ( a m elegant & graceful design4 ,we %all !re=e say t ,socrates1 9 8 rem>ks on ! 1 pu%$ 8 utilit>ian pr9ciples & ! extreme practicality ( 8 nature into ! doma9 ( ! absurd & ! false4 ,b )9 8 prop] prov9ce ( morals1 "o _c see t he 0 l$ by 8 doctr9e ( utility into any speculative or practical mi/ake4 ,= ! ^w useful 9 itself is a ^w :i* really has no mean+2 x is always only a /epp+-/one to some?+ beyond itself1 & receives significance only :5 f "s indep5d5t s\rce ! end is exhibit$ :i* ! useful object subs]ves4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,socrates talks ab\t morality be+ id5tical ) utility1 he is n ass]t+ a philosophical pr9ciple l ! mod]n writ]s :o use t t]m2 he only means to say t a c]ta9 c\rse ( conduct f\nd$ on reason1 or c]ta9 maxims d$uc$ f reason1 are useful to a man to enable him to obta9 ! end ( 8 exi/5ce1 t is1 a c]ta9 happ9ess accord+ to 8 opportunities & capacities4 ,& if ! advocates ( ! s-call$ utilit>ian philosophy1 f9d+ ! utt] unmean+ness ( _! fav\rite %ibbole? z a di/9ctive t]m1 %all tell u t utility means some?+ absolute 7:i* h[ev] x c d only by int]polat+ into itself an altoge!r =eign idea71 if1 h[ev]1 !y %all say1 z !y are #eb 9 ! habit ( do+1 t t c\rse ( action is useful :i* t5ds to promote 8! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]10 !n "h !y say no?+ :i* ei!r ,socrates or ,plato or ! apo/le ,paul1 or ,dr4 ,wolla/on or ,immanuel ,kant or 9 fact any sane man1 ev] dreamt ( contrav5+4 ,9 virtue ( 8 fai? 9 ! innate sociabilities ( man z oppos$ to ! selfism ( ,hobbes1 ,socrates c\ld n b believe t x 0 8 duty1 aft] hav+ made 8 own life reasonable 9 ! fir/ place1 to help o!r p to get out ( ! limbo ( unreason z spe$ily z possible4 ,?is he says aga9 & aga9 9 8 conv]sations2 9 fact1 8 :ole mission>y ex]tions meant no?+ else2 & ! philan?ropic p[] ( ! mission>y impulse :i* impell$ him to seek ! rational happ9ess ( 8 fell[-m5 hav+ once full sway 9 8 he>t1 ! wi% = ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,e mission>y e/imates 8 success & feels 8 moral enjoym5t increas$ by ! numb] ( 8 conv]ts4 ,! man :o desires ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[-be+s at all1 :e!r z ,epicurus or ,plato1 mu/ desire t happ9ess to ! greate/ numb] ( human be+s t c com=tably enjoy x )9 c]ta9 giv5 limits ( space & "t4 ,! next great division ( our subject leads u to consid]1 :at is by no means a matt] ( second>y importance1 ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic mann] 9 :i* ,socrates inculcat$ ! l(ty pr9ciples ( 8 e?ical philosophy--! s-call$ ,socratic me?od ( tea*+ & ( prea*+4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ?is1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at lies on ! surface is t ! ,socratic me?od ( inculcat+ ! pr9ciples ( morals consi/s 9 a sort ( cate*is+ or cross-que/ion+ #ec su* z is practis$ by lawy]s 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 a me?od :i* is g5]ally consid]$ n ! mo/ pleasant ( op]ations ev5 !re1 & :i* if practis$ n[-a-days by private p]sons1 :e!r 9 ,we/-end saloons or 9 ,ea/-end p>l\rs1 w\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ extremely ill-br$4 ,& t ?is %\ld be ! g5]al feel+ ( all classes ( mank9d ) reg>d to ! matt] is natural en\gh2 = ! object ( ! op]ation be+ g5]ally to conv9ce ! p]son op]at$ on t he kn[s no?+ ab\t :at he pr(esses to "k1 & to d ?is by publicly entangl+ him 9 ! web ( 8 own argum5ts1 & =c+ him into a self-contradiction1 x is obvi\s t self-e/eem & love ( approbation w1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( ! hundr$1 be /rong en\gh to /ir a c]ta9 degree ( res5tm5t 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]4 ,nay1 sometimes w he n feel l a poor fi% clev]ly hook$ by an exp]t angl]1 & play$ ab\t p]haps m to %[ ! skill ( ! captor ?an f any consid]ation ( ! feel+s ( ! captive8 ,all ?is is v true2 & no d\bt ,socrates made n a few enemies by ?is extremely p]sonal me?od ( expos+ ! manifold sup]ficialities & incompet5cies ( ! p]sons ) :om he conv]s$4 ,b1 ^u ! :ole1 t he 0 r a popul> man1 or m correctly1 an extremely popul> man1 9 ,a!ns1 dur+ a long lifetime1 not)/&+ ! cata/rophe ( ! hemlock1 seems pretty pla9 bo? f ,x5ophon & ,plato4 ,?is popul>ity1 9 ! face ( :at c]ta9ly 0 a r odi\s mission1 arose bo? f ! k9dly sympa!tic nature ( ! man1 & f ! admirable tact :i* ! philosoph] con/antly display$ 9 deal+ #ed ) ^? :om he submitt$ to ! op]ation ( 8 e?ical probe4 ,?\gh 9 ! majority ( cases he 0 f\nd to end 9 a direct contradiction ( ! orig9al position ( 8 adv]s>y1 he always comm5c$ by agree+ ) him2 & if he saw no?+ absolutely to agree ) 9 ! way ( argum5t1 he took c>e to laun* him 9 a good hum\r by prais+ "s excell5ce 9 him or ab\t him4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ,eu?ydemus1 m5tion$ above z ! possessor ( a l>ge libr>y1 he gives prom95ce to ! praisewor?y ambition %[n by ! "y man to sp5d 8 money r on ! s5t5ces ( ! wise ?an on ! vanities ( ext]nal pomp & p]nici\s dissipation2 & ?us1 ?\gh ! "y book-fanci] dep>ts at ! end ( ! dialogue altoge!r %orn ( 8 conceit1 & ?9k+ ! be/ ?+ he c d h]eaft] to prove 8 le>n+ is to hold 8 tongue1 yet he leaves ! philosoph] ) no rankl+ ill-w1 b r dispos$ t[>ds him z "o feels t[>ds a k9d & consid]ate physician :o has be5 =c$ to adm9i/] to 8 pati5t a nause\s drug4 ,& ?us ! mild mann] ( ! tea*] remov$1 9 a great measure1 ! (f5ce ( ! lesson2 = x is1 z an apo/le says1 8! wra? ( man :i* worke? n ! righte\sness ( ,god10 9 mo/ cases1 n ! m]e speak+ ( ! tru?1 if ! tru? be spok5 9 love4 ,let u inquire n[ m p>ticul>ly h[ ! cross-exam9ation w5t on4 ,ari/otle1 9 a well-kn[n passage ( ! ,metaphysics1 tells u t !re 7 two inv5tions to :i* ,socrates might ju/ly lay claim--! def9+ ( g5]al t]ms 7 71 & inductive reason+ 7 74 ,a mod]n in/ance w enable u to und]/& #ee :at ?is means4 ,suppose ,i get into an argum5t ) any p]son z to :e!r ,a4 or ,b41 or any p]son hold+ c]ta9 op9ions1 manife/+ c]ta9 feel+s1 & act+ 9 a c]ta9 way1 is a ,*ri/ian4 ,i say he is2 my contradictor says he is n2 h[1 !n1 %all we settle ! diff]5ce8 ,foll[+ ! example ( ,socrates1 ! be/ proc$ure c]ta9ly w be to ask him to def9e :at he means by a ,*ri/ian4 ,suppose !n he answ]s1 ,a ,*ri/ian is a religi\s p]son :o believes 9 ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 ,i imm$iately reply1 ,! ,nic5e ,cre$ 0 n s5t =? till ! ye> #cbe aft] ,*ri/2 :at !n d y make ( ! ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,*ri/ians :o liv$ be=e t8 ,to ?is objection ! answ] ( c\rse w be t ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 ?\gh n set =? 9 express articles1 did virtually exi/ z a "p ( ! liv+ fai? ( all true ,*ri/ians4 ,!n1 if ,i d\bt ?is1 ,i say1 ,0 ,orig5 a ,*ri/ian1 0 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr a ,*ri/ian8 are y sure ^! two ,fa!rs believ$ e article ( t ,cre$8 ,my oppon5t n[1 9 all likelihood1 n be+ pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 patri/ic lore1 is /agg]$2 & ,i proce$1 we %all suppose1 to cite "s passages f "s "o ( ! ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 :i* imply diss5t f "s ( ! articles ( ! or?odox symbol4 ,he is !n r$uc$ to ! dilemma ( ei!r d5y+ t ?is ,fa!r 0 a ,*ri/ian1 or 7z t w sc>cely be all[able7 wid5+ 8 orig9al def9ition s z to include a v>iety ( cases :i*1 by ! n>r[ness ( ! t]ms1 7 exclud$4 ,i !n g on to te/ ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! new def9ition 9 ! same way2 & if ,i f9d t x conta9s any elem5ts :i* belong to ! species & n to #ef ! g5us1 any peculi>ities say ( mod]n ,calv9ism1 or ( m$ival ,pop]y1 t d n belong to ! g5]al t]m 8,*ri/ianity10 ,i pu% him into a corn] 9 ! same way z be=e1 till ,i br+ out f 8 own admissions a pure & broad def9ition ( ! designation ,*ri/ian1 z oppos$ to ,hea!n1 ,jew1 or any o!r sort ( religi\s pr(essor4 ,n[ ! example "h giv5 0 purposely *os51 to make manife/ by a famili> example1 :at ev]yday exp]i5ce mu/ tea* u1 t ! pr9cipal cause ( diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ m5 is1 t p />t 9 argum5t ) "s g5]al t]m1 ) respect to :i* !y d n "k1 & h 9 fact nev] ?\ght ( s]i\sly inquir+1 :at ext5t ( gr\nd x cov]s4 ,s t :5 ! inadequate notions ) :i* ! m9ds ( untra9$ p]sons are possess$ h to be replac$ by adequate ones1 ! process always resolves itself into a mak+ ( def9itions1 & a /rict scrut9y ( "s g5]al t]m1 :i* _h hi!rto pass$ curr5t )\t special int]rogation4 ,a tea*] !re=e1 :o w\ld be practically useful to mank9d1 & n m]ely make brilliant oratorical displays to tickle & to amuse1 mu/ be=e all ?+s make x 8 bus9ess to see t !y h cle> ideas1 n on matt]s ( pr(\nd & remote speculation1 b on ! common curr5cy ( g5]al t]ms :i* ! necessities ( social life require4 ,su* a tea*] 0 ,socrates2 & h5ce ! logical =m :i* 8 practical tea*+ by cross-exam9ation1 among a p passionately fond ( argu+1 naturally assum$4 ,a less argum5tative p ?an ! ,greeks1 su* z ourselves1--,engli% & ,scot* & ,iri%1--w (t5 look on a ,socratic dialogue 9 ,plato1 or ev5 ,x5ophon1 #eg z curi\sly p$antic1 :i* to ! ,a!nians 0 only amus+ly subtle4 ,ev5 ,socrates1 ! mo/ practical1 &1 9 ! s5se expla9$ above1 ! mo/ utilit>ian ( m51 lov$ to h 8 little logical play out ( ! discussion1 9 a fa%ion :i* to a broad practical ,briton1 unaccu/om$ to speculation1 & impati5t1 (t5 incapable ( grappl+ ) a pr9ciple1 w\ld appe> imp]t95t4 ,s mu* = ! ,socratic hunt aft] def9itions4 ,z to ! o!r po9t m5tion$ by ,ari/otle1 t ,socrates des]ves praise z ! inv5tor ( inductive reason+1 !re is really no cause = surprise 9 ! matt]4 ,"l ,bacon 0 n ! inv5tor ( ?is me?od ( deal+ ) facts2 nei!r inde$1 if we look b5ea? ! surface1 0 ,socrates2 bo? induction & d$uction exi/ 9 a /ate ( con/ant action & reaction 9 e normally develop$ human m9d2 b ! praise :i* belongs to ,bacon is t ( hav+ press$ ! inductive me?od1 ) /rong adjurations & a special ma*9]y1 into ! s]vice ( physical sci5ce2 :ile ! praise1 no less important1 belongs to ,socrates1 ( hav+ taught m5 f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 to be z scrupul\sly exact 9 te/+ by exp]i5ce _! moral ideas1 z !y n[ are 9 prov+ by exp]im5t _! physical !ories4 ,let u take a well-kn[n in/ance ( induction 9 physical sci5ce1 & !n see h[1 "u c]ta9 obvi\s modifications1 ! same me?od ( proc$ure mu/ be adopt$ 9 ! successful cultivation ( ! moral sci5ces4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t !re exi/s a m>vell\s1 almo/ miracul\s1 =ce p]vad+ ! univ]se1 call$ ,electricity2 ?is is n[ "o ( ! wide/ ( g5]al t]ms 9 ! vocabul>y ( physical sci5ce1 & arriv$ at1 l #eh all o!r su* t]ms1 by ! c>efully weigh$ /eps ( a long induction4 ,c]ta9 ph5om5a ( attraction are fir/ obs]v$1 9 ref]5ce to amb]1 wax1 & o!r bodies1 :5 rubb$1 free f ! influ5ce ( humidity2 ! same ph5om5a are !n obs]v$ 9 o!r bodies1 & accompani$ ) ! emission ( sp>ks ( light & t9y explosions2 by an +5i\sly contriv$ app>atus ! =ce :i* causes ^! sp>ks & ^! explosions is accumulat$1 & ! effects produc$ by ?is high] pot5cy ( ! same =ce become ( c\rse m noticeable1 & "s ( ^! exp]im5ts lead a ?9k+ man irresi/ibly to ! notion t :at we call electricity1 z elicit$ by u f our electrical ma*9es1 is only a sort ( mimic ?und] & lightn+1 z crack]s ) :i* boys play on ! ,que5's bir?day are 9 pr9ciple ! same z big cannons & ,lanca/] guns4 ,?is idea1 once ent]ta9$1 is te/$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 till ! conclusion is c]ta9ly arriv$ at t electricity & lightn+ are id5tical4 ,by & by o!r =ces1 su* z magnetism & galvanism1 be+ consid]$ m c>efully1 & comp>$ ) ! electricity ( ! electric ma*9es1 are f\nd to possess _m po9ts ( resemblance1 & are 9 "t conclud$ to be fundam5tally ! same2 & n[ our g5]al t]m electricity is wid5$ into a cosmical p[]1 :i* if we fail to def9e1 ! failure w arise n f build+ on p>tial facts1 b because our g5]alization has cle>ly m\nt$ s high into ! doma9 ( ! ,inf9ite t ! f9ite und]/&+ /agg]s1 & p]haps is doom$ = ev] to /agg]1 at ! attempt to hold x 9 firm grasp4 ,?us ! progress ( physical sci5ce is a cont9ual process ( ! giv+ up ( inadequate #ei g5]al t]ms1 & supply+ !m by some?+ ei!r exactly adequate1 or approximat+ to adequacy1 z high z ! human intellect c hope to asc5d4 ,n[ to ?is process ! discov]y ( ! true significance ( g5]al t]ms 9 morals =ms an exact p>allel4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a "y ,engli%man em]g+ out ( ! m]ely physical delights ( cricket & boat-rac+1 & beg9n+ to occupy himself s]i\sly ) "s ( ! great social que/ions ( ! day4 ,to him morality fir/ pres5ts itself1 n 9 ! =m ( logical analysis1 ! *>act]i/ic eng9e ( ,socrates1 b 9 ! concrete =m ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,he />ts !re=e ) an idea ( e?ical sci5ce z a "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ,*ri/ianity z he kn[s x1 =mulat$ 9 c]ta9 articles ( belief1 repres5t$ dramatically 9 c]ta9 liturgic s]vices1 & held toge!r by a c]ta9 hi]>*y ( (fice-be>]s4 ,9 ?is condition x is n to be expect$ t ! idea ei!r ( ,morals1 or ( ,*ur*1 or ( ,religion1 or ( ,*ri/ianity1 w exi/ 9 8 m9d s purifi$ f adv5titi\s & accid5tal matt] z to /& ! te/ ( /rict reason+4 ,:at !n is to be done ) him1 if he is n to rema9 cont5t$ ) t purely local conception ( moral & religi\s tru? :i* belongs to him l 8 cyl9drical hat or 8 swall[-tail coat1 z an affair ( accept$ tradition r ?an ( reason$ tru?8 ,pla9ly !re is only "o c\rse3 y mu/ conv9ce him ( ! insuffici5cy ( 8 premises = w>rant+ any g5]al conclusion at all2 &1 !n lead+ him ?r\gh ! :ole moral & ecclesia/ical exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 op5 to him a wide & a sure field ( obs]vation f :i* legitimate inductions #fj ) reg>d to moral & religi\s ideas compris$ 9 ! t]m ,*ri/ianity c be made4 ,s t ! cross-exam9ation1 ( :i* we gave a specim5 above1 is 9 reality a process ( induction z mu* z ! processes 9 physical sci5ce by :i* electricity is id5tifi$ ) galvanism1 & bo? ) magnetism4 ,b if ! e?ical idea is to em]ge p]fectly pure f su* an inve/igation1 our "y ,episcopal philosoph] w require to broad5 8 conception ( morality & religion yet fur!r1 s z to embrace moral ph5om5a ( an important k9d beyond ! pale ( ! t]m ,*ri/ianity altoge!r4 ,no d\bt ,*ri/ianity is to u1 & has be5 to ! mo/ fav\r$ races ( humanity1 = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 ! gr& be>] ( ! deepe/ moral tru?2 b ! religion ( ,*ri/ does n exi/ ev]y:]e1--did n exi/ c]ta9ly :5 a ,py?agoras1 a ,socrates1 & a ,plato f\nd$ _! great s*ools ( moral tea*+ & tra9+ among ! ,greeks2 & ?us to br+ out ! e?ical idea /rong 9 ! int]nal id5tity ( all its v>i\s ,avat>s1 our "y inquir] mu/ laun* out into ! wide1 & 9 a great measure hi!rto unexplor$1 sea ( comp>ative e?ics & comp>ative !ology4 ,a type ( ?is sort ( proc$ure w be f\nd 9 ! late admirable ,b>on ,buns5's book entitl$ ,god 9 ,hi/ory1 a "w ) reg>d to :i* ev5 ^? :o d n accept all its conclusions mu/ admit t x is con/ruct$ ^u ! only s*eme on :i* a l>ge & adequate philosophy ( e?ical & religi\s tru? c be rais$4 ,we h said t moral inve/igation1 :5 conduct$ on ! ,socratic me?od1 is z truly inductive z any process 9 physical sci5ce4 ,b !re is a #fa di/9ction1 & t a v vital "o4 ,9 moral inquiries we c (t5 />t directly ) d$uction f "s inw>d pr9ciple1 implant$ 9 ! human m9d by ! ,au?or ( our be+4 ,! love ( tru?1 = in/ance1 z above set =?1 is "o ( ^? pr9ciples2 our g5]al t]m 9 ?is case we br+ ) u2 & any induction :i* we may require is n to prove ! exi/5ce ( su* an in/9ct1 b to v]ify1 to ext5d1 & to correct our notions ( its applicability1 or p]haps m]ely to confirm u 9 our orig9al sacr$ fai?1 by %[+ 9 detail t society nev] has exi/$1 & 9 fact nev] c exi/1 )\t t reg>d to tru? 9 all deal+s ( man ) man1 ! necessity ( :i* we _h ass]t$ orig9ally f ! con/ra9+ p[] ( ! inborn moral imp]ative decree4 ,& if our moral pr9ciples always exi/$ 9 a vivid & heal?y /ate1 !re might be little ne$ = ! sl[ retrogressive process ( induction 9 e?ics2 b z ^! in/9cts are peculi>ly liable to be enfeebl$1 curtail$1 & p]v]t$ by individual neglect1 z well z social con/ra9t1 ! corrective & ca?>tic process by induction on a m ext5d$ basis becomes necess>y = ! wor/ m51 & n )\t utility = ! be/4 ,at ! same "t1 ( ! noble/ m9ds 9 ! moral _w x may always be ass]t$ t _! :ole life has be5 r a practical d$uction f l(ty tru?s giv5 by orig9al inspiration f ! ,div9e ,s\rce ( all vitality ?an ! product ( any induction f an acquir$ survey ( facts4 ,! "w ( a great moral tea*] or re=m]1 su* z ! apo/le ,paul or ,?omas ,*alm]s1 is 9 fact a creation z mu* z ! poems ( a ,%akespe>e or ! pa9t+s ( a ,raphael2 & has a #fb manife/ aff9ity also ) ! gr& d$uctions ( ma!matical g5ius1 :i*1 f ! po/ulat$ =m ( a triangle1 a circle1 or o!r figure ( :i* ! conditions are dictat$ by ! m9d1 n ga!r$ f obs]vation1 evolves an array ( ! mo/ curi\s relations1 ( :i* no "o _h hi!rto dream$1 & :i* are ea* "o z necess>y & absolutely true z ! po/ulate f :i* !y came =?4 ,exactly s ) ,morals4 ,an admitt$ po/ulate--say ( tru?fulness1 ( love1 or :atev] inborn orig9al pr9ciple y please1--may be work$ out z ! _w advances into ev] new & m noble practical applications1 :i* %all be z unconditionally "r z ! orig9al div+ =ce out ( :i* !y grew4 ,& z ! propositions ( ,euclid c be prov$ a po/]iori by empirical measurem5ts1 ?\gh !y d n dep5d on ^! measurem5ts1 9 ! same way ! great tru?s ( e?ical sci5ce may be prov$ f induction1 ?\gh 9 ! case at lea/ ( great moral tea*]s !y are ! direct & pure products ( an inspir$ d$uction4 ,& bo? ) respect to ma!matical & moral tru?s1 x may be said t1 :ile ! a po/]iori inductive me?od =ces ass5t ^u ! l[e/ class ( m9ds1 ! a priori or d$uctive me?od is ! spontane\s evolution ( ! highe/ class ( m9ds1 ^: dictates are sympa!tically accept$ by all :om ,div9e grace may h dispos$ to be t\*$ by ! noble contagion4 ,s mu* = ! logical elem5t 9 ! ,socratic me?od4 ,b z 8 logic 0 m]ely ! dext]\s weapon ( a great moral apo/le%ip1 we mu/ look on him also f ?is aspect1 & contra/ ! me?od ( 8 tea*+ ) t ( a mod]n s]mon4 #fc ,a s]mon is ei!r ! mo/ r\s+ & effective1 or ! tame/ & mo/ ineffective ( all moral addresses1 accord+ to ! "* & p[] ( ! man :o deliv]s x4 ,if ! speak] has a real vocation to address 8 fell[-m5 on moral subjects1 & if he does n deal 9 vague & trivial g5]alities1 s\nd+ v pi\s on ,sunday1 b hav+ no di/9ct & recognisable ref]5ce to ! secul> bus9ess ( ,monday1 !n a good s]mon may be comp>$ to a dis*>ge ( moral electricity1 :i* w ar\se _m sleep]s1 or to ! sett+ up ( a sure f+]-po/1 :i* w direct _m w&]]s4 ,b if he is tame1 & a m]e pr(essional deal] 9 c]ta9 r\t9e articles ( piety1 :i* religi\s p we> z a sort ( amulet r ?an use z a weapon--9 ?is case no species ( moral address c be look$ on z less effective2 = x nei!r r\ses nor guides1 & in/ead ( end+ 9 any "w 9 ! life ( ! he>] 7& all moral tea*+ t does n end 9 a "w is vanity71 ! he>+ ( x is r look$ on z a sort ( "w 9 itself1 :i*1 h[ev] %ort1 is g5]ally consid]$ z hav+ be5 a little too long :5 x is end$4 ,n[1 z di/+ui%$ f bo? ^! /yles ( pulpit address1 ! ,socratic s]mon 0 address$ to ! individual man1 & c\ld n fail to produce a di/9ct & tangible effect2 = x end$ always by say+ to ! he>]1 z ,na?an said to ,david1 ,,?\ ,,art ,,! ,,man6 ,!re 0 no escape f ! appeal2 x might n hov] ab\t ! e>s ) a pi\s hum = half an h\r1 & !n be =gott52 x mu/ ei!r be indignantly reject$1 or graci\sly accept$4 ,& h]e9 precisely lay ! great di/9ction betwe5 ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s1 #fd a di/9ction :i* ,mr4 ,grote has s p]v]sely done 8 be/ to oblit]ate4 ,socrates 0 a prea*]2 ! ,sophi/s 7 n4 ,socrates 0 a patriot fight+ & dy+ e>ne/ly = a great cause2 ! ,sophi/s 7 cunn+ ma/]s ( f5ce1 :o _h no cause to fight = except !mselves & _! own pockets4 ,b ,socrates1 ?\gh 9 a v diff]5t way1 0 z e>ne/ly a moral re=m] 9 ,a!ns z ,calv9 0 9 ,g5eva4 ,:5 ! /]n ,g5evese discipl9>ian set himself ) all ! resolution ( a manly nature to put "s *ecks & h9drances 9 ! way ( ! loose practices ( ! 8,lib]t9es0 ( ,lake ,leman1 ^! respectable p prote/$ /rongly aga9/ ! attempt1 say+ to ! unfl9*+ prea*]1 8,x is y\r place to expla9 ! ,scriptures2 :at "r h y to m$dle ) o!r ?+s--to talk ab\t morals & f9d fault80 ,& ev5 s 9 ,a!ns !re 7 c]ta9 ,lib]t9es :o us$ exactly ! same language to ,socrates4 ,_h y be5 a m]e talk] l ! o!r ,sophi/s1 y might h be5 all[$ to talk2 talk+ is a v innoc5t affair2 b y\r talk is n a m]e exhibition ( l+ual dext]ity2 x means some?+2 x means p]haps dang] to ! ,/ate1--c]ta9ly x means dang] to u2 x means t we may be call$ to acc\nt = our de$s by any man :o assumes to h a m scrupul\s consci5ce or a m enlight5$ reason ?an ourselves2 & ?is is :at we w n tol]ate4 ,"o ( ! oddities ( ,socrates :i* seems to h (f5d$ ! nice ta/e ( ! 1 or m5 ( elegant culture 9 ,a!ns1 0 ! homel9ess ( 8 /yle & ! famili>ity ( 8 illu/rations4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly allud$ to by ,alcibiades 9 ! #fe humor\s spee* 9 ,plato's ,banquet2 f :i* an extract has be5 already made4 ,9 ! p]oration ( t spee* ,alcibiades is made to say t n only ! p]sonal appe>ance1 b ! :ole /yle & language ( ,socrates1 _h a close aff9ity to ! ,sil5i & ,satyrs2 = in/ead ( us+ elegantly turn$ s5t5ces & /udi\sly select$ illu/rations1 l ! ,sophi/s1 he 0 always talk+ ab\t 8smi?s & tann]s & %oemak]s1 & asses ) pack-saddles10 & a :ole ho/ ( su* vulg>ities1 :i* to ! he>] at fir/ seem$ to make him ridicul\s2 b by & by !y discov]$ t beh9d all ?is r\gh ,satyr's hide ( unc\? expression !re lurk$ a truly div9e mean+1 & ! faces ( gods peep$ out ?r\gh ! holes ( ! begg>'s coat4 ,& ! same language is us$ 9 ,x5ophon by ,critias & ,*>icles :51 9 ! ex]cise ( a tyrannical au?ority1 !y call$ ^u ! philosoph] to cease f 8 dang]\s bus9ess ( talk+ s$ition to ! "y m54 ,n[1 any man :o consid]s ?is matt] w p]ceive t ! peculi>ity ( /yle "h not$ lay p>tly 9 ! natural "* ( ! man1 p>tly 0 ! be/ /yle :i* he c\ld possibly h adopt$1 if he really wi%$ to d good z a moral mission>y1 & n m]ely to p>ade himself be=e m5 z a clev] talk]4 ,! dignity ( ! pulpit 9 mod]n times is "o ( ! great causes ( its comp>ative ineffici5cy2 x w n condesc5d to famili> subjects2 x rejects famili> illu/rations z bad ta/e1 & ! consequ5ce too frequ5tly is t x is n receiv$ into ! confid5ce ( e-day life1 & /&s ap>t on too l(ty a p$e/al to be useful4 ,b z a s5sible & acute e?ical writ] rem>ks1 #ff 8if moral que/ions disda9 to walk ! /reets1 ! philosophy ( !m mu/ rema9 9 ! cl\ds20#ff4a & s ,socrates is ju/ifi$ 9 8 me?od ( te/+ e l(ty pr9ciple by a famili> example1 &1 l ,wordswor?1 ! ?\ghtful poet ( ! ,lakes1 tea*+ u t philosophy is !n mo/ pr(\nd :5 x po9ts out :at is uncommon 9 common ?+s1 & t he is a wis] man :o plucks a lesson f ! daisy at 8 feet ?an he :o w&]s = x to ! />s above 8 head4 ,ano!r notable peculi>ity ( ! ,socratic me?od is1 t1 :ile 9 ! majority ( cases ! discussion seems to end 9 unveil+ ! ignorance ( pret5d]s to k1 &1 z we express x1 tak+ ! conceit out ( !m1 9 o!r cases ! "y exam9ee1 in/ead ( be+ convict$ ( ignorance1 is pleasantly surpris$ at f9d+ t he kn[s m ?an he suspect$1 & goes home ) ! com=table assurance t he ne$s n to s9k 8 bucket into any =eign %aft1 b really possesses a well ( liv+ wat]s 9 8 own s\l1 if he w only "w x fai?fully1 & be c>eful to remove ob/ructions4 ,! unveil+ ( ?is hidd5 f\nta9 ( k to ! humble & ?\ghtful inquir] is ! fam\s ob/etric process ( :i* ,socrates humor\sly boa/$ himself a practis]4 ,z 8 "m's pr(ession 0 to help nature to br+ h] physical bir?s easily & happily to ! light1 s h] son's bus9ess 0 to practise intellectual ob/etrics1 & help p to deliv] !mselves ( _! intellectual (fspr+4 ,9 ?is me?od ( talk+ !re is involv$ ! :ole philosophy ( ! be/ art ( tea*+2 ev5 z ! ^w education by its #fg etymological aff9ities pla9ly indicates1 9 s f> z x signifies to 8draw out10 n to 8put 940 ,we see "h aga9 ! practical issue ( t f9e erotic passion = human be+s1 t div9e rage = humanity1 :i* 0 ! inspiration ( 8 life1 & put into 8 h&s ! gold5 key to ! he>ts ( all tea*able m54 ,:ile he 0 ! mo/ exact & sci5tific1 he 01 at ! same "t1 ! lea/ dogmatic & egoti/ic ( moral tea*]s4 ,he did n desire s mu* t m5 %\ld placidly submit to receive 8 dogmas1 z t !y %\ld be tra9$ to ! gr& human function ( %ap+ out ! univ]sal div9e idea1 or at lea/ "s "p ( x1 ea* man = himself1 accord+ to 8 capacity4 ,he wi%$ to be no m ?an ! tr5*] ( ! moral soil1 n ! plant] ( ! se$2 ! se$ lay already 9 ! clod1 :i* be+ brok51 ! outw>d influ5ces ( sun & air & dew excit$1 f )9 ! gr[? ( an ess5tially div9e g]m4 ,let x be not$ "u ?is head1 9 conclusion1 t x 0 ess5tial to ! re=matory mission ( ,socrates t he %\ld tea* )\t a fee4 ,! man :o practises a trade or a pr(ession may ju/ly dem& ! wages ( 8 lab\r2 b to prea* moral tru?1 to prote/ aga9/ public s9s1 & conv]t s9n]s1 is no pr(ession = :i* ! _w c be expect$ to pay4 ,^? :o practise remun]ative trades & pr(essions supply ! imm$iate wants ( ! _w1 & are paid 9 ! _w's co92 b = ?is paym5t !y become ! slaves ( ! ma/]s :o employ !m1 & mu/ give ! rightful value = ! /ipulat$ rew>d4 ,b a prophet1 or an apo/le1 or a tea*] ( moral tru? 9 any %ape1 kn[s t he is br++ an article to ! #fh m>ket = :i* !re may be no dem&2 he kn[s fur!r t1 by 8 m]e attitude z a prea*]1 he is assum+ a sup]iority ov] 8 bre?r5 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! equality ( position & "r :i* ! act ( buy+ & sell+ supposes 9 ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,he mu/1 above all ?+s1 be free 9 8 function2 & to accept money f no "o is ! fir/ condition ( moral indep5d5ce4 ,( ?is ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful1 z we read 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 gave an illu/ri\s example1 :5 he refus$ to take any ( ! booty (f]$ to him by ! k+ ( ,sodom1 8le/ ?\ %\lde/ say1 ,i h made ,abram ri*40 ,& = ! same reason manife/ly1 nei!r ! ,hebrew prophets nor ! apo/le ,paul 7 paid = _! prea*+1 nor inde$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s c\ld he4 ,savon>ola 0 n paid = publicly prea*+ aga9/ ! vici\s lives ( ! ,popes2 ,lu!r 0 n paid = 8 manly prote/ aga9/ ! pro/itution ( ,div9e grace 9 ! sale ( p>dons = t9kl+ silv]2 & 9 ! same way ,socrates 0 n1 & c\ld n be1 paid = 8 mission ( conv9c+ ! clev]e/ p]sons 9 ,a!ns ( ignorance1 %all[ness1 & all sorts ( inadequacy4 ,9 fact he did n come =w>d z a pr(essional tea*] at all4 ,he issu$ no flam+ adv]tisem5ts4 ,he only said t he 0 a man 9 se>* ( wisdom1 & w\ld be glad ( any hone/ man's company & co-op]ation 9 ! se>*4 ,! ,sophi/s 9 ?is & 9 s _m o!r respects 7 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,!y made l>ge pr(essions & accept$ l>ge fees4 ,x rema9s n[1 9 ord] to complete our sket*1 t we give "s indication ( ! !ological #fi op9ions & religi\s life ( ,socrates2 !n t we po9t %ortly to 8 political op9ions & public life2 & la/ly1 t we attempt a j e/imate ( ! circum/ances & ag5cies :i* l$ to 8 s+ul>ly notable & noble exit f ! brilliant /age :]e he _h = s _m ye>s be5 ! prom95t p]=m]4 ,t ,socrates because he 0 a morali/ %\ld h be5 also a !ologian is n absolutely necess>y2 x is natural1 h[ev]2 s natural1 inde$1 t :5 a great popul> tea*]1 l ,confucius1 ?\gh n !oretically an a!i/1 practically ignores religion1 we _c b accept ?is z a sign ( "s m5tal idiosyncrasy alike un=tunate = ! tea*] & ! taught4 ,= to d5y a ,fir/ ,cause1 or n to ass]t x decid$ly1 is z if a man1 pr(ess+ to be a botani/1 %\ld describe only ! "* ( ! fl[] & ! fruit z :at appe>s above gr\nd1 :ile ei!r f /upidity or cross-gra9$ p]v]sity1 he ignores ! root & ! se$1 )\t :i* ! :ole beauty ( ! blossom & ! utility ( ! fruit c\ld n exi/2 or1 to take ano!r simile1 x is z if a man %\ld curi\sly describe ! cyl9d]s & ! pi/ons & ! :eels1 ! furnaces1 ! boil]s1 & ! cond5s+ *amb]s ( a /eam-eng9e1 & :ile do+ s /udi\sly avoid m5tion+ ! "n ( ,james ,watt4 ,"o w\ld say1 9 su* a case1 t1 :ile ! describ] des]v$ great praise = ! cle>ness & consi/5cy ) :i* he _h set =? ! sequ5ce ( me*anical op]ations t make up ! eng9e1 he _h left an unsatisfactory impression on ! m9d1 by omitt+ ! gr& fact :i* r5d]$ ! exi/5ce ( su* an eng9e possible1 viz41 a creative intellect4 ,we %\ld say t he 0 a good me*anician & an #gj eloqu5t exp\nd] ( ma*9]y1 b we c\ld n call him a philosoph]2 he _h /opp$ %ort1 9 fact1 at ! v po9t :]e philosophy f9ds its ?rill ( peculi> delight at ! ve/ibule ( ultimate causes4 ,to ! sci5tific man1 9 ! same way1 :o is ei!r a speculative a!i/ or :o /udi\sly avoids any allusion to an orig9al pla/ic ,intellect z ! ,ultimate ,cause ( all ?+s & ! ,prim>y ,=ce ( all =ces1 ! univ]se is m]ely a va/ unexpla9$ ma*9e1 p]=m+ a closely concat5at$ s]ies ( un9telligible op]ations1 tabulat$ "u ! "n ( ,laws2 & to ! morali/1 :o is only a morali/1 society is a ma*9e ( ano!r k9d1 ^: :eels & pulleys & b&s may be curi\sly describ$1 & mu/ be kept 9 nice ord]1 b ( ^: g5esis he c give no intelligible acc\nt4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t a philosophical morali/ mu/ be a !i/1 & t n only on speculative gr\nds1 b f ?is practical consid]ation also1 t f no s\rce c ! ,moral ,law d]ive ! unity & ! au?ority :i* is ess5tial to x1 s effici5tly z f ! all-controll+ & unify+ prim>y fact :i* we call ,,god4 ,any o!r key/one contriv$ by +5i\s wits to give consi/5cy to ! social ar* is artificial2 ?is alone is natural4#gj4a ,accord+ly we f9d t f ! days ( ,moses & ! ,hebrew prophets1 ?r\gh ,solon & ,py?agoras to ,socrates & ,plato2 f ,socrates & #ga ,plato ?r\gh ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s & ! gr& army ( ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 to ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,knox1 & ! o!r great ,re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 f ! great ,*ur*m5 ( ! ,re=mation ?r\gh ,leibnitz & ,sp9oza1 & ,locke & ,butl] & ,kant1 d[n to ! v rec5t & l[ plat=m ( ,paley & ,au/91 ! f\ndation ( ,morals has be5 laid 9 ,!ology4 ,& ( all great !ological morali/s !re is none :o is at once m !oretically di/9ct & m practically consi/5t ?an ,socrates4 ,to him is to be trac$ ! fir/ sci5tific expression ( ! great argum5t f design1--an argum5t1 no d\bt1 :i* is z old z ! human he>t1 & exi/s 9 all unp]v]t$ m9ds )\t be+ =mulat$1 b :i*1 9 a logical age & among a critical p1 n ! less dem&s to be set =?1 l9k by l9k1 & illu/rat$ 9 detail z ,socrates does 9 ! foll[+ dialogue1 a dialogue :i* we %all translate at l5g?1 at once z a notable l&m>k 9 !ological lit]ature1 & z a good illu/ration ( ! philosoph]'s fav\rite me?od ( br++ out a grave tru? f a famili> colloquy4 8,!re 0 "o ,ari/odemus1 a little man1 well kn[n 9 ,a!ns1 n only z "o :o nev] ei!r sacrific$ to ! gods or us$ div9ation1 b z laugh+ & je]+ at ^? :o did s4 ,?is man ,socrates "o day happ5$ to meet1 & kn[+ 8 t5d5cies address$ him at once ?us4 ,tell me1 ,ari/odemus1 are !re any p]sons :om y admire p>ticul>ly = _! wisdom8 ,t !re are1 he repli$4 ,well1 said ,socrates1 let me he> ! names ( a few4 ,hom]1 said ! o!r1 = epic poetry2 ,melanippides = di?yrambs2 = trag$y1 ,sophocles2 #gb = sculpture1 ,polycleitus2 = pa9t+1 ,zeuxis4 ,!n tell me ?is1 :i* is wor?y ( ! great] admiration1 ! arti/ :o makes figures :i* h nei!r life nor intellig5ce1 or ,he :o makes animals t h bo? life & intellig5ce8 ,?is arti/1 ( c\rse1 said ,ari/odemus2 = su* animals w\ld n be made by *ance1 b by calculation4 ,well !n1 ( two classes ( ?+s1 :]e( ! "o has manife/ly be5 con/ruct$ = "s useful end1 & ! o!r1 s f> z "o c see1 = no end at all1 :i* w\ld y call ! product ( calculation8 ,( c\rse ! ?+s made = "s useful end4 ,n[ answ] me ?is1--,he :o made m5 at fir/1 & gave !m s5ses to br+ !m into contact ) ! outw>d _w1 eyes to see & e>s to he>1 did ,he furni% !m ) ^! organs = a useful purpose or = no purpose at all8 & z = od\rs & smells1 if we _h n no/rils1 s f> z we are conc]n$ !y might z well n h exi/$2 & h[ c\ld we h _h any p]ception ( sweet & s\r1 & all agreeable ta/es1 _h we n be5 furni%$ ) a tongue to take1 cognisance ( su* s5sations8 ,obs]ve fur!r1 h[ ! eye1 be+ naturally a t5d] organ1 is suppli$ ) eyelids z a h\se ) a door1 :i* may be op5$ to receive pleasant gue/s1 & clos$ :5 dang] approa*es2 ! eye-la%es also manife/ly s]ve z a sort ( sieve to prev5t ! passage ( any injuri\s p>ticles :i* ! w9d might drive aga9/ ! pupil1 :ile ! eyebr[s =m a sort ( cop+ or f5ce :i* prev5ts ! sweat f ! =ehead fl[+ into ! organ ( vision4 ,n less wond]ful is x t ! e> is s =m$ z to be able to take 9 an unc\nt$ numb] ( v>i\s s\nds1 & #gc yet is nev] fill$2 & 9 ! m\? we are in/antly met ) ! rem>kable fact 9 all animals1 t1 :ile ! front tee?1 :i* take up ! food1 are =m$ = cutt+1 ! back tee?1 :i* receive x f !m1 are adapt$ = ! aft] op]ation ( gr9d+2 obs]ve also ! situation ( ! great organ ( n\ri%m5t1 close to eyes & ! no/rils1 :i* keep a wat* aga9/ ! approa* ( unheal?y food2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 t "p ( ! food :i* is useless = nutrition1 be+ naturally (f5sive1 is c>ri$ (f by ducts & passages plac$ at z great a di/ance z possible f ! organs ( s5sation4 ,all ^! contrivances1 s manife/ly proce$+ f a purpose1 c we d\bt :e!r we %\ld call works ( *ance or ( intellect8 ,look+ at ! matt] 9 ?is light1 c]ta9ly1 said ! little man1 ,i c h no hesitation 9 say+ ^! are ! contrivances ( a v wise & b5evol5t design]4 ,consid] fur!r1 cont9u$ ,socrates1 h[ !re is implant$ 9 all animals a desire ( cont9u+ _! species1 h[ ! p>5ts h a pleasure 9 bre$+1 & ! (fspr+ are above all ?+s di/+ui%$ by ! love ( life & ! fe> ( dea?4 ,^! also1 he said1 seem to be ! contrivances ( "s ,be+ :o wi%$ t animals %\ld exi/4 ,!n1 cont9u$ ,socrates1 consid] y\rself--d y believe t !re is some?+ 9 y :i* we call ,intellig5ce8 &1 if 9 y1 :5ce came x8 is !re no intellig5ce 9 ! _w outside ( y8 ,y\r body1 y p]ceive1 is made up ( c]ta9 v small portions ( solid & liquid elem5ts1 ( :i* va/ quantities exi/ beyond y1 & ( :i* y\r body is a "p2 & if y\r body is tak5 f su* a va/ /oreh\se ( matt]1 is y\r m9d ! only #gd "p ( y :i* is und]iv$ f any s\rce1 & :i* y seem to h snapp$ up someh[ by good luck8 & is x possible1 or 9 any way conceivable1 t all ?is gigantic & beautifully ord]$ =m ( ?+s :i* we call ! _w %\ld h jump$ into its pres5t consi/5cy f m]e r&om =ces )\t calculation8 ,sc>cely2 b !n ,i d n see ! au?ors ( ! _w z ,i d ( works :i* m5 produce "h4 ,z little d y see y\r own s\l1 said ,socrates1 :i* yet is ! "l ( y\r body1 s t1 tak+ y\r own logic /rictly1 y mu/ conclude t y d all ?+s by *ance & no?+ by calculation4 ,well !n1 said ,ari/odemus1 ! fact is t ,i d n despise ! ,div9e ,p[]1#gd4a b ,i e/eem all ,div9e natures too mighty & too glori\s to require any s]vice f me4 ,= ?is reason r !y ju/ly claim our reg>d1 said ,socrates1 _! might & _! glory be+ ! natural measure ( ! hon\r :i* !y ought to receive f u4 ,well1 be assur$1 ,socrates1 t if ,i c\ld only imag9e t ! gods _h any conc]n = u1 ,i %\ld n neglect !m4 ,& d y really mean to affirm t !y actually h no conc]n = u8 ,:y1 consid] :at !y h done = y2 9 ! fir/ place giv+ y an erect /ature1 :i* !y gave to no o!r animal1 a /ature by virtue ( :i* y n only see bett] be=e y1 b c look upw>ds also1 & def5d y\rself 9 _m ways :i* ) d[nca/ eyes 7 impossible2 & 9 ! next place1 n cont5t ) giv+ y feet1 l o!r animals1 !y h furni%$ #ge y ) h&s also1 ! organs by :i* we practise mo/ ( ^? acts :i* manife/ our sup]iority to !m2#ge4a &1 to cr[n all1 :ile o!r animals h a tongue1 man alone possesses ?is organ ( su* a nature t by t\*+ ! holl[ ( ! m\? ) x 9 v>i\s ways he c m\ld ! emitt$ voice into articulate spee*1 significant ( :at ?\ght wi%es to communicate to ?\ght4 ,aga91 ! love :i* is a passion t /irs o!r animals only at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 man is capable ( enjoy+ at all seasons2 & n only d our capacities ( bodily effici5cy & enjoym5t s f> surpass ^? ( o!r animals1 b ,god 7 7 has implant$ 9 man a s\l ( ! mo/ transc5d5t capacity4 ,= :at o!r animal1 ,i ask1 has a s\l :i* enables x to own & to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 :o h dispos$ all ?is mighty ord] ( ?+s ( :i* we are a "p8 ,:at race ( animals except man pays any wor%ip to ! gods8#ge4b ,:at animal possesses a s\l s fit z t ( man to gu>d aga9/ ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 to prev5t or cure disease1 to tra9 to bodily /r5g? or to intellectual acut5ess8 & :at animal :5 x has le>n$ any?+ c reta9 ! lesson ) equal t5acity8 ,is x n r pla9 t1 comp>$ ) o!r animals1 m5 live really z gods ^u ! e>?1 s /rik+ly sup]ior #gf are !y bo? 9 bodily & intellectual end[m5ts2 = nei!r c\ld a creature ) man's reason1 b ) ! body ( an ox1 h be5 able fully to execute its purposes2 nor1 aga91 c\ld a creature ) human h&s1 b )\t human intellect1 be able to g beyond ! brute /age ( animal life2 & aft] all ?is1 heap$ up z y are ) b\nties & bless+s f all sides1 w y /ill p]si/ 9 ?9k+ t y are a creature neglect$ by ! gods8 ,:at1 ,i ask1 d y expect !m to d = y be=e !y %all h any j claim to y\r reg>d8 ,i %all expect !m1 repli$ ,ari/odemus1 to d = me :at y say !y d = y1 to s5d me advis]s z to :at ,i ought to d & :at ,i ought n to d4 ,be x s2 & d y ?9k t y\r case is n already provid$ =1 :5 ! gods on be+ consult$ ?r\gh div9ation give an answ] :i* conc]ns all ,a!nians8 or d y imag9e :5 ! ,greeks1 or ! :ole human race1 are w>n$ ( com+ evil by a port5t1 t y are specially exclud$ f ! b5efit ( t div9e indication8 ,d y imag9e t ! gods w\ld h implant$ 9 all human brea/s ! feel+ t !y are able to d u good or evil1 if !y did n possess ?is p[]1 or t m5 con/antly be+ deceiv$ by ?is notion w\ld n by ?is "t h discov]$ ! delusion8 ,h y n obs]v$ also t ! wise/ nations & ! mo/ /able gov]nm5ts are ^? :i* are ! mo/ religi\s1 & t individual m5 are !n mo/ pi\sly incl9$ :5 _! reason is /ronge/ & _! passions mo/ "u control8 ,believe me1 my de> "y fri5d1 t z y\r s\l )9 y moves & manages ! body ev5 z x wills1 s we ought #gg to believe t ! ,intellig5ce :i* indwelle? ! :ole ( ?+s makes & designs all ?+s accord+ to its good pleasure1 & n to imag9e t :ile our human eye c rea* _m miles 9 vision1 ! ,div9e eye %\ld n be able to see all ?+s at a glance1 nor t1 :ile y\r s\l c manage matt]s n "h 9 ,a!ns only1 b 9 ,egypt & ,sicily1 ! intellig5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+ 7 7 is n able to ex]cise a compreh5sive c>e at once ov] ! :ole & ea* individual ,9 ! same way !re=e z by p]=m+ acts ( k9dness to m5 y come to le>n ^? :o are dispos$ to %[ k9dness to y 9 return1 & z by conf]r+ ) m5 on important matt]s y "k :o are able to give s\nd advice on su* matt]s1 if ) ?is disposition y approa* ! gods1 mak+ trial ( !m if belike !y are will+ to reveal to y any ( ^? ?+s :i* are naturally unkn[n to m51 !n y w c]ta9ly le>n by exp]i5ce t ! ,div9e nature 7 7 is ( su* a k9d z to be able to see all ?+s1 & to he> all ?+s1 & to be ev]y:]e pres5t1 & to h a provid5tial c>e ( all ?+s40 ,s concludes ?is int]e/+ dialogue1 & ! sympa!tic report] 9 w9d+ x up adds1 8,! t5d5cy ( su* disc\rses appe>s to me pla9ly to induce m5 to ab/a9 f unholy & unju/ & f\l de$s1 n only :5 !y are se5 ( m51 b also 9 a lonely wild]ness1 liv+ con/antly "u ! conviction t :atev] m5 d1 & 9 :atev] place1 !y c 9 n[ise escape ! eye ( ! ,omnisci5t40 ,let u n[ make a few rem>ks on ! !ological argum5t1 or ! argum5t f design1 "h sket*$ #gh 9 su* broad & ma/]ly l9es4 ,x is an argum5t1 :5 tak5 9 ! gross1 & 9 its gr& outl9e1 s /rik+ & s conv9c+1 t x is only by conf9+ ! eye to a few m9ute & uness5tial po9ts t c]ta9 precise & puzzl+ m9ds h conceit$ !mselves t !y 7 able to blunt ! edge ( its =ce4 ,"o class ( objectors1 un=tunately n at all uncommon 9 rec5t times1 h imag9$ t !y h refut$ ,paley's fam\s argum5t f ! wat* f\nd on a wa/e hea?1 by say+ t !re is no analogy betwe5 a piece ( human manufacture l a wat*1 & a liv+ gr[? l a plant or an animal4 ,v true1 s f>2 a gr[? is a gr[?1 & a manufacture is a manufacture2 ! "o possesses inh]5t div9e vitality1 ! o!r no vitality at all2 b :at foll[s8 ,n t an animal & a plant h no?+ 9 common1 b only t !y h n ! pr9ciple ( vitality 9 common2 n t ! animal may n be con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples ( design & adaptation on :i* ! wat* is con/ruct$1 b t ! animal to ! curi\s ma*9]y has some?+ sup]add$ :i* we call life4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is1 t ,dr4 ,paley's argum5t w\ld hold equally good if ! design+ s\l t made ! suppos$ wat*1 in/ead ( be+ outside 9 ! %ape ( a wat*-mak]1 _h be5 inside1 z ! pr9ciple ( vitality is 9 a plant2 !n we %\ld h call$ ! wat* a plant or an animal1 & ! design w\ld h spok5 out f its /ructure z manife/ly z be=e4 ,!re is !re=e no diff]5ce1 s f> z design & calculation are conc]n$1 betwe5 a cunn+ly con/itut$ gr[? & a curi\sly compact$ ma*9e4 ,ano!r class ( objectors are fond to tell u t ?+s are n #gi :at !y are by virtue ( any inh]5t calculat$ type1 b by a comb9ation ( complex conditions & circum/ances1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( millions ( ages "w !mselves happily into a consi/5t organism4 ,?is is j ,epicurus back aga9 9 8 nak$ absurdity1 almo/ inde$ 9 ! same s5seless phraseology2 z we may see1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ passage f ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 on :i* 9 ! c\rse ( my read+ ,i accid5tally /umbl$3--8,! positive me?od makes v little acc\nt ( m>ks ( intellig5ce2 9 its wid] view ( ph5om5a x sees t ^! incid5ts are a m9ority1 & may rank z happy co9cid5ces2 x absorbs !m 9 ! s+ul> conception ( ,,law40 ,let u attempt to analyse ?is utt]ance4 ,x is ! boa/ ( ! ,comtian philosophy to f9d intellig5ce 9 ! works ( ,augu/e ,comte1 b n 9 ! works ( ! ,ar*itect ( ! univ]se4 ,let t pass4 ,9 ! next place x is indicat$ t x is a n>r[ view ( ?+s :i* discov]s ,,design 9 creation2 a l>g] view reveals ,,law2 & ! few incid5ts t may seem to indicate design are p]haps bett] expla9$ by ! old ,epicurean me?od ( ! 8=tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms40 ,nev] 0 a great] am\nt ( incoh]5ce cramm$ into a %ort s5t5ce4 ,! inf]5ce :i* ,dr4 ,paley drew f 8 wat* is n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! n>r[ness ( ! view :i* ! inspection ( a wat* necessitates2 nor w\ld ! /rik+ evid5ce ( a design 9 ! /ructure ( t little telescope ! human eye1 be dim9i%$ 9 ! lea/ by ext5d+ ! view to ! l>ge/ telescope ev] made1 or to ! l>ge/ human body 9 ! wat*-t[] ( :i* a human eye 0 ev] plac$4 ,! only legitimate consequ5ce ( #hj m\nt+ f ! contemplation ( an eye1 m]ely z an eye1 to its consid]ation z "p ( a l>ge organism call$ ! human body1 w\ld be to increase admiration by ! discov]y t ! little design ( ! in/rum5t 0 subs]vi5t to ! l>ge design ( ! body1 z if1 aft] admir+ a small *amb] 9 a va/ build+1 & prais+ ! cunn+ ( ! ar*itect1 we %\ld walk ?r\gh ! :ole suite ( rooms & !n discov] "s new beauty 9 ! *amb] hav+ ref]5ce to ! great :ole ( :i* x 0 a "p4 ,b in/ead ( ?is our au?or in=ms u t ?is wid] view 8absorbs ! orig9al feel+ ( design into ! s+ul> conception ( ,,law40 ,appli$ to ! suppos$ case ( ! small *amb] 9 ! l>ge palace1 ?is is flat nons5se4 ,= ! 8s+ul> conception ( ,,law10 9 ?is case1 is j ! l>ge plan ( ! :ole build+1 :i*1 along ) ! small plan ( ea* "p1 proce$$ f ! compreh5sive intellect ( ! ar*itect4 ,:at is ,,law8 ,! reason+ 9 ! above passage implies t x is some?+ contr>y to design1 some?+ t absorbs x1 nay m1 some?+ t r$uces x to ! category ( a 8happy co9cid5ce40 ,b ,law is only a /eady self-consi/5t me?od ( op]ation1 :i* expla9s no?+2 x is only a fact2 & if 9 ?is me?od ( op]ation !re be manife/ ord] & purpose ( produc+ a reason$ & consi/5t result1 ! law !n becomes a manife/ation ( design1 z 9 ! orig9al application ( ! ^w to ! "w ( a lawgiv]1 a ,solon or a ,lycurgus ^: laws c]ta9ly impli$ a calculat$ purpose ( re=m & re-organization2 or1 to take aga9 ! wat*1 ! law by :i* ?is t9y work] goes1 is only ! s+le ^w :i*1 describes t #ha ord]$ complex ( calculat$ movem5ts :i* ! design ( ! mak] puts into play1 = ! purpose ( m>k+ ! regul> lapse ( "t4 ,! discov]y ( a great law1 !re=e1 9 an ord]$ & calculat$ sy/em ( ?+s1 su* z ! _w1 may enl>ge ! field 9 :i* design is exhibit$1 b1 s f> f absorb+1 c only t5d to make t design m prom95t4 ,s mu* = ,comte4 ,b :at %all we say ( ,d>w98 ,if t orig9al & +5i\s inve/igator ( nature really does mean to say t !re are no orig9al types ( ?+s 9 ! ,div9e m9d 7,i use ,platonic language purposely1 because x is ! only language t satisfies ! dem&s ( ! case71 & t a rose became a lily1 or a lily a rose1 by "s ext]nal p[] call$ 8natural selection10--,i reply t ,i %all believe ?is :5 ,i see x2 t a modify+ influ5ce is "o ?+1 & a pla/ic =ce ano!r2 & t1 z an able ,hegelian philosoph] rem>ks1#ha4a a selection produc+ n a r&om b a reasonable result always implies "s pr9ciple ( selection1 & a select+ ag5cy--t is1 ! ,socratic design+ ,intellect4 ,b !re are great] names ?an ^? ( ,comte & ,d>w91 :o h be5 quot$ z oracul> d5\nc]s ( all teleology--two ( ! greate/ inde$ ( all mod]n names4 ,bacon & ,goe!4 ,! dictum ( ! great fa!r ( mod]n physical sci5ce1 t teleology is a b>r5 virg91 has be5 (t5 repeat$4 ,n[1 z ,bacon 0 a pi\s man1 at lea/ a religi\s philosoph]1 he c]ta9ly _c h meant ,a!ism by ?is2 :at !n did he mean8 #hb ,?is "q w be be/ answ]$ by consid]+ :at ,bacon's attitude z a philosoph] 04 ,he 0 n1 l ,ari/otle1 a calm judicial speculator1 mak+ a tabulat$ regi/] ( all k2 he 0 r l ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 a man ( w>2 & z ! ecclesia/ical re=m]'s life & doctr9e d]ive all _! significance f ! abuses ( ! ,papacy :i* !y ov]?rew1 s ,bacon's position z a polemical ?9k] is to be int]pret$ only ) ref]5ce to ! s*ool ( ?9k+ :i* he attack$4 ,t s*ool 0 a s*ool fruitful 9 !ories1 discussions1 & s\nd+ g5]alities ( all k9ds1 :i* af=d$ ample ex]cise to intellectual a?letes1 b produc$ no practical result4 ,to put an end to ?is vague & unpr(itable talk1 ! ,briti% ,bacon1 ) ! same practical in/9ct :i* guid$ ! ,attic ,socrates1 ?\gh 9 an opposite direction1 set himself to e/abli% a sci5tific me?od1 a me?od specially calculat$ by ! int]rogation ( nature to asc]ta9 facts1 & f ! c>eful comp>ison ( facts to educe laws4 ,) ^! inve/igations into elem5t>y sci5tific facts ! g5]al philosophical pr9ciple ( f9al causes _h no?+ directly to d2 nay1 x might ev5 act p]nici\sly 9 an age :i* _h n yet le>n$ ! art ( c>eful exp]im5t by accu/om+ m5 9 an indol5t sort ( way to sp9 +5i\s !ories ab\t ! f9al causes ( c]ta9 arrangem5ts 9 ! univ]se1 be=e !y _h tak5 pa9s to asc]ta9 :at ^! arrangem5ts actually 74 ,& :5 we consid] h[ va/ a ma*9e ! ,cosmos is1 & h[ great ! ignorance ( u curi\s emmets :o set ourselves to int]pret its hi]oglyphics1 & to spell its scripture1 x w be obvi\s t a w>n+ aga9/ ! ready luxury ( speculat+ on f9al #hc causes 0 "o ( ! mo/ necess>y utt]ances t might come f ! m\? ( a re=m] ( sci5tific me?od4 ,h[ev] f> m5 may rise ?r\gh ! long gradation ( second>y causes up to ! ,fir/ ,cause1 & by ! sl[ /eps ( progress :i* we call means to a f9al result1 ! prelim9>y "q ( c\rse always is1 ,:at are ! facts8 & till ^! be accurately asc]ta9$ ,bacon 0 fully ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t speculation ab\t f9al causes is a b>r5 virg9 & produces no (fspr+4 ,b ?is wise ab/95ce f assign+ f9al causes at any p>ticul> /age ( physical rese>* is a q diff]5t ?+ f say+ absolutely t !re are no m>ks ( design 9 ! univ]se1 & t ^? mo/ obvi\s ?+s :i* f ,socrates d[nw>ds h be5 g5]ally e/eem$ su*1 may 9 ! phraseology ( a high] philosophy 8rank z happy co9cid5ces40 ,! humble admiration ( f9al causes 9 ! _w by ! intellig5t wor%ipp] is "o ?+1 ! ha/y int]pretation ( !m by e =w>d religioni/ is ano!r ?+4 ,! works ( ,god are n to be exp\nd$1 nor ,8 ends & aims descant$ on by e talk] :o may disc\rse ) flu5t propriety on ! works ( a human toy-mak] l himself4 ,su* we may feel confid5tly 0 ,bacon's po9t ( view 9 ref]5ce to teleological que/ions4 ,z = ,goe!1 :o 0 a sci5tific inve/igator ( sc>cely less note ?an a poet1 8 rem>k to ,eck]mann on ?is subject %[s t 8 po9t ( view 0 exactly ! same4 ,n ,,:y1 or ,,= ,,:at ,,purpose1 or ,,) ,,:at ,,object1 he says1 is ! way ( putt+ ! "q by :i* sci5ce may be pr(it$2 ! true sci5tific "q is always ,,h[4 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt1 8,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e #hd causas60 ! physical inquir] is prim>ily conc]n$ to "k--h[ did ?is come ab\t8 by :at curi\sly concat5at$ s]ies ( op]ations1 />t+ f a c]ta9 po9t beyond :i* we _c rise1 are c]ta9 results produc$8 ,answ] ?is & sci5ce is satisfi$2 b 9 be+ s satisfi$ x proves itself to be a ?+ ( second>y & ancill>y significance1 re/+1 l ! ma!matician's demon/rations1 on pr9ciples :i* x belongs to a sup]ior sci5ce to evolve4 ,! :ole doctr9e ( causes1 effici5t z well z f9al1 belongs to philosophy1 to t gr& doctr9e ( fundam5tal realities :i* dictates to m]e sci5ce bo? its />t+-po9t & its goal4 ,b n ev5 9 ?is view is x altoge!r correct to say t ! consid]ation ( design has no?+ to d ) purely sci5tific inve/igations1 & by ! purely sci5tific man _h bett] be ignor$4 ,all we c say is1 t x is bett] t x %\ld be ignor$ 9 c]ta9 cases ?an falsely presum$4 ,b 9 a _w :]e ev]y?+ is "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,law1 :i* is m]ely ! expression ( reason & ! manife/ation ( design1 no?+ c\ld be m ,arbitr>y & m p]v]se ?an ! sy/ematic exclusion ( f9al causes f ! philosophy ( nature4 ,s f> f ?is1 x is c]ta9 !re c be no philosophy ( nature )\t !m2 if inde$ a!ism c be call$ a philosophy1 & 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 ,moses & ,plato & ! ,apo/le ,paul may be ca/ f _! ?rone to make way = a resuscitat$ ,greek ,epicurus 9 ! p]son ( a conceit$ ,fr5* dogmati/6 ,we %all !re=e conclude1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ,socrates1 t an op5 eye = f9al causes n only belongs to wisdom1 b may (t5 advance sci5ce1 :5 proce$+ #he cauti\sly ^u ! due obs]vation & connexion ( facts2 inasmu* z1 9 ! words ( an able metaphysician1 8?is univ]se is n an accid5tal cavity 9 :i* an accid5tal du/ has be5 accid5tally swept into heaps = ! accid5tal evolution ( ! maje/ic spectacle ( organic & inorganic life4 ,t maje/ic spectacle is a spectacle z pla9ly = ! eye ( reason z any diagram ( ! ma!matician4 ,t maje/ic spectacle c\ld h be5 con/ruct$1 0 con/ruct$1 only 9 reason1 = reason1 & by reason2 & !re=e ev]y:]e1 f ! smalle/ p>ticle1 to ! l>ge/ sy/em1 m\ld$ & modell$ & inhabit$ by ,,design40#he4a ,! !ological convictions ( ,socrates be+ s /rong & s decid$1 x foll[$ z a necess>y consequ5ce1 9 a p]son ( s practical a "*1 t he %\ld be a pi\s man1 & t he %\ld practise ^? rites & s]vices by :i* ! dep5d5t position ( man t[>ds ! gods is mo/ naturally & effectively express$4 ,if man1 z 0 taught 9 ! above extract1 is ! only animal capable ( religion1 !n ! wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce becomes ! peculi> sign1 privilege1 & glory ( 8 humanity4 ,an irreligi\s man1 a speculative or practical a!i/1 is z a sov]eign :o volunt>ily takes (f 8 cr[n & decl>es himself unwor?y to reign4 ,religi\s wor%ip1 !re=e1 be+ an act :i* a man is specially b\nd to p]=m 9 virtue ( 8 humanity1 nei!r ,socrates nor any o!r pi\s hea!n ?9k] c\ld h any d\bt z to ! peculi> =ms & c]emonies t ought to con/itute ?is act4 ,= all ! hea!ns1--c]ta9ly #hf all ,greeks & ,romans1--held t religion 0 an ess5tial function ( ! ,/ate1 t ,*ur* & ,/ate1 z we phrase x1 are "o & insep>able1 consequ5tly t e good subject ow$ allegiance to ! religi\s traditions & obs]vances ( 8 c\ntrym51 j z he did to ! civil laws4#hf4a ,! gods 7 to be wor%ipp$ by e good citiz5 9 e /ate1-- 1--or1 z we w\ld say1 accord+ to ! law ( ! l&2 & z ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome 7 n f5c$ ) bri/l+ dogmas 9 ! %ape ( :at we call a #hg ,cre$ & ,*ur* ,articles1 b float$ q freely 9 ! region ( rev]5tial tradition1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 9 ^? days1 no man ev] dream$ ( hay+ a religion = himself any m ?an ( hav+ a civil gov]nm5t = himself1 ! con=mity ev5 ( great ?9k]s to ! popul> fai? 0 n naturally accompani$ by any ta9t ( t species ( ins9c]ity :i* has s (t5 atta*$ to ! subscription ( mod]n articles ( belief4 ,! "r #hh ( private judgm5t 0 ex]cis$ by ! ,greeks only 9 ! doma9 ( philosophical speculation2 = tea*+ ! results ( ^! speculations !y e/abli%$ s*ools2 b ! idea ( prote/+ & diss5t+ & mak+ a private bus9ess ( religion1 = ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 c]emonies1 =ms ( *ur*-gov]nm5t1 or fav\rite doctr9es1 c\ld nev] h occurr$ to !m4 ,nei!r are we to ?9k x /range if1 ev5 z a matt] ( speculation1 m9ds ( great orig9al p[]1 l t ( ,socrates1 %\ld feel no intellectual repugnance to ! ma9 pr9ciples ( a poly!i/ic fai?4 ,!re is no?