,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 8before0 and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,,hand ,,grenades ,a ,,handbook ,,on ,,rifle ,,and ,,hand ,,grenades ,,compiled ,,and ,,illustrated ,,by ,,major ,,graham ,m4 ,,ainslie ,,first ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,inc4 ,london3 ,,chapman ,,hall1 ,limited #aiag ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,graham ,m4 ,,ainslie ,,press ,,of ,,braunworth ,,co4 ,,book ,,manufacturers ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,preface ,the purpose of this work is to assist students of grenade work in acquiring a rapid and complete knowledge of the subject4 ,if the student will refer constantly to the illustrations1 which are accurate drawings of grenades now in use1 this book may help to elucidate many points which are inadequately treated in any existing work4 ,in compiling the book1 the author has inserted only information absolutely necessary1 and has arranged it so simply that a person with a very little previous knowledge of the subject may be able to grasp both the data given1 and the principles1 and methods herein explained and illustrated4 ,this book is the result of practical experience in the present war4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,ainslie4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,hand ,,and ,,rifle ,,grenades #b ,,grenade ,,establishment #bf ,,grenade ,,squad #bh ,,clearing ,a ,,trench ,,from ,a ,,flank #bi ,,frontal ,,attack #cb ,,trench ,,storming ,,parties #cf ,,foreign ,,grenades4 ,,french #ch ,,foreign ,,grenades4 ,,german #db ,,explosives ,,used ,,in ,,grenades #ea ,,fuses1 ,,detonators1 ,,etc4 #ee ,,throwing #ei ,,hand ,,grenades ,a grenade is a hollow ball1 cylinder1 or cube1 made of metal or other material1 which is filled with some explosive1 and burst by means of a fuse1 or on impact when it falls among an enemy4 ,until about the end of the seventeenth century trained soldiers called ,grenadiers used grenades which were thrown by hand1 but after that date they fell into disuse4 ,in #ahii--aijj at the siege of ,mafeking they are said to have been used by the besieged1 and also in the ,russo-,japanese war4 ,in the year #aiad1 however1 the beginning of the great war produced new methods in the employment of infantry in the attack or defense of positions4 ,it was proved that under many conditions infantry armed only with a rifle and bayonet found it impossible to press home an attack or hold a position against troops armed with grenades4 ,this weapon1 handy to use and immensely destructive and demoralizing in its employment1 has played a most important part in every successful operation carried out by ,british troops on the ,western front4 ,it has become one of the principal weapons not only in trench warfare1 but in the attack and clearing of enemy positions1 strong points1 villages1 and especially in house-to-house and cellar fighting4 ,,note4 #a4 ,in throwing all hand grenades an overarm action will be used1 like a bowler when playing cricket4 #b4 ,attached to all stick hand grenades are tapes or streamers a couple of feet long to enable them to fly head first1 when thrown4 ,,british ,,grenades ,there are two kinds of grenades3 ,no4 #a4 ,time grenades4 ,no4 #b4 ,percussion grenades4 ,no4 #a rely for ignition upon3 7a7 ,some form of fuse lighter4 7b7 ,a length of time or safety fuse4 7c7 ,a detonator or exploder4 ,no4 #b on3 7a7 ,some form of percussion striking device4 7b7 ,a percussion cap4 7c7 ,a detonator4 ,for throwing purposes grenades as follows3 #a4 ,hand grenades4 #b4 ,stick hand grenades4 #c4 ,rifle grenades1 fitted with firing rods #h to #aj in4 long4 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #a or ,general ,service ,type4 ,percussion stick grenade4 ,weight4 ,two lb4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,lyddite4 ,safety ,device4 #a4 ,safety pin4 ,leather thong through eye of pin4 #b4 ,cord becket4 #c4 ,red indicator and words of directions on removable cap4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #a1 ,,mark ,i4 ,body4 ,brass cylinder4 ,striker4 ,steel needle carried in removable cap4 ,detonator4 ,special detonator 7see page #eg47 ,to prepare for use3 #a4 ,turn word 8remove0 on cap to red indicator4 #b4 ,take off removable cap4 #c4 ,insert detonator4 ,turn to left to secure4 #d4 ,replace cap and turn to 8travel40 ,to fire3 #a4 ,turn cap to 8fire40 #b4 ,pull out leather thong from safety pin4 ,remove cord becket4 #c4 ,gather streamers palm right hand1 holding grenade in left hand4 #d4 ,holding grenade right hand1 pull out safety pin with left hand4 #e4 ,throw grenade4 ,packing3 ,grenades are packed six in wooden box with tin containing ten special detonators4 ,precautions3 ,care must be taken in act of throwing that grenade does not strike any object in rear of the thrower4 ,always carry grenades at 8travel40 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #b ,hales ,hand or ,mexican ,grenade ,type4 ,percussion stick grenade4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,tonite4 ,safety ,device4 ,safety pin4 ,body4 ,brass cylinder #d #a in4 diameter4 ,striker4 ,brass needle pellet #a in4 long1 conical head1 steel needle point1 creep spring contained in brass base piece4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #b4 ,,hales ,,grenade4 ,detonator4 ,special ,no4 #b4 ,to prepare for use3 #a4 ,holding grenade head downwards1 unscrew black ebonite1 if needle pellet found secure4 #b4 ,screw in detonator4 ,to fire3 #a4 ,holding grenade in left hand1 gather streamers palm of right hand4 #b4 ,holding grenade right hand1 pull out safety pin with left hand4 #c4 ,throw grenade4 ,packing4 ,grenades are packed ten in a wooden box1 with tin containing ten ,no4 #b detonators4 ,precautions4 ,see ,hand ,grenade ,no4 #a4 8,,grenade #cjc40 ,,short ,,rifle ,,no4 #c ,hales ,rifle ,grenade ,type4 ,percussion4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 #e oz4 ,explosive4 ,tonite4 ,safety ,device3 #a4 ,safety pin4 #b4 ,releasing collar4 #c4 ,wind vane4 #d4 ,retaining bolts4 ,body4 ,serrated steel cylinder4 ,striker4 ,brass fluted needle pellet #a in4 long1 wasp waisted1 conical head1 steel needle point and creep spring1 contained in brass base piece4 ,detonator4 ,special ,no4 #c 7see p4 #eg47 ,illustration3 8,,grenade #cjc40 ,,short ,,rifle ,,no4 #c1 ,,mark ,i 7,,or ,,hales ,,rifle ,,grenade74 ,to prepare for use3 #a4 ,holding grenade head downwards1 unscrew black ebonite block1 if needle pellet found secure4 #b4 ,screw in detonator4 ,to fire3 #a4 ,oil rod and barrel of rifle4 #b4 ,insert rod into barrel of rifle and work it up and down to ensure lubrication and to expel air4 #c4 ,place special cartridge in chamber rifle and close bolt4 #d4 ,pull out safety pin4 #e4 ,pull down releasing collar4 #f4 ,give wind vane #a turns to left4 #g4 ,fire the rifle4 ,packing4 ,grenades packed twenty in wooden box in protecting tins with screw-off lids and four tins containing #bj in4 special detonators1 rifle1 grenades and twenty-two special blank cartridges4 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #e4 ,,mark ,i4 ,mills ,hand ,grenade ,type4 ,time #d seconds4 ,weight4 ,one and one-half lb4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal4 ,safety ,device3 #a4 ,safety pin4 #b4 ,striker lever4 ,body4 ,serrated oval cast-iron4 ,striker4 ,steel rim firing4 ,igniter4 ,special1 consisting of a separate unit4 ,special ,n4g4 cap holder1 ,n4,g4 rim firing percussion cap1 #a in4 safety fuse and detonator4 ,to prepare for use3 #a4 ,unscrew base plug4 #b4 ,examine detonator and striker well for faults4 #c4 ,insert special igniter4 #d4 ,screw on base plug tightly by means of special key4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #e1 ,,mark ,i 7,,or ,,mills ,,grenade74 ,to fire3 #a4 ,hold grenade in right hand1 base plug up1 the fingers holding the striker lever firmly against the body of the grenade1 the ring of the safety pin towards the left hand4 #b4 ,pull out safety pin with the left hand1 keeping the pressure on the striker lever4 #c4 ,throw the grenade4 ,packing4 ,grenades are packed twelve in wood box1 with