,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,di/+ui%$ ,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,liv+ ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>s #ahjg-h4 ,,& ,,app5dix4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,rob]t ,,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,arrang$ ,,by ,,william ,,walk]1 ,,junior4 ,second ,edition4 ,! evil1 t m5 d1 lives aft] !m2 ,! good is (t int]r$ ) _! bones4 ,,%akspe>e4 ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,,buckl]sbury4 #ahfd4 ,,london3 ,w4 ,,davy ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,gilb]t ,,/reet1 ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,w4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,all51 ,,william #a ,,baily1 ,,francis #b ,,banks1 ,,sir ,,joseph #d ,,b5?am1 ,,brigadi]-,,g5]al ,,sir ,,samuel #g ,,b\lton1 ,,mat!w #ac ,,bramah1 ,,joseph #ae ,,br[n1 ,,rob]t #ah ,,brunel1 ,,sir ,,m>k ,,isamb>d #ba ,,c>twright1 ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,edmund #bd ,,cav5di%1 ,,hon4 ,,h5ry #bg ,,*apman1 ,,william #cj ,,congreve1 ,,sir ,,william #cd ,,crompton1 ,,samuel #ce ,,dalton1 ,,john #da ,,davy1 ,,sir ,,humphry #dd ,,dollond1 ,,pet] #di ,,donk91 ,,bryan #ea ,,frod%am1 ,,william ,,james #ec ,,gilb]t1 ,,davies ,,giddy #ec ,,hat*ett1 ,,*>les #ef ,,h5ry1 ,,dr4 ,,william #eh ,,h]s*el1 ,,sir ,,william #fa ,,h[>d1 ,,edw>d ,,*>les #fc ,,hudd>t1 ,,capta9 ,,joseph #fd ,,j5n]1 ,,dr4 ,,edw>d #fg ,,jessop1 ,,william #gb ,,kat]1 ,,capta9 ,,h5ry #ge ,,leslie1 ,,sir ,,john #gg ,,maskelyne1 ,,dr4 ,,nevil #ha ,,maudslay1 ,,h5ry #hc ,,mill]1 ,,patrick #hf ,,murdock1 ,,william #hg ,,mylne1 ,,rob]t #ij ,,naysmi?1 ,,alex&] #ia ,,playfair1 ,,john #ib ,,r5nie1 ,,john #if ,,ronalds1 ,,francis #ii ,,rum=d1 ,,c\nt #ajb ,,ru!r=d1 ,,dr4 ,,daniel #ajg ,,smi?1 ,,william #ajg ,,/anhope1 ,,*>les1 ,,e>l #aab ,,sym+ton1 ,,william #aad ,,tel=d1 ,,?omas #aag ,,t5nant1 ,,*>les #abb ,,?omson1 ,,dr4 ,,?omas #abd ,,trevi?ick1 ,,ri*>d #abf ,,tr\ghton1 ,,edw>d #acb ,,watson1 ,,ri*>d1 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ll&aff #acd ,,watt1 ,,james #acg ,,wolla/on1 ,,dr4 ,,william ,h4 #adb ,,"y1 ,,dr4 ,,?omas #ade ,,app5dix4 ,,black1 ,,dr4 ,,joseph #aej ,,cort1 ,,h5ry #aeb ,,ivory1 ,,james #aee ,,prie/ly1 ,,joseph #aeg ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,,! foll[+ brief memoirs 7 orig9ally compil$ = ! purpose ( accompany+ ! ,engrav+ ( ,! ,di/+ui%$ ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ( ,great ,brita9 liv+ 9 #ahjg-h1 assembl$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,! ,memoirs 7 f\nd to h a consid]able sale1 indep5d5t ( ! ,engrav+1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to produce a second edition4 ,all ! lives h be5 c>efully revis$1 & consid]able additions made1 :ile1 9 ord] to r5d] ! pres5t book a m complete comp5dium ( ! great m5 ( t p]iod1 an ,app5dix has be5 add$1 conta9+ ! ,memoirs ( ,black1 ,cort1 ,ivory1 & ,prie/ly1 :o un=tunately 71 f diff]5t reasons1 unable to be includ$ 9 ! gr\p 9 ! ,engrav+4 ,) ! exception ( ! notices ( ,trevi?ick1 ,t5nant1 ,maudslay1 ,francis ,ronalds1 & "o or two m1 ^! memoirs necess>ily conta9 little in=mation :i* has n be5 previ\sly publi%$ 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,! au?orities f :i* ! pres5t p>ticul>s h be5 tak5 are giv5 at ! end ( ea* memoir2 & ! writ] claims no fur!r m]it ?an t ( hav+ compil$ & arrang$ ! works ( o!rs1 ^: language1 9 mo/ cases1 x w\ld inde$ be presumption 9 him to alt]1 fur!r ?an 0 necess>y to pres5t to ! public 9 a cle>1 brief1 & 7x is hop$7 readable =m1 ! do+s ( m5 :o mu/ ev] be held 9 ! grateful remembrance ( _! c\ntry4 ,,introduction4 ,,! influ5ces ( human ?\ght on ! physical =ces :i* regulate ! great ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1--& ! op]ation ( ! p[]s ( m9d1 on ! mat]ial con/itu5ts ( ! planet1 :i* is man's abid+ place1 =m subjects = /udies :i* h a mo/ exalt+ t5d5cy4 ,?\ght has made ! subtile elem5t ( ! ?und]/orm man's mo/ ob$i5t mess5g]4 ,?\ght has solicit$ ! sunbeam to betray its secrets2 & an invisible ag5t1 controll$ by light1 del9eates ext]nal nature at man's reque/4 ,?\ght has subdu$ ! wild impulses ( fire1 & heat is made ! will+ p[] to propel our tra9s ( c>riages ) a bird-l spe$1 & to urge--9 pr\d indep5d5ce ( w9ds or tides--our noble %ips f %ore to %ore4 ,?\ght has p5etrat$ ! arcana ( nature1 &1 by le>n+ h] laws1 has imitat$ h] works4 ,?us1 ,*emi/ry takes a crude mass1--reject$ z unwor?y & (f5sive1--x recomb9es its con/itu5t p>ts1 & gives u1 ! grateful od\rs ( ! sweete/ fl[]s1 & t9ctures :i* rival nature 9 ! int5sity & ! beauty ( its dyes4 ,no tru? 0 ev] develop$ to man1 9 answ] to 8 labori\s toils1 :i* did n soon] or lat] b5efit ! race4 ,e su* developm5t has be5 ! result ( ! cont9u\s ef=ts ( an individual m9d2 !re=e x is t we desire to possess "s memorial ( ! m5 to :om we are indebt$4 ,we h advanc$ to our pres5t position 9 ! scale ( nations by ! ef=ts ( a few *os5 m9ds4 ,e bran* ( human indu/ry has be5 b5efit$ by ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,! discov]]s are !re=e des]v+ ( t h]o-wor%ip :i*1 soon] or lat]1 !y receive f all4 ,! foll[+ pages are int5d$ to convey to ! g5]al read] a brief b correct acc\nt ( ! illu/ri\s dead1 ^: names are = ev] associat$ ) "o ( ! mo/ brilliant eras 9 ,briti% sci5ce4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! _w witness$ ! control & application ( /eam by ,watt1 ,sym+ton & ,trevi?ick2 ! great discov]ies 9 physics & *emi/ry by ,dalton1 ,cav5di%1 ,wolla/on & ,davy1--9 a/ronomy by ,h]s*el1 ,maskelyne & ,baily2 ! inv5tions ( ! sp9n+-mule & p[]-loom by ,crompton & ,c>twright2 ! introduction ( ma*9]y into ! manufacture ( pap]1 by ,bryan ,donk9 & o!rs2 ! improvem5ts 9 ! pr9t+-press1 & inv5tion ( /]eotype pr9t+1 by ,*>les ,e>l ,/anhope2 ! discov]y ( vacc9ation by ,j5n]2 ! introduction ( gas into g5]al use by ,murdock2 & ! con/ruction 79 a great measure7 ( ! pres5t sy/em ( canal communication by ,jessop1 ,*apman1 ,tel=d & ,r5nie4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ( "t 7 likewise liv+ ,c\nt ,rum=d2 ,rob]t ,br[n1 ! botani/2 ,william ,smi?1 ,! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology2 ,?omas ,"y1 ! natural philosoph]2 ,brunei2 ,b5?am2 ,maudslay2 & ,francis ,ronalds1 :o1 by secur+ p]fect insulation1 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! practicability ( pass+ an electric message ?r\gh a l5g!n$ space2 toge!r ) _m o!rs1 ! fruits ( ^: lab\rs we are n[ reap+4 ,! foll[+ pages briefly record ! bir?s1 dea?s1 & m /rik+ incid5ts 9 ! lives ( ^? b5efactors to mank9d4 ,lives ( great m5 all rem9d u we may make our lives sublime4--,! tru? ( ?is is /rongly en=c$ 9 ! brief memoirs :i* are includ$ 9 ?is volume4 ,!y tea* u t m5tal p[]1 us$ judici\sly & appli$ ) indu/ry1 is capable ( produc+ va/ *anges 9 ! crude productions ( ,nature4 ,beyond ?is1 !y in/ruct u t m51 :o fulfil ! comm&s ( ! ,creator & employ _! m9ds1 9 unwe>y+ ef=ts to subdue ! ,e>?1 are r>ely unrew>d$4 ,!y aid 9 ! m>* ( civilization1 & !y ameliorate ! conditions ( humanity4 ,!y w9 a place among/ ! great names :i* we rev]5ce1 & ea* "o becomes l a /> ,f ! abodes :]e ! ,et]nals are4 ,,rob]t ,,hunt4 ,,william ,,all51 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,augu/ #bi1 #aggj4 ,di$ ,decemb] #cj1 #ahdc4 ,william ,all51 ! em95t *emi/1 0 born 9 ,london4 ,8 fa!r 0 a silk manufactur] 9 ,spitalfields1 & a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,hav+ at an e>ly p]iod %[n a pr$ilection = *emical & o!r pursuits connect$ ) m$ic9e1 ,william 0 plac$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,gurney ,bevan 9 ,pl\gh ,c\rt1 ,lomb>d ,/reet1 :]e he acquir$ a practical k ( *emi/ry4 ,he ev5tually succe$$ to ! bus9ess1 :i* he c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,luke ,h[>d1 & obta9$ great reputation z a ph>maceutical *emi/4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahjd1 ,mr4 ,all5 0 appo9t$ lectur] on *emi/ry & exp]im5tal philosophy at ,guy's ,hospital1 at :i* in/itution he cont9u$ to be engag$ m or less until ! ye> #ahbg4 ,he 0 also connect$ ) ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 & 0 conc]n$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ exact exp]im5ts ( ! day1 toge!r ) ,davy1 ,bab+ton1 ,m>cet1 ,luke ,h[>d1 & ,dalton4 ,9 conjunction ) 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,pepys1 ,all5 ent]$ ^u 8 well kn[n *emical inve/igations1 :i* e/abli%$ ! proportion ( ,c>bon 9 ,c>bonic ,acid1 & prov$ ! id5tity ( ! diamond ) *>coal2 ^! discov]ies are record$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* he became a memb] 9 #ahjg4 ,! ',transactions' = #ahbi also conta9 a pap] by him1 bas$ on elaborate exp]im5ts & calculations1 conc]n+ ! *anges produc$ by respiration on atmosph]ic air & o!r gases4 ,mr4 ,all5 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 e/abli%+ ! ,ph>maceutical ,society1 ( :i* he 0 presid5t at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,besides 8 public lab\rs z a practical *emi/1 he pursu$ ) mu* delight1 9 8 h\rs ( relaxation1 ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 & 0 "o ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,9 connection ) ?is sci5ce1 he publi%$1 9 #ahae1 a small "w entitl$ ',a ,companion to ! ,transit ,in/rum5t4' ,_m ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,mr4 ,all5 )drew f bus9ess1 & pur*as$ an e/ate ne> ,l9dfield1 ,sussex4 ,"h :ile /ill engag$ 9 public s*emes ( usefulness & b5evol5ce1 he also c>ri$ out v>i\s philan?ropic plans = ! improvem5t ( 8 imm$iate dep5dants1 & poor] neighb\rs4 ,he erect$ commodi\s cottages on 8 prop]ty1 ) an ample allotm5t ( l& to ea* cottage1 & e/abli%$ ,s*ools at ,l9dfield = boys1 girls1 & infants1 ) work%ops1 ou?\ses1 & play-gr\nds4 ,ab\t ?ree acres ( l& 7 cultivat$ on ! mo/ approv$ sy/em by ! bo>d]s1 :o also took a "p 9 h\sehold "w4 ,! subjects taught 7 l&-survey+1 mapp+1 ! elem5ts ( ,botany1 ! use ( ! b>omet]1 ra9-gauge1 c41 & !re 0 a good libr>y ) v>i\s sci5tific & useful app>atus4 ,mr4 ,all5 di$ at ,l9dfield1 ! sc5e ( 8 zeal\s b5evol5ce1 9 ! sev5ty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age4--,engli% ,cyclopdia1 ,london1 #ahef4--,mon?ly notices ( ! ,royal ,a/4 ,soc4 vol4 #f1 ,feb41 #ahdd4 ,,francis ,,baily1 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 ,born ,april #bh1 #aggd4 ,di$ ,augu/ #cj1 #ahdd4 ,?is em95t ,engli% a/ronom] 0 born at ,newbury 9 ,b]k%ire1 & receiv$ 8 education at ! s*ool ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,be/ ( t t[n1 :]e he e>ly %[$ a prop5sity to physical inquiry1 obta9+ among 8 s*oolmates ! nickname ( '! ,philosoph] ( ,newbury4' ,francis ,baily quitt$ ?is s*ool1 :5 f\rte5 ye>s old1 = a h\se ( bus9ess 9 ! city ( ,london1 & rema9$ !re until 8 tw5ty-second ye>1 :51 desir\s ( ! enl>gem5t ( views :i* travel af=ds1 he emb>k$ = ,am]ica 9 #agie4 ,mr4 ,baily rema9$ !re ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 travell+ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ?r\gh mu* ( ! we/]n c\ntry1 exp]i5c+ at v>i\s times great h>d%ips & privations4 ,%ortly aft] 8 return to ,engl& he comm5c$ bus9ess 9 ,london z a /ockbrok]1 & 0 tak5 into p>tn]%ip by a ,mr4 ,:itmore1 9 ! ye> #agii4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ?is bus9ess he publi%$ sev]al works on ,life ,annuities1 "o ( :i*1 entitl$ ',! ,doctr9e ( ,life ,annuities & ,insurances analytically inve/igat$ & expla9$1' 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaj1 ) an app5dix 9 #ahac1 cont9u+ to ?is day to be a /&>d "w on ! subject1 & x may s]ve to give "s idea ( ! e/imation 9 :i* x 0 held1 to m5tion1 t :5 out ( pr9t1 copies us$ to sell = f\r to five times _! orig9al value4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,baily 0 ?us actively devot+ himself to matt]s ( a direct comm]cial int]e/1 he 0 /ill able to f9d "t = works ( a m g5]al nature3 9 #ahaj he wrote 8 fir/ a/ronomical pap] on ! celebrat$ ,sol> ,eclipse1 said to h be5 pr$ict$ by ,?ales1 publi%$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' = #ahaa1 & 9 #ahac publi%$ a "w entitl$ ',an ,epitome ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4' ,a/ronomy1 h[ev]1 0 8 *ief pursuit2 & %ortly aft] ! celebrat$ fraud ( ,de ,b]ang] on ! ,/ock ,ex*ange 9 #ahad1 79 ! detection & exposure ( :i* ,baily _h a consid]able %>e71 ?is sci5ce absorb$ m & m ( 8 att5tion4 ,8 acc\nts ( ! ,eclipse ( #ahbj2 ( ! ,annul> ,eclipse ( #ahcf1 :i* he obs]v$ at ,j$burgh2 & ! ,total ,eclipse ( ,july #h1 #ahdb1 ) its m>vell\s revelation ( ! rose-col\r$ protub]ances ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 s9ce kn[n z ',baily's ,beads1' are among ! mo/ int]e/+ & classical ( 8 writ+s4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahbc1 ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 0 f\nd$1 *iefly ?r\gh ! sugge/ions ( ,francis ,baily & ,dr4 ,pe>son1 & = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( its exi/5ce ,mr4 ,baily fill$ ! (fice ( ,secret>y1 sp>+ no ex]tions on its behalf1 wat*+ ov] its e>ly progress ) pat]nal c>e1 & z ! ,society grew & prosp]$1 contribut+ to its transactions _m copi\s & valuable pap]s4 ,9 #ahbe ,baily retir$ f ! ,/ock ,ex*ange1 hav+ acquir$ a consid]able =tune1 & %ortly aft]w>ds took a h\se 9 ,tavi/ock ,place1 giv+ 8 :ole att5tion to ! fur!rance ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,"h1 he execut$ t gr& s]ies ( lab\rs :i* has p]petuat$ 8 "n1 & ! build+ 9 :i* ! ,cav5di% exp]im5t ( weigh+ ! e>? 0 repeat$1 its bulk & figure det]m9$1 & ! /&>d ( ,briti% measure p]petuat$1 mu/ cont9ue to be a s\rce ( int]e/ to sci5tific m5 = _m g5]ations to come4 ,! *ief works to :i* ,mr4 ,baily devot$ himself dur+ ?is lat] portion ( 8 life are3-- #a4 ,! ,remodell+ ( ! ,nautical ,almanac4 #b4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( ! ,seconds ,p5dulum4 #c4 ,! ,fixation ( ! ,/&>d ( ,l5g?4 #d4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,d5sity ( ! ,e>?4 #e4 ,! ,revision ( ! ,catalogues ( ! ,/>s4 #f4 ,! ,r$uction ( ,lacaille's & ,lal&e's ,catalogues2 & #g4 ,! ,=mation ( a ,new ,/&>d ,catalogue4 ,! b5efits :i* n only a/ronomy b all ,engl& h d]iv$ f ^! labori\s inve/igations1 c h>dly be too mu* appreciat$4 ,b a %ort "t elaps$1 aft] ,baily _h complet$ 8 obs]vations on ! p5dulum1 & det]m9$ ! /&>d ( l5g?1--be+ !reby enabl$ to comp>e 8 new scale ) ! imp]ial /&>d y>d1--:5 ! conflagration ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 9 #ahcd took place1 & bo? ! latt] /&>d1 & ! orig9al "o by ,bird 7t ( #ageh7 7 de/roy$4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ,baily's repetition ( ! ,cav5di% ,exp]im5t involv$ untir+ wat*+ = m ?an #abjj h\rs1 & ?is1 too1 by "o :o 9 e>ly life seem$ only able to f9d food = 8 vigor\s m9d amid/ ! h>d%ips & fatigues ( travel1 x af=ds a rem>kable in/ance h[ a man1 active & full ( ard\r 9 e>ly y\?1 c yet be enabl$1 by ! /r5g? ( 8 "*1 to conc5trate ! full =ce ( 8 p[]s ^u a s]ies ( rese>*es app>5tly ! mo/ we>y+ & full ( disappo9tm5t1 an example well fitt$ = ! e>ne/ consid]ation ( all :o imag9e t ! en]gies ( _! m9ds c alone be satisfi$ by /irr+ sc5es or a life full ( activity & adv5ture4 ,mr4 ,baily's la/ public appe>ance 0 at ,ox=d1 to :i* place he w5t ) "s difficulty1 to receive ! honor>y degree ( ,doctor ( ,civil ,law4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ by great indu/ry1 :i* 0 made m effective by 8 me?odical habits2 & also by a suavity ( mann] :i* greatly enl>g$ ! circle ( 8 fri5ds4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,baily effect$ 9 ! la/ #bj ye>s ( 8 life1 a great] numb] ( complete & ref9$ rese>*es ?an mo/ o!r philosoph]s h accompli%$ dur+ a :ole lifetime4--,memoir ( ,francis ,baily1 by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,b>t4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks1 ,,b>t41 ,c4,b41 ,p4,r4,s4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,born ,febru>y #ab1 #agdc4 ,di$ ,june #ai1 #ahbj4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society = upw>ds ( =ty ye>s1 0 born 9 ,argyle ,/reet1 ,london4 ,he 0 ! elde/ son ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,banks1 a g5tleman ( consid]able l&$ prop]ty1 ^: family 0 orig9ally ( ,sw$i% extraction1 al?\gh x _h be5 settl$ 9 ,engl& = sev]al g5]ations4 ,! e>ly life ( ,joseph ,banks 0 pass$ pr9cipally at ,revesby ,hall1 8 fa!r's seat 9 ,l9coln%ire1 & 8 education 0 = sev]al ye>s entru/$ to a private tutor2 9 8 n9? ye> he 0 s5t to ,h>r[ & f\r ye>s aft] to ,eton1 f :5ce he proce$$ to ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at college1 he made consid]able progress 9 classical k1 b ev9c$ at ! same "t a decid$ pr$ilection = ! /udy ( natural hi/ory4 ,botany 9 p>ticul> 0 8 fav\rite occupation1 & "o to :i* 8 leisure h\rs 7 devot$ ) en?usia/ic ard\r & p]sev]ance4 ,an anecdote is told ( ,mr4 ,banks be+ on "o occasion s int5t on explor+ dit*es & seclud$ spots1 9 se>* ( r>e plants1 z to h excit$ ! suspicions ( "s c\ntrym51 :o1 conceiv+ t he c\ld h no innoc5t design 9 act+ ?us1 seiz$ ! "y naturali/1 :5 he _h fall5 asleep exhau/$ ) fatigue1 & br\ght him z a suspect$ ?ief be=e a neighb\r+ magi/rate4 ,aft] a /rict inve/igation he 0 soon lib]at$1 b ! incid5t occasion$ mu* amusem5t 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 ! ye> #agfa ,mr4 ,banks lo/ 8 fa!r1 & 9 #agfd1 on com+ ( age1 0 put 9 possession ( 8 valuable e/ates 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,mrs4 ,banks1 soon aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&1 remov$ ) h] family f ,l9coln%ire to ,*elsea1 z a spot likely to af=d h] son ,joseph peculi> advantages 9 ! /udy ( botany1 f ! num]\s g>d5s 9 ! vic9ity devot$ to ! culture ( r>e & curi\s plants ( e description4 ,& n[ x 0 t ! great m]it ( ,mr4 ,banks %one =?4 ,) all ! incitem5ts :i* 8 age1 8 figure1 & 8 /ation naturally pres5t$ to lead+ a life ( idl5ess1 & ) a =tune :i* plac$ ! m vulg> gratifications ( s5se or ( ord9>y ambition amply )9 8 rea*1 he /eadily devot$ himself to sci5tific pursuits1 & only liv$ = ! /udies ( a naturali/4 ,he rema9$ out ( ,p>liam5t1 w5t little into any society b t ( le>n$ m51 :ile 8 relaxation 0 conf9$ to ex]cise & to angl+1 ( :i* he 0 s fond1 t he w\ld devote days & ev5 nights to x4 ,:il/ liv+ at ,*elsea1 ,mr4 ,banks =m$ ! acqua9tance ( ,"l ,s&wi*1 aft]w>ds fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 :o z x happ5$ _h ! same ta/e1 & to ! fri5d%ip ( :om he 0 9 aft] life indebt$ = ess5tial aid 9 ! fur!rance ( 8 num]\s projects = ! advancem5t ( sci5tific k4 ,soon aft] atta9+ 8 #ba/ ye>1 ,mr4 ,banks und]took a voyage to ,newf\ndl& & ! ,labrador coa/1 = ! purpose ( explor+ ! botany ( ^? unfrequ5t$ regions4 ,on 8 return1 he br\ght home valuable collections n only ( plants1 b also ( insects & o!r natural productions ( t di/rict4 ,9 #agfh1 he obta9$ leave f ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( ,"l ,s&wi*1 to emb>k 9 ! %ip comm&$ by ! great navigator ,cook1 :o _h be5 commission$ to obs]ve ! transit ( ,v5us 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 by ! obs]vation ( :i* ph5om5on ! sun's p>allax might be measur$1 & to fulfil also ! usual object ( a voyage ( discov]y4#a ,9 ord] to turn to ! be/ acc\nt all opportunities t might occur dur+ ! voyage1 ,mr4 ,banks made mo/ c>eful prep>ations4 ,he provid$ himself ) ! be/ in/rum5ts = mak+ all k9ds ( sci5tific obs]vations1 & = pres]v+ specim5s ( natural hi/ory1 & p]suad$ ,dr4 ,sol&]1 a di/+ui%$ pupil ( ,l9nu1 to become 8 associate 9 ! ent]prise4 ,he also took ) him two draughtsm51 to del9eate all objects ( int]e/ t did n admit ( be+ transport$ or pres]v$1 & f\r s]vants4 ,?is voyage occupi$ ?ree ye>s2 dur+ t p]iod all engag$ 9 x incurr$ _m & sev]e h>d%ips2 sev]al1 includ+ ?ree ( ! att5dants ( ,dr4 ,sol&] & ,mr4 ,banks1 los+ _! lives4 ,! results 7 highly important1 ! obs]vations necess>y = mak+ ! sol> p>allax 7 made ) p]fect success4 ,! mann]s ( ! natives 9 ! ,society ,isl&s _h be5 exam9$1 & ! s+ul> /ate ( _! society asc]ta9$4 ,_! products1 vegetable1 m9]al1 & animal1 z well z ^? ( ,new ,holl&1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,new ,gu9ea1 _h be5 fully explor$1 & a consid]able %>e ( ! fame1 :i* accru$ to ,capta9 ,cook & 8 associates 9 ! ent]prise1 0 due to ,mr4 ,banks1 :o br\ght home a spl5did collection ( specim5s f ^? c\ntries4 ,no soon] _h ,mr4 ,banks return$ f ?is exp$ition ?an he comm5c$1 ) unabat$ vig\r aft] a few mon?s repose1 prep>ations = ano!r4 ,hav+ be5 prev5t$ f jo9+ ,capta9 ,cook's second exp$ition1 *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,sir ,hugh ,palliss] ) ! admiralty1 he und]took ! equipm5t ( a %ip at 8 own exp5se2 &1 tak+ ) him ,dr4 ,sol&]1 ,dr4 ,l9d1 ,dr4 ,von ,troil1 a ,sw$i% naturali/1 & o!rs1 he sail$ = ,icel& 9 #aggb4 ,aft] explor+ dur+ two mon?s t int]e/+ region ( volcanoes he return$ to ,engl&1 enri*$ ) _m valuable specim5s1 & /ill m valuable in=mation respect+ ! productions ( ! c\ntry4 ,a f9e collection ( books & manuscripts 7 pur*as$ & pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,banks to ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,dr4 ,von ,troil1 9 ^: h&s ,mr4 ,banks1 ) 8 wont$ av]sion to lit]>y fame1 left ! subject1 publi%$ a full & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! voyage4 ,a great "p ( ! k result+ f ! v>i\s travels ( ,mr4 ,banks 7 communicat$ by him1 at diff]5t times1 9 pap]s to ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* he _h be5 elect$ a fell[ z e>ly z ! ye> #agff4 ,on ! resignation ( ,sir ,john ,pr+le1 9 #aggh1 ,mr4 ,banks 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ?is ,society1 an hon\r he cont9u$ to hold until 8 dea?4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( 8 life ,sir ,joseph enjoy$ ! fav\r ( ! k+1 =m+ a k9d ( connect+ l9k betwe5 8 sci5tific compe]s1 & ! c\rtly circles ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,9 #agha he 0 made a b>onet2 9 #agie 0 inve/$ ) ! ord] ( ! ba?2 &1 9 #agig1 became a memb] ( ! privy c\ncil4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 engage mu* 9 politics1 b us$ ! influ5ce he _h acquir$ *iefly 9 ! promotion ( sci5tific objects1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( ^? :o pursu$ !m4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks's publi%$ works be> little proportion ei!r to 8 sci5tific lab\rs or 8 ex]tions on behalf ( le>n$ m51 nor are 8 real claims to ! gratitude ( po/]ity mu* kn[n4 ,he x 0 :o may truly be said to h plant$ & f\nd$ ! colony ( ,botany ,bay4 ,he 0 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,african ,association1 & by 8 sci5tific ex]tions ! productions ( o!r climates 7 diffus$ ov] ea* portion ( ! globe4 ,?us he br\ght ov] into ,europe ! se$s ( ! ,s\? ,sea l&s1 hav+ previ\sly di/ribut$ to ! latt] ^? ( ,europe4 ,to him are we indebt$ = _m ( ! beautiful plants :i* adorn our g>d5s & %rubb]ies4 ,! sug>-cane ( ,otaheite 0 transplant$ by him into ! colonies1 ! bread fruit tree ( ! ,pacific introduc$ into ! tropical soil ( ,am]ica1 & ! flax ( ,new ,zeal& br\ght into ,europe4 ,:ile among animals1 ! black swan & ! kang>oo 7 br\ght f ,au/ralia & introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ?is em95t man4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks 0 m>ri$ b _h no family4 ,he cont9u$ to fill ! hon\rable (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society = ! unprec$5t$ p]iod ( ne>ly =ty-two ye>s1 enjoy+1 dur+ t "t1 ! correspond5ce & confid5ce ( mo/ ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( le>n+ bo? ( ?is & o!r nations4 ,8 "n 0 enroll$ among/ ! associates ( almo/ e academy & le>n$ society 9 ,europe4 ,8 h\se & table 7 ev] op5 = ! reception & ent]ta9m5t ( all ^? :o 7 em95t = _! sci5tific atta9m5ts1 ) t _s ( lib]ality s conducive to ! union ( int]e/s & co-op]ation ( ef=ts1 requisite = ! cultivation ( k4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life ,sir ,joseph ,banks 0 a great suff]] f ! g\t1 & dur+ ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s 0 almo/ depriv$ ( ! use ( 8 feet & legs4 ,at la/1 he gradually sank "u ! exhau/+ effects ( ?is ailm5t1 & di$ at 8 villa at ,spr+ ,grove1 ,h\nsl[1 9 ! sev5ty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society by ,dr4 ,wolla/on = ! rema9d] ( ! ye>1 until ! election ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy on ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,society 9 ,novemb]4--,memoir ( ,sir ,j4 ,banks1 by ,dr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,roget1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4--,welds' ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) ,memoirs ( ! ,presid5ts4 ,london1 #ahdh4--;,br\gham's ,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 ,london & ,glasg[1 #ahee4 ,,brigadi]-,,g5]al ,,sir ,,samuel ,,b5?am4 ,born ,janu>y #aa1 #ageg4 ,di$ ,may #ca1 #ahca4 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ,j]emiah ,b5?am1 & bro!r ( ,j]emy1 ! celebrat$ juri/4 ,he 0 plac$ :5 v "y at a private s*ool1 f :5ce1 at ! age ( six1 he 0 s5t to ,we/m9/]4 ,8 fa!r occupi$ a h\se 9 ,que5's ,squ>e ,place1 9 ! /able-y>d ( :i* 7 spaci\s work%ops1 let to a c>p5t]2 "h ,samuel us$ to sp5d all 8 leisure "t1 & soon acquir$ consid]able skill 9 h&l+ tools1 = :5 only ?irte5 ye>s old he _h manag$ to con/ruct ) 8 own h&s a c>riage1 = a "y fri5d & playmate1 ,miss ,cornelia ,knight4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 he exhibit$ s /rong a ta/e = naval matt]s1 t 8 fa!r yield$ to 8 wi%es1 & b\nd him appr5tice to ! ma/] %ipwright ( ,woolwi* ,docky>d4 ,at t "t ! sup]ior (fic]s ( a royal docky>d 7 exempt$ f keep+ _! appr5tices at h>d lab\r1 s t "t might be all[$ = g5]al in/ruction4 ,samuel1 h[ev]1 soon p]ceiv$ t practical manipulation 0 no less ess5tial ?an !oretical k1 & us$ !re=e to "w at ! dock side till breakfa/-"t1 & devote ! re/ ( ! day to sci5tific acquirem5ts4 ,9 "t1 ,samuel & 8 ma/] 7 remov$ f ,woolwi* to ,*a?am ,docky>d1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to obta9 a practical k ( ! behavi\r ( vessels at sea2 = he 0 (t5 p]mitt$ to sail 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 & sometimes ext5d$ 8 voyages fur!r4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod 8 bro!r1 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 _h return$ f college1 & us$ to in/il into him _m ( ! fir/ ideas ( political economy3 on ^! occasions ,samuel w\ld take advantage ( ! ,saturday aft]noons to walk f ,*a?am to 8 bro!r's *amb]s 9 ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,at ! end ( 8 sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 ,samuel sp5t ano!r ye> 9 ! o!r royal docky>ds1 & at ! ,naval ,college at ,portsm\?4 ,he !n w5t to sea z ,capta9 ,macbridge's gue/1 ^: %ip 0 "o ( ,"l ,keppel's fleet1 & on ?is occasion he sugge/$ sundry improvem5ts 9 ! app>atus ( a %ip1 :i* 7 execut$ 9 ,portsm\? ,docky>d4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! abilities manife/$ by ,b5?am1 _m advantage\s appo9tm5ts 7 (f]$ him2 ^! 71 h[ev]1 refus$1 & 9 #aghj he emb>k$ = ! ,cont95t1 9 ord] to obta9 great] exp]i5ce 9 ! diff]5t practices 9 ! art ( naval con/ruction4 ,aft] hav+ visit$ ,holl& he proce$$ to ,russia1 & 0 well receiv$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh by ! ,engli% ,ambassador1 ,sir ,james ,h>ris1 :o introduc$ him to ! be/ society1 & ?r\gh ^: means he became acqua9t$1 among o!rs1 ) ,pr9ce ,potemk91 & ! celebrat$ travell]1 ,pallas4 ,:il/ on a visit to ! l>ge manufactory ( ,c\nt ,demid(f1 ,b5?am con/ruct$ a sort ( amphibi\s vehicle1 9 ! =m ( a boat1 & capable ( s]v+ z an ord9>y :eel-c>riage1 & also1 :5 necessity requir$1 ( be+ navigat$ across1 or along a /ream ( wat]4 ,?is inv5tion he subsequ5tly pat5t$1 & likewise ext5d$ its utility by con/ruct+ ! c>riages s z to s]ve z army baggage-waggons1 a supply ( :i* ,pr9ce ,potemk9 ord]$ to be furni%$ to a regim5t at ,jassy4 ,!y 7 also introduc$ into ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #agic1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,york reque/$ t "o %\ld be built = ! ,engli% s]vice1 :i* 0 successfully tri$ on ! ,riv] ,?ames4 ,9 gratitude to ,c\nt ,demid(f = ! facilities :i* he _h af=d$ him 9 con/ruct+ ?is c>riage1 ,b5?am inv5t$ = ! use ( ! ,c\nt's factory1 a wood-plan+ ma*9e1 :i* c\ld also be us$ = mak+ m\ld+s by *ang+ ! cutt+ tool4 ,b5?am's /ay 9 ,russia 0 prolong$ = a great] p]iod ?an he orig9ally int5d$1 f 8 hav+ become atta*$ to a ,russian lady ( consid]able rank & beauty2 b al?\gh ?is atta*m5t 0 mutual1 no?+ came ( x1 ow+ to ! opposition ( ! lady's relatives1 on ! score ( ,b5?am be+ a =eign]4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,b5?am _h ! direction ( ! ,fontanka ,canal1 9 connection ) :i* he inv5t$ a peculi> =m ( pile-driv+ ma*9e1 9 :i* ! weight 0 atta*$ to a sort ( endless ladd]1 mov$ by a man /epp+ on x1 on ! pr9ciple t a man's weight exce$s consid]ably 8 muscul> /r5g?4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! canal1 ,pr9ce ,potemk9 induc$ ,b5?am to accept milit>y s]vice1 & appo9t$ him to ! comm& ( a battalion /ation$ at ,crit*eff1 9 ,:ite ,russia1 ) ! rank ( lieut5ant-colonel4 ,z ! pr9ce's manufactories 7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,crit*eff1 ,b5?am (f]$ to sup]9t5d !m4 ,?is (f] 0 gladly receiv$2 & z ! managem5t ( ! works _h be5 previ\sly grossly misconduct$1 ! lieut5ant-colonel soon p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( 8 own con/ant inspection ( :at 0 go+ on1 & = ?is purpose contriv$ a panoptican build+ or inspection-h\se1 ! c5tre ( :i* comm&$ a view ( all its p>ts4 ,8 bro!r ,j]emy 0 on a visit :il/ he 0 devis+ ?is panoptican1 & ! contrivance has frequ5tly on ?is acc\nt be5 attribut$ to ,j]emy1 al?\gh 9 8 works ,j]emy repeat$ly says x 0 8 bro!r's4 ,up to ?is "t ! panoptican pr9ciple has only be5 adopt$ 9 gaols2 b ,j]emy ,b5?am has %[n t x is equally desirable = a great v>iety ( build+s4 ,b5?am's next inv5tion 0 a sort ( jo9t$ vessel1 = ! conveyance ( ! ,empress ,ca!r9e d[n ! ,dniep] & its afflu5ts1 :i* 7 %all[1 tortu\s1 & _! navigation mu* imp$$ by s&banks & sunk5 trees4 ,?is vessel 0 9 six l9ks1 draw+ only six in*es ( wat] :5 load$1 & ) #abd m5 at ! o>s on bo>d4 ,_m m 7 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 = c>ry+ ! produce ( ! pr9ce's e/abli%m5ts & manufactories to ! ,black ,sea4 ,on ! break+ out ( w> ) ,turkey1 ,b5?am 0 s5t to ! s\? ) 8 battalion1 ( :i*1 accord+ to ord]s1 he _h made sailors & %ipwrights2 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 by ! jo9t ord] ( ,s\v>(f & ,admiral ,m>dv9(f1 he 0 comm&$ to fit out vessels at ,*]son to oppose ! enemy4 ,x happ5$ t he _h ! sole comm& ( ! ars5al at ,*]son1 9 :i* he f\nd an imm5se /ock ( ordnance ( all descriptions1 b no bett] navigable vessels ?an ! pleasure-galleys :i* _h br\ght ! empress & h] suite d[n ! ,dniep]4 ,b no?+ daunt$1 ,b5?am set to "w4 ,he reflect$ t x is n size ( vessel :i* ensures victory1 b t x is ga9$ by ! fleet t c ?r[ ! heavie/ weight ( missile 9 ! %orte/ "t1 jo9$ to ! facility ( manuvr+ vessels4 ,/r5g!n+ 8 vessels z well z he c\ld1 he fitt$ !m ) z heavy artill]y z !y c\ld possibly be>1 & :5 all 0 f9i%$1 took ! comm& ( ! flotilla himself1 & _h ! satisfaction ( engag+ ! ,turks on ?ree sep>ate days1 9 all ( :i* actions he 0 equally victori\s1 not)/&+ ! enemy's flotilla 7 d\bly z num]\s & p[]ful4 ,= ^! ?ree victories ,b5?am receiv$ f ! empress a l numb] ( hon\rable rew>ds--rank 9 ! army1 a gold-hilt$ sword1 & ! ,cross ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,george4 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am n[ return$ to ! army1 & by 8 own *oice 0 appo9t$ to ! protection ( ! ea/]n fronti] ( ,sib]ia1 8 comm& ext5d+ f ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s to ! conf9es ( ,russia 9 ! ,*9ese dom9ions4 ,aft] hold+ ?is appo9tm5t = a c\ple ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod he e/abli%$ s*ools = 8 troops1 & introduc$ o!r improvem5ts into _! condition1 ,b5?am obta9$ leave ( abs5ce to visit ,engl&4 ,"h comm5ces ano!r epo* 9 ,sir ,samuel's life4 ,arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 he f\nd 8 bro!r ,j]emy absorb$ 9 inve/igations relative to jurisprud5ce4 ,j]emy1 h[ev]1 _h n =gott5 8 bro!r's ,panoptican1 b _h propos$ its adoption = ! ,c\nty ,gaol ( ,middlesex4 ,?is l$ to "s explanations ) ! m9i/]s1 :o ultimately entru/$ ,j]emy ,b5?am ) a ?\s& convicts1 ( ^: lab\r he 0 to make ! be/ use he c\ld4 ,9 ! mean:ile ,samuel w5t to visit ! pr9cipal manufactories 9 ,engl&2 he f\nd t /eam-eng9es 7 us$ = giv+ motion to ma*9]y = sp9n+ cotton1 b 9 no case 7 !y appli$ to ma*9]y = ! work+ ( wood1 metal1 c42 nor1 9 fact1 7 !re any me*anical app>atuses = sav+ lab\r1 ) ! exception ( turn+-la!s1 & "s bor+ tools work$ by horses1 = mak+ %ips' blocks4 ,b5?am !re=e pat5t$1 9 #agia1 8 ma*9]y = plan+ & mak+ m\ld+s1 specify+ ! improvem5ts :i* he _h made on ! ma*9e con/ruct$ t5 ye>s be=e = ,c\nt ,demid(f4 ,8 bro!r's arrangem5ts = ! indu/rial employm5t ( convicts hav+ be5 conclud$1 ,sir ,samuel consid]$ t ! mo/ pr(itable means ( employ+ !m w\ld be ! work+ ( ma*9es = sav+ manual lab\r1 :i* at ! same "t ensur$ accuracy ( "w2 he !re=e ex]t$ 8 me*anical g5ius to p]fect sev]al eng9es he _h previ\sly contriv$ 9 ,russia1 & pat5t$ 8 inv5tions 9 ! specification 7,no4 #aiea74 ,?is specification includes ma*9es = saw+1 bor+1 & _m o!r op]ations necess>y = ! work+ ( wood or metal4 ,nor did ! g5]al conf9e himself to m]e v]bal descriptions ( 8 ma*9es2 _m ( !m 7 con/ruct$ & erect$ "u 8 own eye1 9 ,que5's ,squ>e ,place1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ an app>atus = mak+ :eels1 & ano!r = mak+ all ! p>ts ( a w9d[-sa% frame2 bo? ( ^! leav+ no?+ = ! skill$ workman to d1 save putt+ ! pieces toge!r4 ,!re 7 also planes ( v>i\s descriptions1 saws = cutt+ extremely f9e v5e]s1 ma*9es = bor+1 dovetail+1 cutt+ /one1 c41 c4 ,ma*9es = metal-"w 7 n1 h[ev]1 attempt$1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ ! necess>y p[] = work+ !m1 ! ,que5's ,squ>e ,place app>atus be+ all work$ by m54 ,! fame ( ?is ma*9]y attract$ _m visitors1 among/ o!rs ,mr4 ,secret>y ,dundas 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,melville71 :o /at$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t x op5$ a new era 9 ! manufactur+ prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ! circum/ance :i* completely *ang$ ,b5?am's future de/9y1 0 ! frequ5t visits ( ,e>l ,sp5c] & ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 :o soon p]ceiv$ ! advantages :i* w\ld accrue to ! /ate by engag+ ! g5]al 9 ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,v>i\s proposals 7 made by ! ,admiralty to engage him p]man5tly 9 ! public s]vice2 b ,b5?am refus$ all 9 :i* he _h n ! individual responsibility4 ,ultimately a new (fice 0 creat$ = him1 "u ! "n ( ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,naval ,works2 n1 h[ev]1 )\t ! fi]ce opposition ( ! ,naval ,bo>d1 :o1 al?\gh unable to *ange ! title ( ! (fice1 manag$ to r$uce ! sal>y f ! sum ( #bjjjl4 p] annum1 z orig9ally propos$1 to #gejl4 nom9al1 ) an addition f9ally agre$ ^u ( #ejjl4 a ye>--9 all1 #abejl4 p] annum4 ,not)/&+ ?is opposition1 ,b5?am1 conv9c$ ( ! s]vices he c\ld r5d]1 gave up ! hon\rs & ri*es :i* await$ him 9 ,russia--among/ o!rs1 an e/ate promis$ him on 8 return--& det]m9$ to devote 8 en]gies to 8 native c\ntry1 reg>dless ( all pecuni>y advantages4 ,dur+ ! int]val :i* elaps$ be=e ! actual in/itution ( 8 new (fice1 ,b5?am 0 au?oriz$ by ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 e>ly 9 #agie1 to build sev5 exp]im5tal vessels2 into ^! he introduc$ _m improvem5ts1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ diagonal braces1 metallic tanks = wat]1 metallic cani/]s = p[d]1 means = fill+ ! magaz9e ) wat] 9 case ( fire1 safety lamps1 c4 ,appo9t$ ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,naval ,works 9 #agif1 ! :ole ( ,sir ,samuel's en]gies 7 h5ce=w>d direct$ t[>ds ! improvem5t ( naval ars5als1 & ! introduction ( 8 ma*9]y = %ap+ wood1 ) /eam-p[] to give x motion4 ,?is introduction ( /eam-p[] into ! naval docky>ds ( ,great ,brita9 exp]i5c$ at fir/ ! mo/ viol5t opposition2 & x 0 n until #agig t any progress 0 made t[>ds ! fur!rance ( 8 object4 ,dur+ ! same ye> ,sir ,m4 ,isamb>d 7!n ,mr47 ,brunel pres5t$ himself to ! g5]al1 = ! purpose ( br++ be=e 8 notice c]ta9 ma*9]y = mak+ blocks4 ,b5?am 0 at t "t fully engag$ by ,"l ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 organiz+ a bett] mode ( manag+ timb] 9 ! royal docky>ds1 & x occurr$ to him t ,brunei w\ld be likely to influ5ce ! public 9 fav\r ( ma*9]y = work+ wood1 & !re=e propos$ t he %\ld be engag$ = t purpose1 recomm5d+ at ! same "t ! adoption ( 8 app>atus = %ap+ blocks1 to :i* ,brunel's ma*9es 7 solely conf9$#b--;a measure :i* has _h ! effect ( giv+ almo/ ! entire m]it ( ! ,portsm\? ma*9]y to ,brunel4 ,?is /atem5t is made )\t any int5tion ( detract+ f ,sir ,isamb>d's well-e>n$ reputation1 b simply 9 ju/ice to ,b5?am1 :o1 s+ul>ly free f an inv5tor's jeal\sy1 himself (ficially /at$3--,9 reg>d to ! ma*9]y1 ,i 0 aft]w>ds satisfi$ t ,mr4 ,brunel _h skill en\gh to h contriv$ ma*9]y to h answ]$ ! same purposes1 _h he n f\nd m9e ready to 8 h&4 ,to describe all ,b5?am's subsequ5t improvem5ts1 n only 9 ma*9]y1 b also 9 ! economy ( ! managem5t ( ! docky>ds1 w\ld take too mu* space4 ,by 8 en]getic ef=ts & inv5tive g5ius1 ! wood mills1 metal mills1 & millwrights' %op 7 e/abli%$ at ,portsm\?4 ,9 #ahjj1 he propos$ to ! ,admiralty a /eam dr$g+-ma*9e1 ( :i* he gave draw+s1 simil> to ! ones n[ 9 su* g5]al use2 & ! efficacy ( ?is inv5tion has s9ce realiz$ ! mo/ sangu9e hopes ( its design]4 ,not)/&+ ! great value ( ,b5?am's s]vices1 he seems to h exp]i5c$ little gratitude on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahje1 he 0 reque/$ by ! ,admiralty to proce$ to ,russia1 & comm5ce build+ 9 t c\ntry %ips ( w> = ! ,briti% navy4 ,on 8 cons5t+1 & arriv+ at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 he f\nd1 mu* to 8 surprise1 t no?+ _h be5 done to facilitate 8 mission2 & al?\gh p]sonally receiv$ ) great k9dness by ! emp]or1 he 0 unable to obta9 ! requir$ p]mission to build vessels ( w> = ,great ,brita94 ,return+ to ,engl& 9 #ahjg1 he le>nt t 8 (fice _h be5 aboli%$1 & t h5ce=? he w\ld be amalgamat$ ) ! ,naval ,bo>d4 ,no?+ b ! necessity ( support+ 8 family1 made ,b5?am accept ?is new po/1 :i* gave him ! title ( ,civil ,eng9e] & ,ar*itect ( ! ,navy--an employm5t = :i* he _h manife/$ peculi> tal5ts1 al?\gh n educat$ = x1 b exclud+ him at ! same "t f all int]f]5ce 9 %ip-build+1 = :i* he _h s]v$ a regul> appr5tice%ip1 & _h subsequ5tly manife/$ extraord9>y tal5ts4 ,:5 ?is (fice also 0 aboli%$1 ab\t ! ye> #ahab1 ,sir ,samuel1 by ! desire ( ,"l ,melville1 appli$ = "s comp5sation = loss ( (fice1 & likewise = a remun]ation = 8 s]vices4 ,on acc\nt ( ! loss ( (fice1 ,b5?am's sal>y 0 cont9u$2 b dur+ ! discussion :i* arose reg>d+ ! /atem5t ( s]vices :i* ,sir ,samuel _h drawn up at ! reque/ ( ! ,admiralty1 al?\gh1 on com+ to ! metal mills1 ,"l ,melville said1 ,!re ,sir ,samuel /&s ^u a rock1 x prov$ a slipp]y "o2 = "u ! pretext t x w\ld be necess>y to apply to p>liam5t = s l>ge a sum z a ye>'s sav+s effect$ by ! introduction ( ! metal mills1 no remun]ation 0 ev] accord$ to ,b5?am = any "o ( 8 s]vices4 ,aft] ! re/oration ( peace 9 #ahad1 ,sir ,samuel retir$ to ,france1 = ! economical education ( 8 *ildr54 ,9 #ahbg he return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea? 9 #ahca1 at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r4--,pap]s & ,practical ,illu/rations ( ,public ,works ( ,rec5t ,con/ruction1 c4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,mat!w ,,b\lton1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4 & ,e4 c4 ,born at ,birm+ham1 ,sept4 #c1 #agbh4 ,di$ ,aug4 #ag1 #ahji4 ,?is skilful1 en]getic1 & f>see+ man1 :o1 by 8 ext5d$ views & lib]al _s ( ent]prise1 contribut$ s greatly t[>ds ! successful introduction ( ,watt's cond5s+ /eam-eng9e1 comm5c$ life at ,birm+ham z a mak] ( buttons & %oe-buckles4 ,mat!w ,b\lton receiv$ an ord9>y education at a s*ool at ,d]it5d4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 gift$ ) r>e end[m5ts1 & ( ^! he made ! be/ use2 ) a ?or\gh k ( bus9ess1 great prud5ce1 & admirable tact1 he comb9$ boldness ( _s1 quickness ( ?\ght1 & promptitude ( action4 ,at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 ,b\lton became possess$ ( consid]able prop]ty1 & desir\s ( ext5d+ 8 comm]cial op]ations1 pur*as$1 ab\t ! ye> #agfb1 a lease ( ,soho1 ne> ,h&swor?1 :]e he f\nd$ t e/abli%m5t :i* has become r5[n$ z ! nurs]y ( ,engli% me*anics4 ,! hill f :i* ?is place d]iv$ its "n 01 at t "t1 a bleak & b>r5 hea?1 at ! bottom ( :i* rippl$ a small /ream4 ,b\lton's in/9ctive m9d saw ! uses to :i* ^! wat]s might be turn$4 ,by collect+ !m into a pool1 & p\r+ _! unit$ weight ^u a wat] :eel1 he became possess$ ( a motive-p[] suffici5t to set 9 motion v>i\s ma*9es1 by ^: ag5cy 7 fabricat$ articles 9 gold1 silv]1 & tortoise-%ell1 & plat$ & inlaid works ( ! greate/ elegance & p]fection4 ,on ! side ( ! hill1 ,b\lton built ext5sive work%ops1 & dwell+s capable ( hold+ _m hundr$s ( workm51 & erect$ a mansion = himself surr\nd$ by beautiful gr\nds1 :]e he liv$ z a pr9ce among 8 p1 ext5d+ hospitality to all ar\nd4 ,9 #agfg1 ,b\lton1 f9d+ t ! motive-p[] :i* he possess$ 0 inadequate to ! v>i\s purposes ( 8 ma*9]y1 erect$ a /eam-eng9e ^u ! orig9al con/ruction ( ,sav]y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 turn 0 f\nd to be insuffici5t = ! objects requir$1 & ,b\lton !n _h ! disc]nm5t to p]ceive t !y might be v completely atta9$ by ! adoption ( ! v>i\s improvem5ts lately made 9 ! /eam-eng9e by ,james ,watt4 ,9 #aggc he ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ?is great sci5tific inv5tor1 & induc$ him to settle at ,soho & sup]9t5d p]sonally ! erection ( 8 new /eam-eng9es4 ,?is bold b cle>-sight$ act ( ,b\lton 0 de/9$ to cr[n ) hon\r a reputation1 already ris+1 & built ^u ! firm f\ndation ( uprightness & integrity4 ,_h ,watt se>*$ all ,europe1 says ,playfair1 he c\ld n h f\nd ano!r man s calculat$ to introduce ! ma*9e to ! public 9 a mann] wor?y ( its reputation4 ,its sale z an article ( comm]ce 0 entirely conduct$ by him1 & ! skilful & lib]al way 9 :i* he p]=m$ ?is difficult task br\ght 9 "t its own rew>d2 yet z great a sum z #dg1jjjl4 _h to be exp5d$ ^u ! /eam-eng9e be=e any pr(it result$ to its own]s4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 weal? fl[$ into ! h&s ( ,b\lton & ,watt2 & 9 ! ye> #ahjj ,mr4 ,watt 0 enabl$ to retire f ! firm possess$ ( a l>ge compet5cy1 & leav+ ! exclusive privilege ( ! sale ( ! eng9e to ,b\lton4 ,boswell1 :o visit$ ,soho 9 #aggf1 %ortly aft] ! manufacture ( /eam-eng9es _h be5 comm5c$ !re1 0 greatly /ruck by ! va/ness & contrivance ( ! ma*9]y4 ,i %all nev] =get1 he says1 ,mr4 ,b\lton's expression to me :5 survey+ ! works3 ',i sell "h1 sir1 :at all ! _w desires to h--,p[]4' ,he _h1 cont9ues ,boswell1 ab\t #gjj p at "w2 ,i contemplat$ him z an iron *iefta91 & he seem$ to be ! fa!r ( 8 tribe4#c ,9 #aghe ,mr4 ,b\lton 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & two or ?ree ye>s aft] ?is1 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! subject ( co9+1 to ! improvem5t ( :i* art he devot$ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,he erect$ ext5sive ma*9]y = ?is purpose1 & by unit+ "s processes orig9at+ 9 ,france ) new k9ds ( presses1 he 0 enabl$ to obta9 great rapidity ( action comb9$ ) ! utmo/ p]fection 9 ! articles produc$2 s mu* s1 t hav+ be5 employ$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to reco9 ! :ole ( ! ,briti% specie1 he r5d]$ c\nt]feits ne>ly impossible by ! economy & excell5ce ( 8 "w4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,mr4 ,b\lton plann$ & direct$ ! arrangem5t ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! ,briti% ,m9t1 & execut$ t = ! co9+ dep>tm5t4 ,he also con/ruct$ ! ma*9]y = ! great national m9ts ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh & ,cop5hag52 8 son1 to :om ! e/abli%m5t at ,soho devolv$ ^u 8 dea?1 do+ ! same = ! ext5sive & spl5did e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company at ,bombay & ,calcutta4 ,b\lton di$ ,augu/ #ag1 #ahji1 9 8 eighty-fir/ ye>1 & 8 rema9s 7 borne to ! grave by ! olde/ workm5 connect$ ) ! works at ,soho2 five hundr$ p]sons belong+ to t e/abli%m5t jo9$ 9 ! procession1 :i* numb]$ among its ranks sev]al ?\s& individuals1 to :om m$als 7 giv5 record+ ! age ( ! deceas$ & ! date ( 8 dea?4--,/u>t's ,anecdotes ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbi4--,muirhead's ,translation ( ,arago's ,life ( ,j4 ,watt4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,,joseph ,,bramah4 ,born ,april #ac1 #agdi4 ,di$ ,decemb] #i1 #ahad4 ,?is em95t practical eng9e] & ma*9i/ 0 born at ,/a9bor\gh1 9 ,york%ire4 ,8 fa!r r5t$ a f>m on ! e/ate ( ,"l ,/raf=d1 & ,joseph1 be+ ! elde/ ( five *ildr5 0 int5d$ = ! same employm5t2 b =tunately = 8 subsequ5t c>e]1 an accid5tal lam5ess1 :i* occurr$ :5 he 0 sixte5 ye>s old1 prev5t$ 8 foll[+ agricultural pursuits4 ,:5 q a boy1 ,bramah exhibit$ unusual me*anical tal5t2 he succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ two violoncellos1 :i* 7 f\nd to be v tol]able in/rum5ts1 & also manag$ to cut a viol9 out ( a s+le block ( wood1 by means ( tools :i* 7 =g$ = him by a neighb\r+ smi?1 :om 9 aft] life he engag$ 9 ,london z "o ( 8 pr9cipal workm54 ,aft] hav+ s]v$ an appr5tice%ip to a c>p5t] & jo9]1 ,bramah obta9$ employm5t 9 ! work%op ( a cab9etmak] 9 ,london1 & soon aft]w>ds e/abli%$ himself z a pr9cipal 9 ! bus9ess4 ,! hi/ory ( 8 life aft] ?is is p]haps be/ giv5 by a record ( 8 num]\s inv5tions1 all ( :i* are1 m or less1 ( a highly useful "*4 ,= ! manufacture ( ^!1 ,bramah fir/ took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,d5m>k ,/reet1 ,soho1 b subsequ5tly remov$ to ,piccadilly1 & e/abli%$ ! v>i\s bran*es ( 8 manufactory 9 "s ext5sive premises at ,pimlico4 ,9 #aghc he took out a pat5t = an improv$ wat]cock1 & 9 ! ye> foll[+1 complet$ ! inv5tion ( 8 fam\s lock1 :i* = _m ye>s /ood unrivall$ 9 +5uity ( con/ruction1 workman%ip1 & p[]s ( resi/ance aga9/ all attempts to pick4#d ,bramah's indefatigable _s ( inv5tion 0 /imulat$ to fre% ef=ts by ! success ( 8 lock1 & he n[ ent]$ ^u a m important & orig9al l9e ( action ?an he _h yet v5tur$ ^u4 ,9 8 pat5t ( #aghe he indicat$ _m inv5tions1 al?\gh none ( !m came into practical use--su* z a ,hydro/atical ,ma*9e & ,boil]1 & ! application ( ! p[] produc$ by !m to ! draw+ ( c>riages & ! propell+ ( %ips1 by a paddle-:eel fix$ 9 ! /]n ( ! vessel4 ,= diff]5t modifications ( pumps & fire-eng9es1 ,mr4 ,bramah took out ?ree successive pat5ts1 ! two la/ be+ dat$ 9 #agij & #agih4 ,b 9 ! ye> #agie he produc$ & pat5t$ ! mo/ important ( all 8 inv5tions1 namely1 ',! ,hydraulic ,press1' a ma*9e :i* gives to a *ild ! /r5g? ( a giant1 enabl+ him to b5d a b> ( iron z if x 7 wax4 ,! *ief difficulty :i* ,bramah exp]i5c$ 9 con/ruct+ ?is press 0 t ( devis+ an effici5t pack+ = ! ram or solid pi/on1 :i*1 :ile capable ( keep+ out ! wat] "u ! trem5d\s int]nal pressure ex]cis$ by ! pump1 %\ld1 on ! )drawal ( t pressure1 all[ ! ram to s9k into its orig9al place4 ,?is 0 at l5g? accompli%$ by ! inv5tion ( ! self-tight5+ lea!r-coll>1 :i* 0 firmly secur$ 9 a recess at ! top ( a cyl9d]1 ) ! concave side d[nw>ds4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! wat] 0 pump$ into ! cyl9d]1 x imm$iately =c$ its way betwe5 ! b5t edges ( ! coll>2 & ! great] ! pressure ( wat]1 ! tight] became ! hold :i* ! coll> took ( ! solid pi/on4 ,x appe>s f ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy?1 t ,bramah 0 indebt$ = ?is simple b beautiful contrivance1 to ,h5ry ,maudslay1 :o 0 at t "t a workman 9 8 %op1 & :o _h already greatly assi/$ him 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 lock4 ,bramah cont9u$ 8 useful lab\rs z an inv5tor = _m ye>s1 & 8 /udies ( ! pr9ciples ( ,hydraulics1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inv5tion ( ! press1 enabl$ him to introduce _m valuable improvem5ts 9 pump+ ma*9]y4 ,by v>y+ ! =m ( ! pi/on & cyl9d]1 he 0 enabl$ to obta9 a rot>y motion1 :i* he adopt$ 9 ! well-kn[n fire-eng9e4 ,9 #agig he took out a pat5t = ! be]-ma*9e1 n[ 9 su* g5]al use 9 public h\ses1 & 9 ! description ( ?is he includes a mode ( conv]t+ e cask 9 a cell> into a =ce pump1 s z to raise ! liquor to any "p ( ! h\se2 a filt]+ ma*9e2 a me?od ( mak+ pipes2 a v5t peg1 & a new =m ( /op-cock4 ,bramah also turn$ 8 att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e1 b 9 ?is1 ,watt's pat5t _h left little room = o!r inv5tors3 & h5ce ,bramah seems to h ent]ta9$ a grudge aga9/ ,watt1 :i* 0 %[n /rongly 9 ! evid5ce giv5 by him 9 ! case ( ,b\lton & ,watt v]sus ,hornbl[] & ,mab]ly1 tri$ 9 ,decemb] #agif4 ,on ! expiry1 h[ev]1 ( ,b\lton & ,watt's pat5t1 ,bramah introduc$ sev]al valuable improvem5ts 9 ! details ( ! cond5s+ eng9e1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 0 8 f\r-way cock1 :i* 0 s contriv$ z to revolve cont9u\sly in/ead ( alt]nately1 ?us insur+ great] precision ) less we> ( p>ts4 ,9 ?is pat5t1 :i* he secur$ 9 #ahja1 he also propos$ sundry improvem5ts 9 ! boil]s1 z well z modifications 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjb1 ,bramah obta9$ a pat5t = a v elaborate & accurate ma*9e = produc+ smoo? & p>allel surfaces on wood & o!r mat]ials4 ,?is 0 erect$ on a l>ge scale at ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 & prov$ p]fectly successful4 ,! specification ( ! pat5t includes ! description ( a mode ( turn+ sph]ical surfaces ei!r convex or concave1 by a tool moveable on an axis p]p5dicul> to t ( ! la!1 & ( cutt+ out conc5tric %ells1 by fix+ 9 a simil> mann] a curv$ tool1 ne>ly ( ! same =m z t employ$ by common turn]s = mak+ b[ls4 ,bramah also inv5t$ ma*9]y = mak+ pap] 9 l>ge %eets1 & = pr9t+ by means ( a roll]1 compos$ ( a numb] ( circul> plates1 ea* turn+ on ! same axis1 & be>+ tw5ty-six lett]s capable ( be+ %ift$ at pleasure1 s z to express any s+le l9e by a prop] comb9ation ( ! plates4 ,?is 0 put 9 practice to numb] bank-notes1 & enabl$ tw5ty cl]ks to p]=m ! lab\r :i* previ\sly _h requir$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,9 #ahab he project$ a s*eme = ma9-pipes1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 9 _m respects1 m +5i\s ?an practicable4 ,9 describ+ ?is1 he m5tions hav+ employ$ a hydro/atic pressure equal to t ( a column ( wat] tw5ty ?\s& feet high 7ab\t ?ree & a half tons p] squ>e in*74 ,mr4 ,bramah made sev]al improvem5ts 9 ! be>+s ( :eels1 & sugge/$ ! use ( pneumatic spr+s =m$ by pi/ons slid+ 9 cyl9d]s1 9 place ( ! usual metal spr+s = c>riages4 ,he likewise improv$ ! ma*9es = saw+ /ones & timb]1 & sugge/$ "s alt]ations 9 ! con/ruction ( bridges & canal locks4 ,he di$ 9 8 sixty-six? ye>1 8 la/ illness hav+ be5 occasion$ by a sev]e cold caught dur+ ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 :ile mak+ "s exp]im5ts ) 8 hydraulic press on ! te>+ up ( trees 9 ,holt ,=e/4 ,he 0 a *e]ful1 b5evol5t1 & affectionate man1 neat & me?odical 9 8 habits1 & knew well h[ to temp] lib]ality ) economy2 greatly to 8 hon\r he (t5 kept 8 workm5 employ$ solely = _! sake1 :5 ! /agnation ( trade prev5t$ him f dispos+ ( ! products ( _! lab\r4 ,z a manufactur] he 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 promptitude & probity1 & 0 celebrat$ = ! exquisite f9i% :i* he gave to 8 productions4 ,at 8 dea? he left 8 family 9 afflu5t circum/ances1 & 8 manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts h s9ce 8 dea? be5 cont9u$ by 8 sons4 ,un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,bramah _h an inv9cible dislike to sitt+ = 8 portrait1 & !re consequ5tly exi/s no lik5ess ( ?is di/+ui%$ man2 =1 al?\gh a ca/ ( 8 face 0 tak5 aft] dea? by ,sir ,francis ,*antry1 ?is1 toge!r ) _m o!rs 0 de/roy$ by ,lady ,*antry aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&4--,memoir by ,dr4 ,br[n4--,/u>t's ,anecdotes ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbi4--,smiles's ,indu/rial ,biography4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,,rob]t ,,br[n1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,p4,l4,s41 c4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france4 ,born ,decemb] #ba1 #aggc4 ,di$ ,june #aj1 #ahei4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 :om ,humboldt has designat$ z ! ,pr9ce ( ,botani/s1 0 ! second & only surviv+ son ( ! ,rev4 ,james ,br[n1 ,episcopalian ,m9i/]1 ( ,montrose4 ,sev]al g5]ations ( 8 mat]nal ance/ors 71 l 8 fa!r1 m9i/]s ( ! ,scotti% ,episcopalian ,*ur*1 & f !m he appe>s to h inh]it$ a /rong atta*m5t to logical & metaphysical /udies1 ! effects ( :i* are s /rik+ly manife/$ 9 ! philosophical "* ( 8 botanical inve/igations4 ,at an e>ly age he 0 s5t to ! gramm>-s*ool ( 8 native t[n1 & 9 #aghg ent]$ at ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de51 :]e he imm$iately obta9$ a ,ramsay ,burs>y 9 philosophy4 ,ab\t two ye>s aft]w>ds1 on 8 fa!r quitt+ ,montrose to reside 9 ,ed9burgh1 he 0 remov$ to ! ,univ]sity ( t city1 9 :i* he cont9u$ 8 /udies = sev]al ye>s2 b )\t tak+ a degree1 al?\gh de/9$ = ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,9 ! ye> #agia1 at ! age ( sev5te51 ,br[n laid be=e ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 8 e>lie/ pap]1 :i* conta9$1 toge!r ) critical notes & obs]vations1 an enum]ation ( su* plants z _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,nor? ,brita9 subsequ5t to ! publication ( ,lightfoot's ,flora ,scotica4 ,al?\gh ?is pap] 0 n int5d$ = publication1 x br\ght ! "y botani/ into communication ) ,dr4 ,)]+1 & laid ! f\ndation ( a w>m & intimate fri5d%ip betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! ye> #agie1 soon aft] ! embodim5t ( ! ,fife%ire ,regim5t ( ,f5cible ,infantry1 ,br[n obta9$ 9 x ! d\ble commission ( ensign & assi/ant surgeon1 proce$+ ) ! regim5t to ! nor? ( ,irel&1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( :i* he 0 /ation$ until ! summ] ( #agih1 :5 he 0 deta*$ to ,engl& on recruit+ s]vice4 ,=tunately = himself & = sci5ce1 ?is s]vice enabl$ him to pass "s "t 9 ,london1 :]e 8 already e/abli%$ botanical reputation secur$ him a cordial reception f ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ( ^: libr>y & collections he avail$ himself to ! utmo/4 ,9 #agii he return$ to 8 regim5tal duties 9 ,irel&1 f :i* he 0 f9ally recall$1 9 ,decemb] ( ! foll[+ ye>1 by a lett] f ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 propos+ = 8 acceptance ! po/ ( naturali/ 9 ! exp$ition = survey+ ! coa/s ( ,new ,holl&1 !n fitt+ out "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,fl9d]s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahja he emb>k$ at ,portsm\? & set out on ?is exp$ition4 ,8 abs5ce f ,engl& la/$ m ?an f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! s\!rn1 ea/]n1 & nor!rn coa/s ( ,new ,holl&1 & ! s\!rn "p ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7 ?or\ghly explor$2 & he arriv$ 9 ,liv]pool1 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahje1 enri*$ ) a collection ( dri$ plants am\nt+ to ne>ly #djjj species1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* 7 n only new to sci5ce1 b likewise exhibit$ extraord9>y comb9ations ( "* & =m4 ,imm$iately on 8 arrival 9 ,engl&1 ,br[n 0 appo9t$ libr>ian ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ( :i* he _h be5 elect$ an associate 9 #agih4 ,! mat]ials :i* he _h be5 indefatigable 9 collect+ dur+ ?is voyage1 & ! va/ /ore ( facts & obs]vations 9 relation to _! /ructure & aff9ities :i* he _h accumulat$1 op5$ out to him new views ^u a multitude ( botanical subjects1 :i* he 0 enabl$ by 8 position 9 ! ,l9nean ,society to enl>ge1 & to p]fect1 & ultimately to lay be=e ! _w 9 a s]ies ( ma/]ly publications1 :i* at once /amp$ ^u him ! "* ( ! greate/ & mo/ philosophical botani/ t ,engl& _h ev] produc$4 ,9 #ahaj appe>$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ',prodromus ,flor nov ,holl&i et ,insul ,van ,diem54' ,?is important "w1 toge!r ) 8 memoirs on ,proteaci & ,asclepiade1 :i* imm$iately foll[$1 & 8 ',g5]al ,rem>ks1 ,geographical & ,sy/ematical1 on ! ,botany ( ,t]ra ,au/ralis1' app5d$ to ! ',n>rative ( ,capta9 ,fl9d]'s ,voyage1' publi%$ 9 #ahad1 by display+ 9 ! mo/ in/ructive =m ! sup]ior advantages ( ! ,natural ,sy/em1 gave new life to t sy/em1 :i* _h hi!rto f\nd little fav\r 9 ,france1 & spe$ily l$ to its univ]sal adoption4 ,a s]ies ( memoirs foll[$ ! above works1 *iefly 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 or 9 ! app5dices to v>i\s books ( travel & survey1 :i* gave full] & m complete developm5t to 8 views ^u almo/ e dep>tm5t ( botanical sci5ce1 & induc$ ! illu/ri\s ,humboldt n only to conf] ^u ,br[n ! title m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is memoir1 b also to designate him z ! ,glory & ,ornam5t ( ,great ,brita94#e ,at ! close ( ! ye> #ahaj1 on ! dea? ( 8 le>n$ & intimate fri5d ,dry&]1 ,mr4 ,br[n succe$$ to ! (fice ( ,libr>ian to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o 7on 8 dea? 9 #ahbj7 bequea!d to him = life ! use & enjoym5t ( 8 libr>y & collections4 ,^! 