,,anton ,,t*ekhov ,,& ,,o!r ,,essais ,,by ,,leon ,,%e/ov ,,translat$ ,,by ,s4 ,,koteliansky ,,& ,j4 ,m4 ,,murry ,,maunsel ,,& ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,dubl9 ,,& ,,london #aiaf ,,cont5ts ,,anton ,,t*ekhov 7,,creation ,,f ,,! ,,void7 ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,prophecy ,,p5ultimate ,,words ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,introduction ,x is n to be d5i$ t ,russian ?\ght is *iefly manife/$ 9 ! great ,russian noveli/s4 ,tol/oi1 ,do/oevsky1 & ,t*ekhov made explicit 9 _! works conceptions ( ! _w :i* yield no?+ 9 def9it5ess to ! philosophic s*emes ( ! great dogmati/s ( old1 & p]haps may be reg>d$ z ev5 sup]ior to !m 9 t by _! nature !y emphasise a relation ( :i* ! pr(essional philosoph] is too (t5 c>eless--! intimate connection betwe5 philosophy & life4 ,!y attack$ fe>lessly & ) a high devotion ( :i* we ,engli% read]s are sl[ly becom+ s5sible ! fundam5tal problem ( all philosophy wor?y ! "n4 ,!y 7 preoccupi$ ) ! answ] to ! "q3 ,is life wor? liv+8 ,& ! great assumption :i* !y made1 at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! que/1 0 t to live life mu/ mean to live x :olly4 ,to live 0 n to pass by life on ! o!r side1 n suppress ! deep or ev5 ! d>k passions ( body or s\l1 n to lull by "s ly+ & n>cotic phrase ! urg5t que/ions ( ! m9d1 n to d5y life4 ,to !m life 0 ! sum ( all human pot5tialities4 ,!y accept$ !m all1 lov$ !m all1 & /rove to f9d a place = !m all 9 a patt]n 9 :i* none %\ld be di/ort$4 ,!y fail$1 b n "o ( !m fa9t$ by ! way1 & !re 0 n "o ( !m b ) 8 late/ brea? bravely held to 8 belief t !re 0 a way & t ! way might be f\nd4 ,tol/oi w5t out alone to die1 yet m manife/ly ?an he _h liv$1 a seek] aft] ! secret2 dea? ov]took ,do/oevsky 9 8 supreme attempt to wre/ a hope = mank9d out ( ! abyss ( ! imag9$ future2 & ,t*ekhov di$ :5 8 mo/ delicate f+]s _h be5 f9ally eag] 9 light+ ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d ) ! tremul\s gl9t ( laugh+ te>s1 :i* may p]haps be ! ultimate secret ( ! process :i* leaves u all bewild]$ & full ( pity & wond]4 ,!re 7 great m5 & great philosoph]s4 ,x may be t ?is cruelly consci\s _w w h5ce=w>d recognise no man z great unless he has greatly s\ght3 = to seek & n to ?9k is ! ess5ce ( philosophy4 ,to h greatly s\ght1 ,i say1 %\ld be ! measure ( man's greatness 9 ! /range _w ( :i* !re w be only a t5se1 sorr[ful1 disillusion$ remnant :5 ?is grim ordeal is ov]4 ,x %\ld be s3 & we1 :o are1 accord+ to our /r5g?1 fai?ful to humanity1 mu/ also /rive accord+ to our /r5g? to make x s4 ,we are n1 & we %all n be1 great m53 b we h ! elem5ts ( greatness4 ,we h an impulse to hone/y1 to ?9k hone/ly1 to see hone/ly1 & to speak ! tru? to ourselves 9 ! lonely h\rs4 ,x is only an impulse1 :i*1 9 ^! b>r51 bitt]1 ye>s1 s quickly )]s & dies4 ,x is almo/ t we d>e n be hone/ n[4 ,our he>ts are dead3 we _c wake ! old w\nds aga94 ,& yet if any?+ ( ?is g5]ation t suff]$ is to rema91 if we are to h& any sp>k ( ! fire :i* once burn$ s brightly1 if we are to be human /ill1 !n we mu/ /ill be hone/ at :atev] co/4 ,we--& ,i speak ( t g5]ation :i* 0 h>dly man :5 ! w> bur/ ^u x1 :i* 0 ard5t & g5]\s & dream$ dreams ( devotion to an ideal ( art or love or life--are maim$ & brok5 = ev]4 ,let u n deceive ourselves4 ,! dead voices w nev] be sil5t 9 our e>s to rem9d u ( t :i* we once 71 & t :i* we h lo/4 ,we %all die z we %all live1 lonely & haunt$ by memories t w gr[ /rang]1 m beautiful1 m t]rible1 & m torm5t+ z ! ye>s g on1 & at ! la/ we %all n "k :i* 0 ! dream--! ye>s ( pl5ty or ! b>r5 ye>s t desc5d$ l a /orm 9 ! night & swept our y\? away4 ,yet some?+ rema9s4 ,n ^? ly+ ?+s t !y :o _c feel h[ icy cold is sudd5 & s5seless dea? to all-d>+ y\?1 d9 9 our e>s4 ,we %all n be inspir$ by ! memory ( h]oism4 ,we %all be %att]$ by ! ?\ght ( spl5did & wond]ful lives t 7 vilely ca/ away4 ,:at rema9s is t we %\ld be hone/ z we %all be pitiful4 ,we %all nev] aga9 be drunk ) hope3 let u nev] be bl9d ) fe>4 ,!re c be 9 ! lap ( de/9y n[ no worse ?+ :i* may befall u4 ,we c af=d to be hone/ n[4 ,we c af=d to be hone/3 b we ne$ to le>n h[1 or to increase our k4 ,! ,russian writ]s w help u 9 ?is2 & n ! great ,russians only1 b ! less] also4 ,= a c5tury ( bitt] necessity has taught t nation t ! _s is mighti] ?an ! fle%1 until ^? eag] qualities ( s\l t a c5tury ( social ease has almo/ kill$ 9 u are 9 !m well-nigh an in/9ct4 ,let u look among ourselves if we c f9d a ,wordswor?1 a ,%elley1 a ,col]idge1 or a ,byron to lift ?is /ruggle to ! />s z !y did ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,!re is none4--,x w be said3 ',b t 0 a great fight = fre$om4 ,humanity itself m>*$ =w>d ) ! ,revolution>y armies4' ,b if ! future ( mank9d is n 9 issue n[1 if we are fight+ = ! victory ( no preci\s & passionate idea1 :y is no voice ( true poetry uplift$ 9 prote/8 ,!re is no ?ird way4 ,ei!r ?is is ! greate/ /ruggle = "r1 or ! greate/ crime1 t has ev] be54 ,! unmi/akable voice ( poetry %\ld be c]ta9 ei!r 9 prote/ or en?usiasm3 x is sil5t or x is trivial4 ,& ! cause mu/ be t ! ke5 edge ( ! s\l ( ^? c5tury-old poets :i* cut ?r\gh false patriotism s surely is 9 u dull$ & blunt$4 ,we mu/ le>n hone/y aga93 n ! labori\s & meagre hone/y ( ^? :o weigh advantage aga9/ advantage 9 ! l$g] ( _! m9ds1 b ! hone/y t cries al\d 9 in/ant & passionate ang] aga9/ ! lie & ! half-tru?1 & by an in/9ct kn[s ! au!ntic ?rill ( contact ) ! liv+ human s\l4 ,! ,russians1 & n lea/ ! less] ,russians1 may tea* u ?is ?+ once m4 ,among ^! less]1 ,leon ,%e/ov holds an hon\rable place4 ,he is h>dly :at we %\ld call a philosoph]1 h>dly aga9 :at we w\ld und]/& by an essayi/4 ,! ,russians1 great & small alike1 are h>dly ev] :at we und]/& by ! t]ms :i* we victims ( tradition apply to !m4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s !y h accompli%$ an evolution :i* has ) u sl[ly unroll$ 9 a ?\s&4 ,! v f\ndations ( _! a*ievem5t are new & laid )9 ! memory ( man4 ,:]e we h %>ply divid$ art f art1 & f sci5ce & philosophy1 & giv5 to ea* a "n1 ! ,russians h /ill ! s5se ( a liv+ connection betwe5 all ! great activities ( ! human s\l4 ,f u ?is connection is too (t5 conceal$ by ! tyranny ( names4 ,we h come to believe1 or at lea/ x co/s u great pa9s n to believe1 t ! "n is a p>ticul> reality1 :i* to confuse ) ano!r "n is a crime4 ,:]eas 9 tru? ! en]gies ( ! human s\l are n divid$ f ea* o!r by any su* impassable b>ri]s3 !y fl[ into ea* o!r indi/+ui%ably1 modify1 control1 support1 & decide ea* o!r4 ,9 _! l>ge unity !y are real2 isolat$1 !y seem to be pois$ uneasily betwe5 ! real & ! unreal1 & become deceptive1 b>r5 half-tru?s4 ,plato1 :o fir/ discov]$ ! miracul\s hi]>*y ( names1 ?\gh he 0 sometimes drunk ) ! new w9e ( 8 discov]y1 nev] =got t ! unity ( ! human s\l 0 ! f9al outcome ( its div]sity2 & ^? :o read aright 8 mo/ p]fect ( all books--,! ,republic--"k t x is a p>able :i* =e-%ad[s ! complete h>mony ( all ! s\l's activities4 ,n ! lea/ ( ,%e/ov's m]its is t he is alive to ?is tru? 9 its tw(old work+4 ,he is aw>e ( himself z a s\l seek+ an answ] to its own "q2 & he is aw>e ( o!r s\ls on ! same que/4 ,z 9 8 own case he kn[s t he has 9 him some?+ tru] ?an names & divisions & au?orities1 :i* w live 9 spite ( !m1 s t[>ds o!rs he rememb]s t all t !y wrote or ?\ght or said is preci\s & p]man5t 9 s f> z x is ! manife/ation ( ! undivid$ s\l seek+ an answ] to its "q4 ,to "k a man's "w = ?is1 to h div9$ ! direct relation betwe5 8 utt]ance & 8 liv+ s\l1 is criticism3 to make t relation betwe5 "o's own s\l & "o's spee* direct & true is creation4 ,9 ess5ce !y are ! same3 creation is a man's lonely attempt to fix an intimacy ) 8 own /range & secret s\l1 criticism is ! satisfaction ( ! impulse ( lonel9ess to f9d fri5ds & secret %>]s among ! s\ls t are or h be54 ,z creation drives a man to ! k ( 8 own intol]able secrets1 s x drives him to f9d o!rs ) :om he may :isp] ( ! ?+s :i* he has f\nd4 ,o!r criticism ?an ?is is1 9 ! f9al issue1 only ! crim9al & mad desire to en=ce mat]ial ord] 9 a realm :]e all is spiritual & vague & true4 ,x is only ! jeal\s prote/ ( ! small s\l aga9/ ! great1 ( ! slave aga9/ ! free4 ,aga9/ ?is smallness & jeal\sy ,%e/ov has set 8 face4 ,to h done s does n make him a great writ]2 b x does make him a real "o4 ,he is hone/ & he is n deceiv$4 ,b hone/y1 unless a man is big en\gh to be> x1 & (t5 ev5 :5 he is big en\gh to be> x1 may make him afraid4 ,:]e angels fe> to tread1 fools ru% 93 b ?\gh ! folly ( ! fool is condemn$1 "s "o mu/ ent]1 le/ a ri* k+dom be lo/ to ! human _s4 ,p]haps ,%e/ov w seem at times too fe>ful4 ,!n we mu/ rememb] t ,%e/ov is ,russian 9 ano!r s5se ?an t ,i h tri$ to make explicit above4 ,he is a citiz5 ( a c\ntry :]e ! human _s has at all times be5 s highly priz$ t ! "n ( ?9k] has be5 a key to unlock n m]ely ! m9d b ! he>t also4 ,! ,russians n only respect1 b !y love a man :o has ?\ght & s\ght = humanity1 &1 ,i ?9k1 _! love b seldom /ops '?is side idolatry4' ,!y w exalt a philosoph] to a god2 !y are ev5 able to make ( mat]ialism a religion4 ,because !y are s loyal to ! human _s !y w load x ) *a9s1 believ+ t !y are g>l&s4 ,& t is :y dogmatism has nev] come s fully into its own z 9 ,russia4 ,:5 ,%e/ov began to write ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,k>l ,m>x 0 en?ron$ & infallible4 ,! fe> ( su* tyrannies has nev] dep>t$ f ,%e/ov4 ,he has f\ght aga9/ !m s long & s p]si/5tly--ev5 9 ?is book "o mu/ always rememb] t he is face to face ) an enemy ( :i* we ,engli% h no real conception--t he is at times almo/ unn]v$ by ! fe> t he too may be made an au?ority & a rule4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is ultimate hesitation1 if und]/ood rightly1 dim9i%es 9 any way f ! int]e/ ( 8 writ+s3 b x does sugge/ t !re may be await+ him a c]ta9 p>alysis ( endeav\r4 ,!re is inde$ no absolute tru? ( :i* we ne$ take acc\nt o!r ?an ! liv+ p]sonality1 & absolute tru?s are valuable only 9 s f> z !y are se5 to be necess>y manife/ations ( ?is my/]i\s reality4 ,nev]!less x is 9 ! nature ( man1 if n to live by absolute tru?s1 at lea/ to live by enunciat+ !m2 & to hesitate to satisfy ?is imp]i\s ne$ is to h resign$ a c]ta9 measure ( "o's own creative /r5g?4 ,we may tru/ to ! m5 ( insight :o w foll[ u to read our dogmatisms1 our mom5t>y ang]s1 & our un%akable convictions1 9 t]ms ( our p]sonalities1 if ^! %all be f\nd wor?y ( _! curiosity or _! love4 ,& x seems to me t ,%e/ov w\ld h ga9$ 9 /r5g? if he c\ld h m firmly believ$ t !re w\ld surely be o!r ,%e/ovs :o w\ld read him accord+ to 8 own int5tion4 ,b ?is1 ,i also "k1 is a c\nsel ( p]fection3 ! c\rage :i* he has n w\ld n h be5 acquir$ by any intellectual process1 & its possession w\ld h depriv$ him ( ! c\rage :i* he has4 ,z dogmatism 9 ,russia enjoys a supremacy ( :i* we c h>dly =m an idea1 s a cont9ual *all5ge to its claims dem&s 9 ! *all5g] a c\rage :i* x is h>d = u rightly to appreciate4 ,i h n writt5 ?is =eword 9 ord] to prejudice ! issue4 ,%e/ov w1 no d\bt1 be judg$ by ,engli% read]s accord+ to ,engli% /&>ds1 & ,i wi% no m ?an to sugge/ t 8 greate/ quality is "o :i* has become r>e among u1 & t 8 peculi>ities are due to ,russian conditions :i* h long s9ce ceas$ to obta9 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,russians h mu* to tea* u1 & ! only way we %all le>n1 or ev5 "k1 :at we %\ld accept & :at reject1 is to take c\nt z mu* z we c ( ! ,russian realities4 ,& ! fir/ ( ^! & ! la/ is t 9 ,russia ! ?+s ( ! _s are held 9 hon\r above all o!rs4 ,because ( ?is ! ,russian s\l is torm5t$ by problems to :i* we h long be5 dead1 & to :i* we ne$ to be alive aga94 ,j4 ,m4 ,m4 ,po/script4--,leon ,%e/ov is fifty ye>s old4 ,he 0 born at ,kiev1 & /udi$ at ! univ]sity !re4 ,8 fir/ book 0 writt5 9 #ahih4 ,z a writ] ( small production1 he has made 8 way to recognition sl[ly3 b n[ he occupies a sure position z "o ( ! mo/ delicate & individual ( mod]n ,russian critics4 ,! essays conta9$ 9 ?is volume are tak5 f ! f\r? & fif? works 9 ! foll[+ li/3-- #ahih4 ,%akespe>e & 8 ,critic1 ,br&es4 #aijj4 ,good 9 ! tea*+ ( ,do/oevsky & ,nietzs*e3 ,philosophy & ,prea*+4 #aijc4 ,do/oevsky & ,nietzs*e3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,trag$y4 #aije4 ,! ,apo!osis ( ,gr\ndlessness3 ,an ,essay on ,dogmatism4 #aijh4 ,beg9n+s & ,ends4 #aiab4 ,great ,vigils4 ,,anton ,,t*ekhov 7,,creation ,,f ,,! ,,void7 ,rsigne-toi1 mon cur1 dors ton sommeil de brute4 7,,*>les ,,baudelaire47 ,i ,t*ekhov is dead2 !re=e we may n[ speak freely ( him4 ,= to speak ( an arti/ means to dis5tangle & reveal ! 't5d5cy' hidd5 9 8 works1 an op]ation n always p]missible :5 ! subject is /ill liv+4 ,c]ta9ly he _h a reason = hid+ himself1 & ( c\rse ! reason 0 s]i\s & important4 ,i believe _m felt x1 & t x 0 p>tly on ?is acc\nt t we h z yet _h no prop] appreciation ( ,t*ekhov4 ,hi!rto 9 analys+ 8 works ! critics h conf9$ !mselves to common-place & cli*4 ,( c\rse !y knew !y 7 wrong2 b any?+ is bett] ?an to extort ! tru? f a liv+ p]son4 ,mihailovsky alone attempt$ to approa* clos] to ! s\rce ( ,t*ekhov's creation1 & z ev]ybody kn[s1 turn$ away f x ) av]sion & ev5 ) disgu/4 ,"h1 by ! way1 ! deceas$ critic might h conv9c$ himself once aga9 ( ! extravagance ( ! s-call$ !ory ( 'art = art's sake4' ,e arti/ has 8 def9ite task1 8 life's "w1 to :i* he devotes all 8 =ces4 ,a t5d5cy is absurd :5 x endeav\rs to take ! place ( tal5t1 & to cov] impot5ce & lack ( cont5t1 or :5 x is borr[$ f ! /ock ( ideas :i* happ5 to be 9 dem& at ! mom5t4 ',i def5d ideals1 !re=e e "o mu/ give me 8 sympa?ies4' ,su* pret5ces we (t5 see made 9 lit]ature1 & ! notori\s controv]sy conc]n+ 'art = art's sake' 0 evid5tly ma9ta9$ ^u ! d\ble mean+ giv5 to ! ^w 't5d5cy' by its oppon5ts4 ,"s wi%$ to believe t a writ] c be sav$ by ! nobility ( 8 t5d5cy2 o!rs fe>$ t a t5d5cy w\ld b9d !m to ! p]=mance ( ali5 tasks4 ,mu* ado ab\t no?+3 ready-made ideas w nev] end[ m$iocrity ) tal5t2 on ! contr>y1 an orig9al writ] w at all co/s set himself 8 own task4 ,& ,t*ekhov _h 8 own bus9ess1 ?\gh !re 7 critics :o said t he 0 ! s]vant ( art = its own sake1 & ev5 comp>$ him to a bird1 c>elessly fly+4 ,to def9e 8 t5d5cy 9 a ^w1 ,i w\ld say t ,t*ekhov 0 ! poet ( hopelessness4 ,/ubbornly1 sadly1 monoton\sly1 dur+ all ! ye>s ( 8 lit]>y activity1 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury long1 ,t*ekhov 0 do+ "o ?+ alone3 by "o means or ano!r he 0 kill+ human hopes4 ,h]e91 ,i hold1 lies ! ess5ce ( 8 creation4 ,hi!rto x has be5 little spok5 (4 ,! reasons are q intelligible4 ,9 ord9>y language :at ,t*ekhov 0 do+ is call$ crime1 & is visit$ by condign puni%m5t4 ,b h[ c a man ( tal5t be puni%$8 ,ev5 ,mihailovsky1 :o m ?an once 9 8 lifetime gave an example ( m]ciless sev]ity1 did n raise 8 h& aga9/ ,t*ekhov4 ,he w>n$ 8 read]s & po9t$ out ! 'evil fire' :i* he _h notic$ 9 ,t*ekhov's eyes4 ,b he w5t no fur!r4 ,t*ekhov's imm5se tal5t ov]came ! /rict & rigor\s critic4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ,mihailovsky's own position 9 lit]ature _h m ?an a little to d ) ! comp>ative mildness ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation _h li/5$ to him un9t]rupt$ly = ?irty ye>s1 & 8 ^w _h be5 law4 ,b aft]w>ds e "o 0 bor$ ) et]nally repeat+3 ',ari/ides is j1 ,ari/ides is "r4' ,! y\ng] g5]ation began to desire to live & to speak 9 its own way1 & f9ally ! old ma/] 0 o/racis$4 ,!re is ! same cu/om 9 lit]ature z 9 ,t]ra del ,fuego4 ,! "y1 gr[+ m5 kill & eat ! old4 ,mihailovsky /ruggl$ ) all 8 might1 b he no long] felt ! /r5g? ( conviction t comes f ! s5se ( "r4 ,inw>dly1 he felt t ! "y 7 "r1 n because !y knew ! tru?--:at tru? did ! economic mat]iali/s "k8--b because !y 7 "y & _h _! lives be=e !m4 ,! ris+ /> %9es always bright] ?an ! sett+1 & ! old mu/ ( _! own w yield !mselves up to be dev\r$ by ! "y4 ,mihailovsky felt ?is1 & p]haps x 0 ?is :i* und]m9$ 8 =m] assurance & ! firmness ( 8 op9ion ( old4 ,true1 he 0 /ill l ,gret*5's "m 9 ,goe!3 he did n take ri* gifts f *ance )\t hav+ previ\sly consult$ 8 confessor4 ,t*ekhov's tal5t too 0 tak5 to ! prie/1 by :om x 0 evid5tly reject$ z suspect2 b ,mihailovsky no long] _h ! c\rage to set himself aga9/ public op9ion4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation priz$ ,t*ekhov = 8 tal5t1 8 imm5se tal5t1 & x 0 pla9 !y w\ld riot dis[n him4 ,:at rema9$ = ,mihailovsky ,he attempt$1 z ,i say1 to w>n !m4 ,b no "o li/5$ to him1 & ,t*ekhov became "o ( ! mo/ belov$ ( ,russian writ]s4 ,yet ! j ,ari/ides 0 "r ?is "t too1 z he 0 "r :5 he gave 8 w>n+ aga9/ ,do/oevsky4 ,n[ t ,t*ekhov is no m1 we may speak op5ly4 ,take ,t*ekhov's /ories1 ea* "o sep>ately1 or bett] /ill1 all toge!r2 look at him at "w4 ,he is con/antly1 z x 71 9 ambu%1 to wat* & waylay human hopes4 ,he w n miss a s+le "o ( !m1 n "o ( !m w escape its fate4 ,art1 sci5ce1 love1 inspiration1 ideals--*oose out all ! words ) :i* humanity is wont1 or has be5 9 ! pa/1 to be consol$ or to be amus$--,t*ekhov has only to t\* !m & !y in/antly )] & die4 ,& ,t*ekhov himself fad$1 )]$ & di$ be=e our eyes4 ,only 8 wond]ful art did n die--8 art to kill by a m]e t\*1 a brea?1 a glance1 ev]y?+ :]eby m5 live & :]e9 !y take _! pride4 ,& 9 ?is art he 0 con/antly p]fect+ himself1 & he atta9$ to a virtuosity beyond ! rea* ( any ( 8 rivals 9 ,european lit]ature4 ,maupassant (t5 _h to /ra9 e ef=t to ov]come 8 victim4 ,! victim (t5 escap$ f ,maupassant1 ?\gh cru%$ & brok51 yet ) 8 life4 ,9 ,t*ekhov's h&s1 no?+ escap$ dea?4 ,,ii ,i mu/ rem9d my read]1 ?\gh x is a matt] ( g5]al k1 t 9 8 e>li] "w ,t*ekhov is mo/ unlike ! ,t*ekhov to :om we became accu/om$ 9 late ye>s4 ,! "y ,t*ekhov is gay & c>eless1 p]haps ev5 l a fly+ bird4 ,he publi%$ 8 "w 9 ! comic pap]s4 ,b 9 #ahhh & #ahhi1 :5 he 0 only tw5ty-sev5 & tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 !re appe>$ ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory & ! drama ,ivanov1 two pieces ( "w :i* laid ! f\ndations ( a new creation4 ,obvi\sly a %>p & sudd5 *ange _h tak5 place 9 him1 :i* 0 completely reflect$ 9 8 works4 ,!re is no detail$ biography ( ,t*ekhov1 & probably w nev] be1 because !re is no su* ?+ z a full biography--,i1 at all ev5ts1 _c "n "o4 ,g5]ally biographies tell u ev]y?+ except :at x is important to "k4 ,p]haps 9 ! future x w be reveal$ to u ) ! fulle/ details :o 0 ,t*ekhov's tailor2 b we %all nev] "k :at happ5$ to ,t*ekhov 9 ! "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! completion ( 8 /ory ,! ,/eppe & ! appe>ance ( 8 fir/ drama4 ,if we w\ld "k1 we mu/ rely ^u 8 works & our own insight4 ,ivanov & ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory seem to me ! mo/ autobiographical ( all 8 works4 ,9 !m almo/ e l9e is a sob2 & x is h>d to suppose t a man c\ld sob s1 look+ only at ano!r's grief4 ,& x is pla9 t 8 grief is a new "o1 unexpect$ z ?\gh x _h fall5 f ! sky4 ,"h x is1 x w endure = ev]1 & he does n "k h[ to fight aga9/ x4 ,9 ,ivanov ! h]o comp>es himself to an ov]/ra9$ lab\r]4 ,i d n believe we %all be mi/ak5 if we apply ?is comp>ison to ! au?or ( ! drama z well4 ,!re c be practically no d\bt t ,t*ekhov _h ov]/ra9$ himself4 ,& ! ov]/ra9 came n f h>d & heavy lab\r2 no mighty ov]p[]+ exploit broke him3 he /umbl$ & fell1 he slipp$4 ,!re comes ?is nons5sical1 /upid1 all b invisible accid5t1 & ! old ,t*ekhov ( gaiety & mir? is no m4 ,no m /ories = ,! ,al>m ,clock4 ,in/ead1 a morose & ov]%ad[$ man1 a 'crim9al' ^: words fright5 ev5 ! exp]i5c$ & ! omnisci5t4 ,if y desire x1 y c easily be rid ( ,t*ekhov & 8 "w z well4 ,our language conta9s two magic words3 'pa?ological1' & its bro!r 'abnormal4' ,once ,t*ekhov _h ov]/ra9$ himself1 y h a p]fectly legal "r1 sanctifi$ by sci5ce & e tradition1 to leave him out ( all acc\nt1 p>ticul>ly see+ t he is already dead1 & !re=e _c be hurt by y\r neglect4 ,t is if y desire to be rid ( ,t*ekhov4 ,b if ! desire is = "s reason abs5t1 ! words 'pa?ological' & 'abnormal' w h no effect ^u y4 ,p]haps y w g fur!r & attempt to f9d 9 ,t*ekhov's exp]i5ces a crit]ion ( ! mo/ irrefragable tru?s & axioms ( ?is consci\sness ( ours4 ,!re is no ?ird way3 y mu/ ei!r r5\nce ,t*ekhov1 or become 8 accomplice4 ,! h]o ( ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory is an old pr(essor2 ! h]o ( ,ivanov a "y l&lord4 ,b ! !me ( bo? works is ! same4 ,! pr(essor _h ov]/ra9$ himself1 & !reby cut himself (f f 8 pa/ life & f ! possibility ( tak+ an active "p 9 human affairs4 ,ivanov also _h ov]/ra9$ himself & become a sup]flu\s1 useless p]son4 ,_h life be5 s arrang$ t dea? %\ld sup]v5e simultane\sly ) ! loss ( heal?1 /r5g? & capacity1 !n ! old pr(essor & "y ,ivanov c\ld n h liv$ = "o s+le h\r4 ,ev5 a bl9d man c\ld see t !y are bo? brok5 & are unfit = life4 ,b = reasons unkn[n to u1 wise nature has reject$ co9cid5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,a man v (t5 goes on liv+ aft] he has completely lo/ ! capacity ( tak+ f life t :]e9 we are wont to see its ess5ce & mean+4 ,m /rik+ /ill1 a brok5 man is g5]ally depriv$ ( ev]y?+ except ! ability to ackn[l$ge & feel 8 position4 ,nay1 = ! mo/ "p 9 su* cases ! intellectual abilities are ref9$ & %>p5$ & increas$ to colossal proportions4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t an av]age man1 banal & m$iocre1 is *ang$ beyond all recognition :5 he falls into ! exceptional situation ( ,ivanov or ! old pr(essor4 ,9 him appe> signs ( a gift1 a tal5t1 ev5 ( g5ius4 ,nietzs*e once ask$3 ',c an ass be tragical8' ,he left 8 "q unansw]$1 b ,tol/oi answ]$ = him 9 ,! ,dea? ( ,ivan ,ilyi*4 ,ivan ,ilyi*1 x is evid5t f ,tol/oi's description ( 8 life1 is a m$iocre1 av]age "*1 "o ( ^? m5 :o pass ?r\gh life avoid+ any?+ t is difficult or problematical1 c>+ exclusively = ! calm & pleasantness ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,h>dly _h ! cold w9d ( trag$y bl[n ^u him1 ?an he 0 utt]ly trans=m$4 ,! /ory ( ,ivan ,ilyi* 9 8 la/ days is z deeply int]e/+ z ! life-/ory ( ,socrates or ,pascal4 ,9 pass+ ,i w\ld po9t out a fact :i* ,i consid] ( great importance4 ,9 8 "w ,t*ekhov 0 influ5c$ by ,tol/oi1 & p>ticul>ly by ,tol/oi's lat] writ+s4 ,x is important1 because ?us a "p ( ,t*ekhov's 'guilt' falls ^u ! great writ] ( ! ,russian l&4 ,i ?9k t _h !re be5 no ,dea? ( ,ivan ,ilyi*1 !re w\ld h be5 no ,ivanov1 & no ,t$i\s ,/ory1 nor _m o!rs ( ,t*ekhov's mo/ rem>kable works4 ,b ?is by no means implies t ,t*ekhov borr[$ a s+le ^w f 8 great pr$ecessor4 ,t*ekhov _h en\gh mat]ial ( 8 own3 9 t respect he ne$$ no help4 ,b a "y writ] w\ld h>dly d>e to come =w>d at 8 own risk ) ! ?\ghts t make ! cont5t ( ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory4 ,:5 ,tol/oi wrote ,! ,dea? ( ,ivan ,ilyi*1 he _h beh9d him ,w> & ,peace1 ,anna ,k>59a1 & ! firmly e/abli%$ reputation ( an arti/ ( ! highe/ rank4 ,all ?+s 7 p]mitt$ to him4 ,b ,t*ekhov 0 a "y man1 ^: lit]>y baggage am\nt$ 9 all to a few doz5 t9y /ories1 hidd5 9 ! pages ( little kn[n & un9flu5tial pap]s4 ,_h ,tol/oi n pav$ ! way1 _h ,tol/oi n %[n by 8 example1 t 9 lit]ature x 0 p]mitt$ to tell ! tru?1 to tell ev]y?+1 !n p]haps ,t*ekhov w\ld h _h to /ruggle long ) himself be=e f9d+ ! c\rage ( a public confession1 ev5 ?\gh x took ! =m ( /ories4 ,& ev5 ) ,tol/oi be=e him1 h[ t]ribly did ,t*ekhov h to /ruggle ) public op9ion4 ',:y does he write 8 horrible /ories & plays8' e "o ask$ himself4 ',:y does ! writ] sy/ematically *oose = 8 h]oes situations f :i* !re is n1 & _c possibly be1 any escape8' ,:at c be said 9 answ] to ! endless compla9ts ( ! old pr(essor & ,katy1 8 pupil8 ,?is means t !re is1 ess5tially1 some?+ to be said4 ,f times immemorial1 lit]ature has accumulat$ a l>ge & v>i$ /ore ( all k9ds ( g5]al ideas & conceptions1 mat]ial & metaphysical1 to :i* ! ma/]s h rec\rse ! mom5t ! ov]-exact+ & ov]-re/less human voice beg9s to be he>d4 ,?is is exactly ! po9t4 ,t*ekhov himself1 a writ] & an educat$ man1 refus$ 9 advance e possible consolation1 mat]ial or metaphysical4 ,n ev5 9 ,tol/oi1 :o set no great /ore by philosophical sy/ems1 w y f9d su* ke5ly express$ disgu/ = e k9d ( conceptions & ideas z 9 ,t*ekhov4 ,he is well aw>e t conceptions ought to be e/eem$ & respect$1 & he reckons 8 inability to b5d ! knee be=e t :i* educat$ p consid] holy z a defect aga9/ :i* he mu/ /ruggle ) all 8 /r5g?4 ,& he does /ruggle ) all 8 /r5g? aga9/ ?is defect4 ,b n only is ! /ruggle unavail+2 ! long] ,t*ekhov lives1 ! weak] gr[s ! p[] ( l(ty words ov] him1 9 spite ( 8 own reason & 8 consci\s w4 ,f9ally1 he frees himself entirely f ideas ( e k9d1 & loses ev5 ! notion ( connection betwe5 ! happ5+s ( life4 ,h]e9 lies ! mo/ important & orig9al *>act]i/ic ( 8 creation4 ,anticipat+ a little1 ,i w\ld "h po9t to 8 com$y1 ,! ,sea-,gull1 :]e1 9 defiance ( all lit]>y pr9ciples1 ! basis ( action appe>s to be n ! logical developm5t ( passions1 or ! inevitable connection betwe5 cause & effect1 b nak$ accid5t1 o/5tati\sly nude4 ,z "o reads ! play1 x seems at times t "o has be=e "o a copy ( a newspap] ) an endless s]ies ( news p>agraphs1 heap$ ^u "o ano!r1 )\t ord] & )\t previ\s plan4 ,sov]eign accid5t reigns ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+1 ?is "t boldly ?r[+ ! gauntlet to all conceptions4 ,9 ?is1 ,i repeat1 is ,t*ekhov's greate/ orig9ality1 & ?is1 /rangely en\gh1 is ! s\rce ( 8 mo/ bitt] exp]i5ces4 ,he did n want to be orig9al2 he made sup]-human ef=ts to be l ev]ybody else3 b !re is no escap+ "o's de/9y4 ,h[ _m m51 above all among writ]s1 we> _! f+]s to ! bone 9 ! ef=t to be unlike o!rs1 & yet !y _c %ake !mselves free ( cli*--yet ,t*ekhov 0 orig9al aga9/ 8 w6 ,evid5tly orig9ality does n dep5d ^u ! read9ess to proclaim revolution>y op9ions at all co/s4 ,! newe/ & bolde/ idea may & (t5 does appe> t$i\s & vulg>4 ,9 ord] to become orig9al1 in/ead ( inv5t+ an idea1 "o mu/ a*ieve a difficult & pa9ful lab\r2 &1 s9ce m5 avoid lab\r & suff]+1 ! really new is = ! mo/ "p born 9 man aga9/ 8 w4 ,,iii ',a man _c reconcile himself to ! accompli%$ fact2 nei!r c he refuse s to reconcile himself3 & !re is no ?ird c\rse4 ,"u su* conditions action is impossible4 ,he c only fall d[n & weep & beat 8 head aga9/ ! floor4' ,s ,t*ekhov speaks ( "o ( 8 h]oes2 b he might say ! same ( !m all1 )\t exception4 ,! au?or takes c>e to put !m 9 su* a situation t only "o ?+ is left = !m1--to fall d[n & beat _! heads aga9/ ! floor4 ,) /range1 my/]i\s ob/9acy !y refuse all ! accept$ means ( salvation4 ,nicolai ,/epanovi*1 ! old pr(essor 9 ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory1 might h attempt$ to =get himself = a :ile or to console himself ) memories ( ! pa/4 ,b memories only irritate him4 ,he 0 once an em95t s*ol>3 n[ he _c "w4 ,once he 0 able to hold ! att5tion ( 8 audi5ce = two h\rs on end2 n[ he _c d x ev5 = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,he us$ to h fri5ds & comrades1 he us$ to love 8 pupils & assi/ants1 8 wife & *ildr52 n[ he _c conc]n himself ) any "o4 ,if p d ar\se any feel+s at all )9 him1 !n !y are only feel+s ( hatr$1 malice & envy4 ,he has to confess x to himself ) ! tru?fulness :i* came to him--he kn[s n :y nor :5ce--9 place ( ! old diplomatic skill1 possess$ by all clev] & normal m51 :]eby he saw & said only t :i* makes = dec5t human relations & heal?y /ates ( m9d4 ,n[ ev]y?+ :i* he sees or ?9ks only s]ves to poison1 9 himself & o!rs1 ! few joys :i* adorn human life4 ,) a c]ta9ty :i* he nev] atta9$ on ! be/ days & h\rs ( 8 old !oretical rese>*1 he feels t he is become a crim9al1 hav+ committ$ no crime4 ,all t he 0 engag$ 9 be=e 0 good1 necess>y1 & useful4 ,he tells y ( 8 pa/1 & y c see t he 0 always "r & ready at any mom5t ( ! day or ! night to answ] ! sev]e/ judge :o %\ld exam9e n only 8 actions1 b 8 ?\ghts z well4 ,n[ n only w\ld an outsid] condemn him1 he condemns himself4 ,he confesses op5ly t he is all compact ( envy & hatr$4 ',! be/ & mo/ sacr$ "r ( k+s1' he says1 'is ! "r to p>don4 ,& ,i h always felt myself a k+ s long z ,i us$ ?is "r prodigally4 ,i nev] judg$1 ,i 0 compassionate1 ,i p>don$ e "o "r & left4444 ,b n[ ,i am k+ no m4 ,!re's some?+ go+ on 9 me :i* belongs only to slaves4 ,day & night evil ?\ghts roam ab\t 9 my head1 & feel+s :i* ,i nev] knew be=e h made _! home 9 my s\l4 ,i hate & despise2 ,i'm exasp]at$1 di/urb$1 & afraid4 ,i've become /rict beyond measure1 exact+1 unk9d & suspici\s4444 ,:at does x all mean8 ,if my new ?\ghts & feel+s come f a *ange ( my convictions1 :]e c\ld ! *ange come f8 ,has ! _w gr[n worse & ,i bett]1 or 0 ,i bl9d & indiff]5t be=e8 ,b if ! *ange is due to ! g5]al decl9e ( my physical & m5tal p[]s--,i am sick & los+ weight e day--!n ,i am 9 a pitiable position4 ,x means t my new ?\ghts are abnormal & unheal?y1 t ,i mu/ be a%am$ ( !m & consid] !m valueless4444 ,! "q is ask$ by ! old pr(essor on ! po9t ( dea?1 & 9 8 p]son by ,t*ekhov himself4 ,:i* is bett]1 to be a k+1 or an old1 envi\s1 malici\s 'toad1' z he calls himself else:]e8 ,!re is no d5y+ ! orig9ality ( ! "q4 ,9 ! words above y feel ! price :i* ,t*ekhov _h to pay = 8 orig9ality1 & ) h[ great joy he w\ld h ex*ang$ all 8 orig9al ?\ghts--at ! mom5t :5 8 'new' po9t ( view _h become cle> to him--= ! mo/ ord9>y1 banal capacity = b5evol5ce4 ,he has1 no d\bt felt t 8 way ( ?9k+ is pitiable1 %ameful & disgu/+4 ,8 moods revolt him no less ?an 8 appe>ance1 :i* he describes 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 '444 ,i am a man ( sixty-two1 ) a bald head1 false tee? & an incurable tic4 ,my "n is z brilliant & prepossess+1 z ,i myself am dull & ugly4 ,my head & h&s tremble f weakness2 my neck1 l t ( "o ( ,turg5iev's h]o9es1 resembles ! h&le ( a c\nt]-bass2 my *e/ is holl[ & my back n>r[4 ,:5 ,i speak or read my m\? twi/s1 & :5 ,i smile my :ole face is cov]$ ) s5ile1 dea?ly wr9kles4' ,unpleasant face1 unpleasant moods6 ,let ! mo/ sweet natures & compassionate p]son b give a side-glance at su* a mon/]1 & despite himself a cruel ?\ght w\ld awak5 9 him3 t he %\ld lose no "t 9 kill+1 9 utt]ly de/roy+ ?is pitiful & disgu/+ v]m91 or if ! laws =bid rec\rse to su* /rong measures1 at lea/ 9 hid+ him z f> z possible f human eyes1 9 "s prison or hospital or asylum4 ,^! are measures ( suppression sanction$1 ,i believe1 n only by legislation1 b by et]nal morality z well4 ,b "h y enc\nt] resi/ance ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,physical /r5g? to /ruggle ) ! w>d]s1 execution]s1 att5dants1 morali/s--! old pr(essor has none2 a little *ild c\ld knock him d[n4 ,p]suasion & pray]1 he kn[s well1 w avail him no?+4 ,s he /rikes out 9 despair3 he beg9s to cry ov] all ! _w 9 a t]rible1 wild1 he>tr5d+ voice ab\t "s rights ( 83 '444 ,i h a passionate & hy/]ical desire to /ret* out my h&s & moan al\d4 ,i want to cry out t fate has doom$ me1 a fam\s man1 to dea?2 t 9 "s six mon?s "h 9 ! auditorium ano!r w be ma/]4 ,i want to cry out t ,i am poison$2 t new ideas t ,i did n "k be=e h poison$ ! la/ days ( my life1 & /+ my bra9 incessantly l mosquitoes4 ,at t mom5t my position seems s t]rible to me t ,i want all my /ud5ts to be t]rifi$1 to jump f _! seats & ru% panic-/rick5 to ! door1 %riek+ 9 despair4' ,! pr(essor's argum5ts w h>dly move any "o4 ,inde$ ,i d n "k if !re is any argum5t 9 ^? words4 ,b ?is awful1 inhuman moan4444 ,imag9e ! picture3 a bald1 ugly old man1 ) trembl+ h&s1 & twi/$ m\?1 & sk9ny neck1 eyes mad ) fe>1 wall[+ l a bea/ on ! gr\nd & wail+1 wail+1 wail+4444 ,:at does he want8 ,he _h liv$ a long & int]e/+ life2 n[ he _h only to r\nd x (f nicely1 ) all possible calm1 quietly & solemnly to take leave ( ?is e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,in/ead he r5ds himself1 & fl+s himself ab\t1 calls almo/ ! :ole univ]se to judgm5t1 & clut*es convulsively at ! few days left to him4 ,& ,t*ekhov--:at did ,t*ekhov d8 ,in/ead ( pass+ by on ! o!r side1 he supports ! prodigi\s mon/]1 devotes pages & pages to ! 