+ fundam5tally absurd 9 ,poly!ism1 provid$ only a wise sup]9t5d5t ,provid5ce be e/abli%$ some:]e to ov]rule ! democratic assembly ( subord9ate gods2 & ?is ! ,greeks _h prom95tly 9 ! p]son ( ,zeus4#hh4a ,! o!r gods1 l ! angels 9 ! ,*ri/ian !ology1 h[ev] mu* _! p[] might be exagg]at$ by ! rev]5ce ( p>ticul> localities1 7 9 ! compreh5sive survey ( a philosophic m9d only ! m9i/]s ( 8 supreme w1 work+ h>moni\sly along ) him 9 ! su/a9m5t ( ! div9e fabric ( ! univ]se4 ,) ?is view ( ,poly!ism1 pi\s-m9d$ m5 su* z ,socrates1 ,x5ophon1 & ,plut>* c\ld be p]fectly satisfi$2 & ! extravagant & immoral /ories ab\t ! gods1 :i* excit$ ! bile ( ,x5ophanes & ,plato1 ne$$ n necess>ily to give !m any (f5ce4 ,= :y8 ^! /ories 7 #hi matt] ( popul> belief1 n ( intellectual decision or ( sac]dotal dictation4 ,a great national poet1 l ,p9d>1 might expla91 or expla9 away1 9 ! public assembly ( ! ,greeks1 any leg5ds t appe>$ to him to conta9 matt] unwor?y ( 8 l(ty conception ( ! gods4 ,s ( c\rse might a philosoph] l ,socrates4 ,! peasants r\nd ,a!ns believ$ t ! ,w9d ,boreas came d[n 9 human =m1 & c>ri$ (f ! nymph ,orei?yia f ! banks ( ! ,ilissus2 ?is might or might n be true2 ,socrates c]ta9ly 0 n b\nd te believe x2 &1 z he himself tells u 9 ! ,phdrus1 he 0 too busy ) m important matt]s to tr\ble himself ) inquir+ into ! tru? or falsehood ( sacr$ leg5ds 9 a c\ntry :]e e f\nta9 _h its peculi> wor%ip1 & e riv] its div9e g5ealogy4 ,?is easy deal+ ) que/ions ab\t leg5ds1 h[ev]1 did n 9 ! lea/ imply any want ( s9c]ity 9 ! attitude ( d\bt+ ?9k]s t[>ds ! ma9 articles ( ! ,poly!i/ic cre$2 on ! contr>y1 ! m pliable ! leg5d ! less dang] 0 !re ( its /&+ 9 ! way ( an hone/ acceptance ( ! broad fundam5tal po9ts ( ! g5]al cre$2 & x is an altoge!r gratuit\s supposition 9 a late di/+ui%$ writ]#hi4a to suppose t :5 ,socrates at 8 dea? gave z a dy+ injunction to 8 fri5ds to sacrifice a cock1 :i* he _h v[$1 to sculapius1 he did ?is m]ely f ! effect ( habit1 & t he really did n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! god :om ! injunction imm$iately conc]n$4 ,:ile ! g5]al evid5ce ( ! adh]5ce ( ,socrates bo? #ij 9 !ory & practice to ! popul> cre$ is s /rong1 we h no "r 9 any p>ticul> in/ance to set him d[n z ins9c]e4 ,( 8 g5]al s9c]ity on ^! matt]s !re c]ta9ly c be no d\bt4 ,x is set =? di/9ctly 9 m ?an "o dialogue ( ,x5ophon1 & h>monizes exactly ) all t we read 9 ,plato4 ,! philosoph] us$ ! common k9ds ( div9ation practis$ by 8 c\ntrym51 & gave special directions z to ! subjects on :i* a wise man %\ld consult ! gods1 & on :i* he %\ld seek = direction f !m r ?an f 8 own reason4 ,we h special te/imony to ! fact t on "o occasion 7see above1 page #aa7 he1 aft] a long p]iod ( pi\s m$itation1 (f]$ up a pray] to ! ,sun2 & "o ( ! ,platonic dialogues concludes ) a pray] ( ,socrates 9 ! foll[+ curt & significant /yle3-- 8,o de> ,pan1 & ye o!r gods :o frequ5t ?is spot1 grant me1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be good )92 & z = outw>d circum/ances1 may !y be su* z h>monize well ) my inw>d capacities4 ,grant me ev] to e/eem ! wise man z ! alone weal?y man2 & z = gold1 may ,i possess z mu* ( x z a man ( mod]ate desires may "k to use wisely40 ,s mu* = ! !ological belief & unaffect$ piety ( ?is great man4 ,h[ intimately he held ,religion & ,morality to be b\nd toge!r w be/ appe> f ! foll[+ dialogue ) ! ,sophi/ ,hippias1 on ! f\ndation ( natural "r & positive law4 ,we give x at l5g?1 z x has a direct be>+ on "s fundam5tal pr9ciples ( g5]al jurisprud5ce :i* h be5 l>gely debat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 f ,locke d[n to ,b5?am & ,mill4 8,is x n /range1 ,hippias1 said ,socrates1 t #ia :5 a man wi%es to h 8 son taught %oemak+ or c>p5try or any trade1 he has no difficulty 9 f9d+ a ma/] to :om he may s5d him = in/ruction8 nay1 ,i h ev5 he>d t !re are tra9+ ma/]s :o w tea* a horse or an ox to d :at !y ought to d4 ,b if ,i wi% = myself or my son or my s]vant1 to "k ! pr9ciples ( :at is "r & j1 ,i look 9 va9 = any s\rce :5ce ,i might get in/ruction 9 ^! important matt]s4 ,!re y are1 said ,hippias 7:o _h j return$ to ,a!ns aft] a long abs5ce7--!re y are say+ exactly ! same ?+s t y 7 say+ :5 ,i left y6 ,v true1 said ,socrates1 & n only d ,i say ! same ?+s always1 b always ab\t ! same ?+s1 :ile y1 ,i presume1 on acc\nt ( y\r multi=m k1 on no occasion require to repeat any old tru?s4 ,well1 ,i readily confess t ,i always pref]1 :5 ,i c1 to br+ out some?+ new4 ,d y !n mean to say t ev5 :5 y "k a ?+ ?or\ghly1 & h occasion to speak ab\t x frequ5tly1 y c always cont9ue to say some?+ new8 z1 = example1 if any "o 7 to ask y ) h[ _m lett]s to spell ,socrates1 w\ld y give "o reply to-day & ano!r to-morr[8 or aga91 if he %\ld ask if twice five are t51 or any o!r "q ( ari?metic1 w\ld y give diff]5t answ]s at diff]5t times8 ,) reg>d to matt]s ( t k9d1 ,o ,socrates1 !re c be no v>iation2 b ) reg>d to :at is ,,j & ,,"r a man may con/antly make new discov]ies1 z ,i ?9k ,i am 9 a condition to say some?+ on t subject today1 to :i* nei!r y nor any man 9 ,a!ns c\ld put 9 a demurr]4 ,n[1 by ,h]a6 said #ib ,socrates1 if y h really discov]$ any?+ important 9 ?is prov9ce1 any *>m t might save a jury f ! pa9 ( giv+ a divid$ v]dict1 or good citiz5s f ! necessity ( brawl+ & wrangl+ ) "o ano!r1 or mighty ,/ates f ru9+ ea* o!r by w>s1 y h made a discov]y inde$ = :i* ,i envy y--& ,i really d n "k h[ ,i c let y quit me at pres5t till ,i h drawn f y ! secret ( ?is discov]y4 ,t y %all n d1 by ,jove6 said ! ,sophi/1 be=e y fir/ tell me :at y\r own views are on ! subject ( ,,"r2 = ?is is an old trick ( y\rs1 by capti\s que/ions to worm answ]s out ( o!r p1 & laugh at !m :5 !y are made to contradict !mselves1 :ile y refuse to /& "q1 or pron\nce a def9ite op9ion on any po9t4 ,h[ c y say ?is1 ,o ,hippias1 :5 y p]ceive t ,i am cont9ually employ$ 9 do+ no?+ b br++ to light my notions on "r & wrong8 ,9 :at disc\rse did y br+ ?is to light1 ,o ,socrates8 ,if n 9 a set disc\rse1 repli$ ! philosoph]1 c]ta9ly by actions2 or d y n ?9k t a de$ is a mu* m effective way ( decl>+ a man's moral pr9ciples ?an a ^w8 ,m effective unque/ionably2 = ( ^? :o say :at is j _m d :at is unju/2 b if a man's actions are j !re is no inju/ice 9 him4 ,well !n1 ,hippias1 ,i ask y1 did y ev] "k me ei!r be>+ false witness or play+ ! in=m]1 or excit+ discont5t among ! p2 or do+ any o!r wrong action8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b is n ab/a9+ f :at is wrong ! def9ition ( :at is "r8 ,!re y are aga96 said ,hippias2 ,i cat* y 9 ! act2 y are #ic wriggl+ cunn+ly out ( ! position1 & in/ead ( tell+ me :at j m5 d1 y tell me :at !y don't d4 ,i did s because ,i hone/ly ?\ght t to ab/a9 f all unju/ de$s 0 a suffici5t pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ju/ice 9 ! brea/ ( ! actor4 ,b if a negative answ] does n satisfy y1 !n take ?is--,i say t ,"r is con=mity to ! laws 7 74 ,d y !n lit]ally mean to say t ,"r & ,law are id5tical8 ,i d4 ,well1 !n1 ,i mu/ tell y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,i d n und]/& :at y mean by ,law & ,"r4 ,y "k ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 ,i presume8 ,( c\rse4 ,:at !n are ! laws ( ! ,/ate8 ,! laws ( ! ,/ate1 said he1 are all ! enactm5ts :i* ! p h made :5 !y h agre$ among !mselves z to :at ?+s ought to be done & :at ?+s ought n to be done4 ,!n1 said ,socrates1 t p]son w\ld act accord+ to law :o obey$ ^? enactm5ts1 & he w\ld be a lawless p]son :o transgress$ !m8 ,unque/ionably4 ,!n ,i presume ! man :o did accord+ to law w\ld act accord+ to rights :ile ! man :o transgress$ ! law w\ld d wrong8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n y admit t ! man :o obs]ves law1 & ! j man1 or ! man :o acts accord+ to "r1 are id5tical1 & ! transgressor ( law & ! unju/ man 9 ! same way8 ,?is s\nds v well1 said ,hippias2 b h[ c rectitude1 or "r1 be measur$ by ! /&>d ( laws :i* ! v p]sons :o make !m are (t5 ! fir/ to repudiate1--enact+ ! exact contr>y8 ,t is n s v /range1 said ,socrates1 = ! same p>ties :o decl>e w> to-day may #id make peace to-morr[4 ,( c\rse !y may1 he repli$4 ,well1 !n1 ,i d n compreh5d ) :at di/9ction y ma9ta9 t1 :]eas p]sons :o obs]ve ! rights ( w> to-day & ! rights ( peace to-morr[ are n *>g$ ) inconsi/5cy1 p]sons obey+ any o!r laws to-day :i* may be rev]s$ to-morr[ are *>geable ) unsettl+ ! pr9ciples ( "r2 or d y really mean to /& up z a univ]sal peacemong]1 & to say t ^? :o s]ve _! c\ntry well 9 w> are guilty ( a crime8 ,f> f x1 said he4 ,"r1 said ,socrates2 = ob$i5ce to ! laws is really 9 e good citiz5 ! "o ?+ ne$ful2 & ,lycurgus1 ! fam\s ,sp>tan1 w\ld h be5 n a :it bett] ?an o!r legislators _h he n by 8 in/itutions work$ into ! v blood ( ! p a habit ( ob$i5ce to ! laws2 & is x n pla9 t 9 all ,/ates ^? gov]nors are univ]sally e/eem$ ! be/ :o "k h[ be/ to make _! laws obey$1 & t ! ,/ate :]e ! habit ( ob$i5ce is mo/ confirm$ is always ! mo/ prosp]\s 9 peace & ! mo/ inv9cible 9 w>8 ,nay m1 is n concord univ]sally prais$ z ! greate/ good ( ,/ates1 & d n our v5]able s5ators & our be/ lead]s ( ! p cont9ually exhort m5 to ?is virtue8 & is x n a fact t 9 e ,greek ,/ate !re is a special oa? tak5 by ! citiz5s t !y w cultivate concord1 & above all ?+s %un /rife & s$ition among !mselves8 ,n[ ,i d n conceive t 9 ! prom95ce ?us giv5 to concord x 0 held =? z desirable t all ! citiz5s %\ld be ( ! same m9d ) reg>d to *oruses or flute-play]s or poets & _! p]=mances1 b :at 0 int5d$ is t ! citiz5s #ie %\ld above all ?+s obey ! laws3 = s long z ^! are g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 ,/ates w be /rong & prosp]\s1 b )\t concord nei!r h\se nor family c /&4 ,ea* individual also ( a community c ?rive only 9 ?is way2 ! man :o obeys ! laws w always incur less loss & ga9 m hon\r ?an ! lawless man2 & 9 ! c\rts1 hav+ ! law on 8 side1 he w m readily ga9 8 case4 ,& to :om1 ,i ask1 w\ld y intru/ y\r prop]ty1 or y\r son1 or y\r wife1 pref]ably to ! man :o fe>s to violate ! laws8 9 :om w ! public au?orities m readily confide8 ,f :om m ?an f ! obs]v] ( ! laws may p>5ts or relations1 or fri5ds or citiz5s or gue/s1 reasonably expect to receive _! due8 to :om w\ld enemies r commit ! negotiation ( truces & treaties8 ) :om pref]ably w\ld any ,/ate wi% to =m an alliance8 to :om w\ld 8 allies ) great] security intru/ ! def5ce ( any position1 or ! comm& ( any deta*m5t8 f :om w\ld a b5efactor soon] expect to receive a grateful return = ! b5efit conf]r$8 :om w\ld a man soon] *oose = 8 fri5d1 & m wisely %un z an enemy8 ,9 e situation ( life ! man :o respects law is ! p]son :om "o w\ld be mo/ b5efit$ by hav+ = 8 fri5d1 & mo/ damag$ by hav+ = 8 enemy2 &1 on ^! gr\nds1 ,i consid] myself ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ g5]ally1 ,o ,hippias1 t ! man :o obeys ! law1 & ! j man1 or ! man :o does ! "r1 is "o & ! same "*2 & if y h any objections to ?is doctr9e1 ,i %\ld l mu* to he> !m4 ,by ,jove6 said ,hippias1 ,i ?9k ,i am n able to #if /ate any valid objections to :at y h said6 ,tell me1 ,o ,hippias1 did y ev] he> ( :at we might call ,,unwritt5 ,,laws8 ,yes2 ^? laws ,i presume y mean :i* are ! same 9 all c\ntries4 ,c we say1 !n1 d y imag9e1 t m5 made su* laws8 ,h[ c\ld t be8 m5 c\ld nei!r come toge!r = su* a purpose1 nor1 if !y did1 c\ld !y ev] agree4 ,:o1 !n1 d y ?9k laid d[n ^! laws8 ,9 my op9ion1 ! gods2 = among/ all m5 ! univ]sal in/9ct is to ackn[l$ge ! gods4 ,rev]5ce to p>5ts1 ,i presume1 falls "u ! same category--= ?is is a univ]sal practice4 ,i agree4 ,!n %all we say t ! gods are also ! au?ors ( ! law =bidd+ sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & _! (fspr+8 ,no2 ,i _c call ?is a law com+ directly f ! gods4 ,:y n8 ,because ,i see c]ta91 m5 transgress+ ?is law2 x is n univ]sal4 ,b ! transgression ( a law does n make x less a law2 m5 break _m laws2 b 9 ! case ( ! div9e laws a p5alty waits on ! transgressor :i* x is impossible to escape1 z m5 may1 & n seldom d1 escape ! consequ5ces ( violat$ human laws1 :e!r by p]si/5tly und]m9+ or viol5tly ov]rid+ !m4 ,b :at p5alty1 ,socrates1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 d p>5ts & *ildr5 incur :o practise ince/u\s int]c\rse8 ,! greate/ ( all p5alties1 ! begett+ ( *ildr5 9 a bad way4 ,b h[ bad8 = be+ good !mselves1 t is 9 good heal? & ( a good /ock1 :at comes f good mu/ ( necessity be good4 ,b y =get1 rejo9$ ,socrates1 t 9 ! procreation ( *ildr5 we mu/ consid] n only ! orig9al goodness ( ! /ock1 b also #ig t ! bodies ( bo? individuals conc]n$ 9 ! act %\ld be 9 _! prime2 or d y p]haps imag9e t f unripe bodies1 or bodies s9k+ into decay1 an equally vigor\s & heal?y se$ c fl[1 z f ^? :i* are 9 _! be/ condition8 ,c]ta9ly n1 said ,hippias4 ,!n x is pla91 said ,socrates1 t ! (fspr+ ( su* int]c\rse w\ld n be procreat$ "u fav\rable natural conditions1 & accord+ to ! unwritt5 law ( nature are = ?is reason bad & wrong4 ,take n[ ano!r in/ance3 +ratitude1 ,i presume1 y w grant is always & ev]y:]e wrong1 :ile to repay k9dness by k9dness is ev]y:]e an act 9 h>mony ) law4 ,c]ta9ly2 b ?is law also is frequ5tly transgress$4 ,yes2 & ! transgression br+s ) x its own puni%m5t1 9 t ! violators ( ?is law are at once depriv$ ( good fri5ds1 & =c$ to cultivate ! goodwill ( ^? :o !y "k mu/ hate !m2--= are n ^? :o conf] b5efits on _! fri5ds good fri5ds1 & d n ^? :o nev] return obligations to su* fri5ds1 make !mselves hat$ by !m1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 on acc\nt ( ! b5efits :i* may accrue f su* connexion1 !y are oblig$ to g on c\rt+ ^? v p]sons by :om !y are hat$8 ,n[1 by ,jove1 said ,hippias1 ,i mu/ confess t "h ,i d see pla9 traces ( a div9e law2 = t laws %\ld br+ along ) !m _! own p5alty :5 brok51 is a mo/ r>e device1 to :i* no m]e human legislator has ev] yet be5 able to atta94 ,well !n1 ,hippias1 d y ?9k t ! gods1 :5 !y make laws1 make !m 9 accordance ) "r1 or ) :at is contr>y to "r8 ,n ) :at is contr>y1 assur$ly2 #ih = if laws are to be made 9 accordance ) absolute "r1 ! gods are ! only p[]s t c make !m p]fectly4 ,& s1 ,hippias1 to f9i% our long disc\rse1 we conclude t ,,) ,,! ,,gods ,,law ,,& ,,"r ,,are ,,id5tical40 ,n[1 )\t ma9ta9+ ! p]fect propriety or suffici5cy ( all ! examples put =w>d 9 ?is argum5t1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( x /ate ! fundam5tal axioms ( moral philosophy 9 a way :i* might h sav$ a c]ta9 mod]n s*ool ( e?ical writ]s volumes ( +5i\s sophi/ry1 if !y _h b possess$ ! natural am\nt ( rev]5ce & k :i* w\ld h enabl$ !m to appreciate :at 0 good & true 9 ! disc\rses ( ! great fa!rs ( _! own sci5ce4 ,= ! unwritt5 laws ^: au?ority ! ,a!nian evangeli/ "h s eloqu5tly ass]ts1 9 goodly h>mony ) ! noble ,hebrew prophet 7,j]emiah xxxi4 #cc7 be=e him1 & ! h]oic apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 7,romans ii4 #ae7 f\r c5turies & a half lat]1 are j ! natural & necess>y fruit ( ^? innate human actions & div9ely implant$ in/9cts 9 ! region ( emotion & volition1 :i* ,locke1 9 an evil day = ,briti% philosophy1 ?\ght x incumb5t on him to d5y1 & by ! d5ial ( :i* a :ole s*ool ( meagre morali/s1 f ,hume to ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 h ei!r dragg$ !mselves +lori\sly 9 ! mire1 or entangl$ !mselves 9 a tissue ( ! sorrie/ sophi/ries4 ,9 ?is dialogue also we see h[ ably ! common s5se ( ! great logical mission>y ( ,greece f\ght its way ?r\gh t mo/ inconclusive argum5t aga9/ ! immutability ( moral di/9ctions d]iv$ f ! /range & abnormal habits ( c]ta9 savage tribes4 #ii ,a law is n ! less a law1 repli$ ,socrates to ! sophi/ical ,hippias1 because x may be sometimes or frequ5tly transgress$2 & a div9e in/9ct is n ! less div9e because !re are f\nd false in/9cts & morbid s5sibilities 9 individual m51 or ev5 9 :ole tribes4 ,! type ( any race ( animals is n to be tak5 f mon/]s1 nor is ! law ( ! v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le ne> f]rug9\s rocks or 9 an iron vessel to be p>ad$ z a pro( t !re is no su* ?+ z magnetic pol>ity4 ,accord+ to ! argum5t ( ,socrates1 z ,ari/otle also tea*es1 ! ab]rations f ! norm ( human morality 9 c]ta9 p]sons or tribes1 :i* s conf\nd$ ,locke1 are no m to be held z argum5ts aga9/ ! et]nity ( innate moral di/9ctions ?an ! exi/5ce ( sporadic disease or deg5]at$ types ( body c be consid]$ z disprov+ ! fact ( heal?1 or ! bray+ ( an incid5tal ass1 or ev5 a troop ( asses1 c be tak5 z a refutation ( "o ( ,bee?ov5's symphonies4 ,on ! political op9ions & conduct ( ,socrates a v few words w suffice4 ,we h se5 above 7p4 #ad7 t1 l ! apo/le ,paul1 & ! prea*]s ( ! gospel g5]ally1 he kept himself out ( all political entanglem5t2 nev]!less z a notable & prom95t citiz5 9 :at1 not)/&+ its great celebrity1 we _c b call a small democratic ,/ate1 he c\ld n avoid occasionally talk+ on subjects ( public int]e/1 & giv+ 8 op9ion freely on ! conduct ( public m54 ,to h done o!rwise inde$ w\ld h be5 to h impos$ sil5ce on himself 9 reg>d to n a few matt]s :i* belong$ z mu* to 8 moral mission z any?+ t conc]n$ ! conduct ( private #ajj individuals2 x w\ld h be5 also to incur ! *>ge ( apa?y1 indiff]5ce & c[>dice1 ?an :i* no?+ c\ld h be5 m hurtful to 8 influ5ce z a moral tea*]4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! book ( ,x5ophon !re are n want+ indications ( 8 political t5d5cies1 :i* we %all "h attempt summ>ily to /ate4 ,8 fundam5tal position 9 reg>d to all political duties 01 z we may h ga!r$ f ! conv]sation ) ,hippias1 ! supreme obligation on e good citiz5 to obey ! exi/+ laws4 ,9 ?is sacr$1 & sometimes1 "o might feel incl9$ to ?9k1 ov] scrupul\s rev]5ce = law1 he agrees ) ! apo/le ,paul1 b runs directly c\nt] to ! receiv$ maxims ( all democracy1 bo? anci5t & mod]n2 = rev]5ce is n an emotion :i* democracy *]i%es2 & an impassion$ majority is apt to consid] e law a usurpation1 :i* applies a drag to its impetu\sness or a bridle to its wilfulness4 ,:e!r he 0 9 he>t a republican aft] ! ,attic type1 l ,ari/otle1 or1 l 8 illu/ri\s disciples ,plato & ,x5ophon1 *]i%$ a reaction>y p>tiality = ! ,sp>tan or mon>*ico-ari/ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t1 is difficult to say4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! ,memorabilia !re is no?+ t sav\rs ( an admiration ( absolutism1 or a bl9d rev]5ce = ,sp>ta2 & ?\gh !re 0 9 8 "t a curr5t notion--aris+ out ( rec5t political mis=tunes--t ! ,a!nian "* _h deg5]at$1 we f9d him1 9 a rem>kable conv]sation ) "y ,p]icles1 r dispos$ to v9dicate ?an to exagg]ate ! faults ( 8 democratic fell[-citiz5s4 ,at ! same "t1 x is q c]ta9 t z a philosoph]1 & a man free to look at #aja public affairs f an imp>tial position1 he did n approve ( c]ta9 pr9ciples fondly *]i%$ 9 ! practice ( ! democracy ( :i* he 0 a memb]4 ,if !re=e 9 8 he>t he wi%$ a democracy at all1 he mu/ h wi%$ x1 z ,ari/otle also did1 "u ^? *ecks1 & ) t temp]+ admixture ( ! ari/ocratic elem5t :i* w\ld con/itute x :at ,ari/otle calls a 1 & :at we %\ld call a mod]ate republic1 or a popul> gov]nm5t n f\nd$ on m]e lib]ty & equality1 & n subject to ! ov]be>+ sway ( a m]e num]ical majority4 ,= 9 ! exi/+ democracy ( ,a!ns we f9d him attribut+ ! milit>y mi%aps ( 8 c\ntrym5 to ! circum/ance t _! (fic]s _h no pr(essional tra9+1 & ! g5]als ( ! army 7 9 fact = ! mo/ "p extemporiz$4#aja4a ,?is 0 no d\bt a v vuln]able po9t ( ! democracy2 = we f9d ,philip ( ,mac$on 9 ! next c5tury tell+ ! ,a!nians s>ca/ically t !y 7 surely a v wond]ful p1 inasmu* z !y f\nd t5 g5]als to elect e ye>1 :]eas he 9 8 :ole life _h be5 able to f9d only "o1 ,p>m5io4 ,& 9 ! same _s ! pung5t fa!r ( ! ,cynics _h told !m1 aft] a g5]al election1 t !y _h bett] g & vote publicly t asses 7 horses1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be m reasonable ?an to vote t c]ta9 p]sons :om !y _h j /amp$ ) ! title ( g5]als 7 soldi]s4 ,z little c\ld ,socrates1 z a ?9k+ man1 & a man ( l(ty self-reliance1 ) a m ?an common am\nt #ajb ( moral c\rage1 approve ei!r ( ! democratic device ( *oos+ important public (fic]s by ! bl9d *ance ( ! ballot1 or ( t unreason$ usage ( all democracies1 t a mix$ multitude1 huddl$ into ! vote1 "u ! influ5ce ( sudd5 passion or subtle intrigue1 %all1 by a m]e num]ical majority1 decide on ! mo/ critical que/ions1 :i* require compreh5sive survey1 cool decision1 & imp>tial judgm5t4 ,aga91 z a man ( tru?1 he _h a special objection to ! me?od ( gov]n+ 9 democracies by p&]+ to ! prejudices ( ! p r ?an by oppos+ !m2 & above all ?+s he hat$1 & 0 con/antly d5\nc+ & expos+1 t m]etrici\s & ess5tially holl[ oratory :i* ! man ( ! p always mu/ practise :5 ! electors1 on ^: fav\r he is dep5d5t1 h _! op9ions dictat$ by local int]e/s & p]sonal passions1 r ?an by l>ge consid]ations ( public "r & ! g5]al good4 ,la/ly1 z a morali/1 he knew t !re is no bait m s$uctive to ! human m9d ?an ! love ( p[]2 to ?is /rong passion democracy applies a con/ant & pot5t /imulus2 & ?us acts directly 9 br++ ! wor/ & n ! be/ m5 into situations ( public influ5ce & tru/2 = good m5 are mode/1 & m apt to feel ! responsibilities ?an to covet ! advantages ( political p[]4 ,?us f> ,socrates 0 decid$ly1 if n anti-republican1 at lea/ anti-democratic2 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d also t he &1 we may add1 all ! wise ,greeks 7 equally or ev5 m oppos$ to ! cold selfi%ness ( a n>r[ olig>*y gov]n+ = _! own aggr&izem5t2 & t1 l e man ) ,hell5ic blood 9 8 ve9s1 he _h an in/9ctive hatr$ ( #ajc tyranny & oppression 9 e %ape2 & prov$ ?is1 z ,x5ophon in=ms u1 9 ! mo/ decid$ way1 by publicly be>d+ two ( ! ?irty tyrants1 & pursu+ quietly 8 lab\rs ( love 9 _! despite4 ,! prosecution & dea? ( ,socrates1 :i* we mu/ n[ sket*1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5ts 9 hi/ory1--useful also 9 a special degree z a w>n+ to t l>ge class ( p]sons :o are incl9$ to foll[ ! multitude 9 all ?+s1 ) unlimit$ fai? 9 ! motto ,,vox ,,populi ,,vox ,,dei4 ,nev] did a p1 9 ?is case a p>ticul>ly %rewd & intellig5t p1 cas$ 9 ! h>d panoply ( unreason$ tradition1 "u ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( prejudice1 ! exagg]ations ( p]sonal spite1 & ! smoo? s$uctions ( popul> oratory1 commit an act ( m d>+ defiance to e pr9ciple ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,happily we possess evid5ce ( ! mo/ di/9ct & indubitable description ) reg>d bo? to ! nature ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ! philosoph] & ! delusions :i* bl9d$ 8 judges4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ po9t1 we h ! v words ( ! indictm5t1 giv5 9 ! same t]ms by bo? ,plato & ,x5ophon4 ,) reg>d to ! second po9t1 :]e9 ! real key to 8 condemnation lies1 we h an anci5t com$y--! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes--9 :i* ! /ate ( public feel+ & popul> prejudice 9 ,a!ns 9 ref]5ce to ! philosoph] is br\ght z vividly be=e u z if x _h be5 a matt] ( ye/]day4 ,9 ?is play--"o ( ! wise/ c]ta9ly1 & "o ( ! mo/ humor\s1 t ev] 0 writt5--,socrates is put =w>d z repres5t+ ! ,sophi/s2 & a picture is drawn ( t class ( p]sons1 calculat$ to /ir up a :ole ho/ #ajd ( indignant feel+s1 patriotic & p]sonal1 aga9/ ! philosoph]4 ,no d\bt ! :ole affair1 s f> z ,socrates 0 conc]n$1 0 a tissue ( ! grosse/ lies2 b nei!r ^? ^: bus9ess x is to make jokes = ! public1 nor ! public1 :o f9d _! pleasure 9 ^! jokes1 h ev] display$ any v scrupul\s c>e 9 sift+ ! mat]ials ( _! mir?4 ,a popul> com$y on any ev5t ( ! day is popul>1 n because x is true1 b because x clev]ly tricks out t view ( ! matt] :i* ! multitude delights to ?9k is true2 x is ! prop] pabulum ( popul> prejudice2 & z su* !re c be no d\bt t ! gross c>icature ( ,socrates repres5t$ 9 ,a!ns #dbc ,b4,c4 ) great applause1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal fe$]s ( ^? local feel+s & prejudices by :i*1 tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! great prea*] ( righte\sness 0 condemn$4 ,= we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ,socrates 0 n condemn$ by a b5* ( cool lawy]s1 su* z decide cases ( h]esy 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 b by a jury or popul> assembly1 mo/ ( :om _h already prejudg$ ! case2 & trial by jury1 z l>ge exp]i5ce 9 ?is c\ntry has %[n1 may z readily be made ! will+ in/rum5t ( popul> passion1 z ! /rong bulw>k aga9/ autocratic or olig>*ic oppression4 ,& all ^! s\rces ( evid5ce br+ u to a conclusion :i* agrees exactly ) :at might a priori h be5 pr$icat$ f :at we "k bo? ( ! special proclivities ( ! ,a!nian p & ! g5]al t5d5cies ( human be+s1 :5 act+ 9 masses1 "u ! spur ( great political or religi\s excitem5t4 ,to /ate ! matt] m articulately1 ! view ( ! philosoph]'s guilt tak5 by 8 accus]s & ! #aje majority ( ! jury :o condemn$ him1 may be compris$ "u ! foll[+ five po9ts3-- 7#a47 ,socrates 0 "o ( ! ,sophi/s2 & to ! sup]ficial undi/+ui%+ eye ( ! g5]al public ( ,a!ns1 l any o!r public1 con/itutionally impati5t ( di/9ctions1 x 0 z natural to conf\nd ! philosoph] ) 8 antagoni/s z x 0 to ,tacitus & o!r intellig5t ,romans to conf\nd ! fir/ ,*ri/ians ) _! greate/ enemies1 ! ,jews4 ,:atev] odium !re=e 9 public e/imation atta*$ to ! pr(ession & pr9ciples ( a ,sophi/1 necess>ily atta*$ to ,socrates1 z "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ! class4 ,he 0 accord+ly assum$ to be guilty "u ! foll[+ heads ( (f5ce1 all ( :i* 7 truly applicable to ! majority ( ! class ( m5 ) :om he 0 id5tifi$4 7#b47 ,! ,sophi/s g5]ally did n believe 9 ! gods ( _! c\ntry1 &1 m ?an t1 !y 7 sceptical1 & ev5 a!i/ical1 9 _! :ole tone & attitude4 7#c47 ,!y did n believe 9 ! immutability ( moral di/9ctions1 tea*+ t all morality is bas$ on positive law1 cu/om1 fa%ion1 association1 or habit4 7#d47 ,& _! pr(ession ( ^! pr9ciples 0 ! m dang]\s1 t x 0 support$ by a speci\s & plausible art ( logic & rhetoric1 ( :i* ! pr(ess$ object 01 ) an utt] disreg>d ( tru?1 to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason4 7#e47 ,! natural & actual effect ( ?is tea*+ 0 to corrupt ! y\? & und]m9e bo? dome/ic & civic morality4 #ajf ,?is is ! full view ( ! case1 z "o may ga!r x f ! :ole plead+s2 b m def9itely & succ9ctly ! actual indictm5t is giv5 by ,x5ophon 9 ?is s+le s5t5ce3--8,,socrates ,,behaves ,,wrongfully ,,9 ,,n ,,ackn[l$g+ ,,^? ,,z ,,gods ,,:om ,,! ,,/ate ,,holds ,,to ,,be ,,gods1 ,,& ,,9 ,,introduc+ ,,new ,,gods ,,( ,,8 ,,own2 ,,he ,,acts ,,wrongfully ,,also ,,9 ,,corrupt+ ,,! ,,y\?40 ,n[ ! fir/ "q :i* arises on ?is *>ge is1 :e!r su* a prosecution1 accord+ to ! law ( ,a!ns1 0 ju/ifiable at all2 & on ?is head we are happy to agree ) ! view ( ! case s ably /at$ by ,pr(essor ,zell] 9 8 excell5t "w on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,greeks4 ,! prosecution1 we ?9k1 0 n ju/ifiable2 t is1 ev5 ?\gh ! po9ts _h be5 prov51 !re 0 no indictable (f5ce4 ,= ?\gh unque/ionably bo? by ,hell5ic & ,roman law a public action lay 9 !ory aga9/ all :o did n ackn[l$ge ! gods ( ! c\ntry1 & no man 0 entitl$ to ent]ta9 private gods )\t ,/ate au?ority2 & ?\gh z a matt] ( fact sev]al em95t p]sons1 su* z ,anaxagoras & ,diagoras1 _h ev5 9 ! lifetime ( ,socrates be5 tri$ & bani%$ = ! (f5ce ( impiety1 yet ! _s ( tol]ation 0 n[ s l>ge1 & ! lic5se ev]y:]e assum$ _h be5 s great1 t to condemn an hone/ ?9k] to dea? = simple het]odoxy1 9 ! ye> #cii ,b4,c41 9 ,a!ns1 0 altoge!r inexcusable1 & c\ld be attribut$ only to int5se p]sonal spite on ! "p ( 8 prosecutors1 & to ! crasse/ prejudice on ! "p ( ! jury :o tri$ him4 ,b ! case assumes a mu* m s]i\s aspect1 #ajg :5 x /&s prov5 9 ! mo/ di/9ct t]ms t1 ev5 _h ! prosecution 9 po9t ( legal practice be5 ju/ifiable1 ! def5dant z a matt] ( fact 0 entirely innoc5t ( all ! *>ges 9 ! indictm5t4 ,( ?is ample evid5ce %9es out 9 almo/ e page ( ! above sket*2 & m may be f\nd by :oso c>es to seek 9 almo/ e *apt] ( ,x5ophon4 ,!re is no philosoph] ( antiquity 9 :om a *e]ful piety1 accord+ to ! traditions ( 8 c\ntry1 & a reasonable morality1 7 s happily comb9$4 ,9 ?is view he /&s out 9 rem>kable complet5ess :5 comp>$ :e!r ) ,confucius 9 ! f> ea/1 or ) ,ari/otle 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,he /&s also z a repres5tative man 9 ?is respect above ,plato1 & inc>nates fully bo? ! piety & ! philosophy ( ,a!ns1 j z ,*alm]s 0 ! inc>nation ( ! religion1 ! sci5ce1 ! f]v\r & ! practical sagacity ( ,scotl&4 ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh a man ( pr(\nd piety1 z a transc5d5tal speculator 0 too l(ty 9 8 po9t ( view to be able to reconcile himself to ! famili> & s5su\s !ology ( ,hom]2 :ile ,ari/otle 0 defective altoge!r 9 ! emotional "p ( 8 nature1 &1 l a true encyclopdi/1 0 cont5t to regi/] ! gods :om he _h n ! he>t to wor%ip4 ,z to ! new gods :om ,socrates 0 said to h introduc$1 ?is *>ge c\ld only h aris5 f "s gross popul> blund] ab\t ! or g5ius by :om he us$ to ass]t 8 conduct 0 (t5 guid$4 ,:at ?is really 0 we %all see by & by2 b ev5 _h x be5 a real famili> _s1 z 0 crudely suppos$1 !re 0 no?+ 9 ! idea ( su* spiritual int]c\rse contr>y to ! #ajh or?odox conceptions ( hea!n piety4 ,! ?ird *>ge aga9/ him ( corrupt+ ! y\?1 0 m]ely an application ( ! *>ge ( irreligion1 ) ! obvi\s int5tion ( r\s+ ! t5d] appreh5sions ( ,a!nian fa!rs :o believ$ 9 ! /\t old ,m>a?onian /urd9ess1 & hat$ ! subtle glibness ( ! ris+ g5]ation2 = 9 fact1 l ! late di/+ui%$ ,b>on ,buns51 ,socrates 0 peculi>ly ! fri5d ( "y m51 & specially zeal\s = _! good4 ,! answ] to su* a *>ge 0 pla91 & 0 simil> to t :i* might h be5 made by ! ,me?odi/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 !y 7 *>g$ ) lead+ away ! p f ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*3 ,if y1 ! ,*ur*m51 _h tak5 c>e ( ! p 9 ! remote corn]s ( ,cornwall & ,wales1 we c]ta9ly %\ld nev] h int]f]$4 ,s ,socrates might well ask 8 accus]s1 z we f9d 9 ,plato's ,apology he did3 8,if ,i corrupt ! "y m51 :o improves !m8 ,x 0 simply because !re 0 no p]son :o c>$ to in/ruct !m 9 ! pr9ciples ( "r t !re 0 room = me to come =w>d z a tea*] at all4 ,y\r accusation ( me is a pro( t y neglect$ y\r own "w40 ,:y !n1 we are n[ prep>$ to ask1 0 he condemn$8 ,! answ] to ?is is un=tunately only too obvi\s4 ,! causes ( 8 condemnation 7 five3-- 7#a47 ,because 8 fre$om ( spee* z a prea*] ( righte\sness _h made him n a few enemies 9 influ5tial qu>t]s4 ,?\gh entirely free f e ta9t ( bitt]ness or ill-w1 & ev5 playfully tol]ant to human weaknesses1 ! v rev]se1 z we h se51 ( a mod]n ,calv91 ! mom5t an argum5t 0 />t$ he sp>$ no p>ty1 :o1 by #aji ! application ( ! se>*+ logical te/1 0 f\nd to be a deal] 9 holl[ sup]ficialities or pret5ti\s %ams2 poets1 orators1 & politicians equally 7 made to feel ! ke5 edge ( 8 repro(4 ,aga9/ all & ea* ( ^! he _h spok5 m tru? ?an !y c\ld easily be>2 & ( t dang]\s se$ he 0 n[ to reap ! natural fruit4 ,tru?1 :i* 0 a jewel ( great price to him1 0 a nause\s drug to _m2 & ! man :o adm9i/]$ x c\ld n be look$ on ) fri5dly eyes4 8,am ,i become y\r enemy because ,i tell y ! tru?80 0 ! "q direct$ m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds by ! great apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles to "s ( 8 p]v]t$ *ur*es4 ,s x 0 also 9 ! days ( ,socrates1 & s x mu/ ev] be4 ,m5 are by nature n lov]s ( tru?1 9 ! fir/ place1 b lov]s ( !mselves1 ( _! own wi%es1 ( _! own fancies1 ( _! own belong+s4 ,to become lov]s ( ! pure tru? !y mu/ und]go a process ( moral & intellectual reg5]ation--! new bir? ( ori5tal philosophy & ( evangelical doctr9e4 7#b47 ,because ! religi\s antipa?ies ( an or?odox public 7& ! ,a!nians prid$ !mselves specially on _! religi\sness7 t[>ds a p]son accus$ ( het]odoxy1 scepticism1 & a!ism are s /rong z readily to ov]be> any evid5ce t may be adduc$ to prove ! p]sonal piety1 & ev5 ! lit]al or?odoxy1 ( ! accus$ p>ty4 7#c47 ,because 9 a democracy1 :]e ! judges1 or1 z we w\ld say1 ! jury1 are a mix$ multitude ( ignorant & prejudic$ p1 su* motives are apt to be p>ticul>ly /rong4 7#d47 ,because ,socrates1 z a man ( high pr9ciple1 #aaj & ( a p]haps ov]-/ra9$ s5se ( hon\r1 w\ld n condesc5d to use any ( ^? intrigues1 tricks1 & supple artifices :i* are (t5 appli$ successfully to ov]come ! prejudices ( an adv]se jury4 ,nay1 8 attitude seem$ m t ( a man will+ to f9d 9 dea? a noble opportunity = putt+ a seal ^u ! great "w ( 8 life4 ,he plead$ 8 own case1 :i* no prud5t man does :o is anxi\s m]ely to ga9 8 case2 & 8 spee* is r a pr\d ass]tion ( himself aga9/ 8 judges ?an a politic deprecation ( _! displeasure4 7#e47 ,because1 no d\bt1 a c]ta9 excitem5t ( ! public m9d aris+ out ( ! tr\bles ( ! rec5t revolution>y gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! ,sp>tans1 & ! re/oration ( ! democracy by ,?rasybulus1 0 fav\rable to ! br++ ( a *>ge aga9/ a p]son belong+ to a class g5]ally suspect$ by ! p1 & "o :o _h unque/ionably at times spok5 8 m9d freely en\gh on ! defects1 absurdities1 & blund]s ( ! local democracy4 ,?is political elem5t may c]ta9ly h help$2 b ! *>ge aga9/ ! philosoph] 0 n ma9ly--=mally inde$ n at all--political1 z ! plead+s bo? 9 ,x5ophon & ,plato suffici5tly %[4 ,tak+ all ^! ?+s toge!r1 rememb]+ h[ _m follies & f]ocities h ev]y:]e be5 p]petrat$ 9 ! "n ( religion1 & impress$ ) ! full =ce ( :at ! poet says ( ! rew>d wont to be paid by ! _w to p]si/5t speak]s ( tru?-- 8,die w5ig5 die von d] ,wahrheit 0 erkannt ,und ?ri*t g5ug ihr volles ,h]z ni*t wahrt5 ,dem ,pbel ihr ,gefhl1 ihr ,s*au5 (f5b>t5 ,hat man von je gekreuzigt und v]brannt10-- #aaa "s p]sons may p]haps feel incl9$ to ?9k ) ,mr4 ,grote t 8! wond] r is t ! wise man 0 n prosecut$ soon]4 ,x 0 only ! extraord9>y tol]ation ( ! ,greek p t prev5t$ ?is40 ,!re is a great am\nt ( tru? 9 ?is rem>k2 b ! ex]cise ( poly!i/ic tol]ation 9 ! case ( ,socrates 0 r5d]$ m easy by ! und\bt$ innoc5cy ( ! accus$1 & ! ho/ ( fri5ds :om 8 wisdom & goodness _h creat$ = him z 8 *ampions4 ,_h ,socrates really be5 z het]odox 9 ,a!nian !ology z ,mi*ael ,s]vetus 0 9 ! !ology ( ! ,*ri/ian _w at ! p]iod :51 9 h>mony ) univ]sal ,european law1 he 0 burnt by ! ,g5evese ,calv9i/s1 we might !n h drawn a contra/ betwe5 mono!i/ic intol]ance & poly!i/ic tol]ation 9 two p]fectly simil> cases2 b z matt]s really /&1 :ile ! execution ( ,s]vetus 0 only a great legal & !ological mi/ake1 ! dea? ( ,socrates mu/ be /amp$ by ! imp>tial hi/orian z a great social crime4 ,x 0 equally aga9/ local law & human "r1 a rude invasion ( bl9d prejudice1 ov]be>+ insol5ce1 & paltry spite aga9/ ! holie/ sanctities ( human life4 ,! details ( ! dea? ( ,socrates1 sket*$ ) su* graceful p[] & k9dly simplicity by ,plato 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ! ,phd1 are well kn[n2 b ! pres5t pap] w\ld seem imp]fect )\t "s glimpse ( t la/ & mo/ beautiful sc5e ( ! philosoph]'s c>e]4 ,we %all !re=e conclude ) t extract2 & to make ! picture ( 8 la/ days z complete z possible1 introduce x by an extract f ,plato's ,apology1 9 :i* ! dignifi$ self-reliance & s]5e c\rage ( ! sage #aab is describ$ ) all t ri* fulness & easy grace ( :i* ! writ] 0 s consummate a ma/]3-- 8,i %\ld h done :at 0 decid$ly wrong1 ,o ,a!nians1 if1 :5 ! ar*ons :om y elect$ ord]$ me1 at ,potida1 at ,amphipolis1 & at ,delium1 to accept ! po/ giv5 me 9 ! w>1 & /& :]e ,i 0 ord]$ to /& at ! risk ( dea?1--if !n1 ,i say1 ,i _h n obey$ ! comm&1 & expos$ my life will+ly = ! good ( my c\ntry2 b :5 ! ord] comes f a god--z ,i _h ! be/ reason to believe t a god did ord] me to sp5d my life 9 philosophiz+1 & 9 prov+ myself & o!rs1 :e!r we 7 liv+ accord+ to "r reason1--if 9 su* circum/ances ,i %\ld n[1 f fe> ( dea?1 or f any o!r motive1 leave my po/1 & become a des]t]1 ?is 7 inde$ a s92 & = su* an (f5ce any "o might ju/ly br+ me be=e ?is c\rt on a *>ge ( impiety1 say+ t ,i _h disobey$ ! voice ( ! god by fl9*+ f dea?1 & conceit+ myself to be wise :5 ,i 0 n wise4 ,= to be afraid ( dea?1 ,o ,a!nians1 is 9 fact no?+ else ?an to seem to be wise :5 a man is n wise3 = x is to seem to h a k ( ?+s :i* a man does n "k4 ,= no man really kn[s :e!r dea? may n be to mortal m5 ( all bless+s p]haps ! greate/2 & yet !y d fe> x1 z if !y knew t x is ! greate/ ( evils4 ,& h[1 ,i ask1 c ?is be o!r ?an ! mo/ %ameful folly to imag9e t a man kn[s :at he does n "k8 or p]haps d ,i diff] f mo/ o!r m5 9 ?is1 & if ,i am wis] at all ?an any "o1 am ,i wis] 9 ?is1 t1 :ile n possess+ any exact k ( ! /ate ( matt]s 9 ,hades1 ,i d n #aac imag9e t ,i possess su* k2 b z to "r & wrong1 ,i "k = c]ta91 t to disobey a bett] ?an myself :e!r man or god1 is bo? bad & base4 ,on no acc\nt !re=e w ,i ev] fe> & seek to avoid :at may or may n be an evil1 r ?an t :i* ,i mo/ c]ta9ly "k to be bad2 9 s mu* t if1 on ! pres5t occasion1 y %\ld be will+ to acquit me1 & refuse to li/5 to ,anytus1 :o ma9ta9$ t ,i ei!r %\ld nev] h be5 br\ght be=e y at all1 or y c\ld n d o!rwise ?an condemn me to dea?1 because y\r sons1 putt+ 9 practice ! lessons ( ,socrates1 mu/ ne$s g on )\t r$emption to _! ru9--if1 not)/&+ ?is decl>ation ( my prosecutor1 y %\ld /ill be unconv9c$1 & say--,o ,socrates1 = ! pres5t we dis*>ge y1 b on ?is condition1 t = ! future y %all n g on philosophiz+ & prov+1 z y h hi!rto done2 &1 if y are caught do+ s1 !n y %all die--if on ^! conditions y 7 n[ will+ to acquit me1 ,i %\ld say to y1 ,o ,a!nians1 t1 :ile ,i *]i% all loyal respect & love = y1 ,i *oose to obey ! gods r ?an m51 & s long z ,i live & brea! ,i w nev] cease philosophiz+3 & exhort+ any ( y ) :om ,i may happ5 to conv]se1 & address+ him z ,i h be5 wont1 ?us1--,o my excell5t fell[-citiz51 ! citiz5 ( a ,/ate ! mo/ fam\s = wisdom & = res\rces1 is x seemly 9 y to feel no %ame if1 :ile y are sp5d+ y\r /r5g? 9 ! accumulation ( money1 & 9 ! acquisition ( civic reputation1 y be/[ n ! slighte/ pa9s to h y\r s\l z well furni%$ ) intellig5ce z y\r life is ) prosp]ity8 ,& if any man to #aad ?is "q %\ld reply1 t1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 he really does be/[ z mu* c>e on wisdom z on weal?1 !n ,i w n =?) let him g1 b w proce$1 z ,i 0 wont1 to int]rogate1 & to prove1 & to argue2 & if1 z ! result ( ! discussion1 he %all appe> to me n to possess virtue1 b m]ely to say t he possesses x1 ,i w !n g on to reprove him 9 t by 8 de$s he pref]s :at is base to :at is noble1 & fooli%ly sets ! highe/ value ^u t :i* has ! lea/ wor?4 ,& 9 ?is wise ,i w speak to e man :om ,i %all conv]se )1 be he citiz51 or be he /rang]1 & ! r if he be a fell[-citiz5 to :om ,i am b\nd by ne>] & m indissoluble ties4 ,= ?is is precisely :at ,i am comm&$ to d by ! god2 & if ! god did inde$ give =? ?is comm&1 !n mu/ ,i di/9ctly decl>e t no great] bless+ c\ld be to ?is city ?an t1 s long z ,i d live1 ,i %\ld live to execute ! div9e comm&4 ,= :at ,i d day aft] day tread+ y\r /reets is simply ?is1 t1 speak+ to bo? "y & old1 ,i exhort !m n to seek 9 ! fir/ place money or any?+ mat]ial1 b to /ret* e n]ve t _! s\l may be z excell5t z possible2 = t virtue & all excell5ce gr[ n f gold1 b r t gold & all ?+s truly good1 bo? 9 private & public life1 gr[ to m5 f ! possession ( virtue z ! root ( all good4 ,if by prea*+ ?is doctr9e ,i corrupt ! y\?1 let su* tea*+ be decl>$ corrupt3 b if any "o ass]ts t ,i tea* o!r doctr9e ?an ?is1 he is talk+ unreason4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,a!nians1 d z seeme? y good2 li/5 to ,anytus1 or li/5 to him n2 acquit me or acquit me n1 ,i c d no o!rwise ?an #aae ,i h done1 ?\gh ,i %\ld die a hundr$ times4 7,at ^! words murmurs ( diss5t & disapprobation are he>d f ! jury47 8,be n surpris$1 ,o ,a!nians1 nor express displeasure at :at ,i h said2 li/5 r & he>1 = y w be ! bett] & n ! worse = any?+ t ,i h said1 & ,i h "s o!r ?+s to say also ( a nature to br+ out simil> expressions ( y\r diss5t2 b he> me1 ,i besee* y1 ) pati5ce4 ,?is ,i mu/ pla9ly tell y1 t if y put me to dea?1 be+ su* an "o z ,i h describ$1 & do+ su* ?+s z ,i d1 y w n hurt me s mu* z y w hurt y\rselves2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 no man c hurt me1 nei!r ,anytus nor ,meletus nor any "o else2 = x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s t a bett] man %\ld receive ess5tial h>m f a worse4 ,no d\bt a worse man may kill me1 or bani% me1 or br& me ) /atutable infamy--evils ^! ! greate/ possible 9 ! e/imation ( "s1 b n c]ta9ly 9 my conviction1 :o hold ! greate/ infamy to be ev5 t :i* ?is man has br\ght ^u himself1 9 t wrongfully he endeav\rs to take away ! life ( 8 fell[4 ,i am n !re=e1 9 mak+ ?is pres5t def5ce1 plead+ my own cause s mu* z speak+ 9 y\r behalf1 ,o ,a!nians1 le/ ye %\ld be f\nd s9n+ aga9/ ! god 9 condemn+ a j man unju/ly4 ,= if y put me aside y w n easily f9d ano!r 7?\gh x may excite a smile :5 ,i say s7 :o may be able or will+ to p]=m ! same s]vice = ! public good2 = ev5 z a l>ge & mettlesome1 ?\gh f ! size ( its body some:at sl[1 horse requires #aaf a goad to make x run1 ev5 s ! god seems to h atta*$ me to y1 t by spurr+ & goad+1 & exhort+ & reprov+ y day aft] day ) a pi\s p]si/5cy1 ,i %\ld r\se y to ! p]=mance ( :at y\r dignity requires4 ,su* an hone/ c\nsellor1 & "o :o %all z fai?fully apply :5 necess>y ! pr(itable pa9 t belongs to ! successful treatm5t ( y\r malady1 y may n s readily f9d aga92 = :i* reason ,i say1 fell[-citiz5s1 he> me & sp>e my life2 b if1 z is natural en\gh1 y take (f5ce1 &1 l o!r sleep]s1 beg9 to kick & to butt at ! man :o r\ses y f y\r le?>gy1 no?+ is easi] ?an kill+ me2 & !n :5 ,i am gone y w be all[$ to sleep on 9 un9t]rupt$ slo?1 unless inde$ ! god %all be pleas$ to s5d "s o!r mess5g] ( grace to pluck y f de/ruction4 ,& t ,i truly am su* a p]son z ,i "h pr(ess to be1 a real mess5g] ( ! gods to y1 y may ga!r f h5ce t no m]e human motive c\ld h induc$ me n[ = s _m ye>s to h neglect$ my own affairs1 & devot$ myself to y\r good1 look+ ^u e man z my fa!r or my bro!r1 & exhort+ him by e possible suasion to seek = virtue z ! only good4 ,& ?is also ,i may say1 t if 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is my vocation ,i _h exact$ any paym5t or receiv$ any pecuni>y rew>d my accus]s might h _h "s gr\nd = _! *>ge2 b z ! case /&s y p]ceive pla9ly t1 :ile my enemies h br\ght =w>d e possible *>ge aga9/ me ) ! mo/ %ameless effront]y1 to sub/antiate :i* !y might imag9e !mselves 9 possession ( "s #aag %ad[ ( pro(1 none ( !m has produc$ a s+le witness to ! effect t ,i ev] ei!r receiv$ or s\ght a wage ( any k9d = ! in/ructions :i* ,i imp>t$4 ,b !re is "o witness :i* ,i c produce to rebut su* a *>ge if x 7 made1 a witness :i* w n fail to sil5ce ev5 ! bitt]e/ ( my accus]s1--ev5 t pov]ty 9 :i* ,i h liv$ & 9 :i* ,i %all die4 8,s mu* = ! "* ( my tea*+4 ,b p]haps x may seem /range to "s "o1 t1 :ile ,i g ab\t ! city giv+ c\nsel to e man 9 ?is busy fa%ion1 ) all my fondness = bus9ess ,i h n f\nd my way into public life1 nor come =w>d on ?is /age to advise y on public affairs4 ,n[ ! cause ( ?is is none o!r ?an t :i* y h frequ5tly he>d me m5tion1 namely1 ,,t ,,some?+ ,,div9e ,,& ,,sup]human to :i* ,meletus 9 8 address sc(f+ly allud$2 = ?is is ! sob] tru?1 ,o ye judges1 t f my boyhood ,i h on all important occasions be5 wont to he> a voice :i*1 :5ev] x speaks 9 ref]5ce to :at ,i am ab\t to d1 always w>ns me to refra91 b nev] urges me to p]=m4#aag4a ,?is voice x is1 #aah & no?+ else1 :i* =bade me to m$dle ) public affairs1 & =bade me v wisely1 z ,i c n[ cle>ly p]ceive1 & ) a mo/ excell5t result2 = ( ?is1 ,o ,a!nians1 be assur$1 if ,i _h essay$ at an e>ly p]iod ( my life to manage y\r public bus9ess1 ,i %\ld )\t d\bt h p]i%$ long ago1 & done no good ei!r to y or to #aai myself4 ,& be n wro? ) me if 9 ?is ,i tell y ! tru?2 ! man does n exi/ :o %all be able to save 8 life any:]e1 if he %all set himself hone/ly & p]si/5tly to oppose y or any o!r multitude ( p :5 y are viol5tly b5t on do+ ?+s unju/ & unlawful2 :osoev] !re=e w\ld live on ?is e>? z ! *ampion ( "r & ju/ice1 if only = a little :ile1 among/ m51 mu/ make up 8 m9d to d good z a private p]son1 & =ego all ambition to s]ve ! public 9 a political capacity40 ,?is is n ! tone c]ta9ly :i* any accus$ p]son anxi\s to save 8 life 9 plead+ be=e a democratic jury w\ld h adopt$1 :e!r at ,a!ns or ,new ,york4 ,by ! majority ( 8 judges1 :o came pr$ispos$ to condemn him1 su* language c\ld only be int]pret$ z add+ insult to injury4 ,if he ?9ks himself too good to live among/ u1 :y1 !n1 let him die6 ,& 9 accordance ) ?is s5tim5t a v]dict 0 br\ght 9--only by a small majority h[ev]--t he 0 guilty ( ! *>ge4 ,?is v]dict1 accord+ to ,a!nian law1 did n necess>ily det]m9e ! puni%m5t2 ! accus] ask$ = dea?2 b f ! smallness ( ! majority !re 0 e reason to believe t a less puni%m5t w\ld h satisfi$ ! jury1 if only ! accus$ _h %[n any will+ness to accept x4 ,b 9 ! %ort address :i* he made aft] ! v]dict ( guilty _h be5 giv5 91 ?\gh he pr(ess$ himself will+ to pay a f9e ( ?irty m91 :i* 8 fri5ds _h gu>ante$1 = himself 0 too poor1 yet he made ?is decl>ation ) su* an air ( calm sup]iority1 & accompani$ x ) su* a pr\d claim ( rew>d #abj = great public s]vices z 8 prop] civic due1 in/ead ( puni%m5t = any public (f5ce1 t 8 judges1 be+1 z !y 71 made ( ! common human /uff1 "u ! feel+s ( ! mom5t c\ld sc>cely d o!rwise ?an take x z an insult1 & s !y pass$ s5t5ce ( dea? ^u ! philosoph] = contumacy t[>ds !mselves1 n less ?an = blasphemy aga9/ ! gods4 ,! fate ( ,socrates 0 n[ fix$2 nor did he %[ any desire to h x alt]$4 ,to su* a /rict obs]v] ( ! laws1 & a p]son to :om 8 moral position be=e m5 0 ( inf9itely m consequ5ce ?an 8 life1 any attempt to escape f prison c\ld h be5 sugge/$ only to provoke refusal2 s he rema9$ 9 w>d ?irty days1 till ! sacr$ %ip %\ld return f ! ,delian fe/ival1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( :i* ,attic usage =bade ! infliction ( capital puni%m5t on any citiz54 ,?r\gh all ?is p]iod he is repres5t$ z pres]v+ ! same tone ( *e]ful s]i\sness & playful dignity :i* *>act]iz$ him 9 8 def5ce be=e ! judges4 ,he disc\rs$ ) 8 fri5ds on ! immortality ( ! s\l2 & ! record ( ?is conv]sation1 no d\bt1 9 ! argum5tative "p l>gely ,platoniz$1 b 9 ! fundam5tal s*eme sub/antially true1 has be5 pres]v$ to ! _w 9 ! well-kn[n dialogue ( ! ,phd2 ! clos+ *apt]s ( :i*1 exhibit+ ) a graceful & graphic simplicity1 nev] surpass$1 ! la/ mom5ts ( ! rev]$ tea*]'s mortal c>e]1 supply all t is fur!r requir$ to complete ! pres5t sket*3--8,well1 fri5ds1 we h be5 disc\rs+ = ?is la/ h\r on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & !re are _m po9ts ab\t t matt] #aba on :i* he 7 a bold man :o %\ld readily dogmatize2 b "o ?+ ,i seem to "k full c]ta9ly1 t :osoev] dur+ 8 e>?ly life has flung s5sual pleasures beh9d him1 & be5 /udi\s to adorn 8 s\l1 n ) conv5tional & adv5titi\s trapp+s1 b ) its own prop] decoration1 temp]ance & ju/ice1 & c\rage & fre$om & tru?1--! p]son s prep>$ waits *e]fully to p]=m ! j\rney to ! unse5 _w at :atev] p]iod ,fate may *oose to call him4 ,y1 ,simmias1 & ,cebes1 & ! re/ ( y1 my de> fri5ds1 w g t road "s day1 :5 y\r h\r comes3 z = me1 to use ! phrase ( ! tragic poets1 #8,de/9y ev5 n[ calls me1' & x is ab\t ! h\r t ,i %\ld be go+ to ! ba?2 = ,i ?9k x bett] to take a ba? fir/ be=e ,i dr9k ! drug1 s t ! wom5 may n h ! tr\ble to wa% my body :5 ,i am gone4 8,"h ,crito int]pos$ & said1 ,be x s6 b h y no la/ comm&s to give to ^! y\r fri5ds or to me1 9 relation to y\r *ildr51 or any matt] by att5d+ to :i* we might d y a pleasure8 ,no?+ b :at ,i am always say+1 ,o ,crito3 if y w s]i\sly att5d to y\r own lives & *>act]s1 y w d :at is mo/ pleasurable to me & m9e1 & to y\rselves1 ev5 ?\gh y %\ld n be able to agree ) me 9 all t we h be5 disc\rs+2 b if y live at r&om1 & neglect y\rselves1 & d n /rive to foll[ 9 ! traces ( a virtu\s life1 su* z we h m>k$ out n[1 & 9 _m =m] conv]sations1 y w d no good ei!r to me or to y\rselves4 ,well !n1 said ,crito1 we w apply ourselves ) all our he>ts to ?is matt]2 b 9 #abb :at way d y wi% t we %\ld bury y8 ,any way y l1 said he1 if y c only get hold ( me6 !n ) a quiet smile1 & look+ r\nd ^u u1 he said3 ,i _c p]suade ?is good ,crito t ,i :o am n[ talk+ to him1 & m>%all+ ! heads ( my argum5t1 am ! v]itable ,socrates2 b he p]si/s 9 ?9k+ ,socrates is t body :i* he w see by & by /ret*$ out on ! floor1 & he asks h[ he is to bury me8 b z to :at ,i h be5 ass]t+ ) _m words1 t aft] ,i h drunk ! hemlock ,i %all be ) y no long]1 b %all dep>t to "s bless$ness ( ! ble/1 ?is ,i seem to h spok5 all 9 va91 s f> z he is conc]n$4 ,only1 = a little com=t to y1 & to myself1 ,i besee* y1 de> fri5ds1 give ,crito security = me1 & pl$ge y\rself to ! opposite effect ( ! pl$ge he gave 9 my behalf be=e ! jury4 ,= he /ood gu>antee t ,i %\ld rema9 & wait ! result ( ! trial2 b f y ,i reque/ t y give him security t1 aft] ,i die1 ,i %all n rema91 b =?) dep>t1 t1 9 ?is way1 my excell5t fri5d may suff] less grief1 & :5 he sees my body ei!r burnt or inhumat$1 may n grieve = me1 z if ,i 7 suff]+ maltreatm5t1 nor say 9 ref]5ce to my body1 t !y are ei!r lay+ out ,socrates on a bi]1 or c>ry+ him =? to ! place ( ! dead1 or lay+ him 9 ! gr\nd4 ,= be assur$ ( ?is1 mo/ excell5t ,crito1 t to use words 9 an improp] s5se is n only a bad ?+ 9 itself1 b x g5]ates a bad habit 9 ! s\l4 ,be ( good *e] !re=e1 & talk ab\t bury+ my body1 n bury+ me2 & z to ! mann]1 manage ?is bus9ess z x %all seem be/ to y1 or z may be mo/ 9 accordance ) law & cu/om4 #abc 8,) ^! words he rose & w5t into a side *amb] = ! ba?1 ) ,crito foll[+2 b ! re/ ( u he reque/$ to rema94 ,accord+ly we rema9$1 conv]s+ ) "o ano!r on ! subject ( ! rec5t disc\rse1 & consid]+ sorr[fully our unhappy condition1 de/9$ z we 7 to sp5d ! re/ ( our days z orphans depriv$ ( a belov$ fa!r4 ,!n aft] he _h ba!d1 & 8 *ildr5 7 br\ght to him--= he _h two sons1 "o full-gr[n1--& ! wom5 also came 9--he spoke to !m = "s "t 9 ! pres5ce ( ,crito1 & gave 8 la/ comm&s1 & hav+ s5t !m home1 came back to u4 ,& n[ x 0 ne> sunset1 = he _h be5 a consid]able "t )92 & he came & sat d[n1 & aft] t did n speak mu*2 & !n ! (fic] ( ! ,elev5 came 9 & said to him1 ,o ,socrates1 ,i %all n h to blame y z ,i am 9 ! way ( blam+ o!rs1 because !y reproa* me = giv+ !m ! draught--me1 :o h no?+ to d ) ! (f5ce1 b :o only execute :at ,i am comm&$ to d by ! ,ar*ons4 ,b y1 z dur+ ! :ole "t t y h be5 "h1 y %[$ a nobility & g5tl5ess ( disposition :i* ,i nev] knew 9 ano!r1 s n[ ,i am conv9c$ t y w accuse n me b ^? :o are ! real au?ors ( y\r dea?4 ,n[ !re=e1 = y "k my message1 f>ewell6 & endeav\r to be> :at mu/ be borne ) a light he>t4 ,& ) ?is he wept1 & turn$ & w5t out4 ,& ,socrates1 look+ aft] him1 said1 ,f>e ?\1 too1 well2 & we w d ev5 z y say4 ,!n turn+ to u4 ,:at a k9d-he>t$ fell[ ?is is6 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( my abode "h he w\ld (t5 come #abd up to me1 l ! be/ ( m51 & n[ he weeps = me ) su* g5]\s te>s4 ,b come1 let u d 8 bidd+1 & let "s "o br+ 9 ! drug1 if x is rubb$ d[n2 if n1 let ! man grate x4 ,b ,i ?9k1 said ,crito1 t ! sun is yet on ! m\nta9s1 & is n set2 & ,i h kn[n o!rs 9 y\r condition :o delay$ ! dr9k+ ( ! draught till ! late/ mom5t1 &1 ev5 aft] ! (fic] _h made 8 intimation1 cont9u$ eat+ & dr9k+ & talk+ ) _! fri5ds1 :om !y desir$ to h beside !m4 ,be n !re=e 9 a hurry2 !re is abundance ( "t4 ,likely en\gh1 said ,socrates2 & !y did wisely :at !y did1 ?9k+ t !y w\ld ga9 some?+ !reby2 b x 7 n seemly 9 me to foll[ _! example1 = ,i %\ld ga9 no?+ by delay+ ! draught = a few mom5ts except to laugh at myself = hav+ clung s eag]ly to ! remnant ( a life t _h already run its c\rse4 ,b come1 d z ,i bid y1 & n o!rwise4 8,on ?is ,crito gave a nod to ! boy :o 0 /&+ ne>2 & ! boy w5t out1 & aft] sp5d+ "s "t 9 grat+ d[n ! h]b1 return$1 br++ ) him ! man ^: duty x 0 to adm9i/] ! drug m+l$ 9 a b[l4 ,well1 said ,socrates1 my good fell[1 d y und]/& ?is affair1 s z to give directions h[ we are to proce$8 ,y h no?+ to d1 said ! man1 b to dr9k ! draught1 & to walk ab\t till y feel a heav9ess ab\t y\r limbs1 & !n lie d[n2 aft] t ! dr9k w "w = itself4 ,& ) ?is he gave ! b[l to ,socrates2 & he1 tak+ x v graci\sly1 & )\t trembl+ or *ang+ col\r1 b 9 8 usual way look+ ! man broadly #abe 9 ! face1 said to him1 ,:at d y say z to ?is draught1 may "o make a libation ( a "p ( x1 or n8 ,we grate d[n j :at we ?9k is a prop] measure to dr9k1 & no?+ m4 ,i und]/&1 said he2 b at all ev5ts x is lawful to pray to ! gods1 t our migration h5ce may take place ) good om5s1 ev5 z ,i pray n[2 & s be x4 ,& ) ^! words1 br++ ! b[l to 8 lips1 he quaff$ ! draught lightly & pleasantly to ! dregs4 ,:]eupon we1 :o _h hi!rto be5 able to repress our sorr[1 n[ t we saw him dr9k+ ! poison1 & n a drop rema9+ 9 ! b[l1 9 spite ( e ef=t bur/ into te>s2 & ,i1 cov]+ my head ) my mantle1 began to bewail my fate--my fate1 n 81 consid]+ ( :at a man & :at a fri5d ,i 0 n[ depriv$4 ,b ,crito1 ev5 be=e me1 n be+ able to re/ra9 8 te>s1 rose up2 & z = ,apollodorus1 :o _h be5 weep+ all along1 he n[ broke out into su* a pite\s wail z to r5d ! he>ts ( all pres5t & cru% !m ) sorr[1 except only ,socrates himself1 :o quietly rem>k$--,:at is ?is y are ab\t1 my good sirs8 ,did ,i n s5d ! wom5 away expressly = ?is purpose1 t !re might be no extravagant lam5t+s at my exit1 = ,i h always he>d t 9 a sacrifice x is a good om5 :5 ! victim receives ! bl[ peacefully4 ,be quiet1 !re=e1 & possess y\r s\ls 9 pati5ce4 ,:]eat we1 be+ a%am$1 made an ef=t to re/ra9 our te>s4 ,!n he walk$ up & d[n1 till1 feel+ 8 legs become heavy1 he came1 accord+ to ! direction1 & laid himself d[n on 8 back2 :]eupon ! man :o gave ! b[l came up to him & t\*$ him1 & at %ort int]vals exam9$ 8 feet1 & #abf 8 legs1 & !n1 press+ 8 foot closely1 inquir$ if he felt any?+1 to :i* he repli$1 ,no2 !n ! man gradually br\ght 8 h& fur!r & fur!r up1 fir/ to 8 %9s & !n along ! leg1 ask+ always if he _h any s5sation2 & :5 he gave no sign we saw t 8 limbs 7 cold & /iff4 ,!n he himself likewise t\*$ 8 body ) 8 h& & said1 ,:5 ! numbness comes up to my he>t !n ,i %all dep>t4 ,& aft] t1 :5 ! numbness _h rea*$ ! l[] "p ( ! belly1 he sudd5ly uncov]$ himself--= :5 he lay d[n he _h ?r[n 8 mantle ov] 8 face--& said1--:i* 7 ! la/ words he utt]$--,o ,crito1 we owe a cock to sculapius2 pay ! v[ & d n =get2 & ) t drew ! mantle aga9 ov] 8 face4 ,x %all be done1 said ,crito2 h y no?+ else to say8 ,b n[ !re 0 no reply2 &1 aft] a %ort int]val1 a convulsive motion %ook ! body1 & ! man go+ up uncov]$ 8 face1 & we saw t 8 eyes 7 fix$4 ,!n ,crito go+ up clos$ 8 m\? & 8 eyes4 ,& ?is1 ,o ,e*ecrates1 0 ! end ( our belov$ companion & fri5d1 a man ( :om we may truly say1 ,,( ,,all ,,m5 ,,:om ,,we ,,h ,,kn[n1 ,,he ,,0 ,,! ,,be/1 ,,! ,,wise/1 ,,& ,,! ,,mo/ ,,j40 ,,ari/otle4 #abg ,,!re is a natural sequ5ce 9 ! processes ( social culture :i* is well illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ,moral ,philosophy among ! ,greeks4 ,! man ( action comes be=e ! man ( lit]ature1 ! man ( lit]ature be=e ! man ( sci5ce4 ,9 ,greek e?ics ,socrates 0 ! man ( action1 ,plato ! man ( lit]ature1 & ,ari/otle ! man ( sci5ce4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 t ,plato 0 m]ely ! lit]>y man1 9 ! trivial mod]n s5se ( t ^w2 he 0 em95tly ! philosoph]--n m]ely b --b he put =? 8 philosophy 9 a popul> =m2 he address$ himself to ! imag9ation z well z ! reason2 he appeal$1 z we w\ld say1 to ! g5]al public2 & speak+ to m5 9 a human way1 on ! mo/ int]e/+ ( human topics1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language arti/ically h&l$1 he falls manife/ly "u ! broad category ( ! lit]>y z oppos$ to ! sci5tific man1 :o works on a special subject1 & ) a special faculty4 ,b ,ari/otle 0 pre-em95tly1 & ) v m>k$ features1 ! man ( k2 he came ) ! dissect+ knife 9 h& & address$ himself to ^? :o 7 will+ to make special dissections ) him = ! m]e purpose ( kn[+1 & drew a broad l9e ( #abh dem>cation betwe5 ! speculative & ! practical _w4 ,nev]!less ! ,/agirite 0 some?