,libr>ies47 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,errors li/$ 9 ! ,errata h be5 correct$4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,on ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,data ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,,by ,,malcolm ,,gu?rie1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,on ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,=mula ,,( ,,evolution1 ,,on ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,unification ,,( ,,k4 ,,london3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,press1 #ac ,,& #ad1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,e4,c4 #ahhd4 7,all rights res]v$47 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4--,,e?ics ,,& ,,! ,,unification ,,( ,,k4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,view #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,sci5tific ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,e?ics #bg ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,biological ,,view ,,( ,,e?ics #cf ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,sociological ,,view #ef ,,*apt] ,v4--,,! ,,e?ical ,,imp]ative #fc ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,sy/ems ,,( ,,e?ics #ge ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,free ,,w #hc ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,evolution ,,& ,,religion #ajg ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,summ>y #abj ,,preface4 ,?is volume completes ! critical exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em ( ,philosophy already pursu$ ?r\gh two previ\s volumes entitl$ respectively ,on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,=mula ( ,evolution1 & ,on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,unification ( ,k4 ,! entire task has be5 und]tak5 by a /ud5t = ! use ( /ud5ts4 ,x _c be ( mu* use to ! g5]al read]1 z x presumes & inde$ requires a v intimate k ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s works4 ,= ^? :o d n wi% to ent] into detail$ exam9ation p]haps ,*apt] ,i4 ( ! ,unification ( ,k w af=d a good epitome ( ! l9e ( criticism2 & ?is may be foll[$1 if desir$1 by a p]usal ( ! ,=mula ( ,evolution4 ,x is believ$ t ! mo/ s]i\s piece ( criticism aga9/ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em w be f\nd 9 ! exam9ation ( 8 re-con/ructive ,biology 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ( ! ,unification1 & 9 ! exam9ation ( ! orig9 ( organic molecules comm5c+ at page #cj ( ! ,=mula ( ,evolution4 ,evid5tly ( ! highe/ importance 9 a sy/em ( philosophy conceiv$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] pres5ts x1 ?is po9t ( transition betwe5 ! inorganic & ! organic ) its dep5d5t hi/ories is ( ! v deepe/ fundam5tal int]e/1 & ^u ! "q :e!r x is well or badly treat$ dep5ds ! practical value ( 8 philosophy z appli$ to human conc]ns4 ,9 our op9ion1 :atev] ( wor? !re is 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s works 7& !re is v mu*71 d]ives its value f a po/]iori gr\nds & n f its a priori reliance ^u fir/ pr9ciples1 nor f its place 9 a d$uctive sy/em ( cosmic philosophy4 ,x has n fall5 to our lot1 nor has x be5 our object1 to appraise ! sep>ate or incid5tal value ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s works4 ,our view has be5 limit$ to ! s+le object ( exam9+ !m 9 ! mode 9 :i* he pres5ts !m1 z =m+ a connect$ sy/em ( philosophy4 ,we h done s because he sets =? 8 works to u 9 ?is light1 & evid5tly if !y c be s accept$1 x w\ld be a gift to humanity ( ! highe/ value1 = x w\ld l5d cog5cy to e pa/ & conf] a guidance to all future ages1 =m+ a cr[n+ glory to ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! human race4 ,x is !re=e to ?is po9t t we address our exam9ation1 & 9 no unfri5dly _s2 = ! object ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h 9 view 0 "o :i* appeal$ to e s5tim5t & e intellectual aspiration )9 u4 ,b we feel b\nd to say h[ sadly we h be5 disappo9t$4 ,we h f\nd ! object ( our admiration to be l ,nebu*adnezz>'s dream god1 a ?+ app>5tly p]fect & complete 9 configuration b l ! image comp\nd$ ( iron & clay & preci\s /ones inevitably fall+ to pieces "u ! /ra9 ( su/a9$ criticisms4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophic conception 0 inde$ impos+1 & be=e its magnific5t proportions _m h b[$ d[n 9 s9c]e respect4 ,b 8 cosmical s*eme :5 c>efully exam9$ prov$ to be con/ruct$ ( t]ms :i* _h no fix$ & def9ite mean+1 :i* 7 9 fact m]ely symbols ( symbolic conceptions1 conceptions !mselves symbolic because !y 7 n und]/ood--& ! mom5t we began to put !m to use z hav+ def9ite values !y l&$ u =?) 9 alt]native contradictions6 ,!n to effect cosmical evolution1 :i* is a process ( imp]ceptible objective *ange1 :at 0 necess>y1 b to adopt a sy/em ( imp]ceptible ^w *anges1 s t ! imp]ceptible ^w *anges accompany+ ! imp]ceptible objective *anges %\ld lead u 9 ! end to ! complet$ results1 & ! process ( evolution %\ld ?us be made compreh5sible6 ,9 ?is mann] ov] ! spaces ( an enorm\s "w h we be5 skilfully l$ by a ma/] ( language till we f9d ourselves 9 imag9ation foll[+ out m5tally ! actual processes ( ! univ]se4 ,b aft] all x has only be5 a process1 9 our own m9ds1 ( ! skilful sub/itution ( words6 ,errors to be successful mu/ be big & bold4 ,fallacies ( reason+ are detect$ on a m$ium scale1 b :5 !y are writ l>ge x is difficult to detect !m4 ,tra9s ( syllogisms are sometimes m effective because !y are va/ ?an because !y are true4 ,let !m be impos+ 9 _! language & gr& 9 _! proportions1 we naturally b[ d[n to p[]1 ev5 if x is only p[] ( l>g5ess4 ,:5 deal+ ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reason+s we feel a c]ta9 awe z if we 7 contradict+ ! =ces ( ! univ]se--seem+ly alli$ to him4 ,we feel consci\s ( an imp]t95ce 9 treat+ ( su* great matt]s1 dealt ) 9 su* a mighty sweep--disda9ful ( precision & consi/5cy4 ,! trans=mations & evolutions ( reason+ 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s works are no less wond]ful ?an 8 treatm5t ( words4 ,! m9d is swept along by an indisc]nable b mighty fl[1 & sometimes aft] my/]i\s disappe>ances ( consecutiv5ess betwe5 volumes or *apt]s1 we f9d ourselves l&$ 9 a satisfi$ b bewild]$ mann] at a conclusion ab\t :i* we _c b wond] h[ev] we arriv$ !re4 ,by su* t]ms z equilibration1 includ+ ! !ory ( ! mov+ equilibrium2 by su* t]ms z pol>ity pla/ic & co]cive2 & by plausible simil>ities betwe5 modes ( process1 we are delud$ into suppos+ we und]/& ! con/ructive progress ( nature & are made to feel happy & pr\d ( our k4 ,a great self satisfaction att5ds ! /ud5t :o believes himself rightly to und]/& ! univ]se4 ,we are pleas$ ) our tea*]1 & are /ill m pleas$ ) ourselves4 ,b ! real difficulty appe>s :5 ! necessity = exposition arises4 ,if "o und]takes to expla91 if "o has to cond5se & solidify = ! purpose ( tea*+1 if "o wi%es to make o!rs und]/&1 & %>e ! k "o has atta9$1 !n inde$ our difficulties comm5ce4 ,:at seem$ s gr& & allur+ to look at w n /& ! ord9>y h&l+ ( sci5tific language & logical /atem5t z betwe5 man & man4 ,! illusion vani%es1 ! sy/em has gone4 ,9 ^! rem>ks we speak only ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s cosmical sy/em4 ,( ! g5]al value ( ?is "w z a philosoph] we express no op9ion4 ,9 ! e/imation ( compet5t ?9k]s x is v great4 ,fiske1 ,y\mans1 ,c>ve? ,read1 ,ribot1 ,maudsley1 ,clif=d1 ,sully1 ,grant ,all51 ,gop9ay1 & o!rs are all work+ on ,sp5c]ian l9es1 b we d n und]/& t !y accept ! cosmical explanation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,he m>ks n ! age ( complete accompli%m5t b ! age ( transition4 ,he has n grasp$ ! solution ( problems1 b he has %ewn ! direction ( future /udies4 ,he has fail$ 9 8 gr& endeav\r1 b he has %[n :at to aim at & has po9t$ ! way4 ,mu* ( 8 detail$ "w has be5 good & effective1 & !re=e "o feels "s compunction 9 writ+ ( him s sev]ely4 ,nev]!less a man ( su* em95ce mu/ n be held sacr$ f criticism1 b on ! contr>y1 j by reason ( 8 em95ce & consequ5t influ5ce1 mu/ 8 "w be well exam9$ be=e x is accept$ & approv$4 ,?is is ! task we h set ourselves & :i* may n[ be consid]$ z complete4 ,we h approa*$ ! /udy )\t any prepossessions1 & we h endeav\r$1 :ile be+ v /rict1 to be p]fectly fair & hone/ 9 our pres5tations ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ories4 ,naturally ! "w has be5 long & t$i\s1 & :]e s _m contradictory & indi/9ct expressions ( op9ion are giv5 x has be5 necess>y to deal l>gely 9 quotations4 ,?is has be5 done 9 ju/ice bo? to ourselves & to our au?or4 ,if we h succe$$ 9 br++ out ! ma9 l9es ( ?\ght = ! future use ( /ud5ts we %all h accompli%$ our end4 ,x is only by v /rict ?9k+ & discussion t tru? is f9ally evolv$4 ,a few words mu/ be add$ z to ! teleological implications :i* a ,we/m9/] review] has discov]$ 9 our previ\s works1 & has reg>d$ z vitiat+ ! :ole ( _! reason+4 ,! subject ( teleology is a v int]e/+ & puzzl+ "o1 & is b\nd to receive c>eful att5tion f ! /ud5t ( nature4 ,x requires mu* consid]ation z to :at is meant by ! t]m4 ,!re may be a natural teleology ap>t f a sup]natural teleology4 ,we h no v cle> conceptions ^u ?is po9t ourselves z yet1 b are at pres5t engag$ ^u ! /udy ( ! "q4 ,int5tion & design are exemplifi$ 9 human actions1 means to an end are adopt$ by _m animals2 ! ,mov+ ,equilibrium !ory1 & ! ,happy ,accid5t !ory alike seem inadequate to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( natural teleology or ev5 = all v>iations ( species2 & ! /udy ( biological developm5ts sugge/s to u ! pres5ce & activity ( a subjective factor relat$ to physical factors by "s law to :i* may be due ! orig9 ( "s ( ! biological v>iations4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( biological v>iations z int]nal =ces g5]at$ by ext]nal =ces1 & ?us act+ z a c\nt]balance 9 opposition to an inimical =ce1 or 9 h>mony ) a fav\rable =ce1 hav+ = its object ! protection or su/5tation ( ! organism1 is an altoge!r diff]5t !ory f ! agno/ic ,happy ,accid5t hypo!sis ( ! naturali/ s*ool4 ,x implies ! orig9 ( biological v>iations z means adapt$ to ends 9 ! pres]vation ( ! organism or species1 & if ?is is n f\nd workable on ! physical equilibration hypo!sis1 "s ext5sion ( !ory is requir$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( biological v>iations 9 :i* teleological implications are involv$1 al?\gh ?is !ory may be truly naturali/ic & 9 p]fect h>mony ) an ord]ly developm5t 9 ! mann] ( evolution4 ,if we _c pr$icate an an?ropomorphic teleological m9d at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 nev]!less a teleology appe>s to be involv$ 9 biological developm5ts & requires a naturali/ic explanation4 ,m4 ,lionel ,dauriac#a enquires h[ x comes ab\t t1 :ile accept+ ! !ory ( ,evolution1 we write a book ( #dgf pages aga9/ its mo/ illu/ri\s expon5t1 & asks u to expla9 our acceptance ( ! doctr9e z a :ole4 ,x is q true1 z he /ates1 t we repudiate a mat]iali/ic explanation1 & x is on ?is gr\nd t we jo9 issue ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 inasmu* z1 not)/&+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own =mal repudiation1 all ! =mulas ( explanation ^u :i* he attempts ! recon/ruction ( ! univ]se are mat]iali/ic4 ,! factors ( *emi/ry1 & ! laws ( physics1 toge!r ) ! laws ( equilibration & pol>ity1 are all purely mat]iali/ic 9 "*4 ,by ! aid ( ^! factors & ^! laws alone we d n ?9k x possible to und]/& & expla9 ! hi/ory ( cosmical evolution4 ,d we !n accept a spiritual evolution to :i* ! mat]iali/ic has be5 altoge!r subord9ate8 ,no4 ,we d n und]/& ! op]ations ( ! subjective ap>t f ! mat]ial organism4 ,x seems to u t !re are mat]ial factors1 & factors :i* are subjective1 & :at is want$ is ! law ( _! correlation4 ,:5 we say t we accept ,evolution1 we mean t we accept ! !ory ( an ord]ly progress f a /ate ( indef9ite1 incoh]5t simplicity to a /ate ( def9ite coh]5t complexity4 ,we disc]n two sets or k9ds ( factors1 ! mat]iali/ic & ! subjective1 b we are unable suffici5tly to und]/& !m & _! laws ( correlation to lay d[n a =mula ( int]action ( su* a nature z to expla9 ! ord]ly developm5t :i* we recognise4 ,?is is a difficulty :i* has n be5 ov]look$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,he w\ld escape x 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly by a my/icism1 ?r\gh :i* aft] ! def9ite mean+ he has giv5 to 8 t]ms has be5 f\nd to fail 9 actual "w he *anges all 8 fundam5tal t]ms into symbolic conceptions4 ,:y8 ,because !y h no mean+2 & if y give !m a mean+ ! conclusions f !m l& ! /ud5t 9 irreconcilable contradictions4 ,out ( ?is my/icism no progress is possible4 ,secondly by means ( ! d\ble aspect !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ev]y?+ is bo? mat]ial & subjective1 z y *oose to reg>d x1 & may be expla9$ & acc\nt$ = 9 laws ( ! relations ( ei!r set ( factors4 ,x is true t ph5om5a may be s describ$1 b x is n true t !y c be s expla9$4 ,!re is an und\bt$ concomitance betwe5 ! bodily act & ! consci\s feel+1 b ! real "q is ?is1--,does ! consci\s feel+ :olly dep5d ^u ! physical s]ies ( ev5ts & has itself no effects on ! physical s]ies8 ,is x produc$ )\t produc+8 ,is x some?+ occurr+ 9 connexion ) c]ta9 motions 9 ! n]ves ( ! organism & !re=e dep5d5t ^u & :olly produc$ by ! physical factors 9 _! int]relation1 accord+ to ! kn[n *emical & physical laws ( ! factors8 ,if x is s det]m9$1 & does n det]m9e z "p 9 a *a9 ( causation x _c be said to int]f]e ) ! mat]iali/ic explanation4 ,t is complete 9 itself4 ,! only "q left is ?is3--,h[ comes x ab\t t "s portions ( ! physical s]ies ( ph5om5a h ?is /range accompanim5t ( consci\sness8 ,a v int]e/+ b comp>atively unimportant "q4 ,! !ory t ph5om5a h two sides is ( no use :atev] 9 ! endeav\r t[>ds ! /atem5t ( a cosmical =mula ( explanation4 ,! result ( our /udies is to ! effect t !re are physical factors & subjective factors alike produc$ & produc+4 ,we aim at ! /atem5t ( _! law ( correlation1 & 9 ?is we w\ld seek ! cosmical =mula4 ,we h[ev] seek x 9 va91 & we d n ?9k x possible to atta9 x4 ,9 ! meantime we look to ! developm5t ( ! subjective factor 9 life1 & m especially 9 human life1 z a fact ( ! greate/ int]e/1 ! m s t we disc]n 9 t developm5t an ord]ly progress 9 a well m>k$ mann]2 & x is our task to und]/& ! laws ( t ord]ly developm5t4 ,?is /udy has to be und]tak5 along ) ! /udy ( mat]ial ,evolution2 & al?\gh we may n fully und]/& our problem1 !re is mu* t we c und]/& & mu* to make our views l>ge & sympa!tic & our m9ds expansive 9 work+ out ! great que/ions t are set be=e u4 ,! /udy ( ,e?ics f ! ,evolutioni/'s po9t ( view assumes an altoge!r diff]5t phase f ! old me?ods ( inquiry & re/s ^u an altoge!r diff]5t basis4 ,its gr\nd ( au?ority is se5 to re/ 9 ! v nature ( humanity & does n come to him z an impos$ law4 ,confid5ce is fir/ %ak5 & !n fully re/or$4 ,f ! new po9t ( view ! m]it ( all prec$+ sy/ems is se51 & h[ !y all fall into h>mony 9 a wond]ful mann] 9 ! cons5sus ( mutual support & en=ce e?ical law by an unit$ au?ority4 ,! *ief m]it ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,data ( ,e?ics is t x puts ! /udy ^u an entirely new basis 9 graft+ x ^u ! /udy ( ! l>g] sci5ce ( ,biology4 ,h]et(ore ! /udy has be5 isolat$1 & suppos$ to be complete )9 its own bord]s4 ,h5ce=? no pr(essor or /ud5t w be consid]$ compet5t to express op9ions )\t be+ well gr\nd$ 9 ! /udy ( ,biological & ,psy*ological evolution4 ,e?ics1 along ) ,sociology1 mu/ be /udi$ z "p ( ! great] movem5t4 ,,footnote3 #a ,revue ,philosophique1 ,dec4 #ahhc4 ,,on ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,data ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,! ,,unification ,,( ,,k4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,view4 ,always a v complex problem1 ! /udy ( e?ics1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s works1 becomes 9 "s respects /ill m complex f ! necessity he is "u ( affiliat+ x 9 "s way ^u ! cosmical process4 ,conceiv+ all k to be capable ( unification z a sy/em ( causation1 s t :5 ! relations ( ! orig9al factors are und]/ood1 all hi/ories are m]ely coroll>ies f ^! ultimate tru?s1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] feels b\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 to %[ t ea* p>ticul> sci5ce falls into its due place 9 ! logical s*eme4 ,consequ5tly1 "o ( ! ma9 ideas p]meat+ ! ,data ( ,e?ics is ?is view ( e?ics z int]pretable only by an adequate k ( ! cosmical process 9 :i* x =ms a feature4 ,inde$1 ! proposition is laid d[n at ! outset t p>ts c only be prop]ly und]/ood ?r\gh a k ( ! :oles ( :i* !y =m "p4#b ,^u ?is ,mr4 ,sp5c] reasons t s9ce e?ics deals ) purpos$ conduct1 t k9d ( conduct c only be und]/ood ?r\gh a sci5tific k ( conduct 9 g5]al1 :i* aga9 =ms "p ( ! /udy ( action 9 g5]al1 br++ u at once to ! cosmical process ^u ! und]/&+ ( :i*1 !re=e1 dep5ds ! und]/&+ ( our special subject4 ,?is philosophic relation ( ,e?ics to ! cosmical process is ref]r$ to 9 ! preface z be+1 9 fact1 ! ma9 object ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h 9 view 9 8 elaborate s]ies ( volumes1 & is m explicitly /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ( ! "w "u review1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] consid]+ ,! ,ways ( ,judg+ ,conduct1 ju/ifies ! c\rse he ?us pursues4 ,"h x is po9t$ out t 9 ! sy/ems ( all prec$+ au?ors ! idea ( causation has be5 insuffici5tly recognis$ or has ev5 be5 altoge!r ignor$--an ass]tion :i* is !reupon ju/ifi$ by a review ( ! ,!ological1 ,political1 ,intuitional1 & ,utilit>ian s*ools ( moral philosoph]s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] !reupon proce$s 7 #bb7 ,?us1 !n1 is ju/ifi$ ! allegation made at ! outset1 t1 irrespective ( _! di/9ctive *>act]s & _! special t5d5cies1 all ! curr5t me?ods ( e?ics h "o g5]al defect--!y neglect ultimate causal connexions4 ,( c\rse1 ,i d n mean t !y :olly ignore ! natural consequ5ces ( actions2 b ,i mean t !y recognise !m only incid5tally4 ,!y d n erect into a me?od ! asc]ta9+ ( necess>y relations betwe5 causes & effects1 & d$uc+ rules ( conduct f =mulat$ /atem5ts ( !m4 ,e sci5ce beg9s by accumulat+ obs]vations1 & pres5tly g5]alises ^! empirically2 b only :5 x rea*es ! /age at :i* its empirical g5]alisations are includ$ 9 a rational g5]alisation does x become develop$ sci5ce4 ,a/ronomy has already pass$ ?r\gh its successive /ages2 fir/1 collections ( facts1 !n inductions f !m1 & la/ly d$uctive int]pretations ( ^!1 z coroll>ies f a univ]sal pr9ciple ( action among masses 9 space4 ,acc\nts ( /ructures & tabulations ( /rata1 gr\p$ & comp>$1 h l$ gradually to ! assign+ ( v>i\s classes ( geological *anges to igne\s & aque\s actions2 & x is n[ tacitly admitt$ t geology becomes a sci5ce prop]1 only z fa/ z su* *anges are expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ^? natural processes :i* h aris5 9 ! cool+ & solidify+ ,e>?1 expos$ to ! ,sun's heat & ! action ( ! ,moon ^u its ocean4 ,! sci5ce ( life has be51 & is /ill1 exhibit+ a l s]ies ( /eps2 ! evolution ( organic =ms at l>ge is be+ affiliat$ on physical actions 9 op]ation f ! beg9n+2 & ! vital ph5om5a ea* organism pres5ts1 are com+ to be und]/ood z connect$ sets ( *anges1 9 p>ts =m$ ( matt]s t are affect$ by c]ta9 =ces1 & dis5gage o!r =ces4 ,s is x ) m9d4 ,e>ly ideas conc]n+ ?\ght & feel+ ignor$ ev]y?+ l cause1 save 9 recognis+ ^? effects ( habit :i* 7 =c$ on m5's att5tion & express$ 9 prov]bs2 b !re are gr[+ up int]pretations ( ?\ght & feel+ z correlates ( ! actions & reactions ( a n]v\s /ructure1 t is influ5c$ by out] *anges & works 9 ! body adapt$ *anges1 ! implication be+ t psy*ology becomes a sci5ce1 z fa/ z ^! relations ( ph5om5a are expla9$ z consequ5ces ( ultimate pr9ciples4 ,sociology1 too1 repres5t$ d[n to rec5t times only by /ray ideas ab\t social organisation1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! masses ( wor?less gossip furni%$ u by hi/orians1 is com+ to be recognis$ by "s z also a sci5ce2 & su* adumbrations ( x z h f "t to "t appe>$ 9 ! %ape ( empirical g5]alisations1 are n[ beg9n+ to assume ! "* ( g5]alisations made coh]5t by d]ivation f causes ly+ 9 human nature plac$ "u giv5 conditions4 ,cle>ly !n1 e?ics1 :i* is a sci5ce deal+ ) ! conduct ( associat$ human be+s1 reg>d$ "u "o ( its aspects1 has to und]go a l trans=mation1 &1 at pres5t undevelop$1 c be consid]$ a develop$ sci5ce only :5 x has und]gone ?is trans=mation4 ,a prep>ation 9 ! simpl] sci5ces is pre-suppos$4 ,e?ics has a physical aspect1 s9ce x treats ( human activities1 :i*1 9 common ) all exp5ditures ( en]gy1 con=m to ! law ( ! p]si/5ce ( en]gy2 moral pr9ciples mu/ con=m to physical necessities4 ,x has a biological aspect1 s9ce x conc]ns c]ta9 effects1 inn] & out]1 individual & social1 ( ! vital *anges go+ on 9 ! highe/ type ( animal4 ,x has a psy*ological aspect1 = its subject matt] is an aggregate ( actions t are prompt$ by feel+s & guid$ by intellig5ce4 ,& x has a sociological aspect1 = ^! actions1 "s ( !m directly1 & all ( !m indirectly1 affect associat$ be+s4 ,:at is ! implication8 ,belong+ "u "o aspect to ea* ( ^! sci5ces--physical1 biological1 psy*ological1 sociological--x c f9d its ultimate int]pretations only 9 ^? fundam5tal tru?s :i* are common to all ( !m4 ,already we h conclud$ 9 a g5]al way t conduct at l>ge1 includ+ ! conduct ,e?ics deals )1 is to be fully und]/ood only z an aspect ( evolv+ life2 & n[ we are br\ght to ?is conclusion 9 a m special way4 ,"h1 !n1 we h to ent] on ! consid]ation ( moral ph5om5a z ph5om5a ( evolution2 be+ =c$ to d ?is by f9d+ t !y =m a "p ( ! aggregate ( ph5om5a :i* evolution has wr\ght out4 ,if ! entire visible univ]se has be5 evolv$--if ! sol> sy/em z a :ole1 ! e>? z "p ( x1 ! life 9 g5]al :i* ! e>? be>s1 z well z t ( ea* individual organism--if ! m5tal ph5om5a display$ by all creatures1 up to ! highe/1 9 common ) ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by aggregates ( ^! highe/--if "o & all con=m to ! laws ( evolution2 !n ! necess>y implication is t ^? ph5om5a ( conduct 9 ^! highe/ creatures ) :i* morality is conc]n$1 also con=m4#c ,9 ?is passage ,mr4 ,sp5c] prop\nds morality or e?ics z a matt] = sci5tific /udy1 only to be und]/ood or expla9$ z "p ( g5]al conduct :5 x is capable ( explanation d$uctively f antec$5t causes4 ,! di/9ction recognis$ betwe5 conduct call$ moral & conduct reg>d$ z immoral is only to be und]/ood :51 aft] a hi/orical survey ( human actions & ( ! actions ( organisms 9 g5]al1 we n only p]ceive its imm$iately antec$5t causes1 b1 go+ beh9d !m1 recognise ! ultimate necessity ( _! occurr5ce 9 ! v nature ( ! univ]se4 ,?is reveals ! special features ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s me?od 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 subject z di/+ui%$ f t foll[$ by ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 a di/9ction :i* we may conv5i5tly m>k by t]m+ !m respectively ! ,philosophic & ! ,sci5tific me?ods4 ,! =m] t]m we use 9 ! s5se assign$ to x 9 ! def9ition giv5 by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4#d ,a philosophy is complete :5 ! m9d has be5 able to =m = itself su* an appraisem5t ( ! relations & conditions ( factors at a p]iod suffici5tly remote to ante-date any great am\nt ( complexity z w enable u d$uctively to frame a hi/ory ( developm5ts :i* may correspond ) ! actual hi/ory ( sequ5ces 9 ! concrete univ]se4 ,if ?is appraisem5t ( a remote cosmos *>act]is$ by comp>ative simplicity nev]!less admits ! exi/5ce ( _m factors ^: diff]5ces are n acc\nt$ =1 philosophy is s f> =mally incomplete3 b z ! det]m9ation ( ^! po9ts lies beyond ! p[]s ( human reason1 philosophy may ju/ly be reg>d$ z practically complete if x unifies f ?is po9t ( view all ! k ) :i* ! human m9d is conv]sant4 ,if we are able to include all ! sci5ces 9 "o coh]5t :ole no?+ m c be expect$ ( philosophy--beyond t lies ! realm ( speculation & ! ,unkn[able4 ,! scope ( ! sci5ces is n s ambiti\s4 ,_! aim is limit$ )9 a mu* n>r[] purview4 ,!y seek m]ely to asc]ta9 ! laws :i* subsume special classes ( ph5om5a4 ,!y recognise causation & _! inductions are valid to ! ext5t ( ! classes ( facts express$ 9 any p>ticul> law4 ,b ea* sci5ce or class ( facts is sev]ally & sep>ately work$ ^u ev5 ?