'exp]i5ces ( 8 s\l1' & gradually br+s ! read] to a po9t at :i*1 in/ead ( a natural & lawful s5se ( indignation1 unpr(itable & dang]\s sympa?ies = ! decompos+1 decay+ creature are awak5$ 9 8 he>t4 ,b e "o kn[s t x is impossible to help ! pr(essor2 & if x is impossible to help1 !n x foll[s we mu/ =get4 ,t is z pla9 z a b c4 ,:at use or :at mean+ c\ld !re be 9 ! endless pictur+--daub+1 z ,tol/oi w\ld say--( ! intol]able pa9s ( ! agony :i* inevitably leads to dea?8 ,if ! pr(essor's 'new' ?\ghts & feel+s %one bright ) beauty1 nobility or h]oism1 ! case w\ld be diff]5t4 ,! read] c\ld le>n some?+ f x4 ,b ,t*ekhov's /ory %[s t ^! qualities belong$ to 8 h]o's old ?\ghts4 ,n[ t 8 illness has begun1 !re has sprung up )9 him a revulsion f ev]y?+ :i* ev5 remotely resembles a l(ty feel+4 ,:5 8 pupil ,katy turns to him = advice :at %e %\ld d1 ! fam\s s*ol>1 ! fri5d ( ,pirogov1 ,kavel9 & ,nekrassov1 :o _h taught s _m g5]ations ( "y m51 does n "k :at to answ]4 ,absurdly he *ooses f 8 memory a :ole s]ies ( pleasant-s\nd+ words2 b !y h lo/ all mean+ = him4 ,:at answ] %all he give8 he asks himself4 ',x is easy to say1 ,"w1 or divide y\r prop]ty among ! poor1 or "k y\rself1 & because x is easy1 ,i d n "k :at to answ]4' ,katy1 /ill "y1 heal?y & beautiful1 has by ,t*ekhov's (fices fall5 l ! pr(essor into a trap f :i* no human p[] c deliv] h]4 ,f ! mom5t t %e knew hopelessness1 %e _h won all ! au?or's sympa?y4 ,:ile a p]son is settl$ to "s "w1 :ile he has a future ( "s k9d be=e him1 ,t*ekhov is utt]ly indiff]5t to him4 ,if he does describe him1 !n he usually does x ha/ily & 9 a tone ( scornful irony4 ,b :5 he is entangl$1 & s entangl$ t he _c be dis5tangl$ by any means1 !n ,t*ekhov beg9s to wake up4 ,col\r1 en]gy1 creative =ce1 inspiration make _! appe>ance4 ,!re9 p]haps lies ! secret ( 8 political indiff]5tism4 ,not)/&+ all 8 di/ru/ ( projects = a bright] future1 ,t*ekhov l ,do/oevsky 0 evid5tly n :olly conv9c$ t social re=ms & social sci5ce 7 important4 ,h[ev] difficult ! social "q may be1 /ill x may be solv$4 ,"s day1 p]haps p w s arrange !mselves on ! e>? z to live & die )\t suff]+3 fur!r ?an t ideal humanity _c g4 ,p]haps ! au?ors ( /\t volumes on ,progress d guess & =esee some?+4 ,b j = t reason _! "w is ali5 to ,t*ekhov4 ,at fir/ by in/9ct1 !n consci\sly1 he 0 attract$ to problems :i* are by ess5ce insoluble l t pres5t$ 9 ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory3 !re y h helplessness1 sickness1 ! prospect ( inevitable dea?1 & no hope :atev] to *ange ! situation by a hair4 ,?is infatuation1 :e!r consci\s or in/9ctive1 cle>ly runs c\nt] to ! dem&s ( common s5se & normal w4 ,b !re is no?+ else to expect f ,t*ekhov1 an ov]/ra9$ man4 ,e "o kn[s1 or has he>d1 ( hopelessness4 ,on e side1 be=e our v eyes1 are happ5+ t]rible & intol]able trag$ies1 & if e doom$ man 7 to raise su* an awful al>m ab\t 8 de/ruction z ,nicolai ,/epanovi*1 life w\ld become an inf]no2 ,nicolai ,/epanovi* mu/ n cry 8 suff]+s al\d ov] ! _w1 b be c>eful to tr\ble p z little z possible4 ,& ,t*ekhov %\ld h assi/$ ?is reputable endeav\r by e means 9 8 p[]4 ,z ?\gh !re 7 n ?\s&s ( t$i\s /ories 9 ! _w--!y _c be c\nt$6 ,& above all /ories ( ! k9d t ,t*ekhov tells %\ld be hidd5 ) special c>e f human eyes4 ,we h "h to d ) ! decomposition ( a liv+ organism4 ,:at %\ld we say to a man :o w\ld prev5t corpses f be+ buri$1 & w\ld dig decay+ bodies f ! grave1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 on ! gr\nd1 or r on ! pretext1 t !y 7 ! bodies ( 8 intimate fri5ds1 ev5 fam\s m5 ( reputation & g5ius8 ,su* an occupation w\ld r\se 9 a normal & heal?y m9d no?+ b disgu/ & t]ror4 ,once ^u a "t1 accord+ to popul> sup]/ition1 sorc]]s1 necromanc]s & wiz>ds kept company ) ! dead1 & f\nd a c]ta9 pleasure or ev5 a real satisfaction 9 t gha/ly occupation4 ,b !y g5]ally hid !mselves away f mank9d 9 =e/s & caves1 or betook !mselves to des]ts :]e !y might 9 isolation surr5d] !mselves to _! unnatural incl9ations2 & if _! de$s 7 ev5tually br\ght to light1 heal?y m5 requit$ !m ) ! /ake1 ! gall[s1 & ! rack4 ,! wor/ k9d ( t :i* is call$ evil1 z a rule1 _h = its s\rce & orig9 an int]e/ & ta/e = c>rion4 ,man =gave e crime--cruelty1 viol5ce1 murd]2 b he nev] =gave ! unmotiv$ love ( dea? & ! seek+ ( its secret4 ,9 ?is matt] mod]n times1 be+ free f prejudices1 h advanc$ little f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,p]haps ! only diff]5ce is t we1 engag$ 9 practical affairs1 h lo/ ! natural flair = good & evil4 ,!oretically we are ev5 conv9c$ t 9 our "t !re are n & _c be wiz>ds & necromanc]s4 ,our confid5ce & c>elessness 9 ?is rea*$ su* a po9t1 t almo/ ev]ybody saw ev5 9 ,do/oevsky only an arti/ & a publici/1 & s]i\sly discuss$ ) him :e!r ! ,russian peasant ne$$ to be flogg$ & :e!r we ought to lay h&s on ,con/ant9ople4 ,mihailovsky alone vaguely conjectur$ :at x all might be :5 he call$ ! au?or ( ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov a 'treasure-digg]4' ,i say he 'dimly conjectur$1 because ,i ?9k t ! deceas$ critic made ! rem>k p>tly 9 allegory1 ev5 9 joke4 ,b none ( ,do/oevsky's o!r critics made1 ev5 by accid5t1 a tru] slip ( ! p54 ,t*ekhov1 too1 0 a 'treasure-digg]1' a sorc]]1 a necromanc]1 an adept 9 ! black art2 & ?is expla9s 8 s+ul> infatuation = dea?1 decay & hopelessness4 ,t*ekhov 0 n ( c\rse ! only writ] to make dea? ! subject ( 8 works4 ,b n ! !me is important b ! mann] ( its treatm5t4 ,t*ekhov und]/&s t4 ',9 all ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & ideas1' he says1 ':i* ,i =m ab\t any?+1 !re is want+ ! some?+ univ]sal :i* c\ld b9d all ^! toge!r 9 "o :ole4 ,ea* feel+ & ea* ?\ght lives deta*$ 9 me1 & 9 all my op9ions ab\t sci5ce1 ! !atre1 lit]ature1 & my pupils1 & 9 all ! little pictures :i* my imag9ation pa9ts1 n ev5 ! mo/ cunn+ analy/ w discov] :at is call$ ! g5]al idea1 or ! god ( ! liv+ man4 ,& if ?is is n !re1 !n no?+ is !re4 ,9 pov]ty su* z ?is1 a s]i\s infirmity1 fe> ( dea?1 influ5ce ( circum/ances & p w\ld h be5 en\gh to ov]-?r[ & %att] all t ,i =m]ly consid]$ z my conception ( ! _w1 & all :]e9 ,i saw ! mean+ & joy ( my life4444' ,9 ^! words "o ( ! 'newe/' ( ,t*ekhov's ideas f9ds expression1 "o by :i* ! :ole ( 8 subsequ5t creation is def9$4 ,x is express$ 9 a mode/1 apologetic =m3 a man confesses t he is unable to subord9ate 8 ?\ghts to a high] idea1 & 9 t inability he sees 8 weakness4 ,?is 0 en\gh to av]t f him to "s ext5t ! ?und]s ( criticism & ! judgm5t ( public op9ion4 ,we readily =give ! rep5tant s9n]6 ,b x is an unpr(itable clem5cy3 to expiate "o's guilt1 x is n en\gh to confess x4 ,:at 0 ! good ( ,t*ekhov's putt+ on sackclo?2 & a%es & publicly confess+ 8 guilt1 if he 0 inw>dly un*ang$8 ,if1 :ile 8 words ackn[l$g$ ! g5]al idea z god 7)\t a capital1 inde$71 he did no?+ :atev] = x8 ,9 words he burns inc5se to god1 9 de$ he curses him4 ,be=e 8 disease a conception ( ! _w br\ght him happ9ess1 n[ x _h %att]$ into fragm5ts4 ,is x n natural to ask :e!r ! conception actually did ev] br+ him happ9ess8 ,p]haps ! happ9ess _h its own indep5d5t orig91 & ! conception 0 invit$ only z a g5]al to a w$d+1 = outw>d %[1 & nev] play$ any ess5tial "p4 ,t*ekhov tells u circum/antially :at joys ! pr(essor f\nd 9 8 sci5tific "w1 8 lectures to ! /ud5ts1 8 family1 & 9 a good d9n]4 ,9 all ^! 7 pres5t toge!r ! conception ( ! _w & ! idea1 & !y did n take away f1 b z x 7 embelli%$ life2 s t x seem$ t he 0 work+ = ! ideal1 z well z creat+ a family & d9+4 ,b n[1 :5 = ! same ideal's sake he has to rema9 inactive1 to suff]1 to rema9 awake ( nights1 to swall[ ) ef=t food t has become loa?some to him--! conception ( ! _w is %att]$ into fragm5ts6 ,& x am\nts to ?is1 t a conception ) a d9n] is "r1 & a d9n] )\t a conception equally "r--?is ne$s no argum5t--& a conception an und fr si* is ( no value :atev]4 ,"h is ! ess5ce ( ! words quot$ f ,t*ekhov4 ,he confesses ) horror ! pres5ce )9 him ( t 'new' idea4 ,x seems to him t he alone ( all m5 is s weak & insignificant1 t ! o!rs 444 well1 !y ne$ only ideals & conceptions4 ,& s x is1 surely1 if we may believe :at p write 9 books4 ,t*ekhov plagues1 tortures & worries himself 9 e possible way1 b he c alt] no?+2 nay worse1 conceptions & ideas1 t[>ds :i* a great _m p behave q c>elessly--aft] all1 ^! innoc5t ?+s d n m]it any o!r attitude--9 ,t*ekhov become ! objects ( bitt]1 inexorable1 & m]ciless hatr$4 ,he _c free himself at "o s+le /roke f ! p[] ( ideas3 !re=e he beg9s a long1 sl[ & /ubborn w>1 ,i w\ld call x a gu]illa w>1 aga9/ ! tyrant :o _h enslav$ him4 ,! :ole hi/ory & ! sep>ate episodes ( 8 /ruggle are ( absorb+ int]e/1 because ! mo/ conspicu\s repres5tatives ( lit]ature h hi!rto be5 conv9c$ t ideas h a magical p[]4 ,:at are ! majority ( writ]s do+ b con/ruct+ conceptions ( ! _w--& believ+ t !y are engag$ 9 a "w ( extraord9>y importance & sanctity8 ,t*ekhov (f5d$ v _m lit]>y m54 ,if 8 puni%m5t 0 comp>atively slight1 t 0 because he 0 v cauti\s1 & wag$ w> ) ! air ( br++ tribute to ! enemy1 & secondly1 because to tal5t mu* is =giv54 ,,iv ,! cont5t ( ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory ?us r$uces to ! fact t ! pr(essor1 express+ 8 'new' ?\ghts1 9 ess5ce decl>es t he f9ds x impossible to ackn[l$ge ! p[] ( ! 'idea' ov] himself1 or consci5ti\sly to fulfil t :i* m5 consid] ! supreme purpose1 & 9 ! s]vice :]e( !y see ! mission1 ! sacr$ mission ( man4 ',god be my judge1 ,i hav5't c\rage en\gh to act accord+ to my consci5ce1' su* is ! only answ] :i* ,t*ekhov f9ds 9 8 s\l to all dem&s = a 'conception4' ,?is attitude t[>ds 'conceptions' becomes second nature ) ,t*ekhov4 ,a conception makes dem&s2 a man ackn[l$ges ! ju/ice ( ^! dem&s & me?odically satisfies none ( !m4 ,moreov]1 ! ju/ice ( ! dem&s meets ) less & less ackn[l$gm5t f him4 ,9 ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory ! idea /ill judges ! man & tortures him ) ! m]cilessness peculi> to all ?+s inanimate4 ,exactly l a spl9t] /uck into a liv+ body1 ! idea1 ali5 & ho/ile1 m]cilessly p]=ms its high mission1 until at l5g? ! man firmly resolves to draw ! spl9t] out ( 8 fle%1 h[ev] pa9ful t difficult op]ation may be4 ,9 ,ivanov ! rle ( ! idea is already *ang$4 ,!re n ! idea p]secutes ,t*ekhov1 b ,t*ekhov ! idea1 & ) ! subtle/ division & contempt4 ,! voice ( ! liv+ nature rises above ! artificial habits ( civilisation4 ,true1 ! /ruggle /ill cont9ues1 if y w1 ) alt]nat+ =tunes4 ,b ! old humility is no m4 ,m & m ,t*ekhov emancipates himself f old prejudices & goes--he himself c\ld h>dly say :i!r1 7 he ask$4 ,b he pref]s to rema9 )\t an answ]1 r ?an to accept any ( ! traditional answ]s4 ',i "k q well ,i h no m ?an six mon?s to live2 & x w\ld seem t n[ ,i ought to be ma9ly occupi$ ) que/ions ( ! d>kness beyond ! grave1 & ! visions :i* w visit my sleep 9 ! e>?4 ,b someh[ my s\l is n curi\s ( ^! que/ions1 ?\gh my m9d grants e atom ( _! importance4' ,9 contra/ to ! habits ( ! pa/1 reason is once m pu%$ out ( ! door ) all due respect1 :ile its rights are h&$ ov] to ! 's\l1' to ! d>k1 vague aspiration :i* ,t*ekhov by in/9ct tru/s m ?an ! bright1 cle> consci\sness :i* be=eh& det]m9es ! beyond1 n[ t he /&s be=e ! fatal pale :i* divides man f ! et]nal my/]y4 ,is sci5tific philosophy indignant8 ,is ,t*ekhov und]m9+ its sure/ f\ndations8 ,b he is an ov]/ra9$1 abnormal man4 ,c]ta9ly y are n b\nd to li/5 to him2 b once y h decid$ to d s !n y mu/ be prep>$ = any?+4 ,a normal p]son1 ev5 ?\gh he be a metaphysician ( ! extreme/ e!real br&1 always adju/s 8 !ories to ! requirem5ts ( ! mom5t2 he de/roys only to build up f ! old mat]ial once m4 ,?is is ! reason :y mat]ial nev] fails him4 ,ob$i5t to ! fundam5tal law ( human nature1 long s9ce not$ & =mulat$ by ! wise1 he is cont5t to conf9e himself to ! mode/ "p ( a seek] aft] =ms4 ,out ( iron1 :i* he f9ds 9 nature ready to 8 h&1 he =ges a sword or a pl\gh1 a lance or a sickle4 ,! idea ( creat+ out ( a void h>dly ev5 ent]s 8 m9d4 ,b ,t*ekhov's h]oes1 p]sons abnormal p> excell5ce1 are fac$ ) ?is abnormal & dreadful necessity4 ,be=e !m always lies hopelessness1 helplessness1 ! utt] impossibility ( any action :atsoev]4 ,& yet !y live on1 !y d n die4 ,a /range "q1 & "o ( extraord9>y mom5t1 "h sugge/s itself4 ,i said t x 0 =eign to human nature to create out ( a void4 ,yet nature (t5 deprives man ( ready mat]ial1 :ile at ! same "t %e dem&s imp]atively t he %\ld create4 ,does ?is mean t nature contradicts h]self1 or t %e p]v]ts h] creatures8 ,is x n m correct to admit t ! conception ( p]v]sion is ( purely human orig94 ,p]haps nature is mu* m economical & wise ?an our wisdom1 & maybe we %\ld discov] mu* m if in/ead ( divid+ p into necess>y & sup]flu\s1 useful & noxi\s1 good & bad1 we suppress$ ! t5d5cy to subjective valuation 9 ourselves & endeav\r$ ) great] confid5ce to accept h] creations8 ,o!rwise y come imm$iately--to '! evil gleam1' 'treasure-digg+1' sorc]y & black magic--& a wall is rais$ betwe5 m5 :i* nei!r logical argum5t nor ev5 a batt]y ( artill]y c break d[n4 ,i h>dly d>e hope t ?is consid]ation w appe> conv9c+ to ^? :o are us$ to ma9ta9+ ! norm2 & x is probably unnecess>y t ! notion ( ! great opposition ( good & bad :i* is alive among m5 %\ld die away1 j z x is unnecess>y t *ildr5 %\ld be born ) ! exp]i5ce ( m51 or t r$ *eeks & curly hair %\ld vani% f ! e>?4 ,at any rate x is impossible4 ,! _w has _m c5turies to its reckon+1 _m nations h liv$ & di$ ^u ! e>?1 yet z f> z we "k f ! books & traditions t h surviv$ to u1 ! dispute betwe5 good & evil 0 nev] hu%$4 ,& x always s happ5$ t good 0 n afraid ( ! light ( day1 & good m5 liv$ a unit$1 social life2 :ile evil hid itself 9 d>kness1 & ! wick$ always /ood alone4 ,nor c\ld x h be5 o!rwise4 ,all ,t*ekhov's h]oes fe> ! light4 ,!y are lonely4 ,!y are a%am$ ( _! hopelessness1 & !y "k t m5 _c help !m4 ,!y g some:]e1 p]haps ev5 =w>d1 b !y call to no "o to foll[4 ,all ?+s are tak5 f !m3 !y mu/ create ev]y?+ anew4 ,!nce mo/ probably is d]iv$ ! unconceal$ contempt ) :i* !y behave to ! mo/ preci\s products ( common human creativ5ess4 ,on :atev] subject y beg9 to talk ) a ,t*ekhov h]o he has "o reply to ev]y?+3 ,nobody c tea* me any?+4 ,y (f] him a new conception ( ! _w3 already 9 y\r v fir/ words he feels t !y all r$uce to an attempt to lay ! old bricks & /ones ov] aga91 & he turns f y ) impati5ce1 & (t5 ) rud5ess4 ,t*ekhov is an extremely cauti\s writ]4 ,he fe>s & takes into acc\nt public op9ion4 ,yet h[ unconceal$ is ! av]sion he displays to accept$ ideas & conceptions ( ! _w4 ,9 ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory1 he at any rate pres]ves ! tone & attitude ( outw>d ob$i5ce4 ,lat] he ?r[s aside all precautions1 & in/ead ( reproa*+ himself = 8 inability to submit to ! g5]al idea1 op5ly rebels aga9/ x & je]s at x4 ,9 ,ivanov x already is suffici5tly express$2 !re 0 reason = ! outbur/ ( indignation :i* ?is play provok$ 9 its day4 ,ivanov1 ,i h already said1 is a dead man4 ,! only ?+ ! arti/ c d ) him is to bury him dec5tly1 t is1 to praise 8 pa/1 pity 8 pres5t1 & !n1 9 ord] to mitigate ! *e]less impression produc$ by dea?1 to invite ! g5]al idea to ! fun]al4 ,he might recall ! univ]sal problems ( humanity 9 any "o ( ! _m /]eotyp$ =ms1 & ?us ! difficult case :i* seem$ insoluble w\ld be remov$4 ,toge!r ) ,ivanov's dea? he %\ld portray a bright "y life1 full ( promise1 & ! impression ( dea? & de/ruction w\ld lose all its /+ & bitt]ness4 ,t*ekhov does j ! opposite4 ,in/ead ( end[+ y\? & ideals ) p[] ov] de/ruction & dea?1 z all philosophical sy/ems & _m works ( art _h done1 he o/5tati\sly makes ! good-=-no?+ wreck ,ivanov ! c5tre ( all ev5ts4 ,side by side ) ,ivanov !re are "y lives1 & ! idea is also giv5 h] repres5tatives4 ,b ! "y ,sa%a1 a wond]ful & *>m+ girl1 :o falls utt]ly 9 love ) ! brok5 h]o1 n only does n save h] lov]1 b h]self p]i%es "u ! burd5 ( ! impossible task4 ,& ! idea8 ,x is en\gh to recall ! figure ( ,doctor ,lvov alone1 :om ,t*ekhov entru/$ ) ! responsible rle ( a repres5tative ( ! all-p[]ful idea1 & y w at once p]ceive t he consid]s himself n z subject & vassal1 b z ! bitt]e/ enemy ( ! idea4 ,! mom5t ,doctor ,lvov op5s 8 m\?1 all ! *>act]s1 z ?\gh act+ on a previ\s agreem5t1 vie ) ea* o!r 9 _! ha/e to int]rupt him 9 ! mo/ insult+ way1 by je/s1 ?reats1 & almo/ by smacks 9 ! face4 ,b ! doctor fulfils 8 duties z a repres5tative ( ! great p[] ) no less skill & consci5ti\sness ?an 8 pr$ecessors--,/>od\m#a & ! o!r reputable h]oes ( ! old drama4 ,he *ampions ! wrong$1 seeks to re/ore rights t h be5 trodd5 und]foot1 sets himself dead aga9/ inju/ice4 ,has he /epp$ beyond ! limits ( 8 pl5ipot5ti>y p[]s8 ,( c\rse n2 b :]e ,ivanovs & hopelessness reign !re is n & _c be room = ! idea4 ,!y _c possibly live toge!r4 ,& ! eyes ( ! read]1 :o is accu/om$ to ?9k t e k+dom may fall & p]i%1 yet ! k+dom ( ! idea /&s firm 9 saecula saeculorum1 behold a spectacle unhe>d (3 ! idea de?ron$ by a helpless1 brok51 good-=-no?+ man6 ,:at is !re t ,ivanov does n say8 ,9 ! v fir/ act he fires (f a trem5d\s tirade1 n at a *ance com]1 b at ! inc>nate idea--,/>od\m-,lvov4 ',i h ! "r to give y advice4 ,don't y m>ry a ,jewess1 or an abnormal1 or a blue-/ock+4 ,*oose some?+ ord9>y1 greyi%1 )\t any bright col\rs or sup]flu\s %ades4 ,make x a pr9ciple to build y\r life ( cli*s4 ,! m grey & monoton\s ! backgr\nd1 ! bett]4 ,my de> man1 don't fight ?\s&s s+le-h&$1 don't tilt at w9dmills1 don't run y\r head aga9/ ! wall4 ,god save y f all k9ds ( ,back-to-!-,l&]s' advanc$ doctr9es1 passionate spee*es4444 ,%ut y\rself tight 9 y\r own %ell1 & d ! t9y little "w set y by ,god4444 ,x's cosi]1 hone/]1 & heal?i]4' ,doctor ,lvov1 ! repres5tative ( ! all-p[]ful1 sov]eign idea1 feels t 8 sov]eign's maje/y is injur$1 t to suff] su* an (f5ce really means to abdicate ! ?rone4 ,surely ,ivanov 0 a vassal1 & s he mu/ rema94 ,h[ d>e he let 8 tongue advise1 h[ d>e he raise 8 voice :5 x is 8 "p to li/5 rev]5tly1 & to obey 9 sil5t resignation8 ,?is is rank rebellion6 ,lvov attempts to draw himself up to 8 full height & answ] ! arrogant rebel ) dignity4 ,no?+ comes ( x4 ,9 a weak1 trembl+ voice he mutt]s ! accu/om$ words1 :i* b lately _h inv9cible p[]4 ,b !y d n produce _! cu/om>y effect4 ,_! virtue is dep>t$4 ,:i!r8 ,lvov d>es n own x ev5 to himself4 ,b x is no long] a secret to any "o4 ,:atev] mean & ugly ?+s ,ivanov may h done--,t*ekhov is n close-fi/$ 9 ?is matt]3 9 8 h]o's conduct-book are writt5 all mann] ( (f5ces2 almo/ to ! delib]ate murd] ( a woman devot$ to him--x is to him & n to ,lvov t public op9ion b[s4 ,ivanov is ! _s ( de/ruction1 rude1 viol5t1 pitiless1 /ick+ at no?+3 yet ! ^w 'sc\ndrel1' :i* ! doctor te>s out ( himself ) a pa9ful ef=t & hurls at him1 does n /ick to him4 ,he is someh[ "r1 ) 8 own peculi> "r1 to o!rs inconceivable1 yet /ill1 if we may believe ,t*ekhov1 inconte/able4 ,sa%a1 a creature ( y\? & insight & tal5t1 passes by ! hone/ ,/>od\m-,lvov unhe$+1 on h] way to r5d] wor%ip to him4 ,! :ole play is bas$ on t4 ,x is true1 ,ivanov 9 ! end %oots himself1 & t may1 if y l1 give y a =mal gr\nd = believ+ t ! f9al victory rema9$ ) ,lvov4 ,& ,t*ekhov did well to end ! drama 9 ?is way--x c\ld n be spun out to inf9ity4 ,x w\ld h be5 no easy matt] to tell ! :ole ( ,ivanov's hi/ory4 ,t*ekhov w5t on writ+ = fifte5 ye>s aft]1 all ! "t tell+ ! unf9i%$ /ory1 yet ev5 !n he _h to break x (f )\t rea*+ ! end4444 ,x w\ld %[ small und]/&+ ( ,t*ekhov to take x into "o's head to int]pret ,ivanov's words to ,lvov z mean+ t ,t*ekhov1 l ! ,tol/oi ( ! ,w> & ,peace p]iod1 saw 8 ideal 9 ! ev]yday arrangem5t ( life4 ,t*ekhov 0 only fight+ aga9/ ! idea1 & he said to x ! mo/ abusive ?+ t ent]$ 8 head4 ,= :at c be m insult+ to ! idea ?an to be =c$ to li/5 to ! praise ( ev]yday life8 ,b :5 ! opportunity came 8 way1 ,t*ekhov c\ld describe ev]yday life ) equal v5om4 ,! /ory1 ,! ,tea*] ( ,lit]ature1 may s]ve z an example4 ,! tea*] lives entirely by ,ivanov's prescription4 ,he has 8 job1 & 8 wife--nei!r ,jewess nor abnormal1 nor blue-/ock+--& a home t fits l a %ell4442 b all ?is does n prev5t ,t*ekhov f driv+ ! poor tea*] by sl[ degrees into ! usual trap1 & br++ him to a condition :]e9 x is left to him only 'to fall d[n & weep1 & beat 8 head aga9/ ! floor4' ,t*ekhov _h no 'ideal1' n ev5 ! ideal ( 'ev]yday life' :i* ,tol/oi glorifi$ ) su* inimitable & incomp>able ma/]y 9 8 e>ly works4 ,an ideal presupposes submission1 ! volunt>y d5ial ( "o's own "r to indep5d5ce1 fre$om & p[]2 & dem&s ( ?is k9d1 ev5 a h9t ( su* dem&s1 r\s$ 9 ,t*ekhov all t =ce ( disgu/ & repulsion ( :i* he alone 0 capable4 ,footnote #a3 ,a h]o f ,fon-,viz9's play ,! ,m9or4 ,/>od\m is a raisonneur1 a 'positive' type1 always utt]+ truisms4 ,v ,?us ! real1 ! only h]o ( ,t*ekhov1 is ! hopeless man4 ,he has absolutely no action left = him 9 life1 save to beat 8 head aga9/ ! /ones4 ,x is n surpris+ t su* a man %\ld be intol]able to 8 neighb\rs4 ,ev]y:]e he br+s dea? & de/ruction ) him4 ,he himself is aw>e ( x1 b he has n ! p[] to g ap>t f m54 ,) all 8 s\l he endeav\rs to te> himself out ( 8 horrible condition4 ,above all he is attract$ to fre%1 "y1 unt\*$ be+s2 ) _! help he hopes to recov] 8 "r to life :i* he has lo/4 ,! hope is va94 ,! beg9n+ ( decay always appe>s1 all-conqu]+1 & at ! end ,t*ekhov's h]o is left to himself alone4 ,he has no?+1 he mu/ create ev]y?+ = himself4 ,& ?is 'creation out ( ! void1' or m truly ! possibility ( ?is creation1 is ! only problem :i* c occupy & inspire ,t*ekhov4 ,:5 he has /ripp$ 8 h]o ( ! la/ %r$1 :5 no?+ is left = him b to beat 8 head aga9/ ! wall1 ,t*ekhov beg9s to feel some?+ l satisfaction1 a /range fire lights 9 8 burnt-out eyes1 a fire :i* ,mihailovsky did n call 'evil' 9 va94 ,creation out ( ! void6 ,is n ?is task beyond ! limit ( human p[]s1 ( human rights8 ,mihailovsky obvi\sly _h "o /raight answ] to ! "q4444 ,z = ,t*ekhov himself1 if ! "q 7 put to him 9 su* a delib]ately def9ite =m1 he w\ld probably be unable to answ]1 al?\gh he 0 cont9ually engag$ 9 ! activity1 or m prop]ly1 because he 0 cont9ually s engag$4 ,)\t fe> ( mi/ake1 "o may say t ! p :o answ] ! "q )\t hesitation 9 ei!r s5se h nev] come ne> to x1 or to any ( ! s-call$ ultimate que/ions ( life4 ,hesitation is a necess>y & integral elem5t 9 ! judgm5t ( ^? m5 :om ,fate has br\ght ne> to false problems4 ,h[ ,t*ekhov's h& trembl$ :ile he wrote ! conclud+ l9es ( 8 ,t$i\s ,/ory6 ,! pr(essor's pupil--! be+ ne>e/ & de>e/ to him1 b l himself1 = all h] y\?1 ov]/ra9$ & b]eft ( all hope--has come to ,kh>kov to seek 8 advice4 ,! foll[+ conv]sation takes place3 ,nicolai ,/epani*6 %e says1 gr[+ pale & press+ h] h&s to h] brea/4 ,nicolai ,/epani*6 ,i c't g on l ?is any long]4 ,= ,god's sake tell me n[1 imm$iately4 ,:at %all ,i d8 ,tell me1 :at %all ,i d8 ,:at c ,i say8 ,i am beat54 ,i c say no?+4 ,b tell me1 ,i implore y1 %e cont9ues1 out ( brea? & trembl+ all ov] h] body4 ,i swe> to y1 ,i c't g on l ?is any long]4 ,i hav5't ! /r5g?4 ,%e drops into a *air & beg9s to sob4 ,%e ?r[s h] head back1 wr+s h] h&s1 /amps ) h] feet2 h] hat falls f h] head & dangles by its /r+1 h] hair is loos5$4 ,help me1 help1 %e implores4 ,i c't be> x any m4 ,!re's no?+ t ,i c say to y1 ,katy1 ,i say4 ,help me1 %e sobs1 seiz+ my h& & kiss+ x4 ,y 're my fa!r1 my only fri5d4 ,y're wise & le>n$1 & y've liv$ long ,i ,y 7 a tea*]4 ,tell me :at to d4 ',^u my consci5ce1 ,katy1 ,i d n "k4 ',i am bewild]$ & surpris$1 /irr$ by h] sobb+1 & ,i c h>dly /& upright4 ',let's h "s breakfa/1 ,katy1 ,i say ) a con/ra9$ smile4 ',in/antly ,i add 9 a s9k+ voice3 ,i %all be dead soon1 ,katy4444 ',only "o ^w1 only "o ^w1 %e weeps & /ret*es out h] h&s to me4 ,:at %all ,i d8444' ,b ! pr(essor has n ! ^w to give4 ,he turns ! conv]sation to ! wea!r1 ,kh>kov & o!r indiff]5t matt]s4 ,katy gets up & holds out h] h& to him1 )\t look+ at him4 ',i want to ask h]1' he concludes 8 /ory4 ',s x means y won't be at my fun]al8 ,b %e does n look at me2 h] h& is cold & l a /rang]'s 444 ,i escort h] to ! door 9 sil5ce4444 ,%e goes out ( my room & walks d[n ! long passage1 )\t look+ back4 ,%e kn[s t my eyes are foll[+ h]1 & probably on ! l&+ %e w look back4 ,no1 %e did n look back4 ,! black dress %[$ = ! la/ "t1 h] /eps 7 /ill$4444 ,good-bye1 my treasure6444' ,! only answ] :i* ! wise1 educat$1 long-liv$ ,nicolai ,/epanovi*1 a tea*] all 8 life1 c give to ,katy's "q is1 ',i don't "k4' ,!re is n1 9 all 8 great exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 a s+le me?od1 rule1 or sugge/ion1 :i* might apply1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 to ! wild incongruity ( ! new conditions ( ,katy's life & 8 own4 ,katy c live ?us no long]2 nei!r c he himself cont9ue to endure 8 disgu/+ & %ameful helplessness4 ,!y bo?1 old & "y1 ) _! :ole he>ts desire to support ea* o!r2 !y c betwe5 !m f9d no way4 ,to h] "q3 ',:at %all ,i d8' he repli$3 ',i %all soon be dead4' ,to 8 ',i %all soon be dead' %e answ]s ) wild sobb+1 wr++ h] h&s1 & absurdly repeat+ ! same words ov] & ov] aga94 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to h ask$ no "q1 n to h begun t frank conv]sation ( s\ls4 ,b !y d n yet und]/& t4 ,9 _! old life talk w\ld br+ !m relief & frank confession1 intimacy4 ,b n[1 aft] su* a meet+ !y c suff] ea* o!r no long]4 ,katy leaves ! old pr(essor1 h] fo/]-fa!r1 h] true fa!r & fri5d1 9 ! k t he has become a /rang] to h]4 ,%e did n ev5 turn r\nd t[>ds him z %e w5t away4 ,bo? felt t no?+ rema9$ save to beat _! heads aga9/ ! wall4 ,!re9 ea* acts at 8 own p]il1 & !re c be no dream+ ( a consol+ union ( s\ls4 ,,vi ,t*ekhov knew :at conclusions he _h rea*$ 9 ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory & ,ivanov4 ,"s ( 8 critics also knew1 & told him s4 ,i _c v5ture to say :at 0 ! cause--:e!r fe> ( public op9ion1 or 8 horror at 8 own discov]ies1 or bo? toge!r--b evid5tly !re came a mom5t to ,t*ekhov :5 he decid$ at all co/s to surr5d] 8 position & retreat4 ,! fruit ( ?is decision 0 ,w>d ,no4 #f4 ,9 ?is /ory ! h]o ( ! drama is ! same famili> ,t*ekhov "*1 ! doctor4 ,! sett+1 too1 is q ! usual "o1 ?\gh *ang$ to a slight ext5t4 ,no?+ 9 p>ticul> has occurr$ 9 ! doctor's life4 ,he happ5$ to come to an out-(-!-way place 9 ! prov9ces1 & gradually1 by cont9ually avoid+ life & p1 he rea*$ a condition ( utt] w-lessness1 :i* he repres5t$ to himself z ! ideal ( human happ9ess4 ,he is indiff]5t to ev]y?+1 beg9n+ ) 8 hospital1 :]e he c h>dly ev] be f\nd1 :]e "u ! reign ( ! drunk5 brute ( an assi/ant ! pati5ts are sw9dl$ & neglect$4 ,9 ! m5tal w>d reigns a port] :o is a dis*>g$ soldi]3 he pun*es 8 re/less pati5ts into %ape4 ,! doctor does n c>e1 z ?\gh he 7 liv+ 9 "s di/ant o!r _w1 & does n und]/& :at is go+ on be=e 8 v eyes4 ,he happ5s to ent] 8 w>d & to h a conv]sation ) "o ( 8 pati5ts4 ,he li/5s quietly to him2 b 8 answ] is words in/ead ( de$s4 ,he tries to %[ 8 lunatic acqua9tance t ext]nal influ5ces _c affect u 9 any way at all4 ,! lunatic does n agree1 becomes imp]t95t1 pres5ts objections1 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ?\ghts ( _m lunatics1 nons5sical ass]tions are mix$ ) v pr(\nd rem>ks4 ,inde$1 !re is s little nons5se t f ! conv]sation y w\ld h>dly imag9e t y h to d ) a lunatic4 ,! doctor is delight$ ) 8 new fri5d1 b does no?+ :atsoev] to make him m com=table4 ,! pati5t is /ill "u ! port]'s ?umb z he us$ to be1 & ! port] gives him a ?ra%+ on ! lea/ provocation4 ,! pati5t1 ! doctor1 ! p r\nd1 ! :ole sett+ ( ! hospital & ! doctor's rooms1 are describ$ ) wond]ful tal5t4 ,ev]y?+ induces y to make absolutely no resi/ance & to become fatali/ically indiff]5t3--let !m get drunk1 let !m fight1 let !m ?ieve1 let !m be brutal--:at does x matt]6 ,evid5tly x is s pr$e/9$ by ! supreme c\ncil ( nature4 ,! philosophy ( inactivity :i* ! doctor pr(esses is z x 7 prompt$ & :isp]$ by ! immutable laws ( human exi/5ce4 ,app>5tly !re is no =ce :i* may te> "o f its p[]4 ,s f> ev]y?+ is m or less 9 ! ,t*ekhov /yle4 ,b ! end is completely diff]5t4 ,by ! intrigues ( 8 colleague1 ! doctor himself is tak5 z a pati5t into ! m5tal w>d4 ,he is depriv$ ( fre$om1 %ut up 9 a w+ ( ! hospital1 & ev5 ?ra%$1 ?ra%$ by ! same port] ^: behavi\r he _h taught 8 lunatic acqua9tance to accept1 ?ra%$ be=e 8 acqua9tance's v eyes4 ,! doctor in/antly awak5s z ?\gh out ( a dream4 ,a fi]ce desire to /ruggle & to prote/ manife/s itself 9 him4 ,true1 at ?is mom5t he dies2 b ! idea is triumphant1 /ill4 ,! critics c\ld consid] !mselves q satisfi$4 ,t*ekhov _h op5ly rep5t$ & r5\nc$ ! !ory ( non-resi/ance2 &1 ,i believe1 ,w>d ,no4 #f met ) a sympa!tic reception at ! "t4 ,9 pass+ ,i w\ld say t ! doctor dies v beautifully3 9 8 la/ mom5ts he sees a h]d ( de]4444 ,inde$1 ! con/ruction ( ?is /ory leaves no d\bt 9 ! m9d4 ,t*ekhov wi%$ to compromise1 & he compromis$4 ,he _h come to feel h[ intol]able 0 hopelessness1 h[ impossible ! creation f a void4 ,to beat "o's head aga9/ ! /ones1 et]nally to beat "o's head aga9/ ! /ones1 is s horrible t x 7 bett] to return to idealism4 ,!n ! tru? ( ! wond]ful ,russian say+ 0 prov$3 ',don't =swe> ! begg>'s wallet nor ! prison4' ,t*ekhov jo9$ ! *oir ( ,russian writ]s1 & began to praise ! idea4 ,b n = long4 ,8 v next /ory1 ,! ,duel1 has a diff]5t "*4 ,its conclusion is also app>5tly ideali/ic1 b only 9 appe>ance4 ,! pr9cipal h]o ,layevsky is a p>asite l all ,t*ekhov's h]oes4 ,he does no?+1 c d no?+1 does n ev5 wi% to d any?+1 lives *iefly at o!rs' exp5se1 runs up debts1 s$uces wom54444 ,8 condition is intol]able4 ,he is liv+ ) ano!r man's wife1 :om he _h come to loa! z he loa!s himself1 yet he _c get rid ( h]4 ,he is always 9 /rait5$ circum/ances & 9 debt ev]y:]e3 8 fri5ds dislike & despise him4 ,8 /ate ( m9d is always su* t he is ready to run no matt] :]e1 nev] look+ backw>ds1 only away f ! place :]e he is liv+ n[4 ,8 illegal wife is 9 r\ghly ! same position1 unless x be ev5 m horrible4 ,)\t kn[+ :y1 )\t love1 )\t ev5 be+ attract$1 %e gives h]self to ! fir/1 commonplace man %e meets2 & !n %e feels z ?\gh %e _h be5 cov]$ f head to foot 9 fil?1 & ! fil? _h /uck s close to h] t n ocean itself c\ld wa% h] clean4 ,?is c\ple lives 9 ! _w1 9 a remote little place 9 ! ,caucasus1 & naturally attracts ,t*ekhov's att5tion4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! int]e/ ( ! subject3 two p]sons bef\l$1 :o c nei!r tol]ate o!rs nor !mselves4444 ,= contra/'s sake ,t*ekhov br+s ,layevsky into collision ) ! zoologi/1 ,von ,kor51 :o has come to ! seaside t[n on important bus9ess--e "o recognises its importance--to /udy ! embryology ( ! m$usa4 ,von ,kor51 z "o may see f 8 "n1 is ( ,g]man orig91 & !re=e delib]ately repres5t$ z a heal?y1 normal1 clean man1 ! gr&*ild ( ,gon*>ov's ,/olz1 ! direct opposite ( ,layevsky1 :o on 8 side is ne>ly relat$ to our old fri5d ,oblomov4 ,b 9 ,gon*>ov ! contra/ betwe5 ,/olz & ,oblomov is q diff]5t 9 nature & mean+ to ! contra/ 9 ,t*ekhov4 ,! noveli/ ( ! '=ties hop$ t a rappro*em5t ) ,we/]n culture w\ld r5ew & resuscitate ,russia4 ,& ,oblomov himself is n repres5t$ z an utt]ly hopeless p]son4 ,he is only lazy1 inactive1 un5t]pris+4 ,y h ! feel+ t 7 he to awak5 he w\ld be a mat* = a doz5 ,/olzs4 ,layevsky is a diff]5t affair4 ,he is awake already1 he 0 awak5$ ye>s ago1 b 8 awak5+ did him no good4444 ',he does n love nature2 he has no ,god2 he or 8 companions _h ru9$ e tru/ful girl he _h kn[n2 all 8 life long he _h n plant$ "o s+le little tree1 nor gr[n "o blade ( grass 9 8 own g>d51 nor :ile he liv$ among ! liv+1 _h he sav$ ! life ( "o s+le fly2 b only ru9$ & de/roy$1 & li$1 & li$4444' ,! good-natur$ slugg>d ,oblomov deg5]at$ into a disgu/+1 t]rible animal1 :ile ! clean ,/olz liv$ & rema9$ clean 9 8 po/]ity6 ,b to ! new ,oblomov he speaks diff]5tly4 ,von ,kor5 calls ,layevsky a sc\ndrel & a rogue1 & dem&s t he %\ld be puni%$ ) ! utmo/ sev]ity4 ,to reconcile !m is impossible4 ,! m !y meet1 ! deep]1 ! m m]ciless1 ! m implacable is _! hatr$ = ea* o!r4 ,x is impossible t !y %\ld live toge!r on ! e>?4 ,x mu/ be "o or ! o!r3 ei!r ! normal ,von ,kor51 or ! deg5]ate decad5t ,layevsky4 ,( c\rse1 all ! ext]nal1 mat]ial =ce is on ,von ,kor5's side 9 ! /ruggle4 ,he is always 9 ! "r1 always victori\s1 always triumphant--9 act no less ?an 9 !ory4 ,x is curi\s t ,t*ekhov1 ! irreconcilable enemy ( all k9ds ( philosophy--n "o ( 8 h]oes philosophises1 or if he does1 8 philosophis+ is unsuccessful1 ridicul\s1 weak & unconv9c+--makes an exception = ,von ,kor51 a typical repres5tative ( ! positive1 mat]iali/ic s*ool4 ,8 words brea! vig\r & conviction4 ,!y h 9 !m ev5 pa?os & a maximum ( logical sequ5ce4 ,!re are _m mat]iali/ h]oes 9 ,t*ekhov's /ories1 b 9 _! mat]ialism !re is a t+e ( veil$ idealism1 accord+ to ! /]eotyp$ prescription ( ! 