,,ket*up                                
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,,me?ods ,,( ,,manufacture              
,a4 ,w4 ,,bitt+                         
,,microscopic ,,exam9ation              
,k4 ,g4 ,,bitt+                         
,,lafayette1 ,,ind4                     
,,murphey-,,biv9s ,,co4 ,,press         
#aiae                                   
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,?is brief pres5tation ( "s facts       
conc]n+ ! manufacture ( ket*up &        
discussion ( ! me?ods = its exam9ation  
is (f]$ 9 appreciation = ! _m favors %[n
 to u by manufactur]s4 ,! text has be5  
kept z free f te*nical t]ms z ! subject 
w\ld p]mit1 & ! results ( obs]vations & 
exp]im5ts cov]$ by direct /atem5ts      
in/ead ( giv+ details & tables4  ,no?+  
new is (f]$ 9 ! me?od ( manufacture1 b !
 doctr9e ( ! use ( s\nd fruit1 sanit>y  
me?ods1 & /]ilization is reit]at$4 ,!   
position tak5 ^u ! me?od ( exam9ation is
 n new b x is ?\ght prop] to pres5t     

some?+ conc]n+ ?is phase ( ! "w to !    
manufactur]4                            
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,,ket*up   ,ket*up is a spic$ sauce us$ 
= its condim5tal effect 9 imp>t+ flavor1
 or to give reli% to o!r foods4 ,x      
receives its di/9ctive "n f ! base us$1 
z1 tomato1 grape1 currant1 mu%room1     
walnut1 etc4  ,! t]ms ket*up1 cat*up1 & 
catsup are us$ to designate any spic$   
sauce & seem+ly )\t any reason = ! "o   
us$ o!r ?an p]sonal pref]5ce4 ,?\gh !   
d]ivation ( ! t]m has be5 attribut$ to  
diff]5t s\rces by ! diction>ies1 !re    
seems to be m reason = ! use ( ! t]m    
ket*up ?an = ! o!rs1 bo? ^u ! gr\nd (   
its prior & m g5]al use1 & f ! hi/ory ( 
its d]ivation4 ,murray#a gives !        
d]ivation ( ket*up f ! ,amoy dialect ( !
 ,*9ese1 ! t]m be+ koe*iap or ke-tsiap1 
mean+ a br9e ( pickl$ fi% or %ell fi%2 &
 he /ates t ! ,malayan ke*ap1 :i* has   
be5 claim$ z ! orig9al s\rce1 may be f !
 ,*9ese1 b t ! ^w kitjap1 z giv5 by "s  

diction>ies f ! ,japanese1 is an        
impossible ^w = t language1 & is        
possibly an error = ,javanese4 ,! t]m   
cat*up giv5 by "s diction>ies appe>s to 
be bas$ on ! assumption t ! fir/        
syllable ket* is a colloquial =m ( cat*4
 ,_m manufactur]s use ! ^w catsup1 a    
spell+ = :i* !re seems to be no         
etymological w>rant4 ,! e>lie/ use ( !  
t]m catsup1 f\nd by ! writ]1 ) any      
p>ticul> significance atta*$ to x z     
di/9ct f ! o!r two t]ms1 is by ,kit*9]1 
an ,engli% physician1 9 ! ,cook's       
,oracle1 9 :i* directions are giv5 =    
r$uc+ 8cat*up0 to half ! quantity1 !    
/atem5t be+ t 8x may !n be call$ d\ble  
cat-sup or dog-sup40 ,! fir/ edition ( !
 book appe>$ 9 #ahag 9 ,engl&4  -----   
,footnote #a3    ,murray1 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4   
,new ,engli% ,diction>y4                
,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,tomato ,,ket*up 
,x is b natural t a product ( ?is k9d   
%\ld v>y greatly 9 flavor due to !      
selection & quantity ( spices1 salt1    
sug>1 & v9eg> us$1 & 9 consi/5cy due to 

! degree ( conc5tration & f95ess ) :i* !
 base has be5 comm9ut$4 ,mo/ ( ! recipes
 = home-made ket*up call = r lib]al     
spic+ & long cook+ s t !y h a fairly    
heavy body4 ,^! insure good keep+       
quality1 b imp>t a d>k color to !       
product4  ,! manufacture ( ket*up ^u a  
l>ge comm]cial scale is ( r rec5t       
developm5t & is conf9$ almo/ :olly to ! 
use ( tomatoes z a base4 ,!re 0 little  
ket*up ( ! k9d be/ kn[n at pres5t made  
prior to #ahij1 z mo/ ket*up 0 made by  
:at 0 kn[n z ! natural f]m5tation me?od1
 t is1 all[+ ! tomato pulp to f]m5t     
spontane\sly & us+ ! solid portion =    
/ock4 ,?is me?od 0 cont9u$1 ?\gh on a   
decreas+ scale1 until #aijh1 at :i* "t x
 0 practically prohibit$4 ,beg9n+ ab\t  
#ahij1 ket*up 0 made f fre% pulp & b>rel
 /ock )\t f]m5tation1 ! f]m5tation be+  
prev5t$ by ! use ( a pres]vative4 ,!    
me?od is /ill 9 use4 ,! fir/ ext5sive   
manufacture ( non-pres]vative ket*up    
began ab\t #aijh1 ?\gh a few firms _h   
be5 mak+ x prior to t "t1 ! pione]      

probably be+ ,e4 ,c4 ,haz>d1 (          
,%rewsbury1 ,new ,j]sey4  ,f ! am\nt (  
space giv5 to ! subject ( ket*up 9 !    
cann+ & food j\rnals1 "o might conclude 
t x is a difficult product to make1 or t
 x is "o ( v great importance4 ,x is 9  
reality v easy to produce1 b has assum$ 
a prom95ce among food subjects :i* x    
does n des]ve1 due to ! fact t "s       
manufactur]s h n yet le>n$ ! necessity =
 us+ c>e1 or p]si/ 9 us+ mat]ial (      
que/ionable quality4  ,ket*up is made 9 
! home ) v simple app>atus2 a col&] or  
sieve = break+ & /ra9+ ! pulp1 & a      
copp]1 porcela91 or e>!n kettle = cook+1
 be+ all t is necess>y4 ,! cook+ ( !    
tomatoes ) ! spices1 sug>1 v9eg>1 etc41 
is g5]ally done sl[ly1 until a heavy    
body is obta9$1 :i* results 9 a d>k     
color1 b insures /]ility ( ! product :5 
x goes into ! conta9]1 & also           
contributes to keep+ quality aft] x is  
op5$4 ,9 ! factory _m ref9em5ts are     
necess>y to make a comm]cial article :i*
 w attract ! eye z well z satisfy ! s5se

 ( ta/e4 ,! usual d>k color$1 r\gh1     
home-made article w n comm& a sale ov] a
 groc]'s c\nt] alongside ( t made 9 a   
mod]n comm]cial kit*54 ,"h1 sort+       
tables1 wa%+ ma*9e1 scald]1 cyclone =   
pulp+1 /eam-jacket$ kettle1 tanks )     
coils1 or vacuum pan = cook+1 f9i%+     
ma*9e1 bottle wa%+1 & fill+ ma*9e1 are  
all necess>y4 ,! pipes c>ry+ ! pulp f "o
 ma*9e or vat to ano!r mu/ be enamel$1  
bronze1 t9-l9$1 or silv]-plat$ to prev5t
 ! fruit juice f com+ 9 contact ) iron  
or any?+ :i* w cause discoloration4 ,!  
"w is done spe$ily1 & ! cook+ done 9 !  
%orte/ possible "t 9 ord] to secure !   
brighte/ color & smoo!/ consi/5cy4  ,!  
/ock %\ld be :ole1 s\nd1 ripe tomatoes1 
pref]ably gr[n ne> ! factory s t !y may 
be deliv]$ promptly aft] pick+ & ) !    
m9imum injury4 ,!y %\ld be pick$ :5 9   
prime v9e-rip5$ condition4 ,fruit pick$ 
:5 j turn+ & all[$ to /& "o or two days 
to color w n h ! same ri* flavor z :5   
v9e-rip5$1 b w /& r\gh] h&l+4 ,gre5     
fruit gives a weak color1 & ov]-ripe    

fruit is prone to become injur$ & spoil 
9 h&l+4 ,! tomato %\ld be ?r\gh !       
process ( manufacture )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 
f ! "t t x is tak5 f ! v9e4 ,repeat$    
exp]im5ts h %[n t rapid h&l+ ( fruits & 
vegetables gives ! be/ results = cann+1 
& ! tomato is no exception to ! rule :5 
us$ = ket*up4  ,! v>iety ( tomato us$ is
 ( importance4 ,! tomato w v>y 9 solids 
f less ?an #e4e p] c5t to ne>ly #h4ge p]
 c5t2 9 soluble solids f less ?an #c4e  
to ne>ly #f4e p] c5t2 9 sug> f ab\t     
#b4be p] c5t to #d4be p] c5t2 & 9       
acidity f 4#c p] c5t to 4#f p] c5t4 ,!  
colors w v>y f an almo/ creamy :ite to a
 v deep r$ ) v>iations 9 yell[ & purple4
 ,! only way to get uni=mity 9 a product
 is to select "o good v>iety & disc>d   
o!rs4 ,! pref]5ce is = a cle> r$ smoo?  
tomato ( m$ium size1 firm1 & ( fair     
acidity4 ,:ile color may be only 8sk9   
deep0 z f> z be+ r$1 yell[1 or purple is
 conc]n$1 exp]i5ce has %[n t a cle> r$  
v>iety gives a bett] & m la/+ color ?an 
yell[ or purple4 ,a m$ium siz$ smoo?    

tomato is pref]r$ because ( less adh]5ce
 ( dirt1 few] cracks1 & g5]ally m ev5   
rip5+ to ! /em4 ,a fairly acid tomato   
imp>ts m flavor & ne$s less v9eg> 9 !   
f9i%$ product4 ,! fle%y portion ( !     
tomato gives ! body1 b ! pulp ab\t !    
se$s furni%es ! *>act]i/ic flavor4  ,!  
collect+ ( tomatoes 9 ! field %\ld be   
done at %ort int]vals s t ! fruit may be
 tak5 :5 9 prime condition4 ,:]e pick+  
is done at too wide int]vals1 !re is a  
t5d5cy to take fruit t is only color$ & 
n really ripe1 & = "s to be left &      
become ov]-ripe4 ,9 bo? cases !         
manufactur] is ! "o to suff]1 by        
increas+ ! exp5se ( sort+1 hold+ ! gre5 
if he is to make a high grade product1 &
 by wa/e f crack+ & ma%+ ( ! ov]-ripe4  
,! /ems %\ld be left 9 ! field1 z !y    
increase ! weight & may injure ! product
 to a c]ta9 ext5t4  ,! h&l+ %\ld be 9   
%all[ crates4 ,^! %\ld h /rong cleats   
across ! ends s t "o may be plac$ above 
! o!r )\t t\*+ ! fruit1 & if (          
consid]able l5g?1 %\ld h a p>tition4 ,! 

cleats p]mit space = v5tilation 9 case  
!y mu/ be /ack$ = a few h\rs or m4 ,!   
dep? %\ld be su* z n to p]mit m ?an ?ree
 or f\r lay]s ( fruit4 ,! deep box & !  
conical basket are n well suit$ z c>ri]s
 & %\ld n be us$ unless deliv]y c be    
made by wagon direct f ! field & )9 a   
few h\rs aft] ga!r+4 ,x is ! rule to see
 c>s & b>ges load$ ) baskets arrive at !
 factory ) m or less ( ! fruit 9 bad    
condition4 ,:5 "o basket is set on !    
edges ( two or ?ree o!rs 9 /ack+1 !re is
 always cutt+ ( a few ( ! top fruit1 !  
movem5t 9 rid+ causes o!rs to gradually 
settle & pack into ! cone %ape ( !      
bottom1 s t if !y be held = a day or m1 
!re w be loss ( juice1 consequ5t gr[? ( 
mold1 & contam9ation ( ! s\nd fruit f ! 
infect$4 ,! actual loss f ?is =m ( h&l+ 
has n be5 det]m9$1 b is und\bt$ly mu*   
l>g] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,x is !    
belief ( ! writ] t ! loss is n f> f #aj 
p] c5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* great] ?an !  
diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( freight & h&l+ ( !   
box ov] ! basket4 ,all baskets & boxes  

become m or less infect$ ) mold dur+ !  
season & ?is spreads to ! fruit1 !      
contam9ation increas+ ! long] ! fruit is
 held1 ! tight] x becomes w$g$ toge!r1  
or ! great] ! crack+4 ,! %all[ crate    
af=ds ! bett] protection4  ,:5 tomatoes 
arrive at ! factory1 !y %\ld be pur*as$ 
by weight = s\nd fruit4 ,buy+ by ! box  
or basket is antiquat$ & n satisfactory 
to ei!r buy] or sell]4 ,"u ! rec5t      
,f$]al net weight law1 pur*ase by basket
 or crate mu/ %[ on ea* conta9] ! exact 
weight or measure if !re be int]/ate    
%ipm5t1 & ! same is true = "s ( ! /ates4
 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to give m ?an a  
g5]al inspection at ! factory4 ,a       
contract = ripe fruit at t5 doll>s p]   
ton1 :i*1 :5 deliv]$1 requires sort+1 & 
! hold+ ( unripe & ! disc>d+ ( defective
 fruit1 is equival5t to t5 doll>s1 plus 
all ! additional co/ 9 labor & ! loss 9 
mak+ x fit = use4  ,if x be necess>y to 
hold ! tomatoes = "s "t at ! factory    
be=e manufacture1 ! crates %\ld be /ack$
 9 ti]s ) a foot or m ( space betwe5 ea*

 ti] = ! circulation ( air4 ,/ack+ !    
tomatoes 9 solid blocks af=ds ! ideal   
condition = ! increase ( molds4 ,!re c  
be no d\bt t l>ge quantities ( fruit h  
be5 lo/ ea* ye> f neglect ( ?is simple  
precaution4 ,rec5tly a me?od ( hold+ 9  
wat] has be5 orig9at$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4   
,grosv5or1 at ,paoli1 ,indiana1 &       
consi/s 9 us+ l>ge tanks capable (      
receiv+ #ejj or m bu%els 9 :i* tomatoes 
are subm]g$ 9 cold wat] z soon z        
receiv$1 & !n held until !y c be us$4 ,!
 device is bas$ ^u ! !ory t ! tomato sk9
 is practically imp]vi\s to wat]1 also t
 ! molds require air = _! developm5t &  
by subm]g5ce 9 wat] _! activity w\ld be 
less5$4  ,^! tanks are made ) false     
bottoms to receive ! s& & dirt1 are     
provid$ ) jets to supply fre% wat] & to 
cause ! tomatoes to automatically fe$ ^u
 ! conveyor4 ,! fir/ impression is t !  
tomatoes are soak+ 9 r dirty wat]1 b    
te/s %[ t !y absorb v little1 if any1   
wat]1 & exam9ation at e /age %[s !m to  
be wa%$ clean] ?an by ! usual me?od4 ,! 