7 subsequ5tly1 ) ,mr4 ,br[n's cons5t1 & 9 con=mity ) ! provisions ( ,sir ,joseph's w1 transf]r$1 9 #ahbg1 to ! ,briti% ,museum2 & f ?is latt] date1 until 8 dea?1 he cont9u$ to fill ! (fice ( ,keep] ( ! ,botanical ,collections 9 ! ,national e/abli%m5t4 ,9 #ahdi ,mr4 ,br[n 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ( :i*1 soon aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 he _h resign$ ! ,libr>ian%ip1 & _h become a fell[4 ,9 #ahaa he _h be5 made a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society2 & 9 #ahci receiv$ its highe/ hon\r 9 ! ,copley m$al1 aw>d$ to him = 8 discov]ies dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s on ! subject ( vegetable impregnation4 ,9 ! meantime1 hon\rs & titles fl[$ 9 ^u him f all qu>t]s4 ,9 #ahcb ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d conf]r$ on him1 9 conjunction ) ,dalton1 ,f>aday1 & ,brew/]1 ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l42 &1 9 ! succe$+ ye>1 he 0 elect$ "o ( ! eight =eign associates ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 8 "n be+ select$ f a li/1 includ+ ^? ( n9e o!r savans ( _w-wide reputation1 ne>ly e "o ( :om has s9ce be5 elect$ to ! same di/+ui%$ hon\r4 ,dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 he receiv$1 9 recognition ( 8 great em95ce 9 botanical sci5ce1 a p5sion on ! ,civil ,li/ ( #bjjl4 p] annum1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ! ,k+ ( ,prussia decorat$ him ) ! cross ( ! highe/ ,prussian ,civil ,ord]--',p\r le ,m]ite4' ,( ,mr4 ,br[n's lat] publications ! mo/ important are1 8 ',botanical ,app5dix to ,capta9 ,burt's ,exp$ition into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1' publi%$ 9 #ahdi2 & 8 ,memoir ',on ,triplosporite1 an undescrib$ ,fossil ,fruit1' publi%$ 9 ! ,l9nean ,transactions = #ahea4 ,! p]vad+ & di/+ui%+ "* ( all ^! writ+s1 is to be f\nd 9 ! comb9ation ( ! m9ute/ accuracy ( detail ) ! mo/ compreh5sive g5]alization2 & no !ory is prop\nd$ :i* does n re/ = its f\ndation on ! mo/ circumspect inve/igation ( all atta9able facts4 ,among ! mo/ important anatomical & physiological subjects ( :i* !y treat1 p>ticul> m5tion is due to ! discov]y ( ! nucleus ( ! vegetable cell1 ! developm5t ( ! /am9a1 toge!r ) ! mode ( fecundation 9 ,asclepiade & ,or*ide2 ! developm5t ( ! poll5 & ( ! ovulum 9 ,phnogam\s plants1 & ! be>+ ( ^! facts ^u ! g5]al subject ( impregnation2 also ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! spores ( mosses2 & ! discov]y ( ! peculi> motions :i* take place 9 ! active molecules ( matt] :5 se5 susp5d$ 9 a fluid "u ! microscope4 ,( /ructural inve/igations1 ! mo/ important are ^? :i* e/abli% ! relation ( ! fl[] to ! axis f :i* x is d]iv$1 & ( ! p>ts ( a fl[] to ea* o!r1 z reg>ds bo? position & numb]2 ! analogy betwe5 /am9a & pi/illa2 ! neuration ( ! corolla ( composit1 _! /ivation & infloresc5ce2 & ! /ructure ( ! /ems ( cycade1 bo? rec5t & fossil4 ,mr4 ,br[n 0 also /rongly atta*$ to ! /udy ( fossil botany1 &1 ) a view to its prosecution1 he =m$ an ext5sive & valuable collection ( fossil woods1 :i* he has bequea!d1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o bequea!d to him 8 h\se 9 ,soho ,squ>e1 ,mr4 ,br[n cont9u$ to occupy t portion ( x :i* op5$ ^u ,dean ,/reet2 & x 0 9 ! libr>y ( t illu/ri\s man1 ! sc5e ( 8 lab\rs = sixty ye>s1 surr\nd$ by 8 books & by 8 collections1 t ,rob]t ,br[n brea!d 8 la/1 on ! #aj? ( ,june1 #ahei1 9 ! eighty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4--,memoir by ,john ,j4 ,b5nett1 ,f4,r4,s41 read at ! ,anniv]s>y ,meet+ ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,may1 #ahei4 ,,sir ,m4 ,,isamb>d ,,brunel1 ,v4,p4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,april #be1 #agfi4 ,di$ ,decemb] #ab1 #ahdi4 ,?is celebrat$ eng9e] 0 born at ,haqueville1 9 ,norm&y1 :]e 8 family _h = sev]al c5turies held an hon\rable position1 numb]+ among its memb]s ! em95t ,fr5* pa9t] ,ni*olas ,p\ss94 ,brunel 0 educat$ at ! sem9>y at ,r\51 ) ! int5tion ( 8 ent]+ holy ord]s1 b he display$ s decid$ a ta/e = ma!matics & me*anics1#f t by ! advice ( ! sup]ior ( ! e/abli%m5t he 0 remov$ to foll[ a m cong5ial c>e]4 ,8 fa!r !n de/9$ him = ! naval s]vice1 :i* he ent]$ on ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,m>es*al de ,ca/ries1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e1 & made sev]al voyages to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,:ile 9 ?is position1 al?\gh only fifte5 ye>s old1 8 me*anical tal5ts %[$ !mselves on _m occasions1 & he surpris$ 8 capta9 by ! production ( a sextant ( 8 own manufacture1 ) :i* he took 8 obs]vations4 ,9 #agib ,brunel return$ to ,france1 :]e he f\nd ! revolution at its height1 &1 l all :o ent]ta9$ ,royali/ pr9ciples1 0 compell$ to seek safety by flight1 :i* ) difficulty he effect$1#g tak+ refuge 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,"h1 driv5 by necessity to ! ex]cise ( 8 tal5ts1 he foll[$ ! b5t ( 8 incl9ation1 & became a civil eng9e] & ar*itect4 ,8 fir/ engagem5t 9 ?is capacity 0 on ! survey ( a tract ( l& ne> ,lake ,erie2 he !n became engag$ 9 cutt+ canals1 & 0 employ$ to erect an ars5al & cannon f\ndry at ,new ,york1 :]e he erect$ sev]al new & +5i\s ma*9es4 ,he 0 also engag$ to design & sup]9t5d ! build+ ( ! ,b[]y ,!atre1 ,new ,york1 s9ce de/roy$ by fire1 ! ro( ( :i* 0 peculi> & orig9al 9 its con/ruction4 ,brunel n[ rose high 9 ! e/imation ( ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york2 !y appo9t$ him _! *ief eng9e]1 & 9 t capacity he organiz$ an e/abli%m5t = ca/+ & bor+ ordnance1 :i* at t "t 0 consid]$ unsurpass$ = its novelty ( design & g5]al practicability4 ,previ\sly to ?is ! idea ( sub/itut+ ma*9]y = manual lab\r 9 mak+ %ips' blocks _h long occupi$ ,brunel's m9d1 & 9 #agii1 hav+ matur$ 8 plans1 he det]m9$ ^u com+ to ,engl&1 f9d+ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 unable to af=d full occupation = 8 inv5tive g5ius4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may ( ! same ye> ,brunel took out 8 fir/ pat5t 9 ,engl&1 :i* 0 = a duplicate writ+ & draw+ ma*9e4 ,8 next inv5tion 0 a ma*9e = twi/+ cotton ?read & =m+ x into balls2 x measur$ ! l5g? ( ?read :i* x w\nd1 & proportion$ ! size ( ! ball to its weight & firmness4 ,?is ma*9e 0 n1 h[ev]1 pat5t$1 & x became rapidly & g5]ally adopt$ )\t br++ any advantage to ! inv5tor4 ,brunel's next contrivance 0 a ma*9e = trimm+s & bord]s = musl9s1 lawns1 & cambrics1 some:at ( ! nature ( a sew+ ma*9e4 ,%ortly aft] ?is he pat5t$ 8 fam\s block-ma*9]y1 :i* he submitt$ = ! inspection ( ! ,admiralty 9 #ahja4 ,e>l ,/4 ,v9c5t 0 at t "t at ! head ( ! ,admiralty1 & aft] _m delays & difficulties1 :i* 7 ultimately ov]come *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,e>l ,sp5c] & ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 ,brunel's sy/em 0 adopt$2 & he 0 enabl$ to erect ! beautiful & effective ma*9]y1 :i* has cont9u$ until ! pres5t "t1 )\t any alt]ation or improvem5t1 to produce ne>ly all ! blocks us$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy4#h ,! con/ruction ( ?is block ma*9]y1 complet$ 9 #ahjh1 0 entru/$ to ! late ,mr4 ,h5ry ,maudslay1 f :om ,brunei _h already d]iv$ consid]able assi/ance 9 ! execution ( 8 models & work+ out ( 8 designs4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 ,portsm\? ,docky>d1 & ! economy produc$ by ! fir/ ye>'s use ( ^! ma*9es 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #bd1jjjl41 two-?irds ( :i* sum 0 aw>d$ to ! +5i\s inv5tor1 :o 0 soon aft] engag$ by ! gov]nm5t to erect ext5sive saw mills1 & c>ry out o!r improvem5ts at ,*a?am & ,woolwi*4 ,brunel 0 ess5tially an inv5tor2 besides ! above-m5tion$ ma*9es1 he took out pat5ts = ! manufacture ( t9-foil1 = copy+ presses1 = /]eotype pr9t+ plates1 a contrivance = mak+ ! small boxes us$ by druggi/s1 & a nail-mak+ ma*9e4 ,he likewise introduc$ ! sy/em ( cutt+ v5e]s by circul> saws ( a l>ge diamet]1 to :i* is ma9ly due ! pres5t ext5sive application ( v5e]s ( wood to ornam5tal furniture4 ,a %ort "t be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! w> ) ,france he devis$ a plan = mak+ %oes by ma*9]y1 & "u ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,duke ( ,york ! %oes s manufactur$ 7 introduc$ = ! use ( ! army1 on acc\nt ( _! /r5g?1 *eapness1 & durability2 b at ! peace 9 #ahae1 ! ma*9es 7 laid aside1 manual lab\r hav+ become *eap]1 & ! dem& = milit>y equipm5ts hav+ 9 a measure ceas$4 ,/eam navigation also attract$ ,brunel's att5tion1 & he became deeply int]e/$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,ramsgate /eam vessels1 :i* 7 among ! fir/ t pli$ effectively on ! ,riv] ,?ames4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 aft] mu* lab\r & p]sev]ance1 he induc$ ! ,admiralty to p]mit ! application ( /eam = t[+ vessels to sea1 ! exp]im5ts be+ made *iefly at 8 own exp5se1 a small sum 9 aid hav+ be5 promis$1 b ev5tually )drawn be=e ! completion ( ! trials1 ! ,admiralty consid]+ ! attempt too *im]ical to be s]i\sly ent]ta9$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbd ,brunel1 undet]r$ by ! two previ\s failures ( ,dodd & ,treve?ick1 comm5c$ 8 great "w--! ,?ames ,tunnel4 ,x is said t ! orig9al idea occurr$ to him z appli$ to ! ,neva at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 9 ord] to avoid ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f ! float+ ice2 a plan :i* he (f]$ to ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 on ! occasion ( 8 visit to ?is c\ntry 9 #ahad4 ,dur+ ! above-m5tion$ ye> a company 0 =m$ = ! execution ( ?is "w1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :o _h always ent]ta9$ a fav\rable view z to its practicability2 & aft] num]\s accid5ts1 & frequ5t susp5sions ( ! works1 ?is great & novel und]tak+ 0 successfully accompli%$1 & op5$ to ! public 9 ! ye> #ahdc4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is und]tak+ ,sir ,isamb>d d]iv$ great assi/ance f 8 son1 ! late ,mr4 ,i4 ,k4 ,brunel4 ,! %ield1 z x 0 t]m$1 "u %elt] ( :i* ! excavation b5ea? ! b$ ( ! riv] 0 c>ri$ =w>d1 requir$ v peculi> contrivances to adapt x to its purpose4 ,x 0 made 9 sections or comp>tm5ts conta9$ 9 a /rong squ>e frame1 ea* section or comp>tm5t be+ mov$ =w>d by screws1 z ! m5 work+ 9 !m proce$$ ) ! excavation2 ! entire %ield 0 ?us enabl$ to be mov$ =w>d1 & ! brickwork1 consi/+ ( two tunnels1 0 built up to ! ext5t t x _h be5 advanc$4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! ,tunnel1 ,brunel's heal? became s]i\sly impair$ f ! lab\rs he _h und]gone 9 its execution1 & he 0 unable to mix 9 active life2 he expir$ on ! #ab? ( ,decemb]1 #ahdi1 9 8 eighty-fir/ ye>1 aft] a long illness4 ,he receiv$ ! hon\r ( ,knigh?ood 9 #ahda1 & ! ord] ( ! ,legion ( hon\r 9 #ahbi2 he 0 also a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & a memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 :i* he jo9$ 9 ! ye> #ahbc4--;,annual ,report ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahej4--;,beami%'s ,life ( ,brunel4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,,edmund ,,c>twright1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,april #bd1 #agdc4 ,di$ ,octob] #cj1 #ahbc4 ,dr4 ,c>twright1 ^: inv5tion ( ! p[]-loom may be consid]$ z "o ( ! valuable elem5ts ( our national manufactur+ sup]iority1 0 born at ,m>nham 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 & 0 ! y\nge/ ( ?ree bro!rs1 all ( :om 7 rem>kable m54#i ,he 0 educat$ "u ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,wakefield1 & _h he be5 p]mitt$ to foll[ ! b5t ( 8 own incl9ation 9 ! *oice ( a pr(ession1 w\ld h pref]r$ ! navy2 b two ( 8 bro!rs be+ already design$ = t s]vice1 x 0 ?\ght advisable t ,edmund %\ld ent] ! ,*ur*4 ,dr4 ,c>twright began 8 academical /udies at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e he 0 ent]$ at f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 & dur+ ! vacations 0 plac$ "u ! private tuition ( ,dr4 ,langhorne1 ! editor ( ',plut>*'s ,lives4' ,9 process ( "t he became di/+ui%$ = 8 lit]>y abilities1 & 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college4 ,he likewise ev9c$ a consid]able ta/e = poetry1 & publi%$ 9 #aggj a leg5d>y tale1 entitl$ ',arm9e & ,elvira1' :i* w5t ?r\gh sev5 editions 9 little m ?an a ye>1 & 0 greatly admir$ = its pa?os & elegant simplicity4 ,"s ye>s subsequ5t to ?is1 ,c>twright wrote ',! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1' publi%$ 9 #aggi1 & 0 also = sev]al ye>s a pr9cipal contributor to ! ',mon?ly ,review4' ,9 ! ye> #aggb he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,ri*>d ,:ittak]1 ,esq41 ( ,donca/]1 & aft] 8 m>riage resid$ fir/ at ,m>nham1 & aft]w>ds at ,brampton 9 ,d]by%ire1 to ! p]petual curacy ( :i* he 0 pres5t$ by ! ,dean ( ,l9coln1 ,dr4 ,cu/4 ,x 0 :ile att5d+ to 8 cl]ical duties at ?is latt] place1 t ,c>twright discov]$ ! application ( yea/ z a rem$y = typhus fev]4 ,9 #aggi he 0 pres5t$ to ! liv+ ( ,goadby ,m>wood 9 ,leice/]%ire1 & cont9u$ to reside !re until ! summ] ( #agif1 :5 he remov$ ) 8 family#aj to ,london1 z be+ a situation m fav\rable = ! cultivation ( ! sci5tific pursuits 9 :i* he _h by t "t become engross$4 ,dr4 ,c>twright _h atta9$ ! mature age ( =ty1 be=e 8 att5tion 0 drawn t[>ds ! subject ( weav+1 by ! foll[+ accid5tal occurr5ce3--,9 ! summ] ( #aghd1 he happ5$ to be on a visit at ,matlock1 9 ,d]by%ire1 & 9 ! company ( "s g5tlem5 f ,man*e/]4 ,! conv]sation turn$ ^u ,arkwright's sp9n+ ma*9]y2 & fe>s 7 express$ by "o ( ! company1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rec5t improvem5ts1 s mu* cotton w\ld soon be spun1 t h&s w\ld n be f\nd to weave x4 ,to ?is ! doctor repli$1 t ! only rem$y = su* an evil w\ld be to apply ! p[] ( ma*9]y to weav+ z well z sp9n+4 ,! discussion :i* ensu$ ^u ! practicability ( do+ ?is1 made su* an impression on ,c>twright's m9d1 t on return+ home he det]m9$ to try & see :at he c\ld d4 ,8 fir/ attempts1 z might be suppos$1 7 v clumsy1 b he at l5g? succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ a ma*9e 7= :i* he took out a pat5t 9 #aghe71 :i*1 al?\gh rude & cumb]some 9 its action1 0 yet capable ( weav+ a piece ( clo?4 ,up to ?is "t he _h nev] turn$ 8 m9d to any?+ me*anical1 ei!r 9 !ory or practice1 & 8 inv5tion 0 consequ5tly susceptible ( great improvem5t4 ,to accompli% ?is1 he n[ exam9$ ) c>e ! contrivances already 9 use among ! weav]s1 & avail+ himself ( _! g5]al pr9ciples1 produc$ 9 ! ye> #aghg a f> m complete & valuable ma*9e1 s9ce kn[n z ! p[]-loom4 ,%ortly aft] he _h br\ght 8 loom to p]fection1 a manufactur] :o _h call$ ^u him to see x at "w1 aft] express+ 8 admiration at ! +5uity display$ 9 x1 rem>k$1 t wond]ful z 0 ,dr4 ,c>twright's skill1 !re 0 "o ?+ t w\ld effectually baffle him1 & t 01 ! weav+ ( patt]ns 9 *ecks1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! comb9+ 9 ! same web a patt]n or fancy figure ) ! cross+ col\rs :i* con/itute ! *eck4 ,! doctor made no reply to ?is at ! "t2 b "s weeks aft]w>ds1 on receiv+ a second visit f ! same p]son1 he %[$ him a piece ( musl91 ( ! description m5tion$1 beautifully execut$ by ma*9]y1 :i* s a/oni%$ ! man1 t he r\ndly decl>$ 8 conviction t "s m ?an human ag5cy mu/ h be5 call$ 9 on ! occasion4#aa ,dr4 ,c>twright be+ preclud$ by 8 cl]ical "* f ent]+ himself into ! manufacture ( 8 ma*9es1 a weav+ factory 0 erect$ at ,donca/]1 by "s fri5ds1 ) 8 lic5ce1 b x 0 unsuccessful2 & ano!r e/abli%m5t1 built at ,man*e/]1 conta9+ #ejj looms1 0 de/roy$ by an exasp]at$ mob 9 #agij4 ,c>twright1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ 8 inv5tions1 & %ortly aft]w>ds contriv$ a wool-comb+ ma*9e1 :i* met ) ev5 fi]c] opposition f ! work+-classes1 :o w5t ! l5g? ( petition+ p>liam5t to suppress all su* obnoxi\s ma*9es4 ,_! great utility1 h[ev]1 caus$ !m by degrees to be g5]ally adopt$2 & at ! "t ( ,c>twright's dea?1 /eam-looms _h increas$ s rapidly1 t !y 7 p]=m+ ! "w ( #bjj1jjj m54 ,not)/&+ ! great advantages :i* ! cotton & wool manufactur]s reap$ f ^! inv5tions1 _! au?or _h z yet obta9$ no emolum5t f !m1 b1 on ! contr>y1 _h incurr$ a heavy loss4 ,9 consid]ation ( ?is1 & on ! petition ( sev]al influ5tial cotton-sp9n]s1 ,p>liam5t 9 #ahaj made ! doctor a grant ( #aj1jjjl4--a sum :i*1 al?\gh munific5t z a pres5t1 h>dly cov]$ :at he _h exp5d$ 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ receiv$ ! sum aw>d$ by ,p>liam5t1 & be+ n[ sixty-six ye>s ( age1 ,dr4 ,c>twright 0 desir\s ( pass+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 retirem5t & tranquillity1 & = ?is purpose pur*as$ a small f>m at ,holl5d51 9 ,k5t4 ,at ?is place he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 occupi$ 9 v>i\s sci5tific & me*anical exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,c>twright 0 ! au?or ( _m o!r inv5tions 9 ! arts & agriculture1 = "s ( :i* he receiv$ premiums f ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,society ( ,arts4 ,he also contriv$ an +5i\s modification ( ! /eam-eng9e1 9 :i* he made use ( surface cond5sation1 & metallic spr+ pack+ = ! pi/on4 ,till )9 a few days ( 8 dea?1 ,dr4 ,c>twright reta9$ full possession ( 8 m5tal faculties1 & atta9$1 at ! "t ( 8 decease 9 #ahbc1 ! age ( eighty-"o4 ,8 rema9s 7 int]r$ 9 ! *ur* at ,battle1 9 ,sussex4 ,memoir ( ,dr4 ,edmund ,c>twright4 ,london1 #ahdc4--,/u>t's ,anecdotes ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,,h5ry ,,cav5di%1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,octob] #aj1 #agca4 ,di$ ,febru>y #bd1 #ahaj4 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 ! ?ird 9 ord] ( "t among ! f\r great ,engli% pneumatic *emi/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1#ab 0 ! y\ng] son ( ,"l ,*>les ,cav5di%1 ^: fa!r 0 ! second ,duke ( ,devon%ire4 ,8 family trace back _! desc5t 9 unbrok5 & unque/ionable l9ks to ,sir ,john ,cav5di%1 ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,! great majority ( ! di/+ui%$ *emi/s ( ,great ,brita9 h sprung f ! middle & l[] ranks ( ! p1 b 9 ?is respect ,h5ry ,cav5di% pres5ts a rem>kable exception4 ,he 0 moreov] imm5sely weal?y1 s mu* s1 t x has be5 epigrammatically rem>k$ ( him1 ,t he 0 ! ri*e/ ( all wise m51 & probably1 too1 ! wise/ ( all ri* m52 yet no "o c\ld well be m indiff]5t ?an he1 to ! ext]nal advantages :i* are conf]r$ by bir? & =tune4 ,few p>ticul>s are kn[n ( 8 e>ly life4 ,he 0 born at ,nice1 :i!r 8 "m1 :o di$ :5 he 0 two ye>s old1 _h gone = ! sake ( h] heal?4 ,9 #agdb ,cav5di% became a pupil at ,dr4 ,newcome's s*ool at ,hackney1 cont9u+ 8 /udies !re until he _h rea*$ 8 sev5te5? ye>1 :5 he w5t to ,cambridge1 :]e he matriculat$ 9 ! fir/ rank on ! #ah? ( ,decemb]1 #agdi4 ,he rema9$ at ?is univ]sity until #agec1 b did n graduate4 ,aft] leav+ ,cambridge1 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,cav5di% becomes a blank = ! next t5 ye>s4 ,he jo9$ ! ,royal ,society 9 #agfj1 b did n contribute any?+ to its ',transactions' until ! ye> #agff1 :5 he publi%$ 8 pap] ',on ,factiti\s ,airs1' :i* conta9s ! fir/ di/9ct exposition ( ! prop]ties ( hydrog51 & ! fir/ full acc\nt ( ^? ( c>bonic acid2 & a pap] publi%$ by him 9 ! foll[+ ye> may be consid]$ z a /ill fur!r ext5sion ( 8 rese>* into ! prop]ties ( ?is acid4 ,= "s consid]able "t aft] ?is1 ,cav5di% appe>s to h laid aside ,*emi/ry = o!r dep>tm5ts ( physics4 ,9 #agga he publi%$ an elaborate pap] on ! !ory ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( electricity2 & 9 #aggf appe>$ ! curi\s & int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 attempts to imitate ! effects ( ! torp$o1 by an app>atus con/ruct$ 9 imitation ( ! liv+ fi%1 & plac$ 9 connection ) a frictional electrical ma*9e & a ,leyd5 batt]y4 ,9 ?is imitation he succe$$ s well1 t all d\bts 7 remov$ z to ! id5tity ( ! torp$9al b5umb+ p[] ) common electricity4 ,9 #aggf ,cav5di% 0 select$ by ! ,royal ,society1 9 ^: ',transactions' all 8 previ\s pap]s _h be5 publi%$1 to describe ! v>i\s meteorological in/rum5ts :i* 7 made use ( 9 _! ap>tm5ts2 & ! succe$+ ye> to ?is m>ks ! p]iod :5 he comm5c$ 8 mo/ important *emical rese>*es1 entitl$ ',exp]im5ts on ,air1' :i* 7 c>ri$ on ) frequ5t & sometimes long int]ruptions until #aghh1 no "p ( !m1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 publi%$ be=e ! ye> #aghc4 ,!y l$ to ! discov]y ( ! con/ant quantitative composition ( ! atmosph]e1 ! comp\nd nature ( wat]1 & ! composition ( nitric acid4 ,to solve ! important problems1 :e!r ! atmosph]e is con/ant 9 its composition1 & if s1 :at is its composition8 ,cav5di% exp]im5t$ 9 #agha = "s sixty successive days1 mak+ _m hundr$ analyses ( air4 ,! hon\r ( ! discov]y ( ! comp\nd nature ( wat]1 by :i* p]haps 8 "n has become mo/ fam\s1 is also claim$ by ,james ,watt4 ,cav5di%1 h[ev]1 seems at all ev5ts entitl$ to ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ suppli$ ! data on :i* t discov]y 0 f\nd$1 :il/ ,watt appe>s to h suppli$ ! conclusion4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #aghc & #aghh1 ,cav5di% publi%$ 8 pap]s on ',heat1' & 8 ',exp]im5ts on ,air2' ! =m] are ?ree 9 numb]1 & relate *iefly to ! ph5om5a ( congelation1 & embody "s ( ! results ( exp]im5ts made z e>ly z ! ye> #agfd4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pap]s ref] to quicksilv]1 demon/rat+ ! true freez+-po9t ( ?is metal to be #ci or #dj bel[ z]o1 :ile ! second & ?ird ref] to ! freez+ ( ! m9]al acids & ( alcohol4 ,8 exp]im5ts on air1 :i* l$ to ! important results already ref]r$ to1 suppli$ mat]ials = f\r pap]s1 besides lead+ to ! obs]vation ( _m ph5om5a :i* 7 nev] made public4 ,) ! la/ ( ^! pap]s publi%$ 9 #aghh1 ,cav5di% clos$ 8 *emical rese>*es1 8 rema9+ publications ref]r+ to meteorology & a/ronomy4 ,9 #agih appe>$ ! celebrat$ enquiry into ! d5sity ( ! e>?1 communicat$ by ,cav5di%1 9 a pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 9 :i* he det]m9$1 by means ( an app>atus contriv$ by ! ,rev4 ,john ,mit*ell1 ! d5sity ( our globe to be #ed1--or1 9 o!r words1 ne>ly five-&-a half times heavi] ?an ! same bulk ( wat] w\ld be4 ,! exp]im5ts made ) ?is app>atus consi/$ 9 obs]v+1 ) _m precautions1 ! movem5ts ( a long lev] delicately susp5d$ by ! c5tre1 s z to hang horizontally1 & furni%$ at ei!r extremity ) small lead5 balls4 ,:5 two mu* l>g] & heavi] balls ( ! same metal 7 br\ght ne> ! small] ones1 ! latt] 7 attract$ t[>ds !m ) a c]ta9 =ce1 ! measurem5t ( :i* suppli$ "o ess5tial datum = ! det]m9ation ( ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?4 ,no great] complim5t to ! accuracy ( ! ',cav5di% ,exp]im5t' 7z ! rese>*es tak5 z a :ole are g5]ally call$7 c be af=d$1 ?an ! slight diff]5ce :i* appe>$ :5 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ at a lat] p]iod by ,francis ,baily1 :o1 ) extraord9>y precautions to ensure a correct result1 & ) all ! improvem5ts :i* =ty f]tile ye>s _h add$ to me*anical contrivances1 det]m9$ ! d5sity to be #ef1 or a little m ?an five-&-a-half times t ( wat]4 ,! la/ pap] :i* ,cav5di% publi%$1 on an improvem5t 9 ! mann] ( divid+ a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 appe>$ 9 #ahji1--;a ye> be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 publi%$ pap]s give1 h[ev]1 b an imp]fect notion ( ! great ext5t ( gr\nd ov] :i* he travell$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations1 & ( ! success ) :i* he explor$ x4 ,he 0 an excell5t ma!matician1 electrician1 a/ronom]1 meteorologi/1 & geologi/1 & a *emi/ equally le>n$ & orig9al4 ,he liv$ retir$ f ! _w among 8 books & in/rum5ts2 he nev] m$dl$ ) ! affairs ( active life1 b pass$ 8 :ole "t 9 /or+ 8 m9d ) ! k imp>t$ by =m] inquir]s1 & 9 ext5d+ its b\nds4 ,8 dress 0 ( ! olde/ fa%ion2 8 walk 0 quick & uneasy2 he nev] appe>$ 9 ,london unless ly+ back 9 ! corn] ( 8 c>riage2 & he probably utt]$ few] words 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life ?an any man :o ev] liv$ to f\rscore ye>s4 ,8 private "* has be5 ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 f ^: compreh5sive life ( ,cav5di% ! pres5t memoir has be5 *iefly tak53-- ,morally x 0 a blank1 & c only be describ$ by a s]ies ( negations4 ,he did n love1 he did n hate1 he did n hope1 he did n fe>1 he did n wor%ip z o!rs d4 ,he sep>at$ himself f 8 fell[ m51 & app>5tly f ,god4 ,!re 0 no?+ e>ne/1 en?usia/ic1 h]oic or *ivalr\s 9 8 nature2 & z little 0 !re any?+ mean1 grovell+ or ignoble4 ,he 0 almo/ passionless4 ,an intellectual head ?9k+1 a pair ( wond]fully acute eyes obs]v+1 & a pair ( v skilful h&s exp]im5t+ or record+1 are all t ,i recognize 9 8 memorials4 ,8 bra9 seems to h be5 b a calculat+ eng9e2 8 eyes inlets ( vision1 n f\nta9s ( te>s2 8 h&s in/rum5ts ( manipulation1 :i* nev] trembl$ ) emotion1 or 7 clasp$ toge!r 9 adoration1 ?anksgiv+ or despair2 8 he>t only an anatomical organ necess>y = ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,a s5se ( isolation f 8 bre?r5 made him %r9k f _! society & avoid _! pres5ce2 b he did s z "o consci\s ( an infirmity1 n boa/+ ( an excell5ce4 ,he 0 l a deaf mute1 sitt+ ap>t f a circle ^: looks & ge/ures %[ t !y are utt]+ & li/5+ to music & eloqu5ce1 9 produc+ or welcom+ :i* he c be no %>]4 ,wisely !re=e he dwelt ap>t4 ,he 0 "o ( ! un?ank$ b5efactors ( 8 race1 :o 0 pati5tly tea*+ & s]v+ mank9d1 :il/ !y 7 %r9k+ f 8 coldness or mock+ 8 peculi>ities4 ,he c\ld n s+ = !m a sweet song1 or create a '?+ ( beauty1' :i* w\ld be 'a joy = ev]1' or t\* _! he>ts1 or fire _! spirits1 or deep5 _! rev]5ce or _! f]v\r4 ,he 0 n a poet1 a prie/1 or a prophet1 b only a cold cle> intellig5ce1 ray+ d[n pure :ite light1 :i* bright5$ ev]y?+ on :i* x fell1 b w>m$ no?+--a /> ( at lea/ ! second1 if n ( ! fir/ magnitude 9 ! intellectual firmam5t4 ,z ,cav5di% _h liv$1 s he di$--alone4 ,he di$ aft] a %ort illness1 probably ! fir/ z well z ! la/ "u :i* he ev] suff]$4 ,8 habit ( curi\s obs]vation cont9u$ to ! end2 he 0 desir\s ( m>k+ ! progress ( disease & ! gradual ext9ction ( ! vital p[]s4 ,) ?is view1 t he might n be di/urb$1 he desir$ to be left alone4 ,8 s]vant return+ soon] ?an he _h wi%$ 0 ord]$ aga9 to leave ! *amb] ( dea?1 & :5 he came back a second "t he f\nd 8 ma/] _h expir$4 ,al?\gh 9 _m respects ( a highly lib]al "*1 s great 0 ! frugality ( 8 ord9>y mode ( liv+ 9 comp>ison to 8 income1 t at 8 dea? ,cav5di% left ! enorm\s sum ( #a1bjj1jjjl4 to be divid$ among 8 relations4--,life ( ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 by ,george ,wilson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,london1 #ahea4--;,br\gham's ,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 ,london & ,glasg[1 #ahee4 ,,william ,,*apman1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,born #agdi4 ,di$ ,may #bi1 #ahcb4 ,william ,*apman1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 0 born at ,:itby1 9 ,york%ire1 ( a respectable & weal?y family1 :o _h resid$ 9 t t[n = sev]al g5]ations4 ,he inh]it$ ! fre$om ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne f 8 fa!r1 :o1 9 common ) all ! *ief p ( ,:itby1 0 engag$ 9 %ipp+1 & 0 besides p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ = 8 atta9m5ts 9 ma!matics & o!r sci5tific pursuits4 ,william ,*apman d]iv$ great advantage f 8 fa!r's k ( ^! subjects1 contract+ a /rong ta/e = simil> occupations4 ,aft] receiv+ a lib]al education at diff]5t public s*ools1 he 0 put 9 comm&1 at ! e>ly age ( eighte51 ( a m]*ant vessel1 9 :i* he enjoy$ ! opportunity ( visit+ num]\s h>b\rs1 bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries4 ,he cont9u$ ?us occupi$ = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 los+ no opportunity ( mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( ! v>i\s h>b\rs he 0 9 ! habit ( visit+1 & he ?us acquir$ t valuable practical k on ! subject ( ^! works = :i* he became aft]w>ds s highly di/+ui%$4 ,aft] leav+ ! m]*ant s]vice1 ,mr4 ,*apman 0 =tunate en\gh to become acqua9t$ ) ,james ,watt1 ) 8 p>tn] ,mat!w ,b\lton1 & also ) ,mr4 ,wooll]1 ,eng9e] to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,by ^! em95t m5 he 0 /rongly advis$ to become an eng9e]1 & foll[ z a pr(ession t :i* he _h already closely /udi$ z an amusem5t4 ,*apman accord+ly accompani$ ,mr4 ,b\lton into ,irel&1 ab\t ! close ( ! ye> #aghc1 b al?\gh well introduc$1 0 unable to obta9 any employm5t ( consequ5ce 9 t c\ntry1 until he _h writt5 a prize essay on ! effects ( ! riv] ,dodd] on ! ,h>b\r ( ,dubl94 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 he 0 appo9t$ resid5t eng9e] to ! ,c\nty ( ,kild>e ,canal1 ! works ( :i* 7 c>ri$ on "u ! surveillance ( ! ,duke ( ,le9/]1 ! c\nty memb]s1 & o!r lead+ m54 ,9 ! execution ( ?is und]tak+1 ,mr4 ,*apman 0 reque/$ n to alt] ! direction ( ! roads int]sect$ by x1 al?\gh "o ( !m deviat$ f ! "r angle across ! canal upw>ds ( #ej deg4 ,to meet ?is difficulty1 & kn[+ t a bridge ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 ) any obliquity1 c\ld n possibly /&1 ,*apman inv5t$1 & put into practice1 ! me?od ( build+ oblique or skew bridges1 :i* has s9ce be5 s g5]ally adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 9 railway1 canal1 & o!r bridges4 ,be=e ?is p]iod1 7#aghg71 :5ev] a road cross$ ! c\rse ( a canal or riv]1 requir+ ! con/ruction ( a bridge1 x _h be5 usual to deviate ! c\rse1 ei!r ( ! road or ! object x cross$1 s t ! cross+ %\ld be at "r angles2 a practice :i* occasion$ a great wa/e ( l& & consid]able exp5se z well z awkw>d & dang]\s b5ds 9 ! roads ?us treat$4 ,9 "s few cases :]e ! bridge 0 requir$ to be ( only a small op5+1 no alt]ation 9 ! direction 0 made1 b a bridge built ( an oblique =m1 t is ) abutm5ts =m+ oblique angles ) ! road pass+ ov] x1 ! c\rses ( ! ar* be+ built 9 l9es p>allel ) ! abutm5ts1 & ! ends ( ! v\ssoirs bevell$ (f to co9cide ) ! direction ( ! road4 ,bridges built 9 ?is mann] consequ5tly became highly dang]\s :5 ! span 0 great1 or ! obliquity consid]able4 ,! value ( ,*apman's inv5tion consi/s 9 ?is1 t he gave ! means ( build+ bridges on ! skew pr9ciple1 9 any requir$ situation1 )\t alt]+ ! direction ( ! roads or wa/+ mat]ial1 & at an exp5se little above t ( ord9>y rectangul> bridges4 ,?is he accompli%$ by ! pr9ciple ( build+ ! c\rses ( v\ssoirs at "r angles to ! face ( ! ar*1 meet+ ! abutm5ts at oblique angles1 be+ ! v rev]se ( ! sy/em previ\sly practis$4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,kild>e ,canal1 ,mr4 ,*apman1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,duke ( ,le9/]1 became ov]se]1 conjo9tly ) him & ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,ponsonby ,moore1 = ! build+ a bridge ( five ar*es ov] ! ,liffey1 to replace ! =m] "o :i* _h be5 c>ri$ away by a flood4 ,! bridge itself 0 a pla9 /ructure1 b ! means employ$ 9 =m+ & secur+ ! f\ndations attract$ g5]al att5tion1 & br\ght ,mr4 ,*apman into /ill great] notice4 ,f ?is "t ! numb] & importance ( 8 pr(essional engagem5ts cont9u$ to increase1 & he 0 engag$ to survey & report ^u sev]al projects = ! improvem5t ( ! navigations ( v>i\s riv]s1 ( :i* plans ! mo/ important 0 ! navigation ( ! riv] ,b>r[1 f ,a?y d[nw>ds4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he 0 appo9t$ consult+ eng9e] to ! ,gr& ,canal ( ,irel&1 ( :i* und]tak+ ,mr4 ,jessop 0 direct+ eng9e]2 & "u ! jo9t sup]9t5d5ce & surveys ( ^! two g5tlem51 ! ext5sion ( ! ,gr& ,canal f ,rob>ts ,t[n to ,tullamore 0 laid out1 z well z ! ,dock betwe5 ,dubl9 & ,r+s5d1 & ! canal ( communication by ! l9e ( ! circul> road4 ,! project$ canal f ne> ,tullamore pass$ ?r\gh ext5sive bogs1 "s ( :i* 7 ?irty feet 9 dep?1 & 9 consequ5ce ( its difficulties 0 laid out by ,mr4 ,*apman himself4 ,! directors ( ! ,gr& canal _h exp5d$ upw>ds ( #ajj1jjjl4 9 a v %ort space ( gr\nd betwe5 ,rob>ts ,t[n & ,ba?ang>1 f n be+ acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( ! subsid5ce ( bogs "u sup]9cumb5t weight1 or :5 laid dry by dra9age4 ,mr4 ,*apman1 !re=e1 avail$ himself ( _! de>ly b\ght exp]i5ce1 & adopt$ ! foll[+ +5i\s me?od ( comp>+ diff]5t k9ds ( bogs & _! relative subsid5ce4 ,he provid$ himself ) a cyl9dric implem5t ( /eel plate1 %>p at ! l[] edges1 & conta9+ exactly "o hundr$? "p ( a cubic foot1 & hav+ divid$ ! /rata ( ! bogs into z _m lead+ classes & subdivisions z 7 necess>y1 he fill$ ! cyl9d]s ) a specim5 ( ea*1 by twi/+ !m r\nd s z to cut ! fibres ( ! bog4 ,! samples ?us tak5 7 c>efully cut (f at ! level ( ! cyl9dric guage1 & _! weight hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 !y 7 left to dry dur+ ! space ( sev]al mon?s2 & :5 9 a firm /ate & consequ5tly greatly contract$1 7 aga9 weigh$1 ! result be+ t ! orig9ally wette/ bog 0 f\nd to h lo/ #aj-aa?s ( its weight1 & ! firme/ #b-crds1 ! re/ 9 due progression betwe54 ,x !re=e became a simple process to asc]ta9 pretty ne>ly ! ext5t ( subsid5ce 9 any bog to be pass$ ?r\gh1 & ( c\rse to lay out ! l9e ( ! canal ) su* levels1 t aft] subsid5ce1 its surface %\ld be at ! requir$ dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! bog4 ,among/ ,mr4 ,*apman's o!r ext5sive employm5ts 9 ,irel&1 he caus$1 at ! in/ance ( ! ,iri% ,gov]nm5t1 a survey to be made ( ! h>b\r ( ,dubl9 to beyond ! ,b> at ,h[?2 & on ?is occasion project$ a pi] f ! ,clont>f %ore to a due di/ance f ! ligh?\se1 & !n to ! we/w>d to a prop] di/ance f ! nor? wall1 s z to conf9e all ! tidal wat] cov]+ t va/ space1 & to cause x to pass d[n ! *annel ( ,pool ,beg1 9 place ( be+ p]mitt$ to fl[ inw>ds & outw>ds ov] ! ,nor? ,bull4 ,9 ! ye> #agid ,mr4 ,*apman return$ f ,irel&1 & fix$ 8 g5]al resid5ce at ,newca/le-^u-,tyne4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! great project ( a canal communication betwe5 ! ,g]man ,ocean & ! ,iri% ,sea1 0 engag+ g5]al att5tion 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 & ,mr4 ,*apman 0 fix$ ^u to survey ! l9e ( c\ntry = ?is propos$ canal betwe5 ,newca/le & ! ,solway ,fir?4 ,8 reports on ?is subject1 :i* 7 made dur+ ! ye>s #agie & #agif1 are /ill extant2 & al?\gh ! "w to :i* !y relate 0 nev] execut$1 ! docum5ts connect$ ) x are ( a v int]e/+ nature4 ,9 #ahjh ?is project1 :i* _h la9 dormant = _m ye>s1 0 aga9 reviv$1 & ,mr4 ,tel=d 0 employ$ to survey & report ^u ! be/ l9e ( canal betwe5 ,c>lisle & a suitable port on ! ,solway ,fir?4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,tel=d's plan 0 highly approv$ (1 ! "t _h n yet arriv$ = ! c>ry+ out ( ev5 ?is small portion ( ! orig9al great s*eme2 & x 0 n until ! ye> #ahah1 :5 ,mr4 ,*apman drew up a plan & report ^u ?is l9e f ,c>lisle to ,b[ness1 t a ,bill 0 br\ght into ,p>liam5t1 = :i* an act 0 obta9$ e>ly 9 #ahai4 ,! canal :i* has be5 9 successful op]ation = _m ye>s1 is elev5-&-a-half miles 9 l5g?1 & co/ ab\t #abj1jjjl4 ,x comm5ces on ! s\?-ea/]n side ( ,c>lisle1 & falls into ! sea1 ?r\gh a height ( sev5ty feet1 by means ( n9e locks4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agif ,mr4 ,*apman became a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 :i* at t "t numb]$ among/ its memb]s ,watt1 ,jessop1 & ,r5nie1 & among/ its honor>y associates ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & o!r lead+ m5 ( ! day4 ,9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,r5nie1 ,*apman 0 !n occupi$ 9 design+ ! ,london ,docks1 & subsequ5tly ! s\!rn dock & bas9 at ,hull4 ,he 0 also engag$ z eng9e] = ! con/ruction ( ,lei?1 ,sc>bor\gh1 & ,seaham ,h>b\rs1 ! la/ nam$ "w be+ und]tak5 = ! ,m>quis ( ,londond]ry4 ,9 addition to 8 regul> pr(essional occupations1 ,mr4 ,*apman devot$ a portion ( 8 "t to ! publication ( works be>+ on eng9e]+4 ,among/ ! mo/ important ( ^! 7 ! foll[+3 ',a ,treatise on ! v>i\s inv5tions = effect+ asc5ts 9 riv]s2' ',h9ts on ! necessity ( ,legislative int]f]5ce = regi/]+ ! ext5t ( work+s 9 ! ,coal ,seams1 & prev5t+ su* accid5ts z arise f want ( t k2' ',an ,essay on ,cordage2' & ',a ,treatise on ! pres]vation ( ,timb] f premature decay4' ,mr4 ,*apman also took out a pat5t = an improvem5t ^u ,capta9 ,hudd>t's sy/em ( manufactur+ ropes4 ,?is me?od 0 successfully c>ri$ into effect 9 all ! rope gr\nds on ! riv] ,tyne1 & 9 "s ( ^? on ! ,we> & ,twe$4 ,8 next inv5tion 0 = an exp$iti\s & easily practicable me?od ( l[]+ coal waggons1 ) _! cont5ts1 imm$iately ov] ! hat*ways ( %ips1 s z to prev5t ! great breakage ( coals :i* att5d$ ! usual me?od ( %oot+ !m ?r\gh long sp\ts2 ?is sy/em1 aft] ! expiration ( ! pat5t became univ]sal ^u ! ,tyne4 ,mr4 ,*apman possess$ a robu/ con/itution1 & practis$ ?r\gh life ! mo/ temp]ate habits2 he 0 ?us enabl$ to reta9 ! full enjoym5t ( 8 faculties1 & to cont9ue employ$ ^u v>i\s public works1 9 dra9ages1 canals1 & h>b\rs1 up till )9 a v %ort p]iod ( 8 decease1 :i* occurr$ 9 #ahcb1 9 ! eighty-?ird ye> ( 8 age4--,life ( ,*apman4 ,london1 ,john ,weale4 ,,sir ,,william ,,congreve1 ,,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born 9 ,middlesex1 ,may #bj1 #aggb4 ,di$ ,may #c1 #ahbh4 ,sir ,william ,congreve 0 ! son ( ! fir/ b>onet1 an ,artill]y (fic] ( ! same "n4 ,he ent]$ e>ly into ! bran* ( milit>y s]vice 8 fa!r _h pursu$1 &1 9 #ahaf1 atta9$ 9 x ! rank ( ,lieut5ant-,colonel4 ,he 0 also at ?is "t equ]ry to ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 :i* (fice he reta9$ on ! occasion ( 8 quitt+ ! milit>y s]vice 9 #ahbj4 ,congreve v e>ly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 inv5tions 9 ! con/ruction ( missiles4 ,he inv5t$ ! rocket :i* be>s 8 "n 9 ! ye> #ahjh1 & succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ?is de/ructive eng9e ( w>f>e z a p]man5t in/rum5t 9 milit>y & naval tactics1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,x 0 us$ by ,"l ,co*rane 9 8 attack on ! ,fr5* squadron 9 ! ,basque roads1 9 ! exp$ition aga9/ ,wal*]51 at ,wat]loo1 & ) mo/ s]viceable effect 9 ! attack on ,algi]s4 ,x 0 also us$ at ! battle ( ,leipzig 9 #ahac1 & = its s]vice on ?is occasion ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,anne 0 conf]r$ on ,sir ,william by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,s9ce t "t ! rocket has be5 mu* improv$ & modifi$1 & has become an ess5tial "p ( e armam5t1 n 9 ,engl& alone1 b univ]sally4 ,sir ,william ,congreve 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ! ye> #ahaa4 ,9 #ahab he became a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,gatton1 & 9 #ahbj & #ahbf = ,plym\?4 ,he succe$$ 8 fa!r z b>onet 9 #ahad4 ,besides ! above important inv5tion1 ,sir ,william wrote & publi%$ 9 #ahab an ',elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,m\nt+ ( ,naval ,ordnance1' & 9 #ahae ',a ,description ( ! ,hydro-,pneumatic ,lock4' ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! same ye> he obta9$ a pat5t = a new mode ( manufactur+ gunp[d]4 ,?is inv5tion consi/$1 fir/1 ( a ma*9e = produc+ z p]fect a mixture z possible ( ! +r$i5ts2 &1 secondly1 ( an improv$ mode ( pass+ ! mill-cake "u ! press1 & a new granulat+ ma*9e4 ,9 #ahai a pat5t 0 grant$ to him = an improv$ mode ( inlay+ or comb9+ diff]5t metals1 & ano!r = c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( bank-note pap] = ! prev5tion ( =g]y4 ,! la/ public s]vice p]=m$ by ,sir ,william 0 ! draw+ up & publi%+1 9 #ahbc1 a v int]e/+ report on ! gaslight e/abli%m5ts ( ! metropolis4 ,9 #ahbf1 he became mix$ up 9 ! speculative mania :i* prevail$ at t p]iod1 & 0 ultimately compell$ to seek refuge on ! cont95t at ,t\l\se1 :]e he %ortly aft]w>ds di$ at ! age ( fifty-six4--,annual ,regi/]1 #ahbh4 ,,samuel ,,crompton4 ,born ,decemb] #c1 #agec4 ,di$ ,june #bf1 #ahbg4 ,few m51 p]haps1 h ev] conf]r$ s great a b5efit on _! c\ntry & reap$ s little pr(it = !mselves z ,samuel ,crompton1 inv5tor ( ! ,sp9n+ ,mule4 ,he 0 born at ,firwood1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,tonge ne> ,bolton1 :]e 8 p>5ts occupi$ a f>m1 & sp5t _! leisure h\rs accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! p]iod--9 ! op]ations ( c>d+1 sp9n+1 & weav+4 ,soon aft] ! bir? ( ,samuel1 ! ,cromptons remov$ to a cottage ne> ,l[] ,wood 9 ! same t[n%ip1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 _! *ild 0 five ye>s old1 to a portion ( ! neighb\r+ anci5t mansion call$ ,hall-9-!-,wood4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] ?is la/ removal ,samuel's fa!r di$1 at ! e>ly age ( ?irty sev51 & he 0 left to be br\ght up "u ! c>e ( 8 "m1 a prud5t & virtu\s woman1 :o took c>e t h] son %\ld h ! b5efit ( all available means ( education4 ,samuel fir/ att5d$ ! s*ool ( ,mr4 ,lev] 9 ,*ur* ,/reet1 ,bolton1 b 0 v e>ly remov$ to ! s*ool ( ,william ,b>l[1 a ma/] well kn[n at t "t = 8 success z a tea*] ( writ+1 ari?metic1 & ! high] bran*es ( ma!matics4 ,f ! exig5cies ( h] situation1 ,mrs4 ,crompton 0 compell$ to take advantage ( h] son's assi/ance1 z soon z %e possibly c\ld1 & !re is little d\bt t ,samuel's legs mu/ h be5 accu/om$ to ! loom almo/ z soon z !y 7 long en\gh to t\* ! tr$dles4 ,little1 h[ev]1 is kn[n ( 8 e>ly life until ! ye> #agfi4 ,he 0 !n sixte5 ye>s old1 & cont9u$ to reside ) 8 "m1 occupi$ dur+ ! day at ! loom & sp5d+ 8 ev5+s at a s*ool 9 ,bolton1 :]e he advanc$ 8 k ( algebra1 ma!matics1 & trigonometry4 ,= "s ye>s previ\s to ?is p]iod !re _h be5 a greatly increas$ dem& = all k9ds ( cotton goods1 p>ticul>ly = imitations ( ! f9e musl9s import$ f ,india2 & _m attempts 7 made by ! manufactur]s 9 ,lanca%ire & ,scotl& to produce simil> fabrics1 b )\t success1 = ! h&spun y>n ( ?is c\ntry c\ld n compete ) ! delicate filam5ts produc$ by ,h9doo f+]s4 ,/ill1 ! dem& = f9e cottons ( v>i\s k9ds 0 s consid]able1 t ! weav]s1 = ! sake ( high wages1 7 /imulat$ to make great ex]tions4 ,b !y 7 cont9ually imp$$ by ! sc>city ( y>n = weft1 :i* (t5 kept !m idle half _! "t1 or compell$ !m to collect x 9 small quantities f ! cottages r\nd ab\t4 ,ano!r important cause ( ?is sc>city _h be5 ! inv5tion ( ! fly-%uttle1 by ,kay ( ,bury1 9 #agch1 :i* by d\bl+ ! spe$ ( ! weav]'s op]ations1 _h de/roy$ ! arrangem5t :i*1 up to t "t1 exi/$ betwe5 ! quantity ( y>n spun & ! weav]s' dem& = x4 ,?is natural balance1 ! fly-%uttle sudd5ly di/urb$1 &1 not)/&+ ! great ef=ts ( o!rs1 x 0 n aga9 adju/$ until aft] ,crompton's inv5tion 0 9 full op]ation4 ,su* 0 ! weav]s' /ate ( />vation = y>n1 :51 9 #agfg1 ,h>greaves inv5t$ ! j5ny1 :i* enabl$ a numb] ( ?reads to be spun at ! same "t4 ,x 0 on "o ( ^! ma*9es ) eight sp9dles1 t ,samuel ,crompton 0 9 ! habit ( sp9n+ ! y>n :i* he aft]w>ds wove into quilt+1 & he cont9u$ ?us occupi$ = ! five foll[+ ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 be+ deb>r$ f company & accu/om$ to solitude1 he began to %[ a ta/e = music2 to gratify :i* he 0 l$ to ! fir/ trial ( 8 me*anical skill 9 mak+ a viol91 ^u :i* he comm5c$ le>n+ to play4 ,) ?is musical fri5d ,crompton w\ld beguile _m a long w9t] night1 or dur+ ! summ] ev5+s w&] contemplatively among ! gre5 lanes1 or by ! m>g9 ( ! pleasant brook t swept r\nd ! romantic old resid5ce ( ,hall-9-!-,wood4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 little leisure 9 g5]al to sp5d ) 8 fav\rite in/rum5t2 ! necessities ( 8 situation compell$ him to p]=m daily a c]ta9 am\nt ( weav+1 & he only succe$$ 9 p]=m+ ?is at ! exp5se ( mu* "t lo/ 9 m5d+ ! ev] break+ ends ( ! y>n spun on ,h>greave's ma*9e1 :i* 0 ( a v s(t nature1 & q unfitt$ = w>ps or = ! musl9s s mu* 9 dem&4 ,dur+ ?is same p]iod ,arkwright _h ris5 to em95ce1 by adopt+ & c>ry+ into practice ! ideas ( ,highs1#ac & "o ,kay a clockmak]1 & _h con/ruct$ 8 wat]-frame1 :i* by means ( roll]s produc$ ?read ( a v sup]ior texture & firmness4 ,x rema9$1 h[ev]1 = ,crompton to comb9e 9 8 ma*9e ! improvem5ts ( ,h>greaves & ,arkwright1 & h5ce 0 d]iv$ ! "n giv5 to x ( ! ,sp9n+-,mule4 ,crompton comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* = _m ye>s 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ',hall-i'-?'-,wood ,:eels1' 9 ! ye> #aggd4 ,8 fir/ sp9n+-mule 0 con/ruct$ *iefly 9 wood1 by ! aid ( a scanty supply ( tools :i* _h be5 left by 8 fa!r1 :o1 en?usia/ically fond ( music1 _h %ortly be=e 8 dea? comm5c$ mak+ an organ4 ,) ! help ( ^! tools1 & ! assi/ance :i* a small wayside smi?y af=d$ him1 ,samuel ,crompton complet$ t inv5tion :i*1 f ! ext5d$ b5efits x has conf]r$ ^u our comm]ce1 entitles him to rank among/ ! greate/ inv5tors ,brita9 has ev] produc$4 ,! important "p ( 8 inv5tion 0 ! sp9dle c>riage1 & ! pr9ciple ( !re be+ no /ra9 ^u ! ?read until x 0 complet$4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by caus+ ! c>riage ) ! sp9dles to rec$e by ! movem5t ( ! h& & knee1 j z ! roll]s deliv]$ out ! elongat$ ?read 9 a s(t /ate1 s t x w\ld all[ ( a consid]able /ret*1 be=e ! ?read _h to enc\nt] ! /ress ( w9d+ ^u ! sp9dle4 ,?is1 z ! late ,mr4 ,k5n$y ( ,man*e/] truly said1 0 ! corn] /one ( 8 inv5tion4 ,:5 ,crompton 0 on ! eve ( complet+ 8 fir/ mule1 ab\t ! ye> #aggi1 ! ,blackburn sp9n]s & weav]s1 :o _h previ\sly driv5 ,h>greaves f 8 home1 aga9 comm5c$ _! riot\s proce$+s1 & began to de/roy all ! j5nys r\nd ab\t1 :i* _h m ?an tw5ty sp9dles4 ,crompton1 fe>ful le/ 8 new ma*9e %\ld meet ) a simil> fate1 took x to pieces & kept x hid 9 a l(t above ! ceil+ ( 8 room dur+ sev]al weeks4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! same ye>1 h[ev]1 ! ,hall-i'-?'-,wood ,:eel 0 complet$1 & ! y>n spun on x prov$ fit = ! manufacture ( musl9s ( an extremely f9e & delicate texture4 ,%ortly be=e ?is1 ,crompton _h m>ri$ ,m>y ,pimlott1 ! daught] ( a g5tleman resid+ at ,new ,keys ,hall1 ne> ,w>r+ton4 ,aft] 8 m>riage he liv$ 9 a cottage atta*$ to ! old ,hall1 ?\gh he /ill cont9u$ to occupy "p ( ! mansion1 9 "o ( ^: l>ge rooms he n[ op]at$ ^u ! mule ) ! utmo/ secrecy & ) p]fect success1 />tl+ ! manufactur+ _w by ! production ( y>n :i* bo? 9 f95ess & firmness _h hi!rto be5 unatta9able4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! happie/ portion ( ,crompton's life4 ,he 0 !n tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & ! ackn[l$g$ inv5tor ( a ma*9e :i*1 f ! fir/ h\r ( its op]ation1 alt]$ ! entire sy/em ( cotton manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its m]it 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ by all engag$ 9 ! trade :o _h an opportunity to exam9e ! y>n spun on x1 or ! fabrics made f t y>n2 b p>adoxical z x may appe>1 ! v p]fection ( 8 pr9ciple ( sp9n+1 0 9 a measure in/rum5tal 9 depriv+ him ( ! h>ve/ = :i* he _h s labori\sly work$4 ,! dem& = 8 y>n became s ext5sive & urg5t1 t ! old ,hall 0 lit]ally besieg$ by manufactur]s & o!rs f ! surr\nd+ di/ricts--_m ( :om came to pur*ase y>n1 b _m m to try & p5etrate ! my/]y ( ! new :eel1 & to discov] if possible ! pr9ciple ( its op]ations4 ,all k9ds ( /ratagems 7 practis$ 9 ord] to obta9 admission to ! h\se2 & "o inquisitive adv5tur] is said to h ensconc$ himself = "s days 9 ! cockl(t1 :]e he wat*$ ,samuel at "w ?r\gh a gimlet-hole pi]c$ ?r\gh ! ceil+4 ,crompton1 at l5g? we>i$ out1 & see+ ! utt] impossibility ( reta9+ 8 secret1 or ( sp9n+ ^u ! ma*9e ) ! undi/urb$ secrecy he desir$1 yield$ to ! urg5t solicitations1 & lib]al b deceitful promises ( num]\s manufactur]s1 & surr5d]$ to !m n only ! secret ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* he spun ! mu* priz$ y>n1 b likewise ! ma*9e itself4 ,?is he did on ! fai? ( an agreem5t drawn up by !mselves1 9 :i* !y promis$ to subscribe c]ta9 sums z a rew>d = 8 improvem5t 9 sp9n+4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0 ! mule giv5 up to ! public ?an ! subscriptions entirely ceas$1 & _m ( ^? :o _h previ\sly put d[n _! names evad$ or refus$ paym5t2 "s actually d5\nc$ ,crompton z an impo/or1 & :5 he respectfully put be=e !m _! own writt5 agreem5t1 ask$ him h[ he d>$ to come on su* an err&6 ,! gross sum ( money realiz$ by ?is subscription am\nt$ to betwe5 #ej & #ajjl4 ,mr4 ,crompton himself says3--,i receiv$ z mu* by way ( subscription z built me a new ma*9e1 ) only f\r sp9dles m ?an ! "o ,i _h giv5 up--! old "o hav+ =ty-eight1 & ! new "o fifty-two sp9dles4 ,?is %ameful treatm5t re/$ 9 ,crompton's memory ?r\gh life1 & to ! morbid di/ru/ ( 8 fell[-m51 :i* x eng5d]$1 may be ascrib$ _m ( ! mis=tunes :i* att5d$ 8 succe$+ life4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aghe ,mr4 ,crompton remov$ f ! ',hall-9-!-,wood' to a f>mh\se at ,oldhams1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,%>ples1 ab\t two miles f ,bolton4 ,"h he f>m$ sev]al acres ( l&1 & kept ?ree or f\r c[s2 :ile 9 ! upp] /ory ( ! h\se 0 erect$ 8 sp9n+ mule1 ^u :i* he cont9u$ to sp9 ) z mu* privacy z possible4 ,he 01 nev]!less1 /ill tr\bl$ by _m curi\s visitors1 :o 7 desir\s ( see+ ! improvem5ts he 0 suppos$ to h made on x4 ,among o!rs he receiv$ two visits f ! fir/ ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 !n an em95t ?\gh untitl$ manufactur]1 :o came ) ! hope ( induc+ ,crompton to jo9 8 e/abli%m5t1 & on 8 second visit made him an (f] ( p>tn]%ip4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ?is (f] 0 decl9$1 z ,mr4 ,peel's ent]pris+ bus9ess "* 0 exactly t mo/ suit$ = support+ ,crompton's great inv5tive g5ius4 ,_h ^! two m5 cont9u$ z p>tn]s at ?is p>ticul> "t1 ! successful developm5t ( ! cotton trade w\ld h be5 ha/5$ by at lea/ tw5ty ye>s1 :ile a l>ge & well des]v$ =tune might h be5 secur$ to ,crompton & 8 *ildr54 ,excell+ all o!r sp9n]s 9 ! quality & f95ess ( 8 y>n1 ,crompton cont9u$ to obta9 a high price = all he c\ld produce1 b 8 production 0 re/rict$ to ! "w ( 8 own h&s1 7an increas+ family hav+ depriv$ him ( ! aid ( 8 wife72 = :5ev] he comm5c$ to tea* any new h&s to assi/ him 9 8 "w1 no matt] h[ /rictly !y 7 b\nd to s]ve him by hon\r1 by gratitude1 or by law1 z soon z !y acquir$ a little k & exp]i5ce "u 8 tuition1 !y 7 inv>iably s$uc$ f 8 s]vice by 8 weal?y competitors2 s t he 0 ultimately compell$ to r5\nce ! use ( 8 mules1 & betake himself to 8 orig9al occupation ( weav+1 or at lea/ to sp9 only su* y>n z he c\ld employ 9 8 own looms z a small manufactur]4 ,9 #ahjj "s g5tlem5 ( ,man*e/]1 among :om ought to be m5tion$ ,mr4 ,george ,lee & ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 s5sible t ,mr4 ,crompton _h be5 illus$ & neglect$1 agre$1 )\t 8 k1 to promote a subscription on su* a scale z w\ld result 9 a sub/antial rew>d = 8 lab\rs4 ,b ?is s*eme1 al?\gh g5]\s & noble 9 its int5tion1 9 a great measure fail$4 ,be=e x c\ld be c>ri$ out1 ! c\ntry suff]$ sev]e di/ress f a failure 9 ! crops2 9 addition to ?is ! horrors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution approa*$ _! crisis2 w> broke out1 & trade 0 all b ext+ui%$4 ,ultimately1 all t c\ld be realiz$ am\nt$ to ab\t #dejl41 & ?is 0 h&$ ov] to ,crompton to enable him to increase 8 op]ations 9 sp9n+ & weav+4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahjg1 ,mr4 ,crompton1 9 ! hopes ( ga9+ ! patronage ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 wrote a lett] to him1 b un=tunately address$ x to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 & x is probable t ,sir ,joseph nev] read ! lett]1 b transmitt$ x to ! ,society to :i* x 0 address$2 9 any case1 no notice 0 tak5 ( ?is lett]1 & ,crompton's too morbidly s5sitive m9d ?us receiv$ an additional w\nd4 ,two or ?ree ye>s aft] ?is1 8 family circum/ances became v prec>i\s1 & 9 ! undef9$ hope ( yet obta9+ "s recomp5se = 8 lab\rs :i* might bett] 8 position1 ,crompton1 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 comm5c$ a /ati/ical inve/igation into ! results ( 8 inv5tion4 ,= ?is purpose he visit$ ! v>i\s manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,great ,brita91 &1 f ! in=mation he obta9$1 calculat$ t betwe5 f\r & five millions ( mule sp9dles 7 !n 9 actual use4 ,b ?is e/imate 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to be mu* too l[1 z x did n include any ( ! num]\s mules us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wooll5 y>n4 ,a /ory is told ( ,mr4 ,crompton1 t1 :5 at ,glasg[ engag$ 9 collect+ ?is in=mation1 he 0 invit$ to a complim5t>y d9n]1 b 8 c\rage 0 unable to c>ry him ?r\gh s =midable an ordeal2 & s :5 ! "t came = go+1 to use 8 own words1 r ?an face up1 ,i fir/ hid myself & !n fairly bolt$ f ! city4 ,mr4 ,crompton laid ! result ( 8 inve/igation be=e "s k9d fri5ds#ad at ,man*e/]1 :o und]took to draw up a memorial to ,p>liam5t on 8 behalf4 ,b 9 ?is matt] ,crompton's cont9u$ ill-=tune 0 s+ul>ly display$4 ,:5 ! "t came = ! grant to be propos$ to ,p>liam5t 7,may #aa1 #ahab71 ,mr4 ,p]cival1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 :o _h int5d$ propos+ #bj1jjjl4 z ! sum to be aw>d$1 0 assass9at$ :ile ent]+ ! lobby ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,crompton's petition 0 consequ5tly po/pon$1 & ultimately #ejjjl4 0 all t 0 aw>d$ to ! ,inv5tor ( ! ,sp9n+-,mule2 & ?us1 aft] hav+ haunt$ ! lobby ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons = five we>isome mon?s1 ,samuel ,crompton w5t back to ,bolton ) ?is %ad[ ( a national rew>d4 ,late 9 life ,mr4 ,crompton's family became disp]s$1 & z old age crept on he became less & less fitt$ = bus9ess1 & n[ = ! fir/ "t sank into actual pov]ty4 ,a noble ef=t 01 h[ev]1 made by "s ( ! inhabitants ( ,bolton to rescue him f 8 di/ress+ position1 & by _! ef=ts an annuity ( #fcl4 p] annum 0 secur$ to him = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbg ,samuel ,crompton's melan*oly life came to an end4 ,he di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,k+ ,/reet1 ,great ,bolton1 ag$ sev5ty-?ree1 ( no p>ticul> compla9t1 b by ! gradual decay ( nature4 ,8 body 0 plac$ 9 a grave ne> ! c5tre ( ! p>i% *ur*y>d1 und]nea? a flag/one ) ! foll[+ inscription3--,b5ea? ?is /one are int]r$ ! mortal rema9s ( ,samuel ,crompton1 ( ,bolton1 late ( ,hall-i'-?'