,,h9ts ,,on ,,driv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curricle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,h9ts ,,on ,,driv+ ,,by ,,capta9 ,c4 ,,morley ,,knight1 ,r4,a4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,g4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,:ite1 ,,royal ,,artill]y ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s ,logo ,,london ,,george ,,bell ,,sons1 ,,york ,,/41 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 #aijb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,fir/ ,publi%$1 ,july1 #ahid4 ,second ,edition1 revis$1 ,dec41 #ahid4 ,repr9t$ #aijb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,major-,,g5]al ,,alb]t ,,williams1 ,r4,a4 ,,9 s9c]e admiration = 8 devotion to e k9d ( sport1 & z a m>k ( appreciation ( 8 enc\ragem5t & k9dly advice 9 all sport+ matt]s connect$ ) ! ,royal ,regim5t ( ,artill]y1 ?is little ,h&book on ,driv+ is respectfully d$icat$ by "o :o has _h ! hon\r & privilege ( s]v+ "u 8 comm&4 ,,woolwi*1 #ahid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,,! fav\rable reception giv5 by ! press & ! public to ! fir/ edition ( 8,h9ts on ,driv+10 :i* has run out 9 a little ov] ?ree mon?s1 gives me hopes t a repr9t ( x w also be acceptable4 ,= ?is edition ! %eets h be5 c>efully revis$ ?r\gh\t1 & "s additions h be5 made1 _m ( :i* h be5 sugge/$ to me dur+ a %ort p]iod ( s]vice 9 ,india4 ,sev]al new illu/rations h also be5 add$4 ,g5]al ,alb]t ,williams1 :o has k9dly int]e/$ himself 9 ?is "w1 has giv5 me p]mission to ins]t ! foll[+ lett]3 8,,my ,,de> ,,morley ,,knight1 8,i h he>d ) pleasure t a second edition ( y\r book on ,driv+ is ab\t to be publi%$1 & feel sure t x w be z well appreciat$ z ! fir/ has be54 ,! book is full ( valuable in=mation mo/ useful to beg9n]s1 & _m pr(ess$ coa*m5 might read x ) advantage4 ,! latt]1 l doctors1 diff] on _m po9ts1 b ,i feel sure all good coa*m5 w be glad to "k t y\r endeav\rs to in/ruct 9 ! art ( ,driv+ h be5 s well receiv$1 & w welcome ! new edition1 ! success ( :i* ,i %all look =w>d to ) confid5ce4 8,y\rs v truly1 8,,alb]t ,h4 ,,williams40 ,i h also to ?ank ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,beau=t1 ,k4,g41 = 8 k9dly advice1 & ! num]\s h9ts & corrections :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to incorporate 9 ?is volume4 ,c4 ,m4 ,k4 ,nov41 #ahid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,h>ness #e ,,ii4 ,,driv+--,,s+le ,,h>ness #bc ,,iii4 ,,driv+--,,d\ble ,,h>ness #de ,,iv4 ,,curricle ,,& ,,cape-,,c>t #eh ,v4 ,,driv+ ,,f\r ,,horses--,,position ,,( #ge ,,coa*man ,,vi4 ,,f\r ,,horses--,,! ,,re9s #hb ,,vii4 ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&--,,! ,,:ip #aja ,,viii4 ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&4 ,,/>t+--,,pull+ #aai ,,up--,,turn+ ,,ix4 ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&4 ,,v>i\s ,,useful #aca ,,h9ts--,,:at ,,sp>e ,,articles ,,to ,,c>ry1 ,,etc4 ,x4 ,,t&em ,,driv+ #afa ,,xi4 ,,t&em ,,h>ness #ahg ,,xii4 ,,break+ ,,to ,,h>ness #aig ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page ,,curricle ,frontispiece #a4 ,,s+le ,,h>ness ,,on ,,horse #a #b4 ,,s+le ,,h>ness--,,position ,,( ,,! #bd ,,h&s #c4 ,,s+le ,,h>ness--,,"r ,,h& ,,9 ,,wrong #bg ,,position #d4 ,,%ort5+ ,,re9s #ca #e4 ,,%ort5+ ,,re9s ,,by ,,slid+ ,,left #cc ,,h& ,,up ,,to ,,"r #f4 ,,dog-,,c>t #ch #g4 ,,d\ble ,,h>ness ,,on ,,horse #dd #h4 ,,c\pl+ ,,re9s ,,prop]ly #di ,,fitt$--,,horses' ,,heads ,,/raight #i4 ,,c\pl+ ,,re9s ,,( ,,equal ,,l5g? #ea #aj4 ,,(f-,,side ,,c\pl+ ,,re9 ,,fitt$ ,,= #ec ,,horse ,,:i* ,,pokes ,,8 ,,nose1 ,,ne> ,,c\pl+ ,,re9 ,,fitt$ ,,= ,,horse ,,:i* ,,c>ries ,,head ,,9 ,,*e/ #aa4 ,,pole ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,spr+ ,,= #fa ,,curricle #ab4 ,,curricle ,,b> ,,& ,,roll] ,,bolts #fc #ac4 ,,cape-,,c>t ,,h>ness #fi #ad4 ,,spr++ ,a ,,hill #gd #ae4 ,,practis+ ,,driv+ ,,) ,,! ,,weights #gg #af4 ,,f\r ,,weights ,,& ,,pulleys ,,= #gh ,,practis+ ,,driv+ #ag4 ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&--,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,re9s #hc #ah4 ,,/eady+ ,,team ,,) ,,"r ,,h& #hi #ai4 ,,h[ ,,loop ,,%\ld ,,be ,,tak5 ,,up #ij #bj4 ,,loop+ ,,ne>-,,lead ,,re9 ,,"u ,,?umb #ia #ba4 ,,loop+ ,,(f-,,lead ,,re9 ,,"u ,,?umb #ib #bb4 ,,loop+ ,,(f-,,lead ,,re9 ,,"u ,,fir/ #ic ,,f+] #bc4 ,,"r ,,h& ,,on ,,(f-,,side ,,re9s ,,to #ie ,,prev5t ,,:eel]s ,,cutt+ ,,corn] #bd4 ,,opposition ,,po9t ,,to ,,! ,,"r #ig #be4 ,,opposition ,,po9t ,,to ,,! ,,left #ii #bf4 ,,result ,,( ,,hold+ ,,:ip ,,9 ,,wrong #ajc ,,position #bg4 ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,cat* ,,?ong #aje #bh4 ,,?ong ,,caught ,,up ,,be=e ,,loop ,,has #ajg ,,be5 ,,tak5 ,,(f #bi4 ,,tak+ ,,(f ,,loop #ajh #cj4 ,,secur+ ,,la% ,,by ,,twi/+ ,,x ,,r\nd #aaj ,,h&le ,,( ,,:ip #ca4 ,,br++ ,,back ,,?ong ,,( ,,:ip ,,aft] #aae ,,hitt+ ,a ,,lead] #cb4 ,,tak+ ,,lead]s' ,,re9s ,,out ,,( ,,left #acg ,,h& ,,) ,,"r ,,h& #cc4 ,,"r ,,h& ,,assi/+ ,,left 7,,on ,,?ree #aea ,,re9s ,,only7 #cd4 ,,t&em ,,)\t ,,b>s #afj #ce4 ,,t&em--,,position ,,( ,,"r ,,h& ,,on #afe ,,re9s #cf4 ,,t&em--,,turn+ ,,to ,,! ,,left #afi #cg4 ,,t&em--,,turn+ ,,to ,,! ,,"r #aga #ch4 ,,t&em ,,) ,,b>s #ahf #ci4 ,,longe+ ,,) ,,long ,,re9s #aif #dj4 ,a ,,break ,,by ,,holl& ,,& ,,holl& #bji ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,s+le ,,h>ness ,,on ,,horse4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,h9ts ,,on ,,driv+4 ,,introduction4 ,,9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt has be5 made to expla9 to beg9n]s ! rudim5t>y pr9ciples & niceties ( driv+4 ,9 mo/ treatises on ?is subject ! m9ute details h be5 entirely omitt$1 ! writ] tak+ = grant$ t ! read] has previ\sly acquir$ "s practical k ( h>ness+ & driv+4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to describe 9 a %ort essay e me?od ( h&l+ ! ribbons1 = well-kn[n au?orities ev5 ( ! pres5t day diff] on s _m po9ts1 t to discuss all w\ld take too long4 ,nev]!less1 z no?+ has be5 consid]$ too trifl+ to be expla9$1 x is hop$ t ^! h9ts may be especially useful to ^? :o may n h be5 able to obta9 any previ\s exp]i5ce1 & h n a ?or\ghly compet5t tutor at h& to tea* !m4 ,! difficulties :i* h to be ov]come are s num]\s t !y _c all be discuss$ 9 detail1 = "o ( ! greate/ *>ms ( driv+ consi/s 9 ! ev]-v>y+ & complicat$ problems :i* are be+ con/antly plac$ be=e ! driv] to solve--problems :i* mu/ be solv$ at once )\t hesitation--& 9 no sport or pa/ime does ! old saw1 8,he :o hesitates is lo/10 m frequ5tly prove true ?an 9 t ( driv+4 ,?us1 ?\gh x happ5s t ! same result may be obta9$ 9 a v>iety ( ways by ! practis$ h&1 ^! notes be+ especially int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( beg9n]s1 ! au?or has endeav\r$ to solve1 9 ! mo/ simple & lucid mann]1 ^? problems only :i* are mo/ likely to puzzle ! novice4 ,aft] all1 !re is no way ( le>n+ to drive s in/ructive z sitt+ on ! box seat beside a fir/-class coa*man1 & c>efully wat*+ ! movem5ts ( 8 h&s4 ,! novice is always tempt$ to conf9e 8 att5tion to ! horses1 & s omits to notice ! manipulation ( ! re9s at ! critical mom5t4 ,?is omission on 8 "p %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 z ! crisis is ov] 9 s %ort a space ( "t t x is mo/ important to keep ! att5tion fix$ almo/ entirely on ! driv]'s h&s1 & c>efully to commit to memory e detail ( ! h&l+ ( ! ribbons4 ,9 ?is "w no new !ories on ! art ( driv+ h be5 advanc$1 b _m v old ones h be5 specially emphasiz$ by repetition--a c\rse :i* has be5 consid]$ ju/ifiable on acc\nt ( _! great importance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,i ,,h>ness4 ,,x is (t5 said by ^? :o h little or no exp]i5ce1 t f\r horses /eady !mselves1 & require !re=e little skill 9 driv+4 ,?is is a v great error1 & a man :o is ke5 to le>n %\ld make x 8 fir/ aim to drive "o horse well1 & hav+ ?or\ghly ma/]$ ?is accompli%m5t1 he %\ld !n proce$ to h&le a pair4 ,9 driv+ ! great aim is to get ! horses go+ well toge!r1 & all do+ _! fair %>e ( "w )\t tak+ m out ( ! driv] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ?is x is ess5tial to h ! horses prop]ly bitt$1 rightly c\pl$1 com=tably pol$ up1 & ! h>ness fitt$ correctly4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 x is fir/ ( all ,sid5ote3 ,fitt+ ( h>ness4 ,! coll>4 necess>y to see t ! h>ness fits ! horse4 ,! coll> is a v important po9t4 ,?is %\ld lie flat on ! horse's %\ld]s1 s z to give suffici5t room = ! f+]s to pass betwe5 x & ! horse's neck at ! sides1 & ! flat ( ! h& %\ld be able to pass freely betwe5 ! l[] "p ( ! coll> & ! horse's neck4 ,be=e putt+ ! coll> on1 x ought to be wid5$ by lat]al pressure ) ! knee1 s z n to hurt ! horse's eyes :ile pass+ ov] 8 head4 ,sid5ote3 ,sore %\ld]s4 ,if ! horse's %\ld]s %\ld get rubb$1 ! be/ rem$y is to apply pl5ty ( sweet oil4 ,?is prev5ts ! sk9 gett+ h>d & ! hair com+ (f4 ,salt wat] %\ld nev] be us$4 ,sid5ote3 ,hames4 ,! hames %\ld fit ! groove 9 ! coll>1 :i* %\ld be well recess$1 correctly all r\nd & be buckl$ up tightly1 o!rwise 9 d\ble h>ness !y are v liable to be pull$ out :5 go+ d[n hill1 or :5 pull+ up sudd5ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,hames /raps4 ,to prev5t ?is1 a small /rap may be buckl$ r\nd ! bottom ( ! coll> ov] ! hame l9ks4 ,) a pair1 ! hames /raps %\ld be buckl$ on s t ! ends po9t inw>ds4 ,! traces %\ld be ( su* a l5g? t ,sid5ote3 ,! traces4 ! backb& w lie on ab\t ! middle ( ! pad :5 ! horse is 9 draught2 ! horse w !n n be draw+ ! c>t by ! backb&4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! tugs are 9 front ( ! /ops on ! %aft1 or a bad accid5t may occur ow+ to ! c>t runn+ on to ! horse's qu>t]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! re9s4 ,! wid? ( ! re9s may v>y f sev5-eigh?s ( an in* to an in* & a qu>t]1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! driv]'s f+]s1 b ab\t "o in* w be f\nd ! mo/ suitable wid? = g5]al purposes4 ,! re9s %\ld n be too ?ick1 or !y w always be h>d & /iff1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if !y are v ?91 !y w be uncom=tably s(t 9 wet wea!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,backb&4 ,9 a two-:eel$ c>t ! backb& ought to be long en\gh to all[ ! %afts to hang level4 ,!re ought always to be a little weight on ! %afts1 z no?+ looks s vulg> z %afts po9t+ up to ! skies1 ) all ! weight on ! belly-b&4 ,sid5ote3 ,%afts & balance ( c>t4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t by lett+ d[n ! %afts ! balance ( ! c>t c be v consid]ably alt]$4 ,?is alt]ation is (t5 useful :5 !re are f\r p 9 ! c>t1 z few dog-c>ts balance well ) ?is numb]1 ! weight be+ ne>ly always on ! belly-b&4 ,few own]s ?or\ghly appreciate :at mis]y _! fri5ds und]go :5 made to occupy a back seat "u ^! conditions1 z !y s r>ely try x !mselves4 ,! belly-b& %\ld n hang d[n ,sid5ote3 ,belly-b&4 q loose1 b1 :ile all[+ a little play ( ! %afts1 %\ld be tight en\gh to prev5t !m f tipp+ up to any ext5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,gir? ( pad4 ,! pad z well z ! crupp] %\ld be buckl$ up pretty tight if !re are any /eep hills to g d[n1 & a bree*+ is n us$2 o!rwise ! pad w slip =w>d & gall ! horse's )]s4 ,sore )]s give a great deal ( tr\ble & are difficult to cure4 ,ano!r result ( ! pad slipp+ =w>d is *af+ ( ! horse's elb[s4 ,on "s horses ! only way to prev5t x is to fa/5 ! gir? back to ! %aft on ea* side by means ( /raps4 ,?is plan is frequ5tly us$ 9 hansoms 9 ,london4 ,! pad itself %\ld be well /uff$ (f ! back1 p>ticul>ly ) high-)]$ horses4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bl9k]s4 ,! bl9k]s %\ld be s fitt$ t ! horse's eyes come almo/ 9 ! middle ( !m1 :ile ! head/all %\ld be tight en\gh to prev5t ! bl9k]s f bulg+ out :5 pressure is put on ! bit1 & ?us enabl+ ! horse to see beh9d him2 b !y %\ld be fitt$ s z n to turn inw>ds & almo/ t\* ! eyes4 ,sid5ote3 ,horse's com=t reflect$ 9 mann] ( go+4 ,?is is a po9t :i* is v (t5 little att5d$ to1 b "o :i* makes a consid]able diff]5ce to ! horse's com=t1 & is naturally reflect$ 9 8 mann] ( go+4 ,! ?roat-la% %\ld n be fa/5$ too ,sid5ote3 ,?roat-la%4 tight2 if x is1 x w half *oke ! horse4 ,x %\ld be loose en\gh to all[ ?ree f+]s to be pass$ betwe5 x & ! horse's ?roat4 ,! nose-b& %\ld admit ( ! bread? ,sid5ote3 ,nose-b&4 ( two f+]s betwe5 x & ! horse's jaw4 ,sid5ote3 ,bitt+4 ,bitt+ is all a matt] ( common s5se & practice4 ,! re9s mu/ be alt]$ up or d[n ! bit until ! adju/m5t mo/ com=table = ! horse has be5 discov]$4 ,b ev5 !n a great deal w dep5d on ,sid5ote3 ,h&s4 :at is g5]ally kn[n z 8,h&s40 ,?is really unkn[n quantity1 consi/+ z x does ( complete sympa?y betwe5 ! horse & 8 driv]1 ?\gh born & n made1 c be improv$ to "s ext5t by tea*+ & practice4 ,?is gift has be5 def9$ z 8n us+ m =ce on ! re9s ?an ! exig5cies ( ! occasion r5d] absolutely necess>y40 ,z a g5]al rule ! bit %\ld lie flat 9 ! horse's m\? ab\t "o in* above ! tusks4 ,sid5ote3 ,curb-*a94 ,! curb-*a9 mu/ n be too tight1 & !re ought to be room = at lea/ two f+]s to be plac$ betwe5 x & ! horse's jaw4 ,if a horse is at all incl9$ to be a pull]1 an ignorant groom w v (t5 fix x z tight z he c1 ) ! probable result t ! horse w jib or pull all ! h>d]4 ,9 ! latt] case he w be likely to get a sore "u ! jaw4 ,! be/ rem$y = ?is is to fix a piece ( lea!r on ! *a91 s t ! latt] does n rub on ! sore place4 ,if a horse bores to ! ne> side1 putt+ ! re9 d[n l[] on ! (f ?an on ! ne> side w v (t5 make him g /raight1 & vice v]s4 ,"s horses pull ) v %>p bits1 & w n d s ) a snaffle1 :ile o!rs d j ! contr>y4 ,a d\ble-r+ snaffle cov]$ ) lea!r or made ( indi>ubb] is useful = v light-m\!d horses4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( a net4 ,a net usually /ops horses pull+ = a "t1 b x is d\btful :e!r x has a p]man5t effect2 s t x is bett] to leave x (f occasionally4 ,sid5ote3 ,be>+-re94 ,if a horse is incl9$ to put 8 head d[n1 & bore1 a be>+-re9 w prev5t him f do+ s2 b x mu/ n be too tight4 ,!re are _m horses t w\ld be undrivable )\t "o1 z x keeps _! heads 9 ! prop] position1 & ?us takes ! weight (f ! driv]'s h&4 ,:5 driv+ a "y horse or a bad kick] x is always advisable to h a loose "o on1 z x w prev5t him f becom+ unmanageable by putt+ 8 head betwe5 8 legs4 ,! ,am]ican patt]n1 :i* passes f ! be>+-re9 hook on ! pad ov] ! top ( ! horse's head1 ?r\gh a keep] on ! headpiece betwe5 8 e>s1 d[n to ! bridoon is v useful = a h>d pull]4 ,! correct adju/m5t ( a be>+-re9 requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice1 z :5 ! horse is /&+ /ill x always appe>s mu* tight] ?an x really is4 ,sid5ote3 ,bitt+ ( a pull+ horse4 ,sometimes a v h>d pull]1 especially 9 a team1 c be driv5 ) a big ,liv]pool bit hang+ loose 9 8 m\? & ) ! re9s fix$ to a bridoon2 a be>+-re9 c also be fitt$ on ?is bridoon if requir$4 ,a m>t+ale w prove effective 9 ! case ( horses :o pull ow+ to _! habit ( />-gaz+4 ,sometimes a horse pulls by gett+ hold ( ! *eek ( ! bit ) 8 lip4 ,?is c be met ) ! elb[-bit1 :i* is an improvem5t on ! ,liv]pool bit1 z1 by hav+ a b5d 9 x1 ! *eek is s f> back t ! horse _c rea* x ) 8 lips or tongue4 ,! reason t ?is bit is n m g5]ally us$ is t _m p consid] x unsightly4 ,indi>ubb]-cov]$ bits1 especially ^? ) a d\ble b>1 also answ] v well ) "s pull+ horses1 ! effect !n be+ to make ! bit "w on a diff]5t "p ( ! m\? f t to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,a d\ble b> c easily be improvis$ by sew+ a piece ( lea!r1 l a lip-/rap1 only l>g]1 across ! top ( an ord9>y bit1 j bel[ ! end ( ! headpiece4 ,an invet]ate pull] may 9 "t get us$ to any bit1 9 :i* case frequ5t *ange is ! only rem$y4 ,sid5ote3 ,e horse's m\? has a key4 ,9 fact !re is a key to almo/ e horse's m\? if x c only be f\nd1 & x is well wor? tak+ consid]able tr\ble to f9d x2 ?\gh frequ5tly mu* pati5ce & _m exp]im5ts w be requir$ be=e a successful result is obta9$1 & ! man :o has to drive _m horses mu/ h a l>ge assortm5t ( bits4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>t+ale4 ,a m>t+ale is excell5t = a horse t c>ries 8 head 9 ! air1 & also v effective = "o t re>s4 ,x %\ld be s adju/$ z to keep ! nose ab\t 9 l9e ) ! )]s1 & is g5]ally fix$ to ! nose-b&1 b may be atta*$ to ! bit1 & :5 s atta*$ x is bett] to use a half-moon snaffle1 or "o )\t a jo9t 9 x1 z ?is greatly r$uces ! *ances ( ! corn]s ( ! horse's m\? gett+ sore4 ,circul> pieces ( lea!r1 call$ *eek lea!rs1 are also v useful 9 ?is respect ) ord9>y bits1 z !y keep ! corn]s ,sid5ote3 ,corn]s ( m\? sore4 ( ! horse's m\? f be+ p9*$ by ! *eeks1 & also prev5t to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 gett+ hold ( !m ) 8 lips4 ,= a horse t has only "o side to ,sid5ote3 ,"o-sid$ m\?4 8 m\?1 x (t5 answ]s to h a few tacks put on ! inside ( ! piece ( lea!r1 :i* effectually /ops him f lean+ 8 head out to t side4 ,^! pieces h a r\nd hole 9 ! middle1 :i* fits ! b> ( ! bit1 & a slit f ?is hole to ! outside1 s t !y c be put on & tak5 (f q easily4 ,sid5ote3 ,kick+-/rap4 ,kick+-/raps c be us$ ei!r 9 s+le or d\ble h>ness4 ,9 ! =m] ! /rap passes up f "o ( ! %afts ?r\gh a loop 9 ! crupp]1 & d[n to ! o!r %aft4 ,9 d\ble h>ness two /raps are requir$4 ,^! are fix$ to ! pad1 f :i* !y run p>allel to ! crupp] d[n to ! spl9t] b>4 ,!y are connect$ by a %ort /rap across ! lo9s4 ,kick+-/raps %\ld be s adju/$ t !re %\ld be pl5ty ( room = ! movem5t ( ! horse's qu>t]s1 z if he breaks into a cant] !y are liable to cat* 8 qu>t]s & s make him kick4 ,a good rule is to all[ a h&'s bread? betwe5 ! horse's back & ?is /rap4 ,sid5ote3 ,fitt+ ( bree*+4 ,a bree*+ is a necessity 9 a hilly c\ntry1 m especially ) a two-:eel$ c>t1 :5 a brake is ( no use4 ,x %\ld hang ab\t a foot bel[ ! upp] "p ( ! dock1 & h ab\t f\r to six in*es' play :5 ! horse is 9 ! coll>4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree k9ds ( bree*+4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( bree*+s = a dog-c>t4 ,! fir/ />ts f ! tug on "o end ( ! backb&1 & goes "r r\nd ! horse's qu>t]s to ! tug on ! o!r4 ,! second buckles to loops on ea* %aft1 ^! loops be+ plac$ half way betwe5 ! /ops & ! front ( ! c>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,br[n's pat5t4 ,! ?ird consi/s ( a broad /rap1 :i* is /ret*$ fairly taut across ! %afts ab\t six or eight in*es f ! front ( ! c>t4 ,?is "o is always ready & requires no adju/m5t1 looks neat1 & answ]s admirably4 ,x is kn[n z ,br[n's pat5t4 ,! fir/ me?od is bett] ?an ! second1 because x does n require any extra loops on ! %afts1 :i* t5d to weak5 !m consid]ably1 & also x does n take any ( ! pa9t (f4 ,sid5ote3 ,bree*+ rubb+ ! horse4 ,if a horse's qu>t]s %\ld get rubb$ by ! bree*+1 ! be/ plan to prev5t any fur!r damage is to h a l>ge piece ( %eepsk9 sewn r\nd ! /rap1 ) ! hair next ! horse4 ,sid5ote3 ,crupp]4 ,! crupp] ought to be fitt$ s t !re is room = ! bread? ( ! h&1 or ab\t f\r in*es1 betwe5 x & ! horse's back1 :5 ! pad is 9 ! "r place4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t all ! hairs ( ! tail are pass$ ?r\gh ! crupp]4 ,sid5ote3 ,brea/ h>ness4 ,brea/ h>ness c v (t5 be sub/itut$ = coll>s ) great advantage1 especially :5 ! horses' necks get wrung by ! latt]4 ,?is me?od ( draught also obviates ! necessity ( keep+ a l>ge numb] ( coll>s to fit all sorts ( horses1 :ile ano!r advantage is1 t y are able to use bree*+s to ! be/ advantage 9 d\ble h>ness4 ,! brea/ /rap %\ld be made ( a /rong lea!r /rap1 ab\t ?ree in*es wide1 & padd$ inside s t ! h>d edges d n t\* ! sk94 ,= d\ble h>ness a r+ mu/ be sewn into ! middle = ! purpose ( atta*+ ! pole *a9s4 ,! brea/ /rap is held up by a light /rap pass+ ov] ! horse's )]s1 & ! bree*+1 by a simil> /rap1 pass+ ov] ! cr\p4 ,a crupp] c be us$1 b is n necess>y4 ,! brea/ /raps %\ld lie flat1 & be kept well above ! po9t ( ! %\ld]s4 ,!y mu/ be c>efully adju/$1 ! usual fault be+ t !y are plac$ too l[4 ,ea* end ( ! brea/ /rap has a buckle1 into :i* bo? ! trace & ! end ( ! bree*+ are fa/5$4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to get z mu* "w out ( a horse ) brea/ h>ness z ) coll>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ip4 ,! :ip %\ld be z light z possible1 & well balanc$1 ! ?ong be+ ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! /ick4 ,! po9ts %\ld always be ( lea!r1 z ^! are mu* ! be/ 9 wet wea!