a tin containing twelve igniters4 ,mills ,rifle ,grenade ,base plugs into which are screwed #h in4 rods are provided for this grenade to be fired from rifle1 a special one being fitted to the rifle for this purpose4 ,,grenades ,,hand ,,nos4 #f ,,and #g ,r4,l4 or ,t4,g4 ,grenades ,type4 ,time and friction4 ,weight4 ,no4 #f or light grenade1 #a lb4 complete2 ,no4 #g1 or heavy grenade1 #a lb4 #ac oz4 ,explosive4 ,safety ,device4 ,papier mach cap4 ,body4 ,tin cylinder with rounded ends #d in4 long1 #b in4 diameter4 ,igniter4 ,special friction igniter1 length of safety fuse1 and service detonator combined4 ,to prepare for use3 #a4 ,take off papier mach cap4 #b4 ,take wooden plug out of detonator tube4 #c4 ,insert friction lighter1 turn to left and lock1 clipping flange under studs4 #d4 ,replace papier mach cap4 ,to fire3 #a4 ,remove papier mach cap4 #b4 ,hold grenade right hand1 becket towards the wrist4 #c4 ,pull out becket sharply with left hand4 #d4 ,throw grenade at once4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,no4 #f1 ,,mark ,i4 ,packing4 ,grenades packed forty in wooden box4 ,four haversacks with four tins containing ten special igniters4 ,these grenades should always be carried with papier mach caps on4 ,,note4 ,the ,no4 #f grenade is an assault or demoralizing grenade4 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,nos4 #h ,,and #i ,double ,cylinder ,type4 ,time4 ,weight4 ,no4 #h light pattern1 #a lb4 #f oz4 complete2 ,no4 #i1 heavy pattern1 #b lb4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,safety ,device4 ,,body4 ,tin cylinder #b #a in4 diameter1 inside larger cylinder #c #c in4 diameter4 ,igniter4 ,special ,nobel lighter #a in4 safety fuse ,no4 #h1 ,,vii detonator4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,no4 #h4 ,to prepare for use3 #a4 ,crimp lighter on to fuse1 insert fuse into detonator and crimp the latter on to fuse4 ,wax joints at lighter and detonator4 #b4 ,insert igniter into detonator tube in inner cylinder4 #c4 ,wax round joint where igniter enters grenade4 #d4 ,wire fuse on to grenade4 ,to fire3 #a4 ,hold grenade right hand1 gripping bottom of ,nobel lighter between thumb and finger4 #b4 ,tear off tape and pull out safety pin4 #c4 ,press down outer tube of ,n4 lighter1 turn sharply to ,r4 or ,l4 #d4 ,throw grenade at once4 ,,note4 ,the heavy pattern grenade has more shrapnel and less explosive than the light pattern grenade4 ,,grenade ,,hand ,,no4 #ab ,hairbrush or ,box ,pattern ,grenade ,type4 ,time1 or land mine4 ,weight4 ,three lb4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal or guncotton4 ,safety ,device4 ,safety pin4 ,body4 ,tin box #ceb in4 ,a grooved cast-iron plate1 in41 forms the front side4 ,igniter4 ,special brass tube consisting of spring and striker held in place by safety pin4 ,cap and fuse and detonator or ,nobel lighter1 fuse and detonator4 ,to prepare for use4 ,see ,nos4 #h and #i grenades4 ,to fire4 ,see ,nos4 #h and #i grenades4 ,,note4 ,this grenade is now used as a land mine4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,no4 #ab4 ,,battye ,,grenade ,type4 ,time4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 #b oz4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal guncotton1 #a oz4 ,safety ,device4 ,safety pin in ,nobel lighter4 ,body4 ,cast-iron cylinder1 #c #b in4 diameter1 one end solid4 ,igniter4 ,nobel lighter1 #a in4 fuse1 ,no4 #h ,m4,k4 ,,vii detonator4 ,to prepare for use4 ,see ,grenade ,hand ,no4 #h4 ,to fire4 ,see ,grenade ,hand ,no4 #h4 ,packing4 ,grenades packed thirty in wooden box arranged with removable wooden partitions which rest on top of the grenades1 to prevent lid coming in contact with the end of the igniters4 ,illustration3 ,,battye ,,hand ,,grenade4 ,,pitcher ,,hand ,,grenade ,type4 ,time4 ,weight4 ,one and one-half lb4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal4 ,safety ,device4 ,body4 ,cast-iron cylinder #d #a in4 diameter1 one end solid4 ,igniter4 ,special4 ,this grenade is not likely to be reissued4 ,the igniter is described in the ,training and ,employment of ,grenadiers