\gh ! progress ( /udy is ev] disclos+ ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,x is v evid5t t !re mu/ be great imp]fections 9 our s*eme ( k s long z !re rema9 great blanks betwe5 ! sci5ces4 ,b ?is is a natural condition ( ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h& a complete philosophic sy/em su* z t ref]r$ to above1 & at :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] aims1 w\ld ?r[ a flood ( light ^u ea* p>ticul> dep>tm5t if ! mutual relation ( all problems c\ld be d$uc$ f asc]ta9$ relations ( ! orig9al factors4 ,b x is also cle> t if we ?9k we h fram$ su* a philosophy )\t hav+ really succe$$ 9 s do+1 or at any rate )\t hav+ succe$$ 9 mak+ o!rs und]/& or accept x1 !n ! suppos$ philosophy becomes a confus+ elem5t 9 ! exposition ( a sci5tific problem4 ,9 ! "w "u review ! philosophical attempt is v regrettable = x spoils ! exposition ( a sci5tific treatm5t1 surpass+ all =m] expositions1 s9ce x dims ! cle>ness ( ! argum5t1 & h9d]s ! =ce ( its practical application4 ,su* is our judgm5t ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,data ( ,e?ics4 ,x conta9s at once an excell5t sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject & a weak attempt to affiliate x ^u an impot5t philosophy4 ,to ! philosophical or cosmical aspect ( ! "w we w conf9e ourselves 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 s t we %all h]eaft] be free to devote our att5tion to ! m solid sci5tific treatm5t ( ! que/ions at issue :i* x pres5ts4 ,! /ud5ts ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s previ\s volumes w h obs]v$ t al?\gh he /ates ! problem ( evolution z a d$uctive "o1 he has yet reg>d$ evolution 9 a diff]5t aspect 9 ! work+ out ( ea* specific problem4 ,?us x is v notewor?y t ?r\gh\t ! ,biological1 ,psy*ological1 & ,sociological expositions1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has reg>d$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fact ( evolution by ! accretion ( ins5sible *anges z equival5t to an actual affiliation ( ! sci5ces ^u ! !ory ( evolution1 utt]ly reg>dless ( 8 own rigid requirem5t t ^! *anges %\ld be expla9$ & acc\nt$ = by ! g5]al d$uctions ( cosmical evolution4 ,! hi/ories ( organisms1 = in/ance1 exhibit gradual developm5t1 & !re=e are suppos$ to con=m to ! def9ition ( evolution at l>ge4 ,b if ^! *anges are n intellectually disc]n$ z ! result ( antec$5t conditions & traceable to ! relations ( ! ultimate factors recognis$ by ! philosophy1 !n ! affiliation ( ! sci5ce ^u evolution 9 g5]al is n made good4 ,:ile ! =m & outside %[ are pres5t1 ! organic connexion is n exhibit$4 ,b x is a *>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s mode ( exposition1 t :5 ! latt] fails1 ! =m] takes its place4 ,h5ce ! gradual developm5t ( conduct is evolution ( conduct1 b x is an evolution ( :i* we want an explanation4 ,we seek x 9 ,biology1 b f9d t ,biology also is a gradual increm5t ( ins5sible *anges ( :i* aga9 we seek 9 va9 = an explanation4 ,! effect ( ?is mode ( pres5t+ evolution or ! unification ( k is height5$ by ! seem+ly sy/ematic mann] ( its exposition4 ,developm5t is %[n to be univ]sally *>act]is$ by progress 9 ?ree =ms--namely1 f a simple1 indef9ite1 incoh]5t /ate to a complex1 def9ite1 & coh]5t /ate3 & ! wond]ful scope :i* ! univ]se af=ds1 bo? 9 "t & space1 = hi/orically exhibit+ ^! traits1 ov]:elms ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! univ]sality ( evolution1 9 spite ( ! fact t all ! "t ! v po9t ( ! "q is miss$ 9 ! abs5ce ( any explanation4 ,we recognise ! gradual developm5t1 b :]e is ! d$uctive connexion8 ,:]e is ! promis$ sy/em ( coroll>ies f orig9al factors :i* %all acc\nt = ! hi/orical developm5t8 ,?us1 :5 9 ! ,data ( ,e?ics we f9d a ref]5ce to ! ,biology1 ! ,psy*ology1 & ! ,sociology z p>ts ( an e/abli%$ philosophical sy/em we are apt to suppose t ! views z to e?ics :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] expresses d]ive _! au?ority f an antec$5t appreh5sion ( ! cosmical process2 :]eas ?is is n really ! case3 & al?\gh x is ess5tial to ! /udy t e?ics %\ld be view$ z dep5d5t ^u ! sci5ces nam$1 yet su* a connexion is n %[n z "o ( logical ord]2 we are only told t ,e?ics exhibits simil> traits 9 its ord] ( developm5t4 ,b 9 addition to ?is foi/+ ( ! sci5ces ^u philosophy by means ( g5]al simil>ities ( hi/ory1 ! /ud5t w f9d t :atev] inn] d$uctive w>rant is set =? is badly conceiv$ 9 ! appraisem5t ( ! orig9al factors--,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce--t]ms to :i* no def9ite conceptions c be atta*$4 ,& %\ld any "o be s ra% z to atta* to !m su* def9ite mean+s z w\ld r5d] _! logical use possible1 !n ! d$uctive process :i* w\ld h to be und]tak5 to r5d] !m into coroll>ies correspond+ to concrete hi/ories w\ld v %ortly br+ him to confusion4 ,%\ld he1 aga91 conf9e himself to ! def9ite *emical factors exi/5t 9 ! primordial nebul1 !n 8 d$uctive attempt w\ld br+ him to ! impassable gulf at ! comm5cem5t ( life4 ,&1 moreov]1 %\ld he import ! factor ( s5ti5cy into "s simple *emical aggregates1 & %\ld he be able to set =? "s gradual developm5t ( m9d 9 correlation ) gradual *anges ( physical organism1 !n aga9 9 ! abs5ce ( any k z to ! relations ( ! two he w\ld f9d himself unable to "w out ! d$uctive process & fail 9 ! sy/em ( priori explanations :i* philosophy requires4 ,= philosophy1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 dem&s a d$uctive process comm5c+ ) ! appreh5sion ( ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! factors ( ! univ]se at "s p>ticul> /age1 :i* d$uctive process %all be a c\nt]p>t ( ! actual hi/ories ( ! univ]se4 ,su* d$uctive explanations ,mr4 ,sp5c] does attempt--ma9ly 9 ! ,biology--! mo/ important z to results1 & ! mo/ badly reason$ ( all 8 works4 ,x is attempt$ fir/ly 9 a v concrete mann]1 by a consid]ation ( ! prop]ties ( ! *emical sub/ances :i* =m ! bases ( organisms1 & ( ! prop]ties ( ! surr\nd+ ag5cies--light1 heat1 air1 wat]1 etc4 ,to ! int]-relation ( ^! are appli$ ! laws ( me*anics1 su* z movem5t 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 etc41 & by _! in/rum5tality at la/ are organisms suppos$ to be evolv$ :i* h1 someh[1 a concomitant ( consci\sness :i* is nev]!less n a factor 9 any action ( an organism4 ,9 su* a hi/ory h[ev]1 x is f\nd necess>y to admit g5esis1 reproduction1 & h]$ity1 & ^!1 s9ce !y _c be expla9$1 are accept$ )\t explanation4 ,x is true t ,pol>ity is call$ 9 to assi/ ! endeav\r1 b x is a pol>ity :i* is ! ob$i5t s]vant ( ! au?or1 & does z x is bid1 fir/ly 9 be+ s am5able to *ang$ conditions z to alt] con=mably ) !m1 & aga9 9 be+ s rigid 9 its acquir$ =m z to co]ce molecules into def9ite con/ruction4 ,x is alt]nately s pliable & s fix$ z1 h& ov] h&1 to enable ! au?or to scale ! highe/ summits ( ,biology4 ,x is also true t ,equilibration is call$ 93 b !n e *ange 9 ! organic & ! inorganic _w turns out to be an equilibration1 s t ! ^w becomes devoid ( mean+4 ,a m special /udy has to be giv5 to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( ! mov+ equilibrium ) :i* he id5tifies ! exi/5ce ( an organism1 & by means ( :i* he is suppos$ to bridge ov] ! *asm betwe5 x & ! inorganic4 ,! idea is d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( ! sp9n+ top1 ! sol> sy/em1 & ! /eam eng9e1 m p>ticul>ly if ! latt] is self-fe$+6 ,^! are mov+ equilibria1 & if _! motions are di/urb$ by "s ext]nal object !y w g5]ate =ces 9 opposition to ! environm5t4 ,?is purely me*anical conception is !n r5d]$ into an ab/ract =m by ! sub/itution ( ! idea ( relat$ =ces1 z con/itut+ a mov+ equilibrium1 & is f\nd to fit ! ab/ract conception ( an organism1 s t ! sol> sy/em & ! organism c bo? be id5tifi$ z mov+ equilibria4 ,next1 by loosely *>act]is+ ! behavi\r ( ! sol> sy/em 9 its relation to its environm5t1 real or hypo!tical1 z consi/+ ( *anges due to ! laws ( a mov+ equilibrium1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] seeks to %[ t ! adaptations ( an organism 9 response to *ang$ ext]nal conditions are likewise due to ! same laws1 s t organisms & _! hi/ories are suppos$ to be expla9able or acc\nt$ = bo? 9 _! orig9 & 9 _! developm5t 9 ! same mann] z ! mov+ equilibria ( ! physical _w4 ,!reupon we are suppos$ to und]/& bo? :y organisms g5]ate =ces to c\nt]balance inimical ext]nal =ces1 & :y !y g5]ate =ces 7adaptations7 = secur+ & absorb+ =ces ( ! environm5t 7food7 fav\rable to _! cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,x is only :at all mov+ equilibria d4 ,?is biological !ory we h discuss$ at great l5g? else:]e1#e & we !n came to ! conclusion t x 0 only a mock]y ( a rational explanation4 ,we also f\nd t ! facts ( ,g5esis & ! ,law ( ,h]$ity 7 :olly inexplicable by means ( a /udy ( physics or by means ( a /udy ( ! nature & laws ( ! mov+ equilibrium4 ,s t altoge!r we f\nd ! ma9 requirem5ts ( a philosophical explanation ( biological facts v f> f be+ compli$ )4 ,z "p ( ! d$uctive sy/em :i* our philosophy requires1 we h n[ to consid] ! orig9 & developm5t ( purpos$ actions--! subject-matt]1 namely1 ( our pres5t /udy :i* is to lead u up to ! ultimate /udy ( ,e?ics prop]4 ,resum+ ! consid]ation ( ! problem at ! po9t :]e we left (f 9 our ref]5ce to ! explanations ( biology1 we h fir/ to review ! argum5ts :i* w\ld expla9 ! orig9 ( purpos$ actions 9 ! nature & laws ( ! mov+ equilibrium4 ,= if ! actions ( organisms are ?us expla9able1 s mu/ be ! purpos$ actions or purpos$ conduct ( organisms1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself expressly includes !m 9 ! biological def9ition4 ,& inde$ x is d\btful :e!r purpose is n cov]tly introduc$ 9 ! v def9ition ( life z ! cont9u\s adaptation ( inn] relations to out] relations4 ,! "q is a v nice "o1 & br+s u at once to ! obscure conf9es ( ! organic & ! inorganic worlds4 ,h[1 = in/ance1 f ! laws ( ! mov+ equilibrium1 z d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ! sol> sy/em1 are we to reg>d ! movem5ts ( an infusorium8 ,an infusorium swims r&omly ab\t1 det]m9$ 9 its c\rse n by a p]ceiv$ object to be pursu$ or escap$1 b1 app>5tly1 by v>y+ /imuli 9 its m$ium2 & its acts unadju/$ 9 any appreciable way to ends1 lead x n[ into contact ) "s nutritive sub/ance :i* x absorbs1 & n[ into ! neighb\rhood ( "s creature by :i* x is swall[$ & dige/$4444 ,! conduct is con/itut$ ( actions s little adju/$ to ends1 t life cont9ues only z long z ! accid5ts ( ! environm5t are fav\rable4#f ,?is is "o ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s transitional passages4 ,! infusorium is a mov+ equilibrium4 ,consequ5tly x re>ranges its =ces = self-pres]vation 9 opposition to inimical =ces ( ! environm5t1 & 9 h>mony ) favor+ =ces ( ! environm5t4 ,! special adju/m5t x displays is motion4 ,b ?is is n communicat$ motion ( a me*anical description1 su* z ! kick giv5 to a foot-ball4 ,nor1 app>5tly1 are we to reg>d its motions z due to a s]ies ( me*anical motions ( ! molecules ( ! environm5t4 ,! action ( ! environm5t is express$ z be+ a /imulus4 ,does ?is mean a *emical action8 ,or does x ref] to ! action ( heat & light8 ,if s x means t ! attractions & repulsions ( atoms & ! motions ( e!r & ( molecules1 acc\nt = ! movem5ts ( ! infusorium4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no purpose 9 su* a !ory4 ,b !n ! "q arises1 h[ d we apply ! !ory ( ! mov+ equilibrium to su* an assemblage ( atoms ?us act$ ^u to acc\nt = ! fact t ! assemblage ( atoms endeav\rs to prolong its exi/5ce by def5ce & absorption or by absorption only8 ,if x be said t x does n d s1 & t its movem5ts h no food object1 b are simply ! effect ( *emical & me*anical action1 !n x is n an animal display+ life1 inasmu* z x does n adapt means to an end--motions to ! end ( su/5ance4 ,if x be reg>d$ z a mov+ equilibrium 9 ?is s5se1 x is "o ( ! same sort z ! sol> sy/em1 & n "o ( ! sort kn[n z animals4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] reg>ds x z display+ life1 yet v little adju/$ to ends2 b aga9 he reg>ds its actions z det]m9$ by ext]nal /imuli1 )\t1 h[ev]1 expla9+ 8 mean+4 ,if we are to reg>d ! motions ( ! infusorium z display+ life1 x mu/ be by reg>d+ !m z adaptations ( inn] relations to out] relations--! out] relations be+ food2 b if its actions are m]ely *emically & me*anically det]m9$1 !n its conduct is n adapt$ to or balanc$ aga9/ ! action ( any ext]nal relations1 b is ! submissive consequ5t !re(4 ,b if its conduct is altoge!r det]m9$ by ext]nal relations we seem to be l&$ 9 a p>adox4 ,! only escape is by ! obvi\s inf]5ce t ! def9ition ( life advanc$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] always implies an adaptation or adju/m5t or action hav+ ! def9ite tw(old object 9 view ( su/5ance & self-protection employ$ aga9/ ! inimical =ces ( ! environm5t4 ,life adaptations are always = ! accompli%m5t ( ! end ( self-pres]vation1 ei!r by ! procur+ ( food1 or by def5ce aga9/ enemies--self-pres]vation prim>ily & aft]w>ds ! cont9uation ( ! race4 ,!re=e1 if we reg>d ! movem5ts ( ! infusoria z includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( life we mu/ reg>d !m z hav+ 9 view ! su/5ance ( ! creatures4 ,!y are acts adapt$ to ends4 ,are !y !n to be reg>d$ z purpos$ actions8 ,life adaptations seem to be di/+ui%$ f ! *anges wr\ght by ext]nal =ces ^u a physical mov+ equilibrium 9 ! fact1 namely1 t !y act t[>ds a def9ite end1 & !re=e come into ! class ( purpos$ actions4 ,we _c d m ?an indicate ! difficulty4 ,if we say ^! actions are n purpos$ we all[ t !re may be purpos$ adaptation ( means to ends by *emi/ry & me*anics4 ,if we say t *emi/ry & me*anics d ?is1 !n we h to revise our mean+ ( *emi/ry & me*anics1 & t 9 a mu* m ?or\gh mann] ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c] has done 9 8 treatm5t ( ! mov+ equilibrium4 ,t !re are biological adju/m5ts :i* d n manife/ purpose we exp]i5ce e day 9 ! ?ick5+ ( ! sk9 & ! *anges wr\ght by climate or daily avocation1 al?\gh x is true ^! adju/m5ts may receive a sci5tific explanation indep5d5tly ( _! be+ adaptations ( means to ends4 ,we also f9d t !re are reflex actions ( organisms :i* take place 9 response to ext]nal /imuli )\t any consci\s purpose1 su* z brea?+1 dige/+1 c4 ,we are also acqua9t$ ) ! fact t purpos$ actions become by long habit automatic4 ,inde$ we h m exp]i5ce ( purpos$ actions becom+ automatic ?an ( automatic or reflex actions becom+ purpos$4 ,c !re !n be purpose )\t consci\sness8 ,!re are adaptations 9 ! vegetable _w z well z 9 ! animal1 & ( ^! we d n pr$icate consci\s design4 ,nor c we1 on ! !ory ( life z ! adaptation ( a mov+ equilibrium to its environm5t1 admit t ^! *anges are due to m]e happy accid5ts ( orig9 & survival1 = we are requir$ to acc\nt = !m z necess>y results ( _! exi/5ce z mov+ equilibria4 ,yet if s ! adju/m5ts are s complex1 s m>vell\s 9 _! relations to ! insect _w & ! animal _w g5]ally 9 view ( _! pres]vation & ! propagation ( _! species1 t purpose or means adapt$ to ends is ! app>5t *>act]i/ic4 ,means adapt$ to ends is d5i$ 9 ! ,happy ,accid5t !ory1 & is s\ght to be expla9$ by ! ,mov+ ,equilibrium !ory4 ,yet :5 we come to consid] ! ab/ract conception ( a mov+ equilibrium d]iv$ f our sol> sy/em we c disc]n no endeav\r t[>ds self-su/5ance & self def5ce4 ,no adaptations are !re made to secure ei!r ( ^! objects4 ,!re is no purpose manife/$1 & no adju/m5t made 9 view ( ends to be secur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m adaptations 9 ! animal & vegetable worlds :i* are n consci\sly purpos$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ours is a critical task & n a recon/ructive "w we ne$ d no m ?an po9t out t purpos$ actions 9 p>ticul>1 & biological adaptations z a :ole1 are n expla9able by reg>d+ organisms z aggregates ( ! *emical elem5ts act$ ^u by physical =ces & con/itut+ m]ely physical mov+ equilibria1 ( :i* ! laws are simil> to ^? d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( mov+ equilibria l ! sol> sy/em4 ,su* a !ory does n admit ( purpos$ action4 ,/at$ 9 ! ab/ract1 ! problem is h[ to expla9 ! orig9 ( purpose 9 a mov+ equilibrium--comm5c+ f ! sol> sy/em & proce$+ to a self-fe$+ eng9e & pursu+ our inve/igation to ! ab/ract mov+ equilibrium ( =ces 9 :i* ext]nal inimical or fav\rable =ces g5]ate int]nal =ces z a c\nt]balance1 ei!r ( opposition or h>mony ( adju/m5t4 ,?us /at$1 ! problem is purely ( a dynamic nature1 & w\ld give an und]/&+ ( purpose z a dynamic relation ( aggregates ( =ces4 ,?is is ! true ,sp5c]ian view to take ( ! problem & its mode ( settlem5t1 b x is "o to :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n apply himself4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a /udy ,mr4 ,sp5c] =sakes ! true l9e ( explanation requir$ by 8 philosophy4 ,b we ?9k if we proce$ m deeply into ?is /udy we %all f9d purpose connect$ ) consci\sness4 ,! "q arises1 mu/ all purpose be consci\s purpose8 ,purpose implies ! direction ( action1 x implies an int]val ( "t1 x implies ! accompli%m5t ( a result4 ,9 ^! respects x diff]s f *emical & me*anical action4 ,we h to ask :at place consci\sness f9ds 9 ! con/itution & action ( a mov+ equilibrium4 ,evid5tly x has no place 9 ! sol> sy/em1 = physici/s c make _! calculations )\t tak+ x into consid]ation z a factor4 ,yet ! ideal or ab/ract mov+ equilibrium1 by ^: aid we are endeav\r+ to und]/& ! actions ( organisms1 is d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( ! sol> sy/em z a mov+ equilibrium4 ,b r$uc+ ! problem f ! ab/ract to ! concrete /udy ( an organism1 we h to ask :at place consci\sness holds 9 a mov+ equilibrium ( oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bon1 hydrog51 etc41 9 relation ) an environm5t ( heat1 light1 etc4 ,we f9d t x is 9 ! ma9 a factor 9 all ^? classes ( actions :i* we t]m purpos$--t 9 s f> z actions dep>t f ! *emical & me*anical1 t 9 s f> z aggregates manife/ ! *>act]i/ics ( life--namely1 ! adaptation ( inn] relations to out] relations--! ne>] d !y approa* ! mo/ complete adaptation ( means to ! ends ( complete liv+1 & ! m d !y manife/ consci\s purpose4 ,! !ory has be5 prop\nd$ t consci\sness is ! result ( complexity 9 ! comb9ation ( ! *emical elem5ts1 a complexity :i* c be expla9$ on purely physical gr\nds4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s biology is p>tly work$ s z to prove ?is !ory4 ,b x is evid5t t no m c be got out ( a d$uctive !ory ?an is conta9$ 9 ! orig9al factors4 ,x is useless to say t we d n suffici5tly "k all ! prop]ties ( ! orig9al factors1 because t is to ab&on ?is p>ticul> !ory1 & to ackn[l$ge its inadequacy4 ,! admission necessitates an attempt to re-/ate ! orig9al =ces ( ! factors4 ,if ?is c be done x is equival5t to prop\nd+ a new !ory1 :i* aga9 mu/ be judg$ by its d$uctive efficacy4 ,! !ory t complexity ( n]v\s /ructure--a /ructure produc$ by *emical & me*anical comb9ation--suffices to expla9 memory1 reflection1 judgm5t1 *oice1 & purpose1 has be5 treat$ by ,dr4 ,ba9 & ,pr(essor ,clif=d at consid]able l5g?1 & has be5 criticis$ 9 our =m] works 9 great detail4#g ,! !ory t organisms are ! result ( *emical & me*anical comb9ations1 & t consci\sness is a concomitant ( "s processes 9 ! cont9u\s exi/5ce ( su* physical comb9ations1 ?r[s all ! bur!n ( explanation j z fully ^u ! l9e ( physical causation z if !re 7 no su* concomitant ( consci\sness :atsoev]4 ,! det]m9+ causes are :olly physical1 & ! *a9 ( sequ5ce is complete )9 ! l9es ( *emical & me*anical relations4 ,! fact t indep5d5t & concomitant consci\sness accompanies "s ( ! actions 9 "q is an int]e/+ circum/ance1 b al?\gh consci\sness is produc$ z an effect1 x nev] on ?is !ory produces any effects itself4 ,! attempt to am5d ! conceptions ( ! orig9al *emical factors 7! sixty or sev5ty s-call$ elem5ts17 & ( ! physical factors 7heat1 light1 etc417 by ! association ) !m ( m9d1 feel+1 etc41 has at v>i\s times produc$ vague !ories4 ,m p>ticul>ly ( lat] ye>s ,pr(essor ,clif=d's !ory ( m9d-/uff has attract$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,b1 s+ul> to say1 ,pr(essor ,clif=d only endeav\r$ to "w out 8 !ory 9 "s vague semi-me*anical1 semi-subjective k9d ( way4 ,x 0 n ( su* a sort t1 giv5 a nebula su* z we suppos$ to be ! pr$ecessor ( ! sol> sy/em1 we %\ld be able to d$uce f x ! exi/+ univ]se4 ,! prop] /atem5t ( su* a problem w\ld be a /atem5t ( ! relations n m]ely ( m9d-/uff1 b ( m9d-oxyg51 m9d-nitrog51 etc4 ,! conception w\ld h to be ( su* a nature z to express ! m9d-factor1 m5tal side1 or subjective aspect ( oxyg51 z relat$ to ! m9d-factor ( nitrog51 etc41 & h[ !y v>i\sly affect$ ! conduct ( ! d\bly-con/itut$ atoms or ( ! m complex molecules into :i* !y =m$ !mselves4 ,b ?is is a m]e indication ( ! l>g] task ( e/imat+ ! :ole ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances1 & e/imat+ ! value & ! action ( _! relative m9d-factors4 ,f ?is w\ld h to be det]m9$ ! law ( gr[? by :i* increas+ complexity evolv$ ! cont9ually increas+ p[] ( ! m9d-factor 9 det]m9+ actions4 ,^u ?is might re/ a rational basis = a def9ition ( life ( su* sort t ! organic c\ld be recognis$ z aris+ out ( ! inorganic4 ,& s9ce ! organic1 9 its late/ & highe/ developm5t1 is ma9ly di/+ui%$ by purpos$ actions1 purpos$ actions might be deem$ to h evolv$ 9 a natural way out ( actions :i* 7 n purpos$4 ,b su* a !ory is n capable ( def9ite /atem5t1 & our philosophic object 9 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( purpos$ action out ( non-purpos$ action is z f> (f z ev]4 ,x might be z well "h = ! full satisfaction ( ! /ud5t1 to consid] h[ f> ! orig9 ( purpos$ action is tak5 acc\nt ( by ,mr4 ,d>w91 or is to be acc\nt$ = by 8 me?ods4 ,!re is a wide di/9ction betwe5 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s treatm5t ( ,biology & t ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,mr4 ,sp5c] aims at a complete logical d$uctive sy/em1 & endeav\rs to %[ h[ 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 ev]y?+ t is1 mu/ h be5 :at x is4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's endeav\r is n s ambiti\s4 ,he conf9es 8 /udies to ! field ( biology1 & to pa/ hi/ories ( liv+ creatures1 z pres]v$ = u 9 ! geological record4 ,8 is a purely sci5tific "w1 n trespass+ beyond ! g5]alisation ( ! facts ) :i* he deals4 ,^! are l>ge & imm5sely important2 s mu* s1 t !y cov] ! :ole hi/ory ( liv+ ?+s3 b 8 explanations only g a c]ta9 way4 ,!y are n fundam5tal1 & we are only l$ backw>ds 9 "t to ! orig9al twilight & ultimate d>kness4 ,8 !ory is /rictly causational4 ,! explanation ( exi/+ organisms is to be f\nd 9 ! relations ( antec$5t factors4 ,"p ( ^! we und]/&1 & "p ( !m we d n und]/&4 ,we d n und]/& ! :]e=e ( g5esis & h]$ity1 b we "k !m to be facts1 & !y =m ! basis = l>ge explanations4 ,= if organisms are modifiable1 ev]-increas+ *anges ( /ructure & function c be produc$ & reproduc$4 ,! increm5t ( induc$ *anges 9 v>i\s directions may 9 succe$+ g5]ations be su* z to oblit]ate all semblance ( relation%ip to ! orig9al ance/or4 ,:at are ! laws ( ^! *anges x is ,mr4 ,d>w9's great a*ievem5t to h expla9$4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 ! adaptation to new environm5ts by ! use & disuse ( p>ts1 ! *anges induc$ by *ange ( climate & food1 or by ! action ( new organisms 9 ! environm5t1 all ^! consid]ations op5 out to ! a/oni%$ & admir+ gaze ( man va/ & int]e/+ hi/ories ( *anges su* z a disc]n+ m9d l ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 revels 9 9 8 rambles ?r\gh ! ,engli% fields4 ,! "q arises h[ f> ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ories c be ext5d$ philosophically1 s z to expla9 :at he accepts unexpla9$1 viz43 g5esis1 h]$ity1 ! orig9 ( organisms out ( ! inorganic1 ! gradual developm5t ( consci\sness1 ! increase ( feel+ & intellig5ce1 & ! adv5t ( purpos$ conduct direct$ to ! a*ievem5t ( def9ite & def]r$ ends8 ,= all ^! po9ts he leaves undealt ) z n com+ )9 8 sci5tific prov9ce4 ,evid5tly 8 !ories are n fitt$ to expla9 :at !y take = grant$4 ,!y _c expla9 :at !y are f\nd$ ^u4 ,! orig9 ( organisms is unexpla9$3 propagation ( ! species is accept$ z an unexpla9$ fact1 s are h]$ity & ! pres5ce ( consci\sness4 ,purpos$ actions are n acc\nt$ = 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's works4 ,b !re is "o po9t to :i* we wi% to call att5tion z reg>ds ! diff]5t me?od 9 :i* ! *anges ( species are treat$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! =m] reg>ds all *anges z necessitat$ by ! laws ( ! mov+ equilibrium1 s t a *ange ( climate ( su* a nature z to deprive an organism ( ! requisite moi/ure = cont9u$ exi/5ce ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t1 w\ld absolutely necessitate "s device on its "p to c\nt]balance ! ext]nal =ce ( dr\ght4 ,x w\ld be a consequ5t 9 ! v nature ( ?