'sixties4 ,su* h]oes ,t*ekhov ridicules & d]ides4 ,idealism ( e k9d1 :e!r op5 or conceal$1 r\s$ feel+s ( intol]able bitt]ness 9 ,t*ekhov4 ,he f\nd x m pleasant to li/5 to ! m]ciless m5aces ( a d[nright mat]iali/ ?an to accept ! dry-z-du/ consolations ( humanis+ idealism4 ,an inv9cible p[] is 9 ! _w1 cru%+ & crippl+ man--?is is cle> & ev5 palpable4 ,! lea/ indiscretion1 & ! mightie/ & ! mo/ insignificant alike fall victims to x4 ,"o c only deceive oneself ab\t x s long z "o kn[s ( x only by he>say4 ,b ! man :o _h once be5 9 ! iron claws ( necessity loses = ev] 8 ta/e = ideali/ic self-delusion4 ,no m does he dim9i% ! enemy's p[]1 he w r exagg]ate x4 ,& ! pure logical mat]ialism :i* ,von ,kor5 pr(esses gives ! mo/ complete expression ( our dep5d5ce ^u ! elem5tal p[]s ( nature4 ,von ,kor5's spee* has ! /roke ( a hamm]1 & ea* bl[ /rikes n ,layevsky b ,t*ekhov himself on 8 w\nds4 ,he gives m & m /r5g? to ,von ,kor5's arm1 he puts himself 9 ! way ( 8 bl[s4 ,= :at reason8 ,decide z y may4 ,p]haps ,t*ekhov *]i%$ a secret hope t self-inflict$ torm5t might be ! "o road to a new life8 ,he has n told u s4 ,p]haps he did n "k ! reason himself1 & p]haps he 0 afraid to (f5d ! positive idealism :i* held su* undisput$ sway ov] contempor>y lit]ature4 ,z yet he d>$ n lift up 8 voice aga9/ ! public op9ion ( ,europe--= we d n ourselves inv5t our philosophical conceptions2 !y drift d[n on ! w9d f ,europe6 ,&1 to avoid qu>rell+ ) p1 he devis$ a commonplace1 happy end+ = 8 t]rible /ory4 ,at ! end ( ! /ory ,layevsky 're=ms'3 he m>ries 8 mi/ress2 gives up 8 dissolute life2 & beg9s to devote himself to transcrib+ docum5ts1 9 ord] to pay 8 debts4 ,normal p c be p]fectly satisfi$1 s9ce normal p read only ! la/ l9es ( ! fable1--! moral2 & ! moral ( ,! ,duel is mo/ :olesome3 ,layevsky re=ms & beg9s transcrib+ docum5ts4 ,( c\rse x may seem t su* an end+ is m l a gibe at morality2 b normal p are n too p5etrat+ psy*ologi/s4 ,!y are sc>$ ( d\ble mean+s &1 ) ! 's9c]ity' peculi> to !mselves1 !y take e ^w ( ! writ] = good co94 ,good luck to !m6 ,,vii ,! only philosophy :i* ,t*ekhov took s]i\sly1 & !re=e s]i\sly f\ght1 0 positivi/ mat]ialism--j ! positivi/ mat]ialism1 ! limit$ mat]ialism :i* does n pret5d to !oretical complet5ess4 ,) all 8 s\l ,t*ekhov felt ! awful dep5d5ce ( a liv+ be+ ^u ! invisible b inv9cible & o/5tati\sly s\lless laws ( nature4 ,& mat]ialism1 above all sci5tific mat]ialism1 :i* is res]v$ & does n ha/5 9 pursuit ( ! f9al ^w1 & es*ews logical complet5ess1 :olly r$uces to ! def9ition ( ! ext]nal conditions ( our exi/5ce4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e day1 e h\r1 e m9ute1 conv9ces u t lonely & weak man br\ght to face ) ! laws ( nature1 mu/ always adapt himself & give way1 give way1 give way4 ,! old pr(essor c\ld n rega9 8 y\?2 ! ov]/ra9$ ,ivanov c\ld n recov] 8 /r5g?2 ,layevsky c\ld n wa% away ! fil? ) :i* he 0 cov]$--int]m9able s]ies ( implacable1 purely mat]iali/ic non possumus1 aga9/ :i* human g5ius c set no?+ b submission or =getfulness4 ,rsigne-toi1 mon cur1 dors ton sommeil de brute--we %all f9d no o!r words be=e ! pictures :i* are unfold$ 9 ,t*ekhov's books4 ,! submission is b an outw>d %[2 "u x lies conceal$ a h>d1 malignant hatr$ ( ! unkn[n enemy4 ,sleep & oblivion are only seem+4 ,does a man sleep1 does he =get1 :5 he calls 8 sleep1 sommeil de brute8 ,b h[ c he *ange8 ,! tempe/u\s prote/s ) :i* ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory is fill$1 ! ne$ to p\r =? ! p5t-up indignation1 soon beg9 to appe> useless1 & ev5 insult+ to human dignity4 ,t*ekhov's la/ rebelli\s "w is ,uncle ,vanya4 ,l ! old pr(essor & l ,ivanov1 ,uncle ,vanya raises ! al>m & makes an incr$ible po!r ab\t 8 ru9$ life4 ,he1 too1 9 a voice n 8 own1 fills ! /age ) 8 cries3 ',life is ov]1 life is ov]1'--z ?\gh inde$ any ( ^! ab\t him1 any "o 9 ! :ole _w1 c\ld be responsible = 8 mis=tune4 ,b wail+ & lam5tation is n suffici5t = him4 ,he cov]s 8 own "m ) insults4 ,aimlessly1 l a lunatic1 )\t ne$ or purpose1 he beg9s %oot+ at 8 imag9>y enemy1 ,sonya's pitiable & unhappy fa!r4 ,8 voice is n en\gh1 he turns to ! revolv]4 ,he is ready to fire all ! cannon on e>?1 to beat e drum1 to r+ e bell4 ,to him x seems t ! :ole ( mank9d1 ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 is sleep+1 t ! neighb\rs mu/ be awak5$4 ,he is prep>$ = any extravagance1 hav+ no rational way ( escape2 = to confess at once t !re is no escape is beyond ! capacity ( any man4 ,!n beg9s a ,t*ekhov hi/ory3 ',he _c reconcile himself1 nei!r c he refuse s to reconcile himself4 ,he c only weep & beat 8 head aga9/ ! wall4' ,uncle ,vanya does x op5ly1 be=e m5's eyes2 b h[ pa9ful to him is ! memory ( ?is frank unres]ve6 ,:5 e "o has dep>t$ aft] a /upid & pa9ful sc5e1 ,uncle ,vanya realises t he %\ld h kept sil5ce1 t x is no use to confess c]ta9 ?+s to any "o1 n ev5 to "o's ne>e/ fri5d4 ,a /rang]'s eye _c endure ! sight ( hopelessness4 ',y\r life is ov]--y h y\rself to ?ank = x3 y are a human be+ no m1 all human ?+s are ah en to y4 ,y\r neighb\rs are no m neighb\rs to y1 b /rang]s4 ,y h no "r ei!r to help o!rs or to expect help f !m4 ,y\r de/9y is--absolute lonel9ess4' ,little by little ,t*ekhov becomes conv9c$ ( ?is tru?3 ,uncle ,vanya is ! la/ trial ( l\d public prote/1 ( a vigor\s 'decl>ation ( rights4' ,& ev5 9 ?is drama ,uncle ,vanya is ! only "o to rage1 al?\gh !re are among ! *>act]s ,doctor ,a/rov & poor ,sonya1 :o might also avail !mselves ( _! "r to rage1 & ev5 to fire ! cannon4 ,b !y are sil5t4 ,!y ev5 repeat c]ta9 com=table & angelic words conc]n+ ! happy future ( mank9d2 :i* is to say t _! sil5ce is d\bly deep1 see+ t 'com=table words' ^u ! lips ( su* p are ! evid5ce ( _! f9al sev]ance f life3 !y h left ! :ole _w1 & n[ !y admit no "o to _! pres5ce4 ,!y h f5c$ !mselves ) com=table words1 z ) ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 f ! curiosity & att5tion ( _! neighb\rs4 ,outw>dly !y resemble all m51 !re=e no man d>es to t\* _! inw>d life4 ,:at is ! mean+ & significance ( ?is /ra9+ inw>d lab\r 9 ^? ^: lives are ov]8 ,probably ,t*ekhov w\ld answ] ?is "q z ,nicolai ,/epanovi* answ]$ ,katy's1 ) ',i d n "k4' ,he w\ld add no?+4 ,b ?is life alone1 m l to dea? ?an life1 attract$ & engag$ him4 ,!re=e 8 utt]ance grew s(t] & sl[] ) e ye>4 ,( all our writ]s ,t*ekhov has ! s(te/ voice4 ,all ! en]gy ( 8 h]oes is turn$ inw>ds4 ,!y create no?+ visible2 worse1 !y de/roy all ?+s visible by _! outw>d passivity & in]tia4 ,a 'positive ?9k]' l ,von ,kor5 br&s !m ) t]rible words1 & ! m cont5t is he ) himself & 8 ju/ice1 ! m en]gy he puts into 8 ana!mas4 ',sc\ndrels1 villa9s1 deg5]ates1 degrad$ animals6'--:at did ,von ,kor5 n devise to fit ! ,layevskys8 ,! manife/ly positive ?9k] wants to =ce ,layevsky to transcribe docum5ts4 ,! surreptiti\sly positive ?9k]s--ideali/s & metaphysicians--d n use abusive words4 ,in/ead !y bury ,t*ekhov's n]ves alive 9 _! ideali/ic cemet]ies1 :i* are call$ conceptions ( ! _w4 ,t*ekhov himself ab/a9s f ! 'solution ( ! "q' ) a p]si/5cy to :i* mo/ ( ! critics probably wi%$ a bett] fate1 & he cont9ues 8 long /ories ( m5 & ! life ( m51 :o h no?+ to lose1 z ?\gh ! only int]e/ 9 life 7 ?is nightm>e susp5sion betwe5 life & dea?4 ,:at does x tea* u ( life or dea?8 ,aga9 we mu/ answ]3 ',i d n "k1'--^? words :i* ar\se ! greate/ av]sion 9 positive ?9k]s1 b appe> 9 "s my/]i\s way to be ! p]man5t elem5ts 9 ! ideas ( ,t*ekhov's p4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! philosophy ( mat]ialism1 ?\gh s ho/ile1 is yet s ne> to !m4 ,x conta9s no answ] :i* c compel man to *e]ful submission4 ,x bruises & de/roys him1 b x does n call itself rational2 x does n dem& gratitude2 x does n dem& any?+1 s9ce x has nei!r s\l nor spee*4 ,a man may ackn[l$ge x & hate x4 ,if he manages to get squ>e ) x--he is "r2 if he fails--vae victis4 ,h[ com=tably s\nds ! voice ( ! unconceal$ ru?lessness ( inanimate1 imp]sonal1 indiff]5t nature1 comp>$ ) ! hypocritical & cloy+ melodies ( ideali/ic1 humani/ic conceptions ( ! _w6 ,!n aga9--& ?is is ! *iefe/ ?+ ( all--m5 c /ruggle ) nature /ill6 ,& 9 ! /ruggle ) nature e weapon is lawful4 ,9 ! /ruggle ) nature man always rema9s man1 &1 !re=e1 "r1 :atev] means he tries = 8 salvation1 ev5 if he 7 to refuse to accept ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! _w's be+--! inde/ructibility ( matt] & en]gy1 ! law ( in]tia & ! re/--s9ce :o w dispute t ! mo/ colossal dead =ce mu/ be subs]vi5t to man8 ,b a conception ( ! _w is an utt]ly diff]5t affair6 ,be=e utt]+ a ^w x puts =w>d an irr$ucible dem&3 man mu/ s]ve ! idea4 ,& ?is dem& is consid]$ n m]ely z some?+ und]/ood1 b z ( extraord9>y sublimity4 ,is x /range !n t 9 ! *oice betwe5 idealism & mat]ialism ,t*ekhov incl9$ to ! latt]--! /rong b hone/ adv]s>y8 ,) idealism a man c /ruggle only by contempt1 & ,t*ekhov's works leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 ?is respect4444 ,b h[ %all a man /ruggle ) mat]ialism8 ,& c x be ov]come8 ,p]haps ,t*ekhov's me?od may seem /range to my read]1 nev]!less x is cle> t he came to ! conclusion t !re 0 only "o way to /ruggle1 to :i* ! prophets ( old turn$ !mselves3 to beat "o's head aga9/ ! wall4 ,)\t ?und] or cannon or al>m1 9 lonel9ess & sil5ce1 remote f _! fell[s & _! fell[s' fell[s1 to ga!r all ! =ces ( despair = an absurd attempt long s9ce condemn$ by sci5ce4 ,h y any "r to expect f ,t*ekhov an approval ( sci5tific me?ods8 ,sci5ce has robb$ him ( ev]y?+3 he is condemn$ to create f ! void1 to an activity ( :i* a normal man1 us+ normal means1 is utt]ly incapable4 ,to a*ieve ! impossible "o mu/ fir/ leave ! road ( r\t9e4 ,h[ev] ob/9ately we may pursue our sci5tific que/s1 !y w n lead u to ! elixir ( life4 ,sci5ce began ) ca/+ away ! long+ = human omnipot5ce z 9 pr9ciple unatta9able3 h] me?ods are su* t success along c]ta9 ( h] pa?s preclude ev5 seek+ along o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 sci5tific me?od is def9$ by ! "* ( ! problems :i* %e puts to h]self4 ,inde$1 n "o ( h] problems c be solv$ by beat+ "o's head aga9/ ! wall4 ,b ?is me?od1 old-fa%ion$ ?\gh x is--,i repeat1 x 0 kn[n to ! prophets & us$ by !m--promis$ m to ,t*ekhov & 8 n]ves ?an all inductions & d$uctions 7:i* 7 n inv5t$ by sci5ce1 b h exi/$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w74 ,?is prompts a man ) "s my/]i\s in/9ct1 & appe>s ^u ! sc5e :5ev] ! ne$ ( x arises4 ,sci5ce condemns x4 ,b t is no?+ /range3 x condemns sci5ce4 ,,viii ,n[ p]haps ! fur!r developm5t & direction ( ,t*ekhov's creation w be intelligible1 & t peculi> & unique bl5d 9 him ( sob] mat]ialism & fanatical /ubbornness 9 seek+ new pa?s1 always r\nd ab\t & haz>d\s4 ,l ,hamlet1 he w\ld dig b5ea? 8 oppon5t a m9e "o y>d deep]1 s t he may at "o mom5t bl[ eng9e] & eng9e into ! air4 ,8 pati5ce & =titude 9 ?is h>d1 und]gr\nd toil are amaz+ & to _m intol]able4 ,ev]y:]e is d>kness1 n a ray1 n a sp>k1 b ,t*ekhov goes =w>d1 sl[ly1 h>dly1 h>dly mov+4444 ,an inexp]i5c$ or impati5t eye w p]haps obs]ve no movem5t at all4 ,x may be ,t*ekhov himself does n "k = c]ta9 :e!r he is mov+ =w>d or m>k+ "t4 ,to calculate be=eh& is impossible4 ,impossible ev5 to hope4 ,man has ent]$ t /age ( 8 exi/5ce :]e9 ! *e]ful & =esee+ m9d refuses its s]vice4 ,x is impossible = him to pres5t to himself a cle> & di/9ct notion ( :at is go+ on4 ,ev]y?+ takes on a t+e ( fanta/ical absurdity4 ,"o believes & disbelieves--ev]y?+4 ,9 ,! ,black ,monk ,t*ekhov tells ( a new reality1 & 9 a tone :i* sugge/s t he is himself at a loss to say :]e ! reality ends & ! phantasmagoria beg9s4 ,! black monk leads ! "y s*ol> into "s my/]i\s remot5ess1 :]e ! be/ dreams ( mank9d %all be realis$4 ,! p ab\t call ! monk a halluc9ation & fight him ) m$ic9es--drugs1 bett] foods & milk4 ,kovr9 himself does n "k :o is "r4 ,:5 he is speak+ to ! monk1 x seems to him t ! monk is "r2 :5 he sees be=e him 8 weep+ wife & ! s]i\s1 anxi\s faces ( ! doctors1 he confesses t he is "u ! influ5ce ( fix$ ideas1 :i* lead him /raight to lunacy4 ,f9ally ! black monk is victori\s4 ,kovr9 has n ! p[] to support ! banality :i* surr\nds him2 he breaks ) 8 wife & h] relations1 :o appe> l inquisitors 9 8 eyes1 & goes away some:]e--b 9 our sight he arrives n[h]e4 ,at ! end ( ! /ory he dies 9 ord] to give ! au?or ! "r to make an end4 ,?is is always ! case3 :5 ! au?or does n "k :at to d ) 8 h]o he kills him4 ,soon] or lat] 9 all probability ?is habit w be ab&on$4 ,9 ! future1 probably1 writ]s w conv9ce !mselves & ! public t any k9d ( artificial completion is absolutely sup]flu\s4 ,! matt] is exhau/$--/op ! tale %ort1 ev5 ?\gh x be on a half-^w4 ,t*ekhov did s sometimes1 b only sometimes4 ,9 mo/ cases he pref]r$ to satisfy ! traditional dem&s & to supply 8 read]s ) an end4 ,?is habit is n s unimportant z at fir/ sight x may seem4 ,consid] ev5 ,! ,black ,monk4 ,! dea? ( ! h]o is z x 7 an indication t abnormality mu/1 9 ,t*ekhov's op9ion1 necess>ily lead ?r\gh an absurd life to an absurd dea?3 b ?is 0 h>dly ,t*ekhov's firm conviction4 ,x is cle> t he expect$ some?+ f abnormality1 & !re=e gave no deep att5tion to m5 :o _h left ! common track4 ,true1 he came to no firm or def9ite conclusions1 = all ! t5se ef=t ( 8 creation4 ,he became s firmly conv9c$ t !re 0 no issue f ! entangl$ labyr9?1 t ! labyr9? ) its inf9ite w&]+s1 its p]petual hesitations & /ray+s1 its uncaus$ griefs & joys uncaus$--9 brief1 all ?+s :i* normal m5 s fe> & %un--became ! v ess5ce ( 8 life4 ,( ?is & ?is alone mu/ a man tell4 ,n ( our inv5tion is normal life1 nor abnormal4 ,:y !n %\ld ! fir/ alone be consid]$ z ! real reality8 ,! ,sea-,gull mu/ be consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 & !re=e "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,t*ekhov's works4 ,!re9 ! arti/'s true attitude to life receiv$ its mo/ complete expression4 ,"h all ! *>act]s are ei!r bl9d1 & afraid to move f _! seats 9 case !y lose ! way home1 or half-mad1 /ruggl+ & toss+ ab\t to no end nor purpose4 ,arkadz9a ! fam\s actress cl+s ) h] tee? to h] sev5ty ?\s& r\bles1 h] fame1 & h] la/ lov]4 ,tregov9 ! fam\s writ] writes day 91 day out2 he writes & writes1 kn[+ nei!r end nor aim4 ,p read 8 works & praise !m1 b he is n 8 own ma/]2 l ,m>ko1 ! f]ryman 9 ! tale1 he lab\rs on )\t tak+ 8 h& f ! o>1 c>ry+ pass5g]s f "o bank to ! o!r4 ,! boat1 ! pass5g]s1 & ! riv] too1 bore him to dea?4 ,b h[ c he get rid ( !m8 ,he might give ! o>s ov] to ! fir/-com]3 ! solution is simple1 b aft] x1 z 9 ! tale1 he mu/ g to heav54 ,n ,tregov9 alone1 b all ! p 9 ,t*ekhov's books :o are no long] "y rem9d "o ( ,m>ko ! f]ryman4 ,x is pla9 t !y dislike _! "w1 b1 exactly z ?\gh !y 7 hypnotis$1 !y _c break away f ! influ5ce ( ! ali5 p[]4 ,! monoton\s1 ev5 dismal1 rhy?m ( life has lull$ _! consci\sness & w to sleep4 ,ev]y:]e ,t*ekhov und]l9es ?is /range & my/]i\s trait ( human life4 ,8 p always speak1 always ?9k1 always d "o & ! same ?+4 ,"o builds h\ses accord+ to a plan made once = all 7,my ,life72 ano!r goes on 8 r\nd ( visits f morn to night1 collect+ r\bles 7,yonit*72 a ?ird is always buy+ up h\ses 7,?ree ,ye>s74 ,ev5 ! language ( 8 *>act]s is delib]ately monoton\s4 ,!y are all monoton\s1 to ! po9t ( /upidity1 & !y are all afraid to break ! monotony1 z ?\gh x 7 ! s\rce ( extraord9>y joys4 ,read ,tregov9's monologue3 '444 ,let u talk4444 ,let u talk ( my beautiful life4444 ,:at %all ,i beg9 )8 ,mus+ a little4 444 ,!re are su* ?+s z fix$ ideas1 :5 a p]son ?9ks day & night1 = in/ance1 ( ! moon1 always ( ! moon4 ,i too h my moon4 ,day & night ,i am at ! m]cy ( "o besett+ idea3 ,i mu/ write1 ,i mu/ write1 ,i mu/4 ,i h h>dly f9i%$ "o /ory ?an1 = "s reason or o!r1 ,i mu/ write a second1 !n a ?ird1 & aft] ! ?ird1 a f\r?4 ,i write incessantly1 po/-ha/e4 ,i _c d o!rwise4 ,:]e !n1 ,i ask y1 is beauty & s]5ity8 ,:at a mon/r\s life x is6 ,i am sitt+ ) y n[1 ,i am excit$1 b mean:ile e second ,i rememb] t an unf9i%$ /ory is wait+ = me4 ,i see a cl\d1 l a gr& piano4 ,x smells ( heliotrope4 ,i say to myself3 a sickly smell1 a half-m\rn+ col\r4444 ,i mu/ n =get to use ^! words :5 describ+ a summ] ev5+4 ,i cat* up myself & y on e phrase1 on e ^w1 & hurry to lock all ^! words & phrases into my lit]>y /oreh\se4 ,p]haps !y w be useful4 ,:5 ,i f9i% "w ,i run to ! !atre1 or g (f fi%+3 at la/ ,i %all re/1 =get myself4 ,b no6 a heavy ball ( iron is dragg+ on my fett]s1--a new subject1 :i* draws me to ! desk1 & ,i mu/ make ha/e to write & write aga94 ,& s on = ev]1 = ev]4 ,i h no re/ f myself1 & ,i feel t ,i am eat+ away my own life4 ,i feel t ! honey :i* ,i give to o!rs has be5 made ( ! poll5 ( my mo/ preci\s fl[]s1 t ,i h pluck$ ! fl[]s !mselves & trampl$ !m d[n to ! roots4 ,surely1 ,i am mad4 ,d my neighb\rs & fri5ds treat me z a sane p]son8 ,:at are y writ+8 ,:at h y got ready = u8 ,! same ?+1 ! same ?+ et]nally1 & x seems to me t ! att5tion1 ! praise1 ! en?usiasm ( my fri5ds is all a fraud4 ,i am be+ robb$ l a sick man1 & sometimes ,i am afraid t !y w creep up to me & seize me1 & put me away 9 an asylum4' ,b :y ^! torm5ts8 ,?r[ up ! o>s & beg9 a new life4 ,impossible4 ,:ile no answ] comes d[n f heav51 ,tregov9 w n ?r[ up ! o>s1 w n beg9 a new life4 ,9 ,t*ekhov's "w1 only "y1 v "y & inexp]i5c$ p speak ( a new life4 ,!y are always dream+ ( happ9ess1 reg5]ation1 light1 joy4 ,!y fly head-long into ! flame1 & are burn$ l silly butt]flies4 ,9 ,! ,sea-,gull1 ,n9a ,z>ye*naya & ,trepliev1 9 o!r works o!r h]oes1 m5 & wom5 alike--all are seek+ = some?+1 ye>n+ = some?+1 b n "o ( !m does t :i* he desires4 ,ea* "o lives 9 isolation2 ea* is :olly absorb$ 9 8 life1 & is indiff]5t to ! lives ( o!rs4 ,& ! /range fate ( ,t*ekhov's h]oes is t !y /ra9 to ! la/ limit ( _! inw>d p[]s1 b !re are no visible results at all4 ,!y are all pitiable4 ,! woman takes snuff1 dresses slov5ly1 we>s h] hair loose1 is un9t]e/+4 ,! man is irritable1 grumbl+1 takes to dr9k1 bores e "o ab\t him4 ,!y act1 !y speak--always out ( season4 ,!y _c1 ,i w\ld ev5 say !y d n want to1 adapt ! out] _w to !mselves4 ,matt] & en]gy unite accord+ to _! own laws2--p live accord+ to _! own1 z ?\gh matt] & en]gy _h no exi/5ce at all4 ,9 ?is ,t*ekhov's intellectuals d n diff] f illit]ate peasants & ! half-educat$ b\rgeois4 ,life 9 ! manor is ! same z 9 ! valley f>m1 ! same z 9 ! village4 ,n "o believes t by *ang+ 8 outw>d conditions he w\ld *ange 8 fate z well4 ,ev]y:]e reigns an unconsci\s b deep & in]adicable conviction t our w mu/ be direct$ t[>ds ends :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ! organis$ life ( mank9d4 ,worse /ill1 ! organisation appe>s to be ! enemy ( ! w & ( man4 ,"o mu/ spoil1 dev\r1 de/roy1 ru94 ,to ?9k out ?+s quietly1 to anticipate ! future--t is impossible4 ,"o mu/ beat "o's head1 beat "o's head et]nally aga9/ ! wall4 ,& to :at purpose8 ,is !re any purpose at all8 ,is x a beg9n+ or an end8 ,is x possible to see 9 x ! w>rant ( a new & inhuman creation1 a creation out ( ! void8 ',i d n "k' 0 ! old pr(essor's answ] to ,katy4 ',i d n "k' 0 ,t*ekhov's answ] to ! sobs ( ^? torm5t$ unto dea?4 ,) ^! words1 & only ^!1 c an essay ^u ,t*ekhov end4 ,rsigne-toi1 mon cur1 dors ton sommeil de brute4 ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,prophecy 7,= ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( ,f4 ,m4 ,do/oevsky's dea?47 ,i ,vladimir ,soloviev us$ to call ,do/oevsky '! prophet1' & ev5 '! prophet ( ,god4' ,imm$iately aft] ,soloviev1 ?\gh (t5 9 complete indep5d5ce ( him1 v _m p look$ ^u ,do/oevsky z ! man to :om ! books ( human de/9y 7 op5$2 & ?is happ5$ n only aft] 8 dea?1 b ev5 :ile he 0 yet alive4 ,app>5tly ,do/oevsky himself too1 if he did n reg>d himself z a prophet--he 0 too eagle-ey$ = t--at lea/ ?\ght x "r t all p %\ld see a prophet 9 him4 ,to ?is be>s witness ! tone ( ,! ,j\rnal ( an ,au?or1 no less ?an ! que/ions ^u :i* he g5]ally t\*es !re94 ,! ,j\rnal ( an ,au?or began to appe> 9 #ahgc1 t is on ,do/oevsky's return f abroad1 & !re=e co9cides ) :at 8 biograph]s call '! highe/ p]iod ( 8 life4' ,do/oevsky 0 !n ! happy fa!r ( a family1 a man ( secure position1 a fam\s writ]1 ! au?or ( a :ole s]ies ( novels kn[n to all3 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,dead1 ,! ,idiot1 ,! ,possess$4 ,he has ev]y?+ :i* c be requir$ f life1 or1 m truly1 he has tak5 ev]y?+ :i* c be tak5 f life4 ,y rememb] ,tol/oi's delib]ations 9 8 ,confession8 ',f9ally1 ,i %all be z fam\s z ,pu%k91 ,gogol1 ,goe! & ,%akespe>e--& :at %all come aft]8' ,inde$1 x is difficult to become a m fam\s writ] ?an ,%akespe>e2 & ev5 if "o succe$$1 ! inevitable "q1 ',& :at %all come aft]8' w\ld by no means be remov$4 ,soon] or lat] 9 ! activity ( a great writ] a mom5t comes :5 fur!r p]fection seems impossible4 ,h[ %all a man be great] ?an himself 9 ! _w ( lit]ature8 ,if he w\ld move1 !n by 8 own w or 9 spite ( x he mu/ /ep on to ano!r plane4 ,& ?is is pla9ly ! beg9n+ ( prophecy 9 a writ]4 ,9 ! g5]al view ! prophet is great] ?an ! writ]2 & ev5 ! possession ( g5ius is n always a gu>antee aga9/ ! g5]al view4 ,ev5 m5 s sceptical z ,tol/oi & ,do/oevsky1 m5 always ready to d\bt ev]y?+1 m ?an once 7 ! victims ( prejudices4 ,prophetic words 7 expect$ ( !m1 & !y w5t out to meet m5's desires1 ,do/oevsky ev5 m readily ?an ,tol/oi4 ,moreov] bo? prophesi$ clumsily3 !y promis$ "o ?+1 & some?+ :olly diff]5t happ5$4 ,s ,tol/oi promis$ long ago t m5 w\ld awake to _! error soon & w\ld put away f !m fratricidal w>1 & w\ld beg9 to live z true ,*ri/ians %\ld1 fulfill+ ! ,gospel comm&m5t ( love4 ,tol/oi prophesi$ & prea*$2 p read him1 z1 x seems1 !y read no o!r writ]3 b !y h n *ang$ _! habits nor _! ta/es4 ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s ,tol/oi has p]=ce be5 a witness ( a :ole s]ies ( horrible & mo/ savage w>s4 ,& n[ !re is our pres5t revolution#a--;arm$ mobs riot+1 ! gall[s set up1 m5 %ot d[n1 bombs--! revolution :i* came to replace ! bloody w> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/6 ,& ?is is 9 ,russia1 :]e ,tol/oi 0 born1 liv$1 taught & prophesi$1 :]e millions ( p s9c]ely hold him to be ! greate/ g5ius ( all6 ,ev5 9 8 own family ,tol/oi c\ld n effect ! *ange t he desir$4 ,"o ( 8 sons is an (fic] 9 ! army2 ! o!r writes 9 ! ,novoe ,vremya1 z ?\gh he 7 ,s\vor9's#b son1 n ,tol/oi's4444 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! gift ( prophecy8 ,:y is x t a man s great z ,tol/oi c =esee no?+1 & seems to pe] 8 way ?r\gh life8 ',:at w to-morr[ br+ =?8' ',to-morr[ ,i'll "w miracles1' said ! magician to ! ,russian pr9ce ( old4 ,= reply ! pr9ce drew 8 sword & /ruck (f ! magician's head2 & ! excit$ mob1 :i* believ$ 9 ! magician-prophet1 became calm & dep>t$ home4 ,hi/ory is ev] /rik+ (f ! heads ( prophetic pr$ictions1 & yet ! cr[d /ill runs aft] ! prophets4 ,( little fai?1 ! cr[d looks = a sign1 because x desires a miracle4 ,b c ! ability to pr$ict be acc\nt$ z evid5ce ( ! p[] to "w miracles8 ,x is possible to pr$ict an eclipse ( ! sun or ! appe>ance ( a comet1 b ?is surely means a miracle only to ! ignorant4 ,an enlight5$ m9d is secure 9 ! k t :]e pr$iction is possible1 !re is no miracle1 s9ce ! possibility ( pr$iction & ( =esee+ presupposes a /rict uni=mity4 ,!re=e n he w appe> a prophet :o has great spiritual gifts1 nor he :o desires to dom9ate ! _w & to comm& ! v laws1 nei!r ! magician1 nor ! sorc]]1 nor ! arti/1 b he :o1 hav+ yield$ himself be=eh& to ! actual & its laws1 has devot$ himself to ! me*anical lab\r ( record & calculation4 ,bism>ck c\ld =etell ! greatness ( ,russia & ,g]many2 & n only ,bism>ck1 b an ord9>y ,g]man politician1 = :om ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to ,deuts*l&1 ,deuts*l& b] alles1 c\ld read ! future = _m ye>s ahead2 yet ,do/oevsky & ,tol/oi c\ld =esee no?+4 ,9 ,do/oevsky ! failure is /ill m rem>kable ?an 9 ,tol/oi1 because he m (t5 attempt$ pr$iction3 m ?an half ( 8 ,j\rnal consi/s 9 unfulfill$ prophecies4 ,s (t5 did he commit 8 prophetic g5ius4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is essay 0 writt5 dur+ ! revolution ( #aije4 ,footnote #b3 ,! fam\s editor ( ! ,novoe ,vremya4 ,,ii ,to "s x may p]haps seem out ( place t 9 an article devot$ to ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( ! writ]'s dea?1 ,i call to m9d 8 mi/akes & errors4 ,! reproa* is h>dly j4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( defect 9 a great man is at lea/ z *>act]i/ic & important z 8 qualities4 ,do/oevsky 0 n a ,bism>ck4 ,b is t s t]rible t we mu/ lam5t x8 ,moreov]1 = writ]s ( ! type ( ,tol/oi & ,do/oevsky1 _! social & political ideas are )\t any value4 ,!y "k well t no "o obeys !m4 ,:atev] !y may say1 hi/ory & political life w g on 9 ! same way1 s9ce x is n _! books & articles :i* guide ev5ts4 ,&1 probably1 "h is ! explanation ( ! amaz+ boldness ( _! op9ions4 ,if ,tol/oi really imag9$ t x w\ld be en\gh = him to write an article dem&+ t all 'soldi]s1 policem51 judges1 m9i/]s' & ! re/1 all ^? gu>dians ( ! public peace1 :om he dete/$--&1 by ! way1 :o loves !m8--%\ld be dismiss$1 = all prison-doors to be flung wide be=e ! murd]]s & robb]s--:o c tell :e!r he w\ld h %[n himself suffici5tly firm & resolute 9 8 op9ions1 to take ^u himself ! responsibility = ! effects ( ! measures :i* he propos$8 ,b he kn[s beyond all d\bt t he w n be obey$1 & !re=e he calmly prea*es an>*y4 ,do/oevsky's "p z a prea*] 0 q diff]5t2 b x too 01 s to speak1 platonic4 ,probably x came z a surprise ev5 to himself1 t he became ! prophet1 n ( 'ideal' politics1 b ( ^? mo/ reali/ic tasks :i* gov]nm5ts always set !mselves 9 c\ntries :]e a few m5 direct ! de/9ies ( peoples4 ,li/5+ to ,do/oevsky1 "o may imag9e t he is discov]+ ideas :i* ! gov]nm5t mu/ take = its guidance & set itself to realise4 ,b y w soon conv9ce y\rself t ,do/oevsky did n discov] "o s+le orig9al political idea4 ,ev]y?+ ( ! k9d t he possess$ he _h borr[$ )\t exam9ation f ! ,slavophiles1 :o 9 _! turn appe>$ orig9al only to ! ext5t to :i* !y 7 able )\t outside assi/ance to translate f ! ,g]man & ! ,fr5*3 ,russl&1 ,russl& b] alles4 7,ev5 ! rhy?m ( ! v]se is n affect$ by ! sub/itution ( ! "o ^w47 ,b :at is mo/ important is1 t ! ,slavophiles ) _! ,russo-,g]man glorification ( nationality1 & ) !m ,do/oevsky :o jo9$ ! *orus1 h nei!r taught nor educat$ "o s+le man among ! rul+ classes4 ,our gov]nm5t knew all t x ne$$ to "k by itself1 )\t ! ,slavophiles & )\t ,do/oevsky4 ,f "t immemorial x _h gone its way by ! road :i* ! !ori/s s passionately prais$3 s t no?+ 0 left to !m b to eulogise ^? 9 p[] & to def5d ! policy ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t aga9/ ! public op9ion :i* 0 ho/ile to x4 ,autocracy1 ,or?odoxy1 ,nationality--all ^! 7 held s firmly 9 ,russia t 9 ! 'sev5ties :5 ,do/oevsky began to prea* !y ne$$ no support :atev]4 ,& surely e "o kn[s t p[] nev] s]i\sly reckons ^u ! help ( lit]ature4 ,c]ta9ly x requires t ! ,muses %\ld pay tribute to x ) ! o!rs1 nobly =mulat+ its dem&s 9 ! words3 ,bless$ be ! union ( ! sword & ! lyre4 ,x us$ to happ5 t ! ,muses did n refuse ! reque/1 sometimes s9c]ely1 sometimes because1 z ,he9e said1 x is p>ticul>ly disagreeable to we> iron *a9s 9 ,russia1 on acc\nt ( ! heavy fro/s4 ,9 any case ! ,muses 7 only all[$ to s+ ! praises ( ! sword1 b by no means to wield x4 ,!re are all k9ds ( unions4 ,& "h aga9 ,do/oevsky1 = all 8 indep5d5t nature1 /ill appe>$ 9 ! rle ( a prophet ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t3 t is1 he div9$ ! secret devices ( ! p[]s t 71 & 9 ?is connection !n recall$ all ! 'high & beautiful' words :i* he _h manag$ to ho>d up 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long w&]+s4 ,= in/ance1 ! gov]nm5t began to ca/ covet\s glances t[>ds ! ,ea/ 7at t "t ! ,ne> ,ea/ /ill72 ,do/oevsky beg9s to argue t we mu/ h ,con/ant9ople1 & to prophesy t ,con/ant9ople w soon be ours4 ,8 'argum5t' is1 ( c\rse1 ( a purely 'moral "*1' &1 sure en\gh1 he is a writ]4 ,only f ,con/ant9ople1 he says1 c we make avail ! purely ,russian ideal ( embrac+ all humanity4 ,( c\rse our gov]nm5t1 ?\gh inde$ we _h no ,bism>cks1 p]fectly well und]/ood ! value ( moral argum5t & ( prophecy bas$ ^u !m1 & w\ld h pref]r$ a few well-equipp$ divisions & improv$ guns4 ,to reali/ politicians "o s+le soldi]1 arm$ n ) a gun b ) a blund]buss1 is ( m importance ?an ! sublime/ conception ( moral philosophy4 ,b /ill !y d n drive away ! humble prophet1 if ! prophet kn[s 8 place4 ,do/oevsky accept$ ! rle1 s9ce x gave him /ill ! opportunity ( display+ 8 refractory nature 9 ! /ruggle ) ,lib]al lit]ature4 ,he sang paeans1 made prote/s1 utt]$ absurdities--& worse ?an absurdities4 ,= in/ance1 he c\nsell$ all ! ,slav peoples to unite "u ! aegis ( ,russia1 assur+ !m t only ?us w\ld full indep5d5ce be gu>ante$ !m1 & ! "r ( %ap+ !mselves by _! own culture1 & s on--& t 9 ! face ( ! millions ( ,poli% ,slavs liv+ 9 ,russia4 ,or aga91 ! ,mosc[ ,gazette gives its op9ion t x w\ld be well = ! ,crimean ,t>t>s to emigrate to ,turkey1 s9ce x w\ld !n be possible = ,russians to settle 9 ! p59sula4 ,do/oevsky cat*es up ?is orig9al idea ) en?usiasm4 ',inde$1' he says1 'on political & /ate & simil> consid]ations'--,i d n "k h[ x is ) o!r p1 b :5 ,i he> su* words z '/ate' & 'political' on ,do/oevsky's lips1 ,i _c help smil+--'x is necess>y to expel ! ,t>t>s & to settle ,russians on _! l&s4' ,:5 ! ,mosc[ ,gazette projects su* a measure1 x is intelligible4 ,b ,do/oevsky6 ,do/oevsky :o call$ himself a ,*ri/ian1 :o s passionately prea*es love to "o's neighb\r1 self-abasem5t1 self-r5unciation1 :o taught t ,russia mu/ 's]ve ! nations'--h[ c\ld he be tak5 ) an idea s rapaci\s8 ,& inde$ almo/ all 8 political ideas h ! m>k ( rapacity ^u !m3 to grab & grab1 & /ill to grab4444 ,z ! occasion dem&s1 he n[ expresses ! hope t we may h ,g]many's fri5d%ip1 & aga9 ?reat5s h]2 n[ he argues t we h ne$ ( ,engl&1 & aga9 he ass]ts t we c\ld d )\t h]1--j l a lead]-writ] 9 a bi5-p5sant prov9cial pap]4 ,"o ?+ alone makes itself felt among all ^! ludicr\s & et]nally contradictory ass]tions1--,do/oevsky und]/&s no?+1 absolutely no?+1 ab\t politics1 & moreov]1 he has no?+ at all to d ) politics4 ,he is =c$ to g 9 t[ ( o!rs :o1 comp>$ ) him1 are utt] non5tities1 & he goes4 ,ev5 8 ambition--& he _h a colossal ambition1 an ambition unique 9 its k9d1 z befitt$ a univ]sal man--suff]s n "o :it3 *iefly because m5 expect$ prophecy f him1 because ! next title to t ( a great writ] is t ( a prophet1 & because a r+ ( conviction & a l\d voice are ! signs ( ! prophetic gift4 ,do/oevsky c\ld speak al\d3 he c\ld also speak ) ! tone ( "o :o kn[s secrets1 & ( "o ) au?ority4 ,"o le>ns mu* 9 ! und]world4 ,all ^! ?+s s]v$ him4 ,m5 took ! poet-laureate ( ! exi/+ ord] = ! inspir] ( ?\ghts & ! gov]nor ( ,russia's remote/ de/9ies4 ,x 0 en\gh = ,do/oevsky4 ,x 0 ev5 necess>y = ,do/oevsky4 ,he knew ( c\rse t he 0 no prophet2 b he knew t !re _h nev] be5 "o on e>?1 & t ^? :o 7 prophets _h no bett] "r to ! title ?an he4 ,,iii ,i w p]mit myself to rem9d ! read] ( ,tol/oi's lett] to 8 son1 lately publi%$ by ! latt] 9 ! newspap]s4 ,x is v int]e/+4 ,once m1 n f ! /&po9t ( ! practical man :o has to decide ! que/ions ( ! day--f ?is /&po9t ,tol/oi1 ,do/oevsky1 & _! simil>s are q useless--b man does n live by bread alone4 ,ev5 n[ 9 ! t]rible days ?r\gh :i* we h to live1 n[1 if y w1 m ?an ev] be=e1 "o _c read newspap]s alone1 nor ?9k only ( ! awful surprises :i* to-morr[ prep>es = u4 ,to e "o is left an h\r ( leisure betwe5 ! read+ ( newspap]s & p>ty programmes1 if x be n an h\r 9 ! day :5 ! noise ( ev5ts & ! pressure ( imm$iate "w di/racts1 !n an h\r 9 ! deep night1 :5 ev]y?