"w has n be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh to be       
conclusive1 nor to indicate its         
limitations4  ,exp]im5ts made to        
duplicate ! factory conditions1 comp>+  
air & wat] /orage = %ort p]iods1 7      
decid$ly favorable to ! latt]4 ,mu* less
 *ange occurr$ 9 wat] /orage = tw5ty-f\r
 to =ty-eight h\rs ?an 9 ! air1 & !re 0 
! fur!r advantage t ! tomatoes 7 wa%$   
fre] f dirt1 s&1 & mold1 & t rot 0 cut  
out bett] "u ! wat] sprays4 ,"s lots (  
tomatoes 7 held z long z eighty h\rs1 b 
?is is n to be recomm5d$4 ,:5 rott+ does
 occur "u wat]1 x is ( a diff]5t "* f t 
9 ! op5 & is f> m (f5sive4  ,if tomatoes
 be accept$ at ! factory 9 a mix$       
condition1 t is1 gre5i%1 ripe1 &        
ov]-ripe1 !y %\ld be pass$ fir/ ov] a   
sort+ belt & pref]ably "o :i* w turn all
 sides ( ! fruit to ! inspectors4 ,!    
gre5 fruit %\ld be held out 9 sep>ate   
crates to rip51 & ! unfit fruit be      
disc>d$4 ,if gre5 fruit be n accept$1 ! 
inspection c be done bett] aft] wa%+4 ,9
 any ev5t ! fruit mu/ pass sl[ly on !   

table & 9 s+le lay]s4 ,no inspection c  
be made adequate if ! tomatoes pile on !
 belt two or ?ree lay]s deep1 or pass at
 su* a rate t ! eyes tire & all look    
alike4 ,?is is a place :]e m belts mov+ 
sl[ly1 & few] p]sons work+ on ea* belt1 
w give ! bett] results4 ,h& sort+ is    
ess5tial & f> m important ?an 9 tomato  
cann+4 ,9 ! latt] ! defective p>ts are  
cut away1 b no ma*9e has yet be5 devis$ 
to make ! sep>ation complete 9 mak+ pulp
 or ket*up4  ,"o o!r po9t 9 inspection  
is ! removal ( ! /ems1 :i* %\ld be !    
duty ( ! pick]s1 b :i* is (t5 neglect$4 
,if ! ket*up is to h ! brighte/1 cleane/
 color1 ! removal ( ! /em is advantage\s
 &1 fur!rmore1 if ! tomatoes are rais$  
on s&y gr\nd1 !re may be en\gh s& held  
ar\nd ! /em to make appreciable grit4   
,"s manufactur]s leave ! /em on to give 
flavor4                                 
,,wa%+4  ,! wa%+ is ! mo/ important     
me*anical op]ation 9 mak+ pulp or ket*up
 9 ord] to get a clean product4 ,x is ! 
weak spot 9 mo/ factories1 b =tunately  

is ! "o t c be mo/ easily *ang$4 ,!     
ideal wa%] is "o t fir/ receives !      
tomatoes 9 a tank1 hold+ !m = a         
suffici5t l5g? ( "t to soak & to loos5 !
 dirt1 & !n submits all p>ts to a ?or\gh
 spray "u /rong pressure4 ,mo/ wa%]s d n
 meet ^! requirem5ts4 ,9 _m cases !     
tomatoes are ei!r n dropp$ into wat]1 or
 g 9 & !n out aga9 s quickly t !y are   
only made wet & bright1 b n clean1 !n   
pass "u a few cross-sprays1 ea* ( :i*   
does n deliv] a /ream m ?an an in* or s 
9 wid?1 ! total spray+ n be+ active ov] 
a space ( m ?an six in*es & only f      
above4 ,"s ma*9es d n actually spray !  
fruit m ?an "o or two seconds4 ,9 "s    
cases1 x is n s mu* ! fault ( ! ma*9e z 
t ( ! own] 9 ov]-spe$+ & ov]-load+ x4   
,mo/ ma*9es use a suffici5t volume (    
wat]1 b n "u suffici5t pressure1 nor ov]
 a suffici5t area4 ,"o ( ! be/ wa%]s 9  
use is a slight modification ( !        
cyl9drical wa%] us$ = remov+ ! lye &    
peel f pea*es4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d]    
ab\t two feet 9 diamet] & twelve feet   

long1 made ( a specially corrugat$ iron4
 ,! corrugations are %>p] ?an ! ord9>y  
press$ metal us$ = build+ & sid+1 & 9   
addition !y are p]=at$ at frequ5t       
int]vals4 ,?is cyl9d] is m\nt$ on a     
slight incl9e4 ,! tomatoes are f$ 9 at  
"o end & ! revolv+ motion causes _!     
dis*>ge at ! o!r4 ,! effect ( !         
corrugation is to cause ea* tomato to   
turn ov] & ov] 9 its c\rse & ?us avoid  
all slid+4 ,a spray pipe pass$ ?r\gh !  
entire l5g? &1 :5 provid$ ) ! prop]     
nozzle1 insures a ?or\gh wa%+1 !        
tomatoes be+ "u actual sprays f six to  
tw5ty times z long z 9 _m ma*9es t are  
n[ 9 use4 ,! wat] pressure %\ld n be    
less ?an sixty p\nds p] squ>e in* & is  
bett] above "o hundr$ p\nds if f9e      
p]=ations or nozzles be us$4 ,9 ne>ly e 
case x is necess>y to augm5t ! natural  
pressure by an auxili>y pump4 ,!        
pr9ciple ( ! /rong pressure is se5 9 us+
 a hose )\t a nozzle to wa% a floor & "o
 ) a nozzle & /rong pressure4 ,9 ! =m]  
case x does n clean1 :ile ) ! latt] x   

does & ) less wat]4 ,! wa%] j describ$  
is too vigor\s = tomatoes = cann+1 z !  
treatm5t is too r\gh4 ,if ! tomatoes are
 s(t or badly crack$1 x causes          
consid]able loss1 b n ( mat]ial t %\ld  
be us$ 9 ket*up4 ,! /rong sprays w also 
cut (f adh]5t mold & s(t rot4 ,a        
?or\ghly good wa%] w d ab\t n9e-t5?s ( !
 "w = ! inspectors4 ,dur+ ! pa/ season  
"s modifications h be5 made ( ?is wa%] 9
 ! ea/4 ,! ma*9e has be5 enl>g$1 b bett]
 results w\ld be obta9$ by us+ a great] 
numb] ( small ones4 ,aga91 "s wa%+      
ma*9es h be5 ineffective1 n on acc\nt ( 
any defect1 b because ( ov]-spe$+4  ,!  
vigor ) :i* ! wa%+ is done is always    
app>5t 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,! poor wa%+  
usually giv5 to tomatoes = cann+1       
acc\nts 9 a measure = ! relatively l>ge 
numb]s ( organisms f\nd 9 ket*up made f 
trimm+s4                                
,,pulp+4  ,aft] wa%+1 ! tomatoes may be 
r$uc$ to a pulp 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 by    
runn+ ! raw tomatoes directly ?r\gh a   
gr9d] & into ! cyclone2 by pass+ !      

tomatoes ?r\gh a scald] & into !        
cyclone2 & by turn+ ! tomatoes into     
jacket$-kettles or tanks & cook+ !m     
until s(t be=e runn+ ?r\gh ! cyclone4   
,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! product obta9$ by
 ^! me?ods4 ,! fir/ "o gives a some:at  
l>g] yield1 z ! h>d p>ts are cut & torn 
s t m w be squeez$ ?r\gh ! sieve4 ,!    
color is g5]ally /rong] & incl9$ to !   
purple side r ?an ! yell[4 ,! color1    
h[ev]1 does n hold s well :5 expos$ to  
light4 ,! pulp incl9es to fro? & !re is 
a m>k$ sep>ation ( r$ pigm5t on ! top4  
,a raw pulp w beg9 to sep>ate into a    
cle> lay] bel[ & solids at ! top 9 ab\t 
fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes aft] /&+ 9 a     
tank4 ,?is is due to ! air incorporat$ 9
 ! solids & possibly to diff]5ce 9      
specific gravity1 & n to f]m5tation1 z  
frequ5tly alleg$4 ,*anges w take place m
 rapidly 9 su* pulp ?an 9 t made f      
scald$ fruit4  ,!re is n a great deal ( 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! second & ?ird me?ods1 
! object 9 bo? cases be+ ! same4 ,if a  
long scald] be us$1 ! sk9s w be loos5$ &

 ! tissue s(t5$ s t x w be easily       
sep>at$ f ! gre5 p>ts1 h>d cores1 or    
black rot4 ,!re w be no acquisition (   
color f ! /ems to discolor ! ket*up4 ,! 
loss is a little heavi] 9 scald] heat+  
?an :]e ! fruit is cook$ 9 ! tanks1 b   
!re is ! comp5sation t !re is less c>ry+
 ( h>d or objectionable mat]ial4 ,a     
scald] to be effective %\ld be mu* long]
 ?an t us$ 9 cann+1 or a great] volume (
 /eam %\ld be us$4 ,! tomatoes %\ld be  
heat$ to ab\t #ahj deg4 ,f4 ,!re is     
little *oice 9 ! two me?ods1 b !        
pref]5ce is ) ! scald]1 bo? be+ pref]r$ 
to ! raw gr\nd fruit4 ,a pulp made 9 ?is
 way sep>ates sl[ly & !re w be no       
mat]ial increase 9 organisms = a r long 
"t 7?ree or f\r h\rs74 ,!re is less     
sep>ation ( pigm5t on cook+ & !re is a  
clean look to ! tissue "u ! microscope4 
,9 mak+ pulp x is important t ! paddles 
9 ! cyclone be held back f ! scre5 & !  
juice driv5 ?r\gh by c5trifugal =ce r   
?an by h>d gr9d+4 ,:5 kept well back1 ! 
gre5 butts1 cores1 & tissues :i* h be5  

h>d5$ by br[n mold are c>ri$ ov] ! end s
 t !re w be few] black specks 9 ! f9i%$ 
pulp & x w h a bett] appe>ance "u !     
microscope4  ,! pulp %\ld be convey$    
imm$iately f ! cyclone to ! cook+       
kettle1 & ! next op]ation begun at once4
 ,a /orage tank is unnecess>y :5 !re is 
l>ge cook+ capacity1 & 9 mo/ cases x is 
a s\rce ( tr\ble r ?an a help4 ,a sample
 %\ld be tak5 z soon z ! bat* is drawn1 
& ! specific gravity det]m9$ s t ! prop]
 quantity may be us$ to give a f9i%$    
product ( uni=m consi/5cy4 ,assum+ t    
#ejj gallons ( pulp w give a normal     
f9i%$ bat*1 if ! tomatoes are wat]y1 x  
may require #eej gallons or m to give ! 
same result :5 conc5trat$4 ,?is is      
easily calculat$ f ! specific gravity s 
t reasonably uni=m results may be       
obta9$4 ,samples %\ld also be te/$ =    
acidity once or twice ea* day s t !     
addition ( v9eg> c be gov]n$ accord+ly4 
,! conc5tration ( pulp w v>y f #dj to   
#fj p] c5t dep5d+ ^u its condition & !  
weight ( body desir$4                   

,,cook+4  ,! cook+ is done 9            
copp]-jacket$ kettles1 9 glass-l9$      
metal1 or 9 wood5 tanks1 ! tanks be+    
heat$ ) coils4 ,! glass-l9$ tank has !  
advantage ( v little metal com+ 9       
contact ) ! pulp & c be kept clean] ?an 
wood4 ,a "q has be5 rais$ reg>d+ !      
suitability ( copp] = a cook+ ut5sil1   
?\gh no positive objection has be5 made4
 ,! vacuum pan is com+ into use =       
conc5trat+ pulp1 b has be5 little us$ 9 
mak+ ! f9i%$ ket*up4 ,! jacket$-kettle  
is us$ by mo/ manufactur]s1 ?\gh ! tank 
& coil is be+ adopt$ by ^? :o wi% to    
make l>ge bat*es1 z x is ! m economical4
 ,agitators are no long] us$1 z by prop]
 h&l+ ( ! /eam & automatic traps1 little
 burn+ occurs on ei!r kettles or coils4 
,! effici5cy ( ! op5 tank or kettle is  
increas$ by provid+ a /rong exhau/ or   
suction = ! air at ! back & j above !   
top ( ! kettle4 ,a swiftly mov+ curr5t (
 air across ! top ( ! kettle w c>ry (f !
 /eam & %ort5 ! "t ( heat+ f t5 to tw5ty
 p] c5t4  ,a pulp may be r$uc$ 9 a      

vacuum pan 9 ab\t "o-f\r? ! "t necess>y 
9 ! op5 kettle & ) a m>k$ cons]vation ( 
color & flavor4 ,! vacuum pan may be us$
 = quick r$uction & ! f9i% be made 9 op5
 kettles 9 ord] to apply ! heat long    
en\gh to spice & to /]ilize4 ,!re are   
possibilities along ^! l9es :i* h n be5 
develop$4  ,! "t ( cook+ a bat* ( ket*up
 w dep5d ^u ! equipm5t & ! consi/5cy ( !
 f9i%$ product4 ,) a good kettle or coil
 & ample /eam-supply a bat* %\ld be     
complet$ 9 f ?irty-five to =ty-five     
m9utes4 ,?is gives suffici5t "t to get !
 mo/ desirable flavor f ! spices & is n 
s long z to result 9 discoloration4     
,,season+4  ,! selection ( ! spices     
dep5ds entirely ^u ! flavor desir$4     
,c9namon1 cassia1 cloves1 allspice1     
mace1 pepp]1 paprika1 cay5ne pepp]1     
mu/>d1 g+]1 cori&]1 bay leaves1 c>away &
 cel]y se$1 are all to be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s
 =mulae4 ,"s manufactur]s spice lightly 
9 ord] to reta9 ! maximum ( ! base      
flavor1 :ile o!rs g to ! opposite       
extreme on ! misguid$ assumption t !y w 

act z pres]vatives4 ,! quantity us$ %\ld
 be det]m9$ by ! flavor desir$ & ^u no  
o!r consid]ation4 ,! spices may be us$  
:ole1 gr\nd1 or 9 "s cases z acetic acid
 or oil extracts4 ,! :ole spices are    
pref]r$ by ne>ly all ! manufactur]s (   
high grade goods4 ,!y are m exp5sive1 b 
give a diff]5t flavor f ! extracts4 ,!  
spices are weigh$ = ea* bat* & are ti$ 9
 a bag or plac$ 9 a wire basket &       
susp5d$ 9 ! kettle :ile cook+4 ,"s use v
 l>ge quantities & cook f only t5 to    
twelve m9utes 9 ord] to get a di/9ctive 
flavor4 ,?is is v exp5sive1 z only a    
small quantity ( ! flavor+ matt] is     
extract$ 9 su* a %ort "t4 ,"o ( ! s]i\s 
objections to ! use ( ! :ole spices is t
 !y may d>k5 ! ket*up & also cause "s   
discoloration 9 ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,= t 
reason1 black pepp] & allspice 9        
p>ticul> are be+ disc>d$1 & oil ( cloves
 is be+ us$ 9 "p = ! :ole b]ries4 ,!    
grade ( ! spice w also h an effect1 !   
*eap /ock be+ unsuitable = a bright     
clean product4 ,small quantities ( gr\nd

 cay5ne pepp] are us$ z a sub/itute = ! 
black pepp]4  ,acetic acid extracts ( "s
 ( ! spices are be+ us$ to a c]ta9      
ext5t1 b !y h a peculi> h>% flavor t    
makes !m undesirable4 ,! oil extracts c 
be us$ to only a v limit$ ext5t1 z !y   
imp>t a flavor sugge/ive ( ! drug /ore4 
,"o me?od ( mak+ a ne>ly complete       
extraction ( ! spices is to place !m 9  
_! prop] proportion 9 v9eg> a few weeks 
be=e ! ket*up season beg9s & !n add !   
spic$ v9eg> 9 ! prop] proportion to ea* 
bat*4 ,! result is diff]5t f t obta9$ by
 cook+1 & ! me?od is n recomm5d$ = fir/ 
grade goods4  ,! wa/e ( spices 9 ! usual
 process ( manufacture is indicat$ by "s
 "w done by ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,bi%op ( !     
laboratory ( ! ,indiana ,/ate ,bo>d (   
,heal?4 ,he f\nd t 9 mak+ ket*up1 :5 !  
boil+ 0 kept up = ?irty m9utes1 t only  
#bg4h p] c5t ( ! oil ( cassia1 #aa4e ( !
 oil ( cloves1 & #cc4c p] c5t ( ! oil ( 
allspice 7 extract$4 7,unpubli%$        
report47  ,paprica ros51 ,hung>ian1 or  
sweet paprika1 is us$ = color+ purposes1