+s t ! plant %\ld become ?ick & succul5t l ! cactus1 or t ! animal %\ld =m = itself a res]voir = ! /orage ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory is v diff]5t4 ,he advances ! fact t organisms1 & m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! l[] & simpl] =ms con/antly produce sports4 ,^! are n *ance accid5ts 9 ! false metaphysical s5se ( be+ uncaus$1 b are t]m$ accid5ts z be+ produc$ by "s ext]nal or int]nal incid5t 9 ! gr[? ( ! embryo1 :i* causes x to deviate 9 "s po9t f ! /ructure ( ! p>5t4 ,?is sport may be to ! advantage or to ! detrim5t ( ! new organism4 ,if x %\ld be ! latt]1 x soon p]i%es3 b if x %\ld assi/ ! organism to a full] life1 !n x w live long] & bett]1 & its prog5y w 9 l mann] survive to ! detrim5t ( its fell[s ( ! unimprov$ type4 ,! accretion ( *anges produc$ 9 ?is way1 n[ 9 "o direction1 & n[ 9 ano!r1 toge!r ) ! influ5ces else:]e indicat$1 might d & no d\bt has done mu* 9 ! developm5t ( species4 ,to ?is cause ( *ange we give 9 no disrespectful _s1 ! "n ( ! ,happy ,accid5t ,!ory z oppos$ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,mov+ ,equilibrium ,!ory1 & w\ld ask :at x may & may n acc\nt =4 ,x may acc\nt = mu* )9 ! limits ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's enquiry1 b does x at all acc\nt = ^? fundam5tal facts :i* he takes = grant$--g5esis1 h]$ity & consci\sness1 or ! orig9 ( ! organic out ( ! inorganic4 ,c\ld "s inorganic aggregate1 produc$ by ! relations ( c]ta9 *emical comp\nds "u ! action ( light1 heat1 c1 accid5tally take to g5]ation by fission or o!rwise1 & !n by a succession ( sports ev5tuate 9 sexual g5]ation8 ,c\ld su* a *emical comb9ation accid5tally become consci\s1 & by a succession ( sports organise its consci\sness into purpose8 ,into ^! regions we ?9k we _c c>ry ! ,happy ,accid5t ,!ory--! !ory ( sports4 ,?is is a valid & ju/ifiable !ory )9 ! limits ( biology1 ?\gh ev5 "h ! e/imate ( its results may be exagg]at$2 b beyond x & beh9d ^? limits x is ( no use4 ,! v admission ( x is a confession ( ignorance & incapacity to appreh5d ! exact l9e ( causation2 b s long z we are satisfi$ t ! accid5t or ! sport :i* gives rise to a v>iety1 occurs )9 ! scope ( factors :i* we are able to recognise1 ! incapacity to acc\nt = ! special cause ( a special sport does n affect ! g5]al !ory4 ,b if any "o %\ld ra%ly ext5d ! application ( ! !ory s z to expla9 ! o!rwise unacc\ntable pres5ce ( a new factor1 or advance x z an explanation ( a l9e ( sequ5ces n logically d$ucible f all t is includ$ 9 ! m5tal appraisem5t ( ! orig9al factors by :i* ! sy/em ( sequ5ces is to be unifi$1 !n he makes a v great mi/ake inde$4 ,x is to gu>d aga9/ su* a mi/ake t we take notice ( ! prop] limits to ! applicability ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,inde$ we ?9k x is too commonly suppos$ t ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory is ( ! univ]sali/ic scope ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ories2 8 "w h[ev] is purely ( a sci5tific "* relat+ to ! prov9ce ( ,biology4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t 9 ! prec$+ argum5t we h n dealt ) ! philosophical problem ( ! !ory ( k4 ,we h simply tak5 ! /udy ( ! cosmos 9 ! hi/orical ord]1 f9d+ ! inorganic z antec$5t to ! organic1 ! unconsci\s to ! consci\s1 a hi/orical ord] :i* _c be disput$ :atev] !ory ( k may be held4 ,we conclude !re=e t 9 s f> z ! ,data ( ,e?ics is an attempt to expla9 purpos$ actions & _! e?ical quality ^u a philosophical me?od ( ! k9d prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 namely1 z includ$ 9 a prop] und]/&+ ( ! cosmical process1 & ( ! hi/ories ( ! univ]se consequ5t ^u a k ( ! relations ( its orig9al factors--s f> ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "w mu/ be consid]$ a failure4 ,t !re is mu* ( real sci5tific value 9 ! "w "u review1 & mu* orig9al insight & true appreh5sion ( process1 we hold to be true2 b ?is sci5tific value is mu* obscur$ by ! vague cosmical ref]5ces :i* p]vade an o!rwise admirable /udy4 ,z /at$ at ! outset ( ! *apt]1 we consid] ! attempt to affiliate purpos$ actions ^u ! g5]al l9es ( ! cosmical process to m> ! effect ( ! "w 9 its sci5tific aspect4 ,! fault is all ! great] s9ce ,mr4 ,sp5c] re/s ! full /ress ( 8 !ories1 n s mu* ^u _! limit$ sci5tific value1 z ^u ! s\ndness ( ! philosophic basis4 ,= tw5ty ye>s or m he has be5 work+ f ?is basis1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 m>vell\s "w has _h ev] 9 view z 8 cr[n+ a*ievem5t ! e/abli%m5t ( ,e?ics ^u a cosmical basis ?r\gh a cosmical process ( :i* x %\ld be ! glori\s outcome4 ,e?ics %\ld be %[n to be dom9ant & imp]ative ?r\gh ! voice ( ! exp&+ univ]se4 ,yet1 except z %[+ ,e?ics to be a "p ( ! /udy ( ,biology1 ! g5]al laws ( ! developm5t ( :i* are kn[n1 b :i* 9 its factors & _! relations & orig9 is utt]ly unkn[n1 he has n succe$$4 ,he might1 ) ! exception indicat$1 j z well h writt5 8 ,data ( ,e?ics fir/ z la/4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,data ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #e & #f4 #c ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #fa4 #d ,see ,on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,unification ( ,k1 ,*ap4 ,i41 #a1 & ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #d4 #e ,on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,unification ( ,k1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #f ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aj4 #g ,on ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,unification ( ,k1 p4 #bca1 et seq42 & see ,dr4 ,ba9's reply 9 ,m9d1 ,no4 xxxi4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,mod]n ?\ght s9ce ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 has be5 m & m =c$ into ! recognition ( e?ics1 7toge!r ) all o!r =ms ( human conduct7 z ! result ( a process ( natural gr[?4 ,! factors out ( :i* ?is gr[? arose are lo/ 9 ! obscurities ( our ignorance1 & _m ( ! processes ^u :i* x has dep5d$ also surpass exi/+ human p[]s ( explanation4 ,sci5ce has to take = grant$ ! unexpla9$ exi/5ce ( organisms4 ,= h] purposes %e is oblig$ to beg9 by assum+ c]ta9 primitive organisms ( "s simple /ructure & functions4 ,%e is also oblig$ to admit1 al?\gh %e does n und]/&1 ! facts ( reproduction & ( h]$ity4 ,nor c %e refuse to ackn[l$ge a place 9 ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 along ) ! factors ( *emi/ry & ( physics1 to a subjective factor call$ feel+1 consci\sness1 m9d1 or h[ev] else x may be be/ express$4 ,all ^! unexpla9able b fundam5tal v]ities ( exi/5ce %e has to assume4 ,x is because ^! are unexpla9$ t sci5ce falls %ort ( becom+ a philosophy4 ,b )9 ! range ( _! op]ation sci5ce c tell u mu*1 & ! ,d>w9ian doctr9es h display$ be=e our eyes ! wond]ful hi/ories ( *ange & gr[? ?r\gh ! prec$+ cycles ( ! _w's exi/5ce4 ,little d\bt n[ rema9s 9 ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m5 z to ! tru? ( biological developm5t4 ,! !ory re/s ^u su* a wide induction ( facts ext5d+ ov] s _m bran*es ( sci5ce & ov] su* remote p]iods ( "t1 & )al z by a /roke ( magic x has s arrang$ all sorts ( odd incompreh5sible facts into def9ite places 9 a well ord]$ organic hi/ory1 t ! m9d c no long] )hold its subjection to s imp]ial & cog5t a sci5tific conception4 ,al?\gh ! philosophical laws ( biological developm5t are z we h se5 beyond our rea*1 & al?\gh our !ory ( ! accid5tal orig9 ( v>iations is r lame1 /ill !re is mu* t c be express$ 9 ! =mal /atem5ts call$ ! ,laws ( ,biological ,developm5t1 :i* ?r[s light ^u ^? processes ( *ange & gr[? t h l$ up f simple organic =ms to ! highe/ manife/ation ( life 9 ! human race4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] def9es life z ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( inn] relations to out] relations4 ,?is ,mr4 ,sp5c] reg>ds n m]ely z a def9ition b z a law4 ,its philosophical ju/ification is s\ght 9 va91 b x may be accept$ z a correct sci5tific /atem5t--n only ( ! non-consci\s adaptations ( organisms to *anges ( ! environm5t1 7su* z ! ?ick5+ ( ! fur to resi/ arctic cold1 or protective *ange ( col\r to imitate physical surr\nd+s17 b also ( ! consci\s adaptations by :i* high] animals p]=m p>ticul> actions or und]go *anges ( habit4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts out1 ! acceptance ( ?is law implies n m]ely an entire h>mony betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( an organism & its environm5t1 b x also implies v>i\s degrees ( life4 ,! great] ! numb] & v>iety ( correspond5ces e/abli%$ betwe5 an organism & ! imm5sities ( ! ext]nal _w--imm5sities display$ n only 9 ! multiplicities ( individual objects1 b also 9 ! gr&eur ( _! collective int]relations--! great] ! degree ( life4 ,mu* /ress is laid by ,mr4 ,sp5c] ^u ?is ,quantitative "* ( ,life4 ,mu* m1 inde$1 ?an ^u m]e cont9uity1 al?\gh ! latt] is to a c]ta9 ext5t ess5tial to ! =m]4 ,subord9ate to ?is notion1 advance 9 degree ( life is f\nd to proce$ f a simple1 incoh]5t1 & indef9ite life to a m & m def9ite1 coh]5t & complex set ( relations ) ! environm5t4 ,b side by side ) ?is developm5t1 & inde$ 9 a mann] to be lik5$ to t ( a geometrical progression1 ! subjective factor has advanc$ 9 relative importance4 ,9 its m rudim5t>y developm5t1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] f9ds pa9 to be ! concomitant ( ^? /ates ( ! physical organism :i* t5d to its de/ruction1 & pleasure to be ! concomitant ( ^? /ates :i* t5d to its promotion4 ,?us hung] is a pa9 indicative ( ! abs5ce ( ^? supplies ( en]gy to be obta9$ f ! environm5t1 :i* are requisite = ! cont9uance ( ! organism's activity1 :ile ! pleasure ( fe$+ is concomitant ) ! due supply ( ! en]gy necess>y = ! cont9uance ( organic function4 ,pleasure & pa91 !re=e1 become motives1 & ! atta9m5t ( ! "o & ! avoidance ( ! o!r "w toge!r = ! cont9uance ( life4 ,pleasures & pa9s are relative to ! organism--accord+ to ! physiological con/itution & /ructure ( ! organism s are its pleasures & its pa9s4 ,! concomitant ( "s ( ! /ructures & functions ( ! organism has be5 n m]ely s5ti5cy b p]ception4 ,m9d has develop$ f ! di/+ui%m5t1 id5tification1 & recognition ( modes ( s5ti5cy4 ,^! functions & /ructures h be5 accompani$ by pleasure & pa91 & h =m$ ! basis ( ! pleasures ( intellectual activity 9 _! multi=m v>iety4 ,f _! v nature 9 relation to ! environm5t !y h increas$ wond]fully ! quantitative developm5t ( life4 ,) ! increase ( m9d has proce$$ ! recognition ( ! "p play$ 9 ! organic univ]se by feel+4 ,?is recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( feel+--( ! susceptibilities ( ext]nal organisms to pleasure & pa9--has =m$ ! basis ( a l>ge "p ( ! adaptations ( organisms 9 relation to _! organic environm5t4 ,adaptations reveal+ ?is recognition are to be se5 n only m manife/ly 9 ! actions ( man & ! animals1 b also 9 ! functions ( plants1 /range z ?is may seem4 ,) ?is increase ( g5]al intellig5ce has proce$$ an increase ( rational k ( ! causal relation%ips ( ph5om5a3 & ) ! increase ( ! k ( human motives has proce$$ an increas$ k ( ! sequ5ces ( actions4 ,?us l>g] rational judgm5ts ( ! consequ5ces ( actions h be5 atta9$4 ,foll[+ ^u ! increas$ recognition ( pleasure & pa9 z motives1 & ^u ! increas$ am\nt ( rational judgm5t z to ! sequ5ces ( actions1 has come ! adaptation ( conduct to ! pa9s & pleasures ( o!rs4 ,^? adaptations h1 h[ev]1 be5 relative to ! p>ticul> con/itution ( ! ,ego1 & relative also to ! con/itution ( ! environ+ ,egos4 ,! k ( ! exi/5ce ( s5ti5cy 9 ext]nal organisms may be turn$ to ! acc\nt ( ! ,ego by inflict+ pa91 s z to co]ce o!r s5ti5t organisms to its own selfi% objects2 or1 aga91 by conf]r+ pleasure1 s z to subs]ve ! same end4 ,?us cruelty may be a natural pleasure 9 c]ta9 e>ly /ages ( developm5t1 z a concomitant ( necessities ( exi/5ce1 & may rema9 by inh]itance long aft] ! necessities h pass$ away4 ,b ) ! increase ( life has occurr$ ! increase ( sympa?y4 ,x is a law ( nature t aft] ! pleasures ( ! ego are satisfi$ !y are augm5t$ by ! contemplation ( simil> enjoym5ts ( o!rs4 ,b ?is aga9 is relative4 ,! g\rm& likes ! society ( g\rm&s1 & c>es n = ! company ( ! /hetic or ! ascetic4 ,! man ( ta/e revels 9 ! society ( k9dr$ natures & despises ! pleasures ( ! base4 ,b ! family relation has be5 ! ma9 s\rce ( all sweet & manly sympa?ies3 & x has be5 ! gradually wid5+ scope ( social organisations :i* has spread m & m ! feel+ ( human sympa?y4 ,! c\rse ( hi/ory exhibits to u a con/ant gr[?1 n m]ely 9 passively refra9+ f ! infliction ( pa91 b also 9 ! active endeav\r to promote ! happ9ess ( our fell[ creatures4 ,?is is a g5]al /atem5t ( ! sci5tific view ( purpos$ conduct4 ,its laws are d]iv$ f a /udy ( its gr[?4 ,! gr[? is "o exhibit+ sev]al di/+ui%able features4 ,!re has be5 ! ord9>y biological /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & survival ( ! fitte/4 ,!re h be5 adaptations necessitat$ by ! action ( ! environm5t1 & !re h be5 *ance v>iations )9 ! l9es ( causation :i*1 b5efitt+ ! individual or "s p>ticul> race1 h giv5 !m su* an advantage 9 ! battle ( life z to secure = _! desc5dants a prepond]at+ possession ( ! good ?+s ( ! _w4 ,!re has be5 ! increase ( intellig5ce1 ! increase 9 ! organisation ( society1 ! increase ( rational judgm5ts ( ph5om5a & human actions4 ,!re has be5 increas$ k ( ! det]m9ation ( actions by motives4 ,!re has be5 increase ( sympa?y4 ,b :at is ! e?ical virtue ( ?is hi/orical /udy is n v cle>4 ,! hi/ory ( human developm5ts is a matt] ( natural hi/ory & no m4 ,& ev5 if we proce$ z we might d1 to /udy m 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( notions ( "r & wrong & ( ! v>i\s *angeful applications ( ^? t]ms1 we are /ill )9 ! limits ( a natural hi/ory--we are /ill hold+ ! m]ely sci5tific or obs]vant attitude4 ,x is true su* /udy may be ess5tial to our future hi/ory3 b ! m]e /udy ( :at has be51 & ! consequ5t pre-vision ( :at w be1 e/abli%es no rule ( "r4 ,to prophecy ! det]m9+ c\rses ( future human conduct does n furni% an e?ical imp]ative to ! individual4 ,if s x w be1 he may say1 s let x be1 x is no affair ( m9e4 ,! obligation re/s ) nature & n ) me4 ,:5ce !n ! new regulative sy/em1 ! want ( :i* fills ,mr4 ,sp5c] ) al>m8 ,:]e %all we look = ! new gospel :i* %all re/ra9 & vivify ! moral conduct ( future g5]ations 9 place ( ! sup]natural sy/ems :i* are suppos$ to be tott]+ to _! fall8 ,& if we g beyond ?is & f9d t ?is natural hi/ory ( man is gov]n$ by g5]al laws ( adaptation & developm5t we %all /ill h to "q ! e?ical disc]nm5t & e?ical au?ority 9 special junctures1 :5 :at is--is judg$ n to be :at x ought to be2 :51 9 fact1 adaptations or biological facts1 or equilibrations produc$ by evolution1 are judg$ n to be e?ically good equilibrations4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] holds t rules ( "r conduct c be e/abli%$ on a sci5tific basis1 & x is our task to exam9e 8 treatm5t ( ! problem4 ,?\gh ?is fir/ division ( ! "w t]m9at+ ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 _c1 ( c\rse1 conta9 ! specific conclusions to be set =? 9 ! entire "w2 yet x implies !m 9 su* wise t1 def9itely to =mulate !m requires no?+ beyond logical d$uction4 ,i am ! m anxi\s to indicate 9 outl9e if ,i _c complete ?is f9al "w1 because ! e/abli%m5t ( rules ( "r conduct on a sci5tific basis is a press+ ne$4 ,n[ t moral injunctions are los+ ! au?ority giv5 by _! suppos$ sacr$ orig91 ! secul>ization ( morals is becom+ imp]ative4 ,few ?+s c happ5 m disa/r\s ?an ! decay & dea? ( a regulative sy/em1 no long] fit1 be=e ano!r & fitt] regulative sy/em has gr[n up to replace x4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o reject ! curr5t cre$s1 appe> to assume t ! controll+ ag5cy furni%$ by x may be safely ?r[n aside1 & ! vacancy left unfill$ by any o!r controll+ ag5cy4 ,mean:ile1 ^? :o def5d ! curr5t cre$s allege t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! guidance x yields1 no guidance c exi/2 div9e comm&m5ts !y ?9k ! only possible guides4 ,?us betwe5 ^! extreme oppon5ts !re is a c]ta9 community4 ,! "o holds t ! gap left by disappe>ance ( ! code ( sup]natural e?ics1 ne$ n be fill$ by a code ( natural e?ics2 & ! o!r holds t x _c be s fill$4 ,bo? contemplate a vacuum :i* ! "o wi%es & ! o!r fe>s4 ,z ! *ange :i* promises or ?reat5s to br+ ab\t ?is /ate1 desir$ or dread$1 is rapidly progress+1 ^? :o believe t ! vacuum c be fill$1 are call$ on to d some?+ 9 pursuance ( _! belief4#h ,x is cle>1 f ! above passage1 t ,mr4 ,sp5c] seeks n m]ely a k ( ! laws ( pa/ developm5ts1 :i* h l&$ u 9 our pres5t position ) reg>d to moral obligation 9 g5]al & ! v>i$ social regulations extant 9 diff]5t societies1 b he seeks 9 addition to /r5g!n & e/abli% on a new basis ! au?ority ( all su* obligations4 ,:at ,mr4 ,sp5c] hopes = is a practical end4 ,he seeks ! art ( good liv+4 ,z !re are sci5ces ( *emi/ry1 metallurgy1 electricity1 etc41 & arts consequ5t ^u !m1 s he looks = ,rules ( ,life :i* %all b5efit humanity1 consequ5t ^u ! ,sci5ce ( ,humanity4 ,b x is a "q :e!r ! ,moral ,imp]ative c be reg>d$ z ! result ( sci5ce4 ,h[ev]1 if n ! result1 yet sci5ce may be able to disc]n t ! ,moral ,imp]ative is s firmly e/abli%$ 9 human nature1 t x may be able to proclaim l\dly its empire 9 ! he>t & ov] ! actions ( man2 :ile at ! same "t ,sci5ce may be able to guide x to wis] & bett] judgm5ts4 ,! task we h be=e u is to pursue ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s c\rse ( ?\ght1 und]tak5 9 ?is _s1 ?r\gh ! succe$+ *apt]s ( 8 "w4 ,neglect+ m9or criticisms & pass+ ov] mu* valuable tea*+1 our bus9ess is to foll[ ! ma9 c\rse ( 8 reason+ & exam9e ! *ief gr\nds = su* au?ority & guidance :i* he f9ally pres5ts to u z ! outcome ( 8 /udy4 ,,footnote3 #h ,introduction to ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,biological ,,view ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,we %all be/ arrive at an adequate e/imate ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s e?ical sy/em by /udy+ fir/ :at he t]ms ! biological view ( e?ics4 ,b to d ?is prop]ly requires a survey n only ( ,*apt] ,,vi41 :i* be>s ?is title1 b also ( ! foll[+ *apt]1 :i* deals ) ! psy*ological view4 ,we hold t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 ?is division ( 8 subject into sep>ate /ages1 makes a false arrangem5t ( 8 /udies4 ,= z on ! "o h& he endeav\rs to include ! /udy ( biology z a bran* ( physics1 on ! o!r h& he treats x z incapable ( compreh5sive developm5tal /udy ap>t f ! factors ( feel+ & m9d4 ,^! divisions are m>k$ features ( ! =m into :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has ?r[n 8 /udy ( human conduct1 b !y d n correspond ) 8 actual treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,! c\rse ( ?\ght _c be fitt$ into ! =mal outl9e4 ,x is f\nd t ! und]/&+ ( biology is z dep5d5t ^u a k ( psy*ology z x is ^u a k ( physics4 ,! sequ5ce ( dep5d5t /ages z set =? does n hold good4 ,! conduct ( animal & p]haps vegetable organisms is n explicable z ! action ( m]e physical aggregates1 & is little und]/ood )\t ! admission ( a subjective factor ( feel+ or m9d4 ,x is all v well = ,mr4 ,sp5c] to argue1 z he does 9 ,*apt] ,v41 on ! ,physical ,view1 t s9ce all conduct is objectively physical action x may be sep>ately /udi$ f ! physical po9t ( view2 b s9ce ! actions ( organisms are n to be expla9$ )9 ! limits ( physical laws ?is is a v useless rem9d]1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself makes no?+ ( ! /udy s9ce he _c "w out ! l9e ( causation 9 t]ms ( ! physical factors only4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d t our au?or has n proce$$ ?ree pages into ! biological view be=e he introduces ! subjective factors ( ,pleasure & ,pa91 :i* he ev5tually e/abli%es n m]ely z ! accompanim5ts ( life-su/a9+ & life-dim9i%+ acts1 b ev5 z ! causes ( fur!r actions :i* %all at ! same "t t5d to secure ,pleasure & avoid ,pa91 & ?us su/a9 ! organism 9 a cont9uance ( exi/5ce4 ,only = ?ree pages c ! purely biological view ( animal organisms z physical mov+ equilibria be ma9ta9$2 & !n ) section #cb comes ! introduction ( subjective factors--factors :i* are treat$ n m]ely z ! concomitants ( physical processes conduct$ :olly )9 & accord+ to ! laws ( physical sequ5ce1 b z actual factors int]f]+ ) & affect+ ! l9e ( causation4 ,x is true ,mr4 ,sp5c] recognises & deals ) ! difficulty :i* obvi\sly arises z to ! sep>ability ( ! psy*ological view f a biological view :i* admits ! factors ( ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,b ! di/9ction he makes1 :ile ju/ifiable1 does n deal ) ! fundam5tal difficulty4 ,psy*ology treats1 r\ghly speak+1 ( m5tality2 x comprises a /udy ( ! e/abli%m5t ( sets ( inn] relations1 7i4e41 associations ( ?\ght1 relations ( ideas1 relations ( sequ5ces1 ! p[]s ( remembrance1 ( discrim9ation & id5tification17 ) sets ( ext]nal relations1 namely1 ! actual exi/5ces ( :i* ! inn] relations are ! repres5tatives4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( su* inn] relations correspond+ to out] relations & _! wid5+ gr[?1 mu/ h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u human conduct s t x may v well be sep>at$ = conv5i5ce ( /udy f ! e>li] =ms ( organic conduct1 9 :i* su* action is little recognisable4 ,b h[ to =m ! connective law is ! difficulty4 ,moreov]1 x is "o ?+ to e/abli% ! fact ( evolution1 & ano!r ?+ to expla9 x4 ,we ourselves admit ! fact1 inde$1 b se>* 9 va9 = ! explanation4 ,are we to look = ! orig9 ( ,pleasure & ,pa9 9 ^? laws ( ! mov+ equilibrium :i* necessitate ! g5]ation ( int]nal =ces equal & 9 opposition to ext]nal inimical =ces8 ,if s1 ,pleasure & ,pa9 mu/ be reg>d$ z =ces--z factors--9 ! organism1 & we mu/ reg>d ! subjective z g5]at$ by ext]nal physical factors op]at+ ^u int]nal physical factors1 & we mu/ reg>d ^! subjective factors n m]ely z concomitant1 b z produc+ physical effects by way ( reaction4 ,s f> z x goes !re may be a physical view ( purpos$ conduct1 & s f> z x goes !re may be a psy*ological view1 b betwe5 ! two ! biological view is a m]e disord]ly mixture1 borr[+ its t]ms fir/ on "o h& & !n on ! o!r1 & assign+ its det]m9+ causes fir/ to ! physical mov+ equilibrium !ory1 & !n aga9 to ! anticipation ( ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,b ! biological law :i* %\ld co-ord9ate ^! two sets ( laws is n =mulat$1 & h5ce we f9d m or less glid+1 or m or less sudd5 transition f "o set ( t]ms or laws to ! o!r1 a defect :i* is conceal$ 9 "s measure by ! =mal divisions ( ! *apt]s4 ,b if ! c\rse ( ?\ght is c>efully foll[$ x is f\nd t ! actual treatm5t does n prop]ly fit 94 ,!re is an unmi/akeable transition f ! purely physical set ( factors to ! purely subjective1 & !re is no co-ord9at$ biological law at all4 ,! *apt] is a transitional "o1 x is true1 b only 9 ! s5se ( gradually leav+ (f ! employm5t ( "o set ( t]ms1 & ! gradual employm5t ( ano!r set ( t]ms 9 ! treatm5t ( ! same ph5om5a4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] argues well 9 ,*apt] ,v4 z to ! concomitance ( pleasure-giv+ acts ) life-su/a9+ acts1 & ( pa9-giv+ acts ) decrease ( life2 b :i* is prior 9 ! *a9 ( causation8 ,or1 to repeat ! old difficulty1 is ! subjective factor pres5t 9 ! l9e ( causation at all8 ,is x m]ely a concomitant ( ! physical l9e ( ev5ts8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] proposes to deal ) feel+s & functions 9 _! mutual dep5d5ce1#i & s admits ! subjective z a factor4 ,?us !re are feel+s :i* are s5sations & s]ve p>tly z guides & p>tly z /imuli t[>ds actions = ! su/5ance & pres]vation ( life4 ,& !re are feel+s :i* are class$ z emotions :i* also act 9 a v pot5t way z guides & /imuli1 su* z fe> & joy4 ,h5ce1 9 treat+ ( conduct "u its biological aspect we are compell$ to consid] t int]-action ( feel+s & functions :i* is ess5tial to animal life 9 all its m develop$ =ms4#aj ,foll[+ ^u ?is we are taught t ,pleasure is a feel+ :i* we seek to br+ into consci\sness1 & ,pa9 a feel+ :i* we seek to keep out ( consci\sness4 ,?is c]ta9ly accords to ! subjective factor a comm&+ position 9 ! physical action ( organisms2 x also implies a =esight ( ! results ( actions1 & a c]ta9 degree ( advance 9 psy*ology b ?r[s no light ^u ! l[] /ages ( biological action4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 h[ev]1 t fit connections betwe5 acts & results mu/ e/abli% !mselves 9 liv+ ?+s ev5 be=e consci\sness arises4 ,?is is foll[$ by an int]e/+ /udy ( ! proposition t aft] ! rise ( consci\sness ^! connections c *ange 9 no o!r way ?an to become bett] e/abli%$1 & t :5ev] s5ti5cy makes its appe>ance z an accompanim5t1 its =ms mu/ be su* t 9 ! "o case ! produc$ feel+ is ( a k9d t w be s\ght--,pleasure1 & 9 ! o!r case is ( a k9d t w be %unn$--,pa94 ,x is an inevitable d$uction f ! hypo!sis ( evolution t races ( s5ti5t creatures c\ld h come into exi/5ce "u no o!r conditions ?an t pa9s are ! correlatives ( actions injuri\s to ! organism1 :ile pleasures are ! correlatives ( actions conducive to its welf>e4 ,all ?is may be admitt$1 grant$ ! exi/5ce ( ! subjective factor2 b at :at /age does x comm5ce to h su* a pot5t influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( organisms1 & :5ce came x at all8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 fit connections betwe5 acts & results mu/ e/abli% !mselves 9 liv+ ?