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,always hang :ip up4 ,a :ip %\ld nev] be all[$ to /& 9 a corn] or up aga9/ a wall1 z x w v quickly w>p 9 t position4 ,x %\ld always be kept hung up1 ei!r on a reel or by a /r+ to a nail 9 ! wall4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( h>ness1 a ^w on ! g5]al appe>ance & neatness ( turn-out w n be out ( place4 ,/raps ought to be %ort5$ to fit ! horse1 & be no long] ?an absolutely necess>y4 ,to prev5t any ends flapp+ ab\t1 keep]s mu/ be tight1 & fitt$ s z to be )9 an in* or two ( ! po9ts ( ! /raps4 ,no?+ cat*es ! eye m quickly1 or looks m slov5ly1 ?an ! ends ( ! traces /ick+ out a foot beyond ! keep]s1 or a belly-b& /rap dangl+ loose und]nea? ! horse4 ,:5 buy+ h>ness g to a really good mak]3 *eap clumsy h>ness nev] pays4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,driv+--,,s+le ,,h>ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,! />t4 ,be=e />t+1 always h a good look r\nd1 & see t all ! h>ness is put on correctly2 !n g to ! (f side ( ! horse & take ! re9s 9 ! "r h&1 ! ne> re9 "u ! =ef+] & ! (f re9 "u ! ?ird f+]4 ,sid5ote3 ,gett+ into dog-c>t4 ,get up into ! c>t & sit d[n imm$iately2 n[ transf] ! re9s into ! left h&1 ! ne> re9 ov] ! =ef+]1 & ! (f re9 "u ! middle f+]4 ,?us y h two f+]s betwe5 ! re9s 7fig4 #b74 ,! reason = ?is is t x gives mu* m scope ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to hold re9s4 = play ( ! wri/ on ! horse's m\? ?an if y only h "o f+] betwe5 ! re9s4 ,! ?umb %\ld po9t /raight to ! "r1 & ! =ef+] be held well out1 po9t+ to ! "r re>4 ,?is w keep ! ne> re9 close up to ! knuckle1 & ! horse may easily be mov$ across ! road to ei!r ! left or "r by turn+ ! back ( ! h& up or d[n respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,s+le ,,h>ness--,,position ,,( ,,! ,,h&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,sit well up4 ,sit well up2 no?+ looks s bad z to see ! driv] lean+ =w>d ov] ! re9s4 ,f9ally1 take ! :ip 9 ! "r h& at ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to />t4 ! place :]e x balances mo/ com=tably1 & y are ready to />t4 ,!n give ! horse ! (fice to />t by feel+ 8 m\? g5tly & speak+ to him2 if he does n respond t\* him g5tly ) ! :ip4 ,! mom5t he />ts drop ! h& slightly2 jibb+ is (t5 caus$ by neglect ( ! latt] precaution4 ,sid5ote3 ,elb[s mu/ be close to sides4 ,keep y\r elb[s close to y\r sides1 ) ! po9ts almo/ t\*+ ! hips4 ,! wri/s %\ld be well b5t1 z by ?is means y are enabl$ to keep a p]fectly /eady be>+ on ! horse's m\? )\t any j]k+4 ,?is is a v important po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,=e arm horizontal4 ,! =e arm %\ld be horizontal1 & ! f+]s f two to f\r in*es f ! c5tre ( ! body1 ) ! knuckles to ! front4 ,sid5ote3 ,l[] f+]s to grip ! re9s4 ,! ?umb mu/ n be press$ d[n on ! re91 except :5 a loop is tak5 up to turn a corn] to ! "r or left 7see fig4 #bc71 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to turn4 :5 ! "r h& is available = %ort5+ ! o!r re9 to prev5t ! horse turn+ too rapidly1 or else to use ! :ip to br+ him r\nd4 ,! f+]s :i* %\ld grip ! re9s1 7s tightly t !y %\ld nev] slip71 are ! ?ree l[] ones4 ,! =ef+] %\ld be held z 9 fig4 #b4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ip n to be us$ :5 h& on re9s4 ,nev] keep a l>ge am\nt ( slack ( ! (f re9 9 y\r "r h& 7fig4 #c71 z !n y _c use ! :ip2 & rememb] nev] to hit ! horse :ile ! "r h& is hold+ a re94 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s1 because if y d try to hit him :5 y h ! (f re9 9 ! "r h&1 y mu/ slack t re9 (f1 & ! horse imm$iately da%es away to ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,s+le ,,h>ness--,,"r ,,h& ,,9 ,,wrong ,,position4 ,sid5ote3 ,nev] move re9s 9 left h&4 ,x _c be too /rongly impress$ on ! beg9n]1 t :e!r ! "r h& is on ! re9s or n1 !y %\ld always be ( ! same l5g? 9 ! h&1 & nev] be all[$ to slip4 ,! "r h& %\ld nev] on any acc\nt take ! (f re9 out ( ! left h&4 ,x is ! fir/ & mo/ important law ( driv+1 t ! re9s1 z held 9 ! left h&1 %\ld be ( su* a l5g? z to keep ! horse /raight1 & %\ld rema9 at t l5g?1 :e!r ! "r h& is be+ us$ on "o or o!r ( !m or n4 ,no coa*man :o drives ) a re9 9 ea* h& c be said to "k 8 bus9ess1 & yet x is "o ( ! commone/ ?+s to be se5 9 ,london4 ,sid5ote3 ,d n job horse's m\?4 ,nev] use ! :ip on ! horse unnecess>ily1 & nev] job him 9 ! m\? except to puni% him = do+ some?+ wrong4 ,nev]!less1 = a horse :i* is incl9$ to kick1 jobb+ is v useful :5 appli$ at ! "r "t1 m especially if accompani$ by a %>p hit ) ! :ip ov] 8 e>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,nev] hit a %i]4 ,! :ip %\ld nev] be us$ on a %i]1 x w only fright5 him1 & confirm him 9 ! habit1 :i* is caus$ by n]v\sness & n by vice4 ,enc\rage him r by ,sid5ote3 ,use ! voice4 speak+ to him1 z !re is no?+ a horse le>ns to und]/& quick] ?an 8 ma/]'s voice4 ,d n flap ! re9s on 8 back ei!r to />t him or to make him increase 8 pace4 ,sid5ote3 ,pace %\ld be /eady4 ,le>n to drive at a /eady & ev5 pace4 ,f eight to n9e miles an h\r w usually be f\nd mo/ suitable to av]age horses1 b d n on any acc\nt drive sometimes at six miles & sometimes at t54 ,no?+ tires a horse s mu* z con/antly *ang+ ! pace4 ,sid5ote3 ,/>t sl[4 ,x is usually bett] to />t a little sl[]1 especially if y h a long way to g4 ,once fairly />t$1 keep y\r eyes well fix$ 9 front ( y1 & wat* exactly :at o!r vehicles are do+1 s t y may nev] h to pull up sudd5ly4 ,y %\ld be able to see f a di/ance :e!r y c get ?r\gh or n1 & if y see t y _c1 beg9 to sl[ d[n at once4 ,sid5ote3 ,j]ky pace v bad4 ,nev] increase y\r pace1 or *eck x1 sudd5ly4 ,no?+ is m uncom=table = ! pass5g]s or m we>y+ to ! horse4 ,x is f> bett] = ! beg9n] to sl[ d[n at once1 if he is n sure ( gett+ ?r\gh a tight place1 ?an to g fa/ up to x1 & !n h to pull up q sudd5ly1 if he c pull up at all4 ,?is _c always be done at ! la/ mom5t1 & an accid5t is ! result4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ re9s4 ,z a rule1 :5 x is necess>y to pull up 9 a hurry1 ! re9s _c be %ort5$ except by ?r[+ up ! h&s1 :i*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 looks v unbus9esslike4 ,! prop] c\rse to pursue is to cat* hold ( ! re9s ) ! fir/ f+] & ?umb ( ! "r h& j beh9d ! left1 & %ort5 !m z mu* z necess>y by pull+ !m ?r\gh 7fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,%ort5+ ,,re9s4 ,x is f> bett] on su* an occasion to h ! re9s r too %ort ?an too long1 b if only a small am\nt ( %ort5+ is requir$ ! "r h& c be plac$ on ! re9s 9 front ( ! left & ! left h& slid up to ! "r 7fig4 #e74 ,sid5ote3 ,signal ) :ip to c>riage beh9d4 ,:5 driv+ 9 a t[n1 x is ! rule to sw+ ! :ip /ick r\nd once or twice z an indication to ! driv]s ( vehicles beh9d y t y are go+ to sl[ d[n or turn a corn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,turn corn]s c>efully4 ,be=e com+ to ! turn ! pace mu/ always be *eck$1 p>ticul>ly 9 a t[n1 :]e ! /reets are g5]ally slipp]y & !re is ne>ly always a curb/one4 ,_m an accid5t occurs daily ?r\gh corn]s be+ negotiat$ c>elessly4 ,?is advice appe>s almo/ sup]flu\s1 b ! read] w f9d t to drive1 ev5 fairly brok5 horses1 collect$ly r\nd %>p turns requires great c>e & precaution4 ,sid5ote3 ,/>t+ a jibb]4 ,9 conclusion1 x is wor? po9t+ out1 t a horse :i* is incl9$ to jib1 may (t5 be />t$ ei!r by turn+ him to "o side ) ! re91 or if ?is fails1 by gett+ "s "o to pu% him ov]4 ,! reason is t he is ?us made to move be=e ! pull comes on 8 %\ld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,%ort5+ ,,re9s ,,by ,,slid+ ,,left ,,h& ,,up ,,to ,,"r4 ,sid5ote3 ,fit ( gloves4 ,! fit ( ! gloves may seem a v trivial matt] to ! un9itiat$1 b x is n consid]$ su* by ! exp]t coa*man4 ,any "o attempt+ to drive ) tight 8ma%]0 gloves w f9d 8 h& cramp$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,all 8 p[] is tak5 up 9 try+ to keep 8 h& %ut & wre/l+ ) 8 gloves1 & n z x %\ld be 9 hold+ ! re9s tight4 ,x is difficult 9 fact to h !m too l>ge4 ,!y %\ld be made ( dogsk91 & :5 new1 at lea/ "o in* long] ?an ! f+]s1 & r l>g]1 also v loose inde$ across ! palm ( ! h& & wri/4 ,!y w v soon %r9k d[n & become ! "r size1 aft] ! h& has got damp 9 !m once or twice4 ,x is a good plan to pun* a few r\nd holes 9 ! back ( ! gloves to keep ! h& cool4 ,! lea!r %\ld be h>d & t\gh1 b n too ?ick4 ,/rapp+ inside is apt to make gloves clumsy & v awkw>d = driv+1 especially ) f\r re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,wooll5 gloves4 ,wooll5 gloves %\ld always be c>ri$1 z !y are ! mo/ com=table 9 wet wea!r1 & ! re9s d n slip ?r\gh !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>riage rugs4 ,nev] drive )\t a rug or apron ( "s k9d4 ,a light clo? or cotton "o may be us$ 9 summ]1 b = ! w9t] x is f> bett] to h a ?ick "o ( box clo? w>mly l9$4 ,:5 *oos+ an apron1 rememb] to get "o ) a ,v-%ap$ piece let 9 at ! top2 ?is adds greatly to "o's com=t if !re are two p 9 ! c>t1 z x all[s ( ! sides be+ tuck$ "u1 & ?us keeps out bo? cold & wet v mu* bett] ?an "o )\t ! ,v let into x4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9ts on build+ dog-c>t4 ,a dog-c>t is ! h&ie/ ( two-:eel$ c>ts = all-r\nd purposes1 & !re=e ! "o 9 mo/ g5]al use2 s t a few h9ts on ! selection or build+ ( su* a vehicle may be ( use to ^? :o h n _h mu* practical exp]i5ce 9 t l9e4 ,at ! same "t ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d t :5 buy+ a c>riage ( any k9d pr(essional advice %\ld1 if possible1 be obta9$1 s9ce no "o )\t exp]i5ce c possibly f9d out faulty workman%ip or detect defects 9 ! mat]ial4 ,! foll[+ w\ld be built = horses ab\t #ae4b 9 height3-- ,sid5ote3 ,height ( :eels4 ,! :eels %\ld be fairly high1 say ab\t five feet1 z ?is enables ! horse to pull ! c>t ov] any small ob/ruction ) great] ease ?an ) l[ :eels4 ,sid5ote3 ,track ( :eels4 ,! track %\ld be f five to five feet ?ree in*es wide4 ,?is gives pl5ty ( room inside1 & makes ! c>t less likely to upset4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,dog-,,c>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,b5t %afts4 ,b5t %afts are ! mo/ conv5i5t = driv+ horses ( diff]5t heights1 & %\ld be pivot$ on ! front "p ( ! c>t & adju/able beh9d4 ,a c>t s con/ruct$ w easily admit ( horses f #ad4b to #af h&s be+ driv5 9 ! same vehicle4 ,sid5ote3 ,body ( c>t %\ld be wide & l[4 ,! body %\ld be z wide z possible1 because no?+ is m uncom=table ?an be+ cramp$ on a n>r[ seat4 ,x also ought to be l[ on ! axle1 ?us r5d]+ ! c>t f> m safe & also m com=table4 ,a fix$ body is bett] ?an "o t moves backw>ds & =w>ds on ! %afts1 because x always rema9s ! same di/ance f ! horse1 & enables ! c>t to be built light]4 ,sid5ote3 ,seat ( c>t4 ,! seat %\ld be l[ en\gh to prev5t ! driv] f feel+ he is 9 want ( a foot/ool or t he is half /&+1 & %\ld slide 9 a groove out ( :i* x _c come if ! horse falls d[n4 ,_m m5 h be5 ?r[n out & _h bad accid5ts simply because ( ! seat com+ away4 ,x is moreov] m com=table if slightly bel[ ! top ( ! sides ( ! c>t4 ,! back & front seats %\ld be s arrang$ t ! c>t w balance equally well ) "o p]son or f\r--a result :i* c be arriv$ at by hav+ ! seats to slide backw>ds & =w>ds :5 m ?an two p are 9 ! c>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,hea?'s pat5t seat ! be/4 ,i consid] ,hea?'s pat5t ! be/ = ?is purpose2 x is v light & effective4 ,sid5ote3 ,adju/able foot-re/ necess>y4 ,if ! seat is a slid+ "o1 ! driv] mu/ h an adju/able foot-re/1 & ?is c easily be manag$ by hav+ ab\t half-a-doz5 pairs ( holes 9 ! floor ( ! c>t = ! foot-re/ to fit into4 ,x %\ld be a pla9 bo>d cov]$ ) indi>ubb] to prev5t ! feet slipp+1 & tilt$ at an incl9e :i* w keep ! feet at "r angles to ! legs4 ,sid5ote3 ,b> foot-re/ dang]\s4 ,a b> foot-re/ is mo/ dang]\s1 z ! feet may be easily caught "u x 9 gett+ out ( ! c>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( lamps4 ,! lamps %\ld be fix$ betwe5 ! :eels & ! sides ( ! c>t1 c>e be+ tak5 t !re is pl5ty ( room = !m1 s t %\ld !y get b5t by any accid5t !y w n int]f]e ) ! :eels4 ,?is position is mu* ! be/ = t&em driv+2 9 any o!r position !y are cont9ually cat*+ ! la% ( ! :ip1 & are consequ5tly a p]petual s\rce ( annoyance4 ,sid5ote3 ,be/ trace atta*m5t4 ,! be/ sy/em ( draught = a dog-c>t is t 9 :i* ! traces are atta*$ to a sw+le-tree1 f ! c5tre ( :i* two *a9s pass d[n to loops fix$ to ! axle close to ! inside ( ! :eels4 ,sid5ote3 ,sw+le-tree4 ,! sw+le-tree is held up by two /raps :i* pass ?r\gh metal loops 9 ! front "p ( ! c>t4 ,^! /raps %\ld be pretty /rong2 7 !y to break1 ! b> w\ld fall on ! horse's hocks & cause an accid5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,*a9s on sw+le-tree n to be too long4 ,be c>eful t ! *a9s are n too long1 & t ! pull is really on !m1 & n z is frequ5tly ! case entirely on ! /raps4 ,9 ! latt] case ( c\rse ! sw+le-tree ceases to be ( any use4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantages ( sw+le-tree atta*m5t4 ,! sw+le-tree atta*m5t enables ! horse to pull directly f ! axle-tree by means ( ! *a9s1 & 9 ?is way ! be/ l9e ( draught is obta9$2 moreov] a c]ta9 am\nt ( play is giv5 to ! horses' %\ld]s & ! *ance ( _! gall+ is less ?an ) ! ord9>y me?od4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,driv+--,,d\ble ,,h>ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,d\ble ,,h>ness ,,on ,,horse4 ,,to drive a pair well1 t is1 to be able to put-to & drive any two horses1 is n su* an easy ?+ z at fir/ sight x may appe> to ! un9itiat$4 ,to drive a pair ( good go]s ?or\ghly accu/om$ to _! "w1 & h>ness$ up 9 ! "r mann]1 is su* a v simple matt] t ! m]e/ tyro ought to be able to compete ) x1 ) fair success4 ,b :5 he has two entirely diff]5t & unkn[n animals to take 9 h&1 x is q ano!r "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,belly-b&s4 ,d\ble h>ness is fitt$ exactly ! same way z s+le1 except t ! belly-b&s %\ld be slightly loos]1 s z to admit two or ?ree f+]s betwe5 !m & ! gir?s4 ,we w suppose t ! h>ness has be5 put on ! horses & correctly fitt$ to !m1 & t !y are /&+ 9 ! /able ready to be put-to2 !n ! correct way ( br++ !m out w\ld be z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to lead horse out ( /able4 ,! traces hav+ be5 plac$ across 8 back1 ! horse %\ld be l$ out by ! nose-b&1 n by ! re9 or ! b> ( ! bit1 o!rwise ! groom is v apt to job him 9 ! m\? )\t int5d+ to d s1 a p]=mance to :i* he may object & run viol5tly back1 or re> up & fall ov]4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ :5 lead+ out ( ! /able4 ,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t horses hit _! hips aga9/ ! walls1 :i* is liable to *ip !m1 & cause lam5ess1 besides tea*+ !m ! extremely bad habit ( ru%+ out ( ! /able-door4 ,sid5ote3 ,hook+ 9 alongside ( pole4 ,br+ ! horse c>efully up alongside ( ! pole1 s t he does n hit ei!r ! pole or ! b>1 & at once ins]t ! hook ( ! pole *a9 into ! r+ ( ! kidney l9k ( ! hames1 to prev5t 8 runn+ back on to ! spl9t] b>4 ,n[ place ! outside trace on ! roll] bolt1 & aft]w>ds fix ! inside "o4 ,! quick] ! latt] is done ) unc]ta9 horses or kick]s ! bett]1 z ?is op]ation r5d]s x necess>y to rea* "r ov] beh9d _! qu>t]s4 ,if only "o horse is likely to kick1 he %\ld be put 9 fir/1 to avoid ?is dang]4 ,:5 tak+ out ! exact rev]se %\ld always be adh]$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,poll+ up4 ,nev] pole up ! horses too tightly1 z x is v uncom=table = !m1 m especially ) a team1 :5 ! pole is a heavy "o1 because if ! pole *a9s are tight ! weight ( ! pole w be always re/+ on _! necks4 ,see t ! end ( ! hook on ! *a9 is po9t+ d[nw>ds1 z o!rwise a horse ) a b> across ! bottom ( 8 bit may get caught 9 x4 ,sid5ote3 ,pole pieces4 ,= ord9>y pair "w lea!r pole pieces are commonly us$ in/ead ( *a9s4 ,!y d n require s mu* clean+1 & are mu* less tr\ble4 ,!y mu/ be made ( /rong lea!r & kept s(t ) dubb+ or salad oil1 o!rwise !y may become rott5 & dang]\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,adju/m5t ( c\pl+ re9s4 ,! correct adju/m5t ( ! two %ort inside re9s1 call$ c\pl+ re9s1 requires great c>e4 ,!y %\ld be s fitt$ t an ev5 pressure is br\ght on bo? sides ( ! horses' m\?s1 & 9 su* a way also t bo? horses %all g /raight & pull ev5ly on ! traces 7fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,c\pl+ ,,re9s ,,prop]ly ,,fitt$--,,horses' ,,heads ,,/raight4 ,) a view to ?is ! out] re9s h a numb] ( holes pun*$ 9 !m1 up & d[n :i* ! buckles ( ! c\pl+ re9s c be %ift$1 ?us enabl+ !m to be %ort5$ or l5g!n$ to suit ea* p>ticul> horse's m\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,to prev5t a horse c>ry+ 8 head to "o side4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ne> horse c>ries 8 head to ! ne> side1 ! c\pl+ re9 on ! (f side %\ld be tak5 up1 :5 8 head w be /raight5$4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t if a c\pl+ re9 is let out ! effect is also produc$ ( %ort5+ up ! out] re9 on ! same side1 & ?us br++ ! horse on t side fur!r back ?an ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,to make horses :i* c>ry _! heads 9 diff]5t ways pull level4 ,suppos+ we h two horses app>5tly well mat*$1 b t ! ne> horse c>ries 8 head r out to ! front & has a light m\?1 :ile ! (f horse has a h>d m\? & c>ries 8 head close 9 to 8 *e/4 ,n[ to get ?is pair to pull equally on ! traces we mu/ obvi\sly h ! ne> horse's re9s consid]ably long] ?an ^? ( ! (f horse4 ,if !y h be5 put to ) ! c\pl+ re9s ( equal l5g?1 bo? buckl$ 9 ! c5tre holes1 !re w !n be ?ree or f\r holes on ea* side ( ! buckles1 & ! re9s c ei!r be let out or tak5 up 7fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,c\pl+ ,,re9s ,,( ,,equal ,,l5g?4 ,9 ?is case we %\ld beg9 by lett+ out ! (f side c\pl+ re9 two holes1 & tak+ up ! ne>-side re9 ! same numb] 7fig4 #aj74 ,!n z ! ne> horse has a light m\?1 he %\ld be put on ! *eek1 & ! h>d-m\!d pull+ (f horse on ! middle b>4 ,?is fitt+ w probably suit ! horses1 & ! pull on all f\r traces w be ev54 ,! re9s w n[ be adju/$ l ^? 