,,engli%                                
,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce                       
,,edit$ ,,by                         ,j4
 ,,reynolds ,,gre51 ,d4,sc4             
,,joseph ,,prie/ley                     
,all ,rights ,res]v$                    
,illu/ration3 ,j ,prie/ley              
,,joseph ,,prie/ley                     
,,by                           ,t4 ,e4  
,,?orpe1 ,f4,r4,s4                      
,,au?or ,,(                    ,,humphry
 ,,davy1 ,,poet ,,& ,,philosoph]        
,,etc41 ,,etc4                          
,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,london ,,by             
,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t  ,,co41 ,,& ,,9 ,,new     
,,york ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton  ,,co4     
#aijf                                   
,,preface   ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! life 
& "w ( t h]o & type ( ! intellectual    
en]gy ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! hone/      
h]etic--,joseph ,prie/ley1 ,i h1 to a   
consid]able ext5t1 made ! subject ( x   
tell 8 own /ory4 ,aft] ,prie/ley's dea? 
!re 0 f\nd among 8 pap]s a %ort         
autobiography1 deal+ ) ! ma9 ev5ts ( 8  

life up to ! "t ( 8 settlem5t 9 ,am]ica4
 ,?is 0 subsequ5tly publi%$1 ) additions
 & explanatory notes1 by 8 elde/ son4 ,(
 ?is biography ,i h made full use1      
consid]+ x1 ( c\rse1 z ! be/ au?ority on
 ! matt]s to :i* x ref]s4  ,= ! acc\nt (
 ! ,w>r+ton ,academy1 ) :i* in/itution  
,prie/ley 0 connect$ = "s ye>s1 & :i*   
connection pr(\ndly affect$ 8 c>e]1 ,i  
am ma9ly indebt$ to ,mr ,h5ry ,a4       
,bright's pap] 9 ! ,transactions ( !    
,hi/oric ,society ( ,lanca%ire &        
,*e%ire1 #aheh-ei4  ,! ,yates pap]s 9 ! 
possession ( ! ,royal ,society h also   
af=d$ me mu* assi/ance1 & h be5 freely  
drawn ^u4  ,i am also indebt$ to ! late 
,mr ,h5ry ,c>r+ton ,bolton's collection 
= c]ta9 lett]s & = in=mation conc]n+ !  
,lun> ,society ( ,birm+ham4  ,= !       
graphic acc\nt ( ! ,birm+ham ,riots (   
#agia1 :5 ,prie/ley's h\se 0 wreck$1 & 8
 libr>y & laboratory de/roy$1 z describ$
 by an eye-witness1 ,miss ,m>?a         
,russell1 ,i h to express my obligations
 to h] relative1 ,dr ,w4 ,j4 ,russell1  

:o fir/ made me acqua9t$ ) h] n>rative4 
,i am also indebt$ to ,dr ,russell = a  
copy ( ! pr9t f :i* has be5 prep>$ !    
illu/ration %[+ ! de/ruction (          
,prie/ley's h\se4  ,i desire also to    
ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,dr ,aik9 = 
p]mission to publi% c]ta9 ( ,prie/ley's 
lett]s to 8 di/+ui%$ connection1 ,mrs   
,b>bauld4  ,i am fur!r "u obligations to
 ,lady ,prie/ley1 ,lady ,roscoe & ,mr   
,sydney ,lupton = mu* useful assi/ance4 
,! portrait ( ,prie/ley1 :i* =ms !      
frontispiece1 has be5 reproduc$ 9       
photogravure f ! pa9t+ by ,artaud1 n[ 9 
,dr ,williams' ,!ological ,libr>y 9     
,gordon ,squ>e4 ,i h to ?ank ! ,tru/ees 
( ! ,libr>y = _! k9dness 9 all[+ ! copy 
to be made4                             
,t4 ,e4 ,t4  ,london3 ,may #aijf4       
,,cont5ts                               
,,page  ,*apt] ,i                       
#a ,bir?--,p>5tage--,home ,life--,e>ly  
,education4  ,*apt] ,,ii                
#ag ,ent]s ! ,dav5try ,academy to be    
tra9$ = ! ,m9i/ry--,goes to ,ne$ham     

,m>ket--,8 ,life1 ,"w & ,privations !re4
  ,*apt] ,,iii                          
#cj ,goes to ,nantwi*--,/>ts a          
,s*ool--,is appo9t$ a ,tutor 9 !        
,w>r+ton ,academy--,life at ,w>r+ton4   
,*apt] ,,iv                             
#de ,prie/ley m>ries--,is orda9$--,8    
,essay on ,education--,lectures on      
,hi/ory & ,g5]al ,policy--,8 ,*>t (     
,biography--,becomes a ,doctor ( ,laws (
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh--,8 visits to 
,london--,makes ! acqua9tance ( ,dr     
,price1 ,canton & ,b5jam9               
,frankl9--,writes ! ,hi/ory (           
,electricity--,is elect$ into ! ,royal  
,society4  ,*apt] ,v                    
#ff ,goes to ,le$s z m9i/] ( ! ,mill    
,hill ,*apel--,resumes 8 /udies 9       
,speculative ,!ology--,! ,!ological     
,repository--,becomes a                 
,unit>ian--,prie/ley z a                
controv]siali/--,8 ,!ory & ,practice (  
,p]spective--,8 lit]>y                  
*>act]i/ics--,beg9s 8 inquiries on      
,pneumatic ,*emi/ry--,8 inv5tion (      

soda-wat]--,receives ! ,copley ,m$al ( !
 ,royal ,society4  ,*apt] ,,vi          
#hb ,becomes lit]>y companion to ,"l    
,%elburne--,goes abroad--,8 visit to    
,p>is--,8 sci5tific "w at ,calne & 9    
,london--,cont9ues 8 !ological &        
metaphysical /udies--,8 gr[+            
unpopul>ity--,leaves ,"l ,%elburne4     
,*apt] ,,vii                            
#hi ,removes to ,london--,decl9es a     
p5sion--,r5ews 8 acqua9tance )          
,frankl9--,goes to ,birm+ham--,becomes a
 memb] ( ! ,lun> ,society4  ,*apt]      
,,viii                                  
#ajc ,prie/ley at ,birm+ham--,8         
!ological "w !re--,8 love (             
lit]ature--,8 ca?olicity--,8 p]sonal    
*>act]i/ics4  ,*apt] ,,ix               
#abj ,! ,birm+ham riots ( #agia4  ,*apt]
 ,x                                     
#ade ,det]m9es to leave ,engl&--,8      
arrival 9 ,am]ica--,settles 9           
,nor?umb]l&--,8 clos+ days--,8 dea?4    
,*apt] ,,xi                             
#afg ,prie/ley z a man ( sci5ce--,8     

*>act]i/ics z a philosoph]--,exp]im5ts &
 ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds (       
,air--,8 discov]y ( ! influ5ce (        
vegetation on vitiat$ air--,atmosph]ic  
air n elem5t>y--,8 rese>*es on nitric   
oxide--,eudiometry--,nitr\s             
oxide--,discov]s hydrog5                
*loride--,prep>es oxyg5 f nitre         
7#agga7--;,isolates ammonia             
gas--,discov]s sulphur                  
dioxide--,dephlogi/icat$ air            
7oxyg57--,discov]s silicon              
fluoride--,intra-diffusion (            
gases--,respiration--,prie/ley's op9ions
 ( ! value ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 9        
education--,discov]s nitrosulphuric     
acid--,notes ! con/ancy ( composition ( 
! atmosph]e--,prep>es *lor9e--,s\nd 9   
air--,exp]im5ts relat+ to phlogi/on--,! 
seem+ conv]sion ( wat] into air--,watt &
 ! comp\nd nature ( wat]--,discov]s     
sulphurett$ hydrog5--,prie/ley's        
confession ( fai? 9 phlogi/on4  ,index  
#bbe                              ,,li/ 
,,( ,,illu/rations   ,joseph ,prie/ley1 

f ! portrait 9 ,dr ,williams' ,libr>y by
 ,artaud           7,photogravure7      
,frontispiece ,bir?place ( ,prie/ley1 f 
a draw+ by ,j4 ,a4 ,sym+ton aft] a      
photograph                              
page #e ,! ,pillag+ ( ,prie/ley's ,h\se 
dur+ ! ,birm+ham ,riots   fac+          
page #abj                               
,joseph ,prie/ley                       
,,*apt] ,i     ,bir?--,p>5tage--,home   
,life--,e>ly ,education  ,if1 says ,mr  
,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 we *oose "o man z a   
type ( ! intellectual en]gy ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury we c\ld h>dly f9d a bett] ?an   
,joseph ,prie/ley1 ?\gh 8 0 n ! greate/ 
m9d ( ! c5tury4 ,8 v]satility1 eag]ness1
 activity & humanity2 ! imm5se range ( 8
 curiosity 9 all ?+s1 physical1 moral or
 social2 8 place 9 sci5ce1 9 !ology1 9  
philosophy & 9 politics2 8 peculi>      
relation to ! ,revolution1 & ! pa!tic   
/ory ( 8 unm]it$ suff]+s1 may make him !
 h]o ( ! eighte5? c5tury4   ,9 ^! few   
l9es ,mr ,h>rison has indicat$1 9 t]ms  
suffici5tly precise1 ! lead+ features 9 

! "* & life-hi/ory ( "o ( ! mo/         
rem>kable m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,to   
:at ext5t he may be reg>d$ z a h]o & z a
 type ( ! intellectual en]gy ( t c5tury 
x is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ pages to make 
cle>4  ,joseph ,prie/ley 0 born at      
,fieldhead1 9 ! p>i% ( ,bir/all1 ne>    
,le$s1 on ,m>* #ac 7,old ,/yle71 #agcc4a
 ,he 0 nam$ aft] 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r1 an  
em95t tradesman1 z mu* fam$ = 8 heav5ly 
conduct z 8 gr&son 7,joseph7 has s9ce   
be5 = natural abilities4    ,!          
,prie/leys1 writes ,madame ,belloc1 !   
great-gr&daught] ( !   subject ( ?is    
memoir1 9 h] *>m+ essay1 ,joseph        
,prie/ley 9   ,dome/ic ,life            
7,contempor>y ,review1 ,octob] #ahid71 7
 ( an old   ,presbyt]ian /ock2 "o bran* 
( ! family acquir$ weal? & liv$   at    
,:iteways1 b 8 7,joseph's7 own imm$iate 
ance/ors 7 f>m]s   & clo?i]s1 p (       
sub/ance 9 ! yeoman class4 ,we c trace  
!m accurately z f> z ! middle ( !       
sev5te5? c5tury1 :5   "o ,phoebe        
,prie/ley1 aft] wre/l+ ) fev] 9 h]      

h\sehold1 0   h]self /rick51 & 'lay l a 
lamb be=e ! ,"l' on h]   dea?b$4 ,h]    
husb& wrote a long & t\*+ acc\nt ( all  
%e   said & did1 t h] *ildr5 might "k   
:at mann] ( "m !y   _h lo/4 ,^! p 7     
presumably ( ! same /ock z !            
,prie/leys ( ,soyl&s1 :o ran back into !
 ,middle ,ages4    ,! *ildr5 ( !        
,prie/ley families 7 all nam$ aft]      
scriptural *>act]s4 ,!y 7 ,josephs1     
,timo?ys & ,s>ahs f "o   g5]ation to    
ano!r4 ,! ,bible 0 /amp$ into !m1 & f x 
!y drew all ! inspiration ( _! lives4   
,joseph ,prie/ley ! eld] 0 born 9 #affj1
 & di$ on ,augu/ #b1 #agde4 ,he m>ri$   
,s>ah ,healey & _h by h] eight *ildr51  
five sons & ?ree daught]s1 ( :om ,jonas1
 ! fa!r ( ,joseph ,prie/ley ! y\ng]1    
born ab\t #agjj1 0 ! sev5? *ild & f\r?  
son4 ,jonas ,prie/ley m>ri$ ,m>y1 a     
daught] ( ,joseph ,swift1 a f>m] &      
malt/] ( ,%afton1 ne> ,wakefield1 & _h  
by h] six *ildr51 f\r sons & two        
daught]s1 ( :om ,joseph 0 ! elde/ &     
,timo?y ! second2 ,m>?a1 ! eld] girl1 :o

 di$ 9 #ahab1 m>ri$ ,john ,cr\*1 & 0    
left a wid[ 9 poor circum/ances 9 #aghf4
 ,ano!r memb] ( ! ,prie/ley family :o   
requires m5tion = ! purpose ( ?is       
n>rative is ,s>ah1 ! si/] ( ,jonas &    
second daught] ( ,joseph ,prie/ley !    
eld]4 ,%e 0 born 9 #afib & m>ri$ ,john  
,keighley--a man :o _h di/+ui%$ himself 
= 8 zeal = religion & = 8 public _s4 ,%e
 0 left a wid[ 9 #agde4 ,?ree ye>s be=e 
?is %e took h] nephew ,joseph1 ! subject
 ( ?is memoir1 to live ) h]1 & 0 fond ( 
him 9 ! extreme4 ,%e di$ 9 #agfd4 ,h]   
bro!r ,john1 ,joseph ,prie/ley ! y\ng]'s
 uncle1 di$ on ,febru>y #bh1 #aghf1 ag$ 
n9ety-two4 ,he 0 a rem>kable man & ( a  
s+ul>ly happy con/itution1 bo? ( body & 
m9d4  ,?is happy con/itution ( body &   
m9d seems inde$ to h be5 a *>act]i/ic ( 
_m memb]s ( ! family1 ! sev]al bran*es (
 :i* 7 rem>kably heal?y & long-liv$4    
,prie/ley says ( 8 fa!r ,jonas t he _h  
uni=mly bett] spirits ?an any man he ev]
 knew1 & by ?is means 0 z happy t[>ds ! 
close ( life1 :5 r$uc$ to pov]ty &      

dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 z 9 8 be/ days4 ,^!    
facts are n )\t int]e/ z s]v+ to acc\nt 
= mu* t we %all h occasion to note 9 !  
"* & temp]am5t ( ! subject ( ?is        
biography4  ,fieldhead1 ! h\se 9 :i* he 
fir/ saw ! light1 _h be5 occupi$ by !   
family = sev]al g5]ations4 ,x 0 a small 
two-/orey build+1 built ( /one & slat$ )
 flag1 simil> 9 "* to _m ( ! h\ses /ill 
/&+ 9 ! di/rict1 ! long1 l[ w9d[s 9 !   
upp] /oreys betok5+ t !y 7 =m]ly occupi$
 by weav]s4 ,x 0 la/ liv$ 9 by ,m>?a    
,prie/ley 7,mrs ,cr\*71 b on ! dea? ( h]
 husb& 9 #aghf 0 ab&on$ by ! family1 &1 
fall+ into decay1 0 pull$ d[n ab\t fifty
 ye>s ago4  ,! ,prie/leys 7 a simple1   
sob]1 hone/1 ,god-fe>+ folk1 /aun*      
,calv9i/s1 & deeply religi\s4 ,jonas    
,prie/ley 0 a manufactur] ( home-spun--a
 weav] & clo? dress]--two trades n[     
di/9ct b !n practis$ 9 common--:o took 8
 week's "w on ass-back1 on roads little 
bett] ?an bridle-pa?s1 to ! ,sunday     
m>ket 9 ,le$s4 ,he 0 ( a class          
*>act]i/ic ( ! di/rict4  ,^! h&-loom    

weav]s1 :o liv$ 9 ! hill c\ntry ly+ to !
 we/ ( ,le$s1 7 g5]ally m5 ( small      
capitals2 !y (t5 annex$ a small f>m to  
_! bus9ess1 or possess$ a field or two  
on :i* to support a horse & c[1 & 7 = ! 
mo/ "p bless$ ) ! com=ts )\t !          
sup]fluities ( life4 ,dur+ five or six  
days ( ! week !y dwelt 9 _! own little  
village1 among trees & fields1 tak+ no  
?\ght ( ! outside _w & cont5t+ !mselves 
) ! homely gossip ( _! f>m/ead or       
hamlet4 ,on m>ket day !y came into ! t[n
 9 %oals1 clad 9 _! qua9t corduroy      
bree*es1 broad-brimm$ hats1 &           
brass-button$ coats ( antique cut1 br++ 
_! produce on pack-horses1 to await !   
visits ( ! m]*ants--! comm]cial         
ari/ocracy ( ,le$s1 !n a t[n ( "s       
#af1jjj or #ag1jjj inhabitants--:o 7 !  
ag5ts ?r\gh :i* ! out] _w receiv$ its   
supply ( ,york%ire wooll5 goods4 ,!y 7 a
 %rewd1 c>eful race1 some:at /olid & sl[
 ( spee* & n giv5 to great m5tal        
briskness or activity1 ke5ly            
appreciative ( ! bless+s ( lib]ty &     

usually 9 sympa?y ) ! political p>ty to 
:om ! cause ( lib]ty 0 = ! mom5t        
entru/$2 sob]1 godly s\ls = ! mo/ "p2   
regul> 9 _! att5dance at public wor%ip1 
& ^u ! :ole pref]r+ ! plebeian zeal ( ! 
,*apel to ! ari/ocratic repose ( !      
,*ur*4#b                  ,illu/ration3 
,,bir?place ,,( ,,prie/ley4  ,& :at a _w
 x 0 9 :i* !y ?us s]5ely dwelt ap>t4    
,x 01 writes ,madame ,belloc1 ! "t (    
,l\is ! ,fifte5? 9   ,france & ( ,george
 ! ,second 9 ,engl&1 & ! nephews &      
nieces   ( ,*>lotte ,pr9cess ,palat9e 7 
/ill liv+1 & h] lett]s1   ^: "n is      
legion1 yet lay /or$ 9 ! cab9ets ( h]   
correspond5ts1 full ( inexpressible     
details discuss$ 9 mo/   expressive     
language4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ,jeanie ,deans   
walk$ f   ,scotl& to beg h] si/]'s life 
( ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 & met ,madge           
,wildfire 9 ! way4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ! polite
 _w 0   compos$ ( 'm51 wom5 & ,h]veys'2 
:5 ,squire ,p5d>ves 0 f\nd   dead 9 8 b$
 9 ,greek ,/reet1 ,soho1 leav+ 8 "y wid[
 to be   c\rt$ by ,john ,wesley & w$d$  

by ,dr ,delany2 :5 /atesm5 brib$1   & "y
 blades drank1 & ,sir ,h>bottle c>ri$ (f
 ,h>riet ,byron1   ^: %rieks br\ght ,sir
 ,*>les ,gr&ison to ! rescue1 sword 9   
h&4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :5 ! ,jacobite         
,rebellion flam$ up &   expir$2 :5 ! ,"y
 ,pret5d] m>*$ to ,d]by & ! heads (   ! 
decapitat$ lords 7 expos$ on ,temple    
,b>2 trag$ies1 agonies1   highway       
robb]ies1 ,dick ,turp91 ,jack ,%epp>d1  
smuggl]s1 !   press-gang2 ,fr$]ick      
,pr9ce ( ,wales qu>rell+ 9 ,leice/]     
,squ>e2   ,que5 ,c>ol9e on h] dea?-b$   
tell+ h] weep+ little ,george1   'que   
l'un n'emp*e pas l'autre'2 ,horace      
,walpole mak+ ! gr&   t\r2 ,dean ,swift 
dy+ 9 agonis$ mis]y4 ,m]ciful ,heav5s6  
,:at an   ,engl&1 ( :i* we possess !    
daily di>y6 ,we c see ,hog>? at   8     
easel1 & ,sir ,jo%ua tak+ 8 fir/ /iff   
portraits1 &   ,g>rick go+ on pilgrimage
 to ,/rat=d1 & ! "y k+ c\rt+   ,hannah  
,lightfoot & m>ry+ 8 little bride f     
,meckl5burg4   ,)\t too mu* v]ify+ (    
dates x is c]ta9 t all ?is 0   happ5+   

be=e ,dr ,prie/ley 0 ?irty ye>s ( age1 &
 t (   none ( x is !re ! fa9te/ m5tion 9
 ! acc\nt he has drawn   up ( 8 own     
*ildhood1 y\? & "y manhood1 ?\gh he 0   
himself de/9$ to be "o ( ! pr9cipal     
illu/rations ( !   ,georgian era4 ,=    
any?+ :i* appe>s to ! contr>y1 he & 8   
fri5ds might h dwelt 9 "s f>-di/ant     
planet ^: inhabitants   7 :olly giv5 up 
to /udy & to pray]4  ,prie/ley says ( 8 
fa!r t he _h a /rong s5se ( religion1   
pray+ ) 8 family morn+ & ev5+1 &        
c>efully tea*+ 8 *ildr5 & s]vants !     
,assembly's ,cate*ism1 :i* 0 all ! sy/em
 ( :i* he _h any k4    ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8
 life he became v fond ( ,mr ,:itfield's
   writ+s & o!r works ( a simil> k9d1   
hav+ be5 br\ght up 9   ! pr9ciples (    
,calv9ism1 & adopt+ !m1 b )\t ev]   giv+
 mu* att5tion to matt]s ( speculation1 &
 ent]ta9+ no   bigot$ av]sion to ^? :o  
diff]$ f him on ! subject4  ,we may well
 imag9e t ,jonas1 ) 8 /rong s5se (      
religion1 0 "o ( t e>ne/ b& ( sev]al    
hundr$s ( pla9 p :o li/5$1 spellb\nd1 to

 ! eloqu5ce ( ,john ,wesley on t        
memorable day ( ,may #agdb1 on :i*1 on  
,bir/all ,hill1 began ! great ,york%ire 
,revival4  ,( 8 wife1 a woman ( exempl>y
 piety1 ! "m ( ! future philosoph]1     
little has be5 record$ beyond !         
fragm5t>y notice 9 h] son's             
autobiography4 ,he says ( h]3--    ,x is
 b little t ,i c recollect ( my "m4 ,i  
rememb]1   h[ev]1 t %e 0 c>eful to tea* 
me ! ,assembly's ,cate*ism1   & to give 
me ! be/ in/ructions ! little "t t ,i 0 
at   home4 ,once 9 p>ticul>1 :5 ,i 0    
play+ ) a p91 %e ask$ me   :]e ,i got x2
 & on tell+ h] t ,i f\nd x at my        
uncle's1 :o   liv$ v ne> to my fa!r1 &  
:]e ,i _h be5 play+ ) my   c\s9s1 %e    
made me c>ry x back aga92 no d\bt to    
impress my m9d1   z x c\ld n fail to d1 
) a cle> idea ( ! di/9ction (   prop]ty 
& ( ! importance ( att5d+ to x4 ,%e di$ 
9 !   h>d w9t] ( #agci1c n long  aft]   
be+ deliv]$ ( my y\nge/   bro!r2 & hav+ 
dream$ a little be=e h] dea? t %e 0 9   
a delightful place1 :i* %e p>ticul>ly   

describ$ & imag9$ to   be heav51 ! la/  
words :i* %e spake1 z my aunt in=m$ me1 
71 ',let me g to t f9e place4'  ,dur+ "s
 consid]able portion ( 8 "m's %ort p]iod
 ( m>ri$ life1 ,joseph ,prie/ley1 toge!r
 ) 8 bro!r ,timo?y1 0 committ$ to ! c>e 
( 8 gr&fa!r ,swift1 ) :om he rema9$ )   
little int]ruption until 8 "m's dea?4 ,f
 ?is we may inf] t ! dome/ic            
circum/ances ( 8 p>5ts 7 f> f easy1 or t
 ! accommodation at ,fieldhead 0 unequal
 to ! support ( ! clo?-dress]'s         
rapidly-increas+ family4  ,timo?y1 :o1  
aft] foll[+ 8 fa!r's bus9ess z a        
clo?-dress] = a "t1 became an ,indep5d5t
 m9i/]1 & di$ 9 ,london1 has left u     
rem9isc5ces ( 8 bro!r's boyhood4 ,he    
seems to h be5 p>ticul>ly impress$ ) 8  
ability to repeat ! ,assembly's         
,cate*ism )\t miss+ a ^w1 & by be+ made 
to kneel d[n ) him :ile he pray$4 ,?is 0
 n at b$-"t1 :i* he nev] neglect$1 b 9 !
 c\rse ( ! day4  ,on ! dea? ( 8 "m1 !   
elde/ boy1 !n b>ely six ye>s old1 0 tak5
 home & s5t to s*ool 9 ! neighb\rhood4  

,luckily = him1 8 ,aunt ,s>ah1 ,mrs     
,keighley1 a truly pi\s & excell5t      
woman1 :o knew no o!r use ( weal?1 or ( 
tal5ts ( any k9d1 ?an to d good1 & :o   
nev] sp>$ h]self = ?is purpose1 be+     
*ildless1 (f]$1 9 #agdb1 to relieve h]  
bro!r ,jonas ( all c>e = 8 elde/ son by 
tak+ entire *>ge ( him4 ,f ?is "t1 says 
h] nephew1 %e 0 truly a p>5t to me1 till
 h] dea? 9 #agfd4  ,john ,keighley 0 a  
man ( consid]able prop]ty1 & at 8 dea?1 
:i* occurr$ :5 ,prie/ley 0 ab\t twelve  
ye>s ( age1 ! wid[ 0 left ) ! great] "p 
( 8 =tune = life1 & mu* ( x at h]       
disposal aft] h] dea?4  ,by ,mrs        
,keighley's direction he 0 s5t1 he tells
 u1 to sev]al s*ools 9 ! neighb\rhood1  
especially to a l>ge free s*ool "u ! c>e
 ( a cl]gyman1 ,mr ,hague1 "u :om1 at ! 
age ( twelve or ?irte51 he fir/ began to
 make progress 9 ,lat9 & acquir$ !      
elem5ts ( ,greek4 ,8 bro!r ,timo?y      
records t f elev5 to ab\t ?irte5 he _h  
read mo/ ( ,mr ,bunyan's works & o!r    
au?ors on religion1 besides ! common    

,lat9 au?ors4  ,h[ a well-ord]$ s*ool 0 
conduct$ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury 
may be glean$ f ! foll[+ regulations 9  
=ce 9 ,mr ,canton's well-kn[n academy 9 
#agde3--    #a4 ,t ! ,s*ool h\rs are f  
#g o'clock 9 ! morn+ till #ab1   & f #b 
to #e 9 ! aft]noon3 except ! w9t]       
half-ye>1 :5   !y beg9 at #h 9 ! morn+4 
#b4 ,t all ! ,s*ol>s come dec5tly1 t is1
 ) _! ,h&s &   ,faces wa%'d1 _! ,hair or
 ,p]riwigs ,comb'd1 & _! ,%oes black'd4 
#c4 ,t !y b[ at ,com+ 9 & go+ out1 & :5 
any ,?+ is   giv5 or rec'd2 & nev] we>  
_! ,hats 9 ! ,h\se or ,s*ool4    #d4 ,t 
!y loit] n1 b g imm$iately to _! own    
seats &   move n !nce1 )\t ,leave1 till 
,s*ool is done4    #e4 ,t if any ,p]son 
come into ! ,s*ool :om !y "k1 !y are to 
get up1 make a b[1 & sit d[n 9 _! places
 aga94    #f4 ,t if ! ,ma/] be disc\rs+ 
)1 or read+ to any ,p]son1   !y %all n  
/>e ,confid5tly on !m or he>k5 to _!    
,talk1   unless requir$ to be pres5t4   
#g4 ,t !y %all n int]rupt ! ,ma/] :ile a
 ,/rang] is   talk+ ) him1 ) any ,"q1   

reque/1 or compla9t :atsoev]1   b /ay   
till he is at ,leisure4    #h4 ,t !y    
%all n presume to talk l\d nor make any 
noise 9   gett+ _! lessons4 ,a ,boy's   
,tongue %\ld nev] be he>d1 b 9   say+ 8 
,lesson1 ask+ or ,answ]+ a ,"q4    #i4  
,t !re be no buy+1 sell+1 *ang+1 lay+   
,wag]s or ,gam+   9 ,s*ool-"t1 on !     
=feiture ( ! :ole s b\ght or sold1 etc4 
#aj4 ,t ^? :o le>n ,fr5* %all n speak   
,engli% to any t   le>n ,fr5*1 on !     
,=feiture ( ye ,bill1 or "o ,h\r's      
,ex]cize   aft] ,s*ool ,"t4    #aa4 ,t  
su* z le>n ,lat9 are also oblig'd n to  
speak o!r   ,language to ^? t le>n x1   
dur+ ,s*ool "t1 on ! ,p5alty   la/      
m5tion$4    #ab4 ,t all p]=m _! ,lessons
 & ,ex]cises 9 fair ,writ+ &   true     
,spell+1 & likewise prep>e !mselves = _!
 ,exam9ations   9 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 ,acc\nts
 & ,cate*isms e week1 bo? 9 ,s*ool      
times & all ,vacations4    #ac4 ,t su* z
 p]=m well1 %all be pref]'d accord+ to  
_!   ,m]it1 & %all h lib]ty to leave    
,s*ool be=e ! usual ,"t2   b su* z are  

,neglig5t h]e91 %all h _! ,ex]cizes to  
write   ov] aga9 aft] ,s*ool4    #ad4 ,t
 none presume to call any ,p>ty or      
,nick-names nor give any ill   or       
reproa*ful ,language1 mu* less ,curse1  
,sw>e1 or ,lye1 b 9 all   ?+s behave 9 a
 quiet1 peaceable1 & civil mann]4       
#ae4 ,t ! ,bo>d]s %all n g beyond ye    
b\nds belong+ to ye   ,h\se on any      
pret5ce :atsoev] )\t leave1 on !        
=feiture (   #f;d4 or two ,h\rs'        
,ex]cize aft] ,s*ool = ,e su* ,(f5ce4   
#af4 ,t "o ,s*ol> is n to /rike ano!r1  
or *all5ge him to   fight2 b 9 case (   
any ,diff]5ce %all acqua9t ! ,ma/]      
!re) & be satisfi$ ) 8 ,det]m9ation4    
,:il/ acquir+ ,greek at ! public s*ool1 
,prie/ley le>n$ ,hebrew on holidays ( ! 
,diss5t+ m9i/] ( ! place1 ,mr ,kirkby1  
"u ^: c>e he ev5tually came4  ,! weakly1
 consumptive habit into :i* he n[ fell  
necessitat$ 8 )drawal f s*ool4 ,8       
fondness = books _h l$ 8 aunt to        
enc\rage ! hope t he might be tra9$ = ! 
m9i/ry1 & he readily ent]$ into h]      

views4    ,b1 he says1 my ill heal?     
oblig$ me to turn my ?\ghts ano!r   way1
 &1 ) a view to trade1 ,i le>n$ ! mod]n 
languages1   ,fr5*1 ,italian & ,high    
,dut* ,g]man1 )\t a ma/]2 & 9 !   fir/ &
 la/ ( !m ,i translat$ & wrote lett]s = 
an uncle (   m9e :o 0 a m]*ant1 & :o    
int5d$ to put me into a   c\nt+-h\se 9  
,lisbon4  ,inde$1 he says a h\se 0      
actually engag$ to receive him !re1 &   
ev]y?+ 0 ne>ly ready = 8 und]tak+ !     
voyage :5 8 heal? s f> improv$ t ! idea 
( ! m9i/ry 0 resum$4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s 9 
:i* he _h be5 kept away f s*ool ! boy 0 
?r[n almo/ entirely ^u 8 own res\rces4  
,x says mu* = ! activity & eag]ness ( 8 
m9d1 8 dilig5ce & 8 p[] ( m5tal         
acquisitiv5ess1 t he %\ld h neglect$ no 
opportunity ( ga9+ k f ! v>i\s h]etical 
div9es :o came to dr9k a di% ( tea ) 8  
aunt4 ,he tells u t f ,mr ,hagg]/one1 a 
,diss5t+ m9i/] 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :o _h  
be5 educat$ "u ,maclaur91 & :om he      
visit$ twice a week1 he le>n$ geometry1 
algebra & v>i\s bran*es ( ma!matics1    

!oretical & practical4 ,he also read1 ) 
b little assi/ance f him1 ,graves5d's   
,elem5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy1        
,watts's ,logic1 & ,locke's ,essay on ! 
,human ,und]/&+4 ,he also gave lessons 9
 ,hebrew to a ,bapti/ m9i/] at          
,gild]some1 a village ab\t f\r miles f  
,le$s1 & by t means made himself 'a     
consid]able pr(ici5t 9 t language4' ,at 
! same "t ,i le>n$ ,*aldee & ,syriac1 & 
j began to read ,arabic4  ,z 8 k        
increas$1 & ! p[]s ( 8 intellect        
/r5g!n$1 he began to ex]cise 8 reason ^u
 ! _m problems ( doctr9e & religi\s     
belief :i* c\ld n fail to be upp]mo/ 9 8
 m9d :5 8 upbr++ & ! environm5t 9 :i*   
circum/ances _h plac$ him are consid]$4 
,8 aunt1 al?\gh a /rict ,calv9i/1 0 a   
l>ge-m9d$ woman1 &1 z h] nephew says1 f>
 f conf9+ salvation to ^? :o ?\ght z %e 
did on religi\s subjects4    ,h] home1  
he says1 0 ! resort ( all ! diss5t+     
m9i/]s   9 ! neighb\rhood1 )\t          
di/9ction1 & ^? :o 7 ! mo/   obnoxi\s1  
on acc\nt ( _! h]esy1 7 almo/ z welcome 

to h]1   if %e ?\ght !m hone/ & good m5 
7:i* %e 0 n unwill+   to d71 z any o!rs4
  ,al?\gh all ! religi\s books t came 9 
8 way t5d$ to confirm him 9 ! pr9ciples 
( ,calv9ism1 he 0 l$ by ! natural vig\r 
( 8 m9d1 & by an innate _s (            
philosophical optimism1 :i* /r5g!n$ )   
advanc+ ye>s1 to feel a repugnance to   
its gloomy t5ets1 & to "q ! suffici5cy &
 reasonabl5ess ( mu* ( its doctr9e4 ,!  
conv]sation ( ! h]etical div9es 9 ^:    
company he 0 ?r[n s]v$1 moreov]1 to     
awak5 inquiry & to increase 8 d\bts4 ,^!
 div9es 7 = ! mo/ "p m5 :o1 9 lib]ality 
( ?\ght1 7 f> 9 advance ( !             
congregations !y s]v$1 & ?is 0          
especially ! case ( ^? = ^: atta9m5ts & 
"* ! disc]n+ boy _h mo/ respect4  ,!    
y\?1 :o z a *ild _h lisp$ at 8 "m's     
knee1 )\t miss+ a ^w1 ! =mul>ies ( !    
,assembly's ,cate*ism1 0 n[ tortur$ )   
d\bt & misgiv+ z he /rove to p5etrate   
into & to realise ! mean+ ( ! phrases 8 
memory s t5aci\sly reta9$4 ,& ! m he    
read & ! m he pond]$ ! m disquiet$ he   

became4    ,hav+1 he says1 read _m books
 ( exp]i5ces1 &1 9   consequ5ce1 believ+
 t a new bir?1 produc$ by ! imm$iate    
ag5cy ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 0 necess>y to     
salvation1 & n be+   able to satisfy    
myself t ,i _h exp]i5c$ any?+ ( ! k9d1  
,i felt occasionally su* di/ress ( m9d z
 x is n 9 my p[] to   describe1 & :i* ,i
 /ill look back ^u ) horror4   ,not)/&+ 
,i _h no?+ v mat]ial to reproa* myself  
)1 ,i   (t5 conclud$ t ,god _h =sak5 me1
 & t m9e 0 l !   case ( ,francis ,spira1
 to :om1 z he imag9$1 rep5tance &       
salvation 7 d5i$4 ,9 t /ate ( m9d ,i    
rememb] read+ !   acc\nt ( ! man 9 !    
iron cage 9 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress )   !
 greate/ p]turbation4    ,i imag9e1 he  
cont9ues1 t ev5 ^! conflicts ( m9d 7 n  
)\t _! use1 z !y l$ me to ?9k habitually
 ( ,god & a   future /ate4 ,& ?\gh my   
feel+s 7 !n1 no d\bt1 too full (        
t]ror1 :at rema9$ ( !m 0 a deep rev]5ce 
= div9e ?+s1   & 9 "t a pleas+          
satisfaction :i* c nev] be effac$1 & ,i 
hope 0 /r5g!n$ z ,i h advanc$ 9 life &  

acquir$ m   rational notions ( religion4
 ,! remembrance1 h[ev]1 ( :at ,i        
sometimes felt 9 t /ate ( ignorance &   
d>kness gives me a   peculi> s5se ( !   
value ( rational pr9ciples ( religion1 &
 (   :i* ,i c give b an imp]fect        
description to o!rs4  ,at ! "t he 0     
greatly di/ress$ t he c\ld n feel a     
prop] rep5tance = ! s9 ( ,adam1 tak+ x =
 grant$1 he says1 t )\t ?is x c\ld n be 
=giv5 him4 ,! fact 0 t1 "u ! influ5ce ( 
8 fri5ds1 ,hagg]/one & ,walk]1 he 0     
ins5sibly foll[+ ,baxt] 9 attempt+ to   
reconcile ! doctr9es ( ,arm9ius &       
,calv91 & he end$ by embrac+ ^? (       
,arm9ius4 ,x 0 repugnant to 8 s5se (    
equity & ju/ice t1 9 ! words ( 8        
,cate*ism1 ,all mank9d1 by ! fall ( our 
fir/ p>5ts1 lo/ communion ) ,god1 are "u
 8 wra? & curse1 & s made liable to all 
mis]ies 9 ?is life1 to dea? itself1 & to
 ! pa9s ( hell = ev]4  ,8 fir/ trial (  
fai? came :5 he appli$ = admission z a  
communicant 9 ! congregation :i* he _h  
always att5d$4 ,! old m9i/] 0 will+     

en\gh to receive him1 b ! eld]s1 :o _h !
 gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 discov]+ ?is        
uns\ndness on ! subject ( ! s9 ( ,adam1 
/\tly refus$ to sanction 8 admission4   
,:il/ ! ta9t ( h]esy appe>s n to h      
greatly di/ress$ ! wor?y ,mrs ,keighley1
 x d\btless add$ to h] difficulties 9   
%ap+ 8 c\rse t[>ds ! m9i/ry4 ,9 !       
natural ord] ( ?+s he 0 to h be5 s5t to 
! academy at ,mile ,end1 a hot-b$ (     
,calv9ism1 !n "u ! c>e ( ,dr ,cawd]4    
,b1 he says1 be+ at t "t an ,arm9ian1 ,i
 resolutely oppos$   x1 especially ^u   
f9d+ t if ,i w5t ?i!r1 besides giv+ an  
exp]i5ce1 ,i mu/ subscribe my ass5t to  
t5 pr9t$ articles (   ! /ricte/         
,calv9i/ic fai?1 & repeat x e six mon?s4
  ,x n[ look$ z if ! idea ( ! m9i/ry 0  
to be giv5 up = good & all1 & giv5 up x 
probably w\ld h be5 b = ! int]cession ( 
,mr ,kirkby1 :o /rongly recomm5d$ t he  
%\ld be plac$ "u ! c>e ( ! good & le>n$ 
,dr ,doddridge4    ,mr ,kirby1 says     
,prie/ley1 _h receiv$ a good education  
himself1   0 a good classical s*ol>1 &  

_h no op9ion ( ! mode (   education     
among ! v or?odox ,diss5t]s1 & be+ fond 
( me1 he   0 desir\s ( my hav+ e        
advantage t c\ld be procur$ =   me4 ,my 
good aunt1 n be+ a bigot$ ,calv9i/1     
ent]$ into 8   views4  ,prie/ley _h     
ano!r ally 9 8 /ep-"m1 = 8 fa!r _h m>ri$
 aga94 ,%e 0 a woman ( good s5se z well 
z ( religion1 & _h be5 sometime         
h\sekeep] to ,dr ,doddridge1 ( :om %e _h
 a high op9ion1 & _h always recomm5d$ 8 
academy4  ,to ,dr ,doddridge1 h[ev]1 he 
0 n de/9$ to g4 ,t em95t div9e 0 9 ! la/
 /ages ( ! malady to :i* he ev5tually   
succumb$1 & he di$ at ,lisbon 9 !       
,octob] ( #agea4                        
,,*apt] ,,ii     ,ent]s ! ,dav5try      
,academy to be tra9$ = ! ,m9i/ry--,goes 
to   ,ne$ham ,m>ket--,8 ,life1 ,"w &    
,privations !re4  ,accord+ly1 9 #ageb1  
he 0 s5t to ,dav5try1 !n "u ! *>ge ( ,mr
 ,a%wor?4 ,he 0 n[ n9ete54 ,al?\gh ( a  
weakly con/itution1 8 heal? 0           
suffici5tly re-e/abli%$ to enable him to
 /& ! /ra9 ( prep>ation = ! call+ to :i*

 he n[ assidu\sly devot$ himself4 ,9    
m5tal equipm5ts he 0 s mu* 9 advance ( 8
 fell[s t he 0 excus$ all ! /udies ( !  
fir/ ye> & a great "p ( ^? ( ! second4  
,he rema9$ at ! ,academy ?ree ye>s4  ,no
 /ud5t ev] dwelt m fondly on ! memory ( 
8 ,alma ,mat] ?an did ,prie/ley on      
,dav5try & all t x meant to him4 ,its   
atmosph]e 0 :olly cong5ial to him1      
/eady+1 /imulat+ & /r5g!n+ ! naturally  
vigor\s p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,x 01 he says1    
peculi>ly fav\rable to ! s]i\s pursuit (
 tru?1 & e "q ( mu* importance1 su* z   
lib]ty & necessity1 ! sleep ( ! s\l1 &  
all ! articles ( !ological or?odoxy &   
h]esy 7 ! subjects ( cont9ual discussion
 betwe5 ! tea*]s & ! taught4 ,! g5]al   
plan ( /udies 0 exce$+ly fav\rable to   
free inquiry3 ! /ud5ts 7 ref]r$ to      
au?ors on bo? sides ( e "q & 7 requir$  
to give an acc\nt ( !m1 abridg+ ! m     
important = future use4  ,conc]n+ ?is   
small sem9>y = ! tra9+ ( ,diss5t+       
m9i/]s1 ! ,rev4 ,mr ,h>grove 9 8 acc\nt 
( ,prie/ley 9 ! ,inquir] ( #aijd1       

says3#d--    ,a mis]able little place x 
mu/ h seem$ to ! eyes (   neighb\r+     
cl]gy1 ) no?+ 9 x ( ! v5]able           
traditions1   ! ance/ral weal?1 ! beauty
 & ! dignity ( ! old colleges   at ,ox=d
 & ,cambridge4 ,!re 0 no?+ gr& ab\t ?is 
build+1   nor did any sacr$ associations
 hall[ its homel9ess4 ,b :ile !   lamp (
 le>n+ burnt l[ 9 ! anci5t univ]sities  
dur+ !   eighte5? c5tury1 _! gates kept 
fa/ clos$ aga9/ all :o 7   too          
intellig5t n to d\bt ! doctr9es ( !     
,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1   or too hone/ to      
conceal _! d\bts1 x burnt bright & cle>1
 t9y   ?\gh ! flame might be1 9 obscure 
& poor haunts l ?is (   ,dav5try4 ,z    
,prie/ley pr\dly1 & n untruly1 boa/$1 at
 a lat]   "t1 to ! ,prime ,m9i/] (      
,engl&3    ',%utt+ ! doors ( !          
univ]sities aga9/ u1 & keep+ !   means (
 le>n+ to y\rselves1 y may ?9k to keep u
 9 ignorance   & s less capable to give 
y di/urbance4 ,b ?\gh ignom9i\sly   &   
unju/ly exclud$ f ! seats ( le>n+1 &    
driv5 to !   exp$i5t ( provid+ at a     

great exp5se = sci5tific education      
among ourselves1 we h _h ?is advantage1 
t our in/itutions1   be+ =m$ 9 a m      
enlight5$ age1 are m lib]al & !re=e     
bett] calculat$ to answ] ! purpose ( a  
truly lib]al education4   ,?us :ile y\r 
univ]sities resemble pools ( /agnant    
wat] secur$   by dams & m\nds1 ours are 
l riv]s :i*1 tak+ _! natural   c\rse1   
f]tilise a :ole c\ntry4'  ,! mann] 9 :i*
 he occupi$ 8 "t1 ! range ( 8 /udies1 & 
! miscellane\s nature ( 8 read+ at      
,dav5try1 may be se5 f 8 foll[+ extract 
f 8 j\rnal = #agee3--                   
,,bus9ess ,,done ,,9 ,,janu>y1 ,,febru>y
 ,,& ,,m>*                              
,practical    ,h[e's ,bless$ness ( !    
,righte\s2 ,b5nel's ,pa/oral ,c>e2      
,norris's   ,lett]s & ,"s ,s]mons4      
,controv]sial    ,taylor on ,atonem5t2  
,hampton's ,answ]2 ,%]lock's ,disc\rse1 
vol4 i42   ,*ri/ianity n f\nd$ 9        
,argum5t2 ,doddridge's ,answ]2          
,w>burton's   ,div9e ,legation2 ,b5son  
on ! ,fir/ ,plant+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,k+'s 

,con/itution ( ! ,primitive ,*ur*4      
,classics    ,josephus1 vol4 i4 f p4 #ci
 to #ggj2 ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 to p4 
#aci2   ,tacitus's ,hi/ory1 ,life (     
,agricola1 & ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans4       
,scriptures    ,john ! ,evangeli/2 ,!   
,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ,! ,epi/les to !    
,romans1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians2 #a & #b
 ,cor9?ians1 9 ,greek2 ,isaiah to   !   
#h? *apt]1 9 ,hebrew4                   
,ma!matics    ,maclaur9's ,algebra1 to  
"p ii4                                  
,ent]ta9+    ,ir5e2 ,pr9ce ,ar?ur2      
,ecclesia/ical ,*>act]s2 ,dryd5's       
,fables2   ,p]uvian ,tales2 ,voyage r\nd
 ! ,_w2 ,ori5tal ,tales2 ,massey's      
,travels2 ,life ( ,hai ,ebn ,yokdam2    
,hi/ory ( ,abdallah4                    
,composition    ,a ,s]mon on ! ,wisdom (
 ,god2 ,an ,oration on ! ,means (       
,virtue2 #a/   vol4 ( ! ,in/itutes (    
,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4  ,) "o ( 
8 classmates he engag$ to rise e>ly & s 
dispat*$ _m articles ( bus9ess e day4   
,"o ( !m1 :i* cont9u$ all ! "t we 7 at !

 academy1 0 to read e day t5 folio pages
 9 "s ,greek au?or1 & g5]ally a ,greek  
play 9 ! c\rse ( ! week besides4 ,by ?is
 means we became v well acqua9t$ ) t    
language & ) ! mo/ valuable au?ors 9    
x4444 ,my att5tion 0 always m drawn to  
ma!matical & philosophical /udies ?an 8 
04  ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 "t at ! academy1
 & despite ! attractions :i* s*ol>%ip & 
lit]>y /udies _h = him1 & not)/&+ 8     
eag]ness to satisfy ! imm5se range ( 8  
curiosity 9 all ?+s1 physical1 moral or 
social1 he nev]1 he says1 lo/ sight ( ! 
great object ( 8 /udies1 :i* 0 ! duties 
( a ,*ri/ian m9i/]4    ,!re x 0 t ,i    
laid ! g5]al plan :i* ,i h execut$      
s9ce4 ,p>ticul>ly ,i !re compos$ ! fir/ 
copy ( my ,in/itutes   ( ,natural &     
,reveal$ ,religion1 ,mr ,cl>k1 to :om ,i
 communicat$ my   s*eme1 c>efully p]us+ 
e section ( x & talk+ ov] !   subject ( 
x ) me4  ,:at ?ree ye>s ( ?is m5tal1    
moral & intellectual discipl9e meant to 
! "y ,arm9ian may be summ$ up 9 8 own   
words3 he saw reason to embrace :at he  

says is usually call$ ! het]odox side ( 
almo/ e "q4 ,& ?is not)/&+ t ,dr ,a%wor?
 0 e>ne/ly desir\s ( mak+ him z or?odox 
z possible4    ,not)/&+ ! great fre$om (
 our speculations & debates1   ! extreme
 ( h]esy among u 0 ,arianism2 & all ( u1
 ,i believe1   left ! academy ) a       
belief1 m or less qualifi$1 ( !         
doctr9e ( atonem5t4  ,prie/ley1 ev5 at  
?is e>ly /age 9 8 c>e]1 gave abundant   
pro( ( t resolute reg>d = tru? :i*      
con/itut$ ! motive p[] ( 8 life4 ,8     
/urdy indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 & 8 almo/     
passionate res5tm5t ( dogmatic          
au?ority--among ! mo/ significant ( 8   
intellectual traits--7 pla9ly manife/$ 9
 8 y\? & e>ly manhood4 ,!y cont9u$ to ! 
end to be ! dom9ant notes ( 8 "* & to be
 ! spr+s ( 8 action4 ,!y 7 at once !    
s\rces ( 8 /r5g? & ! causes ( 8         
mis=tunes4  ,prie/ley _h n[ f9i%$ )     
,dav5try4 ,he 0 tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 & 
ready1 & inde$ eag]1 to m9i/] 9 all !   
glory ( a full-bottom$ wig to any       
congregation t might solicit 8 s]vices4 

,! "y div9es at ! academy 7 an unworldly
 set1 tak+ b little ?\ght ( _! future   
situations 9 life4 ,!y (t51 inde$1 amus$
 !mselves1 z ,prie/ley tells u1 ) ! idea
 ( _! disp]sion 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1   
aft] liv+ s happily toge!r1 & ) !       
cam>ad]ie ( y\? us$ to propose plans (  
meet+ at c]ta9 times1 & smile at !      
diff]5t appe>ances !y w\ld probably make
 aft] be+ t5 or tw5ty ye>s settl$ 9 !   
_w4  ,prie/ley set out on 8 c>e] ) !    
highe/ ideal ( 8 call+2 inde$ to him !  
(fice ( a ,*ri/ian m9i/] 0 ! mo/        
hon\rable ( any on e>?1 & he _h no o!r  
ambition ?an to di/+ui% himself by 8    
application to ! /udies prop] to t      
pr(ession4 ,t he lab\r$ unselfi%ly & )  
no idea ( place & pref]m5t is c]ta9 f ! 
circum/ance t he suff]$ f a physical    
disability :i* he mu/ h recognis$ c\ld n
 b tell /rongly aga9/ 8 *ance ( worldly 
success4 ,he _h an invet]ate /amm] :i*1 
at times1 made prea*+ z irksome to him z
 x 0 try+ to ^? :o _h to li/5 to him4 ,9
 spite ( _m & repeat$ attempts he nev]  

:olly ov]came ?is trial4 ,& yet no?+ is 
m *>act]i/ic ( him ?an1 z he review$ 8  
c>e] 9 ! ev5+ ( 8 life1 he %\ld see t1 l
 ,/ ,paul's ?orn 9 ! fle%1 8 imp$im5t _h
 n be5 )\t its use4    ,)\t "s su* *eck 
z ?is1 he says1 ,i might h be5          
disputati\s 9 company1 or might h be5   
s$uc$ by ! love (   popul> applause z a 
prea*]2 :]eas1 my conv]sation & my      
deliv]y 9 ! pulpit hav+ no?+ 9 !m t 0   
g5]ally   /rik+1 ,i hope ,i h be5 m     
att5tive to qualifications ( a   sup]ior
 k9d4  ,! ?orn 9 ! fle% 0 probably n )\t
 its use 9 o!r ways4 ,x probably drove  
him to lit]ature4 ,if he _h none ( !    
graces ( pulpit oratory1 he _h at lea/ !
 gift ( facile composition4 ,if he c\ld 
n hope to move m5's m9ds by oral        
appeals1 he might aspire to sway !m by !
 p[] ( ! p54  ,8 fir/ call came f an    
inconsid]able congregation at ,ne$ham   
,m>ket 9 ,suffolk4 ,x 0 a poor & ne$y   
place1 nom9ally "u ! *>ge ( a           
sup]annuat$ m9i/]1 ! prospects b\nd$ by 
! possibilities atta*+ to a /ip5d ( =ty 

p\nds a ye>4 ,& ^! prospects1 limit$ z  
!y 71 7 /ill fur!r curtail$ by          
,prie/ley's own action4 ,he f\nd t 8    
congregation _h be5 us$ to receive      
assi/ance f bo? ,presbyt]ian &          
,indep5d5t funds4 ,prie/ley 0 no long] 9
 ! mood to receive assi/ance f !        
,indep5d5ts1 & told 8 congregation t he 
did n *oose to h any?+ to d ) t body4 ,t
 little diff]5ce betwe5 ! eld]s &       
himself conc]n+ ! s9 ( ,adam & its      
consequ5ce1 toge!r ) 8 ?ree ye>s' soj\rn
 at ,dav5try1 7 beg9n+ to be> fruit4 ,! 
congregation readily cons5t$ to give up 
! ,indep5d5t fund & promis$ to make good
 ! defici5cy !mselves4 ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1
 quickly realis$ t !y deceiv$ !mselves  
ei!r z to _! ability or _! will+ness to 
r$eem ?is promise1 = ! mo/1 he says1 he 
ev] receiv$ f !m 0 9 ! proportion ( ab\t
 ?irty p\nds p] annum4 ,!y also deceiv$ 
him 9 ano!r s5se4 ,_! read9ess 9 cons5t+
 to d )\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,indep5d5ts   
dispos$ him to ?9k !y c\ld n h mu*      
bigotry among !m4 ,al?\gh he made x a   

rule to introduce no?+ 9 ! pulpit t     
c\ld1 or %\ld1 lead to controv]sy1 he   
made no secret ( 8 real op9ions 9       
conv]sation1 or 9 8 lectures on ! !ory (
 religion :i* he _h compos$ at ! academy
 & :i* he proce$$ to give to all p]sons1
 )\t di/9ction ( sex or age1 :o *ose to 
come & li/5 to him4 ,he !n f\nd t :5 he 
came to treat ( ! ,unity ( ,god m]ely z 
an article ( religion 8 he>]s 7 att5tive
 to no?+ b ! s\ndness ( 8 fai? 9 !      
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 & !y quickly       
discov]$1 :at he 0 at no pa9s to        
conceal1 t he 0 a v pron\nc$ ,arian4 ,f 
! "t ( ?is discov]y1 he says1 8 he>]s   
fell (f apace1 especially z ! old m9i/]1
 z might h be5 expect$1 took a decid$ "p
 aga9/ him4 ,to add to 8 difficulties 8 
aunt /opp$ 8 remittances4 ,?is 0 9 "p   
due to ! ill (fices ( 8 or?odox1 i4e41  
,indep5d5t1 relations1 b ma9ly because !
 wor?y ,mrs ,keighley _h l>gely exhau/$ 
h] lib]ality 9 support+ o!rs ( h] ne$y  
dep5dants1 & 9 p>ticul> a de=m$ niece1  
h] con/ant companion1 & :o c\ld n1      

,prie/ley ?9ks1 h subsi/$ )\t ! greate/ 
"p1 at lea/1 ( all %e _h to bequea?4 ,he
 himself 0 ! fir/ to recognise t1 be+   
app>5tly settl$ 9 ! _w1 he ought to be  
no long] burd5some to h]4 ,%e _h sp>$ no
 exp5se 9 8 education1 & t1 he says1 0  
do+ m = him ?an giv+ him an e/ate4      
,:atev] ! _w might h ?\ght z to 8 be+   
settl$ 9 x1 x _h little to (f] him      
beyond ! dignity ( 8 pr(ession1 & x is  
difficult to live on dignity alone4 ,!  
respectable & agreeable families 9 !    
place1 to :om he _h flatt]$ himself he  
w\ld be useful1 7 n v prompt to support 
t dignity1 & ev5tually x _h to su/a9    
itself on ! wages ( an agricultural     
lab\r]4 ,inde$1 he says1 _h x n be5 = ! 
good (fices ( ,dr ,b5son & ,dr ,kippis1 
em95t eighte5? c5tury div9es1 :o procur$
 him n[ & !n an extraord9>y five p\nds f
 diff]5t *>ities1 he believ$ he %\ld h  
/>v$4#e    ,at ,ne$ham he says1 ,i felt 
! effect ( a l[1 despis$ situation1     
toge!r ) t aris+ f ! want ( popul>      
tal5ts4 ,!re   7 sev]al vacancies 9     

congregations 9 t neighb\rhood :]e my   
s5tim5ts w\ld h be5 no objection to me1 
b ,i 0 nev] ?\ght   (4 ,ev5 my next     
neighb\r1 ^: s5tim5ts 7 z free z my own1
   & kn[n to be s1 decl9$ mak+ ex*anges 
) me1 :i*1 :5 ,i   left t "p ( ! c\ntry1
 he ackn[l$g$ 0 n ow+ to any   dislike 8
 p _h to me z h]etical1 b = o!r reasons1
 !   m g5teel "p ( 8 he>]s always abs5t+
 !mselves :5 !y   he>d ,i 0 to prea* =  
him4 ,b visit+ t c\ntry "s ye>s         
aft]w>ds1 :5 ,i _h rais$ myself to "s   
degree ( notice 9 !   _w1 & be+ invit$  
to prea* 9 t v pulpit1 ! same   p cr[d$ 
to he> me1 ?\gh my elocution 0 n mu*    
improv$1   & !y pr(ess$ to admire "o ( !
 same disc\rses !y _h   =m]ly despis$4  
,! iron w\ld h ent]$ ! s\l ( a weak]    
man1 b ,prie/ley1 true to himself1 nev] 
lo/ hope or falt]$ 9 8 c\rage4 ,h[ev]   
%ort 8 commons1 ,provid5ce _h end[$ him 
) ! cont9ual fea/ ( a cont5t$ m9d4 ,he  
firmly believ$1 ev5 dur+ ! d>ke/ h\rs ( 
t ,suffolk "t1 t ?is same wise          
,provid5ce 0 dispos+ ev]y?+ = ! be/4    

,not)/&+ 8 unfav\rable circum/ances1 ,i 
01 he says1 f> f be+ unhappy at ,ne$ham4
 ,he bo>d$ ) a family = ^: k9dness he 0 
always grateful4 ,he _h free access to  
"o or two private libr>ies 9 ! di/rict1 
9 p>ticul> "o belong+ to ,mr ,alex&]1 a 
,quak]4    ,"h x 01 he says1 t ,i 0 fir/
 acqua9t$ ) any p]son   ( t p]suasion2 &
 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge my obligation to _m ( 
!m 9 e future /age ( my life4 ,i h met )
 ! noble/   in/ances ( lib]ality (      
s5tim5t & ! true/ g5]osity among   !m4  
,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( 
8 robu/ optimism & ! c\rage ) :i* he    
confront$ ! _w1 ! "y div9e l$ a *e]less 
& solit>y exi/5ce at ,ne$ham4 ,& x is no
 less c]ta9 t x 0 dur+ ?is d>k & tr\bl$ 
"t t he s[$ ! se$--! :eat & ! t>es--:i* 
9 ! fulness ( "t 0 to furni% ! h>ve/ (  
good & evil he ev5tually g>n]$--fame1   
obloquy1 insult1 p]secution1 respect1   
affection & 8 position among !          
immortals4  ,al?\gh ! acc\nt :i*        
,prie/ley has left u ( 8 life & "w at   
,ne$ham is some:at meagre1 x is         

suffici5tly full to enable u to trace 9 
x ! initial /ages ( 8 evolution z a     
!ological ?9k]4 ,inde$1 he says 8 /udies
 at ?is p]iod 7 *iefly !ological1 !ology
 be+ ! bus9ess ( 8 life & ! vocation to 
:i* he _h be5 call$4 ,he _h left !      
academy ) a qualifi$ belief 9 ! doctr9e 
( atonem5t1 & z he 0 desir\s ( gett+ "s 
m def9ite ideas on ! subject he set     
himself to p]use ! :ole ( ! ,old & ,new 
,te/am5t & to collect f !m1 ) ! greate/ 
c>e1 all ! texts t appe>$ to him to h   
any relation to ! subject1 & to arrange 
!m "u a great v>iety ( heads4    ,!     
consequ5ce ( ?is 01 he says1 :at ,i _h  
no appreh5sion (   :5 ,i began ! "w1    
viz41 a full p]suasion t ! doctr9e (    
atonem5t1 ev5 9 its mo/ qualifi$ s5se1  
_h no c\nt5ance ei!r   f ,scripture or  
reason4  ,he !n proce$$ to dige/ 8      
obs]vations into a regul> treatise1 a "p
 only ( :i* 0 at t "t publi%$1 "u !     
title ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,remission4 ,!     
portion omitt$ _h ref]5ce to an         
exam9ation ( ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1

 ^: reason+1 he 0 satisfi$1 0 9 _m      
places f> f be+ conclusive4 ,?is        
exam9ation grew into a sep>ate "w1 9 :i*
 he te/$ e passage 9 :i* ! reason+      
appe>$ to him to be defective or !      
conclusions ill-support$2 &1 z he says1 
he ?\ght !m to be pretty num]\s4  ,8    
fri5d ,kippis advis$ him to publi% ?is  
treatise "u ! "* ( an unbeliev]1 9 ord] 
to draw ! m att5tion to x4    ,?is he   
says1 ,i did n *oose1 hav+ always _h a  
great av]sion   to assume any "* t 0 n  
my own1 ev5 s mu* z disput+   = ! sake (
 discov]+ tru?4 ,i _c ev] say t ,i 0 q  
reconcil$ to ! idea ( writ+ to a        
fictiti\s p]son1 z 9 my   ,lett]s to a  
,philosophical ,unbeliev]1 ?\gh no?+ c  
be m   innoc5t1 or sometimes m prop]1   
our ,savi\r's p>ables imply+ a   mu*    
great] dep>ture f /rict tru? ?an ^?     
lett]s d4 ,i   !re=e wrote ! book )     
great fre$om inde$1 b z a ,*ri/ian   &  
an admir] ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 z ,i always
 0 9 o!r   respects4  ,:5 n9e %eets ( ! 
"w 7 pr9t$ (f1 ,dr ,kippis dissuad$ him 

f proce$+1 or inde$ f publi%+ any?+ ( ! 
k9d1 until he %\ld be m kn[n & 8 "*     
bett] e/abli%$1 & accord+ly he desi/$4  
,all t he consid]$ ( consequ5ce 9 ?is "w
 he subsequ5tly ins]t$ 9 ! ,!ological   
,repository1 9 ord] to its be+ submitt$ 
to ! exam9ation ( le>n$ ,*ri/ians4      
,ano!r task t he impos$ on himself at   
,ne$ham1 & 9 "p execut$1 0 an accurate  
comp>ison ( ! ,hebrew text ( !          
,hagiographa & ! ,prophets ) ! v]sion ( 
! ,septuag9t1 not+ all ! v>iations4  ,x 
01 p]haps1 9 connection ) ?is inquiry t 
8 "n appe>s 9 ! second li/ ( subscrib]s 
to ,taylor's ,hebrew ,concordance1 !    
second volume ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ageg4  
,! subscription 0 ?ree gu9eas1 a v      
consid]able sum to ! "y div9e 9 ^? days4
 ,! fact t he %\ld h ent]$ 8 "n at all  
is an indication ( ! ard\r & _s (       
self-sacrifice ) :i* he inv>iably pursu$
 8 inquiries1 :e!r !ological or         
sci5tific4  ,prie/ley1 to ! end ( 8     
days1 c>$ little = money except z !     
means ( procur+ ! mat]ial = 8           

inve/igations1 & he 0 always ready to "p
 ) x1 to ! ext5t ( 8 opportunity1 9 any 
cause 9 :i* 8 sympa?ies 7 enli/$4  ,8   
circum/ances 7 n[ s /rait5$ t1 despite !
 great av]sion :i* he conceiv$ he _h to 
! bus9ess ( a s*oolma/]--hav+ (t5 said t
 he w\ld h rec\rse to any?+ else = a    
ma9t5ance 9 pref]5ce to x--he 0 at l5g? 
compell$ to make "s attempt t way4 ,he  
!re=e pr9t$ & di/ribut$ proposals to    
tea* classics1 ma!matics1 etc41 = half a
 gu9ea a qu>t]1 & to bo>d ! pupils 9 !  
h\se ) himself = twelve gu9eas a ye>4 ,x
 0 recognis$ t he 0 n unqualifi$ = ?is  
"w1 b al?\gh !re 0 no obvi\s connection 
betwe5 ,arianism & ari?metic x 0 en\gh t
 he 0 ta9t$ ) h]esy1 & n a pupil 0      
entru/$ to 8 c>e4  ,he !n propos$ to    
give lectures to gr[n p]sons on su*     
bran*es ( sci5ce z he c\ld procure !    
means ( illu/rat+1 & began ) a c\rse (  
twelve lectures on ! use ( ,a ,new &    
,correct ,globe ( ! ,e>?4 ,8 "o c\rse ( 
t5 he>]s did little m ?an pay = 8       
globes4  ,at ?is juncture a di/ant      

relative procur$ him an opportunity (   
prea*+ z a c&idate at ,%effield1 b 8    
trial s]mon 0 n approv$3 8 mann] 0 ?\ght
 too gay & airy4 ,"o ( ! m9i/]s at      
,%effield _h1 h[ev]1 m discrim9ation1 & 
by 8 good (fices he 0 recomm5d$ to a    
congregation at ,nantwi*1 9 ,*e%ire1 :o 
gave him an invitation to prea* !re = a 
ye> c]ta94 ,accord+ly1 he put toge!r 8  
few worldly possessions--8 globes1 8    
belov$ books1 8 /ock ( s]mons1 & !      
manuscripts ( ! !ological treatises he 0
 too poor or too diffid5t to give to !  
_w--& took ! ,ipswi* packet to ,london z
 ! lea/ exp5sive way ( gett+ d[n to     
,*e%ire4  ,! *apel 9 :i* ,prie/ley      
prea*$ at ,ne$ham 0 tak5 d[n & rebuilt 9
 #ahcg4 ,:5 ,rutt 0 prep>+ 8 edition (  
,prie/ley's ,memoirs1 8 daught]1 ,mrs   
,notcutt1 :o liv$ 9 ,ipswi*1 made       
inquiries respect+ ,prie/ley1 b ) no    
result4  ,no rem9isc5ces ( him c\ld be  
f\nd at ,ne$ham4 ,he 0 evid5tly ?\ght   
too poor & too obscure = 8 memory to be 
treasur$4                               