 ?\gh x p>ades z a spice4 ,?is is a mild
 v>iety ( ,capsicum annuum1 "o ( !      
species ( ! g5us ,capsicum1 f :i* cay5ne
 pepp] is made4 ,! v>iety (f]$ to       
manufactur]s has a m int5se r$ color &  
mu* less pung5cy ?an ! ord9>y paprika4  
,?is paprika c be obta9$ z ! bright     
fruit1 gr\nd dry1 or 9 oil4 ,9 ! latt]1 
x is said1 t "p ( ! capsic9 is remov$1  
also t ! oil sets ! color 9 inf]ior     
mat]ial4 ,! oil is ( a r$di%-yell[ color
 & ! l>ge numb] ( globules & irregul>   
masses s]ve to di/+ui% x f cay5ne pepp]4
 ,x fulfills ! claims ( !               
import]s--8color+ ! ket*up1 n add+      
mat]ially to ! pung5cy1 & com+ inside ! 
laws 9 be+ "o ( ! regul> +r$i5ts40 ,x   
requires j ab\t sixte5 times z mu* z    
w\ld be requir$ ( ord9>y paprika to get 
! same flavor4 ,consid]+ ! co/1 9 !     
relative proportion requir$1 !re c be   
little d\bt ( its real purpose4 ,x w    
conceal inf]iority to ord9>y obs]vation 
9 t x gives a r$ color :]e o!rwise a    
muddy color might be pres5t4 ,! color   

does n h durability1 & x is easily      
recogniz$ "u ! microscope4  ,onions &   
g>lic are add$ 9 v>y+ quantities & may  
or may n be kept 9 ! bat* ?r\gh\t ! :ole
 cook+ p]iod4 ,consid]able diff]5ce 9   
flavor is app>5t ) ! l5g? ( "t ( !      
cook+4 ,*ili pepp]s are also us$ 9 hot  
ket*up or cocktails4  ,v9eg> is add$ to 
ne>ly all ket*up4 ,=m]ly ! acidity 0    
obta9$ f ! f]m5tation ( ! tomatoes & !  
resultant acid 0 probably mo/ly lactic4 
,! flavor 0 diff]5t & n s agreeable4 ,a 
good cid]1 gra91 or malt v9eg> may be   
us$4 ,mo/ manufactur]s pref] to use gra9
 v9eg> ( t5 p] c5t acidity1 z ! volume  
requir$ is less & int]f]es less )       
conc5tration4 ,= real flavor1 h[ev]1 ?is
 may n be ! be/4 ,lately1 glacial acetic
 acid has be5 sub/itut$ = v9eg>1 a      
practice :i* c n be approv$ & :i* ought 
to be ab&on$4 ,citric acid is also add$ 
by "s4 ,v9eg> is usually add$ ne> ! f9i%
 ( ! bat*1 z o!rwise x attacks ! kettle 
to "s ext5t & a "p is driv5 (f 9 boil+4 
,exp]im5ts made by add+ v9eg> to pulp & 

evaporat+ to fifty p] c5t ( its weight 9
 tw5ty & =ty m9utes1 respectively1 %[ t 
9 ! =m] case ! add$ acidity 0 decreas$ 9
 almo/ ! same proportion z ! total      
evaporation1 b 9 ! latt] case ! acid 0 n
 driv5 (f q s rapidly z ! moi/ure4 ,?is 
does n correspond ) views held by *efs1 
z mo/ ( !m seem to believe t practically
 all ! v9eg> is driv5 (f4 ,9 ord] to    
obta9 ! /]iliz+ effect ( boil+ 9 an acid
 m$ium1 x is advisable to make ?is      
addition at lea/ five to t5 m9utes be=e 
! end ( ! cook+ p]iod4 ,9 home-made     
ket*up1 v9eg> is usually add$ ne>1 or   
at1 ! />t1 & aids 9 /]iliz+ ! product1 z
 boil+ alone may n1 :]eas1 boil+ 9 !    
pres5ce ( an acid w1 /]ilize4  ,oil is n
 an ess5tial to ket*up1 & :ile a small  
quantity is (t5 us$ to prev5t foam+1 its
 use 9 l>ge quantities is undesirable4  
,sug> is add$ to give ! desir$ flavor4  
,! high] ! acidity1 :e!r natural1 or    
acquir$ by add+ v9eg>1 ! great] !       
quantity ( sug> ne$$4 ,9 ! high grades (
 ket*up1 granulat$ sug> only is us$1 b 9

 ! *eap] grades1 s(t sug> or glucose1   
may be us$1 ?\gh ! latt] mu/ be decl>$  
on ! label4 ,! sug> is usually add$ :5 !
 cook+ is ab\t "o-half complet$4 ,!re is
 an advantage 9 heat+ bo? ! sug> & v9eg>
 9 a sep>ate kettle & add+ !m :ile hot1 
z x w prev5t a *eck to ! cook+ & less5 !
 /ick+ to ! coils or kettle4  ,salt is  
us$ 9 small quantity & is add$ ne> !    
close ( ! cook+ process4  ,! use ( fl\r 
or />* 9 any quantity = ! purpose ( mak+
 ! body ?ick or heavy is prop]ly reg>d$ 
z an adult]ation4 ,?is is also true (   
pulp f a =eign s\rce1 l pumpk9 or       
apples4  ,! d5sity ( ! ket*up is left   
usually to ! judgm5t ( ! *ef1 :o dep5ds 
^u ! appe>ance z x p\rs f ! ladle4 ,a   
quick te/ c be made by weigh+1 z done = 
pulp1 b 9 ?is case ea* manufactur] mu/  
det]m9e 8 own /&>d4 ,a ket*up hav+      
specific gravity ( #a4jij is apt to be  
?92 a satisfactory consi/5cy is usually 
ab\t #a4abj to #a4adj4  ,z soon z !     
cook+ is complet$1 ! ket*up is run ?r\gh
 a f9i%+ ma*9e to remove all h>d        

p>ticles ( tomato1 bits ( spice1 etc41 &
 to give smoo?ness to ! product by      
break+ x up into v small p>ticles4 ,!re 
are two types ( f9i%]s1 ! %ak+ sieves & 
! rubb+ ma*9es4 ,! =m] is suitable = ?9 
ket*up4 ,! resultant product gives ! be/
 possible appe>ance "u ! microscope1 !  
tissue %[+ :ole cells1 little te>+1 & ! 
m9imum am\nt ( debris & mold filam5ts4  
,! objections to ! sieve are t !        
capacity is small & ! wa/e is           
comp>atively l>ge4 ,! rubb+ f9i%] ne$s  
to be v c>efully adju/$1 o!rwise x =ces 
practically ev]y?+ ?r\gh 9 a v f9ely    
comm9ut$ /ate4 ,! cells ( ! tissues are 
torn to %r$s1 _! cont5ts dis*>g$1 molds 
are brok5 into hundr$s ( fragm5ts1 & a  
ket*up may be made to h ! appe>ance (   
be+ made f poor mat]ial4 ,! f9i%]s h    
l>ge capacity & w "w on ei!r light or   
heavy goods1 b l ! cyclone1 mu/ be h&l$ 
) judgm5t1 n attempt+ to =ce ! la/ ounce
 ?r\gh ! sieve4                         
,,bottl+4  ,only new bottles %\ld be us$
 & ^! %\ld be ?or\ghly r9s$ be=e us+ &  

pref]ably ) hot wat]4 ,s9ce new bottles 
h no tightly adh]5t p>ticles on !       
inside1 ! use ( cle> wat] is suffici5t1 
dep5d5ce be+ plac$ ^u ! aft] process to 
insure /]ilization4  ,! bottl+ %\ld be  
done at z high temp]ature z is          
practicable1 ab\t #afe to #agj degrees  
,f4 ,if ! temp]ature is high] ?an ?is1 !
 possibility ( burns 9 h&l+ is increas$1
 & too mu* space is left 9 ! neck ( !   
bottle aft] cork+1 due to %r9kage ( !   
ket*up on cool+1 & if mu* l[]1 !        
expansion 9 process+ causes excessive   
loos5+ ( caps or corks & breakage4      
,fur!rmore1 :5 l[ temp]ature is us$1 x  
requires a v long "t to heat ! cont5ts (
 a bottle 9 pa/euriz+4 ,a ket*up is a v 
poor conductor ( heat & ! heavi] ! body1
 ! long] ! "t t is requir$4  ,! closure 
may be made ) ei!r corks or seals1 !    
rec5t improvem5ts 9 ! latt] mak+ !m mu* 
saf] ?an !y 7 a few ye>s ago4           
,,process+4  ,aft] ! bottles are seal$1 
!y %\ld be giv5 a process to insure     
/]ility1 ! "t be+ ab\t fifty m9utes =   

half-p9ts & an h\r & fifte5 m9utes =    
p9ts--or suffici5t "t to insure #aij    
degrees ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes at ! c5t] ( !
 bottle4  ,?is /ep is omitt$ by _m      
manufactur]s1 dep5d5ce = /]ilization be+
 plac$ ^u wa%+ ! bottle & subsequ5t     
heat+ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,! heat+ is  
accompli%$ by convey+ ! bottles ?r\gh a 
*amb] conta9+ num]\s /eam pipes at high 
temp]ature & dis*>g+ !m at ! bottl+     
ma*9e4 ,x is assum$ t /]ilization ( !   
ket*up has tak5 place 9 process (       
manufacture1 & ! heat )9 ! bottle w c>e 
= any infection :i* may possibly h tak5 
place at a lat] "t f ! cap or cork4 ,!  
safety ( ?is measure dep5ds ^u us+ a    
fairly acid ket*up or "o ) a heavy body4
 ,x is a risky proc$ure = mild or ?9    
ket*up4 ,x is a common occurr5ce to h ! 
/ock keep app>5tly :ile 9 ! bottle1 b   
spoil %ortly aft] op5+4 ,! spoilage aft]
 op5+ is mo/ (t5 due to =ms :i* h be5   
pres5t s9ce manufacture & only ne$ !    
pres5ce ( air to />t gr[?1 & are n due  
to infection f ! air4 ,a ket*up w       

inhibit ! gr[? ( organisms :i* ga9      
entrance f )\t1 :ile ^? :i* are pres5t b
 held 9 abeyance ?r\gh exclusion ( air1 
w sometimes gr[4 ,! writ] has samples ( 
ket*up put up 9 #aijf :i* app>5tly are  
/]ile1 b :i* w %[ spoilage )9 a few days
 aft] op5+1 ?\gh done "u /]ile          
conditions1 & ! spoilage be id5tical 9  
k9d ) t obs]v$ soon aft] manufacture4   
,h[ long ^! organisms w rema9 alive is n
 kn[n4 ,9 cann+1 no foods are consid]$  
safe )\t process+1 & ! same pr9ciple is 
a good "o to foll[ ) ket*up4  ,process+ 
may be accompli%$ 9 op5 tanks1 9        
retorts1 9 specially con/ruct$          
pa/euriz]s1 su* z us$ 9 ! brew+ indu/ry1
 & 9 hot *amb]s1 ! me?od is n mat]ial1  
?\gh !re may be consid]able diff]5ce 9  
po9t ( economy4                         
,,factory ,,arrangem5ts4  ,! mak+ (     
ket*up is simple & ! factory arrangem5t 
= do+ ! "w %\ld be z compact z possible1
 s t aft] ! pulp is once heat$1 !re is  
an advantage 9 hav+ ! v>i\s /eps foll[ 9
 succession by gravity r ?an be convey$ 

by pumps1 especially 9 small plants4 ,! 
pip+ %\ld be z %ort & direct z possible4
 ,! ma*9]y = fill+ bottles1 cork+1 etc41
 leaves mu* to be desir$2 z sep>ate     
units !y "w fairly well1 b !re ne$s to  
be "s me?od devis$ = h&l+ ! bottles     
automatically f ! "t !y are plac$ on !  
wa%] until !y are label$1 ready = ! box4
 ,at pres5t ! "t betwe5 turn+ ! crate ( 
tomatoes ^u ! sort+ belt until x is     
ready = ! box is only slightly ov] two  
h\rs4 ,fur!r improvem5t w n be s mu* 9  
%ort5+ ! "t z 9 elim9at+ ! h& labor4  ,!
 =ego+ description applies to ! mak+ (  
unf]m5t$1 non-pres]vative ket*up1 made f
 s\nd /ock & deliv]$ into ! bottle4 ,v  
little ket*up1 comp>atively speak+1 is  
sold to ! consum] 9 any package o!r ?an 
! bottle4 ,x c be deliv]$ into ! bottle 
:5 fir/ made1 at less exp5se = labor1 ) 
less fuel1 & ) di/9ctly less wa/e ?an at
 any subsequ5t "t4 ,x w h a bett] color 
& consi/5cy ?an if /or$ 9 bulk & bottl$ 
lat]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 advisable to bottle 
z mu* z possible at ! "t x is made4     