9 fig4 #aj1 :i* %[s h[ ! ne> horse is able to hold 8 head well 9 front ( ! o!r1 :ile ! coll>s are br\ght level4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\pl+ re9s mu/ n be too tight4 ,! mo/ g5]al fault is c\pl+ up bo? re9s too tightly1 :i* makes ! horses c>ry _! heads 9 t[>ds ! pole1 in/ead ( go+ q /raight1 z !y %\ld d4 ,to prev5t horses acquir+ ?is habit1 x is a good plan occasionally to *ange _! positions1 in/ead ( always driv+ !m on ! same side ( ! pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,(f-,,side ,,c\pl+ ,,re9 ,,fitt$ ,,= ,,horse ,,:i* ,,pokes ,,8 ,,nose1 ,,ne> ,,c\pl+ ,,re9 ,,fitt$ ,,= ,,horse ,,:i* ,,c>ries ,,head ,,9 ,,*e/4 ,?is fault is v (t5 to be se5 9 ! lead]s ( a team1 keep+ !m close toge!r1 & caus+ !m to rub up aga9/ ea* o!r to su* an ext5t t !y sometimes *afe4 ,sid5ote3 ,to alt] l5g? ( re9 )\t int]f]+ ) c\pl+ re94 ,x is a conv5i5ce1 p>ticul>ly :5 break+ "y horses1 to h m ?an "o hole 9 ! billets = buckl+ ! re9s on ! bits1 s t a horse c be pull$ back or let out a hole on ei!r side )\t alt]+ ! c\pl+ re94 ,sid5ote3 ,to prev5t horses lean+ aga9/ ! pole4 ,horses 9 a pair sometimes get into ! trick ( lean+ 9 aga9/ ! pole1 p>ticul>ly :5 go+ d[n hill4 ,x is a difficult habit to cure !m (1 & p]haps ! be/ prev5tive is a good cut ) ! :ip :5 !y fir/ attempt x1 ?\gh a little furze or a bit ( h$gehog sk9 on ! pole is sometimes effective4 ,sid5ote3 ,re9s mu/ n be all[$ to slip4 ,! re9s mu/ nev] be all[$ to slip ?r\gh ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 nor "u any circum/ances %\ld ! (f re9 be tak5 ,sid5ote3 ,"r re9 nev] be tak5 out ( left h&4 out ( ! left h& 9 ord] to turn to ! "r or pull across ! road4 ,! "r h& %\ld pull ! re9 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! body1 & n out to ! side to :i* y wi% to g4 ,sid5ote3 ,to prev5t coll> gall+ ! )]4 ,sometimes a horse gets gall$ by ! coll>1 f be+ cont9ually pull$ up1 or f hold+ back d[n /eep hills2 ?is c be rem$i$ by hav+ a t9n$ iron plate fitt$ on "u ! top ( ! coll>1 )\t tak+ ! horse out ( "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,l5g? ( traces4 ,x w be f\nd t traces usually /ret* & become ( unequal l5g?2 :5 ?is occurs1 ! %ort] trace %\ld be put on ! inside1 & %\ld be m>k$1 s t x %all n be put on ! outside by mi/ake4 ,) "s horses x w be f\nd necess>y to h ! inside trace half a hole or ev5 "o hole %ort] ?an ! out] "o1 s z to obta9 an equal pressure on bo? sides ( ! coll>4 ,sid5ote3 ,be>+ /raps4 ,if be>+ /raps = ! traces are us$ !y %\ld be j long en\gh to keep !m 9 a /raight l9e2 if long]1 !y w jump up :5 ! horse goes into 8 coll>4 ,fur!r in/ructions = 8 guidance 9 driv+ a pair ! read] w f9d 9 ! *apt] on driv+ f\r horses4 ,breaks are s commonly us$ 9 ,india1 t a few h9ts may prove useful4 ,z a rule ^? 9 use are s l[ t ! horses' qu>t]s are 9 front ( ! footbo>d in/ead ( be+ "u x1 & ! driv] is consequ5tly too f> f 8 "w4 ,9 mod]n breaks ! driv+ seat & boot are built almo/ exactly l ^? ( a coa*1 :]e ! footbo>d is well ov] ! horses' qu>t]s4 ,t portion ( ! footbo>d :i* comes ov] ! roll] bolts %\ld be ab\t five feet f ! gr\nd1 :i* gives room = ! horses und]nea?4 ,! inside seats %\ld be at lea/ six feet long1 s z to take f\r p com=tably on ea* side2 a second seat beh9d ! driv+ seat z on a coa* c be add$1 & if necess>y c be made removable4 ,?is gives ?ree extra seats look+ to ! front1 ! occupants ( :i* w n suff] s mu* f ! du/ z if !y 7 inside4 ,! body c be hung on f\r elliptical spr+s1 ) a cross spr+ on ! h9d axle1 or on two elliptical spr+s 9 front ) two side spr+s & a cross spr+ beh9d4 ,! latt] me?od is to be pref]r$4 ,sid5ote3 ,break measurem5ts4 ,! approximate dim5sions are z foll[s 7see fig4 #dj73 height ( body f gr\nd1 #c ft4 #f 942 driv+ seat )\t cu%ions1 #g ft42 front :eels1 #c ft4 #b 942 h9d :eels1 #d ft4 #f 942 l5g? ( pole1 #aj ft4 #f 942 weight ab\t #ab cwt42 track1 #e ft4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,curricle ,,& ,,cape-,,c>t4 ,,:5 x is desir$ to drive a pair1 b ow+ to ! exp5se1 lack ( c>riage accommodation1 or o!r reasons1 ! pur*ase ( an extra c>riage is inconv5i5t1 an ord9>y dog-c>t c be fitt$ ) a pole & adapt$ = a pair ( ponies or horses at a v small co/4 ,9 su* a case h[ev] ! pole ( ! dog-c>t1 hav+ no?+ to support x ) ! ord9>y d\ble h>ness1 w\ld fall to ! gr\nd1 & x w\ld !re=e be necess>y to adopt "o ( ! two foll[+ me?ods ( draught3-- ,sid5ote3 ,curricle4 #a4 ,t kn[n z ,curricle1 9 :i* a b> pass+ f "o horse to ! o!r ov] ! pads supports ! pole by means ( a /rap or brace4 ,sid5ote3 ,cape-c>t4 #b4 ,! sy/em employ$ 9 :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,cape-c>t1 9 :i* ! support+ b> passes ?r\gh a r+ ne> ! end ( ! pole1 & is held up by /raps pass+ ov] ! horses' necks4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sy/ems is ! sm>t] 9 appe>ance1 :ile ! o!r is m suitable = r\gh "w4 ,i w beg9 by discuss+ ! ,curricle4 ,sid5ote3 ,co/ ( curricle4 ,an ord9>y dog-c>t :i* has removable %afts c be fitt$ ) ! requisite ge>1 includ+ ! curricle b> & ! pole *a9s1 = ab\t #aj4 ,! necess>y alt]ations 7 made to my own dog-c>t by ,messrs4 ,hea? ( ,ald]%ot1 :o _h orig9ally built x1 b ) no idea at ! "t x 0 made ( hav+ a pole ev5tually fitt$ to x4 ,i f\nd t x work$ admirably f ! fir/1 & no subsequ5t alt]ations or repairs 7 necess>y1 !re be+ 9 fact no?+ at all likely to get out ( ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to fit dog-c>t ) a pole4 ,to adapt ! c>t = pole draught1 a l>ge squ>e iron loop mu/ be fix$ "u ! front ( ! c>t1 & a small] "o "u ! c5tre4 ,! latt] loop mu/ be v /rong & firmly fix$1 z x has to take ! extreme end ( ! pole1 :i* at times puts on x a v great am\nt ( /ra94 ,an extra bo>d w !re=e probably h to be fitt$ "r across ! bottom ( ! c>t1 ! ord9>y bo>d+ ( :i* ! bottom ( a dog-c>t is usually made be+ too ?9 & flimsy to resi/ ! /ra9 :i* ! pole loop w put on x4 ,%\ld ?is loop te> out1 or ! bo>d to :i* x is fix$ give way1 a v s]i\s accid5t may occur4 ,! pole mu/ ( c\rse fit bo? loops accurately1 & x mu/ be secur$ 9 !m by a bolt pass+ ?r\gh x & prev5t+ x f be+ drawn out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,pole ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,spr+ ,,= ,,curricle4 ,und]nea? ! pole at ! po9t :]e ! support+ /rap w come !re %\ld be a /rong spr+ 7fig4 #aa71 :i* w d away ) mu* ( ! j> on ! pole itself1 & also on ! backs ( ! horses2 & if x is likely t a team ( f\r w be driv51 ! pole %\ld be made ) a hook at ! end to take ! sw+le b>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,b>s = atta*+ traces4 ,= ! atta*m5t ( ! traces two b>s mu/ be provid$ =1 & z ! front ( ! c>t w be too n>r[ = ^! to be fix$ to x direct1 iron /ays project+ ab\t six in*es to ei!r side c be screw$ on und]nea? ea* end ( ! front ( ! c>t4 ,! b>s c !n be fix$ to ^! /ays by bolts pass+ ?r\gh _! c5tres4 ,! b>s w !n revolve on _! c5tres & give ! horses' %\ld]s pl5ty ( play1 enabl+ !m to d _! "w ) mu* com=t4 ,to ! dog-c>t itself no o!r alt]ations are necess>y4 ,! addition ( ! pole does n affect ! balance to any appreciable ext5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 curricle & ord9>y d\ble h>ness4 ,) reg>d to ! h>ness1 ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 curricle & ord9>y d\ble h>ness is 9 ! pads4 ,^! mu/ be /rong & heavy1 & fitt$ ) special roll] bolts1 on :i* ! /eel curricle b> re/s 7fig4 #ab74 ,!y require to be heavy & /rong1 because at times ! pole w put a consid]able weight on !m1 m p>ticul>ly :5 go+ d[n hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,curricle ,,b> ,,& ,,roll] ,,bolts4 ,on ea* side !y h a lea!r loop l ^? on a t&em pad1 & ?r\gh ^! ! traces are pass$4 ,9 ! bolts on ! top ( ! pads is pivot$ a small /eel roll]4 ,! curricle b> re/s on ! roll]s1 & by _! action is enabl$ to "w freely f side to side1 or f "o horse t[>ds ! o!r1 )\t any friction or noise4 ,! roll]s c be rais$ or l[]$ ab\t a c\ple ( in*es1 s t %\ld ! horses be ( unequal height ! b> c be levell$ by rais+ or dropp+ "o end ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,curricle b>4 ,! b> %\ld be made ( /eel1 & mu/ be long en\gh to give at lea/ six in*es play to ! outside ( ea* pad :5 ! horses are /&+ squ>e 9 _! places4 ,x has a small screw at ea* end1 on :i* are screw$ flat circul> nuts to prev5t ! b> dropp+ out ( ! bolts & (f ! roll]s4 ,^! are put on imm$iately ! b> has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! bolts1 & are !mselves secur$ & prev5t$ f com+ unscrew$ by ,v-%ap$ /eel ties1 :i* pass ?r\gh slits at ! extreme ends ( ! b>4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! b> is a long-%ap$ loop or slit1 ?r\gh :i* ! brace or support+ /rap is pass$ 7fig4 #ab74 ,sid5ote3 ,support+ /rap or brace4 ,?is brace %\ld be a /rong lea!r /rap ab\t ?ree in*es wide4 ,x passes "u ! spr+ bel[ ! pole1 ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! b>1 & is fa/5$ by a l>ge d\ble buckle4 ,! traces are ! same z = s+le h>ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to prev5t pole tipp+ up4 ,to prev5t ! pole f tipp+ up :5 ! weight is on ! back ( ! c>t1 a light /rap1 ) a d\ble buckle at ea* end ( x1 c be fa/5$ to ! end ( ! gir?-/rap ( "o ( ! pads "u ! horse1 pass$ ov] ! pole1 & aga9 buckl$ at ! o!r end to ! o!r horse's gir?-/rap4 ,?is is an effectual rem$y = ! tilt+ up ( ! pole1 ev5 :5 a heavy man m\nts sudd5ly on to ! back seat4 ,9 all o!r respects ! h>ness is ! same z ord9>y d\ble h>ness4 ,if ! c>t is fitt$ ) a sw+le b> = s+le h>ness1 ! /eel *a9s :i* connect ! b> to ! axle c p]fectly well be us$ z pole *a9s1 9 :i* case x w\ld be unnecess>y to pur*ase new ones4 ,ponies ( f\rte5 h&s or upw>ds1 :i* w\ld look too small = a full-siz$ dog-c>t 9 s+le h>ness1 & w\ld be unable ow+ to its weight to draw x1 look extremely well & make little ( ! weight :5 driv5 z a pair1 & c ?us be utiliz$ 9 curricle :5 p]haps _! s]vices 9 h>ness w\ld o!rwise be lo/4 ,a team ( horses1 or bett] /ill ( ponies1 c also be driv5 9 ! pol$ dog-c>t1 provid$ t ! pole has ! hook ref]r$ to be=e at ! end ( x4 ,f\r horses look altoge!r too big1 & ! team is too long = ! %ort c>t beh9d x2 b a team ( ponies1 al?\gh !y also look r too long1 are v mu* bett]2 & ! slight disadvantage ( appe>ance is well c\nt]balanc$ by ! pleasure ( driv+ !m1 & by ! ease ) :i* long di/ances c be cov]$ )\t di/ress4 ,giv5 a good1 com=table1 roomy dog-c>t & f\r fairly-tra9$ ponies :i* are really fit1 & no m enjoyable way ( travell+ ab\t a c\ntry c be f\nd = two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r p4 ,! weight to be drawn is s small comp>$ to ! horse-p[] employ$1 t all hills c be surm\nt$ at a rapid pace1 & long di/ances c be cov]$ 9 a s+le day1 )\t plac+ any undue /ra9 on ! cattle4 ,! b>s1 ?\gh consid]ably light]1 are exactly l ! b>s ( a coa*1 :ile ! lead]s' h>ness1 x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k1 is precisely ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,cape-c>t4 ,9 ! ,cape-c>t1 ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! end ( ! pole1 comes a support+ b> or yoke1 sometimes call$ a bugle1 ! use ( :i* is to prev5t ! pole f fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,?is b>1 usually made ( lance wood1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & five feet long1 c be atta*$ to ! pole 9 sev]al ways1 b x is be/ s to arrange x t x c slide up & d[n ! pole z well z f side to side4 ,p]haps ! be/ & simple/ atta*m5t is obta9$ by pass+ a %ort /rap ) brass r+s at ea* end ( x r\nd ! pole1 & !n putt+ ! yoke ?r\gh ! r+s4 ,! middle ( ! yoke ought to be cov]$ ) lea!r1 to prev5t x be+ *af$ by ! pole4 ,?\gh coll>s c be us$1 brea/ h>ness is ne>ly always employ$1 & is mu* to be pref]r$ on acc\nt ( ! bree*+ be+ mu* m effective ?an ) coll>s2 )\t a bree*+ ! horses are apt to come back on to ! spl9t] b>4 ,nei!r crupp]s nor pads are ess5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,cape-,,c>t ,,h>ness4 ,! brea/ h>ness is held up by /raps :i* pass ?r\gh ! same pads z ! yoke /raps4 ,^! latt] are fix$ ne> ! middle ( ! yoke1 & pass ?r\gh pads on ! horses' )]s to %ort buckl+ pieces atta*$ ne> ! out] ends ( ! b>4 ,sid5ote3 ,mak]s ( ,cape h>ness4 ,messrs4 ,atk9son & ,philipson ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne make a speciality ( ?is k9d ( h>ness4 ,a dog-c>t c be adapt$ = ! ,cape-c>t draught 9 exactly ! same mann] z previ\sly describ$ = curricle2 ! pole1 h[ev]1 %\ld be r long]4 ,advocates ( ! ,cape-c>t claim ! foll[+ advantages = x ov] ! ,curricle3 t specially con/ruct$ heavy pads are n requir$1 & t %\ld "o horse fall1 !re is v slight *ance ( 8 br++ d[n ! o!r ) him4 ,^! two /yles ( draught are mu* us$ abroad1 ! latt] 9 ,india1 :]e x is kn[n z 8,tonga10 ! =m] 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :5ce x d]ives its "n4 ,z f> z utility goes !re appe>s to be little betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,spr++ ,a ,,hill4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v ,,driv+ ,,f\r ,,horses--,,position ,,( ,,coa*man4 ,,9 ord] to le>n to drive f\r horses z !y %\ld be driv51 x is necess>y to beg9 by /udy+ ! rules & g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is mo/ fasc9at+ amusem5t4 ,to ! lov]s ( ?is pa/ime no?+ is m enjoyable ?an sitt+ beh9d a p]fect & well-appo9t$ team skilfully driv54 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ant practice necess>y4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial = "o :o w\ld become a ?or\ghly effici5t :ip to h sev]al ye>s ( con/ant practice1 & ev5 :5 ?is has be5 obta9$1 x w be f\nd t !re is /ill always some?+ to le>n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,f\r ,,weights ,,& ,,pulleys ,,= ,,practis+ ,,driv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,practice ) weights4 ,= driv+1 l s _m o!r accompli%m5ts1 requires to be kept up1 or else ! h& & eye w v soon be f\nd to h lo/ _! cunn+1 & n only does "o become sl[ & clumsy ) ! :ip & re9s1 b ! arms & f+]s soon tire4 ,9 ord] to keep ! h& 91 :5 n driv+ regul>ly1 an arrangem5t ( weights & pulleys is a v conv5i5t toy4 ,x requires a weight ( ab\t tw5ty p\nds 7a cyl9d] ( lead is v h&y71 to :i* is atta*$ a /rong cord4 ,?is passes ov] pulley ,p 7fig4 #ae71 fix$ = conv5i5ce to ! mantelpiece or o!r projection f ! wall1 d[n to pulley ,p#a1 on ! floor1 & !n ends 9 a loop1 into :i* f\r /raps c be fa/5$ l re9s4 ,!n sitt+ 9 a com=table *air1 ! h&s hold+ ! /raps l re9s1 ! weight c be kept work+ up & d[n 7f\r or five in*es w be f\nd q suffici5t7 = t5 m9utes or s4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is r m complicat$1 b m useful = ! beg9n]1 is %[n 9 fig4 #af4 ,?is1 :ile /r5g!n+ 8 arms & f+]s1 enables him to acquire ! art ( loop+ & %ort5+ ! re9s1 & 9 fact to practise all ! tricks ( ,sid5ote3 ,arrangem5t ( pulleys & weights4 ! trade4 ,= ?is practice eight pulleys are requir$2 f\r are fix$ on ! wall1 ab\t ?ree or f\r feet f ! gr\nd & f ?ree to six in*es ap>t2 ! o!r f\r are plac$ directly "u ^!1 & fix$ to ! floor close up aga9/ ! wall4 ,a /rong cord is pass$ "u ea* l[] pulley fir/1 !n ov] ! pulley directly above1 ! ends be+ fa/5$ to weights ( f\r or five p\nds4 ,to ! o!r ends ( ! cords are atta*$ lea!r /raps simil> to ord9>y re9s4 ,?us y h f\r re9s1 ! two inn] ones repres5t+ ! :eel]s1 ! two out] ones ! lead]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,practis+ ,,driv+ ,,) ,,! ,,weights4 ,sid5ote3 ,weight on h&s :5 driv+ f\r horses4 ,x has be5 f\nd by trial t ! approximate weight on ! h&s :5 driv+ a light team is ab\t five p\nds1 b ! av]age weight may be tak5 z ab\t t5 or twelve p\nds1 :i* w be mu* increas$ ) a team ( pull]s2 :ile go+ d[n a /eep hill ! pressure w n infrequ5tly exce$ ?irty-five p\nds4 ,^! pressures1 :i* ,i asc]ta9$ aft] _m exp]im5ts1 w %[ ! novice h[ all-important x is t he %\ld be really fit1 & ! muscles ( 8 arms & f+]s well develop$1 be=e he c hope to be really ma/] ( a team ( horses4 ,x is always advisable1 :ile practis+ ) weights1 to hold a :ip1 or /ick to repres5t a :ip1 9 ! "r h&1 z by s do+ y w v soon get into ! way ( us+ ?is h& correctly on ! re9s 7fig4 #ae74 ,sid5ote3 ,muscle ( ?umb necess>y = hold+ :ip4 ,x is v important = ! "y driv] to develop ! muscle ( ! ?umb2 o!rwise x w be f\nd extremely tir+ to hold ! :ip prop]ly = any consid]able "t1 m especially aga9/ a high w9d4 ,messrs4 ,:ippy & ,/eggall h %[n me a v neat arrangem5t ( weights & pulleys :i* c be easily fitt$ up 9 any room1 & is well wor? inspection4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( body on driv+ seat4 ,:5 driv+1 ! body %\ld be kept upright & squ>e to ! front1 b all /iffness %\ld be avoid$4 ,! driv+ seat %\ld be l[1 & ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es high] at ! back ?an 9 front1 s t ! driv] c sit d[n 9 a really com=table position4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( legs4 ,! ankles & knees %\ld be j t\*+ ea* o!r1 & ! arms close to ! sides1 ! po9t ( ! elb[s t\*+ ! hip bone4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( arms4 ,! =e>m %\ld be ab\t horizontal1 & ! left h& f ?ree to f\r in*es f ! c5tre ( ! body1 ! back ( ! h& be+ turn$ t[>ds ! front & ne>ly v]tical1 b incl9$ a little t[>ds ! horses4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( left wri/4 ,! wri/ mu/ be b5t slightly t[>ds ! body1 & on no acc\nt all[$ to b5d ! o!r way4 ,?is is