+ m ?an a kn[+ ma*9e2 he 0 a man1 & by virtue ( 8 ,hell5ic bir? also a citiz54 ,he c\ld n !re=e avoid occupy+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! prov9ce ( ! practical man2 & s x has come to pass t 9 ?ree great works1 ! ,e?ics1 ! ,politics1 & ! ,rhetoric1 he has transport$ himself f ! tea*]'s *air1 & ent]$ into competition ) ,socrates & ,plato z a prea*] ( social morals & a guide to civic conduct4 ,?is 0 well bo? = him & = u3 well = him1 because m]e kn[+ c nev] exhau/ ! ri*es ( a nature s ess5tially practical z t ( man3 well = u1 because o!rwise we c\ld sc>cely h imag9$ ! ph5om5on ( an intellect at once s complete 9 all ! categories ( sci5tific cognition1 & s /rongly m>k$ ) all ! sagacity t belongs to ! s-call$ practical man1 ! man ( society1 ! man ( bus9ess1 ! accompli%$ citiz54 ,& x is to ?is walk+ out into ! realm ( common life1 in/ead ( conf9+ himself l s _m erudite ,g]mans )9 ! limits ( a libr>y or a laboratory1 t ,ari/otle owes no small "p ( ! influ5ce :i* he has s long ex]cis$1 n only 9 ! s*ools b among intellig5t m5 ( all classes4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 ,moral ,philosophy 0 ju/ly reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal "p ( t wisdom :i* x conc]ns all m5 to possess1 ! ,philosoph] ( ! ,lyceum nev] w\ld h be5 able to ass]t 8 place z a public tea*] alongside ( ,socrates & ,plato _h he be/[$ only a second>y consid]ation on ! gr& arts ( liv+ & gov]n+4 ,z x 01 ! poet-philosoph] ( ! ,academy c\ld n b rema9 #abi ! m popul> & ! m effective moral tea*] ( ! two2 b if ,plato 0 m attractive & m int]e/+1 & by ^! qualities comm&$ a wid] audi5ce1 x 0 a great consolation to ! less] circle ( ! ,/agirite's disciples t1 ?\gh 9 8 disc\rses on moral matt]s he 0 m angul> & m sev]e1 he 0 at ! same "t m %rewd1 m sagaci\s1 & m practical4 ,! reputation :i* ,ari/otle ?us ma9ta9$ among anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 bo? z a speculator & z a wise guide 9 ! conduct ( life1 0 increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ :5 br\ght into contact ) ! new moral =ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no d\bt ,plato at fir/ 0 ! natural ve/ibule ?r\gh :i* ! cultivat$ ,greeks ( ,alex&ria ent]$ ! temple ( ,*ri/ian fai?2 b aft] t fai?1 p>tly 9 league ) ,plato1 & p>tly 9 spite ( ,plato1 _h a*iev$ its natural triumph1 ,ari/otle1 ! cle>1 cold1 & ke51 b by no means dev\t ma/] ( all k1 by a sort ( reaction1 z x %\ld seem1 9 ! middle ages began to ass]t an exclusive dom9ance 9 ! s*ools1 bo? ( ,*ri/ian ,europe &1 ?r\gh ! ,arabians1 9 ! ,ea/4 ,to all :o 7 anxi\s = cle> & exact k 9 matt]s visible & tangible1 ! ,/agirite 0 ! only guide4 ,z ! high prie/ ( sci5ce he act$ 9 ^? days ( sac]dotal direction z ! natural complem5t ( fai?1 n z its antagoni/2 & = ?is reason he is prais$ by ,dante among ! solemn =ms ( ! mighty dead t pace ?r\gh ! dim halls ( ! unse5 _w1 z 8,il gran mae/ro di color *i sanno40 ,! de?ronem5t :i* he aft]w>ds suff]$ at #acj ! h&s ( ^? tw9 innovators ,lu!r & ,"l ,bacon 0 aga9 a m]e matt] ( reaction1 & c\ld 9 its nature be only tempor>y4 ,hone/ ,m>t9 rag$ 9 8 own way v furi\sly aga9/ ! great dictator ( ! s*ools1 almo/ z if he _h be5 ! ,pope3--8,ari/otle1 t hi/rionic m\ntebank1 :o f beh9d a ,greek mask has s long bewit*$ ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 t mo/ cunn+ juggl] ( s\ls1 :om1 if he _h n be5 accr$it$ z ( human blood & bone1 we %\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ to be ! v]itable devil40#acj4a ,b ?is we pla9ly see to be ! language ( a man n ) ! balance ( tru? 9 8 h&1 b ) ! sword ( sacr$ wra? 9 8 tongue2 &1 inde$1 ! sword 0 at t "t v ne$ful1 & wield$ ) a wise ho/ility1 n aga9/ ! true4 ,ari/otle :om we n[ read & admire1 b aga9/ ! s-call$ ,ari/otelian f5ce ( ! s*ools1 us$ (t5] = subtle & %ad[y ex]citation & 9 def5ce ( ! grosse/ abuses ?an 9 ! hone/ se>* aft] tru?4 ,( ! real ,ari/otle ,lu!r knew z little 9 ^? days z n a few ,*ri/ians at ! pres5t h\r "k ( true ,*ri/ianity1 com+ z x does to !m ?r\gh ! /rangely di/ort+ m$ia ( s*ola/ic subtleties1 sac]dotal usurpations1 & pure human /upidities ( all k9ds4 ,z = ,"l ,bacon1 he 0 no d\bt equally "r 9 /\tly prote/+ aga9/ ! !n ,ari/otelian logic z a h9drance r ?an a help to ! true k ( nature2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he 0 no less c]ta9ly 9 ! wrong if he imag9$1 or l$ m5 to imag9e1 ei!r t induction 0 ! only me?od :i* leads to ! discov]y ( important tru?1 or t #aca ,ari/otle's writ+s l5t any c\nt5ance to ^? baseless & unfruitful me?ods ( speculation :i* 7 pres5t$ "u ! au?ority ( 8 "n4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! human m9d %\ld be ?or\ghly emancipat$ f ! dictatorial oppression ( ! false ,ari/otle be=e ! true ,ari/otle c\ld be re9/at$ on 8 ?rone2 & ?is requir$ "t4 ,accord+ly we f9d t "s ( ! mo/ orig9al ?9k]s & +5i\s s*ol>s ( ! la/ c5tury seem to h imag9$ t ,ari/otle & ! ,pope 7 two great usurp]s1 ! "o 9 ! intellectual1 ! o!r 9 ! religi\s _w1 :om ! great ,prote/ant movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ! int]e/ bo? ( le>n+ & religion1 _h rightfully de?ron$4 8,mr4 ,h>ris1 = example10 says 8 biograph]1 8_h imbib$ a prejudice1 v common at t "t ev5 among s*ol>s1 t ,ari/otle 0 an obscure & unpr(itable au?or1 ^: philosophy _h des]v$ly be5 sup]s$$ by t ( ,mr4 ,locke40#aca4a ,& 9 p]fect h>mony ) ?is1 ,mr4 ,burton1 9 8 life ( ,hume1 rem>ks t 8! "n ( ,ari/otle is n once m5tion$ 9 ,hume's treatise ( human nature40#aca4b ,/range revolution ( ?\ght 9 a c\ntry :]e1 9 ! days ( ,john ,knox1 x _h be5 cu/om>y = fam\s academical tea*]s to say--8,/ultum e/ dic]e ,ari/otelem errasse60 ,&1 inde$1 n only ,hume1 b ,b5?am1 ,james ,mill1 & all ! ?9k]s ( t c5tury1 manife/$ a /range lu/ ( sp9n+ k out ( _! own b[els1 s to speak1 ) a c>eless or insol5t neglect ( ! great tru?s h&$ d[n = ! use ( all ages by ! ma/] #acb ?9k]s ( anci5t times4 ,b n ev5 9 ,scotl&1 nev] fam\s = ,greek1 c\ld su* ignorance la/ = ev]4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #aghi %ook all m5 viol5tly out ( _! old complac5cies1 & blew _! da9ty conceits ( all k9ds to ! w9ds2 ?+s 7 n[ to be built up f ! f\ndations1 n 9 ! political _w only1 b 9 ! intellectual & religi\s _w no less2 torpid ,*ur*es 7 sudd5ly fev]$ ) hot activity2 9 lit]ature ! =gott5 language ( a natural & passionate poetry 0 to be re/or$2 & 9 philosophy ! anci5t f\ndations ( /able k 7 to be laid b>e4 ,"u su* a viol5t volcanic action x c\ld n be b t bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle %\ld be made to /& out be=e less] names 9 _! true dim5sions4 ,ari/otle especially reveal$ himself to _m ?\ghtful ,g]mans1 & a few ?\ghtful ,engli%m51 z ! precursor ( ,bacon 9 ! use ( ! great organon ( induction2 & ! h>d & cauti\s g5ius ( ! ,scot*1 "u ! guidance ( a polyhi/oric ,hamilton1 f\nd 9 ! ,/agirite a m dignifi$ corn]-/one ?an 9 ,reid = ! erection ( a philosophical edifice :i* r s\ght safety 9 n>r[+ ?an glory 9 ext5d+ ! b\nds ( human speculation4 ,9 ,ox=d1 ! /iff cons]vatism ( ! ,college tutors1 m5 tra9$ to ! exact k ( a few traditional books1 m c]ta9ly ?an any pr(\nd philosophical insight1 pres]v$ ! ,e?ics1 along ) ! ,logic1 ( ,ari/otle z "o ( ! g5]al in/rum5ts ( juv5ile drill2 :ile1 outside ! academic prec9cts1 lib]al /atesm5 l ,cornewall ,lewis & democratic hi/orians l ,grote cont9u$ to quote ! ,/agirite z ! wise/ at once & ! mo/ cauti\s ( all #acc anci5t political speculators4 ,?us ! natural balance ( judgm5t 0 re/or$2 & ,ari/otle1 r$eem$ at once f ! ignorant idolatry ( pseudo disciples & ! local conceit ( m5 :o spurn$ to le>n f any b !mselves1 took 8 place = ev] z an intellectual dictator ( ! fir/ rank1 ) :om if a man did n happ5 to agree1 x 0 always m likely t ! diss5ti5t _h w&]$ into error ?an t ! au?ority f :om he diss5t$ _h fail$ to fa/5 8 glance ^u ! tru?4 ,be=e attempt+ to set =? 9 its great sali5t po9ts ! e?ical sy/em ( ,ari/otle1 x w be at once int]e/+ & useful to sket* %ortly ! lead+ ev5ts ( 8 life1 omitt+ altoge!r1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ^? hundr$ & "o po9ts ( unc]ta9 report & slipp]y sl&] :i* are wont to atta* !mselves to ! fame ( any great man z to a natural nucleus4 ,& :5 a man l ,ari/otle is n only a great man accord+ to ! common measure ( human greatness1 b an altoge!r extraord9>y man1 x is z natural t he %\ld be spok5 aga9/ f all sides z t dogs %\ld b>k at a /rang]4 ,! epiphany ( an intellectual giant 9 any assembly ( m5 ( av]age tal5t makes ^? appe> dw>fs :o _h previ\sly1 n )\t reason1 acc\nt$ !mselves ( reputable /ature2 & z no man likes to be dw>f$1 ! necess>y result ( su* an app>ition is to set m5's wits agog to f9d out cunn+ devices1 :]eby ! ov]:elm+ /ature ( ! huge intrud] may seem to be curtail$4 ,s ,ari/otle1 we are told1 _h 8a :ole ho/ ( enemies20 & we %all !re=e1 z j judges1 be ju/ifi$ 9 ?r[+ out ( c\rt1 z vitiat$ 9 its s\rce1 ! great] "p ( ! m]ely anecdotal #acd accretions t cl+ to ! "n ( ! mighty ,/agirite4 ,! adjuncts ( high social position & fre$om f pecuni>y pressure1 always advantage\s to wise m51 hurtful only to fools1 ,ari/otle enjoy$ 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,born #chd ,b4,c4 9 a ,greek t[n1 b "u ,mac$onian influ5ce1 8 fa!r1 :o belong$ to an old ,asclepiad family1 z c\rt physician to ,k+ ,amyntas1 _h ample opportunities ( laun*+ him into ! _w ) all ! tra9+1 equipm5t1 & supports t are ! natural h>b+]s ( a prosp]\s c>e]4 ,he 0 n !re=e a ,greek 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 &1 ?\gh he borr[$ 8 language & culture f ,attica1 & sympa?iz$ ma9ly ) popul> in/itutions1 z 8 great "w on ,politics %[s1 he _h good reason to congratulate himself t he did n lose 8 orig9al citiz5%ip :5 ! eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es ?und]$ 9 va9 aga9/ ! gold & ! iron ( ! ,mac$onian4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ,ari/otle's y\? !re 0 no?+ 9 ,greece prop] to make any ?\ghtful p]son lam5t t he _h be5 born a subject ( a /urdy & semi-b>b>\s b ris+ mon>*y1 r ?an a citiz5 ( an exhau/$ & decay+ democracy2 = ?\gh ! victories ( ,*abrias _h re/or$ 9 "s sort ! supremacy ( ! ,a!nians at sea1 ! brilliant c>e] ( ,epam9ondas _h elevat$ ,!bes = a mom5t only to make g5]al ,greece m divid$ & less able to resi/ ! gr[+ p[] ( ,mac$onia4 ,:e!r 8 fa!r _h de/9$ him to foll[ 8 own pr(ession is unc]ta92 !re are h[ev] 9 ! ,e?ics1 & else:]e 9 8 works1 frequ5t allusions to ! m$ical art1 su* z might h be5 expect$ f #ace ! associations ( 8 p>5tage2 & ! prom95t place giv5 to physical sci5ce 9 8 writ+s seems to indicate a t5d5cy p>tly fav\r$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 bir?1 p>tly evok$ by ! natural progress ( ! ,greek m9d 9 ! !n /age ( its developm5t4 ,?is only we "k c]ta9ly1 t at ! age ( sev5te51 ab\t ! "t :5 "y m5 9 ,scotl& g5]ally leave s*ool = ! univ]sity1 ! future fa!r ( encyclopdic sci5ce 0 s5t to ,a!ns1 :]e he rema9$ = tw5ty ye>s z a pupil ( ,plato 9 ! ,academy4 ,b ?\gh a pupil1 he 0 any?+ b a disciple4 ,naturally ( an inductive r ?an a speculative habit ( m9d1 & dispos$ to dissect & to tabulate r ?an to collect & to con/ruct1 he display$ f ye> to ye> a m m>k$ div]g5ce f ! great ideal ?9k] :o at t "t 0 impress+ 8 type on ! ris+ intellect ( ,greece4 ,! report$ gossip ( antiquity has mu* to say ab\t "s bitt] rivalry t arose1 & unseemly qu>rel t broke out1 betwe5 ! dictatorial ma/] & ! indep5d5t pupil2 b we ne$ believe no?+ ( ?is1 except 9 s f> z x may be an indication ( a radical diff]5ce ( intellectual "* 9 ! two m51 :i* c\ld n b make itself felt 9 v>i\s ways1 m or less inconsi/5t ) ! relation ( a m]ely receptive & responsive disciple%ip4 ,no?+ is m common 9 ! int]c\rse ( cultivat$ m51 ?an t "o ( ! p>ties f9ds himself 9 a condition to respect pr(\ndly :at he _c at all agree )1 & :at he feels b\nd1 ev] & anon1 decid$ly to controv]t4 ,s x f>$ no d\bt ) "y ,ari/otle 9 relation to old ,plato4 ,conflu5ce betwe5 two s\ls s diff]5tly con/itut$ !re #acf c\ld be none4 ,!y _c be comp>$ z "o rose may be comp>$ ) ano!r1 or ev5 z "o fl[] may be contra/$ ) ano!r fl[]1 b only z ?+s ( a totally diff]5t nature1 may be nam$ 9 ! same s5t5ce to make _! incomm5surability m pat5t4 ,! intellect ( ,ari/otle 0 a granite palace1 t ( ,plato a g>d5 ( p>adise2 ,ari/otle's wit 0 l a %>p knife & a weighty hamm]1 ,plato's l a roll+ riv] & a %9+ ocean2 ! "o bri/l$ ) all c>i\s k1 ! o!r blossom$ ) all l(ty speculation2 ,ari/otle analys$ all ?+s great & small2 ,plato h>moniz$ all ?+s beautiful & gr&4 ,along ) ?is inborn div]sity ( intellectual "*1 we h reason to suppose t !re 7 c]ta9 habits ( life & social peculi>ities ab\t ! ,/agirite1 :i* 7 n )\t (f5ce to ! m /rict & devot$ ,platoni/s4 ,= t !re 0 a c]ta9 t+e ( ,puritanism1 & ev5 a sort ( l(ty p$antry1 occasionally manife/$ 9 ! great ar*itect ( ideas1 c1 ,i ?9k1 sc>cely be d\bt$ by any "o :o has read 8 great "w--! ,republic--) an unbrib$ judgm5t4 ,n[ if ,plato 0 some:at ( a philosophical ,puritan1 9 ,ari/otle !re 0 pres5t$ t comb9ation ( a philosoph] & a man ( ! _w1 ( ! man ( pr9ciple ) ! man ( practice1 :i*1 because x is difficult to produce1 is always r>e1 & because x is r>e is always admir$4 ,a physician1 & above all a c\rt physician1 mu/ be a man :o enjoys & :o und]/&s society3 su* 0 ,ari/otle's fa!r2 & ! son1 :ile betak+ himself to ! quiet b[]s ( ! ,a!nian ,academy = ! cultivation ( ?\ght1 c\ld n =get t !re 0 a l>ge busy _w )\t #acg :i* imp]i\sly ass]t$ itself1 & f :i* n ev5 a philosoph] c\ld be all[$ to )draw ) impunity4 ,x 0 a *>act]i/ic t5et ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool t ! ext]nal trapp+s & decorations ( life are n to be look$ d[n on ) a l(ty contempt1 b r c>$ = z s]viceable1 & 9 "s cases necess>y1 aids to a p]fect life2 & s ^? ,quak]-l affectations ( pla9 g>b1 & ^? ov]-virtu\s ab/95ces f 8cakes & ale0 & o!r delights ( ! m]ely s5su\s "p ( our nature1 :i* "s ,platonic & ,/oic philosoph]s affect$1 c\ld n b meet f ,ari/otle ) a practical prote/1 ( :i* "s significant h9t peeps out "h & !re among ! scraps ( anci5t anecdote-mong]s & memoir-writ]s4 ,plato1 we are told1 80 n pleas$ ) ,ari/otle's mann] ( life1 nor ) 8 dress4 ,= inde$ he 0 some:at nice & curi\s 9 8 app>el1 & !re 0 a p>ticul> tid9ess ab\t 8 %oes2 & 8 hair also he _h cut aft] a jaunty fa%ion1 n approv$ ( by m5 ( ,plato's foll[+2 & he made a display ( _m r+s on 8 f+]4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 a peculi> s>ca/ic play ab\t 8 m\?1 &1 :5 he spoke1 he c\ld prattle away ) a notable flu5cy2 all :i* ?+s seem$ n to be q 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( a philosoph]1 & 7 ! occasion t ,plato pref]r$ ,speusippus & ,x5ocrates1 :o aft]w>ds became 8 successors 9 ! ,academy40 ,?is picture is1 no d\bt1 9 ! ma9 true2 & x c only excite our admiration :5 we consid] t ! same man ( :om ?is is told 0 also not$ z ! mo/ sev]e & p]si/5t read] 9 ,a!ns2 8 h\se1 inde$1 0 call$ by ,plato 8! h\se ( ! read]20 & ! #ach le>n$ geograph] ,/rabo notes him z ! fir/ ,greek :o collect$ books on a l>ge scale1 & suppli$ to ! ,ptolemies ( ! succe$+ age ! model ( ^? sy/ematic /ores ( books ) :i* !y made ,alex&ria fam\s4 ,ari/otle !re=e may ju/ly be reg>d$ z ! great prototype ( ^? mod]n ,g]mans :o1 l ! mail$ knights ( ! middle ages1 /& up 9 our libr>ies1 cas$ 9 ! invuln]able panoply ( polyhi/oric & encyclopdic erudition2 & he gave bir? to t curi\s sort ( intellectual laboriosity1 :i* :5 divorc$ f 8 g5ius & 8 sagacity1 produc$ ^? accumulations ( writt5 & pr9t$ record1 "u :i* ! %elves ( s _m libr>ies groan1 by :i* also1 we may ju/ly say1 n a few /rong intellects h be5 lo/ to ! liv+ _w1 smo!r$ b5ea? heaps ( cumbr\s babblem5t1 9 ext5t inf9ite1 9 value inf9itesimal4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,plato 9 ! ye> #cdg1 ,ari/otle retir$ = a few ye>s to ! c\rt ( 8 fell[-/ud5t & fri5d ,h]mias1 !n rul] ( ,at>n1 on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is *ange ( sc5e 0 necess>y = him1 :ile on ! "o h& 8 s*eme ( e/abli%+ a new s*ool ( philosophy 0 yet immature1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! political relations betwe5 ,mac$onia & ,a!ns 7 n su* z t x w\ld be pleasant = him to be id5tifi$ ) a city :i* might soon be =c$ into ho/ility ) 8 natural sov]eign4 ,x 0 fruitful also1 no d\bt1 9 ^? %rewd obs]vations on m5 & mann]s :i* /amp s _m sagaci\s pages 9 8 moral & political treatises4 ,f ?is judici\s retirem5t aft] a few ye>s he 0 call$ to a field ( m #aci hon\rable & influ5tial activity4 ,9 ! ye> #cdb he receiv$ a lett] f ,philip ( ,mac$on1 reque/+ him to und]take ! (fice ( tutor to 8 "y son ,alex&]4 ,! duties ( ?is position he p]=m$ ) su* results to 8 royal pupil z 9 su* circum/ances 7 to be expect$2 & ) ! great advantage to himself ( add+ ! res\rces ( an absolute mon>* & a great conqu]or to 8 own private in/rum5ts = ! prosecution ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! unexpect$ dea? ( ,philip by ! h&s ( an assass91 call$ ,alex&] prematurely to da% into t brilliant c>e] ( ,asiatic victory :i* has made 8 "n no less fam\s ?an t ( 8 tutor1 :o by ?is ev5t reliev$ at once f p]sonal responsibility & political appreh5sion1 f\nd himself 9 a position to e/abli% t indep5d5t s*ool ( wisdom at ,a!ns1 :i* n[ = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s has propagat$ itself 9 ! _w z ! natural & necess>y complem5t to ! ,platonic /yle ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! ye> #ccd he pit*$ 8 intellectual camp at ! ,lyceum1 9 ! ea/]n suburbs ( ,a!ns1 "u ,m\nt ,lycabettus1 & "h dur+ ! space ( ?irte5 ye>s he rema9$ ex]cis+ t[>ds 8 s*ol>s ! div]se functions ( fa!rhood & frat]nity1 :i* 9 ! anci5t philosophical associations1 z 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 7 s happily comb9$4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 9 ! ye> #cbb1 he left ,a!ns & retir$ to ,*alcis1 9 ,euba1 :]e he _h a small prop]ty2 a migration to :i* political consid]ations mu/ h be5 ! ma9 inducem5t1 = s di/+ui%$ a dep5dant ( ! ,mac$onian c\rt c\ld sc>cely look ^u himself z safe 9 #adj ! ,attic capital ! mom5t t ! dea? ( ! great conqu]or op5$ up to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ p :om 8 arms _h subjugat$ ! prospect ( political lib]ation4 ,! philosoph]1 accord+ly1 :5 leav+ ! city ( 8 adoption1 z x turn$ out = ! la/ "t1 ) an obvi\s allusion to ! fate ( ,socrates1 is report$ to h said t he did s 9 ord] t ! ,a!nians might n aga9 h ! opportunity ( signaliz+ !mselves by ! murd] ( a philosoph]2 =1 inde$1 9 unlimit$ democracy g5]ally1 & specially 9 ! extreme democracy ( t "t1 he _h no fai?1 obs]v+ s>ca/ically t :ile ! ,a!nians _h discov]$ two useful ?+s1 :eat & fre$om1 !y und]/ood h[ to use ! "o1 b ! o!r !y _h possess$ = a %ort "t1 only to abuse4 ,& no d\bt he act$ wisely 9 retreat+ f a sc5e :]e no weight ( "* or reputation = grave wisdom c\ld h %ield$ him f ! comb9$ assault ( p]sonal malignity & political ranc\r s ready 9 e democratic soil to rise ) jeal\s spite aga9/ individual em95ce & indep5d5ce4 ,! philosoph] 0 ?reat5$1 we are told1 ) prosecution = a!ism2 a *>ge :i*1 h[ev] unf\nd$ to ! eye ( reason1 might h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,/agirite f ! or?odox ,a!nian po9t ( view ) mu* m ju/ice ?an ab\t eighty ye>s be=e x _h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! great fa!r ( moral sci5ce4 ,an a!i/ c]ta9ly1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 ,ari/otle 0 n1 b a pi\s believ] 9 ! poly!i/ic !ology ( 8 c\ntry he 0 ev5 less2 piety inde$ ( any k9d is n at all a pron\nc$ feature 9 ! composition ( 8 "*4 ,l _m a #ada mod]n man ( sci5ce1 he _h cultivat$ acut5ess at ! exp5se ( wond]2 &1 :ile indulg+ 9 ! omnivor\s lu/ ( k1 _h />v$ v5]ation1 & /unt$ ! gr[? ( "s ( ! mo/ delicate emotions ( ! s\l4 ,= devotion is ( ! v f9e/ fragrance ( ! emotional life2 & z !re are "s fl[]s )\t smell1 s !re are "s s\ls )\t piety4 ,9 po9t ( religi\s feel+1 beyond all "q1 bo? ,socrates & ,plato 7 inf9itely sup]ior to ,ari/otle4 ,su* are ! few tru/wor?y notices t h be5 pres]v$ to u ( ! outw>d =tunes ( ?is great hi]>* ( encyclopdic k4 ,he di$ %ortly aft] 8 retirem5t to ,*alcis1 at ! e>ly age ( sixty-?ree1 foll[$ imm$iately by 8 great contempor>y ,demo/h5es4 ,on 8 dea?b$ he nam$ ,!ophra/us z 8 successor 9 ! *air ( ! great s*ool ( philosophy :i* he _h f\nd$4 ,we n[ proce$ to place be=e ! read] a %ort /atem5t ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! e?ical philosophy ( ,ari/otle z !y are set =? 9 t compact little book1 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,& ! fir/ obs]vation prop] to make "h is ! extreme practicality t appe>s n m 9 ! g5]al col\r & tone ?an 9 ! individual *apt]s & p>agraphs ( ?is rem>kable volume4 ,9 criticis+ ! s]mons deliv]$ 9 our ,*ri/ian pulpits we are accu/om$ to di/+ui% betwe5 doctr9al & practical prea*+1 & to believe t :ile1 9 ,scotl& at lea/1 ! =m] is ! m popul> & ! m easy1 ! latt] is always ! m difficult & ! m effici5t /yle ( moral address4 ,n[ :at we h to say ( ,ari/otle1 z he appe>s 9 ! ,e?ics1 is t he is n a m]e #adb writ] on e?ics1 an acute speculator or a subtle casui/1 b he pres5ts himself ) all ! s]i\sness ( a prea*]1 & an em95tly practical prea*]4 ,no d\bt 9 ?is capacity he mu/ be reg>d$ bo? by natural g5ius & 9 ! g5]al tone ( 8 e?ical writ+s z second to 8 great ma/] ,plato2 b 8 influ5ce on ! moral culture ( ! _w has n = t reason be5 less4 ,a l>ge class ( m51 especially 9 ?is practical c\ntry1 are apt to suspect ,plato ( nons5se2 & ^! are unwill+ to take advice 9 ! affairs ( common life f a man :o1 9 8 flights ( ideal con/ructiv5ess1 s f> transc5ds ! n>r[ range ( _! own h>d-fac$ realism4 ,b ,ari/otle is a man :om no man c suspect ( nons5se4 ,he takes :at lies be=e him1 & 9 ! mo/ cool practical way conceivable proce$s to analyse x1 & to spell out its significance4 ,he is n ambiti\s--at lea/ n 9 ! dep>tm5t ( morals--( pil+ a gr& sy/em1 or ( tabulat+ an exhau/ive s*eme4 ,he is a practical man1 z mu* z y or ,i am1 & sees ) m>k$ di/9ctness always :at lies 9 8 way4 ,!re is no fe> t "u 8 guidance y w lose y\rself 9 a mi/ or be c>ri$ (f y\r feet 9 a balloon4 ,he is !re=e peculi>ly fitt$ = be+ put =w>d z a lay-prea*] to a ,briti% public2 & ! ,ox=d s*ol>s h done good s]vice to ! ,engli% y\? by giv+ 8 fam\s "w on ,e?ics su* a prom95t place among classical books ( ! fir/ rank4 ,he is z s5sible z ,dr4 ,paley1 & a great deal m pr(\nd2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x nev] occurs to him t x is necess>y to prep>e ! way = a pla9 practical disc\rse on ! conduct ( life by ab/ract discussions #adc on ! lib]ty ( ! w & ! responsibility ( free ag5ts4 ,?is omission ,pr9cipal ,grant consid]s a weakness2 ,i consid] x a sign ( good s5se1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a rem>kable piece ( good luck4 ,he assumes morality 9 ! moral _w1 j z he assumes light & air & wat] 9 ! physical2 he describes a moral man ) /rong l9es & a firm h&1 j z he w\ld describe a heal?y man z contra/$ ) a diseas$ man4 ,if y h a s+le eye & an hone/ purpose1 y w n fail to "k :at he means2 if y h n1 8 book is n = y4 ,!re nev] 0 a m practical prea*]4 ,?is ^w practical1 !re=e1 ,i desire ! read] to emphasize d\bly :5 he applies himself to ! ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 9 ?is treatise1 z 9 almo/ e ,greek book1 "s half-doz5 curi\s que/ions rais$1 :i*1 l ! subtle casui/ry ( ! ,jesuit doctors1 h little practical value2 = ,ari/otle 0 a ,greek1 & z su* a habitual deal] 9 1 or knotty po9ts1 9 ! solution ( :i* a h>d practical ,scot or a broad burly ,engli%man w\ld ?9k a s+le s5t5ce wa/$4 ,^! h[ev] belong to ! soil1 gr[ up l we$s among ! be/ :eat1 &1 l bad puns 9 ,%akespe>e1 mu/ be tak5 ) ! lot4 ,9 ! gross & scope ( 8 h&l+1 z we h said1 ! ,/agirite sy/ematically waives all unpractical que/ions2 & 9 ! v arrangem5t ( 8 book an att5tive read] w n fail to disc]n t !re are c]ta9 sci5tific defici5cies :i* c be expla9$ fully only f ! consid]ation t ! writ] _h vividly realiz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at we c\ld call an academical lecture & a s]mon1 & 0 #add det]m9$ to make x felt t a lecture on morals1 ?r\gh :i* ! und]tones ( s]i\sness t belong to a s]mon are n he>d1 is "o ( ! mo/ absurd & unmean+ ( all human p]=mances4 ,no d\bt ?is defect 9 respect ( /rictly sci5tific me?od may arise p>tly f ! fact t ! treatise seems to h be5 compos$ at diff]5t times1 & pack$ up1 s to speak1 9 bundles r ?an re>$ up ar*itecturally into a jo9t$ /ructure2 x is also pla9 en\gh to any "o :o c read ) a disc]n+ eye t ! "w 0 left incomplete by ! great au?or1 & t ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? books1 z we n[ h !n1 are f a diff]5t h&1 & ( manife/ly inf]ior workman%ip2 b ,i consid] x n less c]ta9 t1 _h x n be5 = ! dom9ance ( ! practical po9t ( view1 n a few *apt]s 9 ?is mo/ valuable treatise w\ld h be5 compact$ m aptly into ! firmness ( a complete organism4 ,once & aga9 9 ! fir/ two books ( 8 treatise does he repeat ! solemn w>n+ t our object 9 inquir+ into ! nature ( virtue is1 n t we may "k :at virtue is1 b t we may be virtu\s4 ,once & aga9 does he ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! sup]subtle t5d5cies ( 8 c\ntrym51 always ready to /& & debate1 ev5 :]e ! solution ( ! problem 0 to be f\nd only 9 motion & 9 action4 ,subtleties ( any k9d1 inde$1 are n suitable = a moral disc\rse2 ! ent]ta9m5t ( !m %[s t ! inquir] has n yet conceiv$ :at ! purport ( ! inquiry is2 e?ical philosophy ref]s z di/9ctly to a de$ z a sword ref]s to a cut2 & all que/ions ab\t morals are idle1 & ev5 p]nici\s1 t d n be> directly on "s practical result4 #ade ,we mu/ !re=e1 s ,ari/otle argues1 9 our me?od ( discussion "h1 n insi/ on hav+ always ^? exact pro(s & nice def9itions :i* 9 ! sci5ces ( measurem5t & numb] may fairly be dem&$4 ,we %\ld r seek = an analogy to moral sci5ce 9 su* arts z m$ic9e1 & say t propriety ( conduct1 l ! heal? ( ! body1 is liable to mu* indet]m9at5ess & v>iation2 t to seek = sci5tific rules :i* might apply ) exactitude to all cases is absurd2 t no wise man w attempt to cut logs ) razors1 & t 9 su* matt]s ( complex practice we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) /at+ "s su* broad g5]al pr9ciples z suit ! great majority ( cases1 & :i* e man mu/ be left to apply = himself 9 ! exp]i5ce ( life4 ,( ! deep tone ( practical s]i\sness :i* und]lies ! :ole ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,i "k no m /rik+ pro( ?an an utt]ance ( ,maurice1 9 ! preface to 8 exposition ( ! ,epi/les ( ,john1 :i* ,i %all "h extract4 8,i owe unspeakable gratitude10 says t truly evangelical morali/1 8to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d = hav+ put ,ari/otle's ,e?ics into my h&s1 & induc$ me to read x1 & to ?9k ( x4 ,i d\bt if ,i c\ld h receiv$ a great] boon f any univ]sity or any tea*]4 ,i w tell y :at ?is book did = me4 ,fir/1 x assur$ me t ! pr9ciples ( morals _c belong to "o "t or ano!r2 t !y mu/ belong to all times4 ,"h 0 an old hea!n ,greek mak+ me aw>e ( ?+s t 7 pass+ )9 me1 detect+ my laz9ess & my ins9c]ity1 %[+ h[ little ,i 0 do+ ! ?+s :i* ,i pr(ess$ to d1 =c+ me to confess t ) all ! #adf advantages :i* ,i enjoy$ he 0 bett] ?an ,i 04 ,t 0 "o great ?+4 ,next1 ,i c\ld n b le>n f him--= he took imm5se pa9s to tell me--t x is n by read+ a book or le>n+ a set ( maxims by he>t t "o gets to "k any?+ ( morality1 t x belongs to life1 & mu/ be le>n$ 9 ! daily practice ( life4 ,engli% & ,*ri/ian writ]s no d\bt might h told me ! same ?+4 ,b ,i am n sure t _! words w\ld h gone z mu* home z ,ari/otle's did4 ,i might h ?\ght t x 0 _! bus9ess1 "p ( _! pr(ession1 to utt] ^? /]n maxims1 & to hold up su* l(ty ideals ( conduct40 ,& :at adds imm5se =ce to ,ari/otle's prea*+1 especially ) "y m51 is ! feel+ t !y h "h to d n only ) a non-pr(essional prea*] b ) a ?or\gh g5tleman1 & a %rewd man ( ! _w1 ! fri5d ( pr9ces1 & ( great /atesm5 & mighty capta9s4 ,x is seldom inde$ t "y m5 9 ! heat ( _! blood & ! gl[ ( _! fancy w li/5 ) mu* att5tion to s]mons ( any k9d1 ev5 f ! be/ prea*]s2 b if !y w n receive ! ^w ( w>n+ f su* a prophet z ,ari/otle !y w at lea/ h no excuse = sne]+ ei!r at ! doctor or ! doctr9e4 ,9 him !y w f9d no s>ca/ic ,cynic1 cont5t ) ! negative pleasure ( sn>l+ f 8 private k5nel at ! faults ( m51 in/ead ( ris+ to help _! infirmities2 no sickly devotee ^: pr9cipal occupation ?r\gh ! dre>9ess ( ! pres5t life is to dream & maund] ab\t ! glories ( ! future2 no curi\s regi/r> ( morbid frames ( m9d or da9ty nurse ( unproductive s5tim5t4 ,su* c>icatures ( ! spiritual man1 #adg ju/ly odi\s to ! vigor\s1 g5]\s1 & sangu9e\s temp] ( y\?1 may be f\nd cropp+ out l>gely 9 ! hi/ories bo? ( philosophical & religi\s sect>ies2 b n a h9t ( !m appe>s 9 ! ?or\ghly mascul9e1 ?or\ghly manly1 & ?or\ghly heal?y ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle4 ,! corn]-/one ( ,ari/otle's moral doctr9e1 z 9 t ( ,socrates1 lies 9 ! s+le ^w 1 :i*1 :e!r 9 its int]nal side z ,reason1 or ) its out] face z ,disc\rse1 0 s peculi>ly ! wat*word ( ! ,hell5ic race4 8,! ,greeks seek aft] wisdom20 & wisdom1 or 1 is 9 all cases ! result1 & ! only possible result1 ( ! j ex]cise ( or reason4 ,we %all n !re=e expect to f9d 9 ! ,/agirite any fundam5tal pr9ciple diff]5t f t on :i* ! moral doctr9e ( ,socrates re/s--nay1 j z "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic maxims ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c be po9t$ out 91 & no d\bt 7 actually borr[$ f1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ev5 s1 & 9 a mu* great] degree1 0 ! e?ical doctr9e ( ,ari/otle borr[$ 9 its great lead+ po9ts f ,socrates & ,plato4 ,?is borr[+1 h[ev]1 0 n 9 ! /yle ( pat*work2 x 0 an affair ( natural gr[?4 ,:at we f9d 9 ,ari/otle is n a new e?ical doctr9e1 b ! emphasiz+ & sy/ematiz+ ( c]ta9 important aspects ( an old doctr9e4 ,n[ ! aspect :i* ,ari/otle /rongly emphasizes z ! />t+-po9t ( 8 e?ical tea*+ is ! & ! 4 ,all m5 pr(ess to h "s object aft] :i* !y /rive 9 _! life & by _! de$s2 no man 9 ?is _w1 z ,goe! says1 c safely live at r&om3 ! %ip t sails at r&om w be wreck$ #adh ev5 9 a calm1 & ! man :o lives at r&om w be ru9$ )\t ! help ( any positive vice4 ,:at !n is x t m5 mu/ propose to !mselves z ! 1 ! end1 object1 or purpose ( _! exi/5ce8 ,g5]ally1 all m5 pr(ess to be seek+ = ! 1 or ! ,good4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 :i* e?ical sci5ce has to answ] is1 9 ! words ( ! ,we/m9/] ,cate*ism1 ,:at is ! *ief end ( man8 ,:at is ! ultimate aim & highe/ ,good1 ! summum bonum1 ( :i* ! creature call$ ,man is capable8 ,h[ are we to discov] ?is8 ,pla9ly 9 ! same way t we discov] ! *ief good ( any special k9d ( man1--a man ex]cis+ any special pr(essional function4 ,:at is ! summum bonum ( a flute-play]8 ,( c\rse to play ! flute1 & to play ! flute well2 ( a soldi]1 to fight well2 ( a %oemak]1 to make good %oes2 ( a brew]1 to brew good be]2 ( a f[l]1 to sn>e birds2 & ( an angl]1 to hook fi%4 ,! *ief end1 !re=e1 ( any creature is f\nd by discov]+ 8 natural "w or bus9ess 9 ! _w1--= all ?+s are full ( lab\r1 & a man's duty is always "s k9d ( "w4 ,z1 !n1 !re is a special "w = ! flute-play] or ! f[l]1 :i* det]m9es 8 *ief good1 s1 if we are to f9d ! *ief end ( man1 we mu/ put our f+] on "s g5]al "w or bus9ess1 :i* belongs to all m5 z m51 & n z engag$ 9 special occupations & practis+ p>ticul> arts4 ,h[ is ?is "w f\nd8 ,( c\rse by fix+ our att5tion on ! diff]5tiat+ elem5t 9 ! human creature4 ,! diff]5tiat+ elem5t 9 birds is w+s1 9 fi% f9s1 9 worms r+s4 ,by ?is diff]5tiation1 /amp$ on e creature by ! absolute dictator%ip ( #adi ,nature1 ! de/9y & ! duty1 ! privilege & ! glory1 ( ea* type ( organiz$ exi/5ce is inevitably det]m9$4 ,! creature has no?+ to d 9 ! matt] b to recognise & to obey2 unreason+ creatures unconsci\sly & bl9dly1 *oice4 ,! prop] "w ( man1 !re=e1 c lie only 9 :at 9 him is mo/ di/9ctively human2 n !re=e ( c\rse 9 any function ( ! m]ely vegetative life :i* he has 9 common ) ! plant2 nor aga9 9 any function ( ! m]ely s5su\s life1 :i* he enjoys 9 common )1 ox52 b 9 ! ex]cise ( t faculty :i* he alone possesses1 & :i* alone /amps him z di/9ctively human1 viz41 ,,reason4 ,! "w ( a man1 accord+ly1 & ! *ief end ( all m51 w be an en]giz+ ( ! s\l1 accord+ to reason1 or n )\t reason2 & a life accord+ to reason w be good1 & ! *ief good2 & n only s1 b x mu/ also be ! pleasure1 & ! highe/ pleasure1 ( ! reasonable be+ :o leads su* a life2 = ! pleasure ( e creature lies 9 act+ freely & )\t h9drance accord+ to its di/9ctive nature2 & z horses are ! pleasure ( ! rid]1 & views ( ! l&scape pa9t]1 s good actions are ! pleasure ( good m51 & reasonable actions ! delight ( all :o live by ! use ( reason2 s mu* s inde$1 t he _c ev5 claim to be numb]$ among/ good m5 :o1 besides do+ good de$s1 does n likewise rejoice 9 do+ su* de$s4 ,*>ity giv5 ) an unwill+ h& is n *>ity2 x is a boon extort$4 ,?is /atem5t tak5 almo/ lit]ally f ! fir/ eight *apt]s ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,e?ics1 w1 x is hop$1 make ! moral attitude ( ,ari/otle #aej suffici5tly intelligible4 ,he does n say1 ) ,b5?am & ! mod]n utilit>ians1 8,look r\nd ab\t y = :at is pleasurable2 & t :i* af=ds pleasure to y1 & to ! greate/ possible numb] ( creatures ) :om y are socially connect$1 is y\r duty20 b he looks ab\t to f9d y\r di/9ctive excell5ce1 y\r peculi> faculty among all creatures1--8,ex]cise t10 he says1 8& y fulfil y\r de/9y1 & atta9 y\r *ief good4 ,z = pleasure1 t y w h also1 n z an amulet hung ab\t y\r neck1 b 9 ! v necessity ( y\r en]gy ex]cis$ accord+ to y\r special nature4 ,cultivate :at is noble/ 9 y1 & y _c fail to f9d :at is mo/ agreeable4 ,! do+ ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means s simple a matt] z 9 ! m]e ab/ract /atem5t might appe>4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( a man1 no d\bt1 to act reasonably1 t is virtu\sly1 j z mu* z x is ! bus9ess ( a bee to bag honey2 b x is a mu* easi] ?+ = ! bee to suck honey f ! fl[]s ?an = a man to =ce fragrant de$s f ! /uff t daily life pres5ts4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! comp\nd nature ( man3 a nature n comp\nd only1 b compos$ ( p>ts ( :i* "o is f\nd to be (t5 /rangely at v>iance ) ! o!rs2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t :ile reason is ! di/9ctive faculty ( man1 & to act reasonably is at once 8 safety1 8 happ9ess1 & 8 glory1 he be>s )9 himself likewise a pr9ciple ( unreason1 an oppos$ to 8 1--a pr9ciple 9 ! normal /ate ( man altoge!r dep5d5t & s]vile1 b :i*1 z ?+s are1 has a /rong t5d5cy to rebel1 ass]t an unruly indep5d5ce1 & ev5 ca/ d[n f 8 ?rone #aea ! lawful reg5t ( ! s\l4 ,?is1 ! read] w rem>k1 is exactly ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul1 ) reg>d to ! contr>iety ( ,fle% & ,_s1 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,romans1 & express$ 9 almo/ ! same t]ms4 ,! exact words ( ,ari/otle are3 8,!re appe> manife/ly 9 human be+s "s /rong natural t5d5cies diff]5t f reason1 & n only diff]5t1 b fight+ ) & resi/+ reason40 ,b ?is rem>kable peculi>ity 9 ! complex creature ,man does n 9 ! lea/ *ange ! nature ( human good2 x only adds to x ano!r elem5t :i* makes x 9 ! end m glori\s--! elem5t ( resi/ance1 /ruggle1 victory1 & triumph1--( c\rse always ) ! necess>y alt]native ( possible feebl5ess1 c[>dice1 & defeat4 ,& ! same fact1--! same orig9al s91 z our !ologians t]m x1--nicely consid]$1 raises a noticeable "q ab\t ! orig9 ( laws & moral obligation2 t old "q s (t5 discuss$ by ! ,sophi/s1 & argu$1 z we h se51 by ,socrates1 9 8 disc\rse ) ,hippias1 :e!r "r & wrong exi/ by nature or by in/itution1 z !y express$ x1 or 2 & ! answ] giv5 to ?is "q by ! ,/agirite1 *>act]iz$ by 8 usual good s5se1 is t1 :ile ! det]m9ation ( "r & wrong is n a matt] ( arbitr>y1 compulsory imposition1 accord+ to ! selfi% !ory ( ,hobbes1 b lies deeply root$ 9 ! inn]mo/ recesses ( human nature1 x is nev]!less true t x is ! nature ( man1 m p]haps ?an ( any o!r animal1 to require tra9+ & discipl9e to br+ out :at is 9 him2 & t virtue1 9 fact1 is n virtue till ! inborn impulses t[>ds excell5ce h be5 fo/]$ & /r5g!n$ by ^? social #aeb appliances :i* lie 9 ! v prim>y conditions ( human life4 ,we are made virtu\s1 !re=e1 nei!r by nature1 nor contr>y to nature1 nor indep5d5tly ( nature1 b we gr[ virtu\s by repeat$ acts ( liv+ accord+ to reason1 z we le>n to see by us+ our eyes4 ,virtue is1 9 fact1 a habit2#aeb4a & z "o fit ( drunk5ness does n make a man a drunk>d1 s "o act ( g5]osity does n make a g5]\s man1 & ! :ole roll ( ! virtues practis$ only once or twice1 h[ev] completely1 does n make a virtu\s man4 ,h5ce ! imm5se importance ( education1 :i* o!r animals may disp5se )1 b n man1 & on :i*1 accord+ly1 bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle insi/1 z ! "o ?+ ne$ful = ! well-be+1 :e!r ( ! individual or ( society4 ,! exi/5ce ( innate t5d5cies t[>ds ! ,good does n 9 ! lea/ imply t human nature 9 its e>ly /ages may be safely left to itself4 ,^! good t5d5cies may be c\nt]act$ by opposite t5d5cies2 !y may be ov]:elm$ by adv]se circum/ance2 !y may be ext+ui%$2 & exp]i5ce proves t !y n seldom are ext+ui%$4 ,hav+ laid ?is sure f\ndation 9 ! diff]5tiat+ elem5t ( man1 ! philosoph] might naturally h proce$$ to prove t1 assum+ man to be naturally a social animal1 & wid[$ ) ^? in/9cts :i* make social organization necess>y to 8 normal exi/5ce1 any application ( reason to social exi/5ce1 t is1 e ass]tion ( practical reason 9 a creature s con/itut$1 is :at we call #aec "r1 & e omission to ass]t x1 or direct ass]tion ( ! contr>y1 is :at we call wrong4 ,a "r action is an action accord+ to ! real con/itution ( ?+s1 :i* reality x is ! bus9ess ( reason to disc]n2 a wrong act is an act 9 contrav5tion ( ! real con/itution ( ?+s1 & c be p]=m$ only :5 reason is undevelop$ or asleep1 or by "s viol5t impulse or bl9d illusion l$ a/ray3 x is an act insulat$1 contumaci\s1 & rebelli\s1 issu+ necess>ily 9 confusion & *aos & ru92 = no s+le unit 9 a complex :ole c ass]t its m]e caprici\s indep5d5t self 9 practical d5ial ( ! totality to :i* x belongs1 )\t produc+ discom=t at fir/1 & ultimately be+ cru%$ by ! firm compactness ( ! mighty ma*9]y :i* x has recklessly d>$ to di/urb4 ,h[ ?is might h be5 demon/rat$ 9 detail ! read] ( ! prec$+ disc\rse on ,socrates _c be ignorant2 b h[ev] mu* x lay 9 8 way1 ! ,/agirite 9 8 ,nicoma*ean treatise did n *oose to ent] ^u ?is !me4 ,= ?is proc$ure he may h _h two suffici5t reasons2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 he may h ?\ght t view ( ! matt] lay too obvi\sly 9 ! :ole s*eme & h&l+ bo? ( ,plato & ,socrates1 to be susceptible ( mu* novelty at 8 h&s2 & 9 ! second place1 he may h consid]$ su* a demon/ration1 h[ev] cog5t 9 a book1 to be less practically useful ?an "s te/ ( "r & wrong1 :i* he might be able to =mulate4 ,& 9 ! te/ :i* he hits ^u1 z we %all pres5tly see1 x is q evid5t t practical utility r ?an !oretic invuln]ability 0 8 ma9 object2 & ?is is precisely :at1 9 consi/5cy at once ) ! nature ( ! #aed subject1 & 8 own introductory obs]vations1 he 0 directly l$ to d4 ,8 te/ 0 simply ?is1 t virtue1 or "r conduct1 is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! mean betwe5 two extremes2 = ?\gh !re may be ! same difficulty 9 pron\nc+ ab\t ! quality ( p>ticul> actions1 sometimes1 z !re is 9 pron\nc+ ab\t ! /ate ( bodily heal? 9 any individual1 yet1 ^u a broad view ( bo? cases1 no?+ seems m obvi\s & m c]ta9 ?an t ! unheal?y condition1 :e!r ( body or s\l1 is *iefly indicat$ by "s defici5cy or excess4 ,9 o!r words1 virtue is a m$ium1 a balance1 a proportion1 a symmetry1 a h>mony1 a nice adju/m5t ( ! =ce ( ea* "p 9 ref]5ce to ! calculat$ action ( ! :ole4 ,n[1 x w at once be se5 t ?is pr9ciple is n put =? z any?+ new2 its tru? r consi/s 9 its antiquity1 & 9 ! deep-root$ exp]i5ce ( all human individuals & all human associations4 ,x is a pr9ciple :i* =ms "p ( ! prov]bial wisdom ( all peoples2 & ! ,greeks especially f ! olde/ times 7 /rong on ?is po9t4 -- -- --7 maxims famili> to e ,greek e> long be=e ,ari/otle2 & 9 ! realm ( speculation1 ! 1 or numb] ( ,py?agoras1 :5 appli$ to morals1 really meant no?+ else4 ,s 9 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon we f9d ! well-kn[n utt]ances--8,ha/ ?\ f\nd honey8 eat s mu* z is suffici5t = !e1 le/ ?\ be fill$ !re) & vomit x40 ,& aga93 8,be n righte\s ov]mu*1 nei!r make ?yself ov]wise2 :y %\ld/ ?\ de/roy ?yself8 ,be n ov]mu* wick$1 nei!r be ?\ fooli%3 :y %\ld/ ?\ die be=e ?y #aee "t80 ,& our ,%akespe>e1 ^: plays are a gr& eque/rian m>* ( all wisdom1 says to ! same effect 9 8 own admirable /yle-- 8,^! viol5t delights h viol5t ends1 ,& 9 _! triumph die3 l fire & p[d] ,:i*1 z !y kiss1 consume4 ,! sweete/ honey ,is loa?some 9 8 own delici\sness1 ,& 9 ! ta/e conf\nds ! appetite3 ,!re=e love mod]ately2 long love do? s2 ,too swift arrives z t>dy z too sl[40 ,:at ,ari/otle enunciat$ !re=e 0 m]ely ! mo/ commonplace wisdom2 & s mu* ! bett]4 ,commonplace wisdom is ! be/ k9d ( wisdom = common ne$s & e-day occasions4 ,x is too late 9 ! day n[1 & 0 too late 9 ,ari/otle's "t c]ta9ly1 to be discov]+ altoge!r new rules = keep+ ! consci5ces & ! /oma*s ( ! human millions 9 good ord]4 ,?+s absolutely necess>y to heal?y exi/5ce 7 necess>ily kn[n f ! e>lie/ ages1 unless inde$ we imag9e t ! primeval man 0 creat$ 9 a /ate ( physical & moral disease1 t he might grope & blund] 8 way into heal?1 z "s !ori/s ass]t t he grop$ & blund]$ 8 way f a tig] into a moral be+1 & f a monkey into a man4 ,s f> unque/ionably1 ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle 0 "r3 !re are no discov]ies to be made 9 morals4 ,we d n discov] ! sun2 we only recognise x :5 ! cl\ds are bl[n & ! ra9 has exhau/$ itself4 ,s x is 9 morals--9 ! light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w4 ,we d n discov] moral pr9ciples by a f+]+ induction1 or 9 any o!r way2 we m]ely remove ob/ructions2 we c apply ! #aef bell[s also & bl[ ! small sp>k into a mighty flame4 ,our endeav\rs !re=e z prea*]s1 & z philosoph]s1 l ,ari/otle1 are n 9 va94 ,we h mu* to d1 if n 9 ! way ( discov]+ absolutely new pr9ciples1 c]ta9ly 9 a ?\s& & "o ways ( apply+ ^? pr9ciples4 ,a burn+-glass :5 fir/ inv5t$ did n discov] ! sun2 x utiliz$ ! sun4 ,& 9 ! same way ! in/itution ( e new *ur* or ! e/abli%m5t ( e new s*ool is an inv5tion 9 morals1 ?\gh n a discov]y ( a new moral pr9ciple4 ,sabba?-s*ools 7 a discov]y 9 morals2 ,volunt>y ,*ur*es 7 a discov]y 9 morals2 ,re=m ,bills 7 a discov]y 9 morals4 ,& 9 ! _w ( books1 we mu/ say also t ! pr9ciple ( ! mean ass]t$ & sy/ematically set =? 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics 0 a great discov]y 9 moral philosophy4 ,! discov]y consi/$ 9 ! sagacity :i* seiz$1 among a ?\s& o!rs1 a float+ prov]b1 z alone fit1 or ma9ly fit1 = be+ made ! corn]-/one ( a compreh5sive canon ( human conduct4 ,to pick up a r\gh /one f ! road1 & poli% x1 & set x 9 a r+1 & c>ve ^u x ! signature ( ! k+'s imp]ial w1 is no small a*ievem5t2 & ?is simile precisely appraises ! m]it ( ! ,/agirite1 9 ref]5ce to t old maxim 1 :i* we h j quot$4 ,he has /amp$ x ) ! au?ority ( 8 own regal intellect1 9 a mann] appeal+ n less effectively to ! analytic habits ( ! sci5tific man1 ?an to ! broad views s de> to ! s-call$ practical man4 ,& t he 0 gr&ly "r 9 seiz+ ^u ?is rule ( conduct1 no p]son :o has ev] s]i\sly appli$1 himself to ! wisdom ( life1 z to ! "o #aeg ?+ ne$ful1 w h>e any difficulty 9 admitt+4 ,= !re is h>dly a man ( any self-k :o w n be will+ to confess t ! greate/ blund]s he has made 9 ! difficult game ( life h aris5 f ! neglect ( ?is rule1 z 8 mo/ signal successes h sprung f ! obs]vance ( x4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is gold5 mean1 inde$1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 is ! con/ant problem ( exi/5ce2 & x w be difficult to po9t out any defects ( moral "* :i* d n arise ei!r f a c]ta9 feebl5ess & defici5cy ( "s necess>y practical en]gy1 or f ! exagg]ation & misapplication ( virtues--a misapplication1 be x obs]v$1 :i* almo/ always proce$s f an excess2 = z a "m is apt to h h] pet *ild1 & an old maid h] gre5 p>rot1 h] ,skye t]ri]1 or h] tortoise-%ell cat1 on :i* %e sp5ds ! ov]fl[ ( h] non-utiliz$ sympa?ies1 s e man is apt to h 8 pet virtue1 8 idol excell5ce1 on :i* he prides himself1 & ( :i* he is fond ( mak+ a p>ade on all prop] & improp] occasions4 ,x is ! excessive sway ( ! fav\rite affection t makes a man bl9d to disc]n & weak to prev5t its improp] application4 ,?is is a great tru?--& some:at ( a com=table tru?1 too2 = to s9 by excess ( good is always bett] ?an to (f5d f pure vici\sness2 & man is ^u ! :ole 7not)/&+ ! float+ lies ( ! h\r1 & ! ,devil's ,p>adise 9 ,new ,york7 a blund]+ r ?an a diabolical creature4 ,! importance ( ,ari/otle's rule arises f ! fact t x is a regulative pr9ciple ( univ]sal application2 & 9 ?is way x may well be tak5 9 ! left h&1 along ) ! gold5 rule 9 ! "r #aeh h&1 8,d unto o!rs z ye w\ld t !y w\ld d unto y20 = ?is sacr$ s5t5ce is f\nd$ on a j1 delicate1 & broad sympa?y1 & belongs r to ! emotional elem5t--! moral /eam1 s to speak--( our nature1 :i*1 to avoid great p]ils1 mu/ always be associat$ ) ! regulative pr9ciple ( ! mean1 or some?+ to t effect4 ,^! two fam\s maxims inde$ may1 = practical purposes1 be reg>d$ z complem5t>y ( ea* o!r4 ,= p]sons 9 :om ! sympa!tic emotions pr$om9ate are (t5 defici5t 9 ! regulative faculty2 :ile ^? ^: p[] ( regulation is great h sometimes little to regulate1 & l a great comm&] ) few soldi]s1 make a v poor appe>ance 9 ! battle-field4 ,9 ! /ruggle ( life1 ! man ^: sympa!tic unselfi% impulses are /rong w p]haps f9d m b5efit f ! con/ant ref]5ce to ,ari/otle's mean ?an ev5 to ! ,scriptural gold5 rule2 :ile ! well-temp]$ ,ari/otelian w1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d x = 8 advantage to inquire :e!r ! ev5 pace at :i* he goes is n z mu* ow+ to ! dullness ( ! *>g]'s blood z to ! skill ) :i* ! rid] wields ! re94 ,= !re is no s+le maxim 9 morals t w conduct a man ?r\gh all practical difficulties )\t ! consid]ation ( "s o!r maxim qualify+ x1 & p]haps1 = ! nonce1 giv+ x a flat contradiction2 z ,i h kn[n a g5tleman :o confess$ to me t by no?+ _h he be5 l$ into s _m s]i\s blund]s z by ! indiscrim9ate application ( ?is v text1 8,d unto o!rs10 etc42 =1 be+ a man ( a peculi> idiosyncrasy1 & n hav+ le>n$ t ! gold5 rule applies only to t :i* we #aei hold 9 common ) our fell[-m51 & n to ^? po9ts on :i* we diff]1 he 0 con/antly l$ into a c\rse ( behavi\r t[>ds c]ta9 p]sons1 meant by him z a great k9dness1 b tak5 z a s]i\s (f5ce4 ,:ile he wi%$ n to be tr\blesome1 he 0 consid]$ to be neglectful2 :ile he ab/a9$ f m5tion+ c]ta9 subjects = fe> ( r\s+ pa9ful feel+s he 0 accus$ ( coldness & indiff]5ce2 :ile he meant to be frank & confid+1 he 0 met ) a rebuff t he 0 rude & imp]t95t4 ,all ?is %[s h[ little m]e prea*+ & p>ad+ ( g5]al maxims has to d ) ! difficult task ( ! =mation ( "*2 & no writ] des]ves great] praise = hav+ gravely enunciat$ ?is tru? ?an ! au?or ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,9 ord] fully to realize ! value ( ! ,ari/otelian mean 9 ! conduct ( life1 we may foll[ ! me?od ( ! great morali/ himself1 & cull a few examples at r&om = its v]ification4 ,we %all take ?ree virtues--c\rage1 tru?fulness1 self-e/eem--& see h[ di/9ctly !y /& out ea* z ! middle-po9t ( two vici\s extremes4 ,t c\rage is ! mean betwe5 c[>dice & ra%ness does n require to be told3 b :at a wide field ( op]ation does ?is triad op5 to u1 :ile we proce$ to realize x 9 education1 & 9 ! conduct ( public affairs1 & 9 ! ev5ts ( life6 ,:at a nice judgm5t is requir$ to "k at :at exact po9t ! too mu* & ! too little comm5ces1 :]e ! "r way sw]ves into an error ( :i* ! consequ5ces may be incalculable6 ,= ! mean po9t is v>iable2 & ! hesitation :i* w\ld be prud5ce 9 "o p]son1 or on "o occasion1 is c[>dice 9 ano!r4 ,a sailor sail+ )\t a #afj *>t among bl9d reefs & /rong curr5ts--su* z occur ev]y:]e 9 ! ,%etl& seas--c sc>cely be too cautions2 ) a soldi]1 a bold da% into a difficulty ) a fe>lessness :i* c1 sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ra%ness is sometimes ! ne>e/ road to a brilliant success4 ,& z good amusem5ts are a mimicry ( life1 !re is a mom5t at b[ls1 or croquet1 or backgammon1 or ev5 delib]ate :i/1 :5 ! =tune ( a :ole game may dep5d on a move :i* at o!r times w\ld be ei!r ! mo/ /upid ignorance or ! mo/ reckless folly4 ,! wisdom ( life1 consid]$ z a battle1 dep5ds at e mom5t on ! skill to "k :5 to advance & :5 to retreat1 :5 to da% on ) ! spe>1 & :5 to cr\* beh9d ! %ield2 to "k ?is mom5t is to "k ! j mean betwe5 ra%ness & c[>dice1 :i* ! ,greeks by a v significant "n call$ manhood 77 or c\rage4 ,take ano!r virtue4 ,( all commodities 9 ! _w1 ! mo/ difficult to deal ) is tru?4 ,if1 inde$1 all m5 w5t ab\t ! /reets1 l ,socrates1 9 se>* ( no?+ b tru?1 & ?ank+ ev]ybody mo/ f]vidly = any contribution to 8 /ock ( x1 ev5 9 ! mo/ disagreeable %ape1 tru?fulness w\ld be an easy virtue2 z easy = a human be+1 "o might imag9e1 z = a quick f\nta9 to sp\t wat]1 & = an eag] fire to spit flame4 ,b we all "k x is n s--r q o!rwise1 = tru? is an article to :i*1 except 9 s f> z p>ticul> tru?s may happ5 to prop up _! prejudices1 to flatt] _! vanity1 & to inflate _! conceit1 _m p]sons h s]i\s objections4 ,to fl+ x 9 _! face is to insult !m2 to put x d[n _! ?roats1 #afa ev5 ) a silv] spoon & sug>-c&y1 a difficult op]ation4 ,h5ce1 9 ! conduct ( life1 ! great importance ( n speak+ too mu* tru?1 le/ we fright5 p1 & n speak+ too little1 le/ we le>n altoge!r to live ^u lies4 ,9 mix$ society1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( all sorts ( va9 & self-important p]sons1 ! rule is g5]ally adopt$ ( speak+ z little tru? z possible--t is1 z little s]i\s tru? ab\t important matt]s2 = tru? ab\t trifles w discompose no "o4 ,b ?is conv5tional retic5ce is by no means ! :i* a reasonable compliance ) ! ,ari/otelian rule 9 ?is case w\ld require2 = ?\gh a surplus ( tru? is sure to make society uncom=table1 & a deluge ( x makes x impossible1 a great defici5cy w c]ta9ly make x tame & /upid2 & ?is is ! extreme to :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry1 we h lately be5 drift+ ) a g5tle1 b n ! less a dang]\s1 curr5t4 ,ev5 9 our pulpits we f9d a sort ( c[>dice sometimes =mally en?ron$1 & a tame coldness set up z ! /&>d 9 a place :]e1 above all o!rs1 an indiscreet f]v\r might occasionally be all[$ to pass = full c\s9 to ! greate/ excell5ce4 ,take aga91 self-e/eem1 :i* is p>tly an in/9ct1 p>tly ) wise m5 ! result ( t self-k :i* long & v>i$ exp]i5ce ought always to produce4 ,?is is a moral mean p]haps ev5 m difficult to /rike ?an tru?fulness2 = 9 speak+1 or r n speak+1 ! tru?1 ! pr9cipal difficulty a wise man has to deal ) is ! weakness ( a bro!r2 :]eas1 9 e/imat+ himself1 ! wise/ man is con/antly liable to be brib$ by t love ( self :i*1 inde$1 is ! necess>y root ( #afb our vitality1 b nev] c be ! bloom+ cr[n ( our glory4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is quality1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! _w is t[>ds ov]e/imate2 mo/ p]sons are apt to measure too highly ! value ( _! own p>ticul> /rong po9t1 & to "u-e/imate1 or altoge!r misprize1 t ( _! neighb\rs2 z a g5tleman 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ sc\r+ ! moors 9 triumph ) a gun w be apt to ?9k himself a mu* m sublime "* ?an a poet ly+ lazily on a hea!r brae1 & sp9n+ out pretty fancies to ! tune ( a br[n burn t eddies lazily r\nd an old granite b\ld]2 :ile ! rhym]1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks x a da9ti] occupation to sympa?ize quietly ) fea!r$ life ?an to take x away ) p[d] & %ot4 ,s x is ) u all1 wom5 z well z m5-- 8,if a fair girl has b a pretty face1 ,%e has ! wit to "k x40 ,& !re is no reason :y %e %\ld n "k x4 ,if a woman does n "k h] po9ts1 accord+ to a high au?ority1 %e _c ev5 dress well2 only1 exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! less m5 & wom5 ?9k ab\t _! /rong po9ts1 except1 ( c\rse1 :5 !y are dress+1 ! bett]2 = !re is no m c]ta9 way ( committ+ suicide on ! high] moral nature ?an by fall+ 9 love ) ourselves4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 !re=e1 x may be ?\ght t ! o!r & less common extreme is ! m safe--x is bett] to ?9k too l[ly ( ourselves ?an too highly4 ,& x is a fact1 capable ( be+ prov$ f a hundr$ biographies1 t ! greate/ m5 h be5 ! lea/ giv5 to self-glorification2 t mode/y1 z is commonly said1 #afc is ! inv>iable accompanim5t ( g5u9e p[]1 :ile =w>d conceit1 & empty inflation1 & boa/ful exhibition ( all k9ds1 are ! natural *>act]i/ics ( ! "y1 ! sup]ficial1 & ! small4 ,! "u-e/imate ( self (t5 f\nd 9 connexion ) ! highe/ g5ius1 especially 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( its exp]im5ts1 arises naturally f ! high ideal ( p]fection1 by ! contemplation ( :i* excell5ce gr[s4 ,no "y man :o puts a few well-adju/$ & well-ton$ figures toge!r on a piece ( canvas c "k1 & c]ta9ly ought nev] to imag9e1 t he c>ries ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & some?+ bett] ?an bo? p]haps1 9 8 bosom4 ,b ?\gh ?is be true1 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i h n se5 m sad mi/akes made 9 life by p]sons :o 7 r depress$ by too little ?an elevat$ by too mu* self-e/eem4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t ! conceit s natural to "y m5 is giv5 to !m by a graci\s provision z a sup]fluity t is sure to be prun$ (f4 ,! _w is con/antly employ$ 9 pull+ d[n outrage\s conceit2 b :5 a poor fell[ />ts 9 ! hot race ( life1 afflict$ ) t disease :i* ! ,greeks call 1 or difficult-fac$ness--t is1 s mode/ z n to be able to look a fell[-be+ 9 ! face--,i mu/ confess1 ?