+ t 0 possible has be5 already done1 & ev]y?+ t 0 requir$ has be5 said4 ,!n come fly+ 9 ! old ?\ghts & que/ions1 fright5$ away by bus9ess1 & = ! ?\s&? "t "o returns to ! my/]y ( human g5ius & human greatness4 ,:]e & h[ f> c g5ius "k & accompli% m ?an ord9>y m58 ,!n ,tol/oi's lett]1 :i* dur+ ! day ar\s$ only ang] & indignation1--is x n outrage\s & revolt+1 ?9k "s1 t 9 ! great collision ( =ces :i* cont5d ) "o ano!r 9 ,russia1 ,tol/oi _c di/+ui% ! "r =ce f ! wrong1 b /igmatises all ! /ruggl+ combatants by ! "o "n ( ungodly8 ,dur+ ! day1 ,i say1 x is surely outrage\s3 9 ! daytime we w\ld l ,tol/oi to be ) u & = u1 because we are conv9c$ t we & we alone are seek+ ! tru?1--nay1 t we "k ! tru?1 :ile our enemies are def5d+ evil & falsehood1 :e!r 9 malice or 9 ignorance4 ,b ?is is dur+ ! day4 ,9 ! night-"t1 ?+s are *ang$4 ,"o rememb]s t ,goe! also ov]look$1 simply did n notice1 ! great ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,true1 he 0 a ,g]man :o liv$ f> f ,p>is1 :ile ,tol/oi lives close to ,mosc[1 :]e m51 wom51 & *ildr5 h be5 %ot1 cut d[n1 & burnt alive4 ,moreov]1 !re is no d\bt t ,tol/oi has ov]look$ n m]ely ,mosc[1 b ev]y?+ t w5t be=e ,mosc[4 ,:at is happ5+ n[ does n seem to him important or extraord9>y4 ,= him only t is important to :i* he1 ,tol/oi1 has set 8 h&3 all t occurs outside & beside him1 = him has no exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! great pr]ogative ( great m54 ,& sometimes x seems to me--p]haps x is only t ,i w\ld h x seem s--z ?\gh !re 7 9 t pr]ogative a deep & hidd5 mean+4 ,:5 we h no m /r5g? 9 u to li/5 to ! endless tales ( horrible atrocities :i* h already be5 committ$1 & to anticipate 9 imag9ation all t ! future holds 9 /ore = u1 !n we recall ,tol/oi & 8 indiff]5ce4 ,x is n 9 our human p[] to return ! murd]$ fa!rs & mo!rs to ! *ildr5 nor ! *ildr5 to _! fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,nor /&s x ev5 9 our p[] to rev5ge ourselves ^u ! murd]]s1 nor w v5geance reconcile e "o to 8 loss4 ,& we try no long] to ?9k ) logic1 & to seek a ju/ification ( ! horrors !re :]e !re is & c be none4 ,:at if we ask ourselves :e!r ,tol/oi & ,goe! did n sec ! ,revolution & did n suff] its pa91 only because !y saw some?+ else1 some?+1 x may ev5 be1 m necess>y & important8 ,maybe !re are inde$ m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dream$ ( 9 our philosophy4 ,n[ we may return to ,do/oevsky & 8 'ideas'2 we may call !m fe>lessly by ! names :i* !y des]ve1 = ?\gh ,do/oevsky is a writ] ( g5ius1 ?is does n mean t we mu/ =get our daily ne$s4 ,! night & ! day h ea* _! rights4 ,do/oevsky want$ to be a prophet1 he want$ p to li/5 to him & cry ',hosanna6' because1 ,i say aga91 he ?\ght t if m5 _h ev] cri$ ',hosanna6' to any "o1 !n !re 0 no reason :y he1 ,do/oevsky1 %\ld be d5i$ ! hon\r4 ,t is ! reason :y 9 ! 'sev5ties he made 8 appe>ance 9 ! new rle ( a prea*] ( ,*ri/ianity1 & n ( ,*ri/ianity m]ely1 b ( or?odoxy4 ,aga91 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! f> f accid5tal circum/ances t 8 prea*+ co9cid$ ) ! 's]5e/' p]iod ( 8 life4 ,he :o _h 9 "t pa/ be5 a homeless w&]]1 a poor man :o _h n :]e to lay 8 head1 _h provid$ himself ) a family & a h\se ( 8 own1 ev5 ) money 7= 8 wife 0 sav+74 ,! failure _h become a celebrity2 ! convict a full citiz54 ,! und]world1 :]e-into 8 fate _h b lately driv5 him1 x might seem = ev]1 n[ appe>$ to him a phantasmagoria :i* nev] _h be5 real4 ,9 ! galleys & ! und]world _h be5 born )9 him a great hung] = ,god :i* liv$ long2 !re he f\ght a great fight1 ! fight ( life aga9/ dea?2 !re = ! fir/ "t 7 made ! new & awful exp]im5ts :i* alli$ ,do/oevsky ) ev]y?+ t is rebelli\s & re/less on e>?4 ,:at ,do/oevsky wrote dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life 7n m]ely ,! ,j\rnal ( an ,au?or1 b ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov z well7 has value only 9 s f> z ,do/oevsky's pa/ is reflect$ !re94 ,he made no new /ep onw>ds4 ,z he 01 s he rema9$1 on ! eve ( a great tru?4 ,b 9 ! old days t did n suffice him1 he hung]$ = some?+ beyond2 b n[ he does n want to /ruggle1 & he _c expla9 to himself or to o!rs :at is really happ5+ )9 him4 ,he pret5ds to be /ruggl+ /ill1 nay1 m1 he behaves z ?\gh he _h won ! f9al victory1 & dem&s t 8 triumph %\ld be ackn[l$g$ by public op9ion4 ,he loves to ?9k t ! night is already pa/ & ! actual day begun3 & ! galleys & ! und]world1 rem9d+ him t ! day is n yet1 are no m4 ,all ! evid5ces ( a complete illusion ( victory seem to be !re--let him only *oose ! text & prea*6 ,do/oevsky clut*$ at or?odoxy4 ,:y n ,*ri/ianity8 ,because ,*ri/ianity is n = him :o has a h\se1 a family1 money1 fame1 & a fa!r-l&4 ,*ri/ said3 ',let him leave all t he ha? & foll[ me4' ,b ,do/oevsky 0 afraid ( solitude1 he desir$ to be ! prophet ( mod]n1 settl$ m5 to :om pure ,*ri/ianity1 unadapt$ to ! ne$s ( civilis$ exi/5ce 9 a gov]n$ /ate1 is unfitt$4 ,h[ %\ld a ,*ri/ian seize ,con/ant9ople1 drive out ! ,t>t>s f ! ,crimea1 r$uce all ,slavs to ! condition ( ! ,poles1 & ! re/--= all ! projects ( ,do/oevsky & ! ,mosc[ ,gazette defy enum]ation8 ,s1 be=e accept+ ! ,gospel1 he mu/ expla9 x4444 ,h[ev] /range x may appe>1 x mu/ be confess$ t "o _c f9d 9 ! :ole ( lit]ature a s+le man :o is prep>$ to accept ! ,gospel z a :ole1 )\t int]pretation4 ,"o man wants to seize ,con/ant9ople accord+ to ! ,gospel1 ano!r to ju/ify ! exi/+ ord]1 a ?ird to exalt himself or to ?ru/ d[n 8 enemy2 & ea* consid]s x z 8 "r to dim9i% f1 or ev5 to supplem5t1 ! text ( ,holy ,writ4 ,i h1 ( c\rse1 only ^? 9 view :o ackn[l$ge1 at lea/ 9 ^w1 ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 s9ce he :o sees 9 ! ,gospel only "o ( ! m or less rem>kable books ( 8 libr>y1 naturally has ! "r to subject x to :atev] critical op]ations he may *oose4 ,b "h we h ,tol/oi1 ,do/oevsky1 & ,vladimir ,soloviev4 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 & ! belief is p>ticul>ly support$ & develop$ by ! mo/ rec5t criticism1 t ,tol/oi alone rationalis$ ,*ri/ianity1 :ile ,do/oevsky & ,soloviev accept$ x 9 all ! fullness ( its my/icism1 d5y+ reason ! "r to sep>ate tru? f falsehood 9 ! ,gospel4 ,i consid] ?is belief mi/ak53 = ,do/oevsky & ,soloviev 7 afraid to accept ! ,gospel z ! f\nta9 ( k1 & reli$ mu* m ^u _! own reason & _! exp]i5ce ( life ?an ^u ! words ( ,*ri/4 ,b1 if !re 0 a man among u :o1 ?\gh b 9 "p1 took ! risk ( accept+ ! my/]i\s & obvi\sly dang]\s words ( ! ,gospel precepts1 t man 0 ,leo ,tol/oi4 ,i w expla9 myself4 ,we are told t ,tol/oi made ! attempt1 9 8 works publi%$ abroad1 to expla9 ! miracles ( ! ,gospel 9 a way intelligible to human reason4 ,do/oevsky & ,soloviev1 on ! o!r h&1 readily accept$ ! inexplicable4 ,b g5]ally ! miracles ( ! ,gospel attract ! p :o believe lea/1 = x is impossible to repeat ! miracles1 & ?is be+ s1 !n x foll[s t a m]ely ext]nal fai? is suffici5t1 a m]e v]bal ass]tion4 ,a man says t he believes 9 miracles3 '8 reputation z a religi\s man is made1 bo? 9 8 own m9d & 9 o!rs'1 & z = ! re/ ( ! ,gospel1 !re rema9s 'int]pretation4' ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance to evil4 ,x ne$ n be said t ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance is ! mo/ t]rible1 & ! mo/ irrational1 & my/]i\s ?+ t we read 9 ! ,gospel4 ,all our reason+ s\l is indignant at ! ?\ght t full mat]ial fre$om %\ld be giv5 to ! murd]] to accompli% 8 murd]\s acts4 ,h[ c y all[ a murd]] to kill an innoc5t *ild be=e y\r v eyes1 & yet n draw ! sword8 ,:o has ! "r to give t abom9able precept8 ,soloviev#c & ,do/oevsky alike repeat t "q1 ! "o 9 a disguis$1 ! o!r 9 an op5 attack on ,tol/oi4 ,yet s9ce ! ,gospel pla9ly decl>es ',resi/ n evil1' bo? ( our believ]s 9 miracles h sudd5ly rememb]$ reason & turn$ to its te/imony1 kn[+ t reason w naturally de/roy any mean+ :atev] t may be 9 ! precept4 ,9 o!r words1 !y repeat ! "q ( ! d\bt+ ,jews conc]n+ ,*ri/3 ',:o is ,he t speake? z "o hav+ au?ority8' ,god comm&$ ,abraham t he %\ld (f] up 8 son4 ,by 8 reason1 8 human reason1 ,abraham refus$ to ackn[l$ge any intelligible mean+ 9 ! cruel comm&1 b yet made ready to act accord+ to ! ^w ( ,god & made no attempt to rid himself ( ! h>d & inhuman obligation by cunn+ int]pretation4 ,b ,do/oevsky & ,soloviev refuse to fulfil ,*ri/'s dem&s s soon z !y f9d no ju/ification 9 ! human reason4 ,yet !y say t !y believe t ,laz>us 0 rais$ f ! dead & t ! man :o 0 sick ( a palsy 0 cur$1 & all ! o!r miracles :i* are relat$ by ! ,apo/les4 ,:y !n does _! belief end j at ! po9t :]e x beg9s to place obligations ^u !m8 ,:y ! sudd5 rec\rse to reason1 :5 we "k exactly t ,do/oevsky came to ! ,gospels only to be rid ( ! p[] ( reason8 ,b t 0 9 ! days ( ! und]world4 ,n[ ! 's]5e' p]iod ( 8 life has begun4 ,b ,soloviev1 evid5tly1 _h nev] ev5 kn[n ! und]world4 ,only ,tol/oi boldly & resolutely tries to te/ ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*+1 n 9 8 ?\ghts alone1 b 9 "p 9 8 life also4 ,f ! human po9t ( view x is mad to make no resi/ance to evil4 ,he kn[s t e :it z well z ,do/oevsky1 ,soloviev & ! re/ ( 8 _m oppon5ts4 ,b he is really seek+ 9 ! ,gospels t div9e madness1 s9ce human reason does n satisfy him4 ,tol/oi began to foll[ ! ,gospel 9 t cl\d$ p]iod ( 8 life :5 he 0 haunt$ by ! phantoms ( ,ivan ,ilyi* & ,pozdny%iev4 ,"h belief 9 miracles1 belief 9 ! ab/ract1 divorc$ f life1 avails no?+4 ,= belief's sake "o mu/ surr5d] all t is de>e/--ev5 a son--to ! sacrifice4 ,:o is ,he t spake z "o hav+ au?ority8 ,we _c n[ v]ify :e!r ,he did 9 tru? raise ,laz>us f ! dead1 or satisfy ?\s&s ) a few h&fuls ( loaves4 ,b if we unhesitat+ly p]=m ,8 precepts1 !n we may discov] :e!r ,he has giv5 u ! tru?4444 ,s x 0 ) ,tol/oi2 & he turn$ to ! ,gospel :i* is ! sole & orig9al s\rce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,do/oevsky turn$ to ! ,slavophiles & ! tea*+s ( _! /ate-religion4 ,or?odoxy infallible1 n ,ca?olicism nor ,prote/antism nor ev5 simple ,*ri/ianity2 & !n1 ! orig9al idea3 ,russl&1 ,russl& b] alles4 ,tol/oi c\ld prophesy no?+ 9 hi/ory1 b !n1 z if delib]ately1 he does n int]f]e ) ! hi/orical life4 ,= him our pres5t reality does n exi/3 he conc5trates himself :olly ^u ! riddle :i* ,god set ,abraham4 ,b ,do/oevsky desir$ at all co/s to prophesy1 prophesi$ con/antly & 0 con/antly mi/ak54 ,we h n tak5 ,con/ant9ople1 we h n unit$ ! ,slavs1 & ev5 ! ,t>t>s /ill live 9 ! ,crimea4 ,he t]rifi$ u by prophesy+ t ,europe w\ld be dr5*$ 9 riv]s ( blood because ( ! w>f>e betwe5 ! classes1 :ile 9 ,russia1 ?anks to our ,russian ideal ( univ]sal humanity1 n only w\ld our int]nal problems be peacefully solv$1 b a new unhe>d-( ^w w\ld /ill be f\nd :]eby we %\ld save hapless ,europe4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury has pass$4 ,s f> no?+ has happ5$ 9 ,europe4 ,b we are dr[n+ ourselves1 lit]ally dr[n+ ourselves1 ) blood4 ,n only is our ali5 population oppress$1 ,slav & non-,slav alike1 b our own bro!r is tortur$1 ! mis]able />v+ ,russian peasant :o und]/&s no?+ at all4 ,9 ,mosc[1 9 ! he>t ( ,russia1 wom51 *ildr51 & old m5 h be5 %ot d[n4 ,:]e n[ is ! ,russian univ]sal s\l ( :i* ,do/oevsky prophesi$ 9 8 spee* on ,pu%k98 ,:]e is love1 :]e are ! ,*ri/ian precepts8 ,we see only ',gov]nm5talism1' ov] :i* ! ,we/]n nations also f\ght2 b !y f\ght ) means less cruel & less ho/ile to civilisation4 ,russia w aga9 h to le>n f ! ,we/ z %e _h to le>n m ?an once be=e4 ,& ,do/oevsky w\ld h done f> bett] _h he nev] attempt$ to prophesy4 ,b !re is no great h>m done ev5 if he did prophesy4 ,i am glad ) all my he>t ev5 n[ t he re/$ a little :ile f ! galleys at ! end ( 8 life4 ,i am deeply conv9c$ t ev5 _h he rema9$ 9 ! und]world until ! day ( 8 dea?1 yet he w\ld h f\nd no solution ( ! que/ions :i* torm5t$ him4 ,h[ev] mu* en]gy ( s\l a man puts into 8 "w1 he w /ill rema9 'on ! eve' ( tru?1 & w n f9d ! solution he desires4 ,t is ! law ( human k9d4 ,& ,do/oevsky's prea*+ has done no h>m4 ,^? li/5$ to him :o1 ev5 )\t 8 voice1 w\ld h m>*$ on ,con/ant9ople1 oppress$ ! ,poles1 & made ready ! suff]+s :i* are necess>y to ! s\l ( ! peasant4 ,?\gh ,do/oevsky gave !m 8 sanction1 on ! :ole he adds no?+ to !m4 ,!y _h no ne$ ( lit]>y sanction1 q correctly judg+ t 9 practical matt]s n ! pr9t$ page1 b bayonets & artill]y are ( decid+ value4 ,all t he _h to tell1 ,do/oevsky told u 9 8 novels1 :i* ev5 n[1 tw5ty-five ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 attract all ^? :o w\ld wre/ f life h] secrets4 ,& ! title ( prophet1 :i* he s\ght s dilig5tly1 consid]+ t x 0 8 by "r1 did n suit him at all4 ,prophets are ,bism>cks1 b !y are ,*ancellors too4 ,! fir/ 9 ! village is ! fir/ 9 ,rome4444 ,is a ,do/oevsky doom$ et]nally to be 'on ! eve'8 ,let u once m try to reject logic1 ?is "t p]haps n logic alone1 & say3 ',s let x be4' ,footnote #c3 ,w> & ,*ri/ianity1 by ,vladimir ,soloviev4 ,,p5ultimate ,,words ,i ,de omnibus dubit&um ,!re are b few or?odox ,hegelians left among philosoph]s n[adays1 yet ,hegel is /ill supreme ov] ! m9ds ( our contempor>ies4 ,x may ev5 be t c]ta9 ( 8 ideas h tak5 deep] root n[adays ?an :5 ,hegelianism 0 9 full bloom3 = in/ance1 ! conception t hi/ory is ! unfold+ ( ! idea 9 reality1 or1 to put x m briefly & 9 t]ms m famili> to ! mod]n m9d--! idea ( progress4 ,try to conv9ce an educat$ p]son ( ! contr>y3 y are sure to be wor/$4 ,b1 de omnibus dubit&um1 :i* means 9 o!r words1 t d\bt is call$ ^u to fulfil its mission above all 9 ^? cases :]e a conviction is p>ticul>ly /rong & un%akable4 ,!re=e "o mu/ admit1 :e!r he w or no1 t progress s call$--! developm5t ( mank9d 9 "t--is a fiction4 ,we h wireless telegraphy1 radium & ! re/1 yet we /& no high] ?an ! ,romans or ! ,greeks ( old4 ,y admit ?is8 ,!n1 "o /ep fur!r3 al?\gh we h wireless telegraphy & all ! o!r bless+s ( civilisation1 /ill we /& no high] ?an r$-or black-sk9n$ savages4 ,y prote/3 b ! pr9ciple compels4 ,y began to d\bt3 !n :at is ! use ( draw+ back8 ,= myself1 ,i mu/ confess t ! idea ( ! spiritual p]fection ( savages ent]$ my m9d b lately1 :51 = ! fir/ "t = _m ye>s1 ,i look$ ?r\gh ! works ( ,tylor1 ,lubbock & ,sp5c]4 ,!y speak ) su* c]ta9ty ( ! advantages ( our spiritual organisation1 & h su* s9c]e contempt = ! moral mis]y ( ! savage1 t 9 spite ( myself /ole 9 ! ?\ght3 ,is x n exactly "h1 :]e all are s c]ta9 t no "o ev] exam9es ! "q1 t ! s\rce ( error is to be f\nd8 ,high "t to recall ,desc>tes & 8 rule6 ,& z soon z ,i began to d\bt1 all my =m] c]ta9ty--( c\rse ,i fully %>$ ! op9ion ( ! ,engli% an?ropologi/s--disappe>$ 9 a mom5t4444 ,x began to appe> t ! savage inde$ is high] & m important ?an our savants1 & n our mat]iali/s only1 z ,pr(essor ,pauls5 ?9ks1 b our ideali/s1 metaphysicians1 my/ics1 & ev5 our conv9c$ mission>ies 7s9c]e believ]s1 n ! pr(it-mong]+ sort71 :om ,europe s5ds =? into ! _w to enlight5 ! backw>d bre?r54 ,x seem$ to me t ! cr$it transactions common among savages1 ) a promise to pay 9 ! _w beyond ! grave1 h a deep mean+4 ,& human sacrifices6 ,9 !m ,sp5c] sees a b>b>ity1 z an educat$ ,european %\ld4 ,i also see 9 !m b>b>ity1 because ,i also am a ,european & h a sci5tific education4 ,b ,i deeply envy _! b>b>ity1 & curse ! cultivation :i* has h]d$ me toge!r ) believ+ mission>ies1 ideali/1 mat]iali/1 & positivi/ philosoph]s1 into ! n>r[ fold ( ! sultry & disgu/+ appreh5sible _w4 ,we may write books to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b our wives won't foll[ u to ! o!r _w3 !y w pref] to endure ! wid['s lot "h on ! e>?4 ,our morality1 bas$ on religion1 =bids u to hurry into et]nity4 ,& s 9 ev]y?+4 ,we are guess+1 at ! be/ we are sickli$ ) dreams1 b our life passes outside our guesses & our dreams4 ,"o man /ill accepts ! rites ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ev] /range !y may be1 & s]i\sly imag9es t he is br\ght into contact ) o!r worlds4 ,beyond ! rites no /ep is tak54 ,kant di$ :5 he 0 eighty2 _h x n be5 = *ol]a1 ,hegel w\ld h liv$ a hundr$ ye>s2 :ile ! savages--! "y ones kill ! old & 444 ,i d>e n complete ! s5t5ce = fe> ( (f5d+ s5sitive e>s4 ,aga9 ,i recall ,desc>tes & 8 rule3 :o is "r1 ! savages or we8 ,& if ! savages are "r1 c hi/ory be ! unfold+ ( ! idea8 ,& is n ! conception ( progress 9 "t 7t is ! developm5t f ! pa/ to ! pres5t & to ! future7 ! pure/ error8 ,p]haps1 & mo/ probably1 !re is developm5t1 b ! direction ( ?is developm5t is 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( "t4 ,! base ( ! p]p5dicul> may be any human p]sonality4 ,may ,god & ! read] =give "o ! obscurity ( ! la/ words4 ,i hope ! cl>ity ( ! =ego+ exposition w to "s ext5t atone = x4 ,,ii ,self-r5unciation & ,megalomania ,we are oblig$ to ?9k t no?+ c]ta9 c be said ei!r ( self-r5unciation or ( megalomania1 ?\gh ea* "o ( u 9 8 own exp]i5ce kn[s some?+ ( ! =m] z well z ( ! latt]4 ,b x is well kn[n t ! impossibility ( solv+ a "q nev] yet kept p f reflect+4 ,on ! contr>y3 to u ! mo/ allur+ que/ions are ^? to :i* !re is no actual1 no univ]sally valid1 answ]4 ,i hope t soon] or lat]1 philosophy w be ?us def9$1 9 contra/ to sci5ce3--philosophy is ! tea*+ ( tru?s :i* are b9d+ on none4 ,!reby ! accusation s (t5 made aga9/ philosophy w be remov$1 t philosophy prop]ly consi/s ( a s]ies ( mutually exclusive op9ions4 ,?is is true1 b %e mu/ be prais$ = x1 n blam$3 !re is no?+ bad 9 x1 b good1 a v great deal ( good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is bad1 extremely bad1 t sci5ce %\ld consi/ ( tru?s univ]sally b9d+4 ,= e obligation is a con/ra9t4 ,tempor>ily1 "o c submit to a re/ra9t1 put on a corset1 fett]s2 "o c agree to any?+ tempor>ily4 ,rut :o w volunt>ily admit ! ma/]y ov] himself ( an et]nal law8 ,ev5 f ! quiet & cle> ,sp9oza ,i sometimes he> a deep sigh1 & ,i ?9k t he is long+ = fre$om--he :o wa/$ all 8 life1 all 8 g5ius 9 ! glorification ( necessity4444 ,) su* an introduction "o may say :at he pleases4 ,x seems to me t self-r5unciation & megalomania1 h[ev] little !y resemble "o ano!r app>5tly1 may be obs]v$ successively1 ev5 simultane\sly1 9 "o & ! same p]son4 ,! ascetic1 :o has d5i$ life & humbles himself be=e ev]ybody1 & ! madman 7l ,nietzs*e or ,do/oevsky71 :o affirms t he is ! light1 ! salt ( ! e>?1 ! fir/ 9 ! :ole _w or ev5 9 ! :ole univ]se--bo? rea* _! madness--,i hope !re is no necessity to demon/rate t self-r5unciation z well z megalomania is a k9d ( madness--"u conditions = ! mo/ "p id5tical4 ,! _w does n satisfy ! man & he beg9s to seek = a bett]4 ,all s]i\s seek+ br+s a man to lonely pa?s1 & lonely pa?s1 x is well kn[n1 end 9 a great wall :i* sets a fatal b\nd to man's curiosity4 ,!n arises ! "q1 h[ %all a man pass beyond ! wall1 by ov]com+ ei!r ! law ( imp5etrability or ! equally inv9cible law ( gravity1 9 o!r words1 h[ %all a man become inf9itely small or inf9itely great8 ,! fir/ way is t ( self-r5unciation3 ,i want no?+1 ,i myself am no?+1 ,i am inf9itely small1 & !re=e ,i c pass ?r\gh ! inf9itely small pores ( ! wall4 ,! o!r way is megalomania4 ,i am inf9itely /rong1 inf9itely great1 ,i c d all ?+s1 ,i c %att] ! wall1 ,i c /ep ov] x1 ?\gh x be high] ?an all ! m\nta9s ( ! e>? & ?\gh x has hi!rto dismay$ ! /ronge/ & ! brave/4 ,?is is probably ! orig9 ( ! two mo/ my/]i\s & mighty spiritual trans=mations4 ,!re is no s+le religion ^u :i* are n m or less cle>ly impress$ ! traces ( ^! me?ods ( man's /ruggle ) ! pov]ty ( 8 p[]s4 ,9 ascetic religions ! t5d5cy to self-r5unciation pr$om9ates3 ,buddhism glorifies ! suppression ( ! individual & has = its ideal ,nirvana4 ,! ,greeks dream$ ( ,titans & h]oes4 ,! ,jews consid] !mselves ! *os5 p & await ! ,messiah4 ,z = ! ,gospel1 x is h>d to say to :i* me?od ( /ruggle x gives ! pref]5ce4 ,on ! "o h& are ! great miracles1 ! rais+ f ! dead1 ! heal+ ( ! sick1 ! p[] ov] ! w9ds & ! sea2 on ! o!r3 ',bless$ are ! poor 9 _s4' ,! ,son ( ,god :o w sit on ! "r h& ( p[] n[ lives 9 ! company ( publicans1 begg>s1 & h>lots1 & s]ves !m4 ',:o is n = u1 is aga9/ u'2 ! promise to ?ru/ d[n 8 enemies into ! fi]y hell2 et]nal torm5t = blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s1 & equal ) ^! ! exhortation to ! extreme ( humility & love to ! enemy3 ',turn to him ! o!r *eek also4' ,?r\gh\t1 ! ,gospel is p]meat$ ) contradictions1 :i* are n extrane\s & hi/orical1 conc]n$ ) facts1 b intr9sic1 contradictions ( mood1 ( 'ideals1' z ! mod]n man w\ld say4 ,:at is 9 "o *apt] prais$ z ! noble/ task is 9 ! next degrad$ to an unwor?y lab\r4 ,x is 9 no way /range t ! mo/ opposite tea*+s %\ld f9d ju/ification 9 ?is little book1 :i* is half compos$ ( repetitions4 ,! ,inquisitors1 ! ,jesuits1 & ! old ascetics call$ !mselves4 ,*ri/ians2 s d ! mod]n ,prote/ants & our ,russian sect>ies4 ,to a great] or less degree !y all are "r1 ev5 ! ,prote/ants4 ,su* contradictory elem5ts are int]tw9$ 9 ! ,gospel1 t m51 above all ^? :o travel ! high road1 :o c move 9 "o direction only1 & "u "o conspicu\s flag1 :o h become accu/om$ to believe 9 ! unity ( reason & ! infallibility ( logical laws1 c\ld nev] fully grasp ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 & always aspir$ to give to ! words & de$s ( ,*ri/ a uni=m explanation :i* %\ld exclude contradictions1 & m or less correspond to ! common conceptions ( ! "w & problems ( life4 ,!y read 9 ! my/]i\s book1 ',h fai? & ?\ %alt say to ?is m\nta93 be ?\ remov$1' & und]/ood x to mean t always1 e h\r & e m9ute1 "o mu/ ?9k & desire ! self-same ?+1 prescrib$ be=eh& & fully d5n$2 :]eas 9 ^! words ! ,gospel all[s & comm5ds ! madde/ & mo/ p]il\s exp]im5ts4 ,t :i* is1 did n exi/ = ,*ri/2 & only t exi/$1 :i* is n4 ,! old ,roman1 ,pilate1 :o 0 app>5tly an educat$ man1 clev] & n bad at he>t1 ?\gh weak 9 "*1 c\ld nei!r und]/& nor elucidate ! cause ( ! /range /ruggle :i* took place be=e him4 ,) 8 :ole he>t he piti$ ! pale ,jew be=e him1 :o 0 guilty ( no?+4 ',:at is tru?8' he ask$ ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ did n answ] him1 nor c\ld ,he answ]1 n ?r\gh ignorance1 z ! hea!n desir$ to believe1 b because t "q _c be answ]$ 9 words4 ,x w\ld h be5 necess>y to take ,pilate's head1 & turn x t[>ds ! o!r side1 9 ord] t he might see :at he _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,or1 /ill bett]2 to h us$ ! me?od to :i* ! hun*-back$ pony turns 9 ! fairy tale1 9 ord] to *ange sleepy ,ivanu%ka into a wiz>d & a beauty3 fir/1 to plunge him into a cauldron ( boil+ milk1 !n into ano!r ( boil+ wat]1 !n a ?ird ( ice-cold wat]4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t ) ?is prelim9>y prep>ation ,pilate w\ld h begun to act diff]5tly1 & ,i ?9k ! hun*-back$ pony w\ld agree t self-r5unciation & megalomania w\ld be a fair sub/itute = ! cauldrons ( ! tale4 ,great privations & great illusions s *ange ! nature ( man t ?+s :i* seem$ be=e impossible1 become possible1 & ! unatta9able1 atta9able4 ,,iii ,et]nal ,tru?s ,9 ! ,memorabilia ,x5ophon tells ( ! meet+ ( ,socrates ) ! fam\s sophi/ ,hippias4 ,:5 ,hippias came to ,socrates1 ! latt] z usual held =?1 & z usual ask$ :y x is t m5 :o wi% to le>n c>p5try or smi?'s "w "k to :om !y %\ld apply1 b if !y desire to le>n virtue1 _c possibly f9d a tea*]4 ,hippias1 :o _h he>d ^! op9ions ( ,socrates _m times be=e1 rem>k$ ironically3 ',s y're /ill say+ ! same old ?+s1 t ,i he>d f y ye>s ago6' ,socrates und]/ood & accept$ ! *all5ge1 z he always accept$ *all5ges ( ?is k9d4 ,a dispute began1 by :i* x 0 demon/rat$ 7z usual 9 ,plato & ,x5ophon7 t ,socrates 0 a /rong] dialectician ?an 8 oppon5t4 ,he succe$$ 9 %[+ t 8 conception ( ju/ice 0 bas$ on ! same firm f\ndation z all 8 o!r conceptions1 & t convictions once =m$1 if !y are true1 are z little liable to ! action ( "t z noble metals to ru/4 ,socrates liv$ sev5ty ye>s4 ,he 0 once a y\?1 once a man1 once a greybe>d4 ,b :at if he _h liv$ a hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 exp]i5c$ once aga9 all ! ?ree seasons ( life1 & _h aga9 met ,hippias8 ,or1 bett] /ill1 if ! s\l1 z ,socrates taught1 is immortal & ,socrates n[ lives some:]e 9 ! moon or ,sirius1 or 9 any o!r place pr$e/9$ = immortal s\ls1 does he really g on plagu+ 8 companions ) disc\rses on ju/ice1 c>p5t]s1 & smi?s8 ,& does he /ill em]ge victori\s z ( old f ! dispute ) ,hippias & o!r p]sons :o d>e to affirm t ev]y?+ 7human convictions includ$7 may be1 & ought to be1 subject to ! laws ( "t1 & t mank9d n only loses no?+1 b ga9s mu* by su* subjection8 ,,iv ,e>? & ,heav5 ,! ^w ju/ice is on all m5's lips4 ,b d m5 inde$ s highly prize ju/ice z "o w\ld ?9k1 :o believ$ all t has be5 said & is /ill be+ said conc]n+ x8 ,m ?an ?is1 is x s highly appreciat$ by its sworn advocates & panegyri/s--poets1 philosoph]s1 morali/s1 !ologians--ev5 by ! be/ ( !m1 ! mo/ s9c]e & gift$8 ,i d\bt x1 ,i d\bt x deeply4 ,glance at ! works ( any wise man1 :e!r ( ! mod]n or ! anci5t _w4 ,ju/ice1 if we und]/& x z ! equality ( all liv+ m5 be=e ! laws ( creation--& h[ else c we und]/& x8--nev] occupi$ any "o's att5tion4 ,plato nev] once ask$ ,de/9y :y %e creat$ ,!rsites contemptible & ,patroclus noble4 ,plato argues t m5 %\ld be j1 b nev] once d>es to arraign ! gods = _! inju/ice4 ,if we li/5 to 8 disc\rses1 a suspicion w /eal into our s\ls t ju/ice is a virtue = mortals1 :ile ! immortals h virtues ( _! own :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ju/ice4 ,& "h is ! la/ trial ( e>?ly virtue4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! human s\l is mortal or immortal4 ,"s1 we "k1 believe 9 immortality1 o!rs laugh at ! belief4 ,if x 7 prov$ t !y 7 bo? 9 ! wrong1 & t m5's de/9ies aft] dea? are z unequal z !y are 9 life3 ! successful1 ! *os5 take up _! abode 9 heav51 ! o!rs rema9 to rot 9 ! grave & p]i% ) _! mortal clay4 7,x is true t su* an admission is made by our ,russian prophet1 ! prie/ ( love & ju/ice1 ,do/oevsky1 9 8 ,leg5d ( ! ,gr& ,inquisitor47 ,n[1 if x %\ld turn out t ,do/oevsky is really immortal1 :ile 8 innum]able disciples & admir]s1 ! huge mass ( grey humanity :i* is spok5 ( 9 ,! ,gr& ,inquisitor1 end _! lives 9 dea? z !y began !m ) bir?1 w\ld ,do/oevsky himself 7:om ,i h nam$ delib]ately z ! mo/ passionate def5d] ( ! ideal ( ju/ice1 ?\gh !re h be5 yet m f]v5t & passionate & rem>kable def5d]s ( ju/ice on e>? :om ,i ought p]haps to "n1 7 x n t ,i w\ld avoid speak+ lightly ( sacr$ ?+s--let him :o f9ds ,do/oevsky small1 himself *oose ano!r7--w\ld ,do/oevsky reconcile himself to su* an inju/ice1 w\ld he rise 9 revolt beyond ! grave aga9/ ! inju/ice1 or w\ld he =get 8 poor bre?r5 :5 he occupi$ ! place prep>$ = him8 ,x is h>d to judge a priori3 a po/]iori "o w\ld imag9e t he w\ld =get4 ,& betwe5 ,do/oevsky & a small prov9cial au?or ! gulf is colossal2 ! inju/ice ( ! inequality cries out to heav54 ,nev]!less we take no he$1 we live on & d n cry1 or if we d1 we cry v r>ely1 & !n1 to tell ! tru?1 x is h>d to say c]ta9ly :y we cry4 ,is x because we w\ld draw ! att5tion ( ! indiff]5t heav51 or is x because !re are _m amateurs ( lam5tation among our neighb\rs1 l ! pilgrim woman 9 ,o/rovsky's ,/orm1 :o passionately lov$ to he> a good h[l8 ,all ^! consid]ations w seem p>ticul>ly important to ^? :o1 l myself at ! pres5t mom5t--,i _c speak = to-morr[--%>e ,do/oevsky's notion t ev5 if !re is immortality1 !n x is c]ta9ly n = ev]ybody b = ! few4 ,moreov]1 ,i foll[ ,do/oevsky fur!r & admit t !y alone w rise f ! dead :o on ! exi/+ hypo!ses %\ld expect ! worse fate aft] dea?4 ,! fir/ "h w be ! fir/ /ill1 !re1 :ile ( ! la/ n ev5 a memory w rema94 ,& no "o w be f\nd to *ampion ^? :o h p]i%$3 a ,do/oevsky1 a ,tol/oi1 & all ! o!r 'fir/' :o succe$ 9 ent]+ heav5 w be engag$ 9 bus9ess incomp>ably m important4 ,s cont9ue1 if y w1 to take ?\ght = ! j arrangem5t ( ! _w1 &1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,plato1 to make ! tea*+ ( ju/ice ! f\ndation ( philosophy4 ,v ,! ,=ce ( ,argum5t ,s*op5hau] answ]$ ! "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 9 ! negative4 ,9 8 op9ion1 man z ,?+-9-,himself is immortal1 b z ph5om5on mortal4 ,9 o!r words1 all t is individual 9 u exi/s only 9 ! int]val betwe5 bir? & dea?2 b s9ce ea* individual accord+ to ,s*op5hau]'s tea*+ is a manife/ation ( ',w' or ',?+-9-,itself1' ! unalt]able & et]nal pr9ciple :i* is ! only reality ( ! _w1 cont9ually made object 9 ! manifold ( ph5om5a1 !n1 9 s f> z ?is pr9ciple is display$ 9 man1 he is et]nal4 ,?is is ,s*op5hau]'s op9ion1 evid5tly d]iv$ z a logical conclusion f 8 g5]al philosophic doctr9e1 bo? f t relat+ to ! ,?+-9-,itself1 & f t :i* relates to ! individual4 ,! fir/ "p %all g unreg>d$3 aft] all1 if ,s*op5hau] 0 mi/ak51 & ! ,?+-9-,itself is mortal1 we ne$ n weep ov] x1 nor is !re any cause to rejoice ov] its immortality4 ,b "h is ! individual4 ,he is depriv$ ( 8 "r to immortality1 & = reason is alleg$ an argum5t :i* is at fir/ sight irrefutable4 ,ev]y?+ :i* has a beg9n+ has an end also1 says ,s*op5hau]4 ,! individual has a beg9n+1 bir?2 !re=e an end1 dea?1 awaits him4 ,to ,s*op5hau] himself ! g5]al proposition z well z ! conclusion seem$ s obvi\s1 t he did n admit ! possibility ( mi/ake ev5 = a mom5t4 ,b ?is "t we h an inconte/able case ( a wrong conclusion f a wrong premiss4 ,fir/1 :y mu/ ev]y?+ :i* has a beg9n+ also h an end8 ,! obs]vations ( exp]i5ce po9t to su* an hypo!sis2 b are ! obs]vations ( exp]i5ce really /rong en\gh to support g5]al propositions8 ,& are we really entitl$ to make use ( propositions s acquir$ z fir/ pr9ciples = ! solution ( ! mo/ important problems ( philosophy8 ,& ev5 if we admit t ! premiss is correct1 nev]!less ! conclusion at :i* ,s*op5hau] arriv$ is wrongly drawn4 ,x may inde$ be t ev]y?+ :i* has a beg9n+ also has an end2 x may inde$ be t ! individual is soon] or lat] doom$ to p]i%2 b :y id5tify ! mom5t ( ! s\l's de/ruction ) ! dea? ( ! body8 ,x may be t ! body w die1 b ! s\l :i* ! same fate att5ds at "s future "t w f9d = itself a m or less suitable integum5t some:]e 9 a di/ant planet1 p]haps /ill unkn[n to u1 & live on1 ?\gh only = a little :ile & n = all et]nity1 z ! extreme optimi/s believe4 ,h[ important w\ld x be = poor humanity to reta9 ev5 su* a hope3 p>ticul>ly see+ t we c h>dly say ) c]ta9ty :at x is t m5 desire :5 !y speak ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,is x t !y m]ely desire at all co/s to live et]nally1 or w\ld !y be satisfi$ ) "o or two lives m1 especially if ! subsequ5t lives %\ld appe> to be less (f5sively insignificant ?an ?is e>?ly exi/5ce1 :]e9 ev5 ! l[e/ rank ( nobility is to _m an unatta9able ideal8 ,x seems to me t x is n e "o :o w\ld cons5t to live et]nally4 ,& :at if e possibility %\ld h be5 exhau/$1 & endless repetition %\ld beg98 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ f ?is t we h ! "r to reckon ^u an exi/5ce beyond ! grave4 ,! "q rema9s op5 z be=e1 ev5 :5 ,s*op5hau]'s argum5ts h be5 refut$4 ,b x does foll[ t ! be/ argum5ts on clos] consid]ation (t5 appe> wor?less4 ,quod erat demon/r&um-- naturally p5d+ ! discov]y ( argum5ts to refute my refutation ( ,s*op5hau]'s4 ,i make ?is res]ve to deprive my critics ( ! pleasure & possibility ( a little wordplay4 ,,vi ,swan ,songs ,x _c be d\bt$ t ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awake is "o ( ! mo/ autobiographical ( ,ibs5's plays4 ,ne>ly all 8 dramas reveal /rik+ traces ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce2 _! mo/ valuable quality1 ev51 is ! possibility ( foll[+ out 9 !m ! hi/ory ( ! au?or's inw>d /ruggle4 ,b !re is a p>ticul> significance 9 ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awake1 :i* comes f ! fact t x 0 conceiv$ & writt5 by ! au?or 9 8 old age4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ov]he>+ :at is said & wat*+ :at is done on ! outskirts ( life set an extraord9>y value on ! opportunity ( commun+ ) v old m51 ) ! dy+1 & g5]ally ) m5 :o are plac$ 9 exceptional conditions1 above all :5 !y are n afraid to speak ! tru?1 & h by pa/ exp]i5ce develop$ 9 !mselves ! art & ! c\rage--! =m] is z necess>y z ! latt]--to look /raight into ! eyes ( reality4 ,to su* m5 ,ibs5 seems ev5 m int]e/+ ?an ,tol/oi4 ,tol/oi inde$ has n yet betray$ 8 gift2 b he is prim>ily a morali/4 ,n[1 z 9 8 y\?1 p[] ov] m5 is ! de>e/ ?