-,wood1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,tonge1 inv5tor ( ! sp9n+ ma*9e call$ ! ,mule2 :o dep>t$ ?is life ! #bf? day ( ,june1 #ahbg1 ag$ sev5ty-two ye>s4#ae--,! ,life & ,times ( ,samuel ,crompton1 c41 by ,gilb]t ,j4 ,fr5*1 ,f4,s4,a41 c4 ,man*e/] & ,london1 #ahfj4 ,,john ,,dalton1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4 & ,e4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france4 ,born ,septemb] #e1 #agff4 ,di$ ,july #bg1 #ahdd4 ,john ,dalton 0 born at ,eaglesfield1 a small village 9 ,cumb]l&1 ne> ,cock]m\?4 ,8 fa!r1 ,joseph ,dalton1 0 a wooll5-weav]1 & at ! bir? ( 8 second son1 ,john1 ga9$ b a scanty subsi/5ce by weav+ common c\ntry goods4 ,at ! dea? ( 8 eld] bro!r1 h[ev]1 he inh]it$ a small e/ate ( sixty acres1 :i* enabl$ him to give up weav+4 ,john ,dalton _h consequ5tly few opportunities ( obta9+ a good education2 he 0 emphatically self-taught1 & f 8 v *ildhood began to acquire ^? habits ( /]n self-reliance & indomitable p]sev]ance :i* 9 aft] life1 r ?an any direct inspirations ( g5ius 7z ,dalton himself us$ to affirm71 enabl$ him to "w out 8 gr& discov]y ( ! ',atomic ,!ory4' ,dalton att5d$ ! s*ools 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,eaglesfield until elev5 ye>s old1 by :i* "t he _h gone ?r\gh a c\rse ( m5suration1 survey+1 & navigation4 ,at ! age ( twelve he began to tea* 9 ! village s*ool1 & = ! next two or ?ree ye>s cont9u$ to be p>tially occupi$ 9 tea*+ & 9 work+ on 8 fa!r's f>m4 ,:5 fifte5 ye>s old he remov$ to ,k5dal1 to become an assi/ant 9 a bo>d+ s*ool e/abli%$ !re2 &1 aft] rema9+ 9 ?is capacity = f\r ye>s1 he det]m9$ to und]take1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 eld] bro!r1 ! managem5t ( ! same s*ool4 ,dalton cont9u$ to be connect$ ) ?is s*ool = ! next eight ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he occupi$ 8 leisure 9 /udy+ ,greek1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,natural ,philosophy1 & 0 also a frequ5t contributor to ! ',g5tleman's & ,lady's ,di>ies1' two p]iodicals !n 9 consid]able repute4 ,:ile resid+ at ,k5dal1 ,dalton became acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,g\gh1 a man :o1 ?\gh bl9d f infancy1 0 yet possess$ ( high sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,) ?is g5tleman he contract$ an intimate fri5d%ip1 & 9 #agic 0 invit$1 *iefly ?r\gh ,mr4 ,g\gh's fav\rable recomm5dation1 to jo9 a college1 e/abli%$ 9 ,man*e/] by a body ( ,prote/ant diss5t]s1 z tutor 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ma!matics & natural philosophy4 ,he resign$ ?is appo9tm5t aft] hold+ x = a p]iod ( six ye>s1 b cont9u$ to reside 9 ,man*e/] dur+ ! :ole ( 8 subsequ5t life4 ,9 ,septemb] #agic ,dalton publi%$ 8 fir/ "w1 entitl$ ',meteorological ,obs]vations & ,essays1' ! mat]ials ( :i* 71 h[ev]1 collect$1 & ! "w entirely complet$ dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,k5dal4 ,a second edition 0 pr9t$ 9 #ahcd1 & he cont9u$ to pay mu* att5tion to ?is subject until )9 a %ort p]iod ( 8 dea?1 by :i* "t he _h record$ upw>ds ( #bjj1jjj meteorological obs]vations4 ,9 ! ye> #agid ,dalton became a memb] ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 ( :i*1 dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 life1 he fill$ 9 succession all ! m important (fices2 includ+ t ( ! presid5t%ip1 :i* he held f ! p]iod ( 8 election 9 #ahag1 until 8 dea? 9 #ahdd4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,octob]1 #agid1 he read 8 fir/ pap] to ?is ,society1 entitl$1 ',extraord9>y ,facts relat+ to ! ,vision ( ,col\rs1' 9 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( a s+ul> defect 9 8 own vision1 kn[n by ! "n ( col\r-bl9dness1 :i* r5d]$ him incapable ( di/+ui%+ c]ta9 col\rs1 su* z sc>let & gre54 ,he fir/ became aw>e ( ?is defect 9 8 sight f ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,:5 a boy he _h gone to see a review ( troops1 & be+ surpris$ to he> ^? ar\nd him expatiat+ on ! gorge\s effect ( ! milit>y co/ume1 he ask$1 ,9 :at a soldi]'s coat diff]$ f ! grass ^u :i* he trod1 a spee* :i* 0 receiv$ by 8 companions ) d]isive laughs & exclamations ( wond]4#af ,until ,dalton _h ann\nc$ 8 own case1 & describ$ ! cases ( m ?an tw5ty p]sons simil>ly circum/anc$1 ?is peculi> =m ( bl9dness 0 suppos$ to be v r>e4 ,9 ! annals ( ! above-m5tion$ ,society1 ,dalton publi%$ a long s]ies ( important essays1 among ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* are "s pap]s read 9 ! ye> #ahja1 entitl$1 ',exp]im5tal ,essays on ! ,con/itution ( ,mix$ ,gases2' ',on ! ,=ce ( ,/eam or ,vap\r & o!r liquids at diff]5t temp]atures 9 a vacuum & 9 air2' ',on ,evaporation1' & ',on ! ,expansion ( ,gases by ,heat4' ,9 ,janu>y #ahjc he read to ! same ,society an inquiry ',on ! t5d5cy ( ,ela/ic fluids to diffusion ?r\gh ea* o!r1' & 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> wrote an ,essay conta9+ an outl9e ( 8 speculations on ! subject ( ! composition ( bodies1 9 :i* he gave to ! _w = ! fir/ "t a ',table ( ,atomic ,weights4' ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he communicat$ 8 views on ! !ory ( def9ite proportions to ,dr4 ,?omas ,?omson1 ( ,glasg[1 :o at once publi%$ an ab/ract ( !m2 & 9 #ahjh ,dalton himself publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 new sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 9 :i* he plac$ ! ,atomic ,!ory on a firm & cle> basis1 & e/abli%$ ! law ( ,multiple ,proportions4 ,! value ( ,dalton's rese>*es on ?is great subject is imm5se2 by ! promulgation ( 8 views ,*emi/ry became = ! fir/ "t a sci5ce1 & "o great law or !ory 0 se5 to gov]n its actions2 be=e x 0 a s]ies ( sep>ate facts1 b by ?is fundam5tal law & its bran*es1 & by ?is only1 x is pres]v$ z a sci5ce4 ,dalton's !ory incurr$ mu* opposition be=e x 0 f9ally accept$ by sci5tific m51 & among ! unbeliev]s 9 x may be m5tion$ ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,! b>onet1 h[ev]1 9 ! ye> #ahbf1 cle>ly ackn[l$g$ & accurately def9$ ,dalton's discov]ies 9 8 anniv]s>y disc\rse1 :5 he made kn[n t ! fir/ aw>d ( ! ,royal ,society's ,prize1 f\nd$ by ,george ,,iv4 9 ! ye> be=e1 w\ld be giv5 to ,mr4 ,john ,dalton1 = ! developm5t ( ! *emical !ory ( ,def9ite ,proportions1 usually call$ ! ,atomic ,!ory1 & = 8 v>i\s o!r lab\rs & discov]ies 9 physical & *emical sci5ce4 ,dur+ 8 lat] life ,dalton cont9u$ to ga9 8 liv+ z pr(essional *emi/1 lectur]1 & tea*] ( ,*emi/ry & ,ma!matics1 & contribut$ to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce _m valuable pap]s *iefly relat+ to ,*emi/ry2 he 0 also accu/om$ 9 8 analytical rese>*es to use ! graduat$ dropp+ tube1 & may be consid]$ z ! orig9ator ( analysis by volume4 ,mr4 ,dalton 0 pres5t at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held 9 ,york 9 #ahca1 & cont9u$ to feel a lively int]e/ 9 its prosp]ity1 & to att5d ! annual meet+s z long z 8 heal? p]mitt$ him4 ,on ! occasion ( ! second meet+ at ,ox=d 9 #ahcb1 ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l4 0 conf]r$ ^u him1 9 conjunction ) ,f>aday1 ,br[n ! botani/1 & ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,9 ! summ] ( ! foll[+ ye>1 at ! meet+ ( ! same society 9 ,cambridge1 x 0 ann\nc$ by ,pr(essor ,s$gewick1 t ! ,k+ _h conf]r$ on ,dalton a p5sion ( #aejl4 p] annum1 :i* 0 increas$ 9 #ahcf to #cjjl42 & z 8 bro!r ,jona?an di$ ab\t ! same "t & left him heir to ! pat]nal e/ate1 he became comp>atively weal?y4 ,he1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$ work+ accord+ to 8 /r5g?1 & s late z #ahdj publi%$ f\r ,essays1 entitl$1 ',on ! ,phosphates & ,ars5iates2' ',microcosmic ,salt2' ',acids1 ,bases1 & ,wat]2' & ',a ,new & ,easy ,me?od ( ,analys+ ,sug>4' ,9 #ahcg-h ,dalton 0 attack$ by p>alysis1 :i* greatly enfeebl$ him2 he1 h[ev] liv$ till ! ye> #ahdd1 :5 a ?ird attack occurr$1 f :i* he nev] recov]$1 b di$ %ortly aft]w>ds 9 8 sev5ty-eigh? ye>4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,angus ,smi? ?us describes ,dalton's mode ( life :ile liv+ ) ! family ( ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,johns1 ( ,george ,/reet1 ,man*e/]1 ) :om ,dalton cont9u$ to reside = tw5ty-six ye>s3 ,he rose at ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! morn+2 if 9 w9t]1 w5t ) 8 lant]n 9 8 h& to 8 laboratory1 light$ ! fire1 & came ov] to breakfa/ :5 ! family _h ne>ly done4 ,w5t to ! laboratory & /aid till d9n]-"t1 com+ 9 a hurry :5 x 0 ne>ly ov]1 eat+ mod]ately1 & dr9k+ wat] only4 ,w5t out aga9 & return$ ab\t five o'clock to tea1 /ill 9 a hurry1 :5 ! re/ 7 f9i%+4 ,aga9 to 8 laboratory till n9e o'clock1 :5 he return$ to supp]1 aft] :i* he & ,mr4 ,johns smok$ a pipe1 & ! :ole family seems mu* to h enjoy$ ?is "t ( conv]sation & recreation aft] ! busy day4--,life ( ,j4 ,dalton1 by ,william ,*>les ,h5ry1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,london1 #ahed4--,life ( ,j4 ,dalton1 by ,rob]t ,angus ,smi?1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,b>t41 ,,ll4,d41 ,p4,r4,s41 c41 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,born ,decemb] #ag1 #aggh4 ,di$ ,may #cj1 #ahbi4 ,?is em95t philosoph] 0 born at ,p5zance1 9 ,cornwall4 ,z a *ild he 0 rem>kably heal?y & /rong1 display+ at ! same "t great m5tal capacity4 ,! fir/ s*ool he ev] att5d$ 0 t ( ,mr4 ,bu%ell1 at :i* read+ & writ+ only 7 taught4 ,9 ^! rudim5t>y bran*es ( education he soon made su* progress1 t he 0 remov$1 by ! ma/]'s advice1 to ! gramm> s*ool kept by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,coryton4 ,he 0 !n only six ye>s old4 ,"h ,davy receiv$ ! elem5ts ( 8 education until #agic1 :5 he w5t to ! gramm> s*ool ( ,truro1 conduct$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,c>dew1 at :i* place he cont9u$ = ab\t a ye>4 ,bo? ,davy & 8 family receiv$ mu* assi/ance f ! dis9t]e/$ fri5d%ip ( ,mr4 ,tonk91 a respectable m$ical practition] at ,p5zance1 :o _h adopt$ ! "m ( ,davy & h] si/]s1 "u circum/ances ( deep di/ress1 ext5d+ 8 k9dness to all h] family1 p>ticul>ly to ,humphry4 ,soon aft] leav+ ,dr4 ,c>dew's s*ool1 ,davy's fa!r di$ 9 #agid2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,humphry 0 appr5tic$ to ,mr4 ,b+ham ,borlace1 a g5tleman at t "t practis+ z surgeon-apo!c>y 9 ,p5zance4 ,:ile yet v "y1 ,davy _h exhibit$ traces ( an ard5t & inquisitive m9d1 display+ also a great pr$ilection = poetry2 b f ?is p]iod he direct$ 8 att5tion m p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( *emi/ry & natural philosophy4 ,8 ef=ts at atta9+ an exp]im5tal k ( ! above sci5ces 71 h[ev]1 greatly ret>d$ by ! defects ( 8 app>atus1 :i* 0 necess>ily v limit$1 & consi/$ *iefly ( phials1 w9e-glasses1 tobacco-pipes1 & e>!n crucibles4 ,b ab\t ?is "t he _h ! good =tune to make ! acqua9tance ( ,mr4 ,davies ,giddy ,gilb]t & ,mr4 ,gregory ,watt1#ag by ^: in/rum5tality ! subject ( our memoir 0 introduc$ to ,dr4 ,b$does1 :o engag$ him to sup]9t5d a pneumatic m$ical in/itution1 :i* t able b ecc5tric man _h j !n e/abli%$ at ,clifton1 = ! purpose ( try+ ! effects ( gases ^u v>i\s diseases4 ,?is ev5t took place 9 #agih1 ,mr4 ,borlace readily giv+ up ,davy's ind5ture1 :i* _h n z yet expir$4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,clifton1 ,davy 0 plac$ 9 a sph]e :]e 8 g5ius c\ld exp&2 he 0 associat$ ) m5 engag$ 9 simil> pursuits1 0 provid$ ) suitable app>atus1 & enabl$ to spe$ily ent] ^u t brilliant c>e] ( discov]y :i* has r5d]$ 8 "n illu/ri\s among philosoph]s4 ,soon aft] he _h remov$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,bri/ol1 ,davy's fir/ publi%$ pap]1 on ',heat1 ,light1 & ,respiration1' appe>$ 9 ',b$does' ,we/ ,c\ntry ,contributions4' ,8 e>lie/ sci5tific discov]y 0 ! detection ( silice\s e>? 9 ! epid]mis ( canes1 re$s1 & grasses4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod1 he began to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( gases1 & discov]$ ! respirability ( nitr\s oxide1 giv+ 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t 7dat$ ,april #af1 #agii71 ! fir/ intimation ( ! intoxicat+ qualities ( t gas4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he exam9$ its prop]ties m accurately1 adm9i/]+ x to v>i\s individuals1 & publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 discov]ies 9 a volume entitl$ ',rese>*es ,*emical & ,philosophical *iefly conc]n+ ,nitr\s ,oxide & its ,respiration4' ,:ile ! fav\rable impression f ?is publication 0 /ill fre% on ! public m9d1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 "u ! auspices ( ,c\nt ,rum=d1 _h tak5 place1 & a lectur] ( tal5t 0 want+1 to fill ! *emical *air4 ,?r\gh ! recomm5dation ( ,dr4 ,hope ( ,ed9burgh1 ) :om he _h become acqua9t$ ,davy receiv$ ! appo9tm5t1 & became lectur] to ! in/itution & director ( ! laboratory4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 t al?\gh ,davy's att5tion _h nev] be5 conf9$ to 8 fav\rite sci5ce1 = he _h /udi$ g5]al lit]ature z well z poetry1 yet he 0 ( s unc\? an ext]ior & mann]s1 not)/&+ an exce$+ly h&some & expressive c\nt5ance1 t ,c\nt ,rum=d1 a lead+ director ( ! ,in/itution1 on see+ him = ! fir/ "t1 express$ no little disappo9tm5t1 ev5 regrett+ ! "p he _h tak5 9 promot+ ! engagem5t4 ,b ^! feel+s 7 ( %ort duration4 ,davy 0 soon suffici5tly humaniz$1 & ev5 ref9$1 to appe> be=e a ,london & a fa%ionable audi5ce ( bo? sexes ) great advantage1 & by 8 +5uity1 & happy facility ( illu/ration1 he r5d]$ 8 lectures s popul>1 t at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-two1 he f\nd 8 company c\rt$ by ! *oice/ society ( ! metropolis4 ,an anecdote is told illu/rative ( 8 popul>ity1 ev5 among ! m humble classes4 ,:ile pass+ ?r\gh ! /reets "o f9e night1 he obs]v$ a man %[+ ! moon ?r\gh a telescope to ! surr\nd+ by/&]s2 ,davy /opp$ to h a look1 & hav+ satisfi$ 8 curiosity1 t5d]$ a p5ny to ! exhibitor4 ,! man _h1 h[ev]1 9 ! mean:ile1 le>nt ! "n ( 8 cu/om]1 & exclaim$1 ) an important air1 t he c\ld n ?9k ( tak+ money f a 'bro!r philosoph]4' ,davy's /yle ( lectur+ 0 animat$1 cle> & impressive1 not)/&+ ! naturally inh>moni\s tones ( 8 voice2 :il/ ! +5uity ( 8 happily devis$ exp]im5ts1 ! neatness ( _! execution1 & above all ! +5i\s en?usiasm :i* he display$ = 8 subject1 fix$ & arre/$ ! att5tion ( 8 he>]s4 ,at ?is "t1 exp]im5tal *emi/ry began to be ! fa%ion ( ! day4 ,voltaic electricity _h j be5 f\nd to possess extraord9>y p[]s 9 effect+ ! decomposition ( *emical comp\nds2 & by ! lib]ality ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,davy 0 put 9 possession ( a batt]y consi/+ ( #djj #e-;in* plates1 & "o ( #dj plates1 #a-;foot 9 diamet]1 ) :i* batt]ies 8 e>ly & mo/ brilliant inve/igations 7 conduct$4 ,9 #ahja he made 8 fir/ important discov]y1 :i* 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society "u ! title ',an ,acc\nt ( "s ,galvanic ,comb9ations =m$ by an ,arrangem5t ( ,s+le ,metallic ,plates & ,fluids1' read 9 ,june ( ! same ye>4 ,9 ?is pap]1 he %[$ t ! usual galvanic ph5om5a might be en]getically exhibit$ by a s+le metallic plate1 & two /rata ( diff]5t fluids2 or t a batt]y might be con/ruct$ ( "o metal & two fluids1 provid$ "o ( ! fluids 0 capable ( oxidiz+ ! surface ( ! metal4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> to ?is1 ,davy 0 appo9t$ pr(essor to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & 9 #ahjc 0 admitt$ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* he became fir/ ! secret>y1 & ultimately ! presid5t4 ,to ! ',philosophical ,transactions' ( ?is society he cont9u$ to contribute pap]s on diff]5t bran*es ( exp]im5tal philosophy2 & x is on ^! pap]s t 8 claims to celebrity almo/ entirely re/4 ,f #ahjb to #ahje1 ,davy publi%$ sev]al m9or pap]s2 b 9 ! foll[+ ye> appe>$ 8 fir/ ,bak]ian lecture1 read to ! ,royal ,society 9 ,novemb]1 #ahjf1 9 :i* he detail$ ! ph5om5a ( electro-*emical decomposition1 & laid d[n its laws2 :ile 9 8 second lecture1 read 9 ! ,novemb] foll[+1 he ann\nc$ ! successful application ( ^! pr9ciples1 & ! discov]y ( ! metallic bases ( ! fix$ alkalies1 witness$ by ! production ( two new metals1 :i* he nam$ potassium & sodium4#ah ,?is spl5did discov]y 0 fully confirm$ by ,guy ,lussac & ,!n>d1 :o1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 succe$$ 9 decompos+ pota% by iron fil+s1 9 a r$-hot gun b>rel4 ,f #ahjh to #ahaj1 ,davy gave ?ree m lectures1 9 :i* he ann\nc$ ! results ( 8 fur!r *emical inve/igations4 ,x may be int]e/+ to rem>k t ! orig9al batt]ies ( ! in/itution 7 s worn dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts1 z to be uns]viceable2 a lib]al volunt>y subscription1 h[ev]1 among/ ! memb]s1 9 ,july #ahjh1 put him 9 possession ( ! mo/ p[]ful voltaic batt]y ev] con/ruct$1 consi/+ ( #bjjj d\ble plates1 ) a surface equal to #abh1jjj squ>e in*es4 ,! results produc$ by ?is trem5d\s p[] did n1 h[ev]1 add to sci5ce "o new fact ( any importance4 ,all ,davy's great voltaic discov]ies 7 made be=e x 0 9 use1 & x only s]v$ to %[ ! ph5om5a ( galvanism ) great] brilliancy4 ,mr4 ,davy's reputation 0 n[ at its height1 & he 0 invit$ by ! ,dubl9 ,society to give a c\rse ( lectures on electro-*emical sci5ce4 ,= ^! lectures1 :i* 7 comm5c$ on ! #h?1 & conclud$ on ! #bi? ( ,novemb]1 #ahaj1 he receiv$ #ejj gu9eas4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 invit$ to give two m c\rses1 on ! ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 & on ,geology1 = :i* he receiv$ #gejl41--! ,provo/ & ,fell[s ( ,tr9ity ,college also conf]r+ on him ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 ,9 #ahab1 ,davy dissolv$ 8 connection ) ! ,royal ,in/itution1 by giv+ a f>ewell lecture on ! #i? ( ,april2 on ! prec$+ day he _h receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood f ! h&s ( ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 & on ! #aa? ( ! same mon? 0 m>ri$ to ,mrs4 ,apreece1 daught] & heiress ( ,*>les ,k]r1 ( ,kelso1 & ! possessor ( an ample =tune4 ,dur+ ! next two or ?ree ye>s1 ,sir ,humphry communicat$ sev]al pap]s to ! ,royal ,society1 b !y conta9$ little ( importance to sci5ce4 ,:il/ exp]im5t+1 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahab1 ^u azote & *lor9e1 he 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ! eye by ! explosion ( ^! sub/ances2 & x is a /rong pro( ( 8 en]gy1 t :5 8 eye 0 suffici5tly recov]$1 he r5ew$ 8 exp]im5ts ^u ! same bodies1 & 0 aga9 w\nd$ 9 ! head & h&s1 b ?is "t slightly1 z he _h tak5 ! precaution ( def5d+ 8 face by a plate ( glass4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahac he obta9$ ! p]mission ( ,napoleon to travel 9 ,france1 :i!r he proce$$1 accompani$ by 8 lady & ,mr4 ,f>aday4 ,f ,france1 ,davy proce$$ to ,italy1 :]e he sp5t ! w9t]1 return+ to ,london on ! #bcrd ( ,april1 #ahad4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,italy1 he collect$ specim5s ( ! col\rs us$ by ! anci5ts 9 _! pictures4 ,?is =m$ ! subject ( a memoir to ! ,royal ,society1 ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! pap] be+ ! ann\ncem5t t ! f9e blues ( ! anci5ts 7 =m$ ( silex1 soda1 & copp]1 & t !y may be exactly imitat$ by /rongly heat+ toge!r1 = ! space ( two h\rs1 ?ree p>ts ( copp] fil+s1 fifte5 ( c>bonate ( soda1 & tw5ty ( p[d]$ fl9t4 ,9 ! ye> #ahaf1 ,davy turn$ 8 att5tion to a me?od ( prev5t+ ! dreadful accid5ts 9 coal m9es1 f explosions ( ! fire-damp4 ,aft] consid]able inve/igation1 he f\nd t ?is gas w\ld n explode :5 mix$ ) less ?an six times or m ?an f\rte5 times its volume ( atmosph]ic air2 & 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts made = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ h[ ! inflammation takes place1 he 0 surpris$ to obs]ve t flames w n pass ?r\gh tubes ( a c]ta9 l5g? or smallness ( bore4 ,he !n f\nd t if ! l5g? 0 dim9i%$1 & ! bore also r$uc$1 t flames /ill w\ld n pass2 & fur!r1 t ! l5g? ( ! tubes might safely be dim9i%$ to h>dly any?+1 provid$ _! bore 0 proportionably less5$4 ,work+ f ^! pr9ciples1 he propos$ sev]al k9ds ( lamps1 b all 7 f9ally sup]s$$ by ! simple "o kn[n z ! ,davy safety-lamp1 9 :i* a small oil light is cov]$ by a cyl9d] ( wire gauze1 ! small ap]tures#ai ( :i* flame w n pass ?r\gh1 & ! explosion is ?us prev5t$ f ext5d+ outside ! wire gauze4 ,! introduction ( ?is beautiful inv5tion1 al?\gh freely giv5 to ! public1 0 = a "t viol5tly oppos$ by prejudice & passion4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[$ ! comp>ative safety :i* ! m9]s :o us$ x possess$1 & ! coal-own]s ( ,newca/le & ! vic9ity pres5t$ ,davy ) a sup]b s]vice ( plate1 z "s recognition ( ! important b5efit he _h conf]r$ on !m4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy's life1 v>i\s communications appe>$ f him to ! ,royal ,society1 none1 h[ev]1 pres5t+ any v rem>kable features4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahbj1 a few mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 he 0 elect$ presid5t ( ! above society4 ,9 #ahbc he repeat$ ! int]e/+ exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,f>aday1 z to ! cond5sation ( gases by me*anical pressure1 & succe$$ 9 conv]t+ sulphur\s acid & prussic acid gases into liquids1 by heat+ !m 9 /rong seal$ tubes4 ,dur+ ! same ye> he inve/igat$ ! causes ( ! rapid decay ( copp] %ea?+ on %ips1 & attribut+ ?is to electro-*emical action1 succe$$ 9 prev5t+ x1 by atta*+ plates ( iron or z9c to ! copp]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 on be+ tri$ practically1 introduc$ ! unlook$ = evil1 ( excessive f\l+ ( ! bottoms ( %ips s protect$1 :i* became liable to m>9e deposits 9 an equal mann] ) wood5 bottoms4 ,davy's plan 0 ?us r5d]$ utt]ly useless1 mu* to 8 mortification4 ,dur+ ! lat] portion ( 8 life1 ,sir ,humphry 0 9 v infirm heal?1 & 9 #ahbh he det]m9$ to g abroad4 ,proce$+ into ,italy1 he fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,rome1 :5ce he s5t 8 la/ communication to ! ,royal ,society1 viz41 ',rem>ks on ! ,electricity ( ! ,torp$o4' ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is pap] 0 ! discov]y t ! electricity ( ?is curi\s creature _h no effect on ! mo/ delicate galvanomet]4 ,:ile /ay+ at ,rome1 ,sir ,humphry 0 seiz$ ) a p>alytic attack1 :i* greatly al>m$ 8 fri5ds4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he left ,rome = ,g5eva1 on rea*+ :i* city an attack ( apoplexy seiz$ him dur+ ! night1 :i* t]m9at$ fatally4 ,! fun]al took place on ! #a/ ( ,june1 #ahbi1 ) all ! hon\r & respect ! inhabitants ( ,g5eva c\ld te/ify4 ,8 rema9s 7 deposit$ 9 ! bury+-gr\nd ( ! city1 )\t ! walls1 ! spot be+ m>k$ by a simple monum5t1 ) a ,lat9 inscription1 erect$ by ,lady ,davy4--,life ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 by 8 bro!r1 ,john ,davy1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london1 #ahci4--,memoir by ,dr4 ,?omas ,trail1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4--,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) ,memoirs ( ! ,presid5ts4 ,london1 #ahdh4--;,br\gham's ,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 ,london & ,glasg[1 #ahee4 ,,pet] ,,dollond4 ,born ,febru>y #b1 #agca4 ,di$ ,july #b1 #ahbj4 ,pet] ,dollond1 ! subject ( ! pres5t memoir1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,john ,dollond1 ! celebrat$ inv5tor ( ! ,a*romatic ,refract+ ,telescope1 :o1 dur+ ! great] portion ( 8 life1 0 engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( a silk-manufactur]1 9 ,/u>t ,/reet1 ,spitalfields4 ,"h ,pet] ,dollond 0 born & sp5t ! e>ly portion ( 8 life4 ,on rea*+ manhood he engag$ 9 ! same occupation z 8 fa!r1 & = sev]al ye>s !y c>ri$ on _! manufactures toge!r 9 ,spitalfields4 ,pet] ,dollond _h1 h[ev]1 acquir$ "s k ( ! !ory ( ,optics1 & he det]m9$1 if possible1 to turn ! k he _h ga9$ to ! improvem5t ( himself & 8 family4 ,he accord+ly comm5c$ bus9ess z an optician1 "u ! direction ( 8 fa!r1 9 ! ye> #agej1 occupy+ a small h\se 9 ,v9e ,/reet1 ,spitalfields4 ,9 #ageb ,john ,dollond1 :o up till !n _h pursu$ 8 orig9al occupation1 grew we>y ( pursuits s little 9 accordance ) ! natural b5t ( 8 m9d1 & ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) 8 son1 9 a h\se ne> to ,exet] ,*ange1 9 ! ,/r&4 ,"h fa!r & son began & cont9u$ t s]ies ( exp]im5tal rese>*es :i*1 9 ,june #ageh1 l$ to ! memorable conclusion on :i* 0 f\nd$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,a*romatic ,refract+ ,telescope4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a pat5t 0 obta9$ = ! exclusive sale ( ^! telescopes1 b s limit$ 7 ! means ( ! au?ors ( ?is inv5tion1 t1 9 ord] to defray ! exp5ses ( ! pat5t1 !y 7 compell$ to sell a moiety ( its value to an optician1 ) :om !y ent]$ into p>tn]%ip4 ,not)/&+ ! great practical value ( ?is discov]y1 x produc$ little b5efit = "s ye>s to ! own]s ( ! pat5t4 ,9 #agfa ,john ,dollond di$1 leav+ to 8 son ,pet] ! task ( c>ry+ on ! bus9ess 9 p>tn]%ip ) ! optician :o _h paid = ! pat5t4 ,?is connection 01 h[ev]1 ( %ort duration1 = ! conduct ( 8 p>tn] 0 s unsatisfactory1 t 9 #agfc ,mr4 ,dollond pur*as$ f him 8 %>e 9 ! bus9ess = #bjjl41 ! full comm]cial value ( ?is mo/ important discov]y be+ consid]$ at t "t to be wor? only #djjl4 ,pet] ,dollond 0 n[ 9 possession ( ! entire pat5t1 & he 0 soon call$ ^u to conte/ its validity ) ! v man :o _h s lately be5 conc]n$ 9 protect+ x4 ,^! suits 7 uni=mly decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,dollond1 & al?\gh vexati\s 9 _! "*1 7 ( advantage to him1 n only 9 _! imm$iate issue1 b also 9 ext5d+ ! "n1 reputation1 & sale ( ! object ^: "r ( own]%ip 0 conte/$4 ,mr4 ,dollond n[ began to be m g5]ally kn[n1 & made ! acqua9tance ( _m ( ! philosophical m5 ( ! "t1 becom+ intimate ) ,dr4 ,maskelyne1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal at t p]iod1 & ) ,mr4 ,james ,%ort1 a man highly di/+ui%$ 9 arts & sci5ce4 ,to ?is latt] g5tleman he1 9 #agfe1 propos$ an improvem5t 9 ! ,a*romatic ,telescope1 :i* ,mr4 ,%ort laid be=e ! ,royal ,society1 at ! same "t signify+ t x _h 8 entire concurr5ce & approval4 ,among o!r works ( ,dollond are an improvem5t ( ,headley's ,quadrant1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 9 #aggb1 by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal2 & an app>atus = ! improvem5t ( ! ,equatorial in/rum5t1 laid be=e ! ,society1 ?r\gh ! same m$ium1 9 #aggi4 ,mr4 ,dollond _h n[ e>n$ = himself a well-des]v$ reputation4 ,9 #aghf ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 unsolicit$1 & ) ! approval ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 elect$ him a memb] ( _! society4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agff ! optical bus9ess _h be5 remov$ f ! ,/r& to ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 :]e x became s ext5sive & prosp]\s1 t ,mr4 ,dollond took into p>tn]%ip 8 bro!r ,john4 ,= ne>ly =ty ye>s ! bro!rs resid$ "h1 endeav\r+1 by _! cordial & unit$ ef=ts1 to improve & ext5d ea* bran* ( _! pr(ession4 ,9 #ahjd ,john1 ! y\ng] bro!r1 di$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 place 0 suppli$ by a nephew1 ,george ,hugg9s1 :o1 on be+ admitt$ into p>tn]%ip1 *ang$ 8 "n to ,dollond1 & ev5tually succe$$ to ! :ole conc]n4 ,9 #ahag ,pet] ,dollond took up 8 resid5ce at ,ri*mond ,hill1 rema9+ !re till ,june #ahbj1 :5 he remov$ to ,k5n+ton ,common1 :]e he brea!d 8 la/1 hav+ arriv$ at 8 #ij? ye>4--,memoir by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,kelly4 ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,m>* #bb1 #agfh4 ,di$ ,febru>y #bg1 #ahee4 ,bryan ,donk9 0 born at ,s&oe1 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,8 fa!r1 :o foll[$ ! bus9ess ( a surveyor & l& ag5t1 0 acqua9t$ ) ,john ,smeaton1 ! em95t eng9e]1 f hav+ _h occasion to consult him frequ5tly on que/ions relat+ to ! bridges & o!r works on ! ,tyne4 ,donk9 e>ly %[$ a ta/e = sci5ce & me*anics1 & :5 almo/ a *ild 0 to be f\nd cont9ually occupi$ 9 mak+ v>i\s +5i\s me*anical contrivances4 ,he comm5c$ life 9 ! same bus9ess z 8 fa!r1 be+ engag$ = a ye> or two z l& ag5t to ! ,duke ( ,dorset4 ,donk91 h[ev]1 soon %[$ ! b5t ( 8 natural g5ius by quitt+ ?is ag5cy1 & go+ to consult ,smeaton z to h[ he c\ld be/ become an eng9e]4 ,by ,smeaton's advice1 he appr5tic$ himself to ,mr4 ,hall1 ( ,d>t=d1 9 ! c>ry+ on ( ^: works he 0 soon able to take s active a "p1 t 9 #ahja-b he 0 pr9cipally entru/$ ) ! con/ruction ( a model ( ! fir/ ma*9e = mak+ pap]1 ! execution ( :i* _h be5 put into ,messrs4 ,hall's h&s by ! ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i]4 ,! idea ( ?is ma*9e orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 & =m$ ! subject ( a pat5t1 :i* 0 assign$ to ,messrs4 ,bloxam & ,f\rdr9i]4 ,aft] consid]able exp5se _h be5 incurr$1 & _m trials made ) ! model1 ! pap] produc$ 0 f\nd to be ( too inf]ior a quality = sale4 ,! model rema9$ at ,mr4 ,hall's works = "s "t1 till at l5g? ,donk9 agre$ ) ! own]s to take ! matt] 9 h& himself1 & = ?is purpose took premises at ,b]mondsey 7/ill occupi$ by 8 sons74 ,9 #ahjd he succe$$ 9 produc+ a ma*9e :i*1 on be+ erect$ at ,frogmore1 ,h]ts1 & set to "w1 0 f\nd to be successful1 al?\gh /ill f> f p]fect4 ,a second "o1 9 :i* /ill fur!r improvem5ts 7 introduc$1 0 consequ5tly made ! foll[+ ye> & erect$ at ,two-wat]s2 & 9 #ahaj eighte5 m ( ^! complex ma*9es 7 erect$ at v>i\s mills1 "s ( :i* are ev5 n[ at "w4 ,! practical difficulties hav+ be5 at l5g? ov]come1 ^! ma*9es soon sup]s$$1 bo? at home & abroad1 ! ord9>y me?od ( mak+ pap] by h&2 & al?\gh ! orig9al idea 0 n ,mr4 ,donk9's1 /ill to him ! cr$it is due ( hav+ develop$1 & practically introduc$ into g5]al use1 ^! mo/ useful & complete me*anical contrivances1 by means ( :i* ! process ( mak+ pap] is c>ri$ on un9t]rupt$ly f ! liquid pulp to ! p]fect %eet ready = writ+ or pr9t+4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahab ,donk9's att5tion 0 turn$ to ! subject ( ! pres]vation ( meat & vegetables 9 air-tight cases1 & he erect$ a consid]able manufactory = ?is purpose at ,b]mondsey4 ,mr4 ,donk9 0 also "o ( ! fir/ to introduce improvem5ts into pr9t+ ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahac he1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,bacon1 secur$ a pat5t = a ,polygonal pr9t+ ma*9e1 & 9 ! same ye> inv5t$ & br\ght into use composition roll]s1 by :i* "s ( ! greate/ difficulties exp]i5c$ at t "t 9 pr9t+ by ma*9]y 7 ov]come4 ,among o!r inv5tions & me*anical contrivances ( ,donk9's are a v beautiful screw-cutt+ & divid+ ma*9e2 an in/rum5t to measure ! velocity ( ! rotation ( ma*9]y2 & a c\nt+ eng9e3 = ! two la/ gold m$als 7 aw>d$ by ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,9 #ahbj ,mr4 ,donk9 0 mu* engag$ ) ,sir ,william ,congreve 9 contriv+ a me?od ( pr9t+ /amps 9 two col\rs1 ) comp\nd plates1 = ! prev5tion ( =g]y2 & ) ! aid ( ,mr4 ,wilks1 :o 0 at t "t 8 p>tn]1 he produc$ ! beautiful ma*9e n[ us$ at ! ,excise & ,/amp ,(fices1 & by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company at ,calcutta4 ,mr4 ,donk9 0 an e>ly memb] ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 & became "o ( ! vice-presid5ts4 ,f ?is society he receiv$ two m$als1 "o = 8 inv5tion ( an in/rum5t to measure ! velocity ( ! rotation ( ma*9]y1 & ano!r = 8 c\nt+-eng9e4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ( 8 life he 0 greatly occupi$ z a civil eng9e]1 & 0 "o ( ! orig9ators & a vice-presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by "o ( 8 pupils1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,palm]1 & a few o!r g5tlem51 ! ,royal ,*>t] be+ obta9$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d & himself4 ,he di$ 9 8 eighty-sev5? ye>1 hav+ pass$ a long life 9 an almo/ un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( usefulness & good purpose4--,f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahee4 ,,william ,,james ,,frod%am1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,july #be1 #aggh4 ,di$ ,june #bi1 #ahej4 ,william ,j4 ,frod%am 0 born 9 ,london1 & br\ght up "u ! c>e ( 8 gr&fa!r1 a great admir] ( ,john ,h>rison1 ! inv5tor ( ! timekeep] = asc]ta9+ ! longitude at sea4 ,f ?us sp5d+ 8 e>ly life ) 8 gr&fa!r1 "y ,frod%am acquir$ a /rong desire to engage 9 ! bus9ess ( *ronomet] mak+1 he 0 consequ5tly appr5tic$ to a man em95t 9 t art4 ,%ortly aft] complet+ 8 appr5tice%ip ,mr4 ,frod%am1 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,p>k9son ( ,lanca/]1 & h5ce arose ! celebrat$ firm ( ,p>k9son & ,frod%am4 ,dur+ 8 entire life ,mr4 ,frod%am devot$ himself to ! advancem5t ( ! art he _h engag$ 91 & be+ ably assi/$ by 8 p>tn] effect$ v>i\s improvem5ts 9 *ronomet]s1 wat*es1 & o!r timekeep]s1 & 0 also ! au?or ( a pap] on p5dulum exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,frod%am liv$ to an advanc$ age1 surviv+ 8 p>tn] by _m ye>s4 ,dur+ 8 c>e] he acquir$ a l>ge =tune1 :i* he bequea!d to 8 family1 leav+ at ! same "t a sum ( #ajjjl4 to ! ,clockmak]s' ,company1 ( :i* he _h be5 ,ma/] sev]al times dur+ 8 life4 ,mr4 ,frod%am di$ at ,*a?am ,place1 ,hackney1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,highgate ,cemet]y4 ,,davies ,,giddy ,,gilb]t1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,p4,r4,s4 ,born ,m>* #f1 #agfg4 ,di$ ,decemb] #bd1 #ahci4 ,davies ,giddy ,gilb]t 0 born at ,tr$rea1 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,er?1 9 ! we/ ( ,cornwall4 ,8 pat]nal "n 0 ,giddy1 8 fa!r be+ ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,giddy ( ,/4 ,er?4 ,8 "m1 an heiress ( v consid]able prop]ty1 0 ,ca!r9e ,davies1 alli$ to ! noble family ( ,s&ys1 & a desc5dant ( ,william ,noye1 attorney g5]al 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,fir/4 ,"y ,giddy1 n be+ ( v robu/ heal?1 0 re>$ ) great c>e1 & 8 education *iefly sup]9t5d$ by 8 fa!r1 :o 0 an accompli%$ s*ol>1 & a man ( ackn[l$g$ ability & atta9m5ts4 ,z ,gilb]t grew up1 x 0 ?\ght desirable to place him 9 ! gramm> s*ool at ,p5zance2 & = ?is purpose 8 p>5ts remov$ = ab\t eighte5 mon?s to t t[n4 ,9 #aghb !y w5t to ,bri/ol1 :]e _! son's /udies 7 assi/$ = "s "t by ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,donne4 ,9 #aghe ,gilb]t matriculat$ at ,ox=d1 & became a g5tleman-common] ( ,pembroke ,college4 ,he 0 already ma/] ( a consid]able am\nt ( ma!matical & physical k1 ! great] portion ( :i* he _h acquir$ by almo/ unassi/$ application4 ,:ile resid+ at ! ,univ]sity he associat$ ) ! s5ior memb]s ( 8 college1 pref]r+ _! company to t ( /ud5ts ( 8 own age2 & consid]+ ! natural b5t ( 8 ta/es1 :i* l$ him to pref] ! /udy ( ! sev]] sci5ces to ! elegancies ( classical lit]ature1 x is n surpris+ t su* %\ld be ! case4 ,dr4 ,p>r1 writ+ at ?is "t to ! late ,ma/] ( ,pembroke1 speaks ( ,mr4 ,giddy1 !n tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 z '! ,corni% ,philosoph]1' & adds t he des]v$ t "n4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,ox=d1 ,gilb]t 0 a regul> att5dant at ! lectures on anatomy & m9]alogy1 deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,?ompson1 at ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,he also att5d$ ) assiduity ! lectures on *emi/ry & botany ( ,drs4 ,b$does & ,sib?orp1 ) :om he contract$ a fri5d%ip1 :i* t]m9at$ only ) _! lives4 ,to ! =m] ( ^! two g5tlem5 ,gilb]t subsequ5tly introduc$ 8 fri5d ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 at t "t 9 comp>atively humble life1 b ^: extraord9>y comb9ation ( poetical & philosophical g5ius _h attract$ ,gilb]t's att5tion1 & he ?us _h ! m]it & good =tune ( contribut+ to rescue f obscurity "o ( ! greate/ discov]]s 9 mod]n *emi/ry4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t cont9u$ to reside pr9cipally at 8 college until ! ye> #agic1 :51 hav+ previ\sly tak5 ! honor>y degree ( ,m4,a41 he return$ to ,cornwall to s]ve z %]iff1 & to divide 8 "t1 betwe5 ! cultivation ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 & ! duties ( a magi/rate 9 a popul\s & busy t[n4 ,previ\s to ?is1 9 ! ye> #agia1 he _h be5 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 8 c]tificate describ+ him z be+ devot$ to ma!matical & philosophical pursuits4 ,x 0 sign$ by ,?omas ,hornsby1 ,savilian pr(essor ( a/ronomy1 ,g4 ,%uckburgh1 ,n4 ,maskelyne1 ,george ,/aunton1 & o!r ,fell[s4 ,9 #ahjd ,mr4 ,gilb]t became a memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,hel/one1 & at ! g5]al election 9 #ahjf1 0 *os5 to repres5t ,bodm91 cont9u+ to sit = t bor\gh until ,decemb]1 #ahcb4 ,he 0 emphatically ! repres5tative ( sci5tific int]e/s 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & 0 cont9ually appo9t$ to s]ve on committees ( inquiry t\*+ sci5tific & f9ancial que/ions4 ,he act$ z ,*airman ( ! committee = rebuild+ ,london ,bridge1 caus+ x to be wid5$ t5 feet m ?an orig9ally propos$1 & he greatly contribut$ by 8 ex]tions to c>ry _m v important public projects1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$1 ! ,breakwat] at ,plym\?1 & ! bill = ! revision ( weights & measures1 ( :i* he 0 appo9t$ a commission]4 ,he 0 also a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude4 ,on ! #h? ( ,april1 #ahjh1 he m>ri$ ,m>y ,ann ,gilb]t1 only niece ( ,*>les ,gilb]t ( ,ea/b\rne 9 ,sussex1 "u ^: w he came into possession ( consid]able e/ates 9 t c\nty2 &1 9 compliance ) its conjunctions1 obta9$ p]mission to assume ! "n & arms ( ,gilb]t4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t contribut$ sev]al important pap]s on ma!matical subjects to ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,9 ,july1 #ahai1 he succe$$ ,samuel ,lyons 9 ! (fice ( treasur] to ! ,royal ,society1 :i* (fice he reta9$ until elect$ ,presid5t 9 #ahbh4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( num]\s pap]s 9 ! ',qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1' & pres5t$ ! _w ) ! fruits ( 8 lab\rs z an antiqu>y1 by publi%+1 9 #ahch1 ',! ,p>o*ial ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall1' 9 f\r volumes #hvo41 f\nd$ on ! manuscript hi/ories ( ,mr4 ,hals & ,mr4 ,tonk94 ,mr4 ,gilb]t 0 a dilig5t collector ( anci5t traditions1 leg5d>y tales1 songs1 & c>ols1 illu/rat+ ! mann]s ( ! ,corni% peasants1 & pr9t$ v>i\s ballads at 8 h\se at ,ea/b\rne4 ,he possess$ great memory & p[]s ( quotation & anecdote2 8 conv]sation has be5 describ$ z be+ a cont9u$ /ream ( le>n+ & philosophy1 adapt$ ) excell5t ta/e to ! capacity ( 8 auditory1 & enliv5$ ) anecdotes to :i* ! mo/ li/less c\ld n b li/5 & le>n4 ,8 mann]s1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 7 mo/ unaffect$1 *ildlike1 g5tle1 & natural4 ,z a fri5d1 he 0 k9d1 consid]ate1 =be>+1 pati5t1 & g5]\s2 & :5 ! grave 0 clos$ ov] him1 n "o man1 woman1 or *ild1 :o 0 hon\r$ ) 8 acqua9tance1 b felt t he _h a fri5d less 9 ! _w4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t retir$ f ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahcj1 & two ye>s lat] f ,p>liam5t2 he did n1 h[ev]1 resign himself to repose1 b cont9u$ 9 _m ways /ill to advocate ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,9 #ahci he became mu* weak] 9 heal? & spirits2 & al?\gh he made a j\rney to ,durham1 & aft]w>ds into ,cornwall1 :]e he presid$ = ! la/ "t at ! ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society ( ,cornwall 7( :i* he _h be5 ,presid5t s9ce its in/itution 9 #ahad71 he 0 evid5tly unequal to ! ex]tions he 0 mak+4 ,8 la/ visit 0 to ,ox=d1 :i* ,univ]sity _h "s ye>s be=e conf]r$ on him ! title ( ,d4,c4,l4 ,f t p]iod he nev] w5t into public1 b1 bidd+ f>ewell to ,london1 retir$ to 8 h\se at ,ea/b\rne on ! #g? ( ,novemb]1 #ahci1 :]e he di$ on ! #bd? ( ! foll[+ ,decemb]4 ,8 body 0 borne to ! grave by 8 own lab\r]s1 & foll[$ by 8 wid[ & family1 :i* consi/$ ( "o son 7! pres5t ,j4 ,d4 ,gilb]t1 ,f4,r4,s47 & two daught]s4--,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) ,memoirs ( ! ,presid5ts4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,,*>les ,,hat*ett1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,janu>y #b1 #agfe4 ,di$ ,m>* #aj1 #ahdg4 ,*>les ,hat*ett 0 born at a h\se 9 ,long ,acre1 :]e 8 fa!r c>ri$ on ! bus9ess ( a coa*mak]4 ,he 0 s5t to a s*ool kn[n by ! "n ( ,f\ntayne's1 situat$ 9 :at 0 =m]ly call$ ,m>ylebone ,p>k4 ,on leav+ s*ool1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett cont9u$ to live = "s "t ) 8 fa!r1 purpos+ to foll[ ! same bus9ess2 he1 h[ev]1 nev] took k9dly to x1 b sp5t ! *ief "p ( 8 "t 9 p]us+ books ( sci5ce1 or 9 att5d+ lectures on sci5tific subjects2 & 8 fa!r1 p]ceiv+ ! b5t ( 8 incl9ation1 made him a h&some all[ance1 to enable him to prosecute 8 /udies4 ,an amus+ /ory is told by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,lockwood1 ,rector ( ,k+ham1 :o 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,mr4 ,hat*ett's1 t "o day he rememb]$ ask+ ,hat*ett :at fir/ l$ him to turn 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( *emi/ry2 he repli$1 t he believ$ x 0 8 love = raspb]ry-jam2 =1 :5 q a boy1 he us$ to accompany 8 "m to ! /or]oom1 & on "o occasion1 :ile z usual entreat+ = "s jam1 %e lock$ ! door1 & putt+ ! key 9 h] pocket1 told him he might n[ get z mu* z he c\ld4 ,?is some:at nettl$ ! lad1 & sett+ 8 wits to "w1 he rememb]$ hav+ read ( ! p[] ( c]ta9 acids to dissolve metals4 ,"y ,hat*ett accord+ly pur*as$ :at he ?\ght w\ld suit 8 purpose1 & apply+ x to ! lock ( ! cupbo>d1 ga9$ an entrance1 & c>ri$ (f 9 triumph ! pot ( jam4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #aghf1 :5 j "o-&-tw5ty1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett m>ri$ ! only daught] ( ,mr4 ,john ,collick1 ( ,sa9t ,m>t9's ,lane1 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 company ) 8 wife1 visit$ ,russia & ,pol&1 :]e !y rema9$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,on return+ to ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett e/abli%$ himself 9 a h\se at ,hamm]smi?1 :i* he fitt$ ) an excell5t laboratory1 s z to be able to pursue 8 *emical /udies4 ,on ! #i? ( ,m>*1 #ahjg1 he 0 elect$ into ! ,royal ,society1 8 fir/ pap] hav+ appe>$ 9 _! ',transactions' 9 #agif2 x 0 entitl$1 ',an ,analysis ( ! ,c>9?ian ,molybdate ( ,lead1 ) ,exp]im5ts on ! ,molybdic ,acid2 to :i* are add$1 "s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,decomposition ( ! ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4' ,?is pap] 0 foll[$ by fifte5 o!rs1 on v>i\s subjects1 exhibit+ ! ext5t & rese>* ( 8 *emical inve/igations4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 publi%$ 9 #ahjb1 & entitl$ an ',analysis ( a ,m9]al ,sub/ance f ,nor? ,am]ica1 conta9+ a metal unkn[n1' ,mr4 ,hat*ett gives an acc\nt ( 8 discov]y ( ! metal ,columbium4 ,dur+ ! lat] portion ( 8 life1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett 0 (t5 call$ ^u committees1 :5ev] po9ts ( *emi/ry or o!r sci5ces 7 to be discuss$4 ,9 #ahah1 he =m$ "o ( ! commission1 compris+ among/ o!rs ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,sir ,william ,congreve1 ,davies ,gilb]t1 c41 appo9t$ to au?orize an inquiry into ! be/ means ( prev5t+ ! =g]y ( bank notes2 he 0 also "o ( ! *emi/s 7consi/+ ( ,br&e1 ,hat*ett1 ,wolla/on1 & ,"y7 :o met at ,sir ,joseph ,banks's h\se1 to decide on ! respective m]its ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy & ,george ,/eph5son1 9 ! matt] ( ! safety-lamp4 ,besides 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts1 ,hat*ett possess$ great conv]sational p[]s2 he 0 good-hum\r$1 full ( droll]y1 & nev] at fault = "s jocul> or pleasant /ory1 to amuse ! company he might be )4 ,at ! ,royal ,society ,club1 ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 he 0 a great fav\rite1 p>ticul>ly ) ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o1 aft] ,dr4 ,johnson1 us$ to call him a clubable man4 ,sir ,john ,b>r[ gives ! foll[+ anecdote3--,t "o day1 at ! club1 ,hat*ett amus$ u ) ! /ory ( a dream1 :i* he prefac$ by say+ t1 al?\gh x 0 'su* /uff z dreams are made (1' x /ill conta9$ a reality 9 its conclusion1 :i* _h v mu* di/ress$ him4 ,he dreamt t he _h lo/ 8 way1 b came to a d>k & dismal-look+ build+1 into :i* he pass$ ?r\gh a =bidd+ sort ( gate1 op5$ by a black-look+ port]1 :o clos$ x imm$iately aft] him4 ,he walk$ on1 & ev]y:]e obs]v$ clumps ( ill-look+ p skirmi%+ & fight+1 :ile a little beyond 7 o!r gr\ps1 weep+ & 9 great di/ress2 fur!r on /ill 7 flames ( fire4 ,beg9n+ to ?9k he _h got into a v bad place1 he endeav\r$ to retrace 8 /eps & get out aga92 b ! black doorkeep] refus$ to let him pass4 ,a furi\s fight ensu$1 & he pummell$ ! negro-look+ rascal1 fir/ ) "o fi/ & !n ) ano!r4 ,at l5g? he 0 br\ght to 8 s5ses by a scream1 :i*1 to 8 dismay1 proce$$ f 8 poor wife1 & he f\nd t1 in/ead ( pummell+ ! black doorkeep]1 he _h giv5 ,mrs4 ,hat*ett a black eye4 ,9 #ahji1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett 0 elect$ "o ( ! *os5 few ( ! ,lit]>y ,club1 orig9ally in/itut$ by ,dr4 ,johnson & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds2 & on ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,burney1 9 #ahbi1 0 appo9t$ to ! *ief (ficial /ation ( treasur] to ! club4 ,9 #ahaj he took up 8 resid5ce at ,belle ,vue ,h\se1 ,*elsea1 :]e he cont9u$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 #ahdg1 ,mr4 ,hat*ett hav+ !n atta9$ ! advanc$ age ( eighty-two4--,sket*es ( ! ,royal ,society & ,royal ,society ,club1 by ,sir ,john ,b>r[1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,,william ,,h5ry1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,decemb] #ab1 #aggd4 ,di$ ,septemb] #b1 #ahcf4 ,dr4 ,william ,h5ry1 ! di/+ui%$ *emical philosoph]1 0 born at ,man*e/]4 ,8 fa!r1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,h5ry1 0 a zeal\s cultivator ( *emical sci5ce4 ,! e>lie/ impressions ( ,h5ry's *ildhood 71 !re=e1 su* z to inspire int]e/ & rev]5ce = ! pursuits ( sci5ce2 & he is said1 :5 v "y1 to h s\ght amusem5t 9 attempt+ to imitate1 ) su* means z 7 at 8 disposal1 ! *emical exp]im5ts :i* 8 fa!r _h be5 p]=m+4 ,a sev]e accid5t :i* occurr$ 9 e>ly life1 by disqualify+ him = ! active sports ( boyhood1 also contribut$ to det]m9e 8 ta/e = books & s$5t>y occupations4 ,?is injury1 occasion$ by ! fall ( a heavy beam ^u 8 "r side1 0 ( a v s]i\s nature1 & mat]ially *eck$ 8 gr[?2 x left z its consequ5ce acute neuralgic pa9s1 :i* recurr$ f "t to "t1 ) m or less sev]ity1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,dr4 ,h5ry's e>lie/ in/ructor 0 ! ,rev4 ,ralph ,h>rison1 :o possess$ consid]able repute z a tea*] ( ! anci5t languages1 & 0 consid]$ at t p]iod to be "o ( ! be/ in/ructors ( y\? 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,imm$iately on leav+ ,mr4 ,h>rison's academy at ,man*e/]1 ,h5ry _h ! good =tune to become ! private secret>y ( ,dr4 ,p]cival1 a physician ( great g5]al accompli%m5ts & ref9$ ta/e1 ^: example & judici\s c\nsels 7 mo/ in/rum5tal 9 guid+ ! ta/es ( 8 "y companion1 & 9 e/abli%+ habits ( vigilant & appropriate expression4 ,9 ?is improv+ resid5ce ,dr4 ,h5ry rema9$ = ! space ( five ye>s2 he 0 !n remov$1 9 ! w9t] ( #agie-f1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 aft] hav+ acquir$ "s prelim9>y m$ical k at ! ,infirm>y at ,man*e/]4 ,prud5tial consid]ations compell$ him to leave ! ,univ]sity at ! end ( a ye>1 & comm5ce g5]al m$ical practice 9 company ) 8 fa!r4 ,a few ye>s' exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[$ ! inadequacy ( 8 delicate frame to be> up aga9/ ! fatigues ( ?is bran* ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & he 0 p]mitt$1 9 ! ye> #ahje1 to return to ! ,univ]sity1 at t "t adorn$ by ! le>n+ ( ,playfair & ,/ew>t4 ,s p[]ful 0 ! /imulus giv5 to 8 m5tal p[]s dur+ 8 resid5ce at ! ,univ]sity1 t he (t5 decl>$ t ! re/ ( 8 life1 active z x 01 appe>$ a /ate ( +lori\s repose :5 contra/$ ) ?is season ( unremitt$ ef=t4 ,! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ,dr4 ,h5ry's two academic resid5ces1 al?\gh pass$ 9 ! engross+ occupations ( 8 pr(ession1 to :i* 0 add$ ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a *emical bus9ess previ\sly e/abli%$ by 8 fa!r1 0 yet m>k$ by sev]al important contributions to sci5ce4 ,9 #agig he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society an exp]im5tal memoir 7! fir/ ( a long s]ies ) :i* he enri*$ ! ',transactions' ( t body71 ! design ( :i* 0 to re-e/abli% ! title ( c>bon to be rank$ among elem5t>y bodies1 :i* _h be5 d5i$ by ,au/91 ,b$does1 & o!r em95t *emi/s4 ,9 ?is pap] he subsequ5tly discov]$ a fallacy 9 8 own reason+1 :i* he expos$ be=e x _h be5 detect$ by any o!r *emi/4 ,9 #ahjj he publi%$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' 8 exp]im5ts on muriatic acid gas1 & 9 #ahjc made kn[n to ! ,royal ,society 8 elaborate exp]im5ts on ! quantity ( gases absorb$ by wat] at diff]5t temp]ature & "u diff]5t pressures1 ! result ( :i* 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! law t wat] takes up ( gas1 cond5s$ by "o1 two or m additional atmosph]es1 a quantity :i* w\ld be equal to twice1 ?rice1 c4 ! volume absorb$ "u ! ord9>y pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 #ahjh ,h5ry 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 ! same ye> describ$ 9 _! ',transactions' a =m ( app>atus adapt$ to ! combu/ion ( l>g] quantities ( gases ?an c\ld be fir$ 9 eudiometric tubes4 ,?is app>atus1 ?\gh n[ sup]s$$1 gave m accurate results ?an _h ev] be=e be5 atta9$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahji7 ! ,copley gold m$al 0 aw>d$ to him = 8 valuable contributions to ! ',transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,= ! next fifte5 ye>s ,dr4 ,h5ry cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts on gases1 mak+ kn[n to ! ,society ! results f "t to "t4 ,9 8 la/ communication1 9 #ahbd1 he claim$ ! m]it ( hav+ conqu]$ ! only difficulty t rema9$ 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! analysis ( ! gase\s sub/ances issu+ f ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal & oil--viz41 ! asc]ta9+ by *emical means ! exact proportions :i* ! gases1 left aft] ! action ( *lor9e on oil & coal gas1 be> to ea* o!r4 ,?is he accompli%$ by skilfully avail+ himself ( ! prop]ty 7rec5tly discov]$ by ,db]e9]71 9 f9ely divid$ plat9um1 ( caus+ gase\s comb9ations1 & he 0 ?us enabl$ to prove ! exact composition ( ! fire-damp ( m9es4 ,all ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,h5ry :i* h be5 previ\sly allud$ to bore ^u eri=m bodies2 b al?\gh ^! 7 8 fav\rite /udies1 8 acqua9tance ) g5]al *emi/ry is prov$ by 8 ',elem5ts ( ,exp]im5tal ,*emi/ry1' to h be5 bo? s\nd & ext5sive4 ,?is "w 0 "o ( ! fir/ on *emical sci5ce publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* comb9$ great lit]>y elegance ) ! highe/ /&>d ( sci5tific accuracy4 ,8 comp>ative analysis ( _m v>ieties ( ,briti% & =eign salts 7 models ( accurate analysis1 & 7 important 9 dispell+ ! prejudices !n popul> 9 fav\r ( ! latt] = economical purposes4 ,8 ',memoir on ! ,!ories ( ,galvanic ,decomposition' e>n$ ! cordial approval ( ,b]zelius1 z be+ among ! fir/ ma9ta9+ t view :i* he himself s e>ne/ly support$4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ,dr4 ,h5ry did n contribute m to ! lit]ature ( sci5ce1 z he appe>s to h be5 em95tly fitt$1 bo? by natural ta/es & by aft] culture1 to excel 9 ?is p>ticul> respect2 especially is x to be regrett$ t he did n live to c>ry out ! great lit]>y project = :i* he _h collect$ mat]ials--a hi/ory ( *emical discov]y f ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,he c\ld h made x "o ( ! mo/ popul> books 9 our tongue4 ,9 ! g5]al int]c\rse ( society ,dr4 ,h5ry 0 di/+ui%$ by a poli%$ c\rtesy1 by an intuitive propriety1 & by a consid]ate =e?\ght & respect = ! feel+s & op9ions ( o!rs2 qualities issu+ out ( ! same high-ton$ s5sibility1 t guid$ 8 ta/e 9 lett]s1 & t s(t5$ & elevat$ 8 :ole moral frame & be>+4 ,8 compreh5sive range ( ?\ght & k1 8 pron5ess to g5]al speculation 9 contradi/9ction to detail1 8 ready comm& ( ! ref9em5ts ( language1 & ! livel9ess ( 8 feel+s & imag9ation1 r5d]$ him a mo/ in/ructive & engag+ companion4 ,to ! "y1 & m especially to su* z gave evid5ce ( a ta/e = lib]al /udies1 8 mann] 0 peculi>ly k9d & enc\rag+4 ,9 measur+ ! am\nt & importance ( 8 contributions to *emical k1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t 9 8 season ( greate/ m5tal activity1 he nev] enjoy$ t uncontroll$ comm& ( "t & t s]5e conc5tration ( ?\ght :i* are ess5tial to ! completion ( great sci5tific designs4 ,9 m advanc$ life1 :5 reliev$ f ! duties ( an ext5sive m$ical practice & o!r equally press+ avocations1 gr[+ infirmities & fail+ bodily p[] re/ra9$ him to /udies n dem&+ p]sonal ex]tion1 & ev5 abridg$ 8 season ( purely m5tal lab\r4 ,t amid circum/ances s unfri5dly to orig9al & su/a9$ a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 he %\ld h accompli%$ s mu*1 be>s te/imony to t en]gy ( resolve1 t unsubdu$ ard\r ( _s :i* ev] gl[$ )9 him1 urg+ him /eadily onw>ds 9 ! c>e] ( hon\rable ambition1 & prompt+ ex]tions m ?an comm5surate ) ! decay+ =ces ( a frame t _h nev] be5 vigor\s4 ,at int]vals dur+ 8 :ole life1 ,dr4 ,h5ry suff]$ sev]ely f ! effect ( ! accid5t already m5tion$4 ,! p>oxysms ( int5se neuralgic agony :i* attack$ him1 at l5g? caus$ ! :ole n]v\s sy/em to be s irritat$ z to deprive him ( sleep1 & cause 8 dea? 9 ,septemb]1 #ahcf1 at ! age ( sixty-"o4--,biographical ,acc\nt ( ! late ,dr4 ,h5ry1 by 8 son1 ,william ,*>les ,h5ry1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4--,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,novemb] #ae1 #agch4 ,di$ ,augu/ #bc1 #ahbb4 ,au!ntic p>ticul>s respect+ bo? ! e>ly & private life ( ?is great a/ronom] are sadly defici5t2 8 sci5tific works are1 h[ev]1 ( a _w-wide reputation1 & x is ) ^! t we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,william ,h]s*el 0 born at ,hanov]1 & 0 "o ( a num]\s family1 :o support$ !mselves *iefly by _! musical tal5ts4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 ,william 0 plac$1 x is said1 9 ! b& ( ! ,hanov]ian regim5t ( ,gu>ds1 :i* he accompani$ to ,engl& at a p]iod v>i\sly /at$ f #ageg to #agei4 ,on 8 arrival he rema9$ = "s "t at ,durham1 & 0 subsequ5tly1 = sev]al ye>s1 organi/ at ,halifax1 :]e he 0 also employ$ 9 tea*+ music & /udy+ languages4 ,at l5g?1 ab\t ! ye> #agff1 he f\nd himself 9 comp>atively easy circum/ances1 z organi/ ( ! ,octagon ,*apel at ,ba?4 ,"h ,h]s*el began to /udy e>ne/ly ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy2 & feel+ ! necessity ( obta9+ a good telescope1 ! pur*ase ( :i* w\ld be beyond 8 means1 he det]m9$ to make "o himself4 ,aft] _m trials1 he succe$$ 9 #aggd 9 execut+ ) 8 own h&s a reflect+ telescope1 & soon acquir$ s mu* dext]ity1 z to con/ruct in/rum5ts ( t5 & tw5ty feet 9 focal l5g?4 ,9 ! ye> #aghj he contribut$ 8 fir/ pap]1 ',on ! ,v>iable ,/> 9 ,cetus1' to ! ,royal ,society2 & on ! #ac? ( ,m>*1 #agha1 ann\nc$ to ! _w 8 discov]y ( a suppos$ comet1 :i*1 on fur!r exam9ation1 prov$ to be a planet ext]ior to ,saturn1 n[ nam$ ,uranus4#bj ,?is =tunate success 0 ! fir/ addition to ! numb] ( prim>y planets s9ce a p]iod ( an immemorial antiquity1 & x spe$ily made ! "n ( ,h]s*el fam\s4 ,george ,,iii4 took ! new a/ronom] "u 8 protection1 & atta*$ him to 8 c\rt1 be/[+ on him ! title ( a/ronom] to ! k+1 ) a sal>y ( #djjl4 a ye>4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! am\nt ( b5efit ?us conf]r$ on a/ronomy by ! aw>d ( ?is p5sion2 = no?