,,*apt] ,,iii     ,goes to              
,nantwi*--,/>ts a ,s*ool--,is appo9t$ a 
,tutor 9 !   ,w>r+ton ,academy--,life at
 ,w>r+ton4  ,prie/ley left ,ne$ham      
,m>ket 9 #ageh4 ,he _h be5 !re ?ree     
ye>s1 & he 0 9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> :5 he   
ent]$ ^u 8 "w at ,nantwi*4 ,( ?is place 
he _h always ! happie/ recollections4 ,!
 meet+-h\se1 z we le>n f ,p>tridge's    
,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,nantwi*1 #aggd1 0 
a good1 dec5t build+1 to :i* app]ta9s a 
conv5i5t h\se = ! m9i/]4 ,:e!r he       
actually occupi$ ?is h\se is unc]ta94   
,"o acc\nt /ates t he bo>d$ ) ,mr ,john 
,edd[es1 a groc]1 & sometimes %[$ 8     
agility & sprightl9ess by leap+ ov] !   
c\nt]4 ,edd[es 0 describ$ by ,prie/ley z
 a v sociable & s5sible man1 & z he 0   
fond ( music 8 gue/ 0--    ,induc$ to   
le>n to play a little on ! ,engli%      
flute1 z !   easie/ in/rum5t2 &1 he     
cont9ues1 ?\gh ,i 0 nev] a   pr(ici5t 9 
x1 my play+ contribut$ m or less to my  
amusem5t   _m ye>s ( my life4  ,& he    
adds1--    ,i w\ld recomm5d ! k &       

practice ( music to all /udi\s   p]sons2
 & x w be bett] = !m if1 l myself1 !y   
%\ld   h no v f9e e> or exquisite ta/e1 
z by ?is means !y w   be m easily pleas$
 & be less apt to be (f5d$ :5 !         
p]=mances !y he> are b indiff]5t4  ,at  
,nantwi* he f\nd ! p good-natur$ &      
fri5dly1 & happily free f ^?            
controv]sies :i* _h be5 ! topics ( almo/
 e conv]sation 9 ,suffolk4 ,he _h inde$ 
little m9d = !m himself4 ,8 congregation
 nev] exce$$ sixty p]sons1 & a great    
proportion ( !m 7 travell+ ,scot*m51 m51
 he says1 ( v good s5se1 &1 :at he ?\ght
 extraord9>y1 n "o ( !m at all          
,calv9i/ical4 ,z !re 7 few *ildr5 9 !   
congregation !re 0 little scope =       
ex]tion ) respect to 8 duty 9 cate*is+4 
,z ! duties ( 8 (fice left him ample    
opportunity to turn ! active p[]s ( 8   
m9d to acc\nt1 he aga9 attempt$ to      
e/abli% a s*ool1 & ?is "t ) a success f>
 beyond 8 anticipations4    ,my s*ool1  
he /ates1 consi/$ ( ab\t ?irty boys1 &  
,i _h a   sep>ate room = ab\t half a    

doz5 "y ladies4 ,?us ,i 0 employ$   f   
sev5 9 ! morn+ until f\r 9 ! aft]noon1  
)\t any   int]val except "o h\r = d9n]1 
& ,i nev] gave a holiday on any         
consid]ation1 ! r$-lett] days1 z !y are 
call$1 except$4 ,i   _h1 !re=e1 b little
 leisure = read+ or = improv+ myself   9
 any way1 except :at necess>ily arose f 
my employm5t4  ,prie/ley1 9 tru?1 0 an  
excell5t tea*]1 & ) ! success :i* 8     
ef=ts br\ght him !re pass$ away ! la/   
traces ( ! av]sion ) :i* he _h ent]$ on 
t call+4 ,he made x 8 /udy to regulate 8
 bus9ess z a s*oolma/] 9 ! be/ mann]1 & 
he 0 able to say ) tru? t 9 no s*ool 0 m
 bus9ess done1 or ) m satisfaction1 ei!r
 to ! ma/] or ! s*ol>s1 ?an 9 ?is s*ool 
( 84  ,he 0 no long] haunt$1 z at       
,ne$ham1 ) ! fe> ( debt1 & he 0 able to 
add to 8 /ock ( books & to gratify 8 wi%
 to possess "s philosophical in/rum5ts1 
su* z a small air-pump & an electrical  
ma*9e1 :i* he taught 8 pupils to use &  
to keep 9 ord]1 & by ent]ta9+ _! p>5ts &
 fri5ds ) exp]im5ts he add$ greatly to !

 reputation ( 8 s*ool4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 
he _h no leisure to make any orig9al    
obs]vations4  ,su* leisure z he _h he   
gave to lit]ature1 recompos+ 8          
,obs]vations on ! ,"* & ,reason+ ( !    
,apo/le ,paul1 :i* he began at ,ne$ham1 
& compil+ an ,engli% gramm> = ! use ( 8 
s*ool1 on a new plan4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0    
pr9t$ 9 #agfa1 _h a consid]able         
reputation 9 its day4 ,david ,hume      
ackn[l$g$ to ,griffi?1 ! booksell]1 t he
 0 made s5sible ( ! ,gallicisms &       
peculi>ities ( 8 /yle on read+ x4       
,prie/ley rema9$ ?ree ye>s at ,nantwi*4 
,8 success !re z a tea*] induc$ !       
tru/ees ( ! newly-f\nd$ academy at      
,w>r+ton to reconsid] ! desirability (  
engag+ him z tutor 9 ! ,classical       
,languages & 9 :at us$ to be call$      
,polite ,lit]ature4 ,8 "n _h already be5
 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! ,w>r+ton      
,academy by 8 fri5d1 ,cl>k ( ,dav5try1  
at ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t & :il/ he 0 at 
,ne$ham4  ,b1 says ,prie/ley1 ,mr       
7aft]w>ds ,dr7 ,aik91 ^: qualifications 

7 sup]ior to m9e1 0 ju/ly pref]r$ to me4
 ,on ! dea?1 on ,m>* #e1 #agfa1 ( ,dr   
,john ,taylor ( ,norwi*1 ! le>n$ au?or (
 ,a ,hebrew ,concordance & o!r !ological
 works1 & a well-kn[n classical s*ol>1 !
 head ( ! academy & its tutor ( div9ity1
 ,dr ,aik9 0 appo9t$ to succe$ him1 &   
,prie/ley 0 invit$ to take ,dr ,aik9's  
place4    ,?is1 says ,prie/ley1 ,i      
accept$1 ?\gh my s*ool promis$ to be   m
 ga9ful to me4 ,b my employm5t at       
,w>r+ton w\ld be m   lib]al & less      
pa9ful4 ,b1 z ,i told ! p]sons :o br\ght
 me   ! invitation1 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ ! 
(fice ( tea*+ !   ,ma!matics & ,natural 
,philosophy1 = :i* ,i _h at t "t a      
great pr$ilection4  ,prie/ley's removal 
to ,w>r+ton1 9 ,septemb] #agfa1 0 "o ( !
 turn+-po9ts 9 8 c>e]1 & no s+le        
circum/ance 9 x ex]cis$ a great]        
influ5ce on 8 life & =tunes4 ,! ,w>r+ton
 ,academy = ! education ( "y m5 ( e     
religi\s d5om9ation = ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry1
 or z laym51 & ! m5 :o =m$ its tutors1  
play$ a notable "p 9 ! hi/ory (         

,noncon=mity 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,taylor (     
,norwi*2 9 ,aik91 ! fa!r ( ! well-kn[n  
physician & lectur] on ,natural ,hi/ory1
 & ( ,anna ,ltitia1 bett] kn[n z ,mrs   
,b>bauld1 ! poetess2 9 ,john ,re9hold   
,=/]1 ! naturali/1 :o accompani$ ,cook 9
 8 second voyage2 9 ,ni*olas ,clayton1  
:o succe$$ ,aik9 z div9ity tutor2 9     
,william ,enfield1 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory (
 ,liv]pool & ! well-kn[n compil] ( ,!   
,speak]1 :o aft]w>ds became ,rector     
,academic2 9 ,p5dlebury ,h\ghton1 & 9   
,gilb]t ,wakefield1 ! accompli%$ editor 
( ,lucretius1 ,prie/ley _h = colleagues 
or successors z em95t a set ( tea*]s z  
any place ( le>n+ at t "t c\ld boa/ (4  
,x 0 at ! ,w>r+ton ,academy1 ! successor
 ( ! old] academies belong+ to ! ,engli%
 ,presbyt]ian body at ,f9d]n & ,k5dal1 &
 ! direct ance/or ( ! ,man*e/] ,college 
at ,ox=d1 t ! free ?\ght ( ,engli%      
,presbyt]ianism fir/ began to cry/allise
 into ! ,unit>ian !ology1 & = a "t x 0 !
 c5tre ( lit]>y ta/e & activity1 & (    
political lib]alism ( ! di/rict 9 :i* x 

0 plac$--! ,areopagus 9 ! ,a!ns (       
,lanca%ire1 z x 0 call$4  ,!            
,transactions ( ! ,hi/oric ,society (   
,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire 7vol xi4 p4 ,i1    
#aheh-ei7 conta9 ,a ,hi/orical ,sket* ( 
,w>r+ton ,academy1 by ,mr ,h5ry ,a4     
,bright1 compil$ 9 great measure f a    
p>cel ( pap]s1 lett]s & memor&a :i* _h  
belong$ to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s$don1 & :i* _h 
be5 rescu$ f ! h&s ( a ,liv]pool        
*eesemong]1 :o 0 us+ !m = ! ord9>y      
purposes ( 8 %op4 ,among ^! pap]s 7     
lett]s ( ,prie/ley1 ,kippis1 ,aik9 &    
o!rs ( less] note1 all ( int]e/ z ?r[+  
light on ! hi/ory ( ! academy4 ,i am    
indebt$ to ,mr ,bright's pap] = ! foll[+
 acc\nt ( ! "* & =tunes ( ! academy4 ,mr
 ,john ,s$don1 we le>n1 0 its virtual   
f\nd]4 ,! lett]s ref]r$ to1 z well z !  
te/imony ( contempor>ies1 be> witness to
 ! conc]n :i* he _h ev] express$ = its  
support1 hon\r1 success2 ! indefatigable
 pa9s :i* he took = ?is purpose2 !      
indiff]5ce :i* he %[$ to fame or c5sure1
 to good or evil report1 s t he might   

s]ve ! g5]al designs ( ! in/itution4    
,s$don1 al?\gh describ$ z a dulli%      
p]son1 mu/ h be5 a man ( consid]able    
p]t9acity1 pati5ce & res\rce1 z %[n by !
 mann] 9 :i* he /e]$ 8 v5ture ?r\gh !   
difficulties & dang]s incid5t to its    
e/abli%m5t1 = he _h to cont5d ) ! d\bts1
 hesitation & luke-w>mness ( its pr(ess$
 support]s1 & ! pleas+ _s ( jeal\s      
rivalry :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,liv]pool &    
,man*e/] z to its locality4 ,liv]pool   
advanc$ sev5 excell5t reasons :y !      
academy %\ld n be settl$ at ,w>r+ton2 ( 
^! "o ( ! ,man*e/] p>ty writes3--,"s (  
!m are false1 o!rs dubi\s1 & all1 :e!r  
true or n1 trifl+ & imp]t95t4 ,?is      
retort c\rte\s 0 naturally foll[$ by    
,rem>ks on a lett] f ! g5tlem5 9        
,man*e/] to ! g5tlem5 9 ,liv]pool1      
subscrib]s to ! int5d$ ,academy1 9 :i* !
 g5tlem5 9 ,liv]pool lose _! temp] mo/  
completely4 ,e f\r? ^w 9 ! rem>ks is    
italicis$4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ,man*e/]1 are   
/igmatis$ z ! au?ors ( cont5tion &      
division1 & are subject$ to mu* sca?+   

s>casm4 ,evid5tly ! om5s 7 n v          
propiti\s1 b ! wordy w>f>e ev5tually    
sp5t itself4 ,mr ,s$don got 8 way2 !    
tru/ees ultimately settl$ d[n to bus9ess
 & on ,june #cj1 #ageg1 ! academy 0 duly
 inaugurat$4  ,its fir/ home1           
immortalis$ by ! l9es 9 :i* ,mrs        
,b>bauld bids u    ,m>k :]e its simple  
front yon mansion re>s1   ,! nurs]y ( m5
 = future ye>s1  0 describ$1 9 t]ms     
em95tly sugge/ive ( ! incomp>able ,mr   
,george ,rob9s1 z a range ( build+s ) a 
consid]able ext5t ( g>d5 gr\nd1 & a     
h&some t]race walk on ! banks ( !       
,m]sey1 possess+ altoge!r a respectable 
collegiate appe>ance4 ,! ugly1 mean1 old
 brick h\se1 no long]    ,a dim old     
mansion1 hidd5 half-away   ,f a dull _w 
gr[n c>eless ( its fame1  has be5       
trans=m$ into a place ( quiet1 old-_w   
dignity1 & is n[ turn$ to uses wor?y (  
its fame & 9 h>mony ) its traditions4   
,9 spite ( ! seem+ unanimity ( !        
tru/ees1 & ! zeal & en]gy ( _! secret>y1
 ,mr ,s$don1 ! =tunes ( ! ,academy 7    

ill-/>r$ f ! outset4 ,dr ,taylor1 "o ( !
 fir/ ,arians :o m9i/]$ to ! ,engli%    
,presbyt]ians1 & an erudite & accompli%$
 man--an au?or s widely read 9 8 day t  
he is ev5 m5tion$ by ,burns 9 8 ,epi/le 
to ,john ,g\die3    ',tis y & ,taylor   
are ! *ief1   ,:a are to blame = ?is    
mis*ief--  0 ill fitt$ to direct !      
prec>i\s exi/5ce ( ! ent]prise1 & ! old 
s*ol> mu/ h sigh$ (t5 = ! free &        
indep5d5t position1 & ! de> home among  
an affectionate p1 :i* he _h sacrific$ 9
 leav+ ,norwi* = ,w>r+ton4 ,diss5sions  
arose1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,dr ,taylor di$4  
,dr ,taylor1 z already /at$1 0 succe$$ z
 !ological tutor by ,dr ,aik91 :o reta9$
 t position until 8 dea? 9 #aghj4    ,dr
 ,aik91 says ,gilb]t ,wakefield1 0 a    
g5tleman ^: end[m5ts   z a man & z a    
s*ol> x is n easy to exagg]ate by       
panegyric4444 ,8 intellectual atta9m5ts 
7 ( a v sup]ior   quality inde$4 ,8     
acqua9tance ) all true evid5ces (       
revelation1 ) morals1 politics &        
metaphysics1 0 mo/ accurate   &         

ext5sive4 ,e pa? ( polite lit]ature _h  
be5 trav]s$ by   him1 & trav]s$ )       
success4 ,he und]/ood ! ,hebrew & ,fr5* 
languages to p]fection1 & _h an intimacy
 ) ! be/ au?ors (   ,greece & ,rome     
sup]ior to :at ,i h ev] kn[n 9 any      
,diss5t+   m9i/] f my own exp]i5ce4  ,"u
 8 judici\s guidance matt]s n[ w5t m    
smoo?ly3 inde$1 ! eighte5 or tw5ty ye>s 
:i* foll[$ con/itut$ ! gold5 age ( !    
,academy1 & ! brighte/ & happie/ ( ^! 7 
! six ye>s ( ,prie/ley's /ay4  ,9 ! ye> 
foll[+ ,taylor's dea? ! academy mov$ f !
 h\se by ,m]sey's g5tle curr5t1 !n1 we  
are told1 an uncontam9at$ /ream not$ =  
its salmon1 to ! new ,academy1 :i* is   
describ$ z a brick build+ 9 a quiet &   
seclud$ c\rt1 ) /one cop+s & a clock &  
bell turret 9 ! c5tre1 ( no great       
ar*itectural beauty1 b n unpleas+ ) its 
qua9t1 old-_w look4 ,?is1 too1 0        
celebrat$ 9 v]se by ,mrs ,b>bauld3      
,lo6 !re ! seat :]e sci5ce lov$ to      
dwell1   ,:]e lib]ty h] ard5t _s brea!d4
  ,x exi/s no long]3 municipal          

improvem5ts h swept x away1 & all t     
rema9s ( ,academy ,place are ! h\ses at 
"r angles to x :]e dwelt ,prie/ley &    
,enfield4 ,z to emolum5ts1 ! tutors _h  
ea* #ajj a ye> f ! subscription fund1 & 
) respect to dwell+ h\ses1 are to be at 
_! own exp5ses4 ,poor /ud5ts 7 exempt$ f
 ! paym5t ( fees1 b ri*] ones paid two  
gu9eas ye>ly to ea* ( ! tutors1 :o might
 take bo>d]s into _! h\ses at #ae p]    
annum = ^? :o _h two mon?s' vacation1 & 
#ah p] annum = ^? :o _h no vacation1    
exclusive ( tea1 wa%+1 fire & c&les4    
,if ! liv+ at ,w>r+ton 0 pla9 & ! ?9k+  
high1 !re 0 a degree ( decor\s gaiety1 (
 ref9em5t1 ( social *>m1 easy1 bli! &   
debonnair1 p]vad+ ! little community1   
:i*1 z may be glean$ f ! memoirs &      
rem9isc5ces ( ! p]iod1 impress$ &       
delight$ ev]yone :o 0 witness ( x4      
,among ^? :o _h pleasant memories ( !   
place 7 ,john ,h[>d1 ! philan?ropi/1 ^: 
works on prison re=m 7 pr9t$ by ,eyres (
 ,w>r+ton "u ,dr ,aik9's sup]9t5d5ce2#f 
,william ,roscoe1 ! au?or ( ! ,lives (  

,lor5zo de ,m$ici & ,leo ! ,t5?1 :o fir/
 le>n$ to c>e = botany f 8 visits to !  
,w>r+ton ,botanical ,g>d5s1 & ^: fir/   
"w1 ,m\nt ,pleasant1 0 also pr9t$ !re2  
,p5nant1 ! naturali/1 ^: ,briti%        
,zoology & ,t\r 9 ,scotl& fir/ saw !    
light at ,w>r+ton2 ,currie1 ! biograph] 
( ,burns1 etc4    ,! tutors 9 my "t1    
wrote ,prie/ley--7!y knew bett]1 said   
,miss ,lucy ,aik91 ?an to usurp ! title 
( ,pr(essors7--liv$ 9   ! mo/ p]fect    
h>mony4 ,we drank tea toge!r e          
,saturday1 &   our conv]sation 0 equally
 in/ructive & pleas+4 ,i (t5 ?\ght   x n
 a little extraord9>y t f\r p]sons :o _h
 no previ\s   k ( ea* o!r %\ld h be5    
br\ght to unite 9   conduct+ su* a s*eme
 z ?is1 & be all zeal\s ,necess>ians z  
we 74 ,we 7 all1 likewise1 ,arians2 & ! 
only subject ( mu*   consequ5ce on :i*  
we diff]$ respect$ ! doctr9e ( atonem5t1
   conc]n+ :i* ,dr ,aik9 held "s obscure
 notions4 ,! only ,soc9ian   9 !        
neighb\rhood 0 ,mr ,s$don ( ,man*e/]1 & 
we all wond]$   at him4  ,miss ,lucy    

,aik91 ! gr&daught] ( ,prie/ley's       
colleague1 ! niece ( ,mrs ,b>bauld1 & ! 
accompli%$ au?oress ( ,memoirs ( !      
,c\rts ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & ! biograph] 
( ,addison1 has left u a little sket* ( 
t society 9 :i* ! e>ly ye>s ( h]        
girlhood 7 sp5t4    ,i h (t5 ?\ght1 %e  
says1 ) envy ( t society4 ,nei!r   ,ox=d
 nor ,cambridge c\ld boa/ ( bright]     
names 9 lit]ature or   sci5ce ?an sev]al
 ( ^? ,diss5t+ tutors--humbly cont5t1 9 
an   obscure t[n & on a scanty pittance1
 to cultivate 9 !mselves1 &             
communicate to a ris+ g5]ation1 ^? m5tal
 acquirem5ts &   moral habits :i* are _!
 own exce$+ great rew>d4 ,!y &   !irs   
liv$ toge!r l "o l>ge family1 & 9 !     
facility (   _! int]c\rse !y f\nd l>ge  
comp5sation = its defici5cy 9   luxury &
 spl5d\r4  ,b we le>n !re 7 o!r         
attractions 9 ! ,w>r+ton circle besides 
! tutors & _! philosophy4    ,we h a    
knot ( lasses j aft] y\r own he>t1      
writes ,mrs   ,b>bauld 7!n ,miss ,aik97 
to h] fri5d ,miss ,bel%am1 z m]ry1      

bli! & gay z y w\ld wi% !m1 & v sm>t &  
clev]--two   ( !m are ! ,miss ,rigbys4  
,we are fur!r told ! beautiful ,miss    
,rigbys1 ^: fa!r 0 provid] ( ! ,commons1
    made wild "w ) ! /ud5ts' he>ts2 & ! 
tru/ees _h to   insi/ t !y mu/ be remov$
 f ! h\se if any /ud5ts /ay$   !re4 ,& s
 = a "t !y 71 b ,mrs ,rigby's heal?     
=tunately   broke d[n1 & ! "y ladies 7  
br\ght back aga94    ,r\sseau's         
,heloise1 too1 _h mu* to answ] =1 & at  
its   appe>ance 7s ,miss ,aik9 tells    
me71 'ev]ybody in/antly fell 9 love   ) 
ev]ybody'2 & !n x 0 t our poetess1 aft] 
w9n+ !   he>ts ( half ! /ud5ts1 "s "o or
 two ( :om = h] sake   liv$ 7,i am      
in=m$7 'sigh+ & s+le1' 0 c>ri$ (f to    
,palgrave by t que] little man :om      
h5ce=? %e 0 to 'hon\r   & obey4'  ,on   
ano!r occasion %e wrote3--    ,somebody 
0 bold en\gh to talk ( gett+ up private 
!atricals4   ,?is 0 a dreadful bus9ess6 
,all ! wise & grave1 ! :ole   tutorhood1
 cri$ out1 ',x mu/ n be6' ,! /ud5ts1 !  
,rigbys &1   ,i mu/ add1 my aunt1 took !

 prohibition v sulkily1 & my aunt's     
,ode to ,wisdom 0 ! result4  ,^? wick$  
,miss ,rigbys mu/ h made ! life ( t     
dulli% p]son1 ,mr ,s$don1 :o act$ z     
,rector ,academi1 & :o 0 responsible =  
law & ord]1 well-nigh insupportable4 ,on
 "o occasion--p]haps x 0 to celebrate _!
 return--!y ask$ "s ( ! /ud5ts to supp]4
    ,hams & trifles1 & pott$ beef & o!r 
luxuries1 7 plac$   be=e !m1 & ! /ud5ts 
7 ask$ to help ! ladies4 ,b !   hams 7  
made ( wood1 & ! trifles 7 plates (     
soap-suds1 &   ! pott$ beef 0 pott$     
sawdu/1 & ! o!r luxuries 7   equally    
tempt+ & equally tantalis+4  ,nor 7 !   
,rector's feel+s likely to be soo!d by  
su* lett]s z ! foll[+ f ,mr ,samuel     
,vaughan ( ,bri/ol1 s5t dur+ ! ,long    
,vacation1 compla9+ bitt]ly ( !         
disappo9tm5t he felt z reg>ds !         
,academy1 & ! too great latitude all[$ !
 /ud5ts3--    ,my son ,b5's exp5ses dur+
 t5 mon?s' abs5ce am\nt$ to #aab1   &   
,billy's to #ei1 #abs42 ?is %\ld ne>ly  
suffice = !   ,univ]sity1 & ( itself    

w\ld to _m be a suffici5t objection1 b  
9 my op9ion ! consequ5ce ( ! exp5se is  
abundantly m   p]nici\s1 z x naturally  
leads to ,levity1 a love ( pleasure1    
dissipation & affectation ( sm>tness2   
div]ts ! att5tion1 &   prev5ts !        
necess>y application to s]i\s ?\ghts &  
,/udy4 ,:5   ,i s5t my ,sons s great a  
di/ance1 x 0 ) a view to pres]ve   !m f 
! reign+ contagion ( a dissipat$ age1 to
 imbibe good   ,morals1 acquire k1 & to 
obta9 a manly & solid way (   ?9k+ &    
act+1 b !y are return$ ) high ,ideas (  
mod]n   ref9em5ts1 ( dress & ext]nal    
accompli%m5ts1 :i* if ev]   necess>y1   
yet resum$ by !m mu* too soon4 ,z "o    
in/ance1 !y   ?9k x a ,sight to appe>   
)\t hav+ _! hair ,friss5$1 &   ?is mu/  
be done by a dress]1 ev5 ^u ! ,sabba?4  
,no p]son c   m wi% =1 & enc\rage an op5
 & ,lib]al way ( ?9k+ &   act+ ?an      
myself1 yet d ,i ?9k t day %\ld be kept 
)   ,anci5t ,solemnity1 = to say ! lea/1
 ! rev]se gives (f5ce to   _m s]i\s good
 ,p1 & exhibits an ,ill example at a "t 

:5   ,religion is at s l[ an ebb z to /&
 9 ne$ ( e tie & prop   7:e!r real or   
imag9>y7 = its support1 !re=e any       
relaxation   or ,innovation "u sanction 
( su* a sem9>y z y\rs may h !   mo/     
p]nici\s t5d5cy1 = :5 re/ra9ts ev5 9    
uness5tials are   remov$ !y are         
frequ5tly a clue or gradation to !      
fa%ionable   levity ( ! ,age &          
,irreligion4  ,t ! mauvais qu>t d'heure 
"u ! ance/ral ro( 0 n )\t its *a/5+     
influ5ce on ! improvid5t ,b5 is evid5t f
 ! fact t ! same po/ br\ght ! p]turb$   
,rector a lett] f him prote/+ t--       
none ( u h be5 vici\s b only gay4444    
,our recreations h   be5 innoc5t ?\gh   
exp5sive1 b !y imag9e t !y _c be        
exp5sive )\t be+ crim9al4  ,h[ev]1 he   
expresses contrition & promises am5dm5t1
 fe>s t he has encroa*$ on ,mr ,s$don's 
goodness & =be>ance1 & t 8 conduct may h
 act$ injuri\sly on ! ,academy1 etc41   
etc41 & w9ds up by say+ t ,mr ,wilkes w 
probably get a p>don f ! ,cr[n1 & t he  
7,mr ,vaughan7 does n believe t he ev]  

wrote ! ,nor? ,briton--,no4 #de4  ,alas6
 ,mr ,b5jam9 ,vaughan's contrition 0 v  
%ort-liv$1 = next ye> t affectionate b  
di/ress$ pupil _h to confess to !       
,rector t he d>e n %[ 8 acc\nts to 8    
fa!r4    ,my fa!r1 la/ ye>1 0 extremely 
angry at an acc\nt ,i gave him (   #aab 
sp5t at ,w>r+ton--! pres5t sum is #agi4 
,bill disclaims all   %>e 9 ! exp5ses   
above #fj4 ,i !n h #aai to answ] =2 ,i  
:o promis$ su* a /rict am5dm5t1 & :o _h 
z _m excuses la/   ye> z at pres5t4 ,i  
_h m j\rneys1 m music1 & yet1   accord+ 
to 8 k1 h sp5t #g m 9 my pres5t ye> (   
p5nance1 rep5tance1 etc46  ,& yet ,mr   
,b5jam9 ,vaughan became a useful memb] (
 society1 _h a seat 9 ! ,h\se (         
,commons1 & _h ! hon\r ( hav+ d$icat$ to
 him ! ,lectures on ,hi/ory & ,g5]al    
,policy1 to :i* is prefix$ an ,essay on 
a ,c\rse ( ,lib]al ,education = ,civil &
 ,active ,life1 to :i* he _h li/5$ z a  
pupil & :i* ,prie/ley publi%$ 9 #aghh4  
,:atev] may h be5 ,mr ,s$don's worries  
he _h at lea/ ! consolation ( a lov+    

wife1 al?\gh1 x is to be fe>$1 %e too   
suff]$ mu* at ! h&s ( ^? t]rible ,miss  
,rigbys1 & ev5 f ,miss ,aik91 :o 0      
some:at ( a quiz4 ,! daught] ( an equ]ry
 to ,fr$]ick ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 %e 0 a v  
f9e lady1 &1 says ,mr ,bright1 spelt    
abom9ably4    ,among ! ,s$don pap]s is a
 lett] :i* h] husb& wrote to h]   dur+ a
 %ort abs5ce 9 #agff4 ,on ! back ( 8    
lett] ,mrs ,s$don   prep>es a r\gh draft
 ( an answ] to h] truant husb&4 ,! ^w   
:i* puzzles h] mo/ is 'adieu1' & %e has 
to spell x ov] ?ree   times be=e %e c   
det]m9e :e!r ! 'e' comes be=e ! 'i1'    
or ! 'i' be=e ! 'e4' ,! knotty po9t is  
at la/ settl$ & !   fair copy writt5    
out2 & ?is1 too1 h] c>eful husb& put    
away &   pres]v$ among 8 pap]s4  ,i _c  
resi/ quot+ ! la/ p>agraph ( ?is mo/    
*>m+ b labori\s lett]4    ,let me he> ( 
y z (t5 z y c2 = x does me m good1 &    
has a mu* /rong] affect ^u my spirits   
?an ei!r ea!r or   salvolatiley4 ,adieu1
 my de>1 except ! s9c]e/ & be/ wi%es   =
 y\r heal? & happ9ess1 ( "o ^: greate/  

pleasure 9 ?is   _w is 9 subscrib+      
h]self y\r truely affectionate          
wife4--,j4   ,s$don4    ,p4,s4--,i %all 
want ca% be=e y return2 :at mu/ ,i doe8 
,pray   put me 9 a way h[ to repl5i%4   
,rememb] me propp]ly to ev]ybody4  ,we  
_c1 h[ev]1 conc]n ourselves at great]   
l5g? ) ! life at ! ,w>r+ton ,academy1 or
 dwell mu* long] on ! =tunes ( t seat ( 
le>n+4 ,to d full ju/ice to ! !me w\ld  
ne$ inde$ ! witty p5 :i* 9 ,cran=d      
del9eat$ ! social life ( a neighb\r+ t[n
 ) su* inimitable grace & *>m4  ,! wor?y
 ,mr ,s$don di$ 9 #aggj1 & 0 succe$$ z  
,rector by ,dr ,enfield1 a man di/+ui%$ 
= elegance ( ta/e & s\nd lit]>y judgm5t1
 & :o1 on ! dea?1 t5 ye>s lat]1 ( ,dr   
,aik91 became *ief tutor4 ,= v>i\s      
reasons1 :i* x is unnecess>y to /ate "h1
 ! tru/ees ev5tually decid$ to remove ! 
,academy to ,man*e/]1 & ,w>r+ton knew x 
no m aft] #aghf4  ,dur+ ! tw5ty-n9e ye>s
 ( its exi/5ce 9 ! latt] place "s #djj  
pupils _h pass$ ?r\gh x--_m ( !m        
notewor?y m5 9 _! day1 su* z ,p]cival2 !

 ,aik9s2 ,rigby ( ,norwi*2 ,e/l9 (      
,bri/ol2 ,s]geant ,heywood2 ,hamilton   
,r[an1 ! ,iri% rebel2 ,mal?us1 !        
political economi/2 ,"l ,ennismore2 ,sir
 ,james ,c>negie ( ,s\!sk2 ,mr ,h5ry    
,beaton1 ,mr ,p5dlebury ,h\ghton & ,dr  
,crompton4    ,9 look+ ov] ! /ud5ts'    
names1 says ,mr ,bright1 ,i _c b        
notice h[ _m ( _! desc5dants are /ill ! 
/aun* support]s   ( ! lib]al diss5t :i* 
0 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic (   ! ,academy4 
,"s families1 l ! ,will\ghbys ( ,p>kham1
 ^:   la/ "l 0 educat$ at ,w>r+ton1 h n[
 di$ out2 o!rs1 l   ! ,ald]sons (       
,norwi*1 ( :i* family ! late judge 0 a  
memb]1   h sec$$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,b
 we /ill f9d unit$ !   l9eal & !        
!ological successors ( ! ,academy's     
/ud5ts 9 !   ,rigbys1 ! ,m>t9eaus1 & !  
,taylors ( ,norwi*1 ! ,heywoods &   !   
,yateses ( ,liv]pool1 ! ,pott]s (       
,man*e/]1 ! ,gaskells (   ,wakefield1 ! 
,brights ( ,bri/ol1 ! ,%ores (          
,%effield1 !   ,hibb]ts ( ,hyde1 & !    
,w$gwoods ( ,etruria4                   

,,*apt] ,,iv     ,prie/ley m>ries--,is  
orda9$--,8 ,essay on                    
,education--,lectures on   ,hi/ory &    
,g5]al ,policy--,8 ,*>t (               
,biography--,becomes a ,doctor   ( ,laws
 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh--,8 visits  
to ,london--,makes   ! acqua9tance ( ,dr
 ,price1 ,canton & ,b5jam9              
,frankl9--,writes !   ,hi/ory (         
,electricity--,is elect$ into ! ,royal  
,society4  ,prie/ley's entrance into !  
,w>r+ton community affect$ 8 c>e] 9 m   
ways ?an "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !         
improvem5ts 9 8 worldly prospects enabl$
 him to m>ry2 & 9 ! second he 0 l$ to   
turn 8 att5tion to ,natural ,philosophy1
 to :i*1 z we h se51 he 0 already       
pr$ispos$4 ,! selection ( 8 wife & ( 8  
/udies influ5c$ ! subsequ5t c\rse ( 8   
life pr(\ndly4 ,:y he %\ld h left !     
sprightly1 witty ,nancy ,aik91 ) ! blue 
& laugh+ eyes1 to be c>ri$ (f to        
,palgrave by t que] little man :om %e _h
 to hon\r & obey z a s*ool-mi/ress1 is  
"o ( ^? inscrutable disp5sations :i* !  

hym5eal god delights 94 ,t !y 7 ! be/ ( 
fri5ds & _h pleasure 9 ea* o!r's society
 is abundantly evid5t4 ,prie/ley w>mly  
admir$ h] g5ius3 %e confess$1 inde$1 t  
he fir/ enc\rag$ h] to try h] 'pr5tice  
h& at poetry4 ,%e 0 ab\t eighte5 :5     
,prie/ley fir/ appe>$ at ,w>r+ton1 &    
ab\t t5 ye>s 8 junior1 a girl ( _m      
p]sonal attractions &1 z demon/rat$ by  
h] writ+s1 ( great m5tal ability &      
accompli%m5ts4 ,%e _h be5 c>efully      
educat$ by h] fa!r1 _h a consid]able k (
 mod]n lit]ature1 & 0 fairly well-read 9
 t ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,h] fir/ volume ( 
poems 0 pr9t$ at ,w>r+ton 9 #aggc & ran 
?r\gh f\r editions 9 a ye>4 ,x 0 said ( 
h] t %e r\s$ ! admiration ( ,fox &      
,johnson1 ! envy ( ,rog]s & ,wordswor?1 
& ! jeal\sy ( ,goldsmi?2 ,scott decl>$  
%e made a poet ( him2 ,br\gham eulogis$ 
h] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & ,mrs ,oliphant 
has paid h] a beautiful tribute 9 h]    
,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4  ,miss ,lucy  
,aik91 9 h] edition ( h] aunt's collect$
 works1 gives a *>m+ description ( h] z 

%e appe>$ 9 e>ly womanhood3--    ,%e 0  
at ?is "t possess$ ( great beauty1      
di/9ct traces (   :i* %e reta9$ to !    
late/ p]iod ( h] life4 ,h] p]son 0      
sl5d]1 h] complexion exquisitely fair1 )
 ! bloom ( p]fect   heal?2 h] features 7
 regul> & elegant1 & h] d>k blue eyes   
beam$ ) ! light ( wit & fancy4  ,n less 
*>m+ is ! te/imony ( ,h5ry ,crabb       
,rob9son1 :o1 9 #ahje1 wrote3--    ,mrs 
,b>bauld bore ! rema9s ( great p]sonal  
beauty4#g ,%e _h a   brilliant          
complexion1 light hair1 blue eyes1 a    
small1 elegant figure1   & h] mann]s 7 v
 agreeable1 ) some?+ ( ! g5]ation   !n  
dep>t+4444 ,mrs ,b>bauld is s well kn[n 
by h] prose writ+s   t x is ne$less = me
 to attempt to *>act]ise h] "h4 ,h]     
excell5ce lay 9 ! s\ndness & acut5ess ( 
h] und]/&+1   & 9 ! p]fection ( h] ta/e4
 ,9 ! e/imation ( ,wordswor?   %e 0 !   
fir/ ( our lit]>y wom51 & he 0 n brib$  
to ?is   judgm5t by any especial        
cong5iality ( feel+ or by concurr5ce 9  
speculative op9ions4 ,i may "h relate an

 anecdote connect+ h] &   ,wordswor?1   
?\gh out ( its prop] "t by _m1 _m ye>s2 
b x   is s good t x ought to be pres]v$ 
f oblivion4 ,x 0 aft]   h] dea? t ,lucy 
,aik9 publi%$ ,mrs ,b>bauld's collect$  
works1 (   :i* ,i gave a copy to ,miss  
,wordswor?4 ,among ! poems is a ,/anza  
on   ,life1 writt5 9 extreme old age4 ,x
 _h delight$ my si/]1 to :om   ,i _h    
repeat$ x on h] dea?b$4 ,x 0 long aft]  
,i gave ^!   works to ,miss ,wordswor? t
 h] bro!r said1 ',repeat me t ,/anza    
by ,mrs ,b>bauld4' ,i did s4 ,he made me
 repeat x aga94 ,& s he   le>n$ x by    
he>t4 ,he 0 at ! "t walk+ 9 8 sitt+-room
 at   ,rydal ) 8 h&s beh9d him1 & ,i    
he>d him mutt] to himself1 ',i   am n 9 
! habit ( grudg+ p _! good ?+s1 b ,i wi%
 ,i   _h writt5 ^? l9es4'#h  ,prie/ley's
 *oice fell ^u ,m>y ,wilk9son1 :o 0 (   
ab\t ! same age z ,anna ,letitia ,aik94 
,%e 0 ! daught] ( a well-to-d ironma/]  
at ,wrexham1 ) ^: family he _h become   
acqua9t$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! y\nge/ son1   
,william1 hav+ be5 a pupil at 8 s*ool 9 

,nantwi*4 ,he c]ta9ly _h no reason to   
regret 8 *oice1 :atev] ,m>y ,wilk9son   
might h felt at times 9 ! cl\dy wea!r %e
 0 de/9$ to g ?r\gh4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1    
idle to speculate on :at might h be5 if 
?+s _h be5 o!rwise4 ,! _w1 at all ev5ts1
 0 ! ri*] = ! ,hymns 9 ,prose & ! ,e>ly 
,lessons1 on :i* ,mr ,ro*emont          
,b>bauld's "y *>ges & _m succe$+        
g5]ations ( *ildr5 7 nurtur$4  ,f a     
worldly po9t ( view ,prie/ley's m>riage 
0 n )\t its advantages to him1 imm$iate 
& prospective4 ,m>y ,wilk9son _h all !  
=ce ( "*1 & mu* ( ! m5tal & intellectual
 ability ( h] fa!r & h] bro!r ,john1 bo?
 ( :om _h a consid]able %>e 9 !         
developm5t ( ! iron indu/ry 9 ?is       
c\ntry4 ,( !m ,miss ,metey>d1 9 h] ,life
 ( ,w$gwood1 writes3--    ,john         
,wilk9son & 8 fa!r ,isaac play$ no      
unimportant "p 9 !   va/ indu/rial      
movem5t ( _! "t4 ,isaac inv5t$ & fir/   
br\ght into action ! /eam-eng9e bla/ at 
8 iron works ne>   ,wrexham4 ,john1 at !
 same place1 z also at ,bradley ,=ge1 9 

,/af=d%ire1 execut$ all ! pond]\s ca/+s 
= ! /eam   eng9es requir$ 9 ! ,corni%   
m9es1 z well z ^? = ,b\lton   & ,watt :5
 !y fir/ comm5c$ bus9ess4  ,! fa!r 0    
ru9$ 9 "o ( ! comm]cial crises ( :i* !  
times 7 f]tile4 ,( ! son we %all he> m z
 ?is hi/ory proce$s4 ,he 0 "o ( ! true/ 
& /aun*e/ ( ! _m true & /aun* fri5ds    
,prie/ley possess$4#i  ,prie/ley 0 m>ri$
 9 #agfb1 ,mr ,?relkeld1 "o ( ! /ud5ts  
at ! academy1 :o subsequ5tly became a   
well-kn[n ,presbyt]ian div9e1 notable = 
8 l+ui/ic atta9m5ts & 8 extraord9>y p[] 
( memory1 be+ 8 groomsman4 ,:atev] might
 be ,mr ,?relkeld's faculty (           
recollection x w5t :olly a/ray on ?is   
occasion1 = he became s absorb$ 9 ! /udy
 ( a ,wel% ,bible he f\nd beside him 9 !
 pew t he became q oblivi\s to ! on]\s  
duties ( 8 (fice4  ,( 8 m>riage         
,prie/ley *>act]i/ically writes3--      
,?is prov$ a v suitable & happy         
connection1 my wife be+ a   woman ( an  
excell5t und]/&+1 mu* improv$ by read+1 
(   great =titude & /r5g? ( m9d1 & ( a  

temp] 9 ! highe/   degree affectionate &
 g5]\s2 feel+ /rongly = o!rs1 &   little
 = h]self4 ,also1 greatly excell+ 9     
ev]y?+ relat+ to   h\sehold affairs1 %e 
entirely reliev$ me ( all conc]n ( t    
k9d1 :i* all[$ me to give all my "t to !
 prosecution ( my   /udies & ! o!r      
duties ( my /ation4  ,all acc\nts we h (
 ,m>y ,wilk9son are to ! same effect4   
,h] great-gr&daught]1 ,madame ,belloc1  
writes3--    ,x is a tradition 9 !      
family t ,mrs ,prie/ley once s5t h]     
fam\s husb& to m>ket ) a l>ge basket1 & 
t he s acquitt$   himself t %e nev] s5t 
him aga96 ,mrs ,prie/ley 0 extremely    
intellig5t & orig9al4 ,"l ,%elburne once
 f\nd h] sitt+ on !   top ( a pair (    
/eps1 clad 9 a great apron1 & vigor\sly 
pa/+   on a new wallpap]4 ,%e receiv$   
him ) calm composure4 ,!re is a   good  
portrait ( h] z an eld]ly lady 9 a cap1 
curv+ h] h&   r\nd h] e> to assi/ h]    
he>+4 ,%e mu/ h h]self insi/$   ^u be+  
pa9t$ 9 ?is unusual attitude4 ,%e looks 
l a p]son   ( excell5t und]/&+1 ^: m9d  

has be5 mu* improv$ by   read+4  ,be=e  
he committ$ himself to matrimony        
,prie/ley took ano!r /ep h>dly less     
mom5t\s4  ,:at x 0 may be glean$ f !    
foll[+ extract ( a lett] dat$ ,may #a1  
#agfb1 to ,s$don1 :o 0 away at ! "t on  
"o ( 8 frequ5t begg+ exp$itions on      
behalf ( ! ,academy3--    ,i am s]i\sly 
prep>+ = ord9ation4 ,z all ?+s 9 ?is    
_w are unc]ta91 ,i ?9k x a po9t (       
prud5ce n to omit   any?+ t may possibly
 be ( advantage to me1 if ev] x be my   
lot   to be oblig$ to h rec\rse to !    
m9i/ry = ! :ole or any   "p ( my        
subsi/5ce1 p>ticul>ly z ,i am go+ to h a
 de>]   & m important /ake 9 ?is _w ?an 
,i h ev] yet _h 9 x4   ,i c s9c]ely say 
,i nev] knew :at x 0 to be anxi\s on my 
own   acc\nt1 b ,i _c help confess+ ,i  
beg9 to feel a good deal on   ! acc\nt (
 ano!r p]son4 ,! haz>d ( br++ a p]son   
into   difficulties :i* %e _c possibly h
 any idea or prospect (   affects me1 at
 times1 v s5sibly4  ,! e>lie/ kn[n      
portrait ( ,prie/ley is ( ?is p]iod4 ,x 

repres5ts him z a sl5d] "y man ) slop+  
%\ld]s1 ) a ke51 intellig5t eye & an    
expression n unlike t caught by ,fuseli 
at a lat] "t2 8 long neck is swa!d 9 !  
ample folds ( a :ite neck-clo?1 & he    
we>s a full-bottom$ wig4#aj ,dur+       
,prie/ley's resid5ce at ,w>r+ton an     
arti/ 0 employ$ 9 mak+ silh\ettes ( !   
pr9cipal inhabitants4 ,_m ( ^! 7 publi%$
 by ,dr ,k5drick 9 8 ,pr(iles ( ,w>r+ton
 ,wor?ies4 ,9 t ( ,prie/ley ! features  
are delicate & almo/ fem99e3 !          
full-bottom$ wig is v mu* 9 evid5ce4    
,prie/ley br\ght 8 "y bride to ! good   
dwell+-h\se neatly fill$ up1 h&somely   
sa%$ to ! front1 ) a flight ( five /eps 
to ! entrance1 ?ree /oreys high1 f\r    
rooms on a floor1 cell>$ "u1 ) conv5i5t 
kit*5s1 y>ds & out-(fices1 ov] :i* %e 0 
to preside = ! next five ye>s4 ,to add  
to h] responsibilities %e 0 promptly    
*>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! gay b improvid5t ,mr   
,b5 ,vaughan & 8 bro!r ,bill1 & receiv$ 
! v mod]ate comp5sation ( fifty p\nds a 
ye> = ea* son4  ,prie/ley's h\se 9      

,academy ,/reet /ill rema9s1 & ! fact t 
he occupi$ x until 8 removal 9 #agfg is 
commemorat$ by a bronze tablet affix$ to
 its walls by ! memb]s ( ! ,w>r+ton     
,society on ! hundr$? anniv]s>y ( 8     
dea?4  ,!re is a local tradition t an   
adjo9+ build+ 0 us$ by him z a          
laboratory1 al?\gh x is difficult to f9d
 any gr\nds = ! belief4 ,!re is no      
m5tion ( exp]im5tal "w at ?is "t 9 8    
memoirs or correspond5ce1 & :atev] he   
might h done 9 ?is direction = 8 own    
amusem5t or ! in/ruction ( 8 pupils ne$$
 no special ap>tm5t4#aa  ,lectures on   
*emi/ry 71 h[ev]1 giv5 at ! academy by  
,mat!w ,turn]1 :o is believ$ to h fir/  
turn$ ,prie/ley's att5tion to t sci5ce4 
,turn]1 :o practis$ m$ic9e 9 ,liv]pool1 
al?\gh an ecc5tric man1 appli$ 8 k (    
*emi/ry to indu/rial purposes1 & he is  
cr$it$ ) hav+ reviv$ ! art (            
glass-pa9t+4  ,prie/ley 0 n[ :olly      
engross$ 9 ! bus9ess ( tea*+1 & al?\gh  
nom9ally tutor 9 ! classical languages &
 9 ! belles lettres1 !re 0 practically  

no dep>tm5t ( education 9 :i* at "o "t  
or o!r dur+ ! half-doz5 ye>s ( 8 soj\rn 
at ,w>r+ton he 0 n call$ ^u1 or did n   
(f]1 to in/ruct4 ,he enl>g$ & publi%$ ! 
,gramm> to :i* ref]5ce has already be5  
made1 & began a treatise on ,! ,/ructure
 & ,contempor>y ,/ate ( ! ,engli%       
,language1 ! mat]ial = :i* he ev5tually 
gave to ,cr(t ( ,ox=d = ! compilation ( 
8 ,gramm> & ,diction>y4  ,b :at         
p>ticul>ly impress$ him z a practical   
educationi/ 0 t :il/ mo/ ( 8 pupils 7   
design$ = situations 9 civil & active   
life1 e article 9 ! plan ( _! education 
0 adapt$ to ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,!re 0  
h>dly any m$ium betwe5 an education = ! 
c\nt+-h\se1 consi/+ ( writ+1 ari?metic &
 m]*ants' acc\nts1 & a me?od (          
in/ruction 9 ! ab/ract sci5ces4 ,he     
proce$s to trace h[ ?is came ab\t3--    
,=m]ly none b ! cl]gy 7 ?\ght to h any  
occasion =   le>n+4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1
 t ! :ole plan ( education1   f !       
,gramm> ,s*ool to ! f9i%+ at !          
,univ]sity1 %\ld be   calculat$ = _!    

use4 ,if a few o!r p]sons1 :o 7 n       
design$ = ,holy ,ord]s1 (f]$ !mselves = 
education1 x c\ld   n be expect$ t a    
c\rse ( /udies %\ld be provid$ = !m     
only4 ,&1 inde$1 z all ^? p]sons :o     
sup]9t5d$ ! bus9ess   ( education 7 ( ! 
cl]ical ord]1 & _h !mselves be5   taught
 no?+ b ! rhetoric1 logic &             
s*ool-div9ity1 or civil   law1 :i*      
compris$ ! :ole compass ( human le>n+ = 
sev]al   c5turies1 x c\ld n be expect$ t
 !y %\ld ent]ta9 l>g]1   or m lib]al1   
views ( education2 & /ill less t !y %\ld
   /rike out a c\rse ( /udy = ! use ( m5
 :o 7 univ]sally   ?\ght to h no ne$ (  
/udy1 & ( :om few 7 s s5sible (   _! own
 wants z to desire any su* advantages4  
,besides1 9 ^? days1 ! great ends (     
human society seem to h   be5 b little  
und]/ood4 ,m5 ( ! greate/ rank1 =tune & 
influ5ce1 & :o took ! lead 9 all !      
affairs ( ,/ate1 _h no   idea ( ! great 
objects ( wise & ext5sive policy1 &     
!re=e   c\ld nev] appreh5d t any fund ( 
k 0 requisite = !   mo/ em95t /ations 9 

! community4 ,few p]sons imag9$ :at 7   
! true s\rces ( weal?1 p[] & happ9ess 9 
a nation4 ,comm]ce   0 little und]/ood1 
or ev5 att5d$ to2 & s slight 0 !        
connection ( ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe
 t g5]al politics   7 v contract$4 ,&   
?us1 m5's views be+ n>r[1 little        
previ\s furniture ( m9d 0 requisite to  
conduct !m4  ,^! p>agraphs con/itute !  
introduction to an ,essay on ,education 
:i* ,prie/ley publi%$ 9 #agfd1 ) !      
object ( draw+ att5tion to ! necessity =
 a re=m 9 our educational sy/em4 ,al?\gh
 writt5 ne>ly a c5tury & a half ago1    
,prie/ley's ma9 cont5tion t ! education 
( y\? %\ld be direct$ & adapt$ to !     
circum/ances & ne$s ( ! "t 9 :i* !y live
 is j z valid n[ z !n1 & ne$s ! same    
insi/5ce4 ,he po9ts out t ! sev]e &     
prop] discipl9e ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ools1 :i*
 are subs]vi5t to ! ,univ]sities1 is    
become a topic ( ridicule4    ,?is is   
c]ta9ly a call ^u u to exam9e ! /ate (  
education 9   ?is c\ntry1 & to consid]  
h[ ^? ye>s are employ$ :i* m5   pass    

previ\s to _! ent]+ into ! _w2 = ^u ?is 
_!   future behavi\r & success mu/1 9 a 
great measure1 dep5d4 ,a   transition1  
:i* is n easy1 c nev] be made )         
advantage2 &   !re=e x is c]ta9ly our   
wisdom to contrive t ! /udies (   y\?   
%\ld t5d to fit !m = ! bus9ess (        
manhood2 & t   ! objects ( _! att5tion1 
& turn ( ?9k+ 9 y\ng] life1   %\ld n be 
too remote f ! de/9$ employm5t ( _! rip]
   ye>s4 ,if ?is be n att5d$ to !y mu/  
necess>ily be m]e   novices ^u ent]+ !  
great _w1 be almo/ unavoidably          
emb>rass$ 9 _! conduct1 &1 aft] all ! "t
 & exp]i5ce   be/[$ ^u _! education1 be 
indebt$ to a s]ies ( blund]s =   ! mo/  
useful k !y w ev] acquire4    ,t man is 
a fri5d ( 8 c\ntry :o obs]ves &         
endeav\rs to   supply any defects 9 !   
me?ods ( educat+ y\?4  ,at ! risk ( be+ 
call$ a projector1 a vision>y1 or :atev]
 anybody pleases1 he proce$s to %[ h[ to
 fill up ) advantage ^? ye>s :i*        
imm$iately prec$e a "y g5tleman's engag+
 9 ^? high] sph]es ( active life 9 :i*  

he is de/9$ to move4  ,x w be obs]v$ t  
,prie/ley is n deal+ ) any s*eme (      
national or univ]sal education adapt$ to
 e y\? 9 ! community4 ,he is conc]n$    
only ) ! "y man :o is de/9$ = a /ation 9
 :i* 8 conduct may consid]ably affect ! 
lib]ty & ! prop]ty ( 8 c\ntrym51 & !    
ri*es1 ! /r5g? & ! security ( 8 c\ntry2 
& :o is )9 ! influ5ce ( an hon\rable    
ambition to appe> z a legislator 9 !    
,/ate1 or ( /&+ ne> ! helm ( affairs &  
guid+ ! secret spr+s ( ,gov]nm5t--9 a   
^w1 t class :i* ! univ]sities ?\ght !y  
alone 7 specially conc]n$ )4    ,t !    
p>5ts & fri5ds ( "y g5tlem5 de/9$ to act
 9   any ( ^! important sph]es may n ?9k
 a lib]al education   unnecess>y to !m1 
& t ! "y g5tlem5 !mselves may ent]   )  
_s into ! enl>g$ views ( _! fri5ds &    
tutors1 ,i   w\ld humbly propose "s new 
articles ( academical in/ruction1 su*   
z h a ne>] & m evid5t connection ) !    
bus9ess (   active life1 & :i* may !re=e
 bid fair] to engage !   att5tion & r\se
 ! ?9k+ p[]s ( "y g5tlem5 ( an   active 

g5ius4 ,! subjects ,i w\ld recomm5d are 
',civil ,hi/ory1' &   m especially !    
important objects ( ',civil ,policy'2   
su* z !   !ory ( laws1 gov]nm5t1        
manufactures1 comm]ce1 naval =ce1 etc41 
) :atev] may be demon/rat$ f hi/ory to h
 contribut$ to   ! fl\ri%+ /ate (       
nations1 to r5d]+ a p happy &   popul\s 
at home & =midable abroad2 toge!r ) ^?  
articles   ( previ\s in=mation1 )\t :i* 
x is impossible to und]/&   ! nature1   
connections & mutual influ5ces ( ^?     
great objects4  ,he !n gives plans &    
detail$ syllabuses ( ?ree di/9ct c\rses 
( lectures subs]vi5t to ?is design4 ,!  
fir/ is on ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,g5]al2 !
 second on ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 & ! ?ird 
on ! ,pres5t ,con/itution & ,laws (     
,engl&4 ,?is s*eme is s d>+ an          
innovation on ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s #aej
 ye>s ago1 t ,prie/ley !n proce$s ) c>e 
to anticipate1 exam9e & rebut !         
objections :i* may be urg$ aga9/ x4 ,!re
 is no necessity to dwell ^u !m n[4 ,mu*
 wat] has fl[$ "u ! ,folly ,bridge or   

pa/ ! ,backs s9ce ,prie/ley's essay 0   
p5n$1 & ev]y?+ = :i* he cont5d$1 & ev5  
m1 n[ f9ds its prop] place 9 !          
educational s*emes ( all our            
univ]sities1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,b x is    
significant ( ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! old]
 seats ( le>n+ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5?  
c5tury1 t he %\ld h to urge 8 project   
apologetically & to lab\r po9ts :i*     
to-day appe> almo/ axiomatic4 ,! essay  
is *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or 9 ! bread? &    
lib]ality ( its tone1 9 its decl>ation (
 ! real functions & objects ( gov]nm5t1 
& 9 its note ( true patriotism4 ,( c\rse
 x 0 fi]cely attack$1 among o!rs1 by    
,griffi?s 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review1 b x      
enli/$ ,josiah ,w$gwood's sympa?y ) its 
au?or & =m$ ! basis ( a fri5d%ip z      
cordial & endur+ z x 0 useful4  ,!      
lectures on ,hi/ory & on ,g5]al ,policy 
7 subsequ5tly publi%$1 ) a d$ication1 z 
already /at$1 to ,mr ,b5jam9 ,vaughan4  
,x is int]e/+ at ?is juncture to le>n ! 
views ,prie/ley inculcat$ on ! y\? (    
,w>r+ton conc]n+ o!r matt]s :i*1 l !    

education problem & ! poor1 are always )
 u4  ,9 ! #ea/ lecture on ,g5]al ,policy
 we read3--    ,! ga9 ( ! m]*ants1 x is 
said1 is n always ! ga9 ( !   c\ntry 9  
g5]al4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a m]*ant imports 
=eign goods   by :i* ! consumption (    
national manufactures is hurt1 ?\gh !   
m]*ant %\ld be ga9] by ^? goods1 ! ,/ate
 is a los]4 ,z1 on   ! o!r h&1 a m]*ant 
may export ! manufactures ( 8 own       
c\ntry to 8 own loss & ! nation's ga94  
,b if ! m]*ants be   ga9]s1 ! consum]s1 
t is ^? = ^: use manufactures are       
e/abli%$1 hav+ a p[] ( pur*as+ or n at  
pleasure1 mu/ be   s too4 ,& if1 aft]   
suffici5t trial1 x be f\nd t m]*ants    
import+ =eign goods c sell ^! *eap] ?an 
! manufactures   c be b\ght at home1 x  
is an indication t x is n = !   int]e/ (
 ! nation at l>ge to enc\rage su*       
manufactures4    ,?\gh exportation makes
 a nation ri*1 we are n to judge ( !    
quantity ( ri*es :i* a nation ga9s by   
trade f exportation   only1 b !         
importation mu/ also be consid]$4 ,if ^!

 exactly   balance "o ano!r no?+ c be   
said to be ga9$ or lo/1 j z   a p]son is
 n ! ri*] = sell+ a quantity ( goods if 
he buy   to ! same am\nt4 ,nay1 ?\gh !  
exportation be less5$1 if !             
importation be less5$ m ?an 9           
proportion1 x proves an increase   (    
ga9ful trade1 not)/&+ ! decrease (      
exportation4 ,?is1   h[ev]1 is e/imat+ !
 value ( comm]ce by ! m]e increase (    
money4 ,b a nation may fl\ri% by int]nal
 comm]ce only1 & :at   is ext]nal       
comm]ce betwe5 two nations n unit$ 9    
gov]nm5t   w\ld be int]nal if !y %\ld   
come "u ! same gov]nm5t4 ,9   e fair    
b>ga9 ! buy] & ! sell] are equally      
ga9]s1   :e!r money be accumulat$ by    
ei!r ( ! p>ties or n4    ,x is a great  
mi/ake to conf\nd ! k+'s rev5ue ) ! ga9 
a   nation makes by its trade4 ,no man  
w\ld presume to say x is m =   ! public 
b5efit t ! nation %\ld exp5d a million  
or m   e ye> ) =eign]s1 9 ord] to raise 
a hundr$ ?\s&   p\nds to ! rev5ue by !  
cu/oms1 ?an to save t million or   m )9 

ourselves & to raise only ! hundr$ ?\s& 
p\nds   ! o!r way4 ,b ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate   
are apt to e/imate ! value (   ev]y?+ to
 ! c\ntry by ! ga9 x br+s1 & t          
imm$iately   to !mselves4444    ,!      
legislature ( any c\ntry has seldom     
int]f]$ 9 ! affairs   ( comm]ce1 b      
comm]ce has suff]$ 9 consequ5ce to x1   
ow+ to   ! ignorance ( /atesm51 & ev5 ( 
m]*ants !mselves1   conc]n+ ! nature (  
trade4 ,& inde$ ! pr9ciples ( comm]ce   
are v complicat$ & require long exp]i5ce
 & deep reflection   be=e !y c be well  
und]/ood4444    ,mo/ politicians h      
injur$ comm]ce by re/rict+1 conf9+ or   
bur!n+ x too mu*2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has
 be5 t by   aim+ at great imm$iate      
advantage !y h cut (f ! v spr+s   ( all 
future advantage4 ,! inconv5i5ces :i* h 
aris5 to a   nation f leav+ trade q op5 
are few1 & v problematical   9 comp>ison
 ( ! manife/ injury x receives f be+    
cramp$ 9   almo/ any =m :atsoev]4444    
,mr ,colb]t1 a man ( great probity1 k & 
indu/ry 444 w\ld   h done bett] to h    

li/5$ to ! advice ( an old m]*ant1   :o 
be+ consult$ by him ab\t :at he %\ld d 9
 fav\r ( trade1   said1 ',laissez n\s   
faire4'  ,9 ano!r place he says3--    ,!
 happ9ess ( all nations1 !re=e1 z "o    
great community1 w   be be/ promot$ by  
lay+ aside all national jeal\sy ( trade1
 &   by ea* c\ntry cultivat+ ^?         
productions or manufactures :i*   !y c d
 to ! mo/ advantage2 & exp]i5ce1 9 a    
/ate (   p]fect lib]ty1 w soon tea* !m  
:at ^? are4 ,9 ?is /ate (   ?+s ! only  
advantage w be on ! side ( indu/ry &    
+5uity1 & no man or nation ought to wi% 
x to be any:]e else4  ,) reg>d to       
que/ions ( political & civil lib]ty1 !  
!ory ( ! progress ( law1 ! influ5ce (   
religion on civil society1 ! connection 
( modes ( religion ) =ms ( gov]nm5t1 !  
tea*+ is precisely :at we %\ld expect 9 
su* a hot-b$ ( lib]al diss5t z !        
,w>r+ton ,academy4 ,) reg>d to !        
connection betwe5 civil gov]nm5t &      
religion he says3--    ,! pr9cipal      
suff]] by ?is alliance betwe5 ! ,*ur* & 

!   ,/ate is religion itself1 t is1 !   
memb]s ( society z   pr(essors (        
religion & d]iv+ advantages f x4 ,= :5 x
 is   ?us gu>d$ by ! ,/ate1 if x be     
faulty or wants re=mation1 x   mu/ long 
cont9ue s4 ,! pr(essors ( x1 be+ int]e/$
 9 its   support1 w d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to
 prev5t any alt]ation1   ?\gh x %\ld be 
ev] s mu* want$4444    ,x is alleg$1 9  
fav\r ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 t religion has  
an influ5ce on ! conduct ( m5 9 ?is     
life4 ,no d\bt x has1 z   x connects !  
hopes ( a future life ) good behavi\r 9 
?is4   ,b ?is is done 9 all sects (     
,*ri/ians1 & z mu* 9 ^?   :i* are       
reprobat$ by ! ,/ate z ^? :i* are       
enc\rag$ by x4   ,besides1 if ?is 0 !   
true cause ( atta*m5t to ,*ri/ian       
e/abli%m5ts1 ! fri5ds ( !m w\ld be mu* m
 jeal\s (   unbeliev]s ?an !y are (     
sect>ies1 :i* does n appe> to be   !    
case4444 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ,*ri/ian        
,gov]nm5ts might cont5t   !mselves )    
e/abli%+ ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 g5]al )\t
   conf9+ !mselves to any p>ticul> mode 

( x4 ,b s f> is ?is   f be+ ! case1 t by
 ! pres5t laws ( ?is c\ntry a man   :o  
d5ies ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* has no 
m imag9able   connection ) ! good ( !   
,/ate ?an ! doctr9e (                   
,transub/antiation1 is deem$ a blasphem]
 & s5t5c$ to suff]   confiscation (     
goods & imprisonm5t4444    ,9 all o!r   
c\ntries ! e/abli%$ religion is t ( !   
majority ( ! p1 & ! writ]s 9 def5ce ( x 
v9dicate x   on ?is pr9ciple1 viz41 t x 
is ! religion ( ! majority1   :atev] t  
be4 ,b 9 ,irel& we h a mo/ rem>kable    
exception   to ?is rule4 ,!re ! e/abli%$
 religion is n t ( !   majority b ( a   
small m9ority ( ! p1 p]haps n m ?an   t 
( "o 9 t5 ( ! inhabitants4 ,t s flagrant
 an abuse (   p[] %\ld exi/1 & "u a     
,gov]nm5t pret5d+ to ju/ice1 &   ev5 to 
lib]ality1 is b>ely cr$ible4  ,"h aga9  
mu* wat] has fl[$ "u ! bridges s9ce ^!  
words 7 p5n$1 b ! bread :i* ,prie/ley   
ca/ ^u ! /ream1 z well z t ^u :i* he    
nurtur$ ! "y g5tlem5 ( ! ,w>r+ton       
,academy1 has1 we recognise1 n be5 :olly

 wa/$4 ,9 reg>d to :at he consid]$ o!r  
anomalies1 ! ,/ate /ill takes ^u itself 
a great1 dang]\s & unnecess>y bur!n by  
und]tak+ ! c>e ( religion4 ,f ! rema9s (
 sup]/ition ! cl]gy are /ill consid]$ z 
a di/9ct ord] ( m5 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !y   
are 9 a mann] repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t by !
 bi%ops hav+ seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4  
,f :i*1 he says1 if !y _h a j s5se ( !  
nature ( _! (fice1 & consult$ _! true   
dignity1 !y w\ld retire ( _! own accord4
 ,at pres5t _! seat 9 ! ,h\se only      
flatt]s _! pride & gives ! m9i/] s _m   
votes4  ,9 reg>d to o!r items (         
political & social developm5t1 x is     
notewor?y t ,prie/ley 0 a consi/5t      
oppon5t ( national education z we und]/&
 x to-day1 on ! gr\nd t 9 8 judgm5t x 0 
inimical to lib]ty & ! natural rights ( 
p>5ts4 ,8 position1 9 fact1 0 v simil>  
to t tak5 up by a consid]able &         
influ5tial section ( ,lib]al ,diss5t]s  
prior to #ahgj4  ,:il/ at ,w>r+ton he   
also gave lectures on ! ,!ory (         
,language1 on ! ,laws & ,con/itutions ( 