+s ev5 be=e consci\sness arises4 ,at ! v outset life is ma9ta9$ by p]si/5ce 9 acts :i* conduce to x1 & desi/ance f acts :i* imp$e x4 ,x w\ld seem t if life c be ma9ta9$ by means ( unconsci\s p]si/5ce 9 b5eficial acts & unconsci\s desi/ance f injuri\s acts1 su* a process might cont9ue 9 m complex organisms )\t ! assi/ance ( consci\sness1 & t ! cont9uance & developm5t ( life c\ld be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ! same factors & processes :i* orig9at$ life1 & regulat$ & propagat$ ! exi/5ce ( races 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( organisms4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] cle>ly holds t su* races ( organisms 7 orig9at$ & ma9ta9$ by ! action ( physical laws be=e s5ti5cy became a factor 9 _! su/a9+ or g5]ative actions4 ,:at ne$ !n = s5ti5cy 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t8 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s argum5t is good1 t1 grant$ ! concomitance ( ,pleasure & ,pa9 ) life-su/a9+ & life-dim9i%+ acts respectively1 ! atta9m5t ( ! "o & ! avoidance ( ! o!r acts on ! increase ( life2 b he says t1 previ\s to ! adv5t ( s5ti5cy1 life 0 su/a9$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce 9 x1 h[ev]1 t only :]e ! requisite acts 7 p]=m$ or avoid$ 9 pre-s5ti5t organisms did su* organisms cont9ue to exi/1 & t ^! acts 7 n consci\sly p]=m$1 b only happ5$ 9 ! c\rse ( physical sequ5ce2 :]eas 9 ! case ( s5ti5t creatures ,pleasure is consci\sly s\ght1 & ,pa9 is int5tionally avoid$4 ,b x seems to u t :5 acts are det]m9$ by ! anticipation ( ,pleasure or ,pa91 we ent] ^u ! doma9 ( psy*ology1 & :5 !y are det]m9$ by physical factors )\t consci\sness we rema9 9 ! prov9ce ( physics1 s t !re is no int]m$iate sci5ce ( ,biology at all4 ,& by ?is we mean1 n t = conv5i5ce we may n s arrange our classes ( /udy1 b t !re are no laws ( physics :i* w acc\nt = ! developm5t ( organisms1 & !re are no biological processes :i* d n imply ! action ( a subjective factor2 & t !re is no true biological law :i* prop]ly expresses ! correllation ( ! two4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] />ts ) a ,biology f :i* ! subjective is completely abs5t1 & ends ) a ,psy*ology ( ! highe/ description3 b he fails to express ! biological law :i* acc\nts = ! gr[? ( ! "o out ( ! o!r1 or expresses ! law ( _! correlation 9 a concomitant gr[?4 ,h[ !n c we arrive at any e?ical rule by ! /udy ( ,biology8 ,9 ?is way4 ,an organism is a mov+ equilibrium3 x is a law ( mov+ equilibria t !y c\nt]balance by means ( new adju/m5ts antagoni/ic =ces 9 ! environm5t1 & absorb =ces f ! environm5t fav\rable to _! cont9uance4 ,_! cont9u$ exi/5ce dep5ds ^u su* cont9u\s absorption & adju/m5t4 ,b z environm5t v>ies1 s d adju/m5ts2 & ?us !re is a wond]ful v>iety ( diff]5t mov+ equilibria1 :i* =m important p>ts ( "o ano!r's environm5t4 ,! suitable /ructures & functions :i* h ?us be5 evolv$ are !re=e relative to ! environm5t1 & ! inh]it$ /ructure & functions =m+ a mov+ equilibrium are fitt$ = p>ticul> environm5ts & no o!r4 ,!re is no absolute mov+ equilibrium2 all are relative4 ,t :i* 0 def9$ z a mov+ equilibrium1 we def9e biologically z a balance ( functions4 ,! implication ( su* a balance is t ! sev]al functions 9 _! k9ds1 am\nts1 & comb9ations1 are adju/$ to ! sev]al activities :i* ma9ta9 & con/itute complete life2 & to be s adju/$ is to h rea*$ ! goal t[>ds :i* ! evolution ( conduct cont9ually t5ds4 ,b complet5ess ( life means prim>ily ! complet5ess ( life 9 ea* individual organism z reg>ds its cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & ! full satisfaction ( all its functions dur+ ! p]iod ( its exi/5ce4 ,! biologically good is all t conduces to ?is end1 & ! biologically bad is all t detracts f x4 ,! biologically good & bad are !re=e relative to ! cons5sus ( functions :i* con/itute an animal or o!r organism4 ,! biologically good & bad are !re=e individual4 ,t :i* is good = ! individual is ! "r conduct1 & t :i* is bad = x is wrong conduct4 ,x is !re=e "r = ! big fi%es to eat ! little ones1 = ! bird to prey ^u ! insect2 x is a fit satisfaction = ! functions ( ! lion to dev\r ! antelope1 = "o tribe to slay or drive out ano!r tribe 9 ord] to possess itself ( m f]tile pla9s & m delightful c\ntries4 ,& s1 z long z ! functions delight 9 egoism1 & !re is no c\nt]=ce ( sympa?y includ$ among !m1 x is "r to tyrannise1 to subject o!rs to ! s]vice or passions ( ! dom9ant organisms4 ,!y subs]ve ! biological law--!y are conducive to complete relative life4 ,! biological law does n recognise ! lives ( o!rs until sympa?y has become "p ( ! functions ( ! organism4 ,! "q "h arises1 h[ f> ! e?ical law is to be det]m9$ by ! biological law1 = if ! biological law is dom9ant1 & ! e?ical dep5dant1 ! latt] c only be expla9$ & ju/ifi$ by ! =m]4 ,b we at once see t ! two ?+s are n id5tical & co-ext5sive4 ,we recognise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! biologically effici5t & ! e?ically good & bad4 ,! law ( ,biology ref]s to ! actions ( ea* individual 9 reg>d to itself alone1 :atev] ! functions1 etc41 :i* con/itute t self4 ,x relates to its good alone1 irrespective ( ! good ( o!rs1 unless1 & until1 sympa?y ) o!rs has become "p ( ! functions ( ! individual4 ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] seeks to make ! biological view ( conduct id5tical ) ! e?ical by introduc+ ! conception ( quantitative life4 ,9 ?is case an organism has m life ! great] ! numb] ( correspond5ces x has ) ! environm5t4 ,& s9ce ! environm5t is con/itut$ ( two classes ( objects1 ! objective & ! subjective--! purely physical & ! organisms possess+ feel+--s ! correspond5ces e/abli%$ 9 ! individual are ( two k9ds1 ! psy*ological & ! emotional4 ,9 ! =m] class are compris$ all ! objects & relations ( ! inorganic _w1 ! great laws & intricacies ( nature & h] pa/ hi/ory1 includ+ ! hi/ory ( organisms & ( man4 ,9 ! latt] are includ$ all ! feel+1 liv+ creatures ar\nd u1 ) _! pleasures1 hopes1 & pa9s1 & all ! *>act]s1 noble & beautiful1 delicate or brutal1 passionate or aspir+1 :o h ev] trod ! /age ( hi/ory1 or wr\ght or ?\ght = u 9 antec$5t ages4 ,9 fact all ! pati5t "w & mighty a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce1 & all ! emotional relations ( m5 h af=d$ scope = ! quantitative increase ( life2 & 9 proportion to ! increase s x is sugge/$ t life became e?ical4 ,! biological law is ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( organisms to environm5t1 & ! increase ( adju/m5t is ! increase ( life4 ,?is may be s2 b x is a d5ial ( ,e?ics z be+ coeval ) ,biology2 x makes ! "o simply a late outcome ( ! o!r4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,e?ics is some?+ :i* has sup]v5$ ^u ! process1 & :i* requires a sep>ate analysis4 ,b we h se5 t increase ( correspond5ce is ( two k9ds--x takes place 9 ! direction ( intellect1 & x takes place 9 ! direction ( emotion1 :e!r ( sympa?y or antipa?y4 ,b x is ) ! latt] class ( ph5om5a alone t ,e?ics is conc]n$4 ,! increas$ quantitative life :i* is id5tical ) ! increase ( k has no e?ical aspect4 ,x is increas$ relations ( an emotional nature only :i* admit t t]m4 ,9 fact x is to societ>ian relations alone t x is applicable4 ,increase ( life may proce$ 9 ! direction ( intellect or recognition ( ! facts & relations ( ! ext]nal _w1 & yet ! life may nev] be t]m$ e?ical2 :ile on ! o!r h& !re may be b little increase ( intellect1 yet a great increase ( e?ical relations4 ,!re=e1 increas$ quantitative life1 consid]$ z a mode ( id5tify+ ! biological law ) ! e?ical law1 except by way ( compreh5sion 9 a l>g] classification1 fails 9 ! end because x is n true t ! increase ( correspond5ces ne$ be 9 ! special direction ( increase ( emotional correspond5ces3 & ?us we f9d t e?ics is n to be affiliat$ ^u ! ma9 l9e ( biological progress1 b ) "o di/+ui%able result ( x--namely ! relation ( ! individual ) its subjective environm5t--t is to say1 ,society4 ,& "h x is fit t we %\ld take notice ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s acc\nt ( ,good & ,bad ,conduct1 giv5 9 *apt] #c ( ! ,data ( ,e?ics4 ,a good knife1 gun1 or h\se are su* 9 virtue ( _! capacity = fulfill+ ! purposes = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,a good day or a good season are su* z satisfy c]ta9 ( our desires4 ,a good po9t] or a good ox are s 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 ( our requirem5ts4 ,a good jump1 or good /roke at billi>ds1 are ^? :i* accompli% ! desir$ ends4 ,& bad ?+s are ^? :i* d n subs]ve desir$ ends4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] !n proce$s to /udy ! e?ically good & bad1 & to discuss ! application ( ^! t]ms to actions z reg>ds ! welf>e ( self1 ( (fspr+1 & ( fell[ citiz5s4 ,acts are said to be good & bad accord+ z !y affect ! welf>e ( self4 ,"h x is indicat$ t acts are judg$ accord+ to _! degree ( biological effici5cy4 ,9 ! next class--namely1 acts relat+ to (fspr+--a fa!r & "m are aga9 judg$ accord+ to _! effici5cy 9 ^? capacities1 al?\gh ! egoi/ic elem5t is pres5t 9 a subord9ate degree4 ,mo/ emphatic1 h[ev]1 are ! applications ( ! words good & bad to conduct ?r\gh\t t ?ird division ( x compris+ ! de$s by :i* m5 affect "o ano!r4 ,9 ma9ta9+ _! own lives 7biological laws7 & fo/]+ _! (fspr+1 m5's adju/m5ts ( acts to ends are s apt to h9d] ! k9dr$ adju/m5ts ( o!r m51 t insi/5ce on ! ne$ful limitations has to be p]petual2 & ! mis*iefs caus$ by m5's int]f]5ces ) "o ano!r's life-subs]v+ actions are s great1 t ! int]dicts h to be p]emptory4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( good & bad z appli$ to actions1 !n1 has ref]5ce to _! effici5cy4 ,! diff]5ces ( _! mean+ are due to ! end reg>d$4 ,! mean+s are h>monis$1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] t !y are applicable to diff]5t degrees 9 ! evolution ( conduct2 ! conduct to :i* we apply ! "n good is ! relatively m evolv$ conduct1 & bad is ! "n we apply to conduct :i* is relatively less evolv$4 ,?is involves a ref]5ce to ! ?ree /ages ( biological evolution1 ! individual1 ! (fspr+1 & society4 ,la/ly1 we inf]r$ t e/abli%m5t ( an associat$ /ate1 bo? makes possible & requires a =m ( conduct su* t life may be complet$ 9 ea* & 9 8 (fspr+1 n only )\t prev5t+ completion ( x 9 o!rs1 b ) fur!rance ( x 9 o!rs2 & we h f\nd t ?is is ! =m ( conduct mo/ emphatically t]m$ good4#aa ,f ?is ,mr4 ,sp5c] inf]s ! contemporane\s a*ievem5t ( ! greate/ totality ( life 9 self1 & ?is is suppos$ to v9dicate ! affiliation ( ,e?ics ^u ,biology4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 already %[n t ! enl>gem5t ( ! relations betwe5 ! individual & ! subjective environm5t is ! special e?ical relation1 & t ! enl>gem5t ( ! relations betwe5 ! individual & ! objective environm5t is non-e?ical1 ?us specialis+ ! e?ical int]pretation ( ! enl>gem5t ( biological relations4 ,we mu/ also notice t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s affiliation ( biology ) e?ics relates to a remote ideal future & n to an actual pres5t or a hi/oric pa/4 ,! biological law is ! adaptation ( ! individual to its own special surr\nd+s1 & n ! adaptation ( its remote & *ang$ desc5dant to its remote & *ang$ environm5t4 ,accord+ to ! fitness ( ! individual = supply+ itself ) food1 :e!r ( a vegetable or animal nature1 & accord+ to its capacities =1 self pres]vation or def5ce1 s w x be deem$ biologically p]fect4 ,?is is a relative1 an individual /&>d1 )\t ref]5ce to ! subjective environm5t except 9 s f> z ?is subjective environm5t subs]ves "s int]nal function ( sympa?y4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! e?ical relation is subord9ate to ! biological & is relative to ! actual individual & n to a future ideal desc5dant4 ,moreov]1 ! biological /&>d is always individual & s+ul> & is n societ>ian4 ,we !re=e come to ! conclusion t ! biological po9t ( view does n furni% u ) any e?ical !ory4 ,! biological law is n individual complet5ess2 x is individual suitability to environm5t4 ,x is true1 individual greatness may be ! mo/ complete life2 b :5 t is n possible f ! nature ( ! inh]it$ organism1 or f ! nature ( ! surr\nd+s1 !n ! actually be/ ?+1 because relatively be/1 is con=mity to ! surr\nd+s4 ,! man :o _c adapt ! environm5t to himself w prud5tly adapt himself to ! environm5t4 ,t is ! biological law2 :e!r x be ! e?ical law is ano!r "q4 ,ab/ract quantitative life may n be atta9able ei!r intellectually or 9 relation to ! emotional surr\nd+s4 ,!re=e ! m skilful adaptation hav+ 9 view ! p>ticul> functions ( ! organisms1 7:e!r !y include sympa?ies ) ! subjective surr\nd+s1 or n71 is ! biological law--al?\gh x may n be reg>d$ z ! e?ical law4 ,quantitative life1 view$ biologically1 i4e41 individually1 does n mean an ideal quantitative life1 b ! mo/ t an individual organism c get4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! organism's own nature & capacities1 & ^u ! nature ( ! environm5t4 ,t "s desc5d5ts "s day may h o!r natures & o!r surr\nd+s1 is n to ! po9t4 ,! pres5ce ( subjective surr\nd+s 9 ! environm5t affects ! individual accord+ to ! nature ( 8 own feel+s3 x affects him 9 ! fir/ place accord+ to 8 possession or non-possession ( sympa?y1 & 9 ! second place accord+ to 8 position ( comm& or subs]vi5cy4 ,if ,biology takes cognisance ( ,e?ics1 x is f a prud5tial po9t ( view alone4 ,x means a recognition ( ! p5alties ( legal enactm5ts or social laws4 ,z a matt] ( calculation x takes acc\nt ( ! consequ5ces ( actions1 & ! conduct v>ies accord+ly4 ,& if we are unable to accept ! biological view z id5tical ) ! fundam5tals ( ,e?ics1 s we are unable to accept ! correlative t ! prepond]ance ( pleasurable feel+s is indicative ( ! e?ically correct life4 ,= ?is crit]ion aga9 is relative to ! individual1 & prescribes t c\rse ( conduct :i* to him is mo/ l>gely pleasurable4 ,x is only e?ical :5 ! surr\nd+ conditions are su* z to make ! p]sonally pleasurable h>monise ) :at is also pleasurable to ! subjective environm5t--aga9 %[+ ! ext]nal or social orig9 & au?ority ( ! e?ical imp]ative4 ,be=e quitt+ ?is subject1 x w\ld-be z well to notice ! n>r[ limitation assign$ to ! relation ( feel+ & function 9 ! *apt] on ! biological view4 ,pleasure is !re describ$ z ! correlative ( life-su/a9+ acts1 & ,pa9 z ! correlative ( life-de/ructive acts2 & we are told t "u ^! conditions alone s5ti5t creatures c\ld evolve4 ,?is w\ld app>5tly limit ! range ( ! evolution ( feel+ to ^? classes ( actions :i* are ess5tial to ! m]e cont9uance ( exi/5ce4 ,if ! gr[? ( feel+ is co-ext5sive ) ! gr[? ( actions ess5tial to exi/5ce1 !n ,pleasure & ,pa9 %\ld be limit$ to ! feel+s involv$ 9 ! supply ( food1 ! escape f enemies1 ! pursuit ( prey1 c4 ,if to ^! %\ld be add$ ! l>g]1 b z yet unexpla9$1 view ( ,biology1 :i* makes ! individual a "p only ( a great] mov+ equilibrium--namely ! species to :i* he belongs--!n !re w be an ext5sion ( feel+ 7t is1 ( ,pleasure & ,pa97 to ! acts requisite = ! propagation ( ! race & ! c>e ( (f-spr+4 ,b to ^! two classes ( functions1 human pleasures & pa9s are n limit$4 ,beyond :at may be t]m$ ! ess5tial gr[? ( feel+1 !re has be5 a sup]-gr[? ( feel+ concomitant ) e ext5sion ( ! correspond5ces betwe5 ! inn] relations & ! out] relations4 ,9 ! conv]se ( ! organism ) its environm5t !re has gr[n up a va/ ext5sion ( k z to ext]nal facts2 & 9 ! classification & reason+ ^u ^! !re has sup]v5$ a va/ int]e/1 :i* has be5 pleasurable q ap>t f any life-su/a9+ necessity4 ,s 9 ! arts ( life !re has aris5 a pleasure 9 ! ex]cise ( +5uity & skill ( manufacture1 f> above ! requisites = bodily pres]vation4 ,9 ! spread ( /heticism & ! appreciation ( ! beautiful 9 ,pa9t+1 ,/atu>y1 ,ar*itecture & ,decoration g5]ally1 !re has be5 manife/$ an am\nt ( ta/e or feel+1 utt]ly beyond any value x may h z life-su/a9+4 ,poetry1 ,music1 ,lit]ature1 along ) all ! o!r highe/ manife/ations ( civilization1 are n ! outcome ( ! necessities ( exi/5ce1 b a "w sup]-impos$ ^u ! poor & b>e adaptations :i* are suffici5t = simple exi/5ce4 ,! same may be said ( all ^? f9e sympa?ies ( man = man1 ( man = noble ideals ( humanity1 & ev5 ( ! m homely love & good feel+ ( simple natures4 ,our fri5d%ips1 our admirations1 all t makes man some?+ ov] & above ! m]e brute animals1 is due to ?is l>g] gr[? ( feel+ beyond :at is ess5tial to ! m]e cont9uance ( life--& if we %\ld id5tify ,pleasure & ,pa9 m]ely ) ! conditions ( life-su/a9+ & life-de/ructive acts1 we %\ld =m a v inadequate conception ( _! place 9 human life4 ,?is ( c\rse is on ! und]/&+ t ! biological law implies only self cont9uance or race cont9uance4 ,t ?is is ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s orig9al view is manife/ f ! fact t he !oretically d]ives life f ! consid]ation ( ! laws ( ! mov+ equilibrium4 ,b if we take ! l>g] view1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n d]ivable f ! =m]71 t life is correspond5ce betwe5 inn] relations & out] relations1 & is to be measur$ quantitatively by ! increase ( ! numb] ( correspond5ces1 !n ( c\rse ! :ole e/imation ( pleasures & pa9s is *ang$4 ,"u ! latt] view ! organism ent]s into correspond5ce ) all ! individual objects ( ! environm5t1 & n only has a pres5t reg>d1 b a pa/ & a future int]e/4 ,! scope ( int]e/ 9 ! l>g] m9ds embraces long l9es ( hi/ory lead+ up & d[n ! eras ( developm5t4 ,9 n>r[ measures ( family or local int]e/1 ! social feel+ has fir/ ris51 b z ! framework ( tribes or nations becomes knit toge!r1 s ! social feel+s acquire a wid] int]e/4 ,! m]ely biological int]e/s h become enl>g$ by means ( an int]nal gr[?1 s z to h reg>d = o!r s5ti5t exi/5ces4 ,altruism becomes a "p ( ,egoism4 ,we c>e = o!rs1 n by compulsion1 b f natural gr[? ( int]e/4 ,into ! causes & incid5ts ( ?is gr[? x is n necess>y to ent]4 ,x is a simple fact ( human nature t ! pa9s & pleasures ( o!rs affect u mu*1 & sometimes v ke5ly inde$4 ,?us we f9d t ! purely biological law1 reg>d$ z ! adju/m5t ( a mov+ equilibrium to its environm5t1 d]iv$ f & exemplifi$ 9 ! physical mov+ equilibrium ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! sp9n+ top1 ! /eam eng9e1 c1 does n af=d u mu* insight into e?ical !ory1 ev5 if ! equilibrations h a concomitant ( feel+4 ,9 any approa* f ! purely biological t[>ds ! e?ical1 we are ?r[n = our explanations ^u effici5t subjective factors--^u ! int]action ( feel+ organisms & sympa!tic organisms4 ,if we attempt to apply ! biological law z an explanation ( ! sup]-gr[? ( correspond5ces ov] & above ! actual necessities ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & z an explanation ( ! gr[? ( sympa?y or altruism1 we h to suppose t ! ext]nal =ces h g5]at$ 9 ! organism int]nal =ces 9 opposition or balance !re)4 ,b ?is !ory ( ! mov+ equilibrium1 difficult to und]/& & accept 9 its simple/ applications1 transc5ds all p[]s ( human compreh5sion :5 x attempts to deal ) ! subjective relations ( organisms1 &1 x appe>s to u1 entirely fails to acc\nt = ! gr[? ( sympa?y or altrui/ic feel+4 ,,altruism ,,9 ,,egoism4 ,! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( altrui/ic feel+s 9 ! texture ( ! ,ego has l$ to ! !ory t all altrui/ic actions1 s9ce !y arise out ( ! con/itution ( ! ,ego1 are really egoi/ic4 ,?is argum5t is irresi/ible4 ,a k9d1 sympa!tic man or woman is s by virtue ( innate qualities1 j z ! selfi% or ! brutal man is4 ,& if ! ju/ification ( actions 7 to dep5d ^u ! au?ority ( natural egoism ! "o is z mu* capable ( ju/ification z ! o!r4 ,if ,e?ics dep5ds = its explanation & ju/ification ^u ,biology1 !n1 s9ce ! view ( ,biology is limit$ to ! individual & means ! suitable adju/m5t ( e mov+ equilibrium to its special environm5t1 ea* is capable ( equal ju/ification & simil> explanation4 ,egoism may include ,altruism or x may n1 b 9 ei!r case ! action is equally valid f ! po9t ( view ( ,biology4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an ext5sion ( ?is view be argu$ = on ! !ory t a rationali/ic view ( all ! requirem5ts ( ! subjective surr\nd+s involves a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct 9 ord] to secure a suitable adaptation betwe5 ! organism & ! environm5t1 :i* %all be ! equation ( t organism1 ! be/ adaptation = ! "t be+--?is w be a sup]ior1 because a m ext5d$1 biological aspect ( conduct1 & x is n disput$ t su* a view ( life may be m or less act$ ^u4 ,b nei!r ! ,ego-altrui/ic view1 nor ! prud5tial rationali/ic view atta9s to ! true e?ical po9t ( view ( human conduct2 = ! altrui/ic gr[? 9 ! ,ego is n univ]sal1 nor ( equal developm5t2 & ! prud5tial rationali/ic motive is purely egoi/ic & biological1 & !re=e adv]se to ! altrui/ic1 ev5 if x exi/s 9 ! ,ego4 ,! ma9 object ( ! pres5t argum5t is to %ew t ! purely biological explanation ( e?ical injunctions is insuffici5t z a means ( und]/&+ _! imp]ative "*4 ,& yet x is difficult to say ?is if ,biology is to be consid]$ z ! law ( actions ( organisms4 ,x all dep5ds ^u ! factors :i* are includ$ 9 ! g5]alisation4 ,if ! factors are simply physical1 !n ! g5]alisation is insuffici5t2 if ! =ces includ$ 9 ! mov+ equilibrium include subjective =ces capable ( gr[? into sympa?y or ,altruism1 !n ! biological laws receive1 p]haps1 an ext5sion :i* r5d]s !m capable ( det]m9+ ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a4 ,b if ,pleasure & ,pa9 are limit$ to life-su/a9+ acts or life-de/ructive acts1 !n ! influ5ce ( ! subjective factors is limit$ to ! physical1 & ! sup]-gr[? ( correspond5ces ( inn] ) out] 7:i* is necess>y to expla9 ! l>g] gr[? ( feel+7 transgresses ! n>r[ limits ( ! biological law--! law ( simple equilibration betwe5 ! organism & its environm5t4 ,x is well n[ to raise ! "q :at is ! object ( e?ical enquiry4 ,is x m]ely sci5tific det]m9ation ( ! orig91 gr[?1 & v>iations ( e?ical op9ion8 ,is x a natural hi/ory ( human conduct1 m p>ticul>ly ( t "p ( x call$ e?ical8 ,is x an inve/igation into ! natural au?ority ( e?ical injunction8 ,is ! object to e/abli% e?ical au?ority1 or to %[ t e?ics has no au?ority1 or to enable u to con=m to x & adm9i/] x intellig5tly8 ,g5]ally speak+1 is x a sci5tific enquiry = ! in=mation ( our m9ds1 or is x inve/igat$ = ! en=cem5t ( e?ical injunctions8 ,x is to be presum$ t we h bo? ends 9 view4 ,k mu/ prec$e p[]4 ,light mu/ g be=e foot/eps4 ,at lea/1 s x mu/ be if intellect is to rule4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,e?ics has n be5 s mu* a reason$ out sy/em ( conduct z a work$ out sy/em to be aft]w>ds reason$ ab\t4 ,morality has be5 ! int]balance1 gr[?1 & c\nt]balance ( subjective & sympa!tic individuals4 ,!n x became some?+ to reason ab\t1 to modify by reason 9 ! ! application to remot] ends & l>g] bodies ( ! pr9ciples out ( :i* x arose4 ,b ! prov9ce ( reason is n to sup]s$e ^? pr9ciples1 nor to weak5 _! au?ority1 :i* inde$ x c\ld n d1 = ! =ces :i* produc$ morality are ev] pres5t to su/a9 x1 &1 inde$1 acquire age aft] age an increas+ =ce4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #gh4 #aj ,ibid1 p4 #gh4 #aa ,ibid1 p4 #be4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sociological ,,view4 ,we n[ ent] ^u ! /udy ( ,e?ics prop]4 ,not)/&+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s attempt at ! outset ( ! *apt] to id5tify "r liv+ ) ! univ]sal biological pr9ciple t ,giv5 its environm5t & its /ructure1 & !re is = ea* k9d ( creature a set ( actions adapt$ 9 _! k9ds1 am\nts1 & comb9ations to secure ! highe/ cons]vation its nature p]mits1 ! fact /ill rema9s t ! e?ical imp]ative is drawn f ! social surr\nd+s1 & is n d]ivable f ! adaptation to environm5t1 unless ! environm5t be ( a subjective "* requir+ an adaptation to x z su*4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] consid]s t !re is a supposable =mula = ! activity ( ea* species1 :i*1 c\ld x be drawn out1 w\ld con/itute a sy/em ( morality = t species1 al?