,ket*up may be pack$ 9 bulk 9 jugs1 t9  
cans1 & 9 b>rels1 b n satisfactorily2 ! 
jug is a poor package2 ! enamel may be  
dissolv$ (f ! t9 c & p9holes =m2 & !    
b>rel always gives a poor color & (f    
flavor4 ,! be/ conta9] = bulk ket*up is 
! gallon glass bottle4                  
,,pulp ,,/ock4  ,dur+ ! height ( !      
season1 x may n be possible to conv]t   
all ! tomatoes directly into ket*up1 9  
:i* ev5t ! surplus may be made into     
pulp4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! op]ation is        
id5tical ) t already describ$4 ,!       
conc5tration is c>ri$ j f> en\gh s t    
subsequ5tly by sl[ heat+ = spic+ x w    
give ! prop] consi/5cy :5 made into     
ket*up4 ,a /&>d has n be5 fix$1 b       
t5tatively x has be5 propos$ t x be at  
ab\t a specific gravity ( #a4jce4 ,!    
conc5tration may be c>ri$ fur!r & wat]  
add$ at ! "t ( ! f9al cook+1 b :5 ?is is
 done1 ! resultant product does n h !   
same smoo? consi/5cy t is obta9$ by us+ 
! ?9n] pulp4 ,heavy pulp is made = !    
purpose ( economiz+ 9 cans1 b exp]i5ce  

has %[n t economy does n always foll[4  
,! high] ! conc5tration1 ! high] ! acid 
cont5t1 & ?is may attack ! enamel &     
metal ) result+ bitt] flavor & frequ5t  
p9holes4 ,"s manufactur]s :o prep>e _!  
own pulp c>ry ! conc5tration betwe5     
#a4jcj & #a4jcc4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ?is  
d5sity is to use flasks graduat$ to hold
 #ejj or #ajjj grams ( wat] at #bjj     
degrees ,f41 fill !m ) ! hot pulp &     
weigh at once4 ,= ea* flask !re %\ld be 
a prop] c\nt]poise1 & ! balance be      
s5sitive & weigh 9 grams4 ,if !         
#ajjj-;gram flask be us$1 ! specific    
gravity w be ! same z ! weight ( ! pulp4
 ,) a valve funnel ! flask may be fill$ 
level full & ! weight tak5 9 less ?an   
?irty seconds4 ,= cold pulp1 a simil>   
flask is us$1 b graduat$ at #fj degrees 
,f4 & aft] fill+1 ! flask is set 9 a sl+
 & :irl$ a few times to free x f        
bubbles1 fill$ aga9 to ! level1 & !n    
weigh$4 ,= pulp ( a specific gravity (  
less ?an #a4jcg1 ?is gives fairly       
concordant results1 b ! errors increase 

rapidly ! high] ! conc5tration4 ,! same 
me?ods may be employ$ on ket*up4        
,rec5tly1 ,w4 ,d4 ,bigel[ has improv$ ! 
app>atus by us+ a copp] flask & add+ a  
h&le by :i* ! flask may be subm]g$ 9 !  
kettle to take ! sample & ?us prev5ts ! 
entrance ( air4 ,! use ( flasks ( any   
size is describ$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #c1    
,national ,cann]s' ,association4  ,! use
 ( ! specific gravity me?od only p>tly  
solves ! "q ( /&>dization4 ,two pulps   
ea* ( #a4jce may v>y consid]ably 9 :at !
 *ef t]ms body & !re is no me?od (      
accurately measur+ ?is factor or        
express+ x4 ,pulp made by dra9+ w be    
light] 9 weight ) ! same body1 & t f    
sk9s & cores w be r\gh or h ! appe>ance 
( sep>at+ into small flakes or lumps4 ,!
 specific gravity be>s a close relation 
to ! soluble solids1 & z ^! d n h a     
con/ant ratio to ! fib] 9 :ole fruit1 & 
z ! ratio is fur!r di/urb$ by dra9age & 
9 ! use ( trimm+s1 x is obvi\s t ! me?od
 w n give an exact /&>d4  ,pulp %\ld be 
fill$ into gallon or five gallon cans z 

hot z possible & seal$ at once4 ,!      
practice foll[$ by "s manufactur]s is to
 /eam ! cans fir/1 !n dep5d ^u ! heat 9 
! pulp to /]ilize4 ,! cans are all[$ to 
/& hot = =ty m9utes1 !n cool$4 ,! o!r   
practice is to give ! hot cans a process
 ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes = gallons1 =ty     
m9utes = five gallons1 & !n to cool4    
,cool+ is ess5tial to reta9 color &     
flavor1 z prolong$ heat causes 8/ack    
burn+10 produc+ a br[ni% color & a bitt]
 ta/e4 ,! highe/ grade pulp c n be held 
9 b>rels = ! reason t ! heat is reta9$  
too long4 ,/ack burn+ w take place 9    
glass if ! packages are n all[$ to cool 
well 9 ! air be=e be+ /or$1 ?\gh !      
*anges are n s m>k$ z 9 ! t94           
,,pulp ,,f ,,trimm+s4  ,! losses 9 /ock 
f cann+ tomatoes am\nts to ab\t =ty p]  
c5t4 ,?is is due to ! unbus9ess-l       
attempt to c all k9ds--v l>ge1 v small1 
& wr9kl$1 :i* c n be peel$ ) economy--to
 wa/eful me?ods ( peel+1 & to excessive 
dra9+ ( fruit f h&l+ 9 too ?ick lay]s4  
,9 ?is wa/e !re is mu* t has good food  

value & :i* might be work$ up into pulp 
or ket*up /ock if prop]ly done4 ,9 ord] 
to d ?is1 ! tomatoes %\ld be sort$ s t  
only ^? :i* are 9 p]fect condition =    
cann+ w g to ! peel]s4 ,^! %\ld be m$ium
 siz$1 firm1 ev5ly rip5$ all ov]1 & free
 f wr9kles4 ,su* tomatoes c be peel$ at 
! m9imum ( exp5se & loss4 ,! s\nd       
tomatoes :i* are small1 excessively     
l>ge1 wr9kl$1 or ) gre5 butts1 c g 9 )  
:ole tomato /ock4 ,! loss 9 peel+ w !n  
be small & c advantage\sly be disc>d$4  
,if x be decid$ to use trimm+s f ! peel+
 tables1 provision mu/ be made = extra  
wa%+1 z ! ord9>y wa%] removes little m  
?an ! co>se dirt & p>ticles1 is n       
suffici5t = unusual conditions or to    
remove tightly-adh]+ mat]ial1 &1        
fur!rmore1 rot mu/ be elim9at$ be=e !   
tomatoes g to ! peel]s4 ,! writ] has    
nev] se5 a gr\p ( "o hundr$1 or any     
numb]1 ( peel]s :o w /op to trim &      
sep>ate rot f peels & cores4 ,trimm+ c  
be done bett] by a few :5 sort+ !       
tomatoes ?an at any subsequ5t /ep4 ,if  

clean sk9s & cores c be _h f ! peel+    
table1 !y c be conv]t$ into pulp & sold 
if label$ prop]ly1 8f trimm+s40 ,:e!r   
su* wa/e is suitable = a good product   
dep5ds ^u h[ x is h&l$4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 x  
has n be5 h&l$ z well z x %\ld be4  ,!  
f9i%$ pulp made f sk9s & cores is n !   
same z t f :ole /ock4 ,x conta9s m fib]1
 rema9s m or less lumpy1 & lacks ! smoo?
 body ( :ole pulp4 ,! color is n s good1
 & ! flavor is likely to be some:at     
diff]5t4 ,! flavor ( ! se$ cells & t ( !
 fle%y portion ( ! tomato are diff]5t4  
,pulp made f ea* "p sep>ately %[s m>k$  
diff]5ce1 t f ! se$ cells be+ poor 9    
color1 b ) ! m *>act]i/ic fruit flavor4 
,te/s %[ t nei!r "p has any true jelly+ 
p[]s1 b t ! "p f ! se$ cells gives !    
quality ( smoo?ness1 ! hold+ toge!r ( ! 
p>ticles ( solids4 ,nei!r gives a fir/  
class pulp alone4                       
,,color4  ,home-made ket*up g5]ally has 
a r d>k r$di% or br[ni% color1 due to   
prolong$ heat+1 made necess>y "u kit*5  
conditions4 ,at "o "t ?is 0 ?\ght       

desirable & "s ( ! old] recipes call = !
 use ( c>amel 9 ord] to imitate ?is     
color4 ,mo/ manufactur]s n[ aim to      
secure a clean1 cle> color1 pref]ably   
bright r$4 ,?is may be obta9$ :5 good   
fruit is us$ & h&l$ quickly2 a muddy    
br[ni% or yell[i% color is look$ ^u )   
suspicion z indicat+ poor mat]ial or    
defective me?ods4  ,! necessity = a cle>
 r$ v>iety has already be5 po9t$ out1 = 
)\t prop] /ock1 a sup]ior product (     
uni=m quality c n be made4 ,! tomatoes  
mu/ be well v9e-rip5$1 z ! pres5ce (    
gre5 fruit & gre5 butts has a decid$ly  
dull+ effect4 ,colorimet] te/s %[ t !   
use ( ev5 small quantities ( gre5       
mat]ial h an imm$iate dull+ effect4     
,promptness 9 h&l+ ! fruit aft] ! tissue
 is once expos$ to ! air is also        
ess5tial4 ,! tomato1 l "s o!r fruits1   
turns br[ni% :5 ! surface is cut or     
expos$4 ,?is does n occur z rapidly1 nor
 is x s m>k$ z 9 apples or 9 pe>s1 b x  
is pres5t4 ,:5 ! tomato is conv]t$ into 
pulp1 e p>ticle is expos$ to ! air = a v

 %ort "t--long en\gh to make "s slight  
*ange4 ,! *ange is mo/ m>k$ 9 pulp f raw
 /ock & lea/ 9 t :i* has be5 well heat$4
 ,x naturally foll[s t ket*up made      
promptly f :ole /ock w h ! be/ color1 t 
f cann$ tomatoes next1 !n cann$ pulp1 & 
la/ly1 t f trimm+ /ock4 ,pulp all[$ to  
/& hot = too long a "t w h a br[ni%     
color l /ack burn+4 ,:5 b>rel pulp 0    
us$1 ?is 0 ascrib$ to ! tann9 extract$ f
 ! oak4  ,pulp %\ld n come 9 contact )  
iron at any /age1 z ! union ( ! acid ( !
 fruit ) ! metal w cause discoloration4 
,:5 su* discoloration does occur1 x     
becomes uni=m ?r\gh\t ! mass1 & n 9 !   
neck ( ! bottle z has sometimes be5     
describ$4  ,d>k5+ 9 ! neck ( ! bottle is
 frequ5tly due to ! spices us$1 z has   
already be5 po9t$ out4 ,x c be          
r$i/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole by plac+ !    
bottle 9 a %ak] = a %ort "t4  ,d>k5+ at 
! top may sometimes be due to extraction
 ( color f ! corks4 ,soak+ corks 9 two  
p] c5t acetic acid1 !n 9 hot wat] be=e  
dry+1 & p>aff9+1 w assi/ 9 prev5t+      

discoloration on *eap grades4           
,discoloration 9 ! neck also results f !
 small am\nt ( air incorporat$ & f any  
subsequ5t addition :i* may come 9 ?r\gh 
! cork or seal4 ,bottles :i* are full to
 ! cork may %[ no d>k5+1 ^? hav+ a space
 ( an in* or m betwe5 ! cont5ts & cork  
may %[ little discoloration1 :ile ^?    
hav+ m space w %[ mu* m m>k$            
discoloration4 ,?is holds = bo? pulp &  
ket*up & 9 ?is case ! discoloration     
beg9s on ! surface & works d[nw>d4 ,!   
product made f "s fruit w discolor m ?an
 t made f fruit gr[n 9 ano!r section ( !
 c\ntry4  ,a bright r$ color is secur$ 9
 "s br&s ( ket*up by means ( paprika1 z 
indicat$ "u spic+4  ,a light color$ r+ 9
 ! bottom ( a bottle is g5]ally due to  
organisms & debris1 indicative ( ! use (
 b>rel or trimm+-/ock pulp1 or x may    
result f *anges aft] ! process (        
manufacture4 ,x has be5 mi/ak5 = s&4    
,,keep+ ,,quality4  ,ket*up mu/ n only  
keep :ile 9 ! unop5$ bottle1 b = a      
reasonable "t aft] op5+1 if x is to be a

 comm]cial success4 ,e cann] und]/&s t  
if he puts food 9 a h]metically seal$   
package & /]ilizes by heat1 t x w keep  
until op5$4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to 
ket*up 9 ! bottle1 b !re are "s pack]s  
:o wi% to be sp>$ ?is exp5se & tr\ble & 
pref] to use a sub/itute = heat+4  ,!   
keep+ quality aft] op5+ dep5ds ^u !     
utilization ( ! same pr9ciples foll[$ 9 
! h\sehold op]ation ( mak+ fruit butt]s1
 ket*up1 pres]ves1 & pickles1 t is1     
suffici5t conc5tration & ! use ( sug> & 
v9eg>4 ,a ket*up c be made ess5tially a 
pickle ) an excessive quantity ( v9eg> &
 x w keep2 x c be made a pres]ve )      
excess ( sug> & x w keep2 or1 x c be    
made a di/9ctive sauce well conc5trat$ 9
 :i* ! v9eg> & sug> are us$ only 9      
suffici5t quantity to give prop] flavor1
 & x w keep4 ,apple juice or cid] w     
spoil quickly if all[$ to /& 9 a w>m    
place2 apple sauce w behave 9 l mann]   
only a little m sl[ly2 b if ! juice &   
sauces be boil$ toge!r until !y h       
acquir$ ! consi/5cy or /ate kn[n z apple

 butt]1 !y w keep v well4 ,! acidity1   
sug>s1 & solids h be5 increas$ by !     
conc5tration4 ,9 ! mak+ ( tomato ket*up1
 ! fruit does n h suffici5t acidity &   
sug> ( itself to give pres]vative       
prop]ty at ! conc5tration desir$ = a    
sauce1 s ^! are augm5t$ by ! addition ( 
v9eg> & sug>4  ,a great deal ( /ress has
 also be5 plac$ ^u ! effect ( ! spices 9
 act+ z pres]vatives4 ,exp]im5ts h      
demon/rat$ conclusively t :5 ^! are us$ 
9 ! small quantities requir$ = flavor+1 
t _! effect is practically nil4 ,!      
active pr9ciples ( ! spices are         
effective only :5 pres5t 9 ! proportion 
( #a to #ejj or #fjj & 9 ket*up !       
proportion is only #a to sev]al ?\s&4   
,likewise ! quantity ( salt is too small
 to h effect4  ,! keep+ qualities ( a   
mild ket*up w dep5d f> m ^u !           
/]ilization ?an mo/ manufactur]s        
realize4 ,x is easy to make almo/ any   
ket*up app>5tly keep :ile ! bottle is   
unop5$4 ,! spoilage aft] op5+ is mo/ (t5
 obs]v$ to be due to mold :i* has be5   