issued by ,general ,h4 ,q41 ,october1 #aiae4 ,illustration3 ,,pitcher ,,hand ,,grenade4 ,,oval ,,grenade ,type4 ,time4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 #b oz4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal4 ,safety ,device4 ,brock lighter4 7,see ,patent ,lighters1 p4 #eh47 ,body4 #c_/af in4 cast-iron1 egg-shaped1 #c in4 long #b in4 diameter at middle4 ,igniter4 ,brock lighter1 #a in4 fuse1 ,no4 #h ,m4,k4 ,,vii detonator4 ,to prepare for use4 ,see ,hand ,grenade ,no4 #h4 ,to fire3 #a4 ,hold grenade right hand4 #b4 ,pull off waterproof paper on ,brock lighter with left hand4 #c4 ,strike lighter against brassard carried on left arm for this purpose4 #d4 ,throw grenade at once4 ,precautions4 ,the waterproof paper must not be removed before throwing1 as composition may get damp1 or grenade accidentally lighted4 ,,ball ,,grenade ,type4 ,time4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 #aa oz4 complete4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal1 #e oz4 ,safety ,device4 ,safety pin in ,nobel lighter4 7,see ,patent ,lighter47 ,body4 ,cast-iron sphere1 #c in4 diameter4 ,igniter4 ,nobel lighter1 #a in4 fuse1 ,no4 #h ,m4,k4 ,,vii detonator4 ,to ,prepare for ,use4 ,see ,hand ,grenade ,no4 #h4 ,to ,fire4 ,see ,hand ,grenade ,no4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,ball ,,grenade4 ,,newton ,,hand ,,grenade ,type4 ,time1 #d seconds4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 #e oz4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal4 ,safety ,device4 ,special split tin disc over ,n4,g4 percussion cap4 ,body4 ,cast-iron1 pear-shaped4 ,striker4 ,contained in special striker cap4 ,igniter4 ,sawed off 4#cjc in4 blank cartridge1 #a in4 safety fuse1 detonator4 ,to ,prepare for ,use3 #a4 ,remove striker cap4 #b4 ,insert igniter4 #c4 ,slip on safety device4 #d4 ,replace striker cap4 ,illustration3 ,,newton ,,hand ,,grenade4 ,to ,fire3 #a4 ,hold grenade in right hand1 narrow end downwards4 #b4 ,bring striker cap down a sharp blow on brassard carried on left thigh for that purpose1 or upon some hard surface4 #c4 ,throw grenade at once4 ,,newton ,,rifle ,,grenade ,type4 ,percussion4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal4 ,safety ,device4 ,newton ,hand4 ,body4 ,cast-iron conical4 ,striker4 ,newton ,hand4 ,detonator4 ,commercial4 ,to ,prepare for ,use3 #a4 ,remove striker cap4 #b4 ,insert detonator4 #c4 ,slip on safety device4 #d4 ,replace striker cap4 ,to ,fire3 #a4 ,oil #aj in4 rod and barrel of rifle4 #b4 ,work rod up and down to insure lubrication and to expel air4 #c4 ,place special blank cartridge in chamber of rifle and close bolt4 #d4 ,fire the rifle4 ,illustration3 ,,newton ,,rifle ,,grenade4 ,,hand ,,grenade ,,no4 #ai ,type4 ,percussion stick grenade4 ,weight4 ,one and three-quarter lb4 ,explosive4 ,ammonal4 ,safety ,device3 #a4 ,safety pin4 #b4 ,shearing wire4 ,body4 ,oval1 cast-iron4 ,striker4 ,mushroom-topped brass4 ,detonator4 ,special long commercial4 ,igniter4 7,sawed off7 #chj in4 blank cartridge4 ,to ,prepare for ,use3 #a4 ,unscrew brass striker holder4 #b4 ,insert detonator4 #c4 ,screw on brass striker holder4 ,to ,fire3 #a4 ,unwind streamer at end of handle4 #b4 ,hold grenade in left hand1 gather up streamers palm of right hand4 #c4 ,holding grenade in right hand1 take out safety pin with left hand4 #d4 ,throw grenade4 ,packing4 ,grenades are packed twelve in a wooden box1 also a tin containing twelve special detonators4 ,illustration3 ,,grenade ,,no4 #ai4 ,,hand4 ,,rifle ,,grenade ,,no4 #bj ,improved ,hales ,rifle ,grenade ,type4 ,percussion4 ,weight4 ,one lb4 #h oz4 ,explosive4 ,tonite4 ,safety ,device3 #a4 ,safety pin4 #b4 ,releasing collar4 #c4 ,retaining bolts4 ,body4 ,steel cylinder4 ,striker4 ,same as ,no4 #c ,rifle ,grenade 7see p4 #g74 ,detonator4 ,special ,no4 #c 7see p4 #g47 ,to ,prepare for ,use3 #a and #b4 ,see ,no #c ,rifle ,grenade 7see p4 #g74 ,to ,fire3 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d same as ,no4 #c rifle grenade1 see p4 #g1 ,fire ,rifle4 ,packing4 ,grenades packed twenty in wooden box1 four tins