+ %ort ( ! entire devotion ( a lifetime1 c\ld h produc$ su* results z we owe to ,h]s*el4 ,8 contributions to ! ',philosophical ,transactions' alone am\nt to sixty-n9e 9 numb]1 & may give "s idea ( ! unwe>i$ activity ( ! au?or2 !y range ov] a p]iod ( ?irty-five ye>s1 comm5c+ 9 #aghj & t]m9at+ 9 #ahae4 ,! num]\s bodies :i* he add$ to ! sol> sy/em1 make t numb] half z l>ge aga9 z he f\nd x4 ,includ+ ,halley's comet1 & ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit] & five ( ,saturn1 ! numb] previ\sly kn[n 0 eighte51 to :i* ,h]s*el add$ n9e--namely ,uranus & six satellites1 & two satellites ( ,saturn4 ,8 discov]y ( ! rotation ( ,saturn's r+1 8 measurem5ts ( ! rotation ( ,saturn & ,v5us1 8 obs]vations ( ! belts ( ! =m]1 & 8 conjectural !ory--d]iv$ f obs]vation--( ! rotation ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 ) a l>ge numb] ( m9or obs]vations1 prove t no "o individual ev] add$ s mu* to ! facts on :i* our k ( ! sol> sy/em is f\nd$4 ,8 lead+ discov]ies 9 sid]ial a/ronomy include--! discov]y ( b9>y sy/ems ( />s1 & ! orbits ( sev]al revolv+ />s2 ! discov]y & classification ( a prodigi\s multitude ( nebul2 ! law ( gr\p+ ( ! entire firmam5t1 & its connection ) ! great nebula ( ! ,milky ,way2 & la/ly1 ! det]m9ation ( ! motion ( our sun & sy/em 9 space1 & ! direction ( t motion4 ,h]s*el's magnific5t speculations on ! ,milky ,way1 ! con/itution ( nebul1 c41 fir/ op5$ ! road to ! conception1 t :at 0 call$ ! univ]se 01 9 all probability1 b a deta*$ & m9ute portion ( t fa?omless s]ies ( simil> =mations :i* ought to be> ! "n4 ,imag9ation roves ) ease ^u su* subjects2 b be=e ,h]s*el's obs]vations1 ev5 t d>+ faculty w\ld h reject$ ideas :i* aft]w>ds prov$ to be b sob] philosophy4 ,^! great & ardu\s enquiries occupi$ ,h]s*el dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 sci5tific c>e]1 ext5d+ to almo/ half a c5tury1 &1 except+ ! cont9uation ( 8 lab\rs by 8 illu/ri\s son1 ,sir ,john1 little has be5 add$ to our k ( '! con/itution ( ! heav5s' s9ce 8 dea?4 ,z an optician1 ,h]s*el des]ves equal notice = ! wond]ful improvem5ts :i* he effect$ 9 ! dim5sions & magnify+ p[] ( telescopes1 & by ! skill ) :i* he appli$ !m to cele/ial obs]vations4 ,! reflect+ telescope 0 ! "o to ! improvem5t ( :i* he s successfully devot$ himself2 & ! real secret ( 8 success 9 ?is1 0 8 a/oni%+ p]sev]ance2 8 det]m9ation be+ to obta9 telescopes ( tw5ty feet focal l5g? or m1 & ( a p]fection equal or sup]ior to ! small ones !n 9 use4 ,he himself relates1 t :il/ at ,ba? he _h con/ruct$ #bjj specula ( sev5 feet focus1 #aej ( t5 feet1 & ab\t #hj ( tw5ty feet2 a pro( ( extraord9>y resolution 9 a man ( limit$ means1 & at t "t engag$ 9 a labori\s pr(ession4 ,h]s*el at la/ succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ 8 enorm\s telescope ( =ty feet focal l5g?1 :i* he erect$ 9 ! gr\nds ( 8 h\se at ,sl\gh4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 begun 9 #aghe1 & f9ally complet$ on ,augu/ #bh?1 #aghi1 on :i* day ,h]s*el discov]$ ) x ! six? satellite ( ,saturn2 ! diamet] ( ! tube 0 #d feet #aj in*es1 ! speculum hav+ a useful area ( #d feet3 ! total co/ 0 #djjjl41 :i* 0 entirely defray$ by ! lib]ality ( ,george ! ,?ird4 ,aft] ! aw>d ( ! k+'s p5sion1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,sl\gh1 ne> ,w9dsor1 8 family consi/+ at fir/ ( "o ( 8 bro!rs1 & 8 si/]1 ,miss ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 :o 0 8 coadjutor & assi/ant 9 8 computations & r$uctions1 & 0 also actively employ$ 9 a/ronomical obs]vation1 be+ ! discov]] ( m ?an "o comet4 ,h]s*el m>ri$ a wid[ lady1 ,mrs4 ,m>y ,pitt1 & left "o son1 ! pres5t ,sir ,john1 ^: "n has long be5 kn[n to ! public z "o ( ! mo/ active & successful adh]5ts ( sci5ce t our day has produc$4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes ?us sums up ! philosophical "* ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el3-- ,he unit$1 9 a rem>kable degree1 ! resolute indu/ry :i* di/+ui%es ! ,g]mans1 ) ! ard\r & con/ancy :i* has be5 ?\ght *>act]i/ic ( ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,f 8 native c\ntry he br\ght ) him ! boldness ( speculation :i* has long di/+ui%$ x1 & x is probable t he _h also a vigor\s & ev5 poetical imag9ation4 ,yet he 0 ev] impati5t until he _h br\ght 8 conjectures to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 & obs]vation ( ! mo/ uncompromis+ k9d4 ,he delight$ to give 8 data a num]ical "*1 & :]e ?is 0 7by _! nature7 impossible1 he confirm$ 8 descriptions by reit]at$ obs]vation1 9 diff]5t /ates ( wea!r1 ) diff]5t telescopes1 ap]tures1 & magnify+ p[]s2 & ) praisewor?y fidelity he enabl$ 8 read]s to =m _! own judgm5t ( ! "* ( 8 results1 by copi\s & lit]al transcripts f 8 j\rnals4 ,h]s*el di$ peacefully at ,sl\gh1 at ! advanc$ age ( eighty-?ree1 on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 #ahbb1 only "o ye> aft] ! publication ( 8 late/ memoir 9 ! ',transactions' ( ! !n rec5tly =m$ ,a/ronomical ,society1 ( :i* he 0 ! fir/ presid5t4--,six? ,diss]tation1 by ,james ,david ,=bes1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 ,encyclopdia ,britt41 eigh? edition4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,london1 #ahef4--,weld's ,hi/4 ( ,roy4 ,society4 ,,edw>d ,,*>les ,,h[>d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,may #bh1 #aggd4 ,di$ ,septemb] #bh1 #ahaf4 ,mr4 ,h[>d 0 born at ,d>nell1 9 ! p>i% ( ,%effield1 & 0 ! ?ird bro!r ( ! twelf? ,duke ( ,norfolk4 ,8 "n has become intimately connect$ ) ! manufacture ( sug>1 f ! _m improvem5ts :i* he introduc$ into ! old processes = ! ref9em5t ( ?is mo/ important article ( comm]ce1 & especially by 8 inv5tion ( ! vacuum-pan4 ,x is relat$1 on ! au?ority ( ! late ,mr4 ,c4 ,few1 t ,mr4 ,h[>d's att5tion 0 drawn t[>ds ?is subject by ,mr4 ,*>les ,ellis1 :o1 on ! occasion ( an imm5se quantity ( ,we/ ,india sug> be+ 9 bond1 & = :i* ! rev5ue c\ld f9d no m>ket1 recomm5d$ ,h[>d1 ^: tal5ts z a practical *emi/ ,mr4 ,ellis 0 well acqua9t$ )1 to try & see if he c\ld n relieve ! ,gov]nm5t w>eh\ses1 by conv]t+ ! raw sug> into "s k9d ( manure1 & ?us avoid ! duty & r5d] ! article saleable4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ = ?is purpose1 ,mr4 ,h[>d accid5tally discov]$ 8 process ( purify+ sug>1 = :i*1 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 sug> ref9]s1 he took out pat5ts1 & ultimately realiz$ a consid]able =tune4 ,h[>d's vacuum-pan 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahab2 x dep5ds = its action on ! pr9ciple t liquids boil at temp]atures dep5d5t on ! pressures !y h to su/a94 ,?us wat]1 "u ! ord9>y pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7#cj in*es b>omet]71 boils at #bab ,f41 :]eas 9 vacuo x w boil at ab\t #hj2 consequ5tly a comp>atively l[ temp]ature w effect ! boil+ ( sug>-syrup 9 vacuo1 evaporation w proce$ f> m safely ?an 9 ! old process ( heat+ ! syrup 9 op5 pans1 & ! p]c5tage ( wa/e w be greatly r$uc$1 r5d]+ ! manufacture highly pr(itable 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,mr4 ,h[>d di$ at ! e>ly age ( =ty-two1 & 0 buri$ at ,/4 ,pancras1 ,middlesex4 ,he left "o son1 & a daught]1 ,julia1 :o 0 m>ri$ 9 ! ye> #ahbi to ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,/af=d ,j]n+ham1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,/af=d4 ,,capta9 ,j4 ,,hudd>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,jan4 #aa1 #agdj4 ,di$ ,augu/ #ai1 #ahaf4 ,joseph ,hudd>t 0 born at ,allonby 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,8 ,fa!r1 :o 0 a %oemak] & f>m]1 desir+ to give 8 son ! be/ education 9 8 p[]1 s5t him to a day-s*ool kept by ,mr4 ,wilson1 ! cl]gyman ( ! village4 ,"h "y ,hudd>t acquir$ a k ( ! elem5ts ( ma!matics1 includ+ a/ronomy1 sci5ces 9 :i* he atta9$ great pr(ici5cy 9 aft] life4 ,:5 q a boy1 ,hudd>t gave indications ( an orig9al m9d1 comb9$ ) great indu/ry & unwe>i$ pati5ce4 ,hav+ fall5 9 ) a treatise by ,mungo ,murray on %ip build+1 he 0 s pleas$ ) its cle> directions1 t he set to "w & succe$$1 aft] imm5se lab\r & +5uity1 9 mak+ a model ( a sev5ty-f\r gun-%ip1 ) ribs1 planks1 & bolts complete4 ,:5 engag$ 9 h]d+ 8 fa!r's c[s1 he us$ to c>ry out into ! c\ntry a desk ( 8 own manufacture1 employ+ 8 "t 9 read+1 & ma!matical draw+ & calculations4 ,z ,hudd>t grew up he ev9c$ a /rong bias = a sea-f>+ life1 & an ev5t occurr$ 9 #agef :i* decid$ 8 future c>e]4 ,9 t ye> l>ge %oals ( h]r+s came into ! ,solway ,fir?1 & ! eld] ,hudd>t took advantage ( ! circum/ance to trade 9 conjunction ) a ,h]r+ ,fi%]y ,company1 :ile 8 son took 8 place ) o!rs 9 ! boats1 & soon display$ s mu* skill & ability 9 _! managem5t t he became not$ among 8 fell[s = sup]iority ( k 9 nautical matt]s4 ,"y ,hudd>t cont9u$ m or less 9 ?is new employm5t until 8 fa!r's dea?1 9 #agfb1 :5 he succe$$ to a %>e 9 ! fi%]y1 & at once took ! comm& ( a sloop employ$ 9 c>ry+ ! salt$ h]r+s to ,cork & o!r p>ts ( ,irel&1 = ! supply ( ! ,we/ ,india m>kets4 ,^! voyages gave him a ?or\gh k ( ,/4 ,george's ,*annel1 conv9c$ him ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! *>ts !n 9 use1 & ultimately l$ to 8 mak+ a complete survey ( t sea1 & to ! subsequ5t publication ( 8 own mo/ valuable *>t4 ,9 #agfh ,hudd>t1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 uncle1 design$ & built a vessel = himself1 & nam$ x ! ,pati5ce1 e timb] 9 x hav+ be5 m\ld$ ) 8 own h&4 ,9 ?is vessel he made 8 fir/ voyage to ,nor? ,am]ica1 & cont9u$ to sail 9 h] until ! ye> #agga1 :5 he 0 induc$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,ho?am1 ) :om he _h become acqua9t$1 to ent] ! ,ea/ ,india ,m]cantile ,m>9e1 9 :i* s]vice he cont9u$ = _m ye>s1 & realiz$ a consid]able indep5d5cy4 ,capta9 ,hudd>t's sci5tific k & high "* introduc$ him into ! ,tr9ity ,h\se z an ,eld] ,bro!r1 & also into ! ,committee ( ! ,ramsgate ,h>b\r ,tru/1 & into ! ,london & ,ea/ ,india ,dock ,directions4 ,at ! ,tr9ity ,h\se all inquiries relat+ to lights1 ligh?\ses & *>ts 7 *iefly ref]r$ to him1 :ile ! ligh?\ses on ,hur/ ,po9t 7 built "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce & imm$iate direction4 ,on retirem5t f ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's s]vice1 ,hudd>t engag$ aga9 9 8 fav\rite pursuit ( %ip build+1 mak+ _m practical exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! l9es1 :i* consi/5t ) /ability & capacity = /[age w\ld give to vessels ! greate/ velocity ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,b t :i* con/itutes ,capta9 ,hudd>t's *ief claim on ! gratitude ( po/]ity are 8 great improvem5ts & inv5tions 9 ! manufacture ( ,cordage2 be=e 8 "t no?+ wor?y ( ! "n ( ma*9]y _h be5 appli$ to rope-mak+1 & to him 0 res]v$ ! hon\r ( br++ ! wond]ful p[] ( ,watt's /eam eng9e to be> ^u ?is mo/ important article ( manufacture4 ,capta9 ,hudd>t's att5tion 0 fir/ drawn t[>ds ! subject dur+ a voyage f ,india to ,*9a ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,sunda1 :]e ! %ip he comm&$ 0 frequ5tly compell$ to an*or4 ,:5 ! an*or 0 weigh$1 ! out] y>ns ( ! cable 7 (t5 f\nd to be brok51 & on op5+ a piece ( cable to f9d out ! cause1 ,hudd>t's att5tion 0 =cibly drawn to ! fact t rope z !n manufactur$1 bore almo/ ! entire /ra9 on ! out] y>ns ( ! /r&s1 f ! y>ns be+ orig9ally ( ! same l5g?1 & ! /r& 9 ! process ( twi/+ becom+ %ort5$4 ,he det]m9$ to rem$y ?is1 & ultimately con/ruct$ a ma*9e :i*1 by means ( :at he call$ a regi/] plate1 gave to e y>n ! same /ra91 & its prop] position 9 ! /r& :i* 0 compress$ ?r\gh a tube into ! desir$ =m4 ,gov]nm5t refus+ to take up ?is valuable inv5tion1 a company 0 =m$ by ,hudd>t's fri5ds = ! manufacture ( rope ^u 8 new pr9ciple4 ,^! g5tlem5 built a factory at ,limeh\se1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ "u ! "n ( ,hudd>t ,co4 ,capta9 ,hudd>t n[ devot$ himself to ! fur!r developm5t ( 8 valuable inv5tion2 he contriv$ a regi/]+ ma*9e :]eby ! y>ns 7 =m$ z !y came out ( ! t>-kettle1 ! t> be+ kept at ! temp]ature 7#bab-bbj ,fah47 he f\nd by exp]im5t to be suffici5t = ! requir$ purpose1 )\t injur+ by too great heat ! fibres ( ! rope4 ,he also con/ruct$ a lay+ ma*9e1 :i* gave ! same l5g? & twi/ to e /r&1 & an uni=m angle & pressure to ! rope or cable4 ,^! improvem5ts involv$ ! manufacture ( mu* beautiful ma*9]y1 :i* 0 made aft] ,hudd>t's design & "u 8 own p]sonal sup]9t5dance4#ba ,capta9 ,hudd>t liv$ to an advanc$ old age1 & ev5 9 8 la/ illness 8 disposition to inquire into causes & effects did n =sake him1 z 8 body gradually wa/$ away1 he caus$ himself to be weigh$ f "t to "t1 not+ !reby ! quantity ( moi/ure :i* escap$ by ! brea? & ins5sible p]spiration4 ,he di$ at ,highbury ,t]race1 ,london1 at ! age ( sev5ty-six1 & 0 int]r$ 9 a vault "u ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur*1 9 ! ,/r&4--,memoir ( ,capt4 ,jos4 ,hudd>t1 by ,wm4 ,cotton1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,,edw>d ,,j5n]1 ,m4,d41 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france4 ,born ,may #ag1 #agdi4 ,di$ ,janu>y #bf1 #ahbc4 ,edw>d ,j5n]1 :o by 8 discov]y ( vacc9ation has pre-em95tly acquir$ a "r to ! title ( ! ,b5efactor ( ,mank9d1 0 born at ! vic>age h\se ( ,b]keley1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & 0 ! ?ird son ( ! ,rev4 ,/eph5 ,j5n]1 rector ( ,rockhampton1 & vic> ( ,b]keley4 ,j5n]'s fa!r di$ :5 he 0 only five ye>s old1 leav+ him to be br\ght up "u ! c>e ( 8 uncle4 ,at eight ye>s ( age he 0 put to s*ool at ,wotton-"u-,edge1 f :5ce he 0 remov$ %ortly aft]w>ds to ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,wa%born1 at ,cir5ce/]4 ,j5n] e>ly display$ t ta/e = natural hi/ory :i* aft]w>ds =m$ s m>k$ a feature 9 8 "*4 ,be=e he 0 n9e ye>s old he _h made a collection ( ! ne/s ( ! dorm\se1 & :5 at ,cir5ce/] us$ to sp5d 8 h\rs ( recreation 9 se>*+ = ! fossils :i* ab\nd 9 t di/rict4 ,aft] ! completion ( 8 s*ola/ic education1 ,j5n] remov$ to ,sudbury1 ne> ,bri/ol1 :]e he acquir$ ! elem5ts ( surg]y & ph>macy "u ,mr4 ,ludl[1 an em95t surgeon 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,hav+ complet$ 8 t]m ) ?is g5tleman1 he w5t to ,london & became a pupil ( ! celebrat$ ,john ,hunt]1 9 ^: family he resid$ = two ye>s1 lay+ ! f\ndation ( an intimate fri5d%ip only brok5 by ,hunt]'s dea?4 ,"u ! tuition ( ?is di/+ui%$ anatomi/ he acquir$ an almo/ unrivall$ skill 9 m9ute dissections & delicate injections ( p>ts2 & :51 9 ! ye> #agga1 ,capta9 ,cook return$ f 8 fir/ voyage ( discov]y1 ! valuable specim5s ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* _h be5 collect$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 7 9 a great measure arrang$ & prep>$ by ,j5n]1 :o 0 recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,hunt] = t purpose4 ,9 execut+ ?is task1 he ev9c$ s mu* dext]ity & intellig5ce1 t he 0 (f]$ ! po/ ( ,naturali/ 9 ! next exp$ition1 :i* sail$ 9 #aggb4 ,j5n]1 h[ev]1 refus$ ! (f]1 & det]m9$ to fix 8 abode at ! place ( 8 bir?4 ,he return$ to ,b]keley :5 ab\t tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 & at once comm5c$ practice z a c\ntry surgeon4 ,8 fir/ attempts 7 v successful2 & z he add$ to 8 pr(essional skill ! mann]s ( a ?or\gh g5tleman1 & ! in=mation ( a s*ol>1 he became a welcome gue/ 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ families4 ,he 0 9 ! habit at ?is "t ( cultivat+ ! art ( poetry1 & us$ to s5d 8 compositions to 8 fri5ds 9 ! ord9>y int]*ange ( lit]>y correspond5ce4 ,he 0 likewise clev] at an epigram or a ballad1 & _h a natural ta/e = music1 be+ able to play on ! flute & viol91 & s+ 8 own v]ses ) consid]able ta/e & feel+4 ,su* 0 ! atta*m5t ( ,j5n]'s fri5ds to him at ?is p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 & s highly did !y value 8 amus+ & int]e/+ conv]sation1 t1 :5 he _h call$ at _! h\ses1 ei!r z a visitor or 9 8 pr(essional capacity1 !y w\ld accompany him1 on leav+1 _m miles on 8 way home1 & ?is too1 (t5 at midnight1 9 ord] t !y might prolong ! pleasure d]iv$ f 8 company & conv]sation4 ,al?\gh ,j5n]'s "t 0 *iefly occupi$ ) 8 pr(essional duties1 he /ill kept up a con/ant & regul> correspond5ce ) 8 fri5d ,john ,hunt] on diff]5t sci5tific subjects4 ,he manag$ also to f9d leisure to in/itute _m exp]im5ts & obs]vations 9 natural hi/ory1 "o ( ! results ( :i* 0 8 acc\nt ( ! ,cuckoo1 a mo/ c>efully elaborat$ essay1 & :i* has always be5 consid]$ z a model ( accurate obs]vation4 ,?is pap] 0 read to ! ,royal ,society on ! #aj? ( ,m>*1 #aghh1 & pr9t$ 9 _! ',transactions4' ,x expla9$ ! habits ( ?is curi\s bird v satisfactorily1 & its publication at once secur$ ! au?or a consid]able reputation z a ,naturali/4 ,z ?is pap] appe>s n to be v g5]ally kn[n1 ! foll[+ acc\nt tak5 f x may be int]e/+3-- ,! cuckoo furtively deposits h] egg 9 ! ne/ ( ano!r bird2 x is done n t h] (fspr+ may be a %>] ( ! c>e ( ! fo/]-p>5t1 b t x may engross x entirely to ! total de/ruction ( its own natural (fspr+4 ,a p]v]sion ( all ! mat]nal in/9cts is a mo/ rem>kable result ( ?is vic>i\s incubation4 ,! h$ge-sp>r[1 or o!r birds ^: ne/s h be5 visit$ by ! cuckoo1 actually sometimes eject _! own eggs to make room = ! new gue/2 b x occasionally happ5s t ?is is n done2 ! eggs are n di/urb$1 & ! process ( hat*+ is all[$ to g on regul>ly1 & ! "y sp>r[s & ! cuckoo em]ge f ! %ell ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is ev5t1 :5 x is p]mitt$ to happ51 does n at all improve ! condition ( ! =m]2 on ! contr>y1 x only exposes !m to great] suff]+s4 ,! size ( ! egg ( ! cuckoo does n v>y mu* f t ( ! bird 9 ^: ne/ x is deposit$4 ,:5 ! "y sp>r[1 !re=e1 & ! intrud] fir/ come into life1 !y are pretty mu* on an equality2 b unhappily = ! fo/]-bre?r51 ?is equality does n la/ long3 ! cuckoo's gr[? rapidly out/rips t ( 8 companions1 & he imm$iately ex]cises 8 new p[]s ) abundant selfi%ness & cruelty4 ,by a s+ul> configuration ( 8 own body he contrives to lodge 8 companions1 "o by "o1 ^u 8 back1 & !n scrambl+ up ! sides ( ! ne/1 he sudd5ly ?r[s !m f _! seat1 & completely ejects !m f _! own home to become food = worms4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! unnatural p>5t is (t5 an unmov$ witness ( ?is atrocity4 ,h] :ole c>e & affection are absorb$ by ! intrud]1 & h] own fle% & blood lit]ally turn$ out to p]i%4 ,x sometimes1 ?\gh v r>ely1 happ5s t two cuckoo's eggs are deposit$ 9 ! same ne/4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 & !y are bo? hat*$ toge!r1 a bitt] feud arises1 :i* is only t]m9at$ by ! ejection ( "o or o!r f ! ne/4 ,all naturali/s previ\s to ,j5n] 7 incl9$ to ascribe ! peculi>ity 9 ! economy ( ! cuckoo to its /ructure2 ! l>g5ess ( ! /oma*1 :i* is only protect$ by a ?9 cov]+1 !y ass]t$1 r5d]$ ! pressure att5dant ^u incubation incompatible ) heal?4 ,?is !ory is incorrect1 & 0 adopt$ )\t due exam9ation4 ,j5n] obs]ves1 ,may !y n1 be ow+ to ! foll[+ circum/ances8--namely1 ! %ort resid5ce ?is bird is all[$ to make 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e x is de/9$ to propagate its species1 & ! call t nature has ^u x1 dur+ t %ort resid5ce1 to produce a num]\s prog5y4 ,! cuckoo's fir/ appe>ance "h is ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,its egg is n ready = incubation till "s weeks aft] its arrival4 ,a =tnight is tak5 up by ! sitt+ bird 9 hat*+ ! egg4 ,! "y bird g5]ally cont9ues ?ree weeks 9 ! ne/ be=e x flies1 & ! fo/]-p>5ts fe$ x m ?an five weeks aft] ?is p]iod3 s t ev5 if a cuckoo %\ld be ready ) an egg mu* soon] ?an ! "t po9t$ out1 n a s+le ne/l+1 w\ld be fit to provide = itself1 be=e its p>5t w\ld be in/9ctively direct$ to seek a new resid5ce1 & be ?us compell$ to ab&on its "y2 = ! old cuckoos take _! f9al leave ( ?is c\ntry ! fir/ week 9 ,july4 ,! dome/ic incid5ts ( ,j5n]'s life dur+ ?is p]iod1 al?\gh important to himself & 8 future c>e]1 7 n o!rwise rem>kable4 ,hav+ exp]i5c$ a disappo9tm5t 9 8 affections e>ly 9 life1 he cont9u$ = _m ye>s unm>ri$4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 #aghh1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,ca!r9e ,k+scote1 a desc5dant ( an anci5t ,gl\ce/]%ire family4 ,9 #agic ,john ,hunt] di$1 & ,j5n] 0 deeply affect$ by ! loss ( 8 e/eem$ fri5d4 ,_m ye>s previ\s to ?is sad ev5t1 ,j5n]'s anxi\s & affectionate att5tion to ! symptoms ( ! disease1 :i* z e>ly z #aggg _h begun to attack ,hunt]1 _h enabl$ him to detect ! true nature ( 8 illness 7,ang9a pectoris71 & ! result ( ! exam9ation aft] dea? fully e/abli%$ ! correctness ( ,j5n]'s views4 ,9 #agib1 hav+ det]m9$ to give up ! g5]al practice ( 8 pr(ession1 & practice z a physician only1 ,j5n] obta9$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e f ,/4 ,&rews2 & ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 on f9d+ t ,b]keley by itself c\ld nev] support a physician1 comm5c$ mak+ pr(essional visits to ,*elt5ham1 a practice :i* he cont9u$ = _m ye>s4 ,we n[ come to ! important epo* 9 ! life ( ?is em95t man4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,may1 #agif 7commemorat$ 9 ,b]l9 z an annual fe/ival71 he made 8 fir/ successful vacc9ation on a boy ( ! "n ( ,phipps1 eight ye>s old1 & ann\nc$ ! ev5t 9 a lett] to a fri5d nam$ ,g>dn]1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,b li/5 to ! mo/ delightful "p ( my /ory4 ,! boy has s9ce be5 inoculat$ = ! small-pox1 :i*1 z ,i v5tur$ to pr$ict1 produc$ no effect4 ,i %all n[ pursue my exp]im5ts ) r$\bl$ ard\r4 ,9 ! ye> #agih he made public ! result ( 8 cont9u$ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 publi%$ dur+ ?is ye> 8 "w entitl$ an ',inquiry into ! ,causes & ,effects ( ! ,v>iol ,vacc91' & h5ce=? ! imp]i%able "n ( ,j5n] 0 to be id5tifi$ ) vacc9ation4 ,al?\gh ,j5n] ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ?us late 9 life1 8 att5tion _h be5 drawn =cibly t[>ds ! subject :5 q a y\?1 :ile pursu+ 8 pr(essional education 9 ! h\se ( 8 ma/] at ,sudbury4 ,dur+ t "t1 a "y c\ntrywoman hav+ come to seek advice1 ! subject ( small-pox 0 m5tion$ 9 h] pres5ce2 %e imm$iately obs]v$1 ,i _c take t1 = ,i h _h ! c[-pox4 ,?is incid5t rivett$ ! att5tion ( ,j5n]1 & he resolv$ to let no opportunity escape ( procur+ k ^u s int]e/+ a subject4 ,:51 9 #aggj1 he 0 prosecut+ 8 /udies 9 ,london1 he m5tion$ ! matt] to ,hunt]1 :o told him n to ?9k b try1 & above all to be pati5t & accurate4 ,hunt]1 h[ev]1 f ! great numb] ( orig9al & important pursuits1 :i* fully engross$ 8 att5tion1 0 nev] s greatly impress$1 z ,j5n]1 ) ! probable consequ5ces ( ! successful elucidation ( ! subject ( c[-pox2 :ile o!r surgeons & sci5tific m51 to :om ! subject 0 m5tion$1 ridicul$ ! idea2 & ev5 :5 ,j5n] _h drawn up 8 ',inquiry1' he 0 recomm5d$ n to s5d x to ! ,royal ,society1 le/ x %\ld injure ! sci5tific reputation :i* he _h =m]ly acquir$ ) t body by 8 pap] on ! ',natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,cuckoo4' ,undet]r$ by ?is want ( sympa?y1 ,j5n]1 dur+ ! "t ( 8 practice at ,b]keley1 pati5tly cont9u$ 8 inve/igations z to ! nature ( c[-pox1 &1 gradually /ruggl+ ?r\gh ! difficulties :i* he _h to enc\nt] on 8 way1 elim9at$ ! foll[+ facts3 t !re 7 c]ta9 p to :om x 0 impossible to give ! small-pox by inoculation1 & t ^! _h all _h ! c[-pox2 b t !re 7 also o!rs :o _h _h c[-pox1 & :o yet receiv$ small-pox4 ,?is1 aft] mu* lab\r1 l$ him to ! discov]y t ! c[ 0 subject to a v>iety ( eruptions1 ( :i* "o only _h ! p[] ( gu>d+ f small-pox1 & t ?is1 ! true c[-pox1 z he call$ x1 c\ld1 at only "o p]iod ( its c\rse1 produce1 by inoculation1 su* an influ5ce ^u ! con/itution z to r5d] ! individual safe f fur!r contagion4 ,?is 0 ! basis ^u :i* ! fundam5tal rules = ! practice ( vacc9ation 7 f\nd$4 ,! publication ( 8 ',inquiry' excit$ ! greate/ int]e/1 = ! evid5ce 9 x seem$ conclusive2 yet ! practice ( vacc9ation met ) opposition1 z sev]e z x 0 unfair1 & its success seem$ unc]ta9 until a ye> _h pass$1 :5 upw>ds ( sev5ty ( ! pr9cipal physicians & surgeons 9 ,london sign$ a decl>ation ( _! entire confid5ce 9 x4 ,an attempt 0 !n made to deprive ,j5n] ( ! m]it ( 8 discov]y1 b x signally fail$1 & sci5tific hon\rs began to be be/[$ on him f all qu>t]s4 ,no?+ c\ld1 h[ev]1 induce ,j5n] to leave 8 native village1 & all 8 correspond5ce %[s t ! pure/ b5evol5ce1 r ?an ambition1 _h be5 ! motive :i* actuat$ 8 lab\rs4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,clive1 :o in/itut$ ! fir/ successful case ( vacc9ation 9 ,london1 he says3 ,%all ,i1 :o1 ev5 9 ! morn+ ( my life1 s\ght ! l[ly & seque/]$ pa?s ( life1 ! valley & n ! m\nta92 %all ,i1 n[ my ev5+ is fa/ approa*+1 hold myself up z an object = =tune & = fame8 ,admitt+ x z a c]ta9ty t ,i obta9 bo?1 :at /ock %\ld ,i add to my little fund ( happ9ess8 ,& z = fame1 :at is x8--a gild$ butt = ev] pi]c$ ) ! arr[s ( malignancy4 ,on ! ,cont95t ,j5n]'s claims on ! gratitude ( mank9d 7 quickly recognis$1 & ! influ5ce ( 8 "n & "* 0 v great4 ,on "o occasion dur+ ! w> he address$ a lett] to ,napoleon1 reque/+ p]mission = two m5 ( sci5ce & lit]ature to return to ,engl&2 & x is relat$ t ,napoleon1 be+ ab\t to reject ! petition1 he>d ,joseph9e utt] ! "n ( ,j5n]2 on :i* ! ,emp]or paus$ = an in/ant1 & exclaim$1 ,j5n]6 ah1 we c refuse no?+ to t man4 ,he subsequ5tly made o!r applications bo? to ! ,fr5* & o!r gov]nm5ts1 :i* 7 uni=mly att5d$ ) simil> success4 ,9 fact 8 "n became at l5g? s pot5t1 & 8 influ5ce s well kn[n1 t p]sons left ,engl& ) c]tificates sign$ by him1 :i* _h all ! =ce & value ( real passports4 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 0 m t>dy 9 recogniz+ ! claims ( ?is great man4 ,he once or twice appli$ to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t on behalf ( "s ,fr5* prison]s1 b unhappily )\t success4 ,nor 0 he p]mitt$ to %>e 9 ! lea/ degree 9 ! va/ patronage at ! disposal ( ! gov]nm5t1 & all 8 attempts to obta9 a liv+ = "o ( 8 nephews fail$1 al?\gh he appli$ :]e he 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ he w\ld meet ) att5tion & success4 ,on ! occasion ( ! fir/ p>liam5t>y grant to ,j5n] 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] /at$ t he ?\ght ! approbation ( ! ,h\se 0 ! highe/ rew>d t c\ld be giv5 him1 inasmu* z x w\ld lead to an ext5d$ & v lucrative practice2 & al?\gh x 0 prov$ 9 evid5ce t #dj1jjj m5 7 annually pres]v$ to ! ,/ate1 ev5 at t "t1 by ,dr4 ,j5n]'s discov]y1 ! proposition ( a grant = #aj1jjjl4 0 c>ri$ only by a majority ( ?ree4 ,j5n]'s feel+s 7 deeply w\nd$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ?is grant 0 made1 & he w\ld gladly h repudiat$ ! :ole affair4 ,x rema9$ unpaid = two ye>s1 & :5 at l5g? ! money 0 paid to him1 x 0 s load$ ) taxes & o!r exp5ses1 z to be ( little pecuni>y b5efit4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 bo? = ,j5n] & ! cr$it ( ,great ,brita91 ! ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne 7!n ,"l ,h5ry ,petty7 0 a pr9cipal mov] 9 8 second p>liam5t>y grant1 & ?r\gh ! able advocacy ( ?is enlight5$ nobleman1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,:itbread1 ,mr4 ,w9dham1 & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,morris & o!rs1 a m fitt+ recomp5se ( #bj1jjjl41 free ( all *>ges1 0 aw>d$ him 9 ,july #ahjg4 ,j5n] _h sev]al attacks ( sev]e illness dur+ 8 life1 b he not)/&+ atta9$ to a good old age4 ,till ! la/ day ( 8 life he 0 occupi$ 9 ! mo/ anxi\s lab\rs to diffuse ! advantages ( 8 discov]y bo? at home & abroad2 & he _h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t vacc9ation _h ev5 !n %$ its bless+ ov] e civilis$ nation ( ! _w1 prolong+ life1 & prev5t+ ! ravages ( "o ( ! mo/ t]rible sc\rges to :i* ! human race 0 ev] subject4 ,he di$ sudd5ly f an attack ( p>alysis 9 ,july #ahbc1 hav+ atta9$ ! sev5ty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4 ,%ortly aft] ,j5n]'s dea? a /atue 0 erect$ to 8 memory 9 ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( 8 fri5d & biograph]1 ,dr4 ,b>on2 /ill m rec5tly ! /atue 9 bronze1 by ,william ,cald] ,m>%all1 ,r4,a41 0 erect$ 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 & aft]w>ds remov$ to ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 z a ',,tribute ,,f ,,all ,,nations' to ! memory ( ?is di/+ui%$ philan?ropi/4--,life ( ,edw>d ,j5n]1 by ,john ,b>on1 ,m4,d41 c4 ,london1 #ahbg4--,memoir by ,dr4 ,?os4 ,laycock1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,,william ,,jessop4 ,born #agde4 ,di$ #ahad4 ,?is eng9e] =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! fir/ & second g5]ations ( civil eng9e]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to ! =m] belong ,smeaton & ,br9dley1 :ile ! latt] are head$ by ! great names ( ,tel=d & ,r5nie4 ,! fa!r ( ,mr4 ,jessop 0 engag$ "u ,smeaton 9 sup]9t5d+ ! erection ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 & 8 son ,william1 ! subject ( ?is memoir1 0 born at ,plym\?4 ,:5 he _h atta9$ ! age ( sixte5 8 fa!r di$1 leav+ ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 family to ,smeaton1 :o !nce=? adopt$ ,william z 8 pupil1 det]m9+ to br+ him up to 8 own pr(ession4 ,"y ,jessop rema9$ ) ,smeaton = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 enjoy+1 dur+ ?is ! busie/ "p ( ,smeaton's active c>e]1 _m opportunities ( acquir+ an ext5sive k ( ! bus9ess ( civil eng9e]+4 ,aft] leav+ ! s]vice ( ,smeaton1 ,mr4 ,jessop 0 engag$ = sev]al ye>s 9 improv+ ! navigation ( ! riv]s ,aire & ,cald]1 & ( ! ,cald] & ,hebble 9 ,york%ire4 ,he 0 also employ$ on ! riv] ,tr5t 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 & he appe>s to h be5 pr9cipally occupi$ on ^! works = "s "t subsequ5t to 8 leav+ ,smeaton4 ,a few ye>s be=e ! retirem5t ( ! latt]1 :i* took place 9 #agia1 8 pupil began to obta9 active employm5t1 & we f9d him ab\t ! ye>s #aghh & #aghi1 report+ on ! navigation ( ! ,sussex ,ouse1 & ! dra9age ( ,laughton ,level 9 ! same c\ntry1 be+ call$ on1 at ! same "t1 by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,?ames & ,isis1 to advise on ! works !y _h und]tak51 & 7 ab\t to execute1 = ! improvem5t ( ?is important navigation4 ,9 ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s 7#agij-b7 8 pr(essional employm5t greatly increas$4 ,he 0 n[ actively engag$ 9 prosecut+ v>i\s important canals 9 connection ) ! great c5tral navigation ( ! ,tr5t4 ,among/ ^! 7 ! ,crom=d ,canal1 p5etrat+ among/ ! m\nta9s ( ,d]by%ire into ! ri* m9]al di/ricts ( t wild & romantic c\ntry2 ! ,nott+ham ,canal1 :i* connects ! ,crom=d ) ! ,tr5t at ,nott+ham2 ! ,l\ghbor\gh & ,leice/] navigation1 connect+ ! ,a%by ,coalfield ) ! navigable "p ( ! ,so> & ) ,nott+ham1 ?us op5+ an important communication ) ! ,tr5t on ! "o h&1 & ) ,nott+ham & ! :ole s\? ( ,engl& on ! o!r4 ,9 addition to ?is sy/em 9 connection ) ! ,tr5t1 he project$ & comm5c$ at ?is "t ! ,hornca/le navigation1 :i*1 besides act+ z a valuable dra9age = ?is "p ( ! f5s1 0 productive ( great b5efit to a l>ge di/rict1 by br++ x into communication ) ! riv] ,)am1 :i* is navigable to ! sea 9 "o direction1 & 9 ! o!r ?r\gh ,l9coln to ! ,tr5t4 ,b a l>g] & m important "w ?an ^! la/ nam$1 :i* ,mr4 ,jessop 0 at ?is p]iod engag$ on1 0 ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 :i*1 jo9+ ! ,ox=d ,canal at ,braun/on1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 connects ! :ole inl& navigation ) ! metropolis1 by means ( a comp>atively direct l9e n9ety miles 9 l5g?1 trac$ 9 a diagonal direction across ! two =midable ranges ( hills peculi> to ! second>y =mations ( ,engl&4 ,?is canal communicates ) ! ,?ames by its ma9 l9e at ,br5t=d1 & by a bran* />t+ five miles above at ,bullbridge1 /ret*+ to ,padd+ton1 f :5ce ! ,reg5t's ,canal proce$s r\nd ! nor? side ( ,london to ! ,?ames at ,limeh\se1 ?us complet+ ! connection betwe5 ! ma9 l9e & ! l[] "p ( ! riv]4 ,! execution ( ?is canal necessitat$ ! con/ruction ( _m heavy works1 consi/+ ( tunnels1 deep cutt+s1 embankm5ts1 aqu$ucts1 res]voirs1 & weirs4 ,( ^! works "o ( ! mo/ fam\s is ! ,bliswor? ,tunnel1 #cjhj y>ds 9 l5g?1 cut ?r\gh ! inf]ior oolite & ! %ales ( ! lias4 ,its int]nal wid? is #af feet1 ! dep? bel[ ! wat]-l9e to ! inv]t$ ar* be+ #g feet1 :ile ! s(fit or cr[n ( ! ar* is #aa feet above ! same l9e4 ,! co/ ( ?is great und]tak+1 ) all its bran*es & att5dant works1 am\nt$ to ab\t two millions /]l+4 ,dur+ ! execution ( ?is "w1 ,mr4 ,jessop 0 also call$ into ,irel&1 & 0 tak+ an active "p 9 c>ry+ on ! public works :i* _h be5 und]tak5 by ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t 9 t c\ntry4 ,! ye> #agic orig9at$ sev]al great projects1 9 fur!rance ( :i* ,mr4 ,jessop's aid 0 secur$4 ,among/ ^! 7 ! ,gran?am ,canal1 suppli$ by va/ artificial res]voirs1 & ext5d+ f ! riv] ,tr5t1 ?r\gh a ri* pa/ure di/rict ( ! new r$ s&/one1 w9d+ = _m miles ?r\gh ! broad & f]tile vale ( ,belvoir1 up to ,gran?am at ! base ( ! ,l9coln%ire hills1 ! fur!/ po9t to :i* x is possible to p5etrate 9 ?is direction4 ,! ,b>nsley ,canal1 :i* op5s up an imm5se am\nt ( m9]al weal? 9 ! ,york%ire coalfield1 & br+s x into communication ) ! riv] ,cald]1 & ! ,de>n & ,dove ,canal2 & f9ally1 ! ,great ,ellesm]e ,canal1 :i* completes a communication betwe5 ! ,sev]n & ! ,m]sey1 & ramifies 9 num]\s directions among/ ! rugg$ hills & valleys ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,9 ! c>ry+ on ( ?is la/ nam$ und]tak+1 ,mr4 ,tel=d 0 likewise engag$ "u ,mr4 ,jessop4 ,two ( its mo/ important works are ! great aqu$ucts ( ,*irk & ,pont-y-cysylte1 ! =m] ( :i* c>ries ! canal ov] ! riv] ,c]iog1 at an elevation ( #gj feet1 :ile ! latt] c>ries x across ! ,dee at an elevation ( #abg feet4 ,! gr& peculi>ity 9 ^! aqu$ucts consi/$ 9 con/ruct+ a wat]-tight tr\gh ( ca/ iron = c>ry+ ! canal across ! ar*es1 in/ead ( an imm5se puddl$ clay tr\gh1 z 0 ! practice until t "t 9 use4 ,! execution & managem5t ( ! num]\s works "h m5tion$ occupi$ ! great] "p ( ,mr4 ,jessop's "t dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,b ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 ! signal = ano!r torr5t ( speculation1 :i*1 9 addition to canals1 began n[ to be direct$ t[>ds docks & railroads4 ,! promot]s ( ! fir/ great public dock e/abli%m5t employ$ ,mr4 ,jessop to conduct _! works1 & he _h ! hon\r ( complet+ ! great project ( ! ,we/ ,india ,docks1 ) _! num]\s accompany+ details1 9 a mann] :i* alone entitles him to rank among our mo/ em95t eng9e]s4 ,on ! completion ( ^! docks 8 pr(essional s]vices 7 engag$ by ! citiz5s ( ,bri/ol1 to effect a great & compreh5sive measure ( h>b\r improvem5t1 design$ to place ! port ( ,bri/ol at once 9 ! =emo/ position ) respect to comm]cial advantages4 ,?is 0 ! conv]sion ( "p ( ! riv] ,avon into an imm5se float+ dock1 capable ( accommodat+ #adjj vessels4 ,mr4 ,jessop 0 also at ?is "t occupi$ 9 con/ruct+ ! ,surrey iron railways1 :i* consi/$ ( a d\ble tramroad1 f ! ,?ames at ,w&swor? to ! t[n ( ,croydon1 ) an ext5sion f ,croydon to ,god/one & ,m]/ham2 !y are pr9cipally rem>kable z be+ ! fir/ public railroads con/ruct$ 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,! :ole ( ^! tramroads 7 aft]w>ds b\ght & tak5 up by ! ,brighton ,railway ,company4 ,mr4 ,jessop 0 likewise connect$ ) ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 :i* he 0 specially call$ ^u to survey be=e its comm5cem5t1 & ( :i* he cont9u$ to be ! consult+ eng9e] = _m ye>s4 ,9 conclud+ ?is brief notice ( ,mr4 ,jessop's life1 x rema9s only to be said t ) him exclusively orig9at$ ! idea ( tak+ advantage ( ! imm5se floods to :i* c]ta9 di/ricts are subject1 by /or+ ^! wat]s up = ! gradual & regul> supply ( 8 canals4 ,9 addition to ?is he %>es ) ,mr4 ,tel=d ! hon\r ( fir/ us+ iron 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tr\ghs ( aqu$ucts1 & = ! heads1 heel-po/s & ribs ( lock-gates1 z adopt$ on ! ,cal$onian & ,ellesm]e canals4--,memoir ( ,william ,jessop1 by ,samuel ,hughes1 ,c4,e4 ,,capta9 ,,h5ry ,,kat]1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,april #af1 #aggg4 ,di$ ,april #bf1 #ahce4 ,capta9 ,h5ry ,kat]1 di/+ui%$ by 8 ma!matical & physical rese>*es dur+ ! space ( ne>ly half a c5tury1 0 born at ,bri/ol2 8 fa!r 0 ( a ,g]man family1 & 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( an em95t ar*itect2 bo? 7 di/+ui%$ = _! sci5tific atta9m5ts1 & unit$ 9 imbu+ _! son ) a simil> ta/e4 ,h5ry 01 h[ev]1 de/9$ by 8 fa!r = ! law1 & _h ) great reluctance to give up = a "t 8 hi!rto exclusive devotion to ab/ract sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,kat] cont9u$ = two ye>s to rema9 9 a plead]'s (fice1 dur+ :i* "t he acquir$ a consid]able portion ( legal k1 on :i* he valu$ himself ?r\gh life2 b ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 9 #agid1 p]mitt$ him to resume 8 fav\rite /udies2 & bidd+ adieu to ! law1 he obta9$ a commission 9 ! #ab? ,regim5t ( ,foot1 at t "t /ation$ 9 ,india4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 ,mr4 ,kat] 0 engag$ 9 ! trigonometrical survey ( ,india "u ,colonel ,lambton1 contribut+ greatly1 by 8 untir+ lab\rs1 to ! success ( t va/ und]tak+4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod1 he 0 also occupi$ 9 con/ruct+ a peculi>ly s5sible hygromet]1 ( :i* he publi%$ a description 9 ! ',asiatic ,rese>*es4' ,mr4 ,kat] rema9$ 9 ,india sev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t 8 unremitt+ /udy 9 a hot climate greatly injur$ 8 con/itution1 & 0 ! cause ( 8 fall+ into a /ate ( ill heal?1 f :i* he suff]$ m or less until ! end ( 8 life4 ,on 8 return to ,engl&1 he qualifi$ himself to s]ve on ! g5]al /aff1 & lat] 9 life retir$ on half-pay1 f :i* p]iod he devot$ himself entirely to sci5ce4 ,:5 ,p>liam5t1 9 ! ye>s #ahah-ai1 det]m9$ on e/abli%+ an uni=m sy/em ( weights & measures1 ,capta9 ,kat]1 9 conjunction ) ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,sir ,george ,cl]k1 ,davies ,gilb]t1 & ,drs4 ,wolla/on & ,"y1 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ?is mo/ important subject2 & he in/itut$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a p5dulum made ( a b> ( brass1 #a in*es wide & #a_/h ( an in* ?ick1 to :i* two knife-edges ( a k9d ( /eel prep>$ 9 ,india1 & kn[n by ! "n ( wootz1 7 atta*$1 play+ ^u agate plates4 ,! knife-edges 7 plac$ 9 a p>allel direction on ! brass b>1 fac+ opposite ways ^u ei!r ( :i* x might be swung4 ,!y 7 s arrang$1 t :5 ei!r 0 us$ z ! po9t ( susp5sion ! o!r ne>ly repres5t$ ! c5tre ( oscillation1 & by means ( a small adju/able weight1 ?is condition might be accurately fulfill$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,br[ne1 ,f4,r4,s41 :i* 0 situat$ 9 a "p ( ,portl& ,place n likely to be di/urb$ by c>riages4 ,!y occupi$ ,capta9 ,kat]'s close att5tion = sev]al ye>s2 & he has p]man5tly atta*$ 8 "n to ! beautiful !orem ( ,huyg5s respect+ ! reciprocity ( ! c5tres ( oscillation & susp5sion1 & _! consequ5t quality ( conv]tibility4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 a prop]ty already kn[n to belong to ! c5tre ( oscillation1 x _h nev] hi!rto be5 practically appli$ to det]m9e ! exact l5g? ( a p5dulum vibrat+ seconds2 x 01 !re=e1 highly cr$itable to 8 +5uity1 & claims ! same ord] ( m]it z an orig9al inv5tion4 ,9 ?is1 z well z 9 ,kat]'s labori\s inquiries respect+ a /&>d ( weights & measures1 ev5 :]e 8 conclusions h n escap$ all ! *ances ( error1 he has l$ ! way to ! /ill m delicate rese>*es :i* h foll[$4 ,capta9 ,kat] also in/itut$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts z to ! be/ k9d ( /eel & %ape = compass ne$les2 x result$ 9 ! adoption ( ! %e> clock-spr+ /eel1 & ! pi]c$ rhombus =m1 9 ! proportion ( five in*es 9 l5g? to two 9 wid?4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca he receiv$ ! gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 = ! con/ruction ( 8 float+ collimator1 an in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ ! accurate z]o or level po9ts ( divid$ a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,! optical pr9ciple ^u :i* x dep5ds is a v beautiful "o1 & ! inv5tion ( ,kat]1 ) sev]al improvem5ts 9 po9t ( =m1 has become ! auxili>y ( ne>ly e obs]vatory 9 ! _w1 be+ "o ( ^? small b happy improvem5ts :i* affect mat]ially ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! le>n$ societies 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t te/ifi$ at diff]5t times _! s5se ( ! value ( 8 s]vices1 by enroll+ him among _! memb]s4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,russia employ$ him to con/ruct /&>ds = ! weights & measures ( 8 dom9ions1 & 0 s pleas$ ) ! execution ( !m1 t he pres5t$ ,kat] ) ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,anne & a diamond snuff-box4 ,! great] "p ( 8 publications appe>$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society1 *iefly betwe5 ! ye>s #ahac & #ahbh4 ,capta9 ,kat] di$ f a sev]e affection ( ! lungs1 at 8 resid5ce1 ,york ,gate1 9 ! fifty-?ird ye> ( 8 age4--,a!num1 ,may1 #ahce4--,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,london1 #ahdh4--,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 vol4 #c1 ,febru>y1 #ahcf4--,six? ,diss]tation ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,,sir ,,john ,,leslie1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 c4 ,born ,april #af1 #agff4 ,di$ ,novemb] #c1 #ahcb4 ,sir ,john ,leslie1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ! son ( a poor jo9] or cab9etmak]1 0 born at ! village ( ,l>go1 9 ! c\nty ( ,fife4 ,al?\gh bo? weak & sickly z a *ild1 he soon acquir$ consid]able k ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce1 & at ! age ( elev5 attract$ ! notice ( ,mr4 ,oliphant1 ! m9i/] ( ! p>i%1 by 8 precoci\s atta9m5ts4 ,?is g5tleman k9dly l5t "y ,leslie "s sci5tific books1 & /rongly advis$ him to cont9ue ! /udy ( ,lat91 = :i* he _h a great av]sion1 al?\gh 9 aft] life he atta9$ consid]able pr(ici5cy 9 t language4 ,he also became kn[n to ,pr(essors ,robison & ,/ew>t1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & by _! advice 0 s5t1 9 8 ?irte5? ye>1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rew's1 to /udy ma!matics "u ,pr(essor ,vilant4 ,"h1 at ! end ( ! fir/ session1 8 abilities procur$ him ! second prize1 & likewise attract$ ! notice ( ! ,e>l ( ,k9n\ll1 !n ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity1 :o und]took to defray ! exp5ses ( 8 education1 provid$ t he w\ld ent] ! ,*ur*4 ,leslie prosecut$ 8 /udies at ?is univ]sity dur+ six sessions1 & became ab\t ?is "t acqua9t$ ) ,playfair & ,dr4 ,small4 ,9 #aghc-d he quitt$ ,/4 ,&rews & w5t to ,ed9burgh1 :]e1 ?\gh he =mally ent]$ ! ,div9ity ,hall1 he contriv$ to devote 8 fir/ session to ! sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly *emi/ry2 9 fact1 ,leslie seems e>ly to h rel9qui%$ all ?\ghts ( ! ,*ur*--a resolution ha/5$ by ! dea? ( 8 patron1 ! ,e>l ( ,k9n\ll1 %ortly aft] 8 removal to ,ed9burgh4 ,:ile engag$ at ! univ]sity1 he also act$ z tutor to ,mr4 ,d\glas1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,re/on1 ! nephew ( ,dr4 ,adam ,smi?1 & he ?us became kn[n to t philosoph]1 :o treat$ him k9dly1 & occasionally fav\r$ him ) directions z to 8 pursuits4 ,leslie's fir/ essay1 ',on ! ,resolution ( ,indet]m9ate ,problems1' 0 compos$ ab\t ?is "t1 & read to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh by ,mr4 ,playfair1 9 #aghh1 & publi%$ 9 _! ',transactions' = #agij4 ,9 #aghh1 he became tutor to two "y ,am]icans ( ! "n ( ,r&olph1 & accompani$ !m to ,virg9ia1 :]e he rema9$ = ab\t a twelvemon?1 dur+ :i* "t he visit$ ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 c4 ,9 ,janu>y #agij1 c>ry+1 among o!r lett]s ( recomm5dation1 "o f ,adam ,smi?1 ,leslie repair$ to ,london1 ) ! int5tion ( deliv]+ a c\rse ( lectures on natural philosophy2 b f9d+1 to use 8 own words1 t rational lectures w\ld n succe$1 he employ$ himself = "s "t 9 writ+ = ! ',mon?ly ,review1' & 9 o!r lit]>y occupations4 ,9 ,april #agij1 he became tutor to ! y\ng] ,w$gewoods1 ( ,etruria1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :o _h be5 8 =m] fell[-/ud5ts1 & ) :om he rema9$ until ! close ( #agib4 ,leslie 0 likewise employ$ dur+ ?is p]iod 9 exp]im5tal inve/igations1 & 9 complet+ a translation ( ,buffon's ',natural ,hi/ory ( ,birds1' publi%$ 9 #agic1 9 n9e volumes1 = :i* he receiv$ a consid]able sum1--! f\ndation ( t pecuni>y compet5cy :i* 8 indu/ri\s & prud5t habits enabl$ him ultimately to acquire4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #agid-e he resid$ at ,l>go1 occupi$ ^u a long s]ies ( hygrometrical exp]im5ts1 dur+ ! c\rse ( :i* he inv5t$ 8 diff]5tial !rmomet]1 ! p>5t1 z x may be call$1 ( 8 subsequ5t inv5tions--! hygroscope1 photomet]1 pyroscope1 ?rioscope1 & atmomet]4 ,al?\gh ,leslie has be5 accus$ ( hav+ plagi>iz$ ?is inv5tion ei!r f ,van ,helmont1 :o di$ 9 #afdd1 or f ,john ,*ri/oph] ,/urmius1 :o di$ sixty ye>s lat]1 he at all ev5ts %[$1 by 8 skilful & fruitful employm5t ( ! disput$ inv5tion1 h[ mu* he surpass$1 & h[ little he ne$$ ! help (1 him :om he is ung5]\sly suppos$ to h robb$ ( 8 legitimate hon\rs4 ,9 #ahjj he wrote sev]al pap]s1 on diff]5t bran*es ( physics1 9 ,ni*olson's ',philosophical ,j\rnal1' :i* result$ 9 ! publication at ,london1 9 #ahjd1 ( 8 ',exp]im5tal ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,propagation ( ,heat4' ,! orig9ality & boldness ( ! peculi> doctr9es conta9$ 9 ?is "w1 & ! numb] ( new & important facts disclos$ by its +5i\s exp]im5tal comb9ations1 r5d]$ x an object ( extraord9>y int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,london unanim\sly adjudg$ to its au?or ! ,rum=d m$al2 & al?\gh p>adoxical 9 _m ( its !ories1 defective 9 arrangem5t1 & ov] ambiti\s 9 /yle1 ?is "w is almo/ unrivall$ 9 ! entire range ( physical sci5ce1 = its indication ( vigor\s & inv5tive g5ius4 ,previ\s to ?is p]iod ( life1 ,leslie _h appe>$ twice z a c&idate = an academical *air2 fir/ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rew's1 aft]w>ds 9 t ( ,glasg[2 b on bo? occasions )\t success4 ,he n[ became a c&idate = ! ,ma!matical *air at ,ed9burgh1 vacant ?r\gh ! promotion ( ,pr(essor ,playfair to ! *air ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,aft] a sev]e conte/1 dur+ :i* mu* p>ty _s 0 display$1 ow+ to 8 pr9cipal competitor1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,macknight1 "o ( ! m9i/]s ( ,ed9burgh1 be+ support$ by ! majority ( ! city cl]gy1 ,leslie 01 9 ,m>*1 #ahje1 elect$ to ! ,ma!matical *air4 ,he ent]$ imm$iately ^u 8 (ficial duties1 :i* he cont9u$ to dis*>ge ) zeal & assiduity dur+ ! foll[+ f\rte5 ye>s4 ,not)/&+ ! lab\rs :i* ^! duties entail$ ^u him1 ,leslie cont9u$ 8 exp]im5tal inquiries1 & 9 ,june1 #ahaj1 discov]$ 8 beautiful process ( artificial congelation1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to produce ice1 & ev5 to freeze m]cury at pleasure4 ,! process consi/s ( a comb9ation ( ! p[]s ( r>efaction & absorption1 effect$ by plac+ a v /rong absorb5t "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ 9 ,london 9 #ahaa1 be=e a meet+ ( "s memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society2 & ! discov]y 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! same ye> 9 ! ',memoirs' ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute4 ,he expla9$ 8 exp]im5ts & views on ?is subject 9 #ahac1 9 a volume publi%$ at ,ed9burgh1 entitl$1 ',a %ort ,acc\nt ( ,exp]im5ts & ,in/rum5ts dep5d+ on ! ,relations ( ,air to ,heat & ,moi/ure4' ,closely connect$ ) ! subject ( ?is treatise 0 an +5i\s pap]1 publi%$ 9 #ahah1 9 ! ',transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 "u ! title1 ',on c]ta9 ,impressions ( ,cold transmitt$ f ! ,high] ,atmosph]e2 ) a ,description ( an ,in/rum5t to ,measure !m4' ,! ?rioscope 0 ! in/rum5t "h allud$ to4 ,9 #ahai1 ^u ! dea? ( ,playfair1 ,leslie 0 call$ to ! *air ( ,natural ,philosophy1 :5 8 fir/ c>e 0 direct$ to ! ext5sion ( ! app>atus requir$ 9 ! m enl>g$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* he ?\ght necess>y = ! illu/ration ( ! c\rse4 ,?is1 inde$1 says 8 biograph]1 ,mr4 ,napi]1 0 an object ( :i* he nev] lo/ sight2 & x is due to him to /ate1 t1 ?r\gh 8 ex]tions1 ! means ( exp]im5tal illu/ration 9 ! ,natural ,philosophy class 7 = ! fir/ "t made wor?y ( ! place4 ,9 #ahbc he publi%$1 *iefly = ! use ( ?is class1 8 ',elem5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy1' a second edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbi1 ) corrections & additions4 ,besides ! above-m5tion$ works1 ,leslie wrote ! foll[+3--',elem5ts ( ,geometry1 ,geometrical ,analysis & ,plane ,trigonometry1' 9 #ahji2 ',obs]vations on ,electrical ,!ories1' publi%$ 9 #ahbd1 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal2' also _m articles 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,review2' & ! articles on ,a*romatic ,glasses2 ,ac\/ics2 ,a]onautics2 ,&es2 ,angle & ,trisection ( ,angle2 ,ari?metic2 ,atmomet]2 ,b>omet]2 ,b>ometrical ,measurem5ts2 ,climate2 ,cold & ,congelation2 ,dew2 ,int]polation2 & ,meteorology1 9 ! sev5? edition ( ! ',encyclopdia ,britannica4' ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahcb1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,"l ,br\gham1 !n ,"l ,high ,*ancellor1 ,leslie 0 creat$1 along ) sev]al o!r em95t m5 ( sci5ce1 a ,knight ( ! ,guelphic ,ord]4 ,he 0 also a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 & 9 #ahbj _h be5 elect$ a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 :il/ engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ "s improvem5ts on 8 gr\nds1 he caught a sev]e cold1 :i* 0 foll[$ by erysipelas 9 "o ( 8 legs1 & 8 neglect ( ?is1 ow+ to a contempt = m$ic9e1 & great confid5ce 9 8 own /r5g? & durability1 result$ 9 8 dea?1 at ,coates1 9 ! ,novemb] foll[+1 at ! age ( sixty-six4 ,sir ,john ,leslie has be5 describ$ z rivall+ all 8 contempor>ies 9 t creative faculty :i* discov]s1 (t5 by an intuitive glimpse1 ! hidd5 secrets ( nature2 b possess+ 9 a less degree ! p[]s ( judgm5t & reason1 be+ ?us (t5 l$ 9 8 speculations to results gl>+ly inconsi/5t4 ,8 exquisite in/rum5ts1 & 8 exp]im5tal comb9ations1 w1 h[ev]1 ev] te/ ! utility1 no less ?an ! orig9ality ( 8 lab\rs1 & w cont9ue to act z aids to f>!r discov]y4--,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4--,ab/ract ( ,memoir ( ,sir ,john ,leslie1 by ,macvey ,napi]1 ,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,nevil ,,maskelyne1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,born ,octob] #f1 #agcb4 ,di$ ,febru>y #i1 #ahaa4 ,?is mo/ accurate & indu/ri\s a/ronom] 0 born 9 ,london1 & 0 ! son ( ,mr4 ,edmund ,maskelyne1 a g5tleman ( respectable family 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,at ! age ( n9e ,maskelyne 0 s5t to ,we/m9/] s*ool1 :]e he e>ly began to di/+ui% himself1 & to display a decid$ ta/e = ! /udy ( optics & a/ronomy4 ,! great sol> eclipse1 :i* occurr$ 9 #agdh 01 h[ev]1 ! imm$iate cause ( 8 direct+ 8 att5tion to ^! sci5ces1 & f t p]iod he devot$ himself ) ard\r to ! /udy ( ma!matics z subs]vi5t to t ( a/ronomy4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! same eclipse is said to h produc$ a simil> effect ^u ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,lal&e1 :o 0 only ?ree mon?s old] ?an 8 ,engli% contempor>y4 ,soon aft] ?is ,maskelyne ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge z a memb] ( ,ca!r9e ,hall1 remov+ aft]w>ds to ,tr9ity1 :]e he took ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts ) great cr$it 9 #aged1 & proce$$ regul>ly ?r\gh ! succe$+ /ages ( academical rank 9 div9ity4 ,9 #agee he 0 orda9$ to a curacy at ,b>net1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> obta9$ a fell[%ip at ,tr9ity4 ,9 ! ye> #ageh he 0 elect$ a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 previ\s to :i* ev5t he _h become acqua9t$ ) ,dr4 ,bradley1 & _h det]m9$ to make a/ronomy ! pr9cipal pursuit ( 8 life1 feel+ t x 0 p]fectly compatible ) an enlight5$ devotion to ! duties ( 8 own pr(ession4 #agfa m>ks ! p]iod :5 ,maskelyne comm5c$ 8 public c>e] z an a/ronom]4 ,dur+ t ye> he 0 *os5 by ! ,royal ,society to und]take a voyage to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us2 & 9 ord] to make ! voyage z useful z possible1 ,maskelyne und]took to make obs]vations ^u ! p>allax ( ,sirius4 ,he rema9$ t5 mon?s at ,/4 ,hel5a1 b ! wea!r h9d]$ 8 obs]v+ ! transit to advantage1 :ile ! inaccuracy ( 8 quadrant1 :i* 0 ( ! same con/ruction z 0 !n usually employ$1 prev5t$ 8 obs]vations on ! />s f be+ z conclusive z he _h expect$4 ,8 voyage 01 h[ev]1 ( great s]vice to navigation1 by promot+ ! introduction ( lun> obs]vations = asc]ta9+ ! longitude2 & he taught ! (fic]s ( ! %ip 9 :i* he 0 91 ! prop] use ( ! in/rum5ts z well z ! mode ( mak+ ! computations4 ,on 8 return to ,engl&1 ,maskelyne publi%$1 9 #agfc1 8 ',briti% ,m>9]'s ,guide1' ! e>lie/ ( 8 sep>ate publications1 9 :i* he proposes ! adoption ( a ,nautical ,almanac accord+ to ! plan indicat$ by ,lacaille1 aft] 8 voyage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,9 ! same ye> he p]=m$ a second voyage to ! isl& ( ,b>badoes1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! rates ( ,h>rison's *ronomet]s4 ,9 8 report on ! results ( ?is voyage ,maskelyne1 :ile do+ ju/ice to ! works ( ?is em95t me*anician1 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! employm5t ( lun> obs]vations = det]m9+ ! longitude1 /rongly support+ ! cause ( ,pr(essor ,may]1 :o _h comput$ lun> tables = ?is purpose4 ,! lib]ality ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 be/[$ on ,h>rison ! :ole rew>d t he claim$1#bb :ile ,maskelyne1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ to ! situation ( ,a/ronom] ,royal :i* likewise made him a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 0 in/rum5tal 9 procur+ a rew>d ( #e1jjjl4 = ! family ( ,pr(essor ,may]1 & a complim5t ( #cjjl4 = ,eul]1 ^: !orems _h be5 employ$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,:5 ! m]its ( ,may]'s tables _h be5 fully e/abli%$1 ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude 0 induc$ to promote _! application to practical purposes by ! annual publication ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 :i*1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 0 arrang$ & conduct$ entirely "u ,maskelyne's direction4 ,maskelyne held ! situation ( ,a/ronom] ,royal = =ty-sev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod he acquir$ ! respect ( all ,europe1 by ! dilig5ce & accuracy ( 8 obs]vations1 :i* he always1 if possible1 conduct$ 9 p]son1 requir+ ! aid ( only "o assi/ant4 ,up to ,maskelyne's "t ! obs]vations ( ! ,a/ronom]s ,royal _h be5 consid]$ z private prop]ty2 ,flam/$ publi%+ 8 own1 :ile ,bradley's 7 v lib]ally b\ght ( 8 family1 & aft]w>ds pr9t$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,dr4 ,maskelyne1 on ! contr>y1 obta9$ leave f ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to h 8 obs]vations pr9t$ at ! public exp5se "u ! direction ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o are ! legal visitors ( ! obs]vatory1 appo9t$ by ! royal sign manual2 & by ?us caus+ ! obs]vations ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal to be record$ publicly1 he suppli$ a great want :i* _h hi!rto exi/$ bo? 9 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* e/abli%m5ts4 ,he also made sev]al improvem5ts 9 ! arrangem5t & employm5t ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! obs]vatory1 p>ticul>ly1 by enl>g+ ! slits ?r\gh :i* ! light 0 admitt$2 by mak+ ! eyeglass ( 8 transit telescope moveable to ! place ( ea* ( ! wires ( ! micromet]2 & above all1 by m>k+ ! "t to t5?s ( a second1 a ref9em5t :i* _h nev] be5 attempt$ be=e4 ,maskelyne receiv$ 8 doctor's degree 9 ! ye> #aggg1 he also obta9$ ! r>e di/9ction ( be+ made "o ( ! eight =eign associates ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an unsuccessful attempt made by ,b\gu] to measure ! local attraction ( a m\nta9 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,maskelyne det]m9$1 9 #aggb1 to asc]ta9 t ( ,s*ehalli5 9 ,scotl&2 & ?is latt] und]tak+1 toge!r ) ! det]m9ation ( ! lun> orbit f obs]vation1 & its application to navigation1 may be consid]$ z 8 mo/ important contributions to ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,9 "* ,dr4 ,maskelyne 0 mode/ & some:at timid 9 receiv+ ! visits ( /rang]s1 b 8 ord9>y conv]sation 0 *e]ful & (t5 playful1 ) a fondness = po9t & classical allusion4 ,he inh]it$ a good pat]nal prop]ty1 & obta9$ consid]able pref]m5t f 8 college2 some:at late 9 life he m>ri$ ! si/] & co-heiress ( ,lady ,boo? ( ,nor?ampton%ire2 8 si/] 0 ! wife ( ,rob]t ,"l ,clive1 & ! "m ( ! ,e>l ( ,p[is4 ,dr4 ,maskelyne di$ on ! n9? ( ,febru>y1 #ahaa1 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>1 leav+ a wid[ & an only daught]4--,notice sur la vie et les travaux de ,m4 ,maskelyne p> ,delambre4 ,london1 #ahac4--,memoir by ,dr4 ,t4 ,"y1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,,h5ry ,,maudslay4 ,born ,aug4 #bb1 #agga4 ,di$ ,feb4 #ad1 #ahca4 ,?is di/+ui%$ me*anical eng9e] 0 desc5d$ f an em95t ,lanca%ire family1 :o trace back _! orig9 z f> z ! ye> #abjj4 ,8 fa!r 9 e>ly life enli/$ 9 ! ,royal ,artill]y at ,norwi*1 & aft]w>ds became /ore-keep] at ! ,royal ,docky>d ( ,woolwi*1 :]e 8 son ,h5ry 0 born & sp5t 8 boyhood1 acquir+ 9 ! docky>d ! fir/ rudim5ts ( t me*anical k :i* has s9ce made him s ju/ly celebrat$4 ,aft] be+ employ$ = two ye>s z a 'p[d] monkey' 9 ! docky>d1 t is1 9 mak+ & fill+ c>tridges1 ,maudslay 0 plac$1 at ! age ( f\rte51 9 ! c>p5t]'s %op4 ,he h[ev] inf9itely pref]r$ ! blacksmi?'s %op1 avail+ himself ( e opportunity to escape f 8 prop] place1 & /eal (f to ! smi?y4 ,8 prop5sity 0 9 fact s /rong t x 0 ?