\gh ,i h a k9dly feel+ t[>ds a p]son s defici5t :i* ,i nev] c h to ! sm>t & p]t self-consci\s mannik91 ,i feel t ! defect ( ! "o is a mu* great] mis=tune1 & a malady mu* m difficult to cure1 ?an ! excess ( ! o!r4 ,) "s p]sons1 & inde$ :ole families1 ! t5d5cy to und]rate _! own capacity acts l a positive ta9t 9 ! blood2 x cuts ! w+ f hope1 dulls ! n]ve #afd ( aspiration1 & palsies ! arm ( action4 ,x makes an hone/ man useless :]e ,god has put him1 & op5s ! door = a di%one/ man ) a little natural confid5ce to d badly :at ! hone/ man = %e] lack ( confid5ce has n be5 able to d at all4 ,! man ( defective self-e/eem ?us commits two great wrongs--he wrongs himself1 because he all[s himself to be %unt$ out ( 8 natural sph]e1 & becomes a h9drance :]e he might h be5 a help2 & he wrongs ! public1 :i* lacks bo? ! insight & ! leisure to drag mode/ m]it f its d5 & to look ) an unw9k+ eye on ! juggl+ glam\ry ( ! bold pret5d]4 ,b x is n only 9 ! phases ( individual "* & ! exp]i5ces ( p]sonal life t ! validity ( ! ,ari/otelian /&>d ( well-be+ is /rongly ass]t$4 ,9 e sph]e ( exi/5ce ?r\gh ! v>i\s drama ( ! cosmos1 we f9d ! same pr9ciple 9 op]ation4 ,& we may1 )\t qualification1 broadly pron\nce t ! _w is a 1 an ord]$ & g>ni%$ :ole1 only 9 s f> z x is held toge!r by ! h>moniz+ law ( ! mean2 o!rwise x j]ks asund]1 & ?r\gh viol5t excess bolts into *aos4 ,take :at we call ,heal?1 = in/ance2 :at is x b ! rhy?mical m$ium1 ( normal pulse betwe5 ! excess ( fev] & ! defect ( feebl5ess8 :i* two extremes1 z ! common say+ is1 necess>ily meet2 = !y are bo? equally remov$ f heal?y life1 & si/]s-ut]9e to dea? & dissolution4 ,!n1 aga91 :at is ,beauty8 ,a p[] :i* all feel1 b few c def9e2 nei!r %all ,i attempt to def9e x n[4 ,b "o ?+ at lea/ 9 ref]5ce to x is q pla91 t x is always a m$ium #afe betwixt two extremes1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 a m>riage ( extremes4 ,= by su* a m>riage1 z we see 9 ! commone/ processes ( *emical action1 a mean product is produc$ ( a comp>atively mild & innocu\s "*4 ,! corrosive acid or alkali is annihilat$ & a neutral salt comes to view4 ,exactly s 9 works ( nature or art on :i* ! imag9ation c pleasantly dwell4 ,no extreme is beautiful4 ,! extreme ( =ce ov]:elms2 ! extreme ( g5tl5ess enfeebles & en]vates4 ,!re=e1 to make a h&some man1 we mu/ borr[ a few tricks ( grace f ! female2 & to make a woman :o %all be m ?an an animat$ rose or primrose1 we mu/ f9d h] infect$ ) a c]ta9 dose ( firmness & en]gy f ! male4 ,a m]e mascul9e creature1 compos$ altoge!r ( ! extreme ( /r5g? & =ce1 is disagreeable1 & (t5 unbe>able2 a m]e fem99e creature 9 ! extreme ( delicacy1 h[ev] f9ely t9t$ ) ! 8dolce mi/ura di rosa e di ligu/ro10 :i* ,ario/o lauds1 if %e is capable only ( a g5tle smile & a s(t c>ess1 v soon becomes tiresome4 ,%e is ! extreme ( ! m]e woman1 &1 l a coo+ turtle-dove1 soon satiates2 & at ! app>ition ( su* an unfea!r$ pigeon we yawn1 z f ! fully-develop$ unmitigat$ male be> we %r9k4 ,b x is 9 ! great movem5ts ( ! social _w--9 ! rise & fall ( /ock & comm]cial speculations--no less ?an 9 ! sl[ *anges & viol5t revolutions ( ,*ur*es & ,/ates1 t ! op]ation ( ! ,ari/otelian mean is mo/ /rik+ly exemplifi$4 ,mod]ation1 inde$1 bo? 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & on ',*ange1 is ! "o great condition ( safety--no proposition #aff 9 ,euclid is m c]ta9 ?an ?is3 b ?\gh ?is be ! wisdom ( gov]nm5t & ( trade1 x is a wisdom :i* political1 comm]cial1 & ecclesia/ical adv5tur]s 9 all ages h be5 sl[ to le>n2 & 9 public life we con/antly meet ) p]sons :o act & speak z if !y believ$ t ! triumph ( an extreme view is ev] ! triumph ( "r1 & t ! well-be+ ( communities consi/s 9 ! unlimit$ sway ( "o p>ty & ! complete annihilation ( all o!rs4 ,& x may be said also1 t1 not)/&+ all ! w>n+s ( c5turies ( bloody exp]i5ce1 ! man or ! p>ty t takes ! /rong "o-sid$ viol5t view has1 on critical occasions1 ! be/ *ance to succe$4 ,wisdom 9 ! days ( ,solomon lift$ up h] voice 9 ! /reets1 & 0 n he>d4 ,x is ev5 s n[4 ,! /reets are n ! place = wisdom4 ,wisdom requires calm reflection2 b ! /reets are full ( hurry & bu/le4 ,ari/otle _h a s]5e contempt = ! multitude1 & ! multitude h an in/9ctive av]sion to ,ari/otle4 ,:5 y br+ a multitude ( m5 toge!r to be h>angu$1 viol5t & extreme op9ions pron\nc$ 9 ! /ronge/ language are apt to be ! mo/ popul>4 ,a "o-sid$ view taxes ?\ght less2 a "o-sid$ spee* flatt]s an ignorant audi5ce1 :o are capable only ( "o idea--at lea/ only ( "o at a "t--& :o delight to hug !mselves 9 ! fancy t !re is no o!r idea 9 ! univ]se4 ,& ! natural lead] ( a multitude s affect$ is n1 ( c\rse1 y\r man ( _m ?\ghts1 y\r ,ari/otle1 y\r ,%akespe>e1 y\r ,goe!1 b y\r well-pack$1 self-conta9$1 little man1 full ( bottl$ fire impati5t to bur/ =?1 :o m>*es f 8 cradle to 8 grave capable only #afg ( "o aspect ( ?+s1 & :o1 if ! notion by :i* he is gov]n$ happ5s to jump ) ! hum\r ( ! "t1 %all become ! demagogue ( ! h\r1 or1 if circum/ances fav\r1 ! dictator ( ! age4 ,:51 inde$1 we consid] ! und5iable fact t great social *anges are g5]ally effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( excit$ multitudes & highly /imulat$ p>ties1 we %all n be surpris$ at ! result s (t5 exhibit$ 9 hi/ory4 ,t result %[s bloody civil w>s in/ead ( peaceful arrangem5t2 faction in/ead ( patriotism2 & an oscillation betwe5 fev]i% extremes1 in/ead ( a well-calculat$ balance ( social =ces4 ,! revolutions & re=ms :i* fill ! mo/ int]e/+ pages ( hi/ory teem ) examples ( ?is k9d4 ,^! revolutions & re=ms are ( two k9ds--rem$ial & con/ructive1 or dis9tegrat+ & de/ructive2 & ! hi/ory ( bo? equally illu/rates ! hopelessness--p]haps x 7 m correct to say ! impossibility--( expect+ wisdom & mod]ation to p]=m a prom95t "p 9 ! managem5t ( ! congregat$ millions ( div]se & ho/ile-m9d$ m5 "u ! passionate influ5ces t accompany organic *ange4 ,= ^! ?+s are g5]ally done 9 ! mann] ( a battle3 p>ties get heat$2 ! blood is up2 fir/ ink is %$ 9 oceans1 !n gall1 !n blood2 & :o expects mod]ation f m5 ) p>tisan p5s or poign>ds 9 _! h&s1 & c>ry+ on a sy/ematic trade 9 all sorts ( misrepres5tation1 sl&]1 & lies8 ,we read sometimes1 inde$1 ( a :ole p hav+ by a happy accid5t f\nd out _! wise/ man--z 9 ! notable example ( ,,solon--& olig>*s & democrats volunt>ily submitt+ !mselves to #afh him z a j & legal arbit]4 ,! result 9 ?is case1 z we read1 0 :at might h be5 expect$4 ,! wise man produc$ a wise con/itution4 ,! cont5d+ claims ( ! adv]se p>ties 7 adju/$ ) mod]ation2 & a m+l$ polity1 pres5t+ a j m$ium betwe5 olig>*y1 ! cold selfi%ness ( ! few1 & democracy1 ! ov]be>+ insol5ce ( ! _m1 0 ! result4 ,b no?+ human is p]man5t2 & ! next *anges did n proce$ s com=tably4 ,! democracy1 inflat$ ) _! milit>y successes at ,m>a?on & ,salamis1 w\ld tol]ate no *eck2 _! ,areopagus1 or ,h\se ( ,lords1 0 %orn ( all influ5ce2 ! extravagant ambition ( _! popul> assemblies 0 fool$ to ! top ( its b5t by ! unpr9cipl$ brilliancy ( adv5tur]s l ,alcibiades2 ! con/ant necessity ( ma9ta9+ political influ5ce by fl++ sops to a gre$y multitude produc$1 z we see 9 ,am]ica at ! pres5t h\r1 a corruption ( public morals1 & a det]ioration ( ! "* ( public m51 aga9/ :i* all patriotic remon/rances 7 weak3 faction assum$ ! helm2 v5ality became law2 & at ! mom5t ( dang]1 :5 ! "y ,mac$onian snake might yet h be5 cru%$1 !re 0 f\nd only "o hone/ man among ! noisy h>angu]s ( ! ,pnyx4 ,& to him !y li/5$ only :5 x 0 too late4 ,?us1 by ! excess ( democratic polity fo/]$ by ,p]icles1 ! insol5ce ( democratic ambition spurr$ by ,alcibiades1 ! languor t foll[$ ! ov]-ex]tion ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 & ! corruption t belongs to e extreme =m ( gov]nm5t1 ,a!ns =feit$ h] %ort lease ( brilliant lib]ty1 & became a slave = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,a simil> sc5e #afi 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,roman ,=um1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ refra9 f pa9t+ out 9 detail "h4 ,suffice x to say t1 s long z a mod]ate balance betwe5 patricians & plebeians 0 ma9ta9$1 ! ,ari/ocratic ,republic ( ,rome prosp]$ at home & conqu]$ abroad2 b no soon] _h ! democracy1 by ! ,hort5sian law ( ,b4,c4 #bhf1 ass]t$ ! "r ( act+ alone 9 legislative measures1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( ! ,roman ,h\se ( ,lords 7t is1 ! ,s5ate71 ?an ! se$ ( de/ruction 0 s[n4 ,! two p>ties 7 n[ plant$ face to face on indep5d5t gr\nd2 two ma/]s 9 ! same h\se claim$ equal p[]2 ! peaceful balance became a battle-field2 assass9ations 9 ! ,=um 7 ! h>b+]s ( but*]ies 9 protract$ dramas ( civil slaught]2 viol5ce 0 foll[$ by exhau/ion2 & on ! bloody /eps ( a democratic ,tribunate ! arm$ nursl+ ( ! democracy m\nt$ ! ?rone ( univ]sal despotism4 ,s ! public life ( ,anci5t ,rome end$ ) faction & a native milit>y mon>*y1 z t1 ( ,greece 9 faction & subjection to a =eign p[]4 ,!re are "s p ( a happy innoc5ce ( m9d :o believe t we 9 mod]n times1 by ! help ( ,*ri/ianity & s*oolma/]s1 may haply escape all ^! evils & fl\ri% 9 a gre5 immortality on ! e>?1 if n "u pres5t circum/ances exactly1 at lea/ by & by ) ! help ( manhood suffrage1 ballot-boxes1 unbe>d$ politicians1 & a few o!r democratic imag9ations4 ,i am sorry to say t ,i d n 9 ! lea/ %>e 9 ^! anticipations3 only "u "o condition is x possible t mod]n ,/ates %\ld escape ! dis9tegrat+ process :i* annihilat$ ! con/itutions ( ,anci5t ,greece & #agj ,rome--!y mu/ /udy mod]ation2 !y mu/ be conv]t$ to ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle2 o!rwise !y mu/ p]i%4 ,t 9 free con/itutions public affairs %\ld be manag$ by ! oscillations ( oppos+ p>ties is necess>y & natural3 ! annihilation ( p>ties is possible only ) ! pro/ration ( lib]ty2 b ! et]nal tru? /ill rema9s1 t if p>ties w n ackn[l$ge c]ta9 wise limitations1 b pu% _! ho/ility to extremes1 ! pres]vation ( national lib]ty is impossible4 ,if1 :5 organic re=ms are necess>y1 ! wise & mod]ate m5 ( all p>ties w unite toge!r to make su* *anges z w satisfy ! j dem&s ( new claimants1 )\t de/roy+ ! equally j rights ( ! old1 !n1 s f> z political =ces ( corruption are conc]n$1 ! durability ( a con/itution may be look$ ^u z secur$2 b if ! p>ties1 in/ead ( work+ = a patriotic purpose1 are m conc]n$ = ! mom5t>y success ( a p>liam5t>y manuvre ?an = ! ultimate triumph ( a great pr9ciple--if1 in/ead ( wisely & c\rage\sly confront+ a viol5t & unreasonable clam\r & qua%+ outrage\s folly ) /atesmanlike firmness1 !y wav]1 & fl9*1 & yield1 & ev5 condesc5d to ! base game 7practis$ 9 anci5t ,rome & m$ival ,flor5ce7 ( outbidd+ "o ano!r 9 c[>dly concessions to an untemp]$ multitude--9 ?is case1 nei!r ,*ri/ianity nor s*oolma/]s c save any mod]n ,/ate f p]dition1 ei!r on ?is or on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,= !re is n "o law ( morality = ! individual & ano!r = public m51 b !y are bo? ! same2 & x is n s mu* ! =m ( gov]nm5t z ! tone ( political morality1 #aga & ! "* ( politicians1 t saves or ru9s a ,/ate4 ,if 9 any c\ntry ! managem5t ( public affairs falls into ! h&s ( m5 :o make a trade ( politics1 & employ an organiz$ ma*9]y ( viol5ce1 & lies1 & intrigue1 = ! purpose ( gett+ into p[]2 & if !y consid] p[] valuable1 n = ! purpose ( mod]at+ popul> passions & expos+ popul> delusions1 b = keep+ _! p>ty 9 place by spread+ full sails to ! popul> breeze1 !n t c\ntry is already 9 ! h&s ( ! de/roy+ ,siva1 & no con/itution c save x4 ,political wisdom is n to be expect$ f m5 :o ent] ! game ( public life ) ! recklessness ( pr(essional gambl]s2 & t army w sc>cely be look$ to = noble a*ievem5ts 9 ! field :i*1 ) ,selfi%ness = its god1 has *os5 ,cunn+ = its capta91 & plant$ ,c[>dice = a gu>d4 ,9 ^! la/ rem>ks we h w&]$ beyond ! /rict b\nds ( ! pres5t essay into ! doma9 ( ,politics1 & ! ,art ( ,gov]nm5t1 b n )\t design2 = ! ,politics & ! ,e?ics are ) ! ,/agirite only two p>ts ( ! same "w2 z inde$ ) ! ,greeks g5]ally1 p]sonal e?ics 7 always conceiv$ ( 9 connexion ) ! ,/ate1 9 ! same way t ) ?or\gh & consi/5t ,*ri/ians ! fruits ( social virtue _c be divorc$ f ! root ( !ological fai? ( :i* !y are ! consummation4 ,& :oev] /udies ! great treatise on ! ,art ( ,gov]nm5t ) t c>e1 :i* m ?an any o!r "w ( antiquity its weighty conclusions dem&1 w n fail to obs]ve t ! key-note to ! :ole political sy/em lies 9 t 1 or j mean1 #agb :i* is ! prom95t pr9ciple ( ! ,e?ics4 ,b ?is by ! way4 ,:at rema9s = u n[1 9 ord] t ! mod]n ?9k] may h a full view ( ! attitude ( ,ari/otle z a moral philosoph]1 is t we exhibit him disc\rs+ 9 8 own p]son on "s "o ( ^? types ( social "*1 :i* 9 8 ?ird & f\r? books he has s skilfully analys$4 ,= ?is purpose we %all *oose ! section on or great-m9d$ness1 a *apt] em95tly *>act]i/ic bo? ( ! writ] & ( ! p to :om he belong$1 & pres5t+ also1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^? contra/s betwe5 ! attitude ( ,hell5ic & t ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 :i* x is "o object ( ! pres5t volume to set =?4 ,! ,*apt] is ! ?ird ( ,book ,,iv4 8,t great-m9d$ness has ref]5ce to some?+ great is pla9 f ! "n2 let u inquire !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 to :at great ?+s x ref]s2 & "h x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r we talk =mally ( ! moral habitude itself1 or ( ! p]son :o possesses t habitude4 ,n[1 a great-m9d$ p]son is "o :o e/eems himself wor?y ( great ?+s1 be+ 9 fact s wor?y2 = ! man :o claims = himself :at he does n des]ve is a fool2 b 9 virtue !re c be no?+ fooli% or un9tellig5t4 ,?is !re=e is ! great-m9d$ man4 ,= ?\gh a p]son's e/imate ( himself %\ld be j1 = example1 if1 be+ wor?y ( little consid]ation1 he e/eems himself accord+ly1 su* an "o we call sob]-m9d$1 b n great-m9d$2 = )\t a c]ta9 magnitude !re is no greatness ( s\l1 j z beauty dem&s a c]ta9 /ature1 & little p may inde$ be pretty & well-proportion$1 b !y #agc are nev] call$ beautiful4#agc4a ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o e/eems himself wor?y ( great ?+s1 be+ n s wor?y1 we call pret5ti\s & conceit$2 ?\gh n e "o :o ov]-e/imates 9 "s degree 8 real wor? is ju/ly *>g$ ) conceit4 ,& 9 ! opposite extreme to ?is1 ! man :o claims less ?an he des]ves is small or mean-m9d$1 :e!r 8 real des]t be some?+ great or some?+ mod]ate2 & he rema9s small-m9d$ also1 if1 :ile he is wor?y ( little1 he rates himself at less4 ,b ! greate/ (f5d] 9 ?is case is he :o1 be+ wor?y ( great ?+s1 nev]!less consid]s himself wor?y ( little or ( no?+2 = h[ deep might su* a man's self-e/eem h fall5 if he _h be5 really z devoid ( moral des]t z ev5 ) s mu* real m]it he rates himself8 ,n[ ! great-m9d$ man1 9 respect ( comp>ative magnitude1 seems to /& at an extreme1 b 9 respect ( self-e/imate he is ! j mean2 = 8 e/imate ( himself falls nei!r )9 nor beyond ! m>k ( tru?1 :ile ! o!rs fail on ! "o side by excess1 & on ! o!r by defect4 ,fur!r1 ! man :o deems himself wor?y ( great ?+s1 be+ s wor?y1 ( c\rse deems himself wor?y ( ! greate/ ?+s1 & ( "o ?+1 :atev] t be1 pre-em95tly great4 ,:at !n d we mean :5 we say t a man is wor?y1 t he may ju/ly claim great ?+s or small ?+s8 ,we use #agd ?is language always 9 ref]5ce to some?+ ext]nal4 ,& ! greate/ ( ext]nal ?+s is t :i* we pay to ! gods1 & t :i* m5 9 ! highe/ situations *iefly desire1 & = :i* among m5 !re arises ! mo/ noble /ruggle ( ! mo/ noble4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is hon\r2 = hon\r is ! greate/ ( ext]nal goods4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce !re=e to demon/rations ( hon\r & di%on\r t ! great-m9d$ man comports himself z a wise man ought4 ,& inde$ ?is is a po9t :i* requires only to be /at$1 n argu$2 = x is manife/ t great-m9d$ m5 ev]y:]e are spok5 ( z be+ great-m9d$ 9 ref]5ce to hon\r2 = x is hon\r above all ?+s ( :i* truly great m5 ?9k !mselves wor?y1 & t 9 ! measure ( _! des]t4 ,b ! small-m9d$ man is defici5t bo? 9 relation to himself & 9 relation to ! dignity t belongs to ! great-m9d$1 :ile ! conceit$ man no d\bt s9s by excess 9 ref]5ce to 8 own m]it1 b n 9 ref]5ce to ! high e/imate ( himself ju/ly ent]ta9$ by ! great-m9d$ man4 8,aga91 x is obvi\s t ! great-m9d$ man1 if he is wor?y ( ! greate/ consid]ation1 mu/ be n only a good man1 b "o ( ! v be/2 = always ! bett] a man is ! great] is 8 des]t1 & ! be/ man alone may claim ! mo/4 ,! really great-m9d$ man1 !re=e1 mu/ be good2 or r1 let u say t to be entitl$ to ! praise ( great-m9d$ness a man mu/ be great 9 all virtue4 ,lea/ ( all1 c]ta9ly1 is x consi/5t ) ! "* ( a great-m9d$ man to droop 8 cre/ at ! face ( dang] & run away1 or to d any act ( inju/ice2 = :y %\ld a man d any?+ di%on\rable1 #age to :om ev5 ! greate/ ?+s 9 ! _w are small measur$ by ! e/imate t he ent]ta9s ( 8 own wor?8 ,&1 inde$1 x is q ridicul\s to imag9e a man ( g5u9e great-m9d$ness :o is n at ! same "t a virtu\s man4 ,=1 if he is bad he is c]ta9ly n wor?y ( hon\r1 hon\r :i* is ! rew>d ( virtue1 & is giv5 only to ! good4 ,let u say !re=e t great-m9d$ness is a sort ( cr[n & blossom ( ! virtues1 = x elevates all ! virtues1 & )\t !m x _c exi/4 ,= :i* reason x is a h>d ?+ to be truly great-m9d$2 = ?is elevation ( ! s\l is n possible )\t g5]al goodness4 ,we see !re=e t x is ) demon/rations ( hon\r & di%on\r t ! great-m9d$ man is pr9cipally conc]n$2 & x is *>act]i/ic ( him1 t :5 great hon\r is done him by good p]sons1 he is pleas$1 b always mod]ately1 because on e occasion he only gets :at he des]ves1 or p]haps less2 because1 9 fact1 virtue nev] c receive a prop] equival5t = itself 9 ! %ape ( any?+ ext]nal3 he w n1 h[ev]1 reject any su* (f]+1 h[ev] inf]ior to 8 m]its1 because he w consid] t p h giv5 ! be/ !y _h to give4 ,b ! hon\r t he receives = small s]vices1 & f p]sons ( no excell5ce1 he w hold v *eap2 = x is n ( su* respect t he consid]s himself wor?y4 ,exactly simil> is 8 relation to di%on\r2 = disrespect 9 no k9d c "u any circum/ances h ref]5ce to him4 ,b hon\r1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal1 is n ! only ext]nal ?+ t belongs to ! great-m9d$ man2 money1 & p[]1 & prosp]ity1 & _! opposites1 affect him also 9 _! prop] place & degree1 9 su* a #agf fa%ion always z t he %all nei!r be mu* elevat$ by _! pres5ce1 nor mu* depress$ by _! abs5ce4 ,= n ev5 ! abs5ce ( t hon\r1 :i* he ju/ly claims1 w he all[ to affect 8 peace v deeply1 mu* less ! )hold+ ( t weal? & t influ5ce1 :i* are desir$ by ! good only = ! sake ( ! hon\r :i* !y br+ ) !m4 ,he !re=e :o c look calmly on ! abs5ce ( t :i* is mo/ desir$1 w n break 8 he>t because he f9ds himself de/itute ( ^? ?+s :i* are valu$ only z !y contribute to ! atta9m5t ( t desire4 ,= ?is reason x is t m5 ( a high self-e/eem are apt to appe> pr\d & contemptu\s4 ,x w\ld appe> also t ! accid5ts ( bir? & =tune contribute 9 "s degree t[>ds great-m9d$ness2 = p]sons ( noble bir? are consid]$ wor?y ( hon\r1 & p]sons ( great influ5ce1 & weal?y p]sons2 & !re is a sup]iority belong+ to all su* p]sons1 :i* br+s a c]ta9 am\nt ( hon\r along ) x t is grateful to a good man4 ,& x _c be d5i$ t su* ?+s h a t5d5cy to eng5d] a c]ta9 l(t9ess ( s\l1 = !y are nev] )\t hon\r f "s qu>t]4 ,nev]!less ! only ?+ really des]v+ ( hon\r is virtue1 ?\gh :]e virtue is conjo9$ ) ^! ext]nal advantages x w always comm& a latt] %>e ( public respect4 ,b ^? :o possess su* ext]nal advantages )\t virtue h nei!r any reason = ?9k+ !mselves des]v+ ( great consid]ation1 nor are !y prop]ly call$ great-m9d$2 = x is only ( ^? :o possess virtue t su* ?+s c be pr$icat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? :o possess su* ext]nal goods are apt to #agg become insol5t & haughty4 ,= )\t virtue x is by no means easy to be> prosp]ity well2 &1 n be>+ x well1 su* p]sons are apt to conceit !mselves bett] ?an _! neighb\rs1 & to despise !m1 :ile !mselves sp5d _! lives at r&om1 & d :at *ance ?r[s 9 _! way4 ,= !y imitate ! mann] ( ! great-m9d$ man1 n be+ l him 9 s\l2 &1 :ile !y d no?+ on :i* a l(ty e/imate ( !mselves might ju/ly be f\nd$1 !y f9d x easy to usurp an app>5t sup]iority by look+ d[n ^u _! fell[-m54 ,?is sup]iority belongs ( "r to ! great-m9d$ man1 = 8 op9ion ( himself is f\nd$ on reality2 b ^!1 z *ance may h ?r[n "s exceptional tag ( di/9ction 9 _! way1 despise _! neighb\rs4 ,aga91 ! great-m9d$ man is n fond ( runn+ petty risks1 nor inde$ is x by ra% & ha/y v5tures 9 any %ape t he w\ld cat* a small brea? ( hon\r2 b :5 a great risk pres5ts itself !n he will+ly confronts dang]1 & sp>es n 8 life1 z deem+ life second>y :5 high] int]e/s are conc]n$4 ,moreov]1 9 ref]5ce to b5efits1 he is m giv5 to conf] ?an to receive !m2 = he :o conf]s a b5efit always /&s 9 a position ( sup]iority1 :ile he on :om x is conf]r$ feels inf]ior4 ,& :5 a b5efit is conf]r$ on him1 he w repay x 9 l>g] measure2 = ?us ! b5efactor w seem to be put "u a new obligation1 hav+ receiv$ m ?an he gave4 ,he seems also to h a m wakeful memory = ^? on :om he has conf]r$ b5efits1 ?an = ^? f :om he has receiv$ !m2 = ! p]son b5efit$ is always inf]ior to ! p]son conf]r+ ! b5efit1 #agh & ! great-m9d$ man always wi%es to feel sup]ior4 ,& he does n he> ( b5efits conf]r$ on him ) ! same pleasure z b5efits :i* he has conf]r$ on o!rs1 = :i* reason 9 ,hom] ,!tis does n commemorate h] s]vices to ,jove2 & 9 ! same way ! ,sp>tans d n speak to ! ,a!nians ( ! b5efits !y h conf]r$ on ,a!ns1 b ( ^? :i* !y h receiv$4 ,x is also a m>k ( ! great-m9d$ man t he w ei!r n ask a fav\r at all1 or d x ) difficulty2 on ! o!r h&1 he is ready to d a s]vice to all1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :ile he be>s himself l(tily to ^? high 9 position & worldly =tune1 he is ( easy access & condesc5d+ to ! common man2 = n to b[ be=e ! mighty is n easy1 & is possible only to ^? :o are inspir$ by a high s5se ( p]sonal wor?1 :]eas ) common m5 any man may plant himself on an equality2 & inde$ ev5 a little excess ( pride 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pr\d is nev] ignoble1 :ile to be haughty to ^? b5ea? u is always ! sign ( a vulg> m9d1 & a p]son ( l[ ambition1 z :5 "o makes a vaunt ( /r5g? be=e ! weak4 ,aga91 ! great-m9d$ man w n be ! fir/ to seize on hon\rable di/9ctions :5 (f]$1 b he w gladly let o!rs prec$e1 be+ sl[ & backw>d1 except1 inde$1 :]e a difficult ?+ is to be done1 & a v r>e hon\r a*iev$2 g5]ally he w m$dle ) few ?+s1 b :at he does put 8 h& to mu/ be some?+ great & namewor?y4 ,we may fur!r note t he w be op5 & above gr\nd1 :e!r 9 8 hatr$s or 8 fri5d%ips1 = to conceal a man's feel+s is usually a sign ( fe>4 ,& 9 e case he w #agi be f\nd m conc]n$ = tru? ?an = op9ion1 & he w %r9k z little f an act z f a ^w t ! occasion may dem&2 = 8 contempt ( small m5 & small ?+s makes him indiff]5t z to results1 & inspires him ) a l(ty confid5ce4 ,= :i* reason also he is mu* giv5 to speak ! tru?1 except inde$ :5 he wi%es to speak ironically2 & x is 8 delight to use a little humor\s self-concealm5t or self-misrepres5tation :5 he speaks 9 mix$ company4 ,nei!r is he able easily to adapt himself to ano!r p]son1 unless1 inde$1 t p]son be a special fri5d1 = 9 ?is ready adaptability !re is g5]ally impli$ some?+ slavi%1 z we see t flatt]]s h always some?+ m5ial 9 _! "*1 & l[ p]sons m readily condesc5d to flatt]4 ,nor aga9 is ! great-m9d$ man mu* giv5 to wond]2 = to him !re is no?+ great4 ,z little is he apt to /ore up a grudge2 = a great-m9d$ man w n rememb] trifles1 especially petty (f5ces1 b w r ov]look !m4 ,nor w he indulge 9 p]sonal rem>ks ( any k9d1 speak+ little ei!r ab\t himself or o!rs2 = nei!r is he c>eful to be prais$1 nor pleas$ t o!rs %\ld be blam$2 z little is he giv5 to laud o!r p1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 to speak evil ( o!rs1 ev5 :5 !y are 8 enemies1 except p]haps occasionally1 :5 insol5ce requires to be *a/is$4 ,fur!r1 ab\t necess>y evils1 or vexati\s trifles1 he is n ! man to make _m bewail+s & besee*+s1 = to behave 9 ?is mann] a man mu/ take ^! ?+s mu* to he>t1 :i* he nev] c4 ,& (t5times he w be f\nd pref]r+ :at is noble & br+s no pr(it1 to :at is useful & ga9ful1 #ahj = 8 self-dep5d5ce /&s out ! m !reby4 ,f9ally1 z to 8 appe>ance & mann]1 x w be not$ t ! great-m9d$ man is sl[ 9 8 movem5ts1 t 8 voice is deep1 & 8 disc\rse weighty1 = x is n natural t "o :o is n anxi\s ab\t small matt]s %\ld be 9 a hurry1 or t a p]son %\ld be v mu* excit$ on common occasions1 to :om common matt]s are unimportant4 ,su* !n is ! great-m9d$ man4 ,! two extremes betwe5 :i* he repres5ts ! mean1 are1 z we h said1 ! man ( l[ self-e/imate & ! man ( l>ge pret5sions & conceit4 ,n[ ^! two are manife/ly n bad m51 = !y are n evil-do]s2 !y only miss ! ideal ( :at is true & noble 9 "*4 ,= ! man :o ?9ks meanly ( himself1 depriv+ himself ( :at he might ju/ly claim z 8 due1 ?\gh n a vici\s man1 suff]s "u a great vice ( "*1 ! defect ( n kn[+ himself2 = _h he kn[n himself1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h desir$ to possess ! good ?+s to :i* he has a natural "r4 ,at ! same "t su* a p]son is n to be call$ fooli%2 he is only backw>d4 ,b su* a misprision ( "o's self1 h[ev] remov$ f flagrant vici\sness1 has unque/ionably a t5d5cy to det]iorate ! "*2 = ! imag9ation ( _! own unwor?9ess1 by :i* ^! p]sons are possess$1 n only *eats !m ( valuable ext]nal good :i* might naturally h fall5 to _! lot1 b x causes !m also to retire f _m noble & excell5t sph]es ( usefulness1 & to %r9k f ! p]=mance ( mo/ excell5t actions4 ,a conceit$ man1 on ! o!r h&1 is bo? fooli% & self-ignorant1 & exhibits himself 9 a m #aha ridicul\s fa%ion to ! g5]al eye2 = deem+ himself fit = "s hon\rable (fice1 ! mom5t he appe>s 9 public 8 ineffici5cy is expos$1 & he p>ades himself 9 %[y dress1 & puts himself into attitudes1 & wi%es t ! :ole _w %\ld take notice ( 8 good =tune1 & claims hon\r z rightfully due to him = su* display4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great] opposition betwe5 ! man :o ?9ks meanly ( himself & ! great-m9d$ man1 ?an betwe5 ?is man & ! conceit$1 p]son2 = 9 tru? ! mean abnegation ( self1 ! *eap5+ ( a man's capabilities1 & despair ( all l(ty a*ievem5t1 is ( m common occurr5ce among/ ! masses1 & on acc\nt ( its negative "* leads 9 ! practical w>f>e ( life to m sad results40#aha4a ,= comm5t+ on "s ( ! rem>kable *>act]i/ics ( ?is *apt]1 hov]+ z !y d s delicately on ! slipp]y bord] t sep>ates a ju/ifiable pride f a salut>y humility1 m apt occasion may pres5t itself 9 our next disc\rse2 9 ! meantime x w s]ve m ! purpose ( ! pres5t inquiry to ask1 :e!r !re may n be grave objections to a sy/em ( e?ics bas$ on ! m]e prud5tial calculation ( a mean8 & :e!r1 grant+ ?is calculation to be wise & salut>y1 s f> z x goes1 x may n require to be /r5g!n$ by "s /rong] =ce ?an any :i* ! philosophy ( ! ,/agirite supplies8 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 "h !re is "o v common class #ahb ( objections to ! doctr9e ( ! 1 to :i* we hope ! :ole tone ( our previ\s rem>ks has already suppli$ ! answ]4 8,is x possible10 "s "o has (t5 ask$1 8to possess too mu* love8 ,( :at good emotion is envy ! exagg]ation8 ,c any modification ( spite be virtu\s8 ,c any m]e defici5cy ( ! quality ( tru? acc\nt = ! vici\sness ( a positive lie80 ,to "s ( ^! objections ,ari/otle has himself suppli$ ! answ]2 b ! be/ g5]al answ] to all is _! imp]t95ce z be>+ ^u a treatise :i* does n pret5d to set =? a curi\s def9ition1 pro( aga9/ e subtle objection1 b only to supply a useful practical rule4 ,:osoev] accepts ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics 9 ! practical _s 9 :i* x 0 writt51 w soon f9d1 p]haps by no v pleasant exp]i5ce1 t !re is no?+ m common among good p ?an to h too mu* ev5 ( su* a r>e virtue z ,*ri/ian love2 = !re is too mu* always :5 !re is too mu* = ! occasion1 or too mu* = ! use or ! abuse t is likely to be made ( x2 & un*a/5$ g5]osity1 inconsid]ate philan?ropy1 & indiscrim9ate k9dness are c]ta9ly n among ! r>e/ ( social faults4 ,equally c]ta9 is x t "s ( our mo/ odi\s vices are only ! despotic usurpations ( c]ta9 in/9cts1 natural & heal?y 9 !mselves1 & :5 act+ "u ! habitual *eck ( o!r in/9cts equally natural1 s z to pres]ve ! j balance ( a h>moni\s :ole4 ,?us envy is m]ely ! natural fruit ( a salut>y rivalry1 :5 a g5]\s sympa?y is want+2 x is an odi\s /ate ( m9d aris+ out ( an excess ( rivalry on ! "o h&1 & a defici5cy ( sympa?y on ! o!r4 ,let ?is /yle #ahc ( objections !re=e pass4 ,b a m s]i\s defici5cy 9 ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e seems to reveal itself1 :5 x is said1 ,?is morality is m]ely prud5tial & calculat+2 x regulates b x does n move3 x supplies ! pilot at ! helm1 & gives him a curi\sly m>k$ compass to /e] by1 b x leaves ! %ip 9 a /agnant ocean )\t w9d & )\t tides4 ,n[ !re is some?+ 9 ?is objection1 b n ne>ly s mu* z appe>s on ! surface4 ,ari/otle c]ta9ly is n an emotional writ]2 he does n /ir ! affections2 he w nev] be a fav\rite ) wom51 or ) poets1 or ) evangeli/s1 or ) any p]son--& ?is is by no means ! wor/ sort ( p]son--^: head requires to be rea*$ ?r\gh 8 he>t4 ,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t he commits ! folly ( attempt+ to con/ruct a /eam-eng9e )\t /eam4 ,he f9ds ! /eam !re1 & ! eng9e too ready-made1 & 8 only object is to supply a regulator1 because a regulator is ! *ief ?+ want$4 ,:atev] an unpr9cipl$ or p>adoxical ,sophi/ "h & !re might ass]t1 nei!r ,ari/otle nor any notable philosoph] ( antiquity ev] ?\ght x necess>y1 to comm5ce 8 moral !ory ) a sy/ematic controv]sion ( ! ,hobbesian doctr9e t man is naturally all selfi%1 a creature t if left )\t policem5 & execution]s w\ld necess>ily gr[ up into a m]e intellectual tig]hood4 ,ari/otle assum$1 & expressly ass]ts1 t man is naturally a social animal2 ! social in/9cts :i* =m families & fri5d%ips1 clan%ips & nationalities1 be+ among ! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ities ( 8 complex nature3 ^! in/9cts1 he knew well1 con/antly exi/ 9 suffici5t & m #ahd ?an suffici5t /r5g?2 !y bubble out l /reams f ! m\nta9 side1 :i* require only a calculat$ control to make !m useful2 !y are ! luxuriant ov]gr[? ( a ri* soil1 :i* dem&s1 n ! /imulus ( a /rong manure1 b ! *eck ( a wise prun+-hook4 ,t ?is 0 ,ari/otle's view is q pla92 = he n only believes 9 nature g5]ally1 z oppos$ to ! in/itutions & conv5tions 77 s mu* 9 fav\r ) ! ,sophi/s1 b he devotes two :ole books to :at he calls 1 a ^w commonly translat$ 8fri5d%ip10 b :i* 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics is us$ 9 ! wide/ s5se to designate all ! social sympa?ies & feel+s implant$ 9 man by ,nature1 ) ! relations spr++ !refrom2 & ?is "p ( 8 "w1 z ,grant well obs]ves1 is treat$ ) a dep? & moral e>ne/ness t makes ! read] feel ! supreme importance atta*$ to x by its illu/ri\s au?or4#ahd4a ,ari/otle !re=e is n to be blam$ = ignor+ ! great motive p[]s ( moral life2 he only does n directly address !m2 x 0 n 8 vocation2 he 0 no poet1 no apo/le2 & ev5 )\t poets & apo/les1 ,nature1 he might well imag9e1 0 always /rong en\gh = t "p ( ! bus9ess4 ,b ev5 )\t ! f]vid :eels ( passion !re lies 9 ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 at lea/ = a c]ta9 class ( noble m9ds1 a driv+ p[] ( ! mo/ approv$ effici5cy4 ,t driv+ p[] is simply ! love ( p]fection4 8,be ye !re=e p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 is p]fect40 ,to live 9 ! mo/ excell5t way1 accord+ #ahe to ! true excell5ce ( man1 is ! con/ant ideal ( an ,ari/otelian philosoph]4 ,& s long z ! l(ty consci\sness ( ?is ideal be>s him up1 he requires nei!r :ip nor spur to incite him to cont9ue 9 a virtu\s c>e]4 ,he acts 9 ! true _s ( ! poet :5 he says-- 8,i w\ld d all t be/ beseems a man2 ,:o w\ld d less is none40 ,or1 z ,burns has x 9 ! well-kn[n l9es1-- 8,! fe> o' hell's ! hangman's :ip ,to haud ! wret* 9 ord]2 ,b :aur y feel y\r hon\r grip1 ,let t aye be y\r bord]40 ,?is is n a bad driv+ p[] by any means 9 ! _w1 z ?+s g4 ,true1 x may n make a man a mission>y1 b x w keep him out ( ! mire1 & tea* him soon] to die ?an to d a base action4 ,c]ta9ly x w n conf9e him to ! p]=mance ( virtues ( m]e prud5tial calculation4 ,s f> well4 ,b !re is ano!r view :i*1 if we hone/ly take1 we %all f9d x impossible to acquit ! ,ari/otelian morals ( a v s]i\s defect4 ,?is defect is ! want ( ! religi\s elem5t4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i d n mean to ass]t t ,god--or r ! gods--are n m5tion$ f beg9n+ to end ( 8 fam\s book2 !y are allud$ to 9 sev]al places1 b m]ely 9 ! =m ( a pass+ rem>k1 z a p$e/rian ) a long day's j\rney be=e him may pick up a primrose f a moi/ bank1 or a fragrant or*is f a dry brae1 & fl+ x away4 ,n[1 !re is no?+ m nobly *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ?is1 t piety is id5tical #ahf ) morality2 t fai? & works--n ritual1 or c]emonial1 or ext]nally impos$ works at all1 ( c\rse1 b g5u9e works ( moral f]v\r & moral firmness--are "o2 /& to "o ano!r1 at lea/1 z ! root does to ! fl[]1 or ! fruit ( a :olesome plant1 ( :i* n ! root b ! fruit is ! valuable "p4 ,t ?is is ! only true & philosophical relation ( ! two great moral pot5cies no ?9k] w d5y4 ,or1 to take ano!r simile1 :i* w suit equally well3 ,e ar* mu/ h its key/one2 & ! key/one ( e solid doctr9e ( e?ics1 z ( e close compact$ sy/em ( speculative philosophy1 is ,god4 ,t !re is a great defect "h 9 ! ,ari/otelian e?ics is pla94 ,a man might z well write a treatise on ! ,affections )\t m5tion ( rev]5ce1 z set =? a sy/em ( morals )\t m5tion ( ,god4 ,z ! discipl9e ( a well-ord]$ family implies ! recognition ( ! fa!r z ! great s\rce f :i* ! family fl[s--z ! prime p[] by :i* x is regulat$--s a treatise on human e?ics implies a *apt] on human piety1 or r a p]vad+ s\l ( human piety1 )\t :i* all o!r *apt]s want _! highe/ inspiration4 ,& 9 ?is view ! ,ari/otelian au?or ( ! 8,magna ,moralia0 is wrong 9 blam+ ,plato = m+l+ up ! doctr9e ( ,virtue ) discussions on ! ,absolute ,good--t is1 ,god4 ,x is important to inquire :at 0 ! cause ( ?is defect4 ,t ! subject 0 n altoge!r ignor$ by our philosoph] is pla9 f ! s+le s5t5ce ( allusion 9 ,book viii4 #ab4 #e2 &1 inde$1 t a man ( su* rea* ( intellect %\ld by m]e accid5t or c>elessness h omitt$ su* an important factor 9 all moral calculations #ahg seems 9 ! highe/ degree improbable2 b s f> is ! idea ( ,god f giv+ any col\r to 8 sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 t ! v occurr5ce ( ! phrase1 1 9 ! la/ section ( ! ,eudemian ,e?ics1 has be5 ju/ly adduc$ by ,grant among ! _m pro(s ( ! inau!nticity ( t treatise4 ,t ,ari/otle 0 a !i/ is c]ta91 bo? f o!r places ( 8 volum9\s writ+s1 & specially f a fam\s passage 9 ! ,metaphysics :i* has lately be5 br\ght =w>d ) due prom95ce by ! noble-m9d$ ,buns5 9 8 great "w1 ,god 9 ,hi/ory2 x seems impossible1 inde$1 = su* a pr(\nd ?9k] z ,ari/otle to be an a!i/1 because1 z ,s*lei]ma*] well rem>ks1 8,philosophy _c inquire into ! totality ( ?+s1 )\t at ! same "t inquir+ into _! unity1 & z ! totality ( ?+s is ! _w1 s ! unity ( ?+s is ,god20 or1 z ,sp9oza has x 9 "o ( 8 propositions--8,quicquid e/ 9 ,deo e/1 et nihil s9e ,deo neque esse neque concipi pote/40 ,b x is "o ?+ to be a !i/ z a matt] ( speculative belief1 & ano!r ?+ to be a man ( dev\t temp] & pi\s practice4 ,& h]e91 if ,i mi/ake n1 lies ! real cause ( ! defect 9 ! ,e?ics n[ "u consid]ation4 ,= if ,ari/otle _h be5 a man ( any f]v\r ( religi\s s5tim5t1 he _h two c\rses be=e him ) reg>d to ! ,greek religion1 nei!r ( :i* he has foll[$--he might ei!r1 l 8 great ma/] ,plato1 or ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon among ! pre-,socratic ?9k]s1 h attack$ ! ,hom]ic !ology1 & %[n h[ its g5]al t5d5cy & "s ( its mo/ di/9ctive features 7 inconsi/5t ) a pure & elevat$ morality1 or1 l ,socrates1 #ahh ,x5ophon1 ,p9d>1 s*ylus1 ,plut>*1 & _m o!r f>-sight$ & l>ge-he>t$ m51 he might h tak5 ,jove z ! imp]sonat$ ,provid5ce ( ,hell5ic piety1 &1 all[+ ! immoral deities quietly to drop1 %[n h[ all ! highe/ qualities ( ! moral nature ( man are collect$ & conc5trat$ 9 ! supreme sov]eign ( gods & m54 ,9 ! "o case1 he w\ld h %[n 8 zeal = true religion by 8 zeal\s iconoclasm ( false gods2 9 ! o!r case1 he might h %[n a /ill nobl] =m ( piety by 8 k9dly exhibition ( ! s\l ( good 9 ?+s evil4 ,b he did nei!r ( ^! ?+s2 & ! conclusion pla9ly is t ! omission arose f a defect 9 8 m5tal con/itution1 :i* curtail$ ! rev]5tial faculties ( _! fair proportions4 ,f all :i* we le>n a mo/ important lesson3 t ! analytic "w ( ! m]e und]/&+1 ev5 :5 practis$ by a ,titan l ,ari/otle1 is an inadequate me?od ( rea*+ ! highe/ =m ( vital reality1 or1 to use ! words ( ,grant1 x =ces ev5 ! greate/ m9ds at times to deg5]ate into a sort ( smallness2 &1 g5]ally1 t m]e intellectual culture nev] c ( itself produce a complete & heal?y manhood--nev] c elaborate = a human s\l t ri* blood :i* !n only appe>s :5 ! wat]y elem5t ( ! und]/&+ is ?or\ghly p]meat$ by ! r$ p>ticles ( ! moral & emotional nature4 ,s true is x1 to use ,/4 ,paul's language1 t 8k puffe? up1 b *>ity edifie?20 & ( *>ity !re is no p]fect =m except t rev]5tial recognition ( ! common fa!rhood ( ,god1 & ! common bro!rhood ( man1 :i* we call religion4 ,let ?is want ( ! dev\t elem5t1 !re=e1 /& #ahi /rongly pron\nc$ z a defect 9 ! e?ical sy/em ( ,ari/otle2 he is less ?an ,socrates & ,plato z a morali/1 pr9cipally because he is less 9 ?is4 ,omitt+ f 8 calculation "o elem5t ( t ,nature :i* is /rong] ?an all philosophies & wid] ?an all *ur*es1 he has s f> fail$2 & ! failure ( su* a man 9 su* a field %\ld tea* our mod]n philosoph]s1 physical1 me*anical1 & utilit>ian1 to bew>e ( foll[+ 8 example4 ,,*ri/ianity4 #aij ,,an anci5t ,greek poet1 ( grave ?\ghts & weighty words1 describ+ ! "* & functions ( "o ( ! great primeval div9ities ( 8 c\ntry1 says t %e is 1 ,"o %ape ( _m names1 an expression :i* might h be5 v>i$ ) equal tru?1 z ,"o ,p[] ( _m %apes1 & indicat+ t ! motley polymorph\s h>lequ9ade1 z x appe>s to u1 ( a poly!i/ic ,pan!ism1 is at bottom r$ucible to a few fundam5tal =ms2 & if ?is be true ( su* a %ift+ kaleidoscopic exhibition z popul> my?ology1 x holds good mu* m ( popul> morals4 ,all moral philosophies are fundam5tally ! same1 & _c inde$ be o!rwise1 be+ only ! v>i\sly emphasiz$ expression ( ! "o self-exi/5t & self-organiz+ ,reason--! ( ,plato--:i* makes ei!r a physical or a moral _w possible4 ,we %all n expect !re=e to f9d absolutely new pr9ciples 9 ! laws :i* regulate human conduct any m ?an 9 ! laws ( ^? prim>y vitaliz+ =ces--,light & ,heat--:i* #aia %ape & regulate all organism1 immutably & infallibly1 by ! inh]5t necessity ( ! great ,be+ ( sleepless und]iv$ en]gy ( :om !y are ! manife/ation4 ,we %all1 on ! contr>y1 believe ) an assur$ fai?1 t ! pr9ciples ( morals1 & ! prim>y =ces ( ! physical univ]se1 are z immutable & self-congru5t 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 z ! laws ( measure & ( magnitude trac$ out by ! ma!matician2 ) ?is advantage 9 fav\r ( :at has be5 sometimes ignorantly talk$ ( z cont+5t tru?1 t :]eas ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matical propositions dep5ds on ! fact t !y are f\nd$ on self-limit+ def9itions ( m]e ?\ghts1 ) :i* no di/urb+ condition1 n ev5 ! fiat ( ,omnipot5ce1 c int]f]e1 ! c]ta9ty ( physical & ( moral laws fl[s f ?is1 t !y are facts1 subject to no man's def9ition1 & necess>ily exi/+ z normal manife/ations ( ! great prim>y fact1 :i* we call ,,god4 ,! v>iations !re=e :i* und\bt$ly are obs]v$ 9 human morals--v>iations peculi>ly notable 9 ! infancy & 9 ! decl9e bo? ( individuals & ( races1--are n contradictions1 b only p>tial1 feeble1 & inadequate expressions ( immutable morality4 ,! ebb ( ! tide1 look$ at f a local & n>r[ po9t ( view1 is a contradiction to ! fl[2 b bo? fl[ & ebb are p>ts ( ! gr& h>moni\s motion ( ! sleepless wat]s ( anci5t ,ocean4 ,morals v>y "u v>y+ conditions ( society1 z plants v>y "u m or less fav\rable conditions ( gr[?1 or l&scapes "u m or less happy incid5ces ( sol> light2 b ^! v>iations1 s f> f contradict+ ea* o!r1 c\ld n ev5 exi/ )\t #aib a fundam5tal id5tity2 z ! elem5t ( lik5ess 9 ! diff]5t memb]s ( a l>ge family c\ld n exi/ )\t a common p>5tage4 ,& :]e !re may n be a /rik+ unity ( expression1 traceable ?r\gh all ! v>ieties ( popul> morality1 !re is always at lea/1 z ,mr4 ,lecky has well po9t$ out1 a unity ( t5d5cy2#aib4a ev5 z a plant1 :5 x fir/ spreads out ! gre5 lobes ( its radical leaves1 may pres5t a v diff]5t appe>ance f ! di/9ctive leafage ( its p]fect gr[?2 b ! type no?+ ! less is "o1 & ! necess>y law ( ! :ole congru\s gr[? lay 9 ! unity ( ! g]m4 ,!re is no?+ accid5tal 9 nature2 s nei!r 9 morals4 ,all ?+s are necess>y2 all ?+s are self-consi/5t2 all ?+s are h>moni\s2 all ?+s ^u a :ole view ( ! :ole are complete4 ,! di/9ctive "* !re=e ( su* an e?ical sy/em z ,*ri/ianity is to be s\ght n 9 ! fundam5tal inv>iable absolute types ( "r & wrong1 :i* are ! same ev]y:]e1 b ma9ly 9 ! foll[+ two ?+s--,fir/1 ,9 its me?od ( op]ation & 9 ! /eam p[]1 ! /rong convictions & f]vid passions by :i* ! moral ma*9]y is set 9 motion2 or1 to adopt ano!r simile1 9 ! f\nta9heads f :i* ! necess>y wat]-c\rses ( a sy/ematic social irrigation are suppli$4 ,secondly1 ,9 ! p>ticul> virtues :i* its me?od ( op]ation & its moral /eam1 9 conjunction ) ! nature ( ! mat]ials act$ on1 br+s on ! /age ) a c]ta9 pref]5ce4 ,= ?\gh a moral sy/em may1 or r mu/1 include !oretically all #aic ! virtues1 & is ju/ly blam$ if x exclude "o1 ev5 ! smalle/1 yet f ! n>r[ness ( f9ite natures1 & ! laws ( habit1 x seems practically impossible t z soon z any moral sy/em becomes a traditional law = great masses ( m51 !re %\ld n be manife/$ a /rong t5d5cy to put c]ta9 virtues into ! =egr\nd1 :ile o!rs are left to f9d _! places )\t fav\r1 or ev5 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( disc\ragem5t4 ,all soils are n equally fav\rable to all plants2 & ! mo/ heal?y climates1 :]e human be+s ( ! greate/ am\nt ( robu/ness & grace are produc$1 h nev] be5 free f peculi> diseases1 spr++ f a s\rce indissolubly int]tw9$ ) ! conditions ( _! rem>kable salubrity4 ,ano!r influ5ce also mat]ially t5ds to give ev5 ! mo/ l>ge & compreh5sive sy/em ( ,e?ics a c]ta9 app>5t n>r[ness & "o-sid$ness 9 practice4 ,a _w-reg5]at+ sy/em ( ,e?ics1 su* z ,*ri/ianity1 is n a ?+1 l a treatise on ,logic1 writt5 9 a book & laid on ! %elf1 & all[$ quietly to "w its way ) :osoev] may *oose to take x up4 ,x is an active1 aggressive1 invasive p[]2 x is a /rong m$ic9e to knock d[n a /rong disease2 x is a *>ge ( cavalry da%+ onw>ds1 l a /orm1 to break ! solid squ>es ( an oppos+ infantry1 bri/l+ ) _m spe>s4 ,su* a movem5t is necess>ily "o-sid$2 all movem5t is "o-sid$2 speculation only is ca?olic4 ,we mu/ n !re=e expect ,*ri/ianity1 ( all moral =ces ! mo/ impetu\s & ! mo/ imp]i\s1 to be free f ?is fault4 ,x _h to swoop d[n1 s to speak1 on viol5t w+s f ! spiritual side ( our nature ^u ! s5sualism ( #aid ! ,greeks1 o!rwise x c\ld n succe$2 & its mo/ di/9ctive features w be f\nd to spr+ ma9ly f ?is necess>y attitude ( imp]i\s ho/ility4 ,!re is no "t to temp] bl[s 9 ! mom5t ( battle4 ,a great victory is nev] ga9$ by mod]ate bl[s2 ?\gh1 :5 ga9$1 a wise g5]al w always "k h[ to use x ) mod]ation4 ,i w n[ proce$ to attempt a sket* ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics f ! two po9ts ( view "h indicat$4 ,,fir/1 ,let u inquire :at is ! /eam-p[]1 ! lev]1 ! motive =ce ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,& "h at once ! mo/ di/9ctive "p ( ! ,*ri/ian moral sy/em meets u 9 ! face2 x is pres5t$ to u prom95tly1 ess5tially1 radically z a religion4 ,x is n m]ely connect$ ) religion1 n only1 l ! moral philosophy ( ,dr4 ,paley1 will+ to /amp its precepts ) a religi\s sanction1 & to f\nd moral obligation ^u ! w ( ! ,supreme ,be+2 mu* less1 l ! philosophy ( ,socrates1 ready to frat]nize ) religion1 & eag] to prove ) ,h]aclitus1 ! pr(\nde/ ( ! pre-,socratic ?9k]s1 t all human rules ( conduct are d]iv$ ultimately f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature4#aid4a ,x is m ?an all ?is2 x is a religion2 by its m]e epiphany x =ms a *ur*2 9 its />t+-po9t1 its c>e]1 & its consummation x is 8a k+dom ( ,heav5 ^u e>?40 ,9 its me?od ( pres5tation1 ?\gh n c]ta9ly 9 its cont5ts1 x is z diff]5t f its great ally ,platonism #aie z ,platonism is f its great enemy1 ! ,hom]ic !ology2 = ,platonism1 h[ev] ne>ly alli$ to ,*ri/ianity1 is a philosophy & n a religion2 a philosophy :i* did n ev5 propose to ov]?r[ ! ,poly!i/ic fai?1 ^: poet-!olog] x _h s rudely assault$4 ,! moral philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 inde$1 g5]ally 0 ei!r a simple wisdom ( life 9 ! =m ( precepts loosely /rung toge!r1 z 9 ! e>ly ,gnomic poets1 or x 0 a wisdom ( life d$uc$ f pr9ciples ( reason1 z 9 all ! ,socratic & po/-,socratic tea*+4 ,b ! ,e?ics ( ! ,gospel came d[n ^u m5 l a fla% f ,heav52 sudd5ly1 viol5tly1 f]vidly & explosively1 n ) a curi\s app>atus ( sl[ly p5etrat+ argum5ts4 ,!re is no talk ab\t reasons "h at all2 ! ( ,/4 ,john came aft]w>ds & meant a v diff]5t ?+4 8,rep5t ye1 & be baptiz$1 = ! k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&60 is ! =m ( ! ,evangelical appeal1 9 :i* no argum5t is attempt$ or inde$ requir$4 ,y\r consci5ce tells y t y are rebels aga9/ ,god2 z rebels y c only live "u a curse2 ! :ole s5se-besott$ ,greek & ,roman _w is evid5tly ly+ "u a curse2 rep5t & be conv]t$2 return to ,god & be sav$2 to man !re c be no safety any:]e except 9 ,god1 :o is ! s\rce ( all good1 & 9 ,*ri/1 :o gave himself a liv+ sacrifice t we might be r$eem$ f all evil4 ,?is is ! :ole /yle ( ! greate/ moral ,evangel ! _w has ev] he>d2 absolutely & simply an act ( religion2 all immorality is dep>ture f ,god1 all morality return to ,god4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,e?ics ,god is n a second>y figure2 he is n br\ght 9 m]ely = a sanction3 he is ! c5tral sun ( ! #aif :ole sy/em1 f ^: bright f\nta9 ( p]5nial excell5ce all ! little tw9kl+ lamps ( our m9or moralities are light$ up4 ,! individual virtues ( a ,*ri/ian man are m]ely ! fl[] & ! fruit ( a liv+ plant1 ( :i* ! root is !ology & ! sap piety2 nay m1 ! piety accompanies ! fl[] & ! fruit1 & imp>ts to !m a fragrance & a flav\r1 :i* gives !m m ?an half _! *>m4 ,a rose )\t smell w\ld /ill be a rose2 b :at a _w ( diff]5ce to ! s5se & to ! s5tim5t w\ld ! abs5ce ( t f9e invisible ess5ce imply6 ,*ri/ian virtue1 9 fact1 c no m exi/ )\t piety ?an ,socratic virtue c exi/ )\t logic4 ,socrates 01 no d\bt1 a rem>kably pi\s man2 b1 :ile ! piety ( ,socrates 0 a /rong %oot f 8 reason1 ! virtue ( a ,*ri/ian is ! fair issue ( 8 piety4 ,! di/9ct pro( ( :at we h "h /at$ w be f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les specially r ?an 9 ! ,gospels4 ,= ! ideal ( ,*ri/ian "* we ref] naturally to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & to ! "* ( our ,"l z exhibit$ 9 ! evangelic n>rative2 b = ! mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 pres5t$ to m51 = ! me?od ( op]ation by :i* 9 s %ort a "t x s wond]fully ov]came ! /]n ritualism ( ! ,jew & ! fair s5sualism ( ! ,greek1 we mu/ look to ! actual facts ( ! great e>ly conv]sions z !y are pres5t$ to u 9 ! apo/olic memoirs ( ,luke4 ,let u see !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at we c le>n f ! e>ly *apt]s ( t mo/ int]e/+ n>rative4 ,n[1 ! />t+-po9t "h pla9ly is ! effusion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 an influ5ce :i*1 #aig :e!r we take x on ?is fir/ occasion z miracul\s1 accord+ to ! traditional und]/&+ ( ! ,*ur*1 or z some?+ extraord9>y b 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 is a ph5om5on altoge!r diff]5t 9 k9d f ! action ( argum5ts ^u ! ratioc9ative faculty ( ! m9d1 & _h inde$ be5 prec$$ n by inductions or d$uctions1 or analytic dissections1 or any s*ola/ic ex]citations at all1 b by meet+s = social pray] 7i4 #ad7--pray] :i* is ! great fe$] ( ! moral nature ( man :5 rev]t+ to ! orig9al s\rce ( all moral life 9 ! =m ( religion4 ,x 0 !re=e n 9 ! philosophic way ( debate & discussion1 b 9 ! religi\s way ( inspiration t ! reg5]ative afflatus ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,e?ics came ^u ! ,jewi% & ,hell5ic _w2 & x work$1 let u say1 by a f]vid moral contagion1 n by ! suasion ( cool argum5t4 ,& !re c be no d\bt1 t if ev5 9 ! intellectual _w a wise anci5t might ju/ly say1 ,nemo vir magnus s9e aliquo afflatu div9o unquam fuit1 mu* m 9 ! _w ( moral & political action x is by ! infection ( noble passions t m5 are mov$ to any gr& issues1 n by ! cog5cy ( /rong argum5ts4 ,melan*?on 0 z good a reason] z ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 p]haps a bett]1 b he _h n ! volcanic fire ( 8 fell[2 & x 0 an eruption ( ?is fire only t c\ld prevail to %ake ! /\t pill>s ( ! ,pop$om4 ,& x 0 by an influ5ce manife/ly q ak9 to ! impetu\s en]getic eloqu5ce ( ! great ,saxon re=m]1 t by ! fir/ s]mon ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 z we read1 great masses ( m5 7 sudd5ly prick$ 9 _! he>ts1 consci5ce-/ung z we phrase x1 & 9 "o day ?ree ?\s& #aih human be+s1 previ\sly indiff]5t or ho/ile1 7 add$ to ! new moral community aft]w>ds call$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,precisely simil> 9 mod]n times has be5 ! action ( ! s-call$ religi\s revivals1 :i*1 f ! days ( ! ,me?odi/s d[nw>ds1 h done s mu* 9 ?is c\ntry to r\se f a /ate ( moral le?>gy ! mo/ neglect$ & ! mo/ ab&on$ portions ( ! community4 ,( ,m>t9 ,boos1 ! celebrat$ ,bav>ian evangeli/1 we are told t 8 8s]mon 0 z if he p\r$ =? flame20#aih4a & n less /rik+ 7 ! moral effects ( ! eloqu5t ,:itefield :5 he drew ! te>s 9 :ite gutt]s d[n ! grimy *eeks ( ! congregat$ ,bri/ol colli]s1 &1 :at is ev5 m significant ( 8 p[]1 9 ,savannah elicit$ f ! prud5tial pockets ( sage ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 sitt+ be=e ! prea*] ) a /iff det]m9ation n to contribute1 fir/ a h&ful ( copp]s1 !n ?ree or f\r silv] doll>s1 & !n five gold5 pi/oles6#aih4b ,prea*+s ( ?is k9d h be5 ! subject ( sc(f+ ) light-witt$ p]sons 9 all ages2 b !y /& firm z grave atte/ations ( ! fact t ! ,*ri/ian me?od ( conv]sion1 n by logical argum5ts1 b by moral contagion & ! effusion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 has1 ) ! masses ( mank9d1 always prov$ itself ! mo/ effective4 ,socrates did mu* m p]haps z a re=m] ( s9n]s ?an any prea*] 9 ! guise ( a philosoph] ev] did2 b he c\ld n h done :at ,:itefield did ) ! colli]s4 ,! argum5ts ( ,socrates conv9c$ ! few2 b ! f]v\r ( ,pet]1 ! l(t9ess ( 8 religi\s position1 & #aii ! felt firmness ( 8 hi/orical f\ndation conv]t$ ! _m4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! second important po9t 9 ! orig9al attitude ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x mov$ ! moral _w4 ,?is po9t is ! hi/orical f\ndation on :i* ! moral appeal /ood2 & ?is hi/orical f\ndation 0 ! miracul\s life1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! e?ical religion4 ,x conc]ns u n to inquire "h1 :e!r ,*ri/ 0 a real p]son1 or1 z c]ta9 ,g]mans ) _! +5i\s :imsicality w h x1 a m]e my?2 z little ne$ we ask :e!r ! miracles 7 really susp5sions ( ! laws ( nature1 or 7 m]e acts ( rem>kable p[] some:at exagg]at$ by ! wond]+ n>rators2 mu* less c x be necess>y = ! pres5t argum5t to weigh ! evid5ce = ! great cr[n+ miracle ( ! resurrection4 ,conc]n+ ^! matt]s1 e man mu/ ei!r judge = himself or take ! au?ority ( ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ( effective ,*ri/ian tea*+ z a suffici5t gu>antee4 ,b :at we h to d ) "h is simply ?is3 t ^! facts 7 believ$1 t ! ,apo/les /ood ^u ^! facts1 & t ! e?ical effici5cy ( ,*ri/ianity 0 root$ 9 ^! facts4 ,take ! facts away1 or ! assur$ belief 9 ! facts1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* an e?ico-religi\s society z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* becomes1 "u ! circum/ances1 impossible4 ,consid] :at an effect ! p]sonality ( ,socrates _h 9 e/abli%+ :at we ) no great lic5se ( language may call ! ,socratic ,*ur* 9 ,a!ns4 ,! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy1 fir/ 9 ,a!ns & !n 9 ,rome1 7 sects ( t ,*ur*4 ,_h ,socrates n liv$ & di$ #bjj ) visible p[] & effect be=e m51 ! exi/5ce ( ^! s*ools1 fa!r$ by ?is great tea*]1 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,a p]son is ! necess>y nucleus r\nd :i* all social organisms =m !mselves4 ,b ! p]sonality ( ,socrates 0 a mu* less important elem5t 9 ! =mation ( ! ,socratic s*ools ?an t ( ,*ri/ 0 9 ! =mation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,socrates 0 only a tea*]--"o :o1 l o!r tea*]s1 might 9 "t create disciples z wise1 p]haps wis] ?an1 himself2 ,*ri/ 0 a r$eem]1 ^: function z su* c\ld be p]=m$ by no vic>1 & transmitt$ to no successor3 ! "o 0 a help & a guide1 ! o!r a f\ndation ( fai? & a f\nta9 ( life4 ,socrates taught 8 disciples to become indep5d5t ( him1 & rely on _! own p]fect$ reason2 f ,*ri/ ,8 disciples always d]ive n\ri%m5t1 z ! bran*es f ! v9e4 ,& if ! relation ( ,*ri/ to ,8 disciples1 conceiv$ only z a liv+ ,savi\r walk+ on ! e>?1 0 s mu* clos] ?an t ( ,socrates to 8 disciples1 h[ mu* m intimate does ! relation become1 :5 ,he :o liv$ & di$ to r$eem humanity f s9 rose f ! dead z a liv+ gu>antee t all :o walk$ 9 ,8 ways1 %\ld foll[ up _! r$emption f s9 by a spe$y victory ov] t yet /rong] enemy4 ,dea?6#bjj4a ,f ! mom5t t ! resurrection /ood among/ ! disciples z an accept$ fact1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion 0 n m]ely a wond]-work+ man1 a prophet & ! greate/ ( all ! prophets1 b ,he 0 an altoge!r exceptional & miracul\s ,p]son1 ei!r #bja ,god 9 "s my/]i\s way comb9$ into an incorporate unity ) man1 or at lea/ a ,p]son t1 comp>$ ) ! common type & expression ( humanity1 might pass = ,god4 ,! influ5ce :i* ! belief 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( su* a human1 & yet 9 s _m reg>ds sup]human1 "* z ! ,f\nd] ( _! fai?1 mu/ h ex]cis$ on ! e>ly prea*]s ( ! gospel1 _c easily be ov]-e/imat$4 ,plato & ,plot9us (t5 talk ( ! raptures ) :i* ! human s\l w\ld be ?rill$ if n only1 z n[1 ! %ad[s & types ( ! ,beautiful1 b ! v absolute ,beautiful itself1 ! 1 /ood reveal$ to mortal sight4 ,b grant+ = ! mom5t t ! manife/ation ( su* a vague ab/raction is possible1 x is q c]ta9 t1 :5 manife/$1 x c\ld n possibly act ^u m5 ) any?