f> ! be/ position = feel+ ! horses' m\?s1 z ! wri/ !n acts l a spr+1 & a p]fectly ev5 pressure c be ma9ta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,lean+ =w>d bad4 ,sit well back1 & d n lean =w>d ov] ! re9s 9 ! attitude ( a dairymaid on a milk+-/ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,driv] %\ld sit well d[n4 ,! driv] %\ld on no acc\nt be half /&+1 or m]ely lean+ aga9/ ! seat1 ) unb5t knees1 z1 9 ! ev5t ( a :eel] fall+ or %y+ up a bank1 he w inevitably be j]k$ (f ! coa*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f\r ,,horses--,,! ,,re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to hold re9s4 ,,! be/ way ( hold+ ! re9s is to h ! ne> lead ov] ! left =ef+]1 ! (f lead betwe5 ! =ef+] & ! middle f+]1 ! ne> :eel betwe5 ! same & "u ! (f lead1 & ! (f :eel betwe5 ! middle & ! ?ird f+] 7fig4 #ag7 ,sid5ote3 ,?umb & =ef+] mu/ n hold ! re9s4 4 ,! re9s mu/ be gripp$ firmly by ! ?ree l[] f+]s ( ! left h&1 s t !y _c possibly slip1 ! ?umb & =ef+] nev] be+ us$ to hold ! re9s except :5 loop+4 ,! ?umb %\ld inv>iably po9t to ! "r1 & ! =ef+] be held well out4 ,! ne> lead re9 %\ld pass ov] or close to ! knuckle ( ! =ef+]1 & n ov] ! fir/ or second jo9t4 ,! beg9n] w f9d t aft] a "t ! muscle at ! base ( ! left ?umb w develop wond]fully1 & t ! re9s w be held betwe5 ?is muscle & ! l[] f+]s v firmly )\t any app>5t ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,f\r-,,9-,,h&--,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,adju/+ l5g? ( re9s 9 h&4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( adju/+ ! re9s1 ei!r by pull+ !m out or pu%+ !m back f ! front1 or by pull+ !m f beh9d1 or by tak+ out ! lead re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ re9s4 ,"o g5]al pr9ciple z to %ort5+ ! re9s is to d x by putt+ ! "r h& 9 front ( ! left1 & pu%+ ^? requir$ to be %ort5$ ?r\gh ! left h&4 ,9 do+ ?is ! ?umb %\ld nev] be us$1 z x is fully occupi$ 9 hold+ ! :ip4 ,b ! beg9n] w v (t5 f9d x easi] to %ort5 ! re9s f beh9d by pull+ !m ?r\gh ! left h&4 ,9 ?is case ! ?umb & =ef+] mu/ be us$4 ,i consid] ! foll[+ ! easie/ & mo/ effective ways ( adju/+ ! re9s1 viz43-- ,sid5ote3 ,to %ort5 all f\r re9s4 ,all f\r re9s c be %ort5$1 if mu* is requir$1 by pull+ !m ?r\gh f beh9d1 b x is g5]ally quick] & neat] to hold ! re9s ) "r h& two or ?ree in*es 9 front ( left 7! little & ! ?ird f+]s ov] ! (f-side re9s & middle f+] betwe5 ! ne>-side re9s71 & !n slide ! left h& up to ! "r4 ,by ?is means a p]fectly /eady pressure is kept on ! horses' m\?s4 ,?is movem5t is g5]ally requir$ :5 go+ d[n hill4 ,sid5ote3 ,to %ort5 bo? :eel re9s4 ,bo? :eel re9s4--,x is bett] to %ort5 ^! by pull+ !m ?r\gh f beh9d4 ,?is is necess>y :5 go+ d[n /eep hills1 especially :5 ! :eel]s are loosely pol$ up1 s z to prev5t ! b>s hitt+ ! lead]s' hocks4 ,sid5ote3 ,to %ort5 bo? lead re9s4 ,bo? lead re9s4--,9 ord] to %ort5 ^! take out bo? ! lead]s ) ! "r h& 7! ?ird & little f+]s ov] (f1 & fir/ or middle f+] ov] ne>-side re972 y c !n pass !m back to y\r left h& ! requir$ l5g? by lett+ !m slide ?r\gh ! "r h& ! necess>y am\nt4 ,to l5g!n !m1 simply pull !m ?r\gh f ! front4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ ne>-lead re94 ,! ne> lead4--,ei!r pu% ?r\gh f ! front1 ) ! full ( ! "r h& ov] ! re91 or take x "r out ( ! left h& ! same way & replace x ! prop] l5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ (f lead re94 ,! (f lead4--,pu% ?r\gh f ! front4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ ne> :eel4 ,! ne> :eel4--,?is re9 w be f\nd ! mo/ difficult ( all to keep 9 its "r place & to %ort54 ,x con/antly slips :5 ! horses pull1 & = beg9n]s x is c]ta9ly ! be/ plan to pull x ?r\gh f beh9d4 ,x c also be done by l5g!n+ out ! (f-lead re9 f ! front1 & !n pu%+ bo? re9s back toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ (f :eel4 ,! (f :eel4--,pu% x ?r\gh f ! front ) ! "r h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ c5tre re9s4 ,t he two c5tre re9s4--,always adju/ !m f ! front4 ,if ! lead]s are n /raight 9 front ( y1 :i* w be f\nd a v common occurr5ce1 b are runn+ to ! "r1 !y w g5]ally come /raight by pull+ ! two c5tre re9s ?r\gh ! left h& f ! front1 s z to l5g!n !m a little2 on ! contr>y1 if ! lead]s are runn+ to ! left1 pu% ^! two re9s back s z to %ort5 !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are go+ to ! "r or left simply because y are hold+ ! (f or ! ne>-lead re9 too %ort1 let out ?is re9 only1 j en\gh to br+ ! lead]s squ>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,pass+ (f across road4 ,! foll[+ are probably ! easie/ & mo/ effective me?ods ( pass+ (f across ! road1 or ( turn+ to ! "r or left3-- #a4 ,to ! left4--,turn ! left-h& knuckles upw>ds1 & pass x across ! body f left to "r2 ! horses w incl9e to ! left1 ! re9s on t side be+ %ort5$4 ,to ! "r4--,pass ! left h& d[n t[>ds ! left hip1 back ( ! h& to ! front1 ) ! knuckle ( ! =ef+] d[nw>ds & t ( ! little f+] upp]mo/2 ?is %ort5s ! "r-h& re9s & causes ! team to incl9e 9 t direction4 ,! :ip c be appli$ to ! (f :eel] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or ! ne> "o 9 ! second1 9 front ( ! pad1 if ! horses d n cross rapidly en\gh4 #b4 ,to ! left4--,) ! "r h& seize ! ne>-lead & :eel re9s "u ! l[] f+]s2 !n ei!r pull ^? re9s up t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! body1 :i* w %ort5 !m1 or all[ ! left h& to g slightly to ! front1 :i* w slack (f ! "r re9s1 or bett] /ill1 comb9e bo? ^! motions1 ! result be+ ! same 9 ea* case1 t ! team w g to ! left4 ,to ! "r4--,take hold ( ! (f-lead & :eel re9s ) ! l[] f+]s ( ! "r h&1 & treat !m 9 ! same way z describ$ = ! left re9s1 :5 ! team w g to ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,/eady+ ,,team ,,) ,,"r ,,h&4 ,! latt] ( ! two me?ods is by f> ! be/ & ! "o mo/ usually employ$1 ! o!r only be+ possible ) v p]fectly brok5 teams1 z obvi\sly only v little pressure c be put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,h[ ,,loop ,,%\ld ,,be ,,tak5 ,,up4 ,sid5ote3 ,to /eady ! team4 ,9 ord] to /eady ! horses or to ease ! left h&1 ! "r h& may be plac$ 9 front ( ! o!r ov] all ! f\r re9s 7fig4 #ah71 b x is g5]ally pref]able to h ! h& on only ?ree re9s = /eady+ purposes1 ! ?ird & little f+]s be+ ov] ! (f re9s & ! upp] f+]s ov] only "o ( ! ne> re9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,loop+ ,,ne>-,,lead ,,re9 ,,"u ,,?umb4 ,sid5ote3 ,! po9t or loop4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to expla9 ! t]m 8po9t0 or 8loop40 ,! po9t is made by tak+ hold ( ei!r ! ne> or ! (f-lead re9s "u ! little & ?ird f+]s ( ! "r h& 7n ) ! =ef+] & ?umb71 & plac+ x six in*es or m 7accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! turn71 ,sid5ote3 ,loop "u ?umb4 9 advance ( ! left1 & !n br++ x back s z to =m a loop "u ! left ?umb 7figs4 #bj1 #ba71 :i* mu/ press ! re9 firmly d[n on ! =ef+]4 ,z a rule nev] move ! left h& =w>d :ile do+ ?is4 ,! (f-lead re9 c also be loop$ "u ! fir/ f+] 9 turn+ to ! "r 7fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,loop+ ,,(f-,,lead ,,re9 ,,"u ,,?umb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,loop+ ,,(f-,,lead ,,re9 ,,"u ,,fir/ ,,f+]4 ,turn+ to ei!r side c be done z foll[s3 ,by po9t+ ! ne> lead] to turn to ! left 7fig4 #bj71 or ! (f lead] to turn to ! "r 7fig4 #ba72 or1 by po9t+ bo? ! ne>-lead & ! ne>-:eel re9s toge!r to g to ! left1 & simil>ly bo? ! (f-side re9s toge!r to g to ! "r1 at ! same "t /rik+ ! opposite :eel] ) ! :ip 9 front ( ! pad aft] ! po9t has be5 made1 if ! horses are requir$ to move 9 ei!r direction v quickly2 or1 by pass+ ! ne>-:eel re9 r\nd ! left ?umb1 & !n loop+ ! (f-lead "u ! =ef+] 7fig4 #bb71 x w be f\nd t ! horses w get m easily r\nd a v %>p & ,sid5ote3 ,turn+ an awkw>d corn]4 awkw>d corn] to ! "r1 especially go+ d[n hill4 ,9 a l mann]1 by loop+ ! (f-:eel re9 "u ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 & !n po9t+ ! ne> lead] "u ! ?umb1 any difficult turn to ! left c be negotiat$ ) p]fect safety4 ,?is me?od w (t5 be f\nd quick] & bett] ?an pass+ ! (f-:eel re9 "u ! ?umb4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( opposition po9t4 ,?is loop+ up ( ! :eel]'s re9 on ! opposite side to :i* y are ab\t to turn may be t]m$ ! 8,opposition po9t40 ,?is device = prev5t+ ! :eel]s f cutt+ ! corn]s w be f\nd mo/ useful ) horses t h be5 driv5 a great deal 9 ! :eel1 because !y soon le>n to recognize ! indication giv5 to ! lead]s by ! %ort5+ ( ! lead re9 pass+ along close to _! heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,"r ,,h& ,,on ,,(f-,,side ,,re9s ,,to ,,prev5t ,,:eel]s ,,cutt+ ,,corn]4 ,v (t51 :5 ! :eel]s are bor+ to "o side go+ d[n hill1 & ! :ip is requir$1 x is useful to loop up ! :eel]'s re9 on ! opposite side to :i* !y are bor+1 be=e us+ ! :ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,d n lean =w>d :5 loop+4 ,be c>eful1 :5 /ret*+ out ! "r h& 9 ord] to take up ! lead re9 to loop x1 n to lean ! body =w>d1 z x looks v bad1 & almo/ inv>iably %[s t ! left h& is hold+ ! re9s too %ort & is too f> away f ! body4 ,x is a common fault ) beg9n]s to /ret* out ! left h& :5 loop+1 ?us tak+ up a l>g] loop ?an w\ld be necess>y1 if ! left h& _h a prop] hold ( ! horses' heads4 ,! loop once made %\ld n be all[$ to slip until ! turn is complet$4 ,sid5ote3 ,prev5t :eel]s cutt+ corn]s4 ,! "r h&1 hav+ once caught up ! loop1 & giv5 ! lead]s ! (fice :i* way to turn1 is !n free to be us$ 9 any ( ! foll[+ ways3 to seize bo? ! (f-side re9s1 if turn+ to ! left1 to prev5t ! :eel]s f go+ too quickly r\nd ! corn] 7fig4 #bc72 to assi/ !m1 if n turn+ %>ply en\gh1 by cat*+ hold ( ! ne>-side re9s2 to d j ! opposite if turn+ to ! "r2 or f9ally to use ! :ip on ei!r ( ! :eel]s1 by hitt+ ! outside "o to make !m come r\nd m quickly1 or ! inside "o to prev5t !m cutt+ ! corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,opposition ,,po9t ,,to ,,! ,,"r4 ,sid5ote3 ,loop+ a second "t1 :5 fir/ loop n en\gh4 ,m ?an "o po9t c be made1 if a l>ge en\gh loop has n be5 tak5 up at fir/1 b usually "o po9t is suffici5t1 en\gh re9 be+ tak5 up ! fir/ "t to complete ! turn4 ,sometimes at a v %>p corn] two po9ts are necess>y1 z y may f9d t ! fir/ "o is n br++ ! lead]s r\nd fa/ en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition po9t to "r4 ,! opposition po9t to ! "r is made by putt+ ! ne>-:eel re9 r\nd ! left ?umb1 pass+ x f inside f "r to left1 & !n mak+ ! po9t ) ! (f-lead re9 "u ! =ef+] 7fig4 #bd74 ,:5 once r\nd1 fir/ let g ! po9t ( ! lead]1 & !n t ( ! ne> :eel]4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition po9t to left4 ,conv]sely1 ! opposition po9t to ! left is made by putt+ ! (f-:eel re9 "u ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 & !n po9t+ ! ne>-lead re9 "u ! ?umb 7fig4 #be74 ,9 ord] to avoid hav+ two re9s loop$ up "u ! ?umb1 x seems bett] to use ! =ef+] = "o ( ! loops & ! ?umb = ! o!r2 9 ?is mann] ei!r loop c be let g sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,opposition ,,po9t ,,to ,,! ,,left4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ re9s go+ d[n hill4 ,x %\ld h>dly ev] be necess>y to %ort5 ! lead re9s :5 go+ d[n hill1 z ! m]e fact ( ! :eel]s com+ back out ( draught to hold back ! coa* w make y %ort5 up ! re9s en\gh to br+ ! lead]s out ( draught at ! same "t4 ,if any?+1 x w be f\nd necess>y to %ort5 ! :eel re9s1 m especially if ! hill is v /eep & ! :eel]s are loosely pol$ up4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead]s out ( draught go+ d[n hill4 ,go+ d[n hill ! lead]s %\ld j c>ry ! b>s1 & no?+ m4 ,!y %\ld n put any /ra9 at all on ! pole1 = by do+ s !y obvi\sly t5d to c\nt]act ! ef=ts ( ! :eel]s to keep back ! coa*4 ,9 ord] to c>ry ! b>s ! traces %\ld be slack1 b n slack en\gh to let ! :ole weight ( ! b>s weigh d[n on ! pole1 :i* w\ld put s mu* extra weight on ! :eel]s' necks4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead]s mu/ n pull on pole :5 turn+4 ,be c>eful t ! lead]s are n /ra9+ on ! pole :5 turn+ a corn]1 z o!rwise ! :eel]s w inevitably be pull$ %>ply across on to ! pavem5t or footpa?1 & ! pole may be brok54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&--,,! ,,:ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to hold :ip4 ,,y mu/ le>n to play ) ! :ip neatly1 & to be able to use x skilfully on any ( ! horses4 ,! h&le %\ld re/ 9 ! palm ( ! "r h&1 & be kept firmly 9 its place by ! action ( ! ?umb press+ aga9/ ! base ( ! =ef+]2 ! l[] f+]s w !n be left free to cat* hold ( ! re9s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to pull ! re9s ?r\gh f beh9d1 ! l[] f+]s mu/ be tight5$ on ! h&le s z to all[ ! ?umb & =ef+] to be us$4 ,always take c>e t ! :ip is 9 its "r place1 & ! ?ong prop]ly done up4 ,sid5ote3 ,angle ( :ip4 ,hold ! :ip at an angle ( ab\t ?irty degrees to ! left front & ab\t =ty degrees upw>ds1 & n z 9 ! picture opposite 7fig4 #bf74 ,! ?ong ought to h ?ree or f\r turns r\nd ! /ick1 ! fir/ turn beg9n+ close to or on ! quill1 :i* is always cov]$ ) black tw9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,no k9ks 9 la%4 ,pay special att5tion to hold+ ! :ip s t ! d\ble ?ong hangs /raight d[n & has no k9ks 9 x4 ,if !re %\ld be any k9ks !y c be tak5 out by add+ a turn or two on ! /ick1 or by tak+ "s (f4 ,d n hold ! :ip tight] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! h& is on ! re9s ! grip may be releas$ altoge!r = a "t1 z !y w hold x up2 ?is w give ! ?umb a re/4 ,hold+ x loosely also ensures ! d\ble ?ong hang+ /raight d[n1 z !n x w d s by reason ( its own weight4 ,x looks excessively bad to see ! :ip held all sideways1 b x w con/antly get into t position unless ! tyro pays great att5tion to keep+ x /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,result ,,( ,,hold+ ,,:ip ,,9 ,,wrong ,,position4 ,sid5ote3 ,la% ( :ip "u ?umb4 ,! po9t ( ! la% %\ld be j "u ! inside ( ! ?umb2 ?is w keep x f slipp+4 ,hold ! :ip :]e x balances com=tably1 ! end ( ! /ick close to1 & "u ! =e>m1 ! wri/ well b5t1 & ! elb[ close to ! side4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( :ip h&4 ,:5 ! "r h& is n on ! re9s or us+ ! :ip1 x %\ld be kept close to ! left1 ! =e>m be+ ab\t horizontal4 ,x c !n re/ on ! ?igh1 & yet be ready = any em]g5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,balance ( :ip4 ,a good :ip %\ld balance well :5 held at or close to ! coll> 7?is %\ld come ne>ly "u ! ?umb71 o!rwise x w be f\nd top-heavy & clumsy4 ,! coll> is ! plate ab\t t5 in*es f ! ?ick end ( ! /ick1 & is sometimes t]m$ ! top f]rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,prep>+ ,,to ,,cat* ,,?ong4 ,sid5ote3 ,*oice ( :ip4 ,9 *oos+ a :ip ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts are3 fir/ly1 t x %\ld balance z above2 secondly1 t x %\ld be fairly light & spr+y--spr+9ess be+ useful1 because x r5d]s a :ip v mu* easi] to cat*2 &1 ?irdly1 t x %\ld h "s knots ne> ! top1 z !y mat]ially assi/ 9 keep+ ! ?ong up1 ?\gh too _m w be f\nd an imp$im5t to gett+ x out quickly4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to cat* ?ong ( :ip4 ,a v good way to le>n to cat* ! ?ong neatly r\nd ! /ick is ?is3 *alk a l>ge pot-hook or ,s on ! wall2 /& opposite to ?is ) ! :ip held 9 ! prop] position1 ! ?ong undone1 & ! po9t ( ! la% "u ! middle f+] ( ! "r h&1 ! =ef+] r po9t$ up ! /ick 7fig4 #bg72 !n ) ! po9t ( ! :ip quickly foll[ ! l9e z trac$ on ! wall1 beg9n+ f ! bottom end1 & mov+ x across f left to "r2 ! top "p ( ! ,s %\ld be done by a back turn ( ! wri/1 fir/ upw>ds & !n d[nw>ds1 :i* w br+ ! f+]s upp]mo/ at ! f9i%4 ,nev] let ! po9t ( ! :ip drop at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s1 & nev] hit at ! ?ong1 b on ! contr>y make x come up to ! /ick4 ,if y f9d t ! ?ong is caught r too l[ d[n1 x c be v easily s5t up high] by cat*+ x aga9 z above1 b ) r a %ort] & m j]ky motion1 9 fact describ+ a small ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,?ong ,,caught ,,up ,,be=e ,,loop ,,has ,,be5 ,,tak5 ,,(f4 ,?is is done almo/ entirely by ! wri/1 ) only a slight movem5t ( ! arm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,tak+ ,,(f ,,loop4 ,sid5ote3 ,tak+ out loop 9 la%4 ,hav+ caught ! ?ong 7fig4 #bh71 ! next ?+ to be done is to take out ! loop :i* w be f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! /ick1 s t all ! turns %\ld be f "r to left2 o!rwise x w v soon come undone4 ,to d ?is1 l[] ! /ick s z to enable ! left ?umb to seize ! loop 7tak+ c>e n to move ! left h& f its correct position :ile do+ s72 n[ move ! :ip h& out to ! "r front z f> z possible1 keep+ ! wri/ well b5t & hold+ ! la% tight ) ! left ?umb 7fig4 #bi74 ,?is movem5t w take (f ! turns on ! l[] end ( ! /ick4 ,n[ place ! :ip "u ! left ?umb1 & turn ! sp>e end ( ! la% once or twice r\nd ! h&le ,sid5ote3 ,end ( la% r\nd h&le ( :ip4 7fig4 #cj74 ,) ! "r h& reta9 ! po9t ( ! la% securely "u ! inside ( ! "r ?umb1 :i* w prev5t ! ?ong gett+ loose4 ,if ! po9t slips up1 x c be pull$ tight aga9 by cat*+ hold ( x ) ! left ?umb & =ef+]1 & draw+ ! "r h& away4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to keep la% pliant4 ,! ?ong %\ld be kept pliable by be+ rubb$ ) salad oil or mutton fat2 o!rwise x w be f\nd difficult to keep x 9 its prop] place :5 caught4 ,! foll[+ rules %\ld be foll[$ 9 hitt+ ! horses3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,secur+ ,,la% ,,by ,,twi/+ ,,x ,,r\nd ,,h&le ,,( ,,:ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to hit horses ) :ip4 ,! :eel]s %\ld be hit 9 front ( ! pad to avoid mak+ !m kick4 ,if ev] !y %\ld attempt to kick1 a sev]e bl[ ab\t ! e>s w usually put a /op to x4 ,g5]ally move ! :ip f left to "r1 keep+ ! wri/ ne>ly /iff1 & do+ x z f> z possible f ! elb[1 )\t any circul> motion ( ! =e>m4 ,) a fidgety ne> :eel] x is advisable to hit ! (f "o on ! outside4 ,x is no use hitt+ ! :eel]s if ! lead]s' re9s are too long2 9 ?is case y mu/ fir/ %ort5 up ! lead]s' re9s1 & !n use ! :ip on ! :eel]s2 o!rwise1 z soon z ! :eel]s h jump$ into _! coll>s1 ! lead]s w aga9 press =w>d1 & all[ ! :eel]s to hang back z be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,hitt+ (f lead]4 ,! be/ way to hit ! (f lead] is fir/ to br+ ! top ( ! :ip f ! ne> to ! (f side ( ! coa*2 !n undo ! ?ong by sw++ ! /ick r\nd & r\nd1 at ! same "t keep+ ! po9t ( ! la% "u ! fir/ f+]4 ,next br+ ! "r h& d[n close to ! left1 & place ! left ?umb ov] ! po9t ( ! la% s z to keep x cle> ( ev]y?