,engl&1 & on ,oratory & ,criticism--all 
( :i* 7 subsequ5tly publi%$1 & :i* may  
/ill be read ) pr(it1 despite ,"l       
,br\gham's sne]+ allusion to ! adv5tur\s
 tutor afflict$ ) an incurable /utt] :o1
 hav+ nev] he>d any speak+ save 9 !     
pulpits ( meet+-h\ses1 promulgat$ rules 
( eloqu5ce & ( jurisprud5ce to ! s5ators
 & lawy]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! adv5tur\s tutor
 ) ! incurable /utt] ev5 taught         
,elocution1 also ,logic & ,hebrew = a   
"t1 & "o ye> he gave a c\rse ( lectures 
on ,anatomy4  ,:il/ at ,w>r+ton he      
publi%$ a ,*>t ( ,biography1 exhibit+ by
 l9es & spaces ! succession ( ! em95t m5
 9 e age & ( e pr(ession1 ) ! relative  
l5g? ( _! lives1 & 9 su* mann] t at any 
giv5 epo* x c\ld be se5 n only :o       
fl\ri%$ 9 x1 b h[ all _! ages /ood )    
respect to "o ano!r1 :o 7 a man's       
contempor>ies1 h[ f> any ( !m 0 be=e    
him1 or h[ f> aft] him1 9 ! ord] ( _!   
bir?s or dea?s4  ,! ,*>t ( ,biography   
procur$ = its compil] ! degree ( ,doctor
 ( ,laws ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4  ,x

 has be5 said ( ,prie/ley t he 0 n a man
 :o made fri5ds4 ,if x is meant by ?is t
 he 0 ess5tially a self-c5tr$ recluse1  
:o s\ght 8 relaxation 9 *ange (         
occupation1 or only )9 8 own family     
circle1 ! /atem5t gives a :olly imp]fect
 idea ( ! man & is v wide ( ! tru?4  ,9 
reality he 0 "o ( ! mo/ greg>i\s & mo/  
easily approa*able ( individuals1 a man 
( /rong1 active human sympa?ies & ( mu* 
social *>m4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce (  
?is 9 ! te/imony ( 8 contempor>ies2 x is
 illu/rat$ by numb]less anecdotes1 & is 
reflect$ 9 almo/ e lett] ( 8            
correspond5ce4  ,x 01 d\btless1 "u !    
impulse ( ! social in/9cts ( 8 nature t1
 :il/ at ,w>r+ton1 he 0 l$ to beg9 !    
practice ( sp5d+ "o mon? 9 e ye> 9      
,london4 ,?is1 rem>ks 8 son1 0 ( great  
use to him4 ,he saw & he>d a great deal4
 ,a new turn 0 frequ5tly giv5 to 8      
ideas4 ,new & useful acqua9tances 7 =m$1
 & old ones confirm$4 ,london !n1 z n[1 
0 ! c5tre ( ! intellectual life ( !     
k+dom & ! ,royal ,society ! seat ( its  

sci5tific activity4 ,to a man (         
,prie/ley's v]satility & eag]ness1 ^:   
curiosity rang$ practically ov] e       
dep>tm5t ( human k1 ^! annual visits 7 a
 sort ( intellectual tonic & gave a     
p[]ful /imulus to 8 activity4  ,on !    
fir/ ( !m he made ! acqua9tance ( m5 :o1
 9 _! sev]al capacities1 prov$ to be    
true & valuable fri5ds1 notably1 ,dr    
,ri*>d ,price1 ,mr ,canton1 & ,dr       
,b5jam9 ,frankl94  ,dr ,price1 a        
philosoph]1 & an em95t noncon=mi/ div9e1
 & "o ( ! lead+ ,arians ( 8 "t1 is be/  
kn[n by 8 "w on morals1 & by 8 writ+s on
 f9ancial & political que/ions4 ,among  
^!1 8 pap]s 9 ! ,philosophical          
,transactions on ,life ,insurance & on !
 ,prop] ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ! ,values ( 
,cont+5t ,rev]sions1 are specially      
notewor?y4 ,8 pamphlet on ! ,national   
,debt is said to h influ5c$ ,pitt 9     
e/abli%+ ! ,s9k+ ,fund = its ext9ction1 
& t on ! ,policy ( ! ,w> ) ,am]ica to h 
contribut$ to ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce 
by ! ,am]icans4 ,8 lib]al op9ions ga9$  

him ! fri5d%ip & patronage ( ,"l        
,%elburne4 ,! acqua9tance ) ,prie/ley   
soon rip5$ into a la/+ fri5d%ip1 :i* 0 9
 n[ise di/urb$ by ! controv]sy on       
mat]ialism & necessity 9 :i* !y         
subsequ5tly engag$4 ,price & ,prie/ley  
held simil> views z to ! ,fr5*          
,revolution1 & bo? 7 d5\nc$ ) equal     
fi]c5ess by ,burke4 ,price di$ 9 ! spr+ 
( #agia1 & 8 fun]al s]mon 0 prea*$ by   
,prie/ley1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! c>e ( !   
,gravel ,pit ,meet+ at ,hackney4 ,he 0 a
 man = :om ,prie/ley ev] ent]ta9$ !     
w>me/ feel+s ( fri5d%ip on ! gr\nd ( 8  
amiable simplicity1 8 truly ,*ri/ian _s1
 dis9t]e/$ patriotism & true c&\r4      
,john ,canton1 a notable s*oolma/] 9 8  
day1 is be/ kn[n = 8 electrical         
inquiries & = 8 "w on ! compressibility 
( wat]1 & 8 "n is associat$ ) !         
phosphoresc5t sub/ance fir/ obta9$ by   
him by calc9+ oy/] %ells ) fl[]s (      
sulphur4  ,among ! ,canton pap]s 9 !    
possession ( ! ,royal ,society is a     
lett] f ,s$don to ,canton introduc+     

,prie/ley1 9 :i* ! latt] is describ$ z !
 au?or ( ,a ,*>t ( ,biography & ( an    
,essay on ,education1 & 9 :i* ! writ]   
says ( ! be>]3--    ,y w f9d him a      
b5evol5t1 s5sible man1 ) a consid]able  
%>e ( le>n+4 ,besides ! /udies :i*      
belong to 8 pr(ession1   he has a ta/e =
 ,natural ,philosophy :i* w n r5d] him  
less   agreeable to y4  ,t ,prie/ley    
greatly enjoy$ & pr(it$ by 8 ,*ri/mas 9 
,london is evid5t f ! t]ms 9 :i* he     
ref]s to x 9 a lett] to ,canton "u date 
,febru>y #ad1 #agff4    ,! "t ,i _h !   
happ9ess to sp5d 9 y\r company appe>s ^u
   revision l a pleas+ dream4 ,i        
frequ5tly enjoy x once aga9 9           
recollection1 & ard5tly wi% = a         
repetition ( x4 ,i wi%1 b 9   va91 t x  
may ev] be 9 my p[] to return 9 k9d y\r 
g5]\s   communication ( philosophical   
intellig5ce & discov]ies4  ,he concludes
 ! lett] by express+ a desire to become 
a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4  ,b5jam9  
,frankl91 j\rneyman pr9t] & j\rnali/1   
/atesman & diplomati/1 0 ab\t sixty ye>s

 old :5 ,prie/ley1 !n a man ( little m  
?an half 8 age1 fir/ made 8 p]sonal     
acqua9tance4 ,! ,royal ,society1 :i* _h 
=m]ly ridicul$ ! discov]ies :i* h giv5  
,frankl9 8 undisput$ position z "o ( !  
mo/ em95t natural philosoph]s ( 8 "t1 _h
 paid him1 al?\gh /ill a ,briti%        
subject1 ! di/+ui%$ complim5t ( mak+ him
 an honor>y fell[4 ,at ! "t (           
,prie/ley's com+ to t[n he 0 occupi$ ) !
 great /ruggle on behalf ( ! ,am]ican   
,colony :i* end$ 9 ! defeat ( ! ,/amp   
,act1 & 8 fam\s exam9ation be=e a       
,committee ( ,p>liam5t _h made him an   
object ( great popul> int]e/4 ,dur+ !   
eight or n9e succe$+ ye>s 9 :i* ,frankl9
 rema9$ 9 ,engl& 8 acqua9tance )        
,prie/ley grew into ! close/ fri5d%ip1 &
 !re c be no "q t ! fri5d%ip react$     
p[]fully on ,prie/ley's "w z a political
 ?9k] & z a natural philosoph]4 ,inde$1 
x may be tru?fully said t ,frankl9 made 
,prie/ley into a man ( sci5ce4  ,z !    
result ( ?is int]c\rse ) ,canton &      
,frankl91 ,prie/ley (f]$ to compile :at 

he call$ a di/9ct & me?odical acc\nt ( !
 hi/ory ( discov]ies 9 electricity1     
provid$ he c\ld be suppli$ ) ! necess>y 
books4 ,frankl9 w>mly second$ !         
proposal1 & und]took1 ) ! assi/ance (   
fri5ds1 to furni% all exi/+ lit]ature on
 ! subject4 ,z a matt] ( fact almo/ !   
:ole ( ! hi/orical acc\nt 9 ,prie/ley's 
book is tak5 f ! ,philosophical         
,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* 0
 !n ! *ief s\rce ( in=mation conc]n+    
electrical sci5ce1 inasmu* z ! ,engli%  
electricians ( t p]iod1 9 addition to _!
 own orig9al pap]s1 :i* 7 bo? num]\s &  
important1 introduc$ into !             
,transactions detail$ acc\nts ( all !   
pr9cipal books on electricity publi%$   
abroad4 ,9 putt+ toge!r 8 "w1 ,prie/ley1
 hav+1 z he says1 a pretty good ma*9e1 0
 l$ to endeav\r to asc]ta9 sev]al facts 
:i* 7 9 dispute1 & 0 ?us l$ by degrees  
into a l>ge field ( exp]im5tal inquiry1 
9 :i* he sp>$ no exp5se t he c\ld       
possibly af=d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( 8
 discov]ies is t *>coal is a good       

conductor4 ,he describes col\r$ circles 
produc$ by receiv+ dis*>ges f #ba squ>e 
feet ( glass on metal plates4 ,:5 an    
electrical batt]y is dis*>g$ light      
bodies plac$ ne> ! electric circuit are 
mov$4 ,prie/ley ascribes ?is motion to  
:at he calls ! =ce ( ! lat]al explosion1
 & he conceives x to dep5d ^u ! sudd5   
ela/icity giv5 to ! air4 ,he f\nd t a   
long circuit conducts mu* worse ?an a   
%ort circuit1 ev5 :5 ! conductors are ! 
same2 also1 t :5 ! circuit conta9s an   
imp]fect conductor a sp>k passes to     
bodies ne>1 no electricity be+          
communicat$4  ,! "w necessitat$ mu*     
correspond5ce ) ,frankl9 & o!rs ( 8     
philosophical fri5ds 9 ,london1 & mu* ( 
8 leisure 0 devot$ to 8 own exp]im5tal  
obs]vations4 ,nev]!less1 ! book 0       
complet$ 9 less ?an a ye>4 ,ha/y &      
imp]fect z x 01 ,! ,hi/ory & ,pres5t    
,/ate ( ,electricity4 ,) ,orig9al       
,exp]im5ts1 illu/rat$ ) ,copp]plates1 0 
well receiv$ & ran ?r\gh five editions 9
 its au?or's lifetime4 ,its publication 

at once /amp$ ,prie/ley z a man (       
sci5ce2 x secur$ him recognition z su* 9
 sci5tific circles at home & abroad1 & 0
 ! imm$iate cause ( 8 election1 on ,june
 #ab1 #agff1 into ! ,royal ,society4 ,! 
gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! subject induc$ him to   
put toge!r a ,famili> ,introduction to !
 ,/udy ( ,electricity1 :i* _h also a    
consid]able measure ( success & 0 !     
means ( popul>is+ a k ( ! ma9 facts !n  
kn[n conc]n+ ,frictional ,electricity4  
,prie/ley 0 in/rum5tal 9 reviv+ ! use ( 
l>ge electrical ma*9es & batt]ies4 ,!   
fir/ ( ! l>ge ma*9es = :i* ,nairne      
became fam\s 0 con/ruct$ 9 consequ5ce ( 
a reque/ made to ,prie/ley by ! ,gr&    
,duke ( ,tuscany to procure = him ! be/ 
ma*9e t c\ld be made 9 ,engl&4 ,"o ( 8  
ma*9es1 :i* figur$ 9 8 ,hi/ory1 & also 9
 8 ,famili> ,introduction1 is 9 !       
possession ( ! ,royal ,society4         
,,*apt] ,v     ,goes to ,le$s z m9i/] ( 
! ,mill ,hill ,*apel--,resumes 8 /udies 
9 ,speculative ,!ology--,! ,!ological   
,repository--,becomes a                 

,unit>ian--,prie/ley z a                
controv]siali/--,8 ,!ory & ,practice (  
,p]spective--,8 lit]>y                  
*>act]i/ics--,beg9s 8 inquiries on      
,pneumatic ,*emi/ry--,8 inv5tion (      
soda-wat]--,receives ! ,copley   ,m$al (
 ! ,royal ,society4  ,al?\gh ,prie/ley  
liv$ 9 philosophic cont5tm5t ) 8 lot at 
,w>r+ton1 happy 9 8 occupations & 9 !   
society ( cong5ial colleagues1 !        
circum/ances ( ! ,academy 7 n =tunate4  
,! in/itution nev] :olly recov]$ f !    
unhappy diff]5ces betwe5 ! tru/ees & !  
fir/ head ( ! ,educational ,/aff1 & 9 "t
 _m ( ! subscrib]s grew lukew>m 9 _!    
support4 ,prie/ley _h a rem>kable p[] ( 
adapt+ himself to 8 environm5t2 he 0 "o 
( ! mo/ ev5-temp]$ ( m5 & _h a capacity 
= be+ *e]ful t w\ld h extort$ admiration
 ev5 f ,socrates4 ,b1 says ,miss ,aik51 
! ,alma ,mat] ( ,w>r+ton 0 ev] a        
nigg>dly recomp5se ( ! di/+ui%$         
abilities & virtues :i* 7 enli/$ 9 h]   
s]vice4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds a ye>1 ) a h\se
 & a few bo>d]s--hungry lads at #ae a   

ye>1 exclusive ( wa%+ & c&les--meant    
little t[>ds ! res angu/a domi4         
,moreov]1 little ,s>ah ,prie/ley _h made
 h] appe>ance1 & ! unc]ta9 prospects :i*
 7 be=e t "y lady1 c\pl$ ) ! condition (
 h] "m's heal?1 :i* 0 n :olly           
satisfactory at ,w>r+ton1 l$ him to     
contemplate ! exp$i5cy ( giv+ up        
s*ool-ma/]+ & ( resum+ 8 pr(ession ( !  
m9i/ry4 ,accord+ly he 0 induc$ to accept
 an invitation to take *>ge ( !         
congregation ( ,mill ,hill ,*apel1 at   
,le$s1 :]e he 0 already pretty well     
kn[n1 & ?i!r he remov$ 9 #agfg4ab       
,al?\gh x 0 no "p ( 8 duty to prea* :5  
at ,w>r+ton1 he _h f *oice cont9u$ !    
practice1 & wi%+ to ma9ta9 ! "* ( a     
,diss5t+ m9i/]1 he _h1 z we h already   
se51 be5 orda9$ :il/ !re4 ,8 t5d5cy to  
/amm] 0 /ill a difficulty4 ,inde$1 :il/ 
at ,nantwi* x 0 s m>k$ t he _h almo/    
resolv$ to ab&on ! call+4 ,by read+ al\d
 & v sl[ly e day1 & by tak+ pa9s1 he 9  
"s measure got ! bett] ( 8 defect1 b he 
nev] :olly ov]came x4  ,at ,le$s he f\nd

 a lib]al1 fri5dly & h>moni\s           
congregation1 to :om 8 s]vices1 ( :i* he
 0 n sp>+1 7 v acceptable4 ,!re1 he     
says1 he _h no unreasonable prejudices  
to cont5d )1 s t he _h full scope = e   
k9d ( ex]tion4 ,8 activity & zeal 9 !   
special duties ( 8 (fice l$ him to      
prep>e & pr9t cate*isms = ! "y & to =m  
v>i\s classes ( cate*um5s & to in/ruct  
!m 9 ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,he also   
publi%$ disc\rses on ,family ,pray]1 on 
! ,"l's ,supp] & on ,*ur* ,discipl9e1 "s
 ( :i* 7 n altoge!r to ! lik+ ( memb]s (
 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ ( 8  
controv]sial pieces 0 writt5 9 answ] to 
"s angry rem>ks on "o ( ^! disc\rses    
writt5 by a cl]gyman 9 ! neighb\rhood4  
,8 return to ! active duties ( ! m9i/ry 
naturally induc$ him to resume ! /udies 
9 ,speculative ,!ology :i* _h occupi$   
him at ,ne$ham b :i* _h be5 9 l>ge      
measure int]rupt$ by ! bus9ess ( tea*+  
at ,nantwi* & ,w>r+ton4 ,he n[ publi%$ 8
 ,in/itutes ( ,natural & ,reveal$       
,religion1 & began ! publication ( ,!   

,!ological ,repository1 a collection (  
pap]s on !ological que/ions1 contribut$ 
by himself & a numb] ( neighb\r+ m9i/]s 
& o!rs4 ,! "w ev5tually ext5d$ to six   
volumes1 ?ree ( :i* 7 pr9t$ :il/ he 0 at
 ,le$s4    ,! ,!ological ,repository1   
says ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,wick/e$1#ac   0 "o 
( ^? publications :i* w always appe> f  
"t to   "t 9 e body 9 :i* !re is mu*    
activity & mu* fre$om (   ?\ght4 ,x _h1 
h[ev]1 a v sl5d] circulation1 & 0 v     
little read by any b !ologians ( !      
,lib]al s*ool4 ,inde$1 x   discuss$     
que/ions :i* 7 view$ ) t]ror by _m ev5 (
 !   ,lib]al s*ool itself1 because x1 9 
fact1 purposely des]t$ !   beat5 track (
 op9ion & op5$ out ^? que/ions on :i*   
difficulties began to be felt1 or on :i*
 fre% light 0 want$4 ,x   aim$ at       
collect+ ! contributions ( free1        
indep5d5t &   ?\ghtful m9ds--t[>ds      
correct ultimate decisions1 )\t         
pret5d+ itself to furni% ^? decisions4  
,?is is ev] a position   :i* ! bigot$   
viol5tly res5t1 :i* ! unle>n$ _c        

und]/&1 on :i* ev5 ! c&id & lib]al (t5  
look ) a   dissatisfaction n unm+l$ )   
fe>1 b :i* is1   not)/&+1 ! ess5tial    
prelim9>y ( correct settl$ op9ion   9 e 
age ( ?\ght4 ,x is a position (t5 assum$
 by ! mo/   contemplative & ! mo/       
?or\ghly hone/ m5 ( ! g5]ation1   b "o  
:i* is nev] und]/ood until ! g5]ation   
:i* produc$   & neglect$ x is pass$4 ,if
 !re 7 n ?is neutral gr\nd on   :i*     
inquir+ spirits c meet1 beyond !        
hackney$ & settl$   po9ts 9 :i* alone ! 
_m are int]e/$1 !re w\ld be an end   to 
?\ght1 :i* 9 a %ort "t w\ld prove an end
 to active1   heal?y1 influ5tial & te/$ 
tru?4  ,%ortly aft] 8 removal to ,le$s1 
,prie/ley av[$ himself an adh]5t to t   
s*ool ( !ological op9ion :i* its enemies
 associate ) ! "n ( ,fau/o ,sozz9i2 t   
is1 he became :at has be5 call$ a       
humanit>ian1 or a believ] 9 ! doctr9e t 
,jesus ,*ri/ 0 9 nature solely & truly a
 man1 h[ev] highly exalt$ by ,god4      
,sozz9i's doctr9e br\ght d[n ^u its     
tea*] ! ill-w ( a ,crac[ mob2 8 h\se 0  

wreck$1 8 books & manuscripts de/roy$1 8
 life ?reat5$1 & he 0 driv5 f ! city4   
,two hundr$ ye>s lat] ! ,soc9ian        
,prie/ley w5t ?r\gh precisely ! same    
exp]i5ce4 ,wreck+ ! homes1 pillag+ !    
prop]ty & injur+ ! p]sons ( h]esi>*s    
might seem an extraord9>y way ( id5tify+
 oneself ) ! doctr9e ( ! g5tle au?or ( !
 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt if hi/ory _h n made u
 pretty famili> ) su* spectacles4 ,at   
,le$s1 z already /at$1 ,prie/ley publi%$
 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( controv]sial pieces 
on religion & politics :i* ceas$ only ) 
8 dea?4 ,by "s /range irony ( fate ?is  
man1 :o 0 by nature "o ( ! mo/ peaceable
 & peace-lov+ ( m51 s+ul>ly calm &      
dispassionate1 n prone to disputation or
 giv5 to wrangl+1 acquir$ ! reputation (
 be+ p]haps ! mo/ cantank]\s man ( 8 "t1
 :o delight$ 9 tilt+ aga9/ e/abli%$     
usage1 & ^: h&1 ,i%mael-l1 0 aga9/ e    
man's4 ,by %e] =ce ( circum/ances he    
became an indefatigable pamphlete]1     
app>5tly ev] ready to v9dicate ! cause (
 civil & religi\s lib]ty1 to *ampion !  

pr9ciples & conduct ( ,diss5t]s1 & to   
attack :at he consid]$ ! invet]ate      
prejudices ( ! prevail+ religion ( 8    
c\ntrym54  ,z a controv]siali/ 8 me?ods 
7 beyond reproa*1 & ! arts ( casui/ry 7 
:olly =eign to 8 "*4 ,he 0 s obvi\sly   
s9c]e & fair-m9d$ t he frequ5tly ov]came
 prejudice & dis>m$ criticism by 8      
unconsci\s unwritt5 appeal to ! f9]     
in/9cts ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,he made _m      
enemies b he won f> m fri5ds3 ! enemies 
7 = ! mo/ "p m5 :om hi/ory will+ly lets 
die2 ! fri5ds 7 ( e sect1 & "s ( !m 7   
among ! *ief glories ( ! eighte5?       
c5tury4  ,! foll[+ *>act]i/ic lett] to 8
 fri5d1 ,miss ,aik51 is int]e/+ z       
illu/rat+ ! action ( ! active1 eag] m9d 
:i*1 z its own] says1 f\nd scope = e k9d
 ( ex]tion at ?is p]iod ( 8 life3--     
,le$s1 #ac? ,june #agfi4    ,de> ,miss  
,aik91--,y w be surpris$ :5 ,i tell y ,i
 write ?is   on ! behalf ( ,pascal      
,paoli & ! brave ,corsicans1 b x is     
/rictly true4 ,mr ,turn] ( ,wakefield1  
:o says he reads y\r poems1   n )       

admiration1 b a/oni%m5t1 insi/s ^u my   
writ+ to y   to reque/ t a copy ( y\r   
poem1 call$ ,corsica1 may be s5t to     
,mr ,boswell1 ) p]mission to publi% x = 
! b5efit ( ^?   noble isl&]s4 ,he is    
confid5t t x _c fail greatly to         
promote _! int]e/1 n[ t a subscription  
is op5 = !m1 by   rais+ a g5]\s ard\r 9 
! cause ( lib]ty & admiration (   _!    
glori\s /ruggle 9 its def5ce4 ,its be+  
writt5 by a lady1   he ?9ks1 w be a     
circum/ance v mu* 9 _! fav\r & t   ( !  
poem1 b !re is no occasion = ,mr        
,boswell to be acqua9t$   ) y\r "n      
unless x be y\r own *oice "s "t h5ce4 ,i
 own ,i   entirely agree ) ,mr ,turn] 9 
^! s5tim5ts1 & !re=e hope   ,miss ,aik9 
w n refuse s reasonable a reque/1 :i* w1
 at !   same "t1 lay a great obligation 
on h] fri5ds 9 ,engl& &   contribute to 
! relief ( h] own h]oes 9 ,corsica4     
,consid] t   y are z mu* a g5]al z      
,tyrtu 01 & y\r poems 7:i*1 ,i am       
confid5t1 are mu* bett] ?an 8 ev] 77 may
 h z great an   effect z 84 ,!y may be !

 c\p de grace to ! ,fr5* troops 9   t   
isl&1 & ,paoli1 :o reads ,engli%1 w     
cause x to be pr9t$   9 e hi/ory ( t    
r5[n$ isl&4    ,)\t any joke1 ,i wi% y  
w\ld comply ) ?is reque/4 ,9 ?is   case 
y h only to s5d a correct$ copy to me at
 ,le$s1 to ,mr   ,johnson 9 ,london1 &  
,i w take c>e to introduce x to ! notice
   ( ,mr ,boswell by means ( ,mr        
,vaughan or ,mrs ,macauley1 or "s o!r ( 
! fri5ds ( lib]ty & ,corsica 9 ,london4 
,! soon] ?is is done   ! bett]4 ,mr     
,turn] regrets v mu* t x 0 n done "s "t 
ago4 ,i %all n tell y :at ,i ?9k ( y\r  
poems = m ?an   tw5ty reasons1 "o ( :i* 
is t ,i am n able to express x4 ,we     
are n[ all expectation at ! op5+ ( e    
packet f   ,w>r+ton4    ,my piece on    
,p]spective is ne>ly ready = ! press4   
,come & see   u be=e x is q pr9t$1 & ,i 
w engage to tea* y !   :ole art & my/]y 
( x 9 a few h\rs4 ,if y come a mon? aft]
   ,i may "k no m ab\t ! matt] ?an      
anybody else4 ,i am ab\t to   make a    
bold] pu% ?an ev] = ! pillory1 ! ,k+'s  

,b5*   ,prison1 or some?+ worse4 ,tell  
,mr ,aik9 he may hug himself t ,i   h no
 connection ) ! ,academy4 ,on ,monday   
next ,mr ,turn] & ,i   set out on a     
visit to ! ,ar*deacon at ,ri*mond4    ,)
 all our complim5ts to all y\r wor?y    
family1 ,i am1 ) !   greate/ cordiality1
 y\r fri5d & admir]1                    
,j4 ,prie/ley4  ,pasquale de ,paoli1 !  
,corsican patriot1 ^: /ruggles to secure
 ! indep5d5ce ( 8 native isl& _h excit$ 
w>m sympa?y 9 ,engl& & _h enli/$ ! p5 ( 
,boswell1 0 at t "t a refugee 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 hav+ be5 defeat$1 aft] a /ubborn
 resi/ance1 by ! ,fr5* "u ,c\nt ,vaux4  
,! poem on ,corsica1 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/
 beautiful ( ,miss ,aik9's productions1 
0 writt5 9 #agfh1 at ab\t ! p]iod ( !   
appe>ance ( ,boswell's ,acc\nt (        
,corsica1 b x 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aggc 9 a
 collection ( h] poems1 ( :i* f\r       
editions1 ! fir/ 9 #dto1 ! ?ree o!rs 9  
#hvo 7 pr9t$ 9 t ye>4  ,! copy se5 by   
,prie/ley 0 9 manuscript4 ,:e!r x 0 %[n 
to ,boswell or to ,paoli is n record$4  

,! piece on ,p]spective 0 publi%$ 9     
#aggj1 "u ! title ( ,a ,famili>         
,introduction to ! ,!ory & ,practice (  
,p]spective4 ,) copp]plates4 ,he gave z 
8 reason = writ+ x t1 hav+ occasion to  
make draw+s ( philosophical in/rum5ts & 
app>atus he _h felt ! ne$ ( a "w treat+ 
( p]spective4 ,x w be se5 9 ! v>i\s     
editions ( 8 works t ! words ,prie/ley  
del are engrav$ at ! left-h& corn] ( !  
copp]plates ( ! illu/rations4 ,! book _h
 a consid]able sale & 0 frequ5tly       
recomm5d$ by draw+-ma/]s4 ,a second     
edition appe>$ 9 #aghb & x cont9u$ to be
 us$ well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4  ,x is 
int]e/+ to note t ! fir/ pr9t$ acc\nt ( 
! use ( india-rubb] = ! purpose ( eras+ 
lead p5cil m>ks occurs 9 ! preface to   
?is "w4 ,x ran ?us3--    ,s9ce ?is "w 0 
pr9t$ (f ,i h se5 a sub/ance excell5tly 
adapt$ to ! purpose ( wip+ (f f pap] !  
m>ks ( black   lead p5cil4 ,x mu/ !re=e 
be ( s+ul> use to ^? :o   practise      
draw+4 ,x is sold by ,mr ,nairne1       
ma!matical in/rum5t   mak]1 opposite !  

,royal ,ex*ange4 ,he sells a cubical    
piece ( ab\t   half an in* = ?ree       
%ill+s1 & he says x w la/ sev]al   ye>s4
  ,! bold] pu% ?an ev] = ! pillory1 !   
,k+'s ,b5* ,prison1 or some?+ worse1    
probably ref]s to ! anonym\s pieces :i* 
he publi%$ 9 support ( ,wilkes & ,lib]ty
 9 ! c\rse ( ! memorable /ruggle betwe5 
! freehold]s ( ,middlesex & ! ,h\se (   
,commons conc]n+ ! rights ( free        
repres5tation by p>liam5t>y con/itu5cies
 :i* at t "t agitat$ ! c\ntry4 ,wilkes  
_h %ortly be=e ! date ( ?is lett] be5   
f9$ by ! ,k+'s ,b5* #ajjj & s5t5c$ to   
tw5ty-two mon?s' imprisonm5t = publi%+  
an impi\s libel1 & _h be5 expell$ f !   
,h\se ( ,commons--to :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0   
repeat$ly return$ by ! electors (       
,middlesex4  ,! ,ri*mond visit to       
,ar*deacon ,blackburne1 ^: son _h be5 at
 ! ,w>r+ton ,academy1 is memorable f !  
circum/ance t on its occasion ,prie/ley 
fir/ met ,!ophilus ,l9dsey1 ) :om he    
contract$ an intimate & la/+ fri5d%ip1  
:i* greatly influ5c$ ! lives & =tunes ( 

bo?1 & ( :i* ,prie/ley subsequ5tly wrote
 t x _h be5 a s\rce ( m real            
satisfaction to him ?an any o!r         
circum/ance 9 8 :ole life4  ,! busy     
pamphlete] f\nd "t1 h[ev]1 to put toge!r
 m ambiti\s works ?an ,wilkes & ,lib]ty4
 ,! success ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,electricity  
induc$ him to attempt ! compilation ( ! 
hi/ory ( all ! bran*es ( exp]im5tal     
philosophy1 & he made proposals to      
publi% a ,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies ,relat+  
to ,vision ,light & ,col\rs4 ,!         
subscription to ?is "w 0 n1 h[ev]1      
suffici5t to induce him to proce$1 &    
aft] a consid]able outlay 9 ! pur*ase ( 
books & o!r mat]ial ! project 0 ab&on$4 
,prie/ley 01 p]haps1 ! mo/ indu/ri\s    
bookmak] ( 8 age4 ,boswell inde$ dubb$  
him a lit]>y ,jack-(-all-,trades1 & he 0
 busy ) pro(-%eets ev5 to ! day ( 8     
dea?4 ,9 fact1 ! clos+ act ( 8 life1    
be=e he put 8 h& to 8 face to hide ! la/
 flick] ( ! vital sp>k1 0 to make a     
correction 9 a pro(-%eet4 ,he usually   
compos$ 9 %or?&1 & mu* ( ?is "w 0 done 9

 ! family circle1 sitt+ by ! p>l\r fire4
 ,conv]sation nev] di/urb$ him4 ,al?\gh 
8 /yle is some:at prolix1 8 language is 
simple & direct & 8 mean+ inv>iably     
cle>4 ,*>ges t 8 writ+s 7 ha/y p]=mances
 9 n[ise di/urb$ him4 ,inde$1 he 0 wont 
to say t "s ( ^? t 7 mo/ hurri$ly done 7
 among ^? t 7 be/ receiv$4 ,:atev] might
 h be5 ! "t he sp5t on _! composition he
 0 confid5t t m w\ld n h contribut$ to  
_! p]fection 9 any ess5tial p>ticul>1 & 
ab\t any?+ f>!r he 0 nev] v solicit\s4  
,8 object1 he said1 0 n to acquire ! "* 
( a f9e writ] b ( a useful "o4 ,pecuni>y
 ga9 0 nev] ! *ief object ( 8 "w2 sev]al
 ( 8 books1 inde$1 7 writt5 ) ! prospect
 ( c]ta9 loss4 ,_m writ]s be=e & s9ce ! 
great lexicograph] h left u :at !y h    
imag9$ to h be5 ! secret ( _! success z 
lit]>y craftsm51 & h told u ( ! means by
 :i* !y ga9$ _! pr(ici5cy ( composition 
& ma/]y ( /yle4 ,prie/ley has no        
pret5sions to be consid]$ a ma/] ( /yle2
 nev]!less1 x is ( int]e/ to le>n h[ he 
acquir$ facility 9 writ+ ! simple1      

unaffect$ ,engli% :i* *>act]ises 8      
lit]>y "w4 ,x came1 he said1 f a        
practice ( committ+ to writ+ z mu* z he 
c\ld ( ! s]mons he he>d1 & ( compos+ mu*
 9 v]se4 ,) reg>d to ! s]mons1 he       
says3--    ,?is practice ,i began v     
e>ly1 & cont9u$ x until ,i 0 able   f ! 
heads ( a disc\rse to supply ! re/      
myself4 ,=1 n   tr\bl+ myself to commit 
to memory mu* ( ! amplification1 &      
writ+ at home almo/ z mu* z ,i _h he>d1 
,i ins5sibly acquir$ a   habit ( compos+
 ) great read9ess1 & f ?is practice ,i  
believe ,i h d]iv$ great advantage ?r\gh
 life1 composition   seldom employ+ s   
mu* "t z w\ld be necess>y to write 9    
long   h& any?+ ,i h publi%$4  ,z reg>ds
 ! v]ses1 he says3--    ,i 0 myself f> f
 hav+ any pret5sion to ! "* ( a   poet1 
b 9 ! e>ly "p ( my life ,i 0 a great    
v]sifi]1 &   ?is1 ,i believe1 z well z  
my cu/om ( writ+ aft] prea*]s1   m5tion$
 be=e1 contribut$ to ! ease ) :i* ,i    
always wrote   prose4  ,if ,prie/ley 0 n
 himself a poet1 he 0 at lea/ ! cause ( 

poetry 9 ano!r4 ,miss ,aik9 once told   
him t x 0 ! p]usal ( "s v]ses ( 8 t fir/
 induc$ h] fl$gl+ muse to so>--s t1 he  
adds1 ?is c\ntry is 9 "s measure indebt$
 to me = "o ( ! be/ poets x c boa/ (4   
,no example ( ,prie/ley's abilities z a 
v]sifi] has come d[n to u1 b 9 t da9ty  
little sket* ( ! ,w>r+ton society1 by   
,miss ,lucy ,aik91 f :i* we h already   
quot$1 allusion is made to 8            
accompli%m5t4    ,bo? b\ts rims & v]s de
 socit 7 9 fa%ion ) !   set4 ,once x 0  
_! cu/om to slip anonym\s pieces into   
,mrs   ,prie/ley's "w-bag4 ,"o 'copy (  
v]ses1' a v eloqu5t "o1   puzzl$ all    
guess]s a long "t2 at l5g? x 0 trac$ to 
,dr   ,prie/ley's self4  ,to ! man (    
sci5ce ! special int]e/ ( ,prie/ley's   
connection ) ,le$s arises f ! fact t he 
began !re t fruitful s]ies ( inquiries1 
relat+ to :at he call$ ! doctr9e ( air1 
:i* ev5tually rais$ him to ! position ( 
"o ( ! greate/ *emical discov]]s ( 8 "t4
 ,! h\se 9 :i* he fir/ liv$ :il/ at     
,le$s 0 9 ,mead[ ,lane & adjo9$ ! public

 brew h\se ( ,jakes & ,nell4 ,he 0 !reby
 l$1 9 ! outset1 to amuse himself by    
mak+ exp]im5ts on ! fix$ air1 or c>bonic
 acid1 :i* is l>gely produc$ 9 ! process
 ( f]m5tation4 ,:5 he remov$ to 8 second
 h\se 9 ,bas+hall ,/reet1 on ! site :]e 
! s*ools n[ /&1 he 0 "u ! necessity (   
mak+ ! fix$ air = himself2 &1 z he      
di/9ctly & fai?fully notes 9 8 v>i\s    
publications on ! subject1 he 0 l$ to   
make "o exp]im5t aft] ano!r until he    
became1 :at he does n /ate1 ! greate/   
ma/] ( pneumatic *emi/ry ( 8 age4  ,:5  
he began ^! exp]im5ts he tells u he knew
 v little ( *emi/ry4 ,inde$1 he says he 
_h 9 a mann] no idea on ! subject be=e 8
 att5tion 0 drawn to x 9 a c\rse (      
lectures deliv]$ 9 ! ,w>r+ton ,academy  
by ,dr ,turn] ( ,liv]pool4 ,b1 z he     
says1 on ! :ole1 ?is circum/ance 0 no   
disadvantage to him1 z 9 ! situation 9  
:i* he f\nd himself he 0 l$ to devise an
 app>atus & processes ( 8 own adapt$ to 
8 peculi> views4 ,if he _h be5 previ\sly
 accu/om$ to ! usual *emical processes  

he might n h s easily ?\ght ( any o!r2 &
 )\t new modes ( op]ation he ?9ks he    
%\ld h>dly h discov]$ any?+ mat]ially   
new4 ,8 means did n p]mit him to pur*ase
 exp5sive app>atus4 ,inde$1 ?is v       
circum/ance mat]ially contribut$ to 8   
success by mak+ 8 app>atus s simple t 8 
exp]im5ts c\ld be readily repeat$ & _!  
accuracy !reby ensur$4  ,8 fir/         
contribution to ,pneumatic ,*emi/ry 0   
publi%$ 9 #aggb4 ,x 0 a small pamphlet  
on a me?od ( impregnat+ wat] ) fix$ air1
 :i*1 be+ imm$iately translat$ into     
,fr5*1 excit$ a great degree ( att5tion 
to ! subject1 & ?is 0 mu* increas$ by ! 
publication ( 8 fir/ exp]im5tal pap] 9 !
 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal
 ,society4  ,prie/ley's e>lie/ me?od (  
impregnat+ wat] ) c>bonic acid consi/$ 9
 expos+ x to ! gas above ! surface (    
f]m5t+ wort4 ,?is process 0 no d\bt     
accompani$ ) _m disadvantages & !       
result+ solution c\ld n h be5 v         
palatable4 ,lat] on he adopt$ ! me?od   
orig9ally employ$ by ,lane 9 #agji1     

al?\gh app>5tly 9 ignorance ( ,lane's   
pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 (
 mak+ ! gas f *alk & sulphuric acid &   
lead+ x directly into ! wat] by means ( 
a flexible tube provid$ ) an int]cept+  
bladd] to reta9 any solid or acid       
sub/ance project$ f ! eff]vesc5t        
mat]ials 9 ! g5]at+ flask4 ,at ab\t ?is 
p]iod increas$ att5tion 0 be+ paid to ! 
"q ( ! supply ( dr9k+ wat] 9 ! ,navy1   
ow+ to ! publication ( ,irv+'s plan (   
mak+ fre% wat] f sea-wat] by            
di/illation1 & ,prie/ley conceiv$ ! idea
 t if "s ready means c\ld be devis$ (   
impregnat+ wat] ) c>bonic acid on       
%ipbo>d ! solution might be useful z a  
prev5tive ( sea scurvy4  ,prie/ley      
br\ght 8 idea to ! k ( ! ,duke (        
,nor?umb]l&1 & %[$ a sample ( !         
impregnat$ wat] to ,sir ,george ,savile1
 :o introduc$ him to ,"l ,s&wi*1 at t "t
 ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty 9 ,"l ,nor?'s 
,adm9i/ration4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,admiralty    
?\ght ! matt] 0 ( suffici5t importance  
to ask = a report f ! ,college (        

,physicians1 & ,prie/ley 0 reque/$ to   
appe> be=e t body 9 ord] to expla9 &    
illu/rate 8 process4 ,! report f !      
,college 0 fav\rable1 & 9 consequ5ce two
 w>-%ips 7 fitt$ ) ! app>atus4  ,! idea 
t scurvy1 9 common ) o!r s-call$ putrid 
diseases1 0 due to an insuffici5t supply
 ( fix$ air 9 ! animal economy1 & t x   
might be cur$ by ! adm9i/ration ( t gas1
 orig9at$ ) ,dr ,macbride ab\t ! middle 
( ! eighte5? c5tury1 %ortly aft] ,black 
_h e/abli%$ ! individuality ( ! gas1 & x
 0 curr5t doctr9e ) ! faculty at ! "t ( 
,prie/ley's exp]im5ts4 ,! reasons :i*   
,macbride gave 9 support ( 8 hypo!sis   
are conta9$ 9 8 ,essays on ,m$ical &    
,philosophical ,subjects1 & are         
suffici5tly +5i\s to be wor? /at+ z     
*>act]i/ic ( mu* ( ! !rapeutics ( ! "t4 
,macbride assum$ t sub/ances held       
toge!r1 & acquir$ ! quality ( firmness1 
by virtue ( conta9+ a cem5t+ pr9ciple1  
:i* ensur$ ! p]fect cohesion ( _!       
con/itu5t p>ticles1 & t z putrefaction  
result$ 9 ! decomposition &             

dis9tegration ( sub/ances1 putridity 0  
connect$ ) ! loss or disappe>ance ( ?is 
cem5t+ or coh]+ pr9ciple4 ,he f\nd t    
fix$ air 0 inv>iably produc$ :5 animal &
 vegetable sub/ances putrefy1 t a great]
 am\nt ( fix$ air is produc$ f vegetable
 sub/ances ?an f animal sub/ances1 & t  
animal & vegetable matt]s putrefy m     
rapidly :5 mix$ ?an :5 sep>ate1 & yield 
m fix$ air 9 conjunction ?an ap>t4  ,on 
! basis ( ^! obs]vations ,macbride      
proce$$ to expla9 ! well-e/abli%$ fact t
 a diet ma9ly compos$ ( animal food is  
apt to produce sea scurvy1 ! rem$y = :i*
 is a suffici5t supply ( fre%           
vegetables1 by assum+ t ! virtue ( !    
vegetables 0 due to ! evolution ( a     
great] am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! process 
( dige/ion1 ! fix$ air s lib]at$ 9 !    
body c\nt]act+1 by its antiseptic p[]s1 
putridity 9 ! circulat+ fluids4  ,we are
 n "h conc]n$ ) ! subsequ5t hi/ory (    
s-call$ rat$ or soda-wat]1 z x came to  
be call$1 b x is wor? not+ t ,prie/ley's
 acc\nt ( 8 process conta9s "o rem>k :i*

 is n )\t significance 9 view (         
latt]-day developm5ts4 ,he says3--    ,i
 d n d\bt b t1 by ! help ( a cond5s+    
eng9e1 wat]   might be mu* m highly     
impregnat$ ) ! virtues ( ! ,pyrmont     
spr+1 & x w\ld n be difficult to        
contrive a me?od ( do+   x4  ,!         
manufacture ( ^! wat]s 0 subsequ5tly    
tak5 up by ,prie/ley's fri5d &          
satellite1 z he call$ himself1 ,ri*>d   
,bewley1 ( ,great ,mass+ham1 an apo!c>y1
 & ! inv5tor ( ! well-kn[n mephitic     
julep4 ,bewley appe>s to h discov]$ t ! 
addition ( a small quantity ( c>bonate (
 soda to ! wat] enabl$ x to absorb &    
reta9 an increas$ quantity ( c>bonic    
acid1 & to him1 !re=e1 is due ! cr$it ( 
fir/ mak+ :at 0 long call$ acidul\s     
soda-wat]4 ,! receipt = its manufacture 
& use1 giv5 by ,h5ry ( ,man*e/]1 is     
suffici5tly qua9t to be wor?            
reproduction3--    ,to prep>e ,mr       
,bewley's julep dissolve ?ree dra*ms (  
fossil alkali   9 ea* qu>t ( wat]1 & ?r[
 9 /reams ( fix$ air till !   alkal9e   

ta/e be de/roy$4 ,?is julep %\ld n be   
prep>$ 9 too   l>ge quantities1 & %\ld  
be kept 9 bottles v closely cork$   &   
seal$4 ,f\r ounces ( x may be tak5 at a 
"t1 dr9k+ a   draught ( lemonade or wat]
 acidulat$ ) v9eg> or weak _s (         
vitriol1 by :i* means ! fix$ air w be   
extricat$ 9 !   /oma*4  ,x is h>dly to  
be suppos$ t ! ,royal ,society ,club 9  
#aggc adopt$ all ! social mann]s &      
cu/oms ( ! p]iod4 ,nev]!less1 its       
memb]s1 :o 7 among ! mo/ influ5tial     
fell[s ( ! ,society1 7 evid5tly greatly 
impress$ ) ! m]its ( ,prie/ley's        
soda-wat]1 s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society 7
 mov$ to rew>d its discov]] ) ! ,copley 
,m$al4  ,9 mak+ ! aw>d on ,/ ,&rew's    
,day #aggc1 ,sir ,john ,pr+le1 !n       
,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 said3--  
,= hav+ le>n$ f ,dr ,black t ?is fix$ or
 mephitic air   c\ld 9 great abundance  
be procur$ f *alk by means ( dilut$     
spirits ( vitriol2 f ,dr ,macbride t ?is
 fluid 0 ( a   consid]able antiseptic   
nature2 f ,dr ,cav5di% t x c\ld 9 a     

l>ge quantity be absorb$ by wat]2 & f   
,dr ,br[nrigg t x 0   ?is v air :i* gave
 ! briskness & *ief virtues to ! ,spa   
& ,pyrmont wat]s2 ,dr ,prie/ley1 ,i say1
 s well in/ruct$1 conceiv$   t common   
wat] impregnat$ ) ?is fluid alone might 
be useful 9   m$ic9e1 p>ticul>ly =      
sailors on long voyages1 = cur+ or      
prev5t+ ! sea scurvy4  ,to-day ! ,copley
 ,m$al is reg>d$ z ! highe/ aw>d :i* x  
is 9 ! p[] ( ! ,society to be/[1 &      
c]ta9ly no man />ts 8 sci5tific c>e] by 
acquir+ x--n ev5 = s signal an inv5tion 
z t ( soda-wat]4  ,:il/ ,prie/ley 0 at  
,le$s a proposal 0 made to him t he %\ld
 accompany ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 second     
voyage to ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,x probably     
arose f 8 connection ) ! ,admiralty 9 ! 
matt] ( 8 inv5tion4 ,he tells u t z !   
t]ms 7 v advantage\s he cons5t$ to x1 ! 
heads ( 8 congregation agree+ to keep an
 assi/ant to supply 8 place dur+ 8      
abs5ce4 ,b ,mr ,banks in=m$ him t he 0  
object$ to by "s cl]gym5 9 ! ,bo>d (    
,longitude1 :o _h ! direction ( ?is     

bus9ess1 on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s         
pr9ciples4 ,:e!r1 said ,huxley1 9       
comm5t+ on ?is circum/ance 9 ! c\rse ( 8
 spee* at ! unveil+ ( ! ,prie/ley /atue 
9 ,birm+ham 9 #ahgd1 ^! wor?y           
ecclesia/ics fe>$ t ,prie/ley's pres5ce 
among ! %ip's company might expose 8    
,maje/y's sloop ,resolution to ! fate   
:i* a=etime befell a c]ta9 %ip t w5t f  
,joppa to ,t>%i%1 or :e!r !y 7 al>m$ le/
 a ,soc9ian %\ld und]m9e t piety :i* 9 !
 days ( ,commodore ,trunnion s /rik+ly  
*>act]is$ sailors1 does n appe>4 ,!     
appo9tm5t 0 giv5 to ,re9hold ,=/]1 a    
man1 z ,prie/ley fully admitt$1 f> bett]
 qualifi$ = ! position4                 
,,*apt] ,,vi     ,becomes lit]>y        
companion to ,"l ,%elburne--,goes       
abroad--,8 visit   to ,p>is--,8         
sci5tific "w at ,calne & 9              
,london--,cont9ues 8   !ological &      
metaphysical /udies--,8 gr[+            
unpopul>ity--,leaves   ,"l ,%elburne4   
,prie/ley cont9u$ at ,le$s = ab\t six   
ye>s4 ,al?\gh v happy !re he 0 tempt$ to

 leave ,mill ,hill ,*apel to ent] !     
s]vice ( ,"l ,%elburne4 ,h[ he 0 reg>d$ 
by 8 flock may be glean$ f ! addresses  
:i* 7 pres5t$ to him on ! eve ( 8       
dep>ture2 ^!1 toge!r ) 8 own f>ewell    
lett]1 are /ill pres]v$ among ! ,*apel  
books ( ,mill ,hill4 ,b a /ip5d ( "o    
hundr$ gu9eas a ye>1 & a h\se :i* 0 n   
adequate to conta9 a family n[ increas$ 
by ! bir? ( two sons1 & ) no possibility
 ( mak+ any provision = !m 9 ! ev5t ( 8 
dea?1 induc$ him to accept ,"l          
,%elburne's proposals4  ,"l ,%elburne1  
aft]w>ds fir/ ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne1 "o ( 
! mo/ enlight5$ ( ! _m politicians :o   
s\ght to direct ! de/9ies ( ?is k+dom   
dur+ ! /ormy times ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( 
! eighte5? c5tury1 _h be5 ,secret>y (   
,/ate 9 ,pitt's adm9i/ration ( #agff1 b 
_h be5 dismiss$ f (fice 9 #agfh on      
acc\nt ( 8 conciliatory policy t[>ds    
,am]ica1 & at ?is p>ticul> "t 0 liv+ 9  
retirem5t at ,b[ood4 ,"u ^! circum/ances
 8 lord%ip1 a man ( culture & fond (    
lit]ature1 s\ght ! companion%ip ( "s    

k9dr$ _s4 ,?r\gh ! good (fices ( ,dr    
,price1 a mutual fri5d1 he 0 l$ to make 
,prie/ley s g5]\s an (f]--viz41 two & a 
half times 8 ,le$s sal>y1 a pleasant    
h\se at ,calne 9 ! summ] & a h\se 9 t[n 
dur+ ! w9t]1 & a retir+ all[ance = life 
%\ld _! connection be dissolv$--t our   
philosoph] 0 con/ra9$ to accept a       
position :i*1 despite its p]ils &       
possible con/ra9ts1 0 s allur+4 ,!      
engagem5t seems to h giv5 satisfaction  
also to ,prie/ley's fri5ds1 if we may   
judge f ! foll[+ extract f "o (         
,w$gwood's lett]s to 8 p>tn] at         
,etruria1 ,?omas ,b5tley ( ,liv]pool1 "o
 ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,w>r+ton ,academy3--    
,i am glad to he> ( ,dr ,prie/ley's     
noble appo9tm5t1 tak+ x =   grant$ t he 
is to g on writ+ & publi%+ ) ! same     
fre$om he n[ does1 o!rwise ,i _h mu* r  
he /ill rema9$ 9   ,york%ire4 ,metey>d1 
,,ii4 #dea4  ,9 _! political s5tim5ts1 &
 9 _! views on ! great que/ions :i* at t
 "t divid$ p>ties1 ! two m5 _h mu* 9    
common4 ,"l ,%elburne 0 c]ta9ly n unaw>e

 ( ,prie/ley's political proclivities1 &
 ! pamphlet he _h writt5 at ,frankl9's  
in/igation on ! ,am]ican "q probably    
express$ 8 ,lord%ip's own s5tim5ts4 ,at 
! same "t ,prie/ley 0 "u no obligation  
to s]ve ,"l ,%elburne politically1 & !re
 is no evid5ce t any su* s]vice 0 ei!r  
expect$ or r5d]$4 ,8 (fice 0 nom9ally t 
( libr>ian1 b he _h little to d 9 t     
capacity beyond arrang+ & catalogu+ !   
books & num]\s manuscripts at ,b[ood &  
,lansd[ne ,h\se & mak+ an index ( ,"l   
,%elburne's private pap]s4 ,inde$1 ,"l  
,%elburne treat$ him r z a companion &  
fri5d ?an z a s]vant1 tak+ him1 9 !     
second ye> ( 8 engagem5t1 on a j\rney   
?r\gh ,fl&]s1 ,holl& & ,g]many z f> z   
,/rasburg1 & sp5d+ a mon? 9 ,p>is4 ,! "t
 he sp5t on ! ,cont95t made him s5sible 
( ! b5efit ( =eign travel1 ev5 )\t !    
advantage ( mu* conv]sation ) =eign]s4  
,inde$1 he says ! v sight ( new         
c\ntries1 build+s & cu/oms ( an         
unfamili> type1 ev5 ! v he>+ ( a fre%   
language1 h[ev] un9telligible1 /imulates

 & wid5s ! m9d & gives x new ideas4 ,he 
saw ev]y?+ to ! be/ advantage & )\t any 
anxiety or tr\ble1 & he _h an           
opportunity ( meet+ & conv]s+ ) e p]son 
( em95ce :]ev] he w5t1 ! political      
*>act]s by ,"l ,%elburne's connections &
 ! lit]>y & sci5tific ones by 8 own4 ,"o
 ( ^! 0 ,magellan1 or ,magalhns1 a      
,portuguese ,jesuit desc5d$ f ! great   
navigator ( t "n4 ,he resid$ 9 ,engl&1  
:]e he di$ 91 or %ortly be=e1 #agij4 ,he
 _h e>ly in=mation on sci5tific matt]s f
 abroad1 & 0 frequ5tly employ$ 9 procur+
 ,engli% in/rum5ts = =eign]s4 ,he 0 a   
,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society & an active  
correspond5t ( ,lavoisi]'s1 to :om he   
s5t all sci5tific memoirs publi%$ 9     
,engl&1 ,prie/ley's among ! numb]4      
,magellan 0 ! subject ( a notable trial 
at law--"o ( ! la/ inde$ ( its k9d 9    
,engl&4 ,he 0 indict$ at ! suit ( a     
common in=m] "u ! /atute aga9/ say+     
,mass1 b ! suit1 :i* 0 he>d be=e ,"l    
,mansfield1 0 dismiss$ on "s po9t (     
legal in=mality4  ,x 01 no d\bt1 ma9ly  

?r\gh ,magellan t ,prie/ley 0 br\ght    
into ! society ( t brilliant galaxy ( m5
 ( sci5ce :i* at t p]iod 0 ! glory (    
,france4 ,9 "s respects he 0 out (      
sympa?y ) ?is environm5t1 &1 z he       
confesses1 soon tir$ ( ,p>is4 ,prie/ley 
nev] obtrud$ 8 religi\s convictions on  
any company he might be 92 at ! same "t 
he nev] =got t he 0 a ,*ri/ian & a m9i/]
 ( religion4 ,:at is n[ call$           
,agno/icism 0 at lea/ z preval5t dur+ ! 
latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury z at any 
p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,prie/ley   
tells u t a great "p ( ! company he saw 
at ,"l ,%elburne's did n really "k :at  
,*ri/ianity 01 & ,"l ,%elburne numb]$   
among 8 fri5ds & political associates   
almo/ all :o 7 intellectually em95t at t
 "t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he 0 n unprep>$1     
!re=e1 to f9d t all ! philosoph]s to :om
 he 0 introduc$ at ,p>is 7 unbeliev]s 9 
,*ri/ianity & ev5 pr(ess$ ,a!i/s4 ,he 0 
told1 inde$1 by "s ( !m t he 0 ! only   
p]son !y _h ev] met )1 ( ^: und]/&+ !y  
_h any op9ion1 :o pr(ess$ to believe    

,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ?is exp]i5ce :i* caus$
 ,prie/ley to write 8 ,lett]s to a      
,philosophical ,unbeliev]4 ,he says t z 
he _h conv]s$ s mu* ) unbeliev]s at home
 & abroad he ?\ght he %\ld be able to   
combat _! prejudices ) advantage4       
,inde$1 he 0 wont to say t ! greate/    
satisfaction he receiv$ f ! success ( 8 
philosophical pursuits arose f ! g5u9e  
weight x gave to 8 attempts to def5d !  
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity & to free x f ^?
 corruptions :i* prev5t its reception ) 
philosophical & ?9k+ p]sons4  ,( ! _m   
advantages he enjoy$ ?r\gh 8 connection 
) ,"l ,%elburne1 ,prie/ley 0 always     
fully s5sible4 ,x came to him at ! mo/  
opportune p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 & 9 ! full    
tide ( 8 intellectual vig\r4 ,! ye>s he 
sp5t 9 ?is association 71 s f> at lea/ z
 sci5ce is conc]n$1 ! mo/ fruitful ( 8  
life4 ,"l ,%elburne 0 a g5]\s patron1 & 
p>ticul>ly enc\rag$ ,prie/ley 9 8       
*emical inquiries1 af=d+ him ample      
opportunity = _! prosecution & defray+  
mu* ( ! exp5se !y occasion$4 ,he _h     

pleasure 9 witness+ 8 exp]im5ts1 &      
frequ5tly reque/$ him to exhibit !m to 8
 gue/s1 p>ticul>ly to =eign]s1 by :om a 
k ( ,prie/ley's "w 0 ?us spread abroad4 
,prie/ley's en]gies 71 h[ev]1 n :olly   
engross$ by 8 sci5tific lab\rs4 ,!ology 
& metaphysics /ill claim$ mu* ( 8 "t1 & 
to ?is p]iod belongs ! conclud+ portion 
( 8 ,in/itutes ( ,natural & ,reveal$    
,religion & 8 ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 & 8 
,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s4  
,he also at ?is "t wrote "s             
,miscellane\s ,obs]vations relat+ to    
,education1 & publi%$ 8 ,w>r+ton        
,lectures on ,oratory & ,criticism1 :i* 
he d$icat$ to 8 patron's elde/ son1 ,"l 
,fitzmaurice4  ,c]ta9 ( ^! publications 
occasion$ consid]able upro> at ! "t ( _!
 appe>ance3 ! outcry inde$ 0 su*1 he    
says1 z c\ld h>dly h be5 imag9$4 ,he 0  
attack$ 9 almo/ e newspap]1 & 9 ! great]
 numb] ( ! p]iodicals1 z an unbeliev] 9 
revelation & no bett] ?an an ,a!i/4 ,9 !
 preface to 8 ,in/itutes ( ,natural &   
,reveal$ ,religion he _h be5 l$ to "q ! 

pr9ciples ( ,reid1 ,beattie & ,oswald ) 
respect to _! doctr9e ( common s5se1 :i*
 !y _h made to sup]s$e all rational     
inquiry into ! subject ( religion1 & he 
subsequ5tly develop$ ! attack 9 a       
sep>ate publication4 ,he express$ 8     
belief 9 ! doctr9e ( philosophical      
necessity & 8 admiration ( ,h>tley's    
!ory ( ! human m9d4 ,he _h utt]$ "s d\bt
 ( ! immat]iality ( ! s5ti5t pr9ciple 9 
man1 & aft] giv+1 z he says1 ! close/   
att5tion to ! subject1 he 0 firmly      
p]suad$ t man is :olly mat]ial1 & t our 
only prospect ( immortality is f !      
,*ri/ian doctr9e ( a resurrection4      
,prie/ley cle>ly recognis$ t _m ( ^!    
publications 7 n calculat$ to improve 8 
relations ) ,"l ,%elburne4 ,inde$1 he   
says sev]al attempts 7 made by ,"l      
,%elburne's fri5ds1 ?\gh none by        
himself1 to dissuade him f p]si/+ 9 !m4 
,he goes on to say t3--    ,9 ord] to   
proce$ ) ! greate/ caution 9 a bus9ess (
 su*   mom5t ,i desir$ "s ( my le>n$    
fri5ds1 & especially ,dr ,price1   to   

p]use ! "w be=e x 0 publi%$1 & ! rem>ks 
t he   made ^u x l$ to a free & fri5dly 
discussion ( ! sev]al   subjects ( x1   
:i* are aft]w>ds publi%$ jo9tly1 & x    
rema9s   a pro( ( ! possibility (       
discuss+ subjects mutually consid]$   z 
( ! greate/ importance ) ! mo/ p]fect   
good-temp] &   )\t ! lea/ dim9ution (   
fri5d%ip4  ,"l ,%elburne's political    
enemies 7 n sl[ to take advantage ( !   
outcry rais$ aga9/ ,prie/ley by !       
or?odox & to /rike at ! patron ?r\gh !  
philosoph]4  ,x is obvi\s1 f ,prie/ley's
 lett]s to 8 fri5ds at ab\t ?is p]iod1 t
 he 0 s5sible t 8 relations ) ,pitt's   
,secret>y ( ,/ate _h become some:at     
/ra9$1 & :5 he receiv$ an intimation    
?r\gh ,dr ,price t ,"l ,%elburne wi%$ to
 give him an e/abli%m5t 9 ,irel&1 :]e he
 _h l>ge prop]ty1 he int]pret$ ?is z    
signify+ t ! ,m9i/] desir$ t _!         
connection %\ld be sev]$4 ,!y p>t$      
amicably1 ,"l ,%elburne cont9u+ to pay  
him ! promis$ annuity ( #aej until ! end
 ( 8 days1 pay+ x1 too1 contr>y to !    

ins9uation ( 8 enemies1 ) p]fect        
punctuality4 ,t !re 0 no unfri5dly feel+
 on ! "p ( ,"l ,%elburne at a sep>ation 
:i* seem$ to be dictat$ solely by       
consid]ations ( political exig5cy w\ld  
appe> f ! circum/ance t a few ye>s lat] 
he s5t a common fri5d to ,prie/ley1 :o 0
 !n settl$ 9 ,birm+ham1 to invite him to
 resume 8 old position1 accompany+ 8    
reque/ ) expressions :i* left no d\bt ( 
! value he set ^u ! companion%ip4       
,s5sible z ,prie/ley 0 ( ,"l ,%elburne's
 feel+s t[>ds him1 he 0 9 no m9d to     
return to a situation :i* exp]i5ce _h   
%[n might be incompatible ) indep5d5ce4 
,,*apt] ,,vii     ,removes to           
,london--,decl9es a p5sion--,r5ews 8    
acqua9tance )   ,frankl9--,goes to      
,birm+ham--,becomes a memb] ( ! ,lun>   
,society4  ,on leav+ ,calne1 ,prie/ley  
repair$ to ,london4 ,8 position 0       
some:at prec>i\s1 z he _h practically   
no?+ b 8 all[ance f ,"l ,%elburne to    
support him4 ,?is1 al?\gh l>g] ?an !    
/ip5d he _h enjoy$ at ,le$s1 0 b>ely    

suffici5t = 8 gr[+ family4 ,fri5ds h[ev]
 7 n want+ to come to 8 assi/ance4      
,inde$1 dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,calne1 "s ( 
!m obs]v+1 z !y said1 t _m ( 8 exp]im5ts
 _h n be5 c>ri$ to _! prop] ext5t on    
acc\nt ( ! exp5se t w\ld h att5d$ !m1   
propos$ to supply him ) :atev] sums he  
%\ld want = t purpose & nam$ a hundr$   
p\nds p] annum4    ,?is l>ge            
subscription ,i decl9$1 he says1 le/ !  
discov]y (   x 7by ! use t ,i %\ld1 (   
c\rse1 make ( x7 %\ld give   umbrage to 
,"l ,%elburne2 b ,i cons5t$ to accept   
=ty p\nds p]   annum1 :i* f t "t he 7,dr
 ,fo!rgill7 regul>ly paid me f   !      
contribution ( himself1 ,sir ,!odore    
,jans51 ,mr ,con/able & ,sir   ,george  
,savile4  ,?is s5t5ce is *>act]i/ic (   
,prie/ley & ( mu* ( 8 autobiography4    
,probably no man ) s _m enemies _h su*  
troops ( fri5ds1 & c]ta9ly none _h s _m 
& su* g5]\s b5efactors4 ,& ! measure (  
_! b5efic5ce 0 only equall$ by t (      
,prie/ley's gratitude & s5se (          
obligation4 ,inde$1 he says ! *ief      

object he _h 9 putt+ toge!r 8 memoirs 0 
t he ?\ght x "r to leave beh9d him "s   
acc\nt ( 8 fri5ds & b5efactors1 &       
accord+ly we f9d t ! incid5ts 9 8 c>e]  
are dwelt ^u by him r ) ! idea (        
illu/rat+ 8 indebt$ness to o!rs ?an z   
records ( 8 own a*ievem5ts4  ,on 8      
removal to ,london1 :]e he contemplat$  
resum+ 8 pr(ession z a tea*]1 ,dr       
,fo!rgill & 8 co-subscrib]s consid]ably 
increas$ 8 all[ance = exp]im5ts1 :il/ at
 ! same "t o!r fri5ds 7 n less zeal\s t 
he %\ld h ! means to pursue 8 !ological 
/udies & to publi% ! fruits ( 8 lab\rs4 
,inde$1 all :o c\ld 9 any way assi/     
seem$ to vie ) "o ano!r 9 help4 ,p>k]1 !
 optician ( ,fleet ,/reet1 suppli$ him )
 e in/rum5t t he want$ 9 glass1 &       
,w$gwood1 ! pott]1 s5t him innum]able   
retorts1 tubes & o!r articles ( clay4   
,)\t su* assi/ance he c\ld n h c>ri$ on 
8 exp]im5ts1 except on a v small scale &
 "u great disadvantages4  ,dur+ ,"l     
,rock+ham's adm9i/ration1 & subsequ5tly 
at ! beg9n+ ( t ( ,mr ,pitt1 "s         

sugge/ions 7 made to provide ,prie/ley )
 a p5sion to assi/ 9 defray+ ! exp5se ( 
8 inquiries4#ad  ,he h[ev] decl9$ all   
ov]tures ( ?is k9d1 wi%+1 z he said1 to 
pres]ve himself indep5d5t ( ev]y?+      
connect$ ) ! c\rt1 & pref]r+ ! assi/ance
 ( individuals :o 7 lov]s ( lib]ty z    
well z ( sci5ce4  ,8 w9t]'s resid5ce 9  
,london ?rew him con/antly into !       
society ( 8 old fri5d ,frankl92 inde$1  
he says1 z memb]s ( ! same club few days
 pass$ )\t _! see+ "o ano!r1 & _!       
fri5d%ip rip5$ into ! close/ intimacy4  
,!re c be no d\bt t ?is int]c\rse )     
,frankl9 n only l$ ,prie/ley to ! /udy (
 natural sci5ce1 b quick5$ & fo/]$ 8    
love ( civil & political lib]ty4        
,prie/ley 9 8 autobiography does ample  
ju/ice to ,frankl9's ef=ts to ma9ta9 !  
union ( ! ,am]ican ,colonies ) ?is      
c\ntry4    ,b ,frankl91 says ,mr ,*oate 
7,inaugural address z ,presid5t ( !     
,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute1 ,octob]   
#bc1 #aijc71 0 m ?an a   /aun* ,loyali/4
 ,he 0 an ,imp]iali/ 9 ! mo/ /alw>t s5se

 (   ! ^w1 & on a v broad gauge4  ,8    
biograph]1 ,p>ton1 truly says3--    ,x 0
 "o ( ,frankl9's mo/ *]i%$ op9ions t !  
greatness   ( ,engl& & ! happ9ess (     
,am]ica dep5d$ *iefly ^u _!   be+       
cordially unit$4 ,! 'c\ntry' :i*        
,frankl9 lov$ 0 n   ,engl& nor ,am]ica1 
b ! great & glori\s ,empire :i* ^! two  
unit$ to =m4  ,9 writ+ to ,"l ,kames1 he
 said3--    ,i h long be5 ( op9ion t !  
f\ndations ( ! future   gr&eur &        
/ability ( ! ,briti% ,empire lie 9      
,am]ica2 &   ?\gh1 l o!r f\ndations1 !y 
are l[ & little n[1 !y are   nev]!less  
broad & /rong en\gh to support ! greate/
 political   /ructure t human wisdom ev]
 yet erect$4  ,9 #aggd he wrote3--    ,x
 has long appe>$ to me t ! only true    
,briti% policy 0 t   :i* aim$ at ! good 
( ! :ole ,briti% ,empire1 n t :i*       
s\ght ! advantage ( "o "p 9 !           
disadvantage ( ! o!rs2   !re=e all      
measures ( procur+ ga9 to ! ,"m ,c\ntry 
aris+   f loss to h] colonies1 & all ga9
 to ! ,colonies aris+ f   or occasion+  

loss to ,brita91 especially :]e ! ga9 0 
small   & ! loss 0 great 444 ,i 9 my own
 m9d condemn$ z improp]1   p>tial1 unju/
 & mis*iev\s1 t5d+ to create diss5sions 
&   weak5 t union on :i* ! /r5g?1       
solidity & duration ( !   ,empire       
greatly dep5d$2 & ,i oppos$1 z f> z my  
little p[]s   w5t1 all proce$+s1 ei!r "h
 or 9 ,am]ica1 t 9 my op9ion   _h su*   
t5d5cy4  ,prie/ley's te/imony is no less
 explicit4 ,he says3--    ,! unity ( !  
,briti% ,empire 9 all its p>ts 0 a      
fav\rite idea   ( 84 ,he us$ to comp>e x
 to a beautiful *9a vase :i*1 if ev]    
brok51 c\ld nev] be put toge!r aga91 & s
 great an admir] 0   he ( ! ,briti%     
con/itution t he said he saw no         
inconv5i5ce   f its be+ ext5d$ ov] a    
great "p ( ! globe4  ,9 ! autobiography 
we fur!r read3--    ,i c be> witness t  
he 7,frankl97 0 s f> f promot+1 z   0   
g5]ally suppos$1 t he took e me?od 9 8  
p[] to   prev5t a rupture betwe5 ! two  
c\ntries4 ,he urg$ s mu* !   doctr9e (  
=be>ance1 t = "s "t he 0 unpopul> ) !   