\gh su* a sy/em ( morality w\ld h little or no ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( o!rs ?an self & (fspr+4 ,we _c conc$e t ! =mula ( activities = a worm by :i* x ma9ta9s its exi/5ce1 is a =mula ( morality2 nor c we admit t ! longe/-liv$ oy/] is ! mo/ moral ( oy/]s4 ,sy/ems ( morality :i* relate to ! welf>e ( self & (fspr+ alone are 9 ! latt] in/ance confess$ly ( a v limit$ "*1 & :5 entirely conf9$ to self x w\ld seem t we lose all e?ical quality :atsoev]4 ,we cont9ually f9d 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s exposition t1 not)/&+ 8 attempt to affiliate ,e?ics ^u ! biological law1 x is only 9 ! increas$ correlation ( subjective individuals t ,e?ics arises1 & x is only ! modification ( ! individual by society1 & ! m5tal or emotional gr[?s 9 ! individual consequ5t on ! action ( ! social environm5t1 t con/itute ! gr\ndwork ( ,e?ics4 ,x is true t1 s9ce society is compos$ ( individuals1 ! nature & con/itution ( ! units has to be consid]$ 9 _! mutual int]action1 & !re=e ! /udy mu/ h a biological basis3 b :5 we h to consid] ! special action ( ! comp\nd social environm5t ^u ! individual1 ! /udy is n "o :i* c be prop]ly consid]$ f ! purely biological side1 nor is x to be compris$ )9 ! =mula ( individual life4 ,) respect to ! social environm5t ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 ,?is additional factor 9 ! problem ( complete liv+1 is1 inde$1 s important t ! necessitat$ modifications ( conduct h come to =m a *ief "p ( ! code ( conduct4 ,because ! inh]it$ desires1 :i* directly ref] to ! ma9t5ance ( individual life1 are fairly adju/$ to ! requirem5ts1 !re has be5 no ne$ to insi/ on t con=mity to !m :i* fur!rs self-cons]vation4 ,conv]sely1 because ^! desires prompt activities t (t5 conflict ) ! activities ( o!rs1 & because ! s5tim5ts respond+ to o!r's claims are relatively weak1 moral codes emphasise ^? re/ra9ts on conduct :i* ! pres5ce ( fell[ m5 entails4 ,f ! sociological po9t ( view1 !n1 ,e?ics becomes no?+ else ?an a def9ite acc\nt ( ! =ms ( conduct t are fitt$ to ! associat$ /ate1 9 su* wise t ! lives ( ea* & all may be ! greate/ possible1 alike 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,b "h we are met by a fact :i* =bids u ?us to put 9 ! =egr\nd ! welf>es ( citiz5s1 individually consid]$1 & requires u to put 9 ! =egr\nd ! welf>e ( ! society z a :ole4 ,! life ( ! social organism mu/1 z an end1 rank above ! lives ( its units4 ,^! two ends are n h>moni\s at ! outset1 & ?\gh ! t5d5cy is t[>ds h>monisation ( !m1 !y are /ill p>tially conflict+4#ab ,! difficulty allud$ to arises f ! fact t human society is n "o well-ord]$ :ole1 b has be5 f ! fir/1 & /ill is1 split up into num]\s nations hav+ conflict+ int]e/s3 f :i* x foll[s t !re is n a complete homog5eity ( duty betwe5 man & man :51 = in/ance1 a /ate ( w>f>e exi/s4 ,if n[ we recognise ,e?ics z ! rule ( life impos$ by ,society ^u ! individual1 we %all h to recognise great v>ieties ( rule1 accord+ to ! nature & objects ( ! p>ticul> ,society impos+ ! rule1 accord+ to ! /ate ( developm5t at :i* t ,society has arriv$1 & accord+ to ! nature ( ! environm5t4 ,! rule ( a club ov] ! individuals compos+ x1 ! rule ( a *ur* ov] its memb]s1 ! rule ( any body ( m5 ov] its con/itu5t units is f\nd$ ^u ! e?ical pr9ciple1 h[ev] trifl+ or h[ev] s]i\s ! objects ( ! p>ticul> association may be4 ,^? slight or ^? important social p5alties or comm5dations :i* fill up ! c\rse ( ev]yday life 9 bus9ess1 9 ! work%op1 9 social int]c\rse--! famili> judgm5ts ( companions or contempor>ies--are all ( !m e?ical valuations ( conduct4 ,slight ?\gh "s ( !m may be1 !y are /ill en=cem5ts ( social op9ions4 ,man is h$g$ 9 on all sides by =ces limit+ 8 action to c]ta9 l9es ( conduct1 & ?is social pressure is z mu* ! basis ( ! mo/ =ceful e?ical comm&s or prohibitions z ( ! mo/ ephem]al influ5ces4 ,! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! importance ( ! mode 9 :i* ! v>i\s actions affect ! g5]al welf>e4 ,b ?is we %all h occasion to treat ( h]eaft] 9 great] detail4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 all a matt] ( ! great] or less] degree 9 :i* x affects ! welf>e ( ! tempor>y organisation1 ! welf>e ( ! family1 or ! welf>e ( ! p]man5t community1 ( :i* ! individual =ms a "p4 ,b x is evid5t t z ! /age ( developm5t diff]s1 & z nations diff] 9 _! environm5ts1 s !re w be diff]5t /&>ds ( conduct at diff]5t times & places4 ,& !re=e1 aga91 !re w be diff]5t /&>ds ( morality = diff]5t sets ( purposes4 ,?is mu/ be ackn[l$g$ at once4 ,h5ce arise ! que/ions1 ,:at c be ! obligation ( a relative morality8 &--,is !re no absolute morality ) its imp]atives univ]sal 9 space & 9 "t8 ,! "q z to absolute morality we res]ve3 mean:ile we conf9e our consid]ations to a /udy ( ! influ5ce ( ,society ^u individuals4 ,?is is disclos$ 9 a /udy ( ,sociology4 ,liv+ toge!r 9 a social /ate necessitates c]ta9 negative &1 ev5tually1 positive duties4 ,:e!r ! memb]s ( a social gr\p d or d n co-op]ate1 c]ta9 limitations to _! individual activities are necessitat$ by _! association2 & aft] recognis+ ^! z aris+ 9 ! abs5ce ( co-op]ation1 we %all be ! bett] prep>$ to und]/& h[ con=mity to !m is effect$ :5 co-op]ation beg9s4#ac ,:at %ape1 !n1 mu/ ! mutual re/ra9ts take :5 co-op]ation beg9s8 or r1 :at1 9 addition to ! prim>y mutual re/ra9ts already specifi$1 are ^? second>y mutual re/ra9ts requir$ to make co-op]ation possible8 99 99 99 99 ,! reply w be made cle>] if we take ! successive =ms ( co-op]ation 9 ! ord] ( asc5d+ complexity4 ,we may di/+ui% z homog5e\s co-op]ation 7#a7 t 9 :i* l ef=ts are jo9$ = l ends t are simultane\sly enjoy$4 ,z co-op]ation t is n completely homog5e\s we may di/+ui% 7#b7 t 9 :i* l ef=ts are jo9$ = l ends t are n simultane\sly enjoy$4 ,a co-op]ation ( :i* ! het]og5eity is m di/9ct is 7#c7 t 9 :i* unlike ef=ts are jo9$ = l ends4 ,& la/ly comes ! decid$ly het]og5e\s co-op]ation1 7#d7 t 9 :i* unlike ef=ts are jo9$ = unlike ends4#ad ,! social atta9m5t rea*es a full developm5t 9 ! la/ m5tion$ case4 ,only "u volunt>y agreem5t !n1 no long] tacit & vague1 b ov]t & def9ite1 c co-op]ation be h>moni\sly c>ri$ on :5 division ( lab\r becomes e/abli%$4 ,&1 z 9 ! simple/ co-op]ation1 :]e l ef=ts are jo9$ to secure a common good1 ! dissatisfaction caus$ 9 ^? :o1 hav+ exp5d$ _! lab\rs1 d n get _! %>e ( ! good1 prompts !m to cease co-op]at+2 z 9 ! m advanc$ co-op]ation1 a*iev$ by ex*ang+ equal lab\rs ( l k9d exp5d$ at diff]5t times1 av]sion to co-op]ate is g5]at$ if ! expect$ equival5t ( lab\r is n r5d]$2 s 9 ?is develop$ co-op]ation1 ! failure ( ei!r to surr5d] to ! o!r t :i* 0 av[$ly recogniz$ z ( l value ) ! lab\r or product giv51 t5ds to prev5t co-op]ation by excit+ discont5t ) its results4 ,&1 evid5tly :ile antagonisms ?us caus$ imp$e ! lives ( ! units1 ! life ( ! aggregate is endang]$ by dim9i%$ cohesion4 ,b n[ we h to recognise ! fact t complete fulfilm5t ( ^! conditions1 orig9al & d]iv$1 is n en\gh4 99 99 99 99 ,if no "o did = 8 fell[s any?+ m ?an 0 requir$ by /rict p]=mance ( contract1 private int]e/s w\ld suff] f ! abs5ce ( att5tion to public int]e/s4 ,! limit ( evolution ( conduct is consequ5tly n rea*$1 until1 beyond avoidance ( direct & indirect injuries to o!rs1 !re are spontane\s ef=ts to fur!r ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,! po9t br\ght out "h is ! social pressure ( ! society ^u ! individual1 s z to ensure t ! actions ( ! individual prim>ily are n inimical to its welf>e1 & second>ily are subs]vi5t to its welf>e4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 s9ce society is compos$ ( individuals1 ?is pressure mu/ n be ( su* a "* z to be de/ructive ( ! welf>e ( ! individuals ( :i* ! society is compos$1 = t w\ld militate aga9/ its own objects4 ,x is easy to reason out f ?is pr9ciple :at actions w\ld be condemn$ & :at actions w\ld be prais$ 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( human developm5t4 ,! /ronge/ injunctions w\ld correspond ) ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( exi/5ce1 & w\ld enjo9 ! sacr$ness ( life )9 ! community4 ,! family relation%ips w\ld come next 9 ord] ( au?ority4 ,! safegu>ds ( prop]ty ( e description w\ld e>ly receive e?ical recognition4 ,comm5dation w\ld be accord$ to m5 ^: actions 7 prop]ly limit$ 9 ^! respects4 ,9 e>ly /ages ( developm5t ! c[>d w\ld be condemn$1 :ile ! w>rior :o did 8 %>e well 9 ! protection ( ! community w\ld be prais$4 ,& s 9 a v>iety ( ways m5's actions w\ld receive praise or blame1 accord+ z !y conduc$ to ! welf>e or to ! suff]+ ( ! exi/+ community4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #acc4 #ac ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aci4 #ad ,ibid41 p4 #adj4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,imp]ative4 ,we h ?us se5 t ! orig9 & au?ority ( ,e?ics are to be f\nd 9 ,sociology2 b to all[ ! enquiry to re/ "h is only half to und]/& ! nature & imp]ativ5ess ( e?ical obligations z to conduct4 ,we consid] t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s e?ical !ory suff]s f 8 mode ( exposition4 ,we %\ld be dispos$ to approa* ! "q 9 an inv]se ord]1 & in/ead ( seek+ = an e?ical au?ority on individual or biological gr\nds1 culm9at+ 9 an e?ical ,sociology1 to ackn[l$ge at once ! sociological orig9 & au?ority ( ! e?ical obligation1 & to endeav\r to und]/& x 9 detail by a subord9ate /udy ( biological requirem5ts & psy*ological gr[?s4 ,! ma9 fact und]ly+ all ,e?ics is ! exi/5ce ( a society compos$ ( subjective factors1 factors possess+ feel+s & reason+ p[]s4 ,! fundam5tal notion 9 ,e?ics is ! regulation ( ! mutual conduct ( ^! factors4 ,x is ! voice ( ! million aga9/ ! voice ( ! unit :i* decides ! duty ( ! unit4 ,x is ! voice ( ! individual aga9/ ! voice ( society claim+ a modification ( op9ion4 ,x is ! voice ( individuals to o!r individuals specify+ g5]al duty4 ,broadly speak+ x is ! claim ( duties t[>ds o!r individuals ^u ! ,ego4 ,b x foll[s f ! univ]sality ( ! claim1 t !re is mutuality ( claim1 & ! duties :i* are dem&$ h at ! same "t to be ackn[l$g$4 ,! pr9ciple c be easily accept$ z !oretically correct1 & _m g5]al rights & duties c be readily d$uc$ z coroll>ies1 b beyond ^! g5]al rules e?ical problems h r to be work$ out ?an ?\ght out--9 ! m important matt]s by societies dur+ _! upw>d gr[?1 9 small] matt]s by individuals ?r\gh multitud9\s adju/m5ts & re-adju/m5ts4 ,i d ?is or t 9 contrav5tion ( "s accept$ social law4 ,i am condemn$1 & am made s g5]ally uncom=table by ! social p5alties t ,i am co]c$ into con=mity1 or1 o!rwise1 society modifies its op9ion 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( my "r to d z ,i h done4 ,b !n ! "q arises1 ^u :at pr9ciple %\ld e?ical judgm5ts be =m$8 ,s9ce society dem&s ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions1 :ile x prohibits ! p]=mance ( o!rs1 & s9ce its aim is ! biological complet5ess ( ea* ( ! individuals1 :at are ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x det]m9es ! re/ra9ts & imposes ! injunctions s z n to int]f]e too mu* ) individual lib]ties8 ,?is pr9ciple f9ds v good expression 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s =mula4 ,! :ole problem comes be=e u :5 we h to consid] ! relative claims ( egoism & altruism1 a problem spl5didly work$ out by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 ! *apt]s entitl$ ,egoism v]sus ,altruism1 ,altruism v]sus ,egoism1 ,trial & ,compromise1 & ,conciliation4 ,z ?is is a purely critical "w1 to be read only 9 conjunction ) ! "w criticis$1 we d n feel call$ ^u to give an acc\nt ( ^! *apt]s4 ,we simply /ate our acceptance ( !m bodily1 ! res]vations we w\ld make be+ m]ely 9 reg>d to c]ta9 details ( ! exposition4 ,we ought to repr9t !m "h 9 ord] to make ?is "w complete 9 its argum5t1 b x is simpl] to ask ! /ud5t to int]rupt 8 read+ ( ?is criticism by a rep]usal ( ! *apt]s ref]r$ to4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ read ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s treatm5t ( ! problem1 ! "q rema9s1 is ! e?ical imp]ative m]ely an ext]nal "o1 dictat$ by a prud5tial consid]ation ( ! requirem5ts ( ! social environm5t8 ,! answ] mu/ be a negative "o2 !re is an int]nal moral au?ority :i* gives to actions _! e?ical glory1 _! poetic delicacy1 _! qualitative appreciation1 insomu* t !re are names 9 pa/ hi/ory t /& ev] 9 ! =efront ( ! memories ( m51 hall[$ & ennobl$ 9 _! imag9ations = all "t1 on acc\nt ( ! e?ical glory ( _! lives & ! mann] 9 :i* _! example appeals to ! wide sympa?ies )9 u4 ,f ! same int]nal f\nt spr+s ! dete/ation ( f\l & cruel actions1 ! hatr$ ( unju/ & tyrannical de$s1 & ! abhorr5ce ( ! m5 & wom5 :o commit !m4 ,! same int]nal s5tim5t cov]s ! individual himself ) %ame & remorse = unwor?y actions committ$1 f :i* an ev]-pres5t memory suff]s no release4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ?is int]nal au?ority is ! hi/ory ( ! action ( ! subjective environm5t ^u ! subjective individual4 ,! und]/&+ ( ?is gr[? is ! prov9ce ( ,psy*ology 9 ! two =ms ( emotional evolution & intellectual evolution z pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 *apt] vii ( ! ,data ( ,e?ics1--! enl>gem5t ( ! numb] ( sympa?ies ) ! subjective environm5t--pa/1 pres5t1 & future--& ! enl>gem5t ( ! numb] ( correspond5ces ) ! objective environm5t 9 space1 & "t1 & g5]ality4 ,we are m p>ticul>ly conc]n$ ) t bran* ( x :i* deals ) ! gr[? ( ! emotions4 ,! purely biological view relates to ! individual1 & its own p]sonal exi/5ce4 ,b ! c>e ( (fspr+1 aris+ f "s incompreh5sible necessity = ! cont9uance ( ! species1 & accompani$ by a recognition ( _! subjective "*1 produces actions1 hav+ reg>d to _! effects ^u ! subjectivity ( ! (fspr+1 ( a regulative1 co]cive1 or det]r5t "*4 ,moreov]1 by "s n und]/ood law1 ! sympa?ies :i* und\bt$ly exi/ betwe5 organisms1 h l$ to ! recognition ( ! pa9s ( o!rs z egoi/ic pa9s1 & ( ! pleasures ( o!rs z egoi/ic pleasures4 ,?us altruism f ! v fir/ became to a c]ta9 ext5t a =m ( egoism1 & ! action ( ! ,ego 9 its subjective environm5t 0 ( a regulative "* among/ its (fspr+4 ,an ext5sion & modification ( ?is action ensu$ ^u a social environm5t compos$ ( m di/ant1 or only tribal relation%ips4 ,nev]!less psy*ological evolution made ! sympa?ies gradually include tribal & national1 & ev5tually humanit>ian recognitions4 ,! gr[? ( ,e?ics1 & ! gr[? ( e?ical feel+1 are ?us se5 to be a natural gr[?1 & n m]ely ! solution ( an intellectual problem4 ,! ju/ification = ! e?ical feel+ is t x exi/s4 ,! ju/ification = any code ( morality is t is exi/s4 ,b ! am5dm5t ( ! code ( morality d]ives its ju/ification f *ang+ conditions4 ,! *angefulness ( ! latt] does n detract f b atte/s ! ess5tial nature ( ! =m]4 ,x is ! c\rt ( appeal = ! ret5tion ( exi/+ codes1 & = ! judgm5t ( imm95t *anges4 ,we _c1 !re=e turn r\nd & say--z we may be tempt$ to d :5 we f9d ! relativity ( morals & its orig9 9 ext]nal obligation--,e?ics is only an intellectual puzzle1 only a social contract1 into :i* ,i may ent] or n z ,i please4 ,if a man assumes a ho/ile attitude to society1 he wrongs 8 nature z a man2 & if a philosoph] or selfi% man ( ! _w cuts (f human sympa?y = ! purpose ( liv+ a m]ely prud5tial life he becomes some?+ less ?an a man1 he misses ! full function & joy ( life4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re are m5 :o h s maim$ _! emotional nature z to lead tol]ably satisfactory lives )9 ! n>r[ limits ( selfi% desires4 ,to !m e?ical obligation is ext]nal only1 & ! int]nal obligation is a m9imum4 ,su* may be ! case4 ,!re are m5 :o d actions 9 contradiction ( ! voice ( society1 & :o d n rep5t4 ,society has to deal ) ^! m5 z be/ x c4 ,! e?ical problem is only ( int]e/ to ^? :o feel ! obligation1 or to ! philosoph] :o /udies ! human nature ( :i* x is a *>act]i/ic4 ,view$ z a practical "q1 no philosophical !ory w c>ry ! =ce ( conviction to a be/ial1 brutal1 sordid1 selfi% man4 ,^! require ! mat]ial puni%m5ts ( ! adm9i/rators ( ! law1 p]sonal =ce1 & social co]cion4 ,& ev5 !n !re rema9 l>ge crim9al classes 9 e community4 ,! /udy ( ! e?ical problem is = ^? :o recognise e?ical obligation & seek guidance or to guide4 ,! int]nal e?ical obligation is n to be reason$ into a man4 ,x mu/ be gr[n into ! *ild4 ,?is is to be done by love-enk9dl+ actions & demean\r1 a j & consid]ate c\rse ( conduct1 well judg$ accord+ to e?ical pr9ciples4 ,& h]e9 lies ! utility ( ! /udy4 ,example & injunctions 9 daily exig5cies =m ! gr\ndwork ( su* influ5ce z c be ex]t$ by education4 ,a discrim9at+ judgm5t ( contempor>y actions & ( pa/ hi/ories t5ds to develop a prop] discrim9ation ( ! qualities ( actions4 ,b bel[ & accompany+ all ?is mu/ be recognis$--z ,mr4 ,sp5c] s fully recognises--! regi/ration1 z he t]ms x1 ( emotions & m5tal capacities 9 ! inh]it$ con/itutions ( organisms4 ,t :i* is ! lesson ( "o age has become ! inborn faculty ( a succe$+ "o4 ,!re are natural t5d5cies inh]it$ by individuals f _! ance/ors1 & ! p]petual social improvem5t t5ds to ! gradual production ( individuals m & m suitable to ! social /ate by ! possession ( sympa?ies = o!rs1 & ! int]nal feel+ ( moral obligation4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! individuals are born & re>$ "u ! influ5ce ( a social /ate ev] m & m p]meat$ by ! recognition ( ! good ( society z rightly ov]rul+ ! de/9ies ( ! individual4 ,! e?ical imp]ative !n mu/ be reg>d$ z an int]nal gr[? 9 a subjective individual br\ght ab\t 9 psy*ological evolution 9 ! cont9u\s advance bo? ( ! increase ( ! sympa!tic correspond5ces & ( ! intellectual correspond5ces ) ! subjective environm5t1 & 9 ! h]$it>y transmission ( ! same1 & _! p]petuation & modification by means ( education & tra9+ induc$ by ! curr5t social pressure1 special & g5]al2 :i* social pressure is itself und]go+ con/ant b gradual *ange 9 its incid5ce & t5d5cy4 ,! e?ical imp]ative !re=e is p>tly int]nal 9 s f> z ea* individual is actuat$ by societ>ian sympa?ies & emotional reg>ds = humanit>ian ideals1 or 9 s f> z he possesses num]\s special & p]sonal k9dly relations ) 8 environm5t4 ,b 9-s-f> z a man is de/itute ( ^! sympa!tic possessions1 s f> is he free f ! obligations ( ! int]nal e?ical imp]ative1 & s mu* does he approa* to ! l[] evolution>y /ates ( ! inanimate object1 or ( ! bea/ ( ! =e/1 ! ins5sate fi% :i* />es into vacuity 9 ! tanks ( an aqu>ium1 or a self-fe$+ eng9e :i* is only a little less develop$ =m ( a mov+ equilibrium4 ,= su* z ^! !re only rema9s ! ext]nal prud5tial obligation ( con=mity to social pressure 9 its sev]al =ms ( law1 cu/om1 or public op9ion1 or ! v>i\sly express$ displeasure or comm5dations ( neighb\rs :]eto x w\ld be wise to con=m4 ,?is to !m is ! only e?ical imp]ative4 ,to nei!r class does any reason$-out !ory ( absolute morality yield any =ce ( obligation or insight into ! details ( duty4 ,& "h x w be conv5i5t to enquire :e!r ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself atta*es to absolute morality1 any p[] z an e?ical imp]ative4 ,absolute morality 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s treatm5t is m]ely a conception ( ideal conduct 9 an ideal /ate ( society4 ,we mu/ conceive a /ate ( society 9 ! highe/ degree complex1 compos$ ( individuals foll[+ all ! v>i\s occupations necessitat$ by ! sub-division ( lab\r f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 9 :i* ea* individual may yet p]=m 8 or h] functions 9 su* a mann] z to insure ! highe/ degree ( p]sonal happ9ess1 & at ! same "t promote ! highe/ happ9ess ( ! society z a :ole4 ,su* an ideal /ate w\ld comprise individuals ( all ages1 f infancy to extreme old age1 & c\ld n possibly exclude invalids & ! maim$1 = we _c suppose t mov+ equilibria w be able to develop int]nal =ces s z to pres]ve !m intact f ! effects ( /orms1 explosions1 & o!r natural occurr5ces1 & z x is "p ( ! mov+ equilibrium !ory to suppose t organisms are only tempor>y equilibrations on ! way t[>ds a f9al equilibration 9 a /ate ( re/1 x is necess>y to suppose t !y w always be subject to disease & dea?4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! society w\ld comprise _m suff]]s f organic diseases1 & x is difficult to imag9e any /ate ( society :i* w\ld be entirely free f m5tal disord]s 9 v>i\s degrees ( defect1 or excess1 or ab]ration4 ,nev]!less we are ask$ to conceive a /ate ( p]fect balance among/ a society compos$ ( het]og5e\s individuals 9 v>i\s /ages ( equilibration1 & we are told t a prop] & complete conception ( ?is "* w\ld furni% u ) a code ( absolute morality4 ,b x is q cle> t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s utopian hypo!sis is ! outcome ( hope spr++ f l>ge human sympa?ies r ?an a realisable future1 af=d+ an e?ical imp]ative4 ,?us x is suppos$ t actual /&>ds ( morality are extremely imp]fect1 & =m b fa9t =e%ad[+s ( a future ideal1 or 9 any case1 t !re is an absolute morality :i* rules ?r\gh\t all ages1 & is ! au?ority = ! approximations ( ea* age4 ,b if we suffici5tly realise ! fundam5tal notion ( ,biology z t ( ! mo/ complete adju/m5t ( ! organism to its environm5t1 includ+ incid5tally ! adju/m5t ( ! environm5t to ! organism we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! mo/ p]fect morality is ! be/ adju/m5t ( ! individual to 8 environm5t 9 ! society to :i* he belongs4 ,?us ! mo/ p]fect morality is ! be/ relative adju/m5t1 & n ! ne>e/ con=mity to an ideal /&>d suit$ to a p]fect /ate ( society4 ,! biological rule is m fundam5tal ?an any o!r1 ! societ>ian view foll[+2 & its ideal ( morality is p]fection ( actual adju/m5t among/ ! individuals ( exi/+ societies s z to insure ! greate/ happ9ess ( ea* & all4 ,?us z !re are high] lives & l[] lives1 !re are high] moralities & l[] moralities1 b !y are ju/ifi$ by _! quantitative relative p]fection1 & n accord+ to _! approa* to absolute morality1 & !y d n d]ive _! e?ical obligation f ! latt] s\rce4 ,x is due to ! gr[? ( psy*ological views t man is tr\bl$ ) ! bur!n ( s _m ideals4 ,f> be x f u to detract f noble aims1 b x is necess>y to note ! orig9 & nature ( moral ideals & to assign !m _! prop] place4 ,!y arise f ! gr[+ sympa?ies ( ! race1 & its ev]-wid5+ intellig5ce2 m especially d !y arise 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k]s & /ud5ts ( humanity 9 reg>d to ! cont9u\s aggregations ( tribes & nations ( m5 9 ent]+ on ! practical problem1 h[ !y %all live toge!r )\t unduly trespass+ ^u "o ano!r's rights ( life & enjoym5t4 ,^! necess>ily _h to =m = !mselves practical ideals1 b ideals ( "s sort--ideals ( great] or less degree ( imp]ativ5ess 9 proportion z !y affect$ ! ess5tials ( a pleasurable exi/5ce1 or z !y affect$ int]actions ( less] consequ5ce4 ,! gr[? ( individual sympa?ies cont9ually af=d$ wid] scope 9 ! judgm5t ( p]sonal actions1 & ! spread ( intellig5ce insur$ ! acceptance ( m g5]al laws ( regulative requirem5ts on ! "p ( ! society4 ,! au?oritativ5ess ( "s ( ! laws s recognis$ seem$ ev5tually to be 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & to be indep5d5t & absolute 9 its imp]ativ5ess4 ,^? laws :i* 7 se5 to be ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( society 7 reg>d$ z et]nal & true indep5d5tly ( society4 ,b ?is is at once se5 to be a false notion1 & only a peculi> mann] ( repres5t+ ! mo/ ess5tial laws ( relative morality4 ,no m51 no morals6 ,immorality is a s91 n aga9/ et]nal pr9ciples ( "r1 b aga9/ ! practical work+ pr9ciples co-eval ) human society4 ,to set up a p]fect morality1 an ideal code1 :i* may possibly exi/ 9 an ideal /ate ( society1 b :i* is sc>cely likely ev] to be realis$ z a rule ( pres5t conduct1 is to set up n only an impracticable1 b a false /&>d1 s9ce ! only true /&>d is ! relative sociological "o f\nd$ ^u ! hi/orical pr9ciple ( adju/m5t4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ev5 f ?is pr9ciple we "w r\nd to ! same po9t1 = 9 work+ out ! problem h[ to secure to ea* 8 fair %>e ( happy life1 we are oblig$ to set d[n c]ta9 fundam5tal laws protect+ ! individual f injury 9 ! full ex]cise ( 8 faculties1 & we are oblig$ to impose ^u society z a :ole1 & ^u ea* individual1 c]ta9 positive duties ( assi/ance t[>ds individuals1 be+ memb]s ( ! community4 ,nev]!less1 ! ideal set be=e ea* g5]ation is t ( :i* x is actually capable1 & n a fanciful "o :i* is beyond its p[]s4 ,& we imag9e t "s h>m is done by ! sweep+ condemnation ( religi\s & moral ideali/s 9 inculcat+ ! s5se ( s91 & imp]fection1 & incapability ( atta9m5t1 :i* ! prea*+ ( su* high absolute /&>ds necessitates4 ,no d\bt ! inculcation ( high ideals k9dles y\?ful en?usiasm1 & su/a9s manly ef=t4 ,b sometimes ! non-atta9m5t ( impossible ideals detracts f ! ef=t t[>ds atta9able relative p]fections1 & causes u to "u-value & to neglect ! good qualities actually extant 9 ourselves1 & 9 our fell[-creatures4 ,! unco guid may repress z mu* z !y may develop1 = ! ideali/s h made m s91 & !re=e s9n]s1 ?an is ju/ifi$ by ! adaptations ( society4 ,nev]!less1 ! psy*ological conception ( an ideal man 9 an ideal /ate is a mo/ fasc9at+ "o1 alike to ! philan?ropi/ ^: he>t broad5s out to all humanity1 & to ! philosoph] :o aims at absolute p]fection ( moral or political !ory4 ,!re are m5 & wom5 ( noble & sweet sympa?ies :o aim at mak+ ea* 8 little ideal _w ar\nd him1 & s leav5 ! g5]al mass & aid ! movem5t t[>ds ! great ideal4 ,poets h sung1 & w s+ ?r\gh all ages1 ( t gold5 age1 & philosoph]s1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 h x = _! rul+ motive 9 all _! writ+s4 ,/atesm5 9 less] circles ( practical scope only "w t[>ds x1 & ! :ole he>t ( humanity teems ) hope = a "t :5 tr\bles %all cease1 & a be>able1 if n a happy lot1 %all be ! me$ ( all4 ,! e?ical imp]ative we !re=e f9d to possess a two-fold orig94 ,x has ext]nal au?ority 9 ! imposition ( co]cive rules ( conduct1 c>ry+ ) !m social p5alties or rew>ds1 v>y+ 9 degree accord+ to ! ess5tial or trivial mann] 9 :i* actions affect ! lives ( o!r individuals1 & aga9 an ext]nal "o 9 ! sympa!tic action ( surr\nd+ subjective organisms ^u subjective organisms 9 elicit+ & enk9dl+ sympa!tic response4 ,x has also an int]nal au?ority 9 ! sympa?ies :i*1 by a law ( nature1 gr[ up 9 ! ego t[>ds surr\nd+ egos 9 ! manife/ation ( its sev]al subjective *>act]i/ics4 ,?us ! e?ical imp]ative is a gr[? )9 a man4 ,x is also an education impos$ ^u him1 & x is aga9 an ext]nal social pressure accompani$ by rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! int]nal e?ical imp]ative does n exi/ to all m51 & to !m mu/ be appli$ ! social pressure 9 m or less manife/ =ms ( scorn1 d5unciation1 & ev5 scant diet1 & ! cold fr[n+ walls ( jails1 & unrew>d+ lab\r4 ,t[>ds ?is end ! legislator works1 also 9 ! removal ( h9drances to life1 & ! promotion ( education4 ,! philan?ropi/ g5tly enc\rages ! feeble effloresc5ces ( humanit>ian sympa?ies4 ,sunday s*ools & pulpits m or less e>ne/ly impress ! moral obligations4 ,p>5ts call =? ! love & sympa?y ( *ildr51 & among/ bro!rs & si/]s & companions ! *ild fir/ le>ns ! lesson ( mutual duty & mutual help4 ,occasionally 9 ! _w's hi/ory arises a prophet 9 :om has become conc5trat$ 9 a t5-fold degree ! humanit>ian s5tim5t1 & he speaks 9 a voice :i* rev]b]ates d[n ! outspread+ av5ues ( "t1 call+ =? an answ]+ note f ! attun$ he>t *ords ( ! nations4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] v ju/ly claims = 8 sy/em t x gives a new mean+ & au?ority to all previ\s sy/ems ( ,e?ics & !ories ( human action4 ,9 8 sy/em !y all h>monise4 ,_! contradictions disappe> on ! discov]y t !y are all p>ts ( "o cons5sus ( tru?4 ,we w proce$ to exam9e 9 ord] "s ( ^! e>li] !ories 9 _! relation to ! "o n[ prop\nd$4 ,! idea t society is a pact or contract1 ?