assum$ to come f infection f ! air4 ,z a
 matt] ( fact1 ?is is ne>ly always due  
to spores :i* h be5 held 9 abeyance1 due
 to lack ( air :ile 9 ! bottle1 & :i*   
beg9 gr[? z soon z conditions are       
favorable4 ,spores :i* fall into !      
bottle f ! air might be unable to       
g]m9ate ^u su* a m$ium1 :ile ^? already 
pres5t w\ld4                            
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,ket*up4 
,:ile tomato ket*up is a complex &      
v>iable product1 its g5]al composition  
may be det]m9$ ) a fair degree (        
accuracy4 ,inspection w give a good idea
 ( color1 consi/5cy1 smoo?ness ( body1  
f95ess ( f9i%1 t5d5cy to sep>ate1       
pres5ce ( objectionable p>ticles1 &     
evid5ce ( gross f]m5tation4 ,! odor &   
ta/e w give a clue to ! k9d & quantity (
 spices us$ & to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "* ( ! 
raw mat]ial4 ,judg+ by odor & ta/e is n 
s well done z judg+ by ! eye by mo/     
p]sons4 ,! education ( ^? two s5ses has 
be5 neglect$ & !re=e fail to give all ! 
in=mation :i* might be acquir$ 9 ?is    

way4  ,a *emical exam9ation :i* w give !
 specific gravity1 total & soluble      
solids1 sug>1 salt1 & total & volatile  
acidity1 w be suffici5t to give a good  
idea ( ! /ock us$--tomato1 salt1 sug>1 &
 v9eg>1 b n ! spices4 ,a microscopic    
exam9ation w assi/ 9 det]m9+ ! condition
 ( ! mat]ial us$ & :e!r decomposition   
has tak5 place be=e or aft] manufacture4
 ,! facts obta9$ ?r\gh ^! s\rces w p]mit
 ( classify+ comm]cial ket*up ) a fair  
degree ( accuracy4  ,!re has be5 a v    
m>k$ *ange 9 ! "* ( ket*up s9ce !       
transition f ! pres]vative to           
non-pres]vative goods1 n only           
microscopically1 b also 9 composition4  
,=m]ly1 !re 7 v _m br&s ( ?9 liquid     
ket*up1 %[+ little conc5tration ( pulp1 
v l[ 9 sug>1 & hav+ only small          
quantities ( v9eg>2 ! /&>d 0 bulk r ?an 
quality4 ,! microscopic exam9ation also 
%[$ t ! product _h frequ5tly und]gone   
*ange be=e & aft] prep>ation4 ,rec5t    
exam9ations %[ t !re has be5 a v m>k$   
improvem5t2 t ! body is decid$ly heavi]1

 m sug> & v9eg> are us$1 ! tissue is    
clean]1 & !re are few] organisms pres5t1
 also t ! diff]5ce 9 composition 9      
pres]vative & non-pres]vative ket*up is 
small1 :]eas1 =m]ly x 0 m>k$4  ,!       
v>iations f\nd 9 ket*up ( r rec5t       
exam9ation %[ 9 ! non-pres]vative k9d ! 
specific gravity v>i$ betwe5 #a4jia &   
#a4agg2 ! solids betwe5 #ai & #cg p]    
c5t2 ! salt betwe5 #b & #d p] c5t2 sug> 
betwe5 #ab & #bi p] c5t2 & volatile     
acids betwe5 4#ed & #a4bd p] c5t4 ,9 !  
pres]vative k9d1 ! specific gravity     
rang$ f #a4jcb to #a4abj2 ! solids f    
#i4bc to #bh p] c5t2 salt1 #a4dh to #c4d
 p] c5t2 sug>1 #d4ie to #af4i p] c5t2 & 
volatile acidity1 4#af to 4#fd p] c5t4  
,z a class !y av]ag$ l[] 9 conc5tration 
( tomato & 9 sug> & v9eg>1 ?\gh if prop]
 /]ilization _h be5 us$1 "s ( !m w\ld h 
kept )\t difficulty4 ,9 exp]im5tal "w x 
0 f\nd t a ket*up conc5trat$ s t :5     
f9i%$ x %[$ an add$ sug> cont5t ( #ae p]
 c5t or m1 a total acidity ( #a4b p]    
c5t1 & a specific gravity ( #a4abj or m1

 t x w\ld keep4 ,to obta9 a total       
acidity ( #a4b p] c5t means ! addition (
 ab\t 4#d to 4#f p] c5t acidity 9 !     
v9eg> us$4 ,h[ev]1 !re are br&s ( ket*up
 on ! m>ket :i* keep well aft] be+ op5$ 
& :i* h a total acidity ( less ?an #a4j 
p] c5t4  ,! manufactur] c use ! foll[+ z
 a />t+ po9t = non-pres]vative ket*up2  
pulp1 #ajj gallons2 sug>1 #fj p\nds2    
salt1 #h p\nds2 v9eg>1 #ajj gra91 #b    
gallons2 spice to flavor2 & conc5trate  
to #ej to #ee gallons4                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,microscopic ,,exam9ation4   ,a        
discussion ( ! microscopic appe>ance (  
ket*up 9 t]ms :i* c be readily und]/ood 
by manufactur]s is n an easy task1 z x  
necess>ily involves te*nical k4 ,!      
subject has become "o ( importance1 ow+ 
to ! attitude ( _m food (ficials 9 en=c+
 a microscopic /&>d = ?is product1 & on 
! "p ( _m brok]s 9 requir+ a gu>antee to
 comply ) ?is /&>d 9 mak+ pur*ases4 ,_m 
manufactur]s h ei!r assum$ or f\nd x    

necess>y to h _! f9i%$ products exam9$4 
,"s employ 8exp]ts0 to make !           
exam9ations 9 _! own plants1 :ile !     
majority s5d _! samples to comm]cial    
laboratories4 ,! total tax ^u ! indu/ry 
= su* "w am\nts to ?\s&s ( doll>s       
annually4 ,! result ( ! "w z a :ole has 
be5 b5eficial1 z any ef=t is :i*        
attracts att5tion to details4 ,x has    
likewise be5 ! means ( caus+ mu*        
unpleasantness & n infrequ5tly loss1    
because ( lack ( und]/&+ on ! "p ( bo?  
manufactur] & exam9] z to ! cause (     
c]ta9 f9d+s4 ,! manufactur]s h proce$$ 9
 ! usual way )\t suffici5t k ( :at !    
resultant product w be unless !re is    
c>eful sup]vision ( mat]ial & me?ods1   
:ile too frequ5tly ! exam9] is nei!r    
exp]i5c$ 9 te*nique ( ! exam9ation nor 9
 ! effects ( ! diff]5t /eps 9           
manufacture ^u ! product4 ,fur!rmore1   
mu* di/ru/ 9 microscopic f9d+ is ev9c$  
:5 a half doz5 or m samples f ! same    
bat*1 s5t to z _m p]sons1 result 9 z _m 
diff]5t reports4 ,x naturally causes a  

lack ( confid5ce 9 bo? paid exam9]s & 9 
food (ficials1 ?\gh ^? :o make ^!       
exam9ations may be absolutely hone/ 9 _!
 f9d+s4 ,9 ord] to cl>ify "s ( ! po9ts1 
x has become necess>y to g into detail1 
into bo? ! me?od ( exam9ation & into !  
effect produc$ by manufacture4  ,a      
sci5tific me?od ( food exam9ation is    
necess>y = food (ficials 9 ord] to      
det]m9e ! condition ( a product1 b is n 
necess>y = ! manufactur]1 ?\gh x may be 
advantage\s4 ,! latt] is 9 a position to
 "k :at ent]s 8 factory & :at *anges    
take place 9 ! food until x rea*es !    
seal$ package4 ,he %\ld h no fe> ( a    
me?od :i* correlates ! f9d+s 9 ! f9i%$  
product ) t ( ! mat]ial us$ & ! *anges  
due to treatm5t4  ,undue importance may 
seem+ly be giv5 to ! subject ( ket*up1 b
 ! pr9ciple involv$ applies z well to   
o!r products4  ,! fundam5tal basis = !  
microscopic exam9ation ( any food       
product mu/ dep5d ^u ! /ructure ( !     
mat]ial :i* ent]s into its composition4 
,any attempt to det]m9e an abnormal     

condition1 su* z decomposition1 )\t a k 
( ! normal1 mu/ necess>ily be ( little  
value4 ,!re is "s "w :i* c be done 9 a  
me*anical mann] by almo/ anyone capable 
( look+ ?r\gh a microscope1 & if ! "w is
 prop]ly sup]vis$1 x may h a value1 b ! 
l9es along :i* ?is c be done are v      
limit$4 ,any attempt to apply su*       
sup]ficial me?ods to ! g5]al exam9ation 
( food products c n prop]ly protect !   
public & may be unfair to ! produc]4 ,x 
has1 !re=e1 be5 deem$ advisable to      
incorporate a brief /atem5t conc]n+ !   
/ructure ( ! tomato be=e discuss+ !     
resultant products4                     
,,hi/ology ,,( ,,! ,,tomato ,,& ,,( ,,! 
,,result+ ,,ket*up4                     
,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,tomato4  ,p]ic>p4  
,! tomato is a typical b]ry1 ! ov>y     
wall1 free f ! calyx1 =m+ ! fle%y       
p]ic>p1 :i* encloses *amb]s fill$ ) a   
cle> matrix1 conta9+ ! se$s4 ,! p]ic>p  
consi/s ( an out] t\gh membrane1 !      
epid]mis1 a m or less ?ick lay] (       
p>5*yma tissue1 ! pulp1 & an inn] ?91   

delicate membrane1 ! l9+ lay] ( ! loculi
 or *amb]s 9 :i* are ! se$s4 ,! epid]mis
 consi/s ( a s+le lay] ( cells :i* h a v
 ?ick cont9u\s cuticle ab\t "o-half ( ! 
diamet] ( ! :ole cell4 ,! cuticle diff]s
 9 *emical composition f ! re/ ( ! cell 
walls1 be+ imp]vi\s to wat]1 & resi/+   
rott+ long] ?an d ! cellulose walls4 ,z 
x is cont9u\s ov] ! :ole ( ! fruit1 !   
sk9 c be readily sep>at$ f ! o!r        
tissues4 ,hot wat] facilitates ! removal
 ( ! sk91 z x causes ! cellulose ( !    
walls to swell m ?an ! cuticle1 produc+ 
an effect z ( %r9kage ( ! out] wall & a 
consequ5t curl+ ( ! sk94 ,! radial walls
 ( ! epid]mis are %ort & irregul>ly     
?ick5$1 leav+ pits 9 ! walls1 & giv+ !m 
a bead$ appe>ance4 ,! sk9 con/itutes    
ab\t #a4c p] c5t ( ! tomato4  ,! lay]s (
 p>5*yma j b5ea? ! epid]mis are closely 
unit$ & flatt5$1 ) _! adjo9+ walls      
irregul>ly ?ick5$4 ,on acc\nt ( _!      
position1 !y are call$ hypod]m4 ,9 !    
tomato ! hypod]m consi/s ( two or ?ree  
lay]s ( cells1 p>ts ( :i* usually       

sep>ate ) ! epid]mis4 ,bel[ ^! cells are
 ! ?9-wall$ p>5*yma cells1 :i* are      
approximately globul>1 v>y consid]ably 9
 size1 are v loosely held toge!r1 & h _m
 int]cellul> spaces4 ,^! cells con/itute
 ! mass ( ! pulp1 & ) ! juice con/itute 
#if4b p] c5t ( ! tomato4  ,! lay] (     
cells :i* l9es ! *amb]s has ! typical   
leaf epid]mal /ructure1 ! wavy outl9es1 
! holl[s & protub]ances ( adjo9+ cells  
fitt+ "o ano!r s t !y =m a cont9u\s     
lay]4 ,!y are also flatt5$ lat]ally4 ,! 
/ructure c be und]/ood readily :5 x is  
kn[n t ! p]ic>p is really a metamorphos$
 leaf & t ! out] side ( ! leaf =ms !    
inn] wall ( ! ov>y4  ,! *amb]s ( !      
tomato are fill$ ) a cle>1 slimy matrix 
9 :i* ! se$s are emb$d$4 ,! matrix      
consi/s ( p>5*yma cells ( v>i\s sizes & 
) delicate walls1 & a small nucleus4 ,! 
cells are mass$ loosely1 & c be sep>at$ 
readily4 ,9 ^? cells1 z well z 9 ! wall 
cells1 are />* gra9s :i* v>y 9 size1 be+
 r\nd or approximately s1 & hav+ !      
hilum1 :5 visible1 a /raight l9e to "o  

side ( ! c5t]4  ,color+ ,matt]s4 ,9 !   
p>5*yma cells are two color+ matt]s1 "o 
yell[1 :i* is amorph\s 9 /ructure1 & !  
o!r r$ & ( cry/all9e =m4 ,! sap conta9s 
a yell[ color 9 solution :i* diff]s 9   
its reactions f ^? 9 ! pulp4  ,r$ ,color
 9 ,tomatoes4 ,! r$ color+ matt] 9      
tomatoes is 9 ! =m ( irregul>ly %ap$    
cry/al-l *romopla/s1 :i* occur 9 masses 
( v>i\s sizes4 ,!y are pres5t 9 l>ge/   
am\nts usually 9 ! protoplasm :i* lies  
close to ! ectoplasm & 9 t surr\nd+ !   
nucleus4 ,!y v>y f %>p1 bright-color$   
=ms to ^? m or less blunt 9 outl9e1 &   
dull 9 color4 ,!y may be situat$ l>gely 
9 ! p]id]m1 ! s(t p>5*yma b5ea? !       
p]id]m1 or ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! p>5*yma
 ) ! exception ( ! matrix surr\nd+ !    
se$s 9 ! loculi4 ,9 tomatoes hav+ !     
color 9 ! p]id]m a consid]able am\nt is 
lo/ by adh]5ce to ! sk94 ,! *romopla/s  
are n affect$ by rott+ to ! same ext5t z
 are ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! cell2 !y c be 
f\nd float+ free 9 ! debris f rott$     
cells1 /ill reta9+ consid]able color4   