,am]icans on t acc\nt1 z too mu* a fri5d
 to ,great ,brita94 ,8   advice to !m 0 
to be> ev]y?+ = ! pres5t1 z !y 7   sure 
9 "t to outgr[ all _! grievances1 z x   
c\ld n be 9   ! p[] ( ! ,"m ,c\ntry to  
oppress !m long4    ,he dread$ ! w>1 &  
(t5 said t if ! diff]5ce %\ld come   to 
an op5 rupture x w\ld be a w> ( t5 ye>s1
 & he %\ld n   live to see ! end ( x4 ,9
 reality ! w> la/$ ne>ly eight   ye>s1 b
 he did n live to see ! happy t]m9ation 
( x4 ,t   ! issue w\ld be fav\rable to  
,am]ica he nev] d\bt$4 ,!   ,engli%1 he 
us$ to say1 may take all our great t[ns1
 b t w   n give !m possession ( !       
c\ntry4 ,! la/ day t he sp5t 9   ,engl&1
 hav+ giv5 out t he %\ld leave ,london !
 day be=e1   we pass$ toge!r )\t any o!r
 company2 & mu* ( ! "t 0   employ$ 9    
read+ ,am]ican newspap]s1 especially    
acc\nts ( !   reception :i* ! ',bo/on   
,port ,bill' met ) 9 ,am]ica2 & z he    
read ! addresses to ! inhabitants (     
,bo/on f ! places 9 !   neighb\rhood !  
te>s trickl$ d[n 8 *eeks4  ,:at ,frankl9

 ?\ght ( ,prie/ley may be ga!r$ f !     
foll[+ extract f "o ( 8 lett]s to       
,vaughan1 "o ( ,prie/ley's ,w>r+ton     
pupils1 writt5 9 ,octob] #aghh aft] 8   
return to ,am]ica3--    ,rememb] me     
affectionately to ! good ,dr ,price & to
 ! hone/   h]etic1 ,dr ,prie/ley4 ,i d n
 call him hone/ by way ( di/9ction1   = 
,i ?9k all ! h]etics ,i h kn[n h be5    
virtu\s m54 ,!y   h ! virtue ( =titude1 
or !y w\ld n v5ture to own _!   h]esy2 &
 !y _c af=d to be defici5t 9 any ( ! o!r
   virtues1 z t w\ld give advantage to  
_! _m enemies2 & !y   h n1 l or?odox    
s9n]s1 su* a numb] ( fri5ds to excuse or
   ju/ify !m4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 mi/ake me4 ,x
 is n to my good   fri5d's h]esy t ,i   
impute 8 hone/y4 ,on ! contr>y 'tis 8   
hone/y t has br\ght ^u him ! "* (       
h]etic4  ,9 #aghj1 at ! sugge/ion ( 8   
bro!r-9-law1 ,john ,wilk9son1 "o ( 8    
true/ fri5ds1 ,prie/ley 0 l$ to take up 
8 resid5ce 9 ,birm+ham4 ,!re 7 _m       
circum/ances :i* made ?is /ep desirable4
 ,9 ,birm+ham he _h fri5ds prep>$ to    

welcome him & society 9 e way sympa!tic 
& cong5ial4 ,moreov]1 he 0 desir\s (    
resum+ 8 m9i/]ial duties1 :i* _h be5    
int]mitt$ = ! pa/ six or sev5 ye>s1 & an
 opportunity ( do+ s1 ) a congregation n
 less lib]al ?an he _h s]v$ at ,le$s1   
(f]$ itself1 ow+ to ! approa*+ retirem5t
 ( ,mr ,hawkes f ! *>ge ( ! ,new ,meet+4
 ,z reg>ds 8 philosophical pursuits he  
_h ! conv5i5ce ( good workm5 ( e k9d &  
he c\ld c\nt ^u ! practical sympa?y &   
int]e/ ( m5 l ,watt1 8 p>tn] ,b\lton1   
,keir1 ,)]+1 ,w$gwood1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 &
 ! ,galtons1 all at t "t liv+ 9         
,birm+ham or 9 its vic9ity4 ,^! m5 & _! 
fri5ds con/itut$ inde$ a cultur$ society
 )\t a p>allel 9 any o!r t[n 9 ! k+dom1 
except possibly 9 ! ,metropolis4 ,! m   
em95t ( !m =m$ !mselves into an         
association1 to :i* frequ5t ref]5ce is  
made 9 ! biographical lit]ature ( !     
p]iod1 on acc\nt ( ! "p :i* x play$ 9 ! 
social & intellectual life ( ! ,midl&s4 
,! ,lun> ,society ( ,birm+ham appe>s to 
h be5 =m$ ab\t ! ye> #agff by ,mat!w    

,b\lton & ,erasmus ,d>w91 at t "t       
resid5t 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! memb]s 7 ab\t t5
 or a doz5 9 numb] & met at ea* o!r's   
h\ses = d9n] once a mon? on ! ,monday   
ne>e/ to ! full moon1 9 ord] to h !     
b5efit ( its light 9 return+ home4 ,!y 7
 9 ! habit ( sitt+ d[n to d9n] at two   
o'clock & _! meet+ la/$ until eight4    
,ea* memb] 0 all[$ to br+ a fri5d1 & ?us
 x happ5$ t _m di/+ui%$ m5 7 recipi5ts1 
at v>i\s times1 ( ! ,club's hospitality4
 ,among !m we f9d ,w$gwood1 ,sir ,joseph
 ,banks1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1         
,smeaton1 ! build] ( ! ,eddy/one        
,ligh?\se2 ,dr ,samuel ,p>r1 ! critic2  
,afzelius1 ! tea*] ( ,b]zelius2 ,sol&]1 
! well-kn[n naturali/ & travell]2 ,de   
,luc & o!r names em95t 9 ! lit]>y &     
sci5tific annals ( ! c5tury4  ,z might  
be suppos$ f :at we "k ( its f\nd]s & _!
 fri5ds ! con/itution ( ! society 0 on !
 broade/ possible basis4 ,we _h no?+ to 
d1 says ,prie/ley1 ) ! religi\s or      
political pr9ciples ( ea* o!r2 we 7     
unit$ by a common love ( sci5ce1 :i* we 

?\ght suffici5t to br+ toge!r p]sons (  
all di/9ctions--,*ri/ians1 ,jews1       
,mahometans & hea!ns1 ,mon>*i/s &       
,republicans4  ,! invitations issu$ by !
 ho/ 7 usually accompani$ by "s         
intimation ( ! nature ( ! imp5d+        
symposium4 ,?us ,watt writes to ,d>w91  
"u date ,jan4 #c1 #agha3--    ,i beg t y
 w\ld impress on y\r memory ! idea t y  
promis$ to d9e ) sundry m5 ( le>n+ at my
 h\se on ,monday   next1 & t y w realise
 ! idea4 ,= y\r enc\ragem5t !re   is a  
new book to be cut up1 & x is to be     
det]m9$ :e!r or n   heat is a comp\nd ( 
phlogi/on & empyreal air1 & :e!r a      
mirror c reflect ! heat ( ! fire4 ,i    
give y a fri5dly w>n+   t y may be f\nd 
want+ :i*ev] op9ion y adopt 9 !   latt] 
"q1 !re=e be cauti\s4 ,if y are meek &  
humble1   p]haps y may be told :at light
 is made (1 & also h[ to make   x1 & !  
!ory prov$ bo? by syn!sis & analysis4   
,! discussions ( ! philosophic convives 
7 n1 h[ev]1 conf9$ exclusively to       
*emi/ry4    ,! p]iod1 says ,mr ,c>r+ton 

,bolton1 0 "o ( great activity 9   ! _w 
( sci5ce2 ,laplace 0 apply+ 8 ma!matical
 g5ius to   ! problems ( a/ronomy2      
,h]s*el 0 sweep+ ! heav5s ) 8   gigantic
 telescopes2 ,galvani & ,volta 7 lay+ ! 
f\ndations (   a revolution 9           
electricity2 ,c\nt ,rum=d 9 ,bav>ia 0   
devot+ 8   great en]gy to indu/rial &   
social economy2 ,hatton & ,w]n] 7       
geologis+ 9 _! respective c\ntries2 ,hay
 0 sy/ematis+ !   innum]able cry/all9e  
=ms occurr+ 9 nature2 ! ,montgolfi]     
bro!rs 7 exp]im5t+ ) air-balloons &     
prophesy+ ! yet   unsolv$ problem (     
arial navigation2 ,capta9 ,james ,cook  
return$   f 8 memorable voyages ar\nd ! 
_w1 full ( adv5tures &   novelties 9    
nature3 ! application ( /eam to ! driv+ 
( l&   c>riages & ! propell+ ( boats 0  
gradually be+ p]fect$ by   pati5ce &    
g5ius4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! metaphysical &   
ev5   ! political que/ions ( ! day1 mu/ 
h engross$ ! att5tion   ( ! tal5t$      
fri5ds :o d9$ toge!r at ! full moon4  ,a
 picturesque acc\nt ( ! ,club is giv5 9 

,mrs ,s*immelp5n9ck's ,memoirs4 ,m>y    
,ann ,s*immelp5n9ck 7ne ,galton7 0 !    
daught] ( ,mr ,samuel ,galton1 a weal?y 
patron ( lett]s & a man ( consid]able   
intellectual ability4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9   
sci5tific pursuits & 0 a fell[ ( !      
,royal ,society4 ,8 h\se at ,b>r1 ab\t  
sev5 or eight miles f ,birm+ham1 0 a    
notable place 9 ! social life ( !       
di/rict1 & ! ,lun> ,society held "s (   
its mo/ delightful meet+s "u 8          
hospitable ro(1 z ,mrs ,s*immelp5n9ck   
recalls4 ,%e ?us writes ( ,dr           
,prie/ley3--    ,a man ( admirable      
simplicity1 g5tl5ess & k9dness ( he>t1  
unit$ ) great acut5ess ( intellect4 ,i c
 nev] =get !   impression produc$ on me 
by ! s]5e expression ( 8   c\nt5ance4   
,9 8 ,memoirs ,ri*>d ,lovell ,edgewor?  
says ( ! ,society t x consi/$ (--    ,m5
 ( v diff]5t *>act]s1 b all devot$ to   
lit]ature &   sci5ce4 ,?is mutual       
intimacy has nev] be5 brok5 b by dea?1  
nor   h any ( ! numb] fail$ to di/+ui%  
!mselves 9 sci5ce or   lit]ature4 ,"s   

may ?9k ,i ought1 ) due mode/y1 to      
except   myself4 ,mr ,keir1 ) 8 k ( ! _w
 & good s5se2 ,dr   ,small1 ) 8         
b5evol5ce & pr(\nd sagacity2 444        
,b\lton1 )   8 mobility1 quick p]ception
 & bold adv5ture2 ,watt1 ) 8   /rong    
inv5tive faculty1 undeviat+ /ead9ess &  
bold res\rces2   ,d>w91 ) 8 imag9ation1 
sci5ce & poetical excell5ce2 &   ,day1 )
 8 unwe>i$ rese>* aft] tru?1 8 integrity
 &   eloqu5ce1 prov$ altoge!r su* a     
society z few m5 h _h !   good =tune to 
live )2 su* an assemblage ( fri5ds z    
few]   /ill h _h ! happ9ess to possess &
 keep ?r\gh life4  ,!re c be no d\bt t  
,prie/ley's com+ to ,birm+ham contribut$
 greatly to ! int]e/ ( ! meet+s ( !     
,lun> ,society & react$ b5eficially on  
,prie/ley himself by /imulat+ 8 activity
 & af=d+ him ! sympa?y ( cong5ial m9ds n
 less int]e/$ ?an he 0 9 ! /udy (       
natural sci5ce4 ,z ea* meet+ came r\nd  
he 0 c]ta9 to f9d a ga!r+ curi\s to he> 
( 8 late/ exp]im5ts & eag] to discuss ) 
him _! be>+ ^u ! *emical doctr9e ( !    

p]iod4  ,prie/ley's influ5ce & position 
9 ! ,society may be inf]r$ f !          
circum/ance t almo/ imm$iately aft] he  
jo9$ x ,pneumatic ,*emi/ry became "o ( !
 *ief topics ( discussion4 ,?is is amply
 demon/rat$ 9 ! correspond5ce ( its     
v>i\s memb]s1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u 9
 ! biographies ( ,watt1 ,w$gwood & o!rs1
 & 9 ! sci5tific lett]s ( ,prie/ley1 :i*
 h be5 collect$ & edit$ by ,mr ,h4      
,c>r+ton ,bolton4 ,"o direct outcome (  
?is int]e/ is se5 9 ,watt's connection )
 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y ( !            
,composition ( ,wat]4 ,x is reasonably  
c]ta9 t if ,watt & ,prie/ley _h n       
=ega!r$ r\nd ! fe/ive bo>d ( ! ,lun>    
,society1 ,watt w\ld n h be5 /imulat$ to
 !orise on ! mean+ & true significance (
 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts1 & z to _! be>+  
^u ! fact t ,prie/ley's dephlogi/icat$  
air 7oxyg57 & inflammable air 7hydrog57 
ent] into ! composition ( wat]4 ,watt's 
claim to be consid]$ z ! discov]] ( !   
composition ( wat] re/s ^u 8            
int]pretation ( ! exp]im5tal ph5om5a    

made kn[n to him by ,prie/ley %ortly    
aft] 8 arrival 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! ,wat]    
,controv]sy--a controv]sy :i* ke5ly     
excit$ ! entire sci5tific _w a g5]ation 
or s ago--may be said to h aris5 f !    
accid5t ( ,prie/ley's removal to        
,birm+ham & to 8 association ) ! ,lun>  
,society4  ,prie/ley's connection ) !   
,society influ5c$ ! progress ( *emi/ry 9
 ?is c\ntry bo? directly & indirectly4  
,z already /at$1 he himself 0 greatly   
/imulat$ to accumulate *emical facts by 
8 association ) m5 l ,b\lton1 ,watt1    
,w$gwood1 ,keir1 ,d>w91 :o lov$ k = its 
own sake1 b :o 7 at ! same "t q alive to
 ! mat]ial b5efits :i* !y & _! fell[-m5 
might d]ive f ! pursuit ( sci5tific     
inquiry4 ,! measure ( _! int]e/ may be  
gaug$ by ! ext5t ( _! support1 & by !   
read9ess ) :i* !y furni%$ ,prie/ley ) ! 
means to c>ry on 8 inve/igations4       
,prie/ley n only freely communicat$ to  
!m ! results ( 8 lab\rs1 b he           
incid5tally fix$ _! att5tion on a class 
( ph5om5a :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 7         

calculat$ to af=d an insight into ! real
 nature ( *emical *ange1 & to lead to a 
rational explanation ( *emical ph5om5a4 
,prie/ley 0 n consci\sly a casui/1 b !re
 c be no "q t ! int]pretation :i* 8     
active & +5i\s m9d occasionally l$ him  
to place ^u 8 "w n only s]v$ to bl9d    
himself1 b 0 ! means ( obscur+ ! tru? = 
a "t f o!rs4 ,we h only to read !       
correspond5ce1 already m ?an once allud$
 to1 to f9d ample pro( t su* 0 ! case4  
,9 a lett] to ,w$gwood1 ( ,m>* #cj1     
#agha1 ,b\lton writes3--    ,we h long  
talk$ ( phlogi/on )\t kn[+ :at we talk$ 
ab\t2 b n[ t ,dr ,prie/ley ha? br\ght ! 
matt] to light we   c p\r t elem5t out (
 "o vessel into ano!r2 c tell h[   mu* (
 x by accurate measurem5t is necess>y to
 r$uce a calx to a   metal1 :i* is      
easily done1 & )\t putt+ t calx into    
contact ) any visible ?+4 ,9 %ort1 ?is  
goddess ( levity c   be measur$ & weigh$
 l o!r matt]4 ,= ! re/1 ,i ref] y   to !
 doctor himself4  ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7,m>* 
#ba1 #aghb7 we f9d ,prie/ley also writ+ 

to ,w$gwood3--    ,be=e my late         
exp]im5ts1 phlogi/on 0 inde$ almo/ giv5 
up by   ! ,lun> ,society1 b n[ x seems  
to be re-e/abli%$4  ,h[ difficult x 0 to
 conv9ce ,prie/ley may be se5 f ! foll[+
 extract f a lett] to 8 fri5d ,frankl91 
:o 0 !n 9 ,p>is1 writt5 at ab\t ! same  
"t3--                                   
,birm+ham1 ,june #bd1 #aghb4    ,please 
to in=m ! ,duc de ,ro*ef\cauld1 ^:      
civilities to me ,i   rememb] )         
pleasure1 t my exp]im5ts are c]ta9ly    
inconsi/5t   ) ,mr ,lavoisi]'s          
supposition ( !re be+ no su* ?+ z       
phlogi/on1 & t x is ! addition ( air1 & 
n ! loss (   any?+1 t conv]ts a metal   
into a calx4 ,9 _! usual /ate   calces (
 metals d n conta9 air1 b t may be      
expell$ by heat1   & aft] ?is ,i r$uce  
!m to a p]fect metallic /ate by no?+   b
 inflammable air1 :i* !y imbibe 9 toto1 
)\t any   decomposition4 ,i lately r$uc$
 #aja ounce measures ( ?is air to two   
by calx ( lead1 & t small rema9d] 0 /ill
 inflammable4 ,i   expla9 ,mr           

,lavoisi]'s exp]im5ts by suppos+ t      
precipitate p]   se m]curic oxide       
conta9s all ! phlogi/on ( ! metal       
m]cury1   b 9 a diff]5t /ate2 b ,i c %[ 
o!r calces :i* also   conta9 m phlogi/on
 ?an ! metals !mselves4 ,t m]cury 9     
its metallic /ate does conta9 phlogi/on 
or inflammable air is   evid5t f !      
production ( nitr\s air by ! solution ( 
x 9   spirits ( nitre1 & ,i make nitr\s 
air f no?+ b nitr\s   vap\r &           
inflammable air2 s t x indisputably     
consi/s ( ^!   two +r$i5ts4 ,i h already
 asc]ta9$ ! proportion (   inflammable  
air t ent]s into ! composition ( lead1  
t91 copp]   & silv]1 & am proce$+ ) !   
o!r metals z fa/ z ,i c4   ,:5 ! :ole is
 complet$ ,i %all give y a fur!r acc\nt 
( x4    ,i am exce$+ly conc]n$ to f9d t 
x is s difficult a ?+ to   make peace2 b
 ,i hope be=e ! campaign is ov] all     
p>ties w   h _h en\gh ( w>1 & be s5sible
 t !y w ga9 no?+   by cont9u+ x4 ,if ,i 
_h any voice 9 ! bus9ess1 ! prospect (  
see+ y 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be a /rong     

additional motive to   accel]ate !      
negotiations4    ,) ! greate/ respect & 
e good wi%4--,i am1 de> sir1 y\rs       
s9c]ely1                                
,j4 ,prie/ley4  ,!re 7 already _m       
indications prior to #aghj t m5 7 beg9n+
 to be tr\bl$ z to ! suffici5cy (       
,/ahl's g5]alisation to acc\nt = !      
rapidly-accumulat+ mass ( facts :i* !   
application ( quantitative *emi/ry to ! 
/udy ( natural ph5om5a 0 br++ to light4 
,prie/ley's adv5t 9 ,birm+ham c]ta9ly   
ret>d$ by ! weight ( 8 au?ority ! gr[? 9
 het]odoxy 9 t p>ticul> among ! memb]s (
 ! ,lun> ,society1 & indirectly !re=e   
all :om !y c\ld influ5ce4  ,! foll[+    
lett] f ,keir is typical ( _m :i* pass$ 
betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! ,society 9 ref]5ce  
to ,prie/ley's "w & ( ! discussions :i* 
x occasion$4                            
,keir to ,prie/ley4    ,! m we discov] (
 ,nature1 ! fur!r we are remov$ f !     
conceit ( our be+ able to und]/& !      
op]ations4    ,i wi% ,m4 ,b]?ollet & 8  
associates w\ld relate _! facts 9   pla9

 prose1 t all m5 might und]/& !m1 &     
res]ve _!   poetry ( ! new nom5clature =
 _! !oretical comm5t>ies on   ! facts4  
,i h wi%$ mu* to call on y to he> ( !   
progress ( y\r   exp]im5ts1 b h be5 mu* 
indispos$ ) ! rheumatism4 ,i long   to  
"k :at acids y get ) ! o!r inflammable  
airs4 ,if y get   diff]5t acids f !     
inflammable air made f sulphur & wat]1  
t made f m>9e acid & copp] 7= ,i w\ld   
avoid iron on   acc\nt ( its plumbago & 
c>bon71 & t made f *>coal &   wat]3--,i 
say1 if ^! acids are diff]5t 7suppose1  
accord+ to my   notions1 vitriolic1 m>9e
 & fix$ air71 !n w y n be   oblig$ to   
admit t !re is n "o inflammable b _m    
inflammables1 :i* op9ion y n[ ?9k z     
het]odox z !   ,a?anasian ,sy/em4       
,h[ev]1 !re are wond]ful res\rces 9 !   
dispute ab\t   ,phlogi/on1 by :i* ei!r  
p>ty c evade1 s t ,i am less   sangu9e  
?an y are 9 my hopes ( see+ x t]m9at$4  
,"o   consolation rema9s1 t 9 y\r       
exp]im5ts y _c fail (   discov]+ some?+ 
p]haps ( z great or great] importance = 

u   to "k4  ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ! ,club   
itself !re 0 at lea/ "o man :o came "u !
 influ5ce ( ,prie/ley1 b :o ev5tually   
emancipat$ himself1 & ?is 0 ,)]+1 :o1 we
 are in=m$1 read to !m a humor\s piece 9
 v]se entitl$ ',! ,life & ,dea? (       
,phlogi/on1' :i* 0 long rememb]$ = its  
clev] treatm5t & po9t$ wit4  ,t         
,prie/ley's influ5ce /ill reign$ 9 !    
,club1 ev5 d[n to #ahjc1 may be inf]r$ f
 ! introduction to 8 essay1 ,! ,doctr9e 
( ,phlogi/on ,e/abli%$--! la/ ( 8       
sci5tific pap]s--9 :i* he says1 ,& n[ t 
,dr ,craw=d is dead1 ,i h>dly "k ( any  
p]son1 except my fri5ds ( ! ,lun>       
,society ( ,birm+ham1 :o adh]e to !     
doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on4  ,z reg>ds !      
hi/ory ( ! ,lun> ,society !re is little 
m to tell4 ,"o by "o its memb]s submitt$
 !mselves to ! arre/ ( ! fell s]geant1 &
 ev5tually ,keir1 ,watt1 & ,b\lton1 !   
f\nd]1 7 ! only survivors1 & its meet+s 
7 gradually discont9u$4    ,b1 says its 
hi/orian1 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! ,society
 did   n die2 x _h /imulat$ inquiry &   

quick5$ ! zeal =   k ( all :o _h come )9
 its influ5ce1 & ?is _s   diffus$ &     
propagat$ itself 9 all directions4      
,leon>d ,horn]1 :o visit$ ,soho 9 #ahji1
 ?us ref]s to ! cont9u$ moral influ5ce (
 ! association3--    ,! remnant ( !     
,lun> ,society1 he says1 & ! fre%       
remembrance 9 o!rs ( ! rem>kable m5 :o  
compos$ x1 are v   int]e/+4 ,!          
impression :i* !y made is n yet worn    
out1 b   %[s itself to ! second & ?ird  
g5]ation1 9 a _s (   sci5tific curiosity
 & free inquiry1 :i* ev5 yet makes "s /&
   aga9/ ,toryism & ! love ( ga94       
,,*apt] ,,viii     ,prie/ley at         
,birm+ham--,8 !ological "w !re--,8 love 
(   lit]ature--,8 ca?olicity--,8 p]sonal
 *>act]i/ics4  ,9 #aghd ,prie/ley br\ght
 out a revis$ edition ( ! "w on :i* 8   
fame z a man ( sci5ce ma9ly re/s1 "u !  
title ( ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on    
,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air2 & o!r bran*es (  
,natural ,philosophy connect$ ) !       
,subject4 ,9 ?ree volumes1 be+ ! =m] six
 abridg$ & me?odis$4 ,) _m ,additions4  

,london1 #agij4 #c vols4 #hvo4  ,9 a    
lett] to 8 fri5d ,keir we f9d an        
allusion to ?is matt]4 ,he says3--    ,i
 am work+ l a horse at ! new arrangem5ts
 ( my #f vols4 (   ,exp]im5ts4 ,x is a  
t$i\s bus9ess4    ,:at d y ?9k ( an     
attempt to d$icate ?is "w to ! ,pr9ce   
( ,wales8 ,! ,k+ ,i %all nev] ?9k ( 9   
any su* light1 nor !   ,pr9ce1 unless x 
be possible t he w be a real patron (   
sci5ce   & c\ld look ^u x 9 "s o!r light
 ?an t ( an hon\r to   myself4  ,an     
int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,prie/ley at ?is p]iod 
( 8 life is to be f\nd 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! 
,fr5* geologi/1 ,fauj> ,/ ,fond1 :o     
visit$ ,birm+ham "s "t aft] ,prie/ley's 
settlem5t !re4 ,he says3--    ,dr       
,prie/ley receiv$ me ) ! greate/        
k9dness4 ,he pres5t$ me   to 8 wife & 8 
daught]1 :o 7 di/+ui%$ by vivacity1     
intellig5ce & g5tl5ess ( mann]4 ,! "y   
lady spoke to me (   "o ( h] bro!rs1 :o 
0 !n f9i%+ 8 education at ,g5eva   & to 
:om %e seem$ v mu* atta*$4    ,! build+ 
9 :i* ,dr ,prie/ley made 8 *emical &    

philosophical exp]im5ts 0 deta*$ f 8    
h\se to avoid !   dang] ( fire4 ,x      
consi/$ ( sev]al ap>tm5ts on a gr\nd    
floor4   ,^u ent]+ x we 7 /ruck ) a     
simple & +5i\s app>atus   = mak+        
exp]im5ts on inflammable gas extract$ f 
iron &   wat] r$uc$ to vap\r4 ,! tube1  
:i* 0 ?ick & long1 0 made   ( r$ copp] &
 ca/ 9 "o piece to avoid jo9+s4 ,! "p   
expos$ to ! fire 0 ?ick] ?an ! re/4     
,into ?is tube he   introduc$ cutt+s or 
fil+s ( iron1 & in/ead ( dropp+ 9 !     
wat] he pref]r$ mak+ x ent] 9 vap\r4 ,! 
furnace de/9$ =   ?is op]ation 0 suppli$
 ) coke made ( coal1 :i* is ! be/   (   
all combu/ibles = ! int5sity & equality 
( its heat4 ,by   ^! means he obta9$ a  
consid]able quantity ( inflammable gas (
   great lightness & )\t any smell4 ,he 
obs]v$ to me1 t by   increas+ ! app>atus
 & us+ iron or copp] tubes ( a l>ge     
calibre1 a]o/atic balloons might be     
fill$ ) f> less tr\ble &   exp5se ?an by
 vitriolic acid4 ,dr ,prie/ley all[$ me 
to take a   draw+ ( ?is new app>atus = !

 purpose ( communicat+ x to   ! ,fr5*   
*emi/s :o are engag$ 9 ! same           
pursuit4444    ,dr ,prie/ley did n reg>d
 ! exp]im5ts made relative to !         
decomposition ( wat] z satisfactory4 ,he
 c\ld n admit ! fact to   be demon/rat$ 
s long z ! gas 0 only obta9$ ?r\gh !    
m$ium ( iron1 a metal :i* is itself     
susceptible ( inflammability2   b he    
wait$ ) impati5ce = ! result ( !        
exp]im5ts ( !   ,fr5* *emi/s1 p>ticul>ly
 ^? ( ,lavoisi]1 :o _h inv5t$ &   caus$ 
to be con/ruct$ an ext5sive app>atus = !
 same object4    ',! decomposition (    
wat]1' said ?is indefatigable           
philosoph]1   address+ himself to me1   
'is ( s mu* importance 9 ,natural       
,philosophy1 & w\ld occupy s di/+ui%$ a 
place among !   ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 t  
f> f admitt+ ! fact ^u   slight evid5ce1
 & z x 7 f en?usiasm1 x 7 r to be   wi%$
 t all objections t may be made1 & :i* w
 /ill long   cont9ue to be made aga9/   
?is !ory 7 completely refut$2 9   !     
conflict ( op9ions1 tru? may at la/ be  

obta9$4 ,b ,i h   /ill s _m d\bts ^u ?is
 subject1 & ,i h s _m exp]im5ts   to    
make1 bo? pro & con1 t ,i c z yet reg>d 
! greate/   z only />t$4'    ,dr        
,prie/ley has embelli%$ 8 solitude ) a  
philosophical   cab9et1 :i* conta9s all 
! in/rum5ts necess>y = 8   exp]im5ts1 & 
a libr>y r5d]$ valuable by a *oice (    
excell5t   works4 ,! le>n$ possessor    
employs himself 9 a v>iety ( /udies3    
,hi/ory1 ,moral ,philosophy & ,religion 
h all 9 _! turn engag$   8 p54 ,an      
active1 intellig5t m9d & a natural      
avidity =   k gave him a passion =      
exp]im5tal philosophy2 b !   s5sibility 
& g5tl5ess ( 8 disposition h sometimes  
direct$   8 att5tion to pi\s &          
philan?ropic /udies1 :i* d hon\r to   ! 
goodness ( 8 he>t1 s9ce !y always h = _!
 object !   happ9ess ( mank9d4          
,prie/ley's "t 9 ,birm+ham 0 n1 h[ev]1  
:olly devot$ to sci5ce & ! social joys (
 ! ,lun> ,society4 ,mu* ( x 0 giv5 to 8 
belov$ !ology & to edit+ ! ,!ological   
,repository1 :i* he reviv$ "s "t aft] he

 _h settl$ !re4 ,a few mon?s aft] 8     
arrival he 0 invit$ to take *>ge ( !    
congregation ( ! ,new ,meet+4 ,) !      
cons5t ( ! congregation 8 s]vices 7     
ma9ly conf9$ to ,sunday duty & to       
cate*is+ & lectur+4  ,( 8 prea*+ ,miss  
,hutton has left u an acc\nt4 ,%e       
says3--    ,i look ^u 8 "* z a prea*] to
 be z amicable z 8   "* z a philosoph]  
is great4 ,9 ! pulpit he is mild1       
p]suasive & unaffect$1 & 8 s]mons are   
full ( s\nd reason+   & good s5se4 ,he  
is n :at is call$ an orator2 he uses no 
actions1 no declamation2 b 8 voice &    
mann] are ^? ( "o   fri5d speak+ to     
ano!r4  ,8 congregation is describ$ z ! 
mo/ lib]al 9 ,engl&1 & ) _m ( its       
memb]s1 p>ticul>ly ,mr ,russell1 he 0 on
 ! mo/ intimate & affectionate t]ms4    
,dur+ ?is p]iod he complet$ 8 fri5dly   
controv]sy ) ! ,bi%op ( ,wat]=d on !    
duration ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 & he publi%$ 
a volume ( s]mons4 ,to ! same p]iod     
belongs 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,corruptions (    
,*ri/ianity1 :i* he compos$ & publi%$   

%ortly aft] 8 settlem5t at ,birm+ham4   
,?is "w1 :i* he spoke ( z ! mo/ valuable
 ( all 8 writ+s1 he d$icat$ to 8 de>    
fri5d1 ,!ophilus ,l9dsey1 9 ! hope t _! 
names may ev] be connect$ z closely aft]
 dea? z !y 7 connect$ by fri5d%ip dur+  
life4 ,to ,l9dsey's example ( a pure    
love ( tru?1 & ( ! mo/ fe>less integrity
 9 ass]t+ x1 z evid5c$ by ! sacrifices  
he _h made to x1 ,prie/ley says t he ow$
 mu* ( 8 own wi%es to imbibe ! same _s4 
,! "w1 z orig9ally plann$1 0 to be !    
conclud+ "p ( 8 ,in/itutes ( ,natural & 
,reveal$ ,religion1 b z ! matt] ( x grew
 x became ext5d$ into a sep>ate         
treatise1 l>g]1 inde$1 ?an ! :ole ( !   
,in/itutes4 ,its object 0 to %[ t mod]n 
,*ri/ianity 0 a dep>ture f ! orig9al    
s*eme1 & t ! innovations h debas$ its _s
 & almo/ annihilat$ all ! happy effects 
:i* x 0 em95tly calculat$ to produce4   
,al?\gh x _h begun to recov] itself f   
its corrupt$ /ate1 & ! ,re=mation 0     
advanc+ apace1 abuses /ill cont9u$ 9 _m 
places1 ev5 al?\gh _! virul5ce 0 v      

g5]ally abat$ & ! numb] 0 greatly       
increas$ ( ^? :o 7 mo/ zeal\s 9 !       
pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 ^: lives 7 !   
greate/ ornam5t to x1 & :o hold x 9 su* 
purity t if x 0 fairly exhibit$ &       
univ]sally und]/ood x c\ld h>dly fail to
 recomm5d itself to ! acceptance ( !    
:ole _w4    ,b s long z all !           
,*ri/ianity t is kn[n to ,hea!ns1       
,mahometans & ,jews is ( a corrupt$ &   
debas$ k9d1 &   p>ticul>ly :ile !       
pr(ession ( x is s mu* connect$ )       
worldly int]e/1 x is no wond] t mank9d 9
 g5]al refuse to   admit x1 & t !y c ev5
 h>dly be prevail$ ^u to give any       
att5tion to ! evid5ce t is alleg$ 9 its 
fav\r4 ,:]eas1 :5   ! sy/em itself %all 
appe> to be less liable to objection1 x 
is   to be hop$ t !y may be br\ght to   
give prop] att5tion to x1   & to !      
evid5ce on :i* x re/s4  ,9 ?is "w       
,prie/ley attempt$ to trace e           
corruption--t is e innovation or        
dep>ture f :at he conceives to be !     
orig9al s*eme--to its prop] s\rce & to  

%[ :at circum/ances 9 ! /ate ( ?+s1 &   
especially ( o!r prevail+ op9ions &     
prejudices1 made ! alt]ation1 9 doctr9e 
or practice1 suffici5tly natural1 & !   
introduction & e/abli%m5t ( x easy4     
,prie/ley hop$ z a true rationali/ t ?is
 hi/orical me?od w\ld be f\nd to be "o (
 ! mo/ satisfactory modes (             
argum5tation1 9 ord] to prove t :at he  
object$ to 0 no "p ( ! orig9al s*eme4   
,= aft] ! cle>e/ refutation ( any       
p>ticul> doctr9e t has   be5 long       
e/abli%$ 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es x w /ill be  
ask$1   h[1 if x be no "p ( ! s*eme1 x  
ev] came to be ?\ght s1   & to be s     
g5]ally acquiesc$ 92 & 9 _m cases ! m9d 
w   n be p]fectly satisfi$ till su*     
que/ions be answ]$4  ,we are ma9ly      
conc]n$ ) ?is rem>kable "w z illu/rat+ !
 "* & attributes ( its au?or1 & x is n  
)9 our prov9ce to give any analysis (   
its cont5ts4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9       
connection ) x t ,prie/ley 0 no long] an
 ,arian2 he 0 n ev5 a ,soc9ian1 z t t]m 
0 und]/ood by ! imm$iate foll[]s (      

,fau/us ,soc9us1 :o ?\ght x _! duty z   
,*ri/ians1 &1 inde$1 ess5tial to        
,*ri/ianity1 to pray to ,jesus ,*ri/1   
not)/&+ !y believ$ him to be1 9         
,prie/ley's phrase1 a m]e man4 ,prie/ley
 0 at ?is "t :at he rema9$ until 8      
dea?--a /rict ,humanit>ian1 al?\gh he   
believ$ 9 ! sup]natural p[] & div9e     
mission ( ,*ri/4  ,( ! reception :i*    
await$ 8 book he c\ld n be altoge!r     
unprep>$4 ,x 0 receiv$ by ! or?odox ) a 
/orm ( disapproval1 & a doz5 p5s 7      
imm$iately set to "w to demoli% its     
doctr9e & to def5d ! pr9ciples he s     
boldly assail$4 ,among ^? :o ent]$ !    
li/s ! mo/ =midable 0 ,dr ,horsley1 !n  
,ar*deacon ( ,/ ,albans1 ^:             
,animadv]sions 7 describ$ z at once     
n]v\s1 animat$ & evangelical1 b 9 "s    
passages too s>ca/ic4  ,x says some?+ = 
,prie/ley's position & influ5ce 9 !     
!ological _w t 8 book %\ld h met ) !    
/]ne/ disapprobation 9 ,lu!ran1 &       
especially ,calv9i/ic1 circles abroad4  
,x 0 ord]$ to be burnt by ! h&s ( !     

common hangman at ,dordre*t1 9 #aghe--;a
 sign t ! _s ( ! ,synod ( ,dort _h      
surviv$ ev5 two c5turies4  ,prie/ley    
!reupon und]took to collect f ! orig9al 
writ]s ! /ate ( op9ion on ! subject 9 ! 
age succe$+ t ( ! apo/les1 & he publi%$ 
! results ( 8 inve/igation 9 8 ,hi/ory (
 ,e>ly ,op9ion conc]n+ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 
f\r volumes4 #hvo4  ,?is br++ him /ill m
 antagoni/s he retaliat$ by writ+ a     
pamphlet annually 9 def5ce ( ! ,unit>ian
 doctr9e1 until x appe>$ to himself & 8 
fri5ds t 8 antagoni/s produc$ no?+ to   
:i* x 0 ( any consequ5ce to reply4 ,!   
pa9s t he took to asc]ta9 ! /ate ( e>ly 
op9ions conc]n+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! great 
misappreh5sions t he says he p]ceiv$ 9  
all ! ecclesia/ical hi/orians1 l$ him to
 und]take a ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian 
,*ur* to ! ,fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4    
,if y ask me1 says ! ,rev4 ,alex&]      
,gordon1 :at ,i %\ld reckon             
,prie/ley's greate/ s]vice to !ological 
sci5ce1 ,i %\ld say t   x is to be f\nd 
9 8 adoption ( ! hi/orical me?od (      

inve/igat+ ! problems ( doctr9e & 9 8   
special h&l+ (   t me?od4 ,! fai? (     
,prie/ley 0 ! precursor ( ! mod]n   !me 
( !ological developm5t1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k 
he us$ !   t]m4 ,8 t]m 0 'corruption1' a
 t]m :i*1 x may be said1 begs a   v     
important "q4 ,at any rate x ?r[s into  
/rong relief !   fact1 on :i* all are   
agre$1 t !re is1 & mu/ be1 "s           
primitive nucleus :5ce developm5ts      
proce$4 ,n[ x is ! object (   all :o1 = 
any reason1 are int]e/$ 9 ! orig9 (     
,*ri/ianity   to rea* ?is primitive     
nucleus at its fir/1 undevelop$ &       
uncorrupt$ /age4 ,:]e are we to seek x8 
,by univ]sal cons5t we   mu/ g to ! ,new
 ,te/am5t4 ,!re1 if any:]e1 we %all come
 ^u   its traces4 ,"h ! agreem5t beg9s &
 ends4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is   9 all h&s4 
,b "o man f9ds ! ,tr9ity 9 x2 ano!r !   
simple/ ,mono!ism2 a ?ird1 ! papacy2 a  
f\r?1 ! supremacy (   ! illum9at+ _s4 ,!
 same words yield opposite results1     
because ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation     
diff]4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is   to be      

int]pret$ by ! voice ( ! ,*ur*2 or by ! 
te/imony (   ! ,cre$s2 or by ! op9ions (
 ! ,fa!rs ( ! fir/ c5turies   be=e ! age
 ( dogmatic cre$s began at ,nica4 ,^! _h
 be5 !   exp$i5ts propos$ by ! ,ca?olic1
 ! ,anglican1 ! ,arian   respectively4  
,soc9us _h reject$ !m all4 ,x _c matt]  
to me   7s1 9 effect1 he cont5d$7 :at   
any ,*ur*1 or any ,cre$1 or any   ,fa!r 
may h said2 ,i g to ! ,new ,te/am5t     
myself1 to read x   ) my own eyes1 to   
und]/& x ) my own m9d4    ,?is 0 n !    
position ( ,prie/ley4 ,he ?\ght ?is z   
irrational   a proce$+ z any ( ^? :i* x 
sup]s$$4 ,ev5 if1 by good   luck1 ! true
 s5se 7 rea*$1 !re 0 no means ( prov+ x 
to   be su*4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t1 9        
,prie/ley's view1 is n to be   con/ru$ z
 a book ( enigmas :i* might belong to   
any age4 ,x is   n dropp$ /raight out ( 
heav5 into ! h&s ( ! man ( to-day   =   
him to make :at he w ( x4 ,x belongs to 
a specific p]iod2   x 0 writt5 = a giv5 
class ( p]sons2 x 0 writt5 to be        
und]/ood4 ',!re=e1' said ,prie/ley1 'x w

 be an unansw]able   argum5t a priori   
aga9/ any p>ticul> doctr9e be+ conta9$ 9
   ! ,scriptures1 t x 0 nev] und]/ood to
 be s by ^? p]sons   = ^: imm$iate use !
 ,scriptures 7 writt51 & :o mu/ h   be5 
mu* bett] qualifi$ to und]/& !m1 9 t    
respect at   lea/1 ?an we c pret5d to be
 at ! pres5t day4' 7,works1 vi4   #g47  
,accord+ly x is ! :ole object (         
,prie/ley's hi/ories (   doctr9e to get 
at ! m9d ( ! common ,*ri/ian p 9 !      
fir/ age2 to make _! prim>y und]/&+ (   
,scripture ! norm   = its true          
int]pretation2 & !n to trace ! process  
by :i*   ?is fir/ impression1 ?is real  
mean+1 suff]$ transmutation by   !      
speculative g5ius ( philosophis+ div9es4
 ,( ! ,nic5e   ,c\ncil he qua9tly says1 
'!re 0 no ,h\se ( ,commons 9 t          
assembly4' ,x 'repres5t$ ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur* 9 no o!r s5se ?an   ! ,h\se (     
,lords might be said to repres5t !      
,engli% nation4' ,he   conceiv$ t he    
c\ld p5etrate to ?is unsophi/icat$ s5se 
( !   primitive believ]s ?r\gh ! v      

writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs :]eby   x _h be5      
ov]laid & obscur$4 ,_! admissions1 _!   
rebukes1   _! appeals1 _! lab\r$        
argum5ts1 _! surviv+   cons]vatisms3 all
 7 mat]ials to 8 purpose4    ,! plan 0  
novel1 ! conception orig9al1 ! :ole     
endeav\r   /rictly sci5tific 9 its me?od
 & basis4 ,& ,i d n ?9k t   ,prie/ley's 
"w 9 ?is dep>tm5t has receiv$ ! full    
recognition   :i* x rightly claims f u1 
:e!r we reg>d its _s or its   execution4
 ,! progress ( biblical k implies1 no   
d\bt1 a   readju/m5t ( 8 argum5t & a    
revision ( 8 conclusions4 ,b   !        
readju/m5t & revision are effect$ by !  
use ( pr9ciples   :i* he 0 ! fir/ to set
 =? & apply4 ,we n[ g beh9d !   ,new    
,te/am5t j z he w5t beh9d ! ,fa!rs4 ,!  
,new ,te/am5t   itself is1 to u1 l>gely 
a record by help ( :i* we may rea* !    
fir/ impression made by ! life1 & "w1 & 
^w ( ,*ri/4 ,9 s   do+ we d b c>ry out 8
 sugge/ions & c>ry on 8 me?od4 ,he   is 
! g5u9e precursor ( ! prop]ly hi/oric   
treatm5t (   biblical & !ological       

que/ions4  ,prie/ley's action ) respect 
to ! ,sunday s*ool movem5t 0 ano!r rock 
( (f5ce to ! ,e/abli%$ cl]gy4 ,?is      
movem5t began 9 ,birm+ham 9 #aghd1 & 0  
support$ by all d5om9ations4 ,! ,high   
,*ur* p>ty1 h[ev]1 insi/$ t all *ildr51 
irrespective ( ! religi\s p]suasion ( _!
 p>5ts1 %\ld att5d ! wor%ip ( !         
,e/abli%$ ,*ur* & no o!r4 ,aft] "s "t1 &
 ma9ly at ! in/igation ( ,prie/ley1 !   
,diss5t]s op5$ _! sep>ate ,sunday       
s*ools1 ! ,old ,meet+ 9 #aghg1 & ! ,new 
,meet+ 9 #aghh1 & ,prie/ley prea*$ !    
fir/ s]mon on behalf ( ! ,new ,meet+    
,s*ools 9 ,novemb] #aghi1 & ) 8 son     
,joseph took an active %>e 9 ! tea*+4   
,prie/ley 0 a s9c]e lov] ( lit]ature1 & 
no man 0 m s5sible ( its value to !     
moral & intellectual life ( communities4
 ,9 8 own case he _h d]iv$ s mu* b5efit 
f a ready access to books :i* 7 beyond 8
 means to pur*ase t he 0 ev] will+ to   
l5d himself to any well-consid]$ attempt
 to op5 ! /oreh\ses ( lit]ature1 9 its  
wide/ s5se1 z freely z possible1 & to d 

all 9 8 p[] to fo/] ! love ( read+ & !  
_s ( inquiry among all classes ( p]sons4
 ,9 ea* succe$+ situation--,ne$ham1     
,nantwi*1 ,w>r+ton1 ,le$s--he left      
evid5ces ( 8 ef=ts to make books z      
accessible z possible to ! community (  
:i* he 0 = ! "t a memb]4 ,le$s /ill     
enjoys a /rik+ example ( ^! ef=ts 9 its 
propriet>y libr>y1 & mu* ( its          
reputation & "* is ow+ to ! wise &      
enlight5$ _s :i* he infus$ into its     
adm9i/ration4  ,z to ! libr>y at        
,birm+ham1 he ev5tually succe$$ 9 giv+  
to x1 z ,hutton says1 t /ability & me?od
 )\t :i* no in/itution c prosp]4 ,we are
 fur!r told t ! ,society are "u _m &    
great obligations to ! le>n$ ,doctor2 x 
0 him :o alt]$ its orig9al plan & put x 
on a m ext5sive scale2 he am5d$ & enl>g$
 ! laws & has paid a great att5tion to  
its welf>e & gr[+ int]e/s4  ,prie/ley's 
action1 & m especially ! ca?olicity he  
display$ 9 ! selection & admission ( su*
 books z 9 8 judgm5t t5d$ to ! spread ( 
rationalism1 :e!r 9 religion or 9       

politics1 drew d[n ^u him ! wra? ( !    
,c\rt p>ty1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! b5efic$  
cl]gy ( ! t[n & di/rict1 & ! libr>y 0   
vigor\sly d5\nc$ z a f\nta9 ( errone\s  
op9ions1 spread+ infidelity1 h]esy &    
s*ism ?r\gh ! :ole neighb\rhood4  ,?is  
ca?olicity is reflect$ 9 almo/ e        
circum/ance ( 8 daily life4    ,if      
lib]ality ( s5tim5t1 he wrote on "o     
occasion1 be ! result   ( g5]al & v>i\s 
acqua9tance1 few m5 n[ liv+ h _h a      
bett] opportunity ( acquir+ x ?an       
myself4 ,?is has aris5 f   ! great      
v>iety ( my pursuits1 :i* has naturally 
br\ght me   acqua9t$ ) p]sons ( all     
pr9ciples & *>act]s4 ,"o day1 ,i        
rememb]1 ,i d9$ 9 company ) an em95t    
popi% prie/2 !   ev5+ ,i sp5t )         
philosoph]s1 det]m9$ unbeliev]s2 ! next 
morn+ ,i breakfa/$1 at 8 own reque/1 ) a
 mo/ zeal\sly   or?odox cl]gyman1 ,mr   
,toplady1 & ! re/ ( t day ,i sp5t )     
,dr ,jebb1 ,mr ,l9dsey & "s o!rs1 m5 9  
all respects aft] my own   he>t4 ,i h   
s9ce enri*$ my acqua9tance ) t ( "s v   

intellig5t ,jews2 & my oppon5ts1 :o     
consid] me already z half a             
,mahometan1 w n suppose t ,i c h any    
objection to !   society ( p]sons ( t   
religion4  ,dr ,samuel ,p>r1 ! ,preb5d (
 ,/ ,paul's1 a /aun* fri5d & true admir]
 ( ,prie/ley1 :o wrote ! inscription on 
! tablet to 8 memory 9 ! ,new ,meet+    
,h\se at ,birm+ham1 relat$ ! foll[+     
*>act]i/ic anecdote to ,mrs ,rob]t ,a4  
,wa9wright1 :o di$ 9 #ahia1 9 h] #hd?   
ye>3--    ,n[ rememb] ?is4 ,i knew y\r  
gr&fa!r1 ,dr ,prie/ley4 ,he once        
invit$ me to d9n] at ,fair ,hill1 & ,i  
nev] 0 at a m agreeable   p>ty 9 my     
life4 ,y\r gr&fa!r 0 at ! head ( !      
table4 ,i sat   at ! bottom4 ,at y\r    
gr&fa!r's "r h& 0 ,mr ,b]+ton1 !        
,roman ,ca?olic1 & ,mr ,galton1 !       
,quak]1 on 8 left4 ,next to me 0        
,rob]t ,rob9son1 ! ,bapti/1 & ,mr ,pr\d1
 m9i/] ( ! ,new   ,j]usalem ,*ur*4  ,all
 ! five gue/s 7 rem>kable m5 & di/+ui%$ 
9 _! sev]al ,*ur*es4 ,dr ,p>r1 "o ( !   
mo/ erudite s*ol>s ( 8 "t & an acute    

critic1 an invet]ate ,:ig1 & a political
 ally ( ,fox1 ,burke & ,nor?1 0 ,vic> ( 
,wad5hoe 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 al?\gh he   
resid$1 z assi/ant curate1 at ,hatton1  
ne> ,w>wick1 :]e he _h an excell5t      
libr>y4 ,b]+ton wrote a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory 
( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ,abel>d
 & ,heloise4 ,rob]t ,rob9son1 (         
,cambridge1 0 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory (     
,baptism1 ,ecclesia/ical ,rese>*es1     
,village ,s]mons & o!r books4 ,!        
,sw$5borgian m9i/] 0 ! *ief def5d] ( !  
,new ,j]usalem ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 & 0      
engag$ 9 controv]sy ) ,prie/ley4  ,a    
contempor>y acc\nt ( ,prie/ley at ?is   
p]iod ( 8 life describes him z ab\t !   
middle /ature1 or five feet eight in*es 
high2 sl5d] & well proportion$2 ( fair  
complexion1 eyes grey & sp>kl+ )        
intellig5ce1 & 8 :ole c\nt5ance         
expressive ( ! b5ignity ( 8 he>t4 ,he   
(t5 smil$1 b seldom laugh$4 ,he 0       
extremely active & agile 9 8 motions2 he
 walk$ fa/ & v erect1 & 8 deportm5t 0   
dignifi$4 ,8 usual dress 0 a black coat 

)\t a cape1 a f9e l95 or cambric /ock1 a
 cock$ hat1 a p[d]$ wig1 %oes & buckles4
 ,he commonly walk$ ) a long cane 9 8 "r
 h&1 & 0 an excell5t p$e/rian4 ,! :ole (
 8 dress 0 rem>kably clean1 & ?is purity
 ( p]son & simple dignity ( mann]s ev9c$
 t philosophic propriety :i* prevail$   
?r\gh\t 8 conduct z a private           
individual4  ,he rose ab\t six o'clock &
 commonly retir$ to 8 /udy1 :]e he      
cont9u$ until eight1 :5 he met 8 family 
at breakfa/4 ,he breakfa/$ on tea1 &    
aft] breakfa/ aga9 w5t to 8 /udy1       
accompani$ by 8 amanu5sis4 ,he (t5      
devot$ ! :ole ( 8 morn+ to composition1 
or divid$ 8 morn+ betwe5 ! /udy & !     
laboratory4 ,:5 engag$ 9 exp]im5tal "w  
he commonly wore a :ite apron & canvas  
cov]s drawn ov] 8 sleeves4 ,he d9$ at "o
 o'clock & 0 v ab/emi\s4 ,he seldom     
drank w9e or be]4 ,9 ! aft]noon he      
usually took a walk1 frequ5tly to       
,birm+ham1 & sp5t "s "t at ! (fice :]e 8
 works 7 be+ pr9t$4 ,he supp$ at eight1 
! meal usually consi/+ ( vegetables1 &  

retir$ to re/ %ortly aft] t54 ,he 0     
extremely me?odical 9 8 habits & a rigid
 economi/ ( "t4  ,at ,dav5try he began !
 practice1 :i* he cont9u$ up to )9 ?ree 
or f\r days ( 8 dea?1 ( keep+1 9 ,pet]  
,annet's sy/em ( %or?&1 a di>y 9 :i* he 
not$ :]e he _h be51 ! nature ( 8        
employm5t1 :at he _h be5 read+1 & any   
h9ts or sugge/ions ( future "w :i* _h   
occurr$ to him1 :5 he rose & ! h\r at   
:i* he w5t to b$4 ,he 0 v me?odical 9 8 
read+ & 9 ! alt]nation ( 8 /udies &     
relaxation4 ,he nev] read a book )\t    
det]m9+ 9 8 own m9d :5 he w\ld f9i% x4  
,_h he a "w to transcribe1 he w\ld fix a
 "t = its completion4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea*
 ye> he arrang$ ! plan he int5d$ to     
pursue1 & at ! close he review$ ! g5]al 
situation ( 8 affairs & took /ock ( !   
progress he _h made1 not+ :e!r !        
execution ( 8 plan exce$$ or fell %ort (
 8 expectations4 ,x 0 ?is regul>        
apportionm5t ( 8 "t1 & ! habits ( me?od 
& ord] 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 bus9ess :i* he
 adopt$ 9 e>ly life1 & f :i* he nev]    

mat]ially deviat$1 toge!r ) 8 uni=mly   
good heal?1 8 indu/ry & aptitude = rapid
 "w1 :i* enabl$ him to a*ieve :at he    
did4 ,x 01 he says1 a great advantage to
 him t he nev] 0 "u ! necessity ( retir+
 f company 9 ord] to compose any?+4 ,be+
 fond ( dome/ic life he got a habit (   
writ+ on any subject by ! p>l\r fire ) 8
 wife & *ildr5 ab\t him1 & occasionally 
talk+ to !m )\t exp]i5c+ any inconv5i5ce
 f su* int]ruptions4 ,:5 he 0 a "y au?or
 7al?\gh he did n publi% any?+ until he 
0 ab\t ?irty7 /rictures on 8 writ+s gave
 him "s di/urbance1 ?\gh he believ$ ev5 
!n less ?an !y d mo/ o!rs2 b aft] "s "t 
?+s ( t k9d h>dly affect$ him at all1 & 
on ?is acc\nt he ?9ks he may be said to 
h be5 well =m$ = public controv]sy4 ,b  
:at always made him easy 9 any          
controv]sy 9 :i* he 0 engag$ 0 8 fix$   
resolution frankly to ackn[l$ge any     
mi/ake t he might p]ceive he _h fall5   
into4 ,t ,i _h nev] be5 9 ! lea/ backw>d
 to d ?is 9 matt]s ( philosophy c nev]  
be d5i$4  ,?\gh he has be5 consid]$ z   

fond ( controv]sy1 & t 8 *ief delight   
consi/$ 9 x1 yet x 0 f> f be+ true4 ,he 
0 m frequ5tly ! def5dant ?an !          
assailant4 ,8 controv]sies1 z f> z x    
dep5d$ ^u himself1 7 c>ri$ on ) temp] & 
dec5cy4 ,he 0 nev] malici\s1 nor ev5    
s>ca/ic or indignant1 unless provok$4   
,prie/ley 0 a v busy man & a v indu/ri\s
 man1 b he _h n ! p[] ( su/a9$ &        
conc5trat$ application to a s+le subject
 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( m5 ( great       
intellectual em95ce4 ,9 ?is respect he 0
 f> inf]ior to 8 contempor>ies ,watt &  
,cav5di%4 ,8 quick & active m9d enabl$  
him rapidly to assimilate ! ideas (     
o!rs1 b x may be d\bt$1 ev5 9 !ology1   
:e!r he pu%$ 8 convictions & doctr9al   
beliefs beyond ! limits rea*$ by previ\s
 ?9k]s4 ,8 philosophy1 z ,huxley has    
po9t$ out1 conta9s little t w be new to 
! read]s ( ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 ,coll9s1   
,hume & ,h>tley4 ,x does n appe>1 says 8
 son1 t he sp5t m ?an six or eight h\rs 
p] day 9 bus9ess t requir$ mu* m5tal    
ex]tion4 ,9 8 di>y he laid d[n ! foll[+ 

daily arrangem5ts ( "t = a m9i/]'s      
/udies3--,/udy+ ! ,scriptures1 "o h\r4  
,practical writ]s1 half-an-h\r4         
,philosophy & ,hi/ory1 two h\rs4        
,classics1 half-an-h\r4 ,composition1 "o
 h\r--9 all five h\rs4 ,all :i*1 he     
adds1 may be conv5i5tly dispat*$ be=e   
d9n]1 :i* leaves ! aft]noon = visit+ &  
company1 & ! ev5+ = exce$+ 9 any article
 if !re be occasion4  ,8 son tells u t =
 _m ye>s ( 8 life he nev] sp5t less ?an 
two or ?ree h\rs a day 9 games (        
amusem5t1 z c>ds & backgammon1 b        
p>ticul>ly *ess1 at :i* he & 8 wife     
play$ regul>ly ?ree games aft] d9n] & z 
_m aft] supp]4 ,z 8 *ildr5 grew up1 *ess
 0 laid aside = :i/ or "s r\nd game at  
c>ds1 :i* he enjoy$ z mu* z any ( !     
company4 ,he 0 fond1 too1 ( bodily      
ex]cise1 & 0 p>ticul>ly atta*$ to 8     
g>d51 9 :i* he work$ con/antly4 ,8      
laboratory also af=d$ him ex]cise1 z he 
nev] employ$ an assi/ant1 & nev] all[$  
anyone ev5 to light 8 fire4  ,!         
att5tion1 he says1 :i* he paid to !     

ph5om5a ( 8 own m9d1 made him s5sible ( 
"s great defects 9 its con/itution4 ,he 
01 he says1 f an e>ly p]iod1 subject to 
a mo/ humbl+ failure ( recollection1 s t
 he sometimes lo/ all ideas ( bo? p]sons
 & ?+s t he _h be5 conv]sant )4 ,he     
says1 ,i h s completely =gott5 :at ,i h 
myself publi%$1 t 9 read+ my own writ+s 
:at ,i f9d 9 !m (t5 appe>s p]fectly new 
to me1 & ,i h m ?an once made exp]im5ts 
! results ( :i* _h be5 publi%$ by me4   
,appris$ ( ?is defect he nev] fail$ to  
note d[n z soon z possible ev]y?+ t he  
wi%$ n to =get4 ,! same fail+ l$ him to 
devise & h rec\rse to a v>iety (        
me*anical exp$i5ts to secure & arrange 8
 ?\ghts1 :i* 7 ( ! greate/ use to him 9 
! composition ( l>ge & complex works1 & 
:at he says excit$ ! wond] ( "s ( 8     
read]s w\ld only h made !m smile _h !y  
se5 him at "w4 ,b by simple & me*anical 
me?ods "o man %all d t 9 a mon? :i* %all
 co/ ano!r1 ( equal ability1 :ole ye>s  
to execute4 ,?is me?odical arrangem5t ( 
a l>ge "w is greatly facilitat$ by      

me*anical me?ods1 & no?+ contributes m  
to ! p]spicuity ( a l>ge "w ?an a good  
arrangem5t ( its p>ts4  ,:at he le>n$ to
 "k ) respect to himself t5d$ mu*1 he   
says1 to less5 bo? 8 admiration & 8     
contempt ( o!rs4    ,c\ld we h ent]$    
into ! m9d ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & h   
trac$ all ! /eps by :i* he produc$ 8    
great works1 we might   see no?+ v      
extraord9>y 9 ! process4 ,& great p[]s )
   respect to "s ?+s are g5]ally att5d$ 
) great defects 9   o!rs2 & ^! may n    
appe> 9 a man's writ+s4 ,= ?is reason1  
x seldom happ5s b t our admiration (    
philosoph]s & writ]s   is less5$ by a   
p]sonal k ( !m4  ,great defects may1    
h[ev]1 be m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by great  
excell5ces1 & accord+ly he hopes t 8    
defect ( recollection1 possibly due to a
 want ( suffici5t coh]5ce 9 !           
association ( ideas =m]ly impress$1     
might arise f a m5tal con/itution m     
fav\rable to new associations1 s t :at  
he lo/ ) respect to memory may h be5    
comp5sat$ by :at is call$ inv5tion1 or  

new & orig9al comb9ations ( ideas4  ,9 !
 dome/ic relations ( life he 0 uni=mly  
k9d & affectionate4 ,z 0 truly said (   
him on ,d>ton's portrait1 ,n malice     
itself c\ld ev] fix a /a9 on 8 private  
conduct or impea* 8 integrity4          
,,*apt] ,,ix     ,! ,birm+ham riots (   
#agia4  ,! picture :i* ,prie/ley drew ( 
8 life 9 ,birm+ham at ?is p]iod1 z giv5 
9 ! autobiographical sket* publi%$ aft] 
8 dea?1 is almo/ dramatic 9 its pa?os :5
 we be> 9 m9d t x 0 writt5 almo/ on !   
eve ( t maniacal outbur/ ( popul>       
passion :i* ev5tually drove him f our   
%ores4 ,he said he consid]$ 8 settlem5t 
at ,birm+ham z ! happie/ ev5t 9 8 life1 
z be+ highly fav\rable to e object he _h
 9 view1 philosophical or !ological4 ,he
 ?anks ,god t 8 prospects are bett] ?an 
!y h ev] be5 be=e1 t 8 own heal?1 & t ( 
8 de> wife1 is bett] e/abli%$1 & 8 hopes
 z to ! disposition & future settlem5t (
 8 *ildr5 are satisfactory4 ,he has     
p>ticul> reason to be grateful = ! happy
 temp]am5t ( body & m9d he owes to 8    

p>5ts1 & = ! fundam5tally good          
con/itution ( body to :i* 0 due an ev5  
*e]fulness ( temp] :i* _h b few         
int]ruptions4 ,ano!r great subject (    
?ankfulness to a good ,provid5ce 0 8    
p]fect fre$om f any emb>rassm5t 9 8     
circum/ances1 = 8 supplies _h be5 always
 equal to 8 wants1 & 8 indiff]5ce to an 
increase ( =tune 0 ! means ( atta9+ x4  
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pillag+ ,,(         
,,prie/ley',s ,,h\se ,,dur+ ,,!         
,,birm+ham                              
,,riots    ,:51 he says1 ,i began my    
exp]im5ts ,i exp5d$ on !m all !   money 
,i c\ld possibly raise1 c>ri$ on by my  
ard\r 9 philosophical   inve/igations1 &
 entirely reg>dless ( consequ5ces1      
except s f>   z nev] to contract any    
debt4444 ,b hav+ succe$$1 ,i 0 9 "t   m 
?an indemnifi$ = all t ,i _h exp5d$4    
,yet frequ5tly1 z ,i h *ang$ my         
situation1 & always = !   bett]1 ,i c   
truly say t ,i nev] wi%$ = any *ange on 
my own   acc\nt4 ,i %\ld h be5 cont5t$  
ev5 at ,ne$ham if ,i c\ld h   be5       

unmole/$ & _h b>e necess>ies4 ,?is      
fre$om f anxiety   0 rem>kable 9 my     
fa!r1 & !re=e is 9 a mann] h]$it>y   to 
me2 b x has be5 mu* increas$ by         
reflection1 hav+ frequ5tly   obs]v$1    
especially ) respect to ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1
 h[ (t5 x   has contribut$ to embitt] _!
 lives )\t be+ ( any use to   !m4 ,"s   
att5tion to ! improvem5t ( a man's      
circum/ances is no   d\bt "r1 because no
 man c tell :at occasion he may h =     
money1 especially if he h *ildr51 &     
!re=e ,i d n   recomm5d my example to   
o!rs4 ,b ,i am ?ankful to t good        
,provid5ce :i* always took m c>e ( me   
?an ev] ,i took (   myself4  ,?is s]5e  
cont5tm5t is reflect$ 9 8 correspond5ce 
at ?is p]iod1 & we f9d fur!r evid5ce ( x
 9 ! lett]s ( 8 fri5ds4    ,i e/eem x a 
s+ul> happ9ess to h liv$ 9 an age &     
c\ntry   9 :i* ,i h be5 at full lib]ty  
bo? to inve/igate1 & by   prea*+ & writ+
 to propagate1 religi\s tru?2 t ?\gh !  
fre$om ,i h us$ = ?is purpose 0 = "s "t 
disadvantage\s   to me1 x 0 n long s1 & 

t my pres5t situation is su* t   ,i c1 )
 ! greate/ op5ness1 urge :atev] appe>s  
to me !   tru? ( ! ,gospel1 n only )\t  
giv+ ! lea/ (f5ce1 b   ) ! entire       
approbation ( ^? ) :om ,i am p>ticul>ly 
connect$4  ,dr ,aik91 visit+ him 9      
#aghd1 says 9 a lett] to ,mrs ,aik93--  
,! great philosoph]1 ) 8 simple1 bl&1   
unaffect$ mann]s1   cont5t$ & happy1 &  
decl>+ t he _h n a wi% on e>?           
unsatisfi$1 gave me inf9ite delight4    
,^! halcyon days 71 h[ev]1 b z ! calm   
be=e ! /orm1 & ! cont5t$ & happy        
philosoph] _h soon ne$ ( all 8          
philosophy1 & ( all 8 ,*ri/ianity too1 9
 face ( ! ungov]n$ fury ( ! mob :i*1 to 
use ,w$gwood's words1 swept l a         
hurricane ov] him & 8 fri5ds4  ,! #ad? (
 ,july #agia--! anniv]s>y ( ! ,fr5*     
,revolution--0 celebrat$ 9 sev]al t[ns 9
 ,engl& )\t int]ruption or any unt[>d   
circum/ance2 t day1 h[ev]1 0 long       
rememb]$ by ! inhabitants ( ,birm+ham ) 
feel+s ak9 to horror4 ,x is c]ta9 t !   
popul> ris+ :i* !n took place 9 t t[n 0 