+ ( all to him1 & m fasc9at+ ?an all ! o!r bless+s ( ! _w4 ,he /ill gives ord]s1 makes dem&s1 & desires at all co/s to be obey$4 ,"o may1 & "o ought1 to consid] ?is peculi>ity ( ,tol/oi's nature ) att5tion & respect4 ,n ,tol/oi alone1 b _m a regal h]mit ( ?\ght has to ! end ( 8 life dem&$ ! unconditional surr5d] ( mank9d4 ,on ! day ( 8 dea?1 an h\r be=e end1 ,socrates taught t !re 0 only "o tru? & t ! "o :i* he _h discov]$4 ,plato 9 8 extreme old age j\rney$ to ,syracuse to plant ! se$s ( wisdom !re4 ,x is probable t su* /ubbornness 9 great m5 has its explanation & its deep mean+4 ,tol/oi1 & also ,socrates & ,plato1 & ! ,jewi% prophets1 :o 9 ?is respect & 9 _m o!rs 7 v l ! tea*]s ( wisdom1 probably _h to conc5trate _! p[]s :olly ^u "o gigantic inw>d task1 ! condition ( its successful p]=mance be+ ! illusion t ! :ole _w1 ! :ole univ]se1 works 9 conc]t & unison ) !m4 ,9 ,tol/oi's case ,i h else:]e %[n t he f9ds himself at pres5t on ! br9k ( ,solipsism 9 8 conception ( ! _w4 ,tol/oi & ! :ole _w are to him synonym\s4 ,)\t su* a tempor>y delusion ( 8 :ole be+--x is n an intellectual delusion1 ( ! head1 = ! head kn[s well t ! _w is by itself1 & ,tol/oi by himself--he w\ld h to give up 8 mo/ important "w4 ,s x is ) u1 :o "k s9ce ,cop]nicus t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 t ! />s are n cle>1 bright1 gold5 r+s1 b huge lumps ( v>i\s composition1 t !re is n a firm blue vault ov]head4 ,we "k ^! ?+s3 nev]!less we _c & d n want to be s bl9d z n to take delight 9 ! lie ( ! optical illusions ( ! visible _w4 ,tru? s-call$ has b a limit$ value4 ,nor does ! sacrifice ( ,galileo by any means refute my words4 ,e pur si muove1 if ev] he utt]$ ! phrase1 might n h ref]r$ to ! movem5t ( ! e>?1 ?\gh x 0 spok5 ( ! e>?4 ,galileo did n wi% to betray ! "w ( 8 life4 ,:o w1 h[ev]1 /& surety to u t n only ,galileo is capable ( su* sacrifice1 b 8 pupil also1 ev5 ! mo/ devot$ & c\rage\s1 :o has ga9$ ! new tru? n by 8 own /ruggle b f ! lips ( 8 ma/]4 ,pet] 9 "o night ?rice d5i$ ,*ri/4 ,probably we c\ld n f9d a s+le man 9 all ! _w :o w\ld cons5t to die to demon/rate & def5d ! idea ( ,galileo4 ,evid5tly great m5 are v little incl9$ to initiate ! outsid] into ! secret ( _! great de$s4 ,evid5tly !y _c !mselves always give a cle> acc\nt ( ! "* & mean+ ( ! tasks :i* !y set !mselves4 ,socrates himself1 :o all 8 life long s /ubbornly s\ght cl>ity & inv5t$ dialectics = ! purpose1 & introduc$ into g5]al use def9itions design$ to fix ! fl[+ reality2 ,socrates1 :o sp5t ?irty days )\t int]ruption 9 p]suad+ 8 pupils t he 0 dy+ = ! sake ( tru? & ju/ice2 ,socrates himself1 ,i say1 p]haps1 mo/ probably ev51 knew z little :y he 0 dy+ z d simple p :o die a natural dea?1 or z babes born into ! _w "k by :at b5efic5t or ho/ile p[] !y h be5 summon$ f non5tity into be+4 ,su* is our life3 wise m5 & fools1 old m5 & *ildr5 m>* at r&om to goals :i* h n yet be5 reveal$ by any books1 :e!r worldly or spiritual1 common or sacr$4 ,x is by no means ) ! desire to br+ dogmatism into contempt t ,i recall ^! consid]ations4 ,i h always be5 conv9c$1 & am /ill c]ta91 t dogmati/s feel no %ame1 & are by no means to be driv5 out ( life2 besides1 ,i h lately come to ! conclusion t ! dogmati/s are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 _! /ubbornness4 ,belief1 & ! ne$ ( belief1 are /rong z love1 z dea?4 ,9 ! case ( e dogmati/ ,i n[ consid] x my sacr$ duty to conc$e ev]y?+ 9 advance1 ev5 to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! lea/1 & lea/ significant1 %ades ( 8 convictions & beliefs4 ,!re is b "o limitation1 "o only1 imp]ceptible & almo/ invisible3 ! dogmati/'s convictions mu/ n be absolutely & univ]sally b9d+1 t is1 n b9d+ ^u ! :ole ( mank9d )\t exception4 ,! majority1 ! va/ majority1 millions1 ev5 t5s ( millions ( p1 ,i w readily all[ him1 on ! und]/&+ t !y !mselves desire x1 or t he w %[ himself skilful en\gh to entice !m to 8 side--viol5ce is surely n to be admitt$ 9 matt]s ( belief4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i all[ him almo/ ! :ole ( humank9d1 9 consid]ation :]e( he mu/ agree t 8 convictions are n intr9sically b9d+ ^u ! few units or t5s t rema94 ,i agree to an outw>d submission4 ,& ! dogmati/1 aft] su* a victory--my confession is surely a complete victory = him--mu/ consid] himself satisfi$ 9 full4 ,socrates 0 "r1 ,plato1 ,tol/oi1 ! prophets 7 "r3 !re is only "o tru?1 "o ,god2 tru? has ! "r to de/roy lie1 light to de/roy d>kness4 ,god1 omnisci5t1 mo/ graci\s & omnipot5t1 w l ,alex&] ( ,mac$on conqu] ne>ly all ! kn[n _w1 & w drive out f 8 possessions1 amid ! triumphant & delight$ %\ts ( 8 millions ( loyal subjects1 ! devil & all ^? :o are disob$i5t to 8 div9e ^w4 ,b he w r5\nce 8 claim to p[] ov] ! s\ls ( 8 few oppon5ts1 accord+ to ! agreem5t1 & a h&ful ( apo/ates w ga!r toge!r on a remote isle1 invisible to ! millions1 & w !re cont9ue _! free1 peculi> life4 ,& "h--to return to ! beg9n+--among ^! few disob$i5t w be f\nd ,ibs5 z he 0 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 z he is se5 9 8 la/ drama4 ,= 9 ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awake ,ibs5 approves & glorifies t :i* ,gogol actually did fifty ye>s ago4 ,he r5\nces 8 art1 & ) hatr$ & mock]y recalls to m9d :at 0 once ! bus9ess ( 8 life4 ,on ,april #ae1 #ahff1 ,ibs5 wrote to ,k+ ,k>l3 ',i am n fight+ = a c>eless exi/5ce2 ,i am fight+ = ! "w ( my life1 9 :i* ,i unfl9*+ly believe1 & :i* ,i "k ,god has giv5 me to d4' ,by ! way1 y w h>dly f9d "o ( ! great work]s :o has n repeat$ ?is ass]tion ( ,ibs5's1 :e!r 9 ! same or 9 ano!r =m4 ,evid5tly1 )\t su* an illusion1 tempor>y or p]man5t1 "o _c compass ! int5se /ruggle & ! sacrifices :i* are ! price ( great "w4 ,evid5tly1 illusions ( v>i\s k9ds are necess>y ev5 = success 9 small ?+s4 ,9 ord] t a little man %\ld fulfil 8 microscopical "w1 he too mu/ /ra9 8 little =ces to ! extreme4 ,& :o kn[s :e!r x did n seem to ,akaky ,akakievit* t ,god _h assign$ to him ! task ( copy+ ! pap]s 9 ! (fice & hav+ a new uni=m made8 ,( c\rse he w\ld nev] d>e to say s1 & he w\ld nev] be able to1 fir/ because ( 8 timidity1 & !n because he has n ! gift ( expression4 ,! ,muses d n br+ _! tribute to ! poor & weak3 !y s+ only ,croesus & ,caes>4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ! fir/ 9 ! village consid] !mselves z pla9ly designat$ by fate z ! fir/ 9 ,rome4 ,caes> felt ?is1 & n m]e ambition alone spoke 9 him :5 he utt]$ ! fam\s phrase4 ,m5 d n believe 9 !mselves & always ye>n to occupy a position :]e9 ! c]ta9ty1 :e!r ju/ifi$ or mi/ak51 may spr+ up )9 !m t !y /& 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,b ) ye>s all illusions vani%1 & among !m ! illusion t ,god *ooses c]ta9 m5 = 8 p>ticul> purposes & puts on !m p>ticul> *>ges4 ,gogol1 :o _h ?us long und]/ood 8 task z an au?or1 burnt 8 be/ "w be=e 8 dea?4 ,ibs5 did almo/ ! same4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,pr(essor ,rubek he r5\nces 8 lit]>y activity & je]s at x1 ?\gh x _h br\ght him ev]y?+ t he c\ld h expect$ f x1 fame1 respect1 ri*es4444 ,& ?9k :y6 ,because he _h to sacrifice ! man 9 him = ! sake ( ! arti/1 to give up ,ir5e :om he lov$1 to m>ry a woman to :om he 0 indiff]5t4 ,did ,ibs5 at ! end ( 8 life cle>ly discov] t ,god _h appo9t$ him ! task ( be+ a male8 ,b all m5 are males1 :ile only individuals are arti/s4 ,_h ?is be5 said1 n by ,ibs51 b by a common mortal1 we w\ld call x ! greate/ vulg>ity4 ,on ! lips ( ,ibs51 an old man ( sev5ty ye>s1 ! au?or ( ,br&1 f :i* ! div9es ( ,europe draw ! matt] = _! s]mons1 on ! lips ( ,ibs5 :o wrote ,emp]or & ,galilean su* a confession acquires an unexpect$ & my/]i\s mean+4 ,"h y _c escape ) a %ake ( ! head & a contemptu\s smile4 ,n anybody1 b ,ibs5 himself speaks--! fir/1 n 9 ! village1 n 9 ,rome ev51 b 9 ! _w4 ,"h surely is ! human law at "w3 ',=swe> n ! prison nor ! begg>'s wallet6' ,p]haps x is opportune to recall ! swan songs ( ,turg5iev4 ,turg5iev1 too1 _h high ideals :i* he probably ?\ght he _h receiv$ direct f ,god4 ,we may ) assurance put into ! m\? ( ,br& himself ! phrase ) :i* 8 rem>kable essay1 ,hamlet & ,don ,quixote1 concludes3 ',ev]y?+ passes1 good de$s rema94' ,9 ^! words is ! :ole ,turg5iev1 or bett]1 ! :ole consci\s ,turg5iev ( t p]iod ( 8 life to :i* ! essay belongs4 ,& n only 9 t p]iod1 b up to ! la/ m9utes ( 8 life1 ! consci\s ,turg5iev w\ld n recant ^? words4 ,b 9 ! ,prose ,poems an utt]ly diff]5t motive is he>d4 ,all t he !re relates1 & all t ,ibs5 tells 9 8 la/ drama1 is p]meat$ ) "o inf9ite1 inext+ui%able angui% = a life wa/$ 9 va91 = a life :i* _h be5 sp5t 9 prea*+ 'good4' ,yet nei!r y\?1 nor heal?1 nor ! p[]s t fail are regrett$4 ,p]haps ev5 dea? has no t]rors4444 ,:at ! old ,turg5iev _c away ) are 8 memories ( '! ,russian girl4' ,he describ$ & sang h] z no "o 9 ,russian lit]ature be=e him1 b %e 0 to him only an ideal2 he1 l ,rubek1 _h n t\*$ h]4 ,ibs5 _h n t\*$ ,ir5e2 he w5t (f to ,madame ,vi>do4 ,& ?is is an awful s91 9 no wise to be aton$1 a mortal s91 ! s9 ( :i* ! ,bible speaks4 ,all ?+s w be =giv51 all ?+s pass1 all ?+s w be =gott53 ?is crime w rema9 = ev]4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ,turg5iev's s5ilia2 t is ! mean+ ( ,ibs5's s5ilia4 ,i h delib]ately *os5 ! ^w s5ilia1 ?\gh ,i might h said swan songs1 ?\gh x w\ld ev5 h be5 m correct to speak ( swan songs4 ',swans1' says ,plato1 ':5 !y feel ! approa* ( dea?1 s+ t day bett] ?an ev]1 rejoic+ t !y w f9d ,god1 :om !y s]ve4' ,ibs5 & ,turg5iev s]v$ ! same ,god z ! swans1 accord+ to ! ,greek belief1 ! bright ,god ( songs1 ,apollo4 ,& _! la/ songs1 _! s5ilia1 7 bett] ?an all t _h gone be=e4 ,9 !m is a bottomless dep? awful to ! eye1 b h[ wond]ful6 ,!re all ?+s are diff]5t f :at !y are ) u on ! surface4 ,%\ld "o he>k5 to ! temptation & g to ! call ( ! great old m51 or %\ld he tie himself to ! ma/ ( conviction1 v]ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 & cov] 8 e>s z once ! crafty ,ulysses did to save himself f ! ,syr5s8 ,!re is a way ( escape3 !re is a ^w :i* w de/roy ! en*antm5t4 ,i h already utt]$ x3 s5ilia4 ,turg5iev wi%$ to call 8 ,prose ,poems by ?is "n--manife/ations ( sickness1 ( infirmity1 ( old age4 ,^! are t]rible2 "o mu/ run away f ^!6 ,s*op5hau]1 ! philosoph] & metaphysician1 fe>$ to revise ! works ( 8 y\? 9 8 old age4 ,he felt t he w\ld spoil !m by 8 m]e t\*4 ,& all m5 mi/ru/ old age1 all %>e ,s*op5hau]'s appreh5sions4 ,b :at if all are mi/ak58 ,:at if s5ilia br+ u ne>] to ! tru?8 ,p]haps ! soo?say+ birds ( ,apollo grieve 9 une>?ly angui% = ano!r exi/5ce2 p]haps _! fe> is n ( dea? b ( life2 p]haps 9 ,turg5iev's poems1 z well z 9 ,ibs5's la/ drama1 are already he>d1 if n ! la/1 !n at lea/ ! p5ultimate words ( mank9d4 ,,vii ,:at is ,philosophy8 ,9 text-books ( philosophy y w f9d mo/ div]se answ]s to ?is "q4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ( its exi/5ce x has be5 able to make an imm5se quantity ( attempts to def9e ! sub/ance ( its task4 ,b up till n[ no agreem5t has be5 rea*$ betwe5 ! ackn[l$g$ repres5tatives ( ! lov]s & fav\rites ( wisdom4 ,e "o judges 9 8 own way1 & consid]s 8 op9ion z ! only true "o2 ( a cons5sus sapi5tium x is impossible ev5 to dream4 ,b /rangely en\gh1 exactly 9 ?is disputable matt] :]e9 ! agreem5t ( savants & sages is s impossible1 ! cons5sus pr(anorum is fully atta9$4 ,all ^? :o 7 nev] engag$ 9 philosophy1 :o h nev] read le>n$ books1 or ev5 any books at all1 answ] ! "q ) r>e unanimity4 ,true1 x is app>5tly impossible to judge ( _! op9ions directly1 because p ( ?is k9d _c speak at all 9 ! language evolv$ by sci5ce2 !y nev] put ! "q 9 su* a =m1 /ill less c !y answ] x 9 ! accept$ words4 ,b we h an important piece ( indirect evid5ce :i* gives u ! "r to =m a conclusion4 ,!re is no d\bt t all ^? :o h gone to philosophy = answ]s to ! que/ions :i* torm5t$ !m1 h left h] dis5*ant$1 unless !y _h a suffici5tly em95t gift to enable !m to jo9 ! guild ( pr(essional philosoph]s4 ,f ?is we may unhesitat+ly conclude1 al?\gh ! conclusion is = ! "t be+ only negative1 t philosophy is engag$ 9 a bus9ess :i* may be int]e/+ & important to ! few1 b is t$i\s & useless to ! _m4 ,?is conclusion is highly consol+ z well = ! sage z = ! pr(ane4 ,= e sage1 ev5 ! mo/ exalt$1 is at ! same "t "o ( ! pr(ane--if we disc>d ! academical use ( words--a human be+1 pure & simple4 ,to him also x may happ5 t ^? torm5t+ que/ions w arise1 :i* ord9>y p us$ to br+ to him1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( ,tol/oi's ,ivan ,ilyi* or ,t*ekhov's pr(essor 9 ,! ,t$i\s ,/ory4 ,& !n he w ( c\rse be oblig$ to confess t ! necess>y answ]s are miss+ f ! great tomes :i* he has /udi$ s well4 ,= :at c be m t]rible to a man ?an to be compell$ 9 ! h>d mom5ts ( 8 life to ackn[l$ge any doctr9e ( philosophy z b9d+ ^u him8 ,= in/ance1 to be compell$ to hold ) ,plato1 ,sp9oza1 or ,s*op5hau] t ! *ief problem ( life is moral p]fection1 or 9 o!r words1 self-r5unciation4 ,x 0 easy = ,plato to prea* ju/ice4 ,x did n 9 ! lea/ prev5t him f be+ ! son ( 8 "t1 or f break+ to a p]missible ext5t ! comm&m5ts :i* he himself _h giv54 ,by all ! evid5ce ,sp9oza 0 mu* m resolute & consequ5t ?an ,plato2 he inde$ kept ! passions 9 subs]vi5ce1 b t 0 8 p]sonal & individual incl9ation4 ,consi/5ce 0 n m]ely a prop]ty ( 8 m9d1 b ( 8 :ole be+4 ,display+ x1 he display$ himself4 ,z = ,s*op5hau]1 x is kn[n t he prais$ ! virtues only 9 8 books2 b 9 life1 l _m ano!r clev]1 indep5d5t man1 he 0 guid$ by ! mo/ div]se consid]ations4 ,b ^! are all ma/]s1 :o devise sy/ems & imp]atives4 ,:]eas ! pupil1 seek+ 9 philosophy an answ] to 8 que/ions1 _c p]mit himself any lib]ties & digressions f ! univ]sal rules1 = ! ess5ce & ! fundam5tal problem ( any doctr9e r$uces to ! subord9ation n m]ely ( m5's conduct1 b ( ! life ( ! :ole univ]se to "o regulat+ pr9ciple4 ,individual philosoph]s h discov]$ su* pr9ciples1 b to ?is day !y h rea*$ no f9al agreem5t among !mselves1 & ?is to "s ext5t light5s ! burd5 ( ^? unhappy ones :o1 hav+ lo/ ! hope ( f9d+ help & guidance else:]e1 h turn$ to philosophy4 ,if !re is n 9 philosophy "o univ]sal pr9ciple b9d+ ^u & ackn[l$g$ by all1 x means t x is p]mitt$ to ea* man1 at lea/ = ! meantime1 to feel & ev5 to act 9 8 own way4 ,a man may li/5 to ,sp9oza1 or he may /op 8 e>s4 ,he may kneel be=e ,plato's et]nal ideas1 or he may give 8 allegiance to ! ev]-*ang+1 ev]-fl[+ reality4 ,f9ally1 he may accept ,s*op5hau]'s pessimism1 b no?+ on e>? c compel him to celibacy on ! gr\nd t ,s*op5hau] successfully laugh$ at love4 ,nor is !re any necessity at all1 9 ord] to w9 su* fre$om = "o's self1 to be arm$ ) ! light dialectic ( ! old ,greek philosoph]1 or ) ! heavy logic ( ! poor ,dut* ,jew1 or ) ! subtle wit ( ! pr(\nd ,g]man4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to dispute !m4 ,x is ev5 possible to agree ) !m all4 ,! room ( ! _w is inf9ite1 & w n only conta9 all ^? :o liv$ once & ^? :o are yet to be born1 b w give to ea* "o ( !m all t he c desire3 to ,plato1 ! _w ( ideas1 to ,sp9oza1 ! "o et]nal & un*angeable sub/ance1 to ,s*op5hau]1 ! ,nirvana ( ,buddhism4 ,ea* ( ^!1 & all ! o!r philosoph]s1 w f9d :at !y want 9 ! univ]se ev5 to ! belief1 ev5 to ! conviction1 t !irs are ! only true & univ]sal doctr9es4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! pr(ane w f9d suitable worlds = !mselves4 ,f ! fact t p are coop$ up on ! e>?1 & t !y mu/ put =? ef=ts beyond belief to ga9 ea* cubit ( e>?1 & ev5 _! illusory lib]ties1 x by no means foll[s t pov]ty1 obscurantism1 & despotism mu/ be consid]$ et]nal & orig9al pr9ciples1 & t economical uni=mity is ! la/ refuge ( man4 ,a plurality ( worlds1 a plurality ( m5 & gods amid ! va/ spaces ( ! va/ univ]se--?is is1 if ,i may be =giv5 ! ^w1 an ideal4 ,x is true x is n built accord+ to ! ideali/s4 ,yet :at a conclusion does x =e%ad[6 ,we leave ! disputes & argum5ts ( philosoph]s aside1 s soon z we beg9 to speak ( gods4 ,accord+ to ! exi/+ beliefs & hypo!ses ! gods also h always be5 qu>rell+ & fight+ among !mselves4 ,ev5 9 mono!i/ic religions p always made _! ,god ent] a fight1 & devis$ an em95t oppon5t = him--! devil4 ,m5 c by no means rid !mselves ( ! ?\ght t ev]y?+ 9 heav5 goes on 9 exactly ! same way z x does on ! e>?1 & !y attribute all _! own bad qualities z well z _! good ones to ! d5iz5s ( heav54 ,:]eas x is by f> ! mo/ probable t a great _m ( ! ?+s :i* are1 accord+ to our notions1 p]fectly insep>able f life d n exi/ 9 heav54 ,among o!r ?+s1 !re is no /ruggle4 ,& ?is is well4 ,= e /ruggle1 soon] or lat]1 develops inevitably into a fight4 ,:5 ! supply ( logical & e?ical argum5ts is exhau/$1 "o ?+ is left = ! irreconcilable oppon5ts--to come to bl[s1 :i* d 9 fact usually decide ! issue4 ,! value ( logical & e?ical argum5ts is arbitr>ily assign$1 b mat]ial =ce is measur$ by foot-p\nds & c be calculat$ 9 advance4 ,s t :]e on ! common supposition !re w be no foot-p\nds1 ! issue ( ! fight w v (t5 rema9 undecid$4 ,:5 ,l]montov's demon goes to ,tam>a's cell1 an angel meets him on ! way4 ,! demon says t ,tam>a belongs to him2 ! angel dem&s h] = himself4 ,! demon w n be dissuad$ by words & argum5ts3 he is n built t way4 ,z = ! angel1 he always consid]s himself d\bly "r4 ,h[ c ! issue be decid$8 ,at la/ ,l]montov1 :o c\ld n or d>$ n devise a new solution1 admitt$ ! int]f]5ce ( mat]ial =ce3 ,tam>a is dragg$ away f ! demon exactly z ! /rong] robb] pulls 8 prey f ! weak] on e>?4 ,evid5tly ! poet admitt$ t conclusion1 t he might pay 8 tribute to ! piety ( tradition4 ,b 9 my op9ion ! solution is n pi\s1 b m]ely blasphem\s4 ,9 x ! traces ( b>b>ity & idolatry are /ill cle>ly visible4 ,! ta/es & attributes ( :i* e>?ly despots dream are attribut$ to ,god4 ,by all means he mu/ be1 he desires to be1 ! /ronge/1 ! v fir/1 j l ,julius ,caes> 9 8 y\?4 ,he fe>s rivalry above all ?+s1 & nev] =gives 8 unconqu]$ enemies4 ,?is is evid5tly a b>b>\s mi/ake4 ,god does n want to be ! /ronge/1 ! v fir/1 at all4 ,c]ta9ly--= t w\ld be intelligible & 9 accordance ) common s5se--he w\ld n l to be weak] ?an o!rs1 9 ord] t he might n be expos$ to viol5ce2 b !re is no f\ndation at all = attribut+ to him ambition or va+lory4 ,!re=e !re is equally no reason to ?9k t he does n suff] equals1 desires to be supreme1 & seeks at all co/s to de/roy ! devil4 ,mo/ probably he lives 9 peace & concord ev5 ) ^? :o lea/ adapt !mselves to 8 ta/es & habits4 ,p]haps he is ev5 delight$ t n all are z he1 & he readily %>es 8 possessions ) ! devil1 ! m readily because by su* a division nei!r loses1 s9ce ! inf9ite--,i admit t ,god's possessions are inf9ite--divid$ by two & ev5 by ! greate/ possible f9ite numb] /ill leaves inf9ity4 ,n[ we c return to ! orig9al "q1 & x seems t we c ev5 give an answ] to x--two answ]s ev51 "o = ! sage1 ano!r = ! pr(ane4 ,to ! fir/1 philosophy is art = art's sake4 ,e philosoph] tries to con/ruct a h>moni\s & v>i\s sy/em1 curi\sly & nicely fa%ion$1 us+ = 8 mat]ial 8 own intr9sic exp]i5ce z well z 8 own p]sonal obs]vations ( ! life beyond him1 & ! obs]vations ( o!rs4 ,a philosoph] is an arti/ ( 8 k9d1 to :om 8 works are de>] ?an ev]y?+ 9 life1 sometimes de>] ?an life itself4 ,we v (t5 see philosoph]s sacrifice ev]y?+ = ! sake ( _! "w--ev5 tru?4 ,n s ! pr(ane4 ,to !m philosophy--m exactly1 t :i* !y w\ld call philosophy if !y possess$ a sci5tific t]m9ology--is ! la/ refuge :5 mat]ial =ces h be5 wa/$1 :5 !re are no weapons left to fight = _! /ol5 rights4 ,!n !y run = help & support to a place :i* !y h always tak5 c>e to avoid be=e4 ,?9k ( ,napoleon at ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,he :o _h be5 collect+ soldi]s & guns all 8 life1 began to philosophise :5 he 0 b\nd h& & foot4 ,c]ta9ly he behav$ 9 ?is new sph]e l a beg9n]1 a v inexp]i5c$ &1 /range to say1 a pusillanim\s novice4 ,he :o fe>$ nei!r pe/il5ce nor bullet1 0 afraid1 we "k1 ( a d>k room4 ,m5 us$ to philosophy1 l ,s*op5hau]1 walk boldly & ) confid5ce 9 a d>k room1 ?\gh !y run away f gun %ots1 & ev5 less dang]\s ?+s4 ,! great capta91 ! once ,emp]or ( ne>ly all ,europe1 ,napoleon1 philosophis$ on ,/4 ,hel5a1 & ev5 w5t s f> z to beg9 to +ratiate himself ) morality1 evid5tly suppos+ t ^u morality 8 ultimate fate dep5d$4 ,he assur$ h] t = h] sake1 & h] sake alone1 he _h contriv$ 8 murd]\s bus9ess--he :o1 all ! :ile a cr[n 0 on 8 head & a victori\s army 9 8 h&s1 h>dly knew ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( morality4 ,b ?is is s intelligible4 ,if "o 7 to come ^u a p]fectly new & unkn[n _w at ! age ( =ty-five1 !n surely ev]y?+ w\ld seem t]rible1 & "o w\ld take ! incorporeal morality = ! arbit] ( de/9y4 ,& "o w\ld plan to s$uce h]1 if possible1 ) sweet words & false promises1 z a lady ( ! _w4 ,b ^! 7 ! fir/ /eps ( a tyro4 ,x 0 z h>d = ,napoleon to ma/] philosophy z x 0 = ,*>lemagne at ! end ( 8 days to le>n to write4 ,b he knew :y he _h come to ! new place1 & nei!r ,plato nor ,sp9oza nor ,kant c\ld dissuade him ( ?is4 ,p]haps at ! beg9n+1 :ile he 0 z yet unus$ to ! d>kness1 he w\ld pret5d to agree ) ! ackn[l$g$ au?orities1 ?9k+ t "h too1 j z !re :]e he liv$ be=e1 exalt$ p]sonages d n tol]ate opposition2 p]haps he w\ld lie to !m z he li$ to morality1 b 8 bus9ess he w\ld n =get4 ,he came to philosophy ) dem&s1 & w\ld n re/ till he _h receiv$ satisfaction4 ,he _h already se5 h[ a ,corsican lieut5ant _h become a ,fr5* ,emp]or4 ,:y %\ld n ! beat5 ,emp]or fight 8 la/ fight8444 ,& h[ %all he be reconcil$ ) self-r5unciation8 ,philosophy w surr5d]3 x is only necess>y n to surr5d] 9 "o's self4 ,s does a ,napoleon come to philosophy1 & s does he und]/& h]4 ,& until ! contr>y is prov51 no?+ c prev5t u f ?9k+ t ! ,napoleons are "r1 & !re=e t academical philosophy is n ! la/ nor ev5 ! p5ultimate ^w4 ,=1 p]haps1 ! la/ ^w is hidd5 9 ! he>ts ( ! tongue-ti$1 b bold1 p]si/5t1 implacable m54 ,,viii ,he9ri* ,he9e ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! bir?1 & fifty ye>s s9ce ! dea?1 ( ?is rem>kable man1 b ! hi/ory ( lit]ature has n yet f9ally settl$ acc\nts ) him4 ,ev5 ! ,g]mans1 p]haps ! ,g]mans above all1 f9d x impossible to agree ^u ! valuation ( 8 gift4 ,"s consid] him a g5ius1 o!rs a man devoid ( tal5t & insipid4 ,moreov]1 8 enemies /ill br+ z mu* passion to _! attacks ^u him z !y did be=e1 z ?\gh !y 7 wag+ w> ^u a live oppon5t 9 place ( a dead "o4 ,!y hate him = ! same ?+s :i* made 8 contempor>ies hate him4 ,we "k t x 0 pr9cipally = 8 ins9c]ity t !y did n =give him4 ,no "o c\ld tell :5 he 0 speak+ s]i\sly & :5 9 je/1 :at he lov$ & :at he hat$1 & f9ally x 0 q impossible to det]m9e :e!r or n he believ$ 9 ,god4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! ,g]mans 7 "r 9 _m ( _! accusations4 ,i value ,he9e extremely highly2 9 my op9ion he is "o ( ! greate/ ,g]man poets2 & yet ,i _c und]take to say ) c]ta9ty :at he lov$1 :at he believ$1 & (t5 ,i _c tell h[ s]i\s he is 9 utt]+ "o or ano!r ( 8 op9ions4 ,nev]!less ,i f9d x impossible to detect any ins9c]ity 9 8 works4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? peculi>ities ( 81 :i* s irritat$ ! ,g]mans1 are 9 my eyes s _m pro(s ( 8 wond]ful & unique s9c]ity4 ,i ?9k t if ! ,g]mans 7 mi/ak5 & misund]/ood ,he9e1 hyp]trophi$ self-love & ! p[] ( prejudice is ! cause4 ,he9e's usual me?od is to beg9 to speak ) p]fect s]i\sness1 & to end ) bit+ raill]y & s>casm4 ,critics & read]s1 :o g5]ally d n guess at ! outset :at awaits !m 9 ! ev5t1 h tak5 ! unexpect$ laught] to _! own acc\nt1 & h be5 deeply (f5d$4 ,w\nd$ self-love nev] =gives2 & ! ,g]mans c\ld n =give ,he9e = 8 je/s4 ,& yet ,he9e b r>ely attack$ o!rs3 mo/ ( 8 mock]y is direct$ aga9/ himself1 & above all 9 ! "w ( 8 la/ creative p]iod1 ( ! ye>s :5 he liv$ 9 ! ,matraz5grab4 ,) u 9 ,russia _m 7 (f5d$ ) ,gogol1 believ+ t he 0 je]+ at !m4 ,lat]1 he confess$ t he _h be5 describ+ himself4 ,nor does ! incon/ancy ( ,he9e's op9ions 9 any way prove him ins9c]e4 ,8 int5tion 0 by no means always to fl+ at ! ,phili/9es4 ,inde$1 he did n "k :at to believe2 he *ang$ 8 ta/es & atta*m5ts1 & did n ev5 always "k = c]ta9 :at he pref]r$ at ! mom5t4 ,( c\rse1 _h he wi%$1 he might h pret5d$ to be consequ5t & consi/5t4 ,or1 _h he be5 less eagle-ey$1 he might ) ! va/ majority ( m5 h adopt$ a c]emonial dress once = all1 he might h pr(ess$ & inv>iably prea*$ ideas :i* _h no relation to 8 real emotions & moods4 ,_m p ?9k t "o ought to act ?us1 t 7p>ticul>ly 9 lit]ature7 "o mu/ speak only (ficially & exhibit l(ty ideas t h be5 proclaim$ by wise m5 s9ce "t immemorial1 )\t _! hav+ made ! lea/ inquiry :e!r !y correspond to _! own natures or n4 ,(t5 cruel1 v9dictive1 spiteful1 selfi%1 mean p s9c]ely praise goodness1 =giv5ess1 love to "o's enemy1 g5]osity & magnanimity 9 _! books1 :ile ( _! ta/es & passions !y speak n a s+le ^w4 ,!y are confid5t t passions exi/ only to be suppress$1 & t convictions only are to be exhibit$ or display$4 ,a man r>ely succe$s 9 suppress+ 8 passions1 b x is extremely easy to hide !m1 especially 9 books4 ,& su* dissimulation is n only n condemn$1 b recognis$ & ev5 enc\rag$4 ,! common & famili> programme is accept$3 9 life 'passions' judge 'convictions1' 9 books 'convictions1' or 'ideals1' z !y are call$1 pass s5t5ce ^u 'passions4' ,i w\ld emphasise ! fact t mo/ writ]s are conv9c$ t _! bus9ess is n to tell ( !mselves1 b to praise ideals4 ,he9e's s9c]ity 0 really ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,he told ev]y?+1 or ne>ly ev]y?+1 ( himself4 ,& ?is 0 ?\ght s %ock+ t ! sworn cu/odians ( conv5tion & good morals consid]$ !mselves w\nd$ 9 _! be/ & l(tie/ feel+s4 ,x seem$ to !m t x w\ld be disa/r\s if ,he9e 7 to succe$ 9 acquir+ a great lit]>y influ5ce1 & 9 gett+ a hold ^u ! m9ds ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,!n w\ld crumble ! f\ndations1 con/ruct$ ?r\gh c5turies ( ardu\s lab\r by ! unit$ ef=ts ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives ( ! nation4 ,?is is p]haps true3 ! l(ty magnific5ce ( life c be pres]v$ only ^u ! indisp5sable condition ( hypocrisy4 ,9 ord] t x %\ld be beautiful1 mu* mu/ be hidd5 & ?ru/ away z f> & deep z possible4 ,! sick & ! mad mu/ be h]d$ into hospitals2 pov]ty into cell>s2 disob$i5t passions into ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,tru? & fre$om are only all[$ to obtrude ^u ! att5tion z f> z is compatible ) ! int]e/s ( a life well arrang$ )9 & )\t4 ,! ,prote/ant ,*ur* und]/ood ?is z well z ! ,ca?olic1 p]haps bett]4 ,/rict puritanism elevat$ spiritual discipl9e to ! highe/ moral law1 :i* rul$ life ) unrel5t+ & inexorable despotism4 ,m>riage & ! family1 n love1 mu/ be ! aim ( man2 & poor ,gret*51 :o gave h]self to ,fau/ )\t obs]v+ ! e/abli%$ c]emonial1 0 =c$ to consid] h]self et]nally damn$4 ,! inw>d discipl9e /ill m ?an ! outw>d gu>d$ ! f\ndations & gave /r5g? & =ce to ! ,/ate z well z to ! p4 ,m5 & wom5 7 n sp>$2 !y 7 n ev5 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ,gret*5s1 m5 & wom51 7 sacrific$1 & are be+ sacrific$ /ill1 )\t pity to '! highe/ spiritual int]e/s4' ,ackn[l$gm5t & respect = ! prescrib$ ord] _h become s deeply root$ 9 ! ,g]man s\l--,i speak ( ,g]many1 because no o!r nation ^u e>? is s highly discipl9$--t ev5 ! mo/ indep5d5t *>act]s yield$ to x4 ,! mo/ dreadful s9 is n ! break+ ( ! law--a violation :i* l ,gret*5's c be expla9$ by weakness & weakness alone1 ?\gh x 0 n =giv51 0 less sev]ely condemn$--b rebellion aga9/ ! law1 ! op5 & d>+ refusal to obey1 ev5 ?\gh x be express$ 9 ! mo/ insignificant act4 ,!re=e e "o t5ds to %[ 8 loyalty f t side fir/ ( all4 ,9 a great] or less degree all h transgress$ ! law1 b ! m "o has violat$ x 9 act1 ! m imp]ative he consid]s its glorification 9 words4 ,& ?is ord] ( ?+s ar\s$ nei!r suspicion nor discont5t4 ,!re9 c\ld be se5 ackn[l$g$ ! sup]iority ( _s ov] body1 ( m9d ov] passion4 ,nobody ev] ask$ ! "q3 ',is x really true t ! _s mu/ h ! ma/]y ov] ! body1 & ! m9d ov] ! passions8' ,& :5 ,he9e all[$ himself to put ! "q & to answ] x 9 8 own way1 ! :ole =ce ( ,g]man indignation bur/ ^u him4 ,fir/ ( all !y suspect$ 8 s9c]ity & tru?fulness4 ',x is impossible1' said ! pi\s1 't he really %\ld n ackn[l$ge ! law4 ,he is only pret5d+4' ,su* a supposition 0 ! m natural because ! r+ ( conviction 0 n always to be he>d 9 ,he9e's tone3 "o ( 8 poems ends ) ! foll[+ words3 ',i seek ! body1 ! body1 ! "y & t5d] body4 ,! s\l y may bury deep 9 ! gr\nd--,i myself h s\l en\gh4' ,! poem is d>+ & provocative 9 ! extreme1 b 9 x1 z 9 all ,he9e's d>+ & provocative poems1 may be he>d a %>p & n]v\s laugh1 :i* mu/ be und]/ood z ! expression ( ! divid$ s\l1 z a mock]y ( himself4 ,x is he :o tells ( 8 meet+ ) two wom51 "m & daught]4 ,bo? please him3 ! "m by h] mu* k1 ! daught] by h] innoc5ce4 ,& ! poet /&s betwe5 !m1 9 8 own words1 l ,buridan's ass betwe5 two bundles ( hay4 ,aga91 d>+1 aga91 ! laugh2 & aga9 ! well-balanc$ ,g]man is irritat$4 ,he w\ld pref] t no "o %\ld ev] speak ( su* emotions1 & if !y are to be spok5 (1 !n x mu/ be at lea/ 9 a p5it5t tone1 ) self-accusation4 ,b ,he9e's misplac$ laught] is indec5t & q uselessly disconc]t+4 ,i repeat t ,he9e himself 0 n always sure t 8 's9c]ity' 0 lawful4 ,:ile he 0 /ill a y\? he told h[ !re sudd5ly ran ?r\gh 8 s\l1 z ?r\gh ! :ole e>?1 a r5t :i* split asund] ! unity ( 8 =m] emotions4 ,k+ ,david :5 he prais$ ,god & good did n rememb] 8 d>k de$s--( :i* !re 7 n a few--or1 if he did rememb] !m1 x 0 only to rep5t4 ,8 s\l 0 also divid$1 b he 0 able to pres]ve a sequ5ce4 ,:5 he wept1 he c\ld n & did n want to rejoice2 :5 he rep5t$1 he 0 already f> f s92 :5 he pray$1 he did n sc(f2 :5 he believ$1 he did n d\bt4 ,! ,g]mans1 br\ght up on ! great k+'s psalms1 _h come to ?9k t ^! ?+s 7 impossible & ought nev] to be possible4 ,!y admitt$ ! succession ( diff]5t1 & ev5 contradictory spiritual conditions1 b _! simultane\s exi/5ce appe>$ to !m un9telligible & disgu/+1 9 contradiction ) div9e comm&m5ts & ! laws ( logic4 ,x seem$ to !m t ev]y?+ :i* =m]ly exi/$ z sep>ate1 _h become confus$1 t ! place ( /r+5t h>mony _h be5 usurp$ by absurdity & *aos4 ,!y ?\ght t su* a /ate ( ?+s ?reat5$ innum]able mis]ies4 ,!y did n admit ! idea t ,he9e himself might n und]/& x2 9 8 creation !y saw ! manife/ation ( a false & evil w1 & !y invok$ div9e & human judgm5t ^u x4 ,! ,phili/9e irritation rea*$ ! extreme :5 x became cle> t ,he9e _h n humbl$ himself ev5 be=e ! face ( dea?4 ,/rick5 by p>alysis1 he lay 9 8 ,matraz5grab1 unable to /ir a limb2 he suff]$ ! mo/ int5se bodily pa9s1 ) no hope ( cure1 or ev5 ( relief1 yet he /ill cont9u$ to blaspheme z be=e4 ,worse /ill1 8 s>casms e day became m ru?less1 m poison\s1 m ref9$4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t x 0 left to him1 cru%$ & de/roy$1 only to ackn[l$ge 8 defeat & to commit himself utt]ly to ! magnanimity ( ! victor4 ,b 9 ! weak fle% a /rong _s liv$4 ,all 8 ?\ghts 7 turn$ to ,god1 ! p[] ( ^: "r h&1 l e dy+ man1 he c\ld n b feel ^u him4 ,b 8 ?\ghts ( ,god1 8 attitude to ,god1 7 s orig9al t ! s]i\s p ( ! out] _w c\ld only %rug _! %\ld]s4 ,no "o ev] spoke ?us to ,god1 ei!r al\d or to himself4 ,! ?