,!y lose _! color gradually1 9 "s       
v>ieties mu* m rapidly ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9   
/or$ pulp :i* has f]m5t$1 ! color may be
 fad$ to a dull yell[i% br[n4 ,9        
tomatoes int5d$ = ket*up :]e a bright r$
 color is desirable1 c>e %\ld be us$ 9 !
 selection ( a v>iety hav+ ! *romopla/s 
bright1 prop]ly ori5t$1 & 9 suffici5t   
quantity4  ,vascul> ,bundles4 ,9 ! pulp 
( ! tomato are f\nd /r&s ( vascul>      
tissue1 ent]+ f ! /em1 & divid+ &       
ramify+ ?r\gh ! s(t pulp4 ,^! consi/ (  
long tubes ) ?9 walls1 "s ( :i* h a     
/r5g!n+ b& 9 spiral =m on _! int]ior    
walls1 ! associat$ cells be+ )\t any    
special m>k+4 ,! /r&s v>y 9 size f ^?   
hav+ a few tubes to ^? hav+ a l>ge      
numb]4  ,se$s4 ,! se$s ( ! tomato are   
small1 flatt5$1 yell[ bodies cov]$ by a 
cle> gelat9\s membrane4 ,_! peculi>     
*>act]i/ic is ! out-gr[? ( hairs ( v>y+ 
l5g?s4 ,! se$s con/itute ab\t #b4e p]   
c5t ( ! weight ( ! tomato4              
,,/ructure ,,( ,,ket*up4  ,al?\gh !     
tomato pulp is brok5 into f9e p>ticles  

by ! action ( ! cyclone1 & ! sk9 & se$s 
are remov$ by ! f9e sieves1 pieces ( !  
v>i\s tissues c be readily id5tifi$4 ,! 
sk9 & se$s h *>act]i/ics :i* w\ld s]ve  
to di/+ui% !m f simil> p>ts ( o!r       
vegetables :i* might be us$ =           
adult]ation1 b p>ticles ( sk9 & hairs f 
! se$s are r>ely f\nd4 ,! di/9ctive     
features :i* c be reli$ ^u are ! r$1    
irregul>ly-%ap$1 *romopla/ic bodies 9 ! 
p>5*yma cells1 & ! peculi> wavy-outl9$  
cells ( ! l9+ lay] ( ! *amb]s4 ,z ne>ly 
all "y vegetable tissues h spiral       
vessels 9 _! vascul> /r&s1 ^! are n     
di/9ctive1 except t !y might diff]5tiate
 simil> tissues ( diff]5t size4 ,!re is 
v little />* 9 mature tomatoes1 &       
moreov]1 z ! cook+ causes ! />* to swell
 & lose its /ructure1 ! />* c\ld n be   
us$ = id5tification4  ,good ket*up made 
f :ole tomatoes1 9 spite ( ! m9ut5ess ( 
! p>ticles1 has a clean appe>ance1 & c  
be readily di/+ui%$ f poor ket*up4 ,all 
ket*up w h "s micro-organisms pres5t1 z 
x is practically impossible to free !   

tomatoes f !m 9 ! wa%+1 b ! numb] is v  
small 9 "s ( ! be/1 9 ! manufacture (   
:i* c>eful wa%+ & sort+ h be5 done4 ,!  
poor] ! ket*up1 usually1 ! great] numb] 
( organisms--bact]ia1 yea/s1 & molds2   
sometimes "o =m pr$om9at+1 sometimes all
 ?ree be+ 9 great abundance1 ?is latt]  
condition usually prevail+ 9 ! poore/   
ket*up1 :]e m or less rott+ has occurr$4
  ,z ! tomato pulp is a favorable m$ium 
= c]ta9 organisms1 ^! w develop fir/1 & 
x has also be5 det]m9$ t :ile "o        
organism is develop+ vigor\sly1 o!rs    
pres5t are *eck$ until ! activity ( !   
fir/ ceases4 ,!n aga91 z ! composition (
 ! pulp is be+ alt]$ by ! developm5t ( !
 organisms1 ! *anges induc$ r5d] x a m  
suitable m$ium = o!r organisms :i* are  
pres5t b held 9 abeyance1 s t pulp :i*  
has be5 all[$ to /& = "s "t w usually h 
pres5t n only a l>ge numb]1 b also      
diff]5t k9ds ( organisms4               
,,*anges ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,pulp ,,by      
,,rott+4  ,:5 tissue is held & all[$ to 
rot spontane\sly1 ! pulp is decompos$   

into a granul>1 wat]y mass4 ,! cells    
b5ea? ! epid]mis are ! f9e/ & drie/ 9 ! 
s\nd tomato1 consid]able pressure ( !   
cov]-glass be+ requir$ to sep>ate !m =  
exam9ation4 ,ev5 :5 =c$ ap>t1 ! cells   
reta9 _! %ape4 ,!y conta9 a delicate    
semi-transp>5t protoplasm ) a r l>ge    
nucleus surr\nd$ by protoplasm & hav+   
/r&s f ?is mass connect ) ! protoplasm  
l9+ ! wall4 ,pieces ( ! same tissue1 on 
hav+ ! sk9 remov$ s z to expose ! brok5 
tissue to ! air1 7 cov]$ ) mold 9 "o day
 & 9 ?ree days s badly disorganiz$ t !  
cells sep>at$ ) ! weight ( ! cov]-glass4
 ,! cells 7 transp>5t1 ! walls collaps$ 
into a wr9kl$ mass1 ! protoplasm _h     
disappe>$1 except a skeleton ( !        
nucleus1 b ! r$ *romopla/ic masses 7    
intact4 ,! middle lamella ( ! cells is !
 "p :i* dissolves fir/1 all[+ ! cells to
 sep>ate & caus+ ! walls to become ?9n]4
 ,! cell cavity is (t5 fill$ ) bact]ia1 
s t ! effect ( ! rott+ c n be se5 until 
! cells h be5 wa%$ ?or\ghly4 ,^! bact]ia
 h be5 mi/ak5 = ! p>ticles left by !    

decomposition ( ! cell cont5ts4 ,!      
vascul> bundles are surr\nd$ usually by 
small p>5*yma cells :i* d n sep>ate     
readily f ! /r& 9 ! heal?y tissue1 b 9 !
 decay$ tissue ! vessels c be se5       
cle>ly1 free f o!r tissue4 ,9 advanc$   
/ages ( rott5ness ! walls ( ! vessels   
may be dissolv$1 leav+ only ! spiral    
?ick5+1 & ! p>5*yma tissue crumbl$ into 
p[d]-l fragm5ts4 ,! p>ts ( ! tomato :i* 
resi/ rott+ ! longe/ are ! sk91 :i* may 
be wa%$ clean ( adh]+ p>ticles1 !       
spirals ( ! vessels1 & r$ p>ticles ( !  
*romopla/s4  ,! conditions f\nd 9 !     
rott$ sections & pieces ( tomato c be   
di/+ui%$ 9 ! poor ket*up & ^! factors1  
toge!r ) ! l>ge numb] ( organisms       
pres5t1 s]ve = purposes ( diff]5tiation4
                            ,,organisms 
,,9 ,,ket*up4  ,tomato pulp furni%es a  
m$ium suitable = ! developm5t ( _m      
organisms1 z x conta9s all ( ! necess>y 
food elem5ts4 ,! raw pulp has an acidity
 ( f #j4b to #j4d p] c5t usually1 ?\gh  
!re may be v>iation due to f]m5tation & 

o!r causes4 ,on acc\nt ( its mild       
acidity1 x is especially suitable = !   
developm5t ( _m yea/s & molds1 & "s =ms 
( bact]ia1 consequ5tly !re is pres5t a  
v>i$ & abundant flora if ! pulp be held 
= an appreciable "t be=e us+1 or if x   
has be5 made f tomatoes n prop]ly sort$ 
& wa%$4 ,:]e ! black rot occurs on      
tomatoes1 ! tissue is h>d5$ l cork1 & if
 n remov$ on ! sort+ belt1 is brok5 into
 small pieces by ! cyclone1 & appe>s z  
black specks 9 ! ket*up1 ^! be+ readily 
p]ceiv$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,! :ite rot =ms  
s(t spots1 :i*1 ?\gh n s prom95t z !    
black1 c>ry mu* m contam9ation1 z1 ap>t 
f ! bact]ia1 yea/s1 & molds pres5t1 !y  
are (t5 sw>m+ ) ,protozoa4 ,^! are n    
ord9>ily recogniz$ 9 ! ket*up1 z a      
*emical or physical %ock causes !m to   
contract1 assume a sph]ical %ape1 &     
become motionless4 ,9 ?is condition !y  
resemble ! immature conidia ( "s ( !    
molds4 ,r>ely only "o organism          
pr$om9ates 9 pulp f rott$ fruit1 !n !   
rot consi/+ ( a ne>ly pure culture4 ,9  

all cases ( s(t rot1 !re is mu* m       
contam9ation c>ri$1 z ! organisms are   
small & a great] numb] pres5t 9 a giv5  
area4 ,:5ev] ! inn] tissue ( tomatoes is
 expos$1 organisms develop rapidly1 !   
=ms v>y+ ) ! locality & ! conditions 9 !
 pulp4 ,"s ( ^! organisms may survive ! 
treatm5t ( ! pulp :5 conv]t$ into       
ket*up1 or ! orig9al organisms may be   
de/roy$1 & a diff]5t set ga9 access &   
develop1 b 9 ei!r ev5t all ! organisms  
alive or dead :i* 7 pres5t at ! p]iod ( 
manufacture are f\nd 9 ! ket*up4 ,x has 
be5 not$ t c]ta9 br&s ( ket*up h        
pr$om9at+ organisms pres5t :i* are      
practically con/ant f ye> to ye>4  ,a   
me?od = ! microscopic exam9ation (      
ket*up 9 ord] to det]m9e ! numb] (      
organisms pres5t is describ$ 9 ,circul> 
,no4 #fh1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x consi/s
 9 an adaptation ( a me?od us$ 9 exam9+ 
blood 9 physiological & pa?ological "w1 
& ( yea/ 9 ! brew+1 w9e-mak+1 & di/ill+ 
indu/ries4 ,! outfit requir$ consi/s (  
two p>ts1 ! microscope & ! c\nt+ *amb]1 

ea* ) m9or accessories4 ,! optical      
outfit recomm5d$ = food exam9ation      
consi/s ( a microscope ) eye pieces &   
objectives :i* w give approximate       
magnifications ( #ij1 #ahj1 & #ejj      
diamet]s4 ,x is advis$ t ^!             
magnifications be obta9$ by us+ #af mm &
 #h mm apo*romatic objectives1 & #f &   
#ah comp5sat+ ocul>s 7#f ocul> & #af mm 
objective equals #ij2 #f ocul> & #h mm  
objective equals #ahj2 & #ah ocul> & #h 
mm objective equals #ejj71 high]        
objectives be+ impracticable on acc\nt (
 _! %ort work+ di/ances4 ,?is equipm5t  
is adequate = work+ ^u blood or yea/1 b 
is :olly inadequate = bact]iological "w1
 except t ( ! simple/ "* & "u conditions
 q diff]5t f ^? f\nd 9 ket*up & o!r food
 products4  ,! c\nt+ app>atus or *amb]  
recomm5d$ is kn[n z ! ,?oma-,zeiss      
haemacytomet]1 nam$ f ! design] & mak]4 
,! app>atus consi/s ( a heavy glass     
slip1 on :i* is cem5t$ a glass #j4b mm  
?ick1 hav+ a circul> hole 9 ! middle4 ,9
 ! c5t] ( ! hole is m\nt$ a small] disk 

#j4a mm ?ick1 leav+ an annul> space4 ,9 
! middle ( ! small inn] disk are et*$   
two sets ( tw5ty-"o p>allel l9es :i* cut
 ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,! drop ( liquid 
to be exam9$ is plac$ on ?is squ>e1 aft]
 :i* x is cov]$ ) a specially heavy     
cov]-glass1 :i*1 if p]fect & adju/$ s   
closely t ,newton's r+s appe>1 gives a  
lay] ( liquid #j4a mm 9 dep?4 ,! drop to
 be exam9$ mu/ be s small t x rema9s 9 !
 middle ( ! *amb]1 b 9 contact ) !      
cov]-glass & bottom ( ! cell4 ,ea* side 
( ! rul$ squ>e is #j4a mm1 & z !re are  
#bj spaces on a side1 !re is a total (  
#djj small squ>es1 ! dep? be+ #j4a mm1  
?us ! cubical cont5t ( ea* is #a-d1jjj c
 mm or #a-d1jjj1jjj cc4 ,= conv5i5ce 9  
c\nt+1 e fif? space is sub-divid$4 ,o!r 
c\nt+ *amb]s h be5 devis$ bas$ on ! same
 pr9ciple1 b v>y+ *iefly 9 _! rul+s =   
conv5i5ce 9 c\nt+4  ,! o!r app>atus     
recomm5d$ consi/s ( a #ej cc graduat$   
cyl9d]1 slides1 & cov]-glasses4  ,s9ce !
 c\nt+ *amb] has be5 us$ ext5sively 9   
blood exam9ation & 9 yea/ "w1 a brief   

description ( ! te*nique z foll[$ 9 !   
latt] may s]ve to give a bett] und]/&+ (
 its limitations4 ,fir/1 9 ! prep>ation 
( ! sample1 ! cyl9d] & flasks = mix+1 & 
! pipette mu/ be absolutely clean4 ,!   
liquid to be exam9$ is %ak5 ?or\ghly &  
!n ! measur$ sample )drawn z quickly z  
possible to prev5t ! cells f settl+ &   
dilut$ ) weak sulphuric acid 7ab\t #aj  
p] c5t71 :i* prev5ts any fur!r          
developm5t ( cells1 & also aids bo? 9 ! 
sep>ation ( ! cells f "o ano!r & 9 _!   
susp5sion--! latt] factor be+ important 
:5 only a s+le drop is tak5 =           
exam9ation4 ,:5 c\nt+ blood cells1 a    
normal or o!r salt solution is us$ s z  
to h ! specific gravity ( ! dilu5t      
approximately t ( ! blood s]um4 ,!      
dilution is made z l[ z possible1 s9ce !
 numb] obta9$ 9 ! c\nt has to be        
multipli$ by ! dilution co-effici5t1 &  
any errors made are increas$            
proportionately4 ,a slight error :5     
multipli$ by ! factor #d1jjj1jjj1 ! unit
 = ea* squ>e1 becomes v l>ge 9 ! total4 