9 ! outset ma9ly direct$ aga9/          
,prie/ley4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts proves ?is4 
,z x happ5$1 ! appetite 9 ! mob =       
mis*ief grew by :at x f$ ^u1 & _m o!rs1 
8 fri5ds & political & religi\s         
associates1 7 involv$ 9 ! disa/] :i*    
ov]took him4 ,= x w\ld appe> t ^? :o1 9 
! fir/ in/ance1 in/igat$ & direct$ !    
outrage lo/ all control ov] ! =ces :i*  
!y invok$1 & ! ris+1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 0   
int5d$ to visit ,prie/ley ) ! v5geance  
:i* ! ,crac[ mob inflict$ on 8 prototype
 ,soc9us1 develop$ into a wild an>*ical 
riot1 confus$ & purposeless except z    
gratify+ a wanton lu/ = rap9e &         
de/ruction4 ,_m contempor>y acc\nts exi/
 ( ! ,birm+ham riots ( #agia1 & al?\gh1 
z might be expect$ f ! temp] ( ! times1 
"s ( ! n>ratives are n :olly uncol\r$ by
 prejudice & ! p>tisan _s ( political & 
religi\s feel+1 x is n difficult to put 
toge!r a true view ( an episode :i*     
pr(\ndly affect$ all p>ties & s5t a     
?rill ( appreh5sion & al>m ?r\gh\t !    
c\ntry4 ,political feel+ at ! p]iod ran 

high4 ,europe _h rec5tly witness$ !     
spectacle ( a revolution :i* _h fill$ ! 
gov]n+ classes ( e /ate ) awe & ev5     
t]ror1 & ! great masses ( ! p 9 ?is &   
o!r c\ntries1 to :om all political p[] 0
 d5i$1 7 beg9n+ to realise :at might be 
possible to conc]t$ action prop]ly      
organis$ & vigor\sly press$4 ,e         
bureaucracy 0 9 a /ate ( trepidation4 ,!
 political atmosph]e 0 heavily *>g$ )   
electricity & no "o c\ld =etell :]e & :5
 ! next ?und]bolt w\ld desc5d4          
,naturally en\gh ! great ve/$ int]e/s 9 
,*ur* & ,/ate look$ askance at1 & 7     
disquiet$ by1 ^! p]iodical celebrations 
( su* an ev5t z ! de/ruction ( ! ,ba/ile
 & all t x symbolis$1 ) _! odes to      
,lib]ty1 ,frat]nity & ,equality1 & _!   
impassion$ appeals to ,demos1 & ! ris+  
hopes ( a p gr[n re/ive & impati5t "u   
:at !y 7 taught to believe 0 political  
?raldom4 ,x requir$ b a small sp>k to   
br+ ab\t a conflagration1 & design+ &   
unscrupul\s m5 saw 9 ! approa*+         
anniv]s>y ( ! memorable #ad? ( ,july an 

opportunity ( :i* !y 7 det]m9$ to take  
advantage4 ,prie/ley _h himself1        
unwitt+ly1 laid ! tra9 :i* br\ght ab\t !
 cata/rophe4    ,dr ,prie/ley1 says     
,corry1 writ+ 9 #ahjd1 f ! comm5cem5t ( 
8 resid5ce at ,birm+ham1 _h und\bt$ly   
turn$ 8 att5tion too   mu* f ! lum9\s   
field ( philosophic disquisition to !   
/]ile regions ( polemic div9ity & ! /ill
 m ?orny pa?s (   polemic politics4 ,8  
tracts on ^! subjects am\nt$ to upw>ds (
   ?irty1 & f 8 celebrity !y _h a v     
g5]al circulation4 ,z   a philosoph] he 
cle>ly saw defects 9 ! mo/ p]fect (     
human   in/itutions1 & express$ himself 
) a boldness & fre$om :i*   al>m$ !     
neighb\r+ cl]gy ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 &  
excit$   _! res5tm5t4 ,! lab\r+ classes 
9 ,birm+ham c]ta9ly look$   ^u him z a  
disaffect$ & dang]\s man4 ,incapable (  
deep   reflection !mselves1 !y abhorr$ 8
 ,unit>ian pr9ciples z   subv]sive (    
,*ri/ianity1 & ! idea t ! ,*ur* 0 9     
dang]   0 propagat$ among !m by m5 (    
deep] disc]nm5t1 :o wi%$ to   r5d] ,dr  

,prie/ley odi\s & unpopul>4 ,a v        
consid]able numb]1   h[ev]1 ( ! m       
enlight5$ inhabitants1 :o 7 conv9c$ (   
! ,doctor's integrity z a man1 s9c]ity z
 a prea*]1 &   sup]lative m]it z a      
philosoph]1 7 8 /r5u\s advocates &      
admir]s4 ,! collision ( p>ties became e 
day m viol5t1 &   ! ev5ts :i* 7 daily   
transact+ 9 ,france kept alive !        
jeal\sy aris+ f uncong5ial op9ions4  ,a 
contempor>y acc\nt /ates3 ,! vigor\s &  
repeat$ attempts ( ! ,diss5t]s to obta9 
a repeal ( ! ,corporation & ,te/ ,laws  
repeal$ 9 #ahbh1 excit$ mu* al>m &      
appreh5sion among/ _m ( ! ,e/abli%$     
cl]gy1 & 7 mo/ =cibly felt by ^? resid+ 
9 ,birm+ham4 ,! "n & writ+s ( ,dr       
,prie/ley 7 z mu* dread$ by 8 oppon5ts z
 !y 7 admir$ by 8 fri5ds2 & z he long   
resid$ ne> ?is t[n1 & 0 em95tly         
conspicu\s 9 8 endeav\rs to procure a   
repeal ( ^! laws1 & 9 ! promulgation (  
,unit>ian doctr9es1 x is n surpris+ t 8 
s5tim5ts %\ld h be5 repres5t$ to ! l[]  
classes ( ! p z dang]\s to ! ,*ur* &    

,/ate4  ,attacks made ^u 8 pr9ciples &  
motives 9 diff]5t pulpits 7 answ]$ f !  
,press1 & produc$ among o!r ?+s 8       
,famili> ,lett]s ,address$ to !         
,inhabitants ( ,birm+ham1 9 :i* 8       
oppon5ts are combat$ ) mu* =ce &        
sev]ity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 controv]sial    
publications ,prie/ley _h made a        
comp>ison ( ! progress ( free inquiry to
 ! action ( gunp[d]4 ,! conclusion ( !  
passage ran ?us3--    ,! pres5t sil5t   
propagation ( tru? may ev5 be comp>$ to 
^?   causes 9 ,nature :i* lie dormant = 
a "t1 b :i* 9 prop]   circum/ances act )
 ! greate/ viol5ce4 ,we are1 z x 71     
lay+ gunp[d]1 gra9 by gra91 "u ! old    
build+ ( error &   sup]/ition1 :i* a    
s+le sp>k may h]eaft] inflame1 s z to   
produce an in/antane\s explosion2 9     
consequ5ce ( :i* t   edifice1 ! erection
 ( :i* has be5 ! "w ( ages1 may be      
ov]turn$ 9 a mom5t1 & s effectually z t 
! same f\ndation   c nev] be built ^u   
aga94  ,?is p>agraph became to ! enemies
 ( ! ,diss5t]s a common topic (         

allusion1 & 0 read 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 
z an unque/ionable pro( ( ! dang]\s     
designs ( t body ) respect to !         
con/itution ( ?is c\ntry4 ,h5ce !       
mis*iev\s ?9k]s f\nd no difficulty 9    
p]suad+ ! un?9k+ actors t ! real        
int5tions ( ! ,diss5t]s 7 to de/roy !   
*ur*es4  ,t mis*ief 0 be+ delib]ately   
plann$ 9 view ( ! com+ anniv]s>y 0      
c]ta9ly kn[n to n a few ( ^? 9 au?ority1
 "s ( :om f _! position 7 responsible = 
! ord] & good gov]nm5t ( ! t[n4 ,"s days
 be=e ! outbreak a numb] ( copies ( a   
s$iti\s h&-bill _h be5 left 9 a         
public-h\se by an unkn[n p]son1 & ?is _h
 be5 copi$ & circulat$ ?r\gh\t ! t[n1   
caus+ a g5]al f]m5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! l[e/   
class ( ! p4 ,its "* 0 su* t !          
magi/rates promptly (f]$ a rew>d ( "o   
hundr$ gu9eas = ! discov]y ( ! ,writ]1  
,pr9t]1 ,publi%] or ,di/ribut] ( !      
inflammatory h&-bill4 ,b not)/&+ t !    
,diss5t]s !mselves aft]w>ds (f]$ an     
additional rew>d ( "o hundr$ gu9eas1 & !
 ,gov]nm5t also proclaim$ a fur!r rew>d 

( "o hundr$ p\nds1 no clue 0 ev] obta9$ 
to ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 its prep>ation or 
di/ribution4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 ! feel+ (   
appreh5sion 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o 7 ab\t to  
take "p 9 ! propos$ celebration t x 0   
det]m9$ to publi% ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t 9
 ! ,birm+ham ,*ronicle3--               
,birm+ham ,commemoration ( ! ,fr5*      
,revolution4    ,sev]al h&-bills hav+   
be5 circulat$ 9 ! t[n :i* c only   be   
int5d$ to create di/ru/ conc]n+ !       
int5tion ( !   meet+1 to di/urb its     
h>mony & inflame ! m9ds ( p1 !          
,g5tlem5 :o propos$ x ?9k x necess>y to 
decl>e _! entire   disapprobation ( all 
su* h&-bills & _! ignorance ( !         
au?ors4 ,s5sible !mselves ( ! advantages
 ( a ,free ,gov]nm5t1   !y rejoice 9 !  
ext5sion ( ,lib]ty to _! ,neighb\rs1 at 
!   same "t av[+1 9 ! mo/ explicit      
mann]1 _! firm atta*m5t   to !          
,con/itution ( _! own ,c\ntry1 z ve/$ 9 
! ,?ree   ,e/ates ( ! ,k+1 ,lords &     
,commons4 ,surely no ,free-born         
,engli%man c refra9 f exult+ 9 ?is      

addition to ! g5]al   mass ( human      
happ9ess4 ,x is ! cause ( ,humanity1 x  
is !   cause ( ! ,p4    ,birm+ham1 ,july
 #ac1 #agia4  ,we le>n f a lett] 9 !    
same newspap]1 writt5 a few days lat] by
 ,mr ,william ,russell1 ,prie/ley's     
fri5d1 & himself1 ) 8 family1 a suff]] 9
 ! ev5ts :i* foll[$1 t 9 spite ( ?is    
disclaim] !re 0 /ill good gr\nds =      
believ+ t evil 0 brew+4 ,he says t on ! 
morn+ ( ! #ad? _m rum\rs ( ! probability
 ( a riot 7 br\ght to ! fri5ds ( !      
meet+2 & z !re 0 too mu* reason to ?9k t
 means _h be5 us$ to promote "o1 !y     
det]m9$ to po/pone ! int5d$ d9n] &      
prep>$ a notice to t effect4    ,?is1   
says ,mr ,russell1 0 s5t to ! pr9t]1 b  
be=e he _h   compos$ x1 ,mr ,dadley1 !  
ma/] ( ! hotel1 att5d$1 9   consequ5ce (
 hav+ ! ,d9n] c\nt]m&$1 & repres5t$ t   
he 0 sure !re 0 no dang] ( any tumult1 &
 recomm5d$ t   ! ,d9n] might be held z 0
 int5d$2 only propos+ t !   g5tlem5 %\ld
 take c>e to break up e>ly1 & !n all    
dang]   w\ld be avoid$4 ,?is measure 0  

!n adopt$1 & ord]s giv5 to   ! pr9t] to 
suppress ! h&-bill4 ,accord+ly !re 0 a  
meet+   ( eighty-"o g5tlem51 inhabitants
 ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood1 at   ! great   
room 9 ! hotel1 :]e !y d9$ & pass$ !    
aft]noon   ) t social1 temp]ate &       
b5evol5t fe/ivity :i* !   consid]ation (
 ! great ev5t t has diffus$ lib]ty &    
happ9ess among a l>ge portion ( ! human 
race inspir$4  ,mr ,russell cont9ues3-- 
,x is b ju/ice to ! lib]ality & public  
_s ( an   +lori\s arti/ ( ?is t[n to    
m5tion t he decorat$ ! room   ^u ?is    
occasion ) ?ree elegant emblematic      
pieces ( sculpture1   mix$ ) pa9t+1 9 a 
new /yle ( composition4 ,! c5tral piece 
0 a f9ely execut$ m$allion ( ,8 ,maje/y1
 encircl$ ) a   ,glory1 on ea* side (   
:i* 0 an alaba/] ,obelisk2 "o exhibit+  
,gallic ,lib]ty break+ ! b&s (          
,despotism1 & ! o!r   repres5t+ ,briti% 
,lib]ty 9 its pres5t enjoym5t4    ,a    
truly respectable g5tleman ,capta9      
,keir1 a memb] ( ! ,*ur*   ( ,engl&1 0  
*airman2 o!rs ( t pr(ession 7 ( !       

company1 nor 0 a s+le s5tim5t utt]$1 or1
 ,i believe1 conceiv$1   t w\ld hurt !  
feel+s ( any "o fri5d to lib]ty & good  
gov]nm5t "u ! happy con/itution we are  
bless$ ) 9 ?is   k+dom4  ,! mob1 if !y  
?\ght at all1 ?\ght o!rwise4 ,al?\gh1 we
 are told1 ! utmo/ h>mony prevail$ at ! 
fe/ive bo>d1 & ! company disp]s$ )\t !  
lea/ di/urbance1 !y f\nd a consid]able  
numb] ( ! populace assembl$ 9 !         
neighb\rhood ( ,temple ,r[1 evid5tly b5t
 on mis*ief4 ,! cr[d rema9$ 9 ! vic9ity 
( ! hotel1 _! numb]s gradually increas+1
 = a c\ple ( h\rs aft] ,capta9 ,keir & 8
 fri5ds _h left4 ,:e!r ! p expect$      
,prie/ley to be ( ! company1 & fanci$ he
 0 be+ deta9$ 9 ! hotel on acc\nt ( _!  
?reat5+ attitude1 is unc]ta94 ,z a matt]
 ( fact he _h n be5 at ! d9n]4 ,sudd5ly 
! cry ( ,*ur* & ,k+6 0 rais$1 & at t    
signal e w9d[ 9 ! front ( ! hotel 0     
promptly brok54 ,!reupon1 z if by a     
common impulse1 or if z act+ "u         
direction1 ! cr[d swept onw>ds to ! ,new
 ,meet+1 :]e ,prie/ley prea*$2 ?is !y   

assail$1 we are told1 ) incr$ible fury4 
,! ,new ,meet+ 0 erect$ 9 #agcj3 x 0    
describ$ z a consid]able pile1 m        
rem>kable = pla9ness & simplicity ?an = 
any uncommon elegance ( workman%ip or   
sup]b /yle ( decoration4 ,! ve/ry       
conta9$ a valuable collection ( books = 
! use ( ! ,society :i* assembl$ !re4 ,! 
gates & doors 7 soon bur/ op51 ! pews   
demoli%$1 ! cu%ions & fragm5ts c>ri$ out
 & burnt 9 front ( ! build+1 & at l5g?  
fire 0 c>ri$ 9 :i* consum$ x to ! out]  
walls4 ,! mob 0 n[ r\s$ to fr5zy4 ,"s ( 
! magi/rates /rove to quell ! riot1 &   
ev5 ^? :o _h conniv$ at ! outrage grew  
al>m$ at ! dang]\s temp] :i* !y _h r\s$4
 ,b ! infuriat$ rabble by ?is "t 0      
?or\ghly out ( control1 & no suffici5t  
=ce 0 at h& to cope ) x4 ,! ,old        
,meet+-,h\se 0 next demoli%$ ) !        
regul>ity ( workm5 employ$ = ! purpose4 
,a p>ty arm$ ) cr[-b>s1 bludgeons1 etc41
 tore d[n ! pulpit1 pews & gall]ies1 &  
burnt !m 9 ! bury+-gr\nd1 aft]w>ds sett+
 fire to ! body ( ! ,meet+-h\se4 ,! cry 

( ,*ur* & ,k+6 0 aga9 rais$1 & ! riot]s 
m>*$ 9 a body to ,fair ,hill1 ab\t a    
mile f ! t[n1 :]e ,prie/ley resid$4 ,8  
h\se 0 describ$ by ,aik9 z a mo/        
com=table & pleas+ retreat4 ,al?\gh1 we 
are told1 x belong$ to a g5tleman :o 0  
des]v$ly a fav\rite ( ! poor1 yet       
because x 0 ! dwell+ ( ,dr ,prie/ley x 0
 doom$ to de/ruction1 & 0 attack$ ) !   
mo/ savage & det]m9$ fury4 ,prie/ley1 :5
 ! news 0 br\ght to him by 8 fri5d1     
,samuel ,ryl&1 ( ! de/ruction ( !       
,meet+-,h\ses & ( ! imp5d+ attack on    
,fair ,hill1 0 play+ backgammon ) 8     
wife1 z 0 8 cu/om aft] supp]4 ,he c\ld  
h>dly be p]suad$ ( ! dang] 9 :i* he     
/ood1 & x 0 ) difficulty t ,ryl& hurri$ 
him & ,mrs ,prie/ley into ! *aise :i* 0 
wait+ at ! door4 ,he & 8 wife 7 !n      
quickly driv5 to ,%[ell ,gre51 !        
resid5ce ( 8 fri5d1 ,william ,russell1  
leav+ 8 son ,william ,prie/ley1 & "s o!r
 "y p]sons1 ) ! s]vants to protect !    
prop]ty4 ,:at foll[$ may be/ be glean$ f
 ! graphic n>rative ( ,miss ,m>?a       

,russell1 writt5 )9 a few days ( !      
occurr5ce1 b fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,*ri/ian 
,re=m] ( #ahce1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bic3--  
,z we 7 at supp]1 ,tolley1 our footman1 
came 9 ) a c\nt5ance   z pale z a%es1 & 
told my fa!r a mess5g] 0 j arriv$ to    
in=m him t a mob _h collect$ & set fire 
to ! ,new   ,meet+-,h\se1 & 7 !n employ$
 9 de/roy+ ! ,old   ,meet+-,h\se also1 &
 !y decl>$ _! int5tion to come f   !nce 
to ,dr ,prie/ley's h\se & !n to ours1 & 
t no   magi/rate appe>$ or c\ld be f\nd 
to disp]se !m4 ,con/]nation   & al>m n[ 
fill$ our m9ds4 ,my fa!r ord]$ 8 horse1 
int5d+   to g & meet ! mob1 & se>* out !
 ju/ices to quell x4   ,:il/ he 0 load+ 
8 pocket-pi/ols to c>ry ) him1 a *aise  
drove up to ! door ) ,dr & ,mrs         
,prie/ley & ,mr ,samuel ,ryl&4   ,!     
latt] _h tak5 ! al>m1 &1 procur+ a      
*aise1 _h hurri$   ! ,doctor & ,mrs ,p4 
away f _! h\se1 fe>+ ! mob w\ld be   !re
 imm$iately4 ,s great 0 ! panic he _h   
felt & inspir$   !m ) t !y _h secur$    
no?+1 b seem$ z if happy &   =tunate 9  

escap+ ) _! lives4 ,we all unit$ 9 begg+
 my   fa!r n to leave ! h\se1 & urg$ !  
dang] he w\ld be 9 by   meet+ su* an    
ungov]nable conc\rse ( p1 & t1 be+      
alone1 he c\ld d no?+ t[>ds quell+ !m1 &
 no d\bt b our   fri5ds 9 ,birm+ham w\ld
 "s ( !m ex]t !mselves & /ir up   !     
magi/rates )\t 8 runn+ su* a risk4 ,he  
w\ld1 h[ev]1   he> no?+ ( x1 b decl>$   
'he w\ld be 8 own ma/] t   night4' ,see+
 him resolv$ to g1 ,mrs ,prie/ley       
reque/$ him to   br+ h] a small box (   
money %e _h 9 h] *amb]1 & ,dr ,p4   wi%$
 = 8 pocket-book1 :i* conta9$ some?+ (  
value1 &   :i* he _h left on ! table 9 !
 p>l\r1 s great 0 _!   hurry & al>m4444 
,we walk$ up & d[n ! foot-road lead+ to 
t[n 9 a dreadful /ate ( susp5se &       
appreh5sion1 cle>ly   disc]n+ ! fire f !
 two ,meet+-,h\ses1 & di/9ctly   he>+ ! 
%\ts ( ! mob4444    ,9 ab\t ?ree h\rs my
 fa!r return$ & in=m$ u he w5t fir/   to
 ,dr ,prie/ley's h\se1 :]e he f\nd      
,william ,prie/ley1 :om he   in/ruct$ to
 beg9 & move all ! ,doctor's manuscripts

 he ?\ght   mo/ likely to be valuable1  
by means ( p]sons 9 ! neighb\rhood   :om
 my fa!r _h br\ght = t purpose1 & on :om
 he c\ld   rely1 to a place 9 ! vic9ity 
he _h fix$ ^u z secret &   secure4 ,?is 
he urg$ him to d z exp$iti\sly & quietly
 z   possible1 & to cont9ue ?is employ1 
includ+ also any o!r   valuables he     
recollect$1 till my fa!r %\ld s5d him ^w
 to /op1   n att5d+ to any reports t    
might be br\ght him4 ,my fa!r !n   rode 
on to t[n z f> z ,digbe?1 & !re meet+ ! 
mob1 he tri$   9 va9 to proce$4 ,he met 
_m ( 8 fri5ds1 all ( :om reque/$   him  
to return1 tell+ him he did n he> !     
?reats t 7   utt]$ aga9/ him4 ,at l5g?1 
"o ( !m1 ,i believe ,mr ,j4 ,f----1     
sudd5ly turn$ 8 horse1 & giv+ him a cut 
) 8 :ip1 !   press 0 s great & ! _s ( ! 
horse s r\s$ my fa!r   f\nd himself     
oblig$ 9 a mann] to return4 ,arriv+ at  
,dr   ,prie/ley's gate be=e ! mob1 he   
/ation$ himself )9side till   ! mob came
 up1 & !n address$ !m1 endeav\r+ to     
induce !m1   by fair words & money1 to  

desi/ & return home4 ,at fir/ !y   seem$
 a little pacifi$ & incl9$ to li/51 till
 "o m l\d   ?an ! re/1 & :o _h !        
appe>ance ( a r+lead]1 cri$ out1        
',don't take a sixp5ce ( 8 money3 9 !   
riots ( '#hj 9 ,london a   man 0 hang$ =
 only tak+ sixp5ce4' ,!y all !n         
vocif]at$1   ',/one him1 /one him6' &   
began to fl+ /ones4 ,my fa!r !n1   f9d+ 
x ra%ness to brave two or ?ree ?\s& m51 
turn$ 8   horse & rode up to ! h\se1    
tell+ ,william ,prie/ley t he mu/       
desi/ & take z mu* c>e ( ! h\se z he    
c\ld1 & advis+   him to make all ! doors
 & w9d[s z secure z possible4 ,he !n    
rode (f home & in=m$ u he did n ?9k our 
h\se yet 9   dang]1 b ?\ght we _h bett] 
remove ) ,dr & ,mrs ,p4 to ,mr   ,?omas 
,hawkes1 ab\t half a mile (f1 = fe> we  
%\ld be sudd5ly   surpris$4 ,dur+ ?is "t
 sev]al messages 7 s5t1 & fri5ds   came 
to w>n u ( our dang]4 ,all seem$ to     
appreh5d ! mob w\ld   visit u1 & we _h  
be5 advis$ to set out a b>rel ( ale on !
   lawn1 ?us attempt+ to pacify !m &    

p]suade !m to desi/4 ,?is   done1 &     
prop] p]sons left to wat*1 we all walk$ 
up to ,mr   ,hawkes's4 ,"h we f\nd !    
family up & "u great appreh5sion2   & "h
 we soon he>d ! %\ts ( ! mob at ,dr     
,prie/ley's h\se   7& ,i %all nev] =get 
:at dreadful & hide\s %\ts !y 771       
int]m+l$ ) a l\d noise ( batt]+ aga9/ ! 
walls1 &   su* a confusion ( cries1     
huzzas1 etc41 z _c be imag9$4 ,soon   ! 
flames bur/ =?1 & !n all seem$ quiet4   
,:at 7 !   emotions ( our m9ds at ?is   
mom5t no "o c imag9e unless !y   _h     
beheld our c\nt5ances & he>d ! brok51   
%ort s5t5ces t   =m$ all ! conv]sation  
:i* pass$ among/ u3 yet ! extreme       
agitation ( our m9ds did n prev5t u f   
admir+ ! div9e   appe>ance ( ! excell5t 
,dr ,prie/ley4 ,no human be+ c\ld1 9 my 
op9ion1 appe> 9 any trial m l div9e1 or 
%[ a ne>]   resemblance to our ,savi\r1 
?an he did !n4 ,undaunt$ he he>d !      
bl[s :i* 7 de/roy+ ! h\se & laboratory t
 conta9$   all 8 valuable & r>e app>atus
 & _! effects1 :i* x _h   be5 ! bus9ess 

( 8 life to collect & use4 ,all ?is     
app>atus1   toge!r ) ! uses he _h made (
 !m1 ! labori\s ex]tions (   8 :ole     
life1 7 be+ de/roy$ by a set ( m]ciless1
 ignorant1   lawless b&itti1 :il/ he1   
tranquil & s]5e1 walk$ up & d[n   ! road
 ) a firm yet g5tle pace t ev9c$ 8      
entire   self-possession1 & a complete  
self-satisfaction & consci\sness   :i*  
r5d]$ him ?us firm & resign$ "u ! unju/ 
& cruel   p]secution ( 8 enemies2 & ) a 
c\nt5ance express+ !   highe/ devotion1 
turn$ z x 7 f ?is sc5e & fix$ )   pure &
 calm resignation on him :o suff]$ !    
adm9i/ration (   ?is bitt] cup4 ,n "o   
ha/y or impati5t expression1 n "o look  
expressive ( murmur or compla9t1 n "o   
te> or sigh escap$ him2   resignation & 
a consci\s innoc5ce & virtue seem$ to   
subdue all   ^! feel+s ( humanity4      
,ab\t f\r o'clock my fa!r return$ &     
in=m$ u t z !   fire _h consum$ !       
doctor's h\se ! mob 7 ne>ly disp]s$1    
half drunk1 hav+ be5 up to _! ankles 9  
w9e 9 8 cell>1   :]e !y _h broke ! necks

 (f all ! bottles & inundat$ !   cell> )
 t portion ( _! cont5ts !y c\ld n dr9k2 
t   ! fields r\nd 7 n[ cov]$ ) ^! fi5ds 
sleep+ f   drunk5ness & fatigue1 & t z  
day 0 n[ come he ?\ght x   mo/ likely !y
 w\ld disp]se entirely1 & t consequ5tly 
we   might return home aga94 ,accord+ly 
we set (f1 & nev] %all ,i   =get ! joy )
 :i* ,i ent]$ our own gates once m4444  
,a room   0 prep>$ = ! ,doctor & ,mrs   
,p4 ,we all look$ & felt our            
gratitude2 b ! ,doctor appe>$ ! happie/ 
among/ u4 ,j z he   0 go+ to re/1       
express+ 8 ?ankfulness 9 be+ p]mitt$ to 
lie d[n aga9 9 peace & com=t1 my fa!r   
return$ f ,fair ,hill   ) ! intellig5ce 
t !y 7 collect+ aga91 & _!   ?reats 7 m 
viol5t ?an ev]1 t !y swore to f9d ,dr   
,p4 &   take 8 life4 ,! *aise 0 n[ ord]$
 ) all spe$1 & in/ead   ( ! mu*-desir$  
re/ ! ,doctor & ,mrs ,p4 7 oblig$ to    
dress   aga9 & get into x1 sc>cely kn[+ 
:i!r to g4 ,mr ,ryl&   accompani$ !m1 & 
x 0 ?\ght mo/ advisable to take a       
by-road   to ,hea?1 :]e ,mrs ,f9*1 !    

,doctor's daught]1 liv$1 ne> ,dudley4   
,he rema9$ at ,hea? ,=ge1 says ano!r    
acc\nt1 until ,saturday1   ,july #af?1  
mean:ile writ+ to ,l9dsey & to 8 si/]1  
,mrs ,cr\*1   !n liv+ at ,gild]some1    
fe>+ t %e w\ld receive false   acc\nts  
?r\gh ! newspap]s4 ,on ! aft]noon ( t   
day he set   (f on horseback1 ) a       
s]vant1 = ,worce/]1 int5d+ to cat*   !  
,london mail t ev5+4 ,b ! fugitives lo/ 
_! way on !   ,morfe1 a common betwe5   
,hea? ,=ge & ,bridg5or?1 & w&]$   ab\t  
all night4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 rea*$ ,kidd]m9/] 
safely 9 !   morn+1 & 7 met by ,mr      
,ryl&1 :o (f]$ ,prie/ley 8 own wig   &  
coat by way ( disguise4 ,b ! doctor     
decl9$4 ,he _h on a coat   button$ up to
 ! *91 a wig & a cock$ hat1 ) ! po9t 9  
front1 8 usual dress out ( doors4 ,mr   
,ryl& accompani$ ,prie/ley   z f> z     
,worce/]1 & arriv$ j 9 "t to take a     
place = him   9 ! mail to ,london4 ,he  
travell$ all night1 rea*+ ,london betwe5
   six & sev5 9 ! morn+ ( ,monday1 ,july
 #ah?1 & w5t to 8   fri5d ,l9dsey's 9   

,essex ,/reet1 ,/r&4  ,miss ,russell's  
appreh5sions prov$ to be only too       
well-f\nd$4 ,%[ell ,gre5 0 de/roy$1 z 7 
,bordesley ,hall & ,moseley ,hall1 & o!r
 h\ses 9 ! vic9ity ( ,moseley2 ,mr      
,ryl&'s h\se at ,easy ,hill1 & ,mr      
,hutton's h\se 9 ,high ,/reet & 8 c\ntry
 seat at ,wa% ,wood ,hea?4  ,on ,sunday 
! riot]s proce$$ to ,k+'s ,wood1 sev5   
miles f ,birm+ham1 & de/roy$ !          
meet+-h\se & ! dwell+ ( ! ,diss5t+      
m9i/]4 ,= ! great] "p ( ?ree days ! t[n 
0 9 a /ate ( siege1 ! majority ( ! %ops 
7 clos$ & bus9ess 0 at a /&-/ill4       
,attempts 7 made to organise a =ce (    
con/ables1 b ! numb] got toge!r 0       
insuffici5t to cope ) ! mob1 & 9 an ef=t
 to protect ,mr ,ryl&'s h\se ! police 7 
beat5 aft] a sev]e conte/1 & _m 7 w\nd$4
 ,a numb] ( ! riot]s lo/ _! lives2 "o   
man 0 kill$ by ! fall ( a cop+ /one f   
,prie/ley's h\se & a numb] 7 w\nd$4 ,at 
,easy ,hill ! drunk5 wret*es 9 ! cell>s 
7 ov]:elm$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! flam+ ro(1  
six 7 got out alive1 b t]ribly burnt &  

bruis$1 :il/ t5 dead bodies 7 dug out ( 
! ru9s4  ,late on ,sunday night ?ree    
troops ( dragoons rea*$ ! t[n3--    ,_! 
arrival1 says a contempor>y *ronicl]1 0 
ann\nc$ by !   s\nd ( _! trumpets & !   
acclamations ( ! inhabitants4           
,anxiety1 :i* _h be5 /rongly depict$ 9 e
 face dur+ !   day1 0 succe$$ by !      
smiles ( joy & ! congratulations (      
neighb\rs4 ,! t[n 0 illum9at$1 ! riot]s1
 consci\s ( _!   del9qu5cy1 soon        
disp]s$1 & ord] 0 happily re/or$ )\t    
blood%$4  ,! ,k+1 writ+ to ,mr ,secret>y
 ,dundas 9 approval ( dragoons hav+ be5 
s5t to ,birm+ham to quell ! tumult1 ?us 
cont9ues3--    ,?\gh ,i _c b feel bett] 
pleas$ t ,prie/ley is !   suff]] = !    
doctr9es he & 8 p>ty h in/ill$1 & t   ! 
p see !m 9 _! true light1 yet ,i _c     
approve ( _!   hav+ employ$ su* atroci\s
 means ( %[+ _! discont5t4  ,f ,mr      
,l9dsey's h\se ,prie/ley s5t ! foll[+   
lett] to ! ,birm+ham ,*ronicle3--       
,to ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,t[n ( ,birm+ham4
    ,my late ,t[nsm5 &                  

,neighb\rs1--,aft] liv+ ) y elev5 ye>s1 
9 :i* y _h uni=m exp]i5ce ( my peaceful 
behavi\r1 9 my   att5tion to ! quiet    
/udies ( my pr(ession & ^? (            
philosophy1 ,i 0 f> f expect+ ! injuries
 :i* ,i & my   fri5ds h lately receiv$ f
 y4 ,b y h be5 misl$4 ,by   he>+ !      
,diss5t]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,unit>ian     
,diss5t]s1   cont9ually rail$ at1 z     
enemies to ! pres5t gov]nm5t 9 ,*ur*   &
 ,/ate1 y h be5 l$ to consid] any injury
 done to u z a   m]itori\s ?+1 &1 n hav+
 be5 bett] in=m$1 ! means   7 n att5d$  
to4 ,:5 ! object 0 "r y ?\ght !   means 
c\ld n be wrong4 ,by ! disc\rses ( y\r  
tea*]s1 &   ! exclamations ( y\r        
sup]iors 9 g5]al1 dr9k+ confusion &     
damnation to u 7:i* is well kn[n to h   
be5 _! frequ5t   practice71 y\r bigotry 
has be5 excit$ to ! highe/ pit*1 &      
no?+ has be5 said to y to mod]ate y\r   
passions1 b ev]y?+   to inflame !m2     
h5ce1 )\t any consid]ation on y\r "p or 
on   !irs1 :o ought to h kn[n & taught y
 bett]1 y 7   prep>$ = e species (      

outrage1 ?9k+ t :atev] y   c\ld d to    
spite & injure u 0 = ! support (        
,gov]nm5t1 &   especially ! ,*ur*4 ,9   
de/roy+ u y h be5 l$ to ?9k   y did ,god
 & y\r c\ntry ! mo/ sub/antial s]vice4  
,happily ! m9ds ( ,engli%m5 h a horror (
 murd]1 &   !re=e y did n1 ,i hope1 ?9k 
( t1 ?\gh by y\r   clamor\s dem&+ ( me  
at ! hotel x is probable t at t   "t "s 
( y int5d$ me "s p]sonal injury4 ,b :at 
is !   value ( life :5 ev]y?+ is done to
 make x wret*$8 ,9 _m   cases !re w\ld  
be great] m]cy 9 dispat*+ ! inhabitants 
?an   9 burn+ _! h\ses4 ,h[ev]1 ,i      
inf9itely pref] :at ,i feel f   ! spoil+
 ( my goods to ! disposition ( ^? :o h  
misl$   y4    ,y h de/roy$ ! mo/ truly  
valuable & useful app>atus (            
philosophical in/rum5ts t p]haps any    
individual 9 ?is or any   o!r c\ntry 0  
ev] possess$ (1 9 my use ( :i* ,i       
annually   sp5t l>ge sums1 ) no pecuni>y
 view :atev]1 b only 9 !   advancem5t ( 
sci5ce1 = ! b5efit ( my c\ntry & (      
mank9d4   ,y h de/roy$ a libr>y         

correspond+ to t app>atus :i* no   money
 c re-pur*ase1 except 9 a c\rse ( "t4 ,b
 :at ,i feel f>   m1 y h de/roy$        
manuscripts1 :i* h be5 ! result (   !   
labori\s /udy ( _m ye>s1 & :i* ,i %all  
nev] be able to   recompose2 & ?is has  
be5 done to "o :o nev] did1 or imag9$   
y1 any h>m4    ,i "k no?+ m ( ! h&-bill1
 :i* is said to h enrag$   y s mu*1 ?an 
any ( y\rselves1 & ,i disapprove ( x z  
mu*1   ?\gh x has be5 made ! o/5sible   
h&le ( do+ inf9itely m   mis*ief ?an    
any?+ ( t nature c\ld possibly h done4  
,9 !   celebration ( ! ,fr5*            
,revolution1 at :i* ,i did n att5d1 !   
company assembl$ on ! occasion only     
express$ _! joy 9 !   emancipation ( a  
neighb\r+ nation f tyranny1 )\t intimat+
   a desire ( any?+ m ?an su* an        
improvem5t ( our own   ,con/itution1 z  
all sob] citiz5s1 ( e p]suasion1 h long 
wi%$ =4 ,& ?\gh1 9 answ] to ! gross &   
unprovok$   calumnies ( ,mr ,madan &    
o!rs1 ,i publicly v9dicat$ my pr9ciples 
z a ,diss5t]1 x 0 only ) pla9 & sob]    

argum5t1 & )   p]fect good-hum\r4 ,we   
are bett] in/ruct$ 9 ! mild &   =be>+ _s
 ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ev] to ?9k ( hav+    
rec\rse to viol5ce2 & c y ?9k su*       
conduct z y\rs any   recomm5dation ( y\r
 religi\s pr9ciples 9 pref]5ce to ours8 
,y are /ill m mi/ak5 if y imag9e t ?is  
conduct ( y\rs   has any t5d5cy to s]ve 
y\r cause or to injure ours4 ,x is no?+ 
b reason & argum5t t c ev] support any  
sy/em (   religion4 ,answ] y\r argum5ts 
& y\r bus9ess is done2 b y\r   hav+     
rec\rse to viol5ce is only a pro( t y h 
no?+   bett] to produce4 ,%\ld y de/roy 
myself1 z well z my h\se1   libr>y &    
app>atus1 t5 m p]sons ( equal or sup]ior
 _s   & ability w\ld in/antly rise up4  
,if ^! t5 7 de/roy$ "o   hundr$ w\ld    
appe>2 & believe me1 t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1
   :i* y n[ ?9k y are support+1 has     
receiv$ a great] bl[ by   ?is conduct ( 
y\rs ?an ,i & all my fri5ds h ev] aim$  
at x4    ,besides1 to abuse ^? :o h no  
p[] ( mak+ resi/ance is   equally c[>dly
 & brutal1 peculi>ly unwor?y (          

,engli%m51 to say   no?+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 
:i* tea*es u to d z we w\ld be done     
by4 ,9 ?is bus9ess we are ! %eep & y are
 ! wolves4 ,we w   pres]ve our "*1 &    
hope y w *ange y\rs4 ,at all ev5ts1   we
 return y bless+s = curses1 & pray t y  
may soon return   to t indu/ry & ! sob] 
mann]s = :i* ! inhabitants (   ,birm+ham
 7 =m]ly di/+ui%$4--,i am1 y\r s9c]e    
well-wi%]1                              
,j4 ,prie/ley4    ,london1 ,july #ai1   
#agia4    ,p4,s4--,! acc\nt ( ! fir/    
toa/ at ! ,revolution ,d9n] 9   ! ,times
 ( ?is morn+ c be no?+ less ?an a       
malici\s lie4   ,to prove ?is a li/ ( ! 
toa/s1 ) an acc\nt ( all !   proce$+s ( 
! day1 w soon be publi%$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0
   ,! ,k+ & ,con/itution1 & !y 7 all su*
 z ! fri5ds (   lib]ty1 & ( ! true      
pr9ciples ( ! ,con/itution1 w\ld        
approve4  ,"o ( ! e>lie/ lett]s (       
sympa?y he receiv$ 0 f 8 /eadfa/ fri5d &
 b5efactor1 ,w$gwood4 ,x 0 writt5 f     
,weym\?1 at t "t ! mo/ fa%ionable       
seaside wat]+-place 9 ,engl&1 & condol$ 

) him on ! irrep>able loss he _h su/a9'd
 f ! brutality1 or r let u hope !       
tempor>y insanity ( 8 neighb\rs4    ,if 
!y _h aris5 m]ely f ! ungov]n'd madness 
( a mob f   ! l[e/ ord] ( our species1  
"o w\ld !n lam5t all its effects   l ^? 
( a /orm or hurricane1 b if !re is      
reason to believe   t ! rabble 7 act$ ^u
 & enc\rag$ to su* proce$+s by   ^? :o  
%\ld be _! sup]iors1 "o _c b p]ceive !  
too   evid5t _s ( ! times1 or ( ! place 
at lea/1 by :i* y   & s _m ( y\r wor?y  
neighb\rs h suff]$4  ,w$gwood !n e>ne/ly
 begs 8 fri5d to let him "k h[ he c be (
 s]vice to him3--    ,in/ruct me 9 !    
means ( do+ x & ,i %all e/eem x z "o (  
! /ronge/ in/ances ( y\r fri5d%ip4      
,prie/ley's reply 0 writt5 f ! h\se ( 8 
son-9-law1 ,william ,f9*1 ,hea? ,=ge1   
,birm+ham1 & 0 z foll[s3--    ,y\r v k9d
 & sympa?is+ lett] 0 v acceptable to me4
 ,!   %ock 0 no d\bt v great1 b ,i ?ank 
,god ,i h be5 able to   be> x )\t any   
loss ( heal?1 or1 inde$1 ( spirits4 ,i  
beg9 to   suff] mo/ f want ( employm5t &

 abs5ce f my family1 :i*   inde$ is     
irksome to me4 ,my wife behav$ ) !      
greate/ h]oism at   ! "t1 b cont9u+ 9 ! 
neighb\rhood1 & he>+ cont9ually   ( !   
bad _s t prevails 9 ! place1 ,i p]ceiv$ 
t h]   m9d began to be affect$ by x4 ,%e
 _c remove1 z my daught]   expects to be
 br\ght to b$ 9 ab\t a mon?1 & %e _c be>
   t h] "m %\ld be abs5t at ! "t4 ,?is  
circum/ance adds   mu* to my difficulty4
 ,c\ld we g toge!r to "s di/ant place = 
a mon? we %\ld be mu* m com=table4 ,"o  
good ?+ has already   come out ( ?is    
evil--,i h a k9d lett] f ,mr ,john      
,wilk9son   invit+ u to any h\se ( 81 & 
bidd+ me n to reg>d any   losses t money
 c repair4  ,8 bro!r-9-law promptly s5t 
him #ejj aft] ! riots1 & subsequ5tly    
transf]r$ to him #aj1jjj 9 ! ,fr5*      
funds4 ,z ^! 7 aft]w>ds nonproductive he
 aft]w>ds gave him an annuity ( #bjj4   
,imm$iately aft] ! riots he receiv$ a   
great numb] ( addresses & te/imonials f 
8 !ological & philosophical admir]s1 &  
an address transmitt$ by ,condorcet 0   

s5t to him f ! ,fr5* ,academy (         
,sci5ces4  ,"o ( ! e>lie/ lett]s he     
dispat*$ f ,london 0 to ,keir1 "u date  
,july #bb1 #agia4                       
,prie/ley to ,keir4    ,i am v happy to 
see a copy ( y\r lett] to ! pr9t] ( !   
,birm+ham ,*ronicle1 & 9 return enclose 
copies ( my ',address to   !            
,inhabitants ( ,birm+ham1' & ( ,mr      
,russell's ',acc\nt ( !   ,proce$+s on  
,july #ad?4' ,bo? ^! h be5 9 ! ,london  
pap]s   & ,i h j s5t y\rs to ! pr9t] ( !
 ,morn+ ,*ronicle4    ,i am happy to he>
 t all is quiet ) y n[1 b :5 x w   be   
prop] = me to come to y ,i _c tell4 ,i  
fe> n be=e !   next ,lun> ,society4     
,:e!r ,i %all ev] h x 9 my p[] to       
collect ano!r app>atus = exp]im5ts is q 
unc]ta91 z   inde$ is1 9 a great        
measure1 my settl+ aga9 at ,birm+ham1   
?\gh   !re is no place 9 ! _w t ,i %\ld 
pref] to x4    ,! extra copies ( my la/ 
pap] = ! ,philosophical   ,transactions 
are pr9t$1 & ,i %all soon s5d "s to ,mr 
,galton to   be pres5t$ to ea* ( !      

memb]s ( ! ,lun> ,society4    ,i beg my 
complim5ts to !m1 & z long z ,i live ,i 
%all ) mu*   satisfaction ?9k ( our _m  
happy meet+s4  ,9 a lett] to ,w$gwood1  
dat$ f\r days lat]1 he s5ds two copies (
 8 pap]1 & says3--    ,i fe> ,i %all n  
soon be able to furni% mat]ials = ano!r4
   ,inde$1 :at ,i %all d1 or :]e ,i %all
 settle1 is unc]ta94 ,i   %all1 h[ev]1  
cont9ue at ,birm+ham if possible1 &     
resume all   my pursuits1 9 :i* case ,i 
mu/ ?ank y = a fre% /ock (   retorts1   
tubes1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,?is invasion ( 
! ,go?s &   ,v&als ,i little =esaw1 &   
hope x w nev] be repeat$1 z ,i   fancy !
 exp]im5t w n be f\nd to answ]4  ,! next
 lett] to ,keir1 dat$ ,july #bi1 #agia1 
is int]e/+ z ?r[+ fur!r light ^u !      
causes ( ! riots3--    ,i nev] ?\ght (  
return+ to ,birm+ham till my fri5ds !re 
%\ld ?9k x safe &1 on _! acc\nts1       
advisable2 & ?is1 ,i   n[ beg9 to fe>1 w
 n be s soon z y intimate4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am
   ready to att5d ! fir/ summons1 &     
e>ne/ly wi% x may be be=e   ! next ,lun>

 ,society4 ,b y\r meet+ mu/ n dep5d ^u  
?is   ev5t4    ,) ?is ,i s5d ea* ( y a  
copy ( my late1 & ,i fe> la/1   pap] = !
 ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,i %all  
always recollect1   ) peculi>           
satisfaction & regret1 our _m *e]ful &  
improv+   meet+s2 & if n a con/ant1 %all
 indulge ! hope ( be+ an   occasional1  
att5dant4    ,y 7 c]ta9ly a bett] judge 
?an ,i 0 ( ! _s ( !   times4 ,b ev5 y   
c\ld n h expect$ su* brutal excesses z  
h tak5 place2 & yet ,i am will+ to hope 
mu* f "t1 f   y\r seasonable lett]1 & ! 
repres5tations ( ! m calm &   reasonable
 memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 if n f !    
int]position ( ,gov]nm5t & ! execution (
 ! laws1 9 :i* ,i   wi% = mod]ation4    
,i lately d9$ ) ,mr ,%]idan1 :o said ,i 
%\ld meet ,mr ,fox4#ae   ,he1 h[ev]1 0  
prev5t$ f att5d+1 b desir$ ,mr ,%]idan  
to   say t he wi%$ to take ! matt] up 9 
:atev] mann] we %\ld   ?9k prop]1 by    
motion 9 ! ,h\se on ! subject4 ,!y      
conceive   t ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ?is  
,high ,*ur* _s by ! ,c\rt   arises f _! 

will+ness to cru% ,mr ,fox1 :o has tak5 
our "p1   & t !y hop$ by ^! measures to 
intimidate u into sil5ce4    ,?is ,i c  
h>dly ?9k to be ! case1 & ,i am unwill+ 
to connect   our cause ) t ( any        
political p>ty2 s9ce ^u ! face ( x1   z 
y h cle>ly %[n1 x is :olly ( a religi\s 
nature4   ,h[ev]1 ,i said !re w\ld be "t
 en\gh to take our measures be=e   !    
next meet+ ( ,p>liam5t4  ,dr ,)]+1      
himself a suff]]1 ha/5$ to express 8    
sympa?y4 ,prie/ley repli$ to 8 lett]s z 
foll[s3--    ,y\r g5]\s contribution    
t[>ds ! re-e/abli%m5t ( my              
philosophical app>atus _c b give me     
satisfaction1 ?\gh ,i am   sorry to be s
 burd5some to my fri5ds1 especially my  
fell[-suff]]s1 among :om y are rank$4 ,b
 :at ! c\ntry w   d t[>ds indemnify+ u  
appe>s v di/ant & unc]ta91 & my   claims
 w be liable to ! greate/ unc]ta9ty1 z !
 pro( t   may be requir$ ( my losses _c 
be giv54    ,i am happy to f9d t y\r    
al>ms & suff]+s h no m   affect$ y\r _s 
& heal? ?an my own did m9e1 & t we may  

s soon expect y\r ?ird volume4#af    ,x 
w be a consid]able "t1 ) e assi/ance t  
money c   af=d1 be=e ,i c be at "w aga91
 & h>dly ev] to s mu*   advantage z at  
,birm+ham4 ,su* assi/ance f             
philosophical fri5ds   ,i %\ld 9 va9    
look = "h1 & z long z ,i live ,i %all   
look   back ) pleasure & regret to our  
,lun> meet+s1 :i* ,i always   enjoy$ s  
mu* & f :i* ,i d]iv$ s mu* solid        
advantage4 ,if ,i   c\ld f9d ! same     
intellig5ce 9 any club ( ,philosoph]s   
"h1 ,i   c\ld n f9d ! same frankness :i*
 is ! *>m ( all society4    ,i h ne>ly  
pr9t$ ,an ,appeal to ! ,public on !     
subject ( !   late riot1 & %all direct !
 pr9t] to deliv] y a copy4    ,i am     
s5sible t x w m exasp]ate my enemies1 b 
x is   address$ to our common judges1 & 
may conciliate !m1 at lea/ 9   a c\rse (
 "t4    ,i h lately writt5 to ,mr ,watt1
 & desir$ him1 or ! ,lun>   ,society z a
 body1 to make a proposal to ^? :o act =
 !   c\ntry4 ,i hope y w see ! propriety
 ( x & contribute to its   effect4  ,!  

,appeal evid5tly co/ ,prie/ley mu* pa9s 
9 its composition4 ,"p ( x 0 s5t 9 %eets
 to 8 intimate fri5ds 9 ,birm+ham1      
notably ,dr ,)]+1 ,mr ,galton & ,mr     
,russell1 :o conf]r$ toge!r & ) ,capta9 
,keir z to ! advisability ( publi%+ x4  
,l him !y 7 s5sible t x w\ld c]ta9ly m  
exasp]ate 8 enemies4 ,capta9 ,keir      
endeav\r$ to dissuade him f its         
publication1 at lea/ 9 its propos$ =m1  
say+ t x w\ld irritate 8 pr(ess$        
enemies1 & furni% !m ) a new s\rce (    
abuse1 & t he fe>$ t ,gov]nm5t w\ld     
become m remiss 9 prosecut+ ! magi/rates
 & 9 protect+ ! ,diss5t]s 9 future if !y
 %\ld meet ) any passage t w\ld give !m 
(f5ce4  ,on le>n+ ! op9ion ( 8 fri5ds   
,prie/ley wrote to ,w$gwood3--    ,i h  
desir$ ! pr9t] to s5d y a copy ( my     
,appeal on !   subject ( ! riots1 9 ord]
 to h y\r op9ion & advice )   respect to
 publi%+ ( x4 ,sev]al ( my fri5ds 9     
,birm+ham1   viz41 ,dr ,)]+1 ,mr ,keir &
 ,mr ,galton1 ?9k t x _h bett] be       
suppress$1 or publi%$ ) _m alt]ations by

 way ( s(t5+4   ,o!rs1 & especially my  
fri5ds "h1 are = its spe$y              
publication1 or ab\t ! "t ( ! meet+ (   
,p>liam5t4 ,9 ?is   /ate ( susp5se ,i   
beg y\r p]usal ( x & y\r free op9ion4 ,i
   ?9k t if ,i write at all x %\ld n be 
) less _s ?an ,i   h usually %[n1 & t   
!re is no?+ m viol5t or   (f5sive 9 ?is 
?an 9 sev]al ( my prea*+ publications4  
,b   z o!rs are int]e/$ 9 ! ev5t ( ?is  
publication ,i am will+   to be advis$  
by !m4  ,on ,augu/ #bd1 #agia1 at !     
,w>wick ,assizes1 ,john ,gre51 ,john    
,clifton & ,b>?olomew ,fi%] 7 indict$ = 
t !y1 ) "o ,william ,jones1 at l>ge1 )  
o!rs1 to ! numb] ( fifty & m1 did1 on ! 
#ae? ( ,july1 unlawfully & riot\sly     
assemble & ) =ce ( arms beg9 to pull d[n
 ! dwell+-h\se ( ,joseph ,prie/ley1     
,,ll4,d4 ,! jury f\nd ,gre5 & ,fi%]     
guilty & ,clifton n guilty4  ,john      
,/okes1 = beg9n+ to pull d[n ! ,old     
,meet+-,h\se 9 ,birm+ham1 0 acquitt$1 on
 acc\nt ( ! defects 9 ! indictm5t4 ,!   
foll[+ 0 ,b>on ,p]ryn's s5t5ce3--       

,prison]s1 y h be5 convict$ by v human &
 att5tive juries   ( ! enorm\s crimes ( 
sett+ fire to & de/roy+ ! h\ses   &     
prop]ty ( y\r fell[-subjects 9 a mann] z
 wanton z x 0   unprovok$4 ,y\r cry (   
',*ur* & ,k+6' 0 no?+ b a pretext   to  
commit depr$ation & robb]y4 ,! ,law &   
,con/itution is a   suffici5t %ield to  
protect ! ,*ur* & ! sacr$ p]son ( ,8    
,maje/y & all 8 good subjects 9 _! lives
 & prop]ty4    ,at ! same "t ! ,law     
possesses suffici5t en]gy & vig\r to    
make examples ( ^? bad citiz5s :o       
wick$ly & wantonly violate   x4    ,y1  
mis]able crim9als1 are ( t numb]1 & x is
 necess>y   t y\r lives %\ld atone = y\r
 crimes1 z a public example4 ,y   mu/   
!re=e be remov$ f ?is _w2 & ,i mo/      
e>ne/ly   recomm5d y to employ ! %ort   
space ( "t :i* w be all[$   to y to make
 y\r peace ) y\r (f5d$ ,creator1 :o     
alone c   grant t m]cy :i* y mu/ n      
expect f y\r c\ntry4  ,prie/ley's own   
acc\nt ( ^! proce$+s1 z giv5 9 8        
,memoirs1 is v nave & ev5 /udi\sly      

dispassionate4 ,he says3--    ,ab\t two 
ye>s be=e ,i left ,birm+ham1 ! "q ab\t !
   ',te/ ,act' 0 mu* agitat$ bo? 9 & out
 ( ,p>liam5t4 ,?is1   h[ev]1 0 altoge!r 
)\t any concurr5ce ( m9e4 ,i only       
deliv]$1 & publi%$1 a s]mon on ! #e? (  
,novemb] #aghi1   recomm5d+ ! mo/       
peaceable me?od ( pursu+ our object4 ,mr
   ,madan1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ respectable     
cl]gyman 9 ! t[n1 prea*+   & publi%+ a v
 inflammatory s]mon on ! subject1       
inveigh+   9 ! bitt]e/ mann] aga9/ !    
,diss5t]s 9 g5]al & myself   9 p>ticul>1
 ,i address$ a numb] ( ',famili> ,lett]s
 to !   ,inhabitants ( ,birm+ham' 9 our 
def5ce4 ,?is produc$ a reply f   him &  
o!r lett]s f me4 ,all m9e 7 writt5 9 an 
ironical   & r a pleasant mann]1 & 9 "s 
( ! la/ ( !m ,i   introduc$ a fur!r     
reply to ,mr ,burn1 ano!r cl]gyman 9    
,birm+ham1 :o _h address$ to me ',lett]s
 on ! ,infallibility (   ! ,te/imony ( !
 ,apo/les conc]n+ ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1'    
aft]   reply+ to 8 fir/ set ( lett]s1 9 
a sep>ate publication4    ,f ^! small   

pieces ,i 0 f> f expect+ any s]i\s      
consequ5ces4 ,b ! ,diss5t]s 9 g5]al be+ 
v obnoxi\s to   ! ,c\rt1 & x be+ imag9$1
 ?\gh )\t any reason1 t ,i   _h be5 !   
*ief promot] ( ! measures :i* gave !m   
(f5ce1   ! cl]gy1 n only 9 ,birm+ham b  
?r\gh all ,engl&1 seem$ to   make x _!  
bus9ess1 by writ+ 9 ! public pap]s1 by  
prea*+   & o!r me?ods1 to inflame ! m9ds
 ( ! p aga9/ me4 ,&   on occasion ( !   
celebration ( ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,fr5*     
,revolution1 on ,july #ad1 #agia1 by    
sev]al ( my fri5ds1 b ) :i*   ,i _h     
little to d1 a mob1 enc\rag$ by "s      
p]sons 9 p[]1 fir/   burn$ ! meet+-h\se 
9 :i* ,i prea*$1 !n ano!r   meet+-h\se 9
 ! t[n1 & !n my dwell+-h\se1 demoli%+ my
   libr>y1 app>atus &1 z f> z !y c\ld1  
ev]y?+ belong+ to   me4 ,!y also burn$1 
or mu* damag$1 ! h\ses ( _m ,diss5t]s1  
*iefly my fri5ds4    ,! crim9ality ( !  
magi/rates & o!r pr9cipal ,high ,*ur*m5 
at ,birm+ham 9 promot+ ! riot rema9s    
ackn[l$g$4 ,inde$1 _m   circum/ances :i*
 h appe>$ s9ce t "t %[ t !   fri5ds ( ! 