\ght ( dea? usually inspires mortals ) fe> or admiration2 !re=e !y ei!r kneel be=e him & implore =giv5ess or s+ 8 praises4 ,he9e has nei!r pray] nor praise4 ,8 poems are p]meat$ ) a *>m+ & graci\s cynicism1 peculi> & prop] to himself alone4 ,he does n want to confess 8 s9s1 & ev5 n[ on ! ?re%old ( ano!r life he rema9s z he 0 9 y\?4 ,he desires nei!r p>adise1 nor bliss1 nor heav52 he asks ,god to give him back 8 heal?1 & to put 8 money affairs 9 ord]4 ',i "k !re is mu* evil & _m vices on e>?4 ,b ,i h gr[n us$ to all t n[1 & besides ,i seldom leave my room4 ,o ,god1 leave me "h1 b heal my infirmities1 & sp>e me f want1' he writes 9 "o ( 8 la/ poems4 ,he d]ides ! leg5ds ( ! blissful life ( s9less s\ls 9 p>adise4 ',sitt+ on ! cl\ds & s++ psalms is a pa/ime q unsuit$ to me4' ,he rememb]s ! beautiful ,v5us ( ! ,l\vre & praises h] z 9 ! days ( y\?4 ,8 poem1 ,das ,hoheli$1 is a mixture ( extreme cynicism1 nobility1 despair1 & incr$ible s>casm4 ,i d n "k :e!r dy+ m5 h _h su* ?\ghts z ^? :i* are express$ 9 ?is poem1 b ,i am confid5t t no "o has express$ any?+ l !m 9 lit]ature4 ,9 ,goe!'s ,prome!us !re is no?+ ( ! provocative1 un%akable1 calm pride & ! consci\sness ( 8 rights :i* inspir$ ! au?or ( ,das ,hoheli$4 ,god1 :o creat$ heav5 & e>? & man ^u ! e>?1 is free to torm5t my body & s\l to 8 fill1 b ,i myself "k :at ,i ne$ & desire1 ,i myself decide :at is good & :at is bad4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ?is poem1 & ( all t ,he9e wrote 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,he knew z well z any "o t accord+ to ! doctr9es ( philosophy1 e?ics1 & religion1 rep5tance & humility are ! condition ( ! s\l's salvation1 ! read9ess ev5 ) ! la/ brea? ( life to r5\nce s9ful desires4 ,nev]!less1 ) 8 la/ brea? he does n want to own ! p[] ov] himself ( ! age-old au?orities ( ! _w4 ,he laughs at morality1 at philosophy1 & at exi/+ religions4 ,! wise m5 ?9k s1 ! wise m5 want to live 9 _! own way2 let !m ?9k1 let !m live4 ,b :o gave !m ! "r to dem& ob$i5ce f me8 ,c !y h ! p[] to compel me to ob$i5ce8 ,li/5+ to ! words ( ! dy+ man1 %all we n repeat 8 "q8 ,%all we n take "o /ep fur!r8 ,he9e is cru%$1 & if we may believe1 z we h e reason to believe :at he tells u 9 8 ',song ( ,songs1' 8 pa9ful & t]rible illness 0 ! direct effect & consequ5ce ( 8 mann] ( life4 ,does x mean t 9 ! future1 too 7if future !re is71 new p]secutions await him1 until ! day :5 ( 8 own accord he w subscribe to ! proclaim$ & e/abli%$ morality8 ,h we ! "r to suppose t !re are p[]s some:]e 9 ! univ]se preoccupi$ ) ! bus9ess ( cutt+ out all m51 ev5 d[n to ! la/1 aft] ! same patt]n8 ,p]haps ,he9e's contumacy po9ts to q a diff]5t int5tion ( ! arbit]s ( de/9y4 ,p]haps ! illness & torture prep>$ = ^? :o fight aga9/ coll>s & bl9k]s--exp]i5ce demon/rates ) suffici5t c]ta9ty t any decl9ation f ! high road & ! norm inevitably br+s suff]+ & ru9 9 its tra9--are only ! trial ( ! human _s4 ,:o w endure !m1 :o w /& up = himself1 afraid nei!r ( ,god nor ( ! devil & 8 m9i/]s1 he w ent] victori\sly into ano!r _w4 ,sometimes ,i ev5 ?9k1 9 opposition to exi/+ op9ion1 t !re ! /ubborn & inflexible are valu$ above all o!rs1 & t ! secret is hidd5 f mortals le/ ! weak & compliant %\ld take x into _! heads to pret5d to be /ubborn1 9 ord] to des]ve ! fav\r ( ! gods4 ,b he :o w n endure1 b w d5y himself1 may expect ! fate ( :i* philosoph]s & metaphysicians g5]ally dream4 ,he w be unit$ ) ! primum mobile1 he w be dissolv$ 9 ! ess5ce ( be+ toge!r ) ! mass ( individuals l himself4 ,i am tempt$ to ?9k t ! metaphysical !ories :i* prea* self-r5unciation = ! sake ( love1 & love = ! sake ( self-r5unciation1 are by no means empty & idle1 z ! positivi/s affirm4 ,9 !m lies a deep1 my/]i\s1 & my/ical mean+3 9 !m is hidd5 a great tru?4 ,_! only mi/ake is t !y pret5d to be absolute4 ,= "s reason or o!r m5 h decid$ t empirical tru?s are _m1 b t metaphysical tru? is "o4 ,metaphysical tru?s are also _m1 b t does n 9 ! lea/ prev5t !m f liv+ 9 h>mony "o ) ano!r4 ,empirical tru?s l all e>?ly be+s are cont9ually qu>rell+1 & _c get on )\t sup]ior au?ority4 ,b metaphysical tru?s are diff]5tly arrang$ & "k no?+ :atsoev] ( our rivalry4 ,!re is no d\bt t p :o feel ! burd5 ( _! individuality & ?ir/ = self-r5unciation are absolutely "r4 ,e probability po9ts to _! at la/ atta9+ _! purpose & be+ unit$ to t to :i* !y %\ld be unit$1 :e!r neighb\r or remote1 or p]haps1 z ! pan!i/s desire1 ev5 to inanimate nature4 ,b x is j z probable t ^? :o value _! individuality & d n cons5t to r5\nce x ei!r = ! sake ( _! neighb\rs or ( a l(ty idea1 w pres]ve !mselves & w rema9 !mselves1 if n = ev] & ev]1 at lea/ = a suffici5tly long :ile1 until !y are we>y4 ,!re=e ! ,g]mans mu/ n be cross ) ,he9e1 at lea/ ^? ,g]mans :o h judg$ him n f ! utilit>ian po9t ( view--f ?is po9t ( view ,i too utt]ly condemn him1 & f9d = him no ju/ification at all--b f ! l(ty1 religi\s or metaphysical po9t ( view1 z x is call$ n[adays4 ,he _c possibly di/urb !m 9 any way4 ,!y w be unit$1 d[n to ! la/ !y probably w be unit$ 9 ! ,idea1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 9 ,sub/ance1 or any o!r allur+ unity2 & n ,he9e ) 8 s>casms w keep !m f _! l(ty aspirations4 ,:ile if he & ^? l him cont9ue to live 9 _! own way 9 a place ap>t & ev5 laugh at ideas--c t really be ! occasion ( s]i\s annoyance8 ,,ix ,:at is ,tru?8 ,! sceptics ass]t t tru? does n & _c exi/1 & ! ass]tion has eat5 s deep into ! mod]n m9d1 t ! only philosophy :i* has spread 9 our day is t ( ,kant1 :i* takes scepticism = its po9t ( dep>ture4 ,b read ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason att5tively1 & y w be conv9c$ t he _h absolutely no conc]n ) ! "q3 ',:at is tru?8' ,he only set himself to solve ! problem1 :at %\ld a man d :o _h be5 conv9c$ ( ! impossibility ( f9d+ ! objective tru?4 ,! old metaphysic ) its arbitr>y & unprov5 ass]tions1 :i* c\ld n be> criticism1 irritat$ ,kant1 & he decid$ to get rid1 ev5 ?\gh by accept+ ! relative legitimacy ( scepticism1 ( ! unsci5tific discipl9e :i* he1 z a tea*] ( philosophy1 _h to repres5t4 ,b ! confid5ce ( ! sceptics & ,kant's def]5ce are n 9 ! lea/ b9d+ ^u u4 ,& aft] all ,kant himself did n fulfil ! obligations :i* he und]took4 ,= if we d n "k :at is tru?1 :at value h ! po/ulates ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l8 ,h[ c we ju/ify or expla9 any "o ( ! exi/+ religions1 ,*ri/ianity includ$8 ,al?\gh ! ,gospel does n at all agree ) our sci5tific notions ( ! laws ( nature1 yet x does n 9 itself conta9 any?+ contr>y to reason4 ,we d n disbelieve 9 miracles because !y are impossible4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is z cle> z day to ! mo/ ord9>y common s5se t life itself1 ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 is ! miracle ( miracles4 ,& if ! task ( philosophy _h r$uc$ to ! m]e demon/ration ( ! possibility ( a miracle1 h] bus9ess w\ld h be5 spl5didly accompli%$ long ago4 ,! :ole tr\ble is t visible miracles are n en\gh = p1 & t x is impossible to d$uce f ! fact t _m miracles h already tak5 place t o!r miracles1 )\t :i* m]e exi/5ce is (t5 impossible1 w also happ5 9 due c\rse4 ,m5 are be+ born--)\t d\bt a great miracle2 !re exi/s a beautiful _w--also a miracle ( miracles4 ,b does x foll[ t m5 w rise f ! grave1 & t p>adise is made ready = !m8 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us is n mu* believ$ n[adays ev5 by ^? :o rev]e ! ,gospel1 n because !y w n admit ! possibility ( miracles 9 g5]al1 b because !y _c decide a priori :i* miracles are possible & :i* are n1 & !re=e !y are oblig$ to judge a po/]iori4 ,!y readily accept a miracle t has happ5$1 b !y d\bt ! miracle t has n happ5$1 & ! m !y d\bt1 ! m passionately d !y desire x4 ,x co/s no?+ to believe 9 ! f9al triumph ( good ^u ! e>? 7?\gh x w\ld be an absolute miracle71 9 progress or ! infallibility ( ! ,pope 7^! too are miracles & by no means inconsid]able71 = aft] all m5 are q suffici5tly indiff]5t to good1 to progress1 & to ! virtues ( ! ,pope4 ,x is mu* h>d]1 nay q impossible1 /&+ be=e ! dead body ( "o :o is ne> & de>1 to believe t an angel w fly d[n f heav5 & br+ ! dead to life aga91 al?\gh ! _w is full ( happ5+s no less miracul\s ?an ! rais+ ( ! dead4 ,!re=e ! sceptics are wrong :5 !y ass]t t !re is no tru?4 ,tru? exi/s1 b we d n "k x 9 all its volume1 nor c we =mulate t :i* we d "k3 we _c imag9e :y x happ5$ ?us & n o!rwise1 or :e!r t :i* happ5$ _h to happ5 ?us1 or :e!r some?+ else q diff]5t might h happ5$4 ,once x 0 held t reality obeys ! laws ( necessity1 b ,hume expla9$ t ! notion ( necessity is subjective1 & !re=e mu/ be disc>d$ z illusory4 ,8 idea 0 caught up 7)\t ! d$uction7 by ,kant4 ,all ^? ( our judgm5ts :i* h ! "* ( univ]sality & necessity1 acquire x only by virtue ( our psy*ological organisation4 ,9 ^? cases :]e we are p>ticul>ly conv9c$ ( ! objective value ( our judgm5t1 we h m]ely to d ) a purely subjective c]ta9ty1 ?\gh x is immutable & secure 9 ! visible _w4 ,x is well kn[n t ,kant did n accept ,hume's d$uction3 n only did he make no attempt to bani% ! false premisses f our intellectual economy1 z ,hume did ) ! conception ( necessity1 b1 on ! contr>y1 he decl>$ t su* an attempt 0 q impracticable4 ,! practical reason sugge/$ to ,kant t ?\gh ! f\ndations ( our judgm5ts are vitiat$ by _! s\rce1 yet _! inv>iability may be ( great assi/ance 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 t is 9 ! space betwe5 ! bir? & dea? ( man4 ,if a man has liv$ be=e bir? 7z ,plato held71 & w live aft] dea?1 !n 8 'tru?s' 7 n1 & w n be necess>y !re1 9 ! o!r _w4 ,:at tru?s are !re1 & :e!r !re are any tru?s at all1 ,kant only guesses1 & he succe$s 9 8 guesses only because ( 8 read9ess to ignore logic 9 8 conclusions4 ,he sudd5ly gives fai? an imm5se "r to judge ( ! real _w1 a "r ( :i* fai? w\ld nev] dream _h x n be5 tak5 "u 8 special patronage by ! philosoph] himself4 ,b :y c fai? d t :i* reason _c8 ,& a yet m insidi\s "q3 ,are n all po/ulates inv5t$ by ! same m9d :i* 0 depriv$ ( its rights 9 ! fir/ ,critique1 b :i* subsequ5tly obta9$ a v]dict ( re/itutio 9 integrum1 by *ang+ ! "n ( ! firm8 ,! la/ hypo!sis is ! mo/ probable4 ,& if s1 !n does x n foll[ t 9 ! real _w s c>efully divid$ by ,kant f ! _w ( ph5om5a we w f9d mu* t is new1 b n a little t is old4 ,9 g5]al x is cle> t ! assumption t our _w is a _w ( an in/ant1 a brief dream1 utt]ly unlike real life1 is mi/ak54 ,?is assumption1 fir/ enunciat$ by ,plato1 & aft]w>ds elaborat$ & ma9ta9$ by _m repres5tatives ( religi\s & philosophical ?\ght1 is bas$ ^u no data at all4 ,!re's no d5y+1 x is v pleasant4 ,b z (t5 happ5s1 z soon z ! wi% 0 inve/$ ) language1 by ! m]e fact x receiv$ too %>p & angul> an expression1 s t x lo/ all resemblance to itself4 ,! ess5ce ( ! true1 primordial life beyond ! grave appe>s to ,plato z absolute good ref9$ f all alloy1 z ! ess5ce ( virtue4 ,b aft] all ,plato himself _c suff] ! absolute empt9ess ( ! ideal exi/5ce1 & con/antly flav\rs x ) elem5ts :i* are by no means ideal1 b :i* give int]e/ & int5sity to 8 dialogues4 ,if y h nev] _h ! occasion to read ,plato himself1 acqua9t y\rself ) 8 philosophy ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( any ( 8 admir]s & appreciators1 & y w be /ruck by its empt9ess4 ,read ! ?ick volume ( ,natorp's well-kn[n "w1 & y w see :at value !re is 9 ,plato's 'purifi$' doctr9e4 ,& 9 pass+ ,i w\ld recomm5d z a g5]al rule1 ?is me?od ( exam9+ ! ideas ( fam\s philosoph]s1 by acqua9t+ oneself ) !m n only 9 ! orig9al works1 b 9 ! expositions ( _! disciples1 p>ticul>ly ( fai?ful & consci5ti\s disciples4 ,:5 ! fasc9ation ( ! p]sonality & ! g5ius disappe>s & ! nak$1 unadorn$ 'tru?' rema9s--disciples always believe t ! ma/] _h ! tru?1 & !y reveal x )\t any embelli%m5t or fig leaf--only !n does x become q cle> ( h[ little value are ! fundam5tal ?\ghts ( ev5 ! mo/ exalt$ philosoph]s4 ,/ill m obvi\s does x become :5 ! fai?ful disciple beg9s to draw conclusions f 8 ma/]'s proportions4 ,! book ( ! a=esaid ,natorp1 a great ,plato exp]t1 is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( all 8 ma/]'s ideas4 ,plato is reveal$ z a logical ,neo-,kantian1 a n>r[-m9d$ savant1 :o _h be5 put ?or\ghly ?r\gh ! mill at ,freiburg or ,heidelb]g4 ,x is also reveal$ t ,plato's ideas1 9 ! pure /ate1 d n 9 ! lea/ express 8 real attitude to life & to ! _w4 ,"o mu/ take ! :ole ,plato ) 8 contradictions & inconsequ5ce1 ) 8 vices & virtues1 & value 8 defects at lea/ z mu* z 8 qualities1 or ev5 add "o or two defects1 & be bl9d to "o or two virtues4 ,= x is probable t he1 z a man to :om no?+ human 0 ali51 tri$ to assume a few virtues :i* he did n possess1 & to conceal a few fail+s4 ,?is c\rse %\ld be foll[$ ) o!r ma/]s ( wisdom & _! doctr9es4 ,!n '! o!r _w' w n appe> to be sep>at$ by su* an abyss f our e>?ly vale4 ,& p]haps1 9 spite ( ,kant1 "s empirical tru?s w be f\nd common to bo? worlds4 ,!n ,pilate's "q w lose mu* ( its all-conqu]+ c]ta9ty4 ,he wi%$ to wa% 8 h&s ( ! bus9ess1 & he ask$1 ',:at is tru?8' ,aft] him & be=e him1 _m :o _h no desire to /ruggle h devis$ +5i\s que/ions & tak5 _! /& ^u scepticism4 ,b e "o kn[s t tru? does exi/1 & sometimes c ev5 =mulate its own conception ) ! cl>ity & precision dem&$ by ,desc>tes4 ,is ! miracul\s b\nd$ by ! miracles t h already be5 se5 on e>?1 or are its limits set mu* wid]8 ,& if wid]1 !n h[ mu*8 ,x ,m ( ,tru? ,p]haps tru? is by nature su* t its communication betwe5 m5 is impossible1 at lea/ ! usual communication by means ( language4 ,e "o may "k x 9 himself1 b 9 ord] to ent] into communication ) 8 neighb\r he mu/ r5\nce ! tru? & accept "s conv5tional lie4 ,nev]!less ! value & importance ( tru? is by no means less5$ by ! fact t x _c be giv5 a m>ket valuation4 ,if y 7 ask$ :at is tru?1 y c\ld n answ] ! "q ev5 ?\gh y _h giv5 y\r :ole life to ! /udy ( philosophical !ories4 ,9 y\rself1 if y h no "o to answ]1 y "k well :at ! tru? is4 ,!re=e tru? does n by nature resemble empirical tru? 9 ! lea/1 & be=e ent]+ ! _w ( philosophy1 y mu/ bid f>ewell to sci5tific me?ods ( se>*1 & to ! accu/om$ me?ods ( e/imat+ k4 ,9 a ^w1 y mu/ be ready to accept some?+ absolutely new1 q unlike :at is traditional & old4 ,t is :y ! t5d5cy to discr$it sci5tific k is by no means s useless z may at fir/ sight appe> to ! inexp]i5c$ eye4 ,t is :y irony & s>casm prove to be a necess>y weapon ( ! inve/igator4 ,! mo/ dang]\s enemy ( new k always has be51 & always w be1 inculcat$ habit4 ,f ! practical po9t ( view x is mu* m important to a man to "k ! ?+s :i* may help him to adapt himself to ! tempor>y conditions ( 8 exi/5ce1 ?an ^? :i* h a timeless value4 ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation always proves /rong] ?an ! s9c]e/ desire = k4 ,moreov]1 "o mu/ rememb] t ! in/9ct has at its disposal innum]able & mo/ subtle weapons ( def5ce1 t all human faculties )\t exception are "u its comm&1 f unconsci\s reflexes up to ! en?ron$ m9d & augu/ consci\sness4 ,mu* & (t5 has be5 said 9 ?is reg>d1 & = once ! cons5sus sapi5tium is on my side4 ,true1 ?is is treat$ z an und5iable p]v]sion ( human nature--& "h ,i make my prote/4 ,i ?9k t !re is 9 ?is no?+ undesirable4 ,our m9d & consci\sness mu/ consid] x an hon\r t !y c f9d !mselves 9 ! s]vice ( in/9ct1 ev5 if x be ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,!y %\ld n be conceit$1 & to tell ! tru? !y are n conceit$1 b readily fulfil _! (ficial mission4 ,!y pret5d to priority only 9 books1 & tremble at ! ?\ght ( pre-em95ce 9 life4 ,if by "s accid5t !y 7 all[$ fre$om ( action !y w\ld g mad ) t]ror1 l *ildr5 lo/ 9 a =e/ at night4 ,e "t t ! m9d & consci\sness beg9 to judge indep5d5tly1 !y rea* de/ructive conclusions4 ,& !n !y see ) surprise t ?is "t too !y 7 n act+ freely1 b "u ! dictation ( ! self-same in/9ct1 :i* _h assum$ a diff]5t "*4 ,! human s\l desir$ ! "w ( de/ruction1 & %e loos$ ! slaves f _! *a9s1 & !y 9 wild en?usiasm began to celebrate _! fre$om by mak+ great havoc1 n 9 ! lea/ suspect+ t !y rema9$ j z !y 7 be=e1 slaves :o "w = o!rs4 ,long ago ,do/oevsky po9t$ out t ! in/9ct ( de/ruction is z natural to ! human s\l z t ( creation4 ,beside ^! two in/9cts all our faculties appe> to be m9or psy*ological prop]ties1 requir$ only "u giv51 & accid5tal1 conditions4 ,( tru?--z n only ! crass mat]iali/s n[ confess1 b ! ideali/s also h f\nd 9 _! metaphysic--no?+ rema9s b ! idea ( ! norm4--,to speak 9 m expressive & intelligible language1 tru? exi/s only 9 ord] t m5 :o are sep>at$ 9 "t & space might e/abli% betwe5 !mselves "s k9d ( communication at lea/4 ,t is1 a man mu/ *oose betwe5 absolute lonel9ess ) tru?1 on ! "o side1 & communion ) 8 neighb\rs & falsehood1 on ! o!r4 ,:i* is ! bett]1 x w be ask$4 ,! "q is idle1 ,i reply4 ,!re is a ?ird way /ill3 to accept bo?1 ?\gh x may at fir/ appe> utt]ly absurd1 especially to p :o h once = all decid$ t logic1 l ma!matics1 is infallible4 ,:]eas x is possible1 & n m]ely possible--we w\ld n be cont5t ) a possibility3 only a ,g]man ideali/ c be satisfi$ ) a good :i* 0 nev] realis$ 9 any place at all--x is cont9ually obs]v$ t ! mo/ contradictory spiritual /ates d coexi/4 ,all m5 lie :5 !y beg9 to speak3 our language is s imp]fectly arrang$ t ! pr9ciple ( its arrangem5t presupposes a read9ess to speak untru?4 ,! m ab/ract ! subject is1 ! m does ! disposition to lie increase1 until1 :5 we t\* ^u ! mo/ complicat$ que/ions1 we h to lie incessantly1 & ! lie is ! m intol]able & co>se ! m s9c]e we are4 ,= a s9c]e man is conv9c$ t v]acity is assur$ by ! abs5ce ( contradictions1 & 9 ord] to avoid all appe>ance ( lie1 he tries to make a logical agreem5t betwe5 8 op9ions3 t is to raise 8 lie to ,h]culean heights4 ,9 8 turn1 :5 he receives ! op9ions ( o!rs1 he applies ! same crit]ion1 & ! mom5t he notices ! smalle/ contradiction1 he beg9s naively to cry out aga9/ ! violation ( ! fundam5tal dec5cies4 ,:at is p>ticul>ly curi\s is t all ! le>n$ /ud5ts ( philosophy--& x is /rictly to !m t ,i address myself "h1 z ! read] has probably obs]v$ long ago--c]ta9ly are well aw>e t no s+le "o ( ! mightie/ philosoph]s has hi!rto succe$$ 9 elim9at+ all contradictions f 8 sy/em4 ,h[ well arm$ 0 ,sp9oza6 ,he sp>$ no ef=t1 & /uck at no?+1 & yet 8 rem>kable sy/em w n be> logical criticism4 ,t is a matt] ( common k4 ,s x appe>s t we ought to ask :at ! devil is ! use ( consi/5cy1 & :e!r contradictions are n ! condition ( tru?fulness 9 "o's conception ( ! _w4 ,& aft] ,kant1 8 disciples & successors might h answ]$ quietly t ! devil alone kn[s ! use ( consi/5cy1 & t tru? lives by contradictions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,hegel & ,s*op5hau]1 ea* 9 8 own way1 p>tly attempt$ to make an admission ( ?is k9d1 b !y d]iv$ small pr(it f x4 ,let u try to draw "s conclusions f ! =ego+4 ,c]ta9ly1 :ile logic c be useful1 x w\ld be unju/ifiable recklessness to refuse its s]vices4 ,nor are ! conclusions devoid ( int]e/1 z we %all see4 ,fir/ ( all1 :5 y speak1 nev] tr\ble to be consi/5t ) :at y said be=e3 t w put an unnecess>y *eck ^u y\r fre$om1 :i*1 )\t t additional fett]1 is already *a9$ 9 words & grammatical =ms4 ,:5 y are li/5+ to a fri5d or read+ a book1 d n assign great value to individual words or ev5 to phrases4 ,=get sep>ate ?\ghts1 & give no great consid]ation ev5 to logically arrang$ ideas4 ,rememb] t ?\gh y\r fri5d desires x1 he _c express himself save by ready-made =ms ( spee*4 ,look well to ! expression ( 8 face1 li/5 to ! intonation ( 8 voice--?is w help y to p5etrate ?r\gh 8 words to 8 s\l4 ,n only 9 conv]sation1 b ev5 9 a writt5 book1 c "o ov]-he> ! s\nd1 ev5 ! timbre ( ! au?or's voice1 & notice ! f9e/ %ades ( expression 9 8 eyes & face4 ,d n fa/5 ^u contradictions1 d n dispute1 d n dem& argum5t3 only li/5 ) att5tion4 ,9 return = :i*1 :5 y beg9 to speak1 y also w h to face no dispute1 nor to produce argum5ts1 :i* y "k well y nei!r h nor c\ld h4 ,s y w n be annoy$ by hav+ po9t$ out to y y\r contradictions :i* y "k well 7 always !re1 & w always be !re1 & ) :i* x is pa9ful1 nay q impossible1 = y to "p4 ,!n1 !n--& ?is is mo/ important ( all--y w at la/ be conv9c$ t tru? does n dep5d on logic1 t !re are no logical tru?s at all1 t y !re=e h ! "r to se>* = :at y l1 h[ y l1 )\t argum5t1 & t if some?+ results f y\r se>*1 x w n be a =mula1 n a law1 n a pr9ciple1 n ev5 an idea6 ,only ?9k3 :ile ! object ( se>* is 'tru?1' z x is und]/ood n[adays1 "o mu/ be prep>$ = any?+4 ,= in/ance1 ! mat]iali/s w be "r1 & matt] & en]gy are ! basis ( ! _w4 ,x does n matt] t we c imm$iately conf\nd ! mat]iali/s ) _! conclusions4 ,! hi/ory ( ?\ght c %[ _m cases ( ! complete rehabilitation ( op9ions t h be5 ca/ (f & revil$4 ,ye/]day's error may be to-morr['s tru?1 ev5 a self-evid5t tru?4 ,& ap>t f its cont5t1 :]e9 is mat]ialism bad8 ,x is a h>moni\s1 consi/5t1 & well-su/a9$ sy/em4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! mat]iali/ic conception ( ! _w is j z capable ( en*ant+ m5 z any o!r--pan!i/ic or ideali/ic4 ,& s9ce we h come s f>1 ,i confess t 9 my op9ion no ideas at all are bad 9 !mselves3 s f> ,i h be5 able to foll[ ) pleasure ! developm5t ( ! idea ( progress to ! accompanim5t ( factories1 railways1 & a]oplanes4 ,/ill1 x seems to me *ildi% to hope t all ^! trivialities--,i mean ! ideas--w become ! object ( man's s]i\s seek+4 ,if t desp]ate /ruggle ( man ) ,god & ! _w 7 possible1 ( :i* leg5d & hi/ory tell--?9k ( ,prome!us alone--!n x 0 n = tru? & n = ! idea4 ,man desires to be /rong & ri* & free1 ! wret*$1 insignificant creature ( du/1 :om ! fir/ *ance %ock cru%es l a worm be=e "o's eyes1--& if he speaks ( ideas x is only because he despairs ( success 9 8 prop] se>*4 ,he feels t he is a worm1 he fe>s t he mu/ aga9 return to ! du/ :i* he is1 & he lies1 pret5d+ t 8 mis]y is n t]rible to him1 if only he knew ! tru?4 ,=give him 8 lie1 = he speaks x only ) 8 lips4 ,let him say :at he w1 h[ he w2 s long z we he> 9 8 words ! famili> note ( ! call to battle1 & ! fire ( desp]ate inexorable resolution burns 9 8 eyes1 we w und]/& him4 ,we are us$ to deciph] hi]oglyphs4 ,b if he1 l ! ,g]mans ( to-day1 accepts tru? & ! norm z ! f9al goal ( human aspiration1 we %all also "k ) :om we h to deal1 7 he by de/9y end[$ ) ! eloqu5ce ( ,cic]o4 ,bett] utt] lonel9ess ?an communion ) su* a man4 ,yet su* communion does n exclude utt] lonel9ess2 p]haps x ev5 assi/s ! h>d a*ievem5t4 ,,xi ,i & ,?\ ,! famili> expression1 'to look into ano!r's s\l1' :i* by =ce ( habit at fir/ sight seems extremely intelligible1 on clos] obs]vation appe>s s un9telligible t "o is =c$ to ask :e!r x has any mean+ at all4 ,try to b5d1 m5tally1 ov] ano!r's s\l3 y w see no?+ b a va/1 empty1 black abyss1 & y w only be seiz$ ) gidd9ess = y\r pa9s4 ,?us1 prop]ly speak+1 ! expression 'to look into ano!r's s\l' is only an abortive metaphor4 ,all t we c d is to argue f ! outw>d data to ! inw>d feel+s4 ,f te>s we d$uce pa91 f pallor1 fe>1 f a smile1 joy4 ,b is ?is to look into ano!r's s\l8 ,x is only to give room to a s]ies ( purely logical processes 9 "o's head4 ,! o!r's s\l rema9s z invisible z be=e2 we only guess at x1 p]haps rightly1 p]haps mi/ak5ly4 ,naturally ?is conclusion irritates u4 ,:at a mis]able _w x is :]e x is q impossible to see ! v ?+ t we desire above all to see4 ,b irritation is almo/ ! normal spiritual /ate ( a man :o ?9ks & seeks4 ,:5ev] x is p>ticul>ly important to him to be sure ( some?+1 aft] a numb] ( desp]ate attempts he is conv9c$ t 8 curiosity _c be satisfi$4 ,& n[ ! mock+ m9d adds a new "q to ! old3 ,:y look = ano!r's s\l :5 y h n se5 y\r own8 ,& is !re a s\l8 ,_m h believ$ & /ill d believe t !re is no s\l at all1 b only a sci5ce ( x1 call$ psy*ology4 ,x is kn[n t psy*ology says no?+ ( ! s\l1 consid]+ t its task is conf9$ to ! /udy ( spiritual /ates--/ates1 by ! way1 :i* h z yet h>dly be5 /udi$ at all4444 ,:at is ! way out8 ,"o c answ] irony ) irony1 or ev5 ) abuse4 ,"o c d5y psy*ology ! "r to be call$ a sci5ce & call ! mat]iali/s a pack ( fools1 z is (t5 done4 ,inconte/ably1 ang] has its rights4 ,b ?is has s5se & mean+ only :ile y are among p & are li/5$ to4 ,nobody wants to be indignant alone ) oneself1 :5 "o is n ev5 reckon+ ^u mak+ use ( "o's indignation = lit]>y purposes3 = ev5 a writ] is n always writ+1 & is m (t5 preoccupi$ ) transitory ?\ghts ?an ) 8 =?com+ works4 ,"o pref]s to approa* ! en*ant$ cave1 ?\gh = ! ?\s&? "t1 ) e possible precaution4 ,p]haps x is only ^u ! approa* ( an outside s\l t ano!r's s\l becomes invisible1 & if %e be caught unaw>es %e w n h "t to disappe>4 ,s t pond]\s psy*ology1 :i* l any o!r sci5ce always proclaims its plans & me?ods al\d be=e und]tak+ any?+1 is utt]ly unsuit$ to ! capture ( a ?+ s light & mobile z ! human s\l4 ,b let u leave psy*ology ) ! hon\rable "n ( sci5ce2 let u ev5 respect ! mat]iali/s1 :ile we endeav\r to track d[n ! s\l by o!r means4 ,p]haps 9 ! dep? ( ! d>k abyss ( :i* we spoke1 some?+ might be f\nd1 7 x n = ! gidd9ess4 ,!re=e x is n s necess>y to inv5t new me?ods z to le>n to look fe>lessly into ! dep?s1 :i* always appe> unfa?omable to ! unaccu/om$ eye4 ,aft] all1 unfa?omability is n s entirely useless to man4 ,x 0 driv5 into our heads z *ildr5 t ! human m9d c\ld compass only ^? ?+s :i* are limit$4 ,b ?is only proves t we h yet ano!r prejudice to get rid (4 ,if x comes to giv+ up ! "r ( abus+ ! mat]iali/s & ( be+ taught by psy*ology1 & some?+ else into ! b>ga9--well1 we are us$ to t4 ,b 9 return we may at la/ be grant$ a glimpse ( ! my/]i\s '?\1' & p]haps ! ',i' w cease to be problematical z well4 ,pati5ce is a sick5+ ?+2 b rememb] ! fakirs & ! o!r wor?ies ( ! same k9d4 ,!y succe$ by pati5ce alone4 ,& app>5tly !y arrive at some?+2 b n at univ]sal tru?s1 ,i am ready to v\* = t4 ,! _w has long be5 we>y ( univ]sal tru?s4 ,ev5 'tru?' pure & simple makes no :isp] 9 my e>4 ,we mu/ f9d a way ( escape f ! p[] ( e k9d ( tru?4 ,?is victory ! fakirs tri$ to w94 ,!y c produce no argum5ts to prove _! "r1 = ! visible victory 0 nev] on _! side4 ,"o conqu]s by bayonets1 big guns1 microscopes & logical argum5ts4 ,microscopes & logic give ! palm to limitation4 ,& yet1 ?\gh limitation (t5 /r5g!ns1 x also happ5s t x kills4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,! ,!ory ( ,k z ,apologetics ,! mod]n !ory ( k1 ?\gh x always consci\sly takes its rise f ,kant1 has 9 "o respect q disreg>d$ ! ma/]'s comm&m5t4 ,x is v /range t ! !ori/s ( k1 :o usually _c agree among !mselves ^u any?+1 h z x 7 agre$ to und]/& ! problem ( k q o!rwise ?an ,kant4 ,kant und]took to inve/igate our cognitive faculties 9 ord] to e/abli% f\ndations1 9 virtue ( :i* c]ta9 exi/+ sci5ces c\ld be accept$1 & o!rs reject$4 ,"o may say t ! second purpose 0 *ief4 ,hume's scepticism made him uneasy only 9 !ory4 ,he knew be=eh& t :atev] !ory ( k he might inv5t1 ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces w\ld rema9 sci5ces & metaphysics be reject$4 ,9 o!r words1 8 aim 0 n to ju/ify sci5ce b to expla9 ! possibility ( its exi/5ce2 & he />t$ f ! po9t ( view t no "o c s]i\sly d\bt ! tru?s ( ma!matics & natural sci5ce4 ,b n[ ! position is diff]5t4 ,! !ori/s ( k direct all _! ef=ts t[>ds ju/ify+ sci5tific k4 ,:y8 ,does sci5tific k really ne$ ju/ification8 ,( c\rse !re are cranks1 sometimes ev5 cranks ( g5ius1 l our own ,tol/oi1 :o attack sci5ce2 b _! attacks (f5d no "o1 nor d !y cause al>m4 ,sci5ti/s cont9ue _! rese>*es z be=e2 ! univ]sities fl\ri%2 discov]y foll[s discov]y4 ,& ! !ori/s ( k !mselves d n sp5d sleepless nights 9 ! endeav\r to f9d new ju/ifications = sci5ce4 ,yet1 ,i repeat1 ?\gh !y c come to an und]/&+ ab\t practically no?+ else1 !y amaze u by _! unanimity ^u ?is po9t--!y are all conv9c$ t x is _! duty to ju/ify sci5ce & exalt h]4 ,s t ! mod]n !ory ( k is no long] a sci5ce1 b an apology4 ,& its demon/rations are l ^? ( apology4 ,once sci5ce mu/ be def5d$1 x is necess>y to beg9 by prais+ h]1 t is by select+ evid5ce & data to %[ t sci5ce fulfils "s mission or o!r1 b indubitably a v high & important "o1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 by pa9t+ a picture ( ! fate t w\ld ov]take mank9d1 if x 0 depriv$ ( sci5ce4 ,?us ! apologetic elem5t has begun to play almo/ z l>ge a "p 9 ! !ory ( k z x has done hi!rto 9 !ology4 ,p]haps ! "t is at h& :5 sci5tific apologetics w be (ficially recognis$ z a philosophic discipl9e4 ,b1 qui s'excuse s'accuse4 ,x is pla9 t all is n well ) sci5ce1 s9ce %e has begun to ju/ify h]self4 ,besides1 apologetics are only apologetics1 & soon] or lat] ! !ory ( k w be tir$ ( psalms ( praise1 & w dem& a m complex & responsible task1 & a real lab\r4 ,at pres5t ! !ori/s />t ) ! assumption t sci5tific k is p]fect k1 & !re=e ! premisses ^u :i* x is build$ are n subject to criticism4 ,! law ( causation is n ju/ifi$ because x appe>s to be ! expression ( a real relation ( ?+s1 nor ev5 because we h data at our disposal :i* c\ld conv9ce u t x does n & w nev] admit exceptions1 t uncaus$ effects are impossible4 ,all ^! ?+s are lack+2 b1 we are told1 !y are n ne$$4 ,! *ief ?+ is t ! causal law makes sci5ce possible1 :ile to reject x means to reject sci5ce & k g5]ally1 all anticipation1 & ev51 z "s few hold1 reason itself4 ,cle>ly1 if "o has to *oose betwe5 a slightly dubi\s admission on ! "o side & ! prospect ( *aos & insanity on ! o!r1 !re w be no long hesitation4 ,apologetics1 we see1 has *os5 ! mo/ p[]ful ( argum5ts1 ad hom9em4 ,b all su* argum5ts p>take ( "o common defect2 !y are n con/ant1 & !y are d\ble-edg$4 ,to-day !y def5d sci5tific k2 to-morr[ !y w attack x4 ,inde$1 x s happ5s t ! v belief 9 ! causal law begets a great disquiet & turmoil 9 ! s\l1 :i* f9ally produces all ! horrors ( *aos & madness4 ,! c]ta9ty t ! exi/+ ord] is immutable is = c]ta9 m9ds synonym\s ) ! c]ta9ty t life is nons5sical & absurd4 ,probably ! disciples ( ,*ri/ _h t feel+ :5 ! la/ words ( _! crucifi$ ,ma/] rea*$ !m f ! cross3 ',my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ,?\ =sak5 me8' ,& ! mod]n !ori/s may expla9 triumphantly t :5 ! law became ! in/rum5t ( *aos & madness1 x 0 ipso facto aboli%$4 ',*ri/ has ris51' say ! disciples ( ,*ri/4 ,i h said t ! !ori/s may triumph2 b ,i mu/ confess t ,i h n f\nd 9 any ( !m an op5 glorification ( su* an obvi\s pro( ( ! tru? ( _! tea*+4 ,( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ !y say n a ^w--on ! contr>y1 !y make e ef=t to avoid x & pass x by 9 sil5ce4 ,& ?is circum/ance compels u to pause & ?9k4 ,a dilemma arises3 if y grant t ! law ( causation suff]s no exception1 !n y\r s\l w be et]nally haunt$ by ! la/ words ( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/2 if y d n1 !n y w h no sci5ce4 ,"s ass]t t x is impossible to live )\t sci5ce1 )\t k1 t su* a life is horror & madness2 o!rs _c be reconcil$ to ! ?\ght t ! mo/ p]fect ( m5 di$ ! dea? ( a murd]]4 ,:at %all we d8 ,)\t :i* ?+ is x impossible = man to live8 ,)\t sci5tific k1 or )\t ! conviction t tru? & spiritual p]fection are 9 ! la/ resort ! victors ( ?is _w8 ,& h[ w ! !ory ( k /& ) reg>d to que/ions su* z ^!8 ,w x /ill cont9ue its ex]cises 9 apologetics or w x at la/ und]/& t ?is is n its real problem1 & t if x w\ld pres]ve ! "r to be call$ philosophy1 x w h n to ju/ify & exalt ! exi/+ sci5ce1 b to exam9e & direct "s sci5ce ( its own4 ,x means above all to put ! "q3 ,is sci5tific k really p]fect1 or is x p]haps imp]fect1 & %\ld x !re=e yield its pres5t hon\rable place to ano!r sci5ce8 ,evid5tly ?is is ! mo/ important "q = ! !ory ( k1 yet ?is "q x nev] puts4 ,x wants to exalt exi/+ sci5ce4 ,x has be51 is n[1 & probably w long cont9ue to be1 apologetics4 ,tru? & ,utility ,mill1 seek+ to prove t all our sci5ces1 ev5 ! ma!matical1 h an empiric orig91 br+s =w>d ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,if on e occasion t we _h to take twice two ?+s1 "s deity slipp$ "o extra ?+ into our h&s1 we %\ld be conv9c$ t twice two is n f\r b five4 ,& p]haps ,mill is "r3 p]haps we %\ld n div9e :at 0 ! matt]4 ,we are mu* m conc]n$ to discov] :at is practically necess>y & directly useful to u ?an to se>* = tru?4 ,if a deity ) ea* f\r ?+s slipp$ a fif? into our h&s1 we %\ld accept ! additional ?+ & consid] x natural1 intelligible1 necess>y1 impossible to be o!rwise4 ,! v uni=mity 9 ! sequ5ce ( ph5om5a obs]v$ by ! empirical philosoph]s 0 also slipp$ into our h&s4 ,by :om8 ,:58 ,:o d>es to ask8 ,once ! law is e/abli%$ no "o is int]e/$ 9 any?