\gh ess5tially untrue1 s9ce society has be5 a gr[? & n a p>tn]%ip result+ f negociations1 is nev]!less true 9 ! s5se t m5 h _h to give up individual biological lib]ties or egoisms 9 ent]+ ^u ! social /age4 ,!re nev] 0 any consci\s b>ga9+1 b !re h be5 an inf9ite numb] ( tacit und]/&+s ( societ>ian & individual adju/m5ts :i* ev5tually br\ght ab\t ! well-ord]$ societies ( mod]n times4 ,! ,intuitional ,s*ool ( ,morali/s f9ds ! intuitions z to :at is "r & wrong1 & m especially ! feel+ ( "r & ! feel+ ( wrong1 ju/ifi$ & e/abli%$ 9 ! fact ( ! gr[? ( feel+ 9 g5]al z ! ess5tial ( ! biological hi/ory1 & 9 ! hi/orical e/abli%m5t ( ! int]nal gr[? ( moral feel+s transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,validity & au?ority are giv51 to moral pr9ciples by ! v fact ( _! exi/+ /r5g? & _! recognis$ fitness to ! social circum/ances4 ,! indignation or ! admiration naturally felt by man at c]ta9 actions is ju/ifi$ a priori1 & ap>t f any reason$ op9ion ( _! be>+s4 ,praise & blame are n mu*1 z a matt] ( fact1 affect$ by reason4 ,spontane\sly & indep5d5tly passion & en?usiasm are express$4 ,)\t /ay+ to ?9k1 comes ! unbidd5 fr[n & %>p repro(1 or ev5 ! ha/y bl[4 ,)\t ?\ght come ! expression ( sorr[ & sympa?y1 ! gl[ ( praise1 ! approv+ smile1 ! comm5datory ^w1 /raight f ! he>t & sympa?ies ( ! l-m9d$ spectator4 ,reason may argue ab\t details--x may rejudge ! spontane\s expressions ( ! sympa?ies1 x may guide & direct1 b x nev] l5ds to praise its w>m?1 or to condemnation its sev]ity4 ,^! are purely in/9ctive1 & reason ju/ifies !m 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( _! orig9 & gr[?4 ,!re is an intuitive consci5ce :i* has be5 develop$ by evolution4 ,! adju/m5t ( organisms1 ! gr[? ( feel+1 ! acquisition ( altrui/ic or sympa!tic feel+ 9 an environm5t ( subjective individuals has develop$ n only social adju/m5ts1 b also feel+s 9 individuals1 relative to ^? social adju/m5ts1 :i* compose a consci5ce or intuition4 ,nev] yet c\ld su* a consci5ce or intuition :olly & ( itself tea* a man moral action4 ,! consci5ce presupposes = its actualization ! pres5ce ( its environm5t4 ,x ne$s education1 enc\ragem5t1 & in/ruction4 ,society is a cont9u\s exi/5ce4 ,! *ild born into a society n only inh]its its dispositions1 b f ! v fir/ receives its prepossessions1 is subject to its injunctions1 & is tra9$ 9 its habits4 ,intuition is only a "p ( ! tru?4 ,yet al?\gh x may be develop$ by education1 & guid$ by reason1 !re is no "q z to its exi/5ce1 & z to its af=d+ ! ze/ to praise1 ! ke5ness to condemnation1 & ! poignancy to remorse4 ,! view :i* reg>ds ,e?ics z explicable by ,egoism is a v imp]fect & ambigu\s "o4 ,= :at is ! ,ego spok5 (1 & ( :at does x consi/8 ,! view :i* makes egoism ! rule ( life1 & :i* "s suppose may af=d ! ultimate rationale ( ,e?ics1 is id5tical ) ! biological view :i* we h already discuss$4 ,no d\bt egoism is ! rule ( life tak5 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,no d\bt ! adju/m5t ( ! ,ego to society1 & ( society to ! ,ego1 is ! rule ( life4 ,b egoism only becomes e?ical :5 x1 9 ord] ( gr[?1 includes love ( (fspr+1 love ( family1 love ( fell[-man1 reg>d = ! tribe1 ! nation1 or humanity at l>ge4 ,z egoism loses its n>r[ness1 z x loses its exclusive reg>d = p]sonal cont9uance1 & f9ds itself possess$ ( affections = o!rs & altrui/ic consid]ations1 s does x become cont9ually less & less egoi/ic4 ,x is a matt] ( *opp+ logic to say t its action is /ill ess5tially selfi%1 if x does good to o!rs1 because x is "p ( its own nature to d good to o!rs1 & x does s to satisfy its own egoi/ic desires4 ,?is only proves t egoism is ! rule ( life1 b does n e/abli% x z ! rule ( ,e?ics1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,! e?ical rule has be5 f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! enquiry to be1 fir/ly1 ! body ( injunctions :i* society lays ^u ! individual2 &1 secondly1 ! consci5ce :i* a society ( subjective individuals cultivates 9 ea* sep>ate ,ego1 bo? aris+ f ! gr[? ( altrui/ic sympa?y 9 ! subjective organism ( :i* society is compos$4 ,to say t :5 m5 act e?ically !y act f egoism is only to include e?ical action 9 a /atem5t ( a m g5]al biological law1 & takes ! m9d (f f ! special e?ical /udy altoge!r4 ,e?ical egoism pre-supposes e?ical feel+ 9 ! ,ego1 o!rwise egoi/ic morality is oblig$ to frame = itself a hypo!tical society ( individuals )\t feel+s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 puts x out ( relation ) humanity4 ,egoism1 z a basis ( morals1 is b\nd to include altruism1 or else x is m]ely a =m ( express+ ! mo/ g5]al law ( ,biology4 ,egoism h[ev] gives1 9 its highe/ =m1 a wide & wise consi/5cy to actions4 ,x pre-supposes a well-ord]$ m9d capable ( self-regulation & control4 ,x takes a look all r\nd1 & x judges ( ! ev5tualities ( actions4 ,x sums up its own =ces & motives1 x takes acc\nt ( its pres5t & future surr\nd+s & =ms a judgm5t z to ! mo/ prud5t c\rse ( action = secur+ ! fitte/ life possible = itself & ! greate/ cont9uance ( su* life 9 ! future4 ,a wise & well-judg$ egoism is v valuable to ! community1 z well z pr(itable to ! individual4 ,x is n h[ev] ess5tially e?ical1 & is s only 9 s f> z ! individual is prop]ly altrui/ic4 ,if ! egoi/ is n altrui/ic1 he may become a curse to ! society 9 :i* he lives1 or if on a l>g] scale--a t]rible sc\rge to humanity at l>ge4 ,utilit>ianism does n expla9 e?ics1 unless ! ^w be accept$ z co-ext5sive ) ! biological & sociological adju/m5ts :i* h gone on dur+ ! upw>d gr[?4 ,no d\bt ^! 7 all utilities2 &1 !re=e1 utilit>ianism is s f> true4 ,b s9ce ! process has be5 "o ( accompany+ modifi$ feel+1 x is only half an explanation1 only "o feature ( ! g5]al explanation4 ,x 0 no common intellectual appreciation ( ! axiom ! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]1 :i* caus$ ! evolution ( morals4 ,! axiom 0 itself an aft]-?\ght4 ,x may h great use 9 ^! days1 z ! expression ( ! outcome 9 feel+ & 9 philosophic ?\ght ( processes ( evolution1 b x 0 n ! rul+ pr9ciple :i* produc$ ! evolution4 ,accept$ ?us z ! outcome1 x may be ! crit]ion & guide = future action 9 detail$ adju/m5ts & modifications ( e?ical judgm5ts or political action1 & may h an au?ority 9 mod]n times :i* x c\ld n h _h primordially4 ,b its scope is limit$ to ! =mation ( delib]ate judgm5ts1 & x does n impel spontane\s praise or give any =ce to spontane\s blame4 ,its judgm5ts are ^? ( ! calm reason] :i* may v prop]ly modify ! op9ions ( society at l>ge1 & ?us t5d to =m an improv$ consci5ce1 b x w nev] make a moral impulse or =m ! base = an e?ical ideal4 ,9 an e?ical sy/em f\nd$ ^u an acceptance ( biological & sociological evolution1 all ^! sy/ems ( previ\s philosoph]s f9d a due place4 ,egoism _c be d5i$ z ! rule ( life1 b x is %[n t egoism _c always rema9 purely egoi/ic1 b at la/ includes inevitably an altrui/ic gr[?4 ,! progress ( society involves altrui/ic conditions4 ,! intr9sic gr[? ( sympa?y & ! extr9sic imposition ( conditions =m 9 a cont9u\s society1 by *ange 9 ! int]nal con/itution ( organisms1 & by h]$it>y transmission ( su* *anges1 n only an intuitional feel+ ( "r & wrong1 b also an intuitional consci5ce ( great] or less developm5t4 ,?us1 we admit & expla9 ! law ( "r & wrong writt5 ^u ea* civiliz$ human he>t4 ,utilit>ianism is recognis$ z ! ultimate outcome ( philosophical ?\ght2 &1 :ile x is b an inadequate expression 9 ! h&s ( "s writ]s1 x may1 p]haps1 9 its wid] expansion by lat] philosoph]s1 become an adequate & suitable expression ( ! e?ical pr9ciple1 & a guide = re-adju/m5ts 9 ! recognition ( ! wid] ends & l>g] views ( human organisation4 ,b any "o ( ^! views is inadequate by itself to expla9 & express ! l>g5ess ( e?ical movem5t4 ,only :5 we seize ^u ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( subjectivity1 only :5 we und]/& ! gradual progress f gross beg9n+s1 & recognise ! gr& movem5t :i* c>ries u =w>d to we "k n :at hopeful future1 c we prop]ly appreciate ! e?ical position & ! e?ical au?ority4 ,b to "o :o und]/&s ! evolution ( organisms & ( society1 all ^! v>y+ views fall at once into _! natural places 9 a beautiful h>mony4 ,! t\* ( g5ius 9 a ,d>w9 or a ,sp5c]1 produces out ( ! app>5t *aos a well-ord]$ & progressive sy/em4 ,?is is ! prop] place to notice ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5's v valuable & elaborate "w ^u ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 ,t "w is wise 9 conception1 s\nd z to its basis & con/ruction1 beautifully proportion$ 9 its mode ( treatm5t1 c>efully1 &1 p]haps1 too elaborately work$ out 9 detail4 ,! orig9al conception is wise 9 t x excludes metaphysical que/ions & discussions z to fir/ pr9ciples1 & limits ! range ( its consid]ations to prop]ly-asc]ta9$ sci5tific facts or laws1 & to su* ext5sions ( sci5tific surmise z are w>rant$ by ! acceptance ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution1 exp\nd$ by ,d>w94 ,! acceptance ( ?is doctr9e n only involves ! acceptance ( hi/oric developm5ts1 b ju/ifies1 & ev5 necessitates1 ! acceptance ( a supposititi\s prehi/oric developm5t4 ,?is hypo!tical hi/ory1 f\nd$ on obs]vations ( hi/orical ord]1 & ( ! habits & cu/oms ( uncivilis$ races1 is p]fectly ju/ifiable4 ,h[ev]1 ! problem1 conduct$ )9 sci5tific limits is to consid] ! gr\ndwork ( actual morality 7,*4 i474 ,prop]ly to effect ?is object1 x is necess>y to /udy ! influ5ce ( ! emotions z det]m9+ conduct4 ,next1 ! influ5ce ( ! reason z det]m9+ conduct1 & f9ally1 ! int]action ( ! race & ! individual 7,*4 ii4 & iii474 ,^! prelim9>ies are succe$$ by a /udy ( ! moral law z d]iv$ f social int]e/s1 foll[+ ^u social necessities1 e/abli%+ ! moral law z natural1 & z au?oritative 7,*4 iv474 ,! cont5ts ( ! moral law are next discuss$1 9 :i* ! virtues ( c\rage1 temp]ance1 tru?1 & ! social virtues are consid]$ 7,*4 v474 ,altruism1 z a gr[? )9 ! ,ego1 is necess>ily an object ( /udy1 & is expla9$ z a natural developm5t ( sympa?y out ( intr9sic subjectivity4 ,its place 9 a sy/em ( e?ics is also set =?4 7,*4 vi474 ,^u ?is foll[s an exposition ( special views ^u m]it1 free-w1 ef=t1 & k1 z modifi$ by ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,( ess5tial importance to an e?ical "w is a consid]ation ( ! nature ( consci5ce & ! v>iations ( its judgm5ts 7,*4 viii474 ,a discussion ( happ9ess z a crit]ion succe$s1 includ+ a /udy ( utilit>ianism1 & a consid]ation ( ! relations ( morality & happ9ess 7,*4 ix4 & x474 ,a conclud+ *apt] sums up a "w ( ne>ly #ejj closely pr9t$ pages4 ,x is v evid5t t we _c und]take ! criticism ( s l>ge & important a "w )\t hav+ to ent] m9utely ^u po9ts ( agreem5t & diff]5ce :i* w\ld greatly augm5t ! size ( our pres5t volume4 ,we ne$ only say t1 al?\gh !re are naturally _m m9or criticisms to be made1 we accept x z an excell5t exposition ( mod]n e?ical views modifi$ & co-ord9at$ z necessitat$ by ! recognition ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories4 ,x %\ld be read1 we ?9k1 9 succession to ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's excell5t broad & dispassionate "w on ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics4 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5's /udy is bas$ ^u ! same sci5tific fundam5tals z ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,data ( ,e?ics1 )\t ! confus+ cosmical views :i* are necessitat$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s position1 b :i* d n by any means t5d to /r5g!n x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,free ,,w4 ,two di/9ct !ories may be held by ! ,evolutioni/ ) respect to volition1 bo? ( !m be+ /rictly causational1 &1 !re=e1 ( a sci5tific1 z oppos$ to a my/ical "*4 ,he may hold1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! d\ble aspect !ory pure & simple1 accord+ to :i* all developm5ts ( m9d are m]ely dep5d5t concomitants ( ! developm5t ( n]ve ramifications1 ) consequ5t gr[?s ( n]ve-cells1 ganglions1 & ! m consid]able n]ve plexuses1 culm9at+ 9 ! gr[? ( a bra94 ,?is evolution ( a n]v\s & c]ebral sy/em he may hold to be :olly due to ! action ( molecul> & o!r motions ^u a mass ( colloid sub/ances ( su* a con/itution z to be fitte/1 "u ! action ( ^! ext]nal /imuli1 to =m l9es = ! transmission ( motions & = ! dis*>ge ( ^! motions into c]ta9 o!rwise =m$ contractile /ructures call$ muscles4 ,he w consid] t !y ev5tually acquire a p[] ( reta9+ ^! motions1 s t ! effect ( all ! motions ?us caus$ is n imm$iate b def]r$4 ,& s9ce all motions receiv$ are n imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! welf>e ( ! organism1 he may suppose t sep>ate masses ( n]v\s matt] are produc$1 9 :i* ^! motions are /or$ 9 an organis$ =m1 relat$ indirectly r ?an directly to ! motor app>atus4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! :ole sy/em ( det]m9+ causes is purely physical4 ,9 ! simple organisms ! response ( muscul> action to incid5t motions is quick1 direct1 & unhesitat+4 ,su* action is call$ reflex or automatic1 & is z unconsci\s z *emical activity4 ,b :5 ! sy/em becomes m complex1 :5 n]ves cross ea* o!r1 :5 cells & junctions are =m$1 & m p>ticul>ly :5 ! /orages ( motions are =m$1 z j ref]r$ to2 !n comp\nd+s & recomp\nd+s ( n]v\s motions take place1 &1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! v>i\s curr5ts1 to ! facility ( dis*>ge1 & to v>i\s physical local or g5]al conditions1 ! action becomes sl[] & m hesitat+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is held t ! n]v\s sy/em becomes consci\s4 ,a d\ble aspect !n arises1 & ! actions :i* !reaft] take place may be describ$ ei!r 9 t]ms ( ! relations ( ! v>i\s molecul> motions 9 ! n]v\s & c]ebral sy/ems1 or 9 t]ms ( feel+2 b all ! same ! latt] is m]ely ! second>y aspect ( s]ies ( *anges altoge!r det]m9$ by ! motions & /ructure ( ! =m]4 ,on ?is !ory memory is ! reviv$ motion ( a n]ve /ructure2 feel+ is a consci\sness ( int]action betwe5 diff]5t n]ve motions2 tra9s ( ?\ght are ! rev]b]ations ( great v>ieties ( motions ?r\gh\t ! sy/em & bra92 consci\sness result+ f ! m+l+ ( ! n]ve curr5ts & ! consequ5t conflict & ret>dation ( effects4 ,! elem5t ( my/]y "h lies 9 ! second>y or subjective aspect1 b x is plac$ /rictly )\t ! l9e ( d$uction & is a m]ely unexpla9$ accompanim5t ( a s]ies ( *anges o!rwise fully acc\nt$ =4 ,a second !ory--z /rictly causational z ! =m]--recognises ! pres5ce ( a subjective factor4 ,9 "s ( ! quotations f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,psy*ology1 giv5 above1 x w h be5 se5 t1 at ! po9t ( developm5t ( n]ve junctions :5 diff]5t curr5ts meet 9 ! develop$ ganglion & 9 proportion z ! sy/em becomes m complex1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ass]ts n only ! rise ( a second>y aspect1 b ( an additional factor4 ,! elem5t ( my/]y "h is ! entrance ( ?is additional factor1 capable ( tak+ "p z an active ag5t 9 ! affairs ( ! organism4 ,b s9ce x is itself ! result ( exp]i5ce & ! organization ( exp]i5ces ( ! physical n]v\s sy/em1 x is /rictly ( a causational or d$uctive ord]1 & aft] its unexpla9$ inception1 x has to be /udi$ /rictly 9 ! sci5tific ord] ( developm5t & action4 ,not)/&+ t x plays a "p 9 ! conduct ( life1 & not)/&+ t its dep5d5ce ^u physical organization & developm5t is s intimate1 & t ?is developm5t aga9 _c be und]/ood )\t x--not)/&+ all ?is incompreh5sibl5ess ( relation & our ignorance ( its orig91 ! ,evolutioni/ ma9ta9s ! ord]ly developm5t ( organism & actions1 includ+ ! subjective z resultants ( ! relations ( orig9al factors1 al?\gh he may be = ! "t be+ ignorant ( ! nature ( ! processes4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t 9 ei!r case he holds ! det]m9i/ic !ory ( volition1 & believes all purpos$ actions to be actions det]m9$ by pre-exi/+ causes1 :e!r he reg>ds ^! causes z ! /ructure & condition ( n]ve c5tres1 or z feel+s & ?\ghts1 or :e!r he reg>ds !m z ascribable to "s law ( correlation betwe5 ! two4 ,nev]!less1 x seems to be incumb5t ^u all writ]s deal+ ) ! subject ( ,e?ics to def9e _! position z to ! ,free ,w controv]sy4 ,x is ne$less to say t we accept unres]v$ly ! det]m9i/ic !ory1 ?\gh x may be necess>y to attempt its reconciliation ) ! consci\sness 9 p]sons ( ,free ,w4 ,we "h make a di/9ction betwe5 !ories ( ,w & !ories ( ,free ,w4 ,:at we h j be5 consid]+ h be5 !ories ( w or volition4 ,!y are ( ! det]m9i/ic ord] because 9 ei!r case ! actions are :olly det]m9$ by prec$+ facts4 ,human & all actions ( organisms are held to be m]ely resultants ( pre-exi/+ factors & _! relations4 ,?is is ! !ory held by all sci5tific philosoph]s1 & ! "o mo/ analog\s to :at we "k ( physical sci5ce z well z mo/ 9 con=mity ) actual exp]i5ce ( human conduct4 ,ano!r !ory--aris+ no d\bt 9 ! my/]y ( ! second>y aspect or 9 ! my/]y ( ! orig9 ( ! subjective factor1 d5ies ! rigidity ( ! sci5tific ord]1 & ass]ts ! pres5ce & activity ( a self-det]m9+ factor1 ?us plac+ volitional action beyond ! sci5tific ord] ( ! dep5d5t & relat$ successions ( cause & effect4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we w\ld be m correct 9 attribut+ ! confid5ce ) :i* ?is !ory ( a self-det]m9+ p[] is sometimes held to ano!r cause4 ,!re is 9 all human be+s ! consci\sness ( a p[] m or less develop$ to regulate _! own actions2 & ?is process ( self-regulation is held to be inconsi/5t ) ! det]m9i/ic !ory4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is su* a consci\sness & we ?9k !re c be no d\bt also t !re is su* a p[]4 ,! sup]ficial evolutioni/1 inde$1 may admit ! consci\sness1 :i* he may expla9 z a second>y aspect ( conflict+ n]ve-curr5ts1 & laugh 9 8 sleeve at ! egoti/ic vanity ( a tru/ful man pr\d ( 8 p[] ( ,w4 ,b we ?9k a deep] explanation1 & "o m comm5surate ) ! ph5om5a1 is to be f\nd3 & ?is br+s u back to ! di/9ction1 z indicat$ at ! outset ( ?is section1 betwe5 !ories ( ,w or ,volition1 & !ories ( ,free ,w or ! p[] ( regulat+ "o's own conduct4 ,w1 9 its sci5tific s5se1 is m]ely volition1 i4e4 ! m5tal /ate accompany+ or imm$iately prec$+ action4 ,! nature ( ! action1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t1 is immat]ial4 ,te*nically speak+1 all volitions are equal1 view$ z su*4 ,! volition = ! "t be+ is ! ,w = ! "t be+4 ,! ,w ( a man is ! totality ( 8 volitions dur+ ! :ole ( 8 lifetime4 ,x is a g5]al or collective t]m relat+ to consci\s actions1 or /ates ( consci\sness imm$iately prec$+ actions1 & is n ! "n ( an entity4 ,b if ,w is ! volition = ! "t be+1 irrespective ( any qualitative *>act]i/ic1 !n we h to inquire z to ! applicability to x ( ! t]m ,free4 ,n[ ?is t]m is anti!tical to ! two t]ms re/ra9$ & con/ra9$4 ,?us if a man's actions are h9d]$ or =cefully prev5t$ by ! ,w ( o!rs1 t man's actions are n free4 ,b if "s ( a man's motives are re/ra9$ or 8 actions con/ra9$ by ! pr$om9ance ( "s o!r ( 8 motives--z1 = in/ance1 :5 he p]=ms actions :i* 8 consci5ce tells him are wrong--9 8 ,w n free8 ,! actions are 8 volitions4 ,if "s motives are re/ra9$1 & !re=e n to be consid]$ free1 /ill ! o!rs :i* h ga9$ ! pr$om9ance h !reby become 8 ,w2 _! op]ation proves _! non-re/ra9t or fre$om1 & ! volition or ,w is /ill free4 ,! action is an evid5ce ( fre$om4 ,volition is always free4 ,x is ( diff]5t k9ds1 b ?is does n affect ! conclusion t volition proves its own fre$om4 ,! ,w is always & "u all circum/ances free4 ,b al?\gh ?is disposes ( ! "q !oretically1 ! ord9>y man rema9s unconv9c$1 & cl+s to 8 belief 9 a ,free ,w1 :i* is n m]ely ?is te*nical & univ]sal ,free ,w1 b mu/ be int]pret$ z a p[] he feels himself to possess ( *oos+ & det]m9+ 8 own actions2 & if we say to him1 ,und\bt$ly y h ?is p[]2 b y\r *oice1 & !re=e y\r volition & consequ5t action1 is /ill det]m9$ 9 ! same mann] z if y _h n recogniz$ ! p[]1 he w demur1 &1 logically or illogically1 he w d5y y\r position1 & hold to 8 consci\sness ( :at he calls 8 self-det]m9+ p[] ov] 8 own actions1 :i* he places out ( ! l9e ( ,det]m9ism1 h[ev] unmean+ or p>adoxical 8 ass]tions may be prov$ to be4 ,x is ?is /ate ( consci\sness1 ?is cl++ to ! belief held by _m m5 9 _! own p[] ( self-rule ov] _! own g5]al conduct1 & by mo/ m5 9 _! own control ov] "s ( _! activities1 t ,evolution is b\nd to acc\nt = & expla94 ,evolutioni/s d n suffici5tly m>k (f ?is practical "p ( ! "q f ! !oretical "p1 & ?us leave imp]fectly expla9$ ! consci\sness ( ! s-call$ ,free ,w4 ,!y deem t ! explanation ( ,free ,w is includ$ 9 an explanation ( ,w1 & !re=e !y only deal incid5tally & imp]fectly ) self-rule4 ,! confusion arises f ! t]m ,free ,w hav+ two mean+s--! !oretic or sci5tific "o1 z oppos$ to ,det]m9ism1 & ! practical "o1 z imply+ ! p[] ( self-rule1 *oice1 ef=t1 & det]m9ation4 ,t !re exi/s su* a p[] ( self-regulation is a fact recogniz$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( social int]c\rse--9 ! attribution ( praise or blame1 9 ! tea*+s ( ! morali/1 9 ! eye ( ! law1 & 9 ! process ( education4 ,e individual is suppos$ to h a comm& ov] 8 own actions1 except su* z are purely automatic4 ,x is n suppos$ t m5 are responsible = _! cong5ital ta/es or abilities2 b all memb]s ( ! community are held responsible = _! actions t[>ds o!r memb]s ( ! community1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t !y are judg$ to be wise or fooli% ) reg>d to !mselves1 on ! supposition t !y are able to c>ry out a purpos$ conduct4 ,& ev5 if 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s x is se5 t !y d n possess su* a p[]1 !y1 or ! p]sons responsible = _! e>li] education are blam$ = _! want ( ?is p[] s9ce x is held to be "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & valuable possessions ( humanity4 ,?us we f9d ! judici\s p>5t1 f ! v fir/1 endeav\rs to inculcate 9 ! *ild habits ( comm& ov] 8 temp] & 8 appetites4 ,! y\? :o has receiv$ ! lessons ( wise c\nsell]s1 :o has be5 imbu$ ) ! lessons ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o has drunk 9 ! tea*+s ( ! anci5t morali/s1 & fram$ 8 ambitions ^u ! sev]e examples ( e>ly ,greece & ,rome1 or :o has f\nd 8 sympa?ies excit$ by ! dreams ( mod]n philan?ropy1 kn[s t ! f\ndation ( all 8 p]sonal greatness is 9 8 p[] ( self-comm&4 ,x is no idle v]biage t ( ! rhetorician1 ! prea*]1 ! philosophical noveli/1 ! poet1 :5 !y exhort to ! cultivation ( ! p[]s ( ! ,w 9 _! v>i$ repres5tations ( ! aspirations & /ruggles ( noble humanity4 ,!re is some?