+ l ! p[] ( a human ,*ri/ actually ris5 f ! dead4 ,man1 ) all 8 range ( imag9ation1 is at bottom z mu* concrete z any creature1 & z little capable ( be+ mov$ by m]e ab/ractions4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,him crucifi$2 ,*ri/ ris5 f ! dead2 believe 9 ,him--?is 0 ! %ort summation ( t prea*+ ( ! gospel :i* reg5]at$ ! !n _w1 ly+ z x did 9 all sorts ( wick$ness4 ,see h[ emphatically ! resurrection is allud$ to z ! ma9 an*or 9 all ! e>ly prea*+s ( ! ,apo/les 7,acts ii4 #cb2 iii4 #ae2 iv4 #b2 v4 #cj1 etc47 ,& z to ,/4 ,paul1 he decl>es aga9 & aga9 t if ,*ri/ be n ris51 ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians is va91 & ^? to :om ! _w 0 indebt$ = its moral reg5]ation 7 ju/ly to be acc\nt$ among/ ! mo/ mis]able ( m52 a me?od ( speak+ :i* pla9ly implies t1 9 ! ,apo/le's #bjb e/imation1 ! firm fact ( a ris5 ,savi\r 0 ! only real assurance t ,*ri/ians _h ( a life beyond ! grave4 ,s true is ! utt]ance ( a di/+ui%$ mod]n div9e t 8! resurrection 0 ! c5tral po9t ( ! apo/olic tea*+1 nay m1 ! c5tral po9t ( hi/ory1 prim>ily ( religi\s hi/ory1 ( :i* x is ! s\l4 ,! resurrection is ! "o c5tral l9k betwe5 ! se5 & ! unse540#bjb4a ,let ?is1 !re=e1 /& firm z ! ma9 pr9ciple ( any j exposition ( ! ma*9]y by :i* ! e?ics ( ! gospel a*iev$ ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,! ,*ur*--8! peculi> p zeal\s = good works10 ( :om ,/4 ,pet] speaks--0 =m$ out ( ! _w n by ! cle> cog5cy ( logical argum5ts1 b by ! vivid belief 9 miracul\s facts4 ,b ! miracul\s p]sonality ( ! tea*]1 h[ev] ess5tial to ! proclamation & reception ( ! tea*+1 0 n ! tea*+ itself4 ,!re 7 doctr9es ( an ess5tially !ological "*1 & /rong emotions t only religion c\ld excite1 :i* op]at$ along ) ! unique p]sonality ( ! ,f\nd] 9 lay+ a firm f\ndation = ! e?ics ( ! gospel4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! doctr9es 0 ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ! ,godhead4 ,?is is a matt] ) :i* 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries we are n[ s famili> t n a few f9d x difficult to realize h[ prom95t an elem5t x 0 9 ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 & h[ p[]ful mu/ h be5 its action 9 ! creation ( a new s*ool ( morals 9 ! mid/ ( ! hea!n _w4 ,by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies1 ! e?ical virtue ( ?is elem5t #bjc 0 nev] ov]look$2 !y knew only too well1 f _! own p]sonal exp]i5ce mo/ ( !m1 & all ( !m by :at !y saw writt5 9 ! habits & maxims ( a corrupt society1 h[ easily ,poly!ism _h l5t itself to draw a beautiful veil ov] :at 0 ugly1 & to /amp ! mo/ debas+ vices ) consecration4 ,philosoph]s1 l ,x5ophanes & ,plato1 9 ^: brea/s ^! ?+s _h long ago r\s$ a rebelli\s indignation1 might well despair ( conv]t+ to a pure morality a p :o1 ?\gh !y might be sob] on all ! o!r days ( ! ye>1 w\ld ?9k x necess>y1 z an act ( piety1 to appe> publicly intoxicat$ on ! fea/ ( ,dionysus4 ,! salt ( goodness1 x is q true1 :i* kept ! body ( ,poly!ism s long f rott+1 has (t5 be5 ov]look$1 pr9cipally by ! exagg]ation ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 seldom rem>kable = c&\r2 & ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 engag$1 z !y 71 9 actual w>f>e ) ! _m-head$ foe1 may well be excus$ if _! zeal 0 n always accompani$ by t fairness to :i* ev5 error is entitl$4 ,b ) ! mo/ hone/ purpose to d ju/ice to ! moral elem5t ( ,poly!ism1 z we may f9d x exhibit$ mo/ fav\rably p]haps 9 ! liv+ pictures ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 x _c be d5i$ t ! obvi\s d$uction f ! ,poly!i/ic cre$ 01 9 all cases to palliate1 9 "s cases ev5 to ju/ify1 vice2 & t ?is d$uction 0 (t5 made we may ga!r f ! famili> fact t ! mo/ illogical p ev5 n[ sudd5ly become v acute reason]s1 ! mom5t x is necess>y to def5d _! prejudices1 or to prote/ aga9/ ! am5dm5t ( _! faults4 ,9 a sy/em ( fai?1 :]e e #bjd in/9ct _h its god1 & e passion its patron-sa9t1 x requir$ ei!r a r>e tra9+1 or a rem>kably heal?y habit ( m9d to keep ! l[ & ! high 9 _! j seats ( subord9ation & supremacy4 ,no d\bt ! m imp]ative moral virtues to a well-con/itut$ ,hea!n m9d 7 conceiv$ z repres5t$ by ,jove1 :o 0 ! real moral gov]nor ( ! _w2 & ! supremacy ( ,zeus 9 ,olympus 0 a suffici5t ass]tion ( ! sup]iority :i* belongs to ! moral law 9 ! little republic ( ! s\l3 b z ! son ( ,kronos 9 ! ,greek heav5 0 only a limit$ mon>*1 & (t51 z ! ,iliad pla9ly indicates1 oblig$ to w9k at ! contrav5tion ( 8 own comm&s by ! unruly ari/ocracy ( ! skies1 s ,poly!ism c\ld nev] inve/ ! --! regulat+ pr9ciple ( ! s\l--) ! absolute sov]eignty :i* to its nature rightfully belongs4 ,*ri/ianity1 z an ess5tially mono!i/ic fai?1 appli$ a p]fect rem$y to ?is evil4 ,! highe/ "p ( man's nature 0 n[ ! only sacr$ "p4 ,! fle%1 s f> f be+ glorifi$ & wor%ipp$1 0 d5\nc$1 degrad$1 & desecrat$ z a synonym = all corruption4 ,! deification ( m]e s5su\s pleasures1 :i* ) ,poly!i/s _h pass$ = or?odox1 0 n[ impossible2 ! moral law became supreme2 & surely ! sanction :i* ?is law requires c nev] be conceiv$ 9 m imp]ative t]ms ?an z ! di/9ctly enunciat$ comm& ( ! all-p[]ful1 all-wise1 & all-b5efic5t ,fa!r ( ! human family4 ,no sanction1 d$uc$ f a m]e reason+ process1 c ev] approa* ?is 9 broad practical effici5cy4 ,x is ! imp]sonat$1 inc>nat$1 & en?ron$ ,reason1 to :i* all #bje reasonable creatures owe an in/9ctive & a necess>y ob$i5ce4 ,b !re is ano!r coroll>y to a mono!i/ic cre$1 :i*1 9 e/imat+ ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian fai? on ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 is by no means to be ov]look$4 ,if !re is only "o ,god1 ! fa!r ( ! :ole human race1 !n !re is only "o family2 all m5 are bre?r52 nationality ceases2 philan?ropy1 or love ( m5 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 becomes natural2 m]e patriotism has n[ only a relative value2 ,leonidas is no long] ! model h]o2 ! ,jew is no long] ( ! "o *os5 p2 & ! ,greek1 full ( wisdom1 & full ( conceit1 mu/ condesc5d to call ! ignorant b>b>ian 8 bro!r4 ,?is break+ d[n ( ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 betwe5 e nation & its neighb\r1 remov$ two ( ! greate/ ob/ructions :i* h ev] /ood 9 ! way ( a g5]\s morality1 9 ! %ape ( :at ,"l ,bacon w\ld h call$ idols ( ! place & ( ! race2 ^! idols c\ld be wor%ipp$ no long]2 & no %ibbole? ( sep>ation c\ld be mumbl$ to consecrate ! unreasonable prejudices :i* e nation is s apt to ent]ta9 aga9/ its neighb\r4 ,no d\bt t[>ds ! propagation ( ^! ca?olic & cosmopolitan pr9ciples1 anci5t philosophy also1 & specially ,/oicism1 contribut$ its %>e2#bje4a ! consolidation ( ! ,roman empire & ! policy ( ! ,roman emp]ors work$ 9 ! same direction2 #bjf b ! mono!i/ic cre$ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 proclaim$ ) su* dignity & moral c\rage by ,/4 ,paul 9 8 disc\rse on ! ,hill ( ,m>s1 suppli$ ! only effective lev]age4 ,comp>$ ) :at ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul did = ! gr& idea1 ( humanity & frat]nity1 all t mod]n sci5ce1 mod]n political !ories1 mod]n comm]ce1 & mod]n philosophies h a*iev$ or may yet a*ieve1 c only be c\nt$ z a v small supplem5t4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 & ! f9al judgm5t ( ! _w1 =m toge!r a gr\p ( doctr9es1 ! relation ( :i* to moral practice is too deeply felt to require mu* discussion 9 ?is place4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ev]ybody does n suffici5tly consid] h[ peculi>ly ,*ri/ian ^! doctr9es are1 & h[ ! belief 9 !m1 & ! moral issues ( su* belief1 mu/ necess>ily /& & fall ) ! fai? 9 "s su* hi/orical religion z has hi!rto =m$ ! framework ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,= h[ev] ^! doctr9es might be dimly conceiv$ & vaguely believ$ by ! p :o wrote ,d4 ,m4 ^u _! tomb/ones1 & h[ev] solemnly imag9$ & gr&ly depict$ !y 7 9 ! eloqu5t disc\rses ( ! great philosoph] ( ,idealism1 !re are few mi/akes great] ?an to accept ^! dim conceptions & gr& imag9+s z a pro( t ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 z a po9t ( ,poly!i/ic fai?1 p]=m$ ! same function 9 m\ld+ ! morality ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans t x does at ! pres5t day among mod]n ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,a s+le quotation--"o ( ! mo/ trite--f ,hom] #bjg w suffice to %[ h[ utt]ly unf\nd$ su* an idea is4 ,9 ! ,cimm]ian visit to ! unse5 _w1 ! w&]+ k+ ( ,i?aca is made to enc\nt] ! hot ?ane ( ,!ssaly1 pac+ ) a /ately fi]c5ess ?r\gh ! ,elysian fields1 l a k+ among ! %ades4 ,on be+ complim5t$ to ?is effect by 8 visitor1 ! son ( ,peleus replies-- 8,"n me n dea? ) praiseful words1 noble ,ulysses2 ,i ,w\ld soon] be a bond$ s]f1 ! lab\r]'s tool to ply ,to a small cott> on ! hea? ) weal? exce$+ small1 ,?an be ! ,"l ( all ! ,%ades 9 ,pluto's gloomy hall40 ,a p :o c\ld ?9k & speak ?us ( ! /ate ( s\ls aft] dep>ture f ! body1 c\ld n d]ive mu* practical advantage f belief 9 immortality4 ,t belief inde$ 0 held s loosely by ! mass ( ! ,greek p t x may r be describ$ z a dim imag9ation ?an z a def9ite conviction4 ,p 7 r unwill+ to believe t _! belov$ human fri5ds _h vani%$ into ! realm ( no?+ness1 ?an conv9c$ t !y _h gone to :]e on any acc\nt x w\ld be at all desirable to g4 ,to a few select h]oes no d\bt1 m5 l ,m5elaus1 ( div9e extraction1 & div9e aff9ity1 a really enviable abode aft] dea? 9 ! cl\dless & /ormless isl&s ( ! ble/ 0 by popul> tradition assign$2 a few p]petrators also ( enorm\s crimes1 r$-h& murd]]s1 op5 blasphem]s1 & traitors :o sold _! c\ntry = gold 7 consign$ = ev] to ! ensangu9$ sc\rge ( ! ,furies 9 ^? fl>+ regions :i* ! g5ius ( ,virgil & ,dante has s vividly portray$2 b if ! belief 9 ^! exceptional cases inspir$ "s to acts ( unwont$ h]oism & #bjh det]r$ o!rs f de$s ( abhorr$ f\lness1 ! v good & ! v bad 9 ! _w are too few 9 numb] to admit ( ! idea t ! motives :i* ei!r /ir !m to acts ( exceptive virtue or det] !m f acts ( abnormal crime %\ld h any influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! conduct ( ! great masses4 ,& z = ! philosoph]s1 x 0 ,socrates only & ,plato :o 9 _! tea*+ gave any special emphasis to ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l2 & no man :o has read ! mo/ famili> acc\nts ( ! def5ce :i* ! =m] deliv]$ to ! jury at 8 trial1 or ( 8 la/ mom5ts z report$ by ,plato 9 ! ,phd1 c h c>ri$ (f ! impression t ! great fa!r ( moral philosophy taught t doctr9e ) any dogmatic decision or c]ta9ty4 ,we mu/ say !re=e1 ) ,dr4 ,paley1 :o1 ?\gh incapable ( s\nd+ great dep?s1 _h a v cle> head1 & 0 a v s5sible man1 t x 0 ! gospel1 & ! gospel alone1 :i* 8br\ght life & immortality to light10 & ) x introduc$ :atev] real p[] 9 elevat+ or /r5g!n+ ! moral nature ( man su* a doctr9e1 :5 held z a habitual conviction1 mu/ ex]cise ov] ! masses ( m54 ,:at ,socrates contemplat$ calmly z a probable cont+5cy1 ,/ ,paul & ! e>ly ,*ri/ians glori$ 9 z a gr& culm9ation & a triumphant result4 ,& ! effective influ5ce ( ?is firm fai? on society has be5 to give an inf9itely great] dignity to human life1 to increase inf9itely ! moral wor? ( ! individual1 & to add a support ( wond]ful efficacy to ^? /ates & /ages ( toilsome exi/5ce :i* /& s mu* 9 ne$ ( su* hopeful consolation4 ,t x has always act$1 & #bji mu/ always act1 z a /rong aid to virtu\s conduct c sc>cely be d5i$1 ?\gh !y ( c\rse are poor philosoph]s & ignoble m5 :o ?9k t virtue c\ld n possibly exi/ 9 ! _w )\t ! belief 9 immortality4 ,!re are _m motives t =ce ! masses ( m5 to be virtu\s1 accord+ to ! respectable righte\sness ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( any prospect ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 a future /ate2 & z = m5 ( a m ?an commonly delicate moral s5sibility--p]sons to :om a life 9 bas5ess & f\lness w\ld "u any conditions be intol]able--x is n to be imag9$ t !y w\ld be m virtu\s f ! prospect ( an et]nity ( bliss1 ?an !y are f ! fe> ( a %ort season ( %ame4 ,^! m5 w always live nobly1 = ! same reason t :atev] !y d !y mu/ d well4 ,if !y play cricket1 !y w play a good game2 if !y ride1 !y w ride well2 & if !y boat1 !y w boat well2 &1 = ! same reason1 if !y live1 !y w live well--n because !y expect a rew>d1 b because !y h no pleasure 9 liv+ badly4 ,to !m vice is always rott5ness1 putresc5ce1 & loa?som5ess2 & no man w consci\sly condemn himself to ^! :o kn[s :at s\ndness means4 ,!re is "o m>k$ peculi>ity ab\t ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 gr[+ directly out ( a religi\s root1 & closely connect$ ) c]ta9 !ological doctr9es1 :i*1 ?\gh indicat$ 9 "s ( ! previ\s p>agraphs1 dem&s special m5tion "h4 ,we mean :at ,dr4 ,*alm]s call$ its aggressive attitude4 ,! idea ( ,duty is n necess>ily aggressive2 a man may p]=m 8 duty quietly1 z ! sph]es #baj move 9 _! orbits1 )\t d>+1 or ev5 desir+1 to m$dle ) ! movem5ts ( o!r memb]s ( ! great social ma*9e4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es 9 quiet & flat times1 z ! la/ c5tury = in/ance1 h be5 kn[n to cont5t !mselves ) ! unobtrusive p]=mance ( a c]ta9 r\nd ( famili> pieties1 undi/urb$ by any desire to make moral inroads into ! doma9 ( remote or ev5 adjac5t hea!nism4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! normal or fl\ri%+ /ate ( any ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 n ! natural /ate inde$ ( any sect or society1 :e!r religi\s or philosophical1 pr(ess+ to possess a heal+ m$ic9e = ! cure ( diseas$ s\ls4 ,we accord+ly f\nd 9 ! fir/ disc\rse t ,socrates 0 9 8 attitude1 h[ev] pleasant & playful on ! surface1 at bottom v e>ne/ly aggressive2 x 0 ?is aggressiv5ess1 9 fact1 t rais$ up aga9/ him ! ho/ility ( ^? spiteful little individuals to :om m ?an to popul> ill-w he ow$ 8 m>tyr-dea?4 ,he ass]t$1 z we h se51 a div9e mission1 & act$ z a mission>y1 ?\gh always 9 ! mann] ( a reason] r ?an z a prea*]4 ,b ! aggressive elem5t 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity 0 mu* /rong] ?an 9 ,socrates2 z any "o may see at a glance by comp>+ ! biographical c>e] ( ,/4 ,paul ) t ( ! ,a!nian philosoph]4 ,& ! causes ( ?is 7 m ?an "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! :ole ,hebrew nature 0 m f]vid1 m impassion$1 m prophetic ?an ! ,hell5ic2 & aga91 ! autocratic "* :i* belongs to all mono!ism1 imp>t$ to ! moral message ( ! mission>ies an urg5cy & a l(ty intol]ance1 :i* 9 an atmosph]e comp\nd$ ( poly!ism 9 its l[] #baa sph]e & ( logic 9 its upp] sph]e 0 impossible4 ,a div9e comm& sup]add$ to f]vid human sympa?ies necess>ily creates a mission 9 ! p]son :o is ! subject ( !m2 b ! div9e comm& is mu* m /r+5t f an autocratic ,jehovah ?an f a limit$ mon>* l ,jove1 & ! f]v\r ( human sympa?y is m int5se 9 proportion z ! (f5ce ( ! rebels aga9/ ! sov]eign au?ority is look$ ^u z m he9\s4 ,we are br\ght back !re=e aga9 to ! great doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 if we w\ld make x fully evid5t to ourselves :y ,/4 ,paul 0 s mu* m aggressive ?an ,socrates3 ,socrates 0 only p>tly a mission>y1 & ! mess5g] ( a god ^: au?ority 0 limit$ by an inf]ior b ackn[l$g$ au?ority 9 o!r gods2 ,/4 ,paul 0 a mission>y ( ! "o true ,god1 to ^: au?ority !re c\ld be no limit1 & to ^: comm& !re c\ld be no contradiction4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ( div9e autocracy !re necess>ily grew up ! conception ( s91 n z folly m]ely & imp]fection1 b z contumacy1 rebellion1 & treason2 & ! conviction ( ! exce$+ s9fulness ( s9 & ! exce$+ mis]y ( ! s9n] became ! /ronge/ spur to ! mission>y activity ( ! ,*ri/ian prea*]s1 & gave a true moral sublimity to an aggressive attitude1 :i* 9 a m]e reason] _h appe>$ imp]t95t4 ,no?+ inde$ is m rem>kable ?an ! contra/ betwe5 ! /rong col\rs 9 :i* s9 is pa9t$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & its m v5ial aspect 9 ! mild reg>d ( ! philosoph]4 ,ari/otle c surr5d] a :ole g5]ation ( "y m5 to ! dom9ion ( & ?9k no?+ m ab\t x4 #bab ,!y are z incapable ( moral ideas1 ^! "y s5suali/s1 z sw9e are ( cleanl9ess2 let !m wall[ 9 ! mire = a season2 we %all speak to !m1 :5 !y h outgr[n _! animalism4 ,b ! conv]t$ ,ph>isee :o wrote 8 burn+ epi/les to ! "y ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 magnific5t ,rome & luxuri\s ,ephesus us$ v diff]5t language4 ,s9 ) him is a v s]i\s (f5ce1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! curse ( ,god lies on ! :ole _w4 ,s9n]s1 :e!r old or "y1 are by nature ! *ildr5 ( wra?2 & by ! act & fact ( ! transgression ( div9e law1 s utt]ly ca/ d[n & degrad$ f ! prop] human dignity1 t !y require to be born aga91 & baptiz$ ) a fire-baptism be=e !y c be purifi$ f _! f\lness & re/or$ to ! orig9al rights & privileges :i* belong$ to !m1 z to all m51 9 "r ( _! div9e fa!rhood4 ,h5ce ! /rongly acc5tuat$ opposition betwe5 fle% & _s 7,romans vii4 viii42 #a ,pet4 iv4 #c1 #d7 :i* no d\bt ,ari/otle1 z we h se5 above1 also m5tions2 b 9 ! ,/agirite x is only an incid5tal recognition2 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is a p]vad+ & ov]:elm+ p[]1 a =ce :i* possesses ! atmosph]e1 a moral /orm1 :i*1 swoop+ viol5tly d[n f ! d>k-?ron$ seat ( ! ,supreme ,reg5t1 te>s ! cloak ( self-righte\sness f ! %iv]+ s9n]1 & exposes him 9 all 8 b>5ess4 ,plato also & ,plot9us use v ,*ri/ian language :5 !y tell u t to be p>tak]s ( true moral beauty ! s\l requires a or purification f its natural or acquir$ f\lness1 & t ! necessity ( ?is purification 0 symbolically indicat$ 9 ! #bac my/]ies4#bac4a ,v true2 b "h aga9 ,plato wrote calmly = ! few1 ,paul prea*$ f]vidly = ! _m4 ,& ?is ^w purification1 z connect$ ) ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! exce$+ s9fulness ( s91 & ! necessity ( an +raft+ ( a high] moral life by ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 leads me necess>ily to specialize ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t z p]=m+ a peculi> function 9 ! e?ical attitude & moral effici5cy ( ! gospel4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t arises z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( s9 z a pollut+1 p]v]t+1 rebelli\s1 & treasonable pr9ciple4 ,an error is reason$ away1 b fil? mu/ be wa%$ away2 guilt mu/ be aton$2 ! (f5d] mu/ pray = =giv5ess2 & ! free grace ( ! ,sov]eign mu/ re/ore ! traitor to ! place & ! protection :i* belong to him z a loyal subject4 ,put into a /rictly articulate =m1 ?is doctr9e ( atonem5t1 n less ?an its correlative ! exce$+ s9fulness ( s91 especially :5 pu%$ to its extreme ( logical consi/5cy by ! s-call$ f$]al !ologians1 is apt to give1 & has always giv51 m or less j cause ( (f5ce to speculative m9ds2 b 9 t broad practical aspect 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally pres5t$ to ! _w1 be=e m5 began to turn a f]vid fai? into a curi\s !ology1 !re c be no d\bt t x op]at$ mo/ b5eficially 9 int5sify+ t hatr$ ( s9 :i* is ! "m ( all #bad hol9ess1 & 9 enabl+ _m a guilt-lad5 s\l to />t on ! c>e] ( a reg5]ate life ) a com=table lightness & an unfett]$ spe$1 :i* f no o!r s\rce c\ld h fl[$ s readily4 ,! plan ( ?is disc\rse leads u 9 ! next place to consid] ! individual virtues to :i*1 by _! radical connexion ) religion & a !ological cre$1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics h %[n a pref]5ce4 ,b be=e attempt+ ?is x is obvi\s to rem>k h[1 by ! atmosph]e ( piety 9 :i* !y gr[1 & ! !ological soil 9 :i* !y are root$1 ! ,*ri/ian virtues1 z a :ole & individually1 are elevat$ to a mu* high] plat=m ?an belongs to any sy/em ( m]e moral philosophy2 & f ?is po9t ( view we c und]/& h[ ! div9es ( ! s*ool call$ ,evangelical h be5 l$ to look d[n ) su* contempt z !y g5]ally d on e =m ( ,*ri/ian prea*+ 9 :i* a r\nd ( m]e moral duties is held up z 9 itself capable ( p]=m+ ! functions ( a truly ,*ri/ian life4 ,! ,evangelicals1 n>r[ & bigot$ z !y too (t5 are1 especially 9 po9ts ( artificial & traditional or?odoxy1 :i* !y are unable to sep>ate f ! ess5ce ( ! gospel1 7 q "r 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is n ! m]e duties p]=m$1 b ! motives f :i*1 & ! inspiration by :i*1 !y are p]=m$1 t make ! moral life ( a truly ,*ri/ian man s excell5t4 ,x is n m]ely t he is morally correct 9 all 8 int]c\rse ) 8 fell[-m52 n m]ely t he is ri*ly furni%$ p]haps ) all ^? born amiabilities :i* an acute ,scot* speculator has designat$ z b ! pa9t$ masks ( virtue2#bad4a #bae ! _w may %[] its plaudits on su* *eap =ms ( native goodness z l\dly z x pleases2 ,*ri/ian morality1 by virtue ( its l(ty religi\s inspiration1 aims at some?+ m2 ! m]e righte\sness ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees x looks ^u z an atta9m5t utt]ly unwor?y ( a high moral ambition1 z a vulg> some?+1 ! cont5tm5t ) :i* w\ld indicate an entire abs5ce ( t pure moral ideal1 ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( :i* a religi\s morality--a sy/em ( e?ics f\nd$ on ! wor%ip ( ! "o true ,god--mu/ necess>ily />t4 ,:atev] morality ! _w may possess1 z absolutely indisp5sable = ! common movem5ts ( ! social ma*9e1 ,*ri/ianity1 ( c\rse1 accepts1 b makes no acc\nt ( 9 its *>act]i/ic appeals4 ,x is r ! l[ maxims1 ! false au?orities1 & ! spuri\s virtues1 mix$ up ) ! vulg> morality ( ! _m1 t x mo/ m]cilessly exposes & prote/s aga9/4 8,be n con=m$ to ?is _w1 b be ye trans=m$ 9 ! r5ew+ ( y\r m9ds40 8,b y are an elect p1 a royal prie/hood1 a holy nation40 ,su* is ! l(ty tone :i* x assumes1 & f ! days ( ,/4 ,paul to ,xavi] & ,h[>d has ju/ifi$ ! assumption amply by its de$s4 ,x aspires n m]ely to be moral2 x w\ld be ! poetry ( morality 9 a _w :]e prose is ! common curr5cy4 ,x int5ds to hold up to ! :ole human family a div9e ideal ( social h]oism1 :i* may "s day be univ]sally admir$ b :i* nev] c be univ]sally enact$4 ,let u n[ look at ! beautiful portraiture ( ! ,*ri/ian man 9 ! detail ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic virtues4 ,& fir/1 z ! />t+-po9t "h1 we mu/ #baf obs]ve t ! ,*ri/ian is pre-em95tly equipp$ ) t self-d5ial & self-control1 & :at we g5]ally call /r5g? ( "*1 :i* are ! necess>y po/ulates ( all moral excell5ce4 ,a man :o w take ! _w easily w nev] take x gr&ly2 omnia prcl>a tam difficilia quam r>a sunt3 all excell5t ?+s are difficult2 ! ,*ri/ian recognises ! difficulty1 b delights 9 x z ! /\t old ,roman did 9 ! foes :i* add$ fuel to 8 victories1 or z ! /rong mod]n eng9e] does 9 m\nta9s1 t he may %[ ! triumph ( 8 art 9 bor+ ?r\gh !m or w9d+ r\nd !m4 ,mod]n s5suali/s & prea*]s ( ! l[ doctr9e t pleasure is ! only good h delight$ to fl+ discr$it on ?is gr& ,*ri/ian virtue ( self-d5ial1 z if any?+ great ev] 0 p]=m$ )\t x4 ,! man ( g5ius d5ies himself 9 a ?\s& ways t he may "w out a p]fect body = ! imag9>y ideals :i* possess him2 ! great soldi] d5ies himself ?r\gh leagues ( h>d%ip t he may repel ! rude invad] & pres]ve ! hon\r ( 8 c\ntry un/a9$2 & ! man ( virtue mu/ d5y himself also1 if virtue is a ?+ :i* a creature ( high ent]prise & l(ty purpose may reasonably h to d )4 ,to lie 9 ! lap ( pleasure may be ! highe/ enjoym5t ( :i* a feeble "* is capable2 ! alt]nation betwixt s5su\s languor & s5su\s excitem5t may be ! only grateful *ange ( :i* a pr$om9antly s5su\s nature c be made to p>take2 b a /rong man mu/ h some?+ difficult to d2 & ! /rong ,*ri/ian man has to 8"w out 8 salvation ) fe> & trembl+20 to mortify ! body1 le/ be+ ov]9dulg$ #bag x %\ld le>n to be ! ma/] in/ead ( ! s]vant ( ! s\l2 & 8lay+ aside e weighty & ! s9 :i* m easily besets him10 le>n to 8run ) pati5ce ! race :i* is set be=e him40 ,:at race8 ,! race ( realiz+ z mu* goodness z possible 9 8 own p]sonal life l5d 9 ! life ( t society ( :i* he is a "p1 by ! tw(old process ( nurs+ virtues & we$+ out vices3 an ideal :i* nev] c be rea*$ by ^? :o comm5ce life1 aft] ! ,epicurean fa%ion1 ) a l[ calculation ( pleasures & pa9s1 b by ^? only :o we inspir$ by ! vision ( :at ,plato prea*$ z div9e ideas1 & ,paul z div9e comm&s4 ,! recognition ( a div9e ideal 9 "s %ape or o!r is ! fir/ /ep to ! prosecution ( a div9e life2 & ?is alone c supply ! inspiration :i* makes difficulty easy1 educes pleasure f pa91 & conv]ts ! mo/ sev]e acts ( self-d5ial into ! mat]ials ( an elevat+ w>f>e1 & ! occasion ( a glori\s triumph4 ,v closely connect$ ) ! /]n self-d5ial & ! manly /r5g? ( "* s conspicu\s 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 0 _! moral c\rage4 ,x requires v little k ( ! _w & exp]i5ce ( life to be made aw>e1 9 ! case ( ^? :o are capable ( be+ made aw>e ( ^! ?+s1 t ! g5]al habitude ( ! _w is n moral c\rage1 b moral c[>dice4 ,! majority ( m51 l ! majority ( dogs ,i presume1 are n physical c[>ds2 ! dog is naturally a fight+ animal1 & s is man4 ,b t ! majority ( m5 are moral c[>ds is c]ta94 ,no consid]ation is s p[]ful ) s*oolboys z t ( be+ laugh$ at = any s+ul>ity 9 dress or appe>ance2 ! slav]y ( #bah fa%ion among gr[n-up p]sons is f\nd$ p>tly on ! same dread2 & ! fe> ( /&+ 9 a m9ority re/ra9s _m a man 9 public life f giv+ voice to a salut>y tru?1 & plant+ a gag on ! b>k+ m\? ( popul> error4 ,i h myself be5 pres5t at meet+s ( corporate bodies1 :]e ,i gave my suffrage1 confid5t t ,i 0 "r 9 act+ consi/5tly on a pla9 pr9ciple ( common hone/y2 & aft] ! vote 0 tak5 ,i 0 told confid5tially by "s ( ^? :o _h vot$ aga9/ my views1 t !y _h a /rong conviction ,i 0 9 ! "r1 only !y c\ld n v5ture to vote ) me 9 ! face ( su* an ov]:elm+ majority6 ,?is is ! moral c\rage ( ! _w4 #8,h any ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees believ$ 9 him8 ,if s1 we w speak out2 if n1 we keep sil5ce4' ,?is t5d5cy to foll[ au?ority is 9 _m p]sons1 no d\bt1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( _! own ignorance2 ignorance is always afraid1 & x kn[s by a sure in/9ct t its only safety lies 9 be+ l$ by sup]ior k4 ,?is no "o c blame4 ,b :5 a man acts aga9/ 8 own conviction 9 giv+ 8 vote z a memb] ( a corporate body1 or 9 a political assembly1 to %ield himself f ! indignation or to ga9 ! fav\r ( an unreasonable multitude1--:51 z 9 pure democracy1 ! "q ( "r & wrong nev] comes be=e a man at all1 b ! "o rule ( political life simply is to submit to :at su* & su* a local majority may *oose to dictate1--?is is %e] c[>dice & simple slav]y1 f :i* a man ( hon\rable & indep5d5t m9d1 n ta9t$ ) ! bas5ess ( democratic life1 mu/ %r9k ) abhorr5ce4 ,& s 9 fact we d f9d t 9 democratic c\ntries1 :]e all #bai ?+s are controll$ by political cliques1 :o dictate ! local policy1 to :i* ! puppet call$ a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 or a ,deputy1 is expect$ to swe>1 m5 ( indep5d5t _s1 manly c\rage1 & l>ge intellig5ce are f\nd sy/ematically to %r9k f ! ar5a4 ,h[ diff]5t f ?is demoraliz+ miasma is ! atmosph]e :i* we brea! 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t6 ,!re a s+le manly individual /&s =w>d1 & 9 ! "n ( ,god solemnly calls ^u m5 to r5\nce ! de>ly-*]i%$ errors1 & to trample "u foot ! w>mly-wor%ipp$ idols ( a :ole p4 8,if x be lawful 9 ! sight ( ,god to he>k5 unto m5 r ?an unto ,god1 judge ye60 ,?is is :at ,pet] said1 speak+ ! tru? boldly1 9 ! face ( ro>+ multitudes1 fr[n+ dignit>ies1 & l9es ( bri/l+ lances4 ,a religion 9 :i* su* r>e manhood 0 z common z c[>dice is common 9 g5]al society1 if x 0 n cru%$ 9 ! bud1 z ,prote/antism 0 9 ,bohemia1 c\ld n b gr[ up to a mighty tree 9 ! end4 ,! /oical dea? ( ! gladiators 9 ! ,colosseum 0 wont to draw admiration1 & sometimes ev5 to extort pity1 f ! spectators2 b _! dea? 0 compulsory1 & ! /oicism ( _! la/ mom5ts only a !atrical grace to fall dec5tly be=e an applaud+ multitude4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r z a fe>less prea*] or z an unfl9*+ m>tyr1 made a volunt>y prote/1 & *ose a self-impos$ torture4 ,if he 0 n a fool or a madman1 he 0 a h]o2 & ! h]oism he display$ 0 ( su* a high ord]1 t be+ repeat$ only = a g5]ation or two1 x caus$ ! comb9$ =ce ( popul> prejudice & traditional au?ority 9 ! hea!n _w to blu% itself into a #bbj n unwill+ subjection4 ,s mu* ( l(ty c\rage & ( g5u9e manhood did subtle ,greece & p[]ful ,rome le>n f ! moral mission>ies ( poor & despis$ ,pale/9e6 ,let u n[ ca/ a glance on t mo/ *>act]i/ic & mo/ widely bruit$ ( all ! ,*ri/ian virtues1 viz41 ,,love2 :i* "u ! "n ( ,*>ity 7n 1 ! old satellite ( ,v5us1 b 71 ,/4 ,paul 9 a fam\s *apt] eulogizes z at once ! cr[n & ! epitome ( all virtues mo/ peculi>ly ,*ri/ian4 ,we read also t 8,love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law20 & a wat*word s delib]ately *os5 & s emphatically s\nd$ mu/ always be pregnant ) significance z to ! moral "* & effici5cy ( ! religion to :i* x belongs4 ,n[ ! pla9 significance :i* ?is blazon be>s on ! face ( x is ?is1 t if ,love be ! blossom ( all virtue1 ! root ( all vice is ! opposite ( ,love1 viz41 ,selfi%ness4 ,& :osoev] has look$ into ! moral _w ) any faculty ( g5]aliz+1 w n fail to h obs]v$ t e =m ( vice is only a div]se manife/ation ( t untemp]$1 voraci\s1 & altoge!r mon/r\s egotism1 :i*1 9 ord] to pur*ase = itself a slight advantage or a mom5t>y titillation1 w\ld n scruple to plunge a :ole univ]se into disord] & ru92 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! virtu\s man lives z mu* by sympa?y ) ! desires ( o!rs z by ! gratification ( 8 own1 & is ready at any mom5t to da% ! b[l ( bless$ness f 8 lips1 if he mu/ pur*ase x by ! consignm5t to mis]y ( a s+ly human s\l4 ,& if we look at ! l[] organism ( society1 we %all f9d1 t z 9 ! republic ( sci5ce k prosp]s exactly 9 proportion z #bba ! pure love ( tru? prevails1 s 9 communities ( human be+s1 ! measure ( ! am\nt ( t bro!rly love :i* man feels to man1 tak5 9 its int5sity & 9 its diffusion1 furni%es an exact te/ ( ! am\nt ( moral excell5ce & consequ5t happ9ess--z di/+ui%$ f m]e mat]ial prosp]ity--:i* is f\nd 9 any place4 ,! greate/ difficulties1 inde$1 :i* society has to enc\nt]1 spr+ fundam5tally f a defici5cy ( bro!rly love1--f e grade ( c>elessness1 indiff]5ce1 & coldness1 d[n to nigg>dl9ess1 %abb9ess1 & ! wret*$ mania ( ho>d+ jeal\sly :at he :o ho>ds is afraid to use4 ,poor-laws1 = in/ance1 :i* are g5]ally look$ ^u z a necess>y evil1 exi/ only because ^? social associations to :i* ! adm9i/ration ( *>ity naturally belongs1 viz41 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 are n p[]ful or zeal\s en\gh adequately to d _! duty 9 reliev+ human mis]y2 t is to say1 because ,love1 :i* is pr(ess$ly ! s\l ( ^? associations1 is ei!r n int5se en\gh :]e x exi/s1 or n suffici5tly diffus$1 to provide ! necess>y aid2 & ?us p are driv5 to supply ! want ( volunt>y love 9 ! community by ! exaction ( compulsory rates1 :i* may1 inde$1 save a few individuals f />vation1 b :i* c]ta9ly produce ! d\ble evil ( weak5+ ! heal?y habit ( self-support ?r\gh all classes ( ! community1 & ( /opp+ ! f\nta9-heads ( t natural fl[ ( bro!rly aid1 :i* is a virtue only s long z x is volunt>y4 ,n[ to ?is selfi%ness1 :i* may )\t exagg]ation be t]m$ ! endemic ta9t ( all human associations1 ,*ri/ianity has appli$ ! antidote ( ,love1 9 ! #bbb triple =m ( love to ,*ri/1 love to ! bre?r51 & love to ! human race2--love to ,*ri/ z ! inc>nate type ( unselfi% b5evol5ce & noble self-sacrifice2 love to ! bre?r5 z fell[-soldi]s 9 ! same glori\s human campaign2 love to all m51 z %eep ( "o common fold1 :i* ! fur!r !y h /ray$ ! m dilig5tly !y are to be s\ght =4 ,h[ mu* m int5sely & ext5sively ?an 9 any o!r association ?is ,love has op]at$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 f ! days ( ,dorcas & h] weep+ wid[s d[n to ,flor5ce ,night+ale & h] ,crimean campaign1 ne$ n be told2 n9e-t5?s ( ! mo/ active b5evol5ce ( ! day 9 ?is c\ntry are ,*ri/ian 9 _! orig9 & 9 _! "*2 & ev5 ^? p]sons ! fav\rite wat*words ( ^: social e?ics are borr[$ n f ,*ri/ b f ,epicurus1 w be f\nd to h add$ a /range grace to ! philosophy :i* !y pr(ess by a light borr[$ f ! religion :i* !y dis[n4 ,& if we inquire :at are ! causes ( ?is sup]ior prom95ce giv5 to active b5evol5ce 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( e?ics1 we %all f9d1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 t ! peculi> "* ( ! e?ical fruit dep5ds on ! root ( religion by :i* ! plant is n\ri%$1 & ! !ological soil 9 :i* x 0 plant$4 ,= surely x requires v little ?\ght to p]ceive t ! root ( all t surpass+ love ( ! human bro!rhood lies 9 ! well-kn[n op5+ words ( ! mo/ ca?olic ( pray]s--8,our ,,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav520 ! aspect also ( s9 z a contumacy & a rebellion1 & a guilt draw+ d[n a curse1 necess>ily l$ to a m aggressive philan?ropy1 ) ! view #bbc ( a*iev+ deliv]ance f t curse2 b1 above all1 ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! t]rible consequ5ces necess>ily involv$ 9 ! idea ( an et]nal bani%m5t f ! sun%9e ( ! ,div9e pres5ce1 has creat$ an am\nt ( social b5evol5ce & mission>y zeal :i* "u any less pot5t /imulus w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! mis]ies ( ! m neglect$ & outca/ "p ( humanity pres5t an entirely diff]5t aspect to ! calm ,epicurean & to ! zeal\s ,*ri/ian4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian ! s\l ( ! meane/ savage & ( ! mo/ degrad$ crim9al is /ill an immortal s\l4 ,z :5 a conflagration bur/s out 9 a high turret1 :]e a little *ild is sleep+ )9 ! ne> enswa?m5t ( ! flames1 "s adv5tur\s fireman boldly climbs ! ladd]1 & ru%+ ?r\gh ! suffocat+ smoke1 snat*es ! little innoc5t f ! embrace ( de/ruction2 s ! ,*ri/ian apo/le fl+s himself into ! eag] ho/ ( idolatr\s wor%ipp]s1 & rejoices ) exce$+ joy :5 he saves if x 7 b "o poor s\l f ! jaws ( ! de/roy+ ,siva to :om he 0 sold4 ,b1 z m5's actions are ! (fspr+ ( _! convictions1 ! ,epicurean w f9d no spur /rong en\gh to %ake him out ( 8 easy-*air at su* a spectacle ( human degradation4 ,let ! poor s9n] be wor%ipp+ ,siva on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 or committ+ sl[ suicide by :at1 9 ! language ( ! ,celtic isl&s1 is /rangely call$ ! wat] ( life1#bbc4a y\r easy s5su\s philosoph] ne$s n vex himself ab\t ! matt]4 ,poor idiot6 poor sot6 poor devil6 ) 8 little feeble flame ( smoky light :i* he calls life1 let him flick] on ano!r mom5t1 or let him be #bbd snuff$ out1 x matt]s n2 ano!r bubble has bur/ on ! surface ( ! wat]s1 & ! mighty ocean ( cosmic vitality fl[s on z full & z free & z fa?omless z be=e6 ,9 ! e/imation ( ,*ri/ian love "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts is its /rongly pron\nc$ contra/ ) :at has be5 call$ ,platonic love4 ,z = t :i* is commonly call$ love 9 novels & 9 life1 ?\gh capable ( af=d+ a v exquisite bliss 9 its little season1 x is a matt] ) :i* m]e pub]ty & ! bloom ( physical life has s mu* to d1 t except 9 ! way ( regulation 7:i* is any?+ b an easy matt]71 x does n come "u ! category ( morals at all2 only ?is g5]al rem>k may be made ) reg>d to x1 t 9 all well-condition$ human be+s x spr+s orig9ally f a c]ta9 aff9ity ( s\ls %9+ ?r\gh ! body1 z mu* z f ! m]e attractions ( physical beauty2 & 9 s f> z ?is is ! case1 ! purely physical in/9ct is elevat$ into ! sph]e ( g5u9e ,platonic love4 ,n[1 :at is ,platonic love8 ,z describ$ by ! great philosoph] ( ,idealism 9 ! ,phdrus1 its root lies pla9ly 9 ! raptur\s admiration ( excell5ce1 & its consummation 9 ! metamorphosis ( ! admir] into ! p]fect lik5ess ( t :i* he admires2 :]eas ,*ri/ian love1 mo/ *>act]i/ically s call$1 has its root 9 an inf9ite dep? ( div9e t5d]ness1 & = its fruit broad /reams ( human pity & gr& de$s ( human k9dness4 ,platonic love is m contemplative & arti/ic2 ,*ri/ian love m practical & m fruitful2 ! "o is ! luxury ( an intellectual imag9ation1 ! o!r ! appetite ( a moral en?usiasm4 #bbe ,x w\ld be do+ inju/ice to ,*ri/ian love1 h[ev]1 to suppose t x has no?+ at all 9 common ) intellectual admiration1 & t its only spr+ ( movem5t is pity4 8,visit+ ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction10 ?\gh 9 our pres5t imp]fect /ate ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 is n absolutely ! mo/ ess5tial1 feature 9 its ex]cise4 ,if x 7 s1 inde$1 ! ,*ri/ian w\ld nev] be com=table except 9 ! mid/ ( mis]y2 z a nurse c ply h] vocation only at ! b$ ( ! sick or ! w\nd$4 ,b 9 fact 8 inf9ite t5d]ness = ! lo/ s9n] is produc$ & height5$ by 8 exp]i5ce ( joy f communion ) sa9ts2 & ! contemplation & imitation ( ! image ( moral p]fection 9 ! p]son ( ! great ,capta9 ( 8 salvation su/a9s him 9 8 unwe>i$ & (t5 app>5tly hopeless endeav\rs to ga!r 9 recruits to s]ve "u t s glori\s capta9%ip4 ,we %all !re=e ju/ly say t )\t a ,platonic love1 t is1 a f9e spiritual passion = ! "* & p]son ( ,*ri/1 ! p]=mance ( ! ?\s& & "o works ( social *>ity & m]cy = :i* ! ,*ri/ian is s fam\s w\ld be impossible4 ,b we may say fur!r1 t ! picture ( ,*>ity giv5 9 t wond]ful *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul is v f> f conf9+ ! sph]e ( ,*ri/ian human-he>t$ness to t field ( heal+ & ( com=t+ 9 :i* s _m *>itable in/itutions 9 all ,*ri/ian c\ntries are ! wat*-t[]s4 ,8 picture evid5tly exhibits ! ideal ( a human be+1 n m]ely 9 ! habit ( lift+ ! fall51 heal+ ! sick1 & m9i/]+1 z ! good ,sam>itan did1 to ^? :o may h fall5 into ! h& ( robb]s--^! are extraord9>y #bbf occurr5ces1 :i* w excite ev5 ! mo/ sluggi% to extraord9>y demon/rations ( human sympa?y1--b ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles w h x t 9 our daily int]c\rse ) our fell[-m5 we le>n to live _! lives sympa!tically z intimately & z completely z we live our own2 t we /udy on all occasions to id5tify ourselves ) _! position & feel+s & int]e/s1 & !n only pass a judgm5t on _! conduct4 8,*>ity suff]e? long1 & is k9d2 *>ity envie? n2 *>ity vaunte? n itself1 is n puff$ up1 do? n behave itself unseemly1 seeke? n h] own1 is n easily provok$1 ?9ke? no evil2 rejoice? n 9 iniquity1 b rejoice? 9 ! tru?2 be>e? all ?+s1 believe? all ?+s1 hope? all ?+s1 endure? all ?+s40 ,:at a problem is "h1 :at a lesson ( humanity1 ( ca?olicity1 & ( some?+ f> m human ?an t m]e tol]ation1 :i* ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom h tak5 n[ ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s to le>n1 s9ce ! fir/ prea*+ ( ! gospel1 & are sc>cely le>n+ ev5 n[6 ,h[ mu* ( our daily judgm5ts1 spok5 & pr9t$1 seems leav5$ 9 any degree by ! g5u9e humanity & manife/ ju/ice ( ?is div9e ideal8 8,speak+ ! tru? 9 love0 is ! ackn[l$g$ law ( ,*ri/ian int]c\rse2 speak+ lies 9 hatr$ 7 (t5 a m appropriate text = c]ta9 l>ge sections ( ,briti% practice4 ,we ought to pass judgm5t aga9/ our bro!r on our knees1 fe>ful to (f5d2 we d x r1 n seldom ) pride & insol5ce & imp]t95ce1 m\nt$ on ! triumphal c> ( our own conceit1 rid+ r\gh-%od ov] ! real or imag9$ faults ( our bro!r4 ,s f> does ! ideal ( ,*ri/ian love1 9 ! prea*+ ( ! #bbg ,*ri/ian apo/le1 transc5d its reality 9 ! lives ( m5 :o1 if n ,*ri/ians1 at lea/ brea! a ,*ri/ian atmosph]e1 & ought to h receiv$ "s b5efit f ! inhalation6 ,,=giv5ess ,,( ,,injuries is "o ( ! special fruits ( ,*ri/ian *>ity1 :i* has nev] be5 d5i$ its due me$ ( ackn[l$gm5t1 ?\gh n unaccompani$ sometimes ) ! s>ca/ic obs]vation t ! pi\s zeal ( ,*ri/ian m5 has g5]ally be5 m apt to flame into hatr$ ?an _! love to blossom into =giv5ess4 ,no man has yet be5 able to say ( ,*ri/ians g5]ally1 z "o may (t5 h rem>k$ ju/ly ( ,quak] ladies1 t !y h too mu* milk 9 _! blood2 nor d ,briti% & ,fr5* & ,g]man w>s seem to h abat$ v mu* 9 int5sity = ! want ( a ,*ri/ian text say+--,?\ %alt love ?y fri5ds & hate ?9e enemies6 ,p]haps1 also1 "s s*ol> may be able to /r+ toge!r f ! pages ( r>e old ,plut>* a long] *a9 ( pretty specim5s ( l(ty =giv5ess ( enemies ?an c readily be pick$ f mod]n ,*ri/ian biographies4 ,9 ! life ( ,p]icles1 by t mell[ old ,botian1 ,i rememb] to h read t on "o occasion ?is great /atesman _h to endure = a :ole day 9 ! agora a succession ( imp]t95t & irritat+ attacks f "o ( ^? waspi% little creatures :o love to infe/ ! pres5ce ( goodness2 & he endur$ x ) su* untr\bl$ composure t1 )\t tak+ ! slighte/ notice ( 8 assailant1 he execut$ quietly "s incid5tal matt]s ( bus9ess1 ^: urg5cy dem&$ imm$iate att5tion4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! orator return$ to 8 h\se1 /ill pursu$ by ! gibes & scurrilities ( 8 spiteful #bbh little adv]s>y4 ,b ! great man rema9$ unmov$2 & z he ent]$ 8 own gate1 quietly said to ! janitor--,take a lamp & %[ t g5tleman back to 8 home6 ,a simil> b m s]i\s in/ance ( l>ge-m9d$ =giv5ess ( enemies is record$ by ! same au?or 9 8 life ( ,dion1 ! noble ,syracusan :o ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ made a brilliant da% ^u ,sicily1 simil> to t :i* 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d ,/u>t made ^u ,great ,brita91 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :ile ! "o succe$$ glori\sly 9 8 well-calculat$ ent]prise1 ! o!r ) 8 mock-sublime ra%ness ludicr\sly fail$4 ,?is ,dion1 aft] hav+ plant$ himself on ! seat ( p[] ab&on$ by ! wor?less usurp]1 f\nd ! cause ( con/itutional ord]1 ( :i* he 0 ! *ampion1 sudd5ly endang]$ by ! intrigues ( an ambiti\s demagogue call$ ,h]acleides2 b 8 plots 7 time\sly discov]$1 & political wisdom seal$ to call ^u ! repres5tative ( public ord] to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( su* dang]\s diss5sions by ! dea? ( ! conspirator4 ,b ! g5]osity ( ! disciple ( ,plato prevail$ ov] ! sev]ity t w\ld h guid$ a common politician4 ,dion =gave ! (f5d]2 only1 h[ev]1 z x soon appe>$1 t ! fox *as$ out ( ! hole might beg9 to burr[ 9 ano!r4 ,9 ?is case ! ,syracusan ,platoni/ behav$ l a mod]n ,quak]--nobly z conc]n$ ! s5tim5t ( ! man1 fooli%ly consid]+ 8 position z a /atesman2 b :ile no s5sible man might improve ( su* conduct 9 a rul]1 e man feels t ! hea!n "h p]=m$ an act ( :i*1 s f> z motive is conc]n$1 #bbi ! mo/ accompli%$ ,*ri/ian might be pr\d4 ,let ! ,greeks & ,romans !re=e h _! praise 9 ?is matt]2 let 8seek]s aft] ,god0 9 hea!n times be put =w>d prom95tly z ensamples to ^? :o 9 ,*ri/ian times rejoice to ?9k t !y h f\nd ,him2#bbi4a nor let sympa?y be refus$ to noble de$s because p]=m$ f some:at diff]5t motives4 ,! great hea!n =gave 8 enemies because he 0 too high-m9d$ to all[ himself to be discompos$ by petty assailants1 & because a great indignation seems wa/$ ^u a paltry (f5ce2 ! true ,*ri/ian =gives 8 enemies because he loves !m too f]vidly to h any room = hatr$1 & because 8 sidl+ pity ov]:elms 8 wra?4 ,!re is no s9 9 ! magnanim\s pride ( ! hea!n2 !re is m humanity 9 ! quick sympa?y ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,anyh[1 ,*ri/ianity may claim ?is peculi> m]it1 t x has set up t type ( conduct z a g5]al law = e man1 :i* among ! anci5ts 0 admir$ z ! exceptive virtue ( ! few2 & ,voltaire c]ta9ly reveal$ "o s\rce ( 8 uncompromis+ ho/ility to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & %[$ himself z f> bel[ ! ideal ( hea!n z ( ,*ri/ian magnanimity1 :5 he act$ s t "o ( 8 mo/ illu/ri\s disciples c\ld say ( him t 8he nev] =gives1 & nev] ?9ks any enemy b5ea? 8 notice40#bbi4b ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! contra/s g5]ally drawn betwe5 ,*ri/ian & hea!n e?ics1 is t :i* conc]ns ! v difficult virtue ( ,,self-,,e/imate4 8,let e man10 says ,/4 ,paul1 #bcj 8/rive n to ?9k ( himself beyond :at he ought to ?9k1 b sob]ly1 accord+ z ,god has divid$ to e man ! measure ( fai?40 ,& accord+ly we f9d t 9 ! lives ( em95t ,*ri/ians1 z well z 9 =mal treatises on ,*ri/ian e?ics1 humility has always _h a prom95t place assign$ to x 9 ! roll ( ! virtues4 ,b "h aga9 we mu/ bew>e ( runn+ into a vulg> extreme1 by imag9+ t ! ,greeks & ,romans knew no?+ ( ?is virtue1 & t !y sy/ematically fo/]$ pride & self-importance4 ,x is no d\bt true1 z e s*oolboy kn[s1 t ! ^w 1 :i* 9 classical ,greek signifies mean & paltry1 9 ,new ,te/am5t ,greek is us$ to designate t sort ( p]son :o ?9ks ( himself mode/ly1 or1 z ,/4 ,paul 9 ! v]se quot$ says1 8sob]ly20 b ! m]e *ange 9 ! %ade ( col\r belong+ to c]ta9 words :5 pass+ f ,attic into ,alex&rian ,greek1 proves no?+ 9 su* a case2 & if ! matt] is to be settl$ by words1 ! phrase us$ by ,/4 ,paul1 tak+ ! place ( ! ( o!r passages1 is ! v ^w by :i* ! ,greek morali/s con/antly express t gold5 mean betwe5 a high & a l[ e/imate ( self1 :i* ,ari/otle _! spokesman lauds z ! habitual tone ( ! p]fectly virtu\s man4 ,s f> inde$ 0 ! ,hell5ic m9d f recognis+ no s9 9 pride1 t x look$ ^u self-exaltation & ramp+ self-ass]tion 9 e =m z n only a great s91 b ! "m ( all s9s4 ,?is s9 !y designat$ by ! significant t]m --a ^w :i* etymologically signifies beyond ! m>k1 & :i*1 if x _h n already exi/$1 might well h be5 co9$ by #bca ,ari/otle1 _h he be5 giv51 l ,b5?am1 to ! p$antry ( mak+ a language = himself4 8,e/ modus 9 rebus1 sunt c]ti d5ique f9es ,quos ultra citraque nequit consi/]e rectum40 ,pride1 inde$1 is n only ! s9 by :i* ,lucif] falls 9 ,*ri/ian angelography1 b x peoples ,t>t>us also 9 hea!n leg5ds2 & ! boa/ful ,salmoneus1 ^: insane ambition aspires to mimic ! ?und] ( ,jove1 is always ! fir/ to be bla/$ by ! bolt4 ,:]e9 !n %all we say lies ! diff]5ce--= a diff]5ce !re c]ta9ly is--betwe5 ! humility ( ! ,*ri/ian & ! ( ! ,greek8 ,! common root ( ! virtue 9 bo? is pla92 x is ! contra/ betwe5 mortal & immortal1 :i* belongs equally to ,poly!ism & to ,mono!ism2 pride 0 n made = man2 let him wor%ip "o ,god or _m gods1 he is a poor weak creature at ! be/1 & only ! m call$ ^u to practise a sob]-m9d$ humility because 8 w+$ s*emes s (t5 end 9 creep+ de$s4 ,! luxuriant pride ( our "y leafage gr[s up s frequ5tly into a %rivell$ blossom & a holl[ fruit4 ,yet !re is a diff]5ce4 ,9 ,mono!ism !re is an impassable gulf betwixt ,god & man :i* exi/s n 9 ,poly!ism4 ,!re are /eps :i* lead up ) n a few gradations f ,p]icles to ,zeus2 ! son ( a ,!ban ,semele may be rais$ into a god1 & ! son ( a god1 l ,h]cules1 may indulge gr&ly 9 _m ( ! /\t c>nalities ( a mortal man4 ,"h !re=e lies ! prim>y gr\nd ( ! m pr(\nd humility ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,b !re is ano!r1 :i* 9 practice has prov$ ev5 m pot5t1--! int5se #bcb feel+ ( ! ,*ri/ian already not$ ) reg>d to ! exce$+ s9fulness ( s94 ,e ,*ri/ian looks ^u s9 habitually z a heal?y man looks ^u ! plague2 9 "s popul> cate*isms x is ev5 laid d[n t 8e s91 ev5 ! smalle/1 des]ves ,god's wra? & curse bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 t :i* is to come20 nay1 m3 c]ta9 !ologians1 deem$ by "s peculi>ly or?odox1 h taught t ! :ole _w lies "u a curse on acc\nt ( ! guilt ( ! great prog5itor ( ! human race1 9 violat+ a special div9e comm&1 a guilt incurr$ "s six ?\s& ye>s ago1 & transmitt$ 9 due c\rse ( g5]ation to 8 hapless prog5y4 ,^! dogmas1 ( c\rse1 are only /rong c>icatures ( ! great fact t e de$1 :e!r good or evil1 by ! et]nal con/itution ( ?+s1 necess>ily transmits its influ5ce f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times2 families & races !re=e may lie = g5]ations "u a curse2 ! ,greek trag$y ackn[l$ges ?is 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms2 b1 z 9 ! o!r cases t we h be5 consid]+1 ,*ri/ianity "h n only int5sifies a moral s5tim5t famili> to ! hea!n _w1 b x ext5ds imm5sely ! surface ov] :i* x is diffus$4 s*ylus & ,sophocles c\ld repres5t a heavy curse hang+ = ages ov] ! royal h\ses ( ,pelops & ,labdacus z ! consequ5ce ( mon/r\s s9s committ$ by ! f\nd]s ( _! families2 b ,*ri/ianity makes no selection 9 ?is matt]1 & fl+s ! blackness ( a moral blight 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ phrase ov] ! :ole race ( ,adam4 ,s f> z we are s9n]s we are all "u a curse1 all *ildr5 ( wra?2 & no man is suppos$ to be s virtu\s z t he _c #bcc hone/ly jo9 9 ! humble response ( ! ,litany1 ,"l h m]cy on u1 mis]able (f5d]s6 ,^! words repeat$ con/antly 9 ! weekly or daily s]vice ( a :ole ,*ur* %\ld alone be suffici5t to prove h[ mu* m ! virtue ( humility is /amp$1 s to speak1 into ! ,*ri/ian s\l1 ?an x 0 into ! ,hell5ic4 ,"o _c imag9e ei!r ,socrates or ,p]icles us+ any su* /rong language4 ,& ,i mu/ confess1 :5 com+ out into ! fre% air f ! long ,morn+ ,s]vice ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 ,i h (t5 wond]$ h[ f> ! humble pro/ration ( s\l express$ 9 ! refra9 ( ! ,litany _h be5 cordially repeat$ by ! great majority ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,engli%1 z is well kn[n1 are a peculi>ly pr\d & (t5 some:at insol5t p2 & = myself1 ,i hone/ly confess t ,i h always exp]i5c$ 9 ref]5ce to my own feel+s n a little exagg]ation 9 ! expressions ( s\l-pro/ration employ$ :e!r 9 ! spok5 ,presbyt]ian or 9 ! pr9t$ ,episcopalian =mul>ies4 ,i d n see :y ,*ri/ian wor%ipp]s %\ld s con/antly avoid ! language ( a reasonable virtu\s self-satisfaction us$ by ,k+ ,david 9 n a few places1 & by ,nehemiah4 ,b h[ev] ?is be1 & all[+ t _m ,*ri/ians habitually employ phrases 9 _! *ur* s]vice :i* are pla9ly at v>iance ) ! :ole tone & temp] ( _! lives1 x is aft] all true t ,*ri/ianity1 if x errs "h1 errs on ! safe side1 & errs only z ! m$ical m5 d1 by us+ a v dra/ic drug to combat a v viol5t disease4 ,= x is only too obvi\s t self-importance 9 v>i\s =ms1 n r>ely "u ! dec5t mask ( mode/y & diffid5ce1 #bcd is ! dom9ant vice ( ! human "*4 ,"y m5 are apt to glory 9 _! /r5g?1 "y wom5 9 _! beauty1 fa!rs are pr\d ( _! (fspr+1 s*ol>s ( _! le>n+1 metaphysicians ( _! subtleties1 & poets ( ! iridesc5t & evanesc5t bubbles ( a luxuri\s fancy & an unprun$ imag9ation4 ,m5 ( sci5ce too are apt to be pr\d ( _! k1--:e!r a k ( :at is high or :at is l[ matt]s n2 x is ! k :i* puffs !m up1 n ! ?+ kn[n1 :i* inde$1 if well weigh$1 7 (t5] ! motive to humiliation ?an to exaltation4 ,we are !re=e mu* 9 ne$ ( gett+ z mu* humility f ! gospel z x is naturally calculat$ to inspire2 & x may be obs]v$ t ! public pulse is always ready to beat 9 unison ) ! sacr$ text :5ev] a man ( great orig9al g5ius /&s =w>d1 signally m>k$ ) ! peculi>ly ,*ri/ian type ( humility4 ,su* a man 0 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ! subtle inve/igator ( ^? secret laws :i* regulate ! molecul> action ( p>ticles ( matt] among !mselves4 8,yet liv+ face to face ) ^! great laws1 ,great tru?s1 great my/]ies1 all :o saw him ne>1 ,knew him h[ *ildlike1 simple1 free f flaws ,( temp]1 full ( love t ca/s out fe>4 ,untir$ 9 *>ity1 ( *e] s]5e1 ,c>eless or gold or brea? ( praise to e>n2 ,*ildhood or manhood's e> cont5t to w91 ,& /ill z glad to tea* z meek to le>n40#bcd4a ,"h we h ! g5]al type ( a *a/e & #bce beautiful ,*ri/ian humility 9 ! %ape ( a liv+ man4 ,to ?is no "o objects4 ,x is ! dogmas & ! doctr9al p>adoxes ( ! pr(essional !ologians t are s apt to fret u2 to :i*1 accord+ly1 "h z 9 o!r cases1 9 judg+ ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 we %all be wise 9 n attribut+ too mu* importance4 ,b x 7 a v great mi/ake to imag9e t 9 ref]5ce to ! e/imate ( p]sonal wor? ,*ri/ianity ex]cises only a repress+1 & z "s may picture x1 a depress+1 influ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is no religion t has done s mu* 9 creat+ & fo/]+ ! feel+ ( p]sonal wor? & dignity4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,pla9ly because1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e pro/rates e man 9 a humble equality be=e ,god1 t v equality makes e man consci\s ( an equal p]sonality z comp>$ ) any o!r man4 ,all m5 are s9n]s2 if t be a difficult doctr9e to swall[ !re is "o closely connect$ ) x1 :i* is m com=table3 all m5 are bre?r52 & if bre?r51 equal--a wise fa!r has no fav\ritism4 ,?is is ano!r consequ5ce ( t mono!i/ic fa!rhood ( :i* we h already spok52 x n only aboli%$ nationalities1 x creat$ p]sonalities4 ,9 ! prea*+ ( ! gospel ea* individual is appeal$ to z a p]son ) sep>ate responsibilities2 he has s9n$ individually1 he rep5ts individually1 he is r$eem$ individually4 ,9 ?is affair ( ,*ri/ian salvation !re is no?+ done by proxy4 ,prie/s are n kn[n 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! p only are ! prie/hood2#bce4a ea* individual 9 ! congregation has ! value & ! dignity ( a #bcf prie/4 ,f ?is equality ( p]sonal dignity be=e ,god two rem>kable ph5om5a h fl[$1 bo? specially *>act]i/ic ( mod]n society--! abolition ( slav]y & ! rivalry ( religi\s sects4 ,slav]y1 ( c\rse1 mu/ appe> an intol]able anomaly to a man :o believes t all m5 are bre?r5 & all sons ( ,god2 to call a man bro!r & to sell him z a *attel is a lie too gross to be tol]at$ ev5 by a _w accu/om$ to *eat itself ) ! au?ority ( all sorts ( m]e names4 ,& z to ! rivalry ( multif>i\s sects & *ur*es1 :i* "s p bewail z ! "o great gangr5e ( ,*ri/5dom1 x is really some:at %all[ n to see t 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical _w div]sity ( =m only proves ! ri*ness & ! v>iety ( ! vital manife/ation4 ,! ext]nal unity aft] :i* "s religi\s p]sons sigh exi/$ naturally "u hea!nism1 :]e ! individual consci5ce 0 m]g$ 9 ! ,/ate2 exi/s n[ also 9 ,popi% c\ntries1 :]e ! same consci5ce is m]g$ 9 ! ,prie/hood2 b 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 f\nd$ z x 0 on a direct appeal to ! consci5ce ( ! individual s9n]1 su* a purely ext]nal & me*anical idea c\ld f9d no place4 ,! "r to exi/ at all z a ,*ur* e/abli%$ ! "r to diss5t f o!r ,*ur*es1 by ass]t+ its own convictions :5 su* ass]tion seem$ necess>y4 ,?is ass]tion1 inde$1 might (t5 be made fooli%ly1 =w>dly--!n x 0 a s91 ! s9 ( s*ism2 b ! "r to diss5t 0 inh]5t1 x 0 "p ( ! indefeasible bir?right ( spiritual lib]ty :]e) ,*ri/ _h made 8 p free4 ,9 ?is s5se1 to talk ( humility 7 to e/abli% slav]y2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 to s5d #bcg out bran*+ suck]s1 :i* anon take indep5d5t root1 is m]ely to prove ! ri* vitality ( ! /em4 ,*ri/ianity has ?us become ! great "m ( moral individualism2 & ! _m sects1 :i* are s apt to annoy u ) _! petty jeal\sies1 are1 :5 m closely view$1 m]ely a true index to ! int5sity ( our spiritual life4 ,on ! relation ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics to civil ,,au?ority1 on ! "o h&1 & to ! sacr$ "r ( ,,lib]ty on ! o!r1 mu* has be5 writt51 b mo/ frequ5tly by p>tisans too int]e/$ to be capable ( an imp>tial judgm5t4 ,! wisdom ( ! orig9al prea*]s ( ! ,gospel 0 9 no?+ m manife/ ?an 9 ! c>e ) :i* !y avoid$ mix+ !mselves up 9 any way ) ! social & political que/ions ( ! h\r2 :ile at ! same "t !y did n omit to enunciate pr9ciples & to exhibit conduct oppos$ equally to ! s]vility :i* despotism dem&s & ! lic5ce 9 :i* democracy delights4 ,x w\ld be easy to m>%al =? an array ( texts by :i* ! doctors ( div9e "r on ! "o h&1 & ! prea*]s ( ! sacr$ "r ( insurrection on ! o!r1 h endeav\r$ to enli/ ! ,savi\r ( mank9d z a recruit 9 ! int]nec9e w>s :i* !y h wag$4 ,b h[ev] ,*ur*man & ,puritan might exp\nd & d5\nce1 ! s]5e face ( ! ,son ( ,m>y look$ always /range ?r\gh ! smoke & sulphur ( su* /ruggles2 8 "n 0 invok$ on bo? sides ) mo/ vehem5t prote/ation2 b x 0 difficult all ! :ile = ! imp>tial spectator to p]ceive t he 0 "p ( ! battle2 he seem$ always to belong to bo? sides1 or to nei!r4 ,b s5sible m5 ( all p>ties #bch h at l5g? become conv9c$ t to attempt to /amp ! "n ( ,*ri/ z ! special patron ( our little p>tisan cliques & w>f>es is z absurd z to expect t ! sun %\ld come d[n f heav5 & conf9e 8 illum9ation to our private p>l\rs4 ,z = purely secul> p>ties1 x is q c]ta9 t bo? ! extremes :i* divide ! political _w are equally remote f ! _s ( mod]ation & tol]ation :i* is ! v atmosph]e t ,*ri/ian *>ity brea!s4 ,absolute despotism1 or ! unlimit$ au?ority ( "o man ov] 8 fell[s1 is a condition ( ?