\ght bett] to yield to x1 & he 0 accord+ly remov$ !re 9 8 fifte5? ye>4 ,he n[ made rapid progress1 & soon became s exp]t a smi? & metal-work] z to attract consid]able notice4 ,ev5 9 aft] life1 :5 at ! head ( ! well-kn[n firm :i* he f\nd$1 no?+ pleas$ him m ?an to set to "w ^u a difficult piece ( =g+ & to ov]come ! difficulties :i* x pres5t$1 :i* few c\ld d s well z he4 ,! reputation :i* ,maudslay acquir$ "h1 l$ to 8 introduction & ultimate employm5t by ,bramah1 :o 0 at t "t engag$ 9 con/ruct+ 8 celebrat$ lock4 ,"o ( ! *ief ob/acles :i* ,bramah _h to cont5d ) 9 gett+ 8 lock into g5]al use1 01 ! difficulty he exp]i5c$ 9 hav+ x manufactur$ ) suffici5t precision & at su* a price z to r5d] x an article ( successful comm]ce4 ,maudslay's#bc ability z a workman & s\nd me*anical k 0 ( great s]vice to ,bramah 9 ?is p>ticul>2 ! mo/ difficult & delicate jobs 7 entru/$ to him1 & among o!rs he con/ruct$ ! id5tical lock1 ! pick+ ( :i* s sev]ely te/$ ! skill & ability ( ,mr4 ,hobbs 9 ! ye> #ahea4 ,he also1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,nasmy?1 suppli$ ,bramah ) ! key to ! practical success ( ! hydraulic press1 viz41 ! self-tight5+ lea!r coll>4#bd ,ab\t ! ye> #agig ,maudslay comm5c$ bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt 9 ,wells ,/reet1 ,ox=d ,/reet1 remov+ a few ye>s aft]w>ds to ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ,cav5di% ,squ>e4 ,"h he matur$ & c>ri$ out _m improvem5ts 9 tools connect$ ) ! me*anical arts1 br++ into g5]al notice & use plan+ ma*9es & ! slide re/4 ,s great 0 ! prejudice felt aga9/ ?is la/ nam$ important adjunct ( a la!1 t on ! fir/ introduction ( ! slide re/ to ! eng9e]s ( ! p]iod1 x 0 receiv$ ) great disfav\r1 & call$ by "o 9 d]ision ! ',g ,c>t4' ,maudslay also direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject ( screw cutt+4 ,previ\s to 8 "t ! tools us$ = mak+ screws 7 ( ! mo/ rude & inexact k9d3 ea* manufactur+ e/abli%m5t made !m aft] _! own fa%ion1 & no sy/em 0 obs]v$ z to ! pit*4 ,e bolt & nut 0 a speciality 9 itself2 & to su* an ext5t 0 ?is c>ri$ t all bolts & _! correspond+ nuts _h to be m>k$1 any mix+ ( !m toge!r caus+ endless tr\ble & confusion4 ,maudslay *ang$ all ?is--he br\ght screw-cutt+ into a prop] sy/em1 & laid ! f\ndation ( all t has s9ce be5 done 9 ?is important bran* ( ma*9e-con/ruction1 & _m ( ^? :o aft]w>ds became em95t 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( manufacture1 acquir$ _! fir/ k ( ! subject 9 8 employ4#be ,:ile resid+ 9 ,m>g>et ,/reet he became acqua9t$ ) ,sir ,isamb>d 7!n ,mr47 ,brunel1 :o 0 9 ! habit ( br++ draw+s ( small pieces ( ma*9]y = him to con/ruct3 ?is attract$ ,maudslay's att5tion1 & at la/ he "o day exclaim$ to ,sir ,isamb>d1 ,ah6 ,i see :at y are ?9k+ (--y want ma*9]y = mak+ blocks3 ?is s pleas$ ,brunei1 t he became m op5 ( communication1 & 9 ! subsequ5t completion ( ! beautiful block ma*9]y aft]w>ds erect$ at ,portsm\? ,docky>d1 ,mr4 ,brunel d]iv$ great advantage f ! s\nd me*anical k ( ,maudslay4 ,! fri5d%ip comm5c$ ?us 0 nev] aft]w>ds %ak51 & :5 ,brunel began ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 he consult$ 8 old fri5d relative to ! con/ruction ( ! %ield1 z x 0 t]m$1 "u %elt] ( :i* ! excavation b5ea? ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & ! brickwork = =m+ ! ,tunnel 7 proce$$ )4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjg ,maudslay took out a pat5t = improvem5ts 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 by :i* he mu* simplifi$ its p>ts & secur$ great] directness ( action4 ,8 new eng9e 0 call$ ! ,pyramidal1 f its =m1 & 0 ! fir/ move t[>ds direct act+ eng9es4 ,9 #ahaj1 f9d+ 8 bus9ess gett+ too ext5sive = 8 premises 9 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 he remov$ to ! m capaci\s ones 9 ,we/m9/] ,road1 ,lambe?4 ,"h he = _m ye>s c>ri$ on a l>ge bus9ess1 embrac+ ! manufacture ( all k9ds ( ma*9]y1 b m p>ticul>ly ( m>9e eng9es1 to ! con/ruction & improvem5t ( :i* he e>ly direct$ 8 att5tion1 =esee+ h[ important a bran* ( indu/ry !y w\ld ev5tually become2 & x may be int]e/+ to record1 t ! eng9es 7#bd ,h4 ,p47 ( ! ',reg5t1' ! fir/ /eamboat :i* ran betwe5 ,london & ,m>gate1 7 made at ?is y>d 9 ! ye> #ahaf4 ,mr4 ,maudslay held = sev]al ye>s ! contract = supply+ ! ,royal ,navy ) %ip tanks1 & ?is l$ to 8 mak+ improv$ ma*9]y = pun*+ & %e>+ ! iron plates us$ 9 _! manufacture1 r$uc+ ! co/ ( prep>+ ! plates = receiv+ ! rivets f sev5 %ill+s1 to n9ep5ce1 p] ,tank4 ,mr4 ,maudslay has be5 describ$ by 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy? z ! v beau-ideal ( an hone/1 upright1 /raight=w>d1 h>dwork+ intellig5t ,engli%man3 he di$ 9 8 #fj? ye> f a sev]e cold :i* he _h caught on 8 way home f a visit to ,france1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,woolwi* *ur*y>d1 9 a vault he _h caus$ to be con/ruct$ !re2 ! monum5t & tablet erect$ to 8 memory 7 ( ca/ iron1 & 7 made f a design ( 8 own4 ,maudslay m>ri$ :5 tw5ty ye>s old ,s>ah ,t9del1 by :om he _h f\r sons & ?ree daught]s1 ( :om n[ survive only "o daught]1 & "o son ,?omas ,h5ry ,maudslay4--,f p>ticul>s communicat$ by memb]s ( ! pres5t firm ( ,maudslay1 ,sons & ,field4--,smile's ,indu/rial ,biography4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,,patrick ,,mill]4 ,born 9 ,scotl& #agcj4 ,di$ at ,dalsw9ton ,h\se1 ne> ,dumfries1 #ahae4 ,patrick ,mill]1 ( ,dalsw9ton1 0 orig9ally a bank]1 & ultimately became possess$ ( consid]able indep5d5t prop]ty4 ,at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life he emb>k$ 9 _m s*emes ( great public utility4 ,he made consid]able improvem5ts 9 artill]y & naval ar*itecture1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts exp5d$ upw>ds ( ?irty ?\s& p\nds4 ,"o ( ! imm$iate results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! fir/-nam$ sci5ce 0 ! inv5tion ( ! well-kn[n c>ronade2 :ile 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 naval ar*itecture1 he con/ruct$ d\ble & triple vessels1 & 0 ! fir/ to practically apply ! pres5t =m ( ! paddle-:eels n[ 9 ord9>y use to _! propulsion4 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself ( ! usefulness ( 8 rese>*es 9 ?is respect1 by _m co/ly exp]im5ts und]tak5 at 8 own exp5se1 ,mr4 ,mill] publi%$ at ,ed9burgh1 9 #aghg1 a book 9 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 conta9+ a full acc\nt ( !m1 & s5t a copy ( 8 "w to e sov]eign 9 ,europe1 & also to ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 inasmu* z he consid]$ t 8 inv5tions ought to be ! prop]ty ( ! human k9d4#bf ,! paddle-:eels 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7und]tak5 9 ! ye>s #aghf-g7 7 turn$ by manual lab\r1 & on ! occasion ( a sev]e conte/ betwe5 "o ( 8 d\ble boats & a ,cu/om-h\se boat1 reckon$ to be a fa/ sail]1 ! want ( a m p[]ful =ce to turn ! :eels 0 greatly felt4 ,mr4 ,james ,taylor1 at t "t a tutor 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s family1 sugge/$ /eam p[]1 & ultimately introduc$ ,mill] to ,wm4 ,sym+ton1 ) ^: aid ,mr4 ,mill] comm5c$ & c>ri$ out ^? exp]im5ts 79 ! ye>s #aghh-hi7 :i* h ju/ly entitl$ him to ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ to orig9ate ! pres5t sy/em ( /eam navigation4#bg ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t s9ce ! dea?s ( ,mr4 ,mill] & ,mr4 ,sym+ton1 /atem5ts h be5 made 9 :i* ! entire m]it ( fir/ e/abli%+ /eam navigation is claim$1 on ! "o h&1 = ,mill]1 by 8 elde/ son1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal' = ,july #ahbe2 & on ! o!r = ,sym+ton1 by ,ri*>d ,b[ie1 9 8 pamphlet publi%$ 9 #ahcc2 :]eas ^! two g5tlem5 appe> to be insep>ably connect$ ) ! fir/ introduction ( ?is gr& application ( /eam4 ,z f> z x is possible to reconcile ! conflict+ /atem5ts1 ! facts may be briefly /at$ ?us4 ,patrick ,mill] 0 ! fir/ to successfully propel vessels by paddle-:eels mov$ by manual lab\r4 ,he !n1 9 conjunction ) ,william ,sym+ton1 appli$ /eam to move ^! paddle-:eels1 & con/ruct$ two /eam-boats1 :i* 7 publicly tri$1 on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal1 9 ! ye>s #aghh-hi4 ,al?\gh ^! trials triumphantly prov$ ! practicability ( /eam navigation1 fur!r improvem5ts 7 requir$ be=e a really successful /eam-boat c\ld be said to h be5 con/ruct$4 ,at ?is po9t1 un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,mill]1 hav+ already sp5t l>ge sums ( money 9 8 exp]im5ts1 let ! matt] drop2 b ,sym+ton1 ab\t t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 "u ! patronage ( ,"l ,dundas1 succe$+ 9 con/ruct+ ',! ,*>lotte ,dundas1' a /eam-boat :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 comb9$ toge!r ^? improvem5ts :i* con/itute ! pres5t sy/em ( /eam navigation4 ,9 ! n>rative writt5 by ,patrick ,mill]1 ,jun41 a good deal ( praise1 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 is giv5 to ,james ,taylor1 be=e ref]r$ to1 :o is consid]$ by "s z hav+ a j claim to p>ticipate 9 ! hon\r aw>d$ to ,mill] & ,sym+ton4 ,mr4 ,taylor's m]its1 h[ev]1 appe> *iefly to consi/ 9 hav+ sugge/$1 ^u ! occasion ( a race betwe5 "o ( ,mill]'s boats & a ,cu/om ,h\se boat1 t !y only requir$ ! help ( a /eam-eng9e to beat _! antagoni/s2 also1 9 hav+ introduc$ ,sym+ton1 ^: /eam-c>riage _h r5d]$ him fam\s1 to ! notice ( ,mr4 ,mill]2 & al?\gh ,taylor assi/$ 9 ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 he seems to h contribut$ little to _! practical success4--,n>rative ( ,facts relative to ,inv5tion & ,practice ( ,/eam ,navigation1 c41 by ,patrick ,mill]1 ,jun41 ',ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1' ,vol4 #ac1 ,july #ahbe4--,n>rative by ,r4 ,b[ie1 prov+ ,william ,sym+ton ! ,inv5tor ( ,/eam ,l& ,c>riage ,locomotion & ( ,/eam ,navigation4 ,london1 #ahcc4--,/u>t's ,anecdotes ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbi4--;,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,museum ( ! ,commission]s ( ,pat5ts4 ,,william ,,murdock4 ,born #aged4 ,di$ ,novemb] #ae1 #ahci4 ,william ,murdock 0 born at ,bell[ ,mill1 ne> ,old ,cumnock1 ,ayr%ire1 :]e 8 fa!r c>ri$ on ! bus9ess ( a millwright & mill]1 & likewise possess$ a f>m on ! e/ate ( ! ,boswell family ( ,au*9leck4 ,8 "m's maid5 "n 0 ,bruce1 & %e us$ to boa/ ( be+ l9eally desc5d$ f ,rob]t ,bruce1 ( ,scotti% ,hi/ory4 ,little is kn[n ( ,murdock's life prior to 8 com+ to ,engl&1 & jo9+1 9 ! ye> #aggg1 ,b\lton & ,watt's e/abli%m5t at ,soho1 at t "t 9 its infancy4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 h _h "s celebrity 9 8 native c\ntry1 z he 0 employ$ to build a bridge ov] ! riv] ,ni?1 9 ,dumfrie%ire1 a v h&some /ructure1 & /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,8 tal5ts 7 soon appreciat$ at ,soho1 p>ticul>ly by ,james ,watt1 ) :om he cont9u$ on t]ms ( ! close/ fri5d%ip until ,mr4 ,watt's dea? 9 #ahai4 ,aft] rema9+ two ye>s at ,soho1 ,murdock 0 appo9t$ by ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt to sup]9t5d ! erection1 & und]take ! g5]al *>ge1 ( _! new /eam-eng9es 9 ,cornwall1 :]e he erect$ ! fir/ eng9e1 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 ) a sep>ate cond5s]4 ,he cont9u$ to live 9 ! di/rict = ! space ( n9ete5 ye>s1 giv+ great satisfaction to ! m9+ int]e/2 s mu* s1 t :5 x became kn[n t he 0 ab\t to return to ,soho1 #ajjjl4 a-ye> 0 (f]$ him to rema9 9 ,cornwall4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce !re ,murdock contriv$ & execut$ a model locomotive1 :i*1 z e>ly z ! ye> #aghd1 he 0 9 ! habit ( %[+ to 8 fri5ds 9 work+ ord]1 & draw+ a small waggon r\nd a room 9 8 h\se at ,r$ru?4 ,he us$ to tell a /ory1 t :ile mak+ exp]im5ts ) ?is eng9e1 he "o night det]m9$ to te/ its p[]s on a level road lead+ f 8 h\se to ! *ur*1 :i* 0 situat$ ab\t a mile di/ant f ! t[n2 ?is road 0 b\nd$ on ea* side by high edges1 & well suit$ = ! purpose4 ,murdock accord+ly salli$ out1 & plac+ 8 eng9e on ! gr\nd1 lit ! fire1 or r lamp1 "u ! boil]2 aft] a few m9utes (f />t$ ! locomotive ) ! inv5tor full *ase aft] x2 aft] cont9u+ ! pursuit = a %ort di/ance1 he he>d cries z ( a p]son 9 great di/ress2 ! night 0 too d>k to p]ceive objects af> (f1 b on go+ on1 he f\nd t ! s\nds proce$$ f ! cl]gyman ( ! p>i%1 :o _h set out = ! t[n on bus9ess1 & be+ met on ?is lonely road by ! fi]y mon/]1 _h tak5 x = ! ,evil ,"o 9 p]son4 ,?is model locomotive 0 exhibit$ be=e a meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s 9 #ahej1 sixty-six ye>s aft] ! date ( its con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,murdock is1 h[ev]1 bett] kn[n to ! public by 8 application ( ! light ( coal gas to g5]al purposes4 ,al?\gh ?is gas _h be5 well kn[n1 & obta9$ bo? naturally & artificially m ?an half a c5tury be=e 8 "t1 no attempt _h z yet be5 made to turn ! discov]y to any useful acc\nt4 ,9 ! ye> #agib ,murdock fir/ employ$ coal gas = ! purpose ( light+ 8 h\se & (fices at ,r$ru?2 he made x s]ve also z a lant]n1 by atta*+ a bladd] ) a tube m\?piece "u ! bottom ( a glass %ade1 :i* contrivance us$ to light him across ! moors :5 return+ home at night f ! m9+ eng9es he 0 erect+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! di/rict4 ,aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts :i* prov$ ! economy & conv5i5ce ( light s obta9$1 he p]fect$ 8 app>atus & made a public exhibition ( x by light+ up ! front ( ,b\lton & ,watt's manufactory at ,soho1 on ! occasion ( ! g5]al illum9ation = ! peace ( ,ami5s1 9 #ahjb4 ,he subsequ5tly light$ up "s cotton mills at ,man*e/]1 beg9n+ ) ,messrs4 ,phillips & ,lee's1 & publi%$ a pap] on ! subject 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' ( #ahjh1 = :i* ! ,royal ,society pres5t$ him ) ! ,rum=d gold m$al4 ,9 #agih ,murdock return$ to take up 8 p]man5t resid5ce at ,soho1 sup]9t5d+ ! ma*9]y !re1 & occasionally ! erection ( eng9es at a di/ance1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ^? ( ! ,new ,riv] ,head1 ,lambe?1 ,*elsea1 ,s\?w>k1 ,ea/ ,london1 ,we/ ,middlesex1 & o!r wat]works4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he took out a pat5t = improvem5ts 9 bor+ cyl9d]s & 9 ! manufacture ( /eam cas+s2 ?is pat5t also includ$ ! d\ble ,d slide valve & a rot>y eng9e4 ,among/ o!r inv5tions & discov]ies ( ,murdock's are3 a plan = bor+ /one pipes = wat]1 & cutt+ columns out ( solid blocks ( /one 7= :i* he took a pat5t 9 #ahaj72 a pneumatic lift work+ by compress$ air2 & a ca/ iron cem5t1 :i* he 0 l$ to discov] by ! accid5tal obs]vance ( "s iron bor+s & sal-ammoniac1 :i* _h got mix$ 9 8 tool-*e/ & ru/$ a sword blade ne>ly ?r\gh4 ,he also made use ( compress$ air to r+ ! bells 9 8 h\se2 a plan :i* s pleas$ ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 to :om x _h be5 describ$1 t he _h 8 h\se at ,abbots=d fitt$ up 9 a simil> mann]4 ,murdock likewise discov]$ a sub/itute = is+lass1 & :5 9 ,london = ! purpose ( expla9+ to ! brew]s ! nature ( 8 discov]y1 occupi$ v h&some ap>tm5ts4 ,be+1 h[ev]1 at all times absorb$ 9 :atev] subject he _h 9 h&1 he little respect$ ! spl5d\r ( 8 draw+-room1 b proce$$ ) 8 exp]im5ts z if 9 ! laboratory at ,soho1 q unconsci\s ( ! mis*ief he 0 do+4 ,?is result$ 9 8 abrupt dismissal f ! ap>tm5ts by ! enrag$ l&lady1 :o "o morn+1 on call+ 9 to receive ord]s1 0 horrifi$ at see+ all h] magnific5t pap]-hang+s cov]$ ) wet fi% sk9s hung up to dry1 & actually caught him 9 ! act ( p9n+ up a cod's sk9 to und]go ! same process4 ,9 ! ye> #ahae1 :ile ,mr4 ,murdock 0 fitt+ up an app>atus ( 8 own inv5tion = heat+ ! wat] ( ! ba?s at ,leam+ton1 a pond]\s ca/-iron plate fell ^u 8 leg above ! ankle1 ne>ly sev]+ x 9 two4 ,?is sev]e accid5t laid him up = a long "t1 & he nev] entirely recov]$ f ! effects ( x4 ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life ,murdock's faculties1 bo? corporeal & m5tal1 exp]i5c$ a gradual decay1 caus+ him to live 9 complete retirem5t4 ,he di$ 9 #ahci1 ag$ eighty-five ye>s1 & 8 rema9s 7 buri$ 9 ,h&swor? ,*ur*1 ne> to ^? ( ,b\lton & ,james ,watt4 ,mr4 ,murdock m>ri$ 9 ! ye> #aghe ! daught] ( ,capta9 ,paynt]1 ( ,r$ru?1 ,cornwall1 :o di$ at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-f\r1 hav+ _h f\r *ildr54--,f a ,pap] read by ,mr4 ,william ,buckle1 ( ,soho1 be=e a meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,octob] #bc1 #ahej4 ,,rob]t ,,mylne4 ,born ,janu>y #d1 #agcc4 ,di$ ,may #e1 #ahaa4 ,rob]t ,mylne1 ! ar*itect ( ,blackfri>s ,bridge1 0 born at ,ed9burgh4 ,8 fa!r 0 an ar*itect1 & magi/rate ( ! city2 & 8 family1 x has be5 asc]ta9$1 held ! (fice ( ,ma/] ,masons to ! ,k+s ( ,scotl& = a p]iod ( five hundr$ ye>s1 until ! union ( ! cr[ns ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,on arriv+ at man's e/ate1 ,mylne travell$ = improvem5t2 & 8 en?usia/ic prosecution ( 8 art soon br\ght him into notice4 ,9 #ageh he became a c&idate = ! hon\rs ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke at ,rome1 & ! *ief prize 9 ! highe/ class ( ar*itecture 0 aw>d$ to him2 be+ ! fir/ in/ance ( a native ( ,great ,brita9 obta9+ t hon\r4 ,mylne resid$ at ,rome dur+ a space ( five ye>s1 & on 8 return to ,engl& execut$ a design = ,blackfri>s ,bridge1 :i* 0 select$ f among tw5ty o!rs4 ,?is bridge 0 comm5c$ 9 #agfj2 & on ! occasion ( ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one by ! ,"l ,mayor1 among o!r m$als deposit$ 9 ! /one 0 a silv] "o1 ! memorial ( ! "y ar*itect's fir/ triumph1 viz41 ! m$al 7"o ( two7 giv5 him by ! ,academy at ,rome4 ,! bridge 0 complet$ 9 #agfi2 ! ar*es are elliptical 9 %ape1 & 7 ! fir/ in/ances 9 ,engl& 9 :i* ! =m ( an ellipse 0 sub/itut$ = a semicircle4 ,! total co/ ( ! bridge itself1 exclusive ( ! approa*es1 am\nt$ to #aeb1hdjl4 ,mylne's reputation 0 n[ e/abli%$1 & 8 s]vices 7 employ$ 9 ! erection or improvem5t ( _m edifices ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,he receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 & ! ,"l ,mayor1 ! (fice ( ,surveyor ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral2 & :ile hold+ ?is appo9tm5t1 sugge/$ ! fam\s inscription to ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5--',si monum5tum quris circumspice4' ,he also held ! (fice ( ,cl]k ( ! ,works at ,gre5wi* ,hospital = fifte5 ye>s1 & 0 ,eng9e] to ! ,new ,riv] ,wat] ,works f ! ye> #agfb until 8 dea?1 9 #ahaa1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by 8 son4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 he became acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,john ,r5nie1 ^: celebrity z an eng9e] 0 !n approa*+ its height2 & ! two became f t "t insep>able fri5ds4#bh ,mr4 ,mylne 0 also an intimate fri5d ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 _! acqua9tance hav+ orig9at$ out ( a controv]sy z to ! =m ( ! ar* = ,blackfri>s ,bridge4 ,mylne 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 by ! side ( 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessor1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54--,gate%ead ,obs]v]1 ,octob] #bj1 #ahfj4--;,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,,alex&] ,,nasmy?4 ,born ,septemb] #g1 #ageh4 ,di$ ,april #aj1 #ahdj4 ,alex&] ,nasmy?1 ! di/+ui%$ ,scot* l&scape pa9t]1 & kn[n also z a man ( sci5ce1 0 born at ,ed9burgh4 ,he came e>ly 9 life to ,london1 :]e he 0 = "s "t ! pupil ( ,all5 ,ramsay1 pa9t] to ,george ,,iii4 ,he resid$ aft]w>ds 9 ,rome = sev]al ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he /udi$ portrait1 hi/ory1 & l&scape pa9t+4 ,f ,rome1 ,nasmy? return$ to ,ed9burgh1 :]e he settl$ z a portrait pa9t]1 & execut$ 8 well-kn[n pa9t+ ( ,rob]t ,burns-! mo/ au!ntic lik5ess ( ?is great poet4 ,hav+1 h[ev]1 a decid$ ta/e = l&scape pa9t+1 he ultimately conf9$ himself to ?is bran* ( art2 b mu* ( 8 "t 0 occupi$ 9 tea*+1 9 :i* he 0 v successful4 ,8 l&scapes1 :i* are v num]\s1 71 _m ( !m1 rem9isc5ces ( ,italian sc5]y1 & al?\gh want+ 9 orig9ality & vig\r1 possess s mu* beauty & grace z to h caus$ _! au?or to acquire ! "n ( ! ',scotti% ,claude4' ,mr4 ,nasmy? 0 a fav\rite 9 society1 & 0 ! lead+ tea*] 9 art ( ! highe/ classes 9 ,scotl&2 dur+ 8 lat] ye>s be+ commonly look$ up to z ! patri>* ( ,scotti% art4 ,he n only took mu* int]e/ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! arti/ic societies ( ,ed9burgh1 b (t5 rais$ an influ5tial voice 9 respect to ! alt]ations mak+ 9 t city2 & 0 "o ( ! ?ree successful competitors betwe5 :om ! fir/ prize (f]$ = ! be/ plan = lay+ out & build+ ! ,new ,t[n ( ,ed9burgh 0 equally divid$4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? sp5t mu* ( 8 "t 9 sci5tific exp]im5ts1 & 0 ! inv5tor ( 'b[ & /r+ bridges1' & ( a me?od ( driv+ ! screw-propell]s ( vessels by direct action1 9 front ( ! rudd]4 ,mu* ( 8 leisure "t 0 sp5t 9 a work%op :i* he _h fitt$ up = himself1 & :i* prov$ ! nurs]y ( ! e>ly me*anical g5ius ( ! pres5t ,james ,nasmy?1 ! celebrat$ eng9e]4 ,soon aft] 8 return f ,italy1 ,alex&] ,nasmy? m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,sir ,james ,f\lis ( ,woodhall ,col9ton1 by :om he _h a family ( ?ree sons & five daught]s1 all ( :om inh]it$ m or less _! fa!r's tal5ts1 :ile ! elde/1 ,patrick1 has acquir$ a sep>ate r5[n ( no inconsid]able ext5t1 = ! beauty ( 8 l&scapes4 ,alex&] ,nasmy? di$ 9 ,york ,place1 ,ed9burgh1 at ! age ( eighty-?ree1 & 0 int]r$ 9 ! ,we/ ,*ur* bury+-gr\nd ( t city4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,london1 #aheg4--;,catalogue ( ,gall]y ( ,portraits ( ,inv5tors1 c41 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,,john ,,playfair1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4 & ,e4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,born ,m>* #aj1 #agdh4 ,di$ ,july #ai1 #ahai4 ,john ,playfair1 a ma!matician & philosoph] ( great em95ce & celebrity1 0 born at ,b5vie 9 ,=f>%ire1 & 0 ! elde/ son ( ! ,rev4 ,james ,playfair1 ! m9i/] ( t place4 ,playfair resid$ at home1 "u ! dome/ic tuition ( 8 fa!r1 until ! age ( f\rte51 :5 he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rew's1 :]e he became almo/ imm$iately di/+ui%$1 n m]ely = 8 s+ul> pr(ici5cy 9 ma!matical le>n+1 b also = ! ext5t ( 8 g5]al k1 ! cle>ness ( 8 judgm5t1 & ! dignity & propriety ( 8 conduct4 ,a /rong pro( ( 8 capabilities at ?is "t is giv5 by ! fact1 t :5 ,dr4 ,wilkie1 ! pr(essor ( natural philosophy1 0 prev5t$ by indisposition f deliv]+ ! regul> lectures1 he us$ g5]ally to delegate ! task ( in/ruction to 8 y\?ful pupil1 ,playfair4 ,9 #agfi ,playfair remov$ to ,ed9burgh1 & :ile resid+ !re became acqua9t$ ) ,adam ,smi?1 ,drs4 ,rob]tson1 ,mat!w ,/ew>t1 ,black1 & ,hutton1 ) all ( :om he cont9u$ on t]ms ( ! utmo/ cordiality dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! lives4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye> #aggb1 ! dea? ( 8 fa!r sudd5ly devolv$ ^u ,playfair ! burd5 ( support+ 8 family1 & compell$ him 9 a measure to seek a livelihood by ent]+ ! ,*ur*4 ,al?\gh he _h be5 educat$ ) a view to 8 ent]+ ?is pr(ession1 = :i* he 0 9 e way qualifi$1 8 decid$ pr$ilection = sci5ce _h hi!rto made him hesitate ab\t engag+ 9 a vocation1 ! duties ( :i*1 he felt1 if consci5ti\sly dis*>g$1 w\ld necess>ily int]f]e greatly ) ! /udies he 0 loa? to ab&on4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy1 h[ev]1 he consid]$ himself no long] entitl$ to indulge 9 ^! pr$ilections1 & !re=e made an application1 :i* prov$ successful1 to ,"l ,gray1 ! patron1 = a pres5tation to ! liv+s ( ,liff & ,b5vie1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly held by 8 fa!r4 ,f ?is p]iod until #aghb1 he 0 con/antly resid5t at ,liff1 occupi$ almo/ exclusively ) ! pa/oral duties ( 8 (fice1 & ) ! education ( 8 y\ng] bro!rs4 ,9 ! ye> #aggi ,playfair contribut$ to ! ',transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london a pap] on ! ',ari?metic ( ,impossible ,quantities1' :i* exhibits1 )9 a v small compass1 a /rik+ example ( ! r>e & admirable tal5t ( deta*+ ! s\nd _s ( sci5ce f :at may be t]m$ its my/icism4 ,9 ! ye> #aghb he 0 induc$ by v advantage\s (f]s to resign 8 *>ge1 & to sup]9t5d ! education ( ,f]guson ( ,rai?1 & 8 bro!r ,sir ,ronald2 an arrangem5t :i* re/or$ him 9 a great measure to ! lit]>y & sci5tific society ( ,ed9burgh1 & enabl$ him to visit ,london1 :]e he 0 gratifi$ by a p]sonal introduction to sev]al ( ! mo/ em95t cultivators ( sci5ce 9 t city4 ,playfair 0 receiv$ into ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye> #aghe1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( an arrangem5t made betwe5 ,dr4 ,adam ,f]guson & ,mr4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 0 appo9t$ jo9t-pr(essor ( ma!matics ) ,dr4 ,f]guson1 ^: delicate /ate ( heal? prev5t$ him f dis*>g+ ! active duties ( ! pr(essor%ip2 ,mr4 ,/ew>t fill+ ! *air ( moral philosophy1 previ\sly held by ,dr4 ,f]guson4 ,previ\s to ?is1 l ,leslie1 ,playfair _h be5 twice a c&idate = a simil> hon\r1 b unsuccessfully4 ,on ! fir/ occasion1 :5 only eighte5 ye>s old1 he _h (f]$ himself1 ) ! approbation ( 8 in/ructors at ,/4 ,&rew's1 z c&idate = ! pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics 9 ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de51 & _h su/a9$ ) mu* cr$it a competitive exam9ation :i* la/$ elev5 days1 & embrac$ ne>ly ! :ole range ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,out ( six competitors1 two only 7 judg$ to h surpass$ him--! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,trail1 :o 0 appo9t$ to ! (fice1 & ,dr4 ,hamilton1 :o aft]w>ds succe$$ to & long fill$ x ) mu* reputation4 ,9 #aghh1 ,playfair publi%$1 9 ! ',transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 a biographical acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,mat!w ,/ew>t1 :i* also conta9s a s+ul>ly cle> & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! lab\rs ( ,dr4 ,simson 9 ! re/oration ( anci5t geometry4 ,9 ?is ye> likewise appe>$ 8 pap] ',on ! ,causes :i* affect ! accuracy ( ,b>ometrical ,measurem5ts1' :i* is writt5 ) all ! p]spicuity1 caution1 & sagacity1 t con/itute ! great excell5ce & ! great difficulty ( su* disquisitions1 :]e sci5tific pr9ciples are employ$ to give precision to physical obs]vations4 ,9 #agij appe>$1 9 ! same ',transactions1' a pap] ( /ill great] int]e/ & delicacy1 ',on ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,brahm9s1' ! publication ( :i* attract$ v g5]al att5tion1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,asia1 & gave rise to mu* discussion & rese>*4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #agid by a le>n$ & v beautiful treatise on ! ',orig9 & ,inve/igation ( ,porisms1' 9 :i* ! obscure nature ( ! v compreh5sive & indef9ite !orems to :i* ?is "n 0 appli$ by ! anci5t geomet]s1 is expla9$ ) ! mo/ lucid simplicity4 ,9 #agig he compos$ a sequel to 8 fir/ pap] on ! ,indian a/ronomy1 9 ! %ape ( ',obs]vations on ! ,trigonometrical ,tables ( ! ,brahm9s1' & also a ma/]ly collection ( ',!orems on ! ,figure ( ! ,e>?4' ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! la/-m5tion$ ye>1 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,james ,hutton di$2 & ,playfair1 hav+ und]tak5 to draw up a biographical acc\nt ( him = ! ,royal ,society1 0 l$ to /udy ! doctor's +5i\s b crude speculations on ! ',!ory ( ! ,e>?1' & aft]w>ds to l5d !m ! assi/ance ( 8 own p[]ful p51 9 8 ',illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory4' ,?is "w1 ^u :i* he be/[$ m "t & lab\r ?an on any ( 8 o!r productions1 did n appe> until #ahjb2 & :atev] op9ion may be =m$ ( ! tru? or s\ndness ( ,dr4 ,hutton's speculations1 x is impossible to d\bt t ,playfair's illu/ration ( t !ory mu/ always be rank$ among/ ! mo/ brilliant & p[]ful productions ( philosophical g5ius4 ,its m]its h be5 univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 ev5 by ^? n conv9c$ by its reason+s1 & h extort$1 ev5 f ! fa/idi\s critics ( ,france1 ! ackn[l$gm5t t ,mr4 ,playfair writes z well z ,buffon1 & reasons incomp>ably bett]4 ,9 #ahje he quitt$ ! *air ( ma!matics to succe$ ,pr(essor ,robison 9 t ( natural philosophy4 ,9 ! conte/ :i* ensu$ ^u ! appo9tm5t ( ,leslie z 8 successor 9 ?is *air1 he took a v active "p2 & among/ ! heavie/ bl[s :i* ,leslie's oppon5ts _h to su/a91 7 ^? t p>t$ f ! h& ( ,mr4 ,playfair4 ,9 #ahjg he 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 to :i* le>n$ body he v soon aft]w>ds pres5t$ 8 ',acc\nt ( ! ,li?ological ,survey ( ,s*ehalli52' ?is 0 ! result ( 8 inve/igations dur+ ! p]iod ( ,dr4 ,maskelyne's visit to ,s*ehalli51 to measure ! attraction ( t m\nta91 on :i* occasion ,playfair %>$ ! %elt] ( ?is di/+ui%$ a/ronom]'s t5t on ! side ( ! m\nta91 & contract$ ) him a fri5d%ip :i* la/$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( _! lives4 ,9 #ahji he contribut$ to ! ',ed9burgh ,transactions' an excell5t pap] on ',solids ( ! ,greate/ ,attraction1' & 9 #ahab1 ano!r1 on ! ',progress ( ,heat 9 ,sph]ical ,bodies4' ,9 #ahad he publi%$1 9 two volumes octavo1 = ! use ( 8 class1 an elem5t>y "w ( great value1 "u ! title ( ',outl9es ( ,natural ,philosophy4' ,ab\t ! same "t he drew up = ! ',encyclopdia ,britannica' an introductory ',diss]tation on ! ,progress ( ,ma!matical & ,physical ,sci5ce1' a treatise di/+ui%$ = ! s\ndness ( judgm5t1 beauty ( writ+1 & ext5t ( k display$ 9 x4 ,9 #ahae1 ,playfair wrote = ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh a v int]e/+ memoir ( 8 di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor1 ,dr4 ,robison4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! same ye> he und]took1 at ! age ( sixty-eight1 a long j\rney ?r\gh ,france & ,switz]l& into ,italy1 & did n return = a p]iod ( ne>ly eighte5 mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t 8 pr9cipal att5tion 0 direct$ to ! m9]alogical & geological ph5om5a ( ! diff]5t regions :i* he visit$4 ,on 8 return f ?is exp$ition1 he 0 occupi$ 9 draw+ up a memoir on ! ',naval ,tactics ( ,cl]k ( ,eld91' :i* 0 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,playfair _h = sev]al ye>s suff]$ f a recurr5ce at diff]5t times ( a pa9ful affection ( ! bladd]1 :i* appe>$ ) increas$ sev5ty 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahai1 b 0 s f> got "u z to enable him to complete 8 c\rse ( lectures 9 ! spr+4 ,x return$1 h[ev]1 9 a /ill m di/ress+ =m 9 ! summ]1 & at la/ put a p]iod to 8 life on ! #ai? ( ,july4 ,?\gh suff]+ great pa9 dur+ ! la/ "p ( 8 conf9em5t1 he reta9$ n only 8 intellectual faculties q unimpair$1 b also ! s]5ity & mildness ( 8 _s1 occupy+ himself until )9 a few days ( 8 dea? 9 correct+ ! pro(-%eets ( ! ',diss]tation' be=e notic$4 ,besides ! previ\sly m5tion$ works1 ,playfair 0 a frequ5t contributor to ! ',ed9burgh ,review1' & also wrote ! articles 'p9us' & ',physical ,a/ronomy1' 9 ! ',encyclopdia ,britannica4' ,francis ,jeffrey1 ( ^: elaborate & elegant memoir ! above is b a brief summ>y1 speaks ( ,playfair z be+ "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ma!maticians ( ! age1 & among ! fir/1 if n ! v fir/1 :o introduc$ ! beautiful discov]ies ( ! lat] ,cont95tal geomet]s to ! k ( 8 c\ntrym51 & gave _! j value & true place 9 ! s*eme ( ,european k1 to ^? important improvem5ts by :i* ! :ole aspect ( ab/ract sci5ce has be5 r5ovat$ s9ce ! days ( our illu/ri\s ,newton2 also1 z possess+ 9 ! highe/ degree all ! *>act]i/ics bo? ( a f9e & p[]ful und]/&+1 at once p5etrat+ & vigilant1 b m di/+ui%$ p]haps = ! caution & sur5ess ( its m>* ?an = ! brilliancy or rapidity ( its movem5ts2 & guid$ & adorn$ ?r\gh all its progress by ! mo/ g5u9e en?usiasm = all t is gr&1 & ! ju/e/ ta/e = all t is beautiful4--,memoir ( ,john ,playfair1 by ,"l ,jeffrey4--,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,,john ,,r5nie1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4 & ,e41 c4 ,born ,june #g1 #agfa4 ,di$ ,octob] #d1 #ahba4 ,john ,r5nie 0 born at ,phantassie1 9 ! p>i% ( ,pre/onkirk1 9 ! c\nty ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian4 ,8 fa!r 0 a highly respectable f>m]1 :o di$ 9 #agff1 leav+ a wid[ & n9e *ildr51 ( :om ,john 0 ! y\nge/4 ,he acquir$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( 8 education at ! village s*ool1 :i* 0 situat$ on ! opposite side ( a brook4 ,to cross ?is at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> x 0 necess>y to make use ( a boat1 :i* 0 kept at ! work%op ( ,&rew ,meikle1 an +5i\s me*anic well kn[n 9 ,scotl& z ! inv5tor ( ! ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,"y ,r5nie1 hav+ ?us frequ5t occasion to pass ?r\gh ,meikle's work%op1 became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! v>i\s me*anical op]ations t 7 9 progress1 & a great "p ( 8 leisure & holiday "t 0 sp5t !re94 ,dur+ ! ev5+ he employ$ himself 9 imitat+ ! ma*9es :i* _h p>ticul>ly attract$ 8 att5tion1 & :5 only t5 ye>s old succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ a model ( a /eam-eng9e1 a w9dmill1 & a pile-driv+ ma*9e4 ,at twelve ye>s ( age he left ! ,pre/on s*ool & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,mr4 ,meikle = a space ( two ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* "t1 f9d+ t a con/ant application to manual lab\r ret>d$ ! progress ( 8 intellectual faculties1 he det]m9$ to place himself "u ! tuition ( ,mr4 ,gibson1 an em95t ma!matical ma/] at ,dunb>4 ,"h ,"y ,r5nie atta9$ su* pr(ici5cy 9 8 /udies1 t :51 two or ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,gibson 0 appo9t$ ma/] to ! public academy at ,p]?1 he 0 able to und]take ! tempor>y managem5t ( ! ,dunb> s*ool4 ,:ile at ?is s*ool he attract$ ! especial notice ( ,mr4 ,david ,lock1 :o1 9 describ+ a visit to ,dunb>1 makes p>ticul> m5tion ( him z "o likely to prove an hon\r to 8 c\ntry4#bi ,on leav+ ,mr4 ,gibson1 ,r5nie return$ to ,mr4 ,meikle1 cont9u+ m or less ) t +5i\s man = ! next two or ?ree ye>s4#cj ,8 fir/ essay 9 practical me*anics 0 ! repair+ ( a corn mill 9 8 native village1 & he erect$ two or ?ree o!rs be=e he _h rea*$ ! age ( eighte54 ,:ile occupi$ 9 ^! works ,r5nie took c>e at ! same "t to att5d to 8 o!r /udies1 manag+ occasionally to visit ,ed9burgh1 :]e he ent]$ himself z a /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity1 & att5d$ ! lectures ( ,pr(essors ,robison & ,black4 ,) ! =m] g5tleman he gradually =m$ an intimate acqua9tance1 & 0 by him introduc$ to ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt1 ( ,soho1 ) :om he rema9$ dur+ ! space ( twelve mon?s2 x be+ _! wi% to h engag$ 8 s]vices = a long] p]iod1 b ,r5nie1 consci\s ( 8 own p[]s1 det]m9$ to make ! capital ! !atre ( 8 future ef=ts4 ,8 fir/ practical essay at millwright "w 9 ,engl& 0 ! roll+ mills at ,soho1 :i* 7 entirely remodell$ & rebuilt "u 8 direction4 ,9 #aghd he e/abli%$ himself 9 ,london1 & comm5c$ "w by ! erection ( ! ,albion ,mills ne> ,blackfri>s ,bridge1 ,b\lton & ,watt1 :o _h ! direction ( ! /eam-eng9es1 hav+1 9 accordance ) ! advice ( ,pr(essors ,robison & ,black1 entru/$ to him ! execution ( ! millwork4 ,mr4 ,watt1 9 8 notes to ,pr(essor ,robison's acc\nt ( ! /eam-eng9e1 says t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! millwork & ma*9]y1 !y d]iv$ mo/ valuable assi/ance f t able me*anician & eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,john ,r5nie1 !n j ent]+ into bus9ess1 :o assi/$ 9 plac+ !m1 & "u ^: direction !y 7 execut$4 ,he also adds t ! ma*9]y1 :i* us$ to be made ( wood1 0 "h made ( ca/ iron1 & consid]s t ?is 0 ! comm5cem5t ( t sy/em ( millwork :i* has prov$ s b5eficial to ?is c\ntry4 ,aft] execut+ ?is und]tak+1 ,r5nie 0 employ$ on ! fl\r mills at ,w&swor?1 & ! roll+ & triturat+ mills at ! ,m9t4 ,8 mills1 & p>ticul>ly 8 wat] :eels1 7 reg>d$ z models ( p]fection1 :ile 9 all hydraulic works he 0 ! wor?y successor ( ,smeaton4 ,f ?is "t until 8 comp>atively e>ly dea? 9 #ahba1 ,r5nie 0 con/antly employ$ on v>i\s l>ge & spl5did und]tak+s1 among :i* 8 bridges occupy an important place4 ,( ^! /ructures ! f9e/ is ! ,wat]loo ,bridge ov] ! ,?ames1 begun 9 #ahji & f9i%$ 9 #ahag4 ,x is built ( ,ab]de5 granite1 & consi/s ( n9e equal semi-elliptical ar*es ( #bj feet span1 ) a level roadway #de feet wide f outside to outside ( p>apet1 :i* adds greatly to its beauty4 ,?is bridge 0 op5$ to ! public by ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 :o (f]$ at ! "t to conf] ^u ,mr4 ,r5nie ! hon\r ( knigh?ood2 ?is (f]1 h[ev]1 he decl9$4 ,london ,bridge1 :i* he design$ b did n live to execute1 0 f9i%$ by 8 sons1 ,mr4 ,george & ,sir ,john ,r5nie4 ,x is built ( ! f9e/ blue & :ite granite f ,scotl& & ,devon%ire1 & consi/s ( five semi-elliptical ar*es1 two ( #acj1 two ( #adj1 & ! c5tre "o ( #aeb ft4 span1 be+ p]haps ! l>ge/ elliptical ar* ev] attempt$4 ,! beautiful /one bridge ov] ! ,twe$ at ,kelso1 & ^? at ,musselburgh & ,new ,gall[ay1 7 also design$ by him4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! fir/-nam$ ( ^! bridges1 ,mr4 ,r5nie us$ (t5 playfully to decl>e1 t he consid]$ himself a b5efactor to 8 c\ntry1 inasmu* z "o ( 8 e>lie/ public works 0 to build a bridge across ! ,twe$6 ,! iron bridges :i* he execut$ are1 ! "o at ,bo/on1 ov] ! ,)am1 ) a span ( #ajj feet2 & ! noble bridge at ,s\?w>k1 ov] ! ,?ames1 begun 9 #ahae & op5$ 9 #ahai4 ,! latt] consi/s ( ?ree circul> ar*es ( equal curvature1 ! c5tre "o hav+ a span ( #bdj1 & ! o!r two ( #baj feet4 ,! total weight ( iron 9 ! /ructure 0 #eghj tons1 & ! entire co/1 includ+ approa*es1 c41 #hjj1jjjl4 ,! improvem5t ( h>b\rs & ! con/ruction ( docks occupi$ mu* ( ,mr4 ,r5nie's att5tion1 & 9 ^! op]ations 8 div+-bell app>atus 0 ( peculi> value4 ,smeaton 0 ! fir/ :o us$ ! div+-bell effectually = build+ ) /one "u wat]2 ! ma*9e he employ$ = t purpose 01 h[ev]1 v defective1 & c\ld only be us$ 9 c]ta9 situations4 ,b ,r5nie1 by improvem5ts 9 ! in/rum5t itself1 & 9 ! ma*9]y by :i* its movem5ts c\ld be regulat$1#ca 0 enabl$ to c>ry on masonry1 & ! f\ndations ( sea-walls1 pi]s1 & quays1 z well "u wat] z above x4 ,he fir/ employ$ 8 app>atus 9 #ahac1 9 build+ ! ,ea/ ,pi]head at ,ramsgate1 ! f\ndations ( :i* 7 #ag feet bel[ l[ wat] at spr+ tides4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds us$ 9 f\nd+ ! pi]heads & out] walls ( ! h>b\rs at ,holyhead1 ,h[?1 & ,%e]ness1 & o!r works "u 8 direction4 ,among/ ! num]\s wet docks introduc$ at ,liv]pool 9 #agaf1 & s9ce con/ruct$ at almo/ all ! pr9cipal sea-ports 9 ! k+dom1 ,mr4 ,r5nie execut$ ! ,london ,docks1 & ^? at ,lei?1 ,dubl91 ,hull1 & ,gre5ock1 & also ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india ,docks1 9 conjunction ) ,jessop & ,ralph ,walk]4 ,he also con/ruct$ ! h>b\rs ( ,que5sf]ry1 ,b]wick1 ,h[?1 ,holyhead1 & t at ,k+/on1 ! l>ge/ attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ! l[ wat] ( spr+ tide1 ! dep? ( ?is h>b\r 0 #bf feet1 :ile ! area enclos$ am\nt$ to #bej acres4 ,! breakwat] at ,plym\? = protect+ ! ,s\nd f ! swell ( ! sea 0 likewise design$ by him & ,mr4 ,:itby1 & 0 ! fir/ & l>ge/ example ( a deta*$ breakwat] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful works execut$ by ,mr4 ,r5nie 0 ! dra9age ( ! great ,f5 di/rict bord]+ ^u ! riv]s ,tr5t1 ,)am1 ,new ,well&1 & ,ouse1 & ext5d+ #fj miles 9 l5g? by #be 9 bread?4 ,9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is great "w1 by :i* _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles 7 r5d]$ productive1 & ! salubrity ( ! di/rict improv$1 he 0 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d & 8 son1 ,sir ,john ,r5nie4 ,! *ief canals ( :i* he 0 eng9e] are ! ,k5net1 ,avon1 ,cr9an1 ,ro*dale1 & ,lanca/]4 ,! naval docky>ds at ,portsm\?1 ,plym\?1 ,*a?am1 & ,%e]ness1 also atte/ 8 skill z an eng9e]4 ,! latt] 0 a m]e quicks& #dj feet deep1 mix$ ) mud & ! wrecks ( old %ips2 ! :ole ( :i* 0 excavat$1 & a magnific5t bas9 con/ruct$ ) a surr\nd+ wall ( granite1 ) :i* ?ree l>ge & commodi\s dry docks communicat$4 ,sev]al magnific5t works ( great public utility 7 propos$ to ! gov]nm5t by ,mr4 ,r5nie b nev] execut$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is 8 design = a great naval ars5al on ! ,?ames at ,nor?fleet1 int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! imp]fect naval e/abli%m5ts on ! riv]4 ,x 0 to consi/ ( six capaci\s bas9s1 ) an area ( #fjj acres )9 ! walls1 & to compreh5d ma*9]y = e op]ation connect$ ) ! naval sci5ce4 ,! e/imat$ co/ ( ?is noble plan 0 eight millions1 :i* might h am\nt$ to t5 or elev5 millions1 b w\ld ev5 !n h be5 a measure ( economy comp>$ ) ! va/ sums exp5d$ on ! old e/abli%m5ts on ! ,?ames & ,m$way4 ,be=e clos+ ! pres5t brief acc\nt ( ?is celebrat$ eng9e]'s life & works1 8 ligh?\se on ! ,bell ,rock mu/ n be pass$ by )\t notice4 ,l ! ,eddy/one1 x 0 built ( /one2 comm5c$ 9 #ahjf1 & f9i%$ 9 #ahaa1 x /ill rema9s an endur+ monum5t ( ! skill ( its ar*itect4 ,until )9 a few ye>s ( 8 dea? ,mr4 ,r5nie enjoy$ robu/ heal?1 b he 0 cut (f 9 ! sixty-fir/ ye> ( 8 age aft] a few days' illness4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 8 rema9s be+ int]r$ ne> to ^? ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54--,encyclopdia ,britannica4--,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,feb41 #ahfa4--,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,septemb] #bj & ,novemb] #bb1 #ahfa4 ,,francis ,,ronalds1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,francis ,ronalds 0 born 9 ,london1 9 ! ye> #aghh4 ,f a v e>ly p]iod 9 life he devot$ himself to ! advancem5t ( electrical sci5ce1 a c\rse he has consi/5tly pursu$ dur+ a l>ge portion ( 8 life1 :i* has n yet we are glad to be able to /ate drawn to its close4 ,he is ! inv5tor ( an electric telegraph1 electrical ma*9e1 electromet]1 a new mode ( electrical insulation1 a p5dulum d\bl]1 an electric clock1 sev]al meteorological & magnetical in/rum5ts & o!r me*anical contrivances4 ,! ye> #ahaf1 h[ev]1 m>k$ ,mr4 ,ronald's great a*ievem5t 9 ! advancem5t ( electric telegraphs4 ,dur+ t ye> he 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate t !y c\ld be practically & un]r+ly appli$ to ! passage ( messages ?r\gh a long di/ance4 ,well aw>e ( ! difficulties aris+ f imp]fect insulation1 :i* _h baffl$ 8 pr$ecessors1 ,mr4 ,ronalds secur$ ! success ( 8 app>atus bo? by employ+ bett] means ( insulation ?an _h hi!rto be5 adopt$1 & also by mak+ use ( a =m ( app>atus :i* %\ld ( itself be capable ( supply+ any loss ( electricity :i* might arise f defects 9 ! insulation4#cb ,mr4 ,ronalds plac$ 8 telegraph wire 9 glass tubes surr\nd$ by wood5 tr\ghs l9$ ) pit*1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 a tr5* dug 9 8 g>d5 at ,hamm]smi?4 ,he also susp5d$ eight miles ( wire by silk5 cords f a wood5 frame erect$ on 8 lawn1 ?r\gh :i* he 0 enabl$ to successfully pass messages except 9 wet wea!r1 ! cords n be+ protect$ f ! wet4 ,mr4 ,ronald's peculi> =m ( app>atus may be ?us briefly describ$3--,at two /ations 7 plac$ two clocks1 ) a dial ) #bj lett]s plac$ on ! arb\r ( ! second-h&2 9 front ( ea* ( ^! dials 0 plac$ a scre5 ) a small orifice cut 9 x s t1 z ! dial revolv$1 only "o lett] c\ld be se5 at a "t4 ,! clocks 7 made to g iso*ron\sly1 & 7 />t$ at ! same in/ant ) ! same lett] appe>+ on ! dial ?r\gh ! orifices ( ea* ( ! scre5s1 bo? dials1 !re=e1 z !y revolv$1 w\ld ( c\rse cont9ue to %[ simil> lett]s4 ,?is =m$ ! readable index ( 8 telegraph2 means ( communication betwe5 ! two /ations 7 produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--connect$ ) ea* end ( ! telegraph wire1 & plac$ 9 front ( ! clocks1 7 two pi? ball electromet]s1 ^u :i* a con/ant /ream ( electricity1 produc$ f an ord9>y frictional ma*9e1 op]at$ & consequ5tly kept 9 a /ate ( div]g5ce1 except :5 a lett] on ! dial 0 to be d5ot$2 ! electricity 0 !n p>tially dis*>g$ by break+ ! connection1 ! pi? balls 9 a measure collaps$1 & ! di/ant obs]v] 0 !reby in=m$ to note d[n ! lett] !n visible ?r\gh ! orifice on ! scre54 ,9 ?is way lett] aft] lett] might be d5ot$ & intellig5ce ( any k9d convey$4 ,all t 0 absolutely requir$ = ! success ( ,mr4 ,ronald's telegraph 01 t ! clocks %\ld g iso*ron\sly dur+ ! "t intellig5ce 0 be+ transmitt$1 =1 by a preconc]t$ arrangem5t1 bo? clocks might be easily />t$ at ! same lett] ^u a giv5 signal4 ,! att5tion ( ! di/ant obs]v] 0 call$ by ! explosion ( gas by means ( an electric sp>k4 ,9 #ahbc1 ,mr4 ,ronalds publi%$ a full description ( 8 telegraph1 9 a "w entitl$1 ',descriptions ( an ,electrical ,telegraph1 & ( "s o!r ,electrical ,app>atus4' ,9 #ahbe1 ,mr4 ,ronalds inv5t$ a p]spective trac+ in/rum5t1 to facilitate draw+ f nature or f plans & elevations1 an acc\nt ( :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahbh 9 a "w entitl$1 ',me*anical ,p]spective4' ,) ?is ma*9e he 0 enabl$ "s ye>s aft]w>ds 79 #ahce71 assi/$ by ,dr4 ,blair1 to procure exact p]spective projections tak5 f giv5 not$ /ations1 ( ! ,celtic rema9s at ,c>nac 9 ,brittany4 ,! result ( ^! rese>*es 0 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,ronalds & ,dr4 ,blair 9 #ahcf1 & 0 entitl$1 ',sket*es at ,c>nac2 or1 ,notes conc]n+ ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,celtic ,antiquities 9 t & "s ( ! adjo9+ ,communes4' ,9 connection ) ?is trac+ app>atus1 he likewise contriv$ a hexipod /aff us$ = a support1 & :i* has be5 mu* employ$ = ! support ( in/rum5ts requir+ great /ead9ess1 su* z telescopes1 !odolites1 cam]as1 c4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdc he became ! fir/ & honor>y director ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 & :ile occupy+ ?is (fice he suppli$ ! obs]vatory ) v>i\s new contrivances1 = :i* he receiv$ a gov]nm5t rew>d f ! special s]vice fund1 & a small p5sion f ! civil li/4 ,! mo/ consid]able ( ^! contrivances 7 8 atmosph]ic electrical conductor & its app5dages1 adopt$ at ! ,gre5wi*1 ! ,madrid1 & ! ,bombay magnetic obs]vatories2 8 photo-b>ograph1 & two photo-!rmographs1 adopt$ at ! ,radcliff obs]vatory1 ,ox=d2 8 photo-electrograph1 & ?ree photo-magneto-graphs4 ,besides ! writ+s above-m5tion$1 ,mr4 ,ronalds is ! au?or ( an article 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e ( #ahad1 entitl$1 ',on ,electro-galvanic ,ag5cy1 employ$ z a mov+ p[]1 ) descriptions ( a ,galvanic ,clock2' & o!r articles 9 ! same j\rnal1 detail+ 8 orig9al exp]im5ts to illu/rate ! relations ( quantity & int5sity 9 ! electric pile4 ,he also wrote f\r ,reports on ! ,kew obs]vatory1 :i* 7 fully illu/rat$ & pr9t$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ye>s #ahde-ej-ea & #eb2 & "o pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions on ',photographic ,self-regi/]+ ,meteorological & ,magnetical ,in/rum5ts1' writt5 9 #ahdf & pr9t$ 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,9 #ahef ,mr4 ,ronalds publi%$ 9 ,fr5*1 at ,p>is1 a summ>y ( ^! reports1 ) "s additions1 entitl$1 ',descriptions de quelques ,in/rum5ts ,meteorologiques et ,magnetiques1' int5d$ to expla9 8 in/rum5ts at ! ,fr5* exhibition4 ,mr4 ,ronalds is n[ 7,april #ahfd7 resid+ at ,battle 9 ,sussex1 & dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( life has sp5t mu* "t & "p ( 8 small p5sion1 9 collect+ & collat+ an electric libr>y1 :i* might be conv5i5tly available = ! advancem5t ( 8 fav\rite sci5ce1 & prove wor?y ( pres5tation or beque/ to "s ,briti% public in/itution1 s z to =m ! nucleus ( "o :i* might approximate possibly to a complete electrical libr>y4--,f p>ticul>s d]iv$ f au!ntic s\rces4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d 7,,sir ,,b5jam9 ,,?ompson71 ,,ll4,d41 ,v4,p4,r4,s41 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,born ,m>* #bf1 #agec4 ,di$ ,aug4 #ba1 #ahad4 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & m g5]ally kn[n by ! title ( ,c\nt ,rum=d1 :i* he aft]w>ds acquir$1 0 born at ,woburn 9 ,massa*ussets4 ,8 ance/ors appe> to h be5 among ! e>lie/ coloni/s ( ?is di/rict1 & 9 all probability came orig9ally f ,engl&4 ,?ompson's fa!r di$ :ile 8 son 0 a m]e infant1 & two or ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds 8 "m m>ri$ a second husb&1 ,josiah ,pi]ce1 also a resid5t at ,woburn4 ,z soon z "y ,?ompson 0 able to le>n 8 lett]s he 0 s5t to ! s*ool ( 8 native t[n1 kept by a ,mr4 ,john ,f[le1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 elev5? ye>1 :5 he jo9$ ! s*ool ( a ,mr4 ,hill at ,m$=d4 ,"h ,?ompson made su* advances 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy z to be able to calculate eclipses4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 he 0 b\nd appr5tice to ,mr4 ,john ,appleby1 a respectable m]*ant 9 ,salem1 ! second t[n 9 po9t ( size 9 ,massa*ussets4 ,8 occupations ) ,mr4 ,appleby 7 pr9cipally ^? ( a cl]k 9 ! c\nt+ h\se1 b he appe>s to h _h suffici5t leisure to ext5d 8 read+ 9 sci5tific subjects1 & also to indulge a ta/e1 he began to exhibit1 = design+ & engrav+4 ,at ?is "t he 0 likewise occupi$ ) a contrivance = solv+ ! fam\s problem ( p]petual motion1 b 0 ultimately made to see ! fallacy ( 8 expectations1 by ! argum5ts ( an old fri5d & s*oolfell[1 ,loammi ,baldw91 :o induc$ him to attempt-some?+ m practicable ?\gh less magnific5t4 ,at ?is p]iod1 #agfg1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & h] ,am]ican colonies 7 beg9n+ to assume a s]i\s aspect1 & !re ensu$ su* a /agnation ( trade at ,salem & o!r t[ns1 t ,mr4 ,appleby1 hav+ no fur!r occasion = ! s]vices ( a cl]k1 0 glad to give up to "y ,?ompson 8 ind5tures1 & all[ him to return to ,woburn4 ,= ! next two or ?ree ye>s ,?ompson's c\rse ( life seems to h be5 wav]+ & undecid$4 ,at "o "t he appe>s to h _h ?\ghts ( ent]+ ! m$ical pr(ession1 = he rema9$ dur+ "s mon?s "u ! tuition ( ,dr4 ,hay1 a physician 9 ,woburn1 & ent]$ zeal\sly ^u ! /udy ( anatomy & physiology4 ,9 #aggj1 h[ev]1 he resum$ 8 m]cantile avocations 9 ! capacity ( a cl]k at a dry goods /ore at ,bo/on1 kept by a ,mr4 ,cap51 & 0 ?us engag$ dur+ ! fam\s riots :i* took place 9 t t[n1 on ! attempt to l& a c>go ( tea f a ,briti% vessel1 contr>y to a resolution ( ! coloni/s aga9/ admitt+ ,briti% goods4 ,^! di/urbances caus$ ,mr4 ,cap5's bus9ess to decl9e z ,mr4 ,appleby's _h =m]ly done1 & ,?ompson 0 aga9 oblig$ to return to ,woburn4 ,he n[ s]i\sly turn$ 8 att5tion to ! acquisition ( sci5tific k1 & 9 company ) 8 fri5d ,baldw9 att5d$ a c\rse ( lectures on exp]im5tal philosophy deliv]$ at ,h>v>d ,college1 in/itut+ at ! same "t _m exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 "s ( :i* prov$ ! g]ms ( valuable conclusions publi%$ 9 aft] life4 ,9 p>ticul> may be m5tion$ a c\rse ( exp]im5ts :i* he began 9 ord] to asc]ta9 & measure ! projectile =ce ( gunp[d]4 ,?ompson1 ?\gh /ill only 9 8 sev5te5? ye>1 _h n[ acquir$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( reputation2 he 0 also end[$ ) mu* natural grace & _m p]sonal advantages1 :i* subsequ5tly prov$ ! means ( ga9+ him access to ! fir/ circles 9 ,europe4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #aggj he 0 invit$ by ,colonel ,timo?y ,walk]1 "o ( ! mo/ important resid5ts 9 ! village ( ,rum=d1 n[ ,concord1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 to take *>ge ( an ,academy 9 t place4 ,two ye>s lat]1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 he m>ri$ ,mrs4 ,rolfe1 a colonel's wid[ possess$ ( a consid]able =tune4 ,aft] 8 m>riage ,?ompson took 8 place z "o ( ! weal?ie/ inhabitants ( ! di/rict 9 :i* he resid$1 mix+ ) ! be/ society ! colony af=d$4 ,among o!rs he made ! acqua9tance ( ! gov]nor ,john ,w5twor?1 :o1 wi%+ to atta* to ! ,briti% p>ty s influ5tial a coloni/1 gave ,?ompson ! commission ( major 9 a regim5t ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,militia1 9 :i* a vacancy _h occurr$4 ,?is act ( att5tion1 :ile gratify+ to ,?ompson1 procur$ him mu* ill-w f ! (fic]s already 9 ! s]vice1 & ov] ^: head he _h be5 promot$4 ,f ?is p]iod he began to be unpopul> 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,he 0 repres5t$ z a fri5d ( ,great ,brita91 & an enemy to ! int]e/s ( ! colonies4 ,! public hatr$ ( him at l5g? rose to su* a height1 t he only escap$ by flight f ! ignom9y ( be+ t>r$ & fea!r$ 9 ! op5 /reets4 ,leav+ 8 wife & an infant daught]1 ,?omas fir/ took refuge 9 8 native t[n ( ,woburn1 & !n proce$$ to ,*>le/[n :]e he rema9$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,f ,*>le/[n he w5t to ,bo/on1 at :i* place he 0 well receiv$ by ,g5]al ,gage & ! (fic]s ( ! ,briti% army at t "t 9 g>rison at ,bo/on4 ,return+ 9 ! spr+ ( #agge to ,woburn1 he aga9 ran ! risk ( be+ t>r$ & fea!r$1 b 0 sav$ by ! int]f]5ce ( 8 fri5d ,baldw94 ,! comm5cem5t ( op5 ho/ilities betwe5 ! ,coloni/s & ! ,briti% troops 9 ,may1 #agge1 made ,?ompson's position /ill m critical1 & f9d+ t he c\ld n ov]come ! prejudice felt aga9/ him1 he came to ! desp]ate resolution ( quitt+ 8 native c\ntry1 & leav+ 8 wife & *ild4 ,to effect ?is he fir/ escap$ to ,bo/on1 :]e he rema9$1 ) 8 fri5d ,g5]al ,gage1 until ! evacuation ( ! t[n by ! ,briti% troops1 :5 he emb>k$ on bo>d ! ,sc>bor\gh1 & set sail = ,engl&1 ) despat*es f ,g5]al ,gage to ,"l ,george ,g]ma91 ! ,briti% ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,colonial ,affairs4 ,al?\gh ,?ompson arriv$ 9 ,engl& ! be>] ( gloomy tid+s1 & su/a9+ ! equivocal "* ( a des]t] f ! ,am]ican cause1 he soon %[$ t he 0 a man capable ( comm&+ 8 =tune any:]e4 ,! capacity 9 :i* he _h come ov] introduc$ him to v>i\s public m5 :o 7 bo? /ruck by 8 abilities & *>m$ by 8 mann]s4 ,b a %ort "t elaps$ aft] 8 arrival be=e he 0 (f]$ a po/ 9 ! ,colonial ,(fice1 & f\r ye>s aft]1 9 #aghj1 0 rais$ by 8 patron ,"l ,g]ma9 to ! po/ ( "u secret>y = ! colonies1 an in/ance ( rapid promotion :i*1 consid]+ ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! subject ( x /ood1 is almo/ unexampl$4 ,! income & consequ5ce :i* ,?ompson d]iv$ f ?is (fice gave him admission to ! highe/ metropolitan circles1 & he _h ?us opportunities n only ( becom+ kn[n1 b also ( ex]cis+ 8 inv5tive m9d 9 _m pursuits n imm$iately connect$ ) 8 (ficial duties4 ,f]tility ( res\rces1 & a disposition to propose improvem5ts 9 all dep>tm5ts1 appe> to h be5 8 mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics1 & x 0 probably ?is ready g5ius = practical re=m 9 ev]y?+ :i* came "u 8 notice1 t recomm5d$ him s mu* to public m54 ,:ile engag$ g5]ally 9 a v>iety ( matt]s1 ,?ompson 0 at ! same "t foll[+ out c]ta9 specific l9es ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! heat caus$ by friction1 d$uc$ f ! bor+ ( cannon1 are among ! be/ we possess4 ,9 #aggg he made "s curi\s & int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( solid bodies1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 nev] publi%$4 ,9 #aggh he employ$ himself 9 fur!r exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( gunp[d] & ! velocity ( milit>y projectiles2 & ^! 