containing five each 8special detonators rifle grenade10 and #bb special blank cartridges4 ,precautions4 ,see all stick hand grenades4 ,illustration3 ,,rifle ,,grenade ,,no4 #bj4 ,,divisional ,,grenade ,,establishment ,,and ,,chains ,,of ,,authority ,divisional ,grenade ,officer and ,instructional ,staff for ,grenade1 ,stokes ,gun1 ,trench ,mortar ,schools4 ,brigade ,grenadiers3 #a4 ,sergt4 ,major4 #a4 ,q4,m4,s4 #d4 ,sergt4 ,instructors4 #d4 ,grenade platoons1 per battalion in brigade4 ,battalion ,grenadiers of ,grenade ,platoon3 #a4 ,grenade officer4 #a4 ,sergt4 ,instructor4 #d4 ,n4,c4,o4's and #dj men4 #a4 ,cook4 #a4 ,officers' servant4 ,total1 #dh all ranks4 ,company ,grenadiers3 #a4 ,n4,c4,o4 and #aj men per platoon4 #d4 ,n4,c4,o4's and #dj men per company4 #af4 ,n4,c4,o4's and #afj men per battalion4 ,total grenadiers per battalion1 #bbd all ranks4 ,total grenadiers per brigade1 #hif company and battalion grenadiers4 ,total grenadiers per division1 #bfhh company and battalion grenadiers4 ,illustration3 ,,divisional ,,grenadier ,,establishment ,,showing ,,chain ,,of ,,responsibility4 ,,composition ,,of ,a ,,grenade ,,squad ,in ,line ,no4 #a4 ,bayonet man4 ,no4 #b4 ,bayonet man4 ,no4 #c4 ,first thrower4 ,no4 #d4 ,second thrower4 ,no4 #e4 ,n4,c4,o4 or ,leader4 ,no4 #f4 ,first carrier4 ,no4 #g4 ,second carrier4 ,no4 #h4 ,spare man4 ,no4 #i4 ,spare man or sniper4 ,in ,single ,file ,no4 #a4 ,bayonet man4 ,no4 #b4 ,bayonet man4 ,no4 #c4 ,first thrower4 ,no4 #f4 ,first carrier4 ,no4 #e4 ,n4,c4,o4 or ,leader4 ,no4 #d4 ,second thrower4 ,no4 #g4 ,second carrier4 ,no4 #h4 ,spare man4 ,no4 #i4 ,spare man or sniper4 ,duties of ,above4 ,nos4 #a and #b ,bayonet ,man4 #a4 ,clearing of a ,trench to a ,flank4 ,they are the bodyguard for the thrower and carrier and must always protect them under any conditions and at all costs4 ,,note4 ,the latter are not armed against attack at close quarters4 ,the bayonet men work in advance of the thrower and carrier of their squads4 ,they act as trench scouts2 that is1 they instruct their thrower and carrier how the trench runs and where the dug-outs and side trenches will be met4 ,they will carry their rifles with bayonets fixed1 loaded1 magazine full4 ,no4 #c and #f bomb and clear all dug-outs on the way down the trench4 ,the first man throws the bomb1 the bayonet man enters the dug-out and completes its work4 ,at the junctions of communication trenches and side trenches they act as trench sentries and observers until relieved by the squads in rear4 ,if necessity arises they assist the thrower by throwing bombs4 ,illustration3 ,,clearing ,a ,,trench ,,from ,a ,,flank4 #b4 ,frontal ,attack against ,enemy ,positions4 ,they will be in line with1 not in advance of the thrower and carrier and will protect them while throwing by snap shooting1 or with their bayonets against assault1 or a sudden rush by the enemy when at close quarters4 #c4 ,street ,fighting and ,village ,cleaning4 ,they will keep down enemy rifle fire by snap shooting1 so as to enable the thrower to work close enough to his objective to throw grenades1 and when these have burst1 will go forward and complete their work4 ,no4 #c4 ,first ,thrower4 ,he throws grenades according to the directions given him by his leader or by his bayonet men4 ,he is a picked man1 steady under fire and chosen for his accuracy and length in throwing4 ,no4 #d4 ,the ,carrier4 ,he follows close enough in rear of the throwers to keep them supplied with grenades1 but must be careful not to crowd them or impede the throwing4 ,he will be prepared to instantly take up the duties of the thrower should he become a casualty4 ,no4 #e4 ,n4,c4,o4 or ,leader4 ,he is responsible for his squad and the proper carrying out of the duties given to the squad4 ,he will inspect each man before an attack and see that he has his complete equipment and that he knows the general idea and direction of the attack and the final objective of his squad4 ,he will be responsible for the maintenance of supplies of grenades through his squad to the thrower1 and will supervise the automatic filling