,c\rt1 if n ! ,prime ,m9i/]s !mselves1 7
 !   fav\r]s ( t riot1 hav+1 no d\bt1   
?\ght to intimidate !   fri5ds ( lib]ty 
by ! measure4  ,! ye>s foll[+ ! riot (  
#agia1 wrote ,mr ,mat!w ,devonport      
,hill1 witness$ v>i\s displays ( ho/ile 
s5tim5t4 ,9 prep>ation = a municipal    
d9n] %ortly aft] t ev5t1 ( :i* a memb] (
 ! p[]ful & weal?y p>ty oppos$ to ,fr5* 
pr9ciples bore ! co/1 ! li/ ( gue/s     
accu/om$ prior to ! outbreak to be      
invit$ on public occasions _h be5       
s$ul\sly cle>$ ( adv]se elem5ts4 ,by    
inadv]t5ce1 h[ev]1 ! "n ( ,dr ,p>r 0    
reta9$2 & ! /urdy div9e1 al?\gh he mu/ h
 surmis$ t he w\ld be ! only            
repres5tative ( 8 op9ions1 duly obey$ ! 
summons4 ,! clo? be+ drawn1 ! ,*airman  
propos$1 z ! ,doctor no d\bt expect$1 ! 
toa/ ( ',*ur* & ,k+4'  ,p>r in/antly    
/>t$ to 8 feet1 proclaim+ 9 a /]n voice 
8 diss5t4 ',no1 sir1' said he1 ',i w n  
dr9k t toa/4 ,x 0 ! cry ( ,jacobites2 x 
is ! cry ( inc5di>ies4 ,x means a ,*ur* 
)\t ! ,gospel1 & a ,k+ above ! ,law6'   

,,*apt] ,x     ,det]m9es to leave       
,engl&--,8 arrival 9 ,am]ica--,settles  
at   ,nor?umb]l&--,8 clos+ days--,8     
dea?4  ,prie/ley's position 9 ,london = 
"s "t aft] 8 arrival !re 0 v insecure1 &
 s appreh5sive 7 8 fri5ds ( fur!r       
outrage t x 0 ?\ght necess>y to provide 
him ) a disguise & to arrange a plan (  
escape 9 case ! h\se %\ld be attack$4   
,at fir/ he 0 n all[$ to appe> 9 !      
/reets4 ,ultimately he 0 mov$ to        
,tott5ham1 :]e he sp5t a mon?4  ,9 !    
middle ( ,octob] a h\se 0 tak5 = him 9  
,hackney1 b x 0 ) difficulty t ! l&lord1
 :o fe>$ 8 prop]ty w\ld be demoli%$1 0  
p]suad$ to accept him z a t5ant4 ,"h1   
h[ev]1 he proce$$ to build himself a    
laboratory1 & 9 a lett] to ,?omas       
,w$gwood1 ( ,octob] #ah1 #agia1 he      
says3--    ,z soon z conv5i5t ,i %all be
 oblig$ to y\r fa!r if he w   supply me1
 z usual1 ) su* retorts z y make1 viz41 
e>!n   tubes clos$ at ! end & op51 & "s 
) two necks4 ,small   retorts1          
evaporat+-di%es1 mort>s & levigators4   

,p]haps   y\r s]vants "h c tell me !    
price at :i* ,i mu/ e/imate   ^? t 7    
de/roy$ by ! riot4 ,i mu/ soon give 9 an
 acc\nt   ( my losses1 & ,i fe> t "s    
p]son on y\r "p mu/ att5d at   ,w>wick  
to atte/ ! value4 ,mr ,nairn1 ,mr ,p>k] 
& o!rs h   promis$ to att5d4 ,b ,i h    
prep>$ propos$ a conf]5ce   betwe5 my   
apprais] & ^? = ! c\nty 9 ,london1 :i*1 
if   !y be dispos$ to d ju/ice1 w save  
mu* tr\ble & exp5se4    ,:e!r ,i %all be
 invit$ to succe$ ,dr ,price is unc]ta94
 ,_m   appreh5d public di/urbance 9     
consequ5ce ( my com+4 ,i c\ld n   get a 
h\se let 9 my own "n4 ,a fri5d took x 9 
84 ,i h1   h[ev]1 v h&some proposals f  
,france1 p>ticul>ly ! (f]   ( a h\se    
completely furni%$1 two miles f ,p>is1 &
 ano!r   polite invitation f ,t\l\se1 to
 take up my resid5ce 9 ! ,s\?   (       
,france 9 'a mona/]y :i* reason has     
recov]$ f   sup]/ition4'  ,prie/ley's   
claim = damages am\nt$ to #cfbh1 #hs4   
#i;d4 ,hutton says 8 real loss 0 upw>ds 
( #dejj 7,jewitt's ,life ( ,hutton1 p4  

#bee74 ,! ,c\rt all[$ #bejb1 #ahs4 ,9 ! 
t[n ( ,birm+ham prop]ty to ! value (    
#ej1jjj 0 de/roy$1 ( :i* sum #bf1ifa1   
#bs4 #c;d4 0 f9ally paid by a rate on ! 
,hundr$1 9 :i* ,birm+ham is includ$     
7,sam ,timm9s1 ,trans4 ,midl4 ,in/41    
#ahge74  ,l9dsey1 writ+ to 8 fri5d1     
,alex&] ( ,y>m\?1 "u date ,octob] #ae1  
#agia1 m5tion+ ,prie/ley1 says3--    ,he
 is v well1 & ) 8 wont$ *e]fulness1 :i* 
has nev]   =sak5 him4 ,sunday la/ he    
prea*$ = me = ! fir/ "t s9ce   he has   
be5 expell$ by fire & de/ruction out ( 8
 own place (   wor%ip1 & he does me t   
fav\r to-morr[ aga94 ,he has at la/1    
?\gh v reluctantly1 & mu* to ! conc]n ( 
8 late belov$   p1 giv5 up ! ?\ght (    
cont9u+ ! pa/oral (fice among   !m1 z ! 
ex]cise ( x w\ld n probably be consi/5t 
) 8   p]sonal safety & lib]ty2 su* is ! 
temp] ( 8 _m   adv]s>ies /ill1 & s      
ho/ile to him4  ,! manag]s ( o!r        
,diss5t+ *apels _h n ! c\rage ( ,l9dsey 
& begg$ t he w\ld refra9 f prea*+ to _! 
congregations4 ,ev5tually he 0 invit$ to

 take ! position =m]ly occupi$ by 8     
fri5d ,price4  ,! ranc\r ( 8 enemies n[ 
broke out afre%1 & ! mo/ p]si/5t ef=ts 7
 made to damage & disp>age him 9 ! eyes 
( 8 congregation4 ,8 fri5ds 9 !         
neighb\rhood 7 advis$ to move _! effects
 to "s place ( great] safety1 z x 0     
common rum\r t 8 h\se 0 to be attack$ on
 ! succe$+ anniv]s>y ( ! ,birm+ham riot4
 ,8 s]vants 7 afraid to rema9 = any l5g?
 ( "t ) him1 & ! tradespeople hesitat$  
to take 8 cu/om4 ,he 0 sev]al times     
burnt 9 effigy along ) ,tom ,pa9e4      
,col\r$ c>icatures ( him1 ( ! grosse/ & 
co>se/ k9d1 9 :i* he 0 describ$ z !     
trea*]\s rebel & ,birm+ham riot] 7      
scatt]$ broadca/4 ,insult+ lett]s1 9 "s 
( :i* he 0 lik5$ to ,guy ,fawkes or !   
devil himself1 7 s5t to him f all p>ts (
 ! c\ntry1 ev5 f m5 call+ !mselves      
m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 "o ( ^! he 0     
?reat5$ ) be+ burn$ alive be=e a sl[    
fire4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr ,ta?am1 ,rector (    
,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d1 ^: biograph]   
comp>$ him ) ,w>burton 7,!re is mu* ( ! 

same r\gh1 unpoli%$ /r5g? 9 8 language71
 ?us address$ him3--    ,long h y be5 ! 
,dang] ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,bane ( its      
,polity1 & ! ,cank]-worm ( its          
,happ9ess4 ,long1 too long1 h   y\r     
,pr9ciples t5d$ to b]eave x ( its       
,religion1 its   ,con/itution1 &        
consequ5tly ( its ,k+4  ,burke1 to 8    
ev]la/+ %ame1 inveigh$ aga9/ him 9 !    
,h\se ( ,commons1 & _m ( 8 associates 9 
! ,royal ,society %unn$ him4  ,8        
position 9 ! ,society became ev5tually s
 irksome t he )drew f x1 z he expla9s 9 
! preface to 8 ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts
 on ! ,g5]ation ( ,air f ,wat]1 :i* he  
publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m at ,hackney1 ) a  
d$ication to ! memb]s ( ! ,lun>         
,society4  ,9 a lett] to ,)]+1 writt5 f 
,clapton1 ,octob] #b1 #agib1 he says3-- 
444 ,"o ( ! ?+s t ,i regret ! mo/ 9 be+ 
expell$ f   ,birm+ham is ! loss ( y\r   
company & t ( ! re/ ( !   ,lun>         
,society4 ,i feel ,i want ! spur to     
con/ant ex]tion :i* ,i _h   ) y4 ,my    
philosophical fri5ds "h are cold &      

di/ant4 ,mr   ,cav5di% nev] express$ !  
lea/ conc]n on acc\nt ( any?+ ,i   _h   
suff]$1 ?\gh ,i jo9$ a p>ty ) :i* he 01 
& talk$   ) !m "s "t4 ,i d n expect to h
 mu* int]c\rse ) any   ( !m4    ,i h1   
h[ev]1 ne>ly replac$ my app>atus1 &     
int5d n to be   idle4 ,i h already made 
"s exp]im5ts relat+ to ! doctr9e   (    
phlogi/on1 & :5 ,i h made a few m %all  
probably write   some?+ on ! subject4 ,i
 am surpris$ at ! confid5ce ) :i*   !   
,fr5* *emi/s write2 b ,i _c yet le>n :at
 !y h to   object to my la/ pap] 9 !    
,philosophical ,transactions4444    ,i 0
 9 hopes to h be5 able to pay my fri5ds 
( ,birm4 a visit   long be=e ?is "t1 b 0
 always disc\rag$1 s t ,i h n[   giv5 up
 ! ?\ghts ( x1 & mu/ cont5t myself )    
see+ z   _m ( !m z ,i c "h4444 ,i d n1  
h[ev]1 ?9k ,i %all   cont9ue "h long4   
,?\gh unwill+ly1 ,i %all "s "t h5ce     
foll[   my son to ,france4 ,b z ,i c d  
no?+ !re ,i w /ay "h z   long z ,i c4   
,to :at l5g?s ! ,gov]nm5t 7 det]m9$ to g
 0 se5 9 _! bani%m5t1 9 #agic1 ( ,?omas 

,fy%e ,palm]1 a g5tleman ( a highly     
respectable & opul5t family 9 ,b$=d%ire1
 to ,botany ,bay = sev5 ye>s1 because he
 _h be5 conc]n$ 9 publi%+ a pap] 9 fav\r
 ( ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m2 & 9 _! treatm5t ( 
,mr ,w9t]bo?am1 a ,calv9i/ic m9i/] (    
,plym\? ,dock1 on acc\nt ( 8 political  
op9ions4 ,! mock trial ( ,mr ,w9t]bo?am 
at ,newgate & ! f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t   
:i* foll[$ x1 creat$ a wide-spread feel+
 ( indignation & al>m1 & _m families 7  
con/ra9$ to leave ! c\ntry 9 disgu/4    
,among !m 0 ,prie/ley's fri5d &         
fell[-suff]]1 ! wor?y ,mr ,russell1 :o  
on 8 way to ,bo/on1 ,new ,engl&1 0      
captur$ ) 8 family by a ,fr5* private] &
 ?r[n into prison 9 ,bre/4  ,prie/ley1  
at l5g?1 also det]m9$ to foll[ !m4 ,x 0 
h[ev] ) ! greate/ reluctance t he came  
to t decision4 ,x meant p>t+ f          
affectionate & devot$ fri5ds to :om he 0
 w>mly atta*$1 ^: zeal to s]ve him & to 
m9i/] to 8 wants f> outweigh$ ! hatr$ ( 
^? :o s\ght to cov] him ) oblivion4 ,x  
meant too ! rel9qui%m5t 9 l>ge measure (

 8 philosophical pursuits s9ce he c\ld n
 hope to procure else:]e ! same         
facilities = inquiry t he enjoy$ "h4 ,m 
?an all x seem$ to mean ! rel9qui%m5t ( 
:at 0 /ill de>] to him--8 active ef=ts 9
 ! propagation ( ,unit>ianism4 ,la/ly x 
meant 9 all human probability a la/+    
sev]ance f ! daught] to :om he 0 s      
t5d]ly atta*$4 ,he 0 l>gely guid$ to 8  
decision by consid]ation = 8 sons1 s9ce1
 z he says1 he f\nd t ! bigotry ( !     
c\ntry 9 g5]al made x impossible = him  
to place !m "h ) any advantage4 ,8      
second son1 ,william1 _h be5 "s "t 9    
,france1 b on ! break+ out ( ! tr\bles 9
 t c\ntry he _h emb>k$ = ,am]ica1 :]e 8 
two bro!rs1 ,joseph & ,h5ry1 met him4   
,!y _h a project ( f\nd+ a settlem5t ne>
 ! head ( ! ,susquehanna 9 ,p5nsylvania1
 & sev]al ( ,prie/ley's fri5ds at home1 
among !m ,mr ,william ,russell (        
,birm+ham1 a lead] ( ! ,new             
,meet+-,h\se1 7 directly int]e/$ 9 !    
s*eme4  ,prie/ley at l5g? decid$ to ?r[ 
9 8 lot ) 8 sons1 & 9 ! preface to 8    

,fa/ & ,f>ewell ,s]mons1 :i* he deliv]$ 
to 8 ,hackney congregation on ! eve ( 8 
dep>ture1 he gave 8 reasons = leav+ !   
c\ntry3--    ,aft] ! riots 9 ,birm+ham x
 0 ! expectation1 & evid5tly   ! wi% (  
_m p]sons1 t ,i %\ld imm$iately fly to  
,france or   ,am]ica4 ,b ,i _h no       
consci\sness ( guilt to induce me to fly
 f   my c\ntry4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i came  
directly to ,london1 & in/antly1   by   
means ( my fri5d1 ,mr ,russell1 signifi$
 to ! ,k+'s m9i/]s   t ,i 0 !re & ready1
 if !y ?\ght prop]1 to be   int]rogat$  
on ! subject ( ! riots4    ,ill-treat$ z
 ,i ?\ght ,i _h be51 n m]ely by !       
populace (   ,birm+ham1 = !y 7 ! m]e    
tools ( _! sup]iors1 b by   ! c\ntry 9  
g5]al1 :i* evid5tly exult$ 9 our        
suff]+s1 &   aft]w>ds by !              
repres5tatives ( ! nation1 :o refus$ to 
inquire into ! cause ( !m1 ,i own ,i 0 n
 )\t delib]at+   ^u ! subject (         
emigration2 & sev]al flatt]+ proposals 7
   made to me1 especially f ,france1 :i*
 0 !n at peace )9   itself & ) all ! _w2

 & ,i 0 at "o "t mu* incl9$ to   g ?i!r1
 on acc\nt ( its ne>ness to ,engl&1 !   
agreeabl5ess   ( its climate1 & my hav+ 
_m fri5ds !re4    ,b ,i likewise        
consid]$ t if ,i w5t ?i!r ,i %\ld h no  
employm5t ( ! k9d to :i* ,i _h be5      
accu/om$2 & ! season   ( active life n  
be+1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( nature1 q     
ov]1 ,i wi%$ to make z mu* use ( x z ,i 
c\ld4 ,i !re=e   det]m9$ to cont9ue 9   
,engl&1 expos$ z ,i 0 n only to         
unb\nd$ obloquy & insult1 b to e k9d (  
outrage2 & aft]   my invitation to      
succe$ my fri5d ,dr ,price ,i _h no     
hesitation ab\t   x4444  ,he !n goes on 
to %[ h[ insecure 8 position 01 & h[    
impossible x 0 to foll[ 8 avocations 9  
peace1 9 face ( ! odium & insult he     
cont9ually met )3--    ,^! facts n only 
%[ h[ g5]al 0 ! idea ( my p>ticul>      
insecurity 9 ?is c\ntry1 b :at is ( mu* 
m consequ5ce1 &   highly int]e/+ to !   
c\ntry at l>ge1 an idea ( ! g5]al       
disposition to riot+ & viol5ce t        
prevails 9 x1 & t !   ,diss5t]s are !   

objects ( x4 ,mr ,pitt v ju/ly obs]v$1 9
 8   spee* on ! subject ( ! riots at    
,birm+ham1 t x 0 '!   eff]vesc5ce ( !   
public m9d4' ,inde$1 ! eff]vescible     
matt]   has exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry ev] s9ce 
! civil w>s 9 ! "t (   ,*>les ,i41 & x 0
 p>ticul>ly app>5t 9 ! reign ( ,que5    
,anne4 ,b ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5t "u ! =m]    
pr9ces ( !   ,h\se ( ,hanov] prev5t$ its
 do+ any mis*ief4 ,! late ev5ts   %[ t  
?is p[] is no long] ex]t$ z x us$ to be1
 b t   on ! contr>y !re prevails an     
idea1 well or ill f\nd$1 t   tumultu>y  
proce$+s aga9/ ,diss5t]s w n receive any
   effectual disc\ragem5t4    ,aft] :at 
has tak5 place ) respect to ,birm+ham1  
all idea (   mu* haz>d = insult+ & abus+
 ! ,diss5t]s is entirely   vani%$2 :]eas
 ! disposition to injure ! ,ca?olics 0  
effectually *eck$ by ! proce$+s ( ! ye> 
#aghj4 ,f t   "t !y h be5 safe1 &       
rejoice 9 x4 ,b f ! ye> #agia   !       
,diss5t]s h be5 m expos$ to insult &    
outrage ?an ev]4    ,! necessity ,i 0 "u
 ( s5d+ my sons out ( ?is c\ntry 0   my 

pr9cipal inducem5t to s5d ! little      
prop]ty t ,i _h out (   x too2 s t ,i _h
 no?+ 9 ,engl& besides my libr>y1       
app>atus   & h\sehold goods4    ,by ?is 
,i felt myself greatly reliev$1 x be+ ( 
little   consequ5ce :]e a man already   
turn$ sixty ends 8 days4 ,:atev]   good 
or evil ,i h be5 capable ( is n[ *iefly 
done2 & ,i tru/   t ! same consci\sness 
( integrity :i* has support$ me   hi!rto
 w c>ry me ?r\gh any?+ t may yet be     
res]v$ =   me4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 no great   
prospect ( do+ mu* good1 or hav+   mu*  
enjoym5t "h1 ,i am n[ prep>+ to foll[ my
 sons2 hop+ to   be ( "s use to !m 9 _! 
pres5t unsettl$ /ate1 & t   ,provid5ce  
may yet1 advanc+ 9 ye>s z ,i am1 f9d me 
"s sph]e (   usefulness ) !m4  ,he !n   
goes on to deal ) ! *>ge t he 0 a       
facti\s1 political p>son :o prea*$      
s$ition3--    ,z to ! great odium t ,i h
 incurr$1 ! *>ge ( s$ition1   or my be+ 
an enemy to ! con/itution or peace ( my 
c\ntry1 is a   m]e pret5ce = x2 ?\gh x  
has be5 s mu* urg$ t x is n[   g5]ally  

believ$1 & all attempts to undeceive !  
public )   respect to x avail no?+ at   
all4 ,! :ole c\rse ( my /udies   f e>ly 
life %[s h[ little politics ( any k9d h 
be5 my   object4 ,inde$1 to h writt5 s  
mu* z ,i h 9 !ology1 &   to h done s mu*
 9 exp]im5tal philosophy1 & at ! same   
"t to h _h my m9d occupi$1 z x is       
suppos$ to h be51   ) facti\s politics1 
,i mu/ h _h faculties m ?an human4  ,x  
is true1 he says1 he wrote a pamphlet   
,on ! ,/ate ( ,lib]ty 9 ?is ,c\ntry at !
 "t ( ,wilkes's election = ,middlesex1 &
 at ! reque/ ( ,frankl9 he wrote an     
address to ! ,diss5t]s on ! subject ( ! 
approa*+ rupture ) ,am]ica2 b he has    
no?+ to reproa* himself ) on t score1 & 
po/]ity agrees ) him4 ,8 connection ) ! 
,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne 0 9 no s5se         
political4 ,al?\gh1 he says1 ,i ent]$   
into almo/ all 8 views1 z ?9k+ !m j &   
lib]al1 ,i nev] wrote a s+le political  
pamphlet1 or ev5 a p>agraph 9 a         
newspap]1 all ! "t t ,i 0 ) him1 :i* 0  
sev5 ye>s4  ,he _h nev] prea*$ a        

political s]mon 9 8 life1 unless su* z  
he believ$ all ,diss5t]s usually prea*$ 
on ! #e? ( ,novemb] 9 fav\r ( civil &   
religi\s lib]ty may be said to be       
political4 ,ev5 on ^? occasions he _h   
nev] advanc$ any s5tim5t t w\ld h made  
him until !n obnoxi\s to ! adm9i/ration 
( ?is c\ntry4 ,! doctr9es he adopt$ :5  
"y1 & :i* 7 ev5 popul> !n 7except ) !   
cl]gy1 :o 7 at t "t g5]ally disaffect$  
to ! family on ! ?rone71 he c\ld n n[   
ab&on m]ely because ! times 7 s *ang$ t 
!y _h become unpopul> & ! expression (  
!m haz>d\s4  ,al?\gh he did n disapprove
 ( societies = political in=mation1 he  
nev] 0 a memb] ( "o1 nor did he ev]     
att5d any public meet+ if he c\ld       
dec5tly avoid x4    ,if1 !n1 my real    
crime has n be5 s$ition1 or treason1 :at
   has x be58 ,= e effect mu/ h "s      
adequate cause1 &   !re=e ! odium t ,i h
 incurr$ mu/ h be5 ow+ to   some?+ 9 my 
decl>$ s5tim5ts or conduct t has expos$ 
me to   x4 ,9 my op9ion x _c h be5 any?+
 b my op5 ho/ility   to ! doctr9es ( !  

,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & m especially to all  
civil e/abli%m5ts ( religion :atev]4    
,?is has br\ght ^u me   ! implacable    
res5tm5t ( ! great body ( ! cl]gy2 & !y 
h f\nd o!r me?ods ( oppos+ me besides   
argum5t & t   use ( ! press :i* is      
equally op5 to u all4 ,!y h also   f\nd 
an able ally & *ampion 9 ,mr ,burke1 :o 
7)\t any   provocation except t ( answ]+
 8 book on ! ,fr5*   ,revolution7 has   
tak5 sev]al opportunities ( inveigh+    
aga9/ me   9 a place :]e he kn[s ,i _c  
reply to him1 & f :i* he   also kn[s t 8
 accusation w rea* e corn] ( ! c\ntry   
& consequ5tly ?\s&s ( p]sons :o w nev]  
read any writ+s   ( m9e4 ,!y h _h ano!r1
 & /ill m effectual vehicle (   _! abuse
 9 :at are call$ ! treasury newpap]s1 & 
o!r   popul> publications4              
4 4 4 4 4 4 4    ,i c\ld1 if ,i 7 s     
dispos$1 give my read]s _m m in/ances   
( ! bigotry ( ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&
 ) respect to   me :i* c\ld n fail to   
excite 9 g5]\s m9ds equal indignation   
& contempt3 b ,i =be>4 ,_h ,i1 h[ev]1   

=ese5 :at ,i am n[   witness to1 ,i     
c]ta9ly %\ld n h made any attempt to    
replace my   libr>y or app>atus1 & ,i   
soon rep5t$ ( hav+ done x4 ,b ?is   be+ 
done1 ,i 0 will+ to make "s use ( bo?   
be=e ano!r   int]ruption ( my           
pursuits4444 ,i hop$ to h _h no occasion
 =   m ?an "o1 & t a f9al1 remove4 ,b ! 
circum/ances above   m5tion$ h induc$   
me1 ?\gh ) great & s9c]e regret1 to     
und]take ano!r1 & to a great] di/ance   
?an any t ,i h   hi!rto made4444 ,& ,i  
tru/ t ! same good ,provid5ce :i* has   
att5d$ me hi!rto1 & made me happy 9 my  
pres5t situation1 &   all my =m] ones1 w
 att5d & bless me 9 :i* may /ill be     
be=e me4 ,9 all ev5ts ! w ( ,god be     
done4    ,i _c refra9 f repeat+ aga9 t  
,i leave my native c\ntry   ) real      
regret1 nev] expect+ to f9d any:]e else 
society s   suit$ to my disposition &   
habits1 su* fri5ds z ,i h "h   7^:      
atta*m5t has be5 m ?an a balance to all 
! abuse ,i h   met ) f o!rs71 &         
especially to replace "o p>ticul>       

,*ri/ian fri5d1 9 ^: abs5ce ,i %all1 =  
"s "t at lea/1   f9d all ! _w a blank4  
,/ill less c ,i expect to resume my     
fav\rite pursuits ) any?+ l ! advantages
 ,i enjoy "h4 ,9   leav+ ?is c\ntry ,i  
also ab&on a s\rce ( ma9t5ance :i* ,i   
c b ill be> to lose4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 truly 
say t ,i leave x   )\t any res5tm5t or  
ill-w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i s9c]ely wi%    
my c\ntrym5 all happ9ess2 & :5 ! "t =   
reflection 7:i*   my abs5ce may         
accel]ate7 %all come !y w1 ,i am        
confid5t1 d me   m ju/ice4 ,!y w be     
conv9c$ t e suspicion !y h   be5 l$ to  
ent]ta9 to my disadvantage has be5 ill  
f\nd$1 &   t ,i h ev5 "s claim to _!    
gratitude & e/eem4 ,9 ?is   case ,i %all
 look ) satisfaction to ! "t :51 if my  
life be   prolong$1 ,i may visit my     
fri5ds 9 ?is c\ntry2 & p]haps ,i may1   
not)/&+ my removal = ! pres5t1 f9d a    
grave 7z ,i believe   is naturally ! wi%
 ( e man7 9 ! l& t gave me bir?4  ,z !  
"t ( 8 dep>ture drew ne> 8 fri5ds vi$ ) 
ea* o!r 9 _! expressions ( e/eem &      

affection & _m evid5ces ( _! regret 7   
(f]$ to him4 ,among ^! 0 a silv] ink/& f
 "s ( 8 admir]s 9 ! ,univ]sity (        
,cambridge1 on :i* 0 an inscription ( _!
 sorr[ t ?is expression ( _! e/eem %\ld 
be occasion$ by ! +ratitude ( _! c\ntry4
  ,on ,april #h1 #agid1 ,prie/ley & 8   
wife set sail f ,london1 & arriv$ at    
,new ,york on ,june #d4  ,on ! way out  
he wrote "s ,obs]vations on ! ,cause ( !
 ,pres5t ,preval5ce ( ,infidelity1 :i*  
he prefix$ to a new edition ( 8 ,lett]s 
to ! ,philosoph]s & ,politicians (      
,france4  ,alas6 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ (  
^? philosoph]s & politicians 0 ev5 !n no
 m4 ,c(f9hal _h pron\nc$ 8 judgm5t1     
decl>+ ! ,republic has no ne$ ( m5 (    
sci5ce1 & :il/ ,prie/ley 0 on ! high    
seas 8 great protagoni/1 ,lavoisi]1 m   
un=tunate ev5 ?an he1 met 8 dea? on !   
scaffold4    ,su* 0 ! treatm5t be/[$ ^u 
! be/ ( _! citiz5s by   two nations :i* 
consid]$ !mselves z )\t exception ! mo/ 
civilis$ & enlight5$ 9 ! _w6  ,prie/ley 
0 well receiv$ 9 ,new ,york1 _m p meet+ 

him on l&+1 & he 0 pres5t$ ) addresses (
 welcome f v>i\s societies4 ,aft] a /ay 
( ab\t a =tnight he proce$$ to          
,philadelphia & receiv$ an address f !  
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 & by a
 unanim\s vote ( ! tru/ees 0 (f]$ !     
,pr(essor%ip ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity (
 ,philadelphia4  ,9 ! foll[+ ,july1 9   
ord] to escape f ! heat ( ! city1 he    
mov$ to ,nor?umb]l&1 a t[n ab\t a hundr$
 & ?irty miles nor?-we/ ( ,philadelphia 
& situat$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! nor?-ea/ & 
we/ bran*es ( ! ,susquehanna1 ne> to :i*
 place 8 elde/ son1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r  
p]sons1 ma9ly ,engli%m51 project$ a     
settlem5t4 ,prie/ley himself _h no      
pecuni>y int]e/1 z has be5 /at$1 9 !    
und]tak+1 & he 0 n consult$ 9 its       
=mation1 nor _h he ev5 decid$ to jo9 x  
if c>ri$ into effect4 ,we le>n f 8 son's
 acc\nt t ! s*eme ( settlem5t 0 n to be 
conf9$ to any p>ticul> class or "* ( m51
 religi\s or political4 ,x 0 set on foot
 to be1 z x 71 a rally+ po9t = !        
,engli%1 :o 7 at t p]iod emigrat+ to    

,am]ica 9 great numb]s1 & :o1 x 0 ?\ght1
 w\ld be m happy 9 society ( ! k9d !y _h
 be5 accu/om$ to ?an !y w\ld be if      
disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,/ates4  ,ow+  
to disagreem5ts among ! projectors1 !   
s*eme ( ! settlem5t fell ?r\gh4         
,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 :o 0 *>m$ ) ! beauty (
 its situation & ! nature ( its         
surr\nd+s1 det]m9$ to settle at         
,nor?umb]l&4 ,al?\gh at t "t remote f   
any consid]able t[n x 0 obvi\sly de/9$  
to become a great ?or\ghf>e4 ,x 0       
app>5tly heal?y & less en]vat+1 at lea/ 
9 summ] "t1 ?an ,philadelphia4 ,liv+ 0  
*eap] !re ?an 9 t city1 & he w\ld be m  
free f c>e & m at lib]ty to foll[ 8 own 
pursuits ?an if burd5$ ) !              
responsibilities ( tea*+4 ,la/ly1 8 poor
 wife1 :o _h nev] recov]$ f ! %ock ( !  
,birm+ham riots1 ne$$ re/ & quiet4 ,on  
^! gr\nds1 !re=e1 he decid$ to decl9e ! 
(f] ( ! ,pr(essor%ip at ,philadelphia1 z
 well z an invitation to take *>ge ( an 
,unit>ian congregation at ,new ,york1 & 
to sp5d 8 rema9+ days 9 peace &         

retirem5t on ! beautiful spot he _h     
*os54 ,! ye> be=e 8 dea? he 0 (f]$ !    
pr9cipal%ip ( ! ,univ]sity (            
,p5nsylvania 9 succession to ,dr ,eu51 b
 ?is (fice also he decl9$4  ,on 8 fir/  
settl+ at ,nor?umb]l& 9 #agie he 0 ma9ly
 occupi$ ) 8 !ological & metaphysical   
/udies4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he publi%$ ! "w   
:i* _h occupi$ him dur+ 8 voyage f      
,engl&1 8 ,fa/ & ,f>ewell ,s]mons1 "s   
tracts 9 def5ce ( ,unit>ianism1 & ! ?ird
 "p ( 8 ,lett]s to a ,philosophical     
,unbeliev]1 9 answ] to ,pa9e's ,age (   
,reason1 & he cont9u$ 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory f 
! ,fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire to !         
,re=mation4 ,9 ! h\se he _h fir/        
occupi$1 :i* 0 b>ely suffici5t 9 size to
 conta9 ! family1 he _h little          
opportunity or conv5i5ce = do+          
exp]im5tal "w4  ,/ill1 he made "s       
obs]vations on ! analysis ( air1 &      
cont9u$ 8 inquiries on ! g5]ation ( air 
f wat]4  ,hav+ det]m9$ to make          
,nor?umb]l& 8 home1 he proce$$ to build 
a h\se m suitable to 8 ne$s & pursuits1 

&1 z 8 lett]s ( ! p]iod %[1 its plann+ &
 arrangem5t gave him mu* ?\ght & greatly
 int]e/$ him4  ,! h\se1 :i* /ill exi/s1 
is simil> 9 "* to _m middle-class       
,am]ican h\ses built 9 ! c\ntry1 a pla9 
sub/antial erection1 cov]$ ) mat*-bo>d+ 
& fitt$ ) jal\sies1 & to ! front a      
loggia or v]&ah4 ,! laboratory is a     
small build+ to ! side1 p>tially %ad$ by
 a l>ge1 wide-spread+ tree4  ,9 ! autumn
 ( ?is ye> he lo/ 8 y\nge/ son1 ,h5ry1 a
 bright & intellig5t y\?1 ( :om he 0    
rem>kably fond4 ,?is loss greatly       
affect$ him1 = he _h hopes t ! "y man   
w\ld foll[ him 9 8 !ological &          
philosophical pursuits1 to :i* he _h %[n
 an incl9ation4 ,! dea? ( 8 son 0 ev5 m 
pr(\ndly felt by 8 wife1 ^: heal? &     
spirits n[ began rapidly to decl9e1 & %e
 too pass$ away a few mon?s lat]4       
,?r\gh life1 says h] son1 %e _h be5     
truly a helpmeet = him2   support+ him  
"u all 8 trials & suff]+s ) a con/ancy  
& p]sev]ance truly praisewor?y1 & :o1 z 
he himself1 9 not+   ! ev5t 9 8 di>y1   

ju/ly obs]ves1 '0 ( a noble & g5]\s     
m9d1 & c>$ mu* = o!rs & little = h]self 
?r\gh life4'  ,at ab\t ?is p]iod he     
prea*$ & pr9t$ ano!r ( 8 def5ces (      
,unit>ianism & complet$ 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1
 & began ! compilation ( 8 la/ treatise 
9 def5ce ( phlogi/on4  ,he sp5t ! spr+ (
 #agif 9 ,philadelphia1 :]e he deliv]$ a
 s]ies ( lectures on ! evid5ces (       
revelation to cr[d$ audi5ces1 includ+   
mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,congress1 at t "t sitt+ 9              
,philadelphia1 & ( ! executive (fic]s ( 
! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he deliv]$ a second s]ies 
on ! same subject 9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+   
ye>1 b ) less success1 p>tly ow+1 8 son 
imag9es1 to ! novelty ( ! ?+ hav+ pass$ 
away1 & p>tly f prejudices t began to be
 excit$ aga9/ him on acc\nt ( 8 suppos$ 
political pr9ciples4 ,9 reality         
,prie/ley took ev5 less int]e/ 9 !      
politics ( ,am]ica ?an he _h done 9 ^? (
 8 own c\ntry4 ,he seldom read ! debates
 9 ,congress1 & beyond ,adams &         
,jeff]son he knew few ( ! lead+         

politicians4 ,he nev] att5d$ a political
 meet+ or took "p directly or indirectly
 9 an election1 & except+ an article 9 a
 newspap] call$ ,aurora1 or ,maxims (   
,political ,ari?metic1 & sign$ ,a ,quak]
 9 ,politics1 he wrote no?+ on ! subject
 ( politics4 ,at t p]iod political feel+
 ran high & politics 7 ! "o subject (   
conv]sation1 & to "s ext5t1 !re=e1 he   
c\ld n escape _! discussion1 b x 0      
notic$ t he always argu$ on ! side (    
lib]ty4 ,z reg>ds ,briti% politics 8    
speculations w5t no fur!r ?an a re=m 9  
,p>liam5t1 su* z t :i* 0 accompli%$ less
 ?an ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,he _h no  
desire to see *ang$ ! con/itution ( !   
k+dom z ve/$ 9 ,k+1 ,lords & ,commons4  
,he us$ frequ5tly to say1 says 8 son1 & 
x 0 said ( him1   t ?\gh he 0 an        
,unit>ian 9 religion he 0 9 t c\ntry a  
,tr9it>ian 9 politics4 ,:5 he came to   
,am]ica he f\nd reason to   *ange 8     
op9ions1 & he became a decid$ fri5d to !
 g5]al   pr9ciples & practice ( a       
completely repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1     

f\nd$ ^u univ]sal suffrage1 & exclud+   
h]$it>y privileges1   z x exi/s 9 ?is   
c\ntry4 ,?is *ange 0 naturally produc$  
by   obs]v+ ! ease & happ9ess ) :i* ! p 
liv$1 & !   unexampl$ prosp]ity ( !     
c\ntry4  ,b 9 8 feel+s he 0 /ill an     
,engli%man4 ,he nev] 0 naturalis$1 say+ 
t z he _h be5 born & _h liv$ an         
,engli%man he w\ld die "o1 let :at might
 be ! consequ5ce4  ,t[>ds ! end ( #agig 
8 new libr>y & laboratory 7 f9i%$1 8    
books once m arrang$ & mu* ( 8 old      
app>atus in/all$4 ,he f\nd workm5 9     
,nor?umb]l& :o c\ld repair 8 in/rum5ts &
 make su* new ones z he want$4 ,he 0 ?us
 able to resume ! k9d ( life he l$ at   
,birm+ham1 sp5d+ mu* ( ! day 9 !        
laboratory or alt]nately 9 8 /udy1      
sometimes engag$ on exp]im5tal          
philosophy1 at o!r times 9 ! composition
 ( ! !ological works :i* seem$ to fl[ 9 
an un5d+ /ream f 8 p54 ,he delight$ to  
walk 9 8 g>d5 & to view ! beautiful     
prospect x af=d$ him ( ! riv] & ! di/ant
 l&scape4 ,he _h1 too1 a k9dly int]e/ 9 

! :ole community1 & not$ ) pleasure ! _m
 little improvem5ts go+ =w>d 9 & ab\t ! 
t[n4 ,!re 0 no app>5t abatem5t 9 ! vig\r
 ( 8 m9d or 9 ! ke5ness & en?usiasm )   
:i* he foll[$ ! extraord9>y expansion ( 
! sci5ce he lov$ s well dur+ ! op5+ ye>s
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 a lett] to      
,humphry ,davy1 !n at ! outset ( 8      
brilliant c>e]1 he says3--    ,x gives  
me peculi> satisfaction t1 z ,i am f>   
advanc$ 9 life   & _c expect to d mu* m1
 ,i %all leave s able a   fell[-lab\r] (
 my own c\ntry 9 ! great fields (       
exp]im5tal   philosophy4444 ,i rejoice t
 y are s "y a man2 & p]ceiv+   ! ard\r )
 :i* y beg9 y\r c>e] ,i h no d\bts ( y\r
   success4  ,! foll[+ lett] to 8 old   
fri5d ,mrs ,b>bauld1 ) :om he kept up a 
correspond5ce to ! la/1 gives "s acc\nt 
( 8 condition at ?is "t3--    ,de>      
,madam1--,?is w1 ,i hope1 be deliv]$1 z 
x w be convey$   by my son4 ,h[ happy   
%\ld ,i ?9k myself to wait on y & ,mr   
,b>bauld 9 p]son4 ,%\ld !re be a peace1 
,i d promise myself   t pleasure1 b at  

pres5t ?is great bless+ seems to be at a
   great di/ance4 ,h[ _m melan*oly      
*anges h tak5 place s9ce ,i   left      
,engl&1 & among ^! is ! dea? ( ,dr      
,enfield1 a man at   lea/ t5 ye>s y\ng] 
?an me1 & to appe>ance m heal?y4 ,i am  
also mu* al>m$ at ! acc\nts ,i receive (
 y\r bro!r ,dr ,john   ,aik51 :om ,i    
left 9 p]fect heal?1 b ! la/ 7 r m      
fav\rable4 ,8 life is ( great value1 bo?
 to 8 relatives1   acqua9tances & ! _w  
at l>ge1 few m5 hav+ be5 m   usefully   
employ$4 ,i am will+ to hope he is yet  
res]v$ = m   usefulness4    ,:5 ,i      
comp>e ! p]turb$ /ate ( ,europe ) !     
quiet ( ?is   place ,i wi% all my fri5ds
 7 "h1 provid$ !y c\ld f9d   suffici5t  
employm5t to be happy2 b if !y be l     
myself !y   mu/ be cont5t to be idle1   
except s f> z !y c make !mselves        
employm5t 9 _! closets4 ,my libr>y &    
laboratory suffici5tly   occupy me1 & ( 
common society ,i h z mu* z ,i want4 ,a 
few m   rational ,*ri/ians to =m a      
society w\ld make ?is place a   p>adise 

to me1 & ?is w\ld be want+ 9 _m p>ts (  
,engl&4    ,x is a pleasure to be 9 a   
place t is cont9ually & visibly         
improv+1 & ?is is ! case "h to an       
a/oni%+ degree4 ,9   e ye> we f9d a v   
s5sible diff]5ce1 & 9 all probability   
improvem5ts ( all k9d w g on m rapidly  
?an ev]4 ,nature has   done ev]y?+ t c  
be done = any place4 ,p]haps y h se5   !
 views ( x tak5 by ,miss ,dai*4 ,!y are 
n by any means too   flatt]+4    ,c\ld  
,i h my daught] "h ,i %\ld be happy     
inde$4 ,b ?is1 ,i   fe>1 is n likely to 
be accompli%$1 ow+ to ! /range ob/9acy  
& prejudice ( ,mr ,f9*4 ,h] trials mu/  
be v great1 b %e is   naturally *e]ful1 
& has a /rong s5se ( religion1 :i*1 ,i  
hope1 w support h]4 ,?is1 suffici5tly   
impress$1 w make u   equal to ev]y?+4   
,y\r k9dness to h] affects me mu*4 ,a   
fri5d   9 ne$ is a fri5d inde$4 ,some?+ 
w1 ,i hope1 be done = h]   be=e my son  
returns1 b :at x c be ,i d n "k4 ,h]    
uncle has   "s proposal to make to my   
son 9 h] fav\r1 b ! ob/9acy ( ,mr   ,f9*

 may defeat ev]y?+4    ,y h oblig$ me v 
mu* by ! exquisite little poem y s5t    
me4 ,i hope y w add to ! obligation by !
 communication ( !   fragm5t on ! ',game
 ( ,*ess1' or any o!r little piece y may
   ?9k prop] to s5d me4 ,y _h no copy ( 
y\r fir/ poem to my   wife1 or ,i %\ld  
value t above any o!r1 & also ! little  
poem y wrote on ! bir? ( ,joseph4    ,i 
%all always be v happy to he> f y2 &1 ) 
my be/   respects to ,mr ,b>bauld1 ,i   
am1 de> ,madam1 y\rs s9c]ely1           
,j4 ,prie/ley4    ,nor?umb]l&1 ,dec4    
#bc1 #agih4   ,mrs ,b>bauld1 ,hamp/ead1 
ne> ,london4  ,8 son has giv5 u a       
fai?ful picture ( 8 clos+ ye>s & ( !    
s]5ity ( ! ev5+ ( 8 life4    ,= ! la/   
f\r ye>s ( 8 life he liv$ "u an         
adm9i/ration1   ! pr9ciples & practice (
 :i* he p]fectly approv$1 & )   ,mr     
,jeff]son1 ! head ( t adm9i/ration1 he  
frequ5tly   correspond$1 & !y _h = ea*  
o!r a mutual reg>d & e/eem4   ,he enjoy$
 ! e/eem ( ! wise/ & be/ m5 9 ! c\ntry1 
p>ticul>ly at ,philadelphia1 :]e 8      

religion & 8 politics did   n prev5t 8  
be+ k9dly & *e]fully receiv$ by great   
numb]s   ( opposite op9ions 9 bo?1 :o   
?us paid homage to 8 k   & virtue4  ,9  
#ahjj he put toge!r 8 la/ sci5tific "w1 
& ! "o :i* he reg>d$ z ! cr[n ( all 8   
ef=ts1 viz41 8 ,doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on    
,e/abli%$4 ,x c nev] be said ( ,prie/ley
 t he 0 to "o ?+ con/ant nev]3 v]satile 
z he 01 & ) an extraord9>y capacity =   
adaptation & *ange 9 matt]s ( philosophy
 & !ological doctr9e1 he 0 ev] con/ant  
to phlogi/on4  ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahja1    
:il/ on a visit to ,philadelphia1 he _h 
an attack ( fev] f :i* he nev] :olly    
recov]$4 ,x left him pr$ispos$ to ! fev]
 & ague at t "t preval5t at ,nor?umb]l& 
& he _h a succession ( attacks :i*      
weak5$ him greatly4 ,nev]!less1 8       
spirits 7 uni=mly good & 8 complac5cy & 
*e]fulness ( mann] nev] left him2 &     
al?\gh he 0 incapable ( tak+ mu*        
physical ex]cise & _h to give up work+ 9
 8 g>d51 he sp5t a consid]able am\nt (  
"t 9 8 laboratory1 exp]im5t+ ) all !    

en?usiasm & eag]ness ( 8 mo/ active     
p]iod ) ! newly-discov]$ pile ( ,volta1 
& s5d+ 8 results to ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal4
  ,9 #ahjb he 0 enabl$ to s5d 8 ,*ur*   
,hi/ory to press1 ow+ to ! action ( 8   
fri5ds 9 ,engl&1 :o1 unkn[n to him1 _h  
set a subscription on foot suffici5t to 
cov] ! exp5se ( publication4  ,al?\gh he
 0 obvi\sly fail+ 9 /r5g?1 ow+ to ga/ric
 tr\bles1 he cont9u$ to "w on ei!r 9 8  
/udy or 9 8 laboratory4 ,he s5t a c\ple 
( pap]s to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical    
,society on sci5tific subjects1 & he    
publi%$ an essay on ,jesus & ,socrates  
,comp>$4 ,9 ! ,novemb] ( #ahjc x 0      
evid5t t 8 end 0 approa*+4 ,/ill he     
/ruggl$ on1 hop+ by c>eful att5tion to 8
 diet he might /ill see ! spr+4 ,he told
 ! physician :o att5d$ him t if he c\ld 
b pat* him up = six mon?s long] he %\ld 
be p]fectly satisfi$1 z he %\ld 9 t "t  
be able to complete ! pr9t+ ( 8 works4  
,s prec>i\s did he consid] 8 life t he  
took ! precaution ( transcrib+ "o day 9 
longh& :at he _h compos$ ! day be=e 9   

%or?&1 t he might by t means leave ! "w 
complete z f> z x w5t %\ld he n live to 
f9i% ! :ole4  ,) ! beg9n+ ( #ahjd 8     
weakness _h greatly increas$4 ,9 8 di>y 
= ,janu>y #ca he notes3--,ill all day--n
 able to speak = ne>ly ?ree h\rs4 ,/ill 
he rose1 dress$ & %av$ himself 7:i* he  
nev] omitt$ do+ e morn+ till )9 two days
 ( 8 dea?71 w5t to 8 laboratory & lit 8 
fire1 b f\nd 8 weakness s great t he 0  
oblig$ to get back to 8 /udy4 ,dur+ !   
next & foll[+ days he 0 bett]1 & 0 able 
to see to ! correction ( 8 pro(-%eets1 b
 on ,febru>y #d he took to 8 b$1 al?\gh 
he 0 able to read & look ov] a %eet (   
pro( & to *eck ! ,greek & ,hebrew       
quotations4    ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 says 
8 son1 he express$ 8 gratitude   9 be+  
p]mitt$ to die quietly 9 8 family1 )\t  
pa91 )   e conv5i5ce & com=t he c\ld wi%
 =4 ,he dwelt ^u !   peculi>ly happy    
situation 9 :i* x _h pleas$ ! ,div9e    
,be+ to   place him 9 life1 & ! great   
advantage he _h enjoy$ 9 !   acqua9tance
 & fri5d%ip ( "s ( ! be/ & wise/ m5 9 ! 

age 9 :i* he liv$1 & ! satisfaction he  
d]iv$ f hav+ l$   a useful z well z a   
happy life4  ,9 ! ev5+ he _h 8 gr&*ildr5
 br\ght to 8 b$side1 say+ x gave him    
great pleasure to see ! little ?+s      
kneel4 ,aft] pray]s !y wi%$ him a       
good-night & he gave ea* 8 bless+1      
exhort+ !m all to cont9ue to love ea*   
o!r4    ,& y1 little ?+1 speak+ to !    
y\nge/1 rememb] ! hymn   y le>n$3       
',birds 9 _! little ne/s agree4' ,i am  
go+ to sleep   z well z y2 = dea? is    
only a good long sleep 9 ! grave1 &   we
 %all meet aga94  ,he l+]$ ?r\gh !      
night1 & 9 ! e>ly morn+ reque/$ 8 son to
 take d[n "s additions & alt]ations he  
wi%$ ins]t$ 9 8 pro(s1 dictat+ z cle>ly 
& di/9ctly z he _h ev] done 9 8 life4   
,:5 ^! 7 read to him he said1 ,t is "r2 
,i h n[ done4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he put 8 
h& to 8 face & brea!d 8 la/ s easy t ^? 
:o 7 sitt+ close to him h>dly p]ceiv$ he
 _h pass$ away4  ,:at 0 mortal ( him n[ 
re/s 9 a little hill-side cemet]y       
ov]look+ ! beautiful riv]4 ,! spot is   

m>k$ ) a simple head/one on :i* is      
engrav5--                               
,to                            ! memory 
( !                        ,revd4 ,dr   
,,joseph ,,prie/ley1                    
:o dep>t$ ?is life                      
on ! #f? ,feby4 #ahjd4                  
,anno4 tatis ,,lxxi4    ,return unto ?y 
re/1 ,o my s\l1 = !   ,"l ha? dealt     
b\ntifully ) !e4   ,i w lay me d[n 9    
peace & sleep till   ,i awake 9 ! morn+ 
( ! resurrection4                       
,,*apt] ,,xi     ,prie/ley z a man (    
sci5ce--,8 *>act]i/ics z a              
philosoph]--,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on
 ,diff]5t ,k9ds (   ,air--,8 discov]y ( 
! influ5ce ( vegetation on vitiat$      
air--,atmosph]ic air n elem5t>y--,8     
rese>*es on nitric                      
oxide--,eudiometry--,nitr\s             
oxide--,discov]s hydrog5                
*loride--,prep>es oxyg5 f nitre         
7#agga7--;,isolates ammonia             
gas--,discov]s sulphur                  
dioxide--,dephlogi/icat$ air            

7oxyg57--,discov]s silicon              
fluoride--,intra-diffusion (            
gases--,respiration--,prie/ley's op9ions
 ( ! value ( exp]im5tal   sci5ce 9      
education--,discov]s nitrosulphuric     
acid--,notes !   con/ancy ( composition 
( ! atmosph]e--,prep>es *lor9e--,s\nd   
9 air--,exp]im5ts relat+ to             
phlogi/on--,! seem+ conv]sion   ( wat]  
into air--,watt & ! comp\nd nature (    
wat]--,discov]s   sulphurett$           
hydrog5--,prie/ley's confession ( fai? 9
 phlogi/on4  ,prie/ley's position 9 !   
hi/ory ( sci5ce ma9ly re/s on 8         
discov]ies 9 pneumatic *emi/ry4 ,! c\rse
 ( inquiry :i* he began at ,le$s 0      
cont9u$ by him1 ) *>act]i/ic assiduity &
 conspicu\s success1 at ,calne1 & 8     
lab\rs add$ l>gely to ! numb] ( ! a]i=m 
bodies :i* 7 cle>ly recognis$ z di/9ct  
sub/ances1 ess5tially diff]+ f ea* o!r1 
& n m]ely modifications ( a common      
pr9ciple1 modifi$ or affect$ by         
prop]ties m or less =tuit\s & accid5tal4
 ,! old idea ( ! nature ( air _h its    

orig9 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts4 ,x 
is ,prie/ley's m]it t he1 m ?an any man 
( 8 "t1 contribut$ to ! ov]?r[ ( ?is    
conception z ! basis ( a philosophical  
sy/em ( ! con/itution ( ! mat]ial       
univ]se4 ,al?\gh ,prie/ley c\ld n be    
unm9dful t 8 claim to sci5tific fame 0  
to be f\nd 9 ! succession ( volumes :i* 
he call$ ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on   
,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 ! v title sugge/s
 t he1 at all ev5ts 9 ! outset1 0 h>dly 
consci\s ( ! magnitude & true           
significance ( 8 "w4 ,prie/ley 0 9 no   
real s5se a speculative philosoph]3 he 0
 inde$ pre-em95tly ! type ( man :om     
,hobbes disp>ag$ z an exp]im5t>ian      
philosoph]1 & an exp]im5t>ian philosoph]
 he rema9$ to ! end ( 8 days4 ,he 0 aw>e
 ( 8 limitations1 & _m passages f 8     
works1 & especially f 8 correspond5ce1  
might be quot$ 9 pro( ( ?is fact4 ,8    
simple1 unaffect$ c&\r 0 inde$ "o ( !   
*>ms ( 8 "* & ! secret ( mu* ( 8        
influ5ce4 ,x is reflect$ 9 e page ( 8   
sci5tific writ+s4 ,8 own discov]ies1    

tak5 collectively1 did m ?an ^? ( any "o
 ( 8 contempor>ies to uproot & de/roy ! 
only g5]alisation by :i* 8 imm$iate     
pr$ecessors _h s\ght to gr\p & connect !
 ph5om5a ( *emi/ry1 b he 0 :olly unable 
to p]ceive ?is fact4 ,a pati5t &        
indu/ri\s obs]v]1 absolutely tru?ful1 &1
 z he hop$ & believ$1 unbiass$ &        
imp>tial1 he 0 nev]!less entirely lack+ 
9 ! high] qualities ( ! imag9ation or 9 
t p[] ( div9ation :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( 
m5 ( ! type ( ,newton4 ,! contra/ betwe5
 ,prie/ley--! social1 political &       
!ological re=m]1 always 9 advance ( 8   
times1 receptive1 fe>less & insi/5t2 &  
,prie/ley ! man ( sci5ce--timor\s &     
halt+ :5 he might well be bold1         
cons]vative & or?odox :5 almo/ e o!r    
active work] 0 het]odox &               
progressive--is mo/ /rik+4 ,& yet1 su*  
is ! irony ( circum/ance1 ,prie/ley's "n
 ma9ly lives z t ( a *emical philosoph]4
 ,:5 m5 h desir$ to d him hon\r1 & h    
s\ght to p]petuate 8 memory by /atues 9 
public places1 he is g5]ally repres5t$ z

 mak+ a *emical exp]im5t4 ,9 reality1   
great z ,prie/ley's m]it is z an        
exp]im5t>ian philosoph]1 8 great] claim 
on our reg>d & e/eem re/s ^u 8 /ruggles 
& 8 suff]+s 9 ! cause ( civil1 political
 & religi\s lib]ty4  ,! ye>s :i*        
,prie/ley sp5t at ,calne con/itute ! mo/
 fruitful p]iod ( 8 sci5tific c>e]4     
,practically all t he did 9 ! way (     
solid a*ievem5t & ( addition to ! arm\ry
 ( sci5ce 0 effect$ dur+ t "t4 ,al?\gh1 
aft] leav+ ,"l ,%elburne1 he cont9u$ to 
pursue sci5tific inquiry ) 8 wont$ zeal 
& indu/ry1 d\btless add+ !reby to 8 fame
 among 8 contempor>ies1 po/]ity has set 
! true measure ( appreciation to 8 lat] 
ef=ts4 ,he d\btless made _m hundr$s (   
exp]im5ts 9 connection ) m or less      
well-def9$ tra9s ( inquiry2 nev]!less1 x
 _c be ma9ta9$ t dur+ 8 subsequ5t p]iod 
he add$ _m fir/-rate facts to our k1 or 
inde$ discov]$ any facts at all         
comp>able 9 importance ) ^? he asc]ta9$ 
dur+ 8 life 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,on ! contr>y1 
:at he did obs]ve--z = example ! seem+  

conv]sion ( wat] into air--too frequ5tly
 l$ him a/ray & 0 ! cause ( error to    
himself & o!rs4 ,?us ,watt's claim to be
 consid]$ z an indep5d5t1 if n ! fir/ & 
true1 discov]] ( ! real *emical nature (
 wat] is bas$ ^u ,prie/ley's exp]im5tal 
blund]s4 ,watt 0 und\bt$ly accurate 9 8 
surmise1 b ! surmise 0 "r 9 spite (1 & n
 by reason (1 ,prie/ley's exp]im5tal    
evid5ce4 ,prie/ley record$ 8 exp]im5ts )
 su* fulness t x is n[ easy to p]ceive  
:]e he w5t wrong4 ,he 0 con/antly on !  
v]ge ( a discov]y1 sometimes inde$ ( a  
discov]y ( c>d9al importance1 b z       
con/antly x elud$ 8 grasp4 ,! exp]im5ts 
on ! seem+ conv]sion ( wat] into air    
might h l$ him1 :5 he got ov] 8 *agr9 on
 ! detection ( ! real cause ( 8 error1  
to ! recognition ( ! und]ly+ tru? 9 x1  
namely1 ! pr9ciple ( ! diffusion (      
gases4 ,he 01 ( c\rse1 famili> ) ! fact 
t ! v>i\s gases he discov]$1 or :i* 7   
kn[n to him1 diff]$ 9 relative d5sity1 &
 he knew p]fectly well t !y t5d$ to     
escape f ! bottles 9 :i* !y 7 conta9$ if

 ^! 7 uncov]$ & freely expos$ to ! air4 
,b1 s f> z we c le>n1 he nev] seems to h
 pond]$ on ^! facts1 or not$ _!         
connection ) ! ph5om5a he obs]v$ 9 !    
c\rse ( 8 _m exp]im5ts ) ,w$gwood's     
retorts1 & ( ! int]*ange ( ! wat] vap\r 
he introduc$ into !m ) ! gases ( ! fire 
:i* heat$ !m4 ,& yet1 _h he p]ceiv$ ev5 
a glimm] ( ! tru? he _h suffici5t means 
at 8 disposal1 & suffici5t k f 8 own "w 
& t ( 8 contempor>ies1 to make ! great  
/ep :i* x 0 res]v$ to ,graham to        
accompli% half a c5tury lat]4  ,:il/ !  
*ief importance ( ! ,exp]im5ts &        
,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air is
 t x is ,prie/ley's magnum opus1 to 8   
biograph] x has ! additional int]e/ (   
af=d+ an insight into ! p]sonal "* &    
intellectual attributes ( its au?or4    
,few writ]s on sci5tific subjects h ev] 
tak5 _! read]s s completely into _!     
confid5ce z ,prie/ley4 ,:atev] he kn[s  
or ?9ks he tells3 d\bts1 p]plexities1   
blund]s are set d[n ) ! mo/ refre%+     
c&\r2 "o =gives ! prolixity & occasional

 t$i\sness1 ev5 ! little t\*es (        
self-satisfaction1 9 view ( ! transp>5t 
hone/y ( purpose1 ! s+le-m9d$ pursuit ( 
tru? = its own sake1 :olly ap>t f       
preconception or bias ( dogma :i* %9e on
 e page4 ,z key-notes to "*1 ev5 !      
d$ications & prefaces to ! sev]al       
volumes h _! peculi> value & *>m1 z     
evid5ce ( ! work+s ( an +5u\s m9d4  ,!  
publication ( ! six volumes compris+ !  
orig9al "w--! edition ( greate/ value to
 ,prie/ley's biograph]--ext5d$ f #agge  
to #aghf4 ,al?\gh ! space at our        
disposal precludes any attempt at a full
 acc\nt ( ! cont5ts1 x is necess>y to   
set ^! out 9 su* detail z may s]ve to   
af=d a j idea ( _! value1 & ) su* comm5t
 z may be necess>y to elucidate _!      
significance4  ,9 ! preface to ! fir/   
volume1 :i* made its appe>ance 9 #agge1 
) a d$ication to ,"l ,%elburne1         
,prie/ley ?9ks x necess>y to expla9 :y  
he has decid$1 contr>y to 8 orig9al     
int5tion1 b ) ! approbation ( !         
,presid5t & ( 8 fri5ds 9 ! ,royal       

,society1 n to s5d !m any m pap]s on !  
subject ( ,air at pres5t b to make      
imm$iate publication ( all he has done )
 respect to x4 ,9 view1 he says1 ( !    
rapid progress t has be5 made & may be  
expect$ to be made 9 ?is bran* ( k1     
unnecess>y delays 9 ! publication (     
exp]im5ts relat+ to x are peculi>ly     
unju/ifiable4    ,:51 = ! sake ( a      
little m reputation1 m5 c keep brood+   
ov] a new fact1 9 ! discov]y ( :i* !y   
might possibly h   v little real m]it1  
till !y ?9k !y c a/oni% ! _w   ) a sy/em
 z complete z x is new1 & give mank9d a 
prodigi\s   idea ( _! judgm5t &         
p5etration1 !y are ju/ly puni%$ =   _!  
+ratitude to ! f\nta9 ( all k1 & = !    
want   ( a g5u9e love ( sci5ce & (      
mank9d 9 f9d+ _! boa/$   discov]ies     
anticipat$ & ! field ( hone/ fame       
pre-occupi$ by   m5 :o1 f a natural     
ard\r ( m9d1 engage 9 philosophical     
pursuits1 & ) an +5u\s simplicity       
imm$iately communicate to   o!rs :atev] 
occurs to !m 9 _! inquiries4            

,prie/ley's productions1 f ! v nature ( 
! case make no pret5sions to            
complet5ess4    ,9 complet+ "o discov]y 
we nev] fail to get an imp]fect   k (   
o!rs ( :i* we c\ld h no idea be=e1 s t  
we   _c solve "o d\bt )\t creat+ sev]al 
new ones4  ,he f>!r obs]ves t a p]son :o
 means to s]ve ! cause ( sci5ce         
effectually mu/ haz>d 8 own reputation s
 f> z to risk ev5 mi/akes 9 ?+s ( less  
mom5t4    ,among a multiplicity ( new   
objects & new relations "s w            
necess>ily pass )\t suffici5t att5tion2 
b if a man be n   mi/ak5 9 ! pr9cipal   
objects ( 8 pursuits he has no occasion 
to di/ress himself ab\t less] ?+s4    ,9
 ! progress ( 8 inquiries he w g5]ally  
be able to rectify   8 own mi/akes2 or  
if little & envi\s s\ls %\ld take a     
malignant pleasure 9 detect+ !m = him & 
endeav\r+ to   expose him1 he is n wor?y
 ( ! "n ( a philosoph] if he has   n    
/r5g? ( m9d suffici5t to enable him n to
 be di/urb$ at   x4 ,he :o does n       
fooli%ly affect to be above ! fail+s (  

humanity w n be mortifi$ :5 x is prov$ t
 he is b a   man4  ,he made x a rule to 
disclose ! real views ) :i* he made 8   
exp]im5ts4 ,al?\gh1 he says1 by foll[+ a
 contr>y maxim he might h acquir$ a "* (
 great] sagacity1 he ?\ght t two good   
ends 7 secur$ by 8 me?od--"o z t5d+ to  
make 8 n>rative m int]e/+1 & ! o!r z    
enc\rag+ o!r adv5tur]s 9 exp]im5tal     
philosophy by %[+ !m t by pursu+ ev5    
false lights real & important tru?s may 
be discov]$1 & t 9 seek+ "o ?+ we (t5   
f9d ano!r4 ,he believes1 h[ev]1 t he    
writes m concisely ?an is usual ) ^? :o 
publi% acc\nts ( _! exp]im5ts1 & 9 ?us  
refra9+ f swell+ 8 book to a pomp\s &   
respectable size he tru/s he w e>n !    
gratitude ( ^? philosoph]s :o1 hav+ b   
little "t to sp>e = read+1 :i* is always
 ! case ) ^? :o d mu* !mselves1 w !reby 
be kept n too long f _! own pursuits4   
,he !n comm5ts on :at he ju/ly consid]s 
! amaz+ improvem5ts 9 natural k :i* h   
be5 made )9 ! c5tury1 & contra/s ^! ) ! 
comp>ative pov]ty z reg>ds sci5tific    

results ( ! _m prec$+ ages1 :i* yet     
ab\nd$ ) m5 :o _h no o!r object b /udy2 
& he rejoices to ?9k t ?is rapid        
progress ( k1 ext5d+ itself n ?is way or
 t way only1 b 9 all directions1 w be ! 
means ( extirpat+ all error & prejudice 
& ( putt+ an end to all undue & usurp$  
au?ority 9 ! bus9ess ( religion z well z
 ( sci5ce4    ,x 0 ill policy 9 ,leo !  
,t5? to patronise polite lit]ature4 ,he 
0 *]i%+ an enemy 9 disguise4 ,& !       
,engli% hi]>*y 7if   !re be any?+ uns\nd
 9 its con/itution7 has equal reason to 
tremble ev5 at an air-pump or an        
electrical ma*9e4  ,he regrets t ! ri* &
 great 9 ?is c\ntry1 unm9dful ( !       
example ( ,bacon1 give less att5tion to 
^! matt]s ?an d m5 ( rank & =tune 9 o!r 
c\ntries3 he contra/s ! pleasure ( !    
pursuit ( sci5ce ) ! pa9s & p5alties ( !
 pursuit ( politics4    ,if ext5sive &  
la/+ fame be at all an object1 lit]>y1 &
   especially sci5tifical1 pursuits are 
pref]able to political ones 9   a v>iety
 ( respects4444 ,if ext5sive usefulness 

be ! object1   sci5ce has ! same        
advantage ov] politics4 ,! greate/      
success 9   ! latt] seldom ext5ds f>!r  
?an "o p>ticul> c\ntry & "o   p>ticul>  
age1 :]eas a successful pursuit ( sci5ce
 makes a man   ! b5efactor ( all mank9d 
& ( e age4 ,h[ trifl+ is !   fame ( any 
/atesman t ?is c\ntry has ev] produc$ to
 t (   ,"l ,bacon1 ( ,newton1 or (      
,boyle2 & h[ mu* great] are our         
obligations to su* m5 z ^! ?an to any   
o!r 9 ! :ole   ,biographia ,britannica4 
,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! s5tim5ts (   
,"l ,%elburne1 !n 9 ! cold %ade (       
retirem5t1 z he p]us$ ^! passages1 &    
:e!r he realis$ ! tru? ( ! little homily
 f 8 tame philosoph]4  ,! preface is    
foll[$ by an introduction1 9 :i*        
,prie/ley gives a rapid & confess$ly    
imp]fect survey ( ! /ate ( k conc]n+ air
 prior to #aggd4 ,he gives to ,boyle !  
cr$it ( fir/ cle>ly recognis+ t ela/ic  
fluids exi/ diff]+ ess5tially f ! air ( 
! atmosph]e1 b agree+ ) x 9 ! prop]ties 
( weight1 ela/icity & transp>5cy4 ,b he 

also po9ts out t two rem>kable k9ds (   
factiti\s air _h long be5 kn[n to m9]s1 
viz41 *oke damp1 :i* is heavi] ?an air1 
:i* lies at ! bottom ( pits1 ext+ui%es  
flame & kills animals2 & ! o!r1 call$   
fire damp1 :i* is light] ?an common air1
 is f\nd1 !re=e1 ne> ! ro(s (           
subt]rane\s places & is liable to take  
fire & explode l gunp[d]4 ,! ^w damp    
signifies vap\r or exhalation 9 ! ,g]man
 & ,saxon languages4    ,air ( ! =m]    
k9d1 besides hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s  
cav]ns1 p>ticul>ly ! ,grotta del ,cane 9
 ,italy1 _h also be5   obs]v$ on !      
surface ( f]m5t+ liquors1 & _h be5 call$
   gas 7:i* is ! same ) gei/1 or _s7 by 
,van ,helmont &   o!r ,g]man *emi/s2 b  
aft]w>ds x obta9$ ! "n ( fix$   air1    
especially aft] x _h be5 discov]$ by ,dr
 ,black ( ,ed9burgh   to exi/1 9 a fix$ 
/ate1 9 alkal9e salts1 *alk1 & o!r      
calc>e\s sub/ances4  ,black's "w is     
dealt ) 9 half a doz5 l9es1 & a pass+   
ref]5ce is made to ,macbride &          
,br[nrigg4 ,a v imp]fect acc\nt is giv5 

( ! "w ( ,hales1 al?\gh x is /at$ t 8   
exp]im5ts are s num]\s & v>i\s t !y are 
ju/ly e/eem$ to be ! solid f\ndation (  
all our k ( ?is subject4 ,?is section   
concludes ) ! m5tion ( ,cav5di%'s       
det]m9ations ( ! relative weights ( fix$
 air 7c>bon dioxide71 & inflammable air 
f metals 7hydrog571 & ( ,lane's         
obs]vations t wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid w
 dissolve iron1 & !reby become a /rong  
*alybeate4  ,prie/ley 0 ! la/ man 9 ! _w
 to seek to disp>age ! "w ( 8           
pr$ecessors or to m9imise :at 0 due to  
!m4 ,9 reality he _h ! int5tion1 z he   
di/9ctly /ates1 to write at 8 leisure ! 
hi/ory & pres5t /ate ( discov]ies relat+
 to air1 9 a mann] simil> to 8 ,hi/ory (
 ,electricity1 & ( ! ,discov]ies ,relat+
 to ,vision1 ,light & ,col\rs1 :5 no    
d\bt he w\ld h done full ju/ice to all  
conc]n$4 ,9 ! meantime he gives only su*
 p>ticul>s z are necess>y1 9 8 judgm5t1 
to ! und]/&+ ( 8 own "w4  ,! rema9+     
section ( ! introduction deals ) 8 me?od
 ( exp]im5t+ & ) ! app>atus he employ$4 

,x is ( hi/orical int]e/ z conta9+ a    
description ( t mo/ useful article (    
*emical furniture1 8 well-kn[n pneumatic
 tr\gh4 ,he expla9s its use & gives     
details ( 8 modes ( manipulation4 ,:at  
an advance ^! 7 9 simplicity1 +5uity &  
conv5i5ce c only be fully realis$ by    
comp>+ 8 me?ods ) ^? ( ,hales4 ,n ! lea/
 ( ,prie/ley's s]vices to sci5ce 7 !    
improvem5ts he effect$ 9 t section (    
op]ative *emi/ry :i* is conc]n$ ) !     
prep>ation1 collection & /orage ( gase\s
 sub/ances4  ,! ma9 body ( ! volume is  
divid$ into two p>ts--! fir/ deal+ )    
obs]vations made 9 & be=e #aggb1 !      
second ) obs]vations made 9 ! ye> #aggc 
& 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aggd4 ,9 ! outset       
,prie/ley f9ds himself at a disadvantage
 9 reg>d to ! only t]ms at t "t 9 vogue 
= ! factiti\s airs1 viz41 fix$1 mephitic
 & inflammable1 :i*1 he rightly says1   
are n suffici5tly *>act]i/ic & di/9ct4  
,/rictly speak+1 any two ( ^! t]ms might
 be appli$ to any "o ( ! airs !n kn[n4  
,! inflammable air f metals1 z well z   