7 foll[$ up by a cruise ( "s mon?s 9 ! ,*annel fleet1 :]e he propos$ to repeat 8 exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale4 ,he communicat$ ! result ( 8 rese>*es on ?is subject1 9 sev]al pap]s1 to ! ',philosophical ,transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* he became a memb] 9 ! la/-m5tion$ ye>4 ,on ! retirem5t ( ,"l ,george ,g]ma9 f (fice1 ,?ompson 0 s5t out to ,new ,york 9 ! ye> #agha1 ) ! royal commission ( major1 aft]w>ds *ang$ to t ( lieut5ant-colonel1 *>g$ ) ! task ( organiz+ an effici5t regim5t ( dragoons out ( ! brok5 & disjo9t$ native cavalry regim5ts :i* _h be5 fight+ on ! royali/ side4 ,?is regim5t 01 h[ev]1 ( no avail2 peace 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,colonel ,?ompson on 8 return to ,engl& obta9$ leave ( abs5ce to travel on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 cross+ f ,engl& to ,france1 x happ5$ t he _h z a fell[-travell] ! celebrat$ hi/orian ,gibbon1 :o1 9 "s subsequ5t correspond5ce1 spoke ( him z ! soldi]1 philosoph]1 /atesman--,?ompson4 ,:ile on 8 way to ,vi5na1 ,?ompson att5d$ a review ( ! g>rison ( ,/rasb\rg1 &1 attract+ g5]al att5tion by 8 sup]b ,engli% horse & uni=m ( colonel ( dragoons1 became introduc$ to ! notice ( ,pr9ce ,maximilian1 nephew & presumptive heir ( ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia4 ,?is pr9ce 0 agreeably impress$ by ! mann]s & address ( ,?ompson1 & furni%$ him ) lett]s ( introduction to 8 uncle1 ! ,bav>ian ,elector4 ,:5 ,?ompson arriv$ at ,muni* 7s great seems to h be5 8 p[] ( conciliat+ fav\r71 he 0 (f]$1 on 8 fir/ int]view ) ! elector1 an important situation at c\rt1 if he w\ld take up 8 resid5ce !re4 ,aft] a little delay1 ,?ompson accept$ ?is (f]1 conditional ^u receiv+ p]mission f 8 ,britannic ,maje/y4 ,proce$+ to ,london to obta9 ! requir$ cons5t1 he 0 v fav\rably receiv$ by ,george ,,iii41 :o conf]r$ on him ! hon\r ( knigh?ood1 & all[$ him to reta9 8 title ( lieut5ant-colonel1 toge!r ) ! half-pay atta*$ to x4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #aghd1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 took up 8 resid5ce at ,muni*1 & fill$ ! po/s ( aide-de-camp & *amb]la9 to ! ,elector2 be+ ?us connect$ bo? ) ! milit>y & civil s]vice ( ! ,bav>ian dom9ions4 ,into ^! tw9 bran*es ( gov]nm5t he soon introduc$ _m important & salut>y re=ms2 he reorganiz$ ! ,bav>ian army1 & introduc$ _m improvem5ts into ! art ( agriculture z practis$ 9 t "p ( ,europe2 he also took wise & effectual measures = ! suppression ( m5dicancy1 & = ! ameliorization ( ! condition ( ! poor at ,muni*1 introduc+ among !m "s excell5t plans = ! economization ( food & fuel4 ,:ile inve/igat+ ?is latt] subject1 ,sir ,b5jam9 paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! con/ruction ( grates & fireplaces1 & to ! sci5tific prop]ties ( light & heat4 ,he s improv$ ! me?ods ( heat+ ap>tm5ts & ( cook+ food1 z to produce a sav+ 9 ! preci\s elem5t ( heat v>y+ f "o-half to sev5-eigh?s ( ! fuel previ\sly consum$2 s t x 0 wittily said1 t he w\ld nev] re/ satisfi$ until he _h cook$ 8 d9n] ) 8 neighb\rs' smoke4 ,to him also is ! hon\r due ( be+ ! fir/ to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* heat is propagat$ 9 fluids4 ,9 requital ( ^! important s]vices to ! ,bav>ian /ate1 ,?ompson 0 decorat$ ) two ord]s ( ,poli% knigh?ood2 he also receiv$ ! appo9tm5ts ( memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate & lieut5ant-g5]al 9 ! army1 0 creat$ comm&]-9-*ief ( ! g5]al /aff1 m9i/] ( w>1 & sup]9t5d5t ( ! police ( ! electorate1 & 0 f9ally1 9 #agij1 rais$ to ! dignity ( ,c\nt ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 by ! title ( ,c\nt ,rum=d1 9 memory ( ! ,am]ican village :]e he _h =m]ly (ficiat$ z s*oolma/]4 ,! sci5tific "p ( ! community also %[$ _! e/eem = him1 by elect+ him a memb] ( ! ,academies ( ,muni* & ,manheim2 & 9 #aghg1 :5 on a visit to ,prussia1 he 0 *os5 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l94 ,:5 ! advance ( ! ,fr5* army "u ,moreau compell$ ! ,elector to quit 8 capital1 ,c\nt ,rum=d 0 = a %ort "t plac$ at ! head ( ! ,reg5cy1 & 9 ?is capacity succe$$ 9 ! ardu\s task ( free+ ! ,bav>ian /ate f =eign invasion4 ,?is important s]vice increas$ ,rum=d's reputation ) ! ,elector & ! p1 & he 0 p]mitt$ to settle "o-half ( ! p5sion :i* he enjoy$ on 8 daught]1 to be paid dur+ h] lifetime4 ,9 ! ye> #agih1 ! ,elector appo9t$ him 8 ambassador to ! c\rt ( ,great ,brita92 b on arriv+ 9 ,london1 ,rum=d1 mu* to 8 mortification1 f\nd t1 z a ,briti% subject he c\ld n hold t (fice4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 9 #agii1 8 fri5d & patron ! ,elector ,*>les ,!odore di$4 ,deeply griev$ by ! loss he _h su/a9$1 ,rum=d contemplat$ return+ to 8 native c\ntry1 9 compliance ) a =mal invitation :i* he _h receiv$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 l$ to *ange ?is design1 & rema9 = sev]al ye>s 9 ,london1 dur+ :i* p]iod he devot$ ! greate/ portion ( 8 "t to ! int]e/s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ( :i* he may be consid]$ ! f\nd]4 ,! objects ( ?is in/itution1 n[ "o ( ! recognis$ sci5tific e/abli%m5ts ( ! _w1 & :i* c boa/ ( hav+ giv5 employm5t to su* m5 z ,"y1 ,davy1 ,br&e1 & ,f>aday1 7 to diffuse ! k & facilitate ! g5]al introduction ( useful me*anical inv5tions & improvem5ts1 & to tea* by c\rses ( philosophical lectures & exp]im5ts ! application ( sci5ce to ! useful purposes ( life4 ,su* an in/itution 0 precisely ! "o :i* ,rum=d 0 qualifi$ to sup]9t5d2 & 9 its e>ly hi/ory1 ! influ5ce ( 8 peculi> habits ( ?\ght is disc]nible1 9 ! *oice ( subjects = inve/igation by ! memb]s4 ,rum=d's "n w ev] be connect$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 f ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is in/itution1 & also f ! f\ndation by him ( a p]petual m$al & prize 9 ! gift ( ! ,royal ,society1 = ! rew>d ( discov]ies connect$ ) light & heat4 ,dur+ ! latt] portion ( 8 life1 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 reta9+ an income ( #abjjl4 a ye> f ! ,bav>ian c\rt1 resid$ *iefly at ,auteuil1 a small villa ne> ,p>is4 ,"h he 0 m>ri$ aga9 to ! wid[ ( ! em95t ,fr5* *emi/ ,lavoisi]1 8 =m] wife hav+ di$ 9 #agib4 ,rum=d's dea? took place at ,auteuil1 on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/1 #ahad1 9 ! sixty-second ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 only daught] by 8 fir/ wife inh]it$ ! title ( ,c\ntess ( ,rum=d1 ) ! cont9uation ( h] fa!r's ,bav>ian p5sion4 ,%e m>ri$ ,cuvi] ! naturali/1 & surviv$ until a few ye>s ago1 =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! age ( ,lavoisi] & ^? ( ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4--,*amb]s' ,miscellany1 ,no4 #afa4--;,encyclopdia ,britannica1 eigh? edition4--,voyage de trois mois en ,anglet]re1 en ,ecosse1 c41 p> ,m>c-,augu/e ,pictet1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,g5eva1 #ahjb4 ,,daniel ,,ru!r=d1 ,m4,d4 ,born ,novemb] #c1 #agdi4 ,di$ ,novemb] #ae1 #ahai4 ,daniel ,ru!r=d 0 born at ,ed9burgh & educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( 8 native city4 ,he took 8 degree ( ,m4,d4 9 #aggb1 & 9 ! ,!sis :i* he publi%$ ^u ?is occasion1 entitl$ ',de ,are ,fixo1' he po9t$ out = ! fir/ "t a new gase\s sub/ance1 s9ce di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,azote or ,nitrog54 ,on ! #f? ( ,may1 #aggg1 he 0 admitt$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 & 9 a pap] on ,nitre1 read be=e ! ,philosophical ,society 9 #aggh1 he describ$1 "u ! "n ( ,vital ,air1 :at is n[ call$ ,oxyg5 gas4 ,on ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,john ,hope 9 #aghf1 ,ru!r=d 0 elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,botany & ,keep] ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5s at ,ed9burgh1 a duty :i* he dis*>g$ until ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #ahai1 at ! age ( sev5ty4--,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #c4 ,may #ahbj4 ,,william ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,d4 ,born ,m>* #bc1 #agfi4 ,di$ ,augu/ #bh1 #ahci4 ,william ,smi?1 ! ',fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology1' 0 born at ,*ur*ill1 a village 9 ,ox=d%ire4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 eight ye>s old1 & 8 "m m>ry+ aga91 ,william 0 br\ght up "u ! c>e ( 8 uncle1 to "p ( ^: prop]ty he 0 heir4 ,f ?is k9sman1 :o _h little sympa?y ) 8 nephew's e>ly display$ ta/e = collect+ specim5s ( ! v>i\s /ones 9 ! neighb\rhood1 "y ,smi? ) difficulty obta9$ money = ! pur*ase ( a few books fit to in/ruct a boy 9 ! rudim5ts ( geometry & survey+4 ,he1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to prosecute ^! /udies )\t in/ruction or sympa?y1 b /ill ) ard\r & success until ! ye> #aghg1 :51 hav+ atta9$ ! age ( eighte51 & be+ tol]ably v]s$ 9 ! geometry & calculations at t "t ?\ght suffici5t = eng9e]s & surveyors1 he became assi/ant to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,webb1 ( ,/[-on-!-,wold1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to make a complete survey ( ! p>i% ( ,*ur*ill4 ,be+ spe$ily entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( all ! ord9>y bus9ess ( a surveyor1 ,mr4 ,smi? trav]s$ 9 cont9ual activity ! c\nties ( ,ox=d%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,w>wick%ire1 c>efully notic+ all ! v>ieties ( soil ov] :i* he pass$1 & comp>+ !m ) ! g5]al aspect & "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #agia & #agic1 he also made m9ute subt]rane\s surveys ( ! ,high ,littleton colli]ies1 :i* af=d$ him an opportunity ( confirm+ views previ\sly conceiv$ z to ! regul>ity 9 =mation ( ! diff]5t /rata compos+ ! e>?'s cru/4 ,at ?is p]iod ! s]vices ( civil eng9e]s 7 9 great reque/1 & ! duties entru/$ to !m 7 su* z ,mr4 ,smi? 0 well qualifi$ to p]=m4 ,sev]al g5tlem5 9 ! neighb\rhood int]e/$ !mselves 9 =w>d+ 8 pr(essional c>e]1 & he obta9$ an engagem5t to make surveys & levels = a propos$ l9e ( canal 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! op]ations1 ,smi? discov]$ t ! /rata ly+ above coal 7 n laid horizontally1 b incl9$ 9 "o direction--viz41 to ! ea/w>d2 resembl+ on a l>ge scale ! ord9>y appe>ance ( sup]pos$ slices ( bread & butt]4 ,?is fact he _h previ\sly imag9$ to be ! case1 & x 0 n[ prov$ to be true4 ,9 #agid ! ,canal ,bill on :i* he 0 engag$ receiv$ ! sanction ( ,p>liam5t1 & "o ( ! fir/ /eps tak5 by ! committee ( managem5t 0 to depute two ( _! memb]s to accompany ,mr4 ,smi?1 _! eng9e]1 on a t\r ( inve/igation z to ! con/ruction & managem5t ( o!r navigations 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,?is j\rney ext5d$ altoge!r ?r\gh #ijj miles ( c\ntry1 & occupi$ ! space ( "o or two mon?s2 ! p>ty rea*$ ,newca/le by "o r\te1 & return$ by ano!r1 ?r\gh ,%rop%ire & ,wales to ,ba?4 ,dur+ ! :ole t\r ,mr4 ,smi? seiz$ e opportunity ( obs]v+ all local peculi>ities z to ! aspect & /ructure ( ! c\ntry pass$ ?r\gh1 & 0 able to v]ify on a l>ge scale 8 pre-conceiv$ g5]alizations reg>d+ a settl$ ord] ( succession1 cont9uity ( range at ! surface1 & g5]al decl9ation ea/w>d ( ! diff]5t /rata4 ,dur+ ! next six ye>s he 0 engag$ 9 sett+ out & sup]9t5d+ ! works on ! ,som]set%ire coal canal2 be+ able1 f ! k he _h acquir$1 to in=m ! contractors :at w\ld be ! nature ( ! gr\nd to be cut ?r\gh1 & :at p>ts ( ! canal w\ld require p>ticul> c>e to be kept wat]-tight4 ,he also discov]$1 dur+ ! =mation ( ?is "w1 t ea* /ratum conta9$ organis$ fossils peculi> to itself1 by exam9ation ( :i*1 x might 9 cases o!rwise d\btful be recognis$ & discrim9at$ f o!rs l x1 b 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! s]ies4 ,?is fact 0 subsequ5tly /ill fur!r inve/igat$ by him1 & he prov$ t :atev] /ratum 0 f\nd 9 any "p ( ,engl&1 ! same rema9s w\ld be f\nd 9 x & no o!r4 ,mr4 ,smi? 0 n[ 7#agie7 tw5ty-six ye>s old1 & at ?is p]iod remov$ f ! village ( ,high ,littleton to ,ba?1 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* city he %ortly aft]w>ds pur*as$ a small b beautiful e/ate4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he fir/ contemplat$ publi%+ 8 discov]ies 9 geology1 b x 0 n until ! ye> #agii1 aft] 8 engagem5t ) ! ,coal ,canal ,company _h ceas$1 t he made public 8 int5tion ( publi%+ a "w on ! ,/ratification ( ,brita91 & prosecut+ an actual survey ( ! ,geological /ructure ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,ab\t ?is "t he became acqua9t$ ) ! ,rev4 ,b5jam9 ,ri*>dson & ! ,rev4 ,jos4 ,t[ns5d1 two g5tlem5 ?or\ghly compet5t to e/imate ! tru? & value ( 8 views1 & :o1 9 conjunction ) him1 drew up a tabul> /atem5t ( ! ord] ( ! /rata1 ) _! imb$d$ organic rema9s1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ba?4 ,copies ( ?is docum5t 7 ext5sively di/ribut$1 & x rema9$ = a long p]iod ! type & au?ority = ! descriptions & ord] ( ! sup]position ( ! /rata ne> ,ba?4 ,! orig9al docum5t1 9 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson's h&writ+1 drawn up f ,smi?'s dictation1 0 pres5t$ to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahca4 ,mr4 ,smi? n[ turn$ all 8 en]gies to ! prosecution ( 8 pr(ession1 & ! trac+ out ! c\rses ( ! /rata ?r\gh di/ricts z remote f ,ba? z 8 means w\ld p]mit4 ,9 #agii an unusual am\nt ( ra9 prevail$1 produc+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba? an extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,va/ m\nds ( e>?1 displac$ by ! augm5t$ =ce ( ! spr+s & ! direction ( wat] into new *annels bel[ ! surface1 7 slid+ d[n ! sides ( ! hills1 be>+ away ) !m h\ses1 trees1 lawns1 & fields4 ,to rem$y su* disa/]s & prev5t _! recurr5ce 0 exactly :at ,smi? _h le>nt f ,geology1 & _m op]ations ( ?is k9d 7 plac$ "u 8 c>e & successfully accompli%$4 ,8 reputation = success 9 dra9+ on new pr9ciples became e/abli%$1 c>ry+ him into ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ! ,isle ( ,purbeck1 ,wilt%ire1 c41 & = ! next few ye>s he 0 almo/ daily occupi$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 fir/ 9 dra9+ l&1 & secondly 9 irrigat+ x :5 dra9$4 ,9 #ahja he accompli%$ ! effectual dra9age ( ,prisley ,bog1 a "w :i* _h (t5 be5 attempt$ be=e1 b )\t success4 ,mr4 ,smi? ?or\ghly depriv$ ! bog ( its /agnant wat]1 & conv]t$ ?is hi!rto wor?less wa/e into valuable mead[s1 by conduct+ a runn+ /ream ov] its surface4 ,= ! p]=mance ( ?is und]tak+ he receiv$ 9 #ahje ! m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,ano!r great "w1 on :i* he 0 engag$ m or less dur+ ! space ( n9e ye>s 7#ahjj-ahji71 0 ! dra9+ ( ! m>% l&s 9 ,ea/ ,norfolk1 betwe5 ,y>m\? & ,happisburgh4 ,^! l&s 7 cont9ually liable to be flood$ by inundations f ! ,g]man ,ocean1 :i* p\r$ 9 ?r\gh brea*es 9 ! s&-hills l9+ ! coa/1 & =m+ a natural b>ri] aga9/ ^! inroads4 ,mr4 ,smi? at once saw t ! fir/ ?+ to be done1 to prove an effectual rem$y1 mu/ be ! /opp+ out ! sea f ! :ole region ( m>% l&4 ,?is he accompli%$ by fill+ up ! va/ brea*es 7am\nt+ altoge!r to "o mile 9 l5g?7 ) artificial embankm5ts made ( pebbles & s& z l z possible to ! natural b>ri]s ?r[n up by ! sea4 ,?is simple & effective plan1 requir+ almo/ no?+ b lab\r = its accompli%m5t1 entirely succe$$2 & ! sea n[ be+ effectually kept out1 he 0 able to sugge/ to ! proprietors prop] me?ods = dra9+ & improv+ ! m>%es4 ,9 #ahjf ,mr4 ,smi?'s fir/ publi%$ "w appe>$1 be+ entitl$1 ',a ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction & ,managem5t ( ,wat]mead[s4' ,sev]al ye>s previ\s to ?is he _h be5 repeat$ly urg$ by 8 fri5ds 7among :om he n[ c\nt$ ,francis1 ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,mr4 ,craw%aw1 ,?omas ,w4 ,coke1 ( ,norfolk1 & ! ,rev4 ,b4 ,ri*>dson1 be=e m5tion$7 to put 9 =ce 8 int5tion ( publi%+ 8 discov]ies4 ,_m difficulties _h1 h[ev]1 occurr$2 8 means 7 cont9ually exhau/$ by 8 sci5tific inve/igations2 & an attempt1 fir/ made 9 #ahja1 to publi% by subscription a "w on ! natural ord] ( ! /rata ( ,engl& & ,wales1 fail$1 p>tially f ! dea?s ( 8 patrons ! ,duke ( ,b$=d & ,mr4 ,craw%aw1 & ultimately f 8 propos$ publi%]1 ,debrett1 fall+ into difficulties4 ,f ?is p]iod until late 9 life1 ,mr4 ,smi? cont9u$ unceas+ly 8 pr(essional occupations4 ,9 #ahji he began to execute ! ,ouse navigation 9 ,sussex2 9 #ahaj he re/or$ ! hot spr+s ( ,ba?1 :i* _h fail$2 9 #ahaa he exam9$ into ! causes ( leakage on ! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal1 & report$ on trials = coals 9 ,buck+ham%ire2 & 9 #ahab-ahad execut$ ! ,m9sm]e dra9age 9 ,suffolk4 ,dur+ ^! & a hundr$ o!r engagem5ts ( a l nature1 :i* furni%$ him ) ! means & occasion = incessant travell+1 ,mr4 ,smi? lo/ no opportunity ( committ+ to pap] ! result ( ! day's obs]vations on ! direction1 dip1 & aspect ( ! rocks he pass$ ov] dur+ 8 v>i\s j\rnies4 ,9 #ahab1 receiv+ proposals f ,mr4 ,c>y to publi% 8 map ( ! /rata ( ,engl& & ,wales1 ,mr4 ,smi? recomm5c$ 8 ef=ts to produce ! great "w on :i* he _h be5 occupi$ = ! space ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is map 0 at l5g? publi%$ on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #ahae1 be+ d$icat$ to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & he receiv$ f ! ,society ( ,arts ! premium ( #ejl41 :i* _h long be5 (f]$ = a "w ( ?is description4 ,! fame ( its au?or z a great orig9al discov]] 9 ,engli% geology 0 n[ secur$1 b x br\ght ,mr4 ,smi? little pecuni>y b5efit4 ,geology _h kept him poor all 8 life by consum+ 8 pr(essional ga9s2 & an un=tunate speculation1 :i* he at ?is "t ent]$ into1 entirely fail$1 & compell$ him to sell ! prop]ty at ,ba? :i* he _h pur*as$ 9 #agih4 ,a load ( debt /ill rema9$ to be dis*>g$1 & 9 ord] to liquidate ?is he propos$ sell+ ! valuable geological collection he _h be5 mak+ dur+ 8 pa/ life4 ,?is collection1 ( :i* ! numb] ( species 0 #fic1 & ( specim5s #bfeg1 0 pur*as$ by ,gov]nm5t = ! ,briti% ,museum = a total sum ( #gjjl4 ,9 #ahah ,mr4 ,smi?'s claims on public notice 7 fairly & fully advocat$ by ,dr4 ,fitton1 & x 0 *iefly f ! fav\rable light 9 :i* ?is g5tleman plac$ 8 long & solit>y lab\rs1 t public int]e/ = him 0 /imulat$1 & ! ,geological ,society1 :o _h hi!rto pass$ him ov]1 0 at l5g? r\s$ to an imp>tial e/imate ( ! value ( 8 works4 ,?is result$ 9 ! pass+ ( a resolution 9 ,febru>y1 #ahca1 ,t ! fir/ ,wolla/on m$al be giv5 to ,mr4 ,william ,smi?1 9 consid]ation ( 8 be+ a great orig9al discov]] 9 ,engli% ,geology2 & especially = 8 hav+ be5 ! fir/ 9 ?is c\ntry to discov] & to tea* ! id5tification ( /rata1 & to det]m9e _! succession by means ( _! imb$d$ fossils4 ,! foll[+ ye> he receiv$ f ! ,cr[n a p5sion ( #ajjl4 a-ye>4 ,previ\s to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! /ate ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s f9ances compell$ him to be unceas+ly occupi$ 9 v>i\s pr(essional engagem5ts2 & on "o ( ^! occasions1 be+ engag$ by ,colonel ,braddyll to make a g5]al m9+ survey ( "s e/ates belong+ to t g5tleman1 he drew ! ,colonel's att5tion to ! great probability ( !re be+ coal at an atta9able dep? on "p ( 8 prop]ty situat$ at ,haswell1 9 ,durham4 ,?is ultimately l$ to ! f\ndation ( ! magnific5t works1 call$ ! ,s\? ,hetton ,colli]y1 :i* rival ! greate/ e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,lambtons1 ,vanes1 & ,russels4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( 8 life ,mr4 ,smi? liv$ pr9cipally at ,sc>bor\gh1 :]e1 unfett]$ by any b tempor>y engagem5ts1 he devot$ 8 m9d to a review ( ! circum/ances ( 8 life1 & ! arrangem5t ( 8 obs]vations & op9ions4 ,9 #ahce he receiv$ ! degree ( ,,ll4,d41 :i* 0 conf]r$ on him by ! memb]s ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcg & #ahch he 0 appo9t$ by ,gov]nm5t to jo9 ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry & ,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e 9 mak+ a t\r ?r\gh a great "p ( ,engl& & ,wales1 to select ! mo/ suitable /one = build+ ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! /one ultimately select$ = ?is purpose 0 ! firm yell[ granul> magnesian lime/one1 ( ,bolsov] ,moor1 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,?is 0 ! la/ sci5tific "w on :i* ,dr4 ,smi? 0 engag$2 a cold caught ! foll[+ ye> br\ght on di>rha1 :i* t]m9at$ fatally4 ,he di$ on ! #bh? ( ,augu/1 9 8 sev5ty-fir/ ye>1 & 0 buri$ at ,nor?ampton1 at ! we/ end ( ! *ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts1 9 :i*1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,buckl&1 a tablet 0 erect$ to 8 memory1 ! exp5se ( :i* 0 defray$ by a subscription among geologi/s4--,memoirs ( ,william ,smi?1 ,,ll4,d41 by 8 nephew1 ,john ,phillips1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,,e>l ,,/anhope1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,augu/ #c1 #agec4 ,di$ ,decemb] #ag1 #ahaf4 ,*>les ,/anhope1 ?ird e>l ( t "n1 0 born at ,*ev5+ 9 ,k5t1 & 0 s5t at a v e>ly p]iod to ,eton2 b at ! age ( t5 he remov$ ) 8 family to ,g5eva1 :]e he 0 plac$ "u ! tuition ( ,m4 ,le ,sage1 a well-kn[n man ( lett]s 9 t place4 ,!re c be b little d\bt t ! :ole political c>e] ( ,e>l ,/anhope 0 deeply influ5c$ by ! circum/ance ( 8 receiv+ 8 e>ly education 9 ?is republican city2 & to ?is may be ascrib$ ! extreme views :i* he ent]ta9$ 9 aft] life respect+ civil lib]ty & o!r po9ts affect+ ! welf>e ( great communities4 ,:ile acquir+ ^! s5tim5ts1 ,"l ,/anhope 0 at ! same "t pursu+ a c\rse ( tra9+ :i* subsequ5tly made him s rem>kable1 z a man ( sci5ce & lett]s4 ,natural philosophy 0 8 *ief /udy2 & ! k :i* he acquir$ ( ?is subject 0 decisively %ewn by 8 ga9+1 at ! e>ly age ( eighte51 a prize (f]$ by ! ,/ockholm ,society ( ,arts = ! be/ essay1 writt5 9 ,fr5*1 on ! p5dulum2 & ?is essay 0 ! m rem>kable1 z be+ ! fruit n only ( m]e read+1 b ( num]\s orig9al exp]im5ts1 p]=m$ by him 9 p]son4 ,%ortly aft] atta9+ 8 majority1 ,"l ,/anhope1 toge!r ) 8 family1 left ,g5eva amid/ ! regrets ( ! :ole population1 :ile cr[ds ( poor p assembl$ to take a la/ look on ! noble ,engli% resid5ts :o _h long be5 _! g5]\s b5efactors4 ,on rea*+ ,engl&1 ! family rank & influ5ce ( ! "y nobleman spe$ily procur$ him a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* he occupi$ until 8 succession to ! ,/anhope title call$ him to ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t4 ,"h x 0 t he became fam\s z a politician4 ,hone/y & /raight=w>dness 7 ! gr& features ( 8 /atesman%ip2 8 views1 h[ev]1 al?\gh n[ ent]ta9$ by ev5 mod]ate politicians1 7 at t "t consid]$ extreme1 & subsequ5tly l$ to a sep>ation ( ! e>l f 8 family4 ,b x is *iefly z a man ( sci5ce1 & z an inv5tor 9 ! field ( practical me*anics1 t ,e>l ,/anhope has r5d]$ himself celebrat$4 ,%ortly aft] leav+ ! ,cont95t1 ab\t ! ye> #agge1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to devis+ "s means :]eby =g]ies 9 co9s & bank-notes might be prev5t$2 ?is result$ 9 8 publi%+ a pamphlet on t subject1 9 :i* v>i\s processes calculat$ to prev5t =g]ies on ! m9t are recomm5d$4 ,9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' = #aggh1 ,"l ,/anhope gives a full acc\nt ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ by him1 on a l>ge scale1 9 pres5ce ( ! ,"l ,mayor & memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 %[+ t wood c\ld be r5d]$ firepro(1 by coat+ x ) a species ( /ucco or pla/] ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,! practical effici5cy ( ?is 0 /ill m decisively %[n by a fire :i* broke out 9 ! e>l's mansion at ,*ev5+4 ,hav+ _h occasion to rebuild ?is "s "t previ\sly1 ,e>l ,/anhope _h tak5 c>e to make use ( 8 new discov]y2 a portion ( ! (fices1 h[ev]1 rema9$ unsecur$1 & "h ! fire orig9at$2 b on rea*+ ! protect$ portion1 x 0 at once arre/$1 & ! mansion sav$ f de/ruction4 ,among o!r works ( ,"l ,/anhope :i* attract$ mo/ att5tion at t "t are 8 exp]im5ts on electricity1 8 improvem5ts 9 %ipbuild+ & navigation1 a calculat+ ma*9e1 & ! ,/anhope pr9t+-press1 :i* to ?is day be>s 8 "n4 ,he has also be5 call$ ! inv5tor ( /]eotype pr9t+1 & _h at all ev5ts ! m]it ( greatly improv+ ?is mo/ important process1 & ( introduc+ x into g5]al use4 ,! application ( /eam to navigation 0 ano!r fav\rite /udy ( ,e>l ,/anhope2 &1 9 conc]t ) him1 ,fulton ! ,am]ican ent]$ into an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts to prove its practicability4 ,al?\gh unsuccessful 9 ?is la/ pursuit1 canal navigation owes mu* to ! e>l2 ! value ( 8 improvem5ts 9 canal-locks be+ felt to ?is day ?r\gh\t ! :ole l&4 ,he liv$ 9 con/ant pursuit ( ^! philosophical enquiries till ! age ( sixty-?ree1 :5 he di$ ( dropsy1 at 8 seat 9 ,k5t4 ,"l ,/anhope 0 ess5tially a practical man1 ( a firm1 upright1 & indep5d5t "*2 & x is relat$ ( him1 t :5 advis+ 8 *ildr5 to pursue "s useful call+1 he rem>k$ ( himself1 t ,*>les ,/anhope1 z a c>p5t]1 blacksmi?1 or millwright1 c\ld 9 any c\ntry1 or at any "t1 pres]ve 8 indep5d5ce1 & br+ up 8 family to hone/ & indu/ri\s c\rses1 )\t solicit+ ei!r ! b\nty ( fri5ds or ! *>ity ( /rang]s4 ,he m]its ! grateful remembrance ( po/]ity1 n only = ! practical results ( 8 g5ius1 b = ! indirect influ5ce ( 8 noble example ex]t$ on o!rs1 & = ! g5]\s patronage he be/[$ on _m poor] fell[-lab\r]s 9 ! same great field4--,*amb]s' ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #cib1 ,augu/ #c1 #ahci4--,/u>t's ,anecdotes ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,,william ,,sym+ton4#cc ,born 9 #agfc4 ,di$ ,m>* #bb1 #ahca4 ,william ,sym+ton1 claimant conjo9tly ) ,patrick ,mill] to ! hon\r ( orig9at+ ! pres5t sy/em ( /eam navigation1 0 a native ( ,leadhills1 9 ! c\nty ( ,lan>k1 ,scotl&4 ,he 0 orig9ally de/9$ = ! *ur*1 b an e>ly pr$ilection = me*anical philosophy l$ him to ab&on 8 !ological /udies1 & pursue ) ard\r ^? connect$ ) 8 fav\rite sci5ce4 ,8 g5ius soon attract$ ! notice1 & secur$ ! patronage ( ,gilb]t ,meason1 a g5tleman at t "t connect$ ) ! ,wanlock ,head lead m9es4 ,be=e complet+ 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 ,mr4 ,sym+ton made sev]al improvem5ts on ! /eam-eng9e1 = :i* he took out pat5ts1 & cont9u$ = "s "t to con/ruct & introduce eng9es on 8 pr9ciple1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,9 ! ye> #aghd1 ! idea fir/ occurr$ to him t /eam might be advantage\sly employ$ = ! propulsion ( c>riages2 & 9 #aghf he succe$$ 9 produc+ a work+ model ( a /eam-c>riage1 :i* he submitt$ to ! inspection ( ! pr(essors & o!r sci5tific g5tlem5 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,al?\gh ?is /eam-c>riage af=d$ pro(s ( consid]able capability1 x 0 nev] proce$$ fur!r )1 on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! roads 9 ,scotl& at t p]iod1 & ! difficulty ( procur+ fuel & wat]4 ,9 ! mean:ile ,patrick ,mill]1 a g5tleman ( prop]ty resid+ on 8 e/ate at ,dalsw9ton1 ,dumfries%ire1 _h = "s "t be5 engag$ 9 mak+ v>i\s exp]im5ts = ! improvem5t ( naval ar*itecture1 & _h con/ruct$ a d\ble or tw9-boat1 ) paddle-:eels1 to be mov$ by manual lab\r4 ,at ?is po9t ,mill] 0 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,james ,taylor1 a tutor 9 8 family1 ( ,sym+ton's model /eam-c>riage1 & !y bo? call$ at ,mr4 ,meason's h\se 9 ,ed9burgh to see x4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( conv]sation ) ,sym+ton1 ! practicability ( advantage\sly employ+ /eam = ! purposes ( navigation 0 talk$ ab\t1 & x 0 ultimately arrang$ t ,sym+ton %\ld endeav\r to con/ruct a /eam-eng9e to be fitt$ on bo>d ,mill]'s tw9-boat1 & capable ( mov+ ! paddle-:eels4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ 9 ! autumn ( #aghh1 :5 a trial 0 made1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,mill] & v>i\s o!rs1 ( s satisfactory a nature1 t x 0 imm$iately det]m9$ to comm5ce ano!r exp]im5t1 ^u a l>g] scale4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be satisfactory to /ate "h1 t ?is1 ! p>5t eng9e ( /eam navigation1 aft] endur+ _m vicissitudes1 0 ultimately rescu$ f de/ruction by ,mr4 ,b5net ,woodcr(t1 & contribut$ by him = exhibition 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob] #aghi1 a second exemplification ( ! practicability ( /eam navigation 0 af=d$ by ,mill] & ,sym+ton1 on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,inl& ,navigation ,canal1 9 ! pres5ce ( _m hundr$s ( spectators2 ! boat proce$+ along at ! rate ( ne>ly six miles an h\r4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! ma*9]y 0 con/ruct$ at ! ,c>ron ,works1 "u ! direction ( ,sym+ton1 & plac$ on bo>d a boat :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ,mill]'s previ\s exp]im5ts4 ,un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,mill] n[ )drew f ! conc]n2 he _h already exp5d$ ne>ly ?irty ?\s& p\nds on v>i\s exp]im5ts1 & he det]m9$ to devote 8 "t to ! improvem5t ( ! ,dalsw9ton e/ate4 ,sym+ton's pecuni>y res\rces 7 insuffici5t to enable him unaid$ to pursue 8 exp]im5ts1 & he 0 compell$ to desi/1 & turn 8 att5tion to ! fulfilm5t ( engagem5ts ) ! ,wanlock ,head company1 = con/ruct+ ma*9]y on a l>ge scale4 ,an int]val ( t5 ye>s ?us elaps$1 at ! end ( :i* "t ,mr4 ,sym+ton secur$ ! patronage ( ,?omas1 ,"l ,dundas ( ,k]se1 "u ^: auspices ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$1 9 ,janu>y #ahja1 at ! co/ ( #gjjjl42 b !y plac$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt ! practicability ( /eam navigation4 ,sym+ton _h avail$ himself ( ! improvem5ts made 9 ! /eam-eng9e by ,watt & o!rs1 & he n[ con/ruct$ an improv$ m>9e eng9e1 ) boat & paddle-:eel aft] ! plan at pres5t adopt$4 ,?is boat1 call$ ! ',*>lotte ,dundas1'#cd 0 ! fir/ practical /eamboat2 & = ! novel comb9ation ( ! p>ts1 ,sym+ton obta9$ a pat5t on ! #ad? ,octob]1 #ahja4 ,! vessel made h] fir/ voyage 9 ,m>* #ahjc1 on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal1 & proce$$ upw>ds ( n9ete5 miles1 draw+ aft] h] two lad5 vessels1 ea* ( sev5ty tons burd51 al?\gh x blew s /rong a gale "r ahead1 t no o!r vessel 9 ! canal attempt$ to move to w9dw>d dur+ t day4 ,!re 7 on bo>d on ?is occasion ,"l ,dundas1 ! ,hon4 ,capta9 ,george ,dundas1 ,r4,n41 & ,ar*ibald ,spi]s ( ,eld]slee1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r g5tlem5 ( _! acqua9tance4 ,mill]'s boat _h prov$ a practical /eam-boat1 b 9 ! ',*>lotte ,dundas' ,sym+ton _h ! und\bt$ m]it ( hav+ comb9$ toge!r = ! fir/ "t ^? improvem5ts :i* con/itute ! pres5t sy/em ( /eam navigation4 ,al?\gh ,h5ry ,bell & ,fulton ! ,am]ican are bo? claimants = ! above hon\r1 _! inv5tions did n appe> until "s ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,fulton e/abli%+ 8 /eamboat at ,new ,york 9 #ahjg1 & ,bell e/abli%+ "o on ! ,clyde 9 #ahaa2ce und\bt$ pro( also exi/s t bo? ^! g5tlem5 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! result ( ,mill] ( ,dalsw9ton's exp]im5ts1 ! ',*>lotte ,dundas1' & mu/ h d]iv$ consid]able advantage f su* k4 ,aft] ! successful exp]im5t ) ! ',*>lotte ,dundas1' a proposal 0 made to ! canal proprietors to sub/itute /eam-tugs 9 place ( horses1 b x 0 reject$ on ! gr\nd t ! undulation creat$ 9 ! wat] by ! paddle-:eels might wa% away ! banks4 ,"l ,dundas !n introduc$ ,sym+ton to ! notice ( ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 :o1 al?\gh at fir/ av]se to ! project1 ultimately gave ,sym+ton an ord] to build eight boats on 8 pr9ciple4 ,on ?is ,mr4 ,sym+ton return$ to ,scotl& full ( hopes = ! future1 b ^! 7 sudd5ly fru/rat$ by ! dea? ( ! ,duke4 ,8 res\rces 7 n[ exhau/$1 &1 unable any long] to /ruggle aga9/ 8 mis=tunes1 ,mr4 ,sym+ton 0 oblig$1 al?\gh ) great reluctance1 to lay up 8 boat 9 a creek ( ! canal ne> ,b>ns=d draw-bridge1 :]e x rema9$ = _m ye>s expos$ to ! view ( ! public4 ,%ortly aft] ,bell's /eamboat1 ! ',comet1' _h begun ply+ ^u ! ,clyde1 notice 0 s5t by ,sym+ton1 n only to ,bell1 b to all o!r proprietors foll[+ 8 example1 t by s do+ !y 7 invad+ 8 "r2 & legal advice hav+ be5 tak51#cf an action = damages 0 comm5c$4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ! cause 0 settl$1 ,mr4 ,sym+ton's pat5t expir$2 & al?\gh he _h giv5 directions to in/itute an application to h x r5ew$1 ?is 0 mo/ unacc\ntably neglect$ to be done1 & he saw 8 hopes expire1 be+ r$uc$ to mu* & sev]e di/ress ?r\gh want ( money--a /ate 9 :i* he cont9u$ m or less dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,:5 9 8 la/ illness1 ! rul+ passion ( 8 life 0 /rongly exhibit$4 ,at "o "t ! irregul> =m ( 8 b$room occasion$ him s mu* uneas9ess1 t1 be+ slightly deliri\s1 he reque/$ 8 son to r$uce x to a squ>e2 :ile 8 la/ act 0 an imitation ( w9d+-up & adju/+ a newly-inv5t$ *ronomet]1 :i* he _h lately complet$4--,/u>t's ,anecdotes ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e4 ,london1 #ahbi4--,n>rative by ,r4 ,b[ie1 prov+ ,w4 ,sym+ton ! ,inv5tor ( ,/eam ,l&-,c>riage ,locomotion & ( ,/eam ,navigation4 ,london1 #ahcc4--;,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,museum ( ! ,commission]s ( ,pat5ts4 ,,?omas ,,tel=d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4 & ,e41 c4 ,born ,augu/ #i1 #ageg4 ,di$ ,septemb] #b1 #ahcd4 ,! life ( ,?omas ,tel=d adds ano!r /rik+ in/ance to ^? on record ( m5 :o1 f ! =ce ( natural tal5t1 unaid$ save by uprightness & p]sev]+ indu/ry1 h rais$ !mselves f ! l[ e/ate 9 :i* !y 7 born1 & tak5 _! /& among ! ma/]-spirits ( _! age4 ,tel=d 0 born 9 ! p>i% ( ,we/]kirk1 9 ! pa/oral di/rict ( ,eskdale 9 ,dumfries%ire4 ,8 fa!r1 :o foll[$ ! occupation ( a %eph]d1 di$ :ile 8 son 0 yet an infant1 & ! orphan boy 0 ?us left to ! c>e ( 8 "m1 ^: maid5 "n 0 ,janet ,jackson1 & = :om h] son always *]i%$ an affectionate reg>d1 be+ 9 ! habit1 9 aft] life1 ( writ+ lett]s to h] 9 pr9t$ *>act]s1 9 ord] t %e might be able to read !m )\t assi/ance4 ,"y ,tel=d receiv$ ! rudim5ts ( education at ! p>i% s*ool ( ,we/]kirk1 & dur+ ! summ] season 0 employ$ by 8 uncle z a %eph]d boy4 ,?is occupation left him abundant leisure1 ( :i* he made dilig5t use 9 /udy+ ! books furni%$ by 8 village fri5ds4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 he 0 appr5tic$ to a /one mason 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,langholm1 & = sev]al ye>s 0 employ$1 *iefly 9 8 native di/rict1 9 ! con/ruction ( pla9 bridges1 f>m build+s1 simple village *ur*es & manses1 & o!r works ( a simil> nature1 su* z are usually p]=m$ by a c\ntry mason 9 a di/rict :]e !re is little occasion = ! high] dep>tm5ts ( 8 art4 ,^! op]ations af=d$1 h[ev]1 good opportunities = obta9+ practical k1 & ,tel=d himself has express$ 8 s5se ( ! value ( ?is humble tra9+1 obs]v+1 t z !re is n suffici5t employm5t to produce a division ( lab\r 9 build+1 ! "y practition] is "u ! necessity ( mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) e detail 9 procur+1 prep>+1 & employ+ e k9d ( mat]ial1 :e!r x be ! produce ( ! =e/1 ! qu>ry1 or ! =ge2 & ?is necessity1 al?\gh unfav\rable to ! dext]ity ( ! individual workman1 :o e>ns 8 livelihood by exp]tness 9 "o op]ation1 is ( s+ul> advantage to ! future ar*itect & eng9e]1 ^: pr(essional excell5ce mu/ re/ on ! adaptation ( mat]ials1 & a confirm$ habit ( discrim9ation & judici\s sup]9t5dance4 ,:5 ,tel=d _h complet$ 8 appr5tice%ip z a /onemason1 he rema9$ = "s "t at ,langholm work+ z a j\rneyman1 8 wages be+ eighte5p5ce p] diem4#cg ,! fir/ bridge masonry on :i* he 0 engag$ 0 ! erection ( a /ructure ov] ! ,esk at ,langholm to connect ! old ) ! new t[n4 ,mr4 ,smiles1 9 8 ',lives ( ! ,eng9e]s1' tells a good /ory 9 connection ) ?is bridge4 ,tel=d's ma/]1 "o ,?ompson1 0 b\nd by contract to ma9ta9 x = a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s4 ,n long aft] ! completion ( ! /ructure an unusually high flood swept along ! valley1 & ,?ompson's wife1 ,tibby1 kn[+ ! t]ms ( h] husb&'s contract1 0 9 a /ate ( great al>m le/ ! fabric %\ld be c>ri$ away by ! torr5t4 ,9 h] di/ress %e ?\ght ( ,tel=d1 & call+ out1 ,oh1 we'll be ru9$--we'll be ru9$6 :]e's ,tammy ,telf]--:]e's ,tammy8 s5d 9 se>* ( him4 ,:5 he came runn+ up1 ,tibby exclaim$1 ,oh1 ,tammy1 !y're be5 on ! brig & !y say x's %ak+6 ,x'll be doon4 ,nev] y he$ !m1 ,tibby1 said ,tel=d1 clapp+ h] on ! %\ld]1 !re's nae fe> o' ! brig--,i l x a' ! bett] t x %akes2 x proves x's weel put !gi!r4 ,tibby's fe>s 7 n1 h[ev]1 s easily allay$1 & ass]t+ t %e he>d ! brig ruml91 %e ran up & set h] back aga9/ x to keep x f fall+4 ,:e!r ,tibby's zeal\s support to ! bridge 9 ?is in/ance 0 ( any avail or no1 ,tel=d's op9ion ( ! s\ndness ( ! /ructure has be5 prov$ by its )/&+ ! /orms ( ne>ly a c5tury4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod ( 8 life1 ,tel=d 0 rem>kable = 8 ela/ic spirits & good hum\r1 & 9 8 native di/rict ( ,eskdale 0 long rememb]$ z 'laugh+ ,tam4' ,8 fav\rite pursuits 7 n z yet sci5tific b lit]>y1 & he acquir$ "s di/9ction z a poet4 ,he wrote 9 ! homely /yle ( ,ramsay & ,f]guson1 & us$ to contribute small pieces to ,ruddiman's ',weekly ,magaz9e1' "u ! signature ( ',eskdale ,tam4' ,"o ( 8 compositions1 entitl$ ',eskdale1' a %ort poem descriptive ( ! sc5es ( 8 e>ly ye>s1 appe>$ 9 a prov9cial miscellany1 & 0 subsequ5tly repr9t$ at ,%rewsbury1 at ! reque/ ( 8 fri5ds1 & ultimately ins]t$ 9 ! app5dix to 8 life4 ,ano!r pleas+ fragm5t ( 8 composition is giv5 at ! end ( ! fir/ volume ( ,dr4 ,currie's ',life & ,works ( ,burns1' publi%$ at ,liv]pool 9 #ahjj2 x is an extract f a poetical epi/le s5t by ,tel=d1 :5 at ,%rewsbury1 to ! ,ayr%ire poet1 recomm5d+ him to take up o!r subjects ( a s]i\s nature1 simil> to ! ',cott>'s ,saturday ,night4' ,at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree ,tel=d at l5g? quitt$ ,eskdale1 & visit$ ,ed9burgh ) a view to obta9 bett] employm5t4 ,! spl5did improvem5ts !n 9 progress 9 t city enl>g$ 8 field ( obs]vation1 & enabl$ him to contemplate ar*itecture z appli$ to ! object ( magnific5ce z well z utility2 & he seems at ?is "t to h devot$ mu* att5tion bo? to ! sci5tific /udy ( ar*itecture & to draw+4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ,ed9burgh two ye>s1 he remov$ to ,london1 :]e he obta9$ employm5t ^u ! quadrangle ( ,som]set ,h\se1 !n erect+ by ,sir ,william ,*amb]s1 an engagem5t 9 :i* he /ates t he obta9$ mu* practical in=mation4 ,aft] ?is1 9 #aghd1 he 0 engag$ to sup]9t5d ! erection ( a h\se = ! resid5t commission] at ,portsm\? ,docky>d1 & = ! next ?ree ye>s 0 occupi$ ^u v>i\s build+s 9 ?is docky>d1 :i* gave him good opportunities ( becom+ well acqua9t$ ) ! con/ruction ( grav+-docks1 :>f walls1 & o!r simil> eng9e]+ works4 ,two or ?ree ye>s previ\s to ?is1 ,tel=d's good "* & promis+ tal5t _h secur$ = him ! fri5d%ip ( two families resid5t 9 8 native di/rict1--! ,pasleys & ! ,john/ones1--& to _! influ5ce 8 e>ly employm5t on important works is 9 "s measure to be attribut$4 ,9 #aghg1 hav+ complet$ 8 engagem5ts at ,portsm\?1 he 0 invit$ by ,sir ,william ,pult5ey 7a memb] ( ! ,john/one family7 to take ! sup]9t5d5ce ( "s alt]ations to be made 9 ,%rewsbury ,ca/le4 ,tel=d consequ5tly remov$ to ,%rewsbury1 :]e he 0 employ$ to erect a new jail1 complet$ 9 #agic1 & 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ c\nty surveyor1 9 :i* (fice 7reta9$ by him until dea?7 he _h to design1 & ov]see ! con/ruction (1 bridges & simil> works4 ,! fir/ bridge :i* he design$ & built 0 t ov] ! ,sev]n at ,mont-=t1 consi/+ ( ?ree elliptical /one ar*es1 "o ( fifty-eight1 & ! o!rs ( fifty-five feet span4 ,8 next 0 ! iron bridge ov] ! ,sev]n at ,buildwas1 :i* 0 ! ?ird iron bridge ev] erect$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ! fir/ be+ ! ,colebrookdale 9 ,%rop%ire1 built 9 ! ye>s #aggg-i1 & ! second ! ,we>m\?1#ch erect$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agic-f4 ,tel=d's bridge ov] ! ,sev]n 0 erect$ 9 #agif1 & consi/$ ( a s+le ar* ( #acj feet span1 =m$ ( five ca/ iron ribs1 & hav+ a rise ( only #ad feet2 ! wid? ( ! plat=m is #ah feet1 & ! total weight ( iron 9 ! bridge ab\t #agd tons2 x 0 con/ruct$ by ! ,coalbrookdale ,ironma/]s at a co/ ( #f1jcdl4 ,=ty small] bridges 7 erect$ 9 ,%rop%ire "u ,tel=d's direction4 ,! fir/ great und]tak+1 ^u :i* ,mr4 ,tel=d 79 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,jessop7 0 engag$1 0 ! ,ellesm]e ,canal1 a s]ies ( navigations int5d$ to unite ! ,sev]n1 ! ,dee1 & ! ,m]sey1 & ext5d+ altoge!r to a l5g? ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles4 ,f ! date ( ?is engagem5t1 ab\t #agic1 ,tel=d direct$ 8 att5tion almo/ entirely to civil eng9e]+4 ,9 ! execution ( ! imm5se aqu$ucts1 requir$ on ?is "w1 :i* cross ! valleys ( ! ,c]oig or ,*irk1 & ( ! ,dee1 at an elevation ( #gj & #abj feet respectively1 ca/ iron 0 fir/ introduc$ z a mat]ial = =m+ ! wat]-tr\ghs ( ! canal1 9 place ( ! usual puddl$ clay conf9$ 9 masonry1 a practice :i* involv$ great exp5se1 & "s dang] 9 times ( fro/1 f ! expansion ( ! moi/ clay4 ,9 ! locks ( ?is canal ,tel=d also introduc$ ca/ iron fram+ 9 place ( timb]2 & 9 "o in/ance1 :]e ! lock 0 =m$ 9 a quicks&1 he made e "p ( ! above mat]ial4 ,! ,cal$onian ,canal1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,jessop 0 consult+ eng9e]1 0 ano!r ( ,mr4 ,tel=d's pr9cipal works4 ,?is canal 0 op5$ ?r\gh\t its c\rse 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 & x =ms a noble monum5t ( ! skill ( ! eng9e]4 ,! locks are /at$ by ,tel=d to be ! l>ge/ ev] con/ruct$ at t "t1 be+ #dj feet wide1 & f #agj to #ahj feet long4 ,( o!r canals con/ruct$ :olly or p>tially "u 8 sup]9t5dance1 x is suffici5t to m5tion ! ,glasg[1 ,paisley1 & ,&rossan2 ! ,macclesfield2 ! ,birm+ham & ,liv]pool ,junction2 ! ,gl\ce/] & ,b]keley2 ! ,birm+ham1 :i* 0 completely remodell$ by him & adapt$ to ! conduct ( a v ext5sive traffic1 & ! ,weav] navigation 9 ,*e%ire4 ,on ! ,cont95t he likewise sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,go?a ,canal 9 ,sw$51 a navigation ( ab\t #abe ,engli% miles1 ( :i* #ee are artificial canal4 ,f ! ,lake ,w5] at "o extremity1 ?is navigation rises #afb feet to ! summit level1 & falls #cgj feet to ! ,baltic at ! o!r2 ! rise & fall are effect$ by fifty-six locks1 & ! canal is #db feet wide at ! bottom & #aj feet deep4 ,^u its completion ,tel=d receiv$ a ,sw$i% ord] ( knigh?ood1 & z a f>!r m>k ( ! royal approbation1 receiv$ ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5's portrait set 9 diamonds4 ,! works execut$ by ,tel=d "u ! ,commission]s ( ,highl& ,roads & ,bridges are ( great importance4 ,! practical op]ations "u ?is commission1 appo9t$ 9 #ahjc1 embrac$ ab\t a ?\s& miles ( new road1 ) ne>ly #a1bjj new bridges1 :i* caus$ ! :ole ( ,scotl&1 f its s\!rn b\nd>y ne> ,c>lisle1 to ! nor!rn extremity ( ,cai?ness1 & f ,ab]de5%ire on ! ea/1 to ! ,argyle%ire isl&s on ! we/1 to be int]sect$ by roads2 & its l>ge/ riv]s & ev5 inf]ior /reams to be cross$ by bridges4 ,! execution ( ?is und]tak+ occupi$ a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 & all 0 done "u ! sole direction ( ,tel=d4 ,! great road f ,london to ,holyhead rema9s1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( 8 skill z an eng9e]2 ! improvem5ts 9 x 7 execut$ by him1 "u ano!r ,p>liam5t>y ,commission appo9t$ 9 #ahae1 & ,tel=d himself appe>s to h reg>d$ ?is "w ) peculi> satisfaction4 ,! ,m5ai susp5sion bridge is1 h[ev]1 unque/ionably "o ( ! noble/ monum5ts ( ,mr4 ,tel=d's fame1 & x may be said to h inaugurat$ ! era ( ! ext5sive introduction ( wr\ght iron into great p]man5t /ructures expos$ to heavy /ra9s4#ci ,?is bridge 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahai1 & op5$ = traffic 9 #ahbf4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two pi]s is #eej feet1 & ! :ole roadway1 :i* is c>ri$ ov] f\r ar*es on ! "o side1 & ?ree on ! o!r1 has a l5g? ( #ajjj feet1 & a bread? ( #cj feet4 ,! total co/ ( ! "w 0 #abj1jjjl4 ,mr4 ,tel=d also built _m o!r bridges ( consid]able size1 & execut$ "s important h>b\r works at ,ab]de5 & ,dundee2 b 8 mo/ /rik+ p]=mance ( ?is latt] class is ! ,/4 ,ka?>9e ,docks1 ,london4 ,"o ( 8 late/ engagem5ts 0 ! survey ( ,dov] h>b\r1 und]tak5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcd1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 7z ,w>d5 ( ! ,c9que ,ports17 ) a view to ! adoption ( measures to *eck ! accumulation ( %+le at ! entrance4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 life ,mr4 ,tel=d taught himself ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man1 s z to be able to read ^? languages ) flu5cy1 & to be able to conv]se freely 9 ,fr5*4 ,he is likewise said to h be5 well acqua9t$ ) algebra1 b to h plac$ m reliance ^u exp]im5t1 ?an on ma!matical inve/igation4 ,he contribut$ to ! ',ed9burgh ,encyclopdia' ! articles--',ar*itecture1' ',bridge ,build+1' & ',canal ,mak+4' ,besides ! above1 he wrote an acc\nt ( 8 own life1 giv+ elaborate descriptions ( 8 v>i\s pr(essional und]tak+s4 7,life ( ,?omas ,tel=d1 writt5 by himself4 ,edit$ by ,john ,rickman4 ,london1 #ahcc1 #dto47 ,al?\gh ,tel=d 0 n connect$ ) ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s at its =mation1 he accept$ _! invitation 9 #ahbj1 & became _! ,presid5t2 & f t "t he 0 unremitt+ 9 8 att5tion to ! duties ( ! (fice1 hav+ become by 8 p>tial retirem5t f bus9ess1 a pretty regul> resid5t 9 ! metropolis4 ,tel=d 0 possess$ ( a robu/ frame1 & till he _h rea*$ ! age ( sev5ty1 _h nev] be5 visit$ ) any s]i\s illness4 ,:ile at ,cambridge1 9 ! ye> #ahbg1 he 0 afflict$ ) a sev]e & dang]\s disord]2 & al?\gh he gradually recov]$ a c]ta9 degree ( heal?1 he nev] rega9$ 8 =m] vig\r4 ,he di$ a few ye>s aft]w>ds at 8 h\se 9 ,ab+don ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 hav+ complet$ ! sev5ty-sev5? ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 rema9s 7 deposit$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e !re is a /atue erect$ to 8 memory4--,encyclopdia ,britannica4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,,*>les ,,t5nant4 ,born ,may #c1 #agfh4 ,di$ ,octob] #a1 #ahch4 ,*>les ,t5nant1 ! f\nd] ( ! celebrat$ *emical works at ,/4 ,rollox1 ,glasg[1 0 born at ,o*iltree1 ,ayr%ire4 ,8 fa!r1 ,john ,t5nant1 0 factor or /ew>d to ! ,c\ntess ( ,gl5cairn1 & also r5t$ a f>m on h] e/ate1 9 ! culture ( :i* he display$ great practical & sci5tific ability4 ,john ,t5nant m>ri$ twice2 aft] ! dea? ( 8 fir/ wife1 by :om he _h two sons & "o daught]1 he m>ri$1 9 ! ye> #ageg1 ,m>g>et ,mc,lure1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 br\ght him a num]\s family ( six sons & sev5 daught]s4 ,john ,t5nant's second wife possess$ v sup]ior abilities1 :i* %e e>ne/ly direct$ to ! education & advancem5t ( h] family1 ultimately hav+ ! satisfaction ( see+ all h] *ildr5 turn out m5 ( en]gy & success 9 life4 ,*>les ,t5nant1 ! subject ( our memoir1 0 ! fif? son2 he receiv$ 8 e>ly education at home1 aft]w>ds att5d+ ! p>i% s*ool ( ,o*iltree4 ,:5 /ill v "y1 ,*>les left home & w5t to ,kilb>han1 ) ! int5tion ( le>n+ ! manufacture ( silk4 ,aft] rema9+ at ?is place a %ort "t1 ,t5nant remov$ to ,wellmead[ blea*field1 :]e he /udi$ ! me?ods ( blea*+ at t "t 9 use1 & ultimately w5t to ,d>nly 7! place f :i* ! un=tunate husb& ( ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 took 8 title71 & e/abli%$ !re an ext5sive blea*field1 tak+ into p>tn]%ip ) him ,mr4 ,co*rane ( ,paisley4 ,mr4 ,t5nant n[ devot$ himself to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 feel+ t ! process ( blea*+ c\ld only be effect$ by true *emical ag5cy1 :atev] might be ! p>ticul> me?od or op]ation1 & t1 !re=e1 ! blea*] mu/ 9 ! fir/ case look to ! *emi/ = ! discov]y ( m pot5t ag5ts to effect 8 object4 ,be=e ,mr4 ,t5nant's "t ! op]ation ( blea*+ 0 ( a v t$i\s & exp5sive nature4 ,! clo? 0 /eep$ 9 alkal9e lye1 :i* 0 call$ 'buck+4' ,! subsequ5t process ( blea*+ 0 done by exposure on ! grass1 call$ 'cr(t+2' ^! op]ations 7 repeat$ five or six times1 & ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( eight or t5 weeks4 ,9 ! ye> #aghg an important *ange took place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y1 by ,mr4 ,s*eele1 ( ,sw$51 ( *lor9e1 :i* 0 us$ z a sub/itute = exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,! repeat$ exp]im5ts ( ,b]?ollet add$ consid]ably to ! facts already kn[n1 :ile ! practical effects ( ^! discov]ies 7 /ill m fully %[n by ,mr4 ,watt1 & ,dr4 ,h5ry ( ,man*e/]4 ,9 #agih ,mr4 ,t5nant made 8 fir/ great discov]y1 viz41 a me?od ( mak+ saturat$ *loride ( lime1 an article :i* 0 f\nd to answ] p]fectly all ! purposes requir$ by ! blea*]4 ,?is inv5tion1 = :i* he took out a pat5t1 consi/$ 9 ! sub/itution ( lime = pota%4 ,8 pat5t "r 01 h[ev]1 resi/$ by c]ta9 ( ! blea*]s ( ,lanca%ire1 & 0 set aside by ! v]dict ( a jury1 on ! gr\nds t ! pat5t includ$ a mode ( 'buck+' ) quicklime & wat]1 :i* 0 n a new inv5tion2 & because "o "p ( ! pat5t 0 n new1 ! :ole ( ! claim mu/ be set aside4 ,by ?is decision ! use ( liquid *loride ( lime 9 blea*+ 0 ?r[n op5 to all2 & ?r\gh an un=tunate error ( expression 9 describ+ 8 process1 ,mr4 ,t5nant 0 depriv$ ( ! fruits ( a labori\s inve/igation ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s4 ,?is subsequ5tly caus$ a /rong feel+ ( sympa?y to be manife/$ = him by _m ( ! blea*]s ( ,lanca%ire1 :o1 z an expression ( _! grateful ackn[l$gm5t1 pres5t$ him ) a s]vice ( plate1 :i* he accept$4 ,mr4 ,t5nant1 h[ev]1 9 accordance ) ! "* ( 8 orig9al design1 det]m9$ to press onw>d ) 8 discov]ies1 & to br+1 if possible1 8 fir/ inv5tion to a /ill m practical issue4 ,he !re=e adopt$ a new me?od1 & at l5g? complet$ & secur$ by pat5t a process = impregnat+ quicklime 9 a dry /ate ) *lor9e1 :i* prov$ p]fectly successful2 ?is1 8 second pat5t1 rema9$ unconte/$1 & he liv$ to secure a l>ge pecuni>y rew>d4 ,mr4 ,t5nant's discov]ies1 toge!r ) ! introduction ( soda-a% or ',briti% soda1' 9 place ( pota%1 greatly facilitat$ & *eap5$ ! process ( blea*+1 :ile ! introduction ( me*anical appliances & ! p[] ( ! /eam-eng9e sup]s$$ ! previ\s labori\s op]ations by h&4 ,! result has be5 t ! same am\nt ( blea*+ is n[ p]=m$ 9 z _m days z 0 =m]ly p]=m$ 9 weeks1 :ile ! price has be5 r$uc$ f #gs4 #f;d4 7#ahjc7 to #f;d4 7#ahfa7 = a piece ( clo? ( #bh y>ds4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj ,mr4 ,t5nant remov$ f ,d>nly to ,/4 ,rollox1 ,glasg[1 :]e he comm5c$ bus9ess z a l>ge manufactur+ *emi/1 tak+ into p>tn]%ip ,mr4 ,*>les ,mack9to%1 ,mr4 ,william ,c[p]1 & ,mr4 ,james ,knox4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life ,mr4 ,t5nant devot$ himself ) en]gy to ! =w>d+ ( 8 bus9ess1 & ultimately caus$ 8 manufactory to become ! l>ge/ & mo/ ext5sive ( its k9d 9 ,europe4 ,he also took consid]able int]e/ 9 ! politics ( ! day4 ,8 pr9ciples 7 ^? ( an intellig5t & lib]al-m9d$ re=m]1 & he 0 long look$ up to z "o ( ! lead+ m5 ( 8 p>ty1 al?\gh ! lea/ ta9t$ by m]e p>ty _s or selfi%ness4 ,mr4 ,t5nant 0 likewise conspicu\s 9 8 promotion ( _m public und]tak+s4 ,he took a deep int]e/ 9 ! fur!rance ( ! railway sy/em2 ! ,g>nkirk & ,glasg[ ,railway may be said to owe its orig9 & completion almo/ entirely to him1 :ile 8 inv9cible indu/ry & p]sev]ance contribut$ greatly t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[ ,railway4 ,he 0 a great fri5d ( ,george ,/eph5son's1 & 0 pres5t ) him at ! op5+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railroad :5 ! un=tunate accid5t occurr$ :i* result$ 9 ! melan*oly dea? ( ,mr4 ,huskisson4 ,mr4 ,t5nant di$ r sudd5ly1 9 8 sev5ty-fir/ ye>1 at 8 h\se 9 ,ab]crombie ,place1 ,glasg[4 ,he 0 possess$ ( a con/itutional n]v\sness1 r rem>kable 9 "o ( a l>ge & heal?y frame1 alli$ to a peculi> s5sitiv5ess to ! beautiful4 ,9 aft] life he w\ld (t5 talk ) pleasure ( 8 y\?ful rem9isc5ces ( ! poet ,burns1 :o 0 at t "t on t]ms ( consid]able intimacy ) 8 family4 ,mr4 ,t5nant 0 an e>ne/ & indefatigable promot] ( economical & educational improvem5t2 an uncompromis+ fri5d ( civil & religi\s lib]ty2 :ile 8 own inborn en]gy ( "* & cle> intellect plac$ him among ! =emo/ ( ^? m5 :o1 by unit+ sci5ce to manufactures1 h at once ext5d$ _! fields ( action1 & entitl$ _! occupations to be class$ among ! ranks ( ! lib]al pr(essions4--,! ,progress ( ,sci5ce & ,art z develop$ 9 ! ,blea*+ ( ,cotton1 by ,h5ry ,a%wor?1 ,pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,man*e/]1 ,septemb] #e1 #ahfa2 &1 ,p>ticul>s communicat$ by ! ,family4 ,,?omas ,,?omson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,born ,april #ab1 #aggc4 ,di$ ,july #b1 #aheb4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,?omson1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 :o ex]cis$ a rem>kable influ5ce 9 ! developm5t & ext5sion ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry dur+ ! pres5t age1 0 born at ,crieff1 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ! p>i% s*ool ( t place1 & aft] rema9+ = a "t "u ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,doig1 ( ,/irl+1 w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 :]e he rema9$ = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s4 ,?omson ent]$ ^u 8 m$ical /udies at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & dur+ ! session ( #agie-if att5d$ ! lectures ( ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,black1 :o fir/ awoke 9 him ! lat5t ta/e = t sci5ce ( :i* he 0 de/9$ to become s bright an ornam5t4 ,9 #agif he became connect$ ) ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 = an e>ly edition ( :i* he wrote ! articles--,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy1 ,vegetable ,sub/ances1 ,animal ,sub/ances1 & ,dye+ ,sub/ances1 c4 ,^! articles =m$ ! basis ( 8 sy/em ( *emi/ry1 :i* he publi%$ at ,ed9burgh 9 ! ye> #ahjd1 9 f\r volumes1 & aft]w>ds greatly enl>g$ & improv$ z ! dem& = ! book increas$4 ,dr4 ,?omson comm5c$ deliv]+ a s]ies ( lectures on *emi/ry at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahjj1 :i* 7 cont9u$ ) increas+ popul>ity until #ahaj4 ,mean:ile he inv5t$ ! sy/em ( *emical symbols n[ g5]ally adopt$ by all m5 ( sci5ce 7) v>iations z ! "t dem&s71 & )\t :i* *emical language w\ld be un9telligible4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ to op5 a laboratory 9 ,great ,brita9 = practical manipulation 9 *emi/ry4 ,9 #ahaj he publi%$ 8 ',elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry1' & 9 #ahab visit$ ,sw$51 & on 8 return wrote a description ( t c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ ye> to ?is ,dr4 ,?omson />t$ 9 ,london ! ',annals ( ,philosophy1' a sci5tific j\rnal1 :i* he cont9u$ to edit until ! ye> #ahbb1 & :i* a few ye>s aft]w>ds 0 m]g$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e4' ,he also ab\t ?is "t conduct$ = ! ,bo>d ( ,excise a s]ies ( inve/igations on brew+1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ,scotti% legislation on t subject4 ,9 ! ye> #ahag ,?omson 0 elect$ lectur] on *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> receiv$ ! title ( ,pr(essor4 ,?is *air he held until 8 dea?1 be+ assi/$ 9 8 latt] ye>s by 8 nephew & son-9-law1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,?omson4 ,:5 ,dalton _h work$ out 8 gr& discov]y ( ! ,atomic ,!ory1 he communicat$ ! result ( 8 rese>*es to ,?omson1 :o at once p]ceiv$ ! value & importance ( ! discov]y1 & 9 ! ye> #ahjg 0 ! fir/ to publi% x to ! _w4 ,he gave a sket* ( ?is gr& !ory 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ',sy/em ( ,*emi/ry2' & we are *iefly indebt$ to ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,?omson1 conjo9tly ) ,dr4 ,h5ry ( ,man*e/]1 & ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 = lum9\s views on ?is important subject4 ,9 #ahbe ,dr4 ,?omson wrote1 9 two volumes1 ',an ,attempt to ,e/abli% ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry by ,exp]im5t4' ,9 #ahcj-ca he publi%$ 8 ',hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1' a "w :i* has be5 describ$ z a ma/]piece ( le>n+ & rese>*4 ,9 #ahcf appe>$ 8 ',outl9es ( ,m9]alogy & ,geology2' & 9 #ahdi he issu$ 8 la/ "w1 ',on ,brew+ & ,di/illation4' ,?omson p]=m$ 9 sci5ce1 & its hi/ory & lit]ature1 a v great am\nt ( valuable lab\r1 & acquir$ a di/+ui%$ reputation bo? z an orig9al discov]]1 & z a practical tea*] ( 8 fav\rite sci5ce4 ,he di$ 9 #aheb1 at ! age ( sev5ty-n9e1 & has left beh9d him a son :o be>s 8 "n1 n[ 7#ahfj7 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,calcutta1 & "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5tific botani/s ( ! day4--,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,,ri*>d ,,trevi?ick4 ,born ,april #ac1 #agga4 ,di$ ,april #bb1 #ahcc4 ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 inv5tor ( ! fir/ high pressure /eam-eng9e1 & ! fir/ /eam-c>riage us$ 9 ,engl&1 0 born 9 ! p>i% ( ,illogan1 9 ,cornwall4 ,he 0 ! son ( a purs] ( ! m9es 9 ! di/rict1 & al?