+ any m4 ,n[ we c =etell ! future1 n[ we c use ! ?+ slipp$ into our h&s1 & ! re/--come? ( ! evil "o4 ,philosoph]s & ,tea*]s ,e "o kn[s t ,s*op5hau] 0 = _m ye>s n only n recognis$1 b n ev5 read4 ,8 books 7 us$ = wa/e-pap]4 ,x 0 only t[>ds ! end ( 8 life t he _h read]s & admir]s--&1 ( c\rse1 critics4 ,= e admir] is at bottom a mo/ m]ciless & importunate critic4 ,he mu/ und]/& ev]y?+1 make ev]y?+ agree1 & ( c\rse ! ma/] mu/ supply ! necess>y explanations4 ,s*op5hau]1 :o did n h ! exp]i5ce ( be+ a ma/] till 8 old age1 at fir/ behav$ v b5evol5tly to 8 disciples' que/ions & pati5tly gave ! explanations requir$4 ,b ! fur!r "o goes into ! =e/1 ! ?ick] are ! trees4 ,! mo/ loyal p]plexities ( 8 pupils became m & m importunate1 until at la/ ! old man lo/ pati5ce4 ',i didn't und]take to expla9 all ! secrets ( ! univ]se to e "o :o want$ to "k !m1' he once exclaim$1 :5 a c]ta9 pupil p]si/$ 9 emphasis+ ! contradictions he _h notic$ 9 ,s*op5hau]4 ,& really--is a ma/] oblig$ to expla9 ev]y?+8 ,9 ,s*op5hau]'s words we are giv5 an answ]1 n ambigu\s4 ,a philosoph] n only _c be a tea*]1 he does n want to be "o4 ,!re are tea*]s 9 s*ools1 9 univ]sities3 !y tea* ari?metic1 gramm>1 logic1 metaphysics4 ,! philosoph] has q a diff]5t task1 "o :i* does n 9 ! lea/ resemble tea*+4 ,tru? z a ,social ,sub/ance ,!re are _m ways1 real & imag9>y1 ( objectively v]ify+ philosophic op9ions4 ,b !y all r$uce1 we "k1 to trial by ! law ( contradiction4 ,true1 e "o is aw>e t no s+le philosophic doctr9e is able to support su* a trial1 s t1 p5d+ a bett] future1 p consid] x possible to display a c]ta9 t5d]ness 9 ! exam9ation4 ,!y are usually satisfi$ if !y come to ! conclusion t ! philosoph] made a g5u9e attempt to avoid contradictions4 ,= in/ance1 !y =give ,sp9oza 8 inconsi/5cy because ( 8 amor intellectualis ,dei2 ,kant1 = 8 love ( morality & 8 praise ( dis9t]e/$ness2 ,plato1 = ! orig9ality & purity ( 8 ideali/ic impulses2 & ,ari/otle1 = ! va/yness & univ]sality ( 8 k4 ,s t1 /rictly speak+1 we mu/ confess t we h no real objective me?od ( v]ify+ a philosophical tru?1 & :5 we criticise o!r p's sy/ems1 we judge arbitr>ily aft] all4 ,if a philosoph] suits u = "s reason1 we d n tr\ble him ) ! law ( contradiction2 if he does n1 we summon him be=e ! c\rt to be judg$ ) ! utmo/ rig\r ( ! law1 confid5t be=eh& t he w be f\nd guilty on e c\nt4 ,b sometimes !re arises ! desire to v]ify "o's own philosophic convictions4 ,to play ! f>ce ( objective v]ification ) !m1 to look = contradictions 9 oneself--,i d n suppose t ev5 ,g]mans are capable ( t4 ,& yet "o desires to "k :e!r he does inde$ possess ! tru? or :e!r he has only a univ]sal error 9 8 h&s4 ,:at is to be done8 ,i ?9k !re is a way4 ,he %\ld ?9k to himself t x is absolutely impossible = 8 tru? to be b9d+ ^u anybody4 ,if 9 spite ( ?is he /ill refuses to r5\nce h]1 if ! tru? c suff] su* an ordeal & yet rema9 ! same to him z %e 0 be=e1 !n x may be suppos$ t %e is wor? some?+4 ,= (t5 we appreciate conviction1 n because x has an intr9sic value1 b because x comm&s a high price 9 ! m>ket4 ,rob9son ,crusoe probably _h a totally diff]5t way ( ?9k+ to t ( a mod]n writ] or pr(essor1 ^: books are expos$ to ! appreciation ( 8 num]\s confrres1 :o c create = him ! r5[n ( a wise man & a s*ol>1 or utt]ly ru9 8 reputation4 ,ev5 ) ! ,greeks1 :om we are accu/om$ to reg>d z model ?9k]s1 op9ions _h--to use ! language ( economics--n s mu* a dem&1 z an ex*ange value4 ,! ,greeks _h no k ( ! pr9t+-press1 & no lit]>y reviews4 ,!y usually took _! wisdom out into ! m>ket-place1 & appli$ all _! ef=ts to p]suade p to ackn[l$ge its value4 ,& x is h>d to ma9ta9 t wisdom1 :i* is con/antly be+ (f]$ to p1 %\ld n adapt itself to p's ta/es4 ,x is tru] to say t wisdom became accu/om$ to value itself to ! exact degree to :i* x c\ld c\nt on p's appreciation4 ,9 o!r words1 x appe>s t ! value ( wisdom1 l t ( all o!r commodities1 n only ) u1 b ) ! ,greeks be=e u1 is a social affair4 ,! mo/ mod]n philosophy has giv5 up conceal+ ! fact4 ,! teleology ( ! rationali/s1 :o foll[ ,fi*te1 z well z ( ! pragmati/s :o consid] !mselves ! successors ( ,mill is op5ly bas$ ^u ! social po9t ( view1 & speaks ( collective creations4 ,tru? :i* is n good = all1 & always1 9 ! home m>ket & ! =eign--is n tru?4 ,p]haps its value is ev5 def9$ by ! quantity ( lab\r sp5t ^u x4 ,m>x might triumph3 "u diff]5t flags 8 !ory has f\nd admission into e sph]e ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,!re w\ld h>dly be f\nd "o philosoph] :o w\ld apply ! me?od ( v]ify+ tru? :i* ,i h propos$2 & h>dly a s+le mod]n idea :i* w\ld /& ! te/4 ,doctr9es & ,d$uctions ,if y want to ru9 a new idea--try to give x ! wide/ possible publicity4 ,m5 w beg9 to reflect ^u x1 to try x by _! daily ne$s1 to int]pret x1 to make d$uctions f x1 9 a ^w to squeeze x into _! own prep>$ logical app>atus2 or1 m likely1 !y w cov] x up ) ! dbris ( _! own habitual & intelligible ideas1 & x w become z dead z ev]y?+ t is begott5 by logic4 ,p]haps ?is expla9s ! t5d5cy ( philosoph]s to s clo! _! ?\ghts t _! =m may h9d] ! approa* ( ! g5]al public to !m4 ,! majority ( philosophic sy/ems are *aotically & obscurely exp\nd$1 s t n e educat$ p]son c und]/& !m4 ,x is a pity to kill "o's own *ild1 & e "o does 8 be/ to save x f premature dea?4 ,! mo/ dang]\s enemies ( an idea are 'd$uctions' f x1 z ?\gh !y foll[$ ( !mselves4 ,! idea does n presuppose !m2 !y are usually press$ ^u x4 ,inde$1 p v (t5 say3 ',! idea is q "r1 b x leads to conclusions :i* are n at all acceptable4' ,aga91 h[ (t5 has a philosoph] to att5d ! sad spectacle ( 8 pupil's des]t+ all 8 ideas1 & fe$+ only ^u ! conclusions f !m4 ,e ?9k] :o has _h ! mis=tune to attract att5tion :ile he 0 yet alive1 kn[s by bitt] exp]i5ce :at 'd$uctions' are4 ,& yet y w r>ely f9d a philosoph] to (f] op5 & c\rage\s resi/ance to 8 cont9uators2 & /ill m r>ely a philosoph] to say outright t 8 "w ne$s no cont9uation1 t x w n be> cont9uation1 t x exi/s only 9 & = itself1 t x is self-suffici5t4 ,if "s "o said ?is1 h[ w\ld he be answ]$8 ,p c\ld n dispute ) him--try to dispute ) a man :o wants nei!r to dispute nor to demon/rate4 ,! only answ] is an appeal to ! popul> v]dict1 to lyn* law4 ,p are s weak & nave t !y w at all co/s see a tea*] 79 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w7 9 e philosoph]4 ,9 o!r words1 !y really want to ?r[ ^u him ! responsibility = _! actions1 _! pres5t1 _! future1 & _! :ole fate4 ,socrates 0 n execut$ = tea*+1 b because ! ,a!nians ?\ght he 0 dang]\s to ,a!ns4 ,& 9 all ages m5 h approa*$ tru? ) ?is crit]ion1 z ?\gh !y knew be=eh& t tru? mu/ be ( use & able to protect !m4 ,"o ( ! greate/ tea*+s1 ,*ri/ianity1 0 also p]secut$ because x seem$ dang]\s to ! self-appo9t$ gu>dians1 or1 if y w1 because x 0 really v dang]\s to ,roman ideals4 ,( c\rse1 nei!r ,socrates' dea? nor ! dea?s ( ?\s&s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians sav$ ! anci5t culture & polity f decay3 b no "o has le>n$ any?+ f ! lesson4 ,p ?9k t ^! 7 all accid5tal mi/akes1 aga9/ :i* no "o 0 secure 9 anci5t times1 b :i* w nev] aga9 recur2 & !re=e !y cont9ue to make 'd$uctions' z !y us$ f e tru?1 & to judge ! tru? by ! d$uctions !y h made4 ,& !y h _! rew>d4 ,al?\gh !re h be5 on e>? _m wise m5 :o knew mu* t is inf9itely m valuable ?an all ! treasures = :i* m5 are ready ev5 to sacrifice _! lives1 /ill wisdom is to u a book ) sev5 seals1 a hidd5 ho>d ^u :i* we _c lay our h&s4 ,_m--! va/ majority--are ev5 s]i\sly conv9c$ t philosophy is a mo/ t$i\s & pa9ful occupation to :i* are doom$ "s mis]able wret*es :o enjoy ! odi\s privilege ( be+ call$ philosoph]s4 ,i believe t ev5 pr(essors ( philosophy1 ! m clev] ( !m1 n seldom %>e ?is op9ion & suppose t !re9 lies ! ultimate secret ( _! sci5ce1 reveal$ to ! initiate alone4 ,=tunately1 ! position is o!rwise4 ,x may be t mank9d is de/9$ nev] to *ange 9 ?is respect1 & a ?\s& ye>s h5ce m5 w c>e mu* m ab\t 'd$uctions1' !oretical & practical1 f ! tru? ?an ab\t tru? itself2 b real philosoph]s1 m5 :o "k :at !y want & at :at !y aim1 w h>dly be emb>rass$ by ?is4 ,!y w utt] _! tru?s z be=e1 )\t 9 ! lea/ consid]+ :at conclusions w be drawn f !m by ! lov]s ( logic4 ,tru?s1 ,prov5 & ,unprov5 ,:5ce did we get ! habit ( requir+ pro(s ( ea* idea t is express$8 ,if we put aside ! consid]ation1 z hav+ no real mean+ 9 ! pres5t case1 t m5 d (t5 purposely deceive _! neighb\rs = ga9 or o!r int]e/s1 !n /rictly speak+ ! necessity = pro( is entirely remov$4 ,x is true t we c /ill deceive ourselves & fall into involunt>y error4 ,sometimes we take a vision = a reality1 & we wi% to gu>d aga9/ t (f5sive mi/ake4 ,b z soon z ! possibility ( bona fide error is remov$1 !n we may relate simply )\t argum5ts1 judgm5ts1 or ref]5ces4 ,if y please1 believe2 if y don't1 don't4 ,& !re is "o prov9ce1 ! v prov9ce :i* has always attract$ to itself ! mo/ rem>kable repres5tatives ( ! human race1 :]e pro(s 9 ! g5]al acceptation are ev5 q impossible4 ,we h be5 hi!rto taught t t :i* _c be prov$1 %\ld n be spok5 ab\t4 ,/ill worse1 we h s arrang$ our language t1 /rictly speak+1 ev]y?+ we say is express$ 9 ! =m ( a judgm5t1 t is1 9 a =m :i* presupposes n m]ely ! possibility b ! necessity ( pro(s4 ,p]haps ?is is ! reason :y metaphysics has be5 ! object ( incessant attack4 ,metaphysics evid5tly 0 n only unable to f9d a =m ( expression = h] tru?s :i* w\ld free h] f ! obligation ( pro(2 %e did n ev5 want to4 ,%e consid]$ h]self ! sci5ce p> excell5ce1 & !re=e suppos$ t %e _h m l>gely & m /rictly to prove ! judgm5ts :i* %e took "u h] w+4 ,%e ?\ght t if %e 7 to neglect ! duty ( demon/ration %e w\ld lose all h] rights4 ,& t1 ,i imag9e1 0 h] fatal mi/ake4 ,! correspond5ce ( rights & duties is p]haps a c>d9al tru? 7or a c>d9al fiction7 ( ! doctr9e ( law1 b x has be5 introduc$ into ! sph]e ( philosophy by a misund]/&+4 ,"h1 r1 ! contr>y pr9ciple is en?ron$3 rights are 9 inv]se proportion to duties4 ,& only !re :]e all duties h ceas$ is ! greate/ & mo/ sov]eign "r acquir$--! "r ( communion ) ultimate tru?s4 ,"h we mu/ n = "o mom5t =get t ultimate tru?s h no?+ 9 common ) middle tru?s1 ! logical con/ruction ( :i* we h s dilig5tly /udi$ = ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce is t ! ultimate tru?s are absolutely un9telligible4 ,un9telligible1 ,i repeat1 b n inaccessible4 ,x is true t middle tru?s also are1 /rictly speak+1 un9telligible4 ,:o w ass]t t he und]/&s light1 heat1 pa91 pride1 joy1 degradation8 ,nev]!less1 our m9d1 9 alliance ) omnipot5t habit1 has1 ) ! assi/ance ( "s /ra9$ int]pretation1 giv5 to ! comb9ation ( ph5om5a 9 ! segm5t ( univ]sal life t is accessible to u1 a c]ta9 k9d ( h>mony & unity1 & ?is f "t immemorial has ga9$ repute "u ! "n ( an intelligible explanation ( ! creat$ _w4 ,b ! kn[n1 :i* is ! famili>1 _w is suffici5tly un9telligible to make good fai? require ( u t we %\ld accept un9telligibility z ! fundam5tal pr$icate ( be+4 ,x is impossible to hold1 z "s d1 t ! only reason :y we d n und]/& ! _w is t some?+ is hidd5 f u or t our m9d is weak1 s t if ! ,supreme ,be+ wi%$ to unveil ! secret ( creation to u1 or if ! human bra9 %\ld s mu* develop 9 ! next t5 million ye>s t he w excel u z f> z we excel our (ficial ance/or1 ! ape1 !n ! _w w be intelligible4 ,no1 no1 no6 ,by _! v ess5ce ! op]ations :i* we p]=m ^u reality to und]/& x are useful & necess>y only s long z !y d n pass a c]ta9 limit4 ,x is possible to und]/& ! arrangem5t ( a locomotive4 ,x is also legitimate to seek an explanation ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 or ( an e>?quake4 ,b a mom5t comes--only we _c def9e x exactly--:5 explanations lose all mean+ & are good = no?+ any m4 ,x is z ?\gh we 7 l$ by a rope--! law ( suffici5t reason--to a c]ta9 place & left !re3 ',n[ g :]ev] y l4' ,& s9ce we h gr[n s us$ to ! rope 9 our lives1 we beg9 to believe t x is "p ( ! v ess5ce ( ! _w4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?9k]s1 ,sp9oza1 ?\ght t ,god himself 0 b\nd by necessity4 ,let any "o probe himself c>efully1 & he w f9d t he is n m]ely unable to ?9k b almo/ unable to live )\t ! hypo!sis ( ,sp9oza4 ,! "w ( ,hume1 :o s brilliantly disput$ ! axiom ( causal necessity1 0 only half done4 ,he cle>ly %[$ t x is impossible to prove ! exi/5ce ( necess>y connection4 ,b x is also impossible to prove ! contr>y4 ,9 ! result1 ev]y?+ rema9$ z be=e3 ,kant1 & all mank9d aft] him1 has return$ to ,sp9oza's position4 ,fre$om has be5 driv5 into an intellectual _w1 an unkn[n l&1 'f ^: b\rne ,no travell] returns1' & ev]y?+ is 9 its =m] place4 ,philosophy wants to be a sci5ce at all co/s4 ,x is absolutely impossible = h] to succe$ 9 ?is2 b ! price %e has paid = ! "r to be call$ a sci5ce1 is n return$ to h]4 ,%e has waiv$ ! "r ( seek+ t :i* %e ne$$ :]ev] %e w\ld1 & %e is depriv$ ( ! "r = ev]4 ,b did %e really ne$ x8 ,if y glance at contempor>y ,g]man philosophy y w say )\t hesitation t x 0 n ne$$ at all4 ,nei!r by mi/ake1 nor ev5 9 pursuit ( a new title1 did %e r5\nce h] great vocation3 x has become an intol]able burd5 to h]4 ,h[ev] h>d x may be to confess1 x is nev]!less indubitable t ! great secrets ( ! univ]se _c be manife/$ ) ! cl>ity & di/9ctness ) :i* ! visible & tangible _w is op5$ to u4 ,n only o!rs--y w n ev5 conv9ce y\rself ( y\r tru? ) ! obvi\sness ) :i* y c conv9ce all m5 )\t exception ( sci5tific tru?s4 ,revelations1 if !y d occur1 are always revelations = an in/ant4 ,mahomet--,do/oevsky expla9s--c\ld only /ay 9 p>adise a v %ort "t1 f half a second to five seconds1 ev5 if he succe$$ 9 fall+ into x4 ,& ,do/oevsky himself ent]$ p>adise only = an in/ant4 ,& "h on e>?1 bo? ( !m liv$ = ye>s1 = t5s ( ye>s1 & !re seem$ to be no end to ! hell ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,! hell 0 obvi\s1 demon/rable2 x c\ld be fix$1 exhibit$1 ad oculos4 ,b h[ c\ld p>adise be prov58 ,h[ c\ld "o fix1 h[ express1 ^? half-seconds ( p>adisic beatitude1 :i* 7 f ! outside manife/$ 9 ugly & horrible epileptic fits ) convulsions1 p>oxysms1 a foam+ m\?1 & sometimes an ill-om5$ sudd5 fall1 ) ! spill+ ( blood8 ,aga91 believe1 if y w3 if y won't1 don't4 ,surely a man :o lives n[ 9 p>adise1 n[ 9 hell sees life utt]ly diff]5tly f o!rs4 ,& he wants to ?9k t he is "r1 t 8 exp]i5ce is ( great value1 t life is n at all z x is describ$ by m5 ( diff]5t exp]i5ce & m limit$ emotions4 ,h[ desp]ately did ,do/oevsky desire to p]suade all m5 ( 8 rightness1 h[ /ubbornly he us$ to demon/rate1 & h[ angry he 0 made by ! consci\sness t liv$ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 s\l t he 0 impot5t to prove any?+4 ,b a fact rema9s a fact4 ,p]haps epileptics & madm5 "k ?+s ( :i* normal m5 h n ev5 ! remote/ pres5tim5t1 b x is n v\*saf$ to !m to communicate _! k to o!rs1 or to prove x4 ,& !re is a univ]sal k :i* is ! v object ( philosophical seek+1 ) :i* "o may commune1 b :i* by its v ess5ce _c be communicat$ to all1 t is1 _c be turn$ into v]ifi$ & demon/rable univ]sal tru?s4 ,to r5\nce ?is k 9 ord] t philosophy %\ld h ! "r to be call$ a sci5ce6 ,at times m5 act$ ?us4 ,!re 7 sob] epo*s :5 ! pursuit ( positive k absorb$ e "o capable ( intellectual lab\r4 ,or p]haps !re 7 epo*s 9 :i* m5 :o s\ght some?+ o!r ?an positive sci5ce 7 condemn$ to univ]sal contempt1 & pass$ unreg>d$3 9 su* an epo* ,plato w\ld h f\nd no sympa?y1 b w\ld h di$ 9 obscurity4 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is cle>4 ,he ^: *ief int]e/ & motive 9 life is 9 undemon/rable tru?s is doom$ to complete or relative /]ility 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,if he is clev] & gift$1 m5 may p]haps be int]e/$ 9 8 m9d & tal5t1 b !y w pass 8 "w ) indiff]5ce1 contempt1 & ev5 horror2 & !y w beg9 to w>n ! _w aga9/ him4 ',look at him1 my *ildr51 ,he is /]n & pale & lean4 ,he is poor & nak$1 ,& all m5 c\nt him mean4' ,has n ! "w ( ! prophets :o s\ght = ultimate tru?s be5 b>r5 & useless8 ,did life hold !m 9 any acc\nt8 ,life w5t its own way1 & ! voices ( ! prophets h be51 are1 & ev] w be1 voices 9 ! wild]ness4 ,= t :i* !y see & "k1 _c be prov$ & is n capable ( pro(4 ,prophets h always be5 isolat$1 dissev]$1 sep>ate1 helpless m51 lock$ up 9 _! pride4 ,prophets are k+s )\t an army4 ,= all _! love to _! subjects1 !y c d no?+ = !m1 = subjects respect only ^? k+s :o possess a =midable milit>y p[]4 ,&--long may x be s6 ,! ,limits ( ,reality ,aft] all1 n ev5 ! mo/ consi/5t & conv9c$ reali/ repres5ts life to himself z x really is4 ,he ov]looks a great deal2 & on ! o!r h& he (t5 sees some?+ :i* has no exi/5ce 9 reality4 ,i d n ?9k !re is any ne$ to %[ ?is by example4 ,= all our desire to be objective we are1 aft] all1 extremely subjective1 & ^? ?+s :i* ,kant calls syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 by :i* our m9d =ms nature & dictates laws to h]1 d play a great & s]i\s "p 9 our lives4 ,we create some?+ l ! veil ( ,maia3 we are awake 9 sleep1 & sleep 9 wakefulness1 exactly z ?\gh "s magic p[] _h *>m$ u4 ,& j z 9 sleep we feel = in/ants t :at is happ5+ to u is l a half-dream1 an int]m$iate half-life4 ,s*op5hau] & ! ,buddhi/s 7 "r 9 ass]t+ t x is equally wrong to say ( ! veil ( ,maia1 ! _w accessible to u1 ei!r t x exi/s or does n exi/4 ,x is true t logic does n admit su* judgm5ts & p]secutes !m mo/ implacably1 = !y violate its mo/ fundam5tal laws4 ,b x _c be help$3 :5 "o has to *oose betwe5 philosophy :i* is allur+ & promis+1 & empty logic1 "o w always sacrifice ! latt] = ! =m]4 ,& philosophy )\t contradictory judgm5ts w\ld be ei!r doom$ to et]nal sil5ce1 or w\ld be *urn$ into a mud ( commonplace & r$uc$ to no?+4 ,philosoph]s "k t4 ,! same is true ( our own case3 we mu/ confess t we are at ! same "t awake & dream+ dreams1 & at times we mu/ own t ?\gh we are alive1 yet we h long s9ce be5 dead4 ,z liv+ be+s we /ill hold to ! accept$ syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 & z dead1 we try to d )\t !m1 or to replace !m by o!r judgm5ts :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ! =m] b are ev5 opposite to !m4 ,philosophy is occupi$ 9 ?is "w ) extreme dilig5ce1 & 9 ?is & ?is alone is ! mean+ ( ! ideali/ic movem5t :i* has nev]1 s9ce ! "t ( ,plato1 disappe>$ f hi/ory4 ,! problem is n = u to f9d ano!r1 primordial1 bett]1 & et]nal _w to replace ! visible _w accessible to all1 z ideali/ic philosophy is usually int]pret$ by h] (ficial &1 un=tunately1 h] mo/ influ5tial repres5tatives4 ,int]pretation ( t k9d too obvi\sly be>s ! m>k ( its empiric utilit>ian orig93 !y br+ u z ne> to sup]-empiric reality z d ! notions :]e) we def9e :at is valuable 9 life4 ,we might z well consid] ! sup]-empiric _w z "o ( gold1 diamond1 or pe>ls simply because gold1 diamonds1 & pe>ls are v co/ly4 ,b s x usually happ5s4 ,god himself is usually repres5t$ z glimm]+ ) gold & preci\s /ones1 z omnisci5t & omnipot5t4 ,he is call$ ! ,k+ ( ,k+s s9ce on e>? ! lot ( a cr[n$ head is consid]$ mo/ enviable4 ,! mean+ & value ( ideali/ic philosophy ?us appe>s to be t %e = ev] ratifies all t we h f\nd valuable on e>? dur+ our brief exi/5ce4 ,h]e91 ,i believe1 is a fatal error4 ,ideali/ic philosophy1 x is true1 gave an excuse = falsely int]pret+ h]1 s9ce %e lov$ to be array$ 9 sumptu\s app>el4 ,! religion ( almo/ all nations has always s\ght = =ms outw>dly beautiful )\t /opp+ ev5 be=e su* an obvi\s p>adox--n to put x m /rongly--z a gold5 cross /udd$ ) diamonds4 ,& = ! sake ( sumptu\s words & gold5 crosses m5 ov]look$ great tru?s1 & p]haps great possibilities4 ,! philosophy ( ! s*ools also lov$ to array h]self1 s t %e %\ld n be beh9d ! ma/]s 9 ?is respect1 & = ! sake ( dress %e (t5 =got h] necess>y "w4 ,plato taught t our life 0 only a %ad[ ( ano!r reality4 ,if ?is is true1 & he discov]$ ! tru?1 !n surely our fir/ task is to beg9 to live a diff]5t life1 to turn our back to ! wall above :i* ! %ad[s are walk+ & to turn our face to ! s\rce ( light :i* creat$ ! %ad[s or to ^? ?+s ( :i* ! visible outl9es give only a remote resemblance4 ,we mu/ be awak5$1 if only 9 "p2 to ?is end :at is usually done to a p]son s\nd asleep mu/ be done to u4 ,he is pull$1 p9*$1 beat51 tickl$1 & if all ^! ?+s fail1 /ill /rong] & m h]oic measures mu/ be appli$4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is out ( ! "q to advise contemplation1 :i* may well make "o /ill sleepi]1 or quietude1 :i* leads to ! same result4 ,philosophy %\ld live by s>casm1 irony1 al>m1 /ruggles1 despairs1 & all[ h]self contemplation & quietude only f "t to "t1 z a relaxation4 ,!n p]haps %e w succe$ 9 creat+1 by ! side ( reali/ic dreams1 dreams ( a q diff]5t ord]1 & visibly demon/rate t ! univ]sally accept$ dreams are n ! only ones4 ',:at is ! use8' ,i d n ?9k ?is "q ne$ be answ]$4 ,he :o asks x1 %[s by ! fact t he ne$s nei!r an answ] nor philosophy1 :ile he :o ne$s !m w n ask b w pati5tly await ev5ts3 a temp]ature ( #abj1 an epileptic fit1 or some?+ ( ?is k9d1 :i* facilitates ! difficult task ( seek+4444 ,! ,giv5 & ! ,possible ,! law ( causation z a pr9ciple ( inquiry is an excell5t ?+3 ! exi/+ sci5ces af=d u conv9c+ evid5ce ( t4 ,b z an idea 9 ! ,platonic s5se x is ( little value1 at times at lea/4 ,! /rict h>mony & ord] ( ! _w h fasc9at$ _m p3 su* giants ( ?\ght z ,sp9oza & ,goe! paus$ ) rev]5t wond] 9 contemplation ( ! great & un*angeable ord] ( nature4 ,!re=e !y exalt$ necessity ev5 to ! rank ( a primordial1 et]nal1 orig9al pr9ciple4 ,& we mu/ confess t ,goe!'s & ,sp9oza's conception ( ! _w lives s mu* 9 ea* "o ( u t 9 mo/ cases we c love & respect ! _w only :5 our s\ls feel 9 x a symmetrical h>mony4 ,h>mony seems to u at once-! highe/ value & ! ultimate tru?4 ,x gives to ! s\l great peace1 a /able firmness1 a tru/ 9 ! ,creator--! highe/ boons accessible to mortal m51 z ! philosoph]s tea*4 ,nev]!less1 !re are o!r ye>n+s4 ,man's he>t is sudd5ly possess$ by a long+ = ! fanta/ic1 ! un=ese51 = t :i* _c be =ese54 ,! beautiful _w loves its beauty1 peace ( s\l seems disgraceful1 /ability is felt z an intol]able burd54 ,j z a y\? gr[n to manhood sudd5ly feels irritat$ by ! b\ntiful tutelage ( 8 p>5ts1 f :i* he has receiv$ s mu*1 ?\gh he does n "k :at to d ) 8 fre$om1 s is a man ( insight a%am$ ( ! happ9ess :i* is giv5 to him1 :i* "s "o has creat$4 ,! law ( causation1 l ! :ole h>mony ( ! _w1 seems to him a pleasant gift1 facilitat+ life1 b yet a degrad+ "o4 ,he has sold 8 bir?right = peace1 = undi/urb$ happ9ess--8 great bir?right ( free creation4 ,he does n und]/& h[ a giant l ,goe! c\ld h be5 s$uc$ by ! temptation ( a pleasant life1 he suspects ! s9c]ity ( ,sp9oza4 ,!re is some?+ rott5 9 ! /ate ( ,d5m>k4 ,! apple ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 has become to him ! sole purpose ( life1 ev5 ?\gh ! pa? to x %\ld lie ?r\gh extreme suff]+4 ,&1 /rangely1 nature h]self seems to be preoccupi$ 9 urg+ man to t fatal pa?4 ,!re comes a "t 9 our life :5 "s imp]ative & secret voice =bids u to rejoice at ! beauty & gr&eur ( ! _w4 ,! _w allures u z be=e1 b x no long] gives pure happ9ess4 ,rememb] ,t*ekhov4 ,h[ he lov$ nature6 ,:at immeasurable ye>n+ is audible 9 8 wond]ful descriptions ( nature6 ,j z ?\gh ea* "t t he glanc$ at ! blue sky1 ! tr\bl$ sea or ! gre5 woods1 a voice ( au?ority :isp]$ to him3 ',all ?is is y\rs no long]4 ,y may look at x1 b y h no "r to rejoice4 ,prep>e y\rself = ano!r life1 :]e no?+ w be giv51 complete1 prep>$1 :]e no?+ w be creat$1 :]e !re w be illimitable creation alone4 ,& ev]y?+ :i* is 9 ?is _w %all be giv5 to de/ruction1 to de/ruction & de/ruction1 ev5 ?is nature :i* y s passionately love1 & :i* x is s h>d & pa9ful = y to r5\nce4' ,ev]y?+ drives u to ! my/]i\s realm ( ! et]nally fanta/ic1 et]nally *aotic1 &--:o kn[s8--x may be1 ! et]nally beautiful4444 ,exp]im5t & ,pro( ,:5 cogito ergo sum came into ,desc>tes' head1 he m>k$ ! day--,novemb] #aj1 #afai--;z a rem>kable day3 ',! light ( a wond]ful discov]y1' he wrote 9 8 di>y1 'fla%$ into my m9d4' ,s*ell+ relates ! same ?+ ( himself3 9 ! ye> #ahja he 'saw ! light4' ,& to ,nietzs*e :5 he roam$ ! m\nta9s & ! valleys ( ! ,engad9e !re came a mighty *ange3 he grasp$ ! doctr9e ( et]nal recurr5ce4 ,"o might "n _m philosoph]s1 poets1 arti/s1 prea*]s1 :o l ^! ?ree sudd5ly saw ! light1 & consid]$ _! vision ! beg9n+ ( a new life4 ,x is ev5 probable t all m5 :o h be5 de/9$ to display to ! _w some?+ p]fectly new & orig9al h )\t exception exp]i5c$ t miracle ( sudd5 metamorphosis4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh mu* is spok5 ( ^! miracles & (t51 9 ne>ly all biographies ( great m51 we _c /rictly make any use ( !m4 ,desc>tes1 ,s*ell+1 ,nietzs*e tell ! /ory ( _! conv]sion2 & ) u1 ,tol/oi & ,do/oevsky tell ( !irs2 9 ! less remote pa/1 !re are ,mahomet & ,paul ! ,apo/le2 9 f> antiquity ! leg5d ( ,moses4 ,b if ,i _h *os5 t5fold ! numb]1 if ?\s&s ev5 _h be5 collect$1 x w\ld /ill be impossible = ! m9d to make any d$uction f !m4 ,9 o!r words1 all ^! cases h no value z sci5tific mat]ial1 :]eas "o fossil skeleton or a unique case ( an unkn[n r>e disease is a preci\s w9dfall to ! sci5ti/4 ,:at is /ill m int]e/+1 ,desc>tes 0 s /ruck ) 8 cogito ergo sum1 ,nietzs*e ) 8 et]nal recurr5ce1 ,mahomet ) 8 p>adise1 ,paul ! ,apo/le ) 8 vision1 :ile we rema9 m or less indiff]5t to any?+ !y may relate ( _! exp]i5ces4 ,only ! mo/ s5sitive among u h an e> = /ories ( t k9d1 & ev5 !y are oblig$ to hide _! impressions )9 !m1 = :at c be done ) !m8 ,x is ev5 impossible to fix !m z indubitable facts1 = facts also require a v]ification & mu/ be prov$4 ,!re are no pro(s4 ,philosophic & religi\s tea*+s (f]$ by m5 :o h _h extraord9>y inw>d exp]i5ces1 n only d n g5]ally confirm1 b r refute _! own /ories ( revelation4 ,= philosophic & religi\s tea*+ h always hi!rto assign$ !mselves ! task ( attract+ all & sundry to !mselves1 & 9 ord] to atta9 ?is end !y _h to h rec\rse to su* me?ods z h effect ) ! ord9>y man1 :o kn[s ( no?+ extraord9>y--to pro(1 to ! au?ority ( visible & tangible ph5om5a1 :i* c be measur$1 weigh$ & c\nt$4 ,9 _! pursuit ( pro(s1 ( p]suasiv5ess & popul>ity1 !y _h to sacrifice ! important & ess5tial1 & expose = %[ t :i* is agreeable to reason--?+s already m or less kn[n1 & !re=e ( little int]e/ & importance4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 z exp]im5tal sci5ce1 s-call$1 ga9$ m & m p[]1 ! habit ( hid+ 9 oneself all t _c be demon/rat$ ad oculos1 has become m & m firmly root$1 until x is almo/ man's second nature4 ,n[adays we 'naturally' %>e b a small "p ( an exp]i5ce ) our fri5ds1 s t if ,mahomet & ,paul liv$ 9 our "t1 x w\ld n ent] _! heads to tell _! extraord9>y /ories4 ,& = all 8 brav]y1 ,nietzs*e nev]!less passes quickly ov] et]nal recurr5ce1 & is mu* m occupi$ ) prea*+ ! morality ( ! ,sup]man1 :i*1 ?\gh x at fir/ a/\nd$ p1 0 aft] all accept$ ) m or less modification1 because x 0 demon/rable4 ,evid5tly we are confront$ ) a great dilemma4 ,if we cont9ue to cultivate mod]n me?odology1 we run ! risk ( becom+ s accu/om$ to x t we w lose n only ! faculty ( %>+ all undemon/rable & exceptional exp]i5ces ) o!rs1 b ev5 ( reta9+ !m firmly 9 ! memory4 ,!y w beg9 to be =gott5 z dreams1 !y w ev5 seem to be wak+ dreams4 ,?us we w cut ourselves (f = ev] f a va/ realm ( reality1 ^: mean+ & value h by no means be5 div9$ or appreciat$4 ,9 old5 times m5 c\ld add dreams & madm5's visions to reality2 b we %all curtail ! real indubitable reality1 transf]r+ x to ! realm ( halluc9ations & dreams4 ,i suppose ev5 a mod]n man w feel "s hesitation 9 com+ ov] to ! side ( ?is me?odology1 ev5 ?\gh he is incapable ( ?9k+1 ) ! anci5ts1 t dreams are by no means wor?less ?+s4 ,& if ?is is s1 !n ! rights ( exp]i5ces mu/ n be def9$ by ! degree ( _! demon/rability4 ,h[ev] caprici\s our exp]i5ces may be1 h[ev] little !y agree ) ! root$ & pr$om9ant conceptions ( ! necess>y "* ( ev5ts 9 ! inw>d & outw>d life--once !y h tak5 place 9 ! s\l ( man1 !y acquire1 ipso facto1 ! lawful "r ( figur+ side by side ) facts :i* are mo/ demon/rable & susceptible ( control & v]ification1 & ev5 ) a delib]ate exp]im5t4 ,x may be said t we w\ld n !n be protect$ aga9/ delib]ate frauds4 ,p :o h nev] be5 9 p>adise w give !mselves out = ,mahomets4 ,t is true2 !y w talk & !y w he4 ,!re w be no me?od ( objective v]ification4 ,b !y w surely tell ! tru? also4 ,= ! sake ( t tru? we may make up our m9ds to swim ?r\gh a :ole ocean ( lies4 ,yes1 x is n 9 ! lea/ impossible to di/+ui% tru? f lie 9 ?is realm1 ?\gh1 c]ta9ly1 n by ! signs :i* h be5 evolv$ by logic2 & n ev5 by signs1 b by no signs at all4 ,! signs ( ! beautiful h n yet be5 ev5 approximately1 def9$1 &1 please ,god--be x said )\t (f5ce to ! ,g]mans--!y nev] w be def9$1 b yet we di/+ui% betwe5 ,apollo & ,v5us4 ,s x is ) tru?3 %e too may be recognis$4 ,b :at if a man _c di/+ui% )\t signs1 &1 moreov]1 does n want to8444 ,:at is to be done ) him8 ,really1 ,i d n "k2 besides1 ,i d n imag9e t all m5 d[n to ! la/ %\ld act 9 unison4 ,:5 did all m5 act 9 agreem5t8 ,m5 h mo/ly act$ sep>ately1 meet+ 9 c]ta9 places1 & p>t+ 9 o!rs4 ,long may x be s6 ,"s w recognise & seek aft] tru? by signs1 o!rs )\t signs1 z !y please1 & yet o!rs1 9 bo? ways4 ,! ,sev5? ,day ( ,creation ,socrates said t he (t5 us$ to he> f poets ?\ghts rem>kable = _! pr(undity & s]i\sness1 b :5 he began to inquire ( !m m p>ticul>ly1 he became conv9c$ t !y !mselves did n und]/& :at !y 7 say+4 ,:at did he really mean8 ,did ,socrates wi% to comp>e ! poets to p>rots or tra9$ blackbirds :o c le>n by he>t1 ) ! assi/ance ( a man to tea* !m1 any ideas :atev]1 p]fectly =eign to !m4 ,t c h>dly be4 ,socrates h>dly ?\ght t :at ! poets say _h be5 ov]he>d by !m f "s "o1 & me*anically fix$ 9 _! m9d1 ?\gh x rema9$ q =eign to _! s\l4 ,mo/ probably he us$ ! ^w 'und]/&' 9 ! s5se t !y c\ld n demon/rate or expla9 ! s\ndness & /ability ( _! ideas1--!y c\ld n d$uce !m & relate !m to a def9ite conception ( ! _w4 ,z e "o kn[s1 ,socrates ?\ght t n m]ely poets1 b all m51 f em95t /atesm5 d[n to ignorant artisans1 _h ideas1 ev5 a great _m ideas1 b !y nev] c\ld expla9 :]e !y _h got !m1 or make !m agree among !mselves4 ,9 ?is respect poets 7 ! same z ! re/ ( p4 ,f "s my/]i\s s\rce !y _h acquir$ tru?s1 (t5 great & pr(\nd1 b !y 7 unable to expla9 !m4 ,?is seem$ to ,socrates a great mis]y1 a real mis=tune4 ,i d n "k h[ x happ5$--n a s+le hi/orian ( philosophy has expla9$ x1 & inde$ v little int]e/ has be5 tak5 9 x--b ,socrates = "s reason decid$ t an unprov5 & unexpla9$ tru? _h less value ?an a prov5 & expla9$ "o4 ,9 our times1 :5 a :ole !ory1 ev5 a conception ( ! _w1 has be5 made ( ,socrates's idea1 ?is notion seems s natural & self-evid5t t no "o d\bts x4 ,b 9 antiquity ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,/rictly1 ,socrates ?\ght t ! poets _h acquir$ _! tru?s1 :i* !y 7 unable to prove1 f a v respectable s\rce1 :i* des]v$ all possible confid5ce3 he himself comp>$ ! poets ) oracles1 & consequ5tly admitt$ t !y _h communion ) ! gods4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a mo/ excell5t gu>antee t ! poets 7 possess$ ( real1 undilut$ tru?--! pl$ge ( its purity be+ ! div9e au?ority4 ,socrates said t he himself _h frequ5tly be5 guid$ 9 8 actions1 n by consid]ations ( reason1 b by ! voice ( 8 my/]i\s 'demon4' ,t is1 at times1 he ab/a9$ f c]ta9 actions--8 demon gave him nev] positive1 b only negative advice--)\t be+ able to produce reasons1 simply because ! secret voice1 m au?oritative ?an any human m9d1 dem&$ ab/95ce f !m4 ,is x n /range t "u su* circum/ances1 at an epo* :5 ! gods v\*saf$ tru?s to m51 !re %\ld h sudd5ly appe>$ 9 a man ! unexpla9$ desire to acquire tru?s )\t ! help ( ! gods1 & 9 indep5d5ce ( !m1 by ! dialectic me?od s belov$ ( ! ,greeks8 ,x is d\btful :i* is m important = u1 to acquire ! tru? or to acquire = "o's self ) "o's own ef=t1 x may be a false1 b "o's own judgm5t4 ,! example ( ,socrates1 :o has be5 a patt]n = all subsequ5t g5]ations ( ?9k+ m51 leaves n ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,m5 d n ne$ a tru? ready made2 !y turn away f ! gods to devote !mselves to indep5d5t creations4 ,practically ! same /ory is told 9 ! ,bible4 ,:at inde$ 0 lack+ to ,adam8 ,he liv$ 9 p>adise1 9 direct proximity to ,god1 f :om he c\ld le>n any?