*oke damp1 is noxi\s1 & !re=e mephitic1 
z is fix$ air1 & s9ce ! inflammable airs
 are1 app>5tly1 capable ( be+ imbib$ by 
c]ta9 sub/ances !y may equally be       
consid]$ fixable4 ,! t]m fix$ air _h1   
h[ev]1 acquir$ a di/9ctive mean+1 & r   
?an introduce a new t]m or *ange !      
signification ( an old "o1 he w\ld1 ) 8 
contempor>ies1 re/rict ! t]m to ! air   
:i* _h be5 made ! subject ( ,black's    
memorable inve/igation4 ,! fir/ pap] 9  
?is section deals ) fix$ air2 x is      
practically a repr9t ( t 9 ! ,phil4     
,trans4 & :i* has already be5 describ$ 9
 suffici5t detail4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8       
exp]im5ts he says he once ?\ght t !     
readie/ me?od ( procur+ fix$ air1 & 9   
suffici5t purity1 w\ld be to heat p\nd$ 
lime-/one 9 a gun b>rel1 mak+ x pass    
?r\gh ! /em ( a tobacco pipe or a glass 
tube c>efully lut$ to ! orifice ( x4    
,9 ?is mann] ,i f\nd t air is produc$ 9 
great pl5ty2 b1   ^u exam9+ x1 ,i f\nd  
to my great surprise t little m ?an   "o
 half ( x 0 fix$ air1 capable ( be+     

absorb$ by wat]2 &   t ! re/ 0          
inflammable1 sometimes v weakly1 b      
sometimes   pretty highly s4  ,he       
surmis$ t ?is air mu/ come f ! iron1 &  
yet1 he not$1 x diff]$ f ! ord9>y       
inflammable air f iron by ! rem>kable   
blue col\r ( its flame1 & he concludes t
 ?is inflammable pr9ciple may come f "s 
rema9s ( ! animals f :i* x is ?\ght t   
all calc>e\s matt] proce$s4 ,prie/ley1  
we n[ "k1 _h incid5tally conv]t$ "s ( ! 
fix$ air into ! only o!r oxide ( c>bon1 
b he fail$ to appreciate ! significance 
( 8 obs]vation1 & ! cr$it ( ! discov]y (
 c>bon monoxide belongs to ,cruik%ank4  
,9 8 next pap] on ,air 9 :i* ,c&les h   
burn$1 ,prie/ley made a discov]y ( ! v  
highe/ importance4 ,he _h attempt$ to   
v]ify )\t success ! allegation by !     
,c\nt de ,saluce1 made 9 ! memoirs ( !  
,philosophical ,society ( ,tur91 t air  
vitiat$ by ! combu/ion ( c&les c\ld be  
re/or$ by exposure to cold4    ,?\gh ?is
 exp]im5t fail$1 he says1 ,i h be5 s    
happy z by   accid5t to h hit ^u a me?od

 ( re/or+ air :i* has be5   injur$ by ! 
burn+ ( c&les1 & to h discov]$ at lea/  
"o   ( ! re/oratives :i* ,nature employs
 = ?is purpose4 ,x is   vegetation4 ,?is
 re/oration ( vitiat$ air1 ,i           
conjecture1 is   effect$ by plants      
imbib+ ! phlogi/ic matt] ) :i* x is     
ov]load$ by ! burn+ ( inflammable       
bodies4 ,b :e!r !re be   any f\ndation =
 ?is conjecture or n1 ! fact is1 ,i ?9k1
   indisputable4  ,he !n proce$s to give
 an acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations on ! gr[+ (  
plants 9 conf9$ air :i* l$ to 8         
discov]y4    ,"o might h imag9$1 he     
says1 t s9ce common air is   necess>y to
 vegetable z well z to animal life1 bo? 
plants &   animals _h affect$ x 9 ! same
 mann]2 & ,i own ,i _h t   expectation  
:5 ,i fir/ put a sprig ( m9t into a     
glass j> /&+   inv]t$ 9 a vessel ( wat]3
 b :5 x _h cont9u$ !re =   "s mon?s ,i  
f\nd ! air w\ld nei!r ext+ui% ! c&le1   
nor   0 x at all inconv5i5t to a m\se1  
:i* ,i put into x4444 ,f9d+   t c&les   
w\ld burn v well 9 air 9 :i* plants _h  

gr[n a   long "t1 & hav+ _h "s reason to
 ?9k t !re 0   some?+ att5d+ vegetation 
:i* re/or$ air t _h be5   injur$ by     
respiration1 ,i ?\ght x 0 possible t !  
same   process might also re/ore ! air t
 _h be5 injur$ by !   burn+ ( c&les4    
,accord+ly1 on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #agga1 ,i
 put a sprig ( m9t into a   quantity (  
air 9 :i* a wax c&le _h burn$ out1 &    
f\nd t   on ! #bg? ( ! same mon? ano!r  
c&le burn$ p]fectly well 9   x4 ,?is    
exp]im5t ,i repeat$1 )\t ! lea/ v>iation
 9 !   ev5t1 n less ?an eight or t5     
times 9 ! rema9d] ( !   summ]4          
,sev]al times ,i divid$ ! quantity ( air
 9 :i* ! c&le _h   burn$ out into two   
p>ts1 & putt+ ! plant into "o ( !m left 
! o!r 9 ! same exposure1 conta9$ also 9 
a glass vessel   imm]s$ 9 wat]1 b )\t   
any plant1 & nev] fail$ to f9d   t a    
c&le w\ld burn 9 ! =m] b n 9 ! latt]4444
 ,?is   rem>kable effect does n dep5d ^u
 any?+ peculi> to m9t1   :i* 0 ! plant t
 ,i always made use ( till ,july #aggb2 
= on   ! #af? ( t mon? ,i f\nd a        

quantity ( ?is k9d ( air to be          
p]fectly re/or$ by sprigs ( balm1 :i* _h
 gr[n 9 x f !   #g? ( ! same mon?4    ,t
 ?is re/oration ( air 0 n ow+ to any    
aromatic effluvia   ( ^! two plants n   
only appe>$ by ! ess5tial oil ( m9t     
hav+ no s5sible effect ( ?is k9d1 b f ! 
equally complete   re/oration ( ?is     
vitiat$ air by ! plant call$ gr\ndsel1  
:i* is usually rank$ among ! we$s & has 
an (f5sive smell4   ,besides1 ! plant   
:i* ,i h f\nd to be ! mo/ effectual (   
any   t ,i h tri$ = ?is purpose is      
sp9a*1 :i* is ( quick   gr[?1 b w seldom
 ?rive long 9 wat]4  ,! next pap] on    
,inflammable ,air is ( slight           
importance1 & inde$ is full ( errors4   
,prie/ley made no di/9ction betwe5 !    
inflammable air obta9$ by ! action (    
acids on metals 7hydrog57 & t =m$ by !  
de/ructive di/illation ( coal & o!r     
organic sub/ances 7m>% gas or c>bonic   
oxide1 or mixtures ( ! two71 & 8        
inability to di/+ui% ^! diff]5t gases   
acc\nts = _m ( ! ph5om5a he obs]v$ & :i*

 he confesses himself unable to expla94 
,! mo/ sagaci\s obs]vation 9 ! memoir   
has ref]5ce to ! col\r ( ! electric sp>k
 9 ! diff]5t gases :i* he accurately    
describes4  ,! pap] on ,air ,infect$ )  
,animal ,respiration or ,putrefection   
may be consid]$ z ! complem5t ( t on    
,air 9 :i* a ,c&le has burn$ out1 & is  
no less valuable4    ,t c&les w burn    
only a c]ta9 "t 9 a giv5 quantity ( air 
is a fact n bett] kn[n ?an x is t       
animals c live only a   c]ta9 "t 9 x2 b 
! cause ( ! dea? ( ! animal is n   bett]
 kn[n ?an t ( ! ext9ction ( flame 9 !   
same   circum/ances2 & :5 once any      
quantity ( air has be5 r5d]$   noxi\s by
 animals brea?+ 9 x z long z !y c\ld1 ,i
 d n   "k t any me?ods h be5 discov]$ ( 
r5d]+ x fit =   brea?+ aga94 ,x is      
evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re mu/ be "s          
provision 9 ,nature = ?is purpose1 z    
well z = t ( r5d]+   ! air fit = su/a9+ 
flame2 = )\t x ! :ole mass ( !          
atmosph]e w\ld1 9 "t1 become unfit = !  
purpose ( animal   life2 & yet !re is no

 reason to ?9k t x is1 at pres5t1 at    
all less fit = respiration ?an x has ev]
 be54 ,i flatt] myself1   h[ev]1 t ,i h 
hit ^u two ( ! me?ods employ$ by ,nature
   = ?is great purpose4 ,h[ _m o!rs !re 
may be ,i _c tell4  ,"o ( ^! me?ods he  
ev5tually f9ds to be1 z 9 ! fir/ case1 !
 action ( vegetation1 & he proves by a  
numb] ( decisive exp]im5ts    t plants1 
in/ead ( affect+ ! air 9 ! same mann] ) 
animal respiration1 rev]se ! effects (  
brea?+ & t5d to keep   ! atmosph]e sweet
 & :olesome :5 x is become noxi\s 9     
consequ5ce ( animals ei!r liv+ & brea?+1
 or dy+ &   putrefy+ 9 x4  ,! o!r me?od 
he conceiv$ to be ! action ( wat]1 s9ce 
he f\nd t by vigor\s agitation ) wat]1  
air :i* brea?+ _h r5d]$ noxi\s c\ld aga9
 be brea!d = a fur!r p]iod4    ,i d n   
?9k x improbable b t ! agitation ( ! sea
 &   l>ge lakes may be ( "s use = !     
purification ( ! atmosph]e1   & ! putrid
 matt] conta9$ 9 wat] may be imbib$ by  
aquatic   plants1 or be deposit$ 9 "s   
o!r mann]4  ,:5 a conf9$ volume ( common

 air is plac$ 9 contact ) a mixture (   
iron fil+s & sulphur made into a pa/e ) 
wat]1 a c]ta9 portion ( ! air is imbib$ 
by ! pa/e4 ,?is fact 0 fir/ obs]v$ by   
,hales4 ,prie/ley repeat$ ! obs]vation &
 f\nd t ab\t a fif? or r m ( ! volume ( 
! air 0 ?us absorb$4 ,he not$ t !       
residual air 0 r light] ?an common air1 
x _h no action on lime-wat] & 0 exce$+ly
 noxi\s to animals1 by :i* is meant t x 
c\ld n be brea!d by !m4 ,prie/ley _h ?us
 prep>$ nitrog51 b he fail$ to recognise
 ! individuality ( ?is gas4  ,9 8       
,/atical ,essays ,hales makes m5tion (  
an exp]im5t 9 :i* common air & air      
g5]at$ f pyrites by _s ( nitre made a   
turbid r$ mixture1 & 9 :i* "p ( ! common
 air 0 absorb$4 ,?is ph5om5on p>ticul>ly
 /ruck ,prie/ley1 :o1 act+ ^u ,cav5di%'s
 h9t t ! r$ appe>ance 0 probably dep5d5t
 ^u ! _s ( nitre only & t ! metals might
 answ] z well z pyrites1 proce$$ to     
inve/igate ! action ( nitric acid ^u a  
numb] ( ! metals1 & z ! result ( 8      
inquiries he succe$$ 9 isolat+ ! gas we 

n[ "k z nitric oxide1 b :i* he t]m$     
nitr\s air4    ,?\gh1 he says1 ,i _c say
 t ,i altoge!r l ! t]m1   nei!r myself  
nor any ( my fri5ds1 to :om ,i h appli$ 
= !   purpose1 h be5 able to hit ^u a   
bett]4  ,?is pap] exhibits ,prie/ley at 
8 be/4 ,9 x he describes all ! ma9      
prop]ties ( nitric oxide4    ,"o ( ! mo/
 conspicu\s prop]ties ( ?is k9d ( air1  
he says1   is ! great dim9ution ( any   
quantity ( common air ) :i* x   is mix$1
 att5d$ ) a turbid r$1 or deep orange   
col\r1 & a   consid]able heat4444 ,!    
dim9ution ( a mixture ( ?is & common    
air is n an equal dim9ution ( bo? !     
k9ds1 :i* is all t ,dr   ,hales c\ld    
obs]ve1 b ( ab\t "o fif? ( ! common air1
 & z   mu* ( ! nitr\s air z is necess>y 
to produce t effect2 :i*1   z ,i h f\nd 
by _m trials1 is ab\t "o half z mu* z ! 
orig9al quantity ( common air4    ,i    
h>dly "k any exp]im5t t is m adapt$ to  
amaze &   surprise ?an ?is is1 :i*      
exhibits a quantity ( air :i*1 z x   71 
dev\rs a quantity ( ano!r k9d ( air half

 z l>ge z   itself1 & yet is s f> f ga9+
 any addition to its bulk t   x is      
consid]ably dim9i%$ by x4444    ,x is   
exce$+ly rem>kable t ?is eff]vesc5ce &  
dim9ution1   occasion$ by ! mixture (   
nitr\s air1 is peculi> to common air1   
or air fit = respiration1 &1 z f> z ,i c
 judge f a great   numb] ( obs]vations1 
is at lea/ v ne>ly1 if n exactly1 9     
proportion to its fitness = ?is purpose2
 s t by ?is means !   goodness ( air may
 be di/+ui%$ mu* m accurately ?an x c   
be done by putt+ mice or any o!r animals
 to brea! 9 x4    ,?is 0 a mo/ agreeable
 discov]y to me1 z ,i hope x may be a   
useful "o to ! public2 especially z f   
?is "t ,i _h no   occasion = s l>ge a   
/ock ( mice z ,i _h be5 us$ to keep =   
! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts4  ,prie/ley "h 
sugge/s ! basis ( a me?od ( ,eudiometry1
 or me?od ( measur+ ! goodness ( air1   
:i* 9 8 h&s1 b m especially 9 ^? (      
,cav5di%1 l$ to mo/ important results4  
,! quantitative analysis ( ! air may be 
said to h tak5 its rise f ! publication 

( ,prie/ley's pap]4  ,9 ! c\rse (       
subsequ5t "w on nitr\s air ,prie/ley _h 
occasion to /udy its action on iron1    
:]eby he says3--    ,a mo/ rem>kable &  
mo/ unexpect$ *ange 0 made 9 ! nitr\s   
air1 ! iron makes x n only to admit a   
c&le to burn 9 x1 b   enables x to burn 
) an enl>g$ flame4444 ,sometimes ,i h   
p]ceiv$ ! flame ( ! c&le1 9 ^!          
circum/ances1 to be twice   z l>ge z x  
is naturally1 & sometimes n less ?an    
five or six   times l>g]2 & yet )\t     
any?+ l an explosion1 z 9 !   fir+ ( !  
weake/ inflammable air4  ,prie/ley 9 ?is
 mann] obta9$ nitr\s oxide1 ! prop]ties 
( :i* he subsequ5tly /udi$ 9 "s detail4 
,9 ! pap] :i* foll[s1 viz41 ,on ,air    
infect$ ) ! ,fumes ( ,burn+ ,*>coal1 he 
incid5tally ga9s fur!r insight into !   
nature ( atmosph]ic air4 ,by :at he     
call$ ?r[+ ! focus ( a burn+ mirror on  
*>coal susp5d$ 9 air conta9$ 9 a glass  
tube /&+ ov] wat] or m]cury--a fav\rite 
me?od ( 8 :5 he _h occasion to heat a   
sub/ance 9 a gas--he c\ld obs]ve !      

ph5om5a ) great precision4 ,he notic$ ! 
=mation ( ! fix$ air & det]m9$ ! degree 
( dim9ution :5 ! burn+ took place ov]   
wat] or ov] lime-wat]4    ,9 ?is mann]1 
he says1 ,i dim9i%$ a giv5 quantity (   
air   "o-fif?4 ,air ?us dim9i%$ by !    
fumes ( burn+ *>coal n   only ext+ui%es 
flame1 b is 9 ! highe/ degree noxi\s to 
animals2 x makes no eff]vesc5ce ) nitr\s
 air1 & is incapable   ( be+ dim9i%$ any
 f>!r by ! fumes ( m *>coal4444 ,all    
my obs]vations %[ t air :i* has once be5
 fully dim9i%$ 444   is n only incapable
 ( any fur!r dim9ution 444 b t x has    
likewise acquir$ new prop]ties1 mo/     
rem>kably diff]5t f   ^? :i* x _h       
be=e4444  ,by heat+ pieces ( lead & t9 9
 air by means ( a burn+ glass he obs]v$ 
! =mation ( a metallic calx1 ! volume ( 
air 0 dim9i%$1 & x also 0 9 ! highe/    
degree noxi\s & made no eff]vesc5ce )   
nitr\s air4  ,! real significance ( ^!  
ph5om5a 01 h[ev]1 :olly unp]ceiv$ by    
,prie/ley1 & phlogi/on1 z usual1 l$ him 
a/ray4 ,he _h1 ( c\rse1 9 all ^!        

exp]im5ts prep>$ nitrog51 & 9 a /ate (  
s5sible purity4 ,he imag9$1 h[ev]1 t he 
_h simply phlogi/icat$ ! air1 !         
phlogi/on com+ f ! *>coal & ! metals1 & 
t ?is phlogi/icat$ air 0 imbib$ by !    
wat]4  ,an exp]im5t describ$ by ,cav5di%
 l$ ,prie/ley to /udy ! action ( ,_s (  
,salt 7hydro*loric acid7 ^u copp]4 ,z   
,cav5di% _h already /at$1 ! gas s evolv$
 lo/ its electricity by com+ into       
contact ) wat]4 ,by collect+ ! gas ov]  
m]cury ,prie/ley 0 able to /udy its     
prop]ties m exactly4 ,f c]ta9 anomalies 
9 ! exp]im5ts he says3--    ,i conclud$ 
t ?is subtle air did n arise f ! copp]1 
b   f ! _s ( salt2 & pres5tly mak+ !    
exp]im5t ) !   acid only1 )\t any copp]1
 or metal ( any k9d1 ?is air 0          
imm$iately produc$ 9 z great pl5ty z    
be=e2 s t ?is   rem>kable k9d ( air is1 
9 fact1 no?+ m ?an ! vap\r1 or   fumes (
 _s ( salt1 :i* appe> to be ( su* a     
nature t !y   are n liable to be cond5s$
 by cold1 l ! vap\r ( wat] &   o!r      
fluids1 & !re=e may be v prop]ly call$  

an acid air1   or m re/rictively ! m>9e 
acid air4  ,! new gas discov]$ by       
,prie/ley we n[ call hydrog5 *loride4   
,ord9>y hydro*loric acid is simply an   
aque\s solution ( x4    ,wat] impregnat$
 ) x makes ! /ronge/ _s ( salt t ,i   h 
se51 dissolv+ iron ) ! mo/ rapidity4444 
,iron fil+s1   be+ admitt$ to ?is air1 7
 dissolv$ by x pretty fa/1 half (   !   
air disappe>+ & ! o!r half becom+       
inflammable air1 n   absorb$ by wat]4   
,putt+ *alk to x1 fix$ air 0 produc$4   
,he subsequ5tly f\nd t ! m>9e acid air 0
 m conv5i5tly made by ! action ( oil (  
vitriol ^u common salt4  ,f !           
miscellane\s obs]vations ) :i* ?is      
section ( ! volume concludes1 !re c be  
little d\bt t ,prie/ley1 )\t kn[+ x1 _h 
prep>$ oxyg5 gas f nitre z f> back z    
#agga4 ,! acc\nts he gives ( ! behavi\r 
( ! gas obta9$ by heat+ nitre 9 a       
gun-b>rel pla9ly indicate ?is fact4     
,a c&le1 he says1 n only burn$ b ! flame
 0 increas$1 &   some?+ 0 he>d l a hiss+
 simil> to ! decrepitation (   nitre 9  

an op5 fire4 ,he also not$ ! effect (   
nitr\s air ^u   x & concludes t ?is     
s]ies ( facts relat+ to air extract$   f
 nitre appe> to me to be v extraord9>y &
 important1 & 9   able h&s may lead to  
consid]able discov]ies4  ,! second      
section ( ! volume deals ) exp]im5ts &  
obs]vations made 9 #aggc & ! beg9n+ (   
#aggd1 & op5s ) an acc\nt ( ! discov]y (
 ammonia gas4    ,aft] ,i _h made !     
discov]y ( ! m>9e acid air1 :i* !       
vap\r ( _s ( salt may prop]ly en\gh be  
call$ 444 x occurr$   to me t by a      
process simil> to t by :i* ?is acid air 
is   expell$ f ! _s ( salt an alkal9e   
air might be expell$   f sub/ances      
conta9+ volatile alkali4    ,accord+ly  
,i procur$ "s volatile _s ( sal         
ammoniac1 &   hav+ put x into a ?9      
phial1 & heat$ x ) ! flame ( a   c&le1  
,i pres5tly f\nd t a great quantity (   
vap\r 0   dis*>g$ f x2 & be+ receiv$ 9 a
 vessel ( quicksilv]1   /&+ 9 a bas9 (  
quicksilv]1 x cont9u$ 9 ! =m ( a        
transp>5t & p]man5t air1 n at all       

cond5s$ by cold2 s t ,i   _h ! same     
opportunity ( mak+ exp]im5ts ^u x z ,i  
_h be=e   on ! acid air1 be+ 9 ! same   
fav\rable circum/ances4444   ,want+1    
h[ev]1 to procure ?is air 9 great]      
quantities1 & ?is   me?od be+ r         
exp5sive1 x occurr$ to me t alkal9e air 
might probably be procur$1 ) ! mo/ ease 
& conv5i5ce1 f   ! orig9al mat]ials1    
mix$ 9 ! same proportions t *emi/s   _h 
f\nd by exp]i5ce to answ] ! be/ = !     
production ( !   volatile _s ( sal      
ammoniac4 ,accord+ly ,i mix$ "o-f\r? (  
p\nd$ sal ammoniac ) ?ree-f\r?s ( slak$ 
lime2 & fill+ a   phial ) ! mixture1 ,i 
pres5tly f\nd x completely answ]$ my    
purpose4 ,! heat ( a c&le expell$ f ?is 
mixture a prodigi\s   quantity ( alkal9e
 air2 & ! same mat]ials 444 w\ld s]ve me
 a   consid]able "t )\t *ang+4444  ,he  
next /udi$ ! prop]ties ( ! alkal9e air4 
,he f\nd1 ( c\rse1 x 0 readily soluble 9
 wat]4    ,hav+ satisfi$ myself )       
respect to ! relation t alkal9e   air   
be>s to wat]1 ,i 0 impati5t to f9d :at  

w\ld be !   consequ5ce ( mix+ ?is new   
air ) ! o!r k9ds ) :i* ,i   0 acqua9t$  
be=e1 & especially ) acid air2 hav+ a   
notion   t ^! two airs1 be+ ( opposite  
natures1 might compose a   neutral air1 
& p]haps ! v same ?+ ) common air4 ,b   
! mom5t t ^! two k9ds ( air came into   
contact a beautiful   :ite cl\d 0 =m$1 &
 pres5tly fill$ ! :ole vessel 9 :i*   !y
 7 conta9$4444 ,:5 ! cl\d 0 subsid$ !re 
appe>$ to   be =m$ a solid :ite salt1   
:i* 0 f\nd to be ! common sal           
ammoniac1 or ! m>9e acid unit$ to !     
volatile alkali4444    ,fix$ air admitt$
 to alkal9e air =m$ oblong & sl5d]      
cry/als4444 ,^! cry/als mu/ be ! same ?+
 ) ! volatile   alkalis :i* *emi/s get 9
 a solid =m by ! di/illation ( sal      
ammoniac ) fix$ alkal9e salts4444       
,alkal9e air1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d1 is  
slightly inflammable4444    ,t alkal9e  
air is light] ?an acid air is evid5t f !
   appe>ances t att5d ! mixture1 :i* are
 inde$ v beautiful4   ,:5 acid air is   
introduc$ into a vessel conta9+ alkal9e 

air1 !   :ite cl\d :i* !y =m appe>s at !
 bottom only & asc5ds   gradually4 ,b :5
 ! alkal9e air is put to ! acid ! :ole  
becomes imm$iately cl\dy q to ! top ( ! 
vessel4  ,up to n[ ,prie/ley _h ma9ly   
conf9$ himself to ! n>ration ( ! new    
facts :i* he _h discov]$1 b>ely m5tion+ 
any hypo!ses t occurr$ to him4    ,!    
reason :y ,i 0 s mu* ^u my gu>d 9 ?is   
respect 0 le/1   9 consequ5ce ( atta*+  
myself to any hypo!sis too soon1 !      
success ( my future inquiries might be  
ob/ruct$4 ,b subsequ5t   exp]im5ts hav+ 
?r[n great light ^u ! prec$+ ones1 &    
hav+ confirm$ ! few conjectures ,i !n   
advanc$1 ,i may n[   v5ture to speak (  
my hypo!ses ) a little less diffid5ce4  
,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i %all be ready to       
rel9qui% any notions ,i may n[   ent]ta9
 if new facts %\ld h]eaft] appe> n to   
fav\r !m4  ,9 a pap] on ,common ,air    
,dim9i%$ & made ,noxi\s by ,v>i\s       
,processes he attempts to apply ! curr5t
 doctr9e ( phlogi/on to acc\nt = ! v>i\s
 ph5om5a he has obs]v$1 & ) :at success 

may be inf]r$ f 8 conclusion    t 9 !   
precipitation ( lime by brea?+ into     
lime-wat]1 !   fix$ air1 :i*            
incorporates ) lime1 comes n f ! lungs b
   f ! common air1 decompos$ by !       
phlogi/on exhal$ f !m1   & dis*>g$1 aft]
 hav+ be5 tak5 9 ) ! alim5t1 &   hav+   
p]=m$ its function 9 ! animal sy/em4    
,prie/ley's attempts at !oris+ br\ght   
little satisfaction to him or to 8      
read]s4 ,inde$ he says3--    ,i beg9 to 
be appreh5sive le/1 aft] be+ consid]$ z 
a dry   exp]im5t]1 ,i %\ld pass into !  
opposite "* ( a   vision>y !ori/4444 ,9 
ext5uation ( my (f5ce let x1 h[ev]1   be
 consid]$ t !ory & exp]im5ts necess>ily 
g   h&-9-h&1 e process be+ int5d$ to    
asc]ta9 "s   p>ticul> hypo!sis1 :i*1 9  
fact1 is only a conjecture   conc]n+ !  
circum/ances or ! cause ( "s natural    
op]ation2   consequ5tly t ! bolde/ & mo/
 orig9al exp]im5t]s are   ^? :o1 giv+   
free scope to _! imag9ations1 admit !   
comb9ation ( ! mo/ di/ant ideas2 & t    
?\gh _m ( ^!   associations ( ideas w be

 wild & *im]ical1 yet t o!rs   w h !    
*ance ( giv+ rise to ! greate/ & mo/    
capital   discov]ies1 su* z v cauti\s1  
timid1 sob] & sl[-?9k+   p w\ld nev] h  
come at4    ,sir ,isaac ,newton himself1
 not)/&+ ! great advantage :i*   he     
d]iv$ f a habit ( pati5t ?9k+1 indulg$  
bold &   ecc5tric ?\ghts1 ( :i* 8 qu]ies
 at ! end ( 8 book (   ,optics are a    
suffici5t evid5ce4 ,& a quick conception
 ( di/ant   analogies1 :i* is ! great   
key to unlock ! secrets ( ,nature1 is   
by no means incompatible ) ! _s (       
p]sev]ance 9   inve/igations calculat$  
to asc]ta9 & pursue ^? analogies4  ,aft]
 ?is apologia1 ,prie/ley gives ! re9s to
 8 imag9ation1 or r he all[s phlogi/on  
to drive ! halt+1 ambl+ ?+ = him1 ) !   
result t he utt]ly loses 8 way & is     
ev5tually l&$ into an impassable        
quagmire4 ,x is n too mu* to say t n "o 
( ! ,qu]ies1 ,speculations & ,h9ts ) :i*
 ! volume closes has /ood ! te/ ( "t4   
,! second volume1 :i* made its appe>ance
 t[>ds ! end ( #agge1 is d$icat$ to ,sir

 ,john ,pr+le1 at t "t ,presid5t ( !    
,royal ,society4 ,x op5s1 z usual1 ) a  
some:at prolix b *>act]i/ic preface4 ,b 
to 8 biograph] ,prie/ley's prefaces are 
n ! lea/ int]e/+ or valuable ( 8 lit]>y 
productions4    ,9 a preface1 he says1  
au?ors h always claim$ a "r (   say+    
:atev] !y pleas$ conc]n+ !mselves1 & n  
to lose   ?is "r x mu/ n[ & !n be       
ex]cis$4  ,9 ?is respect ,prie/ley has  
*ampion$ ! pr]ogatives ( au?ors = all   
"t4 ,?is p>ticul> preface beg9s ) an    
expression ( self-laudation = ! little  
delay ! writ] made 9 putt+ ! fir/ volume
 to ! press4    ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is     
consid]able discov]ies h be5 made by   p
 ( di/ant nations2 & ?is bran* ( sci5ce1
 ( :i*   no?+1 9 a mann]1 0 kn[n till v 
lately1 inde$ n[ bids fair   to be f>!r 
advanc$ ?an any o!r 9 ! :ole compass (  
natural   philosophy4444 ,& x w n n[ be 
?\ght v assum+ to say   t by work+ 9 a  
tub ( wat] or a bas9 ( quicksilv] we may
   p]haps discov] pr9ciples ( m ext5sive
 influ5ce ?an ev5 t   ( gravity itself1 

! discov]y ( :i*1 9 its full ext5t1     
contribut$ s mu* to immortalise ! "n (  
,newton4    ,hav+ be5 ! means ( br++ s  
_m *ampions into ! field1 ,i   %all1 )  
peculi> pleasure1 att5d to all _!       
a*ievem5ts1 9   ord] to prep>e myself1 z
 ,i promis$ 9 ! preface to my la/       
volume1 = writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! campaign4  
,aft] a delightfully nave complim5t to 8
 own ability z an accumulator ( facts1 &
 to 8 m]its z an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s (     
,div9e ,provid5ce 444 conc]n+ :i* ,i    
?rew out "s fur!r h9ts 9 my =m] preface1
 :i* ! excell5t ,fr5* translator 0 n    
p]mitt$ to ins]t 9 8 v]sion1 he advances
 ?is te/imony to 8 imp>tiality z an     
hi/orian3--    ,i ev5 ?9k t ,i may      
flatt] myself s mu*1 if x be any        
flatt]y1 z to say t !re is n1 9 ! :ole  
compass (   philosophical writ+1 a      
hi/ory ( exp]im5ts s truly +5u\s   z    
m9e1 & especially ! section on !        
discov]y (   dephlogi/icat$ air1 :i* ,i 
w v5ture to exhibit z a model (   ! k9d4
 ,i am n consci\s to myself ( hav+      

conceal$ ! lea/   h9t t 0 sugge/$ to me 
by any p]son :atev]1 any k9d (          
assi/ance t has be5 giv5 me1 or any     
views or hypo!ses by :i*   ! exp]im5ts 7
 direct$1 :e!r !y 7 v]ifi$ by !   result
 or n4  ,!re is mu* else 9 ! preface t  
might be quot$ z illu/rative ( ! "* &   
m5tal attributes ( its au?or4 ,prie/ley1
 ! natural philosoph]1 nev] =got t he 0 
a m9i/] ( religion1 & t to him !ology 0 
! greate/ & mo/ important ( all !       
sci5ces1 & he _c =be> ev51 9 :at he     
int5d$ to be a sci5tific disquisition on
 purely natural ph5om5a1 f inculcat+ 8  
belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity & 8
 op9ion conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( purgatory & 
! wor%ip ( ! dead4  ,! fir/ *apt] is    
conc]n$ ) ! discov]y ( :at its au?or    
call$ ,vitriolic ,acid ,air1 b :i* we n[
 "k z sulphur dioxide4  ,prie/ley imag9$
 t z ! liquid m>9e acid--t is           
hydro*loric acid--readily yield$ an air 
on heat+ x might be t vitriolic acid1 or
 oil ( vitriol1 w\ld also af=d a        
*>act]i/ic air :5 treat$ 9 a simil>     

mann]4 ,act+ ^u a sugge/ion ( ,mr ,lane 
he heat$ oil ( vitriol ) olive oil1 :5  
he readily obta9$ a new species ( air1  
:i* he collect$ ov] m]cury z he _h be5  
us$ to d x ) ! m>9e acid air2 & ! :ole  
process 0 z pleas+ & z elegant4         
,prie/ley at once surmis$ t ! olive oil 
work$ by transf]r+ its phlogi/on to !   
vitriolic acid1 & he naturally conclud$ 
t any sub/ance ri* 9 phlogi/on w\ld br+ 
ab\t ! same result4 ,he next tri$       
*>coal4    ,i put "s bits ( *>coal into 
my phial in/ead ( ! oil or o!r          
inflammable matt] :i* ,i _h us$ be=e1 & 
apply+ ! flame (   a c&le ,i pres5tly   
f\nd t ! vitriolic acid air 0 produc$ z 
well z 9 ! =m] process1 & 9 sev]al      
respects m   conv5i5tly1 ! production ( 
air be+ equable1 :]eby !   disagreeable 
effect ( a sudd5 explosion is avoid$4444
 ,f9d+ t   a great v>iety ( sub/ances   
conta9+ phlogi/on enabl$ ! oil (        
vitriol to ?r[ out a p]man5t acid air1  
,i _h "s suspicion t   m]e heat might d 
! same1 b ,i did n f9d t !re 0 any      

f\ndation = t suspicion4444 ,b ?\gh ,i  
got no air f ! oil   ( vitriol by ?is   
process1 air 0 produc$ at ! same "t 9 a 
mann] t ,i little expect$1 & ,i paid    
pretty de>ly = !   discov]y x occasion$4
 ,despair+ to get any air f ! long]     
application ( my c&les1 ,i )drew !m1 b  
be=e ,i c\ld   dis5gage ! phial f !     
vessel ( quicksilv] a little ( x   pass$
 ?r\gh ! tube into ! hot acid1 :5       
in/antly x 0 all   fill$ ) d5se :ite    
fumes1 a prodigi\s quantity ( air 0     
g5]at$1 ! tube ?r\gh :i* x 0 transmitt$ 
0 brok5 into   _m pieces1 & "p ( ! hot  
acid be+ spill$ ^u my h&   burn$ x      
t]ribly1 s t ! effect ( x is visible to 
?is day4   ,! inside ( ! phial 0 coat$ )
 a :ite sal9e sub/ance1 &   ! smell t   
issu$ f x 0 extremely suffocat+4    ,?is
 accid5t taught me :at ,i am surpris$ ,i
 %\ld n h   suspect$ be=e1 viz41 t "s   
metals w "p ) _!   phlogi/on to hot oil 
( vitriol1 & !reby conv]t x into a      
p]man5t ela/ic air1 produc+ ! v same    
effect ) oil1   *>coal1 or any o!r      

inflammable sub/ance4    ,n disc\rag$ by
 ! disagreeable accid5t above m5tion$1 !
   next day ,i put a little quicksilv]  
into ! phial ) ! gr\nd   /opple & tube1 
along ) ! oil ( vitriol1 :51 long be=e x
   0 boil+ hot1 air issu$ pl5tifully f  
x1 & be+ receiv$ 9   a vessel (         
quicksilv] appe>$ to be g5u9e vitriolic 
acid air1   exactly l t :i* ,i _h       
procur$ be=e1 be+ readily imbib$   by   
wat] & ext+ui%+ a c&le 9 ! same mann] z 
! o!r   _h done4444    ,aft] ?is ,i     
repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) sev]al o!r         
metals4444   ,copp] treat$ 9 ! same     
mann] yield$ air v freely1 ) ab\t   !   
same degree ( heat t quicksilv] _h      
requir$1 & ! air   cont9u$ to be g5]at$ 
) v little application ( m heat4  ,!    
!ory ap>t1 ?is pap] is z important z ^! 
on ammonia & ! m>9e acid air1 & exhibits
 ,prie/ley at 8 be/4 ,! obs]vations he  
makes conc]n+ ! ma9 prop]ties ( ! new   
gas & its solubility 9 wat]1 its        
inability to burn & to support flame1   
its heav9ess1 its p[] to unite )        

ammonia1 to be absorb$ by *>coal & to   
liquefy camphor1 are all accurate4      
,hav+ hit ^u a me?od ( exhibit+ "s ( !  
acids 9 ! =m   ( air1 no?+ c\ld be easi]
 ?an to ext5d ?is process to !   re/4   
,accord+ly he attempt$ to procure :at he
 call$ ! vegetable acid air by heat+    
exce$+ly /rong conc5trat$ acid ( v9eg>1 
& /ates t he succe$$ 9 obta9+ an air :i*
 ext+ui%$ ! flame ( a c&le & 0 soluble 9
 wat]4 ,! pap] is v %ort & is full (    
contradictions4 ,9 reality1 z he        
subsequ5tly f\nd1 he 0 deal+ ) v9eg>    
l>gely adult]at$ ) oil ( vitriol4 ,!    
vegetable acid air _h no real exi/5ce4  
,! next pap] 9 ! s]ies is ! mo/         
important ( ! :ole1 & ! "o ( all o!rs t 
has contribut$ mo/ l>gely to ,prie/ley's
 reputation4 ,x is entitl$ ,(           
,dephlogi/icat$ ,air1 & ( ! ,con/itution
 ( ! ,atmosph]e1 & deals ) ! discov]y ( 
oxyg54 ,x beg9s 9 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic   
fa%ion3--    ,! cont5ts ( ?is section w 
furni% a v /rik+   illu/ration ( ! tru? 
( a rem>k :i* ,i h m ?an once made   9  

my philosophical writ+s1 & :i* c h>dly  
be too (t5   repeat$1 z x t5ds greatly  
to enc\rage philosophical               
inve/igations1 viz41 t m is ow+ to :at  
we call   *ance--t is1 philosophically  
speak+1 to ! obs]vation (   ev5ts aris+ 
f unkn[n causes ?an to any prop] design 
or   preconceiv$ !ory 9 ?is bus9ess4    
,?is does n appe> 9 !   works ( ^? :o   
write syn!tically ^u ^! subjects1 b     
w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 appe> v /rik+ly 9 ^? :o
 are ! mo/   celebrat$ = _!             
philosophical acum5 did !y write        
analytically & +5u\sly4    ,= my own "p1
 ,i w frankly ackn[l$ge t at !          
comm5cem5t   ( ! exp]im5ts recit$ 9 ?is 
section ,i 0 s f> f hav+   =m$ any      
hypo!sis t l$ to ! discov]ies ,i made 9 
pursu+   !m t !y w\ld h appe>$ v        
improbable to me _h ,i be5   told ( !m2 
& :5 ! decisive facts did at l5g?       
obtrude   !mselves ^u my notice x 0 v   
sl[ly1 & ) great   hesitation1 t ,i     
yield$ to ! evid5ce ( my s5ses4 ,& yet1 
:5   ,i reconsid] ! matt]1 & comp>e my  

la/ discov]ies relat+ to   ! con/itution
 ( ! atmosph]e ) ! fir/1 ,i see ! close/
   & ! easie/ connection 9 ! _w betwe5  
!m1 s z to wond]   t ,i %\ld n h be5 l$ 
imm$iately f ! "o to ! o!r4   ,t ?is 0 n
 ! case ,i attribute to ! =ce (         
prejudice   :i*1 unkn[n to ourselves1   
biases n only our judgm5ts1 prop]ly   s 
call$1 b ev5 ! p]ceptions ( our s5ses2 =
 we may take a   maxim s /rongly =      
grant$ t ! pla9e/ evid5ce ( s5se w   n  
entirely *ange1 & (t5 h>dly modify1 our 
p]suasions2 & !   m +5i\s a man is1 ! m 
effectually he is entangl$ 9 8   errors1
 8 +5uity only help+ him to deceive     
himself by evad+   ! =ce ( tru?4  ,he !n
 po9ts out t !re are few maxims 9       
philosophy t h laid firm] hold ^u ! m9d 
?an t air1 mean+ atmosph]ical air 444 is
 a simple elem5t>y sub/ance1            
inde/ructible & unalt]able1 at lea/ z   
mu* s z wat] 0 suppos$ to be4 ,prie/ley1
 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiries1 0 soon        
satisfi$ t atmosph]ical air 0 n an      
unalt]able ?+2 t bodies burn+ 9 x1 &    

animals brea?+ x & v>i\s o!r *emical    
processes1 s f> alt] & deprive x z to   
r5d] x altoge!r unfit = ! purposes to   
:i* x is subs]vi5t2 & he _h discov]$    
me?ods1 p>ticul>ly ! process (          
vegetation1 :i* t5d$ to re/ore x to its 
orig9al purity4    ,b1 he says1 ,i own  
,i _h no idea ( ! possibility ( go+ any 
fur!r 9 ?is way & !reby procur+ air pur]
 ?an ! be/   common air4  ,z ?is pap] is
 "o ( ! classics ( *emi/ry1 z well z !  
*ief corn]-/one 9 ! monum5t :i*         
,prie/ley erect$ to himself1 x is       
necess>y to exam9e x1 z well z c]ta9 o!r
 pap]s :i* grew imm$iately out ( x1 9 "s
 degree ( detail4  ,aft] a ref]5ce to a 
hypo!sis ( ! orig9 & con/itution ( !    
atmosph]e :i* occurs among ! ,qu]ies1   
,speculations & ,h9ts above ref]r$ to1 &
 :i* is on a p> ) mu* 9 ,prie/ley's     
speculations1 he proce$s to relate !    
circum/ances :i* m imm$iately l$ to !   
mo/ important ( all 8 discov]ies4 ,x 0 !
 accid5t ( possess+ a burn+ l5s (       
consid]able =ce1 = want ( :i* he c\ld n 

possibly make _m ( ! exp]im5ts t he _h  
project$4    ,b hav+ aft]w>ds procur$ a 
l5s ( twelve in*es diamet] &   tw5ty    
in*es focal di/ance1 ,i proce$$ ) great 
alacrity to   exam9e1 by ! help ( x1 :at
 k9d ( air a great v>iety (   sub/ances1
 natural & factiti\s1 w\ld yield1 putt+ 
!m into   vessels %ort1 wide1           
r\nd-bottom$ phials1 :i* ,i fill$ )     
quicksilv] & kept inv]t$ 9 a bas9 ( !   
same4 ,mr ,w>ltire1 a   good *emi/1 &   
lectur] 9 ,natural ,philosophy1 happ5+  
to be at   t "t 9 ,calne1 ,i expla9$ my 
views to him1 & 0 furni%$ by   him ) _m 
sub/ances1 :i* ,i c\ld n o!rwise h      
procur$4    ,) ?is app>atus1 aft] a     
v>iety ( o!r exp]im5ts1 an acc\nt   (   
:i* w be f\nd 9 its prop] place on ! #a/
 ,augu/ #aggd1 ,i   endeav\r$ to extract
 air f m]curius calc9atus p] se2#ag &   
,i pres5tly f\nd t1 by means ( ?is l5s1 
air 0 expell$ f   x v readily4 ,hav+ got
 ab\t ?ree or f\r times z mu* z !   bulk
 ( my mat]ials1 ,i admitt$ wat] to x1 & 
f\nd t x 0   n imbib$ by x4 ,b :at      

surpris$ me m ?an ,i c well express   0 
t a c&le burn$ 9 ?is air ) a rem>kably  
vigor\s flame1   v mu* l t enl>g$ flame 
) :i* a c&le burns 9   nitr\s air expos$
 to iron or liv] ( sulphur1#ah b z ,i _h
 got   no?+ l ?is rem>kable appe>ance f 
any k9d ( air besides   ?is p>ticul>    
modification ( nitr\s air1 & ,i knew no 
nitr\s   acid 0 us$ 9 ! prep>ation (    
m]curius calc9atus1 ,i 0   utt]ly at a  
loss h[ to acc\nt = x4    ,9 ?is case   
also1 ?\gh ,i did n give suffici5t      
att5tion to !   circum/ance at t "t1 !  
flame ( ! c&le1 besides be+   l>g]1     
burn$ ) m spl5d\r & heat ?an 9 t species
 (   nitr\s air2 & a piece ( r$-hot wood
 sp>kl$ 9 x1 exactly l   pap] dipp$ 9 a 
solution ( nitre1 & x consum$ v fa/2 an 
exp]im5t :i* ,i _h nev] ?\ght ( try+ )  
nitr\s air4    ,at ! same "t t ,i made !
 above-m5tion$ exp]im5t ,i   extract$ a 
quantity ( air ) ! v same prop]ty f !   
common r$ precipitate#ai :i*1 be+       
produc$ by a solution (   m]cury 9 _s ( 
nitre 7nitric acid71 made me conclude t 

?is   peculi> prop]ty1 be+ simil> to t (
 ! modification (   nitr\s air above    
m5tion$1 dep5d$ ^u some?+ be+           
communicat$ to x by ! nitr\s acid2 &    
s9ce ! m]curius   calc9atus is produc$  
by expos+ m]cury to a c]ta9 degree (    
heat1 :]e common air has access to x1 ,i
 likewise conclud$ t   ?is sub/ance _h  
collect$ some?+ ( nitre1 9 t /ate (     
heat1 f ! atmosph]e4    ,?is1 h[ev]1    
appe>+ to me mu* m extraord9>y ?an x    
ought   to h done1 ,i ent]ta9$ "s       
suspicion t ! m]curius   calc9atus on   
:i* ,i _h made my exp]im5ts1 be+ b\ght  
at a   common apo!c>y's1 might1 9 fact1 
be no?+ m ?an r$   precipitate2 ?\gh1 _h
 ,i be5 any?+ ( a practical *emi/1 ,i   
c\ld n h ent]ta9$ any su* suspicion4    
,h[ev]1 m5tion+   ?is suspicion to ,mr  
,w>ltire1 he furni%$ me ) "s t he _h    
kept = a specim5 ( ! prep>ation1 & :i*1 
he told me1 he   c\ld w>rant to be      
g5u9e4 ,?is be+ treat$ 9 ! same mann] z 
! =m]1 only by a long] cont9uance (     
heat1 ,i extract$ mu*   m air f x ?an f 

! o!r4    ,?is exp]im5t might h satisfi$
 any mod]ate sceptic2 b1   h[ev]1 be+ at
 ,p>is 9 ! ,octob] foll[+1 & kn[+ t     
!re 7 sev]al v em95t *emi/s 9 t place1  
,i did n omit   ! opportunity1 by means 
( my fri5d ,mr ,magellan1 to get an     
ounce (   m]curius calc9atus prep>$ by  
,mr ,cadet1 ( ! g5u95ess ( :i*   !re    
c\ld n possibly be any suspicion2 & at !
 same "t ,i   frequ5tly m5tion$ my      
surprise at ! k9d ( air :i* ,i _h got   
f ?is prep>ation to ,mr ,lavoisi]1 ,mr  
le ,roy1 & sev]al o!r   philosoph]s1 :o 
hon\r$ me ) _! notice 9 t city1 & :o1   
,i d>esay1 _c fail to recollect !       
circum/ance4  ,?is la/ rem>k is         
significant 9 ref]5ce to a claim :i* 0  
subsequ5tly put =w>d t ! real discov]] (
 oxyg5 0 ,lavoisi]1 & t he obta9$ x by  
heat+ m]curic oxide4#bj  ,prie/ley also 
obta9$ ! same air f r$ lead1 :i*1 he    
says1    confirm$ me m 9 my suspicion t 
! m]curius calc9atus   mu/ get ! prop]ty
 ( yield+ ?is k9d ( air f !   atmosph]e1
 ! process by :i* t prep>ation & ?is (  

r$ lead   is made be+ simil>4 ,z ,i nev]
 make ! lea/ secret ( any?+   t ,i      
obs]ve1 ,i m5tion$ ?is exp]im5t also1 z 
well z ^?   ) ! m]curius calc9atus & !  
r$ precipitate1 to all my               
philosophical acqua9tance at ,p>is &    
else:]e1 hav+ no idea1 at   t "t1 to :at
 ^! rem>kable facts w\ld lead4 ,nitr\s  
oxide4  ,prie/ley1 on 8 return to       
,engl&1 made an exp]im5t ) ,cadet's     
prep>ation1 :i* he f\nd to behave       
precisely l t he _h procur$ f ,w>ltire4 
,he obs]v$ t ! new gas 0 only sp>+ly    
soluble 9 wat] & t its p[] ( caus+ a    
c&le to burn ) a /rong flame 0 9 n[ise  
dim9i%$ by agitation ) wat]--facts :i*  
he said conv9c$ him    t !re mu/ be a v 
mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 !   con/itution 
( ! air f m]curius calc9atus & t (      
phlogi/icat$ nitr\s air1 nitr\s oxide   
not)/&+ _!   resemblance 9 "s p>ticul>s4
  ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! foll[+ ,m>*    
7#agge7 7he hav+ mean:ile be5 int5t ^u 8
 exp]im5ts on ! vitriolic air sulphur   
dioxide71 t he asc]ta9$ ! real nature ( 

! new air1 & 0 l$ ?\gh v gradually 444  
to ! complete discov]y ( ! con/itution (
 ! air we brea!4 ,by trials ) ! nitr\s  
air & ) mice he f\nd t ! new gas 0      
em95tly fit = respiration3 nitr\s air   
r$uc$ its volume to a great] ext5t ?an 9
 ! case ( common air1 & a m\se liv$     
long] 9 x ?an x w\ld 9 ! same volume (  
common air4    ,?9k+ ( ?is extraord9>y  
fact ^u my pill[1 ! next morn+   ,i put 
ano!r measure ( nitr\s air to ! same    
mixture1 & to my   utt] a/oni%m5t f\nd t
 x 0 f>!r dim9i%$ to almo/   "o-half (  
its orig9al quantity4  ,prie/ley n[     
utt]ly miss$ 8 way = a "t4 ,he s\ght to 
get ! new air f ! v>i\s oxides ( lead1 b
 ! feti% ( phlogi/on aga9 l$ him wrong1 
& ev5tually by a tra9 ( reason+ :i* is  
fully set =? 9 ! pap]1 b :i* ne$ n "h be
 repeat$1 !re rema9$1 he says1 no d\bt 9
 8 m9d    b t atmosph]ical air1 or ! ?+ 
t we brea!1 consi/s   ( ! nitr\s acid & 
e>?1 ) s mu* phlogi/on z is   necess>y  
to its ela/icity2 & likewise s mu* m z  
is requir$   to br+ x f its /ate (      

p]fect purity to ! mean condition 9     
:i* we f9d x4  ,prie/ley's complete     
discov]y ( ! con/itution ( ! air we     
brea! 0 ?us :olly errone\s3 he 0 v f>   
inde$ f hav+ a cle> conception ( its    
real nature4  ,prie/ley's description ( 
! ma9 prop]ties ( oxyg5 is h[ev]        
accurate1 & lectur]s 9 *emi/ry are      
indebt$ to him = "s /rik+ exp]im5tal    
illu/rations ( !m4    ,i easily         
conjectur$1 he says1 t inflammable air  
w\ld explode   ) m viol5ce & a l\d]     
report by ! help ( dephlogi/icat$   ?an 
( common air2 b ! effect f> exce$$ my   
expectations1 &   x has nev] fail$ to   
surprise e p]son be=e :om ,i h made   ! 
exp]im5t4444 ,! dipp+ ( a light$ c&le   
into a j> fill$   ) dephlogi/icat$ air  
is alone a v beautiful exp]im5t4 ,!     
/r5g? & vivacity ( ! flame is /rik+1 & !
 heat produc$   by ! flame 9 ^!         
circum/ances is also rem>kably great4444
   ,no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to augm5t !  
=ce ( fire to a   prodigi\s degree by   
bl[+ x ) dephlogi/icat$ air in/ead (    

common air4444 ,possibly plat9a might be
 melt$ by means ( x4    ,f ! great]     
/r5g? & vivacity ( ! flame ( a c&le1 9  
?is pure air1 x may be conjectur$ t x   
might be peculi>ly   salut>y to ! lungs 
9 c]ta9 morbid cases4444 ,b p]haps we   
may   also inf] f ^! exp]im5ts t ?\gh   
pure dephlogi/icat$   air might be v    
useful z a m$ic9e1 x might n be s prop] 
= u 9 ! usual heal?y /ate ( ! body3 =1 z
 a c&le burns   out mu* fa/] 9          
dephlogi/icat$ ?an 9 common air1 s we   
might1   z may be said1 live out too    
fa/1 & ! animal p[]s be too soon        
exhau/$ 9 ?is pure k9d ( air4 ,a        
morali/1 at lea/1 may say t   ! air :i* 
,nature has provid$ = u is z good z we  
des]ve4444   ,:o c tell b t1 9 "t1 ?is  
pure air may become a fa%ionable        
article 9 luxury4 ,hi!rto only two mice 
& myself h _h !   privilege ( brea?+ x4 
,an exp]im5t :i* ,prie/ley says ,i _h ! 
pleasure to see at ,p>is1 9 ! laboratory
 ( ,mr ,lavoisi]1 my excell5t           
fell[-lab\r] 9 ^! inquiries1 & to :om1 9

 a v>iety ( respects1 ! philosophical "p
 ( ! _w has v great obligations1 l$ him 
into a tra9 ( inquiry ^u ! action (     
nitric acid ^u a wide range ( organic   
sub/ances1 f :i* h[ev] no g5]al results 
foll[$1 9 spite ( mu* exp]im5t+4 ,he _h 
at "o "t ! idea t a fundam5tal diff]5ce 
exi/$ 9 ! behavi\r ( animal & vegetable 
matt] ) respect to nitric acid1 b !     
obs]vations 7 contradictory1 & al?\gh x 
is readily possible to int]pret !       
ph5om5a 9 ! light ( our pres5t k1 !y l$ 
,prie/ley to no def9ite conclusions4  ,(
 m importance is ! "w on ! ,fluor ,acid 
,air--a sub/ance discov]$ by ,mr        
,s*eele1 a ,sw$e2 f :i* circum/ance !   
acid is (t5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! ,sw$i% 
acid4 ,prie/ley s\ght to make ! air by  
heat+ ,d]by%ire sp> 7fluor sp>7 ) oil ( 
vitriol 9 glass vessels1    z 9 !       
process ( mak+ _s ( nitre f saltpetre2 &
 !   mo/ rem>kable facts t h be5 obs]v$ 
conc]n+ x are1 t   ! vessels 9 :i* !    
di/illation is made are apt to be       
corrod$2   s t holes w be made q ?r\gh  

!m2 & t :5 !re is   wat] 9 ! recipi5t1 !
 surface ( x w be cov]$ ) a cru/   ( a  
friable /ony matt]4  ,:at ,prie/ley     
actually produc$ by ?is me?od (         
exp]im5t+ 0 m or less pure silicon      
fluoride1 :i* he proce$$ to collect1 9 8
 usual fa%ion1 ov] quicksilv]4    ,i _h 
no soon] produc$ ?is new k9d ( air b ,i 
0 eag] to see   ! effect x w\ld h on    
wat]1 & to produce ! /ony cru/   =m$ by 
_! union1 z describ$ by ,mr ,s*eele2 &  
,i 0 n   disappo9t$ 9 my expectations4  
,! mom5t ! wat] came into   contact )   
?is air ! surface ( x became :ite &     
opaque by a   /ony film4444 ,few        
philosophical exp]im5ts exhibit a m     
pleas+   appe>ance ?an ?is1 :i* c only  
be made by fir/ produc+ !   air conf9$  
by quicksilv]1 & !n admitt+ a l>ge body 
( wat]   to x4 ,mo/ p]sons to :om ,i h  
%[n ! exp]im5t h be5   exce$+ly /ruck ) 
x4444 ,! union ( ?is acid air & wat]    
may also be exhibit$ 9 ano!r mann]1 :i* 
to "s p]sons makes a   /ill m /rik+     
exp]im5t1 viz41 by admitt+ ! air1 z fa/ 

z x is g5]at$1 to a l>ge body ( wat]    
re/+ on   quicksilv]4444 ,x is1 !n1 v   
pleas+ to obs]ve t ! mom5t   any bubble 
( air1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! quicksilv]1   
rea*es !   wat]1 x is in/antly1 z x 71  
conv]t$ into a /one2 b   cont9u+ holl[ =
 a %ort space ( "t1 g5]ally rises to !  
top ( ! wat]4444 ,i h met ) few p]sons  
:o are soon we>y (   look+ at x2 & "s   
c\ld sit by x almo/ a :ole h\r1 & be    
agreeably amus$ all ! "t4  ,prie/ley's  
attempts to expla9 ! real nature ( !    
fluor acid air 71 z may be expect$1 n v 
happy4    ,^! appe>ances ,i expla9 by   
suppos+ t ! vitriolic acid1 9   unit+ ) 
! sp>1 is 9 "p volatilis$ by means ( "s 
phlogi/on conta9$ 9 x1 s z to =m a      
vitriolic acid air2 &   !re is also     
comb9$ ) ?is air a portion ( ! solid    
e>?y   "p ( ! sp>1 :i* cont9ues 9 a /ate
 ( solution till1 com+   into contact ) 
! wat]1 ! fluid unites ) ! acid1 & !    
e>? is precipitat$4  ,! ?ird volume ( ! 
"w 0 publi%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aggg1 ) a   
d$ication to ,"l ,/anhope4 ,x op5s1 z   

usual1 ) ! *>act]i/ically discursive    
preface1 ext5d+ to ?irty pages1 9 :i* ! 
au?or apologises = ! "* ( mu* 9 !       
volume4 ,he is con/ra9$ to admit t      
num]\s z 8 facts are1 few ( !m w appe> s
 brilliant 9 ! eye ( ! g5]al s*ol> z 9  
ei!r ( ! two =m] volumes1 al?\gh he     
tru/s !y w be ?\ght no less valuable by 
philosoph]s & *emi/s4 ,prie/ley1 x w\ld 
seem1 0 consci\s t he 0 beg9n+1 z !     
phrase goes1 to write himself out4      
,le/ my read]s %\ld be al>m$ at ?is     
addition ( "o volume   aft] ano!r on !  
same subject1 ,i d assure !m t ,i %all  
n[   c]ta9ly give !m & myself "s        
respite1 & deliv] ! tor* to   anyone :o 
may be dispos$ to c>ry x1 =esee+ t my   
att5tion   w be suffici5tly engag$ by   
speculations ( a v diff]5t   nature4444 
,x w be a great satisfaction to me1 aft]
 ! "p t   ,i h tak5 9 ?is bus9ess1 to be
 a spectator ( its future   progress1 :5
 ,i see ! "w 9 s _m & s good h&s1 &     
ev]y?+ 9 s rapid & s promis+ a way4     
,on tak+ leave ( ?is subject ,i w\ld    

entreat ! c&\r &   indulg5ce ( my read]s
 = any ov]sights !y may discov] 9 me z  
a philosoph]1 or imp]fections z a writ]4
 ,i am f> f   pret5d+ to infallibility2 
b ,i h ! satisfaction to reflect   t1   
imp]fect z my works may be f\nd to be1  
!y are ea* z   p]fect z ,i 0 able to    
make !m4444    ,^u ?is1 z ^u o!r        
occasions1 ,i c only repeat t x is n    
my op9ions on :i* ,i w\ld be und]/ood to
 lay any /ress4 ,let   ! new facts1 f   
:i* ,i d$uce !m1 be consid]$ z my       
discov]ies1 & let o!r p]sons draw bett] 
inf]5ces f !m   if !y c4 ,?is is a new &
 a wide field ( exp]im5t &              
speculation1 & a premature atta*m5t to  
hypo!sis is ! greate/   ob/ruction we   
are likely to meet ) 9 our progress     
?r\gh x2 &   z ,i ?9k ,i h be5 pretty   
mu* ^u my gu>d myself1 ,i w\ld   caution
 o!rs to be ^u _! gu>d too4  ,^!        
passages evid5tly 7 writt5 "u ! influ5ce
 ( ! feel+ ( res5tm5t ) :i* he view$ !  
criticism to :i* 8 speculations 7       
subject$ abroad4 ,fontana1 ,lavoisi] &  

o!rs 71 inde$1 zeal\sly engag$ 9 us+    
,prie/ley's own facts to de/roy !       
conception by :i* he expla9$ !m4 ,an    
appeal to ! balance 0 felt to be        
necess>y1 & ,prie/ley1 z a logician1    
c\ld n resi/ x4 ,b he 0 no quantitative 
*emi/3 ! habits ( a ,cav5di% 7 q =eign  
to 8 g5ius3 pati5t1 scrupul\s att5tion  
to num]ical accuracy 0 n "o ( 8         
*>act]i/ics3 he 0 "o ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s (
 exp]im5t]s--delight+1 inde$1 9         
manipulation = ! m]e sake ( x1 b )al    
ha/y & sup]ficial4 ,x is n[h]e evid5t 9 
8 writ+s t 8 problems 7 attack$ accord+ 
to any c>efully-?\ght-out plan4 ,he     
confesses inde$1 on m ?an "o occasion1  
he te/$ ! inflammability ( "o ( 8 num]\s
 airs because he _h a light$ c&le ne>   
him3 _h ! c&le n be5 light$ x w\ld n h  
occurr$ to him to d x4 ,prie/ley 01 9   
fact1 a pione]3 he %[$ ! exi/5ce ( a new
 _w = sci5ce1 & he himself roam$ ov] a  
portion ( x1 l a second ,jo%ua2 b he _h 
n ! exp]i5ce or ! aptitude to accurately
 map out ev5 t fraction4  ,!re is little

 9 ! ?ird volume ( p]man5t value4 ,x is 
l>gely an acc\nt ( a s]ies ( disconnect$
 obs]vations on ! action ( nitric acid  
^u a v>iety ( sub/ances1 :i*1 h[ev]1 l$ 
to no g5]al conclusions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  
c]ta9 t if ,prie/ley c\ld h induc$      
himself to foll[ up c]ta9 ( 8           
obs]vations he w\ld h arriv$ at facts ( 
f> great] importance ?an ^? he actually 
n>rates4 ,speculation1 he said1 by way (
 rejo9d] to ,lavoisi]1 is a *eap        
commodity4 ,new & important facts are   
mo/ want$1 & !re=e ( mo/ value1 & ! new 
& important facts 7 )9 8 grasp if he _h 
only rea*$ out = !m4  ,ano!r portion ( !
 "w is conc]n$ ) supplem5t>y obs]vations
 on ! gases treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ volumes1
 p>tly by way ( correction & p>tly      
additional4 ,"h & !re we h a sugge/ive  
passage1 z 9 ! pap] on ,exp]im5ts on !  
,mixture ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air t h no 
,mutual ,action1 9 :i* he ?us cle>ly    
indicates ! pr9ciple ( ! intra-diffusion
 ( gases4    ,! result ( my trials has  
be5 ?is g5]al conclusion3 t :5   two    

k9ds ( air h be5 mix$ x is n possible to
 sep>ate !m   aga9 by any me?od (       
decant+ or p\r+ !m (f1 ?\gh !   greate/ 
possible c>e be tak5 9 do+ x4 ,!y may n 
prop]ly   incorporate1 s z to =m a ?ird 
species ( air1 possess$ (   new         
prop]ties2 b !y w rema9 equally diffus$ 
?r\gh ! mass   ( ea* o!r2 & :e!r x be ! 
upp] or ! l[] "p ( !   air t is tak5 out
 ( ! vessel1 )\t di/urb+ ! re/1 x   w   
conta9 an equal mixture ( !m bo?4       
,ano!r sugge/ive pap] is on ,respiration
 & ! ,use ( ! ,blood1 :i* 0 read to !   
,royal ,society on ,janu>y #be1 #aggf1 &
 appe>s 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lxvi4  
,prie/ley1 ( c\rse1 reg>d$ respiration z
 a phlogi/ic process1 & t ! use ( !     
lungs is to c>ry (f a putrid effluvium1 
or to dis*>ge t phlogi/on1 :i* _h be5   
tak5 into ! sy/em ) ! alim5t1 & has     
become1 z x 71 effete1 ! air t is       
respir$ s]v+ z a m5/ruum = t purpose4   
,?is he ?9ks he has prov$ to be effect$ 
by means ( ! blood1 9 consequ5ce ( its  
com+ s ne>ly into contact ) ! air 9 !   

lungs1 ! blood appe>+ to be a fluid     
wond]fully =m$ to imbibe & "p ) t       
pr9ciple :i* ! *emi/s call phlogi/on1 & 
*ang+ its col\r 9 consequ5ce ( be+ *>g$ 
) x or be+ fre$ f x4 ,! facts 9 ?is pap]
 are = ! mo/ "p correctly /at$1 b !     
discov]] ( oxyg5 l$ ! _w woefully a/ray 
z to ! "p play$ by t gas 9 ! ph5om5a (  
respiration4  ,! f\r? volume made its   
appe>ance 9 ,m>* #aggi1 ) a d$ication to
 ,sir ,george ,savile1 :o _h r5d]$      
,prie/ley ! s]vice ( introduc+ him & 8  
inv5tion ( soda-wat] to ! notice ( !    
,admiralty4 ,9 ! preface1 :i* is        
comm5dably %ort1 he makes "s ref]5ce to 
! respite :i* he _h promis$ himself & 8 
read]s1 b tru/s1 by way ( ext5uation1 x 
may be suffici5t to allege ! in/ability 
( human purposes & pursuits4 ,he _h     
int5d$ to devote himself to metaphysics4
    ,b t k9d ( writ+1 he says1 is a ?+ (
 a v diff]5t   nature f ?is4 ,i c truly 
say 444 t s+le sections 9 ?is   "w h co/
 me m ?an :ole volumes ( ! o!r2 s great 
is   ! diff]5ce betwe5 writ+ f ! head   

only & writ+1 z x   may be call$1 f !   
h&s4  ,! fact 0 ,prie/ley c\ld n keep   
away f 8 laboratory4    ,hav+ acquir$ a 
fondness = exp]im5ts1 ev5 slight]       
inducem5ts   ?an ,i h _h w\ld h be5     
suffici5t to det]m9e my conduct4  ,!    
preface is notewor?y = its plea = !     
position ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 9 ! s*eme (
 g5]al education4    ,if we wi% to lay a
 good f\ndation = a philosophical ta/e1 
&   philosophical pursuits1 p]sons %\ld 
be accu/om$ to ! sight (   exp]im5ts &  
processes 9 e>ly life4 ,!y %\ld1 m      
especially1   be e>ly initiat$ 9 ! !ory 
& practice ( inve/igation1 by   :i* _m (
 ! old discov]ies may be made to be     
really _!   own2 on :i* acc\nt !y w be  
mu* m valu$ by !m4 ,&1 9   a great      
v>iety ( articles1 v "y p]sons may be   
made s f>   acqua9t$ ) ev]y?+ necess>y  
to be previ\sly kn[n z to   engage 7:i* 
!y w d ) peculi> alacrity7 9 pursuits   
truly   orig9al4  ,9 ! c\rse ( "s       
obs]vations on ! effect ( impregnat+ oil
 ( vitriol ) nitr\s acid vap\r he       

discov]$ nitrosulphuric acid1 ! s-call$ 
,lead5 ,*amb] ,cry/als1 ^: prop]ties &  
behavi\r ) wat] he describes ) accuracy 
& ev5 eloqu5ce4 ,( ^! cry/als he says3  
,a m beautiful appe>ance c h>dly be     
imag9$1 & ,i am afraid ,i %all nev] see 
! l aga94 ,he also notic$ ! =mation ( ! 
d>k br[n comp\nd :i* nitric oxide =ms ) 
a solution ( gre5 vitriol1 & adds3--    
,to det]m9e :e!r ! ph5om5a att5d+ !     
impregnation ( !   solution ( gre5      
vitriol ) nitr\s air dep5d$ 9 any       
measure   ^u ! seem+ a/r+5cy ( t        
solution 444 ,i impregnat$ a   quantity 
( gre5 tea1 :i* is also said to be      
a/r+5t1 )   nitr\s air1 b no s5sible    
*ange ( col\r 0 produc$ 9 x4  ,he sev]al
 times notic$ ! deep blue liquid :i*    
nitrog5 p]oxide =ms ) cold wat]4 ,he    
made _m attempts to use nitric oxide z  
an antiseptic1 especially = cul9>y      
purposes4 ,b ! ga/ronomic results ) f[ls
 & pigeons 7 n to 8 lik+1 al?\gh he     
says1 my fri5d ,mr ,magellan 444 _h n s 
bad an op9ion ( ?is piece ( cook]y z ,i 