\gh he receiv$ b little e>ly education1 8 tal5ts 7 great 9 8 own special subject1 me*anics4 ,:5 a boy he _h no ta/e = s*ool ex]cises1 & be+ an only son1 0 all[$ by 8 p>5ts to d mu* z he pleas$2 s t mo/ ( 8 "t 0 pass$ ei!r 9 /roll+ ov] ! m9es amid/ :i* he liv$1 or 9 work+ out s*emes :i* _h already begun to fill 8 y\?ful imag9ation1 seat$ "u a h$ge1 ) a slate 9 8 h&4 ,trevi?ick 0 a pupil ( ,william ,bull1 an eng9e] practis+ at t "t 9 ,cornwall1 employ$ 9 erect+ ,watt's eng9es1 & :o aft]w>ds accompani$ ,trevi?ick to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:5 he _h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ,trevi?ick 0 appo9t$ eng9e] to sev]al m9es1 a m responsible situation ?an ! "o held by 8 fa!r1 :o1 on he>+ ( 8 son's appo9tm5t1 express$ great surprise1 & ev5 consid]$ x 8 duty to remon/rate ) ! g5tlem5 :o _h propos$ ! appo9tm5t4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod 79 #agib7 he 0 also employ$ to te/ "o ( ,hornbl[]'s eng9es1 & ev5 be=e ?is1 _h1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,william ,bull1 con/ruct$ sev]al eng9es :i* did n come "u ,watt's pat5t4 ,trevi?ick's duties1 z eng9e]1 at ?is "t1 frequ5tly requir$ him to visit ,mr4 ,h>vey's iron f\ndry at ,hayle1 :o 0 9 ! habit ( invit+ him to 8 h\se2 ?is ultimately result$ 9 8 becom+ atta*$ to ,mr4 ,h>vey's daught]1 to :om he 0 m>ri$ on ! #g? ( ,novemb]1 #agig4 ,aft] 8 m>riage ,trevi?ick liv$ at ,plane-an-qu>y 9 ,r$ru? = a few mon?s1 !n at ,camborne = t5 ye>s4 ,f ab\t #ahjh to #ahaj he resid$ 9 ,london2 b aft] 8 un=tunate failure 9 attempt+ to tunnel ! ,?ames1 return$ to ,p5ponds 9 ! p>i% ( ,camborne1 :]e he liv$ = five or six ye>s1 at ! h\se ( 8 "m1 aft]w>ds liv+ at ,p5zance1 f :i* t[n he sail$ = ,p]u on ! #bj? ,octob]1 #ahaf4 ,:ile resid+ at ,camborne1 ,trevi?ick influ5c$ p]haps by ! success ( ,murdock's model /eam-c>riage1 det]m9$ to build "o adapt$ to ord9>y road traffic4 ,"o ,&rew ,vivian suppli$ ! pecuni>y means & jo9$ him 9 ! project1 = :i*1 on its completion1 a pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 #ahjb1 & 9 ! same ye> a small "o 0 erect$ at ,m>azion1 :i* 0 work$ by /eam ( at lea/ ?irty p\nds on ! squ>e in* above atmosph]ic pressure4#dj ,_! /eam-c>riage pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y /age-coa* on f\r :eels1 hav+ "o horizontal cyl9d]1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! boil] & fire-box1 7 plac$ at ! back ( ! h9d axle4 ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,williams1 late ,m4,p4 = ,cornwall1 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,e4 ,watk9s1 dat$ ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #ahec1 m5tions hav+ be5 pres5t at ! fir/ trial ( ,trevi?ick's locomotive1 & says ! exp]im5ts made on ! public road close by ,camborne 7 p]fectly successful1 & al?\gh _m improvem5ts 9 ! details ( su* description ( eng9es h be5 s9ce effect$1 ! lead+ pr9ciples ( con/ruction & arrangem5t are cont9u$1 ,i believe1 ) little alt]ation 9 ! magnific5t railroad eng9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,aft] mak+ sev]al satisfactory trials 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,plym\?1 ,trevi?ick & ,vivian exhibit$ _! inv5tion publicly 9 ,london1 fir/ at ,"l's ,cricket-gr\nd1 & aft]w>ds on ! spot ( gr\nd n[ occupi$ by ,eu/on ,squ>e4#da ,at ?is latt] place1 h[ev]1 ,trevi?ick1 influ5c$ by "s curi\s :im1 sudd5ly clos$ ! exhibition on ! second day1 leav+ hundr$s wait+ outside 9 a /ate ( great wra?4 ,mrs4 ,humble/one1 an old inhabitant ( ,london1 :o at t p]iod us$ to keep a %op ne> to ! pres5t ,pan!on1 ,ox=d ,/reet1 relates t %e well rememb]s witness+ a public trial ( ,trevi?ick's /eam-c>riage4 ,on ?is occasion ! %ops 7 %ut1 no horses or c>riages 7 all[$ 9 ! /reets1 & ! ro(s ( ! h\ses 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 cr[d$ ) p1 :o hurra$ & waiv$ _! h&k]*iefs z ! '/eam mon/]' 0 se5 com+ along ,ox=d ,/reet at a rapid pace4#db ,two ye>s aft]w>ds ,trevi?ick con/ruct$ ! fir/ successful railway locomotive1 :i* 0 us$ on ! ,m]?yr ,tydvil ,railway 9 ! ye> #ahjd4 ,?is eng9e _h an eight-in* cyl9d]1 ( f\r feet six in*es /roke1 plac$ horizontally z at pres5t1 & work+ on a crank$ axle2 :ile1 9 ord] to secure a cont9u\s rotatory motion1 a fly-:eel 0 plac$ on ! end ( ! axle4 ,:5 we add to ?is1 t ! fly-:eel 0 furni%$ ) a break1 t ! boil] _h a safety-valve or a fusible plug beyond ! rea* ( ! eng9e]1 & t ! pat5t includes ! production ( a m equable rotatory motion--by caus+ ! pi/on rods ( two cyl9d]s to "w on ! said axis by means ( cranks at a qu>t] ( a turn asund]--x is sc>cely too mu* to say t no?+ mat]ial 0 add$ to ! design ( ! locomotive until ! inv5tion ( ! tubul> boil] 9 #ahbi4dc ,on ! occasion ( its fir/ trial1 on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y1 #ahjd1 ?is eng9e drew c>riages conta9+ t5 tons ( b> iron = a di/ance ( n9e miles1 at ! rate ( five miles an h\r4 ,! specification ( ! pat5t = ,trevi?ick's /eam-c>riage m5tions a plan = caus+ ! :eels1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to take a /rong] hold ( ! gr\nd by means ( sundry r\gh projections1 b x also adds t1 9 g5]al1 ! ord9>y /ructure or figure ( ! ext]nal surface ( ^! :eels w be f\nd to answ] ! int5d$ purpose1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! case 9 ! above-m5tion$ eng9e4#dd ,aft] mak+ a few exp]im5ts ) 8 eng9e1 ,trevi?ick =sook ! locomotive = o!r projects ( 8 v]satile g5ius1 & ?is great inv5tion 0 left to be p]fect$ & c>ri$ into g5]al use by ,george ,/eph5son4 ,9 ! ye> #ahji ,trevi?ick comm5c$ an attempt at tunnell+ "u ! ,?ames4 ,x 0 ! second "t t ?is difficult und]tak+ _h be5 tri$1 ,ralph ,dodd hav+ be5 ! fir/ ( ! unsuccessful bor]s4 ,:5 a l>ge sum ( money _h be5 rais$ by subscriptions ,trevi?ick comm5c$ bor+ at ,ro!rhi!1 & 9 ord] to save bo? lab\r & exp5se1 kept v ne> to ! bottom ( ! riv]2 b not)/&+ ! increas$ difficulties :i* he _h to enc\nt] on ?is acc\nt1 he actually c>ri$ ! tunnel ?r\gh a di/ance ( #ajaa feet1 & )9 #ajj feet ( ! propos$ t]m9us4 ,at ?is po9t an un=tunate dispute arose betwe5 him & ! surveyor appo9t$ to v]ify 8 "w1 ! surveyor ass]t+ t ! tunnel _h be5 run a foot or two on "o side4 ,?is reflection on 8 skill z an eng9e] excit$ ,trevi?ick's ,corni% blood1 & he is said to h adopt$ ! absurd exp$i5t ( mak+ a hole 9 ! ro( ( ! tunnel at l[ wat]1 & ?ru/+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( jo9t$ rods1 :i* 7 to be receiv$ by a man 9 a boat1 & !n obs]v$ f ! %ore4 ,9 ! execution ( ?is s*eme1 delays ensu$ 9 fitt+ ! rods toge!r1 & at l5g? s mu* wat] made its way ?r\gh ! gulley =m$ by ! op5+ 9 ! ro(1 t retreat became necess>y2 ,trevi?ick1 ) an inborn c\rage1 refus$ to g fir/1 b s5t ! m5 be=e him1 & 8 life ne>ly fell a sacrifice to 8 devotion3 z he made 8 escape on ! o!r side1 ! wat] rose ) him to 8 neck1 ow+ to ! tunnel foll[+ ! curve ( ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* necess>ily caus$ ! wat] to congregate t[>ds "o "p4 ,! "w 0 ?us end$ almo/ at ! po9t ( its successful completion1 be+ at once a melan*oly monum5t ( 8 folly & 8 skill4 ,aft] ?is un=tunate failure1 ,trevi?ick comm5c$ _m s*emes2 among o!rs1 8 att5tion 0 direct$ t[>ds ! introduction ( iron tanks & buoys into ! ,royal ,navy4 ,on fir/ repres5t+ ! importance ( ?is to ! ,admiralty1 ! objection 0 rais$1 t p]haps1 9 ! case ( ! tanks1 iron w\ld be prejudicial to ! wat]1 & consequ5tly to ! heal? ( ! crews2 ,trevi?ick 0 !re=e reque/$ to consult ,ab]ne?y ^u ! subject1 :i* he accord+ly did1 & receiv$ = 8 answ] ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic reply3 ,t ! ,admiralty ought to h kn[n bett] ?an to h s5t y to me ) su* a "q4 ,he likewise1 ab\t ?is p]iod1 contribut$ l>gely to ! improvem5t & bett] work+ ( ! ,corni% eng9es1 & to him ! m]it is due ( introduc+ into ^! eng9es ! sy/em ( high-pressure /eam1 & ( inv5t+ 9 ! ye> #ahjd ! cyl9drical wr\ght iron boil]1 7n[ kn[n z ! ,corni% boil]17 9 :i* he plac$ ! fire inside in/ead ( outside1 z _h be5 ! practice be=e 8 "t4 ,trevi?ick also appe>s to h be5 among1 if n ! v fir/ to employ ! expansive pr9ciple ( /eam4 ,9 ! ye> #ahaa-ab he erect$ a s+le-act+ eng9e ( #be in*es cyl9d] at ,hull-,prosp] 9 ,g)ian1 ) a cyl9drical boil]1 9 :i* ! /eam 0 m ?an #dj lbs4 on ! squ>e in* above atmosph]ic pressure2 & ! eng9e 0 s load$ t x work$ full sev5-eigh?s ( ! /roke expansively4 ,9 ?is he seems to h prec$$ ,woolf by sev]al ye>s4 ,x is also /at$ by ,mr4 ,gordon 9 8 ',treatise on ,elem5t>y ,locomotion1' t ,trevi?ick 0 ! fir/ to turn ! eduction-pipe into ! *imney ( ! locomotive to increase ! draught4#de ,we n[ come to ! mo/ romantic & /irr+ p]iod ( ,trevi?ick's c>e]4 ,9 #ahaa ,m4 ,uvill1 a ,swiss g5tleman at t "t liv+ 9 ,lima1 came to ,engl& to see if he c\ld procure ma*9]y = cle>+ ! silv] m9es1 9 ! ,p]uvian m\nta9s1 ( wat]4 ,watt's cond5s+ eng9es 71 h[ev]1 ( too pond]\s a nature to be transport$ ov] ! ,cordill]as on ! backs ( ! feeble llamas1 & ,uvill 0 ab\t to give ! matt] up 9 despair1 :51 on ! eve ( 8 dep>ture f ?is c\ntry1 he *anc$ to see a small work+ model ( ,trevi?ick's eng9e 9 a %op w9d[ ne> ,fitzroy ,squ>e4 ,?is model he c>ri$ out ) him to ,lima1 & _h ! satisfaction ( see+ x "w successfully on ! high ridge ( ! ,si]ra de ,pasco4 ,uvill n[ return$ to ,engl& to procure m eng9es ( ! same k9d1 b he 0 a second "t almo/ =c$ to give ! matt] up2 = ,b\lton & ,watt1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ eng9e]s ( _! "t1 assur$ him t x 0 impossible to make eng9es ( suffici5t p[] & yet small en\gh to be c>ri$ ov] ! ,&es4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,uvill at ?is po9t met ) ,trevi?ick himself1 & 0 enabl$ to make su* arrangem5ts ) him z result$ 9 ! emb>kation1 dur+ ,septemb] #ahad1 ( ?ree eng9e]s & n9e ( ,trevi?ick's eng9es4 ,on l&+ at ,p]u1 ,uvill & 8 *>ge 7 receiv$ ) a royal salute1 & 9 due "t ! eng9es1 :i* _h be5 simplifi$ to ! greate/ ext5t1 & s divid$ z to =m adequate loads = ! weakly llama1 7 safely c>ri$ ov] precipices :]e a /one may be ?r[n = a league4 ,an eng9e 0 soon erect$ at ,laurico*a1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,t>ma1 :i* successfully dra9$ ! %aft ( ! ,santa ,rosa m9e1 & enabl$ work+ op]ations to be recomm5c$4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahaf ,trevi?ick1 he>+ ( ?is success1 gave up family & =tune & emb>k$ = ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,on l&+ he 0 receiv$ ) ! highe/ hon\rs2 all ,lima 0 9 a /ate ( excitem5t1 :i* rose to a /ill great] pit*1 :5 x 0 f\nd t 8 eng9es1 by cle>+ ! m9es ( wat]1 _h d\bl$ _! produce & increas$ ! co9+ ma*9]y sixfold4 ,trevi?ick 0 creat$ a m>quis & gr&ee ( old ,spa91 & ! "l w>d5 ( ! m9es propos$ to raise a silv] /atue 9 8 hon\r4 ,all w5t well until ! revolution broke out1 :5 ! ,corni% eng9e] f\nd himself plac$ 9 a v disagreeable position betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,! patriots kept him 9 ! m\nta9s 9 a k9d ( hon\rable captivity1 :ile ! royali/s ru9$ 8 prop]ty & mutilat$ 8 eng9es4 ,trevi?ick1 nev] v pati5t1 soon det]m9$ to end ?is1 &1 aft] incurr+ _m h>d%ips & dang]s1 succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 escape f ! oppressive love & v5]ation ( ! m\nta9 patriots4 ,on _! way back ,trevi?ick & 8 companions enc\nt]$ _m p]ils2 !y _h to %oot monkeys = subsi/5ce1 _! clo!s 7 almo/ always wet ?r\gh ow+ to x be+ ! ra9y season ( ! ye>2 !y _h also to =d riv]s1 & 9 _m cases make _! own roads by cutt+ d[n ! und]wood & o!r ob/acles :i* imp$$ _! progress4 ,on "o occasion ,trevi?ick ne>ly lo/ 8 life2 9 attempt+ to swim across a riv] he became involv$ 9 a k9d ( :irlpool caus$ by "s sunk5 rocks1 & not)/&+ all 8 ef=ts he 0 utt]ly unable to swim beyond its influ5ce1 :i* kept c>ry+ him r\nd & r\nd2 =tunately j z 8 /r5g? 0 giv+ way a companion1 :o _h cut d[n a tall sappl+1 succe$$ 9 /ret*+ x out to 8 assi/ance1 & ?us drew him to l&4 ,ultimately1 aft] a long int]val1 ,trevi?ick arriv$ at ,c>tag5a1 on ! gulf ( ,d>i51 almo/ 9 a /ate ( utt] de/itution4 ,"h he 0 met by ! late ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 :o1 hav+ j receiv$ a remittance f home1 l5t half to 8 bro!r eng9e] to help him on 8 way to ,engl&1 :]e he arriv$ on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 #ahbg1 br++ back a pair ( spurs & a few old co9s1 ! sole remnants ( ! colossal =tune made1 'b n realiz$1' 9 ! ,p]uvian m9es4 ,be=e ?is occurr$1 h[ev]1 ,trevi?ick _h visit$ v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 "p ( ?is "t he 0 9 ! company ( ,e>l ,dundonald 7!n ,"l ,co*rane71 b ! la/ f\r ye>s ( ?is p]iod 7 sp5t by him at ,co/a ,rica1 9 ! c\ntries n[ s well kn[n z ! r\te ( ! ,nic>aguan transit & ! sc5e ( ,g5]al ,walk]'s filibu/] w>f>e1 :]e he project$ m9es & devis$ _m magnific5t s*emes1 b realiz$ no p]man5t good = himself4 ,among o!r ?+s1 hav+ discov]$ "s valuable m9]al deposits1 he obta9$ f ! gov]nm5t a grant ( ! l& :i* conta9$ !m1 & on 8 return to ,engl& succe$$1 by 8 repres5tations 7:i* 7 confirm$ by a ,scot*man ( ! "n ( ,g]>d1 :o _h be5 8 companion71 9 organiz+ a company = s9k+ ! necess>y m9es4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 active op]ations 7 comm5c$1 ,trevi?ick "o day ent]$ ! new company's (fices to arrange f9ally ab\t 8 own int]e/ 9 ! conc]n4 ,a *eque = #gjjjl4 0 at once (f]$ him z pur*ase-money = 8 l& 9 ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,?is h[ev] 0 n :at he _h want$1 & )\t giv+ a ?\ght to ! l>g5ess ( ! sum (f]$1 he indignantly ?rew back ! *eque across ! table & walk$ out ( ! (fice4#df ,aft] ?is ! company broke up1 & ,trevi?ick nev] realiz$ a p5ny-piece f 8 really valuable possessions 9 t c\ntry4 ,aft] 8 return f ,am]ica b little is kn[n ( ,trevi?ick2 late 9 life he comm5c$ a petition to ,p>liam5t1 9 :i* he asks = "s grant or remun]ation = 8 s]vices to ! c\ntry1 by reason ( ! sup]iority ( 8 ma*9]y1 /at+ t f ! use ( 8 eng9es ! sav+ to ! ,corni% m9es alone am\nt$ to #ajj1jjjl4 p] annum2 b be=e pres5t+ ?is petition1 he met ) a moni$ p>tn]1 :o suppli$ him ) ! means ( p]fect+ 8 nev]-ceas+ inv5tions4 ,?is 0 all ,trevi?ick want$1 & ! petition 0 consequ5tly laid aside4 ,?us assi/$ he obta9$ a pat5t 9 #ahca = an improv$ /eam eng9e2 & ano!r 9 ! same ye> = a me?od or app>atus = heat+ ap>tm5ts2 & a ?ird on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb]1 #ahcb1 = improvem5ts on ! /eam eng9e1 & 9 ! application ( /eam p[] to navigation & locomotion4 ,?is 0 ! la/ pat5t he took out2 he di$ at ,d>t=d 9 ,k5t dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 at ! age ( sixty-two4 ,trevi?ick1 by 8 m>riage ) ,miss ,jane ,h>vey1 _h f\r sons & two daught]s1 all ( :om are /ill liv+4 ,8 mann]s 7 blunt & unassum+1 b yet possess$ a c]ta9 k9d ( fasc9ation :i* g5]ally secur$ = him1 9 :atev] society he might be1 an eag] & att5tive auditory4 ,9 p]son he 0 tall & /rongly made1 be+ six feet two in*es 9 height1 & broad 9 proportion1 & to ?is day /ories ( 8 extraord9>y feats ( /r5g? are told among ! m9]s ( ,cornwall4 ,8 life rema9s a record ( con/ant b brilliant failures1 & t f no inh]5t defect 9 8 inv5tions1 b solely f ! abs5ce 9 8 "* ( t p]sev]ance & worldly prud5ce necess>y to br+ e new und]tak+ to a successful comm]cial issue4--,contributions to ! ,biography ( ,r4 ,trevi?ick1 by ,r4 ,edmunds1 ,jun41 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #ahei4--,! ,l&'s ,end ,di/rict1 c41 ) ,brief ,memoir ( ,ric4 ,trevi?ick1 by ,r4 ,edmunds4 ,london & ,p5zance1 #ahfb4--;,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahfj4--;,& o!r p>ticul>s tak5 f orig9al & au!ntic s\rces4 ,,edw>d ,,tr\ghton1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,born ,octob]1 #agec4 ,di$ ,june #ab1 #ahce4 ,edw>d ,tr\ghton1 ! fir/ a/ronomical in/rum5t mak] ( our day1 0 born 9 ! p>i% ( ,corney1 on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,cumb]l&1 & 0 ! ?ird son ( a small f>m]4 ,an uncle ( ! same "n1 & 8 elde/ bro!r ,john 7 settl$ 9 ,london z ma!matical in/rum5t mak]s2 & z 8 second bro!r 0 appr5tic$ to ! same bus9ess1 ,edw>d 0 design$ to be a f>m]1 cont9u+ to be 8 fa!r's assi/ant till ! age ( sev5te54 ,! dea? ( 8 y\ng] bro!r1 h[ev]1 alt]$ ,edw>d's de/9ation1 & caus$ him to be plac$ ) 8 bro!r ,john1 at t "t a *amb] ma/]1 employ$ *iefly 9 divid+ & engrav+ = ! trade1 & ! high] bran*es ( ! art4 ,"u ! in/ruction ( ,john1 :o 0 an excell5t workman1 ,tr\ghton made v rapid progress1 & at ! end ( 8 "t 0 tak5 into p>tn]%ip4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aghb ! ,tr\ghtons e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 :]e !y comm5c$ an indep5d5t bus9ess & soon rose into em95ce4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 bro!r ,john1 ,edw>d alone cont9u$ ! bus9ess until ! ye> #ahbf1 :5 increas+ age & dislike to r\t9e employm5t1 induc$ him to take ,mr4 ,william ,simms z 8 p>tn] & successor4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* facilitate navigation 7 peculi>ly objects ( int]e/ to ,mr4 ,tr\ghton1 & long aft] 8 infirmities 7 an effectual b> to ! applications ( 8 mo/ e/eem$ fri5ds1 he ex]t$ himself to supply ! seam5 ) well adju/$ & accurate sextants4 ,y\r fancies1 he w\ld say1 may wait2 _! necessities _c4 ,9 #aggh he took out a pat5t = ! d\ble fram$ sextant1 a con/ruction :i*1 comb9+ firmness & lightness1 yet admitt$ ( a consid]able radius 9 ?is invaluable in/rum5t4 ,aft] try+ & reject+ ! repeat+ reflect+ circle ( ,borda1 ,mr4 ,tr\ghton1 9 #agif1 hit ^u "o ( 8 happie/ con/ructions1 ! ,briti% reflect+ circle1 z he delight$ to call x1 an in/rum5t :i* 9 "r h&s is capable ( wond]ful accuracy4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic trait ( ,mr4 ,tr\ghton1 t 9 ord] to br+ 8 fav\rite circle into g5]al use1 he r$uc$ its price f> bel[ ! usual pr(its ( trade2 & if he _h succe$$ 9 8 attempt1 he might h be5 ru9$ by 8 success1 = 8 sextants 7 by f> ! mo/ ga9ful article ( 8 bus9ess4 ,) ! same e>ne/ness to promote ! int]e/s ( navigation1 he inv5t$ ! dip sector 7aft]w>ds re-inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on71 & exp5d$ "t1 money1 & +5uity to no inconsid]able am\nt1 9 attempt+ to p]fect ! m>9e top = produc+ a true horizontal reflect+ surface at sea4 ,! m>9e b>omet]1 ! snuff-box sextant1 & ! portable univ]sal dial1 owe to him all _! elegance1 & mu* ( _! accuracy4 ,:]e o!rs inv5t$ or sket*$ he p]fect$4 ,9 ! ord9>y physical app>atus ,tr\ghton made consid]able improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! balance1 & ( ! m\nta9 b>omet]4 ,9 ! same class may be m5tion$ ! =m giv5 to ! comp5sat$ m]curial p5dulum2 8 pyromet]1 by :i* "s v valuable expansions h be5 det]m9$2 ! app>atus by :i* ,sir ,george ,%uckburgh attempt$ to asc]ta9 ! /&>d ( weight & measure2 & t app>atus :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ,francis ,baily1 has giv5 an inv>iable simple seconds p5dulum4 ,9 ! ord9>y geodesical in/rum5ts ,mr4 ,tr\ghton greatly improv$ ! survey+ level & /aff1 & r$uc$ !m bo? 9 weight & price1 ) increas$ conv5i5ce & accuracy4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! con/ruction ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts t ?is great me*anician p>ticul>ly excell$2 "h he reign$ )\t a rival4 ,8 portable a/ronomical quadrants are models ( /r5g? & lightness1 :ile ! repeat+ circle ( ,borda1 an in/rum5t :i* he dislik$1 fir/ receiv$ its beauty & accuracy f 8 h&s4 ,! ord9>y read+ micromet]1 & ! position micromet]1 commonly employ$ 9 ! measurem5t ( d\ble />s1 7 greatly improv$ by him 9 simplicity & br\ght to p]fection2 & he fir/ appli$ ! =m] to divid+1 ?\gh 9 circles & scales x _h already be5 us$ 9 read+ (f4 ,mr4 ,tr\ghton's l>g] works1 su* z 8 equatorial in/rum5ts1 circles1 transits1 c41 are z well kn[n 9 ! a/ronomical _w z ^? ( ,wr5 9 ! ar*itectural2 !y are too num]\s to m5tion "h1 & are di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! gigantic z5i? tube at ,gre5wi* 0 ab\t ! la/ "w on :i* he 0 engag$1 & he _h j "t to f9i% x be=e 8 /r5g? fail$4 ,! only a/ronomical in/rum5t :i* is n greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,tr\ghton is ! telescope1 & he 0 det]r$ f mak+ any attempt 9 ?is bran* ( 8 art by ! curi\s physical defect ( col\r bl9dness1 :i* exi/$ 9 _m memb]s ( 8 family4 ,l ,dalton he c\ld n di/+ui% col\rs1 & _h little idea ( !m1 except g5]ally z !y convey$ ! impression ( great] or less light4 ,! ripe *]ry & its leaf 7 to him ( "o hue1 only to be di/+ui%$ by _! =m4 ,) ?is defect 9 8 vision he nev] attempt$ any exp]im5ts 9 :i* col\r 0 conc]n$2 & x is difficult to see h[ he c\ld h done s ) success4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ,tr\ghton's writ+s are1 ',an acc\nt ( a me?od ( divid+ a/ronomical & o!r in/rum5ts by ocul> inspection1' c4--,phil4 ,trans41 #ahji1 :i* 0 aw>d$ ) ! ,copley m$al2 ',a comp>ison ( ! repeat+ circle ( ,borda1 ) ! altitude & ,azimu? ,circle'--,memoirs ,r4 ,a/4 ,soc42 & sev]al articles 9 ,brew/]'s ',ed9burgh ,cyclopdia1' su* z ',circle1' ',graduations1' c4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbe ,mr4 ,tr\ghton paid a visit to ,p>is1 & 9 #ahcj he receiv$ an honor>y gold m$al f ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,dur+ ! latt] portion ( 8 life he became almo/ entirely deaf1 only he>+ by ! aid ( a p[]ful trumpet4 ,he di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,june #ab1 #ahce1 9 ! eighty-second ye> ( 8 age1 & 0 buri$ at ! ,cemet]y1 ,k5sal ,gre54--,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 vol4 #c1 ,febru>y1 #ahcf4 ,,ri*>d ,,watson1 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ll&aff1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born ,augu/1 #agcg4 ,di$ ,june #d1 #ahaf4 ,ri*>d ,watson1 celebrat$ bo? z an able !ologian1 & z a pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 0 born at ,hav]%am1 ne> ,k5dal 9 ,we/morel&4 ,8 ance/ors _h be5 f>m]s ( _! own e/ates = sev]al g5]ations1 & 8 fa!r1 a y\ng] son1 0 = =ty ye>s ! head ma/] ( ! ,gramm>-s*ool at ,hav]%am1 b _h resign$ 8 duties ab\t ! p]iod ( ! bir? ( 8 son ,ri*>d4 ,"y ,watson receiv$ 8 education at ?is s*ool1 & ab\t a ye> aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 9 #agec1 0 s5t on an exhibition ( #ejl4 belong+ to ! s*ool1 to ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he 0 admitt$ z a siz> on ! #crd ( ,novemb]1 #aged4 ,all he _h1 besides 8 exhibition1 to c>ry him ?r\gh college1 0 a sum ( #cjjl4 :i* 8 fa!r _h left him1 b he set bravely to "w1 to make 8 way to indep5d5ce by h>d /udy & h>d liv+2 8 dress is said at fir/ to h be5 a co>se mottl$ ,we/morel& coat1 & blue y>n /ock+s4 ,9 ,may1 #ageg1 he obta9$ a s*ol>%ip1 & 9 ! ,septemb] foll[+1 :ile /ill only a junior soph1 he began to take pupils1 cont9u+ to be employ$1 fir/ z private1 !n z a college tutor1 until 9 ,octob]1 #agfg1 he became "o ( ! head tutors ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,mean:ile ,watson _h tak5 8 degree ( ,b4,a4 9 ,janu>y1 #agei1 be+ class$ z second wrangl]1 :i* he seems to h consid]$1 & n )\t reason1 z ! place ( hon\r = ! ye>2 ! s5ior wrangl]1 :o 0 a memb] ( ,/4 ,john's1 hav+1 z x 0 g5]ally believ$1 be5 unfairly pref]r$ to him4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agfj1 he 0 elect$ a fell[ ( 8 college1 & 9 ,novemb]1 #agfd1 on ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,hadley1 he 0 unanim\sly elect$ by ! s5ate to ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry1 al?\gh at t "t he knew no?+ ( ! sci5ce4 ,watson did n1 h[ev]1 disappo9t ! confid5ce t 0 plac$ by o!rs 9 8 abilities4 ,) ! assi/ance ( an op]ator1 :om he imm$iately s5t = f ,p>is1 & by %utt+ himself up 9 8 laboratory1 he acquir$ su* an acqua9tance ) 8 new subject1 z to enable him 9 ab\t f\rte5 mon?s to read 8 fir/ c\rse ( lectures1 :i* 7 hon\r$ ) a num]\s att5dance1 & prov$ highly successful4 ,o!r c\rses foll[$ :i* 7 equally well receiv$2 &1 9 #agfh1 he pr9t$ a synopsis ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 "u ! title ( ',in/itutiones ,metallurgic4' ,watson 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #agfi1 & = "s ye>s aft]w>ds contribut$ _m *emical pap]s to ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,9 #agga he publi%$ ',an ,essay on ! ,subjects ( ,*emi/ry1 & _! ,g5]al ,divisions4' ,9 #agha he publi%$ two volumes #abmo4 ( ',*emical ,essays2' a ?ird appe>$ 9 #aghb2 & a f\r? 9 #aghf complet$ ! "w1 :i* has (t5 be5 repr9t$1 & 0 long v popul>4 ,9 connection ) 8 *emical pr(essor%ip1 ,watson obta9$ f ,gov]nm5t1 by prop] repres5tations1 a sal>y ( #ajjl4 = himself1 & = all future pr(essors4 ,he also paid "s att5tion to !oretical & practical anatomy1 z hav+ a c]ta9 relation to ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agga1 on ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,ru!r=?1 he unexpect$ly obta9$ ! lucrative & important (fice ( ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 & 9 t capacity1 held ! ,rectory ( ,som]%am 9 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,at ?is "t he _h nei!r tak5 8 degree ( ,b4,d4 or ,d4,d41 & by 8 own acc\nt1 seems to h kn[n little m ( !ological le>n+ ?an he did ( *emi/ry sev5 ye>s be=e4 ,yet su* 0 8 good =tune1 or ! reputation t he _h e/abli%$1 = c>ry+ an object :5ev] he took x 9 h&1 t no o!r c&idate appe>$ = ! pr(essor%ip1 :ile 8 eloqu5ce & +5uity suppli$ ! want ( deep] erudition1 & attract$ z num]\s audi5ces to ! ex]cises 9 ! s*ools at :i* he presid$1 z _h ev] att5d$ 8 *emical lectures4 ,watson himself1 9 ! anecdotes ( 8 life1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance3--,i 0 n1 :5 ,dr4 ,ru!r=? di$1 ei!r ,ba*elor or ,doctor 9 ,div9ity1 & )\t be+ "o ( !m ,i c\ld n become a c&idate = ! ,pr(essor%ip4 ,?is puzzl$ me = a mom5t1 ,i _h only sev5 days to transact ! bus9ess 91 b by h>d travell+1 & "s adroitness1 ,i accompli%$ my purpose1 obta9$ ! ,k+'s m&ate = a ,doctor's degree1 & 0 creat$ ,doctor on ! day previ\s to t appo9t$ = ! exam9ation ( ! c&idates4 ,?us did ,i1 by h>d & incessant lab\r = sev5te5 ye>s1 atta9 at ! age ( ?irty-f\r1 ! fir/ (fice = hon\r 9 ! ,univ]sity2 &1 exclusive ( ! ma/]%ip ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,i h made x ! fir/ = pr(it2 ,i f\nd ! ,pr(essor%ip n wor? q #ccjl41 & x is n[ wor? #ajjjl4 at lea/4 ,watson's cl]ical pref]m5t aft] ?is 0 v rapid4 ,9 #aggc1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,grafton1 he obta9$ possession ( a s9ecure rectory 9 ,nor? ,wales1 :i* he 0 enabl$ to ex*ange dur+ ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ ye> = a preb5d 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,ely4 ,9 #aghj he succe$$ ,dr4 ,plumtree z ar*deacon ( t diocese2 ! same ye> he 0 pres5t$ to ! ,rectory ( ,nor?wold 9 ,norfolk1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> foll[+1 receiv$ ano!r mu* m valuable liv+1 ! ,rectory ( ,knapt(t 9 ,leice/]%ire1 f ! h&s ( ! ,duke ( ,rutl&1 :o _h be5 8 pupil at ! ,univ]sity4 ,la/ly1 9 ,july1 #aghb1 he 0 promot$ to ! bi%opric ( ,ll&aff1 by ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( t p]iod ,"l ,%elburne1 :o hop$ !reby bo? to gratify ! ,duke ( ,rutl&1 & also to secure an active p>tisan4 ,watson1 h[ev]1 prov$ a v unmanageable bi%op1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 political c>e] 0 s+ul>ly free & indep5d5t 9 8 s5tim5ts4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ acts 0 to publi% 9 #aghc1 ',a ,lett] to ,ar*bi%op ,cornwallis on ! ,*ur* ,rev5ues1 recomm5d+ an equalization ( ! ,bi%oprics4' ,?is he did 9 spite ( all t c\ld be said to make him see t x w\ld emb>rass ! ,gov]nm5t1 & at ! same "t d no?+ to =w>d 8 own object4 ,& s he cont9u$ to take 8 own way1 & 0 v soon left to d s1 )\t any p>ty or p]son seek+ ei!r to guide or /op him4 ,9 #aghc ,bi%op ,watson _h m>ri$ ! elde/ daught] ( ,edw>d ,wilson ( ,dalham ,t[] 9 ,we/morel&4 ,9 ! ye> #aghi he retir$ f politics & betook himself to an e/ate :i* he _h at ,calg>?1 on ! banks ( ,w9&]m]e1 occupy+ himself 9 educat+ 8 family1 & 9 agricultural improvem5ts1 especially plant+1 = :i* he receiv$ a m$al f ! ,society ( ,arts 9 #aghi4 ,previ\s to ?is1 9 #aghf1 8 fri5d & =m] pupil1 ,mr4 ,lu!r1 ( ,ong> 9 ,essex1 _h left him an e/ate :i* he sold = m ?an #bj1jjjl4 ,bi%op ,watson di$ on ! #d? ( ,june1 #ahaf1 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>4 ,8 writ+s are v num]\s & miscellane\s 9 _! "*2 "s ( ! m well kn[n are3--an ',apology = ,*ri/ianity1' writt5 9 #aggf 9 answ] to ,gibbon2 a ',collection ( ,!ological ,tracts1 select$ f v>i\s ,au?ors1 = ! use ( ! ,y\ng] ,/ud5ts 9 ! ,univ]sity1' 9 six volumes #hvo41 #aghe2 ',apology = ! ,bible1 9 a s]ies ( ,lett]s address$ to ,?omas ,pa9e1' #agif2 &1 ',an ,address to ! ,p ( ,great ,brita91' :i* w5t ?r\gh f\rte5 editions1 #agih4 ,"o ( ! be/ practical results ( 8 *emical /udies 0 ! sugge/ion :i* he made to ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 at t "t ,ma/] ( ! ,ordnance1 respect+ ! prep>ation ( *>coal = gunp[d]1 by burn+ ! wood 9 close vessels1 a process v mat]ially improv+ ! quality ( ! p[d]1 & :i* is n[ g5]ally adopt$4--,anecdotes ( ! ,life ( ,ri*>d ,watson1 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 writt5 by himself4 ,london1 #ahag4--,memoir by ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,,james ,,watt1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4 & ,e41 c4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,in/itute4 ,born at ,gre5ock on ! ,clyde1 #agcf4 ,di$ ,augu/ #be1 #ahai4 ,to ,james ,watt1 philosoph]1 me*anician1 & civil eng9e]1 ^: g5ius p]fect$ ! control ( "o ( ! greate/ reveal$ p[]s yet giv5 to man1 may well be appli$ ! say+ ( ,well+ton1 ,t :i* makes a great g5]al makes a great arti/1 ! p[] & ! det]m9ation to ov]come difficulties4 ,born ) a sickly temp]am5t1 & prev5t$ !reby f att5d+ s*ool1 or indulg+ 9 ! usual heal?y play ( *ildr51 ,watt1 unassi/$ by o!rs1 devot$ 8 "t to /udy1 & 9 retirem5t & reflection laid ! f\ndation ( k de/9$ to be> su* ample fruit4 ,9 addition to m]e book k1 he e>ly exhibit$ a p>tiality = me*anical contrivances & op]ations1 & ?is det]m9$ him to comm5ce 8 c>e] z a ma!matical in/rum5t mak]4 ,= ?is purpose he set out = ,glasg[ 9 #aged1 b ow+ to ! limit$ res\rces ( ! t[n at t p]iod1 he f9ally decid$ on go+ to ,london1 :]e1 aft] great difficulty1 he 0 appr5tic$ = a twelvemon? to an in/rum5t mak] 9 ,f9* ,lane4 ,at ! end ( 8 appr5tice%ip ,watt1 hav+ become enfeebl$ f ov] att5tion to "w1 repair$ to ,gre5ock to recruit 8 heal?1 & ultimately return$ to ,glasg[1 :]e he 0 e/abli%$ by ! au?orities1 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! college z ma!matical in/rum5t mak] to ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 process ( "t ,watt's %op became a fav\rite resort = pr(essors z well z /ud5ts1 & he c\nt$ among 8 visitors ,pr(essor ,simson1 ,drs4 ,black1 ,dick1 & ,moor2#dg b 8 mo/ intimate fri5d1 & ! "o mo/ closely connect$ ) 8 aft] life1 0 ,john ,robison1 a /ud5t at ,glasg[1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 to :om ! hon\r is due ( hav+ fir/ direct$ ,watt's att5tion to ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! ev5t :i* actually l$ to ! comm5cem5t ( 8 invaluable discov]ies on ?is subject1 0 ! entru/+ to him ! repair ( a small model ( ,newcom5's eng9e1 :i* ! college possess$4 ,9 8 endeav\rs to put ?is eng9e into work+ ord]1 ,watt 0 l$ to inve/igate ?or\ghly ! prop]ties ( /eam ^u :i* its action dep5d$2 & ultimately 9 ! spr+ ( #agfe1 aft] _m trials & untir+ p]sev]ance1 he arriv$ at ! great & simple idea ( a sep>ate cond5s]1 into :i* ! /eam exp&$2 !reby prev5t+ t wa/eful exp5diture ( heat1 :i* 0 ! necess>y result ( ! old plan ( cond5s+ ! /eam 9 ! work+ cyl9d]1 by admitt+ a jet ( cold wat] directly "u ! pi/on4 ,9 addition to ?is ,watt surr\nd$ ! cyl9d] ) a second cas+ to be fill$ ) ! surplus /eam1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ radiation ( heat1 & clos$ 9 ! top 7:i* 9 ,newcom5's eng9e _h be5 left op5 = ! sake ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! pi/on7 by putt+ a cov] on1 ) a hole & /uff+ box = ! pi/on rod to slide ?r\gh2 a plan :i* enabl$ /eam pressure to be us$ 9 place ( atmosph]ic4 ,newcom5's eng9e1 at ?is "t us$ only = pump+ out wat] 9 m9es1 ?us became a true /eam-eng9e ( imm5se p[]1 capable ( be+ work$ ) economy1 & ( be+ turn$ to ! v>i\s uses to :i* sci5ce has s9ce appli$ x4 ,= ^! great improvem5ts a pat5t1 dat$ ,janu>y #e1 #agfi1 0 tak5 out by ,watt & ,dr4 ,roebuck1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,c>ron iron works1 ) :om ,watt _h become acqua9t$4 ,little1 h[ev]1 0 done = "s ye>s 9 manufactur+ eng9es on a l>ge scale2 ,roebuck fell into difficulties1 :ile ,watt1 h>ass$1 depress$ 9 spirits1 & 9 want ( money1 0 =c$ to obta9 employm5t z a civil eng9e] & l&-surveyor4 ,among ! _m works t he 0 engag$ on 9 ?is capacity may be m5tion$3 ! ,cr9an ,canal1 aft]w>ds complet$ by ,r5nie2 ! deep5+ ( ! riv] ,clyde2 improvem5ts 9 ! h>b\rs ( ,ayr1 ,port ,glasg[1 & ,gre5ock2 ! build+ ( bridges at ,hamilton & ,ru!rgl52 & la/ly1 survey+ & e/imat+ a l9e ( canal betwe5 ,=t ,william & ,inv]ness1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly execut$ by ,tel=d on a l>g] scale ?an 0 !n propos$1 "u ! "n ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! ye> #aggc ,roebuck's affairs came to a crisis2 & ,watt1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,dr4 ,small1 hav+ be5 br\ght into relation ) ,mr4 ,b\lton1 a man possess+ an intimate k ( bus9ess1 ) ext5d$ views & a lib]al _s ( ent]prise1 an arrangem5t 0 ent]$ into betwe5 !m1 & ! firm ( ,b\lton & ,watt e/abli%$ at ,soho4 ,?is 0 ! turn+ po9t 9 ,watt's =tunes2 "u ! vigor\s managem5t ( ,b\lton1 8 great inv5tion at l5g? began to be appreciat$1 & ! sav+ ( fuel 0 f\nd to be ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! quantity consum$ by ,newcom5's eng9e4 ,9 #agge an ext5sion ( ! orig9al pat5t until ! ye> #ahjj 0 obta9$4 ,?is gave a fre% /imulus to ,watt's f]tile bra91 & result$ 9 pat5ts be+ tak5 out1 betwe5 ! ye>s #agha-aghe1 = ! rotatory motion ( ! sun & planet :eels 7! crank hav+ be5 pirat$ by ,wasbr\gh71 ! expansive pr9ciple ( work+ /eam2 ! d\ble eng9e2 ! p>allel motion2 ! smokeless furnace2 ! float to regulate ! supply ( wat] into ! boil]2 & ! gov]nor4 ,at a lat] p]iod ,watt also inv5t$ ! indicator1 by means ( :i* ! actual horse p[] ( an eng9e c\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,?is beautiful s]ies ( inv5tions 9 a measure may be said to h p]fect$ ! ma*9e1 & at ! pres5t "t ! cond5s+ /eam eng9e diff]s 9 no mat]ial respect f ! eng9e z ,watt left x4 ,:ile resid+ at ,birm+ham1 ,mr4 ,watt's h\se became ! resort ( _m le>n$ m54 ,9 ! meet+s ( ! ,lun> ,society1 held at ,soho ,h\se1 orig9at$ 8 exp]im5ts on wat]1 & betwe5 him & ,cav5di% is ! hon\r divid$ ( hav+ fir/ promulgat$ ! !ory ( its composition4 ,dur+ ! dispute :i* arose ^u ?is subject1 ,watt's reply1 on a fri5d regrett+ t ano!r %\ld h c>ri$ (f ?is hon\r1 is wor? record+1 z %[+ ! mode/ dignity ( 8 "*3 ,x matt]s n1 said he1 :e!r ,cav5di% discov]$ ?is or ,i1 x is discov]$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj ,mr4 ,watt1 hav+ acquir$ an ample compet5cy1 ceas$ to take an active "p 9 ! bus9ess ( ! firm1 & ! rema9d] ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 retirem5t2 b 8 active m9d1 /ill unwe>i$1 cont9u$ to foll[ its natural b5t4 ,on two occasions aft]w>ds1 9 #ahaa & #ahab1 he gave pro(s ( ! undim9i%$ p[]s ( 8 inv5tive g5ius4 ,9 ! "o in/ance he 0 induc$1 by 8 grateful recollections ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,glasg[1 to assi/ ! proprietors ( ! wat]works !re ) a plan = supply+ ! t[n ) bett] wat]1 by means ( a suction pipe laid across ! ,clyde to rea* to ! o!r side1 :]e wat] ( a v sup]ior quality might be procur$4 ,?is pipe 0 =m$ ( ca/ iron1 ) flexible jo9ts1 aft] ! mann] ( a lob/]'s tail1 s z to accommodate itself to ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & fully answ]$ ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$4 ,9 ! o!r in/ance he 0 prevail$ ^u1 by ! e>ne/ solicitation ( ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 to att5d a deputation ( ! ,navy ,bo>d1 & to give1 ) 8 fri5d ,capta9 ,hudd>t & ,mr4 ,j4 ,jessop1 an op9ion ^u ! works !n c>ry+ on at ,%e]ness ,docky>d1 & ! fur!r ones project$ by ,messrs4 ,r5nie & ,:itby4 ,on ?is occasion he no less gratifi$ ! g5tlem5 associat$ ) him by ! cle>ness ( 8 g5]al views1 ?an by 8 k ( ! details2 & he receiv$ ! ?anks ( ! ,admiralty = 8 s]vices4 ,9 #ahad he yield$ to ! wi%es ( 8 fri5ds1 ( ,dr4 ,brew/] especially1 & und]took a revision ( ,pr(essor ,robison's articles on /eam & /eam-eng9es = an e>ly edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 :i* he enri*$ ) valuable notes1 conta9+ 8 own exp]im5ts on /eam1 & a %ort hi/ory ( 8 pr9cipal improvem5ts ^u ! eng9e itself4 ,among o!r me*anical contrivances ( ,mr4 ,watt's may be m5tion$3 a ma*9e = copy+ lett]s2 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! specific gravity ( fluids2 a regulator lamp2 a plan = heat+ build+s by /eam2 & a contrivance = dry+ l954 ,9 8 eighty-?ird ye>1 ,mr4 ,watt 0 /ill occupi$ 9 inv5t+ a ma*9e = copy+ /atues1 b ?is rema9$ unf9i%$1 dea? arre/$ 8 h&2 he di$ 9 ! ye> #ahai1 at ,hea?field1 9 ,/af=d%ire2 & ?us1 full ( ye>s & hon\rs1 end$ ! life ( a man :o1 ?\gh born 9 a seclud$ village t[n1 & re>$ 9 comp>ative pov]ty1 0 yet enabl$1 by p]sev]+ indu/ry & ! happy gifts ( nature1 to contribute s greatly to ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,watt 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 9 #aghd1 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 9 #aghe1 & a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,batavian ,society 9 #aghg4 ,9 #ahjf ! honor>y degree ( ,,ll4,d4 0 conf]r$ ^u him by ! spontane\s & unanim\s vote ( ! ,s5ate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[2 & 9 #ahjh he 0 elect$1 fir/ a correspond+1 & aft]w>ds a =eign memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? x 0 intimat$ to him1 by a message f ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 t1 to use ! words ( ,mr4 ,muirhead1 ! highe/ hon\r usually conf]r$ 9 ,engl& on m5 ( lit]ature & sci5ce--namely a b>onetcy1 0 op5 to him1 %\ld he desire x2 b1 al?\gh ,watt felt flatt]$ by ?is intimation1 he det]m9$1 aft] consult+ ) 8 son1 to decl9e ! hon\r4 ,five /atues h be5 erect$ to ! memory ( ?is illu/ri\s man1 ( :i* numb] ! "o 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 by ,*antrey1 be>s on its p$e/al ! fam\s inscription by ,"l ,br\gham3-- ,,n ,,to ,,p]petuate ,a ,,"n ,,:i* ,,mu/ ,,endure ,,:ile ,,! ,,peaceful ,,arts ,,fl\ri% ,,b ,,to ,,%ew ,,t ,,mank9d ,,h ,,le>nt ,,to ,,hon\r ,,^? ,,:o ,,be/ ,,des]ve ,,_! ,,gratitude ,,! ,,k+ ,,8 ,,m9i/]s ,,& ,,_m ,,( ,,! ,,nobles ,,& ,,common]s ,,( ,,?is ,,realm ,,rais$ ,,?is ,,monum5t ,,to ,,james ,,watt ,,:o ,,direct+ ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,an ,,orig9al ,,g5ius ,,e>ly ,,ex]cis$ ,,9 ,,philosophic ,,rese>* ,,to ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,enl>g$ ,,! ,,res\rces ,,( ,,8 ,,c\ntry ,,increas$ ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,rose ,,to ,,an ,,em95t ,,place ,,among ,,! ,,mo/ ,,illu/ri\s ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,real ,,b5efactors ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,born ,,at ,,gre5ock ,,mdccxxxvi ,,di$ ,,at ,,hea?field ,,9 ,,/af=d%ire ,,mdcccxix4 --,muirhead's ,translation ( ,arago's ,hi/orical ,eloge ( ,james ,watt4 ,london1 #ahci4--,memoir1 by 8 son ,j4 ,watt1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aheh4 ,,william ,h4 ,,wolla/on1 ,m4,d41 ,p4,r4,s4 c4 ,born ,augu/ #f1 #agff4 ,di$ ,decemb] #bb1 #ahbh4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on 0 born at ,ea/ ,d]eham1 a village sixte5 miles f ,norwi*4 ,8 fa!r 0 an a/ronom] ( "s em95ce1 :o 9 ! ye> #ahjj publi%$ an ext5sive catalogue ( ! nor!rn circumpol> />s4 ,aft] a prep>atory education1 ,wolla/on ent]$ at ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he took ! degree ( ,m4,b4 9 #aghg1 & t ( ,m4,d4 9 #agic2 soon aft]w>ds he became a ,tancr$ ,fell[4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,cambridge1 he devot$ himself m to ! /udy ( a/ronomy ?an any o!r sci5ce4 ,on leav+ ,cambridge 9 #aghi1 he settl$ at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 & began to practise z a physician1 b met ) s little success1 t he soon remov$ to ,london4 ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival1 he became a c&idate = ! (fice ( ,physician to ,/4 ,george's ,hospital1 b 0 defeat$ by ! election ( 8 pr9cipal oppon5t1 ,dr4 ,pemb]ton4 ,x is /at$ t ?is circum/ance _h su* an effect on ,wolla/on1 t he decl>$1 9 a mom5t ( pique1 he w\ld ab&on ! pr(ession1 & nev] m write a prescription1 7 x = 8 own fa!r4 ,?is /atem5t is1 h[ev]1 contradict$ 9 a biographical notice ( him1 conta9$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 :]e x is affirm$ t he cont9u$ to practise physic 9 ,london to ! end ( ! ye> #ahjj1 :5 an accession ( =tune det]m9$ him to rel9qui% a pr(ession he nev] lik$1 & to devote himself entirely to sci5ce4 ,on ! #i? ( ,may1 #agic1 ,wolla/on 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society2 & 9 ,june1 #agig1 appe>$ 8 fir/ contribution to ! ',philosophical ,transactions1' be+ a pap] ',on ,g\ty & ,ur9>y ,concretions4' ,f ?is p]iod until 8 decease1 ,wolla/on 0 a con/ant contributor to ! ',transactions1' z well z to v>i\s sci5tific j\rnals4 ,8 pap]s 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' am\nt to ?irty-n9e1 &1 9 addition to /rictly *emical subjects1 include memoirs 9 a/ronomy1 optics1 me*anics1 ac\/ics1 m9]alogy1 cry/allography1 physiology1 & botany4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #ahjd1 he 0 elect$ ,junior ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society2 & on ! dea? ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 9 ,june1 #ahbj1 succe$$ him 9 ! ,presid5t's *air1 until ! anniv]s>y1 ,novemb] #cj? ( ! same ye>1 :5 he retir$ 9 fav\r ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 to :om1 at ! election1 he gave ! :ole weight ( 8 influ5ce4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahjd-e ,wolla/on fir/ made kn[n to ! _w ! exi/5ce ( ! two metals1 palladium & rhodium1 :i* he f\nd 7 conta9$ 9 ! ore ( plat9um1 associat$ ) osmium & iridium1 two metals discov]$ ab\t ! same "t by ,mr4 ,t5nant4 ,9 #ahji he %[$ t ! suppos$ new metal1 tantalum1 0 id5tical ) columhium1 previ\sly discov]$ by ,mr4 ,hat*ett2 & %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 he transmitt$ to ! ,royal ,society a communication1 con/itut+ ! ,bak]ian lecture ( #ahbh1 9 :i* he fully describes 8 +5ius me?od ( r5d]+ plat9um malleable4 ,f ?is inv5tion he is /at$ to h acquir$ m ?an #cj1jjjl4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on's k 0 m v>i$1 & 8 ta/es less exclusive1 ?an any o!r philosoph] ( 8 "t1 except ,cav5di%2 b optics & *emi/ry are ! two sci5ces 9 :i* he made ! greate/ discov]ies4 ,to him we owe ! fir/ demon/ration ( ! id5tity ( galvanism & common electricity1 & ! fir/ explanation ( ! cause ( ! diff]5t ph5om5a exhibit$ by !m4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 accu/om$ to c>ry on 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! greate/ seclusion1 & ) v few in/rum5ts2 he 0 also end[$ ) an extreme neatness ( h&1 & inv5t$ ! mo/ +5i\s me?ods ( det]m9+ ! prop]ties & con/itu5ts ( v m9ute quantities ( matt]4 ,x is relat$ by ,dr4 ,p>is 79 8 ,life ( ,davy71 t a =eign philosoph] once call+ on ,wolla/on ) lett]s ( introduction1 express$ a great desire to see 8 laboratory4 ,c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,wolla/on1 & imm$iately produc$ a small tray1 conta9+ "s glass tubes1 a bl[pipe1 two or ?ree wat*-glasses1 a slip ( plat9um1 & a few te/-tubes4 ,ano!r anecdote is told ( him1 t1 hav+ be5 engag$ "o day 9 inspect+ a mon/] galvanic batt]y con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,*ildr51 he accid5tally met1 on 8 way home1 a bro!r *emi/1 :o knew ( ,mr4 ,*ildr5's gr& ma*9e1 & utt]$ some?+ ab\t ! inconv5i5ce ( x be+ ( su* an enorm\s size2 on ?is ,wolla/on seiz$ 8 fri5d by ! button1 l$ him into a bye corn]1 :]e1 tak+ f 8 wai/coat pocket a tailor's ?imble :i* conta9$ a galvanic arrangem5t1 & p\r+ into x ! cont5ts ( a small phial1 he a/oni%$ 8 fri5d by imm$iately heat+ a plat9um wire to a :ite heat4 ,he also produc$ plat9um wire s extremely f9e z to be ne>ly imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #ahbh1 ,wolla/on became dang]\sly ill ) disease ( ! bra94 ,feel+ 8 end approa*+1 & be+ unable to write himself1 he employ$ an amanu5sis to write acc\nts ( su* ( 8 discov]ies & inv5tions z he 0 unwill+ %\ld p]i% ) him2 & 9 ?is mann] "s ( 8 mo/ important pap]s 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t1 9 spite ( ! ext5sive c]ebral disease "u :i* he lab\r$1 8 faculties cont9u$ uncl\d$ to ! v la/4 ,:5 almo/ at ! po9t ( dea?1 "o ( 8 fri5ds hav+ obs]v$1 l\d en\gh = him to he>1 t he 0 unconsci\s ( :at 0 pass+ ar\nd him1 ,wolla/on made a sign = p5cil & pap]1 & !n wrote d[n "s figures1 & aft] ca/+ up ! sum1 return$ ! pap]3 ! am\nt 0 f\nd to be correct4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb]1 #ahbh1 at ! age ( sixty-two--only a few mon?s be=e 8 great sci5tific contempor>ies1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy & ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,*iselhur/ *ur*y>d1 ,k5t4 ,dr4 ,william ,h5ry#dh gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( 8 "*3-- ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 end[$ ) bodily s5ses ( extraord9>y acut5ess & accuracy1 & ) great g5]al vig\r ( und]/&+4 ,tra9$ 9 ! discipl9e ( ! exact sci5ces1 he _h acquir$ a p[]ful comm& ov] 8 att5tion1 & _h habituat$ himself to ! mo/ rigid correctness bo? ( ?\ght & language4 ,he 0 suffici5tly provid$ ) ! res\rces ( ! ma!matics1 to be enabl$ to pursue ) success pr(\nd enquiries 9 me*anical & optical philosophy1 ! results ( :i* enabl$ him to unfold ! causes ( ph5om5a n be=e und]/ood1 & to enri* ! arts connect$ ) ^? sci5ces by ! inv5tion ( +5i\s & valuable in/rum5ts4 ,9 *emi/ry he 0 di/+ui%$ by ! extreme nicety & delicacy ( 8 obs]vations1 by ! quickness & precision ) :i* he m>k$ resemblances & discrim9at$ diff]5ces1 ! sagacity ) :i* he devis$ exp]im5ts & anticipat$ _! results1 & ! skill ) :i* he execut$ ! analysis ( fragm5ts ( new sub/ances1 (t5 s m9ute z to be sc>cely p]ceptible by ord9>y eyes4 ,he 0 rem>kable1 too1 = ! caution ) :i* he advanc$ f facts to g5]al conclusions2 a caution :i*1 if x sometimes prev5t$ him f rea*+ at once ! mo/ sublime tru?s1 yet r5d]$ e /ep ( 8 asc5t a secure /ation1 f :i* x 0 easy to rise to high] & m enl>g$ inductions4--,weld's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) ,memoirs ( ! ,presid5ts4 ,london1 #ahdh4--,sket*es ( ! ,royal ,society1 c41 by ,sir ,john ,b>r[1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,,?omas ,,"y1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france4 ,born ,june #ac1 #aggc4 ,di$ ,may #aj1 #ahbi4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 celebrat$ = 8 univ]sal atta9m5ts1 0 born at ,milv]ton1 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,he 0 ! elde/ ( t5 *ildr5 ( ,?omas & ,s>ah ,"y2 8 "m 0 a niece ( ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,brocklesby1 a physician ( consid]able em95ce 9 ,london4 ,bo? ( 8 p>5ts 7 memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & to ! t5ets ( t sect1 :i* recognizes ! imm$iate influ5ce ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce z a guide 9 ! ord9>y conduct ( life1 ,dr4 ,"y 0 accu/om$ 9 aft] ye>s to attribute1 9 no slight degree1 ! =mation ( ^? det]m9$ habits ( p]sev]ance :i* gave him ! p[] ( effect+ any object ^u :i* he 0 engag$1 & by :i* he 0 enabl$ to "w out 8 own education almo/ f infancy1 & ) little comp>ative assi/ance f o!rs4 ,at ! age ( two ye>s ,"y c\ld read ) consid]able flu5cy1 & be=e he 0 f\r ye>s old _h read ! ,bible ?r\gh twice1 & also ,watts' hymns4 ,he 0 likewise f 8 e>lie/ ye>s 9 ! habit ( committ+ to memory pieces ( poetry1 9 pro( ( :i* !re exi/s a memor&um1 writt5 by ,"y's gr&fa!r1 on ! m>g9 ( a copy ( ,goldsmi?'s ',des]t$ ,village1' to ! effect t 8 gr&son ,?omas _h repeat$ to him ! :ole poem1 ) ! exception ( a ^w or two1 be=e he 0 five ye>s old4 ,9 #aghj he 0 plac$ at a bo>d+-s*ool at ,/apleton1 ne> ,bri/ol1 & "h ! defici5cy ( ! in/ructor appe>s to h advanc$ ! /udies ( ! pupil1 z ,"y n[ became 8 own tea*]1 & us$ to /udy by himself ! la/ pages ( ! book taught almo/ be=e he _h rea*$ ! middle "u ! eye ( ! ma/]4 ,9 ! ye> #aghb he became an inmate ( ! s*ool kept by ,mr4 ,?ompson1 at ,crompton1 9 ,dorset%ire1 rema9+ !re ne>ly f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod he rapidly acquir$ k ^u v>i\s subjects4 ,hav+ comm5c$ ! /udy ( botany1 he 0 l$ to attempt ! con/ruction ( a microscope1 ) ! assi/ance ( an u%] 9 ! s*ool ( ! "n ( ,b5jam9 ,m>t91 9 ord] to exam9e ! plants he 0 9 ! habit ( ga!r+4 ,9 8 endeav\rs to make ! microscope ,"y f\nd x necess>y to procure a la!1 & = a "t ev]y?+ gave way to a passion = turn+4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 at l5g? succe$$ by a desire to become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( fluxions1 & aft] read+ ?r\gh & ma/]+ a treatise ^u ?is subject1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( ,hebrew & o!r ,ori5tal languages4 ,ultimately at ! age ( f\rte5 ,?omas ,"y 0 m or less v]s$ 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,hebrew1 ,p]sic1 & ,arabic1 & 9 =m+ ! *>act]s ( ^! languages _h already acquir$ a consid]able portion ( t beauty & accuracy ( p5man%ip :i* 0 aft]w>ds s rem>kable 9 8 copies ( ,greek compositions1 z well z ^? subjects connect$ ) ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,a /ory is relat$ ( him1 t :5 reque/$ a few ye>s lat]1 by a fri5d ( ,dr4 ,brocklesby1 :o presum$ some:at ^u ,"y's y\?ful appe>ance1 to exhibit a specim5 ( 8 p5man%ip1 he repli$ by writ+ a s5t5ce 9 8 be/ /yle 9 f\rte5 diff]5t languages4 ,9 #aghg ,"y 0 engag$1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,hodgk91 z private tutor to ,hudson ,gurney1 gr&son ( ,mr4 ,david ,b>clay1 ( ,y\ngsbury1 ne> ,w>e1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 & he rema9$ ?us occupi$ dur+ ! space ( five ye>s1 ext5d+ 8 k z f> z possible4 ,! numb] ( books he read ?r\gh at t "t 0 comp>atively small1 b :atev] book he began to read1 he read completely & delib]ately ?r\gh1 & x 0 p]haps ?is det]m9ation always to ma/] :at he might happ5 to be engag$ on be=e attempt+ any?+ else1 :i* enabl$ ,dr4 ,"y to atta9 s great k on su* v>i\s subjects4 ,he himself _h little fai? 9 any peculi> aptitude be+ implant$ by nature = any giv5 pursuits4 ,8 fav\rite maxim 01 t :atev] "o man _h done ano!r might d1 & t ! orig9al diff]5ce betwe5 human intellects 0 mu* less ?an x 0 suppos$ to be2 9 ?is respect he resembl$ 8 great pr$ecessor ,newton1 & 8 cotempor>y ,dalton1 bo? ( :om _h unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 ! p[]s ( pati5t ?\ght4 ,9 ! autumn ( #agib ,?omas ,"y remov$ to ,london1 9 ord] to /udy m$ic9e1 :i* pr(ession he _h det]m9$ to adopt1 be+ greatly influ5c$ 9 8 *oice by ! wi%es ( 8 uncle ,dr4 ,brocklesby4 ,?is g5tleman _h k9dly und]tak5 ! *>ge ( 8 education1 & ,"y 0 by him introduc$ to ! memb]s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ lit]>y circles 9 ! metropolis1 includ+ ,burke1 ,drs4 ,lawr5ce & ,v9c5t1 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ,sir ,george ,bak]1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! autumn ( #agic he became a pupil at ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 & 9 ,octob] #agid proce$$ to ,ed9burgh1 /ill fur!r to prosecute 8 m$ical /udies4 ,:ile resid+ at ,ed9burgh ,dr4 ,"y mix$ l>gely 9 society1 began ! /udy ( music1 took lessons on ! flute1 & also private lessons 9 danc+1 & frequ5tly att5d$ p]=mances at ! !atre4 ,f ?is p]iod he gave up ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,quak]s1 & ultimately ceas$ to belong to _! body1 al?\gh he practis$ to ! end ( 8 life ! g5]al simplicity ( _! moral conduct4 ,dur+ ! ye> #agie he comm5c$ a t\r on ! ,cont95t1 /ay+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 dur+ n9e mon?s1 9 ord] to prosecute 8 /udies & take a doctor's degree4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #agig1 he came back to ,engl&1 & 0 almo/ imm$iately aft] 8 return admitt$ a ,fell[-,common] ( ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge2 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,college1 ,dr4 ,f>m]1 say+ z he introduc$ ,"y to ! fell[s1 ,i h br\ght y a pupil qualifi$ to read lectures to 8 tutors4 ,9 ,decemb] #agig ,"y's uncle1 ,dr4 ,brocklesby1 di$1 bequea?+ to 8 nephew ! sum ( #aj1jjjl41 besides 8 h\se1 furniture1 & a *oice collection ( pictures4 ,dr4 ,"y 0 n[ entirely at lib]ty to =m 8 own s*eme ( life1 & he det]m9$ to comm5ce practice z a physician1 = :i* purpose1 aft] hav+ complet$ 8 t]ms ( resid5ce at ,cambridge1 he took a h\se 9 ,welbeck ,/reet 7,no4 #dh71 :i* he cont9u$ to occupy = five-&-tw5ty ye>s4 ,8 practice z a physician1 al?\gh respectable1 0 nev] l>ge4 ,he want$ t confid5ce or assurance :i* is s necess>y to ! successful ex]cise ( ! pr(ession4 ,he 0 p]haps too deeply in=m$1 & !re=e too s5sible ( ! difficulty ( arriv+ at true k 9 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e ev] to =m a ha/y judgm5t2 :ile 8 great love (1 & adh]5ce to tru?1 made him (t5 hesitate :]e o!rs w\ld h felt no difficulty 9 express+ an op9ion4 ,x 0 p]haps a happy circum/ance = ! fame ( ,dr4 ,"y t ?is %\ld be ! case1 z he 0 !reby enabl$ to devote a consid]able portion ( 8 "t to ^? lit]>y & sci5tific /udies 9 :i* s few c\ld compete ) him4 ,9 #agii he publi%$ 8 memoir entitl$ ',outl9es & ,exp]im5ts respect+ ,s\nd & ,light1' :i* 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society & pr9t$ 9 _! ',transactions4' ,o!r pap]s1 ',on ! ,!ory ( ,light & ,col\rs1' foll[$1 :i* ! c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society select$ = ! ,bak]ian lectures4 ,9 ! ye> #ahja ,dr4 ,"y accept$ ! (fice ( ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ ! ye> previ\sly4 ,! conduct+ ( ! j\rnal ( ! ,in/itution 0 also entru/$ to 8 c>e1 9 conjunction ) 8 colleague ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 at t "t ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry4 ,dr4 ,"y rema9$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution two ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod he gave a c\rse ( lectures on ',natural & ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1' a syllabus ( :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahjb1 ann\nc+ = ! fir/ "t 8 great discov]y ( ! g5]al law ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! undulations ( light4 ,8 lectures 7 n1 h[ev]1 popul>2 !y embodi$ too mu* k to be intelligible to any consid]able portion ( 8 he>]s2 & ! matt] 0 s abundant & ! /yle s cond5s$1 t /ud5ts tol]ably v]s$ 9 sci5ce might h f\nd x extremely difficult to foll[ him 9 8 ma/]ly discussions4 ,dr4 ,"y _h be5 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society z e>ly z ! ye> #agid1 :5 he _h j complet$ 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>2 he 0 n[ appo9t$ 7#ahjb7 ,=eign ,secret>y to ! same ,society1 an (fice :i* he held dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 & = :i* he 0 well qualifi$ by 8 k ( ! pr9cipal languages ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahjd he m>ri$ ,eliza1 ! daught] ( ,james ,primrose ,maxwell1 ( ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 & ?is union is said to h be5 att5d$ ) un9t]rupt$ happ9ess2 8 wife :o surviv$ him left no *ildr54 ,9 #ahjg appe>$ 8 mo/ elaborate & valuable "w1 ',a ,c\rse ( ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy & ! ,me*anical ,arts1' be+ ! embodim5t ( ! sixty lectures deliv]$ :ile at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 toge!r ) ! lab\r ( ?ree m ye>s occupi$ 9 fur!r arrang+ & improv+ !m4 ,?is "w comprises a complete sy/em ( natural & me*anical philosophy1 drawn f orig9al s\rces1 & is di/+ui%$ n only by ! ext5t ( its le>n+ & ! accuracy ( its /atem5ts1 b by ! beauty & orig9ality ( ! !oretical pr9ciples4 ,x also conta9s a disquisition ^u ! doctr9e ( int]f]5ce 9 ! undulatory !ory ( light m5tion$ be=e1 ! g5]al law ( :i* he ?us enunciates3 ,:5 two undulations f diff]5t orig9s co9cide1 ei!r p]fectly or v ne>ly 9 direction1 _! jo9t effect is a comb9ation ( ! motions belong+ to ea*4#di ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 speak+ ( ?is discov]y1 says t x alone w\ld h suffic$ to h plac$ its au?or 9 ! highe/ rank ( sci5tific immortality1 ev5 7 8 o!r almo/ innum]able claims to su* a di/9ction disreg>d$4 ,among/ o!r labori\s & difficult matt]s ( inve/igation1 ,dr4 ,"y made ! fir/ & mo/ important /eps 9 read+ ! ,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics1 9 :i* he prec$$ ,*ampollion2 & he aft]w>ds1 9 #ahbc1 publi%$ a "w on ?is subject1 "u ! title ( ',an ,acc\nt ( "s rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ,hi]oglyphical ,lit]ature & ,egyptian ,antiquities2 includ+ ! au?or's orig9al ,alphabet z ext5d$ by ,mr4 ,*ampollion2 ) a ,translation ( five unpubli%$ ,greek & ,egyptian ,manuscripts4' ,9 ! ye> #ahjh ,dr4 ,"y 0 admitt$ a fell[ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 & 9 #ahaj 0 elect$ physician to ,/4 ,george's ,hospital1 a situation :i* he reta9$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 #ahac he publi%$ ',an ,introduction to ,m$ical ,lit]ature1 includ+ a sy/em ( practical ,nosology int5d$ z a guide to ,/ud5ts & z an ,assi/ant to ,practition]s4' ,9 #ahaf ,dr4 ,"y 0 appo9t$ ,secret>y to ! ,commission emp[]$ to asc]ta9 ! l5g? ( ! second's p5dulum1 & !reby e/abli% an uni=m sy/em ( weights & measures4 ,two ye>s subsequ5t to ?is he became secret>y to ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 & on ! dissolution ( t body1 became sole conductor ( ! ',nautical ,almanac4' ,dr4 ,"y at v>i\s times contribut$ eighte5 articles to ! ',qu>t]ly ,review1' ( :i* n9e 7 on sci5tific subjects--! re/ on m$ic9e1 languages1 & criticism4 ,betwe5 #ahaf & #ahbc he wrote sixty-?ree articles = ! ',supplem5t to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1' ,six? ,edition1 ( :i* =ty-six 7 biographical4 ,9 ! ye> #ahba he made a %ort t\r 9 ,italy ) 8 wife1 &1 9 ,augu/ #ahbg1 0 elect$ "o ( ! eight ,=eign associates ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 9 ! place ( ,volta1 :o di$ 9 #ahbf2 ! o!r competitors = ?is hon\r be+ ! a/ronom]s ,bessel & ,olb]s1 ,br[n ! botani/1 ,blum5back1 ,leopold1 ,von ,bu*1 ,dalton1 & ,plana ! ma!matician4 ,dr4 ,"y's c\rse ( life1 consid]$ ap>t f ! v>iety ( 8 occupations1 0 rem>kably uni=m4 ,he resid$ 9 ,london f ,novemb] to ,june1 & at ,wor?