+ he want$4 ,& yet x did n suit him4 ,x 0 en\gh t ! ,s]p5t %\ld make 8 p]fidi\s proposal = ! man to =get ! wra? ( ,god1 & all ! dang]s :i* ?reat5$ him1 & to pluck ! apple f ! =bidd5 tree4 ,!n ! tru?1 :i* until ! creation ( ! _w & man _h be5 "o1 split & broke ) a great1 p]haps an inf9itely great1 numb] ( mo/ div]se tru?s1 et]nally be+ born1 & et]nally dy+4 ,?is 0 ! sev5? day ( creation1 unrecord$ 9 hi/ory4 ,man became ,god's collaborator4 ,he himself became a creator4 ,socrates r5\nc$ ! div9e tru? & ev5 spoke contemptu\sly ( x1 m]ely because x 0 n prov51 t is1 because x does n be> ! m>ks ( man's h&iwork4 ,socrates really did n prove any?+1 b he 0 prov+1 creat+1 & 9 ?is he saw ! mean+ ( 8 own life & ( all human lives4 ,?us1 surely1 ! pron\ncem5t ( ! ,delphic oracle seems true ev5 n[3 ,socrates 0 ! wise/ ( m54 ,& he :o w\ld be wise mu/1 imitat+ ,socrates1 n be l him 9 any?+4 ,?us did all great m51 & all great philosoph]s4 ,:at does ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy tea* u8 ,neo-,kantianism is ! preval5t s*ool ( mod]n philosophy4 ,! lit]ature ab\t ,kant has gr[n to unhe>d-( proportions4 ,b if y attempt to analyse ! colossal mass t has be5 writt5 ^u ,kant1 & put ! "q to y\rself1 :at has really be5 left to u ( ,kant's tea*+1 !n to y\r great amazem5t y w h to reply3 ,no?+ at all4 ,!re is an extraord9>y1 incr$ibly fam\s "n--,kant1 & !re is positively n a s+le ,kantian !sis :i* 9 an un9t]pret$ =m w\ld h surviv$ till our day4 ,i say 9 an un9t]pret$ =m1 = int]pretations resolve at bottom into arbitr>y reca/+s1 :i* (t5 h n ev5 an outw>d resemblance to ! orig9al4 ,^! int]pretations began :ile ,kant 0 /ill alive4 ,fi*te gave ! fir/ example4 ,x is well kn[n t ,kant react$1 dem&+ t 8 tea*+ %\ld be und]/ood n 9 ! _s b 9 ! lett]4 ,& ,kant 01 naturally1 q "r4 ,( two ?+s "o3 ei!r y take 8 tea*+ z x is1 or y inv5t y\r own4 ,b ! fate ( all ?9k]s :o h be5 de/9$ to give _! names to an epo* is simil>3 !y h be5 int]pret$1 reca/1 till !y are unrecognisable4 ,= aft] a %ort "t _h elaps$1 x became cle> t _! ideas 7 s ov]burd5$ ) contradictions1 t 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y em]g$ f ! h&s ( _! creators1 !y are absolutely unacceptable4 ,inde$1 all ! critics :o _h n made up _! m9ds be=eh& to be or?odox ,kantians1 came to ! conclusion t ,kant _h n prov$ a s+le "o ( 8 fundam5tal propositions4 ,some?+ /rong] may be said4 ,by virtue ( ! fact t ,kant1 ow+ to ! c5tral position :i* he occupi$1 attract$ mu* att5tion to himself & 0 =c$ to submit to v c>eful criticism1 !re gradually em]g$ a tru? :i* might h be5 kn[n be=eh&3 t ,kant's tea*+ is a mass ( contradictions4 ,! sum-total ( m ?an a c5tury's /udy ( ,kant may be resum$ 9 a few words4 ,al?\gh he 0 n afraid ( ! mo/ cry+ contradictions1 he did n h ! smalle/ degree ( success 9 prov+ ! correctness ( 8 tea*+4 ,) an extraord9>y p[] & dep? ( m9d1 ) all ! orig9ality1 boldness1 & tal5t ( 8 con/ructions1 he really provid$ no?+ t might be indisputably call$ a positive acquisition ( philosophy4 ,i repeat t ,i am n express+ my own op9ion4 ,i am only reckon+ ! sum-total ( ! op9ions ( ! ,g]man critics ( ,kant1 ( ^? same critics :o built him a monum5t a]e p]5nius4 ,! same may be said ( all ! great repres5tatives ( philosophic ?\ght beg9n+ ) ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & end+ ) ,hegel1 ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e4 ,_! works a/oni% by _! p[]1 dep?1 boldness1 beauty & orig9ality ( ?\ght4 ,:ile y read !m x seems t tru? h]self speaks ) _! lips4 ,& :at /rong measures ( precaution did !y take to prev5t !mselves f be+ mi/ak56 ,!y believ$ 9 no?+ t m5 _h gr[n accu/om$ to believe4 ,!y me?odically d\bt$ ev]y?+1 reexam9$ ev]y?+1 t5s1 hundr$s ( times4 ,!y gave _! life to ! tru? n 9 words1 b 9 de$4 ,& /ill ! sum-total is ! same 9 _! case z 9 ,kant's3 n "o ( !m succe$$ 9 inv5t+ a sy/em free f int]nal contradictions4 ,ari/otle 0 already criticis+ ,plato1 & ! sceptics criticis$ bo? ( !m1 & s on until 9 our day ea* new ?9k] /ruggles ) 8 pr$ecessors1 refutes _! contradictions & errors1 al?\gh he kn[s t he is doom$ to ! same fate4 ,! hi/orians ( philosophy are at inf9ite pa9s to conceal ! mo/ gl>+ & noticeable trait ( philosophic creation1 :i* is1 at bottom1 no secret to any "o4 ,! un9itiat$1 & p g5]ally :o d n l ?9k+1 & !re=e wi% to be contemptu\s ( philosophy1 po9t to ! lack ( unity among philosoph]s z evid5ce t x is n wor? :ile to /udy philosophy4 ,b !y are bo? wrong4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy n only does n inspire u ) ! ?\ght ( ! cont9ual evolution ( an idea1 b palpably conv9ces u ( ! contr>y1 t among philosoph]s !re is n1 has n be51 & w nev] be1 any aspiration t[>ds unity4 ,nei!r w !y f9d 9 future a tru? free f contradiction1 = !y d n seek ! tru? 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is und]/ood by ! p & by sci5ce2 &1 aft] all1 contradictions d n fright5 !m1 b r attract4 ,s*op5hau] beg9s 8 criticism ( ,kant's philosophy ) ! words ( ,voltaire3 ',x is ! privilege ( g5ius to make great mi/akes ) impunity4' ,i believe t ! secret ( ! philosophic g5ius lies "h4 ,he makes great1 ! greate/1 mi/akes1 & ) impunity4 ,moreov] 8 mi/akes are put to 8 cr$it1 = ! important matt] is n 8 tru?s1 or 8 judgm5ts1 b himself4 ,:5 y he> f ,plato t ! life we see is only a %ad[1 :5 ,sp9oza1 intoxicat$ by ,god1 exalts ! idea ( necessity1 :5 ,kant decl>es t reason dictates laws to ,nature1--li/5+ to !m y d n exam9e :e!r _! ass]tions are true or n1 y agree ) ea* ( !m1 :atev] he says1 & only ?is "q arises 9 y\r s\l3 ',:o is he t speake? z "o hav+ au?ority8' ,lat] on1 y w reject all _! tru?s1 ) horror1 p]haps ) indignation & disgu/1 ev5 ) utt] indiff]5ce4 ,y w n cons5t to accept t our life is only a %ad[ ( actual reality1 y w revolt aga9/ ,sp9oza's ,god1 :o _c love1 yet dem&s love = himself1 ,kant's categorical imp]ative w seem to y a cold mon/]1--b y w nev] =get ,plato1 or ,sp9oza1 or ,kant1 & w = ev] keep y\r gratitude to !m1 :o made y believe t au?ority is giv5 to mortals4 ,!n y w und]/& t !re are no errors & no tru?s 9 philosophy2 t errors & tru?s are only = him above :om is set a sup]ior au?ority1 a law1 a /&>d4 ,b philosoph]s !mselves create laws & /&>ds4 ,?is is :at we are taught by ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 ?is is :at is mo/ difficult = man to ma/] & und]/&4 ,i h already said t ! hi/orians ( philosophy draw q a diff]5t moral f ! /udy ( ! great human creations4 ,sci5ce & ,metaphysics ,9 8 autobiography ,sp5c] confesses t he _h really nev] read ,kant4 ,he _h _h ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 9 8 h&s1 & _h ev5 read ! beg9n+1 ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic1 b ! beg9n+ conv9c$ him x 0 no use = him to read fur!r4 ,once a man _h made ! unconv9c+ admission :i* ,kant _h made1 by accept+ ! subjectivity ( "o =m ( p]ception1 ( space & "t1 he c\ld n be s]i\sly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,if he is consi/5t1 all 8 philosophy w be a sy/em ( absurdity & nons5se2 if he is inconsi/5t1--! less att5tion does he des]ve4 ,sp5c] confid5tly ass]ts t1 once he c\ld n accept ,kant's fundam5tal proposition1 he n only c\ld n be a ,kantian any m1 b he f\nd x useless ev5 to become fur!r acqua9t$ ) ,kant's philosophy4 ,t he did n become a ,kantian is no?+ to grieve ov] --!re are ,kantians en\gh )\t him--b t he did n acqua9t himself ) ,kant's pr9cipal works1 & above all ) ! :ole s*ool t rose out ( ,kant1 may be s9c]ely regrett$4 ,p]haps1 z a new man1 remote f ,cont95tal traditions1 he w\ld h made a curi\s discov]y1 & w\ld h conv9c$ himself t x 0 n at all necess>y to accept ! proposition ( ! subjectivity ( space & "t 9 ord] to become a ,kantian4 ,& p]haps ) ! frankness & simplicity peculi> to him1 :i* is n afraid to be tak5 = navet1 he w\ld h told u t n a s+le ,kantian 7,s*op5hau] except$71 n ev5 ,kant himself1 has ev] s]i\sly accept$ ! fundam5tal propositions ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic1 & !re=e has nev] made f !m any conclusions or d$uctions :atev]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic 0 itself a d$uction f ano!r proposition1 t we h syn!tic judgm5ts a priori4 ,! orig9al rle ( ?is1 ! mo/ orig9al ( all !ories ev] inv5t$1 0 to be a support & an explanation ( ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,x _h nev] _h an indep5d5t1 mat]ial cont5t1 susceptible ( analysis & inve/igation4 ,space & "t are ! et]nal =ms ( our p]ception ( ! _w3 to ?is1 accord+ to ! /rict mean+ ( ,kant's tea*+1 no?+ c be add$1 & no?+ abat$4 ,sp5c]1 n hav+ read ! book to ! end1 imag9$ t ,kant w\ld beg9 to make d$uctions & became n]v\s4 ,b if he _h read ! book to ! end1 he w\ld h be5 conv9c$ t ,kant _h n made any d$uctions1 & t ! :ole mean+ ( ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason inde$ is t f ! propositions ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic no d$uctions c be made4 ,x is n[ ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s s9ce ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason appe>$4 ,no philosophic "w has be5 s mu* /udi$ & criticis$4 ,& yet :]e are ! ,kantians :o attempt to make d$uctions f ! proposition z to ! subjectivity ( space & "t8 ,s*op5hau] is ! only exception4 ,he inde$ took ! ,kantian idea s]i\sly1 b x may be said )\t exagg]ation t ( all ,kantians ! lea/ l ,kant 0 ,s*op5hau]4 ,! _w is a veil ( ,maia4 ,w\ld ,kant really h agre$ to su* an int]pretation ( 8 ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic8 ,or :at w\ld ,kant h said1 if he _h he>d t ,s*op5hau]1 ref]r+ to ! same ,ae/hetic 9 :i* he saw ! greate/ philosophic revelation1 _h admitt$ ! possibility ( clairvoyance & magic8 ,probably ,sp5c] ?\ght t ,kant w\ld himself make all ^! d$uctions1 & !re=e ?rew away ! book :i* b\nd him to conclusions s absurd4 ,x is a pity t ,sp5c] 0 9 su* a hurry4 ,_h he acqua9t$ himself ) ,kant1 he w\ld h be5 conv9c$ t ! mo/ absurd idea might s]ve a v useful purpose2 & t !re is n ! lea/ necessity to make f an idea all ! d$uctions to :i* x may lead4 ,a man is a free ag5t & he c d$uce if he has a m9d to2 if he has n1 he w n2 & !re is no necessity to judge ! "* ( a philosophic !ory by its g5]al po/ulates4 ,ev5 ,s*op5hau] did n exploit ,kant's !ory to ! full1 :i*1 if x _h really div9$ ! tru?s hi!rto hidd5 f m51 w\ld h n only put an end to metaphysical rese>*es1 b also h giv5 an impulse & a ju/ification to p]fectly new exp]im5ts :i* f ! previ\s /&po9t 7 q mad & unimag9able4 ,= if space & "t are =ms ( our human p]ception1 !n !y d inde$ hide ! ultimate tru? f u4 ,:ile m5 knew no?+ ( ?is1 &1 simple m9d$1 accept$ ! visible reality = ! actual real1 !y c\ld n ( c\rse dream ( true k4 ,b f ! mom5t :5 ! tru? 0 reveal$ to !m ?r\gh ,kant's p5etration1 x is cle> t _! true task 0 to use e possible means to free !mselves f ! h>ness & to break away f x1 :ile consolidat+ all ^? judgm5ts :i* ,kant calls syn!tic judgm5ts a priori = all et]nity4 ,& ! new1 ! critical metaphysics1 :i* %\ld take acc\nt ( ! /upid situation 9 :i* ^! _h hi!rto f\nd !mselves :o saw 9 apodeictic judgm5ts et]nal tru?s1 _h a great task to set h]self3 to get rid at all co/s ( apodeictic judgm5ts1 kn[+ !m = false4 ,9 o!r words1 ,kant's task %\ld n h be5 to m9imise ! de/ructive effect ( ,hume's scepticism1 b to f9d a /ill m deadly explosive to de/roy ev5 ^? limits :i* ,hume 0 oblig$ to pres]ve4 ,x is surely evid5t t tru? lies beyond syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 & t x _c at all resemble an a priori judgm5t1 & 9 fact _c be l a judgm5t ( any k9d4 ,& x mu/ be s\ght by me?ods q diff]5t f ^? by :i* x has be5 s\ght hi!rto4 ,to "s ext5t ,kant attempt$ to describe h[ he repres5t$ to himself ! mean+ hidd5 b5ea? ! words3 ',space & "t are subjective =ms ( p]ception4' ,he ev5 gave an object-lesson1 say+ t p]haps !re are be+s :o p]ceive ! _w o!rwise ?an "u ! =ms ( space & "t3 :i* means t = su* be+s !re is no *ange4 ,all t we p]ceive by a succession ( *anges1 !y p]ceive at once4 ,to !m ,julius ,caes> is /ill alive1 ?\gh he is dead2 to !m ! tw5ty-fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 :i* none ( u w live to see1 & ! tw5ty-fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 :i* we recon/ruct ) su* difficulty f ! fragm5t>y traces ( ! pa/ :i* h accid5tally be5 pres]v$ to u1 ! remote ,nor? ,pole1 & ev5 ! />s :i* we _c see ?r\gh ! telescope--all are z accessible to !m z to u ! ev5ts :i* are tak+ place be=e our eyes4 ,nev]!less ,kant1 9 spite ( all temptation to acquire ! k to :i* su* be+s h access1 not)/&+ 8 pr(\nd conviction ( ! tru? ( 8 discov]y1 did no?+ to dispel ! *>m ( =ms ( p]ception & categories ( ! reason1 or to te> ! bl9k]s f 8 eyes & see all ! dep? ( ! my/]i\s reality hi!rto hidd5 f u4 ,he does n ev5 give a little circum/antial explanation :y he consid]$ su* a task impracticable1 & he conf9es himself to ! dogmatic ass]tion t man _c conceive a reality beyond space & "t4 ,:y8 ,x is a "q ( imm5se importance4 ,comp>$ ) x all ! problems ( ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason are second>y4 ,h[ is ma!matics possible1 h[ are natural sci5ces possible8--^! are n ev5 que/ions at all comp>$ to ! "q :e!r x is possible to free ourselves f conv5tional human k 9 ord] to atta9 ! ultimate1 all-embrac+ tru?4 ,h]e9 ! ,kantians display an ev5 great] indiff]5ce ?an ,kant himself3 !y are ev5 pr\d ( _! indiff]5ce1 !y plume !mselves ^u x z a high virtue4 ,!y ass]t t tru? is n beyond syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 b inde$ 9 !m2 & t x is n ! ,creator :o put bl9k]s ^u u1 b we ourselves devis$ !m1 & t any attempt to remove !m & look op5-ey$ ^u ! _w is evid5ce ( p]v]sity4 ,if ! old ,s]p5t appe>$ n[adays to s$uce ! mod]n ,adam1 he w\ld retire discomfit$4 ,ev5 ,eve h]self w\ld be no use to him4 ,! tw5tie?-c5tury ,eve /udies 9 a univ]sity & has q suffici5tly blunt$ h] natural curiosity4 ,%e c talk excell5tly well ( ! teleological po9t ( view & is q z pro( z man aga9/ temptation4 ,i d n %>e ,kant's confid5ce t space & "t are =ms ( our p]ception1 nor d ,i see a revelation 9 x4 ,b if ,i _h once accept$ ?is apocalyptic ass]tion1 & c\ld ?9k t !re 0 "s tru? 9 x1 ,i w\ld n dep>t f x to positive sci5ce4 ,x is a pity t ,sp5c] did n read ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason to ! end4 ,he w\ld h conv9c$ himself ( an important tru?3 t a philosoph] has no ne$ to take into consid]ation all ! d$uctions f 8 premisses4 ,he ne$ only h goodwill1 & he c draw f ! mo/ p>adoxical & suspici\s premisses conclusions :i* are fully con=mable to common-s5se & ! rules ( dec5cy4 ,& s9ce ,kant's w 0 z good z ,sp5c]'s1 !y w\ld h agre$ p]fectly 9 _! d$uctions1 ?\gh !y 7 s f> ap>t f ea* o!r 9 _! premisses4 ,a ,tacit ,assumption ,s*op5hau] 0 ! fir/ philosoph] to ask ! value ( life4 ,& he gave a def9ite answ]3 9 life !re is mu* m suff]+ ?an joy1 !re=e life mu/ be r5\nc$4 ,i mu/ add t /rictly speak+ he ask$ n only ! value ( life1 b also ! value ( joy & suff]+4 ,& to ?is "q he gave an equally def9ite answ]4 ,accord+ to 8 tea*+ joy is always negative1 suff]+ always positive4 ,!re=e by its ess5ce joy _c comp5sate = suff]+4 ,9 all ?is philosophical con/ruction1 bo? 9 =mulat+ & answ]+ ! que/ions1 !re is "o tacit1 p>ticul>ly curi\s1 & int]e/+ & unexpress$ po/ulate4 ,s*op5hau] />ts f ! assumption t 8 valuation ( life1 joy & suff]+1 9 ord] to h ! "r to be call$ tru?1 mu/ conta9 some?+ univ]sal1 by virtue ( :i* x w 9 ! la/ resort co9cide ) ! valuation ( all o!r p4 ,:5ce did he d]ive ?is idea8 ,psy*ologically ! tra9 ( ,s*op5hau]'s ?\ght is intelligible & easily expla9$4 ,he 0 us$ to ! sci5tific =mulation & solution ( problems1 & he transf]r$ to ! "q :i* engag$ him me?ods ( inve/igation :i* by g5]al cons5t usually conduct u to ! tru?4 ,he did n v]ify 8 premiss ad hoc1 & usually x is impossible to v]ify a premiss e "t t a ne$ arises = x4 ,x is n ev5 becom+ to exhibit x1 to speak ( x4 ,x is und]/ood4 ,if ! fundam5tal sign ( any tru? is its be+ univ]sal & obligatory1 !n 9 ! giv5 case ! true answ] to ! "q ( ! value ( life c only be some?+ :i* w be absolutely admissible by all m5 to all creatures ) a m9d4 ,s ,s*op5hau] w\ld probably h answ]$1 if any "o _h que/ion$ 8 "r to =mulate 9 su* a g5]al way ! "q ( ! value ( life4 ,/ill ,s*op5hau] w\ld h>dly be "r4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is be+ made cle> by ! objections :i* are put =w>d by 8 oppon5ts4 ,he is accus$ because 8 v /atem5t ( ! "q presupposes a subjective po9t ( view--eudaemonism4 ,! "q ( ! value ( life1 p object1 is n at all decid$ by :e!r 9 ! sum life gives m joy ?an pa9 or vice v]sa4 ,life may be deeply pa9ful & devoid ( joy1 life may 9 itself be "o compact horror1 & /ill be valuable4 ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy 0 n discuss$ 9 8 lifetime1 s t he c\ld n answ] 8 oppon5ts4 ,b1 if he 7 /ill alive1 w\ld he accept ^! objections & r5\nce 8 pessimism8 ,i am conv9c$ t he w\ld n4 ,at ! same "t ,i am conv9c$ t 8 oppon5ts w\ld be no less firm & w\ld g on repeat+3 ',! "q is n "o ( happ9ess or suff]+4 ,we value life by a q diff]5t & indep5d5t /&>d4' ,& 9 ! discussion x w\ld p]haps become cle> to ! disputants t ! premiss m5tion$ above1 :i* bo? accept$ z requir+ no pro( & und]/ood )\t explanation1 does inde$ require pro(s & explanations1 b is provid$ ) nei!r4 ,to "o man ! eudaemoni/ic po9t ( view is ultimate & decisive1 to ano!r contemptible & degrad+1 & he seeks ! mean+ ( life 9 a high]1 e?ical or ae/hetic purpose4 ,!re are also p :o love sorr[ & pa91 & see 9 !m ! ju/ification & ! s\rce ( ! dep? & importance ( life4 ,nor d ,i m5tion ! fact t :5 ! sum-totals ( life are reckon$ diff]5t acc\ntants rea* diff]5t & directly contradictory results1 or t insoluble que/ions arise conc]n+ ^!1 or o!r details4 ,s*op5hau] = in/ance f9ds1 z we h se51 t suff]+s are positive1 joys negative4 ,& h5ce he concludes t x is n wor? :ile to submit to ! lea/ unpleasantness = ! sake ( ! greate/ joy4 ,:at answ] c be made8 ,h[ c he be conv9c$ ( ! contr>y8 ,nev]!less ! fact is obvi\s3 _m p reg>d ! matt] 9 q a diff]5t light4 ,= ! sake ( a s+le happ9ess !y are ready to endure a great _m s]i\s h>d%ips4 ,9 a ^w1 ,s*op5hau]'s premiss is q unju/ifi$1 & n only _c be accept$ z an indubitable tru?1 b mu/ be qualifi$ z an indubitable error4 ,x is impossible to be c]ta9 be=eh& t to ! "q ( ! value ( life a s+le1 univ]sally valid answ] c be giv54 ,s "h we meet ) an extraord9>ily curi\s case f ! po9t ( view ( ! !ory ( k4 ,x appe>s t by ! v ess5ce ( ! matt] no uni=m answ] c be giv5 to "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions1 p]haps ! mo/ important "q ( philosophy4 ,if y are ask$ :at is life1 good or evil1 y are oblig$ to say t life is bo? good & evil2 or some?+ indep5d5t ( good & evil2 or a mixture ( good & evil 9 :i* !re is m good ?an evil1 or m evil ?an good4 ,&1 ,i repeat1 ea* ( ^! answ]s1 al?\gh !y logically q exclude ea* o!r1 has ! "r to claim ! title ( tru?2 = if x has n p[] en\gh to make ! o!r answ]s b[ d[n be=e x1 at all ev5ts x has ! necess>y /r5g? to repel its oppon5ts' attacks & to def5d its sov]eign rights4 ,in/ead ( a sole & omnipot5t tru? be=e :i* ! weak & helpless errors tremble1 y h be=e y a :ole l9e ( p]fectly indep5d5t tru?s excell5tly arm$ & def5d$4 ,in/ead ( absolutism1 y h a feudal sy/em4 ,& ! vassals are s firmly ensconc$ 9 _! ca/les t an exp]i5c$ eye c see at once t !y are impregnable4 ,i took = my in/ance ,s*op5hau]'s doctr9e ( ! value ( life4 ,b _m philosophic doctr9es1 al?\gh !y issue f ! premiss ( "o sov]eign tru?1 display examples ( ! plurality ( tru?s4 ,x is usually believ$ t "o %\ld /udy ! hi/ory ( philosophy 9 ord] to be palpably conv9c$ t mank9d has gradually ma/]$ its delusions & is n[ on ! high road to ultimate tru?4 ,my op9ion is t ! hi/ory ( philosophy mu/ br+ e imp>tial p]son1 :o is n infect$ by mod]n prejudices1 to a directly opposite conclusion4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a :ole s]ies ( que/ions exi/s1 l t ( ! value ( life1 :i* by _! v ess5ce d n admit ( a uni=m solution4 ,to ?is te/imony is (t5 borne by m5 ^: v la/ conc]n is to curtail ! royal pr]ogative ( sov]eign tru?3 ,natorp confid5tly ass]ts t ,ari/otle n only did n und]/& b c\ld n und]/& ,plato4 ',d] tief]e ,grund i/ die ewige ,unfhigkeit des ,dogmatismus si* 9 d] ,gesi*tspunkt d] kritis*5 ,philosophie b]haupt zu v]setz54' ',et]nal incapability' --:at words6 ,& us$ n ( any common-place p]son1 b ( ! greate/ human g5ius kn[n to u1 ( ,ari/otle4 ,_h ,natorp be5 a little m inquisitive1 'et]nal incapability' ( t k9d %\ld h worri$ him at lea/ z mu* z ,plato's philosophy1 on :i* he wrote a l>ge book4 ,= "h is evid5tly a great riddle4 ,diff]5t p1 accord+ to ! diff]5t con/itution ( _! s\ls1 are :ile yet 9 _! "m's womb de/9$ to h diff]5t philosophies4 ,x rem9ds me ( ! fam\s ,calv9i/ic view ( pr$et]m9ation4 ,j z f be=e bir? ,god has de/9$ "s to damnation1 o!rs to salvation2 s to "s x is giv5 & f o!rs )held1 to "k ! tru?4 ,& n ,natorp alone argues ?us4 ,x w\ld be true to say all mod]n philosoph]s1 :o are always cont5d+ ) ea* o!r & suspect+ ea* o!r ( 'et]nal incapability4' ,philosoph]s h n ! same means ( compell+ conviction z ! repres5tatives ( o!r positive sci5ces3 !y _c =ce e "o to und5iable conclusions4 ,_! ultima ratio1 _! p]sonal op9ion1 _! private conviction1 _! la/ refuge1 is ! 'et]nal incapability' ( _! oppon5ts to und]/& !m4 ,"h ! tragic dilemma is cle> to all4 ,( two ?+s "o3 ei!r r5\nce philosophy entirely1 or all[ t t :i* ,natorp calls ! 'et]nal incapability' is n a vice or a weakness1 b a great virtue & p[] hi!rto unappreciat$ & misund]/ood4 ,ari/otle1 inde$1 0 organically incapable ( und]/&+ ,plato1 j z ,plato c\ld n h und]/ood ,ari/otle1 j z nei!r ( !m c\ld und]/& ! sceptics or ! sophi/s1 j z ,leibnitz c\ld n und]/& ,sp9oza1 z ,s*op5hau] c\ld n und]/& ,hegel1 & s on till our riot\s mod]n days :5 no philosoph] c und]/& any "o except himself4 ,besides1 philosoph]s d n aspire to mutual und]/&+ & unity1 b usually x is ) ! utmo/ reluctance t !y obs]ve 9 !mselves simil>ity to _! pr$ecessors4 ,:5 ! simil>ity ( ,s*op5hau]'s tea*+ to t ( ,sp9oza 0 po9t$ out to him1 he said ,p]eant qui ante nos no/ra dix]9t4 ,b repres5tatives ( ! o!r positive sci5ces und]/& ea* o!r1 r>ely dispute1 & nev] argue by ref]r+ to ! 'et]nal incapability' ( _! confrres4 ,p]haps 9 philosophy ?is *aotic /ate ( affairs & ?is unique argum5t are "p ( ! craft4 ,p]haps 9 ?is realm x is necess>y t ,ari/otle %\ld n und]/& ,plato & %\ld n accept him1 t ! mat]iali/s %\ld always be at w> ) ! ideali/s1 ! sceptics ) ! dogmati/s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! premiss ) :i* ,s*op5hau] began ! inve/igation into ! value ( life1 & :i* z we h %[n he took )\t v]ification f ! repres5tatives ( positive sci5ce1 ?\gh p]fectly applicable 9 its prop] sph]e1 is q out ( place 9 philosophy4 ,& inde$1 ?\gh !y nev] speak ( x1 philosoph]s value _! own p]sonal convictions mu* m highly ?an univ]sally valid tru?4 ,! impossibility ( discov]+ "o sole philosophic tru? may al>m any "o b ! philosoph]s !mselves1 :o1 s soon z !y h work$ out _! own convictions1 take n ! smalle/ tr\ble to secure g5]al recognition = !m4 ,!y are only busy ) gett+ rid ( _! vassal dep5d5ce & acquir+ sov]eign rights = !mselves4 ,! "q :e!r !re w be o!r sov]eigns by _! side h>dly conc]ns !m at all4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy %\ld be s exp\nd$ t ?is t5d5cy %\ld be cle>ly manife/4 ,?is w\ld sp>e u f _m prejudices1 & w\ld cle> ! way = new & important inquiries4 ,kant1 :o %>$ ! op9ion t tru? is ! same = all1 0 conv9c$ t metaphysics mu/ be a sci5ce a priori1 & s9ce x _c be a sci5ce a priori1 mu/ !re=e cease to exi/4 ,if ! hi/ory ( philosophy _h be5 exp\nd$ & und]/ood diff]5tly 9 8 day1 x w\ld nev] h ent]$ 8 m9d ?us to impugn ! rights ( metaphysics4 ,& probably he w\ld n h be5 vex$ by ! contradictor9ess or ! lack ( pro( 9 ! tea*+s ( v>i\s s*ools ( metaphysics4 ,x _c be o!rwise1 nei!r %\ld x be4 ,! int]e/ ( mank9d is n to put an end to ! v>iety ( philosophic doctr9es b to all[ ! p]fectly natural ph5om5on wide & deep developm5t4 ,philosoph]s h always _h an in/9ctive long+ = ?is3 t is :y !y are s tr\blesome to ! hi/orian ( philosophy4 ,! ,fir/ & ! ,la/ ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ,human1 ,all too ,human1 :i* ,nietzs*e wrote at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 disease1 :5 he 0 /ill f> f f9al victory & *iefly told ( 8 defeats1 !re is ! foll[+ rem>kable1 ?\gh half-involunt>y confession3 ',! complete irresponsibility ( ,man = 8 actions & 8 be+ is ! bitt]e/ drop = ! man ( k to dr9k1 s9ce he has be5 accu/om$ to see 9 responsibility & duty ! v pat5t ( 8 title to manhood4' ,mu* bitt]ness has ! inquir+ _s to swall[1 b ! bitt]e/ ( all is 9 ! k t 8 moral qualities1 8 read9ess to fulfil 8 duty ungrudg+ly1 gives him no pref]5ce ov] o!r m54 ,he ?\ght he 0 a man ( noble rank1 ev5 a pr9ce ( ! blood1 cr[n$ ) a cr[n1 & ! o!r m5 boori% peasantry--b he is j ! same1 a peasant1 ! same z all ! re/4 ,8 pat5t ( nobility 0 t = :i* he fulfill$ 8 mo/ ardu\s duty & made sacrifices2 9 x he saw ! mean+ ( life4 ,& :5 x is sudd5ly reveal$ t !re is no provision made = titles or pat5ts1 x is a horrible cata/rophe1 a cataclysm--& life loses all mean+4 ,evid5tly ! conviction express$ ) su* mov+ frankness 9 ^! words1 0 ) ,nietzs*e a second nature1 :i* he c\ld n ma/] all 8 life long4 ,:at is ! ,sup]man b a title1 a pat5t1 giv+ ! "r to be call$ a noble among ! canaille8 ,:at is ! pa?os ( di/ance & all ,nietzs*e's tea*+ ( ranks8 ,! =mula1 beyond good & evil1 0 by no means s all-de/ructive z at fir/ sight x seem$4 ,on ! contr>y1 by eras+ c]ta9 laws grav5 on ! tables ( mank9d ( old1 t =mula z x 7 reveal$ o!r comm&m5ts1 oblit]at$ by "t1 & !re=e invisible to _m4 ,all morality1 all good 9 & = itself is reject$1 b ! pat5t ( nobility gr[s m preci\s until x becomes1 if n ! only value1 at lea/ ! *ief4 ,life loses its mean+ once titles & ranks are de/roy$1 once he is depriv$ ( ! "r to hold 8 head high1 to ?r[ out 8 *e/1 8 belly ev51 & to look ) contempt ^u ^? ab\t him4 ,9 ord] to %[ to :at ext5t ! doctr9e ( rank has become atta*$ to ! human s\l1 ,i w\ld recall ! words ( ! ,gospel ab\t ! fir/ & la/4 ,*ri/1 :o seem$ to speak 9 a language utt]ly new1 :o taught m5 to despise e>?ly bless+s--ri*es1 fame1 hon\rs1 :o s easily yield$ ,caes> 8 due1 because he ?\ght t only ,caes> w\ld f9d x useful--,*ri/ himself1 :5 he spoke to m51 did n ?9k x possible to take away f !m _! hope ( di/9ction4 ',! fir/ %all be la/4' ,:at w !re be fir/ & second !re1 too8 ,yes1 s x /&s 9 ! ,gospel4 ,is x because !re is inde$ 9 ! division ( m5 into ranks some?+ orig9al & w>rantable1 or is x because ,*ri/ :o spoke to humank9d c\ld n b use human words8 ,x may be t1 b = t promise1 & g5]ally ! s]ies ( promises ( rew>ds1 accessible to ! human und]/&+1 ! ,gospel w\ld n h fulfill$ its great hi/oric mission1 x w\ld h pass$ unnotic$ on ! e>?1 & no "o w\ld h detect$ or recognis$ 9 x ! ,evangel4 ,*ri/ knew t m5 c\ld r5\nce all ?+s1 save ! "r to sup]iority alone1 to sup]iority ov] "o's neighb\rs1 to t :i* ,nietzs*e calls '! pat5t ( nobility4' ,)\t t sup]iority m5 ( a c]ta9 k9d _c live4 ,!y become :at ! ,g]mans s appropriately call ,vogelfrei1 depriv$ ( ! protection ( ! laws1 s9ce ! laws are ! only s\rce ( _! "r4 ,rude1 nons5sical1 disgu/+ reality--aga9/ :i*1 ,i repeat1 _! only def5ce is ! pat5t ( nobility1 ! unwritt5 *>t]--approa*es !m clos] & clos]1 ) m & m m5ace & importunacy1 & claims its "r4 ',if y are ! same z all o!r m51' x says1 'take y\r exp]i5ce ( life f me1 fulfil y\r trivial obligations1 worse ?an t1 accept f me ! f9es & reprim&s to :i* ! rank & file are subject1 ev5 to corporal puni%m5t4' ,h[ c\ld he accept ^! degrad+ conditions :o _h be5 us$ to ?9k he _h ! "r to c>ry 8 head high1 to be pr\d & indep5d5t8 ,nietzs*e tries ) dull submissiv5ess to swall[ ! horrible bitt]ness ( 8 confession1 b c\rage & endurance1 ev5 8 c\rage & endurance1 are n en\gh = ?is 8 greate/ & mo/ t]rible task4 ,he _c be> ! horror ( a life depriv$ ( rights & def5ces3 he seeks aga9 = p[] & au?ority :i* w\ld protect him & give him 8 lo/ rights aga94 ,he w n re/ until he receives "u ano!r "n a re/itutio 9 integrum ( all ! rights :i* _h previ\sly be5 84 ,& surely n ,nietzs*e alone act$ ?us4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( e?ics1 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy is to no small degree ! incessant se>* = pr]ogative & privilege1 pat5ts & *>t]s4 ,! ,*ri/ians--,tol/oi & ,do/oevsky--d n 9 ! lea/ diff] f ! enemy ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,nietzs*e4 ,! humble ,jew1 ,sp9oza1 & ! meek pagan1 ,socrates1 ! ideali/ ,plato1 & ! ideali/ ,ari/otle1 ! f\nd]s ( ! newe/1 noble/ & l(tie/ sy/ems1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,hegel1 ev5 ,s*op5hau]1 ! pessimi/1 all z "o man seek a *>t]1 a *>t]1 a *>t]4 ,evid5tly life on e>? )\t a *>t] becomes = ! 'be/' m5 a horrible nightm>e & an intol]able torm5t4 ,ev5 ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o s easily r5\nc$ all privileges1 consid]$ x possible to pres]ve ?is privilege = 8 disciples1 & p]haps--:o kn[s8--= himself too4 ,:]eas if ,nietzs*e & ^? o!r philosoph]s _h be5 able resolutely to r5\nce titles1 ranks1 & hon\rs1 :i* are di/ribut$ n only by morality1 b by all ! o!r ,sanh$rim1 real & imag9>y1 :i* are set ov] man2 if !y c\ld h drunk ?is cup to ! dregs1 !n !y might h kn[n1 se51 & he>d mu* t 0 suspect$ by none ( !m be=e4 ,long s9ce m5 h kn[n t ! road to k lies by way ( a great r5unciation4 ,nei!r righte\sness nor g5ius gives a man privilege above o!rs4 ,he is depriv$1 = ev] depriv$1 ( ! protection ( e>?ly laws4 ,!re are no laws4 ,to-day he is a k+1 to-morr[ a slave2 to-day ,god1 to-morr[ a worm2 to-day fir/1 to-morr[ la/4 ,& ! worm cru%$ by him to-day w be ,god1 8 god to-morr[4 ,all ! measures & balances by :i* m5 are di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r are defac$ = ev]1 & !re is no c]ta9ty t ! place a man once occupi$ w /ill be 84 ,& all philosoph]s h kn[n ?is2 ,nietzs*e1 too1 knew x1 & by exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 ! fri5d1 ! ally1 & ! collaborator ( ! great ,wagn]1 ! h]ald ( a new era ^u e>?2 & lat]1 he grovell$ 9 ! du/1 brok5 & cru%$4 ,& a second "t ?is ?+ happ5$ to him4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ ,z>a?u/ra1 he became insane1 m exactly1 he became half-idiot4 ,x is true he c>ri$ ! secret ( ! second fall ) him to ! grave4 ,yet some?+ has rea*$ u1 = all 8 si/]'s ef=ts to conceal f c>nal eyes ! *ange t _h befall5 him4 ,& n[ we ask3 ,is ! ess5ce ( life really 9 ! rank1 ! *>t]1 ! pat5t ( nobility8 ,& c ! words ( ,*ri/ be und]/ood 9 _! lit]al s5se8 ,are n all ! ,sanh$rim set ov] man1 & z x 7 giv+ mean+ to 8 life1 m]e fictions1 useful & ev5 necess>y 9 c]ta9 mom5ts ( life1 b p]nici\s & dang]\s1 to say no m1 :5 ! circum/ances are *ang$8 ,does n life1 ! real & desirable life1 :i* m5 h s\ght = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 beg9 !re :]e !re is nei!r fir/ nor la/1 righte\s or s9n]1 g5ius or incapable8 ,is n ! pursuit ( recognition1 ( sup]iority1 ( pat5ts & *>t]s1 ( rank1 t :i* prev5ts man f see+ life ) its hidd5 miracles8 ,& mu/ man really seek protection 9 ! ,college ( ,h]alds1 or has he ano!r p[] t "t _c de/roy8 ,"o may be a good1 able1 le>n$1 gift$ man1 ev5 a man ( g5ius1 b to dem& 9 return any privileges :atsoev]1 is to betray goodness & ability1 & tal5t & g5ius1 & ! greate/ hopes ( mank9d4 ,! la/ on e>? w n[h]e be fir/4444