+s :i*1 z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 c\ld only be natural & legitimate 9 cases :]e ! "o absolute rul] happ5$ to be bo? ! /ronge/ & ! be/ man 9 ! community2 b to ackn[l$ge z absolute rul]s ^? :o h no au?ority = _! rule b _! own imp]i\s w1 & are always m likely to be ! wor/ ?an ! be/ memb]s ( ! society to :i* !y belong1 is manife/ly z directly oppos$ to ! s5se ( righte\sness 9 ! ,*ri/ian code ( morals z to ! dictate ( reason 9 ! ,greek4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "r ( ! m]e num]ical majority to rule1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic pr9ciple ( pure democracy1 nev] c be admitt$ by a religion :i* tea*es t ! majority are bad1 & t we ought n to foll[ a multitude to d evil4 ,! equality :i* belongs to all ,*ri/ians is n s mu* an equal "r to rule z an equal duty to obey2 an equal "r only to p>ticipate 9 ^? privileges & obligations :i* belong to an indep5d5t human be+1 n a m]e *attel1 z a memb] ( a moral society call$ ! ,*ur*1 & ( a legal society call$ ! ,/ate4 ,! ,*ri/ian #bci rejoices inde$ 9 8 lib]ty2 b x is n 9 ! lib]ty to d :at he pleases1 mu* less 9 ! lib]ty ( a majority to outbawl & to ov]be> a m9ority by ! m]e p[] ( numb]s4 ,he is free f ! pollution ( s91 f ! slav]y ( ! s5ses1 f ! =ms ( a cumbr\s ritualism1 & ! exactions ( a lordly prie/hood2 b he is n free1 & nev] dreams ( be+ free1 f ! homage :i* vice ought always to pay to virtue1 f ! natural subord9ation t ignorance owes to intellig5ce1 & f ! sacr$ au?ority ( law4 ,"h ,*ri/ & ,socrates agree4 8,r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 & to ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's40 8,let e s\l be subject to ! high] p[]s40 ,if laws are bad or impolitic1 ! guilt ( _! vici\sness lies at ! door ( ^? :o made !m1 or :o gave !mselves no conc]n to h !m alt]$4 ,b s long z !y are laws let !m be obey$4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! ,*ri/ian is ob$i5ce to all exi/+ laws1 respect = all e/abli%$ au?orities1 & a rev]5ce g5]ally = ^? gradations ( dignity & excell5ce into :i* ! fair proportions ( ! social ar*itecture h be5 pil$4 ,g5]ally speak+ he is n an eag] politician2 ! inspiration ( l>ge human love :i* possesses 8 brea/ t5d]s him incapable ( ent]+ w>mly into ^? p>ty /ruggles 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate ) :i* l>ge human love has seldom mu* to d4 ,he c nei!r despise ! l[ly majority ( 8 fell[-m5 to please ! olig>*1 nor trample ^u ! intellig5t m9ority to please ! democrat4 ,he has no great appetite = p[]2 he does n covet (fice2 he w n intrigue = place2 he w n grasp ! sceptre ( civic rule ) a =w>d h&1 #bdj b wield x :5 x naturally falls to him ) firmness z respects o!rs1 & ) a holy jeal\sy z respects himself2 & he w rejoice ) trembl+ !n *iefly :5 ! victori\s c> ( 8 p>ty fri5ds is rid+ ov] ! pro/rate army ( 8 foes4 ,ambition is ) him ! love ( usefulness1 n ! love ( p[]2 he compreh5ds ! _s :i* dictat$ ! answ] ( a pi\s ,engli% cl]gyman :5 he refus$ ! cure ( a p>i% :i* 0 (f]$ him1 = ! s+ul> reason t 8! emolum5ts 7 too l>ge & ! duty 0 too small20#bdj4a & he fe>s ! dang]s :i* may fl[ f ! abuse ( au?ority m ?an he desires ! pleasures :i* are connect$ ) its use4 ,let u n[1 9 ! la/ place1 inquire h[ ! ,*ri/ian law ( "r conduct has approv$ itself 9 ! hi/ory ( society s9ce ! fir/ in/itution ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& we seem c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 />t+ "h ) ! expectation t1 mov$ by su* a f]vid /eam-p[]1 /r5g!n$ ) su* l(ty sanctions1 & display+ a s*eme ( virtues at once s manly & s g5tle--virtues n prea*$ m]ely 9 s]mons or discuss$ 9 e?ical treatises1 b set =? 9 ! liv+ epi/les ( two su* opposite & yet bo? em95tly ,*ri/ian types ( "* z ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john--s acc\tr$ surely1 & clad ) ! p]fect panoply t belongs to a great moral w>f>e 7,eph4 vi4 #ac71 ,*ri/ianity c\ld n b g =? conqu]+ & to conqu]1 especially :5 ! liv+ fai? 9 extraord9>y1 & miracul\s demon/rations ev]y:]e accompani$ its m>*2 & if x has 9 any consid]able degree fail$ to fulfil its bright promise 9 reg5]at+ ! #bda face ( ! moral worlds ?is1 9 ^? :o accept$ ! religion1 mu/ h proce$$ ma9ly f "o ( ?ree causes3 ei!r because ! ideal 0 too high = !m1 z we are accu/om$ to obs]ve t c]ta9 nations are n socially f> advanc$ en\gh = free con/itutions1 & ?rive be/ "u despotism2 or f1 ! neglect ( a regulative =ce :i* might *eck ! natural t5d5cy to excess1 extravagance & "o-sid$ness1 to :i* all human movem5ts are liable2 or aga91 f ! di/urbance ( ! prop] heal?y action ( ! reg5]ative virtue ( ! doctr9e by ! admixture ( c]ta9 =eign1 incompatible1 & corrupt+ elem5ts4 ,( ! fir/ cause ( failure no?+ ne$ be said2 x is ) high morality z ) high art1 x is & x always mu/ be above ! av]age rea* ( ! great mass ( m52 & x may be t 9 morals1 z 9 art1 "s nations h tacitly agre$ to let ! high /&>d drop1 & cont5t !mselves ) atta9+ a manife/ly inf]ior b m g5]ally atta9able ideal4 ,b h[ev] su* compromises & refuges ( despair may be ! necess>y wisdom ( politicians & ( lawy]s1 :o h to deal practically ) ! selfi% elem5t 9 ! masses ( mank9d1 9 ! !ory ( morals1 z ( art1 !y c c]ta9ly f9d no place4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,academy mu/ always set up ! highe/ ideal2 if !y fail to d s x is only because ! inspiration :i* creat$ !m 0 orig9ally feeble1 or has wax$ fa9t2 & if ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* or ! s*ol>s ( ! ,academy fail to realize 9 _! lives & 9 _! works ! p]fect patt]n :i* has be5 set be=e !m1 x is ! defect ( ! le>n]1 n ! fault ( ! tea*]4 ,no "o ?9ks ( elevat+ ! "* ( art by l[]+ #bdb ! /&>d4 ,& s if ,*ri/ianity is too good = mank9d x mu/ j rema9 too good1 till 9 ! sl[ process ( ! ages m5 %all become m wor?y ( x4 ,b ! two o!r causes ( failure require to be look$ into m s]i\sly4 ,to ! dang] ( excess ,*ri/ian morality is peculi>ly liable1 j because its /eam-p[] is s v /rong & its action s efficaci\s4 ,i read b ! o!r day 9 a newspap] ( a girl1 /udi\s1 z girls are apt to be1 ( p]sonal beauty1 :o1 hav+ pick$ up some:]e a fact well kn[n to horse-deal]s1 t ars5ic has a specific b5eficial action on ! sk91 set to "w ( h] own motion to m+le h] daily potations ) an infusion ( ! pot5t metal1 & did ?is s assidu\sly t 9 a v %ort "t1 in/ead ( improv+ h] complexion1 %e _h well-nigh remov$ h]self = ev] f ! society ( ! liv+4 ,n[ ?is is exactly :at has happ5$ ) ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,m5 h tak5 too mu* ( a c]ta9 virtue1 say ,rev]5ce--:i* is ! virtue mo/ closely b\nd up ) religion--& h *ang$ x into /upidity4 ,t :i* 0 meant to elevate human be+s out ( _! f9ite littl5ess has be5 us$ to depress !m bel[ ! level ( _! meane/ selves4 ,& n only h ,*ri/ians by ! excessive culture ( fav\rite virtues turn$ !m into c>icature1 b !y h assum$ t because !y h le>n$ to be ,*ri/ians !y %\ld =get to be m54 ,!re are c]ta9 human in/9cts1 ei!r purely physical1 or closely connect$ ) our animal exi/5ce1 s /rong t ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! evangelic e?ics seem to h ?\ght !y might be safely left to take c>e ( !mselves2 b ^! same in/9cts c]ta9 high-pressure ,*ri/ians #bdc :o came aft]w>ds1 ) m zeal ?an s5se1 ?\ght x _! duty /udi\sly to repress1 or ev5 viol5tly to extirpate4 ,! result has be5 t we h se5 ,*ri/ianity set at "w sy/ematically to maim t humanity :i* x 0 int5d$ to heal4 ,z to ! ?ird cause ( failure1 ! admixture ) =eign elem5ts1 x is ( ! same nature z ! wat] :i* dilutes ! milk & ! s& :i* debases ! sug> 9 ! adult]at$ traffic ( l[ trad]s4 ,t su* adult]ation %\ld exi/ to a l>ge ext5t 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 unavoidable1 s soon z ! pr(ession ( a religion s high above ! measure ( vulg> e?ics became respectable4 ,:5 ev]ybody 0 born & baptiz$ & brib$ into ,*ri/ianity1 ! morality :i* ea* ,*ri/ian ( ?is ext]nal type pr(ess$ mu/ h be5 some?+ z *eap z ! blood f :i* he 0 procreat$1 ! wat] ) :i* he 0 wa%$1 & ! "w by :i* he ga9$ 8 livelihood4 ,! fir/1 & 9 its epiphany "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ wide-spread excesses ( ,*ri/ian morality1 0 ,,asceticism4 ,! temptation to ?is lies v ne>1 9 ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 & is sugge/$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann] by its v language4 ,if s9 is ! fle%1 & "s ( its mo/ %ameless & rampant exhibitions are *>act]i/ically designat$ ! lu/s ( ! fle%1 x w\ld seem t ! simple/ way to get ! ma/]y ( su* lu/s is to keep ! body "u1 z ,/4 ,paul has x1--to fr[n ^u cakes & ale1 & p]haps ev5 to extirpate c]ta9 passions1 z y w\ld pull up dock by ! long tape root1 to make m room = ! grass4 ,nor 0 ?is altoge!r an unreasonable proc$ure4 ,x might be v admissible1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to #bdd become a eunu* = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake2 8= ! pres5t ne$0 he :o ab/a9$ f m>riage might save himself f mu* incumbrance & f "s mis]y4 ,! error lay 9 sett+ up t z a g5]al ideal :i* 0 valuable only z a device = special occasions1 & possible only 9 a rational way to p]sons ( a peculi> temp]am5t4 ,our ,savi\r %[$ himself publicly at m>riage-fea/s z well z retir$ into ! m\nta9s2 he 0 f\nd eat+ & dr9k+1 & ev5 *ang+ wat] into w9e4 ,/4 ,paul also nev] d5i$ t a glass ( w9e 0 a good ?+2 b ,*ri/ians aft]w>ds v soon began to act z if ! /]n ,bapti/ ( ! wild]ness1 & n ! social ,jesus ( ! waysides1 _h be5 ! patt]n set up = _! imitation4 ,?is deg5]ation1 no d\bt1 0 ! fruit ( ! anti-s5su\s impulse :i* x _h be5 necess>y to give !m2 & !y saw daily 9 ! /reets ( ,rome & ( ,cor9? unseemly spectacles en[1 ( :i* ! lesson seem$ to be3 x is bett] to ab/a9 ?an to be poison$4 ,add to ?is t ,plato & 8 ,alex&rian successors _h ?r[n ! :ole =ce ( _! e?ics ( reason on ! spiritual side1 & spok5 ( ! body (t5 9 t]ms ( great] contempt ?an ! ,*ri/ian apo/les _h ev] done ( ! fle%4 ,( ,plot9us1 8 biograph] ,porphyry tells t 8he liv$ l a man :o 0 a%am$ ( be+ 9 ! body at all20 & ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria1 "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! ,fa!rs1 ?\gh n go+ to ! extreme ( ^! ,platonic devotees1 speaks ( a good d9n] 9 a /yle calculat$ to lead by a viol5t plunge on ! o!r side into an artificial appetite = dry pease & h>d cru/s4 8,we mu/ n10 he says1 8h any c>e ( ext]nal ?+s1 b be #bde anxi\s r to purify ! eye ( ! s\l & to *a/5 ! fle%4 ,o!r animals live t !y may eat2 man eats t he may live2 = nei!r is eat+ 8 bus9ess nor pleasure 8 good4 ,!re=e ^? are /rongly to be condemn$ :o seek aft] ,sicilian lampreys1 ,m&rian eels1 ,pelorian mussels1 oy/]s f ,abydos1 sprats f ,lip>a1 ,attic fl\nd]s1 ,mant9ean turnips1 ,ascran beetroot1 ?ru%es f ,daphne1 & ,*alc$onian rais9s40#bde4a ,( c\rse ! s5sible old ,fa!r meant ?is p>tly z a prote/ aga9/ ! mon/r\s ga/ronomic luxury ( ! ,romans1 ( :i* we read 9 ,suetonius & o!r ,lat9 writ]s ( t age2 b x seems no less true t he 0 c>ri$ away 9 ^! matt]s by an ideal ( extravagant anti-s5sualism1 :i* _h !n /rongly tak5 possession ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & 0 inde$ a rank native gr[? ( ! ,ea/1 specially ( ,syria & ,egypt1 z ,*ur* hi/ory l>gely te/ifies4 ,nay1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 & 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e ! cold climate p>tly excuses1 p>tly necessitates1 high fe$+1 we f9d "y p]sons1 9 ! fir/ />t ( a religi\s life1 n unfrequ5tly l$ into a c\rse ( ascetic practice1 z prejudicial to _! bodies z ! excessive bookwork ( ! colleges is to ! m9d4 ,"y ,:itefield1 we are told1 suff]$ n a little f ex]cises ( ?is k9d2 & ! prolong$ =mal fa/+s prescrib$ z ,god-pleas+ by rec5t ,rituali/ic cl]gym5 9 ?is c\ntry1 h on m ?an "o occasion enfeebl$ = a :ole lifetime ! bodily functions ( _! virg9 devotees4 ,?is is sad en\gh2 b x is n ! wor/4 ,su* absurdities make ,*ri/ianity ridicul\s1 & =ce revolt$ nature into ! #bdf s*ool ( a b5ign ,b5?am or an easy ,hume1 :]e "o may at all ev5ts be moral & reasonable4 ,:5 we read 9 ! biography ( "s mod]n ,anglo-,ca?olic sa9t t he fe>$ no?+ s mu* z ! s(t s$uction ( a slice ( butt]$ toa/1 & ! gold5 delici\sness ( a glass ( ,madeira1 we beg9 to sigh = ,ari/otle2 x 7 bett] to h no religion at all z an inspir+ s\l ( morality1 ?an a religion :i* l5ds importance to su* pu]ilities4 ,b if ^! ?+s h be5 done by c]ta9 pseudo-,*ri/ians1 & are p>ad$ ev5 n[1 !re 0 "o belief1 v common 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* t5d$ n a little to int5sify ! t5d5cies :i* lead to !m4 ,at all times x is possible = ! expectation ( a future life to encroa* on ! enjoym5t ( ! pres5t2 & ! gr[? ( ! asceticism ( ! fir/ c5turies 0 beyond d\bt p[]fully aid$ by ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( a newly promulgat$ & gre$ily accept$ immortality1 & yet m p]haps1 by ! belief 9 ! spe$y second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! r5unciation ( ! _w1 & ! m *>act]i/ic worldly enjoym5ts1 becomes ( c\rse mu* m easy :5 ! ma*9]y ( ! _w is %ortly expect$ to /op4 ,& ?us ! weakness ( human nature concurr$ ) a numb] ( accid5tal causes to make ! ascetic c>icature ( ,*ri/ian e?ics "o ( ! mo/ wide-spread diseases1 & an altoge!r a/\nd+ ph5om5on 9 ! moral hi/ory ( man4 ,! ascetic oddities ( ,diog5es & a few ,greek cynics 7 no?+ to x4 ,! multitude ( /range1 & ridicul\s1 & ev5 disgu/+ =ms :i* x assum$1 w be f\nd amply detail$ 9 ! second volume ( ,mr4 ,lecky's excell5t ,hi/ory #bdg ( ,european ,morals1 & ne$ n be enl>g$ on "h4 ,"o ( ! /range/ fancies t 0 ev] begott5 by ! translation ( s5se into nons5se is ! idea ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 t ,*ri/ianity =bids w>1 & t self-def5ce is a s94 ,unque/ionably ,*ri/ianity =bids ! _s ( hatr$ & ! desire ( rev5ge2 = ! religion ( ,*ri/ is a religion ( motives1 ( purity ( he>t1 & ( humanity ( purpose1 & c\ld n b =bid e spr+ ( action t _h 9 x ! lea/ t9cture ( selfi%ness2 b ho/ility betwe5 div]se int]e/s is a fact :i* ,*ri/ianity c\ld n d5y1 & common s5se w\ld n attempt to expla9 away4 ,:at ,*ri/ianity d5\nc$ 0 ! _s f :i* w>s g5]ally arise--8,f :5ce come w>s & fight+s among y8 ,come !y n ev5 f y\r lu/s t w> 9 y\r memb]s80 ,& s f> z ?is is ! case1 if ^! lu/s 7 regulat$ by ,*ri/ian pr9ciple--t is1 if love & sympa?y took ! place ( selfi%ness & jeal\sy1 ! w>s t spr+ f _! fev]i% f]m5t & fury w\ld n take place4 ,b ?is is a q diff]5t ?+ f ! natural "r ( self-def5ce2 !re are w>s :]e ! aggression is all on "o side1 & :]e to yield to ! assault w\ld be to (f] a bribe to brig&age2 !re are w>s also ( pure /upidity1 :]e bo? p>ties don't "k :at !y are ab\t1 & :]e x is n a pure he>t b a discipl9$ intellect t is necess>y to prev5t ! fray4 ,b :atev] be ! cause1 :]ev] !re is a f]m5t+ b$ ( conflict+ int]e/s ( div]g5t op9ions & ( antagoni/ passions1 ev5 among/ good m5 w>s are unavoidable2 unless1 inde$1 su* a c\rt ( imp>tial #bdh arbit]s c\ld be appo9t$1 z x has hi!rto prov$ beyond ! rea* ( human wit to realize2 & :at ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 9 ?is case requires is1 t1 conte/s ( "r be+ unavoidable1 aft] e attempt at peaceful adju/m5t has fail$1 m5 %\ld g to w> ) a c]ta9 mutual self-respect1 & ) a g5]\s *ivalry su* z ! knights ( ! middle ages sy/ematically fo/]$1 c>ry+ on ho/ilities l m51 & n l tig]s4 ,9 ?is s5se x has be5 prov$ p]fectly possible to love our enemies )\t betray+ our rights1 & w become m & m practicable 9 ! degree t int]national recognition becomes m common1 & a l>ge ,*ri/ian philan?ropy m diffus$4 ,b ! idea t ,*ri/ian love %\ld become s int5se z absolutely to annihilate ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 & to tra9 e creature to love e o!r creature a great deal bett] ?an itself1 is pure maund]+1 & w !n only be tol]at$ among m5 :5 a decad5t humanity %all h entirely divorc$ piety f reason1 & ,buddhism in/ead ( ,*ri/ianity %all h become ! religion ( ! mo/ advanc$ pione]s ( civilisation4 ,b ! mo/ g5]al excess :i* runs1 s to speak1 9 ! blood ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 arises f ! ov]fl[ ( zeal )\t k1 at "o "t boil+ ov] 9 floods ( ! mo/ savage intol]ance1 at ano!r ossifi$ into ! rigid features ( ! mo/ unrel5t+ bigotry4 ,?is is an evil :i* spr+s naturally f ! connexion ( morality ) religion2 & x is an evil ( s enorm\s a magnitude t x seems 9 "s sort to supply an excuse = ^? inadequate e?ical sy/ems ( rec5t gr[? :i* take no cognisance ( ! rev]5tial & dev\t #bdi in/9cts ( human nature1 &1 aft] ! model ( ,ari/otle1 w\ld build up an ar*itecture ( ,e?ics )\t piety4 ,& if religi\s zeal g5]ally is prone to run into intol]ance1 x is specially s 9 ! case ( mono!ism4 ,= mono!ism is naturally intol]ant2 x w be> no assessor on ! supreme ?rone2 if true1 x is exclusively true4 ,& ?is is inde$ no m ?an :at x is entitl$ to2 b x %\ld be intol]ant only ( poly!ism z a sy/em1 n un*>itable to poly!i/s z m52 :]eas x has become almo/ a prov]b t ! zeal ( ,*ri/ian !ologians /&s divorc$ n only f *>ity1 b f tru?2 ( all disputants m5 ( ! cl]ical pr(ession are ! mo/ unfair1 s mu* s1 t among *ur*m5 z a class c&\r is sc>cely a m5tionable virtue4 ,a c&id evangeli/ is g5]ally a black %eep to 8 bre?r52 assur$ly he w n be f\nd prom95t 9 ,*ur* debates1 or =w>d z a lead] ( ,*ur* p>ties4 ,b nei!r mu/ we be> too h>d ^u ! cl]gy 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is human nature1 9 fact1 m ?an cl]ical inoculation t is to blame2 & we %all f9d if we look r\nd ) an imp>tial eye1 t humanit>ian democrats1 anti-*ur* ,radicals1 sci5tific crot*et-mong]s1 ma!matical =muli/s1 & conceit$ "y poets1 are equally intol]ant 9 _! own way2 only religion1 l love1 by ! v int5sity ( its excell5ce1 raises ! natural intol]ance ( human nature to its highe/ p[]2 x is s pleasant to /amp ! "n ( ,god ^u our passions & ride triumphantly ov] ! _w 9 ! "* ( arm$ apo/les ( ! mo/ sacr$ tru?4 ,h5ce religi\s w>s1 :i*1 z all ! _w kn[s1 h g5]ally prov$ ! mo/ bitt] & sangu9>y2 h5ce conque/s1 robb]ies1 #bej & oppressions 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,*ri/ians2 :i* = sy/ematic cruelty1 trea*]y1 & all mann] ( bas5ess1 h n be5 surpass$ 9 ! annals ( ,sp>tan helotage or ,v5etian espionage2 h5ce assumptions ( infallibility :i* make reason blu%1 & consecrations ( absurdity :i* petrify common s5se4 ,& :5 ?is flam+ zeal1 9 m quiet times1 has settl$ d[n1 x does n !re=e always cease to exi/1 b /iff5s into bigotry1 &1 unit$ ) t self-importance :i* is s natural to man1 produces an exclusiv5ess & a ,ph>isaism ( :i* all ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 9 seem+ rivalry ( ! ,jews1 :om !y revile1 h pres5t$ a v %>p & well-m>k$ adumbration4 ,if ! religi\s ,h9du w n eat f a ,*ri/ian's platt]1 ! religi\s ,episcopalian w n d9e 9 ! same room or /& on ! same plat=m ) ! religi\s ,diss5t]4 ,! hiss+ f]v\r :i* orig9ally =bade ! approa* ( two adv]se *ur*es has n[ be5 *ang$ into a dead wall or p>tition1 :i* keeps ^? :o ought to "k1 & love1 & co-op]ate ) "o ano!r1 habitually z f> ap>t z ,greeks & ,turks2 s t x has become ! mo/ difficult ( all social op]ations to unite two ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 sep>at$ p]haps by "s notion m political ?an religi\s1 9 ! prosecution ( "s common object :i* !y bo? confess to be supremely desirable4 ,t :i* makes ! ebullition & ov]fl[ ( religi\s zeal s fatal 9 its effects1 is n m]ely ! excess ( ! zeal itself1 :i* l all excess is bad1 b ! t5d5cy ( all religions to subord9ate ! moral elem5t :i* !y conta9 to ! religi\s3 to make religion a sep>ate bus9ess in/ead ( an e?ical in/rum5t2 to hang x z an amulet r\nd #bea ! neck1 n to brea! x z an atmosph]e ( social heal?1 to nurse x z a sacr$ fire 9 ! he>t1 & to feel x z a p[] :i* purifies e passion1 ennobles e motive1 & braces ! n]ve to ! robu/ness ( all manly a*ievem5t4 ,if !re is "o *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity m prom95t ?an ano!r1 x is c]ta9ly ?is1 t x is ess5tially an e?ical religion2 o!r religions fav\r c]ta9 virtues1 or give a c]ta9 sanction to all virtues1 b ,*ri/ianity is morality2 ! moral reg5]ation is ! religion4 ,!re are religions :i* pr(ess to possess a p[] by :i* its prie/s c br+ d[n ra91 bani% ! pe/il5ce1 make ! devil speak tru?1 & *>m a murd]] into heav54 ,*ri/ianity kn[s no?+ ( ^! tricks4 ,its m9i/]s supply no passports by :i* knaves & slugg>ds1 :5 !y escape f ! body1 may pass ! cele/ial police )\t "q4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion is n a special tra9+ :i* pi\s p]sons are to g ?r\gh 9 ord] to prep>e !mselves = a future _w2 x calls ^u e man ) a l\d voice to d ! "w ( ,god 9 ?is _w1 "h :]e alone "w is possible = u2 & n until our assign$ task has be5 bravely done "h1 c !re be any "q ( :at promotion may await u !re4 ,_h ! gospel be5 int5d$ accord+ to ! vulg> prejudice n[ "u consid]ation1 z a religion hav+ an exi/5ce ap>t f ! details ( ev]yday morality1 ,john ! ,bapti/ c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h be5 s5t z its precursor1 nor ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt be5 giv5 =? z its manife/o4 ,nei!r aga9 does ! fam\s doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul1 t m5 are sav$ by fai? n by works1 9 any wise contradict ! ess5tially e?ical "* #beb ( ! fai? :i* he prea*$4 ,! works :i* 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans he s unconditionally d5\nces1 are works ei!r ( self-conceit or ( sac]dotal imposition1 by :i* p]sons un9spir$ by a l(ty moral ideal seek to recomm5d !mselves to ,god4 ,f su* a g]m no moral good c possibly gr[2 = z 9 ! realm ( speculation ! oppressive s5se ( ignorance is ! comm5cem5t ( true k1 s 9 ! practical _w1 ! hone/ confession ( s9 is ! comm5cem5t ( sanctification4 ,b h[ little ,*ri/ian fai? c h any significance ap>t f works1 ! same ,apo/le %[s l>gely 9 ! #aa? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! only "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t by ! way 9 :i* a =mal def9ition ( fai? is giv51 & a *apt] at ! same "t f ^: copi\s hi/orical illu/rations1 x is pla9 to any *ild t fai? is m]ely a religi\s synonym = :at we 9 secul> language call moral h]oism1 a h]oism peculi>ly m>k$ z ,*ri/ian only by ! di/9ct recognition on ! "p ( ! actor t ! moral law :i* he obeys is ! accr$it$ w ( ! ,moral ,gov]nor :om he s]ves4 ,cle> z ?is is1 h[ev]1 !re has always be5 manife/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* a t5d5cy to sep>ate fai? f works1 a t5d5cy :i*1 l o!r ab]rations1 has sometimes _h ! h>dihood to /ilt itself up into ! dignity ( a dogma1 & 9 ?is attitude has be5 kn[n 9 ^! latt] times "u ! "n ( ,ant9omianism4 ,( a lean+ t[>ds ?is mon/r\s doctr9e1 ! ,calv9i/ic *ur*es h be5 specially accus$2 & !re c be no d\bt1 t 9 ,scotl& & o!r c\ntries :]e a ,calv9i/ic cre$ is pr(ess$1 notions ( ?is k9d w always #bec f9d an op5 soil 9 s\ls ( a c]ta9 nature1 notions too t w (t5 be practically act$ ^u ev5 :]e !y are n !oretically pr(ess$2 b x is hi/orically c]ta91 t ( all ,*ri/ian tea*]s ! great ,g5evan re=m] himself 0 ! lea/ *>geable ) any absurdity ( ?is k9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 he f\nd himself involv$ 9 a s]i\s w> ) ! city to :i* he m9i/]$1 j because he insi/$ t 8 religion %\ld be practical1 & 8 fai? if x meant any?+1 %\ld mean good works2 & he c>ri$ 8 po9t too 9 ! end 9 spite ( ^? :o /\tly prote/$ t ! /]n limitations ( gospel law m>k$ out by ! prea*]1 %\ld h no?+ practically to d ) ! broad lic5ce t might be conv5i5t = ! lib]t9e & ! publican4 ,& inde$1 x w\ld be ! greate/ re=m t c\ld be made 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* at ! pres5t mom5t1 if our popul> prea*]s 7 to give u few] s]mons1 & :5 !y did prea*1 take c>e1 l ,/4 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/les1 to h "s di/9ct practical po9t to speak to4 ,= ! difficulty ( ,*ri/ian z ( all e?ics1 lies n 9 ! g5]al rules1 b 9 ! special application ( ! rules2 & vague condemnations ( s9 h[ev] sev]e1 & comm5dations ( hol9ess h[ev] f]vid1 w h little effect if p are n to be made to und]/& di/9ctly :at ^? phrases s awfully s\nd$ =? on ,sunday are meant to signify on ,monday4 ,! dignity ( ! pulpit1 ,i suspect1 l ! dignity ( hi/ory1 has (t5 made x dull2 c]ta9 x is1 t :e!r f a false s5se ( dignity1 or f a religi\s zeal )\t e?ical dep?1 or f ignorance ( ^? affairs to :i* e?ical maxims mu/ be appli$1 or #bed f fe> to (f5d ^? ^: support is ?\ght necess>y1 ! m9i/rations ( ! ,*ri/ian pulpit lose n a little ( _! effici5cy f deal+ m 9 ! g5]alities ( s9 & hol9ess1 ?an 9 special vices & virtues1 & f yield+ to ! easy temptation ( expatiat+ on s*ola/ic subtleties or ecclesia/ical crot*ets1 in/ead ( unravell+ ! p]plexities ( social practice1 or unmask+ ! disguises ( individual "*4 ,_m ?+s are left to be h&l$ lightly by ! novel-writ]1 :i* ) mu* m effect might h be5 h&l$ s]i\sly 9 ! pulpit2 & 9 fact1 ,i h f\nd n a few excell5t s]mons 9 novels1 :i* ,i %\ld h s\ght = 9 va9 9 our pulpits2 b ! mis=tune is1 t p read novels ma9ly to be amus$1 & w see ! liv+ portrait ( _! own follies pa9t$ 9 ! firme/ l9es1 & ) ! mo/ gl[+ col\rs1 )\t mak+ ! slighte/ attempt to am5d _! faults4 ,b ( ?is en\gh4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t no am\nt ( fai?1 no am\nt ( prea*+1 & no am\nt ( pray]1 c be tak5 z a true measure ( ! g5u9e ,*ri/ianity ( any c\ntry1 unless ! fai? pr(ess$ %all be f\nd to be p]meat+ e =m ( social life1 & elevat+ e trait ( individual "*4 ,to any "o :o wi%es to see :at real ,*ri/ianity c d = a di/rict 9 ! p]son ( a truly evangelic & wise man1 ,i recomm5d ! p]usal ( ! life ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,fr$]ick ,ob]l91 :o1 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 01 dur+ ! c\rse ( a long life1 pa/or ( ! m\nta9 di/rict ( ! ,ban de la ,ro*e 9 ,alsace4 ,?is rem>kable man 0 n cont5t ) ! common m9i/]ial r\t9e ( prea*+ & pray+2 he saw t 9 ! circum/ances #bee 9 :i* he 0 plac$1 no?+ 0 to be done by m]e talk2 s ) pick-axe 9 h& he set himself to make roads2 he became ! =e/] ( 8 p>i%ion]s1 & plant$ trees2 _! s*oolma/]1 & built !m s*ools2 _! ar*itect1 & re=m$ _! cottages2 _! deacon1 & taught !m trades2 _! pr(essor1 & lectur$ to !m on sci5ce2 _! physician1 & taught !m to live accord+ to ! laws ( heal?4 ,?us ! fai? :i* he pr(ess$ turn$ a neglect$ p>i% 9 a few ye>s into a p]fect museum ( all good works1 ( :i* a religion ( ! pure/ love 0 ! s\l2 & ! unobtrusive ,*ri/ian work]1 :o ( ?is wild]ness made a g>d51 0 p]haps ! greate/ man 9 ,france at a "t :5 ! ?und]s ( ,napoleon 7 %ak+ ! _w f we/ to ea/1 :ile 8 own fame _h sc>cely travell$ beyond ! bleat+s ( ! %eep ( 8 own p>i%4 ,s little has ! noisy applause ( ! _w to d ) "s ( ! highe/ =ms ( ,*ri/ian virtue4#bee4a ,x rema9s n[ only %ortly to indicate h[ ,*ri/ian e?ics has suff]$ f ! admixture ( adult]at+ elem5ts4 ,^! are notably ?ree3 ,,intellectualism1 ,,ritualism1 & ,,secul>ism4 8,!re is a /range fasc9ation10 says a liv+ di/+ui%$ !ologian1 89 reason+ ab\t my/]ies40#bee4b ,e religion ( c\rse has its my/]ies--= a man rev]5ces t only :i* he has reason to respect1 #bef :ile he _c fully compreh5d x2 b ! faculty ( rev]5ce :5 ex]cis$ on sacr$ my/]ies %\ld r det] m5 f presumptu\s dogmatism ?an invite !m to its exhibition4 ,b x has n always prov$ s 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! unsophi/icat$ intellect ( ! laity might possibly h be5 cont5t )\t ! va9 attempt to def9e :at is 9 its nature undef9able4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( man to def9e ,god at all2 our f9ite "w 9 ref]5ce to all =ms ( ! ,inf9ite is to ackn[l$ge1 to wor%ip1 & to obey4 ,b ! m$dl+ intellect ( pr(essional !ologians w\ld n all[ matt]s to re/ "h2 !y proce$$ to con/ruct c]ta9 curi\s =mul ( doctr9al or?odoxy1 an intellectual belief 9 :i* 0 sub/itut$ = ! liv+ e?ical fai? by :i* ! hea!n _w _h be5 reg5]at$4 ,m5 7 n[ taught to ent]ta9 ! ?or\ghly un*ri/ian idea t ! acceptance by ! cognitive faculty ( an array ( nicely-word$ propositions conc]n+ ! ,div9e ,nature & ! plan ( r$emption 0 someh[ or o!r ess5tial to _! salvation2 0 c]ta9ly n ! lea/ important elem5t 9 ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! non-acceptance ( :i* 0 held z ju/ly exclud+ ! recusant f ! communion ( ! sa9ts4 ,?is 0 a sad mi/ake4 ,! fi]y d5unciations :i* ,/4 ,pet] 7#b ,pet4 ii4 #a7 & ! o!r apo/les utt]$ aga9/ ^? :o 8privily br+ 9 damnable h]esies10 7 laun*$ n aga9/ intellectual het]odoxies1 b aga9/ ! lu/s ( ! fle% & all sorts ( s5sualism2 b n[ ! hat$ "n ( h]esy 0 transf]r$ to ! imag9>y s9 ( n be+ able to believe :at a conclave ( fooli% or presumptu\s ,*ur*m5 *ose to lay d[n1 & artificial cre$s #beg 7 =g$ & fulm9at$1 & flung ) /]n ana!mas & boa/ful defiance aga9/ e hone/ ?9k] :o c\ld n be br\ght to believe t fai? mu/ %[ its efficacy pr9cipally by its p[] ( bl9d+ reason & smo!r+ common s5se4 ,?is gigantic dogmatism ( ! %all[ und]/&+ mak+ an alliance ) ! f]vid religi\s zeal :i* has be5 already m5tion$1 l$ consi/5tly to a sy/em ( ! mo/ organiz$ social selfi%ness t ! hi/ory ( ! _w kn[s1--selfi%ness only ! m horrible t x 0 dignifi$ by ! mo/ v5]able names1 & consecrat$ by ! mo/ sacr$ c]emonial ,! (fice-be>]s ( ! orig9ally free moral community call$ ! ,*ur* n[ decl>$ !mselves infallible1 & lord$ x insol5tly ov] ! consci5ces ( ^? )9 ! ,*ur*1 & ov] bo? s\l & body ( ^? )\t its pale4 ,to ?9k on any ( ! subjects mo/ int]e/+ to a ?9k+ man 0 n[ a s92 m5 :o _h ! mis=tune n to ?9k exactly accord+ to ! =mul prescrib$ by ! ,*ur* 7 prosecut$ z crim9als1 condemn$ z malefactors1 burnt at ! /ake z mon/]s1 & refus$ ! humanities ( common burial4 ,a compact 0 made ) ! civil p[] t no situation ( hon\r1 emolum5t1 or tru/ %\ld be giv5 to any "o :o 0 n ready to swe> to ! e/abli%$ or?odoxy2 & ?us1 z human nature is con/itut$1 n only 0 ?9k+ =bidd5 & absurdity en?ron$1 b a bribe 0 held out to public hypocrisy2 ! consci5ce ( "y p]sons 0 sy/ematically debau*$2 & ! love ( tru? & ! indep5d5t se>*+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures 9 _m ,*ri/ian *ur*es became utt]ly unkn[n4 ,su* 7 ! fruits ( ,intellectualism4 #beh ,b ^! port5t\s results 7 n produc$ by ! imp]t95ce ( ! m$dl+ intellect alone4 ,su* a hide\s dom9ation ov] ! lib]ties ( ! individual consci5ce c\ld n h be5 a*iev$ by "o unassi/$ evil p[]4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ( ,*ri/ian corruption ! o!r evil influ5ces ( ,,ritualism & ,secul>ism 7 bo? equally active4 ,( ^! ! fir/1 ?\gh ) a di/9ctively religi\s feature1 0 9 ess5tial "* anti-,*ri/ian4 ,*ri/ianity is a religion ( inw>d motives1 ,ritualism a religion ( outw>d =ms4 ,x 0 n en\gh t ! h& %\ld %r9k f (f5d+2 t ! eye %\ld cease f lu/ful w&]+2 ! f\nta9s ( evil desire _h to be /opp$ 9 _! fir/ well+s2 ! lawy] & ! police might conc]n !mselves ) ! complet$ act & its consequ5ces2 ) ! evil ?\ght1 :i* is ! g]m ( all evil de$s1 ,*ri/ianity comm5c$ & f9i%$ its purify+ action4 ,occupi$ ) ?is radical reg5]ation1 ! prea*]s ( ! ,gospel nev] dreamt ( prescrib+ m9ute regulations ab\t attitudes1 ge/ures & po/ures1 crosses1 crosi]s1 c&le/icks & *ange ( dresses1 decorations ) bann]s1 flags1 fe/oons1 gild$ %r9es1 jewell$ images1 & o!r appurt5ances ( flaunt+ c]emonial4 ,^! might be matt]s ( dec5cy & ta/e v prop] to be att5d$ to2 b to h made !m ! subject ( special prescription w\ld h be5 to assign !m an importance :i* !y did n des]ve2 nay1 w\ld h manife/ly run c\nt] to ! lib]ty ( t religion :i* !y taught1 & conf\nd$ x ) ! bondage ( t ,judaism--a bondage ( meats & dr9ks1 new-moons & sabba?s1 & o!r ext]nalities--:i* nei!r #bei !y nor _! fa!rs _h be5 able to be>4 ,& ?is leads u to rem>k1 t ! oppressive pu]ilities ( ,ritualism 9 !mselves1 p]haps m ridicul\s ?an p]nici\s1 71 9 ! case ( ! ,jews1 & are inde$ naturally ev]y:]e1 closely comb9$ ) ano!r evil no less =eign to ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* we may call ,,sac]dotalism4 ,! ,jews & ! ,egyptians _h a closely b&$ h]$it>y prie/hood culm9at+ 9 a !ocracy2 ! ,greeks & ,romans _h a sporadic prie/hood ( special sacr$ p]sons1 colleges & places2 ( ^! a ritual1 (t5 cumbr\s1 seldom graceful1 sometimes %ameful1 g5]ally ridicul\s1 0 ! legitimate expon5t4 ,*ri/ianity ) ! p]=mance aboli%$ ! p]=m]s2 pray]s 7 decl>$ to be ! only inc5se1 a holy life ! only (f]+1 & a p zeal\s ( good works ! only prie/hood4 ,b ?is 0 too good a doctr9e = poor human nature to hold by1 or at lea/ = ! !n /age ( civilisation p]man5tly to ma9ta94 ,p 7 only too glad to get !ologians to ?9k = !m1 & c]emonies to dress up _! dev\t feel+s 9 an impos+ ?\gh x might be (t5 a ta/eless g>b4 ,^! c]emonies1 orig9ally indiff]5t1 by ! sacr$ "* belong+ to ! m5 by :om !y 7 p]=m$1 soon became sacrosanct1 & ! p]=m+ prie/ naturally attribut$ a special efficacy to ^? rites ( :i* he 0 ! in/rum5t4 ,:atev] virtue !y possess$ 0 d]iv$ orig9ally1 no d\bt1 l ev]y?+ else1 f ,god1 b specially & exclusively ?r\gh him4 ,he 0 ! conduct+ rod1 ! *os5 m$ium ( br++ d[n ! spiritual electricity f heav5 to e>?4 ,?us he became a wond]-work] m pot5t ?an ! ra9mak]s #bfj ( ,african sup]/ition4 ,he _h b to op5 8 m\? & w9e became blood1 & bread fle% at ! magic mutt] ( 8 lips4 ,9 a religion ?us made ess5tially sac]dotal1 :]e ?aumaturgic rites receiv$ su* prom95ce1 x 0 impossible t ! e?ics ( common life %\ld be able to ma9ta9 _! orig9al place 9 ! idea ( its f\nd]4 ,judaism1 9 fact1 & ,hea!nism1 _h be5 smuggl$ back into ! ,*ur*2 religion 0 "o ?+1 moral "* ano!r2 brig&s might rob & kill1 &1 at ! same "t1 keep up a conv]se ) ,heav5 by ! kiss+ ( crosses1 ! tell+ ( beads1 & ! tramp+ ( pilgrimages2 ! poles ( "r & wrong might be positively inv]t$1 :ile piety rema9$4 ,b a /ill great] triumph = ! evil pr9ciple 0 9 /ore4 ,9 ! evangelic hi/ory ( ! ,temptation1 x is n>rat$ t ! devil1 aft] try+ o!r me?ods ( s$uction1 c>ri$ our ,"l up into an exce$+ high m\nta91 :]e !re 0 a survey ( all ! k+doms ( ! _w & ! glory !re(1 & po9t+ out ^! ! tempt] said1--8,all ?is ,i w give !e1 if ?\ wilt fall d[n & wor%ip me40 ,?is argum5t1 z we "k1 did n succe$ ) our ,"l2 b x succe$$ only too well ) ^? :o came aft] ,him4 ,! m>riage ( worldly p[] & glory1 to an ess5tially spiritual & unworldly religion1 gave bir? to t la/ & mo/ pot5t adult]ation :i* we h call$ ,,secul>ism4 ,!re is no necessity1 ( c\rse1 t a mod]n bi%op %\ld be a poor man1 any m ?an an anci5t patri>*2 ,*ri/ian e?ics d n =bid a man to h a fat purse any m ?an a full /oma*2 b z a ,*ri/ian may n live an epicure ma9ly = ! sake ( 8 /oma*1 s nei!r #bfa may he live = ! sake ( 8 purse4 ,& !n !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! effect ( worldly prosp]ity 9 individuals & 9 in/itutions4 ,an individual may be a man ( exceptional virtue1 & 9 ! face ( _m temptations may become m virtu\s ! m he is expos$2 b in/itutions are compos$ ( ! majority1 & 1 ! majority are n h]oes4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 to expect1 t z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 its fir/ epo* possess$ a pr9cipal elem5t ( purity 9 ! pov]ty & ! social insignificance ( its memb]s1 s "o great occasion ( its corruption w\ld em]ge z soon z ! pr(ession ( ! once despis$ fai? became ! high-road to weal?1 ! badge ( social wor?1 & ! gu>antee ( political p[]1 :e!r1 8z at ,con/ant9ople1 ! attempt 0 made to imp]ialize ! ,*ur*1 or1 z at ,rome1 ! ,*ur* wax$ into ! dim5sions ( an empire40#bfa4a ,b x 0 n at ,rome or ,con/ant9ople only t ! ,*ur* 0 ?us secul>iz$4 ,:]ev] (ficial position 9 a prosp]\s & popul> *ur* pres5ts an op5 c>e] to p]sons desir\s ( mak+ a respectable livelihood1 !re mu/ always be a class ( p1 m or less num]\s1 :o are ready to say 9 _! he>ts1 ?\gh !y may n d>e ev]y:]e to say x op5ly1--8,put me1 ,i pray !e1 into "o ( ! prie/s' (fices1 t ,i may eat a bit ( bread40 ,only ! means by :i* ?is bit ( bread may be obta9$ dep5ds always to a great ext5t on ! "* ( ! patrons2 & ! corruption ( ! *ur* (fice-be>]s w always be great] :]e ! appo9tm5t to valuable b5efices is a m]e civil "r1 #bfb belong+ to private individuals1 ?an :]e x rema9s ) its orig9al deposit>ies1 ! congregations ( ! ,*ri/ian p4 ,no d\bt :]e popul> election exi/s 9 a *ur* !re w always be a dang] ( divisions1 & a sort ( ecclesia/ical demagogy or mean subs]vi5cy to ! passions & prejudices ( ! majority c sc>cely be avoid$2 b ?is is a less evil ?an op5 simony1 & ! usurpation ( apo/olic functions by m5 :o d n1 l ,/4 ,paul1 "w ) _! own h&s t !y may prea* )\t fe>1 b prea* t !y may fe$ !mselves1 & dress !mselves1 & amuse !mselves1 & br+ up _! sons to play billi>ds1 & _! daught]s to dance quadrilles ) ! ari/ocracy ( ! l&4 ,?is ?or\gh secul>isation ( religion is "o ( ! mo/ revolt+ spectacles t ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w pres5ts2 & to its exi/5ce 9 any c\ntry1 along ) ! o!r two adult]ations m5tion$1 mu/ be attribut$ its full %>e ( guilt 9 creat+ t reaction 9 fav\r ( a morality )\t religion1 & a ,/ate divorc$ f ,*ur*1 :i* is "o ( ! fav\rite ideas ( ! democratic age 9 :i* we live4 ,= :ile ,intellectualism & ,ritualism expose an e?ical religion to attack1 ! "o by plant+ fai? 9 an attitude ( ho/ility to reason1 ! o!r1 by mak+ its wor%ip pu]ile & ridicul\s1 ! secul> corruption cuts deep] & proves suicidal to ! v ess5ce & s\l ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= by ?is infection a religion ( ! mo/ *ivalr\s love1 ! pure/ unselfi%ness1 & ! pr(\nde/ humility1 is work$ up into a mon/r\s comb9ation ( selfi%ness1 pride1 & hypocrisy1 :i* te>s up ! v notion ( public virtue by #bfc ! roots2 & s 9 po9t ( fact x came to pass t1 9 ! lives ( "s ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ,*ri/ian pontiffs1 !re 0 exhibit$ to ! _w a m>* ( sc>let s9s1 unsurpass$ by ! be/ialities ( ,roman or ! f]ocities ( ,byzant9e autocrats4 ,9 ! holie/ c\rts ( ! mo/ holy all 0 rankness1 loa?som5ess1 putresc5ce2 only a !atric %[ ( sanctitude 0 kept up sc>cely ) dec5cy1 to deceive ^? :o might be deceiv$ by ! good =tune ( n liv+ too ne> ! actors4 ,& ?us 0 realiz$ ! mo/ sorr[ful example ( ! tru? ( ! anci5t adage--corruptio optimi pessima2 ,,! ,,corruption ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,?+s ,,is ,,! ,,wor/4 ,,utilit>ianism4 #bfd ,,( rec5t ,briti% ph5om5a 9 ! doma9 ( e?ical philosophy1 :at is call$ ,utilit>ianism is ! mo/ notable1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ noisy4 ,if1 inde$1 !re is any?+ di/9ctive 9 ! mo/ rec5t tone ( philosophic ?\ght & s5tim5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 ap>t f speculations spr++ out ( pure physical sci5ce1 x is ?is v ?+1 or some?+ t claims close k9dr$ ) x4 ,x is talk$ ( 9 ! /reets & comm5t$ on 9 ! closet2 & numb]+1 z x does1 among/ its advocates "s ( ! mo/ a/ute intellects ( ! age1 x c]ta9ly des]ves an att5tive exam9ation4 ,no d\bt its m]its1 :atev] !y be1 are likely to fall %ort ( its pret5sions2 = nev] 0 a sy/em u%]$ 9 ) a great] fl\ri% ( trumpets & a m /irr+ consci\sness on ! "p ( its promulgators t a new gospel 0 be+ prea*$ :i* 0 to save ! _w at la/ f c5turies ( h]$it>y mi/ake4 ,at ! wat*word ( ! sy/em1 %ot f ,ed9burgh to ,we/m9/] m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! son ( a ,london attorney felt 8! scales fall f 8 eyes20 all 0 n[ cle> t _h hi!rto be5 dim2 a di/9ct te/ 0 reveal$ = m>k+ out by a %>p l9e a doma9 :]e1 previ\s to ! arrival ( ! great discrim9ator1 all #bfe _h be5 m]e float+ cl\ds1 %ift+ mi/s1 & arial halluc9ations2 ! unsub/antial idealism ( ,plato & ! unreasonable asceticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 de/9$ at l5g? to disappe>2 only let s*ools be e/abli%$ = ! creation ( univ]sal intellig5ce to ass]t itself by univ]sal suffrage1 & ! r$emption ( ! _w f imag9>y morality & sup]/iti\s s5tim5t w\ld be complete4 ,?is1 s f> z my obs]vation has gone1 is ! sort ( tone "u ! inspiration ( :i* ! doctr9e ( ,utility has be5 proclaim$ to ! _w2 & t ,i am n exagg]at+ b r und]/at+ ! self-gratulation ( ! s*ool1 is evid5t f ! fact t ,dr4 ,s\?wood ,smi?1 "o ( ,b5?am's mo/ admir+ disciples1 actually believ$ & pr9t$ t 8 discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( utility m>k$ an era 9 moral philosophy z important z t a*iev$ = physical sci5ce by ,sir ,isaac ,newton's discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( gravitation4 ,nor 0 ,dr4 ,smi? at all s+ul> 9 ?is tone ( transc5d5tal laudation4 ,! dogmatism :i*1 z we %all see1 0 a *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! intellectual "* ( ,b5?am1 0 inh]it$ m or less by mo/ ( 8 disciples2 & ! importance :i* !y attribute to !mselves & _! own discov]ies is only surpass$ by ! sup]cili\sness ) :i* !y ignore :atev] has be5 done by _! pr$ecessors4 ,?is ignor+ ( ! pa/1 inde$1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 seems to be ! radical defect1 n only ( ! ,b5?amites1 b ( ! great body ( our ,briti% philosoph]s f ,locke d[nw>ds2 we d n />t f a l>ge & imp>tial survey ( ! inh]it$ results ( ?\ght1 s mu* z f "s po9t ( local or #bff sectional prom95ce2 our petty sy/ems are ( ! nature ( a reaction r ?an an ar*itecture1 & l all reactions are "o-sid$ 9 _! direction & extravagant 9 _! e/imate ( _! own importance4 ,if s*ol>s sometimes make _! le>n+ useless by _! ignorance ( ! pres5t1 ! m5 ( ! pres5t are n less apt to make _! intellectual position ridicul\s by ignor+1 misund]/&+1 or misrepres5t+ _! relation to ! pa/2--= a l>ge appreciation ( :at has be5 a*iev$ by our pr$ecessors alone c gu>antee a j e/imate ( ! true value ( our own lab\rs4 ,all judgm5ts are comp>ative2 & z ,primrose ,hill is a mighty m\nta9 to ! boy born )9 ! *ime ( ! ,b[ ,bells1 s ,locke & ,hume & ,b5?am may be tak5 = ! greate/ capta9s ( ?9k+ by m5 to :om ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle are unkn[n4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u 9 attempt+ a critical e/imate ( ,utilit>ianism is its "n4 ,names are sometimes atta*$ to sy/ems accid5tally1 & 9 t case ne$ n be curi\sly analys$2 b :5 !y are delib]ately *os5 by ! prop\nd] ( a new !ory1 !y are significant1 & provoke "q4 8,,:y ,,utility ,,pleases0 is ! head+ ( "o ( ,hume's *apt]s2 & ! answ] to x simply is1 t z ,utility consi/s 9 ! adaptation ( means to ends1 & z ! recognition ( su* adaptation is a peculi> function ( reason1 x _c b be t reasonable creatures %\ld receive pleasure f be+ affect$ 9 a mann] s suitable to _! nature4 ,! eyes1 z ,plot9us says1 are susceptible ( pleasure f light1 because an impressibility to light is ( ! ess5ce ( _! quality & #bfg ! idea ( _! /ructure2#bfg4a s reason is necess>ily pleas$ ) :at is reasonable1 & utility mu/ please a creature ^: :ole en]gy1 :5 he acts accord+ to 8 be/ nature1 is exp5d$ 9 discov]+ & apply+ means :i* %all be useful to secure c]ta9 ends4 ,b ! answ]+ ( ?is "q does n advance u "o /ep 9 moral philosophy2 moral philosophy is a sci5ce ( ends1 n ( means--a sci5ce ( :at ,ari/otle calls ! 1 or supreme --! ultimate aim4 ,s our new philosophy has tak5 z a wat*word a t]m t means no?+ by itself1 any m ?an ! t]ms plus & m9us 9 algebra4 ,to give ! t]m a mean+1 ! fur!r "q mu/ be put1 ,useful = :at8 & !n ! old commonplace comes out--,useful = :at all m5 desire1 ,happ9ess1 ( c\rse2 = 8all m5 desire ,happ9ess1 t's pa/ d\bt10 says ,locke1#bfg4b & ,ari/otle also1 = t matt]2 b we d n consult philosoph]s to he> su* truisms4 ,:at !n comes next8 ,! truism is put into an anti!tic %ape1 & we are told z ! gr& result ( ! pr(\nde/ mod]n ?\ght t ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] is ! ultimate pr9ciple ( moral sci5ce1 ! pole-/> ( all social navigation1 by att5tion to :i* alone ! bl9d+ mi/s ( transc5d5tal s5tim5t & ! %>p l$ges ( unnatural asceticism c be avoid$4 ,b is ?is maxim really 9 any way wor?y ( ! applause ) :i* x has be5 receiv$8 ,may we n well ask1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,:o ev] #bfh d\bt$ x8 ,if happ9ess is desirable1 & if man is naturally a social & sympa!tic animal1 z all ! anci5ts took = grant$1 !n ! m t c be made to p>take ( x s mu* ! bett]4 ,( ?is nei!r ,ari/otle nor ,plato ev] _h any d\bt4 ,!y wi%$ e c\ntry to conta9 z l>ge a population z 0 compatible ) ! conditions ( heal?2 beyond ^! limits1 inde$1 !y saw a difficulty1 &1 to prev5t ! evil ( ov]population1 7 will+ to all[ c]ta9 rem$ies :i*1 to mod]n s5tim5t1 may appe> h>% & inhuman2 b !y nev] d\bt$ t 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate happ9ess 0 ! common "r ( ! _m1 n ! special privilege ( ! few2 & ,ari/otle 9 8 ,politics lays x d[n expressly z a reason :y olig>*y is to be reckon$ among ! wor/ =ms ( gov]nm5t1 t x assumes t p[] is to be us$ = ! int]e/ ( ! few1 n = ! good ( ! _m4 ,! fam\s ,b5?amite =mula1 !re=e1 c be reg>d$ only z a v appropriate w>-cry = an oppress$ democracy fight+ aga9/ an insol5t olig>*y2 to ?is praise x is ju/ly entitl$1 & 9 ?is sph]e x has no d\bt be5 ext5sively useful2 b z a maxim pret5d+ to enunciate a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( e?ical philosophy x has nei!r novelty nor p]t95ce4 ,! ,utilit>ian s*ool1 !re=e1 judg$ by its "n1 & by its fav\rite %ibbole?1 has no di/9ctive "*2 & its *os5 appellation m]ely %[s an utt] defici5cy ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a sci5tific nom5clature4 ,to say t morality consi/s 9 happ9ess1 falls logically "u ! same category ) ! proposition t a cat is an animal--we #bfi knew t2 b :at we wi% to "k is1 by :at diff]5tiat+ m>ks a cat is di/+ui%$ f o!r animals1 & specially f o!rs ( ! fel9e family4 ,:]e9 does ! special happ9ess ( ! creature call$ ,man consi/8 ,ari/otle1 to my ?9k+1 answ]$ t "q ) z mu* precision z x ev] c be answ]$1 & nei!r ,hume nor ,b5?am add$ any?+ to 8 def9ition4 ,s f> z ^! spokesm5 ( mod]n e?ics said t virtue consi/$ 9 act+ accord+ to reason1 z necess>ily involv+ ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! reasonable be+ call$ ,man1 !y said :at 0 q true1 b no?+ t 0 new2 !y m]ely repeat$ ! ,/agirite1 putt+ ! elem5t ( into ! van1 :i* he _h wisely kept 9 ! re>4 ,s f> z !y w5t beyond ?is1 !y said :at 0 nei!r new nor true1 b only a refurbi%m5t ( ! old doctr9e ( ,epicurus1 t = man1 z = bea/1 pleasure is ! only good1 & !re is no ne$ ( a di/9ctive phraseology = ! happ9ess ( creatures s ess5tially ! same4 ,:at !n is ! di/9ctive "* ( ,utilit>ianism1 if we fail to discov] x 9 its "n8 = t ! s*ool1 z a matt] ( fact1 does /& on a v di/9ct basis1 & 9 an attitude ( v decid$ antagonism to o!r sy/ems1 is unque/ion$4 ,betwe5 ,paley1 ! model *ur*man ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ,b5?am1 ! /]eotyp$ hat] ( all *ur*m51 *ur*es1 & cre$s1 !re is no d\bt a great gap2 /ill !re is a /rong family lik5ess ev5 betwe5 ^! two extremes ( ! s*ool2 & ! po9t 9 :i* ?is lik5ess ass]ts itself we ?9k may be be/ express$ by ! phrase ,,ext]nalism4 ,f ,?omas ,hobbes ( ,malmesbury #bgj d[n to ,alex&] ,ba9 ( ,ab]de51 ! morality ( ! ,utilit>ians is a morality 9 :i* ! moral virtue ( ! inn] s\l is z mu* z possible d5i$1 & ! moral virtue ( outw>d in/itutional or o!r ma*9]y z mu* z possible ass]t$4 ,look ev]y:]e = ! orig9 ( "r & wrong--only n 9 ! s\l4 ,! k+dom ( heav51 accord+ to ! prophets ( ?is gospel1 is n )9 y1 b )\t4 ,?is1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is ! keynote :i* gives a unity & a significance to all ! v>iations ( ,utilit>ianism f ,b5?am to ,ba94 ,let u he> x 9 _! own words3 8,:at "o expects to f9d 9 an e?ical pr9ciple is some?+ t po9ts out "s ext]nal consid]ation z a means ( w>rant+ & guid+ ! int]nal s5tim5ts ( approbation & disapprobation30 s ,b5?am4 8,consci5ce is m\ld$ on ext]nal au?ority z its type40 8,utility sets up an outw>d /&>d 9 ! room ( an inw>d1 be+ ! sub/itution ( a reg>d to consequ5ces = a m]e unreason+ s5tim5t or feel+30 s ,ba94 8,! conte/ betwe5 ! morality :i* appeals to an ext]nal /&>d & t :i* gr\nds itself on int]nal conviction1 is ! conte/ ( progressive morality aga9/ /ation>y2 ( reason & argum5t aga9/ ! deification ( m]e op9ion & habit30 s ,mill4 ,! assumptions impli$ 9 ^! la/ s5t5ces1 no less ?an ! proposition /at$1 are peculi>ly int]e/+4 ,!y are r$ol5t ( all t n>r[ness1 exclusiv5ess1 & dogmatism1 :i* we h already notic$ z s *>act]i/ic ( ,b5?am4 ,x is assum$ t ! advocates ( an innate morality hold x to be a ?+ t acts ap>t f1 or contr>y to reason4 ,x is assum$ t moral progress is possible only #bga "u ! action ( an e?ical sy/em f\nd$ on ! doctr9e ( consequ5ces1 :]eas exp]i5ce has prov$ t a morality ( motives1 su* z ,*ri/ianity conta9s1 is z mu* capable ( expansion & ( new applications z any o!r morality4 ,x is assum$ t all our s5tim5ts & feel+s1 t is1 ! :ole emotional "p ( our nature1 is to be suppos$ false1 till its "r to exi/ & to en]gize %all h be5 approv$ by reason4 ,b :at if emotions be prim>y s\rces ( all moral life1 :i* reason inde$ may exam9e1 b :i* x has no m au?ority to dis[n ?an x has p[] to create8 ,:at if ! emotions & ! s5tim5ts1 :i* y treat ) su* disrespect1 really supply ! /eam )\t :i* y\r curi\s ratioc9ative ma*9]y 7 utt]ly wor?less8 ,b ^! que/ions anticipate "p ( our com+ argum5t4 ,mean:ile let ,,ext]nalism /& "h z ! only significant designation = ! sy/em ( e?ics :i* we are n[ to exam9e2 & let ! ^w ,,utility be remitt$ to t limbo ( vagu5ess & confusion :5ce x orig9ally came =?4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to treat ?is subject hi/orically1 because ?is me?od w display 9 ! cle>e/ light ! op]ation ( t "o-sid$ reaction out ( :i* ! ,lockian philosophy1 no less ?an ! ,b5?amite ,e?ics took its rise4 ,& "h x w be manife/ t we _c altoge!r escape metaphysics1 h[ev] odi\s t ^w may s\nd to ! g5]al ,engli% e>2 = 9 our inquiry we mu/ f9d or ass]t c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciples :i* =m ! f\ndation ( all reason1 :e!r practical or speculative2 & ?\gh metaphysics1 l cl\ds1 are apt to be mi/y1 !y are j z c]ta9ly ! #bgb f\nta9 ( all moral sci5ce1 z ! cl\ds are ! fa!rs ( ! ra91 :i* supplies ! wat] t moves ! useful ma*9]y ( ! mill4 ,we mu/ !re=e />t f ,mr4 ,locke1 ! ackn[l$g$ fa!r ( :atev] s*ool ( ,briti% ?9k+ des]ves ! "n ( a philosophy4 ,no d\bt be=e him came ,hobbes2 b ?is man /&s alone1 l a huge trap-rock bolt up 9 a flat c\ntry2 & !re=e we %all let him lie ov] = a sep>ate treatm5t1 if opportunity %\ld occur2 b 9 trac+ up ! ma9 l9e ( ,utilit>ian ,e?ics f ,mill to ,h>tley1 ,i f\nd t !y end$ naturally & legitimately 9 ,locke1 j z a net-"w ( wat]s may (t5 be trac$ to "o common well-head4 ,n[ ,locke is ! fa!r ( :at ! ,g]mans call ! empirical philosophy4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,x simply means1 z any "o may see by a sup]ficial glance ca/ on ! fir/ *apt] ( ! 8,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+10 t he comm5c$ 8 philosophy by a =mal decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,,innate ,,ideas inh]it$ by mod]n ?9k]s f ! ,platoni/s ( ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 & ,flor5ce2 &1 if all innate s\rces ( true k are d5i$1 !n !re rema9s = morality1 z = ev]y?+ else1 only ! s\rce ( ext]nal exp]i5ce1 :i* comes to u n by nature b by acquisition2 = accord+ to ! use ( ! ,engli% language1 :atev] ?+s a man does n orig9ally possess1 he acquires4 ,locke1 !re=e1 9 ! language ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( 1 or sci5ce prop]ly s call$1 :i* is f\nd$ on necess>y pr9ciples ( int]nal reason1 & ass]t$ t all k is to be got by or exp]i5ce1 9 o!r words1 is :at ! #bgc ,g]mans call empirical4 ,t ,locke's ideas on ?is fundam5tal "q ( all speculation 7 any?+ b cle> we %all see imm$iately2 b on ! face ( ! matt] ! v noticeable ?+ is1 t 9 reject+ ! doctr9e ( innate ideas ! ,engli%man does n g directly to ,plato & ,plot9us1 ! s\rces f :i* ?is doctr9e _h come1 b he goes to w> ) c]ta9 float+ loose notions ( ,h]b]t & o!r dreamy speculators ( 8 own or ! previ\s g5]ation4 ,n[1 ?is is evid5tly a me?od ( proce$+ altoge!r unphilosophical4 ,if a man means to refute ,*ri/ianity sci5tifically1 he does n g to ! books ( ! ,jesuits1 b to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,s ! refutation ( ! doctr9e ( innate ideas %\ld h comm5c$ ) ! exam9ation ( ,plato1 its orig9al promulgator4 ,b x 0 ,locke's de/9y to fight aga9/ ,plato z ,bacon f\ght aga9/ ,ari/otle1 )\t kn[+ 8 adv]s>y4 ,! consequ5ce 0 9 bo? cases ! same2 a real battle aga9/ a real adv]s>y1 & a real victory on ! "o side aga9/ a real defeat on ! o!r2 b n ! victory & n ! adv]s>y suppos$4 ,! _w1 h[ev]1 always will+ to be deceiv$ by names1 gave ! combatants cr$it = hav+ done a mu* great] ?+ ?an !y _h really a*iev$2 x 0 n ! mock image ( neas1 b ! real neas t ,diom$e _h r\t$ 9 ! fight4 ,& s x came to be an accept$ fact 9 ?is c\ntry ) l>ge classes ( p]sons t ,locke _h driv5 ,plato out ( ! field1 j z ,bacon _h qua%$ ,ari/otle4 ,& ! deception 9 ! case ( ,locke has la/$ long]2 & t = a v obvi\s reason4 ,! physical sci5ce movem5t #bgd inaugurat$ by ,bacon l$ mu* m naturally to a recognition ( ! true ,ari/otle ?an to a recov]y ( ! g5u9e ,plato4 ,x suit$ ! practical g5ius ( ,john ,bull to reg>d ! sev]e ,ideali/ z a transc5d5tal dream]2 & ,mr4 ,locke taught him to put ?is %all[ prejudice into dignifi$ & grave language4 ,a ?9k] :o does su* a s]vice to any nation is pretty sure to be ov]rat$2 & s x f>$ ) ,mr4 ,locke1 :o besides be+ a ?9k] 0 a s5sible man1 & on public affairs held lib]al op9ions 9 h>mony ) ! progressive elem5t ( ! age4 ,accord+ly a rec5t juridical writ] ( ! ,utilit>ian s*ool has n scrupl$ to call him 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ t]ms1 8! greate/ & be/ ( philosoph]s40#bgd4a ,) ?is p>tial v]dict1 h[ev]1 we d n f9d t =eign writ]s agree2 & ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! m]its ( our typical ,engli% ,philosoph] by a rec5t ,g]man writ]1 is unque/ionably ne>] ! tru?4 8,precision & cle>ness1 p]spicacity & di/9ctness1 are ! *>act]i/ic ( ,locke's writ+s4 ,acute r ?an deep 9 ?9k+1 he is true to ! "* ( 8 nationality40#bgd4b ,s mu* = ! position ( our great ,engli% 8empiric40 ,let u n[ look m nicely at 8 doctr9e1 & ! reasons ( x4 ,! philosophy aga9/ :i* ,locke argues is1 t !re exi/ 8c]ta9 innate pr9ciples1 prim>y notions1 1 *>act]s1 z x 71 /amp$ on ! m9d1 :i* ! s\l receives 9 its v fir/ be+1 & br+s into ! _w ) x0--7i4 #b47 ,& ! ass]tion ( ! belief 9 ^! innate ideas1 he aft]w>ds indicates to h approv$ itself 8a #bge %ort & easy way = lazy p1 & ( no small advantage = ^? :o affect to be ma/]s & tea*]s4 ,nor is x a small p[] x gives "o man ov] ano!r to h ! au?ority to be ! dictator ( pr9ciples1 & tea*] ( unque/ionable tru?1 & to make m5 swall[ t = an innate pr9ciple :i* may s]ve 8 purpose :o tea*e? !m0--7i4 #d4 #bd47 ,f ^! words x is pla9 t ,locke prote/$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 9 ! same _s1 & ) ! same object1 t ,lu!r did aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! infallibility ( ! ,pope2 8 mission1 he consid]$1 0 to r\se reason f its le?