+ t calls =? ! morali/'s sympa?ies 9 ! poet's appeals to ! p[] ( ,w1 & !re is no gr&] spectacle 9 all ?is univ]se ?an to witness ! battle ( ! w-p[] ( a man aga9/ difficulties & oppositions ( all sorts2 none ! less if ! sc5e ( ! conflict be 9 ! region ( 8 own he>t & m9d1 r ?an 9 ! wid] field ( ! battle ( life4 ,! evolutioni/ is b\nd to acc\nt = ?is among/ ! o!r ph5om5a ( human exi/5ce4 ,! pr9ciples ( su* an evolution are conta9$ 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,psy*ology1 b ! developm5t is n elaborat$ 9 detail1 & is well wor?y ( a special /udy4 ,we h previ\sly r\ghly indicat$ ! outl9es ( su* a /udy2 & z ! special psy*ological "q has be5 treat$ 9 an int]e/+ & sugge/ive mann] by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,f[le 9 ! numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,m>* #ahha1 we w f9d x conv5i5t to take ?is article z ! text or basis ( our own rem>ks4 ,! writ]'s argum5t appe>s 9 brief to be ?is4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ,evolution1 man became self-consci\s 7see p4 #cib74 ,?is consci\sness ( self l$1 fir/ ( all1 to self-pres]vation1 !n to self-ass]tion1 & f9ally to self-pleas+4 ,:5 man fir/ utt]$ ! words or r felt ! impression to :i* language subsequ5tly gave def9ite %ape & =ce1 ',i w live 9 spite ( all ! =ces encompass+ my de/ruction1' !n 0 ,free ,w creat$ ^u ! e>?4 ,note "h1 t ,w is *ang$ to ,free ,w 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le s5t5ce1 & t ?is ,free ,w is simply human action pr$om9ant ov] ext]nal difficulties1 :i* %\ld !re=e r be call$ ,w1 & is c]ta9ly n ! ,free ,w or self-rule :i* we h n[ "u consid]ation4 ,h5ce arises a c]ta9 am\nt ( confusion1 z witness p4 #cic3--,we ascribe1 !n1 man's consci\sness ( ,free ,w to ! conc5tration ( all 8 pre-human exp]i5ces into "o imp]ative det]m9ation to pres]ve1 to ass]t1 & to please himself4 ,?us1 ,free ,w1 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 is simply ! human ,w z oppos$ to ! =ces ( nature4 ,no?+ is said ab\t ! ext]ior oppos+ wills ( o!rs1 ?\gh surely he mu/ int5d !m also to be includ$ 9 ! environm5t4 ,at ! same "t we d n "k t x makes ! p>ticul> po9t "u consid]ation m difficult ( /udy1 al?\gh ^! ext]nal wills =m a consid]able "p ( ! objects det]m9+ ! activities ( ! self4 ,yet1 z our p>ticul> po9t ( /udy is self-rule1 ?is ext5sion ( ! ref]5ce to ext]nal =ces does n directly affect ! argum5t4 ,b x w be se5 t ! ,w or ,free ,w m5tion$ "h1 & def9$ z self-ass]tion & det]m9ation to please "o's self1 is self-ass]tion z oppos$ to environm5t--a self-ass]tion :i*1 irrespective ( ! qualities or nature ( ! motives compris$ 9 t self1 det]m9es to "w out its own pleasure !re & !n 9 spite ( all opposition4 ,su* a /ate is well illu/rat$ 9 ! fir/ self-ass]tions ( *ildhood--its s-call$ wilfulness2 = z embryology illu/rates ! /ages ( biological evolution1 s does *ildhood illu/rate ! /ages ( m5tal & moral evolution4 ,?is self-ass]tion is also illu/rat$ 9 ! conduct ( ! insane & ( ! rude1 r\gh1 un$ucat$ m9ds ( ! masses4 ,/ill x is n :at is meant by ,free ,w1 b ! v rev]se2 = su* p]sons are said to be slaves to _! passions or motives4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ,egoi/ic ,w2 & !re=e !oretically1 z be=e di/+ui%$1 x is free3 b x is n ! ,free ,w1 ! self-rule we are n[ 9 se>* (4 ,?is sort ( self-ass]tion is ! det]m9ation to please oneself1 irrespective ( consequ5ces4 ,b :5 x is kn[n t consequ5ces recoil ^u self--:5 ! elem5t ( "t is tak5 into acc\nt1 & ! self is f\nd to be cont9u\s1 !n !re is reflection1 & by-&-by succe$s caution1 re/ra9t1 & ! co-ord9ation ( actions to a giv5 end4 ,?is is ! g]m ( self-rule :i* is mi/ak5ly reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! self-det]m9ation ( volition4 ,! t]m self-pres]vation has a wide & also a re/rict$ s5se4 ,x may simply mean ! cont9uance 9 exi/5ce ( ! body2 or if ! self is equival5t to ! pres]vation ( ! activities compris$ 9 t self1 :atev] ^? activities may be--lu/1 hate1 b5evol5ce1 /hetic feel+1 c4--!n x implies ! cont9u\s gratification ( ^? activities4 ,?is und]/&+ ( self-pres]vation is dep5d5t on ! l5g? ( "t = :i* ! self is expect$ to cont9ue4 ,! religi\s man1 believ+ 9 a ,god & a future life1 pres]ves :at he e/eems 8 self--i4e41 8 moral & religi\s be+--ev5 9 m>tyrdom4 ,b if !re is no future life1 !n ! self t has to be pres]v$ is ! self z x is1 :atev] t may happ5 to be--gross or ref9$4 ,!re are no bett] recognis$ traits ( ,free ,w--i4e41 self-rule--?an ! p[] ( self-d5ial1 self-abnegation1 self-sacrifice4 ,^! _c be expla9$ by any def9ition ( ,free ,w f\nd$ on self-ass]tion & self-pres]vation m]ely4 ,!n1 aga91 self-education1 ! design$ alt]ation ( ! "*1 & ! int5tional acquirem5t ( self-control1 c h>dly be held to be consi/5t ) simple self-ass]tion4 ,self-ass]tion is ! ass]tion ( self z x is4 ,! resolution to alt] is ! d5ial ( self-pres]vation z reg>ds ! exi/+ self4 ,! adaptation to environm5t involv$ 9 self-abnegation is ! opposite to self-ass]tion4 ,are we to suppose t ! ,free ,w pr$icat$ ( man is an univ]sal possession ( all8 ,if x is a !oretical "q1 x mu/ be grant$ t all m5's wills are free4 ,b if x is a practical "q z to ! /r5g? ( ! ,w z oppos$ to ext]nal =ces1 & held to be free 9 proportion to its relative /r5g? ( self-ass]tion1 surely ,free ,w is a v>iable quality4 ,if1 aga91 x is a practical "q z to ! p[] ( self-rule1 are we to suppose t all m5 h x 9 equal degrees8 ,d ! idiot & ! maniac possess x1 or on ! contr>y is x possess$ unequally by m51 & by "s n at all8 ,! writ] says1 p4 #cia1 ,n[1 f ! mom5t t self became an object ( consci\sness1 x became also a motive4 ,?is consci\sness ( self is a consci\sness ( ! totality ( ! activities1 a consci\sness ( ! unity ( t totality1 a consci\sness ( ! cont9uance ( t totality = a m or less c]ta9 future4 ,! motive consequ5t ^u su* recognition mu/ be ! longe/ cont9uance ( t self1 ! greate/ am\nt ( gratification ( ! activities ( t self1 ! avoidance ( pa9s to t self1 & ! aggregation ( m activities by t self4 ,! result ( t motive w\ld be ! co-ord9ation ( actions to atta9 ! f9al end ?us set be=e ! total self1 & ! subord9ation ( p>ticul> motives to _! prop] places 9 ! co-ord9ative s*eme4 ,b z ! total self is 9 relation to environm5t1 t environm5t1 physical or societ>ian1 has to be tak5 into acc\nt2 & z consequ5ces ( actions recoil ^u ! individual at a lat] "t1 ! results ( actions h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!re=e !re is br\ght into activity a l>ge am\nt ( rational consid]ation & judgm5t z to ! ev5tualities ( conduct 9 reg>d to ! 'total self'2 & f9ally x is f\nd t action mu/ take "o ( two =ms3 ei!r ! environm5t mu/ be adju/$ to ! organism--?is is a =m ( ,w--or ! organism mu/ be adju/$ to ! environm5t--?is is ,free ,w or self-rule--i4e41 ! ,free ,w z "h und]/ood4 ,?is is ! solution impli$ 9 ! writ]'s /atem5t t f ! mom5t t self became an object ( consci\sness x became also a motive4 ,?is rational view ( self z an aggregate ( faculties & motives likely to la/ a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 & surr\nd$ by a social environm5t :i* has 9 great measure =m$ x1 & :i* ex]cises ^u x a cont9ual pressure1 br+s =w>d ! relation ( ,free ,w to ,e?ics 9 ! fact t ! acquir$ p[] ( self-rule has to take into acc\nt1 9-s-f> z x exi/s 9 ! individuals =m+ ! social co]cions & approvals1 & 9 s f> z ! ,ego approa*es ! normal /&>d ( regulat+ 8 own sympa?ies1 :i* toge!r 9 an in/ruct$ community make up p]sonal responsibility to ! e?ical law1 & supply ! e?ical z di/+ui%$ f ! m]ely altrui/ic motive4 ,! evolutioni/'s def9ition ( life is ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( inn] to out] relation1 or ( organism to environm5t4 ,! pr9ciples & results ( ?is cont9u\s adju/m5t1 9 ! modifications ( /ructure & function1 & _! transmission by h]$ity 9 gradually m p]man5tly e/abli%$ =ms1 is well und]/ood f ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 & o!rs4 ,! progress ( developm5t 9 ! human race has consi/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( correspond5ces ( a def9ite & p]man5t "* betwe5 organism & environm5t4 ,:y x %\ld h be5 possible = su* a gr& developm5t to take place z t :i* has actually tak5 place lies beyond ! limits ( our subject2 b if ,evolution is true1 ! fact rema9s t ! human organism has cont9ually be5 increas+ ! numb] ( its correspond5ces1 9 accordance ) ! increas+ complexity ( its surr\nd+s4 ,r\ghly1 ?is e/abli%m5t ( relations ) ! ext]nal _w may be class$ "u two divisions1 ea* conta9+ a great v>iety ( details4 ,fir/ly1 ! class ( cognitions1 includ+ ! k ( ! physical _w1 ! field1 ! =e/1 ! /ream1 ! animals1 ! sky & heav5ly bodies1 & also ! k ( m51 & _! ways 9 society2 secondly1 ! class ( direct relations ) o!r individuals1 su* z ! relations ( wife1 *ildr51 p>5ts1 *iefs1 involv+ also prop]ty1 & induc+ ! feel+s ( love1 fri5d%ip1 hate1 ju/ice1 & o!r social affections4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a correspond5ce betwe5 ! organism & ! environm5t1 ( su* a def9ite "* z to be transmitt$ by h]$ity1 involves ! e/abli%m5t ( motives4 ,! /oma* )\t food exp]i5ces hung]1 a want1 & =ms a motive4 ,s ( ! o!r organs1 & s ( all o!r e/abli%$ relations inwov5 9 ! organism4 ,h[ev] subtle & ref9$ any e/abli%$ relation may be1 b less 9 proportion to its lat] ord] ( developm5t1 & directly z its necessity to exi/5ce1 s its =ce4 ,x exp]i5ces a want 9 respect ( its correlate1 & ?is want becomes a motive or inc5tive to its own gratification4 ,! k9ds ( actions1 !n1 may be di/+ui%$ z-- ,! ,functional1 su* z ! action ( ! he>t1 ! inte/9es1 c4 ,^! are :olly involunt>y4 ,! ,emotional ,involunt>y1 su* z ! feel+s & desires1 & ! muscul> expression ( "s ( !m1 z 9 laugh+1 cry+1 c4 ,! ,emotional ,volitional1 or actions proce$+ f ! emotions1 & con/ra9+ ! muscles to ! means ( _! gratification4 ,"h mu/ be add$ ! ,rational ,volitional2 & if ! rational *oice ( actions & ord]+ ( conduct1 9 :i* ! emotions & passions play a subord9ate "p z factors 9 a g5]al e/imate or judgm5t1 c be int]pret$ z a recognition ( self z an object1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a correspond5ce !re)1 !n ! motive ( self z advanc$ by ! essayi/ may be consid]$ z ! highe/ motive ( ! ,emotional ,volitional class4 ,?us self z an endur+ :ole becomes e/abli%$ z ! pr$om9at+ object 9 ! m9d ( ! ,ego1 t[>ds :i* object or ideal atta9m5t 9 cont9uity1 & 9 expansiv5ess ( relation ! motives ( ! individual turn--co-ord9at+ to x all ! m special motives2 & evolv+ 9 a high] degree ! p[]s ( self-rule4 ,9 ?is mann] ,self-,rule or ,free ,w is expla9$ & v9dicat$ z a natural possession ( humanity & "o ( its highe/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic atta9m5ts4 ,at ! same "t x is f\nd to be consi/5t ) a ,det]m9i/ic s*eme & n to require ! assi/ance ( an incompreh5sible ,self-,det]m9+ ,p[] on ! "p ( ! ,ego4 ,! ,det]m9i/ic !ory z reg>ds ! actions & conduct ( an individual is n1 h[ev]1 s n>r[ 9 its purview z ?is4 ,x recognises a great _m k9ds ( conditions z ! m or less direct or remote causes ( actions4 ,x recognises-- ,h]$ity1 by :i* ! physical qualities1 & emotional & intellectual t5d5cies1 ( ! p>5ts1 m or less obscurely kn[n on acc\nt ( int]mixture1 are transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,! *ild is born ) a c]ta9 inh]it$ con/itution1 conta9+ pot5tially )9 x a c\rse ( developm5t ?r\gh c]ta9 physiological *anges up to decay & old age4 ,?is con/itution is "o ( a def9ite "*1 hav+ def9ite proportions ( p>ts1 z ( head1 *e/1 abdom51 c41 & def9ite relations ( sy/ems1 su* z n]v\s1 vascul>1 muscul>1 visc]al1 c41 & p>tly z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! *ild also possesses m5tal & moral t5d5cies :i*1 :ile v susceptible ( influ5ce1 are prim>ily d]iv$ by h]$ity4 ,action ( ,environm5t4--,f ! mom5t ( bir?1 7or soon]71 ! organism comes into relation ) v complex conditions1 :i* v>i\sly affect its c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! suitable or unsuitable conditions ( ! "m's heal?1 food1 w>m?1 sleep1 c41 influ5ce ! developm5t ( ! *ild2 & !nce=w>d all ?r\gh life ! conditions ( n\ri%m5t1 diet1 climate1 exposure1 disease1 accid5t1 c41 h /rong & recognisable effects ^u ! organism1 physical & m5tal4 ,g5]al ,tuition1 or ! education by contact ) ! memb]s ( ! family1 playmates1 companions1 & ! great body ( ! individuals ( ! environm5t ) :om ! *ild or y\? comes into contact1 into ! g5]al tone & pr9ciples ( 8 age1 c\ntry1 class1 or sect1 gradually fa%ion+ him into a c]ta9 patt]n1 %ap+ ! g5]al mode ( 8 life1 & =m+ )9 him c]ta9 /&>ds ( action1 c]ta9 codes ( obligation1 moral or c]emonial1 c]ta9 cu/oms1 fa%ions1 c41 z well z implant+ 9 him ! convictions1 !ological or o!rwise1 ( 8 "t4 ,special ,tuition4--,tuition affects ! :ole ( ! activities ( ! individual accord+ to ! nature ( ! tra9+1 its suitability or unsuitability1 its p]si/5ce1 & ! =ce ex]t$4 ,! value ( a long c\rse ( direct education is well und]/ood 9 all civilis$ communities1 & 9 mod]n times is recognis$ z "o ( ! great means ( effect+ ! g5]al improvem5t ( society1 if only x c\ld be ?or\ghly appli$4 ,! ,education ( ,circum/ances affects n only ! physical con/itution1 b also v mu* ! m5tal & moral qualities ( ! individual4 ,& z ^! circum/ances are widely v>i$ & ! h]$it>y t5d5cies v diff]5t1 ! results w be widely div]se 9 diff]5t individuals2 b !re is no d\bt t a condition ( pov]ty or ( afflu5ce1 good or ill usage1 neglect or ov]-gov]n+1 a solit>y or a social condition1 surr\nd+s ( t[n or c\ntry1 /atus ( p>5ts1 nature ( & facilities = amusem5ts & /udies1 ! degree ( e>ly responsibilities1 ! k9d ( bus9ess occupation or o!r avocation1 all l>gely affect ! conduct & modify ! motives ( ! individual4 ,& x is wond]ful 9 a highly develop$ & complex /ate ( society1 :]e ! possession ( great weal? creates a l>ge leisure class1 & ! enorm\s activity p]vad+ ! :ole ev] t5ds to put ! organisms includ$ into e possible relation ) ! out] _w1 & ) e relation t c gr[ up 9 its own complex social mixture--x is wond]ful1 we say1 9 su* circum/ances1 ! numb] ( motives t w gr[ up4 ,! relations ext5d to ! pa/ & ! future4 ,! mo/ paltry1 evanesc5t1 & adv5titi\s relations become m or less motives ( action1 & gr[ m or less e/abli%$ 9 ! individual & m or less transmitt$ to po/]ity4 ,besides ! great numb] ( ^! relation%ips1 !re is ! diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,_m are ( a concrete sort2 z = in/ance1 ! love ( dogs1 horses1 c42 o!rs are ( a v ab/ract description4 ,^! latt] are pr9cipally ! outcome ( social & intellectual relation%ips4 ,!y are g5]alisations ( conduct1 or !y are ab/ractions ( ! intellect4 ,virtue1 ideal conduct1 ju/ice1 beauty1 tru?1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 a p]fect$ humanity1 all become realis$ ab/ractions1 z x 71 ) :i* a relation is e/abli%$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 assume ! guise ( motives seek+ _! means ( gratification4 ,we recognize ! fact t ab/ractions may become objects ( motives1 z di/9ct f ! concrete objects :i* are def9itely 9 relation ) correspond+ affections ( ! organism4 ,^! ab/ractions gr[ into def9ite p>ts ( self1 &1 if !y l>gely pr$om9ate 9 an individual1 he w become a m>tyr r ?an ab&on 8 devotion to !m4 ,he w e/eem !m ! pr9cipal "p ( self1 & let 8 body p]i% r ?an act aga9/ !m4 ,su* organic ab/ractions may1 inde$1 become ! objects ( ! mo/ p[]ful passions1 be=e :i* concrete objects s9k into utt] insignificance4 ,we h f\nd t ! recognition ( ! cont9u\s or total self c become su* an object & induce ! e/abli%m5t ( a correspond+ motive4 ,at ! outset1 we di/+ui% ! prov9ce ( ,reason1 9 :i* is includ$ ! calculation ( ! results ( actions1 & ! devis+ ( ! be/ means = accompli%+ a desir$ end )\t incurr+ pa9s & inconv5i5ces4 ,if a c]ta9 end is desir$1 ! intellect has to =eca/ ! outcome ( diff]5t modes = effect+ ! desir$ result1 & to disc]n t :i* secures ! end ) ! fewe/ drawbacks4 ,! end may be good or bad2 ! motives may be ( ! mo/ elevat$ & g5]\s "* or !y may be ( ! wor/2 b all ! same1 x mu/ be duly consid]$ :at is ! be/ means ( secur+ x4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if ,i did ?is8 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld x n be bett] to d t8 ,x w be se5 t "h !re is no *oice betwe5 motives1 no dispute to settle betwe5 conflict+ pr9ciples & passions1 b only a k9d ( m5tal calculus or intellectual eng9e]+4 ,?is /ate ( ! m9d is sometimes tak5 to be ! ex]cise ( a *oice1 & x may be s2 b x is ( a diff]5t k9d to t involv$ 9 self-rule1 :i* we n[ approa*4 ,z a p[] ( v gradual gr[? mu/ we reg>d t cognition1 7) its subsequ5t e/abli%m5t z an object & a motive 9 ! human organism7 :i* recognises ! ,self z a :ole--z a :ole at any giv5 "t1 & z a :ole ext5d+ ov] sev5ty ye>s1 & p]haps indef9itely long]6 ,man's total self c become an object ( ?\ght & t object a motive1 z di/+ui%$ f any ( ! p>ticul> motives ( :i* x is made up4 ,man's future self may be an object ( ?\ght z well z ! pres5t2 & man's ,cont9u\s ,self may become a con/ant & all-pr$om9at+ object ( reg>d & int]e/--an all-absorb+ motive4 ,inde$1 s f> may ?is g1 t ! long cont9u\s self prospect$ aft] dea? may & has be5 s mu* an object ( motive z to ov]%ad[ & dw>f e int]e/ ( ! pres5t4 ,& if ?is ,cont9u\s ,self is recognis$ by ! ,reason z ! complete object1 ! "o & *ief motive--& x mu/ be s s9ce x includes e motive at e in/ant ( "t--!n ! ,reason accords to x & claims = x a rul+ position1 a claim be=e :i* e o!r mu/ give way4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is is sub/antially taught1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t t]ms ( exposition1 9 all e?ical books & 9 all v]bal precepts ( good c\nsel4 ,! psy*og5y ( ?is developm5t ( ! cont9u\s self into an object & a motive is to be f\nd 9 ! intellectual recognition ( ! actual ord] display$ by nature 9 ! processes ( life4 ,x is ! h>monis+ ( ! volitional actions ) ! laws ( natural *ange4 ,we h se5 t ! process ( life is ! cont9u\s adaptation ( organism to environm5t4 ,b ?is is a natural1 non-volitional process4 ,*ange 9 ! environm5t produces *ange ( organism to correspond ) x4 ,:5 cognitions are develop$ ! sequ5ces ( action are =ese51 ! *anges ( environm5t are =ese51 ! developm5ts ( organism are =ese52 a g5]alisation is made ( all ! factors1 & logical conclusions drawn z to ! necess>y adaptations4 ,!n foll[s a rational or int5tional adaptation ( organism & environm5t1 due to ! motive ( ,self :i* we h j consid]$2 ?is rational or int5tional adaptation may be ei!r incid5tal or cont9u\s1 & ! adaptation may be ei!r ( organism or ( environm5t4 ,& 9 ?is calculus ! relation ( ! individual to ! mass ( individuals con/itut+ society mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a man hav+ reg>d to 8 cont9u\s self f9ds himself 9 a c]ta9 position4 ,! motive relat+ to ! cont9u\s self det]m9es t 8 conduct %all be regulat$ by ! be/ reg>d = t cont9u\s self4 ,& x mu/ be admitt$ at once t te*nically x is n qualitatively relat$ to any ab/raction1 su* z virtue1 c41 unless1 inde$1 virtue be int]pret$ z ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a h>mony1 b has reg>d purely to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mo/ h>moni\s correspond5ce betwe5 himself & 8 environm5t = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,x might be t su* a resolve w\ld result 9 a sy/em ( e?ics1 b we wi% to limit ! consid]ation to our special subject4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ recognise ! quantitative "* ( su* an adaptation4 ,! self is surr\nd$ by an enorm\s & highly complex environm5t2 b x may1 f h]$ity1 or want ( education1 or p]v]se education1 be a v n>r[1 poor1 meagre1 little self1 hav+ v few1 weak1 feeble correspond5ces ) ! environm5t4 ,a pig 9 8 /ye may be well adju/$ to 8 environm5t2 b 8 correspond5ces ) ! ext]nal _w are few 9 numb] & ( small int5sity4 ,we w\ld !re=e ass]t ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] z a coroll>y f ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( ! organism & ! environm5t1 n m]ely ! e/abli%m5t ( a conv5i5t modus viv5di1 b an adju/m5t ( ! organism by enl>gem5t ( ! numb] ( its correspond5ces ) ! environm5t1 s z to r5d] ! adju/m5t betwe5 organism & environm5t m p]fect by mak+ ! =m] co-ext5sive ) ! latt]4 ,9 proportion to ! numb] ( po9ts ( int]e/ or correspond5ces e/abli%$ betwe5 organism & environm5t1 s is ! p]fection ( ! cont9u\s self4 ,9 ?is mann] !n ,free ,w or ,self-,rule 9 its v nature is relat$ to ! conception ( a cont9u\s self t[>ds :i* x acts z ! object ( a motive1 & possesses also an e?ical be>+ ) reg>d to ! enl>gem5t ( ! correspond5ces ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,= :at is !re ( great] int]e/ 9 ! ext]nal _w ?an ! subjective individuals ( our surr\nd+s1 ! society ( :i* we =m a "p1 ! my/]i\s pa/ out ( :i* we came & ! dep5d5t nations ( ! future :i* we are help+ to make8 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?us sett+ up ! cont9u\s self z an object1 ^: realisation is to be ! rul+ p[] 9 ! regulation ( conduct1 7:e!r ?is self be ! complete self we h j contemplat$1 or ! incomplete self :i* we may happ5 to be1 & to be pretty well cont5t$ )17 a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-regulation w always be necess>y 9 ord] to effect ! object 9 view1 & at occasional crises a v great am\nt ( /ruggle & ef=t w h to be ex]t$ 9 ord] to put d[n ! influ5ce ( "s active motive :i* w\ld1 by its ha/y & bl9d gratification1 m> ! result ( t l9e ( conduct already decid$ ^u z ! be/4 ,"h w come 9 ! conflict ( passion ) reason1 & ( impulse ) prud5ce1 :i* is really ( ! greate/ practical int]e/ 9 our /udy4 ,& "h we f9d1 z "o ( ! *ief motives 9 su* a conflict1 ! motive ( reg>d = ! cont9u\s self4 ,x is n always a rul+ motive4 ,x is be/ t x %\ld be s4 ,! object ( education & self-culture is to make x s4 ,b at any rate x is a motive1 & a /rong "o4 ,9 proportion to its pr$om9ance is ! am\nt ( self-rule1 ( self-control1 &1 z we read x1 ( ,free ,w4 ,?us ! rational reg>d = self becomes recognis$ z a motive4 ,! ,rational ,volitional becomes ! ,emotional ,volitional4 ,x has be5 recognis$ 9 _m philosophies "u v>i\s names1 advanc$ sometimes z a motive1 sometimes z ! v self ( self1 & sometimes designat$ by ! t]m self-det]m9+ p[]1 c42 b its true "* & g5esis is be/ expla9$ by ,evolution4 ,! great practical "q is ?is3 ,has man ! p[] ( *oice among/ motives8 ,has he ! vaunt$ p[] ( self-rule8 & c he cultivate x8 ,we c only reply t1 z a matt] ( fact1 "s m5 h x & "s h n2 t "s h 9 "s respects & n 9 o!rs4 ,z a matt] ( possibility1 mo/ m5 may atta9 9 a consid]able degree to ! p[] ( self-rule by judici\s self-culture3 & 9 ! education ( ! "y1 m p>ticul>ly 9 home education1 a v high /&>d 9 ?is respect may be atta9$4 ,"s feeble m9ds & flighty or impassion$ natures1 z well z idiots1 may n be able to rea* x1 & "s fools may lose x aft] !y h got x2 b z a g5]al rule & a safe fact = all to accept1 we may say t a high degree ( self-rule may by mo/ p be atta9$1 & t ! possession ( x is = ! mo/ "p happ9ess4 ,adopt+1 !n1 ! /atem5t ( ! essayi/1 f ! mom5t t self became an object ( consci\sness x became also a motive1 we w\ld add ! elem5t ( "t & recognise a cont9u\s self4 ,!n1 plac+ ! /atem5t 9 a subord9ate position1 z "p ( ! g5]al evolution ( life--:i* is ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( organism & environm5t--& ackn[l$g+ ! gr[? ( reason1 we w\ld def9e ! c\rse ( action :i* results f all ^! factors z ! rational quantitative & cont9u\s adju/m5t ( organism & environm5t4 ,?is is ! ,evolutioni/ =mula ( ,free ,w or self-rule4 ,?us ! consci\sness ( *oice & ( ! p[] ( self-rule receives an explanation on ! ,evolution ( ,det]m9i/ic hypo!sis 9 ?is respect1 t ! recognition ( ! cont9u\s self z an object ( ?