,! sample is %ak5 v ?or\ghly aft] !     
dilu5t is add$1 a drop ( ! liquid tak5  
by means ( a pipette1 plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( !
 c\nt+ *amb]1 & ! cov]-glass put 9      
place4 ,! )drawal ( ! pipette & !       
transf]5ce ( ! drop to ! *amb] are done 
z quickly z possible to prev5t ! cells f
 s9k+4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! numb] ( blood 
corpuscles1 yea/s1 or o!r cells 9 "o    
cubic c5timet]1 ! unit ( volume g5]ally 
us$1 w dep5d ^u ! av]age f\nd 9 a numb] 
( squ>es4 ,! numb] ( squ>es to be c\nt$ 
is det]m9$ by mak+ c\nts until a con/ant
 av]age is obta9$1 = if a true av]age is
 n obta9$1 ! c\nt+1 naturally1 is ( no  
value4 ,if ! m\nts d n %[ uni=mity 9 !  
field1 !y are repeat$4  ,9 us+ ! c\nt+  
*amb] = c\nt+ yea/ cells & blood        
corpuscles1 = :i* x 0 orig9ally devis$1 
! bodies to be exam9$ are fairly l>ge1  
well def9$1 & susp5d$ 9 a fairly cle>   
liquid1 usually ( r high specific       
gravity4 ,ev5 ) ^! favorable conditions1
 ! "w mu/ be done by obs]v+ ! mo/ c>eful
 te*nique 9 ord] to get relative        

results1 :i* w be ( value1 & !y are     
absolutely useless if any detail has be5
 slight$ or neglect$4 ,9 attempt+ to    
adapt ! me?od to food products1 v       
diff]5t conditions are                  
enc\nt]$--conditions :i* are oppos$ to  
obta9+ accurate results4 ,food products1
 l ket*up1 consi/ ( a mixture ( solids &
 liquids 9 :i* are v>i\s =ms (          
organisms1 ! latt] 9 v>y+ condition1 due
 to _! environm5t & treatm5t1 z well z  
to /ages ( disorganization4  ,9 e/imat+ 
! numb] ( yea/s & spores 9 pulp or      
ket*up1 ! ,?oma-,zeiss c\nt+ *amb] is   
us$ & ! m\nt obs]v$ "u a magnification (
 #ahj diamet]s4 ,to prep>e ! sample1 #aj
 cc ( ! mat]ial has #bj cc ( wat] add$ &
 is 8?or\ghly mix$40 ,be=e tak+ a drop =
 exam9ation1 ! sample is all[$ to re/ = 
a 8mom5t0 to all[ ! 8co>se/ p>ticles0 to
 settle4 ,?is /ep 9 ! te*nique is n z   
cle> z c\ld be desir$1 = :at might be   
consid]$ z 8?or\ghly mix$0 by "o        
microscopi/ z a half doz5 %ak+s ( !     
cyl9d]1 might n be s con/ru$ by ano!r   

ev5 ) sixty %ak+s4 ,z ! mat]ial consi/s 
( bo? solids & liquid1 ?is is a v       
important detail1 z x may easily acc\nt 
= "s ( ! wide diff]5ces 9 results obta9$
 by diff]5t work]s on ! same sample4 ,9 
a bullet9#b deal+ ) ! exam9ation ( solid
 foods1 ! foll[+ /atem5t occurs relative
 to ! %ak+ 9 ord] to be able to obta9 ! 
bact]ial condition3 8,! long] ! %ak+1 ! 
m p]fect 0 ! diffusion ( p>ticles4 ,x   
c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be cont9u$ beyond a      
comp>atively %ort p]iod ( "t1 because ( 
! multiplication ( organisms4 ,) !      
quantities ( tissue above /at$1 t5      
m9utes' %ak+ 0 select$ z a happy m$ium  
betwe5 an undesirable multiplication ( !
 organisms on ! "o h& & ! ret5tion ( !  
organisms by ! tissue & ! consequ5t l[]+
 ( ! numb]s f\nd1 on ! o!r40 ,!         
organisms 9 pulp or ket*up are dead1 or1
 if alive1 d n possess su* ph5om5al p[] 
( multiplication1 !re=e1 ! %ak+ %\ld be 
conduct$ ) suffici5t en]gy & = a        
suffici5t "t to insure _! sep>ation f ! 
tissue4 ,fur!rmore1 8lett+ /& = a mom5t0

 may mean ?irty seconds or two or ?ree  
m9utes to diff]5t p]sons4  -----        
,footnote #b3    ,no4 #aae--;,bureau (  
,*emi/ry1 ,dept4 ( ,agr4  ,9 all        
biological "w involv+ ! c\nt+ (         
organisms1 ei!r by ! plate or direct    
me?od1 9 ! case ( yea/1 ! op]ator works 
z rapidly z possible to prev5t !        
organisms f settl+1 s z to h !m ev5ly   
di/ribut$ 9 ord] t he may obta9 an      
av]age sample4 ,a pipette is us$ =      
removal ( a drop ( ! liquid & ! drop    
plac$ 9 ! *amb] z quickly z possible to 
prev5t settl+4 ,no directions are giv5 z
 to h[ ! drop ( ! dilut$ pulp or ket*up 
is to be remov$ to ! *amb]1 s t a /irr+ 
rod or o!r app>atus is frequ5tly us$1 z 
! solid p>ticles int]f]e ) ! use ( a f9e
 pipette4 ,if ! rod be ins]t$ to !      
bottom1 or ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! mixture
 & )drawn sl[ly & ano!r )drawn some:at  
rapidly1 a diff]5ce ( fifty p] c5t or   
ev5 m may result 9 ! c\nt4 ,x is n      
possible = diff]5t op]ators to use      
pipettes1 glass rods1 p5 knives1        

too?picks1 & mat*es = draw+ ! samples1 &
 get comp>able results4 ,x has be5 f\nd 
t 9 7all ( ^! h be5 se5 9 use7 ! c\nt+ (
 ! organisms 9 pulp & ket*up1 "s p]sons 
use di/ill$ wat]1 o!rs tap wat]1 "s     
clean _! measur+ flasks & pipettes1 :ile
 o!rs r9se !m1 s t naturally reports are
 made ( su* v>y+ numb]s t manufactur]s d
 n look ^u ! me?od ) confid5ce4 ,x is   
only by us+ uni=m me?ods & ! same c>e   
necess>y = o!r biological "w t ev5 an   
approximation c be made4                
,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,tomato4  ,to obta9 
! numb] ( yea/s & spores 9 ! sample1 a  
c\nt is made 9 "o-half ( ! rul$ squ>es4 
,two hundr$ squ>es repres5t a volume    
equival5t to #a-bj c mm1 :i*1 multipli$ 
by ! dilution1 w\ld give ! numb] 9 #a-fj
 c mm4 ,x is /at$ t x is believ$ t x is 
possible = manufactur]s to keep ! c\nt  
bel[ #be p] #a-fj c mm4  ,! same m\nt is
 us$ 9 e/imat+ ! bact]ia1 b ! #ah ocul> 
us$ s z to increase ! magnification to  
approximately #ejj diamet]s4 ,! 8numb] 9
 sev]al areas1 ea* consi/+ ( five ( !   

small squ>es1 is c\nt$40 ,no?+ is said z
 to ! ord] ( ! five squ>es1 :e!r 9 a r[ 
or o!r arrangem5t1 nor :at numb]        
con/itutes 8sev]al40 ,! av]age numb]    
f\nd 9 five squ>es repres5ts ! numb] 9  
#a-hjj1jjj "p ( a cc1 & ?is multipli$ by
 #c1 = ! dilution1 w\ld make ! factor   
#a-b1djj1jjj = a cc4 ,x is /at$ t x is  
believ$ t x is possible = manufactur]s  
to keep )9 #ab1ejj1jjj bact]ia p] cc 9 !
 pulp & #be1jjj1jjj 9 ket*up4 ,! numb]  
pres5t is express$ 9 t]ms p] cc ?\gh !  
yea/ & spores are express$ 9 #a-fj c mm4
 ,possibly bact]ia to ! lay m9d mean    
some?+ dang]\s1 s by express+ ! numb]s 9
 millions !y appe> appall+4 ,yea/s &    
spores are n s g5]ally associat$ ) dirt 
& disease s t by giv+ !m a small unit1  
only #a-fj1jjj "p ( a cc1 !y may seem   
mu* less (f5sive4 ,if ! m9d is capable (
 conceiv+ :at is meant by millions p] cc
 = bact]ia 9 "o case1 !re seems to be no
 good reason :y ! same unit ( volume    
%\ld n hold = ! o!r4  ,to e/imate !     
numb] ( molds pres5t1 a drop ( !        

undilut$ pulp or ket*up is plac$ on an  
ord9>y slide & ! ord9>y cov]-glass      
press$ d[n until a film ( #j4a mm is    
obta9$4 ,! directions /ate t aft] "s    
exp]i5ce ?is c be done1 b d n /ate h[   
"o's ef=ts may be direct$ to obta9 ?is  
result4 ,x is app>5t t by exp]i5ce 9    
comp>+ a measur$ am\nt ) a judg$ am\nt t
 ! t5d5cy w\ld be t[>d accuracy1 b 9 ?is
 case !re is no measur$ am\nt =         
comp>ison1 except ! dilut$ drop 9 !     
c\nt+ *amb]4 ,"s work]s h plac$ ?9      
cov]-glasses "u ! edges ( ! m\nt s z to 
h some?+ to help 9 e/imat+ ! ?ickness ( 
! film1 b z ! ?9ne/ ord9>y cov]-glasses 
v>y f 4#ab to 4#ag mm 9 ?ickness1 !     
error v>ies #bj to #gj p] c5t f t       
requir$4 ,"o manufactur] 9 adv]tis+ ,no4
 #a cov]-glasses /ates t !y v>y f #j4ac 
to #j4ag mm1 :ile ano!r /ates !y v>y f  
#a-bjj to #a-aej ( an in* 7#j4abg to    
#j4afi mm74 ,c>eful *ecks %[ t x is n   
always easy to get exactly 4#a mm on !  
specially prep>$ c\nt+ *amb]2 t unless !
 cov] be plac$ ) c>e & press$ uni=mly on

 all sides until ,newton's r+s appe>1 a 
v>iation ( t5 p] c5t or m 9 ?ickness may
 occur1 & )\t su* a guide ! error       
becomes great]4 ,! micromet] screw      
adju/m5t on ! microscope c be us$ to    
help 9 det]m9+ ! ?ickness1 b none ( !   
work]s obs]v$ has us$ ?is ref9em5t4  ,! 
exam9ation = mold is made ) ! #f ocul> &
 #af mm objective1 giv+ a magnification 
( approximately #ij times4 ,ab\t #ej    
fields are suppos$ to be exam9$ & !     
result express$ 9 t]ms ( ! p] c5t 9 :i* 
mold 0 f\nd4 ,x is /at$ t x is believ$ t
 manufactur]s c conduct _! op]ations s t
 mold w n be pres5t 9 m ?an #be p] c5t (
 ! fields4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ?ree units 9
 :i* to express ! results3 bact]ia 9    
cubic c5timet]s1 yea/s & spores 9       
"o-sixtie? ( a cubic millimet]1 & molds 
9 p]c5tage ( microscopic fields4  ,aside
 f ! errors :i* may occur 9 !           
manipulation ( ! purely me*anical "p ( !
 te*nique1 !re are o!r consid]ations :i*
 affect ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,fir/1 !
 diff]5tiation betwe5 organisms &       

tissues is n consid]$ possible by mo/   
pa?ologi/s & bact]iologi/s )\t          
diff]5tial /a9+4 ,ev5 9 su* simple      
exam9ations z ^? = diph!ria &           
tub]culosis1 a /a9 is requir$4 ,9 foods 
! p>ticles ( ! plant tissue & !         
organisms are n s diff]5t t !y c be     
cle>ly sep>at$ )\t us+ simil> te*nique4 
,x is possible to make "s sep>ation1 b n
 ) accuracy4 ,?reads ( protoplasm may be
 mi/ak5 = bacilli2 ! granul> cont5ts ( a
 cell = cocci1 yea/s1 or spores2 bits ( 
cell wall = hyphae "u ! magnifications  
giv51 & ! results obta9$ be high or l[1 
dep5d+ ^u ! p]sonal ability ( ! op]ator4
 ,ea* error magnifi$ by ! enorm\s factor
 us$ 9 calculat+ ! f9al result naturally
 gives figures :i* may be f> above or   
bel[ ! tru?4 ,^? :o h _h special tra9+ 9
 plant /ructure & bact]iology are likely
 to give ! high] figures1 :ile ^? :o h  
_h ^! subjects z incid5tals 9 a         
sci5tific c\rse are apt to give mu* l[] 
ones4  ,second4 ,! /&>d is set = :at    
organisms %all be c\nt$ & ^? :i* ne$ n  

be4 ,x is said t micrococci ne$ n be    
c\nt$ because ( ! difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ 
!m f 8p>ticles ( clay1 etc410 & n ^u _! 
p[] to produce decomposition4 ,:5 an    
organism is a coccus & :5 rod %ap$ is n 
easily settl$1 ev5 ) ! aid ( pure       
cultures & high p[] objectives4 ,m ?an  
"o organism has f\nd a home fir/ 9 "o   
gr\p & !n 9 ! o!r1 & diff]5tiation ) !  
l[ p[] obta9$ by an #h mm objective is  
impossible4 ,!re are always pres5t "s v 
l>ge rods1 b !re may be m v %ort ones   
:i* may n be c\nt$1 & !re is ne>ly      
always a diplococcus pres5t1 :i*1 ) !   
magnification us$1 is difficult to      
diff]5tiate f a rod4 ,!re are f\r =ms   
associat$ ) rot & tomato diseases :i* h 
be5 c>efully /udi$--all rods1 b v small 
ones4 ,ps4 fluoresc5ce1 #j4fha4ag-a4hf2 
,ps4 mi*igan5se1 #j4ce-j4dj4h-a4j2 ,b4  
c>otovorus1 #j4g-a4ja4e-e2 & ,b4        
solanace>um1 #j4ea4e4 ,bacillus         
subtilis1 4#gb-h & "s lactic acid =m+   
v>ieties are always pres5t4 ,x is cle>ly
 a matt] ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! exam9] z 

to :i* organisms he w c\nt & :i* he w n 
attempt to c\nt4 ,a p]sonal equation is 
?us introduc$ :i* nullifies !           
possibilities ( sci5tific accuracy4  ,! 
yea/s & spores are c\nt$ toge!r4 ,!y c n
 be sep>at$ "u ! microscope1 nei!r c !y 
be diff]5tiat$ f contract$ protozoa :i* 
may be pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 c\nt+   
^!1 x is n always possible to di/+ui% ! 
small] yea/ cells & small] spores f !   
refractive bodies :i* are =m$ 9 "s mold 
hyphae :5 ^! are impov]i%$1 & :i* are   
lib]at$ if ?or\gh %ak+ ( ! sample be    
done4 ,! yea/s f\nd 9 pulp & ket*up are 
m likely to be 8wild yea/s0 & ^! are1 z 
a g5]al ?+1 small] ?an ! cultivat$1     
sporulate m readily1 & h m highly       
refractive spores4 ,!n1 "s ( ! s-call$  
molds f\nd =m m9ute conidia & :5 ^! & ! 
yea/s are mix$ ) ! detritus ( ! tomato &
 ! mass subject$ to heat1 ) ! consequ5t 
*anges1 ! accuracy ( ! c\nt becomes a   
some:at problematical matt]4 ,a c>eful  
exam9ation ( ! k9d & condition ( !      
hyphae pres5t might assi/ mat]ially 9   

mak+ "s di/9ction4  ,9 c\nt+ molds1 no  
di/9ction is made z to :e!r a small bit 
is 9 ! field or a l>ge mass4 ,9 mak+ a  
m\nt = molds1 ! solids g5]ally t5d to   
/ay 9 ! c5t] ( ! field :ile ! liquid    
t5ds to run to ! edge4 ,! fields select$
 may !re=e give a high or l[ result     
det]m9$ by _! location4 ,"o exam9]      
desir+ to favor ! manufactur] may select
 ! out] "p = mo/ ( ! fields1 :ile ano!r1
 mak+ ! exam9ation = ! buy]1 :o may wi% 
to make a rejection1 may rev]se !       
op]ation4 ,"s p]sons modify ! directions
 giv5 by c\nt+ only pieces :i* are      
"o-six? ! diamet] ( ! field1 :ile o!rs  
use a small] fraction4 ,x is easily     
possible to h "o clump ( mold 9 "o field
 :i* w be tw5ty to ?irty times 9 ext5t t
 ( ano!r1 yet bo? are giv5 equal value 9
 ! f9al expression4  ,?ird4 ,no real    
relation exi/s betwe5 ! organisms c\nt$ 
& decomposition1 = m]e numb]s are n     
always co9cid5t ) putrefactive activity4
 ,a pulp or ket*up may be bad & %[ less 
?an #cj1jjj1jjj bact]ia1 or x may be    

good & %[ #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,rott+1 or      
decomposition1 may dep5d m ^u ! cocci & 
! organisms :i* are n c\nt$ ?an ^u ^?   
:i* are4 ,! only "w done 9 :i*          
microscopical & *emical "w 7 report$ on 
! same samples appe>s 9 ,circul> ,no4   
#gh1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4 ,?is 0 n done  
^u samples prep>$ & kept "u control1 b =
 ! mo/ "p ^u comm]cial pulp & ket*up4 ,!
 results d n %[ any close relation      
betwe5 ! numb] ( organisms & ! lactic   
acid cont5t :i* is giv5 z ! measure (   
decomposition4  ,f\r?4 ,bact]ia are     
express$ 9 numb]s p] cc1 yea/ & spores 9
 numb]s p] #a-fj c mm4 ,s9ce ! c\nt+ c  
be done only 9 ! fluid portion1 an error
 occurs proportional to ! numb] (       
bact]ia 9 or atta*$ to ! tissue :i* _c  
be c\nt$4  ,! error ( assum+ t numb]s ( 
organisms alone are a suffici5t index ( 
! :olesom5ess ( a food product is well  
illu/rat$ by "w on wat] analysis4 ,!    
foll[+ /atem5t by an au?ority on !      
subject is illum9ative3 8,! belief is   
widespread among ! g5]al public t !     