+4 ,n[ sw+ ! /ick back to ! "r until ! wri/ is ab\t 9 l9e ) ! %\ld]1 at ! same "t releas+ ! po9t f "u ! ?umb4 ,?is %\ld be done ) v little movem5t ( ! wri/4 ,make a good circul> turn & br+ ! /ick to ! front aga9 %>ply1 aim+ ) ! po9t a little 9 front ( ! spot y wi% to hit4 ,9 do+ ?is ! la% c travel to ! front ei!r above or bel[ ! /ick1 b 9 traffic1 or :5 "u trees1 ! latt] w be f\nd ! saf]4 ,! only place ! po9t ( ! :ip %\ld ev] crack is on ! horse1 & nev] "u any circum/ances 9 ! air1 :i* w\ld be dang]\s1 especially to ^? on ! back seat1 besides be+ v unworkmanlike4 ,! la% %\ld hit ! lead]s "u ! b>s on _! hocks1 z x does n look well to see :eals or /reaks ( mud on ! horses' flanks & qu>t]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,hitt+ ne> lead]4 ,to hit ! ne> lead]1 beg9 z be=e1 b in/ead ( mak+ ! la% g to ! (f side ( ! coa*1 ?r[ ! "r h& well up & make a good sw+ ) ! /ick1 s t ! la% may g well ov] ! heads ( ! pass5g]s f ! (f to ! ne> side1 & !n by dropp+ ! po9t ( ! /ick & lett+ ! h& g slightly out to ! front1 x w be f\nd t ! la% w sw+ 9 & hit ! ne> lead]1 :ile pass+ outside & avoid+ ! ne> :eel]'s head4 ,sid5ote3 ,br++ back la%4 ,hav+ once hit ! lead]1 ! la% %\ld be br\ght back on ! ne> side ( ! coa*4 ,d n attempt to get x /raight back to y\r h&1 o!rwise y w mo/ likely hit ! :eel]1 or ! pass5g] on ! box seat1 b j s5d ! la% out to ! front ov] ! lead]s ) a circul> motion1 & !n by hold+ ! /ick ne>ly upright x w come into y\r h& or "u y\r arm 7fig4 #ca74 ,?is w leave ! "r h& free to /eady ! horses1 :i* w g5]ally be f\nd necess>y4 ,! la%1 hav+ be5 br\ght back to ! ne> side ( ! coa*1 c also be recov]$ by rais+ ! :ip v]tically & br++ x ov] ! :eel]'s back4 ,?is1 al?\gh a quick] plan ?an ! o!r1 w n be f\nd s easy or s safe4 ,sid5ote3 ,hitt+ ne> lead] "u b>s4 ,! ne> lead] c also be hit f ! (f side "u ! b>s4 ,to d ?is ! la% mu/ be ?r[n outw>ds1 away f ! coa*1 & !n br\ght back sw++ "u ! /ick1 s t ! po9t passes betwe5 ! (f :eel] & ! (f lead] j "u ! end ( ! pole4 ,?is requires a consid]able am\nt ( practice1 o!rwise ! (f-side horses w (t5 be hit by mi/ake4 ,ano!r v useful me?od is to ?r[ ! la% betwe5 ! :eel]s' heads1 hitt+ ! lead] on ! qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,br++ ,,back ,,?ong ,,( ,,:ip ,,aft] ,,hitt+ ,a ,,lead]4 ,sid5ote3 ,plac+ la% "u ?umb be=e cat*+ up4 ,:5 once ! la% has be5 secur$ "u ! wri/ or =e>m1 x c easily be plac$ "u ! left ?umb by br++ ! "r h& d[n close to ! left4 ,hold+ x firmly 9 ?is position1 draw ! :ip h& away to ! "r front1 keep+ ! wri/ well b5t1 & all[+ ! la% to slide ?r\gh ! middle f+] ( ?is h&4 ,?is c be repeat$ until ! po9t ( ! la% has be5 pull$ up into ! "r h&1 :5 ! ?ong c be caught on ! /ick z usual4 ,if y cat* ! la% /raight into ! "r h& ! po9t may be got hold ( by ?r[+ ! po9t ( ! /ick upw>ds1 & all[+ ! la% to slide ?r\gh ! middle f+]4 ,?is is n ne>ly su* a good plan z t describ$ above1 = y may easily ?r[ ! la% away altoge!r1 & ?us h to cat* x aga94 ,be c>eful1 :5 y h ! po9t ( ! la% 9 ! "r h&1 to see t ! loop is well cle> ( ev]y?+ be=e cat*+ x up on ! /ick1 z x (t5 ,sid5ote3 ,see t ?ong is n caught on footbo>d4 gets caught r\nd ! h&le ( ! footbo>d or aga9/ ! re9s1 :i* utt]ly spoils ! cat*4 ,sid5ote3 ,nev] use :ip :5 "r h& on re9s4 ,y %\ld nev] hit a horse ) ! :ip :ile ! "r h& is hold+ a re92 x looks v awkw>d1 & is mo/ unworkmanlike4 ,%\ld y h a loop ( a re9 9 ! "r h&1 z y might h :5 go+ r\nd a corn] to ! "r1 fir/ place ! loop "u ! left ?umb or =ef+]1 & !n use ! :ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,to release la% caught 9 h>ness4 ,if :5 hitt+ a lead] ! la% %\ld get caught r\nd ! b>s or h>ness1 d n j]k or pull x h>d1 b %ake x loosely up & d[n2 o!rwise x w mo/ likely get caught all ! tight]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ip "u ?igh4 ,if y want to use ! "r h& on ! re9s :ile ! la% is caught1 place ! h&le "u ! ?igh & sit on x4 ,%\ld ! :ip get fa/ 9 ! b\gh ( a tree or a ,sid5ote3 ,la% caught 9 tree4 lamp-po/1 on ! ne> side1 ! only ?+ to d is to let x g at once1 lett+ y\r h& g well up & ov] to ! left4 ,y w !n avoid hitt+ ! pass5g] on ! box seat4 ,con/ant practice ) ! :ip is absolutely ess5tial2 no "o c drive well until he has ?or\gh control ov] x1 & is able to manipulate x 9 su* a way t ! horse /ruck is ! only "o :i* kn[s t x is be+ us$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&4 ,,/>t+--,,pull+ ,,up--,,turn+4 ,sid5ote3 ,look+ r\nd be=e />t+4 ,,be=e />t+ h a good look r\nd & see t ! horses are prop]ly put 91 t ! h>ness is correctly put on & fitt$1 & m especially t ! bits are rightly adju/$ & ! re9s put 9 ! correct places4 ,take c>e also t ! pole-p9 is 9 its place4 ,x is nev] safe to tru/ entirely to ! s]vants or o/l]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead re9s %\ld nev] be buckl$4 ,! lead re9s %\ld nev] "u any circum/ances be buckl$ toge!r2 ! reason ( ?is is t if ! ma9 b> gets brok51 ! lead]s w be able to pull ! re9s ?r\gh & get cle> away4 ,on road coa*es x is cu/om>y to leave bo? lead & :eel re9s unbuckl$4 ,sid5ote3 ,prep>+ to />t--tak+ up re9s4 ,place ! :ip neatly caught up 9 ! socket1 if n already !re4 ,/&+ alongside ( ! (f :eel]'s qu>t]s1 ) ! "r h& take hold ( ! lead]s' re9s )\t t\*+ ! horses' m\?s1 & place !m 9 ! left h&1 ! =ef+] betwe5 !m2 next take hold ( ! :eel]s' re9s1 plac+ ! middle f+] ( ! left h& betwe5 !m1 )\t pull+ !m s tight z to feel _! m\?s4 ,!n ) ! "r h& pull out ! (f-side re9s twelve to eighte5 in*es1 & see t ! splic+ on ! lead re9s & ! buckles ( ! c\pl+s 9 ! :eel re9s are ab\t ! same di/ance f ! left h&4 ,! re9s w !n be ab\t level :5 y are seat$ on ! box4 ,sid5ote3 ,transf]r+ re9s to "r h& be=e m\nt+ box4 ,hav+ done ?is1 transf] ! f\r re9s to ! "r h&1 b "o f+] l[] d[n ?an !y are held 9 ! left2 ! fir/ f+] w !n be free to hold on to ! footbo>d :il/ climb+ up4 ,sid5ote3 ,m\nt+ box seat4 ,9 ord] to help y\rself on to ! box1 cat* hold ( ! lamp wire ) ! left h&1 place ! left foot on ! pipe box ( ! :eel1 ! "r foot on ! roll] ( ! spl9t] b>2 !n ! left foot c be rais$ on to ! /ep & ! "r foot on to ! footbo>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,sit d[n at once :5 m\nt$4 ,n[ sit d[n on ! seat at once2 o!rwise if ! horses />t (f sudd5ly y may be pit*$ (f4 ,imm$iately transf] ! re9s f ! "r h& back to ! left1 by pass+ ! f+]s ( ! left h& j 9 front ( ! f+]s ( ! "r1 ! =ef+] ( ! left h& be+ opposite ! middle f+] ( ! "r4 ,!n adju/ any re9 n f\nd to be correct4 ,x is always advisable to h a rug ,sid5ote3 ,rug or apron necess>y4 or apron ov] y\r knees1 z n only does x look untidy to be )\t "o1 b x also saves y\r tr\s]s imm5sely1 z ! re9s are sure to t\* !m to a c]ta9 ext5t & we> !m out1 especially 9 damp wea!r4 ,z soon z y h arrang$ ! re9s satisfactorily 9 ! left h&1 be+ especially c>eful n to h !m too long1 take ! :ip out ( ! socket & keep x 9 ,sid5ote3 ,caution to pass5g]s be=e />t+ horses4 ! "r h&4 ,be=e />t+ always give ! caution1 8,sit fa/10 or ask if 8,all "r beh9d80 z _m a man has be5 j]k$ (f f n kn[+ t ! coa* 0 go+ to />t4 ,sid5ote3 ,to />t horses4 ,to />t1 feel all ! horses' m\?s1 &1 if necess>y1 give !m ! ^w to g1 dropp+ ! h& to !m at once until ! coa* is fairly (f4 ,no?+ t5ds m to make horses jib ?an hold+ on to _! heads at ! mom5t ( />t+4 ,sid5ote3 ,:eel]s />t ! coa*4 ,! :eel]s ought to />t ! coa*1 & ?is c be effect$ by t\*+ !m ) ! :ip if !y require a h9t4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 on any acc\nt hit a :eel] :i* is incl9$ to jib1 b make ! o!rs get ! coa* mov+4 ,to be able to />t horses well is p]haps ! mo/ difficult ?+ :i* ! "y driv] has to le>n4 ,! knack c only be acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 & no absolute rules c be laid d[n = 8 guidance1 z no two teams are alike 9 temp] & disposition4 ,be=e />t+ h ! rugs tak5 (f quietly1 n snat*$ (f1 &1 z soon z y are ready1 make ! grooms /& well cle> ( ! horses' heads4 ,!n />t !m z quietly z possible1 devot+ all y\r skill to gett+ ! coa* "u weigh at once1 )\t pull+ at ! horses' heads1 z no?+ irritates horses s mu*1 or is m apt to make !m jib1 ?an j]k+ _! m\?s1 or hav+ to pull up & />t afre%4 ,z soon z !y are well />t$1 y c br+ y\r h& back a little & feel _! m\?s prop]ly4 ,!n if y f9d t ! horses are n go+ /raight y mu/ re-adju/ ! re9s z quickly z possible2 ?is is a mo/ difficult ?+ = a beg9n] to d neatly4 ,x is a good plan to />t ) ! ne>-:eel re9 r %ort] ?an ! (f1 z t is ! mo/ difficult re9 to %ort5 9 a hurry4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ip %\ld be 9 ! h&1 ready = use at />t4 ,x is nev] safe to />t ! coa* )\t hav+ ! :ip 9 ! "r h& ready = imm$iate use4 ,! :ip is to ! driv] :at ! leg is to ! rid]1 i4e41 x keeps ! horses up to _! bits4 ,z soon z ! horses are go+ /raight take ! "r h& (f ! re9s1 at ! same "t keep+ x close by ready = any em]g5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,left h& mu/ give & take4 ,a great deal ( ! neatness 9 driv+ dep5ds on :at may be t]m$ ! give & take ( ! left h&4 ,t is1 x c be all[$ to g =w>d or be l[]$ a little1 or be pull$ back close to ! body2 = in/ance1 9 ord] to pull across ! road to ! "r1 ! "r h& %\ld pull ! (f side re9s1 :ile ! left h& at ! same "t moves slightly to ! front s z to slack (f ! ne>-side re9s4 ,9 ?is way bo? h&s d _! %>e ( ! "w1 & an exagg]at$ movem5t ( ! "r h& is r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,mu* c also be done by turn+ ! back ( ! left h& ei!r up or d[n4 ,! pr9cipal effect ( ?is is to %ort5 or l5g!n ! ne>-lead re91 & s pull ! lead]s m or less across ! road4 ,sid5ote3 ,pull+ up4 ,:5 y want to pull up1 %ort5 all ! f\r re9s by pass+ ! left h& up to ! "r1 or else by pull+ all ! f\r re9s ?r\gh f beh9d z be=e expla9$2 !n hav+ ! "r =ef+] on ! ne>-lead re91 ! middle f+] on ! ne> :eel1 & ! l[] f+]s ( ! "r h& on ! (f re9s 7see fig4 #ce71 pull bo? h&s back t[>ds ! body1 & if necess>y lean back a little4 ,x is n easy to pull up exactly squ>e1 z "o :eel] w v (t5 hang back mu* m ?an ! o!r4 ,?is c be regulat$ by pull+ r h>d] ) ! middle f+] to keep ! :eel]s to ! left1 or by press+ /rongly ) ! l[] "p ( ! h&1 9 ord] to keep !m to ! "r4 ,%\ld ! horses be gett+ ! bett] ( y1 & y f9d t y _c /op !m1 x w be f\nd a great assi/ance to place ! "r leg ov] all ! f\r re9s1 z y may !n be able to /op !m by ! extra p[] & lev]age y ga9 by ! position ( ! leg4 ,hav+ pull$ up at ! end ( a /age1 pr(essional coa*m5 always ?r[ ! re9s d[n ) bo? h&s outside ! :eel]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 turn+ r\nd1 g sl[4 ,) pl5ty ( room a coa* c be turn$ r\nd at a consid]able pace1 b = ?is a wide sweep mu/ be tak54 ,unless !re is at lea/ tw5ty y>ds1 rememb] to g v sl[ly2 o!rwise ! ,sid5ote3 ,coa* may lock & upset4 coa* may lock1 & !n no?+ c save x f ov]turn+ except ! break+ ( ! pole4 ,9 any case great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! :eel]s well out & ! lead]s' b>s v slack4 ,to d ?is x is well to put on ! opposition po9t1 & take a l>ge loop 9 ! lead]s' re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,turn+ 9 n>r[ road4 ,if x is necess>y to turn 9 a v n>r[ road1 x is g5]ally bett] to take ! lead]s out1 b x c also be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,sid5ote3 ,back+ coa* to enable turn to be made4 ,pull (f to ! left side ( ! road z f> z possible1 & !n pull up to a walk2 slant ! horses across ! road to ! "r by advanc+ a little1 & !n halt1 pull+ /rongly on ! ne> re9s s z to get ! pole across to ! left2 %ort5 up all ! re9s1 & ) ! little f+] ( ! "r h& on ! (f-side re9s1 & ! middle f+] on ! ne>-:eel re91 pull back ! horses1 back+ ! coa* z f> z circum/ances w admit4 ,:5 aga9 halt$ ! coa* ought to be at "r angles to ! road4 ,! lead]s mu/ n[ be br\ght "r r\nd to ! "r1 & 9 ord] to d ?is x is usual to %ake ! (f-lead re9 a little be=e tak+ up ! loop1 o!rwise ! lead]s may come back on to ! pole4 ,! :eel]s mu/ be br\ght r\nd aft] ! lead]s1 c>e be+ tak5 n to br+ !m r\nd too quickly1 s z to lock ! =e-c>riage4 ,turn+ to ! left is done 9 a simil> mann]4 ,) un/eady horses x is saf] to take out ! lead]s1 z !y are apt to be hit by ! b>s1 or come back on ! pole4 ,sid5ote3 ,pull ( "r h& %\ld be t[>ds c5tre ( body4 ,always pull ! re9s t y take up ) ! "r h& t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! body1 & on no acc\nt let y\r h&s move across to ! side to :i* y want ! horses to g4 ,?is r appe>s to be ! natural t5d5cy1 b x mu/ be ov]come4 ,sid5ote3 ,turn+ corn] )\t loop+4 ,x is (t5 unnecess>y to loop :5 go+ r\nd a g5tle curve1 & x may be suffici5t to pull ! lead re9 ) ! "r h&1 & !n1 :ile /ill reta9+ a slight bight 9 x1 to cat* hold ( ! :eel re9 on ! same side j bel[2 by ?is means y pull bo? ! re9s on ! same side1 b ) great] =ce on ! lead re9 ?an on ! :eel4 ,?is plan may also be adopt$ = slant+ across ! road4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,f\r-,,9-,,h&4 ,,v>i\s ,,useful ,,h9ts--,,:at ,,sp>e ,,articles ,,to ,,c>ry1 ,,etc4 ,,! beg9n] mu/ n suppose t a team1 or = t matt] ev5 "o horse1 c be driv5 ) ! left h& only2 ev5 ! v be/ ( :ips is oblig$ to h con/ant rec\rse to ! "r h&1 especially :5 pass+ ?r\gh traffic4 ,at ! same "t1 he mu/ rememb] to resi/ ! temptation ( keep+ ! "r h& p]man5tly on ! re9s1 nor %\ld x ev] be employ$ l ! coa*man's h& 9 fig4 #c1 9 hold+ on to a bight ( ! (f re9s 9 ord] to keep ! horses /raight4 ,! team ought to run p]fectly /raight at any "t ) ! re9s 9 ! left h& only2 & z a cont9u\s pressure ( ! "r h& is v liable to cause any "o ( ! re9s to slip1 especially ! ne> :eel :5 ! horses are pull+1 ?is practice is objectionable4 ,( c\rse if ! left h& gets tir$1 ! "r mu/ come to its assi/ance1 & !n x %\ld be plac$ ei!r on ?ree or all f\r re9s 7see figs4 #ah & #ce74 ,sid5ote3 ,always keep a /eady pressure on re9s4 ,m9d & keep a good /eady pressure on ! re9s at all times1 & keep ! horses up to t pressure ) ! :ip4 ,! mo/ common fault among amateurs is t !y d n hold _! horses ne>ly tight en\gh by ! head4 ,sid5ote3 ,re9s slipp+ a common fault4 ,always h a good hold ( !m1 & above all ?+s rememb] nev] to let ! re9s slip ?r\gh ! f+]s4 ,?is is a con/ant cause ( horses gett+ out ( h&1 & pull+ = a long way1 :5 !y w\ld o!rwise h gone q com=tably aft] ! fir/ mile or s4 ,sid5ote3 ,res9 or wax on gloves4 ,to prev5t ! re9s f slipp+1 if ! horses are pull+1 & especially ) new gloves1 x w be f\nd v conv5i5t to put a little p[d]$ res9 or beeswax on ! f+]s & palm ( ! h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,/>t sl[4 ,if y h "t1 always />t sl[ly 7at fir/ six or sev5 miles an h\r72 by adopt+ ?is plan ! horses w g m k9dly1 & aft] a bit y\r arm & f+]s w feel mu* less tir$ ?an if y _h />t$ at a rapid pace4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r wri/ well r\nd$ :5 "r h& on re9s1 back incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,x is v important to keep ! "r wri/ well r\nd$ :5 pull+ ! re9s on ei!r side1 & ! back ( ! h& r incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,po9t ( :ip to be kept well up & to ! front4 ,by keep+ ! h& 9 ?is position x w be f\nd t ! po9t ( ! :ip is kept well to ! front & high up4 ,if ! back ( ! h& is turn$ up at all1 ! :ip is sure ei!r to cause consid]able inconv5i5ce to ! p]son on ! box seat 7fig4 #bf71 or else to hit ! ne> :eel] close to 8 tail4 ,?is w mo/ probably make him swi% x1 & if x %\ld by any *ance get ov] ! ?ong1 ! result may be disa/r\s to ! boot4 ,sid5ote3 ,team bor+ to "o side--h[ to rem$y4 ,if ! horses are all bor+ to ! left1 x is no use simply pull+ at ! two (f-side re9s ) ! "r h&1 b at once %ort5 ^! re9s 9 ! left4 ,?is c be done ei!r by %ort5+ !m s+ly1 or by cat*+ hold ( ! two (f-side re9s z usual1 plac+ ! =ef+] ov] ! ne> lead1 & ! middle f+] ov] ! ne> :eel1 & !n all[+ ! ne>-side re9s to slide a little ?r\gh ! f+]s ( bo? h&s1 :ile /ill reta9+ a firm grip ( ! (f-side re9s4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 only a v little c be got out at a "t by ?is me?od4 ,ano!r plan is to grip ! re9s tightly ) ! "r h&1 ! fir/ two f+]s ov] ! ne>-side re9s1 ! l[] f+]s ov] ! (f1 & !n to op5 ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 :5 ! (f-side re9s c be pu%$ ?r\gh !m by turn+ ! l[] "p ( ! "r h& t[>ds ! left 7see figs4 #ah & #ce74 ,sid5ote3 ,nev] remove left h& f re9s4 ,nev] on any acc\nt take ! left h& out ( ! re9s1 ev5 ?\gh ! "r may be hold+ !m firmly 9 front1 z x is v difficult to get ! left h& back into its place aga9 ) ! re9s 9 ! "r places4 ,( c\rse1 if y\r f+]s are numb$ f cold or f h>d pull+1 x w be necess>y to take ! h& out & slap ! f+]s on ! ?igh4 ,sid5ote3 ,tak+ lead]s' re9s out ) "r h&4 ,b if ! horses seem to be go+ all anyh[1 take ! lead]s out ) ,sid5ote3 ,lead re9s %\ld seldom be remov$ f left h&4 ! "r h&1 ! little f+] ov] ! (f lead1 & ! fir/ or second f+] ov] ! ne> lead 7fig4 #cb72 !n adju/ ! :eel]s by lett+ ! re9 :i* is too %ort slide g5tly ?r\gh ! left h&1 & replace ! lead]s4 ,if ! re9s are f\nd to be too long1 %ort5 !m all f beh9d4 ,?is plan %\ld be r>ely resort$ to1 z x is a v bad habit to p]petually fiddle ) ! lead re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,keep an eye always on horses4 ,always keep an eye on ! position ( ! horses1 & see t !y are 9 _! "r places1 & t ea* is do+ 8 fair %>e ( "w4 ,if any horse is out ( 8 place1 f9d out ! cause1 & adju/ ! re9 or use ! :ip accord+ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,grip tightly ) ?ird & little f+]s to prev5t re9s slipp+4 ,always keep ! left h& & elb[ 9 _! prop] positions1 & keep a firm grip ( ! re9s ) ! ?ird & little f+]s nev] on any acc\nt all[+ "o to slip4 ,?is _c be too /rongly insi/$ on1 al?