\ght & an important object ( int]e/ & reg>d1 becomes !reby a motive det]m9+ action & conduct1 ev5 aga9/ ! imm$iate urg5cies ( passion4 ,det]m9ism is ?us ackn[l$g$ to be a correct !ory3 b ! dignity ( ! claim = self-rule & free *oice is v9dicat$1 & ! atta9m5t ( x by mo/ p is %[n to be bo? desirable & feasible4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,evolution1 ,,e?ics1 ,,& ,,religion4 ,! recognition ( ! ultimate t5d5cies ( evolution sugge/s two fur!r enquiries1 "o z to ! p]sonal relation ) ! f>-(f result1 & "o z to ! orig9 ( su* a def9ite progress4 ,p]haps ! consid]ation ( ! =m] "q is b\nd up 9 ! latt]4 ,nev]!less1 )9 ! scope ( ! =m] m limit$ enquiry1 ! ,comti/s are cont5t to re/4 ,= !m ! n>r[ limits ( hi/ory & its imm$iate outlook are suffici5t4 ,:at is actually record$ ( humanity1 & :at is actually reveal$ 9 x1 toge!r ) ! indications ( its possibilities1 suffice = ! cre$ ( ! ,comti/4 ,! ,positivi/ produc$ by ,evolution wor%ips 8 ,cause "u ! "n ( humanity1 & works t[>ds ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s evolutioni/ ideal4 ,he seeks no ju/ification 9 philosophy4 ,! product ( ,evolution--he acts f inw>d impulse & requires no au?ority4 ,he has none to appeal to 9 ! inculcation ( 8 wor%ip1 b ! natural response to be f\nd 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o occupy ! same intellectual & sympa!tic position4 ,b ?is is aft] all only a p>tial grasp ( ! fundam5tal problem ( hi/ory4 ,x is an ab&onm5t1 tempor>y or o!rwise1 ( ! intellectual problem1 al?\gh x is a recognition ( ! onw>d sweep ( humanit>ian ,evolution4 ,! hi/ory & ! t5d5cies are alike s\ght to be expla9$ by ! philosophy ( ! ,evolutioni/4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! position ( ! ,evolutioni/ 9 reg>d to ! problem ( religion1 & :at practical be>+ has x ^u ,e?ics or moral obligation8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions dep5ds ^u :at is meant by ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,if by ,evolution is meant a complete sy/em ( explanations by :i* all ! ev5ts compris$ 9 all dep>tm5ts ( human k1 /ret*+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( hi/ory record$ & surmis$1 are intelligibly acc\nt$ = z ! results ( ! int]relation ( primordial factors1 ( :i* we h a cle> appreh5sion1 insomu* t ! logical ord] becomes a picture ( ! hi/orical ord]1 !n our e/imate ( ,evolution dep5ds ^u our e/imate ( ! orig9al factors4 ,if !y are held to be "s sev5ty 9 numb]1 & to be ^? elem5ts ( :i* a full acc\nt is giv5 9 *emi/ry1 & to be subject to g5]al laws1 su* z ^? describ$ 9 works on physics1 !n our reg>d = ,evolution mu/ be "o due to ! rev]5ce we possess = *emi/ry1 electricity1 heat1 gravitation1 & ! l1 & our conduct mu/ be made to con=m--if we wi% to co9cide ) ! ev5tual t5d5cies ( evolution--) :at we judge to be ! ultimate t5d5cies ( ! evolution ( ^! factors1 namely1 _! ultimate equilibration 9 univ]sal quiesc5ce4 ,life1 accord+ to ?is view1 is an int]ruption ( ! process1 & a contradiction ( cosmical int5tion4 ,?is view ( evolution is n sav$ by ! !ory t beh9d ^! *emical aff9ities & physical relations !re is an unkn[able p[] ( :i* !y are b ! manife/ations3 = ! p[] is n unkn[able if its manife/ations are limit$ to ^! kn[n manife/ations2 & if !y are n s limit$1 b op]ate 9 o!r ways ) new factors1 n compris$ 9 our e/imate ( !m1 !n our explanatory sy/em is at fault1 & has to be ab&on$ or am5d$4 ,! recognition ( an unkn[able p[] beh9d *emi/ry & physics1 yet limit$ by ! laws ( *emi/ry & physics1 is equal only to our e/imate ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,we c\ld b address x z ,oh my ,"l ,*emi/ry6 ,oh my ,"l ,physics6 ,b we h %[n 9 our previ\s criticisms t ?is view ( evolution1 z deal+ ) purely physical factors1 is inadequate to expla9 ! cosmical hi/ories4 ,we h criticis$ adv]sely ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s attempts s to expla9 biological developm5t2 & we h indicat$ ! necessity = suppos+ t o!r sup]ior factors are pres5t 9 biological evolution4 ,we d n "k t ,mr4 ,sp5c] disputes x--8 "w is too vague & inconsi/5t to enable u to say precisely :at he does & :at he does n tea*4 ,b ! admission ( additional factors does n de/roy ! !ory ( evolution4 ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] & ! mod]n s*ool h e/abli%$1 beyond dispute1 ! fact ( ord]ly developm5t 9 ! cosmos4 ,we are =c$1 !re=e1 to admit bo? evolution & ! pres5ce 9 x1 s f> z ,biology is conc]n$1 & probably also z reg>ds all ! *anges ant]ior to ! beg9n+s ( life1 ( a factor ov] & above ! *emical & physical factors4 ,! nature ( ?is factor we d n "k1 nor d we "k h[1 z hav+ an ord]ly relation to *emical & physical ev5ts1 its law is to be express$ 9 su* a mann] z to enable u to und]/& h[ organisms arose & 7 develop$4 ,"h1 inde$1 we c recognise a p[]1 & an inscrutable "o3 b inasmu* z x is inscrutable x spoils our philosophy--our sy/ems ( explanations--& laughs at our =mulas4 ,b aft] all1 if we succe$ 9 e/abli%+ purposive actions z incid5ts 9 a process ( equilibration1 :at h we ga9$8 ,we h ga9$ a sci5tific explanation ( all purposive actions z well z ( all actions ( organisms 9 g5]al4 ,!y all /& ^u ! same foot+--t is to say !y are all equally explicable z p>ts ( ! univ]sal process4 ,!y are all equally equilibrations1 & s ju/ifi$ 9 _! ord] ( occurr5ce4 ,!y rank alike z incid5ts 9 a l9e ( causation explicable by ! law ( equilibration4 ,app>5tly all t is1 is "r4 ,equilibration does n recognise any di/9ction z to ! quality ( actions4 ,?is di/9ction c be expla9$ by equilibration1 b _c be ju/ifi$ by x z a law = future conduct1 any m ?an any o!r incid5t ( ! c\rse ( equilibration4 ,if c]ta9 laws ( liv+ become e/abli%$1 !n mov+ equilibria capable ( recognis+ ?is fact mu/ act accord+ly--!y mu/ adapt !mselves to ! environm5t3 b ?is does n prev5t ! organism f adapt+ ! environm5t to itself1 if x c1 by *ang+ x or ov]com+ x--?is is m]ely a matt] ( equilibration4 ,! law ( ,biology w all[ x to cope ) an adv]se environm5t 9 _m ways1 namely1 by con=mity1 by escape s z to pres]ve its individuality1 & by alt]+ or ov]com+ ! environm5t4 ,if ! =ces ( ! environm5t be p[]ful & omnipres5t1 !n con=mity is ! only res\rce4 ,x is only a matt] ( sup]iority ( =ce1 & ! result+ con=mity is m]ely a matt] ( equilibration4 ,x is n t equilibration l5ds any special sanctity or quality to c]ta9 actions4 ,social pressure co]ces individual pressure--! mutual co]cion ( society is equilibration--! result ( ?is equilibration1 :atev] x is1 is a v>iable ,e?ics4 ,! recognition ( great duties & great faults1 ! facts ( moral approbation & condemnation1 ! ph5om5a ( a private & public consci5ce are all explicable z equilibrations3 b s9ce :atev] is1 is an equilibration1 x is n f ! laws ( equilibration t any e/abli%$ moral di/9ction or obligation c be ju/ifi$ = guidance = a s+le day 9 advance4 ,!re is no univ]sality1 ei!r 9 place or "t 9 ,e?ics ?us view$4 ,! ju/ification ( ,e?ics f ! evolution po9t ( view mu/ be s\ght on o!r gr\nds ?an 9 t ( a cosmical equilibration4 ,x is difficult to say :at support is r5d]$ to practical ,e?ics by ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,accord+ to x1 ,e?ics is a hi/ory & a pr$iction2 b fail+ ! exi/5ce 9 any individual 7z ! result ( a gr[?7 ( ! moral s5se = :i* ,evolution pr(esses to acc\nt1 ! pr$iction only applies to future g5]ations2 & x is difficult to see t practical ,e?ics has = su* a p]son any intr9sic au?ority4 ,& ev5 if ! moral s5se1 & social pressure 7:i* are respectively ! intr9sic & ! extr9sic au?ority1 = practical ,e?ics7 are suffici5t ( !mselves to en=ce moral conduct1 !n ! und]/&+ ( h[ !y bo? came to possess su* a p[] ( comm&1 l5ds !m no additional au?ority1 b r t5ds1 at fir/ sight1 to detract f _! sacr$ pre/ige4 ,! confid5ce ( ! philosoph] is h[ev] soon re/or$1 :5 he consid]s t despite ! failure ( 8 !ory to intellectually e/abli% moral en=cem5ts1 nev]!less1 ! great =ces :i* h produc$ bo? ! intr9sic & ! extr9sic e?ical au?orities are /ill at "w1 & mu/ m & m prevail4 ,if ^! are natural gr[?s ! movem5t 9 ! he>ts ( m51 & 9 societ>ian organization1 w ev] prevail ov] & above all reason+ ab\t !m4 ,individual opposition & re/iv5ess w be levell$ be=e ! might ( ! advance4 ,! individual mu/ obey or p]i%2 inde$ he mu/ himself *ange & become "p ( ! co]cive p[]4 ,?us x w be f\nd t ! appreh5sion :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] expresses 9 8 preface1 z to ! loss ( a controll+ ag5cy 9 ! decay & dea? ( an old] regulative sy/em is n met by ! e/abli%m5t ( a new controll+ ag5cy :i* takes ! place ( ! disc>d$ au?ority1 b may be met by ! fact disclos$ 9 evolution1 t :atev] au?ority m5 may recognise1 nay1 ev5 if !y d n recognise any1 x is all ! same--!y are "p & p>cel ( an onw>d gr[? aga9/ :i* x is useless to rebel4 ,! moral au?ority is ! conviction ( ! inevitable4 ,?us evolution dispels ! fe> ( a moral an>*y by %[+ ! necessity = ! exi/5ce ( pres5t & future moral ord]1 ensur$ alike by extr9sic social organization1 & by a no less c]ta9 preval5ce ( intr9sic motives4 ,?us1 ?\gh evolution l5ds b little additional !oretical =ce to moral argum5t1 x %[s =? ! p[] ( natural e?ical au?ority1 & decl>es ) conv9c+ efficacy1 magna e/ v]itas et prvalebit4 ,! moral imp]ative is f\nd to be fir/ly extr9sic 9 social pressure1 & secondly intr9sic 9 altrui/ic sympa?y4 ,^! are ! only au?orities compet5t to say3 ,?us %alt ?\ d1 & ?us %alt ?\ n d4 ,evolution e/abli%es no absolute morality4 ,x is always relative to ! surr\nd+s1 & x diff]s accord+ to ! /age ( civilization4 ,! m ne>ly ! conduct approa*es ! relatively p]fect ! m truly ideal is x4 ,! imag9$ ideal is n s p]fect z ! relatively p]fect4 ,accord+ z a necessity is univ]sal1 s is ! degree ( moral en=cem5t :i* accompanies x1 & ! degree ( accord 9 ! recognition ( its imp]ativ5ess4 ,! sanctity ( life1 ! condemnation ( ^! :o infr+e x1 ! comm5dation ( ^? :o promote x are ( fir/ em95ce4 ,lib]ty1 ,prop]ty1 & o!r ess5tials receive little less recognition2 & s on by degrees d[n to ! small details ( ev]yday life4 ,! k9d ( moral imp]ative is ! same ?r\gh\t1 ! degree ( en=cem5t diff]+ accord+ to ! v>y+ importance ( ! actions4 ,z ?is po9t v prop]ly comes 9 ! ,evolutioni/'s view ( religion4 ,we take1 z our text on ?is subject1 ! spee* by ,pr(essor ,fiske at ! ,sp5c] banquet held 9 ,new ,york1 ,novemb] #i?1 #ahhb1 & s9ce publi%$ 9 ! =m ( a tractette4#ae ,pr(essor ,fiske "h pursues ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s faulty plan ( g5]alis+ all religions1 & assum+ ! common or fundam5tal cont5t z a true f9d+1 besides hold+ t ! fundam5tal tru?s ( sci5ce are id5tical ) ?is f9al deliv]ance ( religion4 ,x is n t ,pr(essor ,fiske's argum5t is bad1 b t x is badly put4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ! sci5tific view1 & say t ! univ]se manife/s an ord]ly developm5t2 t x is probably altoge!r ! result ( ! relations ( primordial factors2 b t ( ^! we c =m no adequate conception al?\gh1 nev]!less1 !y und\bt$ly conta9$ some?+ ( ! elem5ts ( a subjective nature--!n we d n transgress ! sci5tific view4 ,nei!r d we s transgress :51 by inductions f ! hi/ory ( man1 we ass]t t ! law ( developm5t ( ! subjective is t[>ds altrui/ic sympa?y1 quantitative increase ( life1 & social h>mony or equilibration4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's recognition ( an et]nal p[]1 n ourselves1 t makes = righte\sness is z ne> an approa* to ! tru? z we c get4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s =mula %\ld be an unkn[able p[]1 n ourselves1 t makes t[>ds equilibrium4 ,! "q1 !reupon arises1 ,is ! subjective a factor 9 a process ( equilibration1 & is righte\sness subjective equilibration8 ,! "q also arises 9 ! latt] case1 ,is ! makes = or makes t[>ds a teleological aim+ at an end1 or a process det]m9$ completely by antec$5t factors ( :i* x is b ! outcome8 ,x is difficult to imag9e "u a sy/em ( evolution1 ev5 if an univ]sal subjective factor be admitt$1 ! op]ation ( a teleological activity z ord9>ily und]/ood4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d a teleological faculty evolv$ 9 man4 ,& ev5 if we accept ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's description1 ! "q arises1 ,has ! et]nal p[] a consci\s int5tion ( mak+ t[>ds righte\sness f ! fir/ or f any "t8 ,or is x implicit 9 ! orig9al relations ( ! subjective to ! *emical & physical t x makes ?r\gh ,biology t[>ds righte\sness--is righte\sness m]ely ano!r expression = a complet$ biological law involv$ 9 ! orig9al relations ( atoms ) an omnipres5t subjective & relative factor8 ,& aga91 :at1 sci5tifically view$1 is our p]sonal relation to t inscrutable p[] :i* makes = righte\sness8 ,"h comes 9 ! e?ical problem z affect$ by ! religi\s1 & bo? z affect$ by our views ( evolution4 ,pr(essor ,fiske says ( ! propositions recognis$ by all religions t m5 ought to d c]ta9 ?+s & ought to refra9 f do+ c]ta9 o!r ?+s2 & t ! reason :y "s ?+s are wrong to d & o!r ?+s are "r to d1 is 9 "s my/]i\s b v real way connect$ ) ! exi/5ce & nature ( ?is div9e ,p[]4 ,! fact t p]sonal responsibility to ! inscrutable ,p[] belongs to ! ess5ce ( all religions is "o ?+1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( x z a sci5tific tru? is ano!r4 ,! fact ( its exi/5ce & ( its univ]sality is a presumption 9 its fav\r1 b is n m ?an a presumption4 ,:at has sci5ce to say to x8 ,) ?is po9t ,pr(essor ,fiske next deals4 ,he says t sci5ce1 aft] all its se>*+s1 f9ds1 9 its ultimate enquiries1 n only inexplicable laws ^: effects x c calculate ?\gh ! laws !mselves rema9 unexpla9$1 b also long processes :i* are n explicable by ! kn[n laws1 & :i* w probably rema9 = ev] inexplicable4 ,if he does n say s 9 ^? words1 we presume t mu/ be :at he means3 = if he only means t all cosmical hi/ories are explicable by kn[n laws1 ^! laws be+ !mselves inexplicable1 ! inscrutable or ,div9e ,p[] is only antec$5t to cosmical hi/ories1 & is n pres5t 9 !m1 nor does x affect ! future4 ,nev]!less1 :at ,pr(essor ,fiske has to say ( ! results ( sci5tific enquiry does n am\nt to mu*4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution ass]ts1 z ! wide/ & deepe/ tru? :i* ! /udy ( nature c disclose to u1 t !re exi/s a p[] to :i* no limit 9 "t or space is conceivable1 & t all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 :e!r !y be :at we call mat]ial or :at we call spiritual ph5om5a1 are manife/ations ( ?is inf9ite & et]nal ,p[]4 ,b ?is sci5tific tru? does n 9 its m]e enunciation be> ^u ! "q z to our e?ical relation%ip to ! ,unkn[n ,p[]4 ,x is only :5 we /udy its spiritual or subjective manife/ation z an ord]ly developm5t t we c recognise a p[] to :i* we owe a moral obligation4 ,! sci5tific evid5ce ( moral obligation to ! inscrutable p[] re/s1 n ^u ! recognition ( ! p[] ( :i* ! cosmos is a manife/ation1 nor ^u ! fact ( its inscrutability1 b ^u ! k ( ! subjective factor1 its manife/$ hi/ory1 & ! inductions to be drawn f a /udy ( t hi/ory 9 ! laws ( ! work+ ( altrui/ic sympa?y1 ( quantitative life1 & ( ! h>mony ( life z already set =?4 ,pr(essor ,fiske's conclusion is a good /atem5t ( ?is sci5tific e/abli%m5t ( p]sonal responsibility to ! div9e p[]1 & ( religion z ! cr[n & sanction ( ,e?ics4 ,n[1 sci5ce began to return a decisively affirmative answ] to su* que/ions z ^! :5 x began1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 to expla9 moral beliefs & moral s5tim5ts z products ( evolution4 ,= cle>ly1 :5 y say ( a moral belief or a moral s5tim5t t x is a product ( evolution1 y imply t x is some?+ :i* ! univ]se ?r\gh untold ages has be5 lab\r+ to br+ =?1 & y ascribe to x a value proportionate to ! enorm\s ef=t t x has co/ to produce x4 ,/ill m1 :5 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] we /udy ! pr9ciples ( "r liv+ z "p & p>cel ( ! :ole doctr9e ( ! developm5t ( life ^u ! e>?2 :5 we see t1 9 an ultimate analysis1 t is "r :i* t5ds to enhance fulness ( life1 & t is wrong :i* t5ds to detract f fulness ( life--we !n see t ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong is root$ 9 ! deepe/ f\ndations ( ! univ]se2 we see t ! v same =ces1 subtle1 exquisite1 & pr(\nd1 :i* br\ght ^u ! sc5e ! primal g]ms ( life & caus$ !m to unfold1 :i* ?r\gh c\ntless ages ( /ruggle & dea? h *]i%$ ! life t c\ld live m p]fectly1 & de/roy$ ! life t c\ld only live less p]fectly1 & humanity1 ) all its hopes1 & fe>s1 & aspirations1 has come into be+ z ! cr[n ( all ?is /up5d\s "w--we see t ^! v same subtle & exquisite =ces h wr\ght into ! v fibres ( ! univ]se ^? pr9ciples ( "r liv+ :i* x is man's highe/ function to put into practice4 ,! !oretical sanction ?us giv5 to "r liv+ is incomp>ably ! mo/ p[]ful t has ev] be5 assign$ 9 any philosophy ( ,e?ics4 ,human responsibility is made m /rict & solemn ?an ev]1 :5 ! et]nal p[] t lives 9 e ev5t ( ! univ]se is ?us se5 to be 9 ! deepe/ possible s5se ! au?or ( ! moral law t %\ld guide our lives1 & 9 ob$i5ce to :i* lies our only gu>antee ( ! happ9ess :i* is incorruptible--:i* nei!r inevitable mis=tune nor unm]it$ obloquy c ev] take away4 ,?is appe>s to u ! be/ /atem5t yet made ( ! logical results ( ! enquiry into ,evolution :5 pursu$ to its fur!/ po9t4 ,"s enquir]s halt at ! mat]iali/ic po9t1 b an irresi/ible logic leads ! hone/ & op5-m9d$ enquir] beyond ?is /age ( ?\ght1 & he f9ds 9 ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! subjective1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( its developm5t1 a law ( spiritual life4 ,he f9ds a law ( relation 9 subjective individuals :i* induces ! e/abli%m5t ( a quantitative life 9 ! increase ( ! numb] ( correspond5ces ) ! ext]nal _w bo? 9 ,"t & ,space1 &1 :i* induces also ! e/abli%m5t ( altrui/ic feel+--a feel+ t exp&s to a great] or less compreh5sion ( ! great life ( ! subjective ?r\gh\t ! cosmical hi/ory2 & 9 ?is recognition he f9ds also a s5se ( p]sonal responsibility t[>ds a ,p[] :i* dem&s f him a surr5d]1 s t he %all "w t[>ds its great ideal1 & f9d 8 happ9ess !re94 ,:at m !re may be 9 natural religion is beyond ! scope ( our pres5t volume1 ?\gh we hope at same future "t to treat ( ?is important subject4 ,our pres5t view is limit$ to ! consid]ation ( ,e?ics1 & h[ t sci5ce is affect$ by ! rec5t l>ge g5]alisations ( ,biological hi/ory4 ,c]ta9 def9ite conclusions ( a religi\s "* h come =w>d z ! result ( our /udies1 & s9ce ^! h an e?ical import1 x is necess>y to ref] to !m 9 ?is place4 ,nev]!less ! /udy ( ,evolution assi/s ,e?ics1 al?\gh x c br+ no argum5t to be> ^u ^? :o possess little moral aspiration1 & c add no?+ to ! =cefulness ( social pressure4 ,its po9t d'appui is 9 ! exi/5ce 9 mo/ m5 ( ! moral aspirations4 ,?r\gh !m x w "w ^u individuals ( _! environm5t1 & ^u ! tea*]s & legislators :o =m & guide society4 ,to !m is disclos$ ! fact t _! aspirations co9cide ) ! t5d5cies ( nature4 ,!y f9d t !y are go+ ) ! /ream1 are 9 fact "p ( ! hi/oric /ream itself4 ,!y recognise 9 society ?ree movem5ts4 ,! fir/ is ! gr[? ( altruism or sympa?y4 ,! second is ! enl>gem5t ( quantititive life4 ,! ?ird is ! approa* t[>ds a h>mony or equilibration ( life4 ,! recognition ( ^! tru?s imp>ts a deep] fai? 9 moral progress1 & gives a great] bread? ( view1 & a m intellig5t & *>itable int]pretation ( human action4 ,philosoph]s1 tea*]s1 & /atesm51 und]/&+ ! movem5ts ( society f age to age1 & disc]n+ ! goal to :i* x inevitably works1 c read m intellig5tly its prim>y phases1 & assi/ m skilfully 9 its onw>d movem5t4 ,! m ext5d$ recognition ( ! social aim ?r\gh\t society w guide & increase social pressure 9 a correspond+ direction1 n only 9 ! prop] application ( social rew>ds & p5alties1 b 9 ! e?ical inculcations1 & ev5tually 9 ! h]$it>ily e/abli%$ intr9sic motives4 ,nor w prophets1 ! ripe/ fruit ( evolution1 be want+ 9 ! future4 ,ages produce n only ! work+ results b ! religi\s voices4 ,!re are always m5 :o give utt]ance to ! ?\ght & to ! aspirations ( _! "t4 ,/&+ 9 ! =e-front ( ! advanc+ race1 !y face ! my/]i\s d>kness ( ! future illum9$ b by ! lights drawn f ! ,p[] work+ ?r\gh ! subjective hi/ory4 ,,footnote3 #ae ,evolution & ,religion1 by ,john ,fiske1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b4 ,london3 ,j4 ,c4 ,f\lg]1 ,! ,mod]n ,press1 #ahhb4 ,price ,twop5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,summ>y4 ,:e!r we consid] ,biology z a process ( equilibration ( physical factors 9 a /ate ( mov+ equilibrium1 7includ+ 9 ?is =mula ! process ( reproduction & h]$ity to :i* biologically speak+ ! life ( a species is limit$--:i* equilibration explanation includes an equilibration ( =ces1 z well z an equilibration ( motives1 respect+ :i* our conceptions are z yet v indef9ite & vague17 or on ! o!r h& consid] t ! facts ( ,biology require u to include 9 our explanatory mov+ equilibrium !ory an equilibration ( subjective factors ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! physical =ces conc]n$1 x is cle> 9 ei!r case t ! dom9ant law ( ,biology z set =? by ,mr4 ,sp5c] is t ( ,equilibration4 ,! place to be assign$ to ,purpose 9 a process ( equilibration is n v cle>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if ! biological explanations are all /rictly limit$ to ! *emical & physical factors1 x seems evid5t t !re c be no purposive actions1 s9ce all actions are det]m9$ by ! *emical & me*anical relations ( molecules1 masses ( molecules1 & organis$ masses ( molecules4 ,to say t :at we call purposive actions are explicable by physical & me*anical laws is to aboli% purpose & sub/itute physical causation4 ,c purpose by any means be made l9eable 9 su* a sequ5ce8 ,! problem is a fair "o to consid] & to attempt4 ,we fail to d x1 & we ?9k t all :o h attempt$ x h fail$4 ,b if a subjective factor is admitt$ into ! problem1 !n x is necess>y to und]/& 9 :at way x becomes "p (1 & 9 :at way x affects1 a process ( equilibration on ! "p ( a mov+ equilibrium 9 :i* x is a factor4 ,! peculi> nature ( a biological mov+ equilibrium1 & ! respect 9 :i* x diff]s f a physical or me*anical mov+ equilibrium1 consi/s 9 ! fact t x works t[>ds1 if inde$ x does n purposely aim at self-cont9uance by assimilation ( =ce & self-cont9uance by means ( self-protection f adv]se =ces 9 ! environm5t4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! subjective elem5t ) ?is t5d5cy1 9 _m equilibria1 is sugge/ive ( an effici5t connexion4 ,yet if we d n und]/& ! law ( ! relation ( a subjective factor ) ! physical & me*anical factors1 h[ c we und]/& ! resultant process ( equilibration & ! necessity = ! biological law ( adaptations = self-pres]vation & self-protection8 ,h[ c we und]/& ,purpose z an equilibration8 ,e?ics to be affiliat$ ^u ! cosmical process requires t we %\ld und]/& h[ purposive actions c be s affiliat$1 = ,e?ics relates to purposive actions4 ,9 ! failure ( su* a logical connexion1 we may und]/& ,e?ics on p>tial & limit$ gr\nds1 b we d n und]/& x z ,mr4 ,sp5c] proposes we %\ld und]/& x1 namely1 z "p ( ! cosmical process4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 we are b\nd to accept ,e?ics z "p ( ! process ( cosmical equilibration = ?is is aft] all ! ma9 conception ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s great "w4 ,! app>5t & o/5sible conception1 & t ) :i* he has mo/ succe$$ 9 impress+ ! public m9d1 is ! pr9ciple ( evolution or gradual developm5t2 b we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t :at he propos$ to accompli% 0 an explanation ( evolution1 & n m]ely ! e/abli%m5t ( its hi/orical v]ity4 ,?is explanation is 9 t]ms ( equilibration4 ,t conception lies beh9d & above ! celebrat$ ,=mula ( ,evolution1 & by means ( x ! fanciful law ( ! mov+ equilibrium is posit$ z ! rul+ pr9ciple ( biological *ange & developm5t1 z well z ( physical *anges prop]4 ,! biological law1 or law ( ! mov+ equilibrium1 rules supreme ov] all actions & developm5ts ( organisms3 & ev5 if an additional factor ( subjectivity is pres5t z "o ( ! =ces :i* equilibrate 9 a mov+ equilibrium1 x is1 nev]!less1 subject to ! laws ( equilibration4 ,x is n yet made cle> h[ ! law ( equilibration1 :i* necessitates t all =ces %\ld come to a /ate ( re/ 9 z spe$y a "t z possible1 c be *ang$ into a biological law work+ 9 ! antagoni/ic direction ( ! self-pres]vation ( a set ( motions1 & _! self-protection aga9/ a possible cessation or ext9ction1 ) ! addition ( means ( reproduction 9 view ( an ev5tual cessation or ext9ction4 ,b x is ^! biological actions1 "s ( !m purposive1 & "s ( !m p]haps n consci\sly purposive1 :i* h to be prop]ly %[n z "p ( ! cosmical process ( equilibration1 be=e purposive actions1 & !re=e1 be=e ,e?ics c be expla9$ ^u cosmical pr9ciples4 ,,errata4 ,page xiii1 l9es #a & #ac1 = actors read factors4 ,page ii1 l9e #ah1 = he bridges ov] read he is suppos$ to bridge ov]4 ,page #ch1 l9e #bg1 at ! end1 delete 9 !4 ,page #dc1 head+1 = ,! ,philosophical ,view read ,! ,biological ,view4 ,page #dg1 l9e #bg1 = ,e?ics read ( ,e?ics4 ,page #ea1 l9e #g1 = !ticism read /heticism4 ,page #gd1 l9e #ad1 = eges read egos4 ,page #hh1 l9e #bh1 = p]v5t$ read prev5t$4