>gy1 & to tea* m5 to ?9k ) op5 eyes1 n bl9dly to believe2 &1 9 s f> z he meant ?is1 ! mission ( ! philosophical1 z ( ! religi\s re=m]1 0 unque/ionably "r4 ,b1 z above rem>k$1 9 mak+ ?is prote/1 he 0 fight+ aga9/ ! language ( ,plato )\t kn[+1 or1 s f> z we c see1 ev] attempt+ to "k ! ideas ( ,plato4 ,?is w be m manife/ f ! argum5ts :i* he uses4 8,if !re be su* innate pr9ciples10 says he1 8x is /range t *ildr5 & idiots h no appreh5sion ( !m2 *ildr5 d n jo9 g5]al ab/ract speculations ) _! suck+ bottles & rattles0--7i4 #b47 8,if we att5tively consid] "y *ildr51 we %all h little reason to ?9k t !y br+ _m ideas into ! _w ) !m0--7i4 #d4 #b47 ,^! are ,mr4 ,locke's words1 & !y c]ta9ly indicate a conception ( ! doctr9e ( innate ideas ! mo/ crass & crude t c\ld well be conceiv$4 ,assur$ly nei!r ! ,a!nian1 nor ! ,alex&rian1 nor ! ,flor5t9e ,platoni/s1 ev] dreamt ( any?+ s absurd4 ,surely ,plato knew t *ildr5 #bgf did n m>* into ! _w ) ,euclid's axioms 9 _! m\?1 nor did he believe t ev5 a miracul\s baby1 l himself1 came out ( 8 "m's womb arm$ cap--pie ) all ! pr9ciples ( ! ideal philosophy1 l ,pallas ,a!na out ( ! head ( ,jove4 ,:at ,plato actually said 01 t ev]y?+ 0 :at x grew to be by virtue ( a div9e type1 :i* lay 9 ! g]m1 & :i* type 0 ! expression ( an en]giz+ ?\ght 9 ! ,div9e m9d2 & ?is type1 =m1 or idea 771 he call$ innate1 because x 0 possess$ orig9ally z "p ( ! int]nal con/itution ( ! ?+1 n acquir$ f )\t4 ,:o ! m5 7 :o 9 ,locke's day or be=e him1 ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ready-made1 panopli$1 & full-gr[n ideas 9 ! m9ds ( idiots & babies1 ,i d n "k2 b1 s f> z ! ,platoni/s 7 conc]n$1 ! ,engli%man 0 fight+ ) a %ad[4 ,idiots1 9 any case1 z imp]fect & abnormal specim5s ( _! k9d1 h no?+ to d ) ! argum5t2 & z to *ildr51 ! ?+s t sleep )9 !m _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be kn[n till !y gr[ up into full leafage & bur/ 9 p]fect blossom4 ,inborn ideas are n ! less inborn because !y d n exi/ full-gr[n at ! mom5t ( bir?4 ,!y did exi/ = ev] 9 ! orig9al self-exi/5t ,div9e m9d2 !y d exi/ 9 ! d]iv$ exi/5ce ( ! human m9d ! mom5t x awak5s into consci\sness ( its individualism4 ,9 ei!r case !y are n acquir$2 !y are possess$4 ,plato's doctr9e1 !re=e1 01 t ! g]m ( all human ideas lies 9 ! human m9d1 & is develop$ f )91 n d]iv$ f any?+ ext]nal4 ,9 ?is1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t he spoke wisely2 #bgg z little t ,mr4 ,locke wrote mo/ unwisely1 :51 9 acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( our ideas1 he said1 8! s5ses at fir/ let 9 p>ticul> ideas & furni% ! empty cab9et40 ,"h we fall 9 ) "o ( ,mr4 ,locke's %ort similes1 :i* h prov$ m effective 9 spread+ 8 doctr9e ?an 8 diffuse & some:at we>isome *apt]4 8,"o ( ! mo/ common =ms ( fallaci\s reason+10 says ,mr4 ,mill1 8is t ( argu+ f a metaphysical expression z if x 7 lit]al40#bgg4a ,?is is precisely ! error :i* seems to h run away ) ! wits ( ! s5sation-philosoph]s1 :5 !y read ,mr4 ,locke's *apt] on ! ,orig9 ( ,ideas4 ,! m9d 0 8an empty cab9et10--if empty1 x _h m]ely a hold+ or conta9+ p[]1 be=e x 0 fill$ & furni%$ altoge!r & absolutely f )\t4 ,b a s+le ^w w %[ ! inadequacy & ! utt] falsity ( ?is /yle ( talk+4 ,! s5ses 7z ,plato long ago %[$ 9 ! ,!tetus7 let 9 no ideas1 !y let 9 impressions1 :i* ! pla/ic p[] ( m9d elaborates into ideas2 & aga91 ! m9d is 9 n[ise l an empty cab9et1 9 :i* ! s5ses hang up ready-pa9t$ pictures2 b ! m9d1 9 s f> z x creates ideas1 & n m]ely exp]i5ces s5sations1 bo? pa9ts ! pictures & hangs !m up1 & ?is x does by an inh]5t div9e p[] & div9e "r1 ( :i* no m]e s5sation c give any acc\nt4 ,9 fact !re is no?+ m hopeless ?an an attempt to expla9 ! g5esis ( ideas1 connect$ z x is ) ! miracul\s fact ( consci\sness1 by any s5su\s process4 ,x 7 mu* ne>] ! tru? to adopt ! /rong language ( a di/+ui%$ ,scot* metaphysician1 & say t #bgh 8man becomes an ,i or a consci\s be+1 n 9 consequ5ce ( or ev5 on occasion ( 8 s5sations1 b actually 9 spite ( !m40#bgh4a ,! real fact ( ! matt] is1 z any "o may obs]ve 9 ! reason+s ( "y p]sons1 t 9 ! =mation ( ideas ! m9d is active1 n passive2 & ?is di/9ction is /rongly express$ 9 ! v /ructure ( "s languages1 9 :i* v]bs1 expressive ( m]e s5sation1 su* z v]bs ( smell+1 are foll[$ by ! case :i* belongs to ! passive voice1 :]eas v]bs :i* express bo? a s5sation & an intellectual idea1 impos$ on ! s5su\s expression by ! pla/ic m9d1 dem& ! case :i* belongs to ! pres5ce ( an active & transitive =ce4 ,! heal?y in/9cts ( ! human race manife/$ 9 ! common uses ( language1 are (t5 m to be tru/$ 9 su* matt]s ?an ! subtleties ( metaphysicians4 ,nature1 at lea/1 :i* ! popul> in/9ct foll[s1 is always complete2 speculation is apt to be "o-sid$4 ,if we w h a simile t may express bo? sides ( ! wond]ful fact ( k1 we may say s5sation supplies ! mat]ials1 b ! manufactur] ( ideas is ,,m9d4 ,i said above t ,mr4 ,locke 0 a s5sible man2 & x is no?+ contr>y to ?is to admit t by ! incauti\s use ( "o or two /rong similes--8! empty cab9et1 ! %eet ( blank pap]1 & ! d>k room10--he became ! orig9ator ( a s*ool :i* made itself fam\s by ! +5i\s ma9t5ance ( ! nons5se t judgm5t & s5sation are ! same ?+4 ,a va9 ,fr5*man1 pleas$ to utt] glitt]+ p>adoxes 9 gay saloons1 might say ?is1 might ev5 g s f> z to p>ade ! proposition #bgi t if horses _h only possess$ human h&s !y w\ld h be5 m51 & if m5 _h be5 arm$ ) equ9e ho(s !y w\ld h be5 horses2 su* p>adoxes 71 no d\bt1 a logical d$uction f ! doctr9e t s5sation is ! fa!r ( ideas1 & t all int]nal faculties are ! result ( m]e ext]nal =ces2 b ,mr4 ,locke 0 too mu* ( a solid & sob] ,engli%man to all[ himself to be l$ into %e] nons5se by ! *>m ( m]e logical consi/5cy1 & *ose r to prove 8 good s5se by 8 inconsi/5cy4 ,aft] ass]t+ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms t ! only orig9 ( ideas is s5sation1 he goes on to divide ideas into ideas ( s5sation & ideas ( reflection1 :i* division in/antly sugge/s ! "q--,:at is reflection1 & :5ce comes ! reflect+ p[]8 ,& by rais+ ?is "q ! empirical speculator at once br+s 9 ! :ole ( ,platonism & innate ideas by a side gate1 j aft] !y _h be5 driv5 out at ! gr& entrance2 = h[ c ?is "q be answ]$ except 9 ! well-kn[n words ( ,leibnitz--8,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su1 ,,nisi ,,intellectus ,,ipse40 ,mr4 ,locke's successors1 h[ev]1 h %[n no incl9ation to foll[ 8 example 9 ?is respect4 ,!y h be5 ambiti\s ( ! *eap popul> virtue ( consi/5cy1 :i* ev5 ?ieves & murd]]s may a*ieve2 & v]ily !y h _h _! rew>d4 ,_! ma/] may be comp>$ to a man :o held out a poison 9 8 "r h&1 & adm9i/]$ =?) ! antidote ) 8 left4 ,8 foll[]s1 f ,helvetius to ,mill1 ?9k+--naturally en\gh p]haps--t ! "r h& conta9$ ! "r ?+1 in/antly snapt x up & ran away ) x1 n *oos+ to encumb] #bhj !mselves ) ! incongru\s b\nty ( ! left4 ,! fruit has be5 t climax ( nons5se 9 :i* half tru?s always issue :5 left to blossom by !mselves4 ,! "o-sid$ness ( ! philosophy tak5 f ,locke's "r h&1 :i*1 9 a popul> way we may call ,mat]ialism1 culm9ates 9 ! ,nihilism ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,"u 8 cunn+ manipulation n only m9d vani%es b ! outw>d _w also4 8,x may be safely laid d[n z a tru? t ( ! outw>d _w we "k & c "k no?+1 except ! s5sations :i* we exp]i5ce f x2 ontology !re=e is n possible40 ,s :at ,plato call$ ! human m9d & ! ,new ,te/am5t ! human s\l1 becomes only a bundle ( s5sations4 ,b ! fallacy involv$ 9 ?is phraseology is easily po9t$ out4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,we "k no?+ b s5sations1 he ought to h said1 ,no?+ b s5sations1 & ! ?\ghts or ideas vulg>ly call$ classes ( ?+s & laws ( nature :i* we recognise 9 ! outw>d _w1 by virtue ( ! ?\ghts & ideas t arise out ( ! necess>y action ( ! ?9k+ ,unity1 ! ,creator ( ?\ghts & ideas )9 u2 & an ontology !re=e is possible1 because we "k :at we are z ?9k+ be+s by ! v act ( ?9k+1 & we "k :at ! _w is z ! g5]al & absolute ?\ght1 or r ! product & manife/ation ( absolute ?\ght1 by ! recognis$ id5tity ( its work+ & products ) ! work+ & products ( our own m9ds4 ,9 o!r words1 ,?\ght1 or ,reason1 or ,m9d--,god ! absolute ?\ght1 & man 9 8 little _w ( limit$ ?9k+1 is ! only ?+ t is or c be meant by an ontology1 & is kn[n p>tly z direct fact1 p>tly z indirect1 b #bha assur$ inf]5ce f unequivocal manife/ation4 ,?is is ! common s5se ( ! :ole matt]2 & :osoev] w n accept ?is may cont5t himself ) ,nihilism & ,a!ism4 ,i _c4 ,s mu* = ! /rictly metaphysical "p ( ! empirical doctr9e4 ,let u n[ consid] %ortly its application to morals4 8,moral pr9ciples10 says ,mr4 ,locke 7i4 #c71 8are ev5 fur!r remov$ ?an intellectual ones f any title to be innate4 ,w any "o say t ^? :o live by fraud & rap9e h innate pr9ciples ( tru? :i* !y all[ & ass5t to80 ,?is "q displays 9 ! mo/ vivid mann] ! extraord9>y misconception1 n to say wrong-head$ness1 :i* possess$ ! ,engli% philosoph] z to ?is :ole matt]4 ,! nature ( innate ideas implies nei!r univ]sality nor inaccessibility to corruption4 ,a man may be born ) an innate s5se = music1 ?\gh all 8 fell[s 7 z h>% z asses or z deaf z /ones4 ,if "s m5 are col\r-bl9d1 & o!rs purbl9d1 & o!rs altoge!r bl9d1 ^! defects1 inadequacies1 or total eclipses ( vision1 d n make light intr9sically a less enjoyable ?+1 or ! heal?y eye an organ less m>vell\sly adapt$ = enjoy+ x4 ,z ) vision s ) morals4 ,a :ole population giv5 to drunk5ness does n make drunk5ness a :it less bea/ly1 nor w ! g5]al practice ( fraud & rap9e r5d] ! appropriation ( my lab\r by ano!r man's rapacity a :it m reasonable4 ,aga9 says ,mr4 ,locke 7i4 #c1 #d71 8,!re _c any "o moral rule be propos$ :]e( a man may n ju/ly dem& a reason10 f :i* s5t5ce x pla9ly appe>s1 t1 :]eas by innate ideas ,plato means ! necess>y expression ( reason 9 a normally develop$ #bhb m9d1 ,locke und]/&s by !m "s bl9d unacc\ntable impulse indep5d5t ( & extr9sic to reason4 ,! supply+ ( a reason = any c\rse ( action1 say = speak+ ! tru? or keep+ a man's ^w1 does n 9 ! lea/ make t c\rse ( action less ! product ( a tru?ful in/9ct 9 nature1 or an innate love ( tru?4 ,morality is n ! less innate because x is reasonable2 b inasmu* z x is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! univ]sal or div9e ,reason1 9 virtue ( ?is x is necess>ily an inborn quality 9 ! individual or human reason1 always ( c\rse ) ! probability ( ^? l>ge exceptions & defections :i* ! v nature ( f9ite exi/5ce implies4 ,b we ne$ n deta9 ourselves ) a *apt] ( su* %all[ misund]/&+s4 ,! immoralities & follies ( m51 ?\gh a ?\s& times z _m z !y are1 no m affect ! inborn necessity & absolute immutability ( ! moral law1 ?an ! false summ+ ( a class ( s*oolboys affects ! relations ( numb]4 ,errors are z common 9 ari?metic z 9 morals2 only m5 hire ^? special plead]s1 _! passions1 to ju/ify ! moral law1 :ile ! ari?metical blund] is expos$ by ! ma/] ( acc\nts4 ,b ?\gh ,mr4 ,locke argues aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( innate ideas 9 morals ) ev5 m self-gratulation ?an 9 8 psy*ological acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ideas1 we are n to suppose t 8 e?ical !ory 0 9 any respect id5tical ) t ( ! mod]n ,utilit>ians4 ,he s[$ ! se$ = _! doctr9e1 no d\bt1 b himself _h 8 g>n] well /or$ ) gra9 f a v diff]5t s\rce4 ,he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & believ$ 9 ,div9e law2 he 0 a !i/ & believ$ 9 ,god4 ,! mod]n ,utilit>ian believes only 9 a bundle ( #bhc s5sations & 9 an inv>iable sequ5ce4 ,by d5y+ innate ideas ( morality1 ,mr4 ,locke1 z 8 illu/rations prove1 only meant to proclaim ! v obvi\s fact1 t1 z all m5 obvi\sly d n agree 9 _! pr9ciples ( action1 x is reasonable to dem& ( !m "s reason = accept+ "o pr9ciple ( action r ?an ano!r4 ,no man c object to su* a reasonable dem&4 ,b ?is does n prev5t him 9 ano!r place 7ii4 #cc4 #aa71 f talk+1 z no mod]n ,utilit>ian w\ld1 ( 8! un*angeable rule ( "r & wrong :i* ! law ( ,god ha? e/abli%$40 ,?is me?od ( speak+1 common to ,locke ,i believe ) _m ( ! mo/ solid ?9k]s ( 8 "t1 w\ld lead me to class 8 e?ical doctr9e "u ! rubric ( :at might be call$ ,,!ocratic ,,in/itutionalism2 t is to say1 he looks on morality z ! result ( a law laid d[n & sanction$ by ! ultimate s\rce ( all laws1 physical z well z moral4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 seems to imply some?+ arbitr>y1 :i* nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle w\ld all[ to be possible 9 any ( ! fundam5tal manife/ations ( ,div9e reason2 b not)/&+ ?is pref]5ce ( ! ^w 1 law1 to 1 nature1 _h ! ,engli% ?9k] be5 cross-que/ion$ on ! subject1 he w\ld probably h said t ^! in/itutions or laws :i* ,god lays on man fl[ necess>ily f ! excell5ce ( ! ,div9e nature2 & ?is w\ld h be5 pure ,platonism4 ,t he 0 s\nd-he>t$ at bottom no less ?an s\nd-head$1 8 book amply proves1 not)/&+ ! confusion ( ideas 9 :i* he entangl$ himself by ! ass]tion ( propositions :i*1 :5 logically foll[$ out1 lead directly to mat]ialism 9 philosophy1 a!ism 9 !ology1 & s5sualism 9 morals4 #bhd ,! next significant "n 9 ! g5ealogical tree ( mod]n ,utilit>ianism is ,,david ,,h>tley4 ,z x 0 ! di/9ction ( ,mr4 ,locke to h giv5 respectability to ! vulg> ,briti% prejudice aga9/ innate ideas1 s ! claim ( ,h>tley to reputation re/s on 8 hav+ fir/ giv5 prom95ce to ! doctr9e ( ! association ( ideas1 a doctr9e :i* f its orig9ator d[n to ! mo/ rec5t times1 plays an important "p 9 e =m & phasis ( speculative & practical ext]nalism4 ,h>tley 0 a ,york%ireman1 born at ,armley1 ne> ,le$s1 9 ! ye> #agje1 educat$ at ,cambridge orig9ally = ! ,*ur*2 b hav+ a ?\ghtful m9d & a t5d] consci5ce1 he did n feel himself 9 a condition to subscribe ! ,*ur* ,articles 9 ! (fh& way :i* academical morality sanction$2 & accord+ly betook himself to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 an art :i* he aft]w>ds practis$ ) success1 fir/ 9 ,new>k & ,london1 & !n at ,ba?1 :]e he di$4 ,^! facts are ( great significance1 z indicat+ ! rem>kable comb9ation 9 8 "* & works ( an extremely s5sitive evangelic morality1 ) a t5d5cy to give physical explanations ( spiritual op]ations1 f :i* evangelic morali/s are naturally av]se4 ,! object ( 8 great "w1 ,obs]vations on ,man1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agdi1 is to give a complete treatise ( human nature on ! inductive me?od ( ,locke & ,newton2 & accord+ly ! fir/ volume1 :i* conta9s 8 mo/ peculi> views1 is m]ely a foll[+ into detail ( ! doctr9e ( ,locke1 t all our k proce$s f s5sation1 & t ideas 9 ! bra9 are ! product ( impressions on ! s5su\s n]ves4 ,?is "o-sid$ notion ,h>tley #bhe pursues into ! inmo/ network & curi\s membran\s wrapp+s ( ! bra91 & by ! action & reaction & int]action ( vibrations & vibratiuncles 9 t region1 attempts to expla9 ! g5]ation ( ?\ght & reason+2 & ?is he does ?r\gh long *apt]s1 & ) n a little it]ation1 9 language ?an :i* ! mo/ extreme mat]iali/ c\ld desire no?+ m crass4 ,9 fact1 we f9d 9 ,h>tley ! great precursor ( ^? ma/]s ( physical sci5ce 9 ! pres5t day1 :o seem to expect "s important discov]y 9 m5tal sci5ce f ! curi\s comp>ison ( c]ebral /ructure 9 ! monkey & ! man4 ,a few %ort extracts w make ?is m obvi\s4 8,simple ideas10 he says1 8run into clu/]s & create complex ideas0--7i4 #ge47 ,"h we h t vague use ( ! ^w 8idea10 :i* s]ves equally = a s5sation & a ?\ght1 & :i* lies at ! bottom ( all t /range confusion ( ?\ght :i* runs ) su* unhappy p]si/5cy ?r\gh all ! speculations ( ,mr4 ,locke4 ,aga91 8,ideas1 intellect1 memory1 fancy1 affections1 w1 all ^! are ( ! same orig9al1 & diff] only 9 degree1 or "s accid5tal circum/ance2 !y are all d$ucible f ! ext]nal impressions made on ! s5ses1 ! ve/iges1 or ideas ( ^!1 & _! mutual connexion by means ( association tak5 toge!r & op]at+ on "o ano!r0 7i4 #hj74 ,& 9 h>mony ) ?is 7i4 #aja71 he aft]w>ds gives a =mal d]ivation ( ideal vibratiuncles f s5sory vibrations2 & 7#ajc7 talks ( t 8idea or /ate ( m9d1 i4e4 set ( comp\nd vibratiuncles1 :i* we t]m ! ,,w20 & aga9 7p4 #bab7 he says1 8! p]man5ce ( s5sations is ( ! nature ( an idea40 ,"h ! great #bhf my/]y :i* puzzl$ ! ,greeks s mu*1 ! my/]i\s bond :i* unites ! & ! --! "o & ! _m--is solv$ v decid$ly1 z x w\ld appe>1 on ! ,epicurean side4 ,x is n ! "o :i* produces ! _m1 b ! _m :i* produce ! "o2 ! "o--:at ,i call ,m9d1 ,w--is only a modification ( ! _m4 ,! radical objection to all ?is is t e man :o is n a pr(essional metaphysician feels x to be nons5se2 ! popul> feel+ prote/s2 ,%akespe>e1 :o repres5ts ! ?\ghts & ! language ( a high & a heal?y humanity1 nev] talks 9 ?is /yle2 &1 m ?an t1 ! pr(\nde/ ?9k]s f ,plato d[n to ,hegel f9d 9 ! proposition t ?\ght is manufactur$ out ( s5sations a mu* great] my/]y ?an t :i* ?is !ory 0 inv5t$ to expla94 ,"o feels consci\s t s5sations might g on = ev]1 & n produce any?+ t _h ! slighte/ semblance to a ?\ght2 j z ra9 & sun%9e act+ on ?i/le-d[n f summ] to summ] produce only ?i/les & n roses4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 t our inductive philosoph] is "h involv+ himself 9 ! vulg> fallacy ( conf\nd+ ! occasion or ! condition ( a ?+ ) ! cause4 ,an accid5tal occasion1 or an indisp5sable condition1 are equally remote f ! idea ( a cause4 ,! accid5tal occasion1 = in/ance1 ( a h\se be+ built on a c]ta9 site1 is t a c]ta9 g5tleman1 happ5+ to take a walk 9 a c]ta9 di/rict1 & be+ n av]se to h\se-build+1 det]m9es to h a h\se on t site2 ! indisp5sable condition ( ! h\se be+ erect$ is t !re %\ld be a site = x to /& on1 & /one & lime = x to be built )2 b ! only prop] effici5t #bhg cause ( ! h\se be+ a h\se is ! m9d ( ! ar*itect1 ! plan :i* t m9d orig9ates1 & ! in/ructions :i* he gives to ! contractor1 & ! contractor to ! masons4 ,! s5su\s t5d5cy :i* ,h>tley's m$ical /udies _h giv5 to 8 ?\ghts comes out /rongly 9 ano!r passage 7i4 #cdb71 :]e he attempts to expla9 ! evid5ce ( ma!matical axioms3--8,we inf] t #bbd only f prior in/ances ( hav+ actually p]ceiv$ ?is2 & f ! necess>y co9cid5ce ( all ^! in/ances ) all o!r possible ones40 ,?is recalls a fam\s passage 9 ,j4 ,/u>t ,mill's treatise aga9/ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 9 :i* he /amps ) 8 au?ority ! +5i\s demon/ration ( a ,london b>ri/]1 to ! effect t 89 "s possible _w two & two may make five0--:]e1 h[ev]1 ! m rec5t is gr&ly consi/5t z comp>$ ) ! wav]+ d\ble-sid$ness ( ! m anci5t speculator4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is1 t ,h>tley1 l ,locke1 0 sway$ at bottom by a s\nd s5se & a l(ty religi\s philosophy :i* cross$ 8 me*anical !ories2 :]eas ! mod]n ?9k]1 n believ+ 9 ,m9d1 prop]ly s call$1 at all1 b only 9 a bundle ( s5sations & a ?read ( associations1 l ! ,romani/ ,transub/antiation doctors1 _h no scruple 9 fl++ op5 defiance 9 ! face ( ,reason1 & mak+ a public ovation ( unmitigat$ nons5se4 ,su* is ! natural culm9ation ( all "o-sid$ philosophiz+4 ,! se$ ( a fav\rite fancy gr[s up into a /ately dogma2 ! dogma blossoms into a p>adox2 & ! p>adox rip5s into an absurdity4 ,! extreme nons5sicality ( ,mill1 & ! mildly modifi$ error ( ,h>tley ) reg>d to #bhh ! nature ( ma!matical evid5ce1 arise f ! same cause4 ,!y are only ! natural expression ( ! pr9ciple t ?\ght is s5sation & s5sation is ?\ght2 ?\ght ! matur$ s5sation1 & s5sation ! nasc5t ?\ght4 ,mill d5ies altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght z a di/9ct ?+ f s5sation2 !re=e he is q consi/5t to say t 9 "s possible _w two & two may make five2 = x is z a ?+ ?\ght1 & n z a ?+ p]ceiv$1 t 9 ! sci5ce ( numb] #bbd4 ,mill1 9 fact1 by ?is p>adox1 ) a h>dihood ( consi/5cy :i* is almo/ sublime1 d5ies ! possibility ( sci5ce altoge!r2 !re is no ( any k9d possible any m ?an ontology2 only is possible--an exp]i5ce ( some?+ t is accid5tally :at x is1 & may h be5 o!rwise4 ,?is is ! highe/ p[] ( :at ! ,g]mans call ! 8,lockian empiricism20 & ,mr4 ,mill 9 ass]t+ ! cont+5cy ( all sci5ce1 has argu$1 z a good logician c\ld n b d1 f t half ( ! tru? ( ?+s :i* x has be5 ! un=tunate de/9y ( him & 8 s*ool to mi/ake = ! :ole4 ,z = ,h>tley1 he qualifies 8 "o-sid$ness ) a condition :i* takes ! /+ f its nons5se1 &1 l ,locke1 saves himself by a v transp>5t inconsi/5cy2 = he talks ( a 8necess>y co9cid5ce0 ( a c]ta9 numb] ( obs]v$ equalities ) all possible equalities2 int]polat+ ?us into ! product ( s5sations ! idea ( necessity :i* belongs to a diff]5t region altoge!r1 & by no possibility c\ld gr[ out ( a m]e succession ( s5su\s impressions & n]v\s ?rills1 h[ev] (t5 repeat$4 ,a tide-wait] may feel conv9c$ t ! tide w #bhi fl[ to-morr[ j z x has fl[$ to-day1 & has fl[$ regul>ly ev] s9ce he began to obs]ve its motions2 b no degree ( /r5g? 9 ?is conviction comes up to ! c]ta9ty :i* e sane man has t two & two n only always d make f\r1 & always h made f\r1 b 9 e possible _w mu/ make f\r4 ,! two c]ta9ties diff] n 9 degree only b 9 k9d2 & ma!matical demon/ration hav+ to d only ) ?\ghts1 ! creation ( pure m9d1 _c 9 ! slighte/ degree be affect$ by any complete or incomplete realization ( ^! ?\ghts 9 any "t1 pa/1 pres5t1 or to come4 ,:5 ,i say t all ! angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 or t ! angle at ! c5tre ( a circle is d\ble ! angle at ! circumf]5ce1 ,i prove ?is f c]ta9 necess>y relations ( l9es to l9es drawn "u conditions ( :i* my ?\ght is ! absolute ma/]4 ,! pro( is only ! evolution ( :at lies 9 ! ?+1--( :at _c be o!rwise1 s long z ! figure rema9s subject to ! dictatorial p[] ( my conception4 ,x w be n[ q evid5t f ^! specim5s1 t ,h>tley's philosophy is j ! s5su\s side ( ,locke work$ curi\sly into detail1 ) a practical rejection ( ! intellectual side4 ,inde$1 he says expressly 7i4 #cfj7 t 8all our mo/ complex ideas arise f s5sation1 & ,,reflection ,,is ,,n ,a ,,di/9ct ,,s\rce1 z ,mr4 ,locke makes x40 ,?is ?r[+ ( reflection ov]bo>d is ! necess>y po/ulate ( all ! absurdity t aft]w>ds grew out f ! ,lockian philosophy2 & ,james ,mill accord+ly#bhi4a dis[ns ! 8ideas ( reflection0 ) #bij ! same fatal "o-sid5ess1 &1 x may be add$1 ) ! same transp>5t sup]ficiality ( logic2 = :5 a man talks ( 8g5]aliz+ /ates ( consci\sness10 :at is ?is b ano!r t]m = reflection8 ,g5]aliz+ is a species1 & "o ( ! mo/ univ]sally practis$ species1 ( reflection4 ,x 0 necess>y to be ?us p>ticul> ab\t ,h>tley's doctr9e on ! g5]ation ( ideas1 because1 z express$ 9 ! above passages1 x is "o ( ! broade/ /atem5ts ( ,ext]nalism possible1 & if consi/5tly foll[$ out1 z x has be5 by ! ,mills1 nei!r morals nor ma!matics c escape f its grasp4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e !re exi/s no morality f\nd$ on ! et]nal reasons & relations ( ?+s1 b all notions ( "r & wrong proce$ f association alone1 f clu/]s ( ideas :i* are only modifi$ s5sations1--all affection z well z all reason+ be+ ! m]e result ( association--7i4 #dii47 ,let u n[ inquire a little m closely :at ?is ,,association is1 :i* p]=ms su* m>vels 9 ! transmutation ( s5sations into ideas2 = surely nev] 0 a ^w s l>gely us$ by philosophical writ]s 9 rec5t times1 & s villa9\sly abus$4 ,association is a popul> t]m1 & !re9 precisely lies its l>ge capacity ( do+ h>m1 :5 sophi/ically us$4 ,n[ :at x means 9 popul> language is pretty pla94 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ,london ,i ?9k ( beauty1 spl5d\r1 magnitude1 multitude1 weal?1 d91 incalculable noise ( rattl+ cabs above gr\nd & ( scree*+ railways "u gr\nd4 ,^! are my associations ) ,london4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ,ox=d1 ,i ?9k ( ,greek & ,gramm>s & squ>e caps1 ( #bia mitres1 & lawn sleeves1 ,high ,*ur* & ,broad ,*ur*1 le>n+ & luxury1 bigotry & boat+1 cricket1 cram1 & s*ol>ly conceit4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! ,highl&s1 ,i ?9k ( ,b5s & ,gl5s1 ( lo*s & wat]falls1 ( /eamboats & t\ri/s1 ( salmon-fi%+1 gr\se-%oot+1 de]/alk+4 ,free ,*ur*es1 untr\s]$ legs1 & ,ossianic poems4 ,!re does n seem mu* my/]y 9 ?is4 ,ideas mu/ hang toge!r someh[ or o!r2 if !y did n1 !y w\ld be l a sw>m ( mad bees 9 our head1 & w\ld reel ab\t 9 an unmanageable *aos2 if !re=e !y are to hang toge!r 9 "s way1 :at m natural ?an t ^? ideas :i* come 9 toge!r %\ld rema9 toge!r1 & t ^? :i* h a family lik5ess & aff9ity %\ld arrange !mselves into companies4 ,add to ?is ! natural t5d5cy ( black to recall :ite1 & ( life to sugge/ dea?1 & y h ! :ole ?ree bonds ( association among human ?\ghts & emotions--contiguity1 simil>ity1 & contra/--( :i* philosophical writ]s make p>ade4 ,n[ :at is ! place :i* belongs to ?is popul> pr9ciple ( association 9 a sy/em ( metaphysics or m5tal philosophy8 ,to me its place appe>s a v second>y "o2 & to give x any place at all we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 accid5tal & necess>y1 betwe5 ephem]al & et]nal associations1 ! conf\nd+ ( :i* r seems to /& out z ! prom95t employm5t ( ! ,s5sation philosoph]s4 ,!re are two great classes ( associations1 ! "o pr9cipally ( ext]nal & accid5tal1 ! o!r ( int]nal & necess>y orig92 ! "o dom9ant 9 weak m9ds1 ! o!r 9 /rong m9ds2 ! "o common to u ) ! brutes1 ! #bib o!r altoge!r impossible to brutes2 ! "o m 9 ! mann] ( a loose bundle1 ! o!r 9 ! /yle ( a /able ar*itecture4 ,) p n mu* giv5 to ?9k consecutively ideas are apt to hang toge!r by c]ta9 m]e sup]ficial po9ts ( atta*m5t2 l drift$ matt] on an op5 bea*1 !y lie j z !y come 92 ! mo/ incongru\s ?+s toge!r all 9 a heap4 ,su* associations1 subject$ to no controll+ & discrim9at+ p[]1 are ! fruitful s\rce ( all va9 op9ions1 prejudices1 s5seless conceits1 & holl[ reason+s4 ,) ano!r class ( p1 aga91 9 :om a /rict wat* is always kept ov] ! mat]ials ) :i* s5se supplies ! m9d1 we f9d a totally opposite sort ( associations4 ,9 ?is case ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal factor dim9i%es1 :ile ! int]nal factor comes l>gely into play4 ,! m9d ( su* p]sons is n m]ely a mirror ( su* ?+s z may *ance to fall ^u x1 x is a comm&]-9-*ief & a dictator1 :i* discrim9ates1 selects1 & disposes accord+ to an innate ord]+ faculty1 :i* rejoices to trace out ! cognate ord] :i* ev]y:]e lives b5ea? ! div]se surface ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,! =m] ( ^! =ms ( association is always m or less arbitr>y2 ! latt] is imp]atorial & absolute2 ! "o claims k9%ip ) m]e fancy & fa%ion2 ! o!r is reason 9 ! realm ( imag9ation rejoic+ 9 ! discov]y ( :at "u v>i\s guises is only a manife/ation ( ! et]nally ,reasonable4 ,n[ ! fault ( ! ,association !ory z us$ by morali/s ( ! ,utilit>ian s*ool1 is t !y h left reason altoge!r out ( ! acc\nt1 & fix$ _! eyes exclusively on ^? ext]nal associations #bic :i* =m ! pr9cipal furniture ( ! l[] class ( m9ds2 nay1 !y h gone fur!r ?an ?is1 & sy/ematically expla9$ away ! highe/ ideas1 su* z ,beauty & ,duty1 into m]e unsub/antial or mon/r\s products ( "s abnormal association6 ,! applause :i* ,alison receiv$ 9 ,ed9burgh by ! publication ( a treatise on ,beauty1 ! drift ( :i* 0 to resolve all our ideas ( :at is excell5t 9 =m or expression into m]e arbitr>y association2 is "o ( ! great reproa*es ( ! ,scotti% philosophy4 ,simil> ideas ) reg>d to ,duty are v5t$ by ,pr(essor ,ba94#bic4a ,"h1 z 9 e o!r case1 we see t x has be5 ! bus9ess ( ! successors ( ,locke 9 ?is c\ntry to exagg]ate 8 errors & to omit 8 tru?s4 ,) reg>d to association ,mr4 ,locke 7iii4 #cc7 did ! wis] ?+ :5 he treat$ x n z ! h&maid1 mu* less z ! sub/itute1 = reason1 b r z its great enemy2 & 9 ! doma9 ( morals1 p>ticul>ly1 ,pr(essor ,f]ri] does n ov]/ate ! matt] :5 he says 9 8 own eloqu5t way t ! ,utilit>ian philosophy pres5ts to u 8n ! picture ( a man1 b t ( a wea!rcock %ift+ helplessly 9 ! w9ds ( s5sibility1 a wret*$ association-ma*9e1 ?r\gh :i* ideas pass1 l9k$ toge!r by laws ov] :i* ! ma*9e has no control40#bic4b ,& ano!r /urdy ,scot* ?9k]1 yet alive1 ju/ly indignant at ! juggle :i* has be5 play$ ) ?is ^w1 bur/s out into ! exclamation1 8,! ,association psy*ology1--t b>r5 ba/>d1 betwe5 ,mat]ialism & ,idealism1 :i*1 b int5d$ z a je] to ! prie/1 is a disgrace to common-s5se40 #bid ,?us ! ,scotti% int]pret] ( ,hegel2 b ?\gh ^! /rong words1 9 ! fulness ( _! mean+1 may be applicable to 8 successors1 ,h>tley c]ta9ly nev] int5d$ by 8 curi\s int]play ( vibrations & vibratiuncles to je] ! m9i/]s or to damage ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 a p]fect p>allel to ,locke4 ,he _h inh]it$ ! c5tral idea ( all true philosophy1--! idea ( ,god1--f ,*ri/ianity2 & he /uck by t4 ,& if 9 8 fir/ volume he seem$ to d]ive ! noble/ ?+ int]nal f ! base/ ?+s ext]nal1 to turn ! :ole miracul\s _w ( ?\ght & feel+1 z ,f]ri] says1 into a wret*$ 8association-ma*9e10 x 0 n s bad aft] all2 = beh9d ! ma*9e he believ$ also 9 ! /eam1 & ! imp]ial m9d ( ,him :o made ! ma*9e2 s 9 !ology he rema9$ a s\nd !i/1 & 9 morals he w5t s f> z lit]ally to /umble on ! p>adoxical love ( 8self-annihilation10 s prom95t 9 ! transc5d5tal e?ics ( ,budd4 ,h>tley 0 ! mo/ pi\s & ! mo/ pure ( metaphysical writ]s2 & :ile he balanc$ 8 fir/ proposition t 8s5sations beget ideas0 by a second1 t 8,god is ! s\rce ( all ,good0 7i4 #aad71 & a ?ird1 t 8,f9al causes are ! key to all my/]y0 7i4 #cff71 he might laun* 8 book into ! _w ) a good consci5ce1 & ! sure hope ( a good result1 if only p w\ld take him z a :ole4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 un=tunately1 p _h n ! ?\ght or ! w to d2 ! fewe/ p1 ,goe! said1 c compreh5d a :ole2 s !y took up 8 s5su\s association1 & left 8 spiritual piety to float4 ,he f>$ 9 ?is l ,/4 ,paul1 ^: s\nd s5se1 we read1 c]ta9 p]sons lightly dismiss$1 #bie :o 7 =w>d to wre/ 8 m obscure doctr9es to _! own de/ruction4 ,!re are two po9ts g5]ally discuss$ 9 e?ical treatises1 :i* belong mo/ naturally to our pres5t rubric2 fir/1 :e!r moral judgm5ts are p]=m$ by a sep>ate faculty call$ ,consci5ce2 second1 :e!r all our emotions are n orig9ally selfi%2 :e!r b5evol5ce1 l remorse1 is n a d]iv$ & comp\nd$ r ?an an orig9al & simple elem5t ( our nature4 ,to bo? ^! que/ions ! ,association !ory ( ,h>tley gave ! />t2 = ) him1 z we h se51 ev]y?+ is comp\nd$2 w1 judgm5t1 consci5ce1 :atev] acts seem mo/ emphatically to proce$ f ! imp]ial ,i )91 are radically only transmut$ s5sations1 ! composite result ( a curi\sly int]wov5 tissue ( associations4 ,n[ !re are no que/ions 9 e?ical sci5ce m easily answ]$ ?an ^!4 ,consci5ce is c]ta9ly n a sep>ate faculty2 x is an ex]cise ( judgm5t1 t is1 ( discrim9at+ reason1 accompani$ ) an emotion4 ,y confess to me1 = in/ance1 z y\r fri5d1 t on su* & su* an occasion1 f a reg>d to "s petty int]e/1 or a desire to curry fav\r ) "s influ5tial p]son1 y display$ a c[>dly retic5ce1 :]e an op5 pr(ession ( y\r s5tim5ts w\ld h be5 advantage\s to ! cause ( humanity2 & y feel a%am$ ( y\r conduct4 ,"h is no?+ b ,reason appli$ to action2 & ! emotion ( self-reproa* 9 ref]5ce to an unreasonable action1 :i* is ! exact correlative ( ! feel+ ( incongruity :i* atta*es itself to a false proposition4 ,man is n a m]e cognitive ma*9e2 he has emotions ( delight1 :i* make him />t f 8 seat #bif & cry out 6 at ! nak$ p]ception ( a purely speculative tru?1 mu* m :5 he uses 8 reason on ! mo/ important acts t conc]n ! well-be+ ( himself individually1 & ! society ( :i* he is a "p4 ,let any?+ v good be done by 8 tribe1 or nation1 or *ur*1 if he is a complete man he in/antly flames up into a noble en?usiasm1 & becomes ambiti\s ( attempt+ l de$s2 let any?+ v bad be done1 he fumes1 9 grim indignation1 or blu%es ) %ame1 & is ready to reproa* & to condemn1 & ev5 to trample 8 prop] self "u foot4 ,?is is ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w2 ! necess>y result ( apply+ reason to action at all2 = a man _c act )\t motive p[]1 t is1 )\t passions1 :i* may be ei!r noble or base4 ,b ?\gh !re is no sep>ate faculty call$ ,consci5ce1 !re is a peculi> s5sibility ( ! s\l 9 ref]5ce to moral action1 :5 judgm5t is pron\nc$ by any individual on ! "* ( any action :i* he has p]=m$4 ,self-condemnation1 self-reproa*1 &1 9 _! %>pe/ pot5cy1 :at are call$ ! /+s ( remorse1 are judgm5ts ( reason accompani$ by emotions1 :i* well des]ve a sep>ate "n2 & j z = ! classical ,lat9 judicium :5 speak+ ( ! f9e arts1 we n[ use ! peculi> ^w ,,ta/e1 s = our judgm5ts ( actions1 ) ! peculi> emotions :i* accompany !m1 we use ! ^w ,,consci5ce4 ,x is n a new ^w2 x is z old z ,p]i&] & ,bias2#bif4a x has be5 us$ #big by bo? hea!ns & ,*ri/ians = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s2 & !re is no reason :y x %\ld be aboli%$4 ,! ignor+ ( its comp\nd "* by incuri\s p c d no h>m2 its analysis into practical reason & passion by ! m curi\s c d little good4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 x is decl>$ g5]ally to be ! m]e product ( association1 a great deal ( h>m may be done2 = f ?is doctr9e a consi/5t "o-sid$ morali/ may prove t morals are ! m]e creatures ( habit1 fa%ion1 fancy1 & caprice1 z readily & ) precisely ! same w>rant t ,alison prov$ t beauty is an accid5tal product ( ! same unreason+ elem5ts4 ,:at we ought to say is simply ?is--!re is an enlight5$ consci5ce1 & !re is an un5light5$ consci5ce2 nei!r ( ^! c act indep5d5tly ( associations2 = associations supply ! bonds by :i* ! mat]ials ( ?\ght & feel+ are b\nd into sep>ate p>cels2 b ! diff]5ce is ?is3 9 ! enlight5$ consci5ce feel+s & actions are b\nd toge!r by associations ov] :i* cultivat$ ,reason has ex]cis$ a control2 9 ! un5light5$ consci5ce1 :]e ! emotions connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions are ! crude product ( all sorts ( r&om influ5ces1 x is natural t moral judgm5ts %\ld exhibit all sorts ( inadequacy1 p]v]sity1 & absurdity4 ,to a consci5ce s con/itut$ ! neglect ( a piece ( insignificant silly c]emonial may cause m pa9 ?an ! commission ( a murd]4 ,z to ! sophi/ical ref9em5t t all our social sympa?ies are fundam5tally selfi%1 !re c be no d\bt t1 "u ! influ5ce ( t passion = unity :i* is ! inspiration ( sy/em-build]s1 #bih ,h>tley1 aft] ,hobbes1 did common s5se ! di%on\r ( publicly prop\nd+ ?is !ory4 ,b he prop\nd$ x1 aft] 8 fa%ion1 9 a v innoc5t way2 9 su* a way inde$ z to %[ t ! :ole "q arises out ( a confusion ( language1 or1 :at is worse1 a /udi$ affectation ( us+ words 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* !y are us$ by ! vulg>4#bih4a ,to ! ?9k] ?is is a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 n s to ! vulg>3 !y all insi/ 9 us+ common words 9 _! common s5se1 & all[ ! subtle qualifications ( ! philosoph] to drop4 ,x is /range1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve t !re are ev5 at ! pres5t day writ]s ( pi? & judgm5t :o seem to imag9e t !re is some?+ m ?an a m]e juggle ( words 9 ?is "q4 ,mr4 ,b>rett1 9 8 ,physical ,e?ics1 an +5i\s & ?\ghtful "w1 says t 8! m]it ( ,h>tley 0 n only t he %[$ ! ultimate selfi%ness ( all motives1 b t he saw ! true subord9ation among ! v>i\s emotions1 & _! natural evolution f _! simple elem5ts40 ,?is s5t5ce1 by ! simple abuse ( a s+le ^w1 does great inju/ice to ,h>tley4 ,! ^w selfi%ness1 9 ! classical use ( ! ,engli% language1 is a ^w ( a v bad od\r2 x is equival5t to ! ( ! ,greeks1 & means t excessive reg>d to self :i* leads a man to disreg>d & to dis[n ! rights & feel+s ( o!r selves 9 ! complex social ma*9e ( :i* he is a "p4 ,n[ ,h>tley #bii does n use ?is ^w2 he uses a ^w capable also ( a good mean+--self-int]e/1 bett] /ill if he _h /umbl$ on ,b5?am's phrase1 self-reg>d4 ,b z x is1 ! +5i\s association-morali/ 7i4 #deh7 divides self-int]e/ into ?ree species-- ,gross self-int]e/1 ,ref9$ self-int]e/1 & ,rational self-int]e/1 :i*1 :5 analys$1 turn out to be altoge!r diff]5t ?+s baptiz$ ) ! same "n4 ,if a rational self-int]e/ conv9ces me t1 :5 ,i see my neighb\r fall into ! sea1 x is my duty to jump 9 aft] him at ! risk ( be+ dr[n$ myself1 x requires an op5 =ce put ^u language to say t su* an action is ! result ( any k9d ( delib]ate self-reg>d2 x seems m l ! result ( a social in/9ct1 & s f> f be+ ! product ( any sort ( prud5tial calculation1 x is m likely to be /rangl$ 9 ! fir/ conception ?an br\ght to a brilliant bir? by ! consid]ation ( self 9 any %ape4 ,x seems to me inde$ q unwor?y ( any?+ /yl+ itself philosophy to deal 9 su* manife/ quibbles4 ,i might 9 a simil> way1 = in/ance1 classify all religions "u a common "n1 accord+ z !y are inspir$ by ,gross rev]5ce1 ,ref9$ rev]5ce1 & ,rational rev]5ce2 b ?\gh ! "n is ! same 9 all ! ?ree cases1 ! feel+ may be v diff]5t1 & ! #cjj product altoge!r oppos$2 = ! gross rev]5ce ( vulg> sup]/ition may be f\nd$ on fe>1 :ile ! rational rev]5ce ( enlight5$ piety may be bas$ on philosophic wond] & on t p]fect love :i* ca/e? out fe>4 ,mu* less +5i\s ?an ,h>tley z a speculator1 b m di/9ct1 p]spicu\s1 & effective z a writ]1 0 ,dr4 ,,paley1 a man ^: position among ! ?9k]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 ?\gh some:at dw>f$ by ! contempor>y magnitude ( ,hume & ,b5?am1 w ev] secure him an hon\rable place among ! prea*]s ( ! ,utilit>ian doctr9e4 ,z an au?or1 he comm&$ a wid] circle ( intellig5t read]s ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies :o h&l$ ! same subjects2 he 0 a ,*ur*man too1 ! only cl]gyman1 s f> z ,i "k1 among ! ,utilit>ian doctors2 & ! la/ ( t s*ool--,au/9 only except$#cjj4a--:o did n ?9k x a disgrace b an hon\r to keep on fri5dly t]ms ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! sali5t po9ts ( 8 moral philosophy are f\r--,utility1 ! doctr9e ( ,consequ5ces1 ! ,w ( ,god1 & ! ,future life4 ,( ! fir/1 :at rema9s to be said w be said m opportunely :51 9 ! next section1 we %all h to discuss ,hume2 ! doctr9e ( ,consequ5ces a pass+ h9t "u ,b5?am w dismiss2 & = ! o!r two po9ts a few s5t5ces may suffice4 8,virtue10 accord+ to ,paley1 8is ! do+ good to mank9d 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god = ! sake ( ev]la/+ happ9ess40 #cja ,?is def9ition *>act]izes ! man1 ! book1 ! age1 ! c\ntry1 & ! pr(ession to :i* he belong$ admirably4 ,x is a def9ition t1 tak5 z a matt] ( fact1 9 all likelihood express$ ! feel+ ( n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e out ( e ?\s& ,briti% ,*ri/ians liv+ 9 ^! isl&s 9 ! g5]ation imm$iately prec$+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 /ill1 x is a def9ition :i* conta9s z _m errors z x conta9s clauses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! do+ good to mank9d1 x is a pr9ciple :i* lies at ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( ,utility1 & has its orig9 d\btless n s mu* 9 mod]n anti-,*ri/ian sy/ems z 9 ! prom95ce :i* ,*ri/ianity gives to works ( *>ity & bro!rly-k9dness2 ?an :i* practically ( c\rse !re c be no?+ bett]1 b z "p ( ! def9ition ( virtue 9 ?is place x is faulty2 = virtue ( v>i\s k9ds may be ex]cis$ :]e no m5 exi/ to be ! objects ( our b5evol5ce1 z ) ,adam 9 ,p>adise1 & ,rob9son ,crusoe 9 8 des]t isl&1 & ! poet ,campbell's ,la/ ,man4 ,!n z to ! ,w ( ,god1 t no d\bt is a p[] :i* ov]rules all2 tides & tempe/s & ?und]/orms mu/ obey t1 & human life ( c\rse no less2 b :at con/itutes ! ,div9e w1 & h[ is x to be le>n$1 9 :at way by ! ,*ri/ian1 & 9 :at o!r way by ! unbeliev]8 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! w ( ,god r expresses ! ultimate s\rce ( virtu\s conduct ?an furni%es a practical def9ition ( its quality4 ,la/ly1 z to ! ev]la/+ happ9ess1 ?is is ! greate/ blund] ( ! ?ree4 ,x may no d\bt be v true "u ! relations 9 :i* x 0 spok51 t 8if 9 ?is life only we h hope 9 ,*ri/ we are ( all m5 #cjb mo/ mis]able30 t 0 a s5t5ce :i* appli$ ) ! mo/ vivid po9t$ness to ,/4 ,paul & to _m o!rs 9 simil> circum/ances2 b x is v f> f furni%+ a w>rant = ! g5]al proposition t ! sure expectation ( an ev]la/+ rew>d is a motive necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( virtue 9 ?is mortal life4 ,= if ?is really 7 ! case1 ei!r ! virtue ( ,socrates 0 no virtue at all1 or a virtue f> above ! /&>d ( any ,*ri/ian virtue accord+ to ,paley's def9ition2 = ,socrates di$ ! dea? ( a m>tyr ) a v d\btful fai? ( :at might happ5 to him aft] dea?4 ,b1 9 fact1 ! prospect ( an ext]nal rew>d is no "p ( any virtue1 ei!r ,*ri/ian or hea!n1--r 9 _m cases w\ld annihilate ! v idea ( virtue4 ,to give away t5 p\nds to-day ) ! sure expectation ( gett+ a ?\s& p\nds = x to-morr[ w\ld be no act ( g5]osity4 ,ari/otle says t a man is b\nd to be virtu\s by ! di/9ctive law ( 8 nature1 :e!r he lives sev5ty ye>s or sev5 hundr$ ye>s2 & ,*ri/ianity surely ought to say no less4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t ,dr4 ,paley 0 no great ma/] ( def9itions4 ,nev]!less he wrote a mo/ useful practical book2 su* a book z ju/ly comm5d$ itself to ! practical ,engli% m9d2 su* a book z might h be5 expect$ f ! f9i%$ manhood ( a "y man ( :om :5 he w5t to college x _h be5 said by 8 fa!r1 t 8he _h by f> ! cle>e/ head he _h ev] met )40 ,a cle> head unque/ionably is a mo/ useful quality 9 bus9ess & 9 daily life1 b a quality :i* ( itself w n make a great philosoph]1 or ev5 a great man4 ,,david ,,hume1 born at ,ed9burgh 9 ! ye> #cjc #agaj1 0 old] ?an ,dr4 ,paley by m ?an ?irty ye>s1 ?\gh we h plac$ ,paley fir/1 z ) ,locke & ,h>tley complet+ ! b& ( decid$ly ,*ri/ian ,ext]nali/s4 ,b 9 ,hume we f9d ! fa!r ( an altoge!r new s*ool1 ! real prog5itor ( t liv+ sect ( philosoph]s :om ! popul> memory traces back no fur!r ?an to ,b5?am & ,james ,mill4 ,9 him !re=e we may reasonably expect to f9d 9 "o =m or ano!r all t came aft]w>ds1 "s p>ts ( c\rse less work$ out & less consi/5t1 b ! :ole m ri*1 v>i\s1 & complete2 &1 z 9 ! case ( ,locke & ,h>tley1 we may probably h cause to rejoice t by a c]ta9 broad & salut>y inconsi/5cy he sav$ himself f a n>r[ & p$antic dogmatism4 ,we %all n !re=e err 9 call+ him comp>atively a great man1 b only comp>atively2 comp>$ ) ! highe/ /yle ( m51 great ) fir/-rate position & con/ructive m9ds1 he is n great2 he is only ri*1 v>i\s1 & subtle4 ,nev]!less 9 respect ( ^? :o foll[$ him ) k9dr$ t5d5cies1 8 /ature rema9s unapproa*$4 ,he is1 z ,em]son says ( ,plato1 8a t]rible de/roy] ( orig9alities40 ,9 ! page ( intellectual record he /&s unque/ion$ z ! man :o %ook all ! easy ?9k]s ( an easy c5tury out ( _! easy seats ) mu* obs]vation2 b !re are two ways ( %ak+ p out ( _! seats--fir/ 9 ! mann] ( an ar*itect :o pulls d[n a crazy old cab9 9 ord] t he may set qu>rym51 masons1 pla/]]s1 c>p5t]s1 pa9t]s1 & o!r artisans to "w t !y may erect a palatial /ructure 9 its /ead2 secondly1 9 ! mann] ( a /rong ,samson1 :o %akes ! pill>s ( "s temple ( ,dagon1 & buries himself #cjd & all ! ,phili/9es b5ea? its ro(4 ,t ?is is too mu* ! mann] ( ,hume z a philosoph] is obvi\s2 only he does n actually die l ,samson1 b gets himself p>alys$ = a mom5t1 & !n recov]s p>tially by virtue ( t /rong infection ( common s5se :i*1 z a ,scot*man1 he naturally _h4 ,we h call$ him a ri* man2 = unque/ionably 8 treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 p]haps on ! :ole ! be/ ( 8 works1 exhibits him z at once a subtle ?9k]1 a %rewd obs]v]1 & a graceful /yli/1 9 a comb9ation z happy z x is r>e4 ,! man ( ! _w is pres5t "h z well z ! philosoph]2 & p]haps ! philosoph] is n fully aw>e h[ mu* ! acceptance ( 8 ab/ract speculations is due to 8 secul> %rewdness & 8 g5tlemanly demean\r4 ,b ) all 8 weal? !re is a c]ta9 meagr5ess ab\t ,hume aris+ out ( 8 ignorance & entire misprision ( ! pa/4 ,x is difficult = a man to write well on morals ) an entire disreg>d ( ,ari/otle & ,plato1 & ) a fa%ionable ,p>isian contempt = ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 to a great ext5t ! mis=tune ( ! philosoph] r ?an 8 fault2 yet ! fact rema9s1 & _c b weigh heavily ) all :o w\ld make a true e/imate ( ! p]man5t value ( 8 contributions to e?ical philosophy4 ,9 ,hume's "t1 z we h se5 above 7p4 #aca71 ,ari/otle _h n yet recov]$ f ! suppos$ bl[s inflict$ on him by ,bacon--88 fame10 to use ,hume's own language1 80 utt]ly decay$20#cjd4a & z = ,plato1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,john1 our subtle ,scot* ,david _h no organ = !m1 & c\ld appreciate _! excell5ce #cje z "s kilt$ pip] pick$ up f ,celtic games at ,braem> might be expect$ to appreciate ! h>monies ( ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,greek c]ta9ly he _h--! fruit ( private /udy 9 8 rip] ye>s--m ?an usually falls to ! lot ( ,scotti% philosoph]s2 & :at he _h ( t noble language he knew h[ to use m effectively & ) m grace & orig9ality ?an _m ,engli% s*ol>s ) t5 times 8 erudition2 b 9 read+ 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals ,i f9d no trace ( any appreciation ( ! "w done by 8 great ,hell5ic pr$ecessors2 on ! contr>y1 ,i f9d ! /range delusion possess+ bo? him & ,b5?am t !y 7 comm5c+ a new epo*1 & do+ = moral sci5ce :at ,newton _h done = physical1 & :at ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,z5o1 n to m5tion ,/4 ,paul & ,/ ,john1 _h altoge!r fail$ to d4 ,hume's own view ( 8 relation to ! anci5t morali/s is di/9ctly /at$ ?us--8,i f\nd t ! moral philosophy transmitt$ to u by antiquity lab\r$ "u ! same inconv5i5ce t has be5 f\nd 9 _! natural philosophy1 ( be+ entirely hypo!tical & dep5d+ m on inv5tion ?an exp]i5ce2 e "o consult$ 8 fancy 9 erect+ s*emes ( virtue & happ9ess1 )\t reg>d+ human nature1 ^u :i* e moral conclusion mu/ dep5d40#cje4a ,! complac5t conceit ( ?is passage to a man :o really kn[s ! anci5t morali/s1 #cjf is only less ludicr\s ?an ! b5ign self-satisfaction :i* inspires ! well-kn[n ov]ture to ! ,deontology ( ,b5?am4 ,& ! conceit becomes ! m ludicr\s :51 9 se>*+ = ?is new pr9ciple :i* is to r$eem e?ics f fancifulness & transport x into c]ta9ty1 we f9d no?+ b ! old ,socratic =mula3-- ,reason s5tim5t virtue happ9ess4 ,nay m2 he def9es ?is s5tim5t to be 8an int]nal s5se or feel+ :i* nature has made univ]sal 9 ! :ole species40 ,risum t5eatis1 amici8 ,"h we h ! innate ideas ( ,plato1 "o "p ( !m c]ta9ly1 :i* ,mr4 ,locke 0 suppos$ to h bl[n into smoke4 ,& aft]w>ds1 9 language ev5 m di/9ctly ,platonic1 9 ! section 8,:y ,utility ,pleases10 he says1 8,_h nature made no orig9al moral di/9ctions indep5d5tly ( education1 di/9ctions f\nd$ on ! orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d1 ! words hon\rable & %ameful1 lovely & odi\s1 noble & despicable1 _h nev] _h place 9 any language2 nor c\ld politicians1 _h !y inv5t$ ^? t]ms1 ev] h be5 able to r5d] !m intelligible1 or make !m convey any idea to ! audi5ce40 ,we see !re=e 9 ^! passages pla9ly1 t ,hume 0 by no means a ?or\gh & consi/5t ,ext]nali/2 he prote/s /\tly aga9/ ,hobbes & all :o decl>e t !re is naturally no diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & tig]s till ! policeman introduc$ x2 & he does n seem to h approa*$ ,pr(essor ,ba9's conception1 t ,consci5ce is always & ev]y:]e modell$ on ! /atute-book4 ,he agrees entirely ) ,socrates 9 assign+ to love & ! #cjg social affections--! --z /rong a sway 9 human society z to ! selfi% pr9ciple4 ,"h 8 common s5se & 8 k ( ! _w sav$ him signally f ! p]v]se +5uity ( ,h>tley4 ,x w be obs]v$ ?r\gh all 8 works1 inde$1 t ?\gh he 0 fond ( puzzl+ himself z a ?9k]1 he _h fundam5tally f> m fai? 9 ! common in/9cts & feel+s ( ! great masses ( m5 ?an 9 ! conclusions ( ! metaphysicians4 8,nature10 he says wisely1 8w always ass]t h] rights1 & prevail 9 ! end ov] any ab/ract reason+ :atsoev]20#cjg4a :ile ) reg>d to individual speculators he says1 8,x is easy = a pr(\nd philosoph] to commit a mi/ake 9 8 subtle reason+s1 & "o mi/ake is ! necess>y p>5t ( ano!r1 :ile he pu%es on 8 consequ5ces1 & is n det]r$ f embrac+ any conclusion by its unusual appe>ance or its contradiction to common s5se40#cjg4b ,& accord+ly he makes no scruple ( %elv+ ! :ole !ory ( ! ,e?ics ( ,selfi%ness by ! s+le s5t5ce t x 8seems to h proce$$ entirely f t love ( simplicity :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( mu* false reason+ 9 philosophy40#cjg4c ,:at !n h we to lay hold ( z di/9ctively ,humian8 ,hi!rto all is m]e ,socrates4 ,a well-discipl9$ reason & a well-educat$ natural in/9ct ( b5evol5ce act+ toge!r = ! public weal4--,?is is ,utility2 ?is is ,hume2 ?is is ,socrates also1 & ,ari/otle2 = ^! great anci5t ?9k]s _h ! & ! 9 _! eye & on _! tongue z #cjh mu* z any mod]n ,utilit>ian4 ,:]e !n lies ! diff]5tiat+ elem5t ( ?is great prog5itor ( ! mo/ mod]n s*ool8 ,! diff]5ce1 we mu/ reply1 is p>tly imag9>y1 aris+ out ( ! gross misconception ( ! "* ( anci5t philosophy1 transp>5t 9 all ! writ+s ( ! ,utilit>ians2 p>tly real1 9 s f> z ! anci5ts1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ,utility z a pr9ciple1 kept ,reason 9 ! =egr\nd1 :ile ! mod]ns pu% ,utility into ! van1 & use ,reason only z an in/rum5t to make t po9t alone prom95t4 ,! mod]n ,utilit>ian accord+ly looks m to ! consequ5ces ( ! action1 ! anci5t ,rationali/ to ! quality ( ! actor2 b h[ ?is %\ld be look$ ^u z a great discov]y 9 morals1 or z t5d+ 9 any way to ! elevation ( human "* or ! reg5]ation ( society1 seems difficult to und]/&4 ,x r appe>s to me t ! prom95ce ?us giv5 to ! results ( action has a t5d5cy to turn ! eye ( m5 away f ! great "w ( purify+ ! s\rces ( action1 ! f\lness ( :i* is ! con/ant cause ( f\l results2 prud5tial consid]ations w be v apt to obta9 undue prepond]ance2 & ev]y:]e1 z ,lecky obs]ves1 8! philosophy ( s5sation w be f\nd to be accompani$ ) ! morals ( int]e/40 ,! extreme meagr5ess ( ! ,utilit>ian doctr9e z ?us produc$ f ! propositions ( its great prog5itor1 is some?+ s rem>kable t "o is naturally driv5 to look ab\t = "s cause t may h giv5 artificial importance to a matt] 9 itself s insignificant2 & ?is cause1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 lies n[h]e s mu* z 9 ! g5]al reaction aga9/ ,*ri/ianity :i* di/+ui%$ ! #cji age ( :i* ,voltaire 9 ,france 0 ! great spokesman1 ,hume 9 ,scotl&1 & ,b5?am 9 ,engl&4 ,reaction is ! univ]sal law ( all mundane =ces3 & x 0 n to be expect$ t ,*ri/ianity %\ld escape x4 ,*ri/ian e?ics be+ bas$ purely1 z we h se51 on a reg>d to ! w ( ,god1 on purity ( motive1 & l(ty self-sacrifice1 ev5 _h !y be5 left to "w 9 all _! natural integrity1 w\ld h dem&$ a doctr9e ( moral consequ5ces to neutralize ! necess>y "o-sid$ness ( _! action4 ,to h a good consci5ce 0 a mo/ excell5t ?+1 b to h a clean %irt 0 also a virtue4 ,! ,div9e sanction giv5 by ,*ri/ian piety to ,*ri/ian morals 0 naturally b5eficial1 b x 0 also possible1 or r f human weakness almo/ c]ta91 t ! sci5ce ( human e?ics might lose z mu* z x ga9$ f alliance ) ,*ri/ian !ologians1 :o are only too apt to 8b5d e bran* ( k to _! own purposes1 )\t mu* reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 or to ! unbiass$ s5tim5ts ( ! m9d40#cji4a ,add to ?is ! tawdry mumm]ies ( ritualism1 ! insol5ce ( haughty *ur*m51 ! gross worldl9ess ( fat b5efici>ies1 ! morbid sanctitude ( pieti/ical devotees1 ! unnatural au/]ities ( monki% ascetics1 & ! grim sev]ity ( damnatory dogmati/s1 & we %all easily und]/& h[ a revulsion %\ld h tak5 place1 :i* w\ld n be cont5t till on ! ?rone ( morals x _h supplant$ ,*ri/ by ,socrates1 & ,socrates by ,epicurus4 ,& ?is consid]ation op5s up to u ! second notable a*ievem5t ( ! subtle ,scot 9 ! important field ( morals4 ,n cont5t ) #caj )draw+ virtue z mu* z possible f ! region ( p]sonal s5tim5t into ! wid] doma9 ( social wellbe+1 he det]m9$ to /rike at ! root ( ! :ole evil1 z x appe>$ to him1 by n only attack+ ,*ri/ianity1 b by und]m9+ t prim>y idea ( ,,causality on :i* ! idea ( religion & ! v conception ( a ,god reposes4 ,?is 0 a d>+ bus9ess no d\bt2 b ,hume 0 n ! man to take ?+s ( t nature ov]s]i\sly2 he w\ld keep himself q easy z to results2 he w\ld n make himself mis]able by any unnecess>y en?usiasm ev5 = 8 own philosophy2#caj4a if he did n *oke ! ,*ur*-doctors1 he w\ld at lea/ give !m some?+ to *ew2 & at all ev5ts he might effect a p]man5t divorce betwe5 human e?ics & t sect>ian !ology to :i* x _h be5 s unpropiti\sly yok$4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is mon/r\s doctr9e ( ,,a!ism is laid by our subtle ,scot* ,epicurus 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,9 8 *apt] entitl$ 8,sceptical ,d\bts10 speak+ ( ! orig9 ( our ideas ( cause & effect1 he says1 8,:5 we f9d t any p>ticul> objects are con/antly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r1 z ! communication ( motion by "o billi>d-ball to ano!r1 ?is k arises entirely f exp]i5ce1 & is n a matt] ( priori reason+40 ,aga93 8,! effect 9 ?is & 9 e case is totally diff]5t f ! cause2 ! conjunction ( e effect ) its cause mu/ appe> arbitr>y2 e effect is 9 fact a di/9ct ev5t f its cause4 ,h5ce we may discov] ! reason :y no philosoph] :o is rational & mode/ has ev] pret5d$ #caa to assign ! ultimate cause ( any natural op]ation1 or to %[ di/9ctly ! action ( t p[] :i* produces any s+le effect 9 ! univ]se4 ,! ultimate spr+s or pr9ciples productive ( natural ph5om5a are totally %ut up f human curiosity & inquiry40 ,!n 9 ! next section he goes on to argue aga9/ ! legitimacy ( ! common po/ulate ( all sci5tific ?\ght1 t 8simil> s5sible qualities proce$ f simil> secret p[]s40 8,all t exp]i5ce c d is to %[ u a numb] ( uni=m effects result+ f c]ta9 objects1 & to tea* u t ^? p>ticul> objects at t p>ticul> "t 7 end[$ ) su* p[]s & =ces40 ,aft] ?is1 9 ! *apt] entitl$ 8,sceptical ,solution ( ,sceptical ,d\bts10 he lays x d[n t s9ce our belief t simil> effects imply simil> causes does n dep5d on reason+1 ! only1 8pr9ciple on :i* x dep5ds is ,cu/om or ,habit40 ,9 fact1 8,all inf]5ces f exp]i5ce are ! effect ( ,,cu/om1 n ( ,,reason+40 ,cause means only 8cu/om>y conjunction40 ,!n1 t[>ds ! conclusion ( ! same *apt]1 he says1 8,!re is a k9d ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! c\rse ( nature & ! succession ( our ideas2 & ?\gh ! ,p[]s & ,=ces by :i* ! =m] is gov]n$ be :olly unkn[n to u1 yet our ?