\gh x w be f\nd v tir+ at fir/1 ev5 if ! horses are n pull+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,tak+ ,,lead]s' ,,re9s ,,out ,,( ,,left ,,h& ,,) ,,"r ,,h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,d n drop left h&4 ,:5 cat*+ or att5d+ to ! :ip1 beg9n]s are v apt to drop ! left h&4 ,?is leads to horses gett+ out ( h&1 & makes !m pull4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 loop+ d n alt] position ( left h&4 ,d n all[ ! left h& to g mov+ across ! body f side to side1 or to move to ! front to pick up ! re9s2 except occasionally :5 turn+ to ! left1 :5 x may be useful to loop ?us3-- ,hold ! (f-side re9s "u little & ?ird f+]s ( ! "r h&2 !n take hold ( ! ne>-lead re9 ) ! =ef+] "s ?ree in*es away f left h&2 & hold+ x tight br+ x up z mu* z possible t[>ds ! body1 at ! same "t quickly pass+ ! left h& d[n s z to cat* ! ne>-lead re9 9 front ( ! "r =ef+] ) ! left ?umb2 !n br+ ! left h& back to its orig9al position1 & y h a good loop1 & ! :eel]s are *eck$ f ru%+ ! corn] by ! l[] "p ( ! "r h& press+ on ! (f re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead]'s tail ov] re9s4 ,if "o ( ! lead]s gets 8 tail ov] ! re9s1 nev] pull at x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 slack x out4 ,pull ! :eel]s across to t side on :i* ! (f5d] is runn+2 !n hit ! :eel] on ! opposite side1 on 8 neck1 :5 ! movem5t ( ! :eel]s to "o side w probably cle> ! re94 ,sid5ote3 ,loos5 re9 fix$ "u tail by hitt+ horse4 ,ano!r plan = gett+ ! re9 out is to slack x a good deal1 & give ! horse a %>p hit ) ! :ip beh9d ! pad2 ?is w ne>ly always cause him to swi% 8 tail1 :5 y c pull ! re9 quickly away4 ,if bo? ! above me?ods fail1 /op ! coa* at once1 :5 a man mu/ get d[n & release ! re9 by lift+ up ! lead]'s tail1 & n by pull+ ! re9 away f "u x4 ,sid5ote3 ,to prev5t lead] gett+ tail ov] a re94 ,) a horse t habitually gets 8 tail ov] ! re9s & !n kicks1 x is a good plan to run ! lead re9 ei!r ?r\gh ! ?roat-la%1 or ! inside loop ( ! be>+-re9 ( ! :eel] :i* is on ! opposite side ( ! coa* to ! kick+ lead]4 ,! re9s c also be run ?r\gh ! head t]rets or loops on ! top ( ! :eel]s' heads1 b if ?is is done x is bett] to use a be>+-re91 because1 if ! horse %akes 8 head up & d[n1 he w inevitably j]k ! lead] 9 ! m\?4 ,^! t]rets h be5 almo/ entirely done away )1 z1 if ! lead]s pull1 !y put a great /ra9 on ! :eel]s' heads1 & if ! latt] ?r[ _! heads up & d[n to any great ext5t1 !y cont9ually j]k ! lead]'s m\?s1 ,sid5ote3 ,objection to lead re9s pass+ ?r\gh head t]rets4 :]eas by pass+ ! lead re9s ?r\gh ! r+ on ! ?roat-la% ( ! :eel] !re is almo/ a /raight pull f ! lead]s' m\?s to ! t]rets on ! pads ( ! :eel]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,side re9s4 ,side re9s are sometimes useful on lead]s1 & h a good effect on h>d-m\!d horses4 ,if on ! outside1 !y %\ld be fix$ to ! buckle ( ! horse's own trace1 b on ! inside to t ( ! o!r horse4 ,a v useful k9d ( side re9 has a brass r+ sewn into "o end ( x in/ead ( a buckle2 a %ort /rap or loop is pass$ ?r\gh ?is r+ & buckl$ to ea* side ( ! bit1 :ile ! o!r end ( ! re9 is buckl$ to ! inside trace ( ! o!r horse4 ,! ord9>y re9 us$ by ! ,artill]y ,driv] on 8 (f horse w d equally well4 ,?is consi/s ( a long re9 buckl$ to ! outside ( ! bit1 & a %ort c\pl+ piece to ! inside4 ,if a horse pulls v h>d & tries to get 9 front ( ! o!r horse1 ei!r ( ^! re9s w br+ all ! pull on to 8 bit & keep him 9 8 place4 ,sid5ote3 ,fitt+ c\pl+ re9s4 ,! lead]s' c\pl+ re9s %\ld n be made too long or else ! horses' tails may get fix$ 9 !m--a position f :i* x w be f\nd t !y are extricat$ ) difficulty4 ,! buckles %\ld come to )9 six or eight in*es ( ! top ( ! lead]s' tails1 :i* all[s pl5ty ( room = tak+ up or lett+ out ^! re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,to prev5t buckle ( c\pl+ re9 gett+ fix$ 9 t]ret4 ,h a runn] fix$ ab\t a foot bel[ ! buckle on ! re91 ?r\gh :i* ! c\pl+ %\ld be pass$2 ?is w prev5t any *ance ( ! buckle gett+ ?r\gh ! t]ret4 ,messrs4 ,:ippy & ,/eggall ( ,london h inv5t$ ano!r simple device to prev5t ?is dang] occurr+4 ,!y place a %ort /eel plate1 ab\t five in*es long1 cov]$ ) lea!r1 & ! same wid? z ! re9s1 betwe5 ! re9 & ! c\pl+4 ,"o end has a hole :i* passes ?r\gh ! tongue ( ! buckle1 & ! o!r has a runn] on x1 ?r\gh :i* ! c\pl+ passes1 s z to admit ( ?is re9 be+ alt]$4 ,!y also place two keep]s on ! re9 j bel[ ! buckle4 ,by ?is means ! /eel plate w\ld be drawn across ! t]ret & ! buckle c\ld n possibly get ?r\gh4 ,= ! fitt+ ( c\pl+ re9s ! read] mu/ ref] to ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,sid5ote3 ,to prev5t :eel]s cutt+ corn]s4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! :eel horses f ru%+ too quickly r\nd a corn]1 :i* !y v (t5 try to d1 x is usual to cat* hold ei!r ( bo? (f or ne>-side re9s ) ! "r h&1 on ! opposite side to :i* y are turn+1 aft] hav+ loop$4 ,:5 loop+ a :eel re9 = ! opposition po9t1 take hold ( ! (f re9 f outside1 b ! ne> re9 f above ! two (f re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,keep tight hold ( horse's head :5 hitt+ him4 ,:5 /rik+ a horse be c>eful to keep a tight hold ( him1 z ! :ole effect ( ! puni%m5t w be lo/ if ! re9s are slack or are all[$ to slip4 ,sid5ote3 ,buckles ( :eel re9s %\ld be close to h&s4 ,! buckles ( ! :eel]s' re9s %\ld be well )9 rea*1 b %\ld n be s f> up z to come into ! h& :5 go+ d[n a /eep hill or :5 pull+ up4 ,a foot f ! h& :5 ! horses are 9 draught w be f\nd to be ab\t "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,crupp]s unnecess>y except ) be>+-re9s4 ,crupp]s w be f\nd q unnecess>y z a g5]al rule1 m especially on ! lead]s1 b if be>+-re9s are us$1 x is almo/ imp]ative to h !m on1 9 ord] to prev5t ! pads be+ pull$ =w>d on to ! )]s1 & s gall+ ! horses4 ,be c>eful n to h any sp>e end ( ! crupp]-/rap hang+ loose1 or ! lead re9 w be apt to get caught 9 x1 & give tr\ble4 ,= ?is reason x is a good plan to h ! crupp]s made m>t+ale fa%ion1 z !y h no sp>e ends1 & only "o runn] is requir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,re9s %\ld be ( equal ?ickness4 ,bo? lead & :eel re9s %\ld be exactly ! same wid? & ?ickness1 & %\ld on no acc\nt be %ort4 ,?is is extremely dang]\s1 z !y might be easily dropp$4 ,x is mu* bett] to h !m v long1 b ab\t two or ?ree feet ( sp>e re9 w usually be f\nd suffici5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead]s fly+ ap>t4 ,:5 lead]s are incl9$ to fly away f ea* o!r1 or "o ( !m hangs outw>ds1 ! inside traces %\ld be lapp$ r\nd ea* o!r & hook$ into _! own b>s4 ,?is w help to keep ! horses toge!r4 ,x is n a good plan1 ?\gh x is sometimes done1 to fa/5 ! lead]s' b>s toge!r by a *a9 z1 if a horse kicks1 & gets 8 legs fix$ up betwe5 ! ma9 b> & ! o!rs1 x becomes a v difficult matt] to extricate him4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp>e ge> %\ld be c>ri$4 ,! foll[+ sp>e articles %\ld always be c>ri$ on a coa*3-- ,two sw+le-trees--"o l>ge & "o small4 ,two traces--"o lead & "o :eel4 ,a jo9t$ :ip fix$ up on a bo>d4 ,a lea!r bag conta9+ a h& pun* ) assort$ bits1 & a ,mc,mahon spann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,bru%+ boots4 ,bru%+ boots4 ,^? made ( fairly ?ick blanket w be f\nd ! mo/ useful4 ,!y mu/ be long en\gh to g "r ov] ! fetlock & ov]lap1 & %\ld be fa/5$ r\nd ! middle ) tape & be deep en\gh = ! upp] "p to be fold$ d[n ov] ! knot4 ,coll>-pads--sev]al lea!r ones are requir$4 ,%eepsk9--a good-siz$ piece4 ,ne$le & wax$ ?read4 ,a few sp>e /raps & buckles4 ,a few *eek lea!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,false coll>s4 ,false coll>s1 :i* c ei!r be made ( lea!r or numnah1 (t5 come 9 v h&y4 ,! advantage ( ! latt] mat]ial ov] ! =m] consi/s 9 its be+ s(t]1 & 9 ! ev5t ( a gall a piece c easily be cut out2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x requires a m roomy coll>4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt] bits :5 team pull+4 ,if ! team are pull+ too h>d1 /op !m occasionally & alt] ! bits4 ,l[]+ ^! 9 ! horses' m\?s (t5 has a wond]ful effect4 ,y c also tight5 ! curb-*a9s1 or put ! re9s l[] d[n on ! bits4 ,d n pull at y\r horses m ?an y c help1 b directly y feel t !y are gett+ ! be/ ( y /op at once1 & if possible give !m up to ano!r driv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,pace %\ld suit ! sl[e/ horse4 ,if ?ree ( ! team c g t5 miles an h\r1 & ! f\r? horse only eight1 keep ! ?ree back to ! sl[ "o1 = y _c make him g up to ! o!rs )\t gallop+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y are on a road coa*1 x is bett] to let ! sl[ horse gallop ?an to lose "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,gallop+4 ,gallop+ %\ld n be attempt$ by ! novice1 = until he has le>nt to take a good /eady hold ( ! horses' heads x is really v dang]\s1 n only on acc\nt ( ! rapid pace1 b because ! coa* w almo/ c]ta9ly be set rock+ 9 a v uncom=table mann]1 & may ev5tually be upset4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to prev5t coa* rock+4 ,:5 a coa* is f\nd to be rock+1 give ! lead]s a little m re91 s t _! traces may place a m con/ant /ra9 on ! pole1 :i* w !n be /eadi$4 ,!n take hold ( ! horses' heads & sl[ d[n gradually4 ,sid5ote3 ,horse's likes & dislikes4 ,if possible try & f9d out :at a horse likes & dislikes s z to avoid irritat+ him4 ,! s\nd ( ! horn annoys _m horses t]ribly1 & makes !m pull4 ,sometimes ?is c be got ov] by con/antly bl[+ ! horn 9 ! /able4 ,"s hate ! s\nd ( ! :ip1 s try & use x v quietly4 ,o!rs dislike ! s\nd ( heavy c>ts rattl+ pa/ !m1 & are 9 t case be/ plac$ on ! ne> side4 ,sid5ote3 ,judg+ pace4 ,to become a really good judge ( pace is mo/ difficult1 b x is v important1 & c only be le>n$ by con/ant & /eady practice4 ,sid5ote3 ,team wobbl+4 ,to drive neatly ! horses mu/ above all ?+s be kept go+ /raight along ! road1 ) ! :eel]s exactly beh9d ! lead]s4 ,always save y\r cattle z mu* z possible1 & to ?is end nev] let !m wobble across ! road4 ,9 "s teams ?is t5d5cy to wobble is great1 & mu/ be *eck$ at once4 ,?is c only be done by cont9ually wat*+ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,coa* wobbl+1 apply grease4 ,"o great cause ( ! coa* wobbl+ is ! =e-c>riage mov+ /iffly1 ow+ to grit or mud hav+ f\nd its way 9 betwe5 ! plates--a /ate ( affairs :i* c easily be rem$i$ by a pl5tiful application ( grease4 ,sid5ote3 ,/e]+ team l /e]+ a %ip4 ,any su* movem5t %\ld be anticipat$ 9 ! same mann] t a good helmsman anticipates ! sw+ ( 8 %ip1 ) a slight motion ( ! rudd]1 z by s do+ he is nev] oblig$ to put 8 helm h>d ov]4 ,! unaccu/om$ h& always waits too long1 till ! %ip has already swung1 & !n is oblig$ to use a great deal ( helm--! result be+ t he makes 8 c\rse into a s]ies ( zigzags4 ,9 ! same way a v slight pressure appli$ on ! re9s at ! "r "t w keep ! horses go+ p]fectly /raight & true1 )\t any pull+ or j]k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,"r ,,h& ,,assi/+ ,,left 7,,on ,,?ree ,,re9s ,,only74 ,sid5ote3 ,treat+ f\r re9s z if only ?ree4 ,to atta9 ?is end x is v conv5i5t to treat ! f\r re9s z if !re 7 only ?ree1 ! two (f-side re9s be+ treat$ z "o & always kept toge!r 7fig4 #cc74 ,!n all t is necess>y is to place ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s on ! (f-side re9s1 & ! middle f+] on ! ne> lead] to *eck ! t5d5cy ( ! lead]s to run to ! "r or ( ! :eel]s to ! left1 or else ! middle f+] on ! ne> :eel] 7fig4 #cc71 to *eck ! t5d5cy ( ! lead]s to run to ! left or ! :eel]s to ! "r4 ,?is _c be too /rongly impress$ on ! read]1 z ! "r h& has to be m frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is way ?an 9 any o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat*+ an omnibus driv] is a good lesson4 ,a v good & inexp5sive lesson 9 driv+ may be obta9$ by rid+ on ! box seat ( an omnibus by ! side ( a good driv] ?r\gh ! mo/ cr[d$ p>ts ( ,london4 ,! driv] has n only to gauge 8 own pace accurately1 b also t ( ! o!r vehicles he is meet+ & pass+4 ,sid5ote3 ,judg+ pace ( o!r c>riages4 ,?is r5d]s x absolutely necess>y = him to keep 8 eyes look+ well to ! front & n always rivet$ on ! horses1 o!rwise he w be unable to judge exactly ! relative positions ( 8 own & ! o!r vehicles on ! road1 all ( :i*1 at any giv5 mom5t1 w mo/ probably be mov+ at diff]5t rates ( spe$4 ,^! ?+s h to be calculat$ to a nicety & almo/ in/antane\sly1 if ! coa*man wi%es to w5d 8 way at a /eady & a fairly uni=m pace ?r\gh ! busy traffic ( cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es l ^? ( ! ,metropolis4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ange ( pace mu/ be gradual4 ,:5 he f9ds t x w\ld be impossible to get ?r\gh by cont9u+ at an ev5 pace1 he mu/ ei!r g fa/] or sl[ d[n4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! *ange ( spe$ %\ld be gradual1 s z to avoid any sudd5 j]ks4 ,sid5ote3 ,pull+ up ) j]k1 bad driv+4 ,to be oblig$ frequ5tly to pull up ) a j]k n only indicates bad driv+1 b causes ! greate/ discom=t to bo? pass5g]s & horses4 ,_m ,london coa*m5 are 9 ! habit ( treat+ _! pass5g]s 9 ?is way1 ) ! result t !y are p]petually jolt$ out ( _! seats & exp]i5ce s5sations :i* are bo? unpleasant & irritat+4 ,! reason is n f> to seek--^! coa*m5 are bad judges ( pace1 int]val1 & di/ance1 & d n see till too late :e!r x is possible to get ?r\gh or n4 ,!y fir/ hit _! horses to try & get ?r\gh1 & !n at ! la/ mom5t f9d+ x impossible are oblig$ to pull up sudd5ly4 ,) a heavy coa* x is impossible to pull up at once1 s t ! *ances are a collision w occur4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to judge wid? ( coa*4 ,! wid? ( a coa* is judg$ z f> z ! driv] is conc]n$ by ! lead]s' b>s4 ,!y are always1 or !y ought to be1 r wid] ?an ! pipe boxes ( ! :eels1 s t ! driv] kn[s ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty t :]ev] 8 b>s w pass 8 coa* w pass also1 always provid$ t he is go+ /raight4 ,if he is on a curve he w h to make "s all[ance = 8 h9d :eels1 z _! track w pass a little inside t ( ! =e4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 pass+ give room to o!r c>riages4 ,:5 pass+ a c>riage d n move across ! road m ?an is necess>y1 b at ! same "t1 once hav+ ov]tak5 x1 d n pull across its front until well cle>1 unless compell$ to d s4 ,x is consid]$ bad =m to oblige ano!r driv] to sl[ d[n unnecess>ily4 ,beg9 to cross 9 pl5ty ( "t1 s z to make ! incl9e z gradual z possible1 & ?us avoid pull+ at ! horses4 ,x is f> bett] & saf] = ! beg9n] to give himself pl5ty ( room1 & to sl[ d[n at once if he is n c]ta9 ( gett+ ?r\gh4 ,no?+ %\ld be left to *ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,take a pull be=e go+ d[n hill4 ,always take a pull at ! horses to /eady !m j be=e y arrive at ! cre/ ( a hill1 & beg9 to desc5d ! o!r side sl[ly4 ,! pace c always be increas$1 b x is mo/ difficult to *eck x if y f9d t y h too mu* way on4 ,9 cross+ ov] a bridge1 l ! ord9>y canal bridge1 :]e ! rise & fall ( ! road are v %>p1 be c>eful ! lead]s are out ( draught1 o!rwise ! j]k on ! pole might cause x to snap4 ,sid5ote3 ,! break4 ,z reg>ds ! break1 ! driv] %\ld put x on & take x (f himself1 z no "o else c tell ! exact mom5t :5 x is requir$ or :5 x c be disp5s$ )2 b ) ! beg9n]1 :o probably has q z mu* z he c d to manage ! re9s1 x is advisable to h assi/ance4 ,x %\ld be put on1 z a rule1 be=e ! coa* is actually on ! incl9e1 &1 if ano!r hill has to be asc5d$ imm$iately1 x %\ld be tak5 (f be=e actually arriv+ at ! bottom1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! way on ! coa* to assi/ 9 m\nt+ ! opposite asc5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,com+ (f racec\rse4 ,:5 com+ (f a racec\rse ) a heavy load nev] pull up if x c possibly be avoid$1 b keep mov+ at any price1 h[ev] sl[ly1 ! :eels w !n nev] h "t to s9k deeply into ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ) a team t is incl9$ to jib1 x is long odds aga9/ gett+ />t$ aga9 )\t a consid]able loss ( "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,on slipp]y /ones or asphalt4 ,:5 com+ on to slipp]y /ones or asphalt ! horses w require hold+ r m firmly ?an be=e1 & x is advisable to sl[ d[n a little :5 approa*+ a corn]1 o!rwise ! :eel]s are liable to slip up 9 turn+ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,:eel] slipp+ go+ d[n hill4 ,if1 :ile go+ d[n a hill1 & especially :5 ne> ! bottom1 y f9d a :eel] slipp+ on to 8 hocks1 d n try to pull him up1 b drop y\r h& & all[ ! team to g a trifle fa/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,place "r h& on re9s pass+ />tl+ objects4 ,x is a good plan = ! novice to accu/om himself to place 8 "r h& on ! re9s :5 pass+ any?+ on ! road1 or any object by ! side ( x1 :i* might />tle ! horses1 s z to be ready to *eck !m at once %\ld !y %[ any t5d5cy to %y 9 ei!r direction4 ,naturally ! beg9n] w f9d t x takes "s little "t = 8 "r h& to get into ! habit ( in/9ctively seiz+ ! prop] re9s :5 a sudd5 em]g5cy arises1 & accid5ts occur s v quickly t ,i ?9k ^! precautions may save him f _m a mi%ap4 ,exp]i5tia docet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,t&em ,,)\t ,,b>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,x ,,t&em ,,driv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9ciples ( t&em driv+4 ,,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( t&em driv+ are v naturally almo/ ! same z ^? ( driv+ a coa*4 ,b ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /yles arises f ! fact t bo? horses 9 a t&em turn mu* m quickly & ) f> less pressure on ! re9s1 m especially ! lead]1 ?an ! pair ( horses1 ei!r :eel or lead1 9 a coa*4 ,fur!rmore1 ! t5d5cy to wobble ab\t ! road is mu* great]1 necessitat+ a mu* m frequ5t use ( ! "r h&2 s t x really requires great] quickness & light] h&s to drive a t&em ?an a coa*4 ,sid5ote3 ,great nicety & quickness requir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a t&em c turn on its own gr\nd & ev]y?+ is 9 front ( ! driv]1 :]eas a coa* requires a l>ge space to turn 91 & (t5 a good all[ance has to be made = ! h9d :eels4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantages ( t&em4 ,"o ( ! greate/ recomm5dations ( a t&em is t x is well )9 ! rea* ( _m :o _c af=d a team4 ,! small extra exp5se & tr\ble :i* ! lead] entails are fully comp5sat$ = by ! extra enjoym5t :i* ev]yone feels :5 driv+ beh9d a p]fect & well-appo9t$ t&em4 ,sid5ote3 ,idea ( t&em be+ dang]\s is errone\s4 ,x is q a mi/ake to suppose t a t&em is necess>ily a v dang]\s turn-out to sit beh9d4 ,x is no?+ ( ! sort1 if driv5 by an exp]i5c$ coa*man & ! horses are fairly tra9$4 ,( c\rse horses t h nev] be5 driv5 9 s+le h>ness _c be safe 9 a t&em4 ,sid5ote3 ,almo/ any horse w g 9 t&em4 ,b almo/ e horse t w g 9 s+le h>ness1 & "s t w n1 w make p]fectly safe lead]s ) v little tea*+4 ,x mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood t !re is an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]ms a p]fectly safe lead] & a p]fect lead]4 ,a horse may be a p]fectly quiet animal1 :i* w n kick1 nor d any?+ t w get "o into difficulties or dang]1 b yet be a t]rible slug4 ,?is w\ld altoge!r prev5t "o driv+ him rapidly ?r\gh traffic2 !re=e1 ?