+ f ,july to ! end ( ,octob]1 cont9u+ ?is regul> *ange ( resid5ce = f\rte5 successive ye>s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbf he remov$ f 8 h\se 9 ,welbeck ,/reet1 :]e he _h resid$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 to ano!r 9 ,p>k ,squ>e1 :i* _h be5 built "u 8 own directions1 & fitt$ up ) great elegance & ta/e4 ,he cont9u$ to live "h = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahbi1 he began to suff] f :at he consid]$ repeat$ attacks ( a/hma4 ,8 heal? gradually got worse1 b ?\gh ?us "u ! pressure ( sev]e illness1 no?+ c\ld be m /rik+ ?an ! entire calmness & composure ( 8 m9d1 or c\ld surpass ! k9dness ( 8 affections to all ar\nd him4 ,9 ! v la/ /age ( 8 compla9t1 9 an int]view ) ,mr4 ,gurney1 8 p]fect self-possession 0 display$ 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,aft] "s in=mation conc]n+ 8 affairs1 & "s in/ructions conc]n+ ! hi]oglyphical pap]s 9 8 h&s1 he said1 t p]fectly aw>e ( 8 situation1 he _h tak5 ! sacram5t ( ! ,*ur* on ! day prec$+2 t :e!r he %\ld ev] p>tially recov]1 or :e!r he 7 rapidly tak5 (f1 he c\ld pati5tly & cont5t$ly await ! issue4 ,8 illness cont9u$1 ) "s slight v>iations1 until ! morn+ ( ! #aj? ( ,may1 :5 he expir$ )\t a /ruggle1 hav+ h>dly complet$ 8 fifty-six? ye>4 ,! disease prov$ to be an ossification ( ! arta1 ! l>ge art]ial trunk proce$+ f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 progress = _m ye>s1 & e appe>ance indicat$ an advance ( age1 n br\ght on probably by ! natural c\rse ( "t1 nor ev5 by con/itutional =mation1 b by unwe>i$ & incessant lab\r ( m9d f ! e>lie/ days ( infancy4 ,8 rema9s 7 deposit$ 9 ! vault ( 8 wife's family1 9 ! *ur* ( ,f>nbor\gh1 9 ,k5t4--,life ( ,?omas ,"y1 ,m4,d41 c41 by ,dr4 ,george ,peacock1 ,dean ( ,ely4 ,london1 #ahee4--,memoir by ,dr4 ,d4 ,irv+1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,,app5dix4 ,,joseph ,,black1 ,m4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sities ,,( ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,glasg[4 ,born #agbh4ej ,di$ ,novemb] #bf1 #agii4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,black 0 born at ,b\rdeaux1 :]e 8 fa!r1 a native ( ,belfa/ b ( ,scot* desc5t1 0 settl$ z a w9e m]*ant2 & be+ a man ( engag+ disposition & ext5sive in=mation 0 mu* e/eem$ by 8 fri5ds1 among :om he reckon$ ,montesquieu1 at t "t "o ( ! presid5ts ( ! c\rt ( ju/ice 9 ! prov9ce :]e ,mr4 ,black resid$4 ,at ! age ( twelve ,joseph ,black 0 s5t to a s*ool at ,belfa/1 :]e he rema9$ = "s ye>s4 ,9 #agdf he 0 remov$ to ! ,college at ,glasg[ & ev] aft]w>ds liv$ 9 ,scotl&1 :i* 01 prop]ly speak+1 8 native c\ntry4 ,:ile at ! ,college ( ,glasg[ he /udi$ "u ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,cull51 !n pr(essor ( anatomy & lectur] on *emi/ry1 & 9 ! ye> #agea remov$ to ,ed9burgh to complete ! c\rse ( 8 m$ical /udies4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,black made 8 fir/ great discov]y ( ! cause ( ! cau/icity ( lime1 a prop]ty till !n suppos$ to be due to ! absorption by ! lime ( "s igne\s ag5cy4 ,he plac$ ?is "q on a sci5tific basis by asc]ta9+ ! *emical diff]5ce betwe5 quick-lime & o!r =ms ( ! c>bonate1 & fir/ ann\nc$ 8 discov]y 9 a ,lat9 ,!sis ^u ! occasion ( 8 tak+ 8 degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e 9 #aged4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 giv5 9 its fulle/ details until ! ye> aft]w>ds1 :5 he publi%$ 8 celebrat$ "w entitl$1 ',exp]im5ts on ,magnesia1 ,quick-lime1 & o!r alkal9e sub/ances2' a "w :i* ,"l ,br\gham describes z be+ inconte/ably ! mo/ beautiful example ( /rict inductive inve/igation s9ce ! ',optics' ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,9 #aged1 z has be5 m5tion$1 ,black took 8 m$ical degree at ,ed9burgh2 9 #agef he 0 appo9t$ to succe$ ,dr4 ,cull5 z pr(essor ( anatomy & lectur] on *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,soon aft]1 h[ev]1 he ex*ang$ ?is = ! pr(essor%ip ( m$ic9e at ! same univ]sity1 z be+ m cong5ial to 8 ta/es4 ,dr4 ,black cont9u$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ = ! next t5 ye>s1 & x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod1 betwe5 ! ye>s #agei & #agfc1 t he br\ght to maturity 8 speculations conc]n+ heat1 :i* _h occupi$ 8 att5tion f ! v fir/ comm5cem5t ( 8 philosophical inve/igations4 ,8 two great discov]ies 7 ! doctr9es ( ',lat5t ,heat1' & ',specific ,heat4' ,! !ory ( ',lat5t' ,heat1 :i* ma9ly urg$ ,watt to ! adoption ( improv$ arrangem5ts 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 may be briefly describ$ z ! absorption ( heat by bodies pass+ f ! solid to ! fluid /ate1 & f ! fluid to ! ari=m1 ! heat hav+ no effect on surr\nd+ bodies 7be+1 !re=e1 ins5sible to ! h& or !rmomet]71 & only by its absorption ma9ta9+ ! body 9 ! /ate :i* x has assum$1 & :i* x reta9s until ! absorb$ heat is giv5 out & has become aga9 s5sible1 :5 ! /ate ( ! body is *ang$ back aga9 f fluid to solid1 f ari=m to fluid4 ,! doctr9e ( ',specific ,heat1' or z x 0 call$ by ,dr4 ,black ! capacity ( bodies = heat1 is summ$ up 9 ! facts1 t diff]5t bodies conta9 diff]5t quantities ( heat 9 ! same bulk or weight2 & diff]5t quantities ( heat are requir$ to raise diff]5t bodies to ! same s5sible temp]ature4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t a p\nd ( gold be+ heat$ to #aej & add$ to a p\nd ( wat] at #ej ! temp]ature ( bo? became n #ajj1 ! mean betwe5 ! two b #ee1 ! gold los+ #ie & ! wat] ga9+ #e1 because ! capacity ( wat] = heat is #ai times t ( gold4 ,s twice z mu* heat is requir$ to raise wat] to any giv5 po9t ( s5sible heat z to raise m]cury1 ! volumes ( ! two fluids comp>$ be+ equal4 ,! true doctr9e ( combu/ion1 calc9ation ( metals1 & respiration ( animals1 :i* ,lavoisi] d$uc$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,prie/ly & ,s*eele ^u oxyg5 gas1 & ( ,cav5di% on hydrog5 gas1 0 f\nd$ ma9ly ^u ! doctr9es ( lat5t & specific heat2 & x 0 ?us ! s+ul> felicity ( ,black to h furni%$ bo? ! pill>s ^u :i* mod]n *emi/ry reposes4 ,9 #agff ,black succe$$ ,dr4 ,cull5 9 ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & 9 ! new sc5e on :i* he ent]$ 8 tal5ts became m conspicu\sly & m ext5sively useful4 ,dr4 ,robison ?us *>act]ises him z a lectur]--,he became "o ( ! pr9cipal ornam5ts ( ! univ]sity1 8 lectures 7 att5d$ by an audi5ce :i* cont9u$ increas+ f ye> to ye>2 8 p]sonal appe>ance & mann]s 7 ^? ( a g5tleman1 & peculi>ly pleas+4 ,8 voice 9 lectur+ 0 l[ b f9e1 & 8 articulation s di/9ct t he 0 p]fectly well he>d by an audi5ce consi/+ ( sev]al hundr$s4 ,8 disc\rse 0 s pla9 & p]spicu\s1 8 illu/ration by exp]im5t s apposite1 t 8 s5tim5ts on any subject nev] c\ld be mi/ak5 ev5 by ! mo/ illit]ate4 ,dr4 ,black cont9u$ to lecture at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh = ?irty ye>s2 he !n retir$ & di$ ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #agii4 ,8 heal?1 nev] robu/1 0 prec>i\s at all times f a weakness 9 ! bron*ia & *e/1 b he prolong$ life by a sy/em ( /ricte/ ab/95ce1 frequ5tly subsi/+ = days toge!r on wat]gruel & dilut$ milk4 ,he 0 nev] m>ri$4 ,he liv$ 9 a select circle ( fri5ds1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 ( ! times 9 sci5ce & 9 lett]s2 ,watt1 ,hutton1 ,hume1 ,rob]tson1 ,smi?2 & aft]w>ds ) ! succe$+ g5]ation ( ,scotti% wor?ies1 ,robison1 ,playfair1 & ,/ew>t4 ,he 0 extremely av]se to publication1 contemn+ ! impati5ce ) :i* s _m m5 ( sci5ce hurry to ! press1 (t5 :ile _! speculations are crude & _! inquiries n f9i%$4 ,he nev] publi%$ any "w himself ) ! exception ( 8 ',exp]im5ts on ,magnesia1 c41' & two pap]s1 "o 9 ! ',london ,philosophical ,transactions' = #agge on ! ,freez+ ( boil$ ,wat]2 ! o!r 9 ! second vol4 ( ! ',ed9burgh ,transactions1' on ! ,icel& ,hot ,spr+s4 ,dr4 ,black expir$ 9 ! sev5ty-fir/ ye> ( 8 age1 )\t any convulsion1 %ock1 or /upor to ann\nce or ret>d ! approa* ( dea?4 ,be+ at table ) 8 usual f>e1 "s bread1 a few prunes1 & a measur$ quantity ( milk dilut$ ) wat]1 & hav+ ! cup 9 8 h& :5 ! la/ /roke ( ! pulse 0 giv51 he set x d[n on 8 knees1 :i* 7 jo9$ toge!r1 & kept x /eady ) 8 h& 9 ! mann] ( a p]son p]fectly at 8 ease2 & 9 ?is attitude he expir$ )\t a drop be+ spilt or a feature 9 8 c\nt5ance *ang$4 ,8 s]vant com+ 9 saw him 9 ?is po/ure & left ! room1 suppos+ him asleep4 ,on return+ soon aft]1 he saw him sitt+ z be=e & f\nd t he _h expir$4--,br\gham's ,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 ,london & ,glasg[1 #ahee4--;,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,,h5ry ,,cort4 ,born #agdj4 ,di$ #ahjj4 ,! sad hi/ory ( ?is great inv5tor1 :o has be5 well surnam$ ,! ,fa!r ( ! iron trade1 is comp>atively soon told4 ,al?\gh 8 discov]ies 9 ! manufacture ( iron 7 s important z to h be5 "o ( ! *ief causes 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( our mod]n eng9e]+1 little is kn[n ( ! life ( ! un=tunate inv5tor4 ,he 0 born 9 #agdj at ,lanca/]1 :]e 8 fa!r c>ri$ on ! trade ( a build] & brickmak]4 ,9 #agfe1 at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 he 0 engag$ 9 ! c>ry+ on ( ! bus9ess ( a navy ag5t 9 ,surrey ,/reet1 ,/r&1 9 :i* he is said to h realiz$ consid]able pr(its4 ,:ile conduct+ ?is bus9ess ,cort became aw>e ( ! inf]iority ( ,briti% iron 9 comp>ison ) t ( =eign c\ntries1 & ent]$ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ! object ( improv+ its manufacture4 ,9 #agge he rel9qui%$ 8 bus9ess z a navy ag5t & took a lease ( "s premises at ,fonltey1 ne> ,f>eham1 :]e he erect$ a =ge & an iron-mill4 ,he aft]w>ds took into p>tn]%ip ,samuel ,jellicoe1 son ( ,adam ,jellicoe1 !n deputy-payma/] ( seam5's wages1 a connection :i* ultimately prov$ ! cause ( all ,cort's subsequ5t mis=tunes4 ,=d 9 #agdg1 ,dr4 ,roebuck 9 #agfb1 ! bro!rs ,cranege 9 #agff1 & ,pet] ,onions1 ( ,m]?yr ,tydvil1 9 #aghc1 _h all introduc$ valuable additions to ! !n kn[n processes ( iron manufacture4 ,9 #aghc-d ,cort took out 8 two pat5ts :i*1 :ile comb9+ ! inv5tions ( 8 pr$ecessors1 specifi$ s _m valuable improvem5ts ( an orig9al "*1 t !y e/abli%$ a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( iron manufacture1 & rais$ x to ! highe/ /ate ( prosp]ity4 ,mr4 ,truran1#ea 9 speak+ ( ,cort1 rem>ks ,! mode ( pil+ iron to =m l>ge pieces1 z describ$ 9 8 inv5tions1 is ! "o at use 9 ! pres5t day4--,! me?od ( puddl+ iron n[ 9 use is ! same z t pat5t$ by ,h5ry ,cort4 ,!re has be5 no ess5tial dep>ture f 8 process4 ,iron bottoms h be5 sub/itut$ = s& & by build+ ! furnace some:at l>g]1 a second *>ge ( ca/-iron is introduc$ & p>tially heat$ dur+ ! f9i%+ op]ations 9 ! fir/1 z conduct$ at ! pres5t day4 ,all t has be5 done 9 ! la/ sev5ty-?ree ye>s has be5 9 ! way ( add+ to & p]fect+ ,cort's furnaces1 z exp]i5ce has f "t to "t sugge/$4 ,cort's me?od ( pass+ ! pil$ w$g$-%ap$ b>s ( iron ?r\gh groov$ roll]s has be5 spok5 ( by ano!r compet5t au?ority z ( high philosophical int]e/1 be+ sc>cely less ?an ! discov]y ( a new me*anical p[] 9 rev]s+ ! action ( ! w$ge1 by ! application ( =ce to f\r surfaces s z to elongate ! mass in/ead ( apply+ =ce to a mass to divide ! f\r surfaces4 ,! pr9cipal iron ma/]s soon he>d ( ! success ( ,cort's new inv5tions1 & visit$ 8 f\ndry = ! purpose ( exam9+ 8 process1 & ( employ+ x at _! own works if satisfi$ ) ! result4 ,among ! fir/ to try x 7 ,ri*>d ,craw%aw ( ,cyf>?a1 ,samuel ,homfray ( ,p5yd>ran 7bo? 9 ,s\? ,wales71 & ,william ,reynolds ( ,coalbrookdale4 ,! two fir/-nam$ at once ent]$ into a contract to "w "u ,cort's pat5ts at #ajs4 a ton royalty2 & ! quality ( ! iron manufactur$ by ! new process 0 f\nd to be s sup]ior to o!r k9ds1 t ! ,admiralty direct$ x1 9 #aghg1 to be us$ = ! an*ors & o!r iron-"w 9 ! %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,! m]its ( ! inv5tion 7 n[ g5]ally conc$$1 & num]\s contracts = lic5ses 7 ent]$ into ) ,cort & 8 p>tn]1 by ! manufactur]s ( b>-iron ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & lic5ses 7 tak5 at royalties e/imat$ to yield #bg1ejjl4 to ! own]s ( ! pat5t4 ,cort himself made arrangem5ts = c>ry+ on ! manufacture on a l>ge scale1 & ) t object ent]$ ^u ! possession ( a :>f at ,gosport belong+ to ,adam ,jellicoe1 8 p>tn]'s fa!r1 :]e he succe$$ 9 obta9+ consid]able gov]nm5t ord]s = iron made "u 8 pat5ts4 ,?is p]iod1 app>5tly ! cr[n+ po9t ( ,cort's =tunes1 0 b ! comm5cem5t ( 8 ru94 ,9 ,augu/1 #aghi1 ,adam ,jellicoe di$1 & defalcations 7 f\nd 9 8 public acc\nts to ! ext5t ( #ci1fgfl4 ,8 pap]s & books 7 at once seiz$ by ,gov]nm5t1 & on exam9ation x 0 f\nd t a sum ( #ed1hecl4 0 ow+ to ,jellicoe by ! ,cort p>tn]%ip = moneys advanc$ by him at diff]5t times to enable ,cort to pursue 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 necess>ily ( a v exp5sive "*4 ,among ! sums advanc$ by ,jellicoe to ,cort 0 f\nd "o ( #bg1ejjl4 entru/$ to ,jellicoe = ! paym5t ( seam5 & (fic]s' wages4 ,z ,jellicoe _h ! reputation ( be+ a ri* man1 ,cort _h n ! slighte/ suspicion ( ! s\rce f :i* ! advances made to ! firm 7 d]iv$1 nor has any connivance :atev] on ! "p ( ,cort be5 sugge/$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 b\nd to act ) promptitude 9 su* a case1 at once adopt$ extraord9>y measures to recov] _! money4 ,! assignm5ts ( ,cort's pat5ts1 :i* _h be5 made to ,jellicoe 9 consid]ation ( 8 advances1 7 tak5 possession (1 b1 /range to say1 ,samuel ,jellicoe1 ! son ( ! default]1 0 put 9 possession ( ! prop]ties at ,fonltey & ,gosport & cont9u$ to enjoy !m1 to ,cort's exclusion = a p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! pat5t rights seem nev] to h be5 levi$ by ! assignees1 & ! result 0 t ! :ole b5efit ( ,cort's inv5tions 0 made ov] to ! ironma/]s & to ! public1 al?\gh !re seems little reason to d\bt1 t _h !y be5 duly levi$1 ! :ole ( ! debt due to ! gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 paid 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,z = ,cort himself1 on ! dea? ( ,jellicoe he left 8 iron works a ru9$ man4 ,he subsequ5tly made _m appeals to ,gov]nm5t = ! re/oration ( 8 pat5ts1 & (f]$ to f9d security = paym5t ( ! debt due by 8 firm to ! ,cr[n1 b 9 va94 ,9 #agid an appeal 0 made to ,mr4 ,pitt by a numb] ( influ5tial memb]s ( p>liam5t1 on behalf ( ! inv5tor & 8 de/itute family ( twelve *ildr51 :5 a p5sion ( #bjjl4 0 grant$ to him1 :i* he enjoy$ until ! ye> #ahjj1 :51 brok5 9 heal? & _s1 he di$ at ! age ( sixty4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,hamp/ead ,*ur*1 :]e a /one m>ks ! date ( 8 dea? & is /ill to be se52 a few ye>s ago x 0 illegible1 b x has be5 re/or$ by 8 surviv+ son ,ri*>d ,cort4 ,mr4 ,smiles ?us concludes a long & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,cort 9 8 ',indu/rial ,biography3'--,?\gh ,cort di$ 9 comp>ative pov]ty1 he laid ! f\ndations ( _m gigantic =tunes4 ,he may be said to h be51 9 a great measure1 ! au?or ( our mod]n iron ari/ocracy1 :o /ill manufacture aft] ! processes :i* he inv5t$ or p]fect$1 b = :i* !y nev] paid him "o %ill+ ( royalty4 ,^! m5 ( gigantic =tunes h ow$ mu*1 we might almo/ say ev]y?+1 to ! ru9$ projector ( '! little mill at ,fonltey4' ,_! weal? has enri*$ _m families ( ! old] ari/ocracy1 & has be5 ! f\ndation ( sev]al mod]n pe]ages4 ,yet ,h5ry ,cort1 ! rock f :i* !y 7 hewn1 is already all b =gott52 & 8 surviv+ *ildr51 n[ ag$ & infirm1 are dep5d5t = _! support ^u ! sl5d] pittance1#eb wrung by repeat$ entreaty & expo/ulation1 f ! /ate4--,smiles's ,indu/rial ,biography4 ,london1 #ahfc4--,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahei-fj-fa4 ,,james ,,ivory1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,born #agfe4 ,di$ ,septemb] #ba1 #ahdb4 ,?is di/+ui%$ ma!matician 0 born at ,dundee & receiv$ ! elem5ts ( 8 education 9 ! public s*ools ( t t[n4 ,8 fa!r 0 a wat*mak] & int5d$ t 8 son %\ld become a cl]gyman ( ! *ur* ( ,scotl&1 = :i* purpose he s5t him1 :5 f\rte5 ye>s old1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews4 ,"h ,ivory rema9$ = six ye>s1 & _h = 8 fell[ /ud5t1 ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,john7 ,leslie1 ) :om1 at ! end ( ! above p]iod he remov$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :]e he rema9$ "o ye> to complete ! c\rse ( /udy requir$ z a qualification = admission into ! *ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,circum/ances1 h[ev]1 seem to h prev5t$ ,ivory f c>ry+ out ! int5tions ( 8 fa!r1 =1 on leav+ ! univ]sity 9 #aghf1 he became an assi/ant tea*] 9 an academy at t "t rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 ,dundee4 ,aft] rema9+ at ?is academy = ?ree ye>s1 ,ivory1 9 company ) sev]al o!rs1 e/abli%$ a factory = sp9n+ flax at ,d\gla/[n1 9 ,=f>%ire4 ,9 ?is app>5tly uncong5ial occupation he rema9$ = fifte5 ye>s 7f #aghi to #ahjd71 b ! und]tak+ prov$ unsuccessful & 9 #ahjd ! company ceas$ to exi/4 ,mr4 ,ivory !n obta9$ ! appo9tm5t to a pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics 9 ! ,royal ,milit>y ,college at ,m>l[1 9 ,buck+ham%ire 7aft]w>ds remov$ to ,s&hur/71 ) :i* e/abli%m5t he rema9$ until 8 retirem5t f public s]vice4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ active p]iod ( 8 life1 = :ile fulfill+ assidu\sly ! duties ( 8 pr(essor%ip he cont9u$ unremitt+ly 8 sci5tific /udies4 ,8 e>lie/ writ+s 7 ?ree memoirs1 :i* he communicat$ 9 ! ye>s #agif1 #agii1 & #ahjb1 to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 entitl$1 ',a ,new ,s]ies = ! ,rectification ( ! ,ellipse2' ! second1 ',a ,new ,me?od ( ,resolv+ ,cubic ,equations2' & ! ?ird1 ',a ,new & ,univ]sal ,solution ( ,kepl]'s ,problem2' all ( !m ev9c+ great analytical skill1 z well z orig9ality ( ?\ght4 ,mr4 ,ivory contribut$ fifte5 pap]s to ',! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1' ne>ly all ( !m relat+ to physical a/ronomy1 & e "o conta9+ ma!matical inve/igations ( ! mo/ ref9$ nature4 ,! fir/1 publi%$ 9 ! ',transactions ( #ahji1' & entitl$1 ',on ! ,attractions ( ,homog5e\s ,ellipsoids1' is 8 mo/ celebrat$ pap]1 9 :i* he completely & def9itely resolv$ ! problem ( attraction = e class ( ellipsoidal bodies4 ,_m ( ,ivory's rema9+ contributions1 rang+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 relat$ to ! subject ( ! attraction ( sph]oids & ! !ory ( ! figure ( ! ,e>?1 & "s ( !m are consid]$ ma/]pieces ( analytical skill4 ,"o ( ! la/ subjects :i* occupi$ 8 att5tion 0 ! possible equilibrium ( a sph]oid ) ?ree unequal axes :5 revolv+ ab\t "o ( ! axes1 a fact :i* ,jacobi _h discov]$4 ,?is ,ivory demon/rates 9 ! volume = #ahch ( ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,! volumes 9 #ahbc & #ahch1 conta9 ,ivory's two pap]s on ! ',!ory ( ,atmosph]ic ,refraction1' a subject :i*1 next to ! ,!ory ( ,attractions1 engag$ mo/ s]i\sly 8 att5tion on acc\nt ( its great importance 9 a/ronomy & ! curi\s ma!matical difficulties :i* its inve/igation pres5ts4 ,= ea* ( ^! pap]s he 0 aw>d$ ! ,royal m$al by ! ,society4 ,( all 8 contributions to ! ',transactions1' only "o is purely ma!matical2 ?is is conta9$ 9 ! volume = #ahca1 & is entitl$1 ',on ! ,!ory ( ,elliptic ,transc5dants4' ,besides ^! contributions to ! ,royal ,society1 ,ivory wrote sev]al pap]s 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e ( #ahba-bg2 9 ,mas]es's ',scriptores ,log>i?mici2' 9 ,leyb\rne's ',ma!matical ,repository2' & 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! six? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahai ,ivory1 f9d+ t 8 heal? began to decl9e "u ! great ex]tions :i* he made 9 c>ry+ on 8 sci5tific rese>*es1 & p]=m+ 8 duties z pr(essor1 resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,s&hur/ & retir$ into private life4 ,9 consid]ation1 h[ev]1 ( 8 great m]it1 ! p5sion due = ! full p]iod ( s]vice requir$ by ! regulations 0 grant$ to him1 al?\gh t p]iod _h n be5 complet$4 ,aft] 8 retirem5t1 ,ivory devot$ himself entirely to 8 sci5tific rese>*es1 liv+ 9 or ne> ,london until 8 dea?4 ,9 #ahad he _h receiv$ ! ,copley m$al = 8 communications to ! ,royal ,society2 9 #ahae he became a ,fell[ ( ! same society4 ,he 0 also an honor>y fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh2 an honor>y memb] ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy & ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society2 a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l91 & ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,gtt+54 ,9 ! ye> #ahca1 9 consid]ation ( ! great tal5t display$ 9 8 inve/igations1 ,ivory 0 recomm5d$ by ,"l ,br\gham1 :om he _h kn[n 9 e>ly life1 to ! notice ( ! ,k+ 7,wm4 ,,iv471 :o1 ) ! ,hanov]ian ,guelphic ,ord] ( ,knigh?ood1 gave him an annual p5sion ( #cjjl41 :i* he enjoy$ dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life2 & 9 #ahci he receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor 9 ,laws f ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews4 ,mr4 ,ivory atta9$ ! age ( sev5ty-sev5 be=e 8 dea?2 he 0 ess5tially a self-taught ma!matician1 & sp5t mo/ ( 8 leisure 9 retirem5t4 ,he fa?om$ 9 private ! pr(\nde/ writ+s ( ! mo/ le>n$ cont95tal ma!maticians1 & at a p]iod :5 few ,engli%m5 7 able to und]/& ^? difficult works2 he ev5 add$ to _! value by _m orig9al contributions1 & mu/ always be rememb]$ ) special int]e/ :5 ! s+ul> de/itution ( high] ma!matical tal5t1 :i* _h reign$ 9 ?is c\ntry = s long a p]iod be=e 8 "t1 is consid]$4--,engli% ,cyclopdia4 ,london1 #ahef4--;,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ly1 ,,ll4,d4 ,born ,m>* #bd1 #aggc4 ,di$ ,febru>y #bf1 #ahjd4 ,joseph ,prie/ly 0 ! son ( a clo?-dress] at ,bur/al-,fieldhead1 ne> ,le$s4 ,8 family appe> to h be5 9 humble circum/ances1 & he 0 tak5 (f _! h&s aft] ! dea? ( 8 "m by 8 pat]nal aunt1 :o s5t him to a free s*ool at ,batley4 ,!re he le>nt some?+ ( ,greek1 ,lat91 & a little ,hebrew4 ,to ?is he add$ "s k ( o!r ,ea/]n languages connect$ ) ,biblical lit]ature2 he made a consid]able progress 9 ,syriac & ,*aldean1 & began to le>n ,arabic2 he also _h a little in/ruction 9 ma!matics1 b 9 ?is sci5ce he did n make mu* pr(ici5cy4 ,inde$ 8 :ole education 0 exce$+ly imp]fect1 &1 except+ 9 ,hebrew & ,greek1 he nev] aft]w>ds improv$ x by any sy/ematic c\rse ( /udy4 ,ev5 9 *emi/ry1 ! sci5ce :i* he be/ knew1 & 9 :i* he made s important a figure1 he 0 only half-taught1 s t he pres5ts "o ( ! memorable examples ( k pursu$1 sci5ce cultivat$1 & ev5 its b\nds ext5d$1 by ^? ^: circum/ances made _! ex]tions a cont9u$ /ruggle aga9/ difficulties :i* only g5ius l !irs c\ld h ov]come4 ,aft] /udy+ = "s ye>s at ! ,diss5t+ ,academy f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,c[>d at ,dav5try 7aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,london71 ,prie/ly quitt$ ,dav5try & became m9i/] ( a congregation at ,ne$ham ,m>ket1 9 ,suffolk1 :]e 8 sal>y nev] exce$$ ?irty p\nds4 ,he _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! /ricte/ ,calv9i/ic pr9ciples1 b he v soon ab&on$ ^!1 & 8 t5ets cont9u$ 9 aft] life to be ^? ( ! mod]ate ,unit>ians1 ^: lead+ doctr9e is ! prop] humanity ( ,*ri/1 & :o conf9e all adoration to "o ,supreme ,be+4 ,prie/ly's religi\s op9ions prov+ di/a/eful to 8 congregation at ,ne$ham ,m>ket1 caus$ him to remove 9 #ageh to ,nantwi*1 9 ,*e%ire1 :]e he obta9$ a consid]able numb] ( pupils1 :i* greatly increas$ 8 income & enabl$ him by /rict frugality to pur*ase a scanty sci5tific app>atus1 & comm5ce a /udy ( natural philosophy4 ,9 #agfa1 ,prie/ly remov$ to ,w>r+ton1 :]e he 0 *os5 to succe$ ,dr4 ,aitk5 z tutor 9 ! belles lettres at t academy4 ,on settl+ at ,w>r+ton he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 an ironma/] 9 ,wales1 by :om he _h sev]al *ildr54 ,8 lit]>y c>e] may be said to h comm5c$ "h1 & hav+ once begun to publi%1 8 appeals to ! press 7 incessant & on almo/ e subject4 ,! univ]sality & orig9ality ( 8 pursuits may be judg$ f 8 deliv]+ at ,w>r+ton a c\rse ( lectures on anatomy1 :ile 8 publi%$ works dur+ ! next sev5 or eight ye>s comprise3--',! ,!ory ( ,language & ,univ]sal ,gramm>1' #agfb2 ',on ,oratory & ,criticism1' #aggg2 ',on ,hi/ory & ,g5]al ,policy1' #aghh2 ',on ! ,laws & ,con/itution ( ,engl&1' #aggb2 ',on ,education1' #agfe2 ',*>t ( ,biography1' #agfe2 ',*>t ( ,hi/ory1' #agfi4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod appe>$1 9 #agfg1 8 "w entitl$1 ',a ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1' c41 :i* 0 s well receiv$ t x w5t ?r\gh five editions4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #aggb by a ',hi/ory ( ,vision4' ,9 #agfg1 on acc\nt ( a dispute ) ! ,w>r+ton tru/ees1 ,prie/ly remov$ to ,le$s1 :]e he became m9i/] ( ! ,mill-,hill ,*apel1 & wrote _m controv]sial books & pamphlets4 ,9 aft] times he wrote--',lett]s to a ,philosophical ,in/itution2' ',an ,answ] to ,gibbon2' ',disquisitions on ,matt] & ,_s2' ',corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity2' ',e>ly ,op9ions on ,*ri/2' ',famili> ,lett]s to ! ,inhabitants ( ,birm+ham2' ',two diff]5t ,hi/ories ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2' ',on ,education2' ',comp>ison ( ,hea!n & ,*ri/ian ,philosophy2' ',doctr9e ( ,necessity2' ',on ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,claims2' ',on ! ,fr5* ,revolution2' ',on ! ,am]ican ,w>2' besides tw5ty volumes ( tracts 9 fav\r ( ,diss5t]s & _! ,rights4 ,8 g5]al works fill tw5ty-five volumes1 ( :i* only five or six are on sci5tific subjects2 8 publications be+ 9 all #ada1 ( :i* only sev5te5 are sci5tific4 ,:5 resid+ at ,le$s ,prie/ly's h\se imm$iately adjo9$ a brew]y1 :i* l$ him to make exp]im5ts ^u ! fix$ air copi\sly produc$ dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,^! exp]im5ts result$ 9 8 discov]+ ! important fact t atmosph]ic air1 aft] hav+ be5 corrupt$ by ! respiration ( animals1 & by ! burn+ ( inflammable bodies1 is re/or$ to salubrity by ! vegetation ( plants2 & t1 if ! air is expos$ to a mixture ( sulphur & iron-fil+s1 its bulk is dim9i%$ betwe5 a f\r? & a fif?1 & ! residue is bo? light] ?an common air & unfit to support life2 ?is residue he t]m$ 'phlogi/ic air1' aft]w>ds call$ azotic or nitrog5 gas4#ec ,= ^! exp]im5ts ! ,copley m$al 0 aw>d$ to him 9 #aggc by ! ,royal ,society4 ,! foll[+ ye> to ?is1 f exp]im5ts ) nimium or r$ lead1 ,prie/ly made 8 great & important discov]y ( oxyg5 gas4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by 8 discov]+ ! gases ( muriatic1 sulphuric1 & fluoric acids1 ammonial gas & nitr\s oxide gas4 ,he also discov]$ ! comb9ation :i* nitr\s gas =ms sudd5ly ) oxyg52 dim9i%+ ! volume ( bo? 9 proportion to t comb9ation2 & he ?us inv5t$ ! me?od ( eudiometry or ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! relative purity ( diff]5t k9ds ( atmosph]ic air4 ,9 consid]+ ! great m]its ( ,prie/ly z an exp]im5tali/1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t he _h almo/ to create ! app>atus by :i* 8 processes 7 to be p]=m$4 ,he = ! mo/ "p _h to con/ruct 8 in/rum5ts ) 8 own h&s1 or to make unskilful workm5 =m !m "u 8 own imm$iate direction4 ,8 app>atus1 h[ev]1 & 8 contrivances = collect+1 keep+1 transf]r+ gase\s bodies1 & = expos+ sub/ances to _! action1 7 simple & effectual1 & !y cont9ue to be /ill us$ by *emical philosoph]s )\t any mat]ial improvem5t4 ,al?\gh ,prie/ly 0 ! fir/ to discov] oxyg51 & ?us give ! basis ( ! true !ory ( combu/ion1 he clung all 8 life ) a wond]ful p]t9acity to ! ,phlogi/ic ,!ory1#ed & no?+ 9 aft] life w\ld make him give x up4 ,9 #aggc ,prie/ly accept$ an invitation f ,"l ,%elb\rne 7aft]w>ds fir/ ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne71 to fill ! place ( libr>ian & philosophic companion1 ) a sal>y ( #bejl41 r$ucible to #aejl4 = life %\ld he quit ! employm5t2 #djl4 a-ye> 0 also all[$ him = ! exp5se ( app>atus & exp]im5ts1 & homes 7 provid$ = 8 family 9 ! neighb\rhood bo? ( ,"l ,%elb\rne's t[n & c\ntry resid5ce4 ,prie/ly rema9$ ) ! ,e>l ( ,%elb\rne = six or sev5 ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* p]iod1 9 #aghj1 he settl$ at ,birm+ham & became m9i/] ( a diss5t+ body !re4 ,:ile resid+ at ,birm+ham he engag$ fi]cely 9 polemical writ+s & discussions1 p>ticul>ly ) ,gibbon & ,bi%op ,horseley4 ,he also display$ a w>m int]e/ 9 ! cause ( ,am]ica at ! "t ( ! qu>rel ) ! "m-c\ntry1 & likewise took an active & n v temp]ate "p 9 ! controv]sy to :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution gave rise2 &1 hav+ publi%$ a ',reply' to ,burke's fam\s pamphlet1 he 0 9 #agia made a citiz5 ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,?is gave consid]able (f5ce to ! inhabitants ( ,birm+ham1 an ironical & some:at bitt] pamphlet aga9/ ! high *ur* p>ty /ill fur!r excit$ _! feel+s aga9/ him2 & a d9n] :i* 0 giv5 on ! #ad? ( ,july1 to celebrate ! anniv]s>y ( ! attack ^u ! ,ba/ile1 became ! signal = a g5]al riot4 ,! tav]n :]e ! p>ty 7 assembl$ 0 attack$1 &1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,prie/ly 0 n pres5t1 8 h\se & *apel 7 imm$iately aft]w>ds assail$1 he & 8 family escap$1 b 8 h\se1 libr>y1 & manuscripts 7 burnt4 ,al?\gh 8 losses 7 made up to him p>tially by an action at law & p>tially by a subscription among 8 fri5ds1 ,prie/ly felt t he c\ld no long] live at ,birm+ham1 he !re=e remov$ to ,london & succe$$ 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,price z pr9cipal ( ! ,hackney ,academy4 ,he1 h[ev]1 /ill f\nd himself highly unpopul> & %unn$ ev5 by 8 =m] associates 9 sil5ce4 ,?is det]m9$ ,prie/ly to leave ,engl&1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #agid he )drew ) 8 family to ,am]ica & settl$ at ,nor?umb]l&1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e he pur*as$ #cjj acres ( l&4 ,"h he rema9$ ! re/ ( 8 life1 occupi$ 9 cultivat+ 8 l&1 9 occasional prea*+1 & 9 sci5tific /udies4 ,he cont9u$ writ+ & publi%+ until 8 dea?1 9 ,febru>y #ahjd1 9 ! #gbnd ye> ( 8 age4 ,he expir$ v quietly1 & s easily t hav+ put 8 h& to 8 face ^? :o 7 sitt+ close to him did n imm$iately p]ceive 8 dea?4--,br\gham's ,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 ,london & ,glasg[1 #ahee4--;,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,di/+ui%$ ,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,great ,,brita91 ,,liv+ ,a4,d41 #ahjg-h4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,,once ,a ,,week4 ,accompany+ ! picture1 c41 !re is a volume by ,mr4 ,w4 ,walk]1 junior1 giv+ a brief memoir ( ! sali5t po9ts ( ea* individual hi/ory4 ,?is is well execut$1 & =ms a useful book ( ref]5ce = ^? :o w\ld "k m ?an ! picture c tell4 ,,eng9e]4 ,messrs4 ,walk]'s great hi/orical engrav+ ( ! ,di/+ui%$ ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 notic$ "s weeks ago 9 ^! columns1 is accompani$ by a well writt5 & h&somely pr9t$ octavo volume ( #bbh pages1 conta9+ cond5s$ biographical sket*es ( ! fifty-"o subjects ( ! picture itself4 ,! book appe>s to h be5 fir/ und]tak5 ) ! view ( furni%+ a m]e outl9e ( ! life & a*ievem5ts ( ^! em95t m51 b ! inevitable delay att5d+ ! production ( a l>ge engrav+1 & ! gradual accumulation ( p]sonal & hi/orical details1 at la/ l$ ,mr4 ,walk]1 ,jun41 to revise & consid]ably ext5d ! scope ( 8 "w1 :i* n[ =ms a v complete & desirable comp5dium ( long-neglect$1 &1 popul>ly speak+1 almo/ inaccessible biography1 ( int]e/ & value z well to ^? :o _c possess !mselves ( ! picture z to ! subscrib]s to t "w4 ,! :ole is prec$$ by an introduction1 n want+ 9 sugge/ive matt]1 f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4444 ,!re is probably no "w1 c]ta9ly none s well )9 ! rea* ( ! g5]al public1 :i* gives any?+ l z full & yet concise an acc\nt ( ! great m5 ( sci5ce :o liv$ & fl\ri%$ half a c5tury ago4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! book is su* z to facilitate ! readie/ ref]5ce to any "p1 &1 :ile ! matt] is abundant1 ! /yle is cle> & pleas+4 ,we believe ! book w be 9 l>ge reque/4 ,,me*anics' ,,magaz9e4 ,9 our notice la/ week ( ,mr4 ,walk]'s engrav+ ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce1 we 7 only able to make a pass+ m5tion ( ! book ( memoirs :i* accompanies x4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is book is to be obta9$ sep>ately1 & has evid5tly be5 writt5 ) c>e1 we w n[ speak fur!r z to its des]ts4 ,9 ! preface ! writ] claims ! m]it only ( a compil]1 ) "o or two exceptions1 & he expresses a hope t he may h p]=m$ 8 task ) cle>ness & brevity1 n neglect+1 at ! same "t1 to pres5t 8 facts 9 a readable =m4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! ?ree qualities is n (t5 to be met ) 9 a s]ies ( %ort biographies1 & we are1 !re=e1 glad to be able to say t ,mr4 ,w4 ,walk] has1 9 a great measure1 succe$$ 9 accompli%+ ?is4 ,we w\ld p>ticul>ly call att5tion to ! notices ( ,cav5di%1 ,samuel ,crompton1 ,dr4 ,j5n]1 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 & ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 z in/ances ( ! successful mann] 9 :i* good sket*es ( "* h be5 int]wov5 ) pla9 records ( ! facts occurr+ 9 ! lives ( ^! em95t m54 ,! memoir ( ,james ,watt is also well put toge!r1 & x mu/ h co/ ! writ] consid]able lab\r to compress into ! space ( six pages s cle> an acc\nt ( ! num]\s works ( ?is great philosoph] & eng9e]4 ,! biographies :i* claim p>ticul> notice1 f conta9+ orig9al in=mation1 are ^? ( ,t5nant1 ,maudslay1 & ,trevi?ick4 ,! life ( ,*>les ,t5nant1 ! f\nd] ( ! celebrat$ *emical works at ,/4 ,rollox1 ,glasg[1 gives to ! public = ! fir/ "t a sket* ( ! c>e] ( "o ^: inborn en]gy ( "* & cle> intellect 7to use ! au?or's words71 plac$ him among ! =emo/ ( ^? m5 :o1 by unit+ sci5ce to manufactures1 h entitl$ _! occupations to be class$ among ! ranks ( ! lib]al pr(essions4 ,b ! memoir ! p]usal ( :i* w af=d ! greate/ int]e/ to eng9e]s is t ( ,trevi?ick4 ,)\t pret5d+ to any?+ l a life wor?y ( ! g5ius ( ?is extraord9>y man1 x is1 not)/&+1 ! mo/ complete biographical notice :i* has yet be5 publi%$ ( him4 ,we tru/ ! book may be ext5sively read1 z x af=ds int]e/+ in=mation1 9 an easily accessible %ape1 ( m51 ! memory ( ^: de$s is too liable to pass away4 ,,engrav+ ,,( ,,! ,,di/+ui%$ ,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,great ,,brita91 ,,liv+ ,a4,d41 #ahjg-h4 ,?is ,great ,hi/orical ,engrav+ repres5ts1 assembl$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 au!ntic ,portraits ( ! foll[+ illu/ri\s m53--,,watt1 ,,r5nie1 ,,tel=d1 ,,mylne1 ,,jessop1 ,,*apman1 ,,murdock1 ! fir/ to introduce gas into practical use2 ,,rum=d1 ,,hudd>t1 ,,b\lton1 ,,brunel1 ,,watson1 ,,b5?am1 ,,maudslay1 ,,dalton1 ,,cav5di%1 ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,wolla/on1 ,,hat*et1 ,,h5ry1 ,,all51 ,,h[>d1 ,,smi?1 ! fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology2 ,,crompton1 inv5tor ( ! ,sp9n+ ,mule3 ,,c>twright1 ,,t5nant1 ,,ronalds1 ! fir/ to successfully pass an electric telegraph message ?r\gh a long di/ance2 ,,*>les ,,e>l ,,/anhope1 ,,trevi?ick1 ,,nasmy?1 ,,mill] ( ,dalsw9ton1 & ,,sym+ton1 ! inv5tors & con/ructors ( ! fir/ practical ,/eam ,boat2 ,,pr(essor ,,?omson1 ( ,glasg[2 ,,tr\ghton1 ,,donk91 ,,congreve1 ,,h]s*el1 ,,maskelyne1 ,,baily1 ,,frod%am1 ,,leslie1 ,,playfair1 ,,ru!r=d1 ,,dollond1 ,,br[n1 ! botani/2 ,,gilb]t & ,,banks1 ! ,presid5ts ( ! ,royal ,society at t epo* ( "t2 ,,capta9 ,,kat]1 celebrat$ = 8 p5dulum exp]im5ts2 ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,"y1 & ,,j5n] ! b5efactor ( mank9d4 ,engrav$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( ,/ipple & ,mezzot9to by ,,wm4 ,,walk] & ,,george ,,zobel4 ,f an orig9al draw+ 9 ,*i>oscuro4 ,design$ by ,,gilb]t2 drawn by ,j4 ,f4 ,,skill & ,w4 ,,walk]4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,w4 ,,walk] ,,son1 #fd1 ,,m>g>et ,,/reet1 ,,cav5di% ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,size ( ! ,engrav+1 )\t ,m>g91 ,=ty-"o by ,tw5ty & a half ,in*es4 ,pla9 ,impressions1 #e 3 #e4 ,pro(s1 ) ,title & ,autographs1 #h 3 #h4 ,arti/ ,pro(1 ) or )\t ,autographs1 #aj 3 #aj4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,,times4 ,an ,engrav+ be=e u comprises ! portraits ( #ej di/+ui%$ ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ( ,great ,brita9 :o 7 liv+ 9 #ahjg-h1 & :o are "h repres5t$ z assembl$ 9 ! ,upp] ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 444 we c easily conceive1 z ! preface to an accompany+ volume ( biographies in=ms u1 t ! collection & comb9ation ( ^! portraits occupi$ five ye>s1--= "s ( !m1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 mu/ h be5 discov]able ) v great difficulty4 ,?us we h among !m portraits ( "s ( ! inv5tors ( :om we "k v little 9 proportion to _! ackn[l$g$ capacities1 su* = example z ,trevi?ick ! fri5d ( ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 & ,murdock ! ,a*ates ( ,james ,watt & introduc] ( gas 444 !re c be little d\bt t ! #ej physiognomies are d]iv$ f au!ntic orig9als 9 e case1 great dilig5ce hav+ be5 employ$ 9 se>*+ = su* 9 ! h&s ( _! repres5tatives 444 z we said1 ?is engrav+ mu/ n be reg>d$ only z a "w ( art1 b z a collection ( portraits ( special int]e/1 "s ( :i* are n atta9able 9 any o!r =m2 :ile1 z a :ole1 !y are an appropriate monum5t ( our greate/ sci5tific epo*4 ,,daily ,,telegraph4 ,we may fairly comm5ce ! foll[+ rem>ks ) unqualifi$ praise ( a "w ( art1 :i* is int5d$ to hon\r ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce :o 7 liv+ 9 ,great ,brita9 e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 & :o1 ) "o surviv+ exception1 hav+ pass$ into a dea?less fame1 are yet rememb]$ by philosoph]s equally great1 :o 7 _! contempor>ies4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,walk]1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,zobel1 has produc$ a really great hi/orical engrav+ f a design by ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 repres5t+ an assemblage ( fifty em95t *emi/s1 eng9e]s1 a/ronom]s1 naturali/s1 electricians & me*anical inv5tors1 gr\p$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! sc5e is ?or\ghly appropriate1 = ^! m5 7 liv+ 9 ! ye>s #ahjg-h1 :ile ! ,royal ,in/itution itself dates f #ahjj1 hav+ be5 f\nd$ to promote ! application ( sci5ce to practical uses4 ,! p]iod m>k$ by ! pictorial ga!r+ 9 "q1 belong$ to an era z complete & brilliant z any t ,briti% sci5ce has yet pass$ ?r\gh4 ,a glance r\nd ! circle ( int5sely ?\ghtful faces compos+ ?is great portrait gr\p w revive _m a page ( in/ructive & ennobl+ hi/ory4 ,we see 9 ! c5tre1 seat$ r\nd a table1 ,james ,watt1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ,john ,dalton1 c4444 ,su* m5 7 our fa!rs--pati5t1 indomitable1 calmly & wisely bold1 mode/ly self-reliant2 ev] wat*+1 ev] toil+1 ev] add+ to ! /ore ( k t 0 to b5efit n !m alone b ! great human race4 ,su* m5 are _! sons :o c>ry on ! appo9t$ "w ( improvem5t & civilization4 ,to su* m5 d we po9t z examples = our *ildr54 ,_! /]l+ qualities may be be/ summ$ up 9 ! words ( ,"l ,jeffrey1 writt5 ( t same ,john ,playfair to :om we h already ref]r$4 ,_!'s 0 ! und]/&+ at once p5etrat+ & vigilant1 b m di/+ui%$1 p]haps1 = ! caution & sur5ess ( its m>* ?an = ! brilliancy or rapidity ( its movem5ts3 & guid$ & adorn$ ?r\gh all its progress by ! mo/ g5u9e en?usiasm = all t is gr&1 & ! ju/e/ ta/e = all t is beautiful4 ,,a!n,,um4 ,messrs4 ,walk] & ,son h publi%$ a l>ge engrav+ ( fifty-"o di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce1 alive 9 #ahjg-h1 gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,?is engrav+1 :i* is a beautiful production1 is describ$ z design$ by ,gilb]t1 c4444 ,x is accompani$ by a book1 ! frontispiece ( :i* is a r$uc$ copy ( ! engrav+1 = ref]5ce1 c4 ,,once ,a ,,week4 ,an e>ne/ arti/ nam$ ,william ,walk]1 n be+ :olly absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( ga91 b work+ ) en?usiasm on 8 own p]ceptions ( :at is great 9 humanity & fitt+ 9 a nation1 has = _m ye>s devot$ himself to ! task ( ga!r+ & gr\p+ toge!r ! great m5 :o 7 liv+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4444 ,?is is ( a v]ity a picture ( great m5--m5 ^: in/9ct x 0 to "w = ! _w & fight aga9/ mis]y3 "s ( !m weal?y & "s ( !m poor2 ) visions p]*ance ( weal? to come1 b /ill work+ = ! _w's welf>e z ! only pa? ?r\gh :i* to ensure _! own1--! race ( pa?-f9d]s :o are ev] sett+ copies = ! ,engli% nation to "w by1 & ?us ga9 m results by ! developm5t ( national en]gy4 ,accompany+ ! picture1 :i* conta9s upw>ds ( fifty portraits1 "s full figures1 & "s m or less hidd51 b all admirably gr\p$1 !re is a volume1 by ,mr4 ,walk]'s son1 giv+ a brief memoir ( ! sali5t po9ts ( ea* individual hi/ory2 ?is also is well execut$1 & x =ms a useful book ( ref]5ce = ^? :o w\ld "k m ?an ! picture c tell4444 ,grateful are we to m5 l ,mr4 ,walk]1 :o has ?us ga!r$ toge!r 9 gr\ps ! _w's work]s1 ) _! images & sup]scriptions1 t m5 may "k _! b5efactors1 & r5d] to _! memory t ju/ice :i* 0 too r>ely accord$ to _! lives4 ,s1 all hon\r to ! "w ( bo? ! fa!r & ! son1 ! picture & ! book1 9 tea*+ ! m5 ( ! pres5t :at !y owe to m5 ( ! pa/4 ,,me*anics' ,,magaz9e4 ,p]haps no class ( m5 h des]v$ m ( _! c\ntry & ( mank9d ?an ! great inv5tors & discov]]s 9 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 eng9e]+ & o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce2 yet v little is kn[n ( _m ( !m 9 proportion to ! ackn[l$g$ good :i* has result$ f _! lab\rs4 ,we possess works ( art commemorat+ ! a*ievem5ts ( h]oes 9 ! field1 & ( /atesm5 9 p>liam5t1 b until n[ no "w ( any magnitude has ev] be5 execut$ 9 hon\r ( m5 ^: do+s h laid ! f\ndation ( our comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 able to /ate t ?is c no long] be said1 z ,mr4 ,walk]1 ( #fd1 ,m>g>et-/reet1 ,cav5di%-squ>e1 has1 aft] an ext5d$ p]iod ( lab\r1 produc$ an engrav+ :i* mu/ rema9 an endur+ record ( our greate/ era 9 sci5ce--! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,at t epo* ( "t1 /eam1 "u ! h&s ( ,watt1 ,sym+ton1 & ,trevi?ick1 0 comm5c+ its m>vell\s c>e]2 a/ronomy & *emi/ry began to reveal _! long-hidd5 secrets2 :ile ! discov]y ( vacc9ation1 by ,j5n]1 _h already rescu$ ?\s&s f dea? to enjoy ! bless+s left z a legacy by _m a sil5t work] 9 sci5ce4444 ,we may fairly /ate t we h nev] se5 s l>ge a body ( m5 arrang$ 9 a gr\p1 :]e x is necess>y t all %\ld1 9 a measure1 pres5t _! faces turn$ t[>ds ! spectator1 s free f t /iffness :i* is ! g5]al fault ( works ( ?is class4 ,= ?is1 great praise is due to ,john ,gilb]t1 by :om ! orig9al picture 7drawn by ,j4 ,f4 ,skill & ,w4 ,walk]7 0 design$4 ,! engrav+ has be5 execut$ by ,w4 ,walk] & ,george ,zobel2 :ile 9 ord] to r5d] ! "w complete1 a s]ies ( memoirs h be5 drawn up by ,mr4 ,w4 ,walk]1 ,jun41 & furni%$ ) a %ort introduction by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s41 keep] ( ! ,m9+ ,records4 ,we c only n[ say ( ! book1 t :ile _m ( ! memoirs are necess>ily brief1 "o1 t ( ,trevi?ick1 conta9s ! mo/ in=mation yet publi%$ reg>d+ t em95t eng9e]4 ,,build+ ,,news4 ,we are glad to be able to in=m our read]s1 t a l>ge engrav+ has j be5 complet$ by ,mr4 ,walk]1 ( #fd1 ,m>g>et-/reet1 ,cav5di%-squ>e1 9 hon\r ( ! m5 ( sci5ce :o h done s mu* t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( our pres5t comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,?is "w1 :i* may well be call$ hi/orical1 repres5ts fifty-"o illu/ri\s m51 liv+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 assembl$ 9 ! ,upp] ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! picture is divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 & comprises au!ntic portraits ( our greate/ inv5tors & discov]]s 9 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 eng9e]+ ma*9]y1 & o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4444 ,! gr\p+ ( s l>ge a numb] ( figures mu/ h be5 a difficult task2 ?is has1 h[ev]1 be5 successfully accompli%$ by ,john ,gilb]t1 ! design] ( ! orig9al picture1 :o1 by a skilful comb9ation ( v>i\s attitudes1 has giv5 bo? grace & ease to ! figures repres5t$4 ,! engrav+ has be5 execut$ by ,william ,walk] & ,george ,zobel1 & ! greate/ c>e seems to h be5 tak5 to secure fai?ful & au!ntic lik5esses4 ,! "w is r5d]$ complete by a s]ies ( well-writt5 memoirs1 compil$ to accompany ! engrav+4 ,?is book is also publi%$ sep>ately1 & we %\ld ?9k !re w\ld be _m :o w\ld buy ! memoirs al?\gh unable to pur*ase ! engrav+4 ,w4 ,,davy ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s1 #h ,,gilb]t ,,/reet1 ,w4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! portable obs]vatories us$ 9 ?is exp$ition 7 con/ruct$ by ,smeaton ! eng9e]4--,wild's ,hi/ory ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 vol4 #b1 p4 #cg4 #b ,mr4 ,samuel ,b5?am _h among/ 8 o!r contrivances = %ap+ wood1 describ$ "o 9 8 pat5t ( #agic1 = %ap+ ! %ells ( blocks1 b ) a s+ul> degree ( c&\r & g5]osity1 he at once ackn[l$g$ ! sup]iority ( ,brunel's ma*9]y4--,smiles's ,indu/rial ,biography4 ,london1 #ahfc4 #c ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aheh4 #d ,= ,maudslay's connection ) ?is lock1 see ,maudslay4 #e ,9 ! d$ication ( ! ',synopsis ,plant>um ,orbis ,novi1' ,rob]to ,br[nio1 ,britanni>um ,glori atque ,ornam5to1 totam ,botanices ,sci5tiam +5io mirifico complect5ti4 #f ,at elev5 ye>s ( age1 ,brunel's love ( tools 0 s great t he once pawn$ 8 hat to buy !m2 & at ! age ( twelve he is said to h con/ruct$ diff]5t articles ) z mu* precision z a regul> workman4 #g ,brunel _h sc>cely left ! %ores ( ,france :5 he f\nd t he _h lo/ 8 passport4 ,?is difficulty he1 h[ev]1 got ov] by borr[+ a passport f a fell[-travell]1 :i* he copi$ s exactly 9 e p>ticul>1 d[n to ! v seal1 t x 0 deem$ pro( aga9/ all scrut9y4 ,he _h h>dly complet$ 8 task :5 ! ,am]ican vessel 0 /opp$ by a ,fr5* frigate1 & all ! pass5g]s 7 ord]$ to %[ _! passports4 ,brunel1 ) p]fect self-possession1 0 ! fir/ to %[ 81 & n ! slighte/ d\bt 0 ar\s$ z to its au!nticity4 #h ,! total numb] ( ma*9es employ$ 9 ! v>i\s op]ations ( mak+ a %ip's block by ?is me?od 0 =ty-f\r1 & #af1jjj blocks ( v>i\s sizes c\ld be turn$ out 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 #i ,dr4 ,c>twright 0 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,major ,john ,c>twright1 ! well-kn[n ,engli% ,re=m] ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii41 to ^: memory a bronze /atue is erect$ 9 ,burton ,cresc5t1 ,london4 #aj ,dr4 ,c>twright 0 m>ri$ twice4 ,8 fir/ wife di$ 9 #aghe1 & 9 #agij he m>ri$ ! y\nge/ daught] ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,ke>ney4 #aa ,pursuit ( ,k1 vol4 #b4 #ab ,! o!r ?ree be+ ,hales1 ,black1 & ,prie/ly4 #ac ,highs or ,hays 0 a re$mak] at ,leigh1 & 9 #agfg took up ! plan ( attempt+ to sp9 by roll]s runn+ at diff]5t spe$s1 previ\sly inv5t$ by ,lewis ,paul 9 #agch4 ,highs employ$ ,kay to c>ry out 8 plans1 f :om ,arkwright obta9$ ! requisite in=mation4 #ad ,mr4 ,lee1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 & ,mr4 ,george ,duckwor?4 #ae ,!re is an unacc\ntable mi/ake ( "o ye> 9 ,mr4 ,crompton's age z engrav$ on 8 tomb/one4 #af ,memoir1 by ,dr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,trail1 ,encyclopdia1 ,britannica4 #ag ,y\nge/ son ( ,james ,watt4 #ah ,davy also r$uc$ by voltaic electricity alum9a1 b alum9ium 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 a p]fectly sep>ate /ate by ,wohl] 9 #ahbg4 #ai ,! me%es or ap]tures ( ! wire gauze ought n to be m ?an "o tw5ty-second ( an in* 9 diamet]4--,br\gham's ,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 #bj ,call$ at fir/ ,georgium ,sidus 9 hon\r ( ,george ! ,?ird4 #ba ,?is ma*9]y 0 con/ruct$ by ,john ,r5nie4--,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,sept4 #bj1 #ahfa4 #bb #bj1jjjl41 ! rew>d (f]$ = a *ronomet] suffici5tly exact to correct ! longitude )9 c]ta9 limits requir$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 #bc ,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,maudslay's introduction1 c41 to ,bramah is giv5 by ,mr4 ,smiles 9 8 ',indu/rial ,biography4' ,london #ahfc4 ,p4 #bja-c4 #bd ,see ',memoir ( ,bramah4' #be ,9 p>ticul> may be m5tion$ ,joseph ,clem5t & ,joseph ,:itwor?4 #bf ,see ',memorials ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1' by ,sir ,john ,dalrymple1 ,b>t4 #bg ,= full] acc\nt ( ,mill] & ,sym+ton's exp]im5ts see ',memoir ( ,sym+ton4' #bh ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,septemb] #bj1 #ahfa4 #bi ,lock's ,essays on ! ,trade & ,comm]ce1 ,manufactories & ,fi%]ies1 ( ,scotl&1 #aggi4 #c vols4 #cj ,accord+ to an article publi%$ 9 ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,sept4 #bj1 #ahfa1 ,mr4 ,r5nie appe>s likewise to h att5d$ ! collegiate academy at ,p]?4 ,! above brief acc\nt ( 8 e>ly life is giv5 on ! au?ority ( a ,memoir furni%$ by ,mr4 ,george ,r5nie1 ,f4,r4,s41 & publi%$ 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #ca ,by ! inv5tion & employm5t ( :at is n[ well kn[n z ! travell+-crane4 #cb ,?is peculi>ity ( ,mr4 ,ronalds' app>atus is /at$ 9 full by ,mr4 ,highton1 ,c4,e41 9 8 "w on ! ',telegraph1' page #ej4 ,london1 ,john ,weale4 #cc ,see also ,patrick ,mill]4 #cd ,nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,"l ,dundas's daught]1 ,lady ,milton4 #ce ,! ',comet4' #cf ,john ,cl]k 7,"l ,eld97 pron\nc$ ! pat5t to be correctly drawn up1 & t no d\bt exi/$ ( ,mr4 ,sym+ton's "r to recov] damages f its invad]s4 #cg ,smiles's ',lives ( ! ,eng9e]s4' ,london1 #ahfa4 #ch ,orig9ally design$ by ,?omas ,pa9e4 #ci ,six? ,diss]tation1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ,f4,r4,s4--,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4 #dj ,! specification ( ?is pat5t gives likewise ! fir/ m5tion 7we believe7 on record ( oscillat+ eng9es4 ,sir ,john ,r5nie1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 8 address to ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 9 #ahdf1 m5tions ! foll[+ passage3--,ev5 ! objection ( extra friction1 h[ev]1 if t5able1 is obviat$ by ! vibrat+ cyl9d] describ$ 9 ,trevi?ick & ,vivian's pat5t1 9 #ahjb2 pat5t$ by ,:itty 9 #ahac1 & by ,manby 9 #ahba1 by :om ! fir/ eng9es ( ! k9d 7 con/ruct$4 #da ,an eye-witness1 :o is /ill liv+1 relates t on "o ( ^! trials he saw ,trevi?ick's /eam-c>riage proce$+ at ! rate ( twelve miles an h\r4 #db ,mrs4 ,humble/one 7#ahfa7 is n[ eighty-"o ye>s ( age1 & is resid+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,edgw>e ,road4 #dc ,six? ,diss]tation1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,eigh? ,edition4 #dd ,see ,practical ,treatise on ,railroads1 c41 by ,luke ,heb]t1 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,pages #ba-d4--,mr4 ,francis ,trevi?ick1 :o has sp5t consid]able "t 9 asc]ta9+ ! facts reg>d+ 8 fa!r's fir/ locomotive1 /ates t he has no d\bt ! :eels ( ?is eng9e 7 n 9 any way r\gh$3 t he has (t5 conv]s$ ) ^? :o made & work$ ! eng9e2 t he has _! copies ( ! orig9al draw+s2 & t 9 all ^! cases he nev] he>d or saw any?+ :i* indicat$ t ! :eels 7 r\gh$4 #de ,phil4 ,mag4 & ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,augu/1 #ahca1 9 a lett] to ,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,f4,s4,a41 by ,w4 ,jory ,h5wood1 ,f4,g4,s4 #df ,! late ,mi*ael ,williams1 ,m4,p4 = ,we/ ,cornwall1 0 pres5t dur+ ?is transaction1 & aft]w>ds remon/rat$ ) ,trevi?ick on 8 folly4--,! *eque (f]$ to him has be5 /at$ by "o g5tleman to h be5 = a f> l>g] sum4 #dg ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,glasg[1 a ,mason's ,lodge 7 desir\s ( possess+ an organ1 & ,watt 0 ask$ to build x4 ,he 0 totally de/itute ( a musical e>1 & c\ld n di/+ui% "o note f ! o!r1 b he nev]!less accept$ ! (f]2 = hav+ /udi$ ! philosophical !ory ( music1 he f\nd t sci5ce w\ld be a sub/itute = want ( e>4 ,he comm5c$ by build+ a small "o = ,dr4 ,black1 & !n proce$$ to ! l>ge "o1 9 ! build+ ( :i* he devis$ a numb] ( novel exp$i5ts1 su* z indicators & regulators ( ! /r5g? ( ! bla/1 ) v>i\s contrivances = improv+ ! effici5cy ( ! /ops4 ,! qualities ( ?is organ :5 f9i%$ are said to h elicit$ ! surprise & admiration ( musicians4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( 8 life ,watt us$ likewise to con/ruct & repair guit>s1 flutes1 & viol9s1 & _h ! same success z ) 8 organ4--,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aheh4 #dh ,preface to ,elem5ts ( ,exp]im5tal ,*emi/ry1 ,elev5? ,edition4 #di ,life ( ,?omas ,"y1 ,m4,d41 c41 by ,george ,peacock1 page #adc4 #ej ,"l ,br\gham gives ! date ( ,dr4 ,black's bir? z #agba4--,lives ( ,philosoph]s4 ,?ird ,edition1 #ahee4 #ea ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 vol4 v4 7new s]ies71 page #bgf4 #eb ,aft] _m appeals1 a p5sion ( #ejl4 a-ye> 0 grant$ by ! ,cr[n to ,ri*>d ,cort1 ! sole surviv+ son ( ,h5ry ,cort4 #ec ,discov]$ at ! same "t by ,dr4 ,ru!r=d ( ,ed9burgh4 #ed ,! ,phlogi/ic ,!ory expla9$ ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion by suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( a hypo!tical sub/ance t]m$ ,phlogi/on1 ! union ( :i* ) bodies made !m combu/ible1 & ! dis5gagem5t ( :i* 0 ! occasion ( combu/ion4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,bold type is %[n ?us3 %\t4 ,small capitals h be5 capitalis$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation reta9$4 ,obvi\s typos & pr9t] errors h be5 correct$4 ,old spell+ =ms are reta9$4 ,9 ! app5dix ',,ri*>d ,,cort' has be5 correct$ to ',,h5ry ,,cort'4