sanit>y "* ( a wat] c be e/imat$ pretty 
directly by ! numb] ( bact]ia x conta9s4
 ,tak5 by itself1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be       
admitt$ t ! numb] ( colonies :i* develop
 :5 a giv5 sample ( wat] is plat$ af=ds 
no sure basis = judg+ its potability4 ,a
 pure spr+ wat] conta9+ at ! outset less
 ?an #ajj bact]ia p] cubic c5timet] may 
come to conta9 t5s ( ?\s&s p] cubic     
c5timet] )9 tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1
 aft] /&+ 9 a clean glass flask at a    
fairly l[ temp]ature4 ,!re is no reason 
= suppos+ t ! :olesom5ess ( ! wat] has  
be5 impair$ 9 any degree by ?is         
multiplication ( bact]ia40#c  -----     
,footnote #c3    ,jordan1 ,e4 ,o4 ,a    
text-book ( ,g5]al ,bact]iology4 #aijh4 
,!re are c]ta9 /eps 9 ! process (       
manufacture :i* also influ5ce ! numb] ( 
organisms :i* may be c\nt$4 ,a pulp may 
v>y f an unevaporat$ tomato juice to a  
conc5tration :i* is repres5t$ by an     
evaporation ( a volume ( wat] up to #fj 
p] c5t1 & ket*up may v>y f a ?9 wat]y   
consi/5cy to "o :i* is s heavy t x w    

sc>cely fl[ f ! bottle4 ,x becomes      
evid5t t a me?od :i* does n su/a9 "s    
close relation to ! am\nt ( tomato      
pres5t w\ld naturally be defici5t z a   
/&>d = judg+4 ,= example1 a tomato juice
 ) an initial c\nt ( #aj1jjj1jjj if     
evaporat$ to "o-half its volume w h m   
?an twice ! numb] ( organisms e/imat$ 9 
! orig9al4 ,! pulp is compos$ ( bo?     
liquid & solids & "p ( ! liquid portion 
only is driv5 (f by evaporation1 leav+ 9
 ! residue a diff]5t proportion to !    
solids4 ,z ! organisms c be c\nt$ only 9
 ! liquid portion1 x is obvi\s t )      
conc5tration1 ! numb] w be increas$ at a
 mu* great] ratio ?an w ! r$uction ( !  
bulk4 ,a ?9 pulp ) #aj1jjj1jjj bact]ia  
may easily be worse ?an a heavi] "o )   
#cj1jjj1jjj or #dj1jjj1jjj1 if judg$ by 
numb]s alone4 ,! same conclusion is     
necess>ily true = ket*up4 ,x cle>ly     
refutes ! argum5t t a product hav+ twice
 z _m bact]ia z ano!r ( ! same k9d is m 
?an twice z bad4 ,! effect ( recomm5d+  
an arbitr>y l[ limit = bact]ial cont5t1 

irrespective ( ! consi/5cy ( ! product1 
is to cause manufactur]s to pack ?9 pulp
 & sloppy ket*up1 & to disc\rage ! m    
desirable heavy body4 ,! exam9ation ( a 
v l>ge numb] ( samples %[s t ! majority 
( ! heavy pulps & ket*up ^u ! m>ket %[  
mu* high] c\nts ?an ! ?9 ones :5 !      
tissues %[ good /ock 9 bo?4  ,x is n    
possible to conc5trate any pulp to !    
consi/5cy ( pa/e & h x pass "u ! pres5t 
me?od2 t is1 consid]+ a product to be   
fil?y1 putrid or decompos$ if ! bact]ia 
exce$ #be1jjj1jjj p] cubic c5timet]4    
,!re are "s s\p & ket*up manufactur]s :o
 /ill foll[ ! dra9+ me?od = sep>ation & 
?is is g5]ally done to secure a c]ta9   
quality 9 ! flavor4 ,?is k9d ( pulp     
always %[s a high bact]ial c\nt1 :i* is 
usually ascrib$ to f]m5tation4 ,z !     
dra9+ c be />t$ 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 &  
is ne>ly always complet$ 9 =ty m9utes to
 "o h\r1 !re is little "t = f]m5tation1 
& yet su* a pulp may %[ sev]al times !  
c\nt ( ! orig9al :ole pulp4 ,! condition
 is simil> to t :i* takes place 9 !     

sep>ation ( cream by gravity4 ,dr4 ,john
 ,f4 ,&]son1 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal?     
,s]vice1#d has %[n t ! bact]ial cont5t (
 gravity cream is ab\t sixte5 times t ( 
bottom milk & t ?is discrepancy may be  
mu* wid]4 ,"o te/ is giv5 9 :i* ! cream 
%[$ #chf times z _m organisms z ! bottom
 milk4 ,! "q logically arises :e!r1 if a
 pulp :i* conta9s #aj1jjj1jjj bact]ia p]
 cubic c5timet] & is consid]$ s\nd1     
becomes 8fil?y1 putrid or decompos$0 :5 
! same pulp is heavily conc5trat$ & !   
c\nt becomes #ajj1jjj1jjj1 or a cream is
 bad :5 x conta9s #b1jjj1jjj1 ?\gh !    
:ole milk f :i* x 0 d]iv$ conta9$ only  
#cjj1jjj4 ,!re %\ld be a recogniz$      
diff]5ce 9 rat+ a product 9 :i* ! numb] 
( organisms is influ5c$ by conc5tration1
 & "o 9 :i* !y h develop$4 ,"s v        
errone\s /atem5ts h be5 made ^u increase
 ( bact]ia 9 pulp :ile /&+4 ,"s ( ^! h  
be5 bas$ ^u ! academic proposition t    
reproduction 9 bact]ia may occur e tw5ty
 m9utes "u p]fect conditions ( food     
supply1 fre$om ( movem5t1 & optimum     

temp]ature4 ,su* /atem5ts are obvi\sly n
 bas$ on exp]im5ts ) pulp4 ,assum+ t su*
 a rate ( reproduction 7 possible1 a    
pulp ) an initial />t ( only #e1jjj1jjj 
w\ld increase to #aj1jjj1jjj 9 tw5ty    
m9utes2 #bj1jjj1jjj 9 =ty m9utes2       
#dj1jjj1jjj 9 "o h\r2 #hj1jjj1jjj 9 "o  
h\r & tw5ty m9utes2 #afj1jjj1jjj 9 "o   
h\r & =ty m9utes2 #cbj1jjj1jjj 9 two    
h\rs2 & #b1efj1jjj1jjj 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,no 
food product l tomato pulp1 cid]1 or    
grape juice w\ld be usable 9 a v %ort   
"t4 ,to det]m9e ! rate ( increase ( !   
organisms 9 tomato pulp1 exp]im5ts 7    
made1 us+ s\nd tomatoes4 ,9 ea*         
exp]im5t1 ! tomatoes 7 divid$ into two  
lots1 "o lot us$ raw1 ! o!r /eam$1 !    
/eam+ v>y+ f two m9utes' "t1 j suffici5t
 to slip ! sk9s1 & eight m9utes1 9 :i* !
 :ole tomato is s(t5$4 ,samples 7 tak5  
at h\rly int]vals = ! fir/ six h\rs1 !n 
at int]vals ( twelve h\rs1 ! samples    
c\nt$ by means ( ! plate & direct       
me?ods4 ,= ! plates tomato gelat9 0 us$ 
) an acidity ( #j4c & #j4d1 ! samples = 

! direct c\nt 7 put 9 cans1 /]iliz$1 &  
c\nt$ lat]4 ,) ! l[] acidity !re 7      
liquifi]s :i* prev5t$ ! c\nt+ ( "s      
plates1 s t 9 ! lat] trials ! high]     
acidity gelat9 0 us$4 ,! c\nt ( ! molds 
0 n normal1 due to ! frequ5t /irr+s1 :i*
 prev5t$ spore =mation1 besides injur+ !
 hyphae4  -----  ,footnote #d3    ,!    
,j\rnal ( ,infecti\s ,diseases4 #aiji4  
,vol4 #f1 p4 #cic4  ,! results v>i$1 "s 
pulps giv+ a mu* high] initial c\nt ?an 
o!rs1 b !y all agre$ 9 hav+ a           
comp>atively slight increase 9 ! fir/   
?ree h\rs1 ! l>ge numb]s :i* "o is l$ to
 expect n be+ pres5t until ! pulp _h    
/ood = at lea/ five h\rs & "u ! mo/     
favorable conditions2 usually x requires
 a long] "t4 ,! plates & ! direct c\nt  
agree+ 9 ! g5]al tr5d1 ?\gh ! numb]s    
obta9$ by ! two me?ods v>i$4 ,9 ! pulp  
obta9$ f ! /eam$ tomatoes1 ! initial    
c\nt 0 mu* l[] 9 ! tomatoes /eam$ eight 
m9utes1 be+ only #bj p] cc 9 ! plates1 b
 ! same ?+ 0 true ( ^! 9 t ! increase 0 
v sl[ at fir/4 ,! figures f all !       

trials1 bo? raw & /eam$ pulp1 & f !     
plates & direct c\nts1 %[ t ! !oretical 
e/imation ( ! increase ( organisms f !  
classic tw5ty m9utes requir$ =          
reproduction ( an organism ) ! consequ5t
 progression1 irrespective ( ! condition
 ( ! organism at ! />t1 or its          
environm5t1 w h to be modifi$4 ,9 !     
plates all colonies1 aside f ! molds1 7 
c\nt$ z bact]ia1 b ?is w\ld n give a v  
l>ge error1 z yea/ does n reproduce at !
 same rate z d bact]ia4  ,! /ate (      
comm9ution ( ! product det]m9es to a    
consid]able ext5t ! numb] ( organisms   
:i* may be c\nt$4 ,! m f9ely !          
comm9ution1 ! great] ! numb]4 ,two pulps
 made f ! same mat]ial1 "o run ?r\gh an 
ord9>y cyclone & ! o!r ?r\gh a f9i%+    
ma*9e1 w %[ f #ej to #ajj p] c5t m 9 !  
latt]4 ,co>se pulp & co>se ket*up may be
 inf]ior articles & yet give ! bett]    
results by ! direct me?od4 ,! effect on 
! mold is ev5 m m>k$--filam5ts & clumps 
w be torn into _m small p>ticles4 ,!    
total quantity is n increas$1 b x is    

di/ribut$ m ne>ly p]fectly & ?us occurs 
9 m fields4  ,9 "w done on meat to      
det]m9e ! te*nique :i* %\ld be employ$ 9
 ! bact]iological analysis1 comp>ison 0 
made betwe5 %ak+ ! sample & gr9d+ x 9 a 
mort> ) s&4 ,9 ! ?ree samples report$1 !
 %ak+ gave only #c1 #ab1 & #ac p] c5t1  
respectively1 ( ^? obta9$ f gr9d+4#e    
-----  ,footnote #e3    ,we9zirl1 ,john 
& ,newton1 ,e4 ,b4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (   
,public ,heal?4   ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #e4  
,a f9ely comm9ut$ pulp 0 vigor\sly %ak5 
= def9ite times & samples tak5 z quickly
 z possible aft] ! t5?1 fiftie?1 "o     
hundr$?1 & two hundr$? times %ak54 ,!   
results 7 z foll[s3                     
,mold                                   
,yea/ &   9 ,p]                 ,no4    
,times       ,bact]ia    ,spores ,p]    
,c5t (          ,no4      ,%ak54        
,p] c4c4     #a-fj c4c4  ,fields4       
#a             #aj     #ca1jbj1jjj      
#bb       #hj          #b               
#ej     #ej1jdj1jjj            #db      
#gf          #c            #ajj         

#hd1gcj1jjj           #ajf       #ib    
#d            #bjj    #aaf1fdj1jjj      
#aaf      #ajj  ,9 l9e ) ?is are !      
results obta9$ be=e & aft] %ipp+ long   
di/ances4 ,:5 ! goods h be5 h&l$ r\ghly 
dur+ %ipp+ ! c\nt is mu* high]4  ,! l5g?
 ( "t elaps+ aft] manufacture until !   
c\nt+ is done also has an effect4 ,pulp 
put up 9 ! fall w %[ "o c\nt & ! same   
pulp ! foll[+ season a diff]5t c\nt4    
,?is diff]5ce is n due to any           
multiplication dur+ /orage1 b to ! fact 
t ! organisms sep>ate f ! tissues m     
readily4 ,! diff]5ce made 9 ! c\nt+ f   
?is treatm5t is n z m>k$ z t produc$ by 
! o!r factors already treat$1 b is      
suffici5t to cause a *ange 9 ! c\nt4  ,x
 is kn[n t ! surface ( plants is cov]$  
by a v>iety ( bact]ia & o!r fungi t     
rema9 dormant "u unfavorable conditions1
 b t ^! become active :5 ! food :i* is  
inv>iably pres5t is r5d]$ available by  
access ( moi/ure1 ei!r dew or ra91 or ! 
rupture ( ! ho/1 etc4 ,^! w v>y 9 numb]s
 ) ! season1 wet or dry1 hot or cold1 9 

diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 &1 9 ! case
 ( ! tomato1 ) ! v>iety ( ! fruit2 :e!r 
p]fectly smoo? or ) a slight bloom2 :e!r
 irregul> or regul> 9 %ape2 & :e!r      
slightly gre5 ) a firm sk9 or fully     
ripe4 ,^! are all factors t h an        
influ5ce & %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,"s      
pack]s h already le>n$ t by pack+       
tomatoes :i* are color$1 b n really     
ripe1 t ! c\nt w be l[]1 & z su* a      
practice ext5ds1 x means ! use ( poor]  
mat]ial in/ead ( t :i* is prop]ly       
develop$ & ) ! normal flavor4           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,notes3                   
,typographical errors 7 sil5tly         
correct$4      ,inconsi/5t spell+ &     
hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only       :5
 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4      
,text 9 bold is enclos$ by 8equal0 signs
 7bold74