\gh a p]fectly safe animal1 he is n a p]fect ,sid5ote3 ,frequ5t use ( "r h& necess>y4 lead]4 ,z m5tion$ above1 x is necess>y to use ! "r h& v frequ5tly :5 driv+ a t&em1 9 ord] to imm$iately *eck e t5d5cy ! lead] may h to ,sid5ote3 ,foll[ lead] if he turns sudd5ly4 cross ! road or to turn r\nd a corn]4 ,b if by any *ance ! lead] has got well on ! turn be=e y are able to *eck him1 d n !n try & d s1 b apply ! pr9ciple ( 8,foll[ my lead]0 at once4 ,foll[ aft] him1 & :5 ! horses are /raight turn r\nd & come back aga94 ,d j ! same if y are /&+ /ill1 & ! lead] sudd5ly comes "r r\nd4 ,:il/ turn+ ! :eel]1 back him if possible1 s z to give ! lead] pl5ty ( room4 ,by ?is means y w nev] get ! lead] ti$ 9 an inextricable knot4 ,if x is n possible to foll[ ! lead] r\nd1 hit him on ! side ( ! head ) ! :ip1 :i* w probably induce him to get back into 8 place4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( left h& & me?od ( hold+ re9s4 ,! left h& %\ld be held 9 ! same position z :5 driv+ f\r horses1 & ! re9s held 9 precisely ! same way1 b z ^! matt]s h be5 ?or\ghly discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt] x is unnecess>y to g into !m aga9 "h4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( "r h& :5 on re9s4 ,! "r h& ought to be plac$ on ! re9s 9 front ( ! left1 ) ! little & ?ird f+]s toge!r ov] ! two (f-side re9s1 ! middle f+] ov] ! ne>-:eel1 & ! fir/ f+] ov] ! ne>-lead 7fig4 #ce72 all ! re9s w !n be "u ! imm$iate control ( ! "r h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,t&em--,,position ,,( ,,"r ,,h& ,,on ,,re9s4 ,! two (f-side re9s %\ld 9 all cases1 except = a %>p back turn to ! "r1 be treat$ z "o re91 & always kept "u ! little & ?ird f+]s ( ! "r h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree-re9 pr9ciple4 ,?is1 :i* may be t]m$ ! ?ree-re9 pr9ciple1 w be f\nd to simplify matt]s v consid]ably1 ow+ to !re be+ practically only ?ree re9s to ?9k ab\t in/ead ( f\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficult to get "r h& quickly into ! re9s4 ,! beg9n] w exp]i5ce consid]able difficulty at fir/ 9 pass+ 8 "r h& quickly on & ?r\gh ! re9s 9 ! prop] mann]1 ! reason be+ t !y are all close toge!r1 mu* m s ?an ) f\r horses1 s t he is oblig$ to /ret* ! "r h& mu* fur!r =w>d 9 ord] to get x 9 betwe5 !m4 ,= ?is reason1 c>ry y\r h& well out to ! front1 :]e ! re9s op5 out a little1 & :5 once y h hold ( !m correctly slide x back t[>ds ! body4 ,x looks v awkw>d to drive ) ! "r h& held out a long way f ! left1 & x is also q unnecess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,always keep "r h& on re9s at night4 ,= ^? :o h n mu* exp]i5ce1 x is f> bett] to keep ! "r h& always on ! re9s1 & p>ticul>ly s at night1 :5 ! h& %\ld nev] be tak5 away unless x is requir$ = ! purpose ( us+ ! :ip4 ,r>ely pull "o re9 s+ly1 z describ$ = po9t+ ! lead]s 9 a coa*1 except :5 loop+ a lead re9 9 ord] to turn a %>p corn]1 or to execute a quick b5d to get ?r\gh traffic4 ,if y pull a re9 s+ly1 especially a lead re91 y are v likely to ov]do x or j]k x4 ,sid5ote3 ,nev] pull re9 z if r++ a bell4 ,nev] j]k a re9 at all except 9 an em]g5cy1 b apply ! pressure /eadily & gradually4 ,! only excuse = 8r++ ! bell0 ) a re9 is :5 driv+ a slug :i* is n go+ q up to 8 bit1 :5 y want to turn a corn]4 ,x is g5]ally advisable1 :5ev] possible1 to advance a few paces be=e turn+ r\nd 9 a road f ! halt4 ,! be/ me?ods ( avoid+ any j]k+ :5 go+ r\nd corn]s ) free-go+ horses are z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,turn+ to ! left4 ,to turn to ! left1 slide ! "r h& slightly to ! front & cat* hold ( ! ne>-lead re9 ) ! =ef+]1 & !n br+ ! "r h& back t[>ds ! left1 all[+ ! o!r f+]s to slide ov]1 b n to move away f _! prop] re9s4 ,! ne>-lead re9 w !n be loop$ "u ! fir/ f+] 7fig4 #cf74 ,:5 ! lead] is turn+ nicely r\nd ! corn]1 tight5 ! little & ?ird f+]s on ! (f-side re9s1 & apply z mu* pressure z is necess>y by turn+ ! wri/ away f ! body2 ?us br++ ! little f+] clos] to x4 ,?is w h ! effect ( *eck+ any t5d5cy ( ! lead] to turn too fa/1 :ile also prev5t+ ! :eel] f foll[+ r\nd too quickly aft] him1 & cutt+ ! corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,t&em--,,turn+ ,,to ,,! ,,left4 ,if ! :eel] is /ill turn+ too fa/1 drop ! left h& t[>ds ! "r1 :i* w slack ! ne>-:eel re9 & s keep him (f to ! "r1 or away f ! corn]4 ,%\ld ! lead] n turn quickly en\gh1 seize ! loop :i* is held by ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& ) ! left ?umb1 reta9+ x !re 9 ! same mann] z previ\sly describ$ = 8po9t+0 a re94 ,ano!r loop c !n be tak5 up z be=e1 :i* w br+ ! lead] r\nd z fa/ z is desir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,be/ me?od ( turn+ to "r4 ,to turn to ! "r1 slide ! "r h& to ! front1 & ) ! middle f+] seize ! ne>-:eel re92 draw ! h& back ab\t an in* or two1 /ill reta9+ a grip ( ! ne>-:eel1 b slid+ ! f+]s ov] ! o!r re9s4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to prev5t ! :eel] com+ r\nd too quickly4 ,!n tight5 ! little & ?ird f+]s on ! (f-side re9s1 & press /rongly on !m 7fig4 #cg74 ,?is w h ! effect ( br++ ! lead] r\nd to ! "r4 ,if ! lead] is n com+ r\nd suffici5tly fa/1 turn ! back ( ! left h& d[n gradually1 ?is w enable y to turn him ) ! greate/ nicety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,,t&em--,,turn+ ,,to ,,! ,,"r4 ,! above me?ods are especially recomm5d$1 z !y entirely d away ) ! necessity ( tak+ ! "r h& out ( ! re9s = loop+ purposes1 ! great dang] ( :i* is t x is almo/ impossible to get ! "r h& back betwe5 !m quickly en\gh to prev5t ! :eel] cutt+ ! corn]1 if he is at all incl9$ to d s1 or to *eck ! lead] if he is com+ r\nd too rapidly4 ,! horses turn s quickly1 t ! :eel] c see ! lead] com+ r\nd almo/ be=e ! lead re9 c be seiz$ ) ! left ?umb1 & t&em re9s be+ v close toge!r1 x is difficult = ! "r h& to cat* ! :eel]'s re9 9 "t to *eck him4 ,! fact is t sev]al ?+s h to be done simultane\sly1 or ne>ly s1 to obta9 p]fection1 & ! manipulation ( ! re9s is !n1 z ,i h (t5 he>d x express$1 some:at l play+ ! h>p4 ,( c\rse ) v sluggi% horses ! re9s c be loop$ 9 ! same mann] z :5 driv+ f\r horses1 b z a rule less re9 mu/ be tak5 up1 or ! lead] w come r\nd & look y 9 ! face4 ,!re=e y mu/ always be ready to pull ! opposite re91 & s *eck ! horse f go+ too f> r\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,prop] "t to turn lead] at a corn]4 ,practice alone w enable "o to hit (f exactly ! prop] mom5t to turn ! lead] :5 a %>p corn] has to be negotiat$4 ,p]haps ! be/ g5]al guide is to give ! lead] ! (fice :5 8 head is abrea/ ( ! c5tre ( ! road to be turn$ d[n4 ,m ?an ?is x is useless to say1 z ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! wid? ( ! road & ! angle ( ! turn4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 always a safe ?+ to take z mu* room z possible1 & x is !re=e a good plan be=e arriv+ at ! corn] to pass (f to ! opposite side ( ! road1 provid$ ! traffic w all[ ?is to be done4 ,sid5ote3 ,quickness ( h&l+ re9s necess>y 9 traffic4 ,9 ord] to turn corn]s nicely ) ! :eel] go+ ov] ! same gr\nd z ! lead]1 & n %uffl+ r\nd anyh[1 or to g 9 & out rapidly ?r\gh traffic l t ( ,london1 requires ! utmo/ nicety & quickness ( h&l+1 & also t ! horses be well tra9$ to keep con/antly up to _! bits1 & to feel ev5 ! lighte/ pressure & answ] to x at once4 ,sid5ote3 ,horses %\ld answ] to pressure ( driv]'s h&s at once4 ,:5 y drop y\r h& to !m1 !y %\ld at once increase _! pace until y come back to ! orig9al pressure1 b ! mom5t m ?an ?is is put on !y %\ld at once *eck _! pace4 ,!y %\ld also will+ly g into an omnibus if driv5 !re1 & nev] %y (f4 ,su* is a p]fect t&em1 b "o mo/ difficult to f9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy to sl[ d[n4 ,a beg9n] at t&em driv+1 & ev5 "s :o h _h a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice 9 driv+ f\r horses1 w usually f9d ! t&em has a great t5d5cy to sl[ d[n1 & t a consid]able am\nt ( :ip is requir$ to keep ! horses up to ! prop] pace4 ,?is t5d5cy w be f\nd to disappe> if a practis$ h& takes ! re9s1 )\t ! aid ( ! :ip4 ,a want ( lightness ( h& is usually ! cause1 & a want ( give & take to ! horses' m\?s4 ,probably ! wri/ is kept too /iff1 & ! pressure on ! horses' m\?s is z a result unev51 too mu* be+ appli$ at "o mom5t & n en\gh ! next4 ,to keep an ev5 feel+ on ! horses' m\?s ! h& mu/ be all[$ to move backw>ds & =w>ds a little1 & !re %\ld be pl5ty ( play f ! wri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( alt]+ c5tre re9s4 ,:5 y f9d t ! lead] is go+ (f to ! left1 & ! :eel] to ! "r1 x is usually "r to pu% ! two c5tre re9s back a little ?r\gh ! left h& f ! front ) ! "r h&1 us+ ! :ole h& to d x )4 ,sid5ote3 ,re9s mu/ be held firmly4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! lead] is be>+ (f to ! "r1 & ! :eel] to ! left1 y mu/ !n pull ! two c5tre re9s out a little until !y1 i4e41 ! horses1 are /raight4 ,y mu/ rememb] t1 al?\gh y are us+ ! "r h& a great deal1 ! re9s mu/ none ! less all ! "t be held v firmly 9 ! left1 & n all[$ to slip 9 ! lea/2 s t at any mom5t y %\ld be able to take ! "r h& (f ! re9s & ! horses %\ld /ill be go+ exactly "o beh9d ! o!r1 ) all ! re9s tight1 ! left wri/ turn$ 9 t[>ds ! body ) ! back ( ! h& to ! front & almo/ p]p5dicul>4 ,?is position ( ! left h& is ( great importance1 z by turn+ ! back d[n or up respectively a great deal c be done 9 ! way ( direct+ ! lead] to ! "r or left )\t any assi/ance f ! "r h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,?umb & =ef+] always ready to take up loop4 ,! ?umb %\ld be ne>ly p>allel to ! front1 & l ! fir/ f+] %\ld be ready at any "t to take up & hold a loop ( ei!r lead re92 !re=e ^! f+]s %\ld nev] be busy gripp+ ! re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ird & f\r? f+]s mu/ grip re9s tightly4 ,! :ole f\r re9s %\ld be held firmly 9 position by ! grip ( ! ?ird & little f+]1 slightly assi/$ by ! middle f+]4 ,to get horses1 :i* h nev] be5 9 ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy to =m a pair4 t&em be=e1 exactly to foll[ "o beh9d ! o!r1 requires consid]able skill & pati5ce1 z x w be f\nd t _! common t5d5cy is to get "o alongside ! o!r1 ! :eel] z a rule be+ anxi\s to run up alongside ! lead]4 ,?is t5d5cy to =m a pair mu/ be *eck$ at once1 b )\t any j]k+ or hurri$ pull+ at ! re9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,d n worry lead]4 ,! lead] %\ld be worri$ z little z possible2 !re=e1 d n pull him across ! road m ?an y c avoid1 p>ticul>ly at fir/1 b try to make ! :eel] foll[ him1 & y w f9d t if !y are fairly well-dispos$ horses !y w soon fall 9 ) ! idea ( foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ant use ( :ip %[s bad coa*man4 ,d n use ! :ip p]petually2 try & "w ! horses *iefly ) y\r h&s1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t by y\r voice4 ,= in/ance1 :5 />t+ !m give !m ! (fice by slightly feel+ _! m\?s ) ! re9s & imm$iately %\t+ 8,g on10 or some?+ to t effect1 mom5t>ily dropp+ y\r h& to !m 9 ord] to avoid any jibb+ :ile gett+ "u way4 ,! horses w v quickly und]/& ?is1 & ! use ( ! :ip w be unnecess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,:eel] %\ld />t c>t4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! :eel] %\ld />t ! c>t2 !re=e be ready to t\* him ) ! :ip1 if he hangs back2 if1 h[ev]1 he is incl9$ to jib1 x may be bett] to all[ ! lead] to assi/ him4 ,) raw & n]v\s horses a good />t is ev]y?+4 ,wat* ! lead] c>efully1 & :5 y see him />t+ get ! :eel] (f at once by us+ ! :ip if he is n mov+ (f at ! same "t4 ,:5 pull+ up1 ,i ?9k x is always a good plan to say 8,:oa40 ,!y v soon le>n to obey ! voice1 & x (t5 comes 9 h&y4 ,sid5ote3 ,enc\rage horse ) voice4 ,if a horse %ies1 speak to him at once & enc\rage him1 b on no acc\nt hit him or y w confirm him 9 ! habit4 ,he does x ne>ly always f n]v\sness1 or f defective vision1 & n f devilry4 ,sid5ote3 ,nev] hit a %y]4 ,a %y] w (t5 g p]fectly 9 ! :eel ( a t&em & nev] %y at all1 b is nev] safe 9 ! lead4 ,i am also a believ] 9 rat+ a horse s\ndly :5 he does wrong1 & especially :5 y are hitt+ him1 z ! next "t y rate him he w ?9k he is go+ to feel ! :ip1 & be v c>eful at once4 ,sid5ote3 ,return+ la% aft] hitt+ lead]4 ,9 a dog-c>t1 :5 y h hit y\r lead]1 br+ ! la% back & cat* x quickly ) a turn r\nd ! /ick by a slight j]k1 or br+ x /raight into ! f+]s ( y\r "r h& by ! same motion4 ,y c !n at once br+ x well into ! c>t1 & get y\r h& back on ! re9s4 ,?is la/ is a v important matt]1 z :5 ! lead] is hit he g5]ally takes to pull+ = a few y>ds1 & y\r :ip h& is mu* ne$$ on ! re9s to /eady him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v unsafe to br+ y\r "r h& on to ! re9s unless ! la% has be5 br\ght well into ! c>t1 z x may easily be caught up r\nd ! axle or get "u ! :eel2 &1 z a rule1 if ! :eel goes ov] x1 x w break (f at t spot next "t y use x4 ,x is (t5 v conv5i5t to h ! :ip ready to hit ! lead] at a p>ticul> place or corn] :i* he is likely to want to g r\nd4 ,to d ?is unw9d ! la%1 & keep ! po9t ( ! /ick out to ! "r front4 ,! la% c !n fly loose & d no h>m1 unless ! w9d is bl[+ across f "r to left4 ,sid5ote3 ,*eck pace be=e go+ d[n hill4 ,always *eck ! pace be=e rea*+ ! cre/ ( a hill :i* y are ab\t to desc5d1 z :5 once on ! d[nw>d slope ?is may n be possible1 :]eas to increase ! pace is easy en\gh4 ,:5 go+ d[n a hill x w be necess>y to %ort5 up all f\r re9s1 ei!r by pull+ !m ?r\gh f beh9d ) ! ?umb & =ef+] 7fig4 #d71 or by plac+ ! "r h& on ! re9s z be=e expla9$ & slid+ ! left up to x 7fig4 #ce74 ,sometimes x w be f\nd necess>y :5 go+ d[n a v /eep hill to pull back ! lead] a little1 ,sid5ote3 ,lead] out ( draught d[n hill4 b z a rule ! m]e fact ( ! :eel] com+ out ( draught to hold back ! c>t w necessitate ! %ort5+ ( all ! re9s1 :i* w br+ ! lead] suffici5tly out ( 8 coll> to prev5t him pull+ on ! traces4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ort5+ lead re9s4 ,! lead]'s re9s c be %ort5$ ei!r by tak+ out bo? ! lead re9s ) ! "r h& 7fig4 #cb71 ! ne> lead "u ! fir/ or second f+]1 ! (f lead "u ! little f+]1 & !n replac+ !m 9 ! left h&1 or else by pu%+ !m ?r\gh f ! front ) ! "r h& 9 front ( ! left1 ! latt] be+ usually f> ! be/ plan4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead] do+ too mu* "w4 ,:ile on ?is subject1 x may be well to rem>k t ! novice is usually incl9$ to all[ ! lead] to d a great deal too mu* "w4 ,! traces %\ld nev] be q taut except :5 go+ up a hill1 & !n ! lead] may be all[$ to d 8 be/4 ,! result ( all[+ ! lead] to d all ! "w on ! flat is t ! :eel] soon le>ns to hang back1 & ?us makes 8 companion pull him along z well z ! c>t1 & :5 ?is happ5s x is almo/ impossible to ,sid5ote3 ,turn+ :ile go+ up hill4 negotiate a %>p turn safely4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t1 :5 go+ up a hill ) ! lead] well 9 draught1 he mu/ be tak5 out ( ! coll> be=e a turn is attempt$1 o!rwise ! :eel] w be =c$ to cut ! corn]4 ,f ?is *apt] x w be se51 t al?\gh ! g5]al pr9ciples ( driv+ a t&em are ! same z ^? ( driv+ f\r horses1 yet !re are _m m9or po9ts ( diff]5ce1 :i* ! man1 :o wi%es to drive bo? ) equal skill1 mu/ c>efully /udy & practise4 ,"o v notable diff]5ce1 :i* may be po9t$ out aga91 is ! great] lightness & quickness ( h&l+ necess>y to guide a t&em ) ease & safety ?r\gh difficult places4 ,t&em is !re=e admirably adapt$ = ladies :o are fond ( driv+1 z x af=ds all ! int]e/ ( a team1 )\t plac+ any undue /ra9 on _! /r5g? or p[]s ( endurance1 :ile x enables !m to ex]cise ^? qualities ( quickness & lightness ( h&s1 9 :i* z a rule !y surpass m54 ,! :ole art ( driv+ is compos$ ( innum]able small1 ?\gh mo/ important details1 b probably no o!r class ( driv+ requires s mu* att5tion to be paid to ^! m9uti z ,t&em4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,t&em ,,) ,,b>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,t&em ,,h>ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,be/ k9d ( h>ness simple & light4 ,,! h>ness %\ld be z simple & z light z possible1 consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,! col\r is a matt] ( ta/e & conv5i5ce1 b p]haps = c\ntry "w br[n ) brass m\nts is ! mo/ suitable1 :]eas = driv+ 9 ! ,p>k black h>ness is almo/ de rigueur4 ,c]ta9ly = soldi]s at home1 & m especially abroad1 br[n is f> ! mo/ useful1 because x is a "p ( e m\nt$ soldi]'s tra9+ to clean ?is k9d ( lea!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,:eel h>ness4 ,! :eel]'s h>ness is an ord9>y s+le set ) "o or two trifl+ additions1 none ( :i* are absolutely necess>y4 ,^! are two brass r+s or loops fix$ "u ! trace buckles1 into :i* are fa/5$ ! spr+ hooks ( ! lead]'s traces1 & t]rets on ! pad divid$ by a roll] to sep>ate ! re9s4 ,= ! =m] %ort pieces ( lea!r c be sub/itut$1 :i* h holes pun*$ 9 "o end1 ?r\gh :i* ! tongues ( ! trace buckles pass1 :ile at ! o!r end are sewn metal r+s to take ! hooks ( ! lead]'s traces4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead h>ness4 ,! lead] %\ld h a pad ( r light] make ?an ! :eel]1 ) two fix$ lea!r loops1 "o at ea* side1 = ! traces to run ?r\gh4 ,!re mu/ also be a be>+-/rap pass+ ov] ! horse's lo9s1 & ?is %\ld be j long en\gh to keep ! traces level4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead traces4 ,! traces are usually made long en\gh to be fix$ to ! loops on ! :eel]'s traces1 z already describ$4 ,?is is ! simple/ & mo/ economical plan1 b ano!r me?od consi/s 9 hav+ two sw+le b>s1 by means ( :i* ! lead]'s traces c be r$uc$ to ! same l5g? z ^? ( ! :eel]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sw+le b>s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! b>s1 :i* is ab\t two feet six in*es 9 l5g?1 has a l>ge hook ab\t five in*es long fix$ 9 its front1 & a light *a9 ab\t "o foot long atta*$ at ! back4 ,! *a9 is hook$ to a r+ 9 ! bottom ( ! :eel]'s hames1 & is int5d$ to prev5t ! b> f fall+ d[n4 ,at ea* end ( ! b> are two %ort traces ab\t two feet long1 :i* hook into ! :eel]'s trace 9 ! same way z previ\sly describ$ = ! long ones4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantages ( sw+le b>s ov] long traces4 ,! second b> is a light sw+le-tree ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 hav+ an eyelet to atta* x to ! hook ( ! o!r b>4 ,advocates = ?is sy/em claim t x is less dang]\s ?an ! o!r1 because nei!r horse c get a leg ov] ! trace1 nor c a trace wrap r\nd ! lead]'s qu>t] if he sw+s sudd5ly r\nd to /udy ! view 9 re>4 ,! second me?od h[ev] entails m exp5se & tr\ble ?an ! fir/1 :i* ) c>eful driv+ ne$ r>ely be ! cause ( accid5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,traces hook$ to %afts dang]\s4 ,! lead]'s traces are sometimes hook$ to ! po9ts ( ! %afts1 b z ?is is a mo/ dang]\s sy/em x %\ld nev] be employ$4 ,i h se5 t&em traces extemporiz$ out ( ord9>y s+le-h>ness traces & pole *a9s1 ! latt] bridg+ ! gap betwe5 ! :eel]'s traces & ! lead]'s4 ,?is arrangem5t look$ v sm>t1 b mu/ make ! lead traces too heavy4 ,sid5ote3 ,brea/ h>ness4 ,al?