_h4 ,"o _c read ,prie/ley's description 
( 8 multif>i\s exp]im5ts )\t be+ /ruck )
 ! numb] ( occasions 9 :i* he j miss$   
mak+ discov]ies ( fir/-rate importance4 
,x is obvi\s t he _h obta9$ *lor9e )\t  
recognis+ x1 ev5 be=e ! news ( ,s*eele's
 discov]y rea*$ ?is c\ntry4 ,he _h also 
prep>$1 )\t kn[+ x1 phosphorett$ hydrog5
 & phosphor\s acid4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 he
 c foll[ a clue ) rem>kable p]spicacity2
 z 9 8 obs]vation ( ! cause ( ! fl\r+ ( 
m]cury1 & 9 8 discov]y ( a me?od (      
remov+ lead & t9 f t metal4  ,! subject 
( dephlogi/icat$ air naturally cont9u$  
to int]e/ him1 & he aga9 returns to x 9 
?is volume1 = he says3--    ,z x        
sometimes amuses myself x may p]haps    
amuse o!rs to look   back ) me to !     
sev]al /eps 9 ! actual progress ( ?is   
inve/igation1 "s ( :i* ,i ov]look$ 9 my 
la/ acc\nt ( x4  ,he po9ts out1 z       
already /at$1 t he mu/ h _h ! new gas 9 
8 h&s z f> back z ,novemb] #agga1 hav+  
obta9$ x f nitre4 ,he admits t he _h no 
p>ticul> view 9 mak+ 8 crucial exp]im5t 

( ,augu/ #a1 #aggd1    except+ t (      
extract+ air f a v>iety ( sub/ances by  
means ( a burn+ l5s 9 quicksilv]1 :i* 0 
!n a new process   ) me1 & :i* ,i 0 v   
fond (4  ,he expla9s h[ he 0 l$ to 8    
speculation t ?is k9d ( air1 &          
consequ5tly ( atmosph]ical air1 :i* is !
 same ?+ b 9 a /ate ( inf]ior purity1   
consi/s ( e>? & _s ( nitre4    ,b1 he   
adds1 ,i h s9ce se5 reason to suspect t 
hypo!sis1   plausible z x appe>s4       
,inde$1 "s ( my late exp]im5ts w\ld     
lead me to conclude t !re is no acid at 
all 9 pure air4  ,he !n exp]im5ts )     
manganese1 :i* ,s*eele1 :o indep5d5tly  
discov]$ oxyg51 _h already employ$1 &   
f9ds t x yields ! new air bo? :5 heat$  
alone or ) oil ( vitriol4 ,! production 
( oxyg5 f manganese 0 contr>y to 8      
expectations z ! sub/ances he _h hi!rto 
us$1 ! precipitate p] se & ! r$ lead & !
 nitre1 _h all be5 subject$ to !        
influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 :]eas "h 0 pure 
air f a sub/ance :i* = any?+ t appe>$ _h
 always be5 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & nev] _h

 _h any communication ) ! ext]nal air4  
,?is l$ to ! surmise t possibly !       
expulsion ( dephlogi/icat$ air f su*    
m9]al sub/ances    might assi/ 9 su/a9+ 
subt]rane\s fires4444 ,! solution (   ! 
ph5om5a ( subt]rane\s fires w\ld c]ta9ly
 be mu* easi] on   ! supposition ( _!   
supply+ _! own pabulum1 by means (      
dephlogi/icat$ air conta9$ 9 sub/ances  
expos$ to _! heat4 ,i   !re=e desir$ ,mr
 ,l&riani1 :o be+ 9 ,italy _h a good    
opportunity ( mak+ inquiries on !       
subject1 to in=m me :e!r   any ( ^?     
sub/ances1 & p>ticul>ly manganese be    
f\nd 9   _! volcanoes2 & 8 answ] makes x
 r probable t ^?   fires are1 9 "p1     
su/a9$ by ?is means4  ,! ease ) :i*     
nitre p>ts ) its oxyg5 on heat+ furni%$ 
,prie/ley ) ! true explanation ( its    
s-call$ detonation1 conc]n+ :i*1 he     
says1 ! mo/ improbable conjectures h be5
 advanc$ by ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s &   
*emi/s4 ,aft] a ref]5ce to ! hypo!sis ( 
,macqu]1 :o assumes t :at he calls a    
nitr\s sulphur is produc$1 ,prie/ley    

po9ts out t    ! doctr9e (              
dephlogi/icat$ air supplies ! easie/    
solution   imag9able ( ?is v difficult  
ph5om5on4 ,let any p]son b   att5d to ! 
ph5om5a ( ! detonation ( *>coal 9 nitre1
 &   t ( dipp+ a piece ( hot *>coal into
 a j> ( dephlogi/icat$   air1 & ,i ?9k x
 w be impossible = him n to conclude t  
! appe>ances are ! v same & mu/ h ! same
 cause4  ,( all ! quantitative ex]cises 
p]=m$ by ,prie/ley1 by f> ! mo/ num]\s  
dep5d$ ^u 8 application ( nitric oxide  
to measure ! goodness ( air4    ,:51 he 
says1 ,i fir/ discov]$ ! prop]ty (      
nitr\s air z a   te/ ( ! :olesom5ess (  
common air1 ,i flatt]$ myself t x       
might be ( consid]able practical use1 & 
p>ticul>ly t ! air   ( di/ant places &  
c\ntries might be br\ght & exam9$ toge!r
   ) great ease & satisfaction2 b ,i own
 t hi!rto ,i h   r be5 disappo9t$ 9 my  
expectations f x4444 ,i gave sev]al   ( 
my fri5ds ! tr\ble to s5d me air f      
di/ant places1   especially f           
manufactur+ t[ns1 & ! wor/ !y c\ld f9d  

to   be actually brea!d by !            
manufactur]s1 su* z is kn[n to be       
exce$+ly (f5sive to ^? :o visit !m2 b :5
 ,i exam9$   ^? specim5s ( air 9        
,wilt%ire1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m &   ! v 
be/ air 9 ?is c\nty1 :i* is e/eem$ to be
 v good1   z also ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m &
 specim5s ( ! be/ air 9   ! c\nties 9   
:i* ^! manufactur+ t[ns are situat$1 0 v
   trifl+4444 ,i h frequ5tly tak5 ! op5 
air 9 ! mo/ expos$   places 9 ?is c\ntry
 at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 & 9   diff]5t
 /ates ( ! wea!r1 etc41 b nev] f\nd !   
diff]5ce s great z ! inaccuracy aris+ f 
! me?od (   mak+ ! trial might easily   
am\nt to or exce$4  ,o!r obs]v]s1 less  
c>eful or m sangu9e ?an ,prie/ley1 71   
h[ev]1 successful 9 detect+ ! diff]5ces 
:i* prejudice l$ !m to anticipate4 ,?us 
,signor ,m>silio ,l&riani ( ,milan1 ^:  
"n has already be5 m5tion$ 9 connection 
) ! !ory ( subt]rane\s fires1 9 ! c\rse 
( a t\r ?r\gh ,italy _h ! satisfaction (
 conv9c+ himself    t ! air ( all ^?    
places1 :i* f ! long exp]i5ce (   !     

inhabitants has be5 reput$ un:olesome1  
is f\nd to be s to a   v great degree ( 
exactness by ! eudiomet]4444 ,! air ( ! 
,pont9e lakes1 t ( ! ,sciroc*o at ,rome 
7s v un:olesome71   t ( ! ,campagna     
,romana1 ( ! ,grotto del ,cane1 ( !     
,zolfat>a   at ,naples1 ( ! ba?s ( ,n]o 
at ,baja1 ( ! seacoa/ ( ,tuscany1   7   
all exam9$ by me & f\nd to be 9 su* a   
/ate z daily   exp]i5ce l$ me to expect4
  ,mod]n eudiometry1 mak+ use ( me?ods (
 f> great] precision ?an 7 possible to  
,prie/ley1 has confirm$ 8 supposition t 
atmosph]ic air is rem>kably con/ant 9   
composition1 & t its :olesom5ess dep5ds 
^u o!r causes ?an ! relative am\nt ( !  
dephlogi/icat$ air conta9$ 9 x4  ,p]haps
 ! mo/ important ( ! _m pap]s conta9$ 9 
?is volume are ^? :i* relate to !       
,melioration ( ,air by ! ,gr[? (        
,plants1 a subject to :i* ,prie/ley gave
 att5tion1 ev5 :il/ at ,le$s1 9 #agga4  
,9 ^! pap]s he cle>ly proves t ?is      
melioration is connect$ ) ! gre5 matt] (
 leaves & t x is dep5d5t ^u sunlight4   

,?is obs]vation is ( fundam5tal         
importance & attract$ mu* att5tion4  ,9 
! fif? volume1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! spr+ ( 
#agha1 ) a d$ication to ,dr ,heb]d51 :5 
,prie/ley _h mov$ to ,birm+ham1 he aga9 
returns to ?is subject4 ,practically all
 ! exp]im5tal "w to :i* x relates 0 done
 :il/ he 0 ) ,"l ,%elburne1 & ma9ly at  
,calne4 ,dur+ ! =m] p>ts ( ! summ] (    
#aghj he suff]$ f an illness :i* greatly
 int]f]$ ) 8 "w1 al?\gh he ?9ks t dur+ 8
 incapacity = mak+ exp]im5ts 8 h9ts = ! 
f>!r prosecution ( !m are greatly       
accumulat$4 ,x _c be said t ! five pap]s
 on ! relations ( vegetation to air1 )  
:i* ! volume op5s1 add$ v mat]ially to !
 fundam5tal fact :i* ,prie/ley _h       
discov]$4 ,!y furni%$1 h[ev]1 additional
 evid5ce ( x & no d\bt /imulat$ fur!r   
inquiry4 ,if 8 facts c\ld n be          
controv]t$1 8 explanations & surmises 7 
at lea/ op5 to attack1 & a numb] (      
obs]v]s1 bo? "h & abroad1 busi$ !mselves
 ) ! problems ( physiological botany    
!reby sugge/$4  ,z reg>ds ! subject (   

air 9 g5]al1 al?\gh a l>ge numb] (      
isolat$ obs]vations are record$ 9       
some:at t$i\s detail1 no new fact (     
fir/-rate importance is app>5t4 ,!      
exp]im5ts are l>gely supplem5t>y to ^? 9
 ! prec$+ volumes & are = ! mo/         
explanatory or corroborative ( !m4      
,p]haps ! mo/ important are ^? deal+ ) !
 production ( nitr\s air 9 :i* a c&le w 
burn1 by :i* is signifi$ ! gas we n[ "k 
z nitr\s oxide1 b :i* ,prie/ley         
ev5tually t]m$ dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s    
air4 ,! process he employ$ is no long]  
us$ 9 ! production ( ?is gas1 b x       
suffic$ 9 8 h&s to det]m9e its          
individuality )\t d\bt4  ,prie/ley's    
me?ods ( exp]im5t ) 8 v>i\s airs 7 v    
uni=m4 ,he tri$ _! solubility 9 wat]1 _!
 p[] ( support+ or ext+ui%+ flame1 :e!r 
!y 7 respirable1 h[ !y behav$ ) acid &  
alkal9e air1 & ) nitric oxide &         
inflammable air1 & la/ly h[ !y 7 affect$
 by ! electric sp>k4 ,he occasionally   
made attempts to weigh !m1 b 8          
det]m9ations ( _! relative d5sity 7     

altoge!r untru/wor?y4 ,inde$1 x is      
evid5t f ! t]ms 9 :i* he speaks ( ^!    
ef=ts t he 0 consci\s ( _! inadequacy4  
,! result ( submitt+ alkal9e air        
7ammonia7 to ! electric sp>k1 :]eby x is
 resolv$ into nitrog5 & hydrog51        
surpris$ him n a little4    ,!re are few
 exp]im5ts ! rationale ( :i* ,i less    
pret5d to   und]/& ?an ! production (   
g5u9e & p]man5t inflammable   air f     
alkal9e air by means ( ! electric       
sp>k4444 ,"o qu]y on   ?is subject is1  
:5ce comes ! phlogi/on1 :i* is c]ta9ly a
   pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! con/itution (    
inflammable air4 ,alkal9e   air1 inde$1 
conta9s phlogi/on1 because 9 ! mann] 9  
:i* ,i   h g5]ally produc$ x1 x is      
itself p>tially inflammable2 b x   is n 
ne>ly s mu* s z ! inflammable air :i* is
 produc$ by   means ( x4 ,besides1 x w  
appe> by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts t   !       
quantity ( ! inflammable air f> exce$s t
 ( ! alkal9e4  ,al?\gh ,prie/ley cle>ly 
recognis$ ! production ( ! inflammable  
air1 9 no respect to be di/+ui%$ f t :i*

 is extract$ f metals by acids1 & inf]r$
 x mu/ come f ! alkal9e air 7!          
production hav+ its limits71 he fail$ to
 detect ! o!r con/itu5t ( ammonia4 ,8   
det]m9ation ( ! actual increase 9 volume
 0 inaccurate1 & 8 attempt to expla9 !  
ph5om5on :olly fallaci\s4  ,at !        
in/igation ( ,mr ,w\lfe1 ^: "n ma9ly    
lives 9 connection ) a useful piece (   
*emical app>atus1 ,prie/ley 0 enc\rag$  
to hope t he w\ld    f9d some?+         
rem>kable 9 ! solution ( manganese 9 _s 
(   salt4 ,mr ,w\lfe1 h[ev]1 9 a v      
fri5dly mann]1 at ! same "t1   caution$ 
me ) respect ( ! vap\r t w\ld issue f x1
 z   f 8 own exp]i5ce he appreh5d$ x 0 (
 a v dang]\s   nature4444 ,i _c say t x 
0 ! appreh5sion ( dang]1 b   r hav+ o!r 
?+s 9 view1 t prev5t$ my giv+ mu*       
att5tion to ! subject4  ,prie/ley's     
exp]im5ts l$ to no decisive result3 he (
 c\rse recognis$ !    peculi> smell1    
exactly resembl+ t :i* is procur$ by    
dissolv+ r$ lead 9 ! same acids4444 ,on 
! application ( heat   x 0 easy to      

p]ceive t air1 or vap\r1 0 expell$2 b x 
0   in/antly seiz$ by ! quicksilv]4444  
,?is is a new field t is   yet be=e me4 
,prie/ley nev] occupi$ t field4 ,x is   
tol]ably c]ta9 t bo? ,w\lfe & he _h     
unkn[+ly prep>$ *lor9e gas1 b ! glory ( 
its discov]y belongs to ,s*eele4  ,!    
pap] ,( ,s\nd 9 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air is
 wor? quot+ z %[+ ,prie/ley at 8 be/3-- 
,almo/ all ! exp]im5ts t h hi!rto be5   
made relat+ to   s\nd h be5 made 9      
common air1 ( :i* x is kn[n to be a     
vibration1 ?\gh x is likewise kn[n to be
 capable ( be+   transmitt$ by o!r      
sub/ances4 ,!re c\ld be little d\bt1    
h[ev]1   ( ! possibility ( s\nd orig9at+
 9 any o!r k9d ( air1 z   well z be+    
transmitt$ by !m2 b ! trial _h n be5    
actually made1 & ,i _h an easy          
opportunity ( mak+ x4    ,besides1 !    
exp]im5ts promis$ to asc]ta9 :e!r !     
int5sity ( s\nd 0 affect$ by any o!r    
prop]ty ( ! air 9   :i* x 0 made ?an !  
m]e d5sity ( x4 ,= ! diff]5t   k9ds (   
air 9 :i* ,i 0 able to make ! same s\nd1

 besides   diff]+ 9 specific gravity1 h 
likewise o!r rem>kable *emical          
diff]5ces1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ) respect to
 s\nd w\ld1 at   ! same "t1 be submitt$ 
to exam9ation4    ,be+ provid$ ) a piece
 ( clock-"w1 9 :i* 0 a bell1 & a   hamm]
 to /rike ^u x 7:i* ,i c\ld cov] ) a    
receiv]1 &   :i*1 :5 x 0 prop]ly cov]$  
up1 ,i c\ld set 9 motion by !   pressure
 ( a brass rod go+ ?r\gh a coll> (      
lea!r71 ,i plac$   x on "s s(t pap] on a
 transf]4 ,!n tak+ a receiv]1 ! top   ( 
:i* 0 clos$ ) a plate ( brass1 ?r\gh :i*
 ! brass rod   & coll> ( lea!rs 0       
ins]t$1 ,i plac$ ! :ole on ! plate   (  
an air-pump1 & exhau/$ ! receiv] ( all !
 air t x   conta9$4 ,!n remov+ ?is      
exhau/$ receiv]1 conta9+ ! piece   (    
clock-"w1 ,i fill$ x ) "s ( ^? k9ds (   
air t are   capable ( be+ conf9$ by     
wat]4444 ,!n by =c+ d[n ! brass   rod   
?r\gh ! coll> ( lea!rs ,i made ! hamm]  
/rike ! bell1   :i* x w\ld d m ?an a    
doz5 times aft] ea* pressure4 ,& !      
in/rum5t 0 contriv$ to d ! same ?+ _m   

times successively   aft] be+ once w\nd 
up4    ,ev]y?+ be+ ?us prep>$1 ,i _h    
no?+ to d1 aft] fill+   ! same receiv] )
 ea* ( ! k9ds ( air 9 its turn1 b       
rec$+ f ! app>atus1 :ile an assi/ant    
produc$ ! s\nd1 to   obs]ve at :at      
di/ance ,i c\ld di/9ctly he> x4 ,!      
result ( all   my obs]vations1 z f> z ,i
 c\ld judge1 0 t ! int5sity (   s\nd    
dep5ds solely ^u ! d5sity ( ! air 9 :i* 
x is   made1 & n at all ^u any *emical  
pr9ciple 9 its con/itution4    ,9       
inflammable air ! s\nd ( ! bell 0 h>dly 
to be   di/+ui%$ f ! same 9 a pretty    
good vacuum2 & ?is air is   t5 times r>]
 ?an common air4    ,9 fix$ air ! s\nd 0
 mu* l\d] ?an 9 common air1 s z to   be 
he>d ab\t half z f> aga92 & ?is air is 9
 ab\t ! same   proportion d5s] ?an      
common air4    ,9 dephlogi/icat$ air !  
s\nd 0 also s5sibly l\d] ?an 9   common 
air1 &1 z ,i ?\ght1 r m ?an 9 !         
proportion (   its sup]ior d5sity2 b (  
?is ,i _c pret5d to be q sure4    ,9 all
 ^! exp]im5ts ! common /&>d 0 ! s\nd ( !

   same bell 9 ! same receiv]1 e o!r    
circum/ance also be+   ! same2 ! air    
only be+ *ang$ by remov+ ! receiv] f !  
transf] & bl[+ ?r\gh x1 etc4  ,! six? & 
la/ volume appe>$ 9 #aghf ) a d$ication 
to ,william ,con/able1 ,esq41 ( ,b>ton  
,con/able4  ,9 ! preface ,prie/ley is   
conc]n$ to def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ge t 
he occupies himself too mu* ) ,!ology to
 ! detrim5t ( ,natural ,philosophy4     
,!ology1 he pleads1 is 8 orig9al & prop]
 prov9ce1 & = :i*1 !re=e1 he may be     
all[$ to h a ju/ifiable pr$ilection4 ,b 
z ) ,metaphysics1 s ) ,!ology4 ,nei!r   
subject engross$ s mu* ( 8 "t z "s      
p]sons imag9$4    ,i am p>ticul>ly      
compla9$ ( at pres5t z hav+ ?r[n away s 
mu* "t on ! composition ( my ,hi/ory ( !
 ,corruptions (   ,*ri/ianity1 & ( !    
,op9ions ,conc]n+ ,*ri/4 ,b ,i c        
assure !m1 & ! nature ( ! ?+1 if !y     
consid] x1 may   satisfy !m1 t ! "t ,i  
mu/ necess>ily h be/[$ ^u !   exp]im5ts1
 ( :i* an acc\nt is conta9$ 9 ?is s+le  
volume1   is mu* m ?an ,i h giv5 to !   

six1 ( :i* !   above-m5tion$ works      
consi/1 & to all ! controv]sial pieces  
t ,i h writt5 9 def5ce ( ! =m] ( !m4 ,! 
lab\r &   att5tion necess>y to enable me
 to write s+le p>agraphs 9 ?is   "w h   
be5 m ?an 0 requisite to compose :ole   
sections or   *apt]s ( ! =m]4444        
,besides1 ^! diff]5t /udies s relieve   
"o ano!r t ,i believe ,i d m 9 ea* ( !m1
 by apply+ to   !m alt]nately1 ?an ,i   
%\ld d if ,i gave my :ole att5tion to "o
   ( !m only4  ,b ,prie/ley's ma9 def5ce
 re/s on ! sup]ior dignity & importance 
( !ological /udies to any o!r :atev]4 ,!
 :ole preface mu/ be read 9 ! light (   
,prie/ley's alt]$ circum/ances & ( 8    
relations to ! !ological _w1 :i*1 s9ce 8
 removal to ,birm+ham1 _h greatly       
increas$ 9 weight & importance4 ,z      
already /at$1 he reg>d$ himself z orda9$
 to *ampion ! cause ( religion among !  
p]sons to :om 8 writ+s z a natural      
philosoph] specially appeal$4 ,! au?or (
 ! ,in/itutes ( ,natural & ,reveal$     
,religion 0 ! writ] ( ! ,lett]s to a    

,philosophical ,unbeliev] &1 9 an age ( 
unbelief1 ! d\ghty antagoni/ ( ,gibbon4 
,o!rwise ! incongru\s mixture ( ,!ology 
& ,natural ,philosophy1 ( :i* ! preface 
is made up1 seems inexplicable4  ,to !  
hi/orian ( *emi/ry ! la/ volume ( !     
s]ies is h>dly less int]e/+ ?an any "o (
 its pr$ecessors1 n s mu* z af=d+ k (   
new airs z by reason ( ,prie/ley's      
relation to ! wan+ doctr9e ( phlogi/on1 
& on acc\nt ( ! "p t 8 own "w 0 play+1 9
 spite ( himself1 9 complet+ its ov]?r[4
 ,! volume inde$ significantly op5s )   
,exp]im5ts relat+ to ,phlogi/on1 a      
repr9t ) notes ( 8 pap] 9 ! #gcrd volume
 ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions4      
,prie/ley truly says3--    ,!re are few 
subjects1 p]haps none1 t h occasion$ m  
p]plexity to *emi/s ?an t ( phlogi/on1  
or1 z x is   sometimes call$1 ! pr9ciple
 ( inflammability4 ,x 0 ! great         
discov]y ( ,/ahl t ?is pr9ciple1 :atev] 
x be1 is   transf]able f "o sub/ance to 
ano!r1 h[ diff]5t soev] 9   _! o!r      
prop]ties1 su* z sulphur1 wood1 & all ! 

metals1 &   !re=e is ! same ?+ 9 !m all4
 ,b :at has giv5 an air (   my/]y to ?is
 subject has be5 t x 0 imag9$ t ?is     
pr9ciple1 or sub/ance1 c\ld n be        
exhibit$ except 9 comb9ation   ) o!r    
sub/ances1 & c\ld n be made to assume   
sep>ately   ei!r a fluid or solid =m4 ,x
 0 also ass]t$ by "s t   phlogi/on 0 s  
f> f add+ to ! weight ( bodies t !      
addition ( x made !m really light] ?an  
!y 7 be=e2 on   :i* acc\nt !y *ose to   
call x ! pr9ciple ( levity4 ,?is        
op9ion _h great patrons4    ,( late x   
has be5 ! op9ion ( _m celebrat$ *emi/s1 
,mr   ,lavoisi] among o!rs1 t ! :ole    
doctr9e ( phlogi/on has be5   f\nd$ on  
mi/ake1 & t 9 all cases 9 :i* x 0 ?\ght 
t   bodies p>t$ ) ! pr9ciple (          
phlogi/on1 !y 9 fact lo/   no?+1 b on ! 
contr>y acquir$ some?+2 & 9 mo/ cases an
   addition ( "s k9d ( air2 t a metal1 =
 in/ance1 0 n a   comb9ation ( two ?+s1 
viz41 an e>? & phlogi/on1 b 0   probably
 a simple sub/ance 9 its metallic /ate2 
& t ! calx   is produc$ n by ! loss (   

phlogi/on1 or ( any?+ else1 b by   !    
acquisition ( air4  ,he !n goes on to   
say t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion1  
especially ^? :i* 7 drawn f ! exp]im5ts 
( ,lavoisi] on m]cury1 7 s speci\s t he 
owns he 0 mu* incl9$ to adopt x4 ,b he 0
 evid5tly lo? to "p company ) a         
conception :i* _h hi!rto be5 ! c5tral   
idea ( 8 *emical cre$1 ! v key-/one ( ! 
/ructure :i* he 0 pleas$ to reg>d z 8   
philosophy4 ,z an ab/ract conception1 z 
! pr9ciple ( levity1 z some?+ :i* 0 !   
negation ( mass & :i* gravity repell$1  
phlogi/on 0 em95tly unsatisfactory4 ,b  
:at if phlogi/on 7 an entity8 ,a        
pond]able sub/ance1 no matt] h[ light8  
,9 t case ,/ahl's g5]alisation might    
/ill af=d salvation4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr     
,kirwan--a clev]1 +5i\s ,iri%man1 ) a   
nimble wit & a facile p5--suppli$ !     
h9t--,phlogi/on 0 inflammable air--&    
,prie/ley by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1       
faultless z to execution b utt]ly       
fallaci\s z to int]pretation1 p]suades  
himself t ,kirwan is "r & t ,mr         

,lavoisi]'s op9ion & 8 speci\s argum5ts 
are !re=e to be disc\nt5anc$4 ,! pap]1 9
 c]ta9 respects1 is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y
 ( ,prie/ley's productions4 ,! exp]im5ts
 are orig9al1 +5i\s & /rik+1 b z an     
example ( 8 inductive capacity1 or z an 
indication ( its au?or's logical p[]1 or
 ( 8 ability to try judicially ! v issue
 he has rais$1 x is significant only ( !
 pr(\nd tru? ( 8 own words t    we may  
take a maxim s /rongly = grant$ t !     
pla9e/   evid5ce ( s5se w n entirely    
*ange1 & (t5 h>dly modify1   our        
p]suasions2 & ! m +5i\s a man is1 ! m   
effectually   he is entangl$ 9 8 errors1
 8 +5uity only help+ him to   deceive   
himself by evad+ ! =ce ( tru?4  ,! next 
pap] 9 ! volume1 on ,! ,seem+ ,conv]sion
 ( ,wat] into ,air1 is a record (       
exp]im5ts :i* co/ ,prie/ley mu* lab\r & 
! ,lun> ,society1 = a "t1 mu*           
my/ification4 ,prie/ley ev5tually       
detect$ ! fallacy 9 ! obs]vation :i*    
orig9ally induc$ him to believe t x 0   
possible to transmute wat] into a       

p]man5tly ela/ic fluid1 b he got no     
fur!r 9 8 explanation ?an t air has a   
faculty ( pass+ ?r\gh ! pores ( an e>!rn
 vessel by means ( a p[] v diff]5t f t (
 pressure4  ,?is & ! ?ird pap] 9 ! s]ies
 are classical1 & ?is p>tly by reason (1
 & p>tly 9 spite (1 _! blund]s1 = !y are
 ! record ( ! "w ^u :i* ,james ,watt    
l>gely bas$ 8 conjectures conc]n+ ! real
 *emical nature ( wat]1 :]eby 8 "n has  
be5 associat$ ) t ( ,cav5di% & ,lavoisi]
 z ! true discov]] ( its composition4 ,9
 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiry ,prie/ley /udi$ !  
action ( /eam ^u r$-hot iron by an      
arrangem5t g5]ally simil> to t employ$  
by ,lavoisi]1 b 8 explanation ( !       
ph5om5a is ess5tially diff]5t f t ( !   
,fr5* *emi/1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+    
quotation3--    ,s9ce iron ga9s ! same  
addition ( weight by melt+ x 9          
dephlogi/icat$ air1 & also by ! addition
 ( wat] :5   r$-hot1 & becomes1 z ,i h  
already obs]v$1 9 all respects !   same 
sub/ance1 x is evid5t t ?is air or wat]1
 z exi/+ 9   ! iron1 is ! v same ?+2 &  

?is c h>dly be expla9$ b   ^u !         
supposition t wat] consi/s ( two k9ds ( 
air1 viz41   inflammable &              
dephlogi/icat$4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 is h[     
,prie/ley actually does expla9 x3--     
,:5 iron is melt$ 9 dephlogi/icat$ air  
we may suppose t1   ?\gh "p ( its       
phlogi/on escapes to ent] into !        
composition (   ! small quantity ( fix$ 
air :i* is !n procur$1 yet en\gh        
rema9s to =m wat] ) ! addition ( !      
dephlogi/icat$ air   :i* x has imbib$1 s
 t ?is calx ( iron consi/s ( !          
intimate union ( ! pure e>? ( iron & (  
wat]2 &   !re=e :5 ! same calx1 ?us     
saturat$ ) wat]1 is expos$ to   heat 9  
inflammable air1 ?is air ent]s into x1  
de/roys !   attraction betwe5 ! wat] & !
 e>?1 & revives ! iron :ile   ! wat] is 
expell$ 9 its prop] =m4    ,consequ5tly1
 9 ! process ) /eam1 no?+ is necess>y to
 be   suppos$ b ! entrance ( ! wat] & ! 
expulsion ( !   phlogi/on belong+ to !  
iron1 no m phlogi/on rema9+ 9 x   ?an   
:at ! wat] br\ght along ) x1 & :i* is   

reta9$ z a   con/itu5t "p ( ! wat] or ( 
! new comp\nd4  ,no m /rik+ illu/ration 
( h[ a man's +5uity may help him to     
deceive himself c\ld be giv5 ?an is     
af=d$ by ?is passage4 ,prie/ley to ! end
 ( 8 days nev] got a j conception ( !   
real *emical con/itution ( wat]4  ,!    
rema9+ pap]s call = little comm5t4 ,9 ! 
c\rse ( "s fur!r inquiries ,prie/ley    
discov]$ sulphurett$ hydrog51 t]m$ by   
him sulphurat$ inflammable air1 & :i* he
 prep>$ by ! action ( oil ( vitriol ^u  
f]r\s sulphide4 ,?is gas mu/ ( c\rse h  
be5 frequ5tly obta9$ or p]ceiv$ by him1 
& possibly by o!rs1 z x is produc$ by a 
numb] ( processes4 ,its *>act]i/ic smell
 0 associat$ ) sulphur3 x 0 ?\ght to be 
no?+ b inflammable air modifi$ or       
pollut$ by ! accid5tal pres5ce (        
sulphur4 ,x _c be held t ,prie/ley drew 
! same %>p di/9ctions betwe5 ! v>i\s    
k9ds ( inflammable air t we draw to-day4
 ,to u !y are ess5tially diff]5t        
sub/ances4 ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ !m z
 9 ! ma9 phlogi/on comb9$ or associat$ )

 o!r sub/ances :i* affect$ ! "* ( _!    
flames or gave !m diff]5t prop]ties4 ,9 
8 op9ion !y 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,?is   
fact s]ves to expla9 :at is o!rwise     
incompreh5sible1 & acc\nts = _m ( 8     
mi/akes4  ,! la/ pap] 9 ! volume1       
exclud+ ! ,supplem5t>y ,obs]vations1 has
 a special int]e/4 ,x is entitl$        
,obs]vations relat+ to ,!ory1 & is 9    
fact ,prie/ley's ,confession ( ,fai? 9 !
 doctr9e :i* enslav$ & misl$ him ?r\gh\t
 ! :ole ( 8 sci5tific c>e]4 ,b he makes 
x s hesitat+ly & ) s _m res]vations t "o
 wond]s :y he is con/ra9$ to make x at  
all4 ,he appe>s to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x is   
expect$ ( him4    ,x is always our      
endeav\r1 aft] mak+ exp]im5ts1 to       
g5]alise   ! conclusions we draw f !m1 &
 by ?is means to =m a   !ory1 or sy/em (
 pr9ciples1 to :i* all ! facts may be   
r$uc$1 & by means ( :i* we may be able  
to =etell ! results   ( future          
exp]im5ts4444 ,9 my =m] publications ,i 
h frequ5tly   promis$ to give su* a     
g5]al !ory ( ! exp]im5ts 9 :i*   !      

diff]5t k9ds ( air are conc]n$1 z !     
pres5t /ate ( our   k ( !m w enable me  
to d4 ,b1 l ,simonides )   respect to ! 
"q t 0 propos$ to him conc]n+ ,god1 ,i  
h def]r$ x f "t to "t2 & inde$ ,i am m  
?an ev]   dispos$ to def] x /ill long]1 
z ,i own t ,i am at pres5t ev5   less   
able to give su* a !ory z %all satisfy  
myself ?an ,i 0   "s ye>s ago2 new      
difficulties hav+ aris51 :i* unh+e =m]  
!ories1 & m exp]im5ts be+ necess>y to   
e/abli% new ones4    ,fluctuat+1 h[ev]1 
z ! pres5t /ate ( ?is bran* (   k is1 ,i
 d n ?9k t ,i c1 on ?is occasion1       
entirely   decl9e giv+ "s obs]vations ( 
a !oretical nature1 & ?\gh ,i   _c      
pret5d to p]=m ! :ole ( my promise1 ,i  
%all give a   summ>y view ( :at appe>s  
to me to be ! con/itu5t p>ts ( all   !  
k9ds ( air ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & a m 
p>ticul>   acc\nt ( ! hypo!sis conc]n+  
phlogi/on1 :i* is at pres5t   m an      
object ( discussion ?an any?+ else ( a  
!oretical   nature4  ,prie/ley !n passes
 9 review all ! airs ( :i* ! *emi/ry ( 8

 "t _h any k1 giv+ ! elem5ts or         
con/itu5t pr9ciples ( :i* he imag9$ !m  
to be compos$4  ,! only k9d ( air t he  
?9ks to be prop]ly elem5t>y1 & to consi/
 ( a simple sub/ance1 is dephlogi/icat$ 
air1 ) possibly ! addition ( ! pr9ciple 
( heat1 :i*1 z x is n probable t x adds 
to ! weight ( bodies1 c h>dly be call$  
an elem5t 9 _! composition4             
,dephlogi/icat$ air appe>s to be "o ( ! 
elem5ts ( wat]1 (   fix$ air1 ( all !   
acids1 & ( _m o!r sub/ances :i*1 till   
lately1 h be5 ?\ght to be simple4 ,! air
 ( ! atmosph]e1   exclusive ( a great   
v>iety ( =eign impregnations1 appe>s to 
consi/ ( dephlogi/icat$ & phlogi/icat$  
air4  ,z reg>ds phlogi/icat$ air--!     
mephitic air ( ,ru!r=d1 ! azote (       
,lavoisi]1 ! nitrog5 (                  
,*aptal--,prie/ley1 reason+ f ,cav5di%'s
 "w1 conclud$ t x 0 probably n elem5t>y1
 b t x consi/s ( nitr\s acid &          
phlogi/on2 ?is acid hav+ always be5     
produc$ by decompos+ x ) 444            
dephlogi/icat$ air4  ,he is consci\s1   

h[ev]1 ( ! insuffici5cy ( ?is hypo!sis1 
& sugge/s    t ! acid pr9ciple is       
suppli$ by ! dephlogi/icat$ air1   :ile 
! nitr\s air gives ! base ( ! nitr\s    
acid &   phlogi/on2 & !n ?is            
phlogi/icat$ air may p]haps be          
consid]$ z phlogi/on comb9$ n ) all !   
necess>y elem5ts   ( nitr\s acid1 b only
 :at may be call$ ! base ( x1 viz41   ! 
dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s vap\r1 or some?+  
:i* :5 unit$ to   dephlogi/icat$ air w  
con/itute nitr\s acid4  ,fix$ air       
7c>bonic acid7 seems to be a comp\nd (  
phlogi/on & dephlogi/icat$ air4 ,9 o!r  
words1 c>bonic acid & wat] h1 accord+ to
 ,prie/ley1 ! same elem5t>y composition4
 ,x is some?+ rem>kable t two sub/ances 
s diff]5t f ea* o!r z fix$ air & wat]   
%\ld be analys$ into ! same pr9ciples4  
,b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t wat]
 is ! union n ( pure phlogi/on b (      
inflammable air & dephlogi/icat$ air4   
,( ! true nature ( inflammable air1     
,prie/ley1 z we h m ?an once _h occasion
 to po9t out1 _h only ! vague/ notions4 

,inflammable air1 he says1 seems n[ to  
consi/ ( wat] &   inflammable air1 :i*  
h[ev] seems extraord9>y1 z ! two        
sub/ances are h]eby made to involve ea* 
o!r1 "o ( !   con/itu5t p>ts ( wat] be+ 
inflammable air1 & "o ( !   con/itu5t   
p>ts ( inflammable air be+ wat]2 &      
!re=e1 if   ! exp]im5ts w\ld fav\r x 7b 
,i d n see t !y d s7 x   w\ld be m      
natural to suppose t wat]1 l fix$ air1  
consi/s   ( phlogi/on & dephlogi/icat$  
air 9 "s diff]5t mode (   comb9ation4   
,t ,prie/ley to ! la/ imag9$ t ! v>i\s  
k9ds ( inflammable air kn[n to him 7 at 
bottom "o & ! same sub/ance1 modifi$ or 
affect$ by o!r sub/ances1 accid5tal &   
uness5tial1 might be prov$ by a numb] ( 
passages4 ,he says ) respect to         
inflammable air g5]ally3--    ,!re is an
 a/oni%+ v>iety 9 ! diff]5t k9ds (      
inflammable   air1 ! cause ( :i* is v   
imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! lighte/1 &   !re=e1 
probably1 ! pure/ k9d seems to consi/ ( 
phlogi/on   & wat] only4 ,b x is        
probable t oil1 & t ( diff]5t   k9ds1   

may be held 9 solution 9 sev]al ( !m1 & 
be ! reason   ( _! burn+ ) a lamb5t     
flame1 & also ( _! be+ s   readily      
resolv$ into fix$ air :5 !y are         
decompos$ )   dephlogi/icat$ air2 ?\gh  
:y ?is %\ld be ! case ,i _c   imag9e4   
,nitr\s air 7nitric oxide7 he conceives 
to be a comb9ation ( a dephlogi/icat$   
nitr\s air & phlogi/on1 & t by add+ to x
 dephlogi/icat$ air & wat] x is conv]t$ 
into nitr\s acid4  ,dephlogi/icat$      
nitr\s air 7nitr\s oxide7 he conceives  
may1 l dephlogi/icat$ air1 be an        
elem5t>y sub/ance & to be =m$ by depriv+
 nitr\s air ( its phlogi/on4  ,! v>i\s  
acid airs 7e4g41 m>9e acid air1         
vitriolic acid air1 etc47 consi/ ( !    
peculi> acids z vap\rs comb9$ )         
phlogi/on4  ,! ,alkal9e air 7ammonia7 he
 ?\ght to consi/ ( inflammable air &    
phlogi/icat$ air 7nitrog571    or (     
some?+ capable ( be+ conv]t$ into       
phlogi/icat$   air4444 ,t wat] ent]s    
into ! composition ( alkal9e air seems  
necess>y to be admitt$1 because x is    

decompos$ into inflammable   air1 :i* ,i
 _c help ?9k+ necess>ily requires wat]4 
,x   seems1 h[ev]1 cle>ly to be inf]r$  
444 t !re is no occasion   to admit !   
alkal9e pr9ciple into ! numb] ( elem5ts2
 !   alkal9ity1 z ,i may say1 "s way or 
o!r1 aris+ f   phlogi/on1 or            
phlogi/icat$ air1 z acidity arises f    
dephlogi/icat$ air4  ,aft] ^! !oretical 
speculations1 9 :i*1 he says1 ,i fe> ,i 
h n communicat$ mu* light1 ?\gh x is z  
mu* z ,i h be5 able to get1 ,prie/ley   
proce$s to make "s obs]vations relat+ to
 phlogi/on1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is at pres5t
 a great subject ( discussion )         
philosoph]s2 "s ma9ta9+ t !re is no su* 
?+1 & o!rs hold+ ! doctr9e ( ,/ahl on ! 
subject4    ,accord+ to ,/ahl1 phlogi/on
 is a real sub/ance1 capable ( be+      
transf]r$ f "o body to ano!r2 its       
pres5ce or abs5ce mak+ a   rem>kable    
diff]5ce 9 ! prop]ties ( bodies1 :e!r x 
add to   _! weight or n4 ,?us he        
conclud$ t oil ( vitriol depriv$   (    
wat]1 & unit$ to phlogi/on1 becomes     

sulphur2 & t !   calces ( metals1 by !  
addition ( ! same sub/ance1 become      
metals4444 ,:at is n[ cont5d$ = is t 9 !
 oil ( vitriol   *ang+ into sulphur     
some?+ is lo/ & no?+ ga9$1 & also   t a 
calx becomes a metal by ! loss ( air    
only4 ,& did facts   correspond to ?is  
!ory x w\ld c]ta9ly be pref]able to t ( 
,/ahl1 z be+ m simple2 !re be+ "o       
pr9ciple less to take   into our acc\nt 
9 expla9+ ! *anges ( bodies4 ,b ,i d n  
"k ( any case 9 :i* phlogi/on has be5   
suppos$ to ent] into a   body1 b !re is 
room to suppose t some?+ does ent] into 
x4444    ,:at has be5 insi/$ ^u1 z mo/  
fav\rable to ! exclusion (   phlogi/on1 
is ! revival ( m]cury )\t ! addition (  
any   o!r sub/ance f ! precipitate p]   
se4 ,9 ?is case x is   evid5t t m]e heat
 444 is suffici5t to revive ! metal4 ,& 
z   :at is expell$ f ?is calx is ! pure/
 dephlogi/icat$ air1 x   has be5 said t 
m]cury is *ang$ into ?is calx by imbib+ 
pure   air1 & !re=e becomes a metal     
aga91 m]ely 9 consequ5ce (   p>t+ ) t   

air4  ,! dext]\s ,mr ,kirwan1 n long    
be=e he himself embrac$ ! ,fr5* doctr9e1
 furni%$ ,prie/ley ) an argum5t :i*     
satisfi$ him t ?is c>d9al fact c be     
acc\nt$ = )\t exclud+ phlogi/on4 ,s9ce  
!re=e ! supposition is exce$+ly         
conv5i5t1 if n absolutely necess>y1 to !
 explanation ( _m o!r facts 9 *emi/ry1 x
 is at lea/ advisable n to ab&on x4     
,t calces d n become metals m]ely by    
p>t+ ) ! air !y   conta91 is evid5t f my
 exp]im5ts on heat+ !m 9 contact   )    
inflammable air1 9 :i* ! inflammable    
air1 or "s necess>y   "p ( x1 is        
und\bt$ly absorb$2 & ?\gh a little      
moi/ure be   deposit$ 9 ! process1 x may
 well be suppos$ to be t :i* 9          
conjunction ) phlogi/on con/itut$ !     
inflammable air4 ,& :at   c ! o!r       
pr9ciple t is absorb$ by ! calx be b !  
same   ?+ :i*1 :5 unit$ to wat]1 is     
recov]$ aga9 f ! metal   & f\nd to be   
inflammable air hav+ all ! same         
prop]ties )   t :i* 0 employ$ 9 !       
revival ( x4 ,metals !re=e are n        

simple sub/ances1 b consi/ ( _! calces1 
& some?+ else   :i* !y take f           
inflammable air4 ,& z ! same may also be
   tak5 f any combu/ible sub/ance1 x    
corresponds exactly to   ,/ahl's        
phlogi/on1 & !re=e ! doctr9e ( x is     
confirm$ by   ^! exp]im5ts2 t is1 we mu/
 /ill say t 9 all combu/ible   sub/ances
 !re is a pr9ciple capable ( be+        
transf]r$ to o!r   sub/ances1 :i* :5    
unit$ to ! calces ( metals makes !m to  
be   metals1 & :i*1 unit$ to oil (      
vitriol 7depriv$ ( its wat]7   makes x  
to be sulphur4  ,?us 0 ! +5i\s man      
effectually entangl$ 9 8 errors1 8      
+5uity help+ him to deceive himself by  
evad+ ! =ce ( tru?4 ,to err is human4   
,if ,prie/ley saw ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 &
 b dimly disc]n$ ! tru?1 he at lea/     
/rove1 s f> z 9 him lay1 to rea* !      
light4 ,po/]ity =gives1 & may well =get1
 8 errors 9 grateful recognition ( ! _m 
noble s]vices he r5d]$ to our common    
humanity1 & 9 humbl+ recollection ( !   
suff]+ & sacrifice ) :i* ^? s]vices 7   

requit$4                                
,,footnotes   #a,! ,gregorian ,cal5d> 0 
n adopt$ 9 ,great ,brita9 until #agea4  
,9 #ageb elev5 days 7 left out ( !      
,cal5d>1 ,septemb] #crd     be+ c\nt$ ! 
#ad?4 ,! *ange ( /yle probably acc\nts =
     ! confusion 9 ! v>i\s dates (      
,prie/ley's bir? giv5 by     diff]5t    
writ]s4 ,9 ,*alm]s's ,g5]al             
,biographical ,diction>y     ! date is  
giv5 z ,m>* #ah2 9 ,all5's ,am]ican     
,biographical &     ,hi/orical          
,diction>y & 9 ,?omson's ,hi/ory ( !    
,royal     ,society z ,m>* #bd2 ,corry1 
9 8 ,life ( ,prie/ley1 gives ,m>*       
#bd2 ,hoef]1 9 8 ,hi/oire de la ,*imie1 
gives ,m>* #cj1 probably     foll[+     
,dumas's ,philosophie de ,*imie2 ,cuvi]1
 9 8 ,eloge1     says t he 0 born ne>   
,bri/ol 9 #agbh6 ,9 a lett] to ,w$gwood1
     dat$ ,m>* #bc1 #aghc1 ,prie/ley    
says 9 a po/script ,?is day ,i          
complete my half c5tury4  #b,t4 ,wemyss 
,reid1 ,memoir ( ,john ,desk9 ,heaton1  
p4 #g et seq4  #c,! ,great ,fro/1 z x 0 

call$1 :i*1 beg9n+ on ,decemb] #bf1     
#agci1 cont9u$ ) ! greate/ int5sity till
 ,febru>y #ag1 #agdj4     ,above ,london
 ,bridge ! ,?ames 0 completely froz5    
ov]1 &     num]\s boo?s 7 erect$ on x = 
sell+ liquor1 etc41 to !     multitudes 
:o daily flock$ !re4  #d,! ,inquir]1    
,janu>y #af1 #aijd4  #e;,dr ,&rew       
,kippis1 an em95t ,presbyt]ian1 0 !     
m9i/] ( !     ,pr9ce's ,/reet ,*apel1   
,we/m9/]1 & _h at 8 disposal funds      
:i* he c\ld employ 9 assi/+ "y m9i/]s 9 
_!     education & fir/ settlem5t4      
,prie/ley enjoy$ 8 fri5d%ip     ?r\gh   
life4 ,kippis1 :o 0 ! editor ( !        
,biographia     ,britannia1 0 elect$    
into ! ,royal ,society 9 #aggi1 & s]v$  
on its c\ncil4  #f,william ,eyres (     
,w>r+ton1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable     
pr9t]s ( 8 day1 produc$ a numb] ( works 
not$ = _!     typographic excell5ce &   
beauty4 ,he pr9t$1 9 addition to !      
works above m5tion$1 ! fir/ editions (  
,mrs ,b>bauld's poems1     ,gilb]t      
,wakefield's ,lucretius1 & o!r well-kn[n

 classics4  #g,%e 0 !n sixty-two1 & liv$
 tw5ty ye>s long]4  #h,! l9es 7 !       
well-kn[n /anza3--      ,life6 ,we've   
be5 long toge!r     ,?r\gh pleasant &   
?r\gh cl\dy wea!r2     ',tis h>d to "p  
:5 fri5ds are de>1     ,p]haps 'twill   
co/ a sigh1 a te>2     ,!n /eal away1   
give little w>n+4         ,*oose ?9e own
 "t2     ,say n good-night1 b 9 "s      
bright] clime         ,bid me           
good-morn+4  #i;,he lies buri$ ne>      
,ca/lehead1 9 ,c>tmel1 ,lanca%ire1 :]e 8
     monum5t1 a pyramidal mausoleum     
conta9+ "s tw5ty tons ( iron1     is a  
notable feature 9 ! l&scape4 ,on x is ! 
foll[+     epitaph writt5 by himself3-- 
,deliv]$ f p]secution ( malice & envy "h
 re/s ,john     ,wilk9son1 ,iron ,ma/]1 
9 c]ta9 hopes ( a bett] /ate &          
heav5ly mansion1 z promulgat$ by ,jesus 
,*ri/1 9 ^: ,gospel he     0 a firm     
believ]4 ,8 life 0 sp5t 9 action = !    
b5efit (     man1 & he tru/s 9 "s degree
 to ! glory ( ,god4  #aj,?is portrait 0 
=m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,mrs ,cr\*1      

,prie/ley's y\nge/ si/]1 &1 accord+ to  
,mrs ,bilbr\gh (     ,gild]some 7ne     
,ell5 ,prie/ley71 0 br\ght by ,mrs      
,cr\*1     along ) ! old family clock f 
h] fa!r's1 ,fieldhead1 :5     %e came to
 live "h 9 #aghg4 ,! picture 0 once     
plac$ 9 !     w9d[ ( a c>v] & gild]'s   
%op at ,le$s1 :5 ,prie/ley     /opp$ to 
look at x 9 pass+ by4 ,a woman happ5$ to
 be do+     ! same1 &1 on see+ him1     
exclaim$1 ,:y1 "h's ! fell[     himself6
 ,a photographic copy ( x 0 pres5t$ to !
 subscrib]s     to ! ,/eph5 ,/atue 9 !  
,ox=d ,museum4  #aa,!re is a p5cil-draw+
 ( ! h\se1 made by ! son ( ,dr          
,k5rick ( ,w>r+ton1 among ! ,yates pap]s
 9 ! possession (     ! ,royal ,society4
  #ab,! ,*apel1 or ,meet+ ,h\se z x 0   
call$ 9 ,prie/ley's "t1     adjo9$ !    
,alms ,h\se ,g>? & 0 erect$ 9 #afgc1    
aft] !     passage ( ! ,act (           
,indulg5ce4 ,x 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahdg & !  
pres5t ,mill ,hill ,*apel erect$ on its 
site4  #ac,lectures on ! ,memory ( ! ,j4
 ,a ,s]ies ( ,disc\rses on !     ,lives 

& ,times ( ! ,m9i/]s ( ,mill ,hill      
,*apel1 ,le$s4  #ad;,he _h 9 ,john ,lee1
 a native ( ,le$s & a man ( ab\t 8 own  
age1 :o became ,solicitor-,g5]al 9      
#aghb1 a fri5d :o (f]$ to     fur!r 8   
int]e/s 9 t matt]4 ,prie/ley1 9 8       
autobiography1 says3 ,mr ,lee %[$       
himself p>ticul>ly my fri5d     at ! "t 
,i left ,"l ,%elburne1 assi/+ me 9 !    
difficulties     ) :i* ,i 0 !n press$1 &
 cont9u+ to befri5d me     aft]w>ds by  
seasonable b5efactions4  #ae,ri*>d      
,br9sley ,%]idan at t "t repres5t$      
,/af=d 9 !     ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,bo? he
 & ,fox sympa?is$ ) ,prie/ley &         
s\ght to secure him comp5sation = 8     
losses4  #af,)]+'s ,botanical           
,arrangem5t1 #bnd ,ed4 #c vols4 #agib4  
#ag,m]curic oxide made by heat+         
quicksilv] 9 air4  #ah,nitr\s oxide3 see
 p4 #ahb4  #ai,m]curic oxide made by    
heat+ m]curic nitrate4  #bj,see !       
au?or's ,essays 9 ,hi/orical            
,*emi/ry--,prie/ley1     ,cav5di%1      
,lavoisi] & ,la ,rvolution ,*imique4    

,,index                                 
,a   ,aik91 ,anna ,ltitia1 #cc1 #dc2    
h] poem ,corsica1 #gj1 #ge4   ,aik91    
,john1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #aba4   ,aik91    
,lucy1 #ch4   ,air1 ,exp]im5ts &        
,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds (1       
,prie/ley's           treatise on1 #gg1 
#ajc1 #afg et seq4   ,air1 ,fix$1 #age1 
#agf2       ,prie/ley's view ( its      
nature1 #bbj4   ,air1 ,inflammable1     
#agi1 #bbj4   ,alkal9e ,air 7,ammonia71 
,prie/ley's isolation (1 #ahe2       its
 prop]ties1 #ahf2       decomposition ( 
by electricity1 #baj2       nature (1   
#bba4   ,ammonia ,gas1 ,prie/ley's      
discov]y (1 #ahe2       its prop]ties1  
#ahf4   ,ammonium ,sesquic>bonate1      
,syn!sis (1 by ,prie/ley1 #ahf4         
,b   ,b>bauld1 ,mrs 7,anna ,ltitia      
,aik971 #cc1 #afj4   ,belloc1 ,madame1  
acc\nt ( ! ,prie/leys1 #b2       ( !    
times ( ,prie/ley1 #e2       h] acc\nt (
 ,mrs ,prie/ley1 #di4   ,bewley1 ,ri*>d1
 8 mephitic julep1 #gi4   ,birm+ham     
,riots ( #agia1 #abj et seq4   ,bolton1 

,h4 ,c>r+ton1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,lun>        
,society1 #if4   ,b\lton1 ,mat!w1 f\nds 
! ,lun> ,society ( ,birm+ham1 #id4      
,boyle1 ,rob]t1 8 recognition t diff]5t 
ela/ic fluids exi/1           #agd4     
,bright1 ,h5ry ,a41 8 acc\nt ( !        
,w>r+ton ,academy1 #cd4   ,burke1       
,edmund1 8 d5unciation ( ,prie/ley1     
#adg4                                   
,c   ,canton1 ,john1 8 s*ool1 #i1 #fb4  
,conv]sion ( ,wat] into ,air1 ,seem+1   
,prie/ley's "w on1 #baf4   ,corruptions 
( ,*ri/ianity1 ,prie/ley's1 #ajf4       
,d   ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 8 connection ) !  
,birm+ham ,lun> ,society1 #id1          
#ie4   ,dav5try ,academy1 #ah4          
,dephlogi/icat$ ,air 7,oxyg571          
,prie/ley's discov]y (1 #ahd1 #aib et   
seq4   ,doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on ,e/abli%$1 
,prie/ley's la/ sci5tific           "w1 
#afb4                                   
,e   ,edgewor?1 ,ri*>d ,lovell1 8 acc\nt
 ( ! ,lun> ,society1 #if4               
,electricity1 ,hi/ory (1 ,prie/ley's1   
#fc4   ,enfield1 ,william1 #cc1 #dc4    

,eudiometry1 #ahb1 #bjg1 #bjh4   ,eyres1
 ,william1 ( ,w>r+ton1 #ch4             
,f   ,fauj> ,/ ,fond1 8 visits to       
,prie/ley1 #ajc4   ,fieldhead1 #c4      
,fluor ,acid ,air1 #aih4   ,=/]1 ,john  
,re9hold1 #cc1 #ha4   ,frankl9 ,b5jam91 
#fc1 #ia1 #ib2       8 op9ion (         
,prie/ley1 #ic4                         
,g   ,galton1 ,samuel1 #id1 #if4        
,gases1 diffusion (1 #bjb4   ,g5]al     
,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to ! ,fall ( 
! ,we/]n           ,empire1 #aji1 #afc4 
,gordon1 ,rev4 ,alex&]1 8 acc\nt (      
,prie/ley z a !ologian1 #aji4           
,h   ,h>rison1 ,fr$]ic1 on ,prie/ley1   
#a4   ,horn]1 ,leon>d1 8 acc\nt ( !     
,lun> ,society1 #ajb4   ,hutton1 ,miss1 
h] acc\nt ( ,prie/ley z a prea*]1 #aje4 
,i   ,india-rubb]1 its use = eras+      
lead-p5cil m>ks1 #gb4                   
,j   ,jesus & ,socrates comp>$1         
,prie/ley's ,essay1 #afc4               
,k   ,keighley1 ,mrs ,s>ah1 #c1 #h1 #ab4
   ,keir1 ,capta91 #id1 #abg4   ,kippis1
 ,dr ,&rew1 #bd1 #bf4   ,kirwan1 ,ri*>d1

 #bae1 #bbc4                            
,l   ,lavoisi]1 8 relations to !        
discov]y ( oxyg51 #aie1 #aif1 #aih1     
#bja1 #bae4   ,lett]s to a              
,philosophical ,unbeliev]1 ,prie/ley's1 
#he4   ,l9dsey1 ,!ophilus1 8 fri5d%ip = 
,prie/ley1 #gc1 #ajf4   ,lun> ,society (
 ,birm+ham1 #id et seq4                 
,m   ,magellan1 or ,magalhns1 #hd1 #bje4
   ,m>9e ,acid ,air 7,hydrog5 ,*loride71
 ,prie/ley's discov]y (1 #ahd4          
,melioration ( ,air1 by ! ,gr[? (       
,plants1 ,prie/ley's pap] on1           
#bjh4                                   
,n   ,nitrosulphuric ,acid1 discov]y (1 
#bjd4   ,nitr\s ,air 7,nitric ,oxide71  
,prie/ley's "w on1 #aha2       8        
application ( x to ,eudiometry1 #ahb2   
nature (1 #bba4   ,nitr\s ,acid1        
discov]y (1 #ahb2       nature (1 #bba4 
,o   ,oxyg51 ,prie/ley's discov]y (1    
#ahd1 #aib et seq4                      
,p   ,paoli1 ,pascal1 #gj et seq4       
,p>r1 ,dr ,samuel1 #aac1 #add4          
,phlogi/icat$ ,air 7,nitrog571          

,prie/ley's !ory ( its con/itution1     
#bbj4   ,phlogi/on1 #ih1 #ajj1 #afb1    
#bad1 #bbb4   ,pneumatic ,tr\gh1 !1     
#agf4   ,price1 ,dr ,ri*>d1 #fa4        
,pr+le1 ,sir ,john1 address on aw>d (   
,copley ,m$al to ,prie/ley1 #hj4        
,prie/ley1 ,jonas1 fa!r ( ,joseph       
,prie/ley1 #b4   ,prie/ley1 ,joseph1 8  
bir?1 #a2       ance/ry1 #b2            
education1 #h2       becomes an         
,arm9ian1 #ad2       goes to ,dav5try1  
#ag2       8 /udies !re1 #ah2           
beg9s 8 ,in/itutes ( ,natural & ,reveal$
 ,religion1 #bj1 #fh2       8 ?orn 9 !  
fle%1 #ba2       goes to ,ne$ham1 #bb2  
8 privations !re1 #bc2       goes to    
,nantwi*1 #cj2       />ts a s*ool1 #ca2 
removes to ,w>r+ton1 #cb2       m>ries1 
#dg2       is orda9$1 #di2       8      
,engli% ,gramm>1 #cb1 #ea2       ,essay 
on ,education1 #ec2       ,lectures on  
,hi/ory & ,g5]al ,policy1 #ee2       8  
,*>t ( ,biography1 #fj2       is made   
,doctor ( ,laws ( ,ed9burgh1 #fj2       
publi%es 8 ,hi/ory & ,pres5t ,/ate (    

,electricity1 #fd2       goes to ,le$s1 
#ff2       becomes a ,unit>ian1 #fi2    
,!ory & ,practice ( ,p]spective1 #gb2   
,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies ,relat+ to        
,vision1 ,light & ,col\rs1              
#gc2       8 lit]>y *>act]i/ics1 #gd2   
8 inv5tion ( soda-wat]1 #gg et seq42    
is aw>d$ ! ,copley ,m$al1 #hj2          
becomes libr>ian to ,"l ,%elburne1 #hb2 
visits ! cont95t1 #hd2       8          
,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s1  
#hf2       ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on 
,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 #gg1 #ajc2       
leaves ,"l ,%elburne1 #hh2       removes
 to ,birm+ham1 #ic2       8 m]its z a   
prea*]1 #aje2       8 ,hi/ory ( !       
,corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ajf2       
8 m]its z a !ologian1 #aji2       8 love
 ( lit]ature1 #aaa2       8 physical    
*>act]i/ics1 #aad2       8 habits (     
life1 #aad2       8 m5tal *>act]i/ics1  
#aag2       de/ruction ( 8 h\se at      
,birm+ham1 #abj et seq42       8 address
 to ! inhabitants ( ,birm+ham1 #acd2    
8 acc\nt ( ! riots1 #adc2       succe$s 

,dr ,price z m9i/] at ,hackney1 #adf2   
)draws f ! ,royal ,society1 #adg2       
det]m9es to leave ! c\ntry1 #adi2       
8 arrival 9 ,new ,york1 #aee2           
settles 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 #aee2       dea? 
( ,mrs ,prie/ley1 #aeh2       8 la/     
days1 #afb2       8 ,doctr9e (          
,phlogi/on ,e/abli%$1 #afb2       8     
dea?1 #afd4   ,prie/ley1 ,timo?y1 #b1   
#g4                                     
,r   ,respiration1 & ! use ( ! ,blood1  
,prie/ley's pap] on1 #bjc4   ,rob9son1  
,h5ry ,crabb1 8 acc\nt ( ,mrs ,b>bauld1 
#df4   ,russell1 ,m>?a1 h] acc\nt ( !   
,birm+ham ,riots ( #agia1 #abh4         
,russell1 ,william1 #aje1 #abf1 #adi4   
,s   ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,syn!sis (1 by     
,prie/ley1 #ahf4   ,s*eele1 an indep5d5t
 discov]] ( ,oxyg51 #bjf2       discov]s
 ,*lor9e1 #baa4   ,s*immelp5n9ck's1     
,mrs1 acc\nt ( ,prie/ley1 #if4   ,s$don1
 ,john1 #cd1 #db4   ,%elburne1 ,"l      
7,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne71 #hb4   ,silicon  
,fluoride1 ,prie/ley's prep>ation (1    
#aih2       its decomposition by wat]1  

#aii4   ,soda-wat]1 inv5tion (1 #gg4    
,s\nd 9 ,air1 #baa4   ,sozz9i1 ,fau/o1  
#fi1 #ajh4   ,/ahl1 au?or ( ! hypo!sis (
 phlogi/on1 #bbb4   ,sulphur dioxide    
7,vitriolic ,acid ,air71 ,prie/ley's    
discov]y (1 #aij4   ,sulphurat$         
inflammable air 7sulphurett$ hydrog571  
,prie/ley's           isolation (1 #bah4
   ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 ,prie/ley's    
isolation (1 #bah4                      
,t   ,taylor1 ,dr ,john1 ( ,norwi*1 #cf4
   ,!ological ,repository1 !1 #fh1 #aje4
   ,turn]1 ,mat!w1 tea*] ( *emi/ry at ! 
,w>r+ton ,academy1 #ea1           #gf4  
,v   ,vegetation1 relation ( to ,air1   
,prie/ley's discov]y (1 #agh1 #bjh4     
,vitriolic ,acid ,air 7sulphur dioxide71
 ,prie/ley's isolation (1 #ahi4         
,w   ,w>r+ton ,academy1 !1 #cc et seq4  
,wat] ,controv]sy1 !1 #ig4   ,watt1     
,james1 8 connection ) ! ,lun> ,society1
 #id2       discov]y ( ,composition (   
,wat]1 #ig4   ,w$gwood1 ,josiah1 8      
fri5d%ip = ,prie/ley1 #ee1 #hc1 #acg4   
,wilkes & ,lib]ty1 ,prie/ley's pamphlet 

on1 #gc1 #aeb4   ,wilk9son1 ,john1 #dh1 
#ach4   ,wilk9son1 ,m>y 7,mrs           
,prie/ley71 #di1 #aeh2       ,madame    
,belloc's acc\nt ( h]1 #di4   ,)]+1 ,dr1
 #id1 #aja1 #adh4   ,wordswor?1         
,william1 8 admiration ( ,mrs ,b>bauld's
 lit]>y "w1           #df4              
,col/on  ,coy4 ,limit$1 ,pr9t]s1        
,ed9burgh4                              
,transcrib]'s ,notes   --,reta9$        
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3
 ?is e,book   is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry
 ( publication4  --,creat$ cov] & sp9e  
images bas$ on elem5ts 9 ! book4        
--,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable      
typos4  --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9
 italics is delimit$ by   und]scores4