\ghts & conceptions h /ill1 we f9d1 gone on 9 ! same tra9 ) ! o!r works ( nature4 ,,cu/om is t pr9ciple by :i* ?is correspond5ce has be5 effect$40 ,cognate ) ^! *apt]s on ,causation are "s discussions t foll[ on ! idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion1 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t ?is idea is n copi$ ei!r f ! obs]vation ( ! op]ation ( =ces #cab 9 ! ext]nal _w or 9 ! _w ( volition )9 u2 t 9 all cases :at we "k is only 8! frequ5t ,,conjunction ( objects1 n _! connexion20 8all ev5ts seem entirely loose & sep>ate2 & at bottom we h no idea ( connexion or p[] at all1 & ^! words are absolutely )\t any mean+20 &1 philosophically express$1 8! s5tim5t or impression f :i* we =m ! idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion10 is only 8! cu/om>y transition ( ! imag9ation f "o object to its usual att5dant40 ,& s 8we may def9e a ,,cause to be "o object foll[$ by ano!r1 & :]e all ! objects simil> to ! fir/ are foll[$ by objects simil> to ! second40 ,la/ly1 to cr[n ?is :ole elaborate edifice ( ,scotti% a!ism1 we h1 9 ! *apt] on 8,provid5ce & a ,future ,/ate10 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3--8,:5 we inf] any p>ticul> cause f an effect1 we mu/ proportion ! "o to ! o!r1 & c nev] be all[$ to ascribe to ! cause any qualities b :at are exactly suffici5t to produce ! effect4 ,all[+1 !re=e1 ! gods to be ! ,au?ors ( ! exi/5ce or ord] ( ! univ]se1 x foll[s t !y possess t precise degree ( p[]1 intellig5ce1 & b5evol5ce :i* appe>s 9 _! workman%ip2 b no?+ fur!r c be prov$4 ,! supposition ( fur!r attributes is m]e hypo!sis40 ,?is argum5t is levell$ aga9/ ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e workman%ip & attributes4 ,he !n proce$s to annihilate1 z he conceives1 ! ,socratic argum5t f design 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion3--8,if y saw a half-f9i%$ build+1 surr\nd$ ) heaps ( brick & /one & mort>1 & all ! in/rum5ts ( masonry1 #cac y might ju/ly inf] f ?is effect t x 0 a "w ( design & contrivance2 & 9 ref]5ce to works ( human art ?is reason+ is good1 because man is a be+ :om we "k by exp]i5ce4 ,b ! case is n ! same ) our reason+s f ! works ( ,nature4 ,! ,deity is kn[n to u only by 8 productions1 & is a s+le ,be+ 9 ! univ]se n compreh5d$ "u any species or g5us1 f ^: exp]i5c$ attributes or qualities we c by analogy inf] any attribute or quality 9 him4 ,! me?od ( reason+ :i* we legitimately use 9 ref]5ce to ! int5tions & projects ( m51 c nev] h place ) reg>d to a ,be+ s remote & incompreh5sible1 :o be>s mu* less analogy to any o!r be+ 9 ! univ]se ?an ! sun does to a wax tap]1 & :o discov]s himself only by "s fa9t traces or outl9es1 beyond :i* we h no au?ority to ascribe to him any attribute or p]fection40 ,we h be5 at pa9s to transcribe ^! articulate s5t5ces v]batim1 select$ f a sweep ( "s hundr$ pages ( ! ,essays1 because !y really conta9 all t c be said 9 ju/ification or palliation ( t sort ( positive or negative a!ism :i* has rec5tly be5 haunt+ ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ,europe1 & poison+ ! s\rces ( social morality4 ,let u n[ see :at !y am\nt to4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ) reg>d to ! g5]al s\rce ( all our k ( matt]s ( fact1 x is q c]ta9 we ga9 su* k only f exp]i5ce2 b ?is ( c\rse does n mean m]ely ext]nal exp]i5ce ( ext]nal objects4 ,:atev] exi/s1 ! ?9k+ ,i t is capable ( tak+ cognisance #cad ( objects1 no less ?an ! objects cognis$1 are kn[n only by exp]i5ce1 c\ld n be kn[n o!rwise4 ,a ?+ mu/ exi/ 9 ord] t x may be kn[n to exi/4 ,no?+ is kn[n by m]e ab/ract reason+ indep5d5t ( exi/5ce4 ,if x be said t ma!matics are s kn[n1 ! answ] is1 t ma!matics imply ! exi/5ce ( a ?9k]1 & ! exi/5ce ( laws ( ?9k+1 & fur!r1 t ! objects ( ma!matical sci5ce are ?\ghts1 n exi/5ces1 m]e hypo!tical conditions & arbitr>y limitations ( space & "t4 ,we are n !re=e entitl$ to />t ) a presumption t :atev] is n kn[n by ab/ract reason+ falls "u ! category ( m]e accid5t or cu/om2 9 ! wide range ( :at we "k by exp]i5ce "s ?+s may be accid5tal or cu/om>y1 _m ?+s may be necess>y2 :at ?+s are absolutely necess>y ! ,supreme ,cause alone may "k2 b t cu/om>y conjunction is n a suffici5t explanation ( ! ord] ( ph5om5a :i* we admire 9 ! out] or inn] _w1 human reason may be q /rong en\gh )\t hesitation to ass]t4 ,=1 let u inquire h[ ! idea ( ,,cause arises4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hume x is nons5se2 x is m]ely ano!r ^w = cu/om2 a con/ant cu/om is a cause4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! g5]al s5se ( mank9d 9 all ages1 & ! use ( all languages1--a cons5t & a use to :i* ,mr4 ,hume himself1 z we h se51 9 ano!r place atta*es ! utmo/ importance1--:ile ! incon/ancy ( a cu/om1 by introduc+ ! idea ( :im & caprice1 excludes ! notion ( a cause1 at lea/ ( a cause :i* falls "u ! category ( sci5ce1 a con/ant cu/om is ! v ?+ :i* naturally sugge/s ! "q1 ,:at #cae is ! cause ( ?is con/ancy8 ,x is !re=e some?+ diff]5t f ! con/ancy2 & :e!r discov]able or n1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! exi/5ce ( t ?+1 or s]ies ( ?+s1 ( :i* x is requir$ z ! explanation4 ,take an example4 ,i see a c]ta9 p]son pass along ! /reet be=e my w9d[ e morn+ at a qu>t] be=e n9e o'clock1 & ano!r p]son foll[+ him regul>ly at t5 m9utes be=e n9e4 ,"h is a cu/om>y conjunction4 ,if x happ5$ once1 or ev5 twice1 ,i %\ld ask no que/ions1 x might h be5 :at m5 call accid5tal2 b x has happ5$ e day = six mon?s1 & ,i ask ! cause4 ,am ,i wrong 9 do+ s8 ,is !re no cause8 ,or d ,i give a suffici5t answ] :5 ,i say x is a cu/om>y conjunction1 or an inv>iable sequ5ce8 ,! inv>iability ( ! sequ5ce1 s f> f (f]+ any explanation ( ! cause1 is ! v ?+ t sugge/s x4 ,i insi/ on believ+ t ?is inv>iability has a cause1 & t x is nei!r an accid5t nor a cu/om4 ,( c\rse x may be possible t ,i %all n be able to f9d out ! cause2 b t !re is a cause ,i believe z firmly z t two & two are f\r4 ,n[ :y am ,i entitl$ to dem& a cause "h1 or 9 ! case ( any su* conjunction8 & :at d ,i mean by x8 ,i mean some?+ t has an inh]5t & necess>y virtue to produce effect2 & ,i am entitl$ to make ! dem&1 j because ,i am a reasonable be+1 & because ! ex]cise ( reason has prov$ to me directly t inv>iable sequ5ces are n produc$ except by ! p]si/5t application ( "s calculat$ =ce ( :i* en]giz+ reason is ! s\rce4 ,i "k by exp]i5ce t :5ev] ?is presid5cy ( reason is aboli%$1 ! #caf _w 9 :i* ,i move in/antly becomes a *aos2 & ! liv+ unity ( t m9d :i* ,i ex]cise 9 ?9k+1 & :i* br+s its own unity into ! wide sph]e ( my ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & actions1 displays to me 9 ! mo/ direct way t ! unity ( plan betwe5 ! diff]5t memb]s ( an inv>iable sequ5ce c proce$ only f t ( :i* plan & unity c be pr$icat$1 viz41 ,,reason4 ,i d]ive my notion ( cause !re=e prim>ily f ! mo/ direct & c]ta9 ( all s\rces1 f my own exi/5ce2 & if ,mr4 ,hume objects t ,i d n "k h[ my m9d acts on my body1 or h[ my limb does n foll[ my w 9 ! case ( palsy 9 ! motor n]ves1 ?is ignorance does n 9 ! lea/ %ake my conviction t a cause is some?+ diff]5t f a cu/om2 a pi/on or a paddle may be d]ang$1 b ! /eamboat is mov$ by a cause nev]!less1 & t cause is tw(old1--! /eam1 & ! m9d ( ,james ,watt4 ,^! conclusions ) reg>d to ! works ( man ev5 ,mr4 ,hume seems to reg>d z p]fectly ju/ifiable2 =1 l all puzzle-head$ p>adox-mong]s1 he is =c$ to =get 8 own di/9ctions1 & to speak ( a cause aft] all1 z some?+ diff]5t f a cu/om4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 f9d+ 9 ! en]giz+ reason ( man a cause1 & ! only suffici5t cause1 = ! reasonable works ( man4 ,b x is diff]5t1 y say1 ) ! works ( ,god4 ,diff]5t unque/ionably 9 "s respects2 z ! ocean1 = example1 is diff]5t f a drop ( salt wat]1 or ! sun1 z y say1 f a wax tap]1 or a scuffle betwe5 two ,iri%m5 at a fair f a great battle betwixt ,prussia & ,france4 ,let x be s4 ,!re is an imm5se diff]5ce 9 magnitude betwixt man & ,god1 betwixt #cag ! works ( man & ! works ( ,god4 ,/ill t w n make a gulf suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t mutual recognition4 ,a drop ( salt wat]1 ! *emi/ w tell y1 conta9s e elem5t t makes ! mighty ocean a salt ocean1 & n a fre%-wat] lake4 ,! smalle/ sp>k f ! l>ge/ conflagration is an affair ( ! same oxyg5 gas2 & petty diff]5ces 9 ! managem5t ( ! smalle/ bor\gh 9 ,great ,brita9 are ! result ( ! same play ( vanities1 jeal\sies1 /upidities1 & spites t provoke ! greate/ w>s on ! battle-field ( ,europe4 ,we %all !re=e n be det]r$ by ! magnitude ( ! ,creator's works f recognis+ ! excell5ce ( _! cause2 we %all r feel ! m occasion to s+ ) ! royal ,hebrew psalmi/1 8,h[ excell5t 9 all ! e>?1 ,"l1 our ,"l1 is ,?y "n60 ,no d\bt !re is ano!r diff]5ce t sep>ates human "w f ,div9e4 ,! "w ( ,god is vital "w1 ours is me*anical1 m]e puppetry1 all ! motive =ces ( :i* are borr[$ f ! exhau/less batt]ies ( ! ,div9e electricity4 ,b ?is is only ano!r reason = wond]+ ) s mu* ! m admiration1 & wor%ipp+ ) s mu* ! m f]v\r4 ,h[ heal?y-m9d$1 h[ noble1 & h[ sublime1 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 does t gr& old ,hebrew s+] appe>1 ) ! flam+ w+s ( 8 dev\t ,muse1 comp>$ ) ?is peep+ ,scot* metaphysician1 keep+ himself jeal\sly free f ! contagion ( all intellectual en?usiasm1 & discov]+ 9 ?is glori\s univ]se only 8"s fa9t traces & outl9es0 ( a self-exi/5t ,reason1 en\gh to lead a man into puzzles b n to lift him into hymns6 ,truly a sorry spectacle6 ,!y w n #cah wor%ip ,god1 =soo?1 ^! philosoph]s1 because !y d n "k ,him exactly z !y "k ! ma*9]y ( _! wat*es1 because !y d n see ,him ) _! c>nal eyes1 because !y _c lay _! f+]s on ,him4 ,well1 let me ask !m1 ,does any man see any man8 ,c any man put 8 f+] ^u me1 or y1 ^u t :i* is prop]ly call$ me & y8 ,no2 he sees only ! man z reveal$ 9 8 fle%1 z manife/$ 9 8 works4 ,8 s\l looks ?r\gh ! w9d[s ( 8 eye2 & 8 eye directs 8 h& :]e to /rike4 ,we believe 9 ! man2 we d n see him4 ,if 8 works are full ( ord] & beauty & purpose1 we conclude t ! man is reasonable2 if !y are m]e disord]1 ugl9ess1 & haphaz>d1 we conclude he is unreasonable4 ,n o!rwise ) our k ( ,god4 8,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t1 nor c see40 ,creation is ! face ( ,god2 ! sun is ! eye ( ,god4 ,ev]y:]e ,i see ,him 9 8 works radiant ) reason1 in/9ct ) s\l4 ,i "k ,him z a *ild kn[s 8 fa!r1 z ! %eph]d's dog kn[s ! %eph]d1 z a common soldi] kn[s ! great projector ( ! campaign1 ?\gh he may nev] h se5 him4 ,i may n compreh5d _m ( ,8 movem5ts 7x w\ld be a /range ?+ if ,i did71 ,i may n und]/& mu* ( t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns myself2 b ?is necess>y inadequacy ( my f9ite faculty %all n prev5t my ackn[l$gm5t1 my loyalty1 & my ob$i5ce4 ,i "k en\gh ( ,god always to inspire wond] & to annihilate criticism2 & ?is is my highe/ human wisdom4 ,s mu* = ! poor sceptical bewild]m5t ( ! celebrat$ ,david ,hume2 into :i* d5 ( du/ #cai & cobwebs ,i c]ta9ly %\ld n h /ray$ 9 ?is disc\rse1 _h exp]i5ce n taught me t to d5y ,god 9 ! macrocosm necess>ily leads to ! d5ial ( ,m9d 9 ! microcosm1 & to d5y m9d 9 man is to dis[n morality1 or at lea/ to /an* x 9 its pr9cipal well-head1 & to poison ! pure/ ( its f\nta9s4 ,9 =m+ a judgm5t ( 8 "*1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n insi/ ^u apply+ to him all ! logical consequ5ces ( 8 own argum5ts4 ,t 8 philosophy is speculative a!ism is q c]ta94 ,by 8empty+ ! idea ( causation ( its effici5cy10 to use ,pr(essor ,f]ri]'s language1#cai4a 8t is1 ( ! elem5t :i* con/itutes its ess5ce1 he n only d5i$ ,god1 b he /ruck a bl[ :i* p>alys$ man's nature 9 its mo/ vital function20 he 0 n h[ev] consi/5tly & ?or\ghly an a!i/2 z a ,scot he _h too mu* s5se to rema9 9 8 practical mom5ts entangl$ 9 ! unsub/antial tissue ( sophi/ry & cobwebs :i* he _h spun = himself 9 speculation1 & 8 want ( piety 0 a defect ( s5tim5t r ?an a revolt ( reason4#cai4b ,we mu/ rememb] also *>itably1 t he liv$ 9 a flat age1 :5 x 0 always impossible = a man to be truly great4 ,a little moral e>ne/ness1 ( :i* ! eighte5? c5tury _h no?+ to give him1 w\ld h sav$ him f a great "p ( ! b>r5 subtlety :i* disfigures s _m pages ( 8 o!rwise sagaci\s1 pleasant1 & pr(itable works4 ,:5 we obs]ve t z ! prophet ( t age he 0 9 ev]y?+ acute r ?an /rong1 t 9 8 lit]>y ta/es #cbj he pref]r$ ,sophocles to ,%akespe>e1 ,epicurus to ,plato1 ,lucian to ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & ,leo ,x4 to ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d 8 moral treatise ta9t$ ) ! notion t ,*ri/ian virtue always means asceticism1 & t religion is only a m respectable "n = sup]/ition4 ,pity only t 9 ! pres5t age "s p]sons %\ld be =w>d to use 8 argum5ts :o h n ! excuse ( 8 position4 ,we h n[ f9i%$ our notice ( ^? :o are entitl$ to be call$ ! f\nd]s ( ! ,utilit>ian s*ool2 ^? :o foll[1 z ! m]e inh]itors ( pr9ciples already l>gely discuss$1 ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,( ^! by f> ! mo/ di/+ui%$ unque/ionably is ,b5?am2 s di/+ui%$ inde$1 z 9 popul> e/imate to be acc\nt$1 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool4 ,b !re is ne$ ( a di/9ction "h4 ,^? m5 f\nd a s*ool 9 ! prop] s5se :o tea* ! pr9ciples :i* x ackn[l$ges2 b 9 ano!r s5se he f\nds x :o applies ^? pr9ciples to practice4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 ! f\nd]s ( ! e?ical doctr9e :i* we are consid]+ 7 ,locke1 ,h>tley1 & ,hume2 9 ! o!r s5se1 ,b5?am4 ,8 glory lies n s mu* 9 exp\nd+ z 9 apply+ pr9ciples2 he is a lawy] & a politician r ?an a philosoph]4 ,n h[ev] t he did n give himself ! airs ( a philosoph]2 ?is he did ) obs]vation1 & 0 accept$ by 8 disciples accord+ly4 ,!re9 lay ! mi/ake4 ,x is n e man1 n ev5 e great man1 :o kn[s h[ to recognise ! limits :i* nature has laid d[n to ! ex]cise ( 8 faculty4 ,napoleon ! ,great1 9 ! pride ( imp]ial comm&1 ov]look$ ! moral =ces t #cba lay slumb]+ 9 ! he>t ( ! p1 & 0 puni%$ by a ?ree days' cannonade at ,leipzig1 ! prelude to 8 f9al *a/isem5t at ,wat]loo4 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 because he c\ld tabulate ,acts ( ,p>liam5t ) ! a/ut5ess ( a b>ri/]1 ! purity ( a philan?ropi/1 & ! compreh5siv5ess ( a /atesman1 conceit$ himself ?ron$ on a moral em95ce f :i* he might look d[n ) contempt on ,plato & ,socrates1 & all ! great moral tea*]s ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! fir/ volume ( ,deontology1 or ,doctr9e ( ,duty1 we read1 8,:ile ,x5ophon 0 writ+ hi/ory1 & ,euclid giv+ in/ruction 9 geometry1 ,socrates & ,plato 7 talk+ nons5se "u pret5ce ( tea*+ wisdom4 ,?is morality ( !irs consi/$ 9 words1--?is wisdom ( !irs 0 ! d5ial ( matt]s kn[n to e man's exp]i5ce1 & ! ass]tion ( o!r matt]s oppos$ to e man's exp]i5ce4 ,& exactly 9 ! proportion 9 :i* _! notions on ?is subject diff]$ f ^? ( ! mass ( mank9d1 exactly 9 t proportion 7 !y bel[ ! level ( mank9d40 ,su* an exhibition ( ignorance1 insol5ce1 & imp]t95ce z ?is 9 a man ( und\bt$ g5ius1 7 truly inexplicable1 did we n be> 9 m9d t g5ius ev5 ( ! v highe/ k9d is (t5 accompani$ by a v decid$ "o-sid$ness2 & m ?an t1 !re 7 9 ! circum/ances ( ,b5?am's life n a few ?+s t t5d$ to raise to a maximum ! dogmatism ) :i* he 0 naturally end[$4 ,he is by no means a solit>y example ( a great man1 ! sublime ( ^: excell5ce has be5 turn$ into ! ridicul\s = lack ( a little ,*ri/ian humility4 #cbb 8,:o is t "y man :o disc\rses on all subjects ) su* a weal? ( res\rces80 said a di/+ui%$ gue/ at ,worce/] to ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet "o day aft] d9n]4 8,t is my *apla91 sir10 repli$ ! ,bi%op2 8,b5tley is 8 "n--,ri*>d ,b5tley--a v rem>kable man1 a man ( gigantic le>n+1 & :o might be ! greate/ man 9 ,europe1 _h he only a little mode/y40 ,"y ,b5?am _h ! mis=tune to be a spoil$ *ild--& n )\t cause1 = he 0 by no means a common boy2 8 intellectual & moral end[m5ts 7 bo? r>e2 ?is 0 ! good gift ( ,god2 b he 0 br\ght up z a prodigy2 ?is 0 ! great blund] ( 8 p>5ts4 ,nor 0 ! blund] m5d$ :5 at a rem>kably e>ly age he 0 s5t to ,ox=d4 ,public s*ools & colleges are (t5 admirable in/itutions = tea*+ "y m5 to f9d _! level1 b x 0 n s ) ,b5?am2 he _h ! mis=tune to be born 9 a flat c5tury1 & fell among flat p4 ,ev]y?+ t he saw 9 ! great seat ( ,engli% le>n+ t5d$ r to pamp] ?an to prune 8 conceit4 ,he c\ld write ,lat9 v]ses z well z ! be/ ( !m2 b he rightly judg$ t at ?is "t ( day1 9 ref]5ce to ! highe/ dem&s ( a rational culture1 ?is sort ( ex]cise is at be/ a v pretty k9d ( trifl+1 & any?+ bett] did n gr[ !re at t "t4 ,he seems to h got a ta/e ( ,ari/otle's ,logic--t 0 "p ( ! academical r\t9e1--b he _h logic en\gh 9 8 own bra91 & c\ld n be expect$ to reap mu* b5efit f any b>r5 ex]citations ( a s*ool-book4 ,logic is useful only z a flail1 :5 x gets corn to ?re% f o!r qu>t]s2 ( itself x is utt]ly #cbc unfruitful4 ,into ! real gi/ & m>r[ ( ,ari/otle & ,plato x does n appe> he ev] ent]$1 nor among/ ! tutors ( 8 college did any "o (f] a manuduction into ^! intellectual p5etralia2 x 0 ! age ( elegant gramm>ians & l[ *ur*m52 & :5 ! ,articles 7 duly subscrib$ & ! ,lat9 v]ses prop]ly turn$ (f1 !re seem$ no?+ m 9 prospect = ! academical m9d b port w9e & *apel s]vice1 &1 9 pleasant summ] wea!r1 a little languid activity on ! b[l+-gre54 ,b ?is 0 n ! sort ( nutrim5t :i* c\ld fe$ ! f9e _s ( a "y ,b5?am1 ^: food 0 m]e intellectual tru?1 & 8 dr9k pure human love4 ,he _h be5 born 9 a ,tory family2 he 0 br$ 9 a ,tory college2 he _h be5 kidnapp$ 7to 8 life-long horror7 to sign ! ,articles ( a ,tory ,*ur*2 b f all ?is ,toryism ! be/ "p ( 8 nature _h receiv$ no n\ri%m5t4 ,! consci\sness grew1 & "o day bur/ out ) a fla% ^u him1 t ,toryism 0 selfi%ness3 t ! ,briti% p1 9 common ) himself1 7 ly+ languid & d[ntrodd51 & rott+ b5ea? ! selfi% dom9ance ( an olig>*y1 an olig>*y p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful t ! hi/ory ( ! _w knew2 = z he knew x1 x c]ta9ly seem$ f\rfold1--an olig>*y ( p$ants1 an olig>*y ( prie/s1 an olig>*y ( lawy]s1 & an olig>*y ( pe]s4 ,aga9/ all ?is ! _s ( "y ,b5?am1 z c\rage\s z x 0 pure1 rebell$4 ,he w\ld pull x all d[n2 ?\gh he /ood alone 9 ! _w1 l ,plato's j man1 he w\ld pull x all d[n4 ,& s he set himself valiantly to prote/ aga9/ ! olig>*y ( p$ants1 f\nd$ on a bl9d rev]5ce #cbd = ! lett] ( dead books2 aga9/ ! olig>*y ( prie/s1 f\nd$ on ! real desire ( p[] & ! pret5d$ admiration ( an ascetic morality2 aga9/ ! olig>*y ( lawy]s1 :o /rangl$ ! rights ( ! pres5t by ! fictions ( ! pa/2 aga9/ ! olig>*y ( pe]s1 :i* 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate pref]r$ ! int]e/s ( ! fav\r$ few to ! happ9ess ( ! neglect$ _m4 ,& ! issue 0 t "y ,b5?am return$ f ,ox=d1 n to prosecute 8 legal /udies at "o ( ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 & advance himself to a position ( weal? & hon\r by practis+ ! curi\s art ( giv+ a reasonable face to ! mo/ unreasonable ( fictions1 b z an arm$ apo/le ( intellectual1 moral1 juridical1 & political democracy1 & full ( t sort ( sacr$ fury :i* inspir$ ! ,fr5* democrats :5 !y look$ =w>d to a spe$y mill5nium z ! "t 8:5 ! la/ k+ %\ld be /rangl$ ) ! b[els ( ! la/ prie/40 ,! /ate ( feel+ "h sket*$ is ! only ?+ t1 9 my op9ion1 c af=d a satisfactory explanation ( ! extraord9>y "o-sid$ness & dogmatism ( ,b5?am's moral philosophy4 ,x 0 ! creature ( a reaction2 & su* a reaction z is apt to exhibit itself mo/ emphatically 9 ! case ( ! mo/ highly-gift$ "y m51 :o h[ev] sometimes1 z increas+ ye>s br+ ext5sion ( view1 contrive to "w _! way to "s ,ari/otelian mean po9t :i* p]mits ! recognition ( two opposite tru?s4 ,b su* 0 n ! nature ( ,b5?am4 ,he wor%ipp$ ! great goddess ,consi/5cy1 & c\ld see & "w only 9 a /raight l9e4 ,to 8 dicta !re 0 no limitation1 any m ?an to ^? #cbe ( ! ,pope2 he held himself practically infallible4 ,s ! fir/ ?+ t he det]m9$ to d 0 to re-e/abli% ! ,epicurean doctr9e t 8,pleasure is ! *ief good20 = 8,epicurus10 he expressly says1 80 ! only "o among ! anci5ts :o _h ! m]it ( hav+ kn[n ! true s\rce ( morality40#cbe4a ,aft] ?is we ne$ inquire no fur!r4 ,! novelty ( ?is s5t5ce is too de> a price to pay = its manife/ error 9 elevat+ a species into ! dignity ( a g5us1 & = its manife/ dang] 9 /amp+ t :i* is highe/ 9 human nature ) a label famili>ly us$ to m>k :at is l[e/4 ,! great anci5ts :om ,b5?am despis$ made or happ9ess ! g5us2 & ?is happ9ess1 !y said1 "o class ( m5 s\ght to atta9 by or ,,pleasure1 ano!r class by /riv+ aft] ! or ! ,,good4 ,?is language1 f\nd$ on ! heal?y in/9cts ( human nature1 ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ianity sanction$ ) _! au?ority :5 !y talk$ ( p]sons be+ 8lov]s ( pleasure m ?an lov]s ( ,god20 & to ! pres5t h\r 8a man ( pleasure0 is a phrase famili>ly us$ 9 ! ,engli% language to express "o ( ! mo/ trifl+1 contemptible1 & useless memb]s ( society4 ,& ! reason ( ?is use ( language is obvi\s4 ,pleasure & ,good1 s f> f be+ ( a k9dr$ nature1 are g5]ally directly opposite2 no d\bt !y bo? produce enjoym5t1 b ! enjoym5t 9 ! "o case is (t5 passive1 9 ! o!r always active2 9 ! "o case g5]ally %unn+ difficulty1 9 ! o!r r provok+ x2 ( ! =m] ! s5ses are ! ma9 organ1 ( ! latt] ! reason2 ! s5su\s enjoym5t man has 9 common ) a #cbf pig1 ! rational only z a man4 ,x 0 !re=e a /range s]vice t ,b5?am assum$ himself to h done to moral philosophy by conf\nd+ ! poles ( moral di/9ction2 & 8 conduct c only be palliat$1 n ju/ifi$1 by ! t5d5cy ( e reaction to sw+ itself into an extreme4 ,any peculi> provocation 9 ,b5?am's "t call+ ^u him to re9/ate ! gospel ( ! fle% 9 ! rights ( :i* x _h be5 depriv$ by ,/4 ,paul1 "o does n exactly see4 ,:atev] faults he might h discov]$ 9 ! morality ( ! cl]ical exclusives1 purple doctors1 & m9ute gramm>ians ( ,ox=d1 asceticism c]ta9ly 0 n "o2 fea/+s r ?an fa/+s 7 ! ord] ( ! day among ! ,dons2 !re rema9s1 !re=e1 only ! pu]ile delight ( us+ a /rong phrase1 to palliate ?is gross confusion ( ! receiv$ t]m9ology ( moral sci5ce :i* he introduc$4 ,z = any o!r pr9ciples ( morality t ,b5?am might h1 !y 7 m]ely :at e o!r body _h always pr(ess$4 ,x did n require ,hume1 or any o!r sceptical solv] ( sceptical d\bts1 to tea* mank9d t ,b5evol5ce 0 naturally a good ?+1 & t no virtues 7 true virtues :i* did n t5d to ! public good4 ,x happ5$ !re=e to ,b5?am1 z x _h happ5$ to o!r promulgators ( new gospels1--t :at 0 mo/ new 9 8 sy/em 0 lea/ true1 & :at 0 mo/ true 0 lea/ new4 ,! doctr9e t ,pleasure is ! *ief good1 & t ,epicurus 0 a bett] philosoph] ?an ,ari/otle1 w sc>cely n[1 we appreh5d1 be s]i\sly ma9ta9$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! maxim1 8! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]10 has always be5 ! w>-cry by :i* ! mo/ g5]\s politicians h #cbg be5 r\s$1 & ! load-/> by :i* ! mo/ f>-see+ /atesm5 h be5 guid$4 ,x is n1 inde$1 9 ! k+dom ( e?ics1 /rictly s call$1 t ,b5?am's m]it is to be s\ght2 specially r 9 ! outly+ fields ( jurisprud5tial & legislative economy1 :]e t doctr9e ( consequ5ces ju/ly sways1 :i* ,paley errone\sly s\ght to make regulative 9 ! region ( p]sonal purpose1 pure motive1 & noble de$2 & = 8 s]vices 9 apply+ 8 fav\rite maxim to v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( political1 juridical1 & social re=m1 ! _w c sc>cely be suffici5tly grateful ,x is n (t5 t s pure a philan?ropi/ ent]s ) victori\s axe & mattock into doma9s bri/l+ s rankly ) all sorts ( pr(essional prejudice & pr(essional selfi%ness4 ,9 ?is doma9 let him be lov$ z a man1 rev]5c$ z a patri>*1 & ev5 wor%ipp$ z a sa9t--7he 0 a sa9t 9 8 own peculi> way unque/ionably72 b let him n be lift$ into ,*ri/ian pulpits or academic *airs to indoctr9ate ! +5u\s y\? ( ?is c\ntry 9 a curi\s moral ari?metic h[ to maximize pleasure & to m9imize pa94 ,n by su* tea*+1 c]ta9ly1 7 h]oes wont to be made 9 ,sp>ta1 9 ,a!ns1 or 9 ,rome4 ,) ,b5?am ! edifice ( ,utilit>ianism is complete1 & !re is little m to say ab\t ! matt]4 ,^? :o came aft]w>ds 7 expositors1 n f\nd]s2 !y employ$ !mselves 9 expla9+ ! doctr9es ( _! ma/]1 sometimes also 9 expla9+ !m away2 =1 :ile b\nd to ma9ta9 ! hon\r ( ! sect1 !y 7 sometimes dimly consci\s & m ?an half a%am$ ( ! base elem5t out ( :i* x sprang4 ,"o #cbh ( _! =emo/ spokesm5 0 ,,james ,,mill1 ! fa!r ( ! pres5t di/+ui%$ logician & politician1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,?is g5tleman1 :o is mu* respect$ by ! s*ool to :i* he belongs1 9 ! ye> #ahbi publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,an ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,?is treatise ,i h read c>efully1 & am con/ra9$ to say t x appe>s to me an extremely meagre production2 some:at z if ! m9d ( ! au?or _h be5 bla/$ & fro/$ by ! arid & %>p ea/ w9d 9 ! face ( :i*--ne> ,montrose--he 0 born4 ,f 8 life x w\ld appe> t he /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh 9 ! days ( ! great metaphysical s*ool !re1 & t he devot$ consid]able att5tion to ,plato4 ,i h n ! slighte/ reason to believe t ! great ideali/ 0 mu* kn[n ev5 to ! be/ ?9k]s 9 our ,scotti% metropolis at t "t2 b if ,mill did /udy ,plato ?or\ghly1 x mu/ h be51 z ,grote has done 9 our "t1 = ! purpose ( n und]/&+ him4 ,c]ta9ly 9 8 book ,i h f\nd no?+ b ! mat]iali/ic side ( ,locke & ,h>tley work$ out into a mon/rosity2 a cold ?9 horror ( all spiritual my/]y1 & ! %all[ conceit t ! prim>y div9e =ce1 :i* we call ,,m9d1 c be expla9$ by a labori\sly m9ute dissection ( a m]ely physical ma*9]y4 ,:atev] t great juggl] ,association c be made to d 9 ord] to expla9 k out ( s5sation1 m9d out ( matt]1 & unity g5]ally out ( multiplicity1 has be5 done 9 ?is book4 ,= ! special e?ics ( ,utilit>ianism !re is no?+ 9 ,james ,mill t ! /ud5t ( ,hume & ,b5?am w be likely to ?9k wor? rememb]+4 #cbi ,among liv+ ?9k]s !re is none :o /&s be=e ! public m prom95tly z ! expon5t ( ! ,utilit>ian e?ics ?an ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4#cbi4a ,b :atev] may be ! m]its ( ?is di/+ui%$ writ] 9 ! doma9 ( logic1 politics1 & economics1 :i* seem mo/ cognate to 8 g5ius1 !re c be little d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful p]sons t 8 book on ,utilit>ianism has done m to und]m9e ?an to su/a9 ! doctr9e :i* x pr(esses to exp\nd4 ,& ! reason ( ?is lies 9 a cause :i* is n less condemnatory ( ! doctr9e ?an x is complim5t>y to its *ampion4 ,mr4 ,mill is too good a man to be ! consi/5t advocate ( a sy/em :i*1 z comp>$ ) o!r sy/ems1 is fundam5tally bad4 ,he is too e>ne/ an apo/le ( ! real moral progress ( man to be a ?or\ghgo+ disciple ( a s*ool ^: natural elem5t is ,epicurean ease1 s5sual indulg5ce1 & prud5tial calculation4 ,8 he>t revolt$ aga9/ ! degrad+ t5d5cy ( a philosophy :i* gave a prim>y importance only to :at is l[1 & left ! highe/ elem5ts ( human nature to make a respectable %[ be=e m5 ) a borr[$ & second>y vitality4 ,b at ! same "t1 he 0 a disciple ( ! s*ool1 & ! son ( 8 fa!r1 & ?us by education & a sort ( intellectual h]itage1 8 head 0 committ$ to a doctr9e = :i* 8 he>t 0 naturally a great deal too good4 ,! consequ5ce 0 a sort ( sophi/ry :i*1 :ile we see ?r\gh x1 we _c b admire4 ,dep>t+ f ! orig9al idea ( 8 s*ool1 t pleasure is ! only good1 & t pleasures diff] f "o ano!r only 9 int5sity1 he int]polates into #ccj ! g5]al idea ( quantity ( happ9ess ! discrim9at+ elem5t ( quality2 & ?us is ?r[n back virtually on ^? innate ideas :i* x is ! *>act]i/ic boa/ ( 8 s*ool to h disc>d$4 ,= ! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( high & l[ pleasures is n a matt] to be prov$ by any ext]nal induction1 b spr+s directly out ( ! intellectual & emotional nature ( man1 ass]t+ its own innate sup]iority precisely z light ass]ts itself ov] d>kness1 & ord] ov] confusion4 ,& ?us1 :ile he def5ds ,utilit>ianism successfully1 s f> z results g1 he succe$s only by ?r[+ ov]bo>d all t is mo/ di/9ctive 9 ! doctr9e1 & adopt+ secretly all t is mo/ peculi> to ! tea*+ ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,9 anci5t times1 betwe5 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism !re 0 a di/9ct & well-m>k$ l9e ( dem>cation1 :i*1 :e!r 9 speculation or 9 practice1 no p]son c\ld miss2 n[ "u ,mr4 ,mill's manipulation1 ?is di/9ction vani%es2 ! love ( pleasure ) :i* he />t$ is sublimat$ into ! love ( virtue1 & an ideal en?usiasm = ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( all s5ti5t creatures is sub/itut$ = ! real & direct /imulus ( pleasure :i* e man und]/&s2 & a ,joseph ,mazz9i consecrat+ 8 :ole life ) ! mo/ int5se en?usiasm & ! mo/ sev]e self-d5ial to ! ideal ( a possible ,italian republic1 is z mu* an ,epicurean z ,david ,hume sne]+ at all en?usiasm1 & pleas+ 8 s\l ) ! delicate flatt]ies ( fair dames 9 a ,p>isian saloon4 ,?is is to conf\nd all ?+s1 & to r$uce ! :ole affair to a f5ce ( words r ?an to a battle ( pr9ciple4 ,nor ne$ we be surpris$ at su* a result2 = ! :ole plat=m ( morality 9 #cca mod]n times has be5 s elevat$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity t ,epicureanism to w9 a he>+ is con/ra9$ to pr(ess a /&>d :i* %all n fall b5ea? t laid d[n 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or 9 ! #ac? *apt] ( #a/ ,cor9?ians2 & to d ?is ) no?+ b ! individual selfi% love ( pleasure to />t )1 requires1 x may be imag9$1 a v consid]able am\nt ( dialectic juggl]y & %ift+ glam\ry ( words4 ,"o is =c$ to expla9--keep+ ,b5?am's language--h[ ! orig9al1 individual1 & p]sonal love ( pleasure1 :i* is & mu/ be selfi%ness1 manages f m]e ext]nal consid]ations1 = su* only are left op5 by ! d5i]s ( innate ideas1 to take ! %ape ( b5evol5ce4 ,l !ologians :o are b\nd to /ick to an unreasonable cre$1 & yet1 to save its cr$it1 mu/ make x appe> reasonable1 ! ,utilit>ians1 9 /riv+ to accommodate ! pr9ciples ( ! l[e/ !ory ( morals to ! dem&s ( ! highe/1 h n escap$ ! awkw>dness ( ! /rategi/ :o1 :ile mak+ a real retreat1 plays (f "s movem5ts t look l an advance4 ,only 9 ?is case ! /rategi/ kn[s t he is deceiv+ 8 soldi]s1 & deceiv+ ! enemy2 :]eas ! logician :o dext]\sly assumes a new position :ile seem+ to ma9ta9 8 old "o is ! happy victim ( 8 own fallacies4 ,he has *ang$ front by a manuvre :i* _m p]sons may be too /upid to obs]ve1 & he has sav$ himself f ! disagreeabl5ess ( a =mal recantation4 ,su* dext]\s %ifts are ! conv5i5t refuge ( all "o-sid$ !ori/s :o insi/ on tak+ nature to s*ool1 & trimm+ human s\ls1 l trees 9 a fruit-g>d51 aft] _! #ccb own fav\rite patt]n4 ,mean:ile nature goes on heav+ up h] /rong moralities f orig9al pure f\nta9s1 reg>dless alike ( ! int5se "o-ey$ dogmatism ( ! f\nd]s ( e?ical s*ools1 & ! +5i\s apologies ( _! disciples1 & makes prea*]s1 z %e makes poets1 by inspiration1 n by induction4 ,aft] ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ! only o!r liv+ *ampion ( ! ,utilit>ian s*ool :o dem&s special notice "h is ,pr(essor ,,ba94 ,?is subtle1 v>i\s1 & accompli%$ writ]1 :ile agree+ ) ,hume & ,mill 9 rev]t+ to ! old ,socratic pr9ciple ( orig9al b5evol5t in/9cts 9 man1 & ?us d5y+ pure ext]nalism 9 "o important "p ( ! human s\l1 is nev]!less ^u ! :ole a mu* m ?or\gh-go+ & consi/5t ext]nali/ ?an ,mr4 ,mill2 s ?or\gh1 inde$1 z n to h hesitat$ to ass]t1 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ language1 t consci5ce 9 ! brea/ is a m]e reflection ( ! ext]nal model 9 ! /atute-book1 in/ead ( ! /atute-book be+1 z ! ,ideali/s tea*1 a v fragm5t>y & inadequate projection f ! moral patt]n 9 a normal consci5ce4 ,?is revival ( ,hobbism 9 "o ( its extreme =ms is n likely to meet ) mu* acceptance 9 a c\ntry :]e ! popul> consci5ce1 f long c5turies ( comb9$ ,*ri/ian & *ivalr\s culture1 has atta9$ a v high degree ( ref9$ s5sibility2 & ! num]\s admir]s ( ,mr4 ,mill1 :o are grateful to t g5tleman = ! skill ) :i* he has dispos$ ! e?ics ( ,empiricism 9 ! drap]y ( ,idealism1 w sc>cely be ?ankful to ,mr4 ,ba9 = pres5t+ _! pet sy/em 9 ! nak$ prose ( its e>ly cradle4 ,! acute nor!rn pr(essor w\ld c]ta9ly h #ccc be5 m consi/5t1 ?\gh less amiable1 if he _h ass]t$ 9 its broade/ =m ! ,hobbesian doctr9e ( an orig9al w> ( all aga9/ all2 & he w\ld h f\nd no great] difficulty 9 evolv+ f ! primeval tig] a ,xavi] or a ,h[>d1 ?an o!rs h f\nd 9 elevat+ ! primeval monkey into a ,newton or ,la ,place4 ,we h n[ conclud$ our propos$ survey ( ! ,utilit>ian philosophy1 & ! result may be summ>ily /at$ ?us3--,utilit>ianism g5]ally is a me?od ( ?9k+ :i*1 :ile pr(ess+ to cle> up dim ideas1 br+s confusion & disord] into e region ( human ?\ght & action2 & specially-- #a4 ,:i*1 by d]iv+ ?\ght f m]e s5sation1 by d$uc+ ! "o f ! _m1 in/ead ( ! _m f ! "o1 & ?us r$uc+ m9d to a m]e blank impressibility1 conf\nds ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 necess>y & cont+5t tru?1 & r5d]s all sci5ce impossible4 #b4 ,:i*1 by conf\nd+ causation ) sequ5ce1 pulls up philosophy by ! roots1 disemb[els !ology ( all sub/ance1 & freezes ! brea? ( all natural piety4 #c4 ,:i*1 9 ! realm ( ! f9e arts1 = ! h>monies & congruities ( et]nal reason1 sub/itutes ! arbitr>y associations ( ephem]al fa%ion1 local habit1 & individual conceit4 #d4 ,& :i*1 9 ! all-important sci5ce ( human life1 degrades morality f a manife/ation ( true expression1 pure emotion1 & l(ty purpose1 into a l[ consid]ation & a slipp]y calculation ( ext]nal consequ5ces4 ,?is may seem p]haps a suffici5tly condemnatory s5t5ce2 b x does n by any means foll[ #ccd t ,utilit>ianism has prov$ utt]ly useless 9 ! _w1 or t its p[] = good is exhau/$4 ,x is only z a philosophy ( human ?\ght1 feel+1 & action t x is weigh$ 9 ! balance & f\nd want+2 z an aspect ( social morals1 & 9 ! h&s ( good m5 l ,b5?am & ,mill1 z an amiable half ( moral tru? giv+ itself out = ! :ole1 x has done good s]vice 9 its day1 & may be expect$ to d m4 ,no man c]ta9ly c qu>rel ) ! zeal\s endeav\r to promote ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 provid$ x be made cle>1 9 ! fir/ place1 :]e9 human happ9ess & ! true dignity ( human nature consi/s4 ,& ?\gh ?9k+ m5 abroad1 :o take a cosmopolitan review ( our insul> sects & p>ties1 w cont9ue to look ^u ,paleyism & ,b5?amism z only ! natural rank product ( ! unwe$$ g>d5 ( ,locke's empiricism1 practical m5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o are m politicians ?an philosoph]s1 & m anxi\s to re=m _! in/itutions ?an to remodel _! ?9k+1 w cont9ue to f9d 9 ! ,utilit>ian pr9ciple a useful w>-cry aga9/ traditional abuses1 & a motto ( :i* no lov] ( 8 k9d requires to be a%am$4 ,sci5tific m5 also work+ correctly ) ,baconian tools on ! =ces ( ! ext]nal _w1 may be ready to ally !mselves ) a sy/em ( e?ical philosophy :i* pr(esses to make no assumptions1 to proce$ by cauti\s induction1 & to educe ! role ( "r n f dim feel+s1 flam+ passions1 & l(ty aspirations1 b f /ati/ical tables & o!r ext]nalities t c be felt & f+]$4 ,z a practical p[]1 !re=e1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,utilit>ianism _c be consid]$ z ext9ct2 on ! #cce contr>y1 ! rec5t upheaval ( ! democratic elem5t :i* ,:igs & ,tories h conspir$ to produce1 _c b c>ry along ) x1 = a season1 ! glorification ( t maxim :i* s felicit\sly seems to =etell ! doom ( all ari/ocratic privilege & olig>*ic abuse4 ,to deal ) m5 9 "o greg>i\s mass1 c\nt+ !m only by units )\t respect to quality1 seems *>act]i/ic no less ( ,b5?amite philosophy ?an ( democratic policy2 ! elem5t ( ,,numb] is made prom95t 9 bo?2 & bo? seem to aim at a sort ( g5]al level ( social bliss :i* c be mo/ easily atta9$ by tak+ ! sup]fluities f ! few & divid+ !m among/ ! _m4 ,! h]etical & anti-!ological t5d5cies ( ! age also1 w aid ! ,utilit>ian movem5t2 p>tly1 no d\bt1 because !ologians h n always suffici5tly consid]$ t a clean cottage is sometimes z necess>y = ! well-be+ ( a p z a clean consci5ce1 & p>tly because ^? :o f9d 9 ! sev]al cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom gr\nd ( moral (f5ce1 may n be unwill+ to welcome 9 ! ,utilit>ianism ( ! pres5t day an e?ical sy/em :i* jeal\sly %uns ! contagion ( piety1 & sc>cely ) a cold & di/ant rev]5ce recognises ,god4 ,b ?is manife/ ho/ility to religion :i* s *>act]i/ically sep>ates ! mod]n ,utilit>ian writ]s f ,locke & ,h>tley w 9 all probability be ! fir/ ?+ t %all cause a salut>y reaction aga9/ !m4 ,= religion is z ess5tial to human nature z poetry2 & h[ev] viol5t m5 may attempt to /amp x out1 or sup]cili\s m5 to ov]look x1 or meagre m5 to d5y x1 x w always "k to ass]t its own place1 & ev] ! m p[]fully f ! void :i* #ccf its abs5ce has occasion$4 ,) democracy1 pres5t+ z x does1 f e po9t1 ! mo/ flatt]+ appeals to individual self-importance1 ! masses ( m5 readily become intoxicat$2 b f absolute irreligion1 except 9 fits ( social madness1 !y revolt1 & /agg] back f ! br9k ( ! black abyss :i* x reveals4 ,! difficulties ( ! ,*ur* ,articles may be remov$ by judici\s prun+ or happy inoculation2 b 9 ,a!ism !re dwells no heal+2 x is %e] empt9ess & despair4 ,! ,end ,,footnotes4 #a4a ,see ! spl5did eulogy ( ! philosoph] 9 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's essay 8,on ,lib]ty40 #a4b ,see ! fam\s s5t5ce 9 ! ,deontology 7vol4 i471 :i* a man to believe mu/ h se51--s gross is ! am\nt ( ignorance1 conceit1 & dogmatism t x p>ades )\t a mask4 #bf4a ,! read] w n suppose t we h p5n$ ! above s5t5ces ab\t ! position & "* ( ! ,sophi/s )\t hav+ s]i\sly weigh$ ! evid5ce on ! subject1 & especially )\t hav+ tak5 into acc\nt ! v able *apt] on ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s 9 ,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h read t *apt] c>efully ov] sev]al times1 & h on ea* occasion return$ f ! p]usal ) ! confirm$ conviction t ! le>n$ au?or wrote x z a special plead] r ?an z an imp>tial hi/orian1 & t ! light 9 :i* he pres5ts ?is important subject is ess5tially false1 & di/orts1 or r inv]ts1 ! real position ( ! pr9cipal figures 9 ! picture4 ,! ma9 features 9 ,grote's acc\nt ( ! matt] are t ! ,sophi/s are a mu* calumniat$ class ( m52 t ,socrates 0 ! head ( t class1 r ?an _! antagoni/2 & t n ! real facts ( ! case1 b ! imag9ation ( ! transc5d5tal ,plato1 & ! c>icatures ( ,ari/ophanes1 c>elessly accept$ z true hi/ory1 h be5 ! s\rces ( mod]n ideas on ! subject4 ,9 all ?is we ?9k ,mr4 ,grote is decid$ly wrong1 runn+ c\nt] at once to ! inh]5t probabilities ( ! case1 & to ! unhesitat+ & concurr5t te/imony ( all antiquity4 ,! holl[ness ( ! case ( ,mr4 ,grote has be5 %[n 9 detail by ,mr4 ,cope 9 ! ,cambridge ,philological ,j\rnal & by myself 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh2 s t we may cont5t ourselves "h by simply /at+ :at appe>s to be ! rationale ( ! process by :i* ! di/+ui%$ au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,greece 0 l$ into ! ma9t5ance ( su* an unt5able position4 ,n[ ! influ5ces :i* act$ on ! le>n$ hi/orian's m9d 9 ?is matt] seem r$ucible to ?ree--7#a47 ,mr4 ,grote is *>act]i/ically a polemical hi/orian2 f beg9n+ to end ( 8 book he has 9 8 eye1 & is writ+ aga9/1 a class ( writ]s :o _h made x a bus9ess1 9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 to write aga9/ ! ,a!nian democracy1 & ?r\gh t1 aga9/ democracy 9 g5]al4 ,) su* a lit]>y mission1 ,mr4 ,grote1 h[ev] triumphant 9 ! ma91 0 con/antly expos$ to ! /rong temptation ( v9dicat+ *>act]s t _h be5 previ\sly abus$1 & abus+ ^? ^: respectability _h hi!rto /ood unque/ion$2 7#b47 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 sweep+ progress ( knock+ d[n old ideals & sett+ up new ones1 no figures 7 m likely to call 8 *ivalr\s faculty ( v9dication into play ?an ! ,sophi/s2 = !y 71 z we h se51 ! natural guides ( ! lu/y "y democracy1 & z su* ! special fav\rites ( a hi/orian ^: bus9ess x 0 to ju/ify & glorify ! ,a!nians 9 all ! *>act]i/ic phases ( _! social & political life4 ,& to a c]ta9 ext5t no d\bt ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ! antagoni/s ( ,socrates 7 n s black z !y _h be5 pa9t$ by _m1 b repres5t$ a consid]able elem5t ( civic wor? & respectability4 ,b he 0 c]ta9ly n ju/ifi$ 9 wip+ out t antagonism altoge!r f ! record1--an antagonism :i* 0 j z m>k$ 9 ,a!ns z t m fam\s "o 9 ,j]usalem f\r c5turies lat]1 betwe5 ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees & ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! ,gospel4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,grote endeav\rs to conf\nd ,socrates ) ! h]d ( ,sophi/s1 f ! m]e ext]nal resemblance ( ! weapons :i* !y us$1 is unwor?y ( a great hi/orian4 ,x 0 en\gh t su* a confusion %\ld h bl9d$ ! eyes ( ! ,a!nian vulg>1 & _! great je/-mak] ,ari/ophanes1 )\t be+ made at ?is "t ( day to s]ve z a s]i\s v9dication ( ! great mass ( ,sophi/ical tea*]s2 b 7#c47 ,mr4 ,grote 0 l$ to elevate ! ,sophi/s1 & s1 comp>atively1 to degrade _! great antagoni/1 n only f 8 position z ! *ampion ( ,a!nian democracy1 b f 8 sympa?y ) ! philosophical pr9ciples ( ! ,sophi/s1 z oppos$ to ^? ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,^! pr9ciples are ^? ( ! ,s5sational z oppos$ to :at is commonly call$ ! ,ideal or ,intellectual philosophy1 ! philosophy :i* ga!rs its conclusions exclusively f :at is ext]nal1 :ile look+ ) suspicion on any categorical intuitions1 ,god-giv5 in/9cts1 or ,god-seek+ aspirations t may ass]t !mselves f )94 ,) ?is temp] ,mr4 ,grote is naturally l$ to take ! "p ( ^? anci5t ,greek tea*]s :o held simil> pr9ciples2 & ^! are to be f\nd n on ! side ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 b on ! side ( ,protagoras & ! ,sophi/s4 ,h[ /rongly 8 speculative t5d5cies gravitate 9 ?is direction ! le>n$ hi/orian has amply %[n 9 8 book on ,plato1 a "w 9 :i* ! read] w m readily f9d an eag] & acute advocacy ( ! adv]s>ies ( ,plato ?an an intellig5t & lov+ e/imate ( ! great ideali/ himself4 ,9 exp\nd+ ,plato ,mr4 ,grote put himself pretty mu* 9 ! same position t ,voltaire w\ld h done _h he und]tak5 to write a comm5t>y on ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,x is n en\gh1 9 ord] to see a ?+1 t a man h %>p eyes2 he mu/ h a s\l beh9d ! eye1 to tea* him bo? :at is to be se51 & :at x signifies :5 x is se54 #cb4a ,see ! s+ul> dialogue ) ,!odote1 aft]w>ds mi/ress ( ,alcibiades1 9 ! ,memorabilia4 #db4a ,pr(essor ,grote says--8,law is ! public reason ( a society1 p>ticipat$ 9 m or less by ! mass ( individuals1 en=cible ^u all :o w n p>ticipate 9 x40--,on ,utilit>ianism4 #dc4a ,! ,communi/s1 :o decl>e w> aga9/ ,capital1 c get ov] ?is only by say+ t e society is entitl$ to dem& ( its memb]s t !y %all sacrifice any "p ( _! natural rights = ! good ( ! :ole to :i* !y belong1 & fur!r1 t man be+ ess5tially a social animal has no "r to any?+ except z a memb] ( society4 ,! "q w !n be1 :e!r x is good = society to be s exclusively society z to swall[ up all individualism & :at naturally belongs !reto4 #di4a happ9ess1 lit]ally1 well-godd$ness1--! /ate ( a creature to :om ! gods are k9d4 #di4b ,s ,au/9 7,prov9ce ( ,jurisprud5ce1 ,lecture iv47 calls 8,good ! aggregate ( pleasures10 a language borr[$ f ,b5?am1 :i* ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle w\ld ) "o cons5t h repudiat$4 #ff4a ,on ! ,philosophy ( ,e?ics4 ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie3 ,ed94 #ahff4 #gj4a 8,a!ism is repugnant to moral & political economy1 = x necess>ily de/roys ! idea ( morality4 ,if !re is no law 9 ! mat]ial _w1 !re c be no law 9 ! spiritual & social worlds4 ,e motive = self-re/ra9t is remov$2 = ! idea ( an object = :i* to /rive is reject$40--,b>+-,g\ld1 ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhc4 ,an orig9al & p[]ful "w4 #gd4a ,?is seems ! be/ way ( translat+ ! 9 ! m\? ( ,poly!i/s4 ,x is a sort ( vague /ep t[>ds ,mono!ism4 #ge4a ,z if x 7 ! de/9y ( mod]n philosoph]s to p]v]t ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts into ridicul\s c>icature1 s we f9d 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt] ,helvetius 9 a well-kn[n passage say+ s]i\sly t if horses _h _h h&s !y w\ld h be5 m51 & if m5 _h _h ho(s !y w\ld h be5 horses6 ,9 ?is way ! +5i\s fool always makes a knife out ( e in/rum5t to cut 8 own f+]s4 #ge4b ,see ?is po9t /at$ m =mally 9 ,hegel1 ,encyclopdie1 #ej4 #ha4a ,d>w91 by ! use ( ! t]m selection1 turn$ accid5t into design1 & 0 ! fir/ to d s4--,/irl+ on ,protoplasm 7,ed9burgh1 #ahfi71 p4 #fi4 #he4a ,/irl+ on ,protoplasm1 p4 #cc4 #hf4a ,! opposite & *>act]i/ically mod]n view ( ! orig9 & "* ( religi\s duties may be /at$ mo/ %ortly 9 a s5t5ce f a di/+ui%$ mod]n ?9k]3-- 8,if !re be a ,god1 !n man be>s relations to ,him1 & 8 duties to ,god are ( a private nature1 & !re=e n ( int]e/ to ! ,/ate1 & 9 no way com+ "u ! jurisdiction ( ,sci5ce4 ,& :at ! duties are :i* man owes to ,god c only be asc]ta9$ by a ,revelation1 = !y _c be discov]$ exp]im5tally40 ,!re are two propositions "h ess5tially anti-,socratic1 &1 9 my op9ion1 ess5tially false3--7#a47 ,t religion belongs to man only z a private individual1 & n z a citiz54 ,?is is a fav\rite idea ( ! mo/ rec5t times1 & has its only root 9 ! fact t on acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( a c]ta9 /\t & /ubborn individualism 9 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es x has be5 f\nd practically impossible to make ,*ri/ian m5 comb9e socially = ! p]=mance ( any religi\s function4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 belongs n to ! nature ( religion1 b to ! imp]fection ( moral culture 9 our exi/+ e?ical associations call$ ,*ur*es4 ,! social recognition ( ! ,supreme ,fa!r /ill rema9s z mu* an ideal 9 mod]n times z x 0 a real 9 anci5t times4 ,! anci5ts sacrific$ 9 ?is matt] ! individual to ! ,/ate2 we1 = ! glorification ( ! individual1 all[ ! ,/ate to sit %orn ( "o ( its greate/ glories4 ,:atsoev] a man is b\nd to d z a moral be+ individually1 he is b\nd to d socially1 if x be possible4 ,! s-call$ ,volunt>y sy/em is a m]e %ift to save ! tr\ble & %irk ! difficulty :i* n>r[-m9d$ ,*ri/ians feel 9 work+ toge!r to give a national expression to common religi\s feel+s & common religi\s convictions4 7#b47 ,! second proposition "h is1 t religi\s duties c only be asc]ta9$ by ,revelation1 & come 9 no way "u ! jurisdiction ( ,,sci5ce4 ,to ?is ,socrates answ]s t religi\s duties are ?ree1 rev]5ce1 gratitude1 & ob$i5ce1 & t ! fir/ two ( ^! h _! root 9 ! commone/ in/9cts & mo/ rudim5t>y notions ( reasonable be+s1 :ile ! ?ird1 dep5d+1 z x does1 p>tly on g5]al sci5ce1 p>tly on special intellectual culture1 falls directly "u ! jurisdiction ( ,sci5ce4 ,= to obey ! laws ( ,god we mu/ "k !m1 & we "k !m1 z we "k o!r ?+s1 by obs]vation & reflection2 = !y are n hidd51 z "s m5 c\nt hidd51 b writt5 ev]y:]e1 bo? )9 u & )\t1 9 ! mo/ legible scripture1 & press$ ^u u daily by ! mo/ cog5t argum5ts2 & no man c escape f _! obligation4 ,if by duties to ,god ,mr4 ,g\ld und]/&s only special religi\s obs]vances z expressive ( our religi\s s5tim5ts & convictions1 !n no d\bt x is q true t ^! special =ms ( expression mu/ ei!r be reveal$ directly f ,heav51 or v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! "* & condition ( ! p :o use !m2 b su* a n>r[+ ( ! idea ( religi\s duty1 conf9+ x to ! accid5tal in/ead ( ! ess5tial1 depriv+ x 9 fact ( its s\l & vital pr9ciple1 is mo/ unphilosophical2 & ,i am m will+ to suppose t su* a ?\ghtful writ] z ,mr4 ,g\ld %\ld h be5 l$ a/ray by a fa%ionable phase ( mod]n ?\ght1 ?an t he %\ld be delib]ately guilty ( ! imp]t95ce ( giv+ 8 read]s ! %ell ( a ?+ z its def9ition1 :5 !y _h a "r to look = ! k]nel4 #hh4a ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h /umbl$ on an excell5t passage on ! inh]5t g]m ( ,mono!ism 9 ,poly!ism1 conta9$ 9 ,b>+ ,g\ld's ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh1 etc4 ,to ! same purpose ! read] may consult my notes on ,hom]'s ,iliad1 viii4 #b4 #hi4a ,b>+-,g\ld on ! ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief 7,london1 #ahfi71 p4 #abd4 #aja4a ,?is 0 writt5 twelve mon?s be=e ! />tl+ ev5ts ( ! late ,franco-,g]man w> br\ght ! defici5cies ( our ,briti% milit>y sy/em s prom95tly into public view4 #aag4a ,?is passage tea*es u all t c pr(itably be said on ! s-call$ or famili> _s ( ,socrates4 ,x 0 pla9ly no?+ b an inw>d voice dissuad+ f c]ta9 c\rses ( action1 :i*1 z x re/$ on no gr\nds ( human argum5tation1 & did n pret5d to expla9 itself1 fell to be class$ ) :at we call my/]i\s in/9cts & pres5tim5ts1 & :i*1 z a pi\s man1 ,socrates1 & 9 my op9ion wisely1 attribut$ to ! ,s\rce ( all orig9al vital p[] & spiritual en]gy1 viz41 ,,god4 ,if m5 eat & dr9k1 & sleep & p]=m o!r ess5tial functions ( vitality1 by a law :i* ! ,creator keeps 9 ,8 own h&s1 & ov] :i* human volition ex]cises no control1 !re is no reason :y 9 ! high] region ( our moral & intellectual life1 beh9d & beyond ! doma9 ( our purpose & volition1 ! great ,s\rce ( all cosmic en]gy %\ld n res]ve = ,himself a field ( deep] influ5ce1 & by u necess>ily inexplicable4 ,our und]/&+1 ) all its pret5sions1 is a petty faculty1 :i* ass]ts its p[] lightly 9 dissect+ :at is dead1 b proves itself feeble & p[]less 9 all t conc]ns vital orig9ation4 ,hom] con/antly repres5ts 8 h]oes z receiv+ inspirations ( /r5g?1 & wisdom f ! ,inf9ite ,s\rce ( all /r5g? & wisdom2 & 9 accordance ) ?is heal?y human in/9ct ,socrates taught t on great & critical occasions he 0 (t5 direct$ by a my/]i\s voice1 or intimation f ! 4 ,! only ?+ ab\t ! matt] :i* ought to require explanation is ! me?od 9 :i* ?is div9e p[] act$4 ,its me?od ( action 0 negative1 nev] positive1 & w>n+ on ea* occasion f :at 0 n to be done1 nev] incit+ to :at %\ld be done4 ,! reason ( ?is1 we ?9k1 is n f> to seek4 ,socrates 0 bo? p]sonally1 & 9 virtue ( ! p to :om he belong$1 a reason]2 logic 0 8 lamp ?r\gh life1 & by ?is cle> light he 0 habitually guid$ 9 all common cases4 ,b !re are d>k & d\btful mom5ts 9 ! brighte/ lives1 :5 ev5 ! wise/ & ! mo/ consci5ti\s c f9d no sure direction 9 ! pros & cons t suffice = g5]al guidance2 9 su* cases "o is ?r[n back on ^? radical & fundam5tal in/9cts ( "* :i* und]lie all reason+ & all purpose2 & ! p>ticul> ,god-giv5 in/9ct :i* 0 /rong 9 ! nature ( ,socrates 0 n to m$dle ) c]ta9 matt]s1 f :i* x 0 d\btful :e!r 8 "* w\ld come out unsca!d4 ,x 0 !re=e a my/]i\s in/9ct ( caution t ,god _h implant$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! philosoph]1 an in/9ct ( ! utmo/ value to all m5 :o live 9 ! _w1 b especially useful to "o :o1 l ,socrates1 0 always 9 dang] ( be+ drawn by 8 /rong & wide sympa?ies into regions f :i*1 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 high] mission1 x 0 bett] t he %\ld retire4 #acj4a ,lu!r's ,briefe1 anno #aeaf4--;,de ,wette1 i4 p4 #af4 #aca4a ,life ( ,h>ris1 by ! ,e>l ( ,malmesbury4 #aca4b ,hume's life1 i4 p4 #ib4 #aeb4a 1 1 1 ) :i* aga9 ,/4 ,paul agrees1 ,heb4 v4 #ad1 :]e ,ari/otle's fav\rite ^w is us$4 #agc4a ,x is int]e/+ "h to obs]ve h[ ,ari/otle1 concurr+ ) ,hom] 7,od4 xiii4 #bhi71 makes ! di/9ction1 unque/ionably j1 ?r\gh ! neglect ( :i* ,burke fell into 8 notable error t beautiful ?+s are always small4 ,he ought to h kn[n t !re is ! same di/9ction betwe5 beautiful & pretty 9 ,engli%1 z betwe5 & 9 ,greek4 #aha4a ,! s*ol> w obs]ve t ?r\gh\t ?is passage1 & specially 9 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 ,i h p>aphras$ ! au?or a little1 to br+ out m cle>ly 8 mean+4 ,8 /yle is too curt & bald1 n to suff] 9 "s cases by /rict lit]alness4 #ahd4a ,grant's ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 vol4 i4 p4 #adg4 #aib4a ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 vol4 i41 ,introductory ,disc\rse4 #aid4a ,see ! doctr9e ( ,h]aclitus 9 ,ritt] & ,prell]'s admirable comp5d--,hi/oria ,philosophi ,grco-,roman--"o ( ! be/ manuals ( ! _m t we owe to ! erudition & judgm5t ( ! great ,g]man p4 #aih4a ,life ( ,m>t9 ,boos1 #ahee1 p4 #be4 #aih4b ,life ( ,frankl9 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #bjj4a 4--#a ,pet4 i4 #c4 #bjb4a ,we/cott1 ,! ,gospel ( ! ,resurrection1 ,london1 #ahfg4 #bje4a ,to p]sons ignorant ( ,greek1 :o may wi% to receive a vivid impression ( ! moral influ5ce ( ,/oicism1 ,i recomm5d ,long's ,translation ( ,anton9us1 ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 & ,f>r>'s ,seek]s aft] ,god4 #bac4a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4--,,plot9us1 ,enn4 i4 #f1 p4 #ee2 edit1 ,kir*h(f1 i4 #f4 #bad4a ,pr(essor ,f]ri] on ,consci\sness2 ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #bba4 #bbc4a ,usque-bea?a--:isky4 #bbi4a ,read ,mr4 ,f>r>'s delightful little "w1 ,seek]s aft] ,god4 #bbi4b ,burton's ,life ( ,david ,hume1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aie4 #bcd4a ,l9es on ! dea? ( ,f>aday4--,pun*1 ,septemb] #g1 #ahfg--;a p]iodical :i* ?\gh sometimes unju/ is nev] vici\s1 & always kn[s to appreciate real excell5ce4 #bce4a 1--#a ,pet4 ii4 #i4 #bdj4a ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,flet*]1 ,rector ( ,madeley1 ,%rop%ire4 #bde4a ,pdag4 ii4 #a-c4 #bee4a ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! fri5ds ( agricultural improvem5t 9 ,/rasburg us$ _! int]e/ to get ! m]its ( _! pa/or kn[n 9 ,p>is2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t he 0 rew>d$ ) a gold m$al aft] hav+ work$ fifty-"o ye>s 9 ! unnotic$ useful obscurity ( 8 p>i%4 ,altoge!r 8 gold5 pa/orate la/$ = ! long space ( fifty-n9e ye>s4 #bee4b ,we/cott1 ,gospel ( ! ,resurrection 7#ahfg71 p4 #if4 #bfa4a ,we/cott1 ,gospel ( ! ,resurrection1 p4 #ih4 #bfg4a 1 4--,,plot9us1 i4 #i2 ,kir*h(f4 #bfg4b ,locke1 ii4 #ba1 #fh4 #bgd4a ,au/94 #bgd4b ,s*wegl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie4 ,translat$ by ,/irl+4 #bgg4a ,logic1 *ap iii4 #bgh4a ,f]ri] on ,consci\sness2 ,po/hum\s ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #bee4 #bhi4a ,analysis1 ii4 #acg1 #aci4 #bic4a ,emotions & ,w1 xv4 p4 #bij4 #bic4b ,on ,consci\sness2 ,works1 i4 #aie4 #bif4a 4 4 ,,/ob,,u1 ,s]mon1 cvi4 #bih4a ,b5?am said1 8,i am a selfi% man1 z selfi% z any man c be2 b 9 me someh[ or o!r selfi%ness has tak5 ! %ape ( b5evol5ce0 7,works1 xi4 #ie74 ,?is is nei!r wit nor s5se1 b an affectation ( humility ( :i* "o %\ld h ?\ght ,b5?am w\ld n h be5 guilty4 #cjj4a ,! value ( ,mr4 ,au/9's "w is m juridical ?an moral1 & ! e?ical "p ( x is s entirely id5tical ) ,paley t = ! purposes ( ! pres5t survey x did n seem to dem& special notice4 #cjd4a ,on ! ,diff]5t ,species ( ,philosophy4 #cje4a ,f a lett] writt5 9 #agcd4--;,burton's ,life ( ,hume1 i4 p4 #ce4 ,9 ,sect4 ,i4 ( ! 8,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals10 he says1 8,! anci5t philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y (t5 affirm t virtue is no?+ b con=mity to reason1 yet 9 g5]al seem to consid] morals z d]iv+ _! exi/5ce f ta/e & s5tim5t40 ,?is is directly contr>y to ! fact4 #cjg4a ,sceptical ,solutions ( ,sceptical ,d\bts4 #cjg4b ,on ! diff]5t ,species ( ,philosophy4 #cjg4c ,on ,self-love4 #cji4a ,hume's ,essay ,on "s ,v]bal ,disputes4 #caj4a 8,!re is no en?usiasm among/ philosoph]s40--,on ,provid5ce & a ,future ,/ate4 #cai4a ,f]ri]1 ,works by ,grant & ,lu%+ton1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaf4 #cai4b ,see ! rem>kable lett] to ,mure ( ,caldwell 9 ,burton's ,hume1 i4 #afb4 #cbe4a ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 etc41 *ap4 ii4 #cbi4a ,j4 ,s4 ,mill di$ on ! #h? ( ,may #ahgc4 ,end ( ,footnotes