\gh n s sm>t z a coll>1 brea/ h>ness c be us$ 9 t&em equally z well z 9 s+le h>ness1 & z x c be adju/$ to fit any horse its use avoids ! necessity ( sp5d+ money on num]\s coll>s4 ,x also comes 9 v useful :5 a horse's %\ld]s h be5 wrung by a coll> 7see ,*ap4 ,i474 ,sid5ote3 ,l5g? ( lead traces4 ,! l5g? ( ! lead]'s traces %\ld dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! horses & also on _! action4 ,!y %\ld be z %ort z possible1 b n s %ort z to make ! :eel] appe> to be /epp+ on ! lead]4 ,?ree feet f nose to cr\p seems to be ab\t ! "r di/ance :5 ! lead] is 9 draught4 ,sid5ote3 ,hook+ up lead traces4 ,:ile on ! subject ( ! lead]'s traces x may be well to po9t out t ! be/ way to hook !m up1 :5 putt+ to or tak+ out ! lead]1 is to pass ! end ( ! trace f outside "u & ov] itself j 9 front ( ! be>+-/rap1 & !n fa/5 ! hook to ! r+ ( ! hames4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to fa/5 up lead re9s4 ,z reg>ds ! fa/5+ up ( ! lead re9s1 x is usual to take a loop 9 ! end ( ! re9 & pass x ?r\gh ! t]rets ( bo? pad & hames1 s adju/+ x t no sp>e end hangs d[n by itself4 ,! loop w be ab\t ! "r l5g? if ! end ( ! re9 is br\ght up to ! t]ret on ! pad1 ! end ( ! loop ?us made be+ !n put ?r\gh ! t]rets z describ$ above4 ,sid5ote3 ,driv+ bits4 ,! be/ bits = all-r\nd "w are ei!r ! ,liv]pool or ! elb[-bits1 ,sid5ote3 ,:eel]'s bit4 b ! :eel]'s %\ld be made ) a light b> across ! bottom ( ! *eek pieces4 ,?is prev5ts ! :eel] f cat*+ ! lead re9 "u ! end ( ! *eek piece1 :i* con/antly happ5s if he is incl9$ to %ake 8 head ab\t1 & has ! effect ( pull+ ! lead] %>ply to "o side4 ,sid5ote3 ,bit cat*+ 9 re94 ,x is1 moreov]1 v difficult to get ! re9 free :5 caught 9 ?is way )\t gett+ d[n4 ,i ?9k1 z a rule1 x is a good plan to pass ! lead re9s ?r\gh ! loops ( ! be>+-re9 ( ! :eel]1 in/ead ( ?r\gh ,d's fix$ on 8 ,sid5ote3 ,lead re9s ?r\gh be>+-re9 loops4 head-coll> or ?roat-la%4 ,! loops %\ld hang d[n ab\t f\r in*es1 & be q loose1 s t ! :eel] c toss 8 head to a consid]able ext5t )\t viol5tly j]k+ ! lead] 9 ! m\?4 ,x is unnecess>y to pass ! re9s ?r\gh ! t]rets on ! hames1 z br++ !m /raight back to ^? on ! pad gives a bett] lead4 ,( c\rse1 if ! :eel] habitually %akes 8 head ab\t v mu*1 ei!r up or d[n1 or bo?1 !n a m>t+ale & a be>+-re9 mu/ be put on1 :i* w effectually /op 8 little game4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead re9s nev] to be buckl$4 ,nev] drive ) ! lead re9s buckl$1 z1 if ! lead] breaks ei!r ! traces1 or ! b> 7if he has "o71 by kick+ or fall+1 ! re9s w run ?r\gh ! t]rets1 & ! horse c !n get cle> away1 & a worse accid5t be avoid$4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead]'s tail ov] re94 ,%\ld ! lead] get 8 tail ov] a re91 a good way ( gett+ x cle> is to pull ! :eel] well across to ! side on :i* ! re9 is fa/1 & ! lead] r ov] to ! opposite side1 slack+ at ! same "t ! fix$ re9 z mu* z possible4 ,by ?is manuvre ! re9 w (t5 come loose4 ,if x does n1 try hitt+ ! lead] on ! qu>t] ) ! :ip1 :5 he w probably swi% 8 tail & all[ ! re9 to drop4 ,sid5ote3 ,t&em :ip4 ,! :ip is g5]ally a r light] & %ort] "o ?an t us$ = f\r horses1 ?\gh ! same c p]fectly well be us$4 ,! usual l5g?s ( /ick & la% are ab\t five & t5 feet respectively4 ,z to ! correct me?od ( hold+ & h&l+ x ! read] mu/ k9dly ref] to a =m] *apt]1 :]e x is fully discuss$4 ,! pr9ciples are obvi\sly exactly ! same4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,longe+ ,,) ,,long ,,re9s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,break+ ,,to ,,h>ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,accu/om horse to h>ness 9 /able4 ,,9 conclusion1 a few h9ts z to break+ a horse to h>ness may be useful to ^? :o h _h no exp]i5ce 9 giv+ a "y horse 8 fir/ lessons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a good plan to put ! h>ness on 9 ! /able1 & let ! horse /& ) x on = a "t1 ) 8 head on ! pill> re9s4 ,9 ,india ,i f\nd t ) ,au/ralian horses1 ev5 ^? tra9$ to milit>y draught1 x 0 absolutely necess>y to accu/om !m to bl9k]s be=e attempt+ to drive !m4 ,!y %\ld be made to /& 9 _! /ables1 f$ & tak5 out to wat]1 & ex]cis$ ) bl9k]s on1 previ\sly to _! be+ driv5 = ! fir/ "t1 o!rwise !y w almo/ inv>iably jib4 ,sid5ote3 ,longe+ ) long re9s4 ,aft] ! pupil is accu/om$ to 8 h>ness1 he %\ld be tak5 out & long$ ) two long re9s 7fig4 #ci71 nev] ) "o only4 ,^! c be conv5i5tly made ( webb+1 l a common s+le longe+ re91 b ! lead re9s ( a t&em w also answ] ! purpose4 ,! horse %\ld h a body roll] on ) two r+s or loops ab\t half way d[n ea* side1 ?\gh an ord9>y s+le-h>ness driv+ pad ) ! tugs on1 or a saddle ) ! /irrup irons fix$ up = loops1 c be sub/itut$4 ,9 all cases a crupp] %\ld be us$4 ,sid5ote3 ,use snaffle & m>t+ale4 ,x is always advisable to h a fairly loose /&+ m>t+ale on ! bit1 :i* %\ld be a l>ge smoo? snaffle1 ! m>t+ale be+ s adju/$ t x w keep ! bit on ! b>s ( ! m\?1 & w n all[ ! horse to get 8 head up suffici5tly high to cause ! bit to press only on ! corn]s ( 8 lips4 ,sid5ote3 ,be>+-/raps4 ,x is also advisable to put on be>+-/raps l ^? ( a t&em lead]1 9 ord] to keep up ! re9s4 ,! long re9s %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! loops ( ! be>+-/raps1 !n ?r\gh ! r+s on ! roll]1 ! tugs on ! pad1 or ! /irrup irons ( ! saddle1 z ! case may be1 & !n buckl$ on to ! bit4 ,sid5ote3 ,use :ip :5 longe+4 ,! horse c n[ be driv5 ab\t & be kept up to 8 bit ) ! :ip1 :i* ! op]ator %\ld always h 9 8 h&4 ,keep him circl+ ) ! out] re9 r\nd 8 qu>t]s above 8 hocks4 ,?is w tea* him to g collect$ly1 & enable ! driv] to keep 8 qu>t]s well 9 t[>ds ! c5tre1 prev5t+ him f pass+ (f sideways l a crab4 ,x is impossible to atta9 ?is object ) a s+le re91 :i* also w\ld h ! effect ( tea*+ him to g on 8 %\ld]s4 ,ano!r po9t ab\t hav+ ! re9 aga9/ ! horse's qu>t]s is t x tea*es him n to kick at ! trace or bree*+4 ,sid5ote3 ,d n longe too long on "o re94 ,if he %\ld v mu* res5t hav+ ! out] re9 on 8 hocks1 beg9 by driv+ him ) ?is re9 ov] 8 back4 ,he %\ld n be kept circl+ too long on "o re91 b be (t5 *ang$ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o side ( 8 m\? is h>d] ?an ! o!r1 he %\ld be made to turn to t side = a long] p]iod1 until he turns equally well bo? ways4 ,:5 ! horse has le>nt to answ] ! re9 at once1 & turn equally well to bo? sides1 he %\ld be taught to re9 back4 ,:5 ?is has be5 successfully accompli%$1 br+ him out ) 8 h>ness on & long traces l lead t&em traces4 ,sid5ote3 ,h two m5 pull+ aga9/ traces4 ,tell (f two m5 to hang on to ^! :ile he is be+ driv5 ab\t4 ,by ?is means ! am\nt ( pressure c be regulat$1 & z only a small am\nt ne$ be appli$ to beg9 )1 ! horse w become gradually accu/om$ to pull+ ) 8 %\ld]s4 ,x is impossible to beg9 too gradually2 al?\gh "s horses c be tak5 out ( ! /able & put into a break or a coa* at ,sid5ote3 ,jibb+ taught by undue hurry4 once & w g fairly well1 o!rs w be r5d]$ jibb]s = ev] by ?is too hurri$ process4 ,sid5ote3 ,horse-break+ 9 ,india4 ,9 ,india a "y horse is g5]ally giv5 8 fir/ lessons h>ness$ to a block ( wood4 ,! block ( wood is triangul> 9 %ape1 & 9 front ( x is fix$ a long spl9t] b>4 ,! horse's traces are hit*$ to ?is1 & ! break]1 /&+ on ! block ( wood1 drives 8 pupil ab\t until he is quiet en\gh to be put 9 a c>t4 ,a %ort pole1 ) a cross b> at ! top l a p>rot's p]*1 is fix$ to ! front ( ! block1 to enable ! driv] to /eady himself & prev5t 8 be+ jolt$ (f4 ,?is is n at all a bad way ( break+ a horse1 z he _c d mu* h>m by kick+ or plung+1 & ! block be+ v light does n tea* him to jib4 ,sid5ote3 ,/eady horse alongside y\ng/]4 ,! horse hav+ be5 taught to pull is n[ q fit to be driv5 9 a break or c>t4 ,if possible1 place him at fir/ 9 a d\ble break1 ) a /eady old horse alongside ( him1 :i* w d all ! />t+ by /eady pull+ & n by jump+ into ! coll>4 ,_m old break horses are q up to wat*+ ! "y "o1 & />t accord+ly4 ,nev] =get to h a be>+-re9 on1 also kneecaps & b&ages4 ,sid5ote3 ,accu/om to bo? sides ( pole4 ,drive ! y\ng/] on bo? sides ( ! pole = a "t1 :5 he %\ld be q fit to put into a s+le-h>ness break or c>t4 ,always h a rope halt] on a "y horse "u ! bridle ! fir/ few times t he is put to4 ,if he is likely to be v viol5t1 two halt]s may be put on1 & y c !n h a man lead+ him on ea* side4 ,sid5ote3 ,take "y horse among traffic4 ,x is f> bett] to drive him :]e !re is "s traffic ?an along a des]t$ c\ntry road1 = he w g mu* bett] if he sees o!r ?+s mov+ ab\t1 z !y w di/ract 8 att5tion1 & keep him f play+ tricks on ! driv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,ex]cise be=e giv+ lesson4 ,x is advisable to h him well ex]cis$ be=e attempt+ to give him any ( ! above lessons4 ,sid5ote3 ,break+ 9 s+le c>t4 ,suppos+ t !re is no d\ble break available1 use a /rong light c>t ) extra /rong %afts in/ead2 b a heavy c>t ) no spr+s is bad1 z x w make a rattl+ noise & possibly fright5 ! novice1 :ile its weight may tea* him to jib4 ,9 ?is case put a good /rong kick+-/rap on1 b be c>eful n to buckle x d[n too tight1 or x w cat* 8 qu>t]s if he %\ld cant]1 & p]haps induce him to kick4 ,! be>+-re9 mu/ be loose1 b tight en\gh to prev5t him f gett+ 8 head close 9 to 8 *e/4 ,a loose m>t+ale may also be add$ if ! horse has a t5d5cy to put 8 head up2 fa/5 ?is to ! nose-b&4 ,sid5ote3 ,two m5 to assi/ 9 putt+ to4 ,h a c\ple ( m5 to hold him1 & try & put him 9 )\t ! %afts t\*+ him any:]e4 ,hold ! %afts well up1 & get ! horse z ne>ly "u !m z possible1 & q /raight 9 front ( ! c>t2 !n l[] !m quietly & run ! c>t up1 pass+ ! po9ts ( ! %afts ?r\gh ! tugs4 ,sid5ote3 ,hook traces be=e buckl+ kick+-/rap4 ,next hook ! traces & buckle ! kick+-/rap on z quickly z possible4 ,"o man %\ld be kept /&+ 9 front ( ! horse & hold+ 8 head ! :ole "t1 & he %\ld nev] move away until ! driv] is ready to />t4 ,x is a good plan at ?is /age to lead ! horse ab\t by ! rope halt]1 ) a man on ea* side ready to assi/1 :ile ! driv] walks ) ! re9s 9 8 h& on ! (f side ( ! c>t4 ,he c ?us guide him )\t gett+ up1 :ile ! weight :i* ! horse has to pull to beg9 ) is mat]ially r$uc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 quiet get up into c>t4 ,if he goes along all "r1 m\nt into ! c>t & drive him ab\t1 keep+ a man runn+ alongside = a little1 :51 if he cont9ues to g well1 ! man c jump up beh9d4 ,if he %\ld be incl9$ to jib1 h him l$ on at once1 b d n hit him4 ,nev] let ! man lead him by ! re91 b inv>iably by ! nose-b& or halt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,turn+ lesson4 ,:5 he has gone well = "s di/ance on ! /raight1 tea* him to turn4 ,beg9 by turn+ him if possible on a v l>ge circle4 ,if ?is _c be done1 h him l$ r\nd v sl[ly1 ! man pu%+ ! out] %aft at ! same "t to assi/ him1 z 9 turn+ ! inn] "o is b\nd to cat* him on ! %\ld]1 :5 he w mo/ probably passage (f sideways or re9 back & get fright5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to />t a jibb]4 ,) a horse t cont9ues to jib f %e] cuss$ness1 ,i h f\nd t /rapp+ up "o leg1 & mak+ him /& /ill until he is tir$ out1 w (t5 induce him to />t (f p]fectly quietly z soon z ! leg has be5 releas$4 ,a rope crupp] may also be tri$ ) good effect4 ,?is is =m$ by tak+ an in* rope ab\t sixte5 feet long & d\bl+ x4 ,! loop is ti$ by a ?umb-ov]-h& knot1 =m+ a crupp] ab\t two feet long4 ,pass ! loop "u ! tail & br+ ! ends =w>d1 "o on ea* side2 !n put a man to pull on ea* ( ^! ends1 & ! horse w mo/ probably move =w>d at once4 ,?is sy/em is a v useful "o = gett+ refractory horses into a /able or loose box4 ,9 ,irel& x is a common practice to rub "s gravel 9 a jibb]'s m\?1 & ?is appe>s to be effective at times4 ,:5 a horse is incl9$ to kick on fir/ be+ put 9 h>ness1 he c (t5 be prev5t$1 if n cur$1 by hold+1 or ev5 ty+ up a leg1 z 9 ! case ( a jibb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to gu>d aga9/ pull+4 ,if ! horse is likely to be a h>d pull]1 x is a good plan to h a ,liv]pool bit 9 8 m\?1 ) two pairs ( re9s1 "o buckl$ to ! *eek & ! o!r to ! b>1 ! latt] only be+ us$ to *eck him if he is pull+ too h>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,lessons mu/ be cont9u\s4 ,! lessons mu/ be cont9u$ )\t int]mission daily = "s consid]able "t1 or else x w be f\nd t ! pupil v soon =gets :at he has be5 taught4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to fix up re9s :5 tak+ out ( c>t4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! lesson1 aft] gett+ out ( ! c>t1 place ! re9s ov] ! (f t]ret to prev5t !m f fall+ on to ! gr\nd :5 ! horse is be+ l$ into ! /able4 ,take c>e t ! sp>e p>ts1 :i* hang d[n on ea* side ( ! t]ret1 are well 9 front ( ! /op on ! %aft2 o!rwise1 if ! horse %\ld by any *ance jump to ! front :ile ! c>t is be+ run back1 ,sid5ote3 ,re9 cat*+ apt to cause an accid5t4 ! re9 may get caught r\nd ! /op & give a %>p j]k to ! horse's m\?1 :i* w probably fright5 him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,a ,,break ,,by ,,holl& ,,& ,,holl&4 ,horses t h once be5 fright5$ 9 ?is way seldom =get x1 & are apt to plunge =w>d directly !y ?9k !y are cle> ( ! traces1 :i* is a con/ant s\rce ( accid5ts1 z ! horse may only get half out ( ! %afts1 & !n he w probably bolt4 ,= ?is reason ! kick+-/rap mu/ always be unbuckl$ be=e ! traces are unhook$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to prev5t horse plung+ =w>d out ( %afts4 ,! be/ way ( break+ a horse ( ?is v bad habit is to drive him /raight up to a wall1 or into a corn] :]e he _c jump =w>d2 !n unhook ! traces & run ! c>t back4 ,sid5ote3 ,accu/om horse to b>s 9 /able4 ,a horse t is to be driv5 9 ! lead ( a team c be to "s degree accu/om$ to ! b>s1 by hav+ "o ti$ on s z to hang d[n & t\* him j above 8 hocks :5 /&+ 9 ! /able4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld rem9d ! read] t 8,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure10 & 9 break+ a horse to h>ness e precaution %\ld be tak5 f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 education1 = :5 a "y horse has once be5 hurt or fright5$1 x is a v difficult ?+ to p]suade him t ! same ?+ may n occur aga91 & _m a naturally quiet & g5]\s horse is ru9$ = h>ness "w1 or r5d]$ n]v\s = life1 simply ow+ to c>elessness or to want ( ord9>y precautions dur+ 8 fir/ two or ?ree lessons4 ,! beg9n] :o has ma/]$ ! =ego+ pages w1 ,i tru/1 f9d t he is ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! !ory & pr9ciples ( driv+1 & 8 int]e/ w1 ,i hope1 be r\s$ to su* an ext5t z to induce him s to turn !ory into practice1 t ) "t & p]sev]ance he w develop into a neat & skilful :ip4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,logo ,,*iswick ,,press3--,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,h9ts ,,on ,,driv+4 ,,press ,,op9ions ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,f ,! ,times4 8,ano!r book :i* w appeal to all :o are int]e/$ 9 horses is ! capital little volume call$ #8,h9ts on ,driv+1' by ,capt4 ,morley ,knight1 ,r4,a4 ,capta9 ,knight has no?+ to d ) hi/ory or anecdote2 8 "w is entirely practical4 ,d\btless !re are o!r books on ! subject1 b none )9 our k is m cle> or complete 9 ! in/ructions giv5 = driv+ 9 s+le or d\ble h>ness1 &1 above all1 = ! m difficult my/]ies ( f\r-9-h& or t&em driv+4 ,! utility ( ! volume is mu* increas$ by ! accurate vignette illu/rations ( h&s hold+ re9s1 etc41 made by ,g4 ,h4 ,a4 ,:ite1 ,royal ,artill]y40 8,capta9 ,knight is ! au?or ( a ?or\ghly practical book entitl$ #8,h9ts on ,driv+1' :i* he d$icates to ,major-,g5]al ,alb]t ,williams40--,morn+ ,po/4 8,!re are p]haps few great] ma/]s ( ! detail ( ! art ?an ! au?or40--,! ,sportsman4 8,"o conspicu\s & excell5t feature is t x takes no?+ = grant$1 etc4 ,altoge!r ?is little volume is a capital manual ( its k9d40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 8,x is simple1 practical1 & in/ructive4 ,s f> z ! delicate art ( h&l+ ! ribbons c be taught by a book1 ?is book succe$s to ! be/ effect 9 tea*+ x40--,scotsman4 8,any :o are defici5t or novices 9 ! art ( driv+--& x is an art--w d well to inw>dly dige/ ! cont5ts ( a capital volume by ,capta9 ,knight1 ,r4 ,a41 ^: practical advice1 d[n to ! v]ie/ m9uti1 w "w wond]s 9 a %ort space40--,sport+ ,life4 8,capta9 ,knight has done z mu* z anyone c\ld d to place be=e 8 read]s ! m or less accept$ canons ( driv+4 ,! book co/s b little money1 & anyone :o wants to drive prop]ly w\ld d well to inve/ 8 #cs4 #f;d41 & commit to memory "s ( ! pr9cipal rules40--,! ,field4 8,a v bus9esslike & pleasant little book x is4 ,capta9 ,m4 ,knight's little book w be f\nd f> m s]viceable ?an ! big "w on ,driv+ 9 ! #8,badm9ton ,libr>y4' ,! book is provid$ ) copi\s illu/rations & diagrams40--,national ,obs]v]4 8,! advice & details af=d$ by ,capta9 ,knight are ab\t z succ9ct1 cle>1 & reliable z ^? :i* any pupil c desire to acquire40--,! ,road4 8,we h come to ! conclusion t ! au?or has accompli%$ 8 design ) no little success1 & t anyone :o desires to drive prop]ly w\ld be well advis$ to /udy ,capt4 ,knight's pages att5tively be=e sp5d+ mu* money 9 driv+ lessons40--,baily's ,magaz9e4 8,mu* :i* x is v necess>y = ! le>n] to "k may be acquir$ f a writ] :o is suffici5t ma/] ( 8 p5 & ( 8 subject to make 8 mean+ cle>4 ,su* an "o is ,capta9 ,c4 ,morley ,knight1 ,r4,a41 ^: #8,h9ts on ,driv+1' publi%$ by ,bell & ,sons1 w supply a long-felt want40--,ref]ee4 8,! neophyte 9 h&l+ ! ribbons has f\nd an excell5t fri5d 9 ,capta9 ,c4 ,m4 ,knight1 ,r4,a41 ^: #8,h9ts on ,driv+' are exactly :at ! beg9n] ne$s4 ,capt4 ,knight is a ma/] 9 ! art1 & :atev] he says is ! fruit ( practical exp]i5ce40--,army & ,navy ,gazette4 8,q fulfils its au?or's object1--namely1 to expla9 to beg9n]s ! rudim5t>y pr9ciples & niceties ( driv+40--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 8,a mo/ useful1 practical1 & h&y little "w on all t app]ta9s to driv+ 9 s+le & d\ble h>ness--includ+ f\r-9-h& & t&em driv+40--,broad ,arr[4 8,we h n = "s "t come across su* a ?or\ghly practical & s\nd h&book z ?is40--,admiralty & ,horse ,gu>ds ,gazette4 8,?is little octavo volume %\ld h an imm5se sale 9 ,india1 :]e e h\sehold keeps its trap4 ,h]e9 is giv5 in=mation & in/ruction on e conceivable po9t connect$ ) ! my/]i\s craft ( ,:ip & ,re9s40--,! ,pione] 7,allahabad74 8,x is pleasant to meet ) a little volume l ,capta9 ,knight's #8,h9ts on ,driv+1' s erudite & yet s simple40--,times ( ,india4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,bell ,,& ,,sons4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 correct$4 ,unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 left z ! au?or int5d$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ 9 und]scores 7italics74