up of casualties in his squad by men from the squads in the rear4 ,he will indicate the position and progress of his squad in the attack to supporting troops1 etc41 by means of flags or other signals by day and by colored flares by night4 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 #h and #i4 ,their duties are the same as ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c and #d1 and are to be considered primarily as carriers until otherwise employed4 ,no4 #aj4 ,spare ,man4 ,he will act1 if necessity arises1 as leader of his section1 to clear side trenches1 etc41 and will instantly take over the duties of ,no4 #e should he become a casualty4 ,no4 #aa4 ,sniper4 ,he will act as a sniper by day and a connecting file by night1 between his own squad and the squad of troops in rear4 ,,note4 ,every man in the grenade squad should be trained to fill the position of any other in the squad4 ,explanation of ,chart ,no4 ,a#b4 ,the position occupied by grenadiers in an attacking squad has this main point in consideration4 ,the safety and local protection of each individual in the squad2 care should be taken that as far as possible each man has a solid corner of the trench close to him1 which he can use as a protection against the bursting effect of enemy grenades1 by quickly advancing or retiring around the corner4 ,the bayonet men are in advance of the thrower1 close enough to protect him1 and not too far in front as to be in danger of being bombed by him4 ,the thrower--the actual means of attack--is protected in front by the traverse and in the rear by the corner of the parados4 ,the carrier is close behind the thrower and is protected by two corners4 ,the ,n4,c4,o4 or leader is where he can best watch the flight of the grenades thrown by the throwers1 and is also equally well protected4 ,method of ,advance4 ,it is usually the endeavor to bomb and clear three bays at a time in advance of the bayonet men4 ,the ,n4,c4,o4 reports the throwing by the word 8,mark10 to indicate a burst in the required bay4 ,on the third mark having been registered1 the ,n4,c4,o4 gives the order1 8,bayonet men report40 ,they immediately advance up the trench to the last bay cleared and report back after examination either 8,all clear0 or 8,enemy holding10 whereupon the ,n4,c4,o4 gives the order 8,advance10 or directs the thrower to bomb the last bay again4 ,this means of advance is continued until the objective is gained4 ,island ,traverse4 ,the two methods of attack are employed as shown on the chart4 ,it is imperative that the attack must not be allowed to be held up1 and should it be found impossible to advance down the trench itself1 owing to enfilade fire1 the attack must be immediately launched outside the trench1 so as to attack the traverse from the rear1 in the case of a daylight attack4 ,precautions4 ,care must be taken1 especially by the bayonet men in their advance through the trench1 that enemy concealed trenches1 dug-outs1 etc41 are not left undiscovered4 ,the sides of trenches and the walls and floors of dug-outs should be carefully examined for concealed entrances or exits4 ,,frontal ,,attack ,,in ,,conjunction ,,with ,,infantry ,the ,preparation ,before an ,attack4 ,the following details must be carefully considered3 7a7 ,the study of operation orders4 7b7 ,the linking up of observations gained from the #a4 ,study of existing trenches and aeroplane maps of enemy positions4 #b4 ,the personal reconnaissance of the topographical features of the ground to be covered in the advance4 7c7 ,the detailing of squads to their special objectives and the arranging for work1 carrying wire and demolishing parties for permanent blocks at the final objectives4 ,illustration3 ,,frontal ,,attack4 7d7 ,the kind of grenades to be used with a view to facilitating the carrying of same4 7e7 ,carrying parties must be told off to insure supplies of grenades reaching the throwers4 7f7 ,grenade depots must be built1 sign boards arranged for1 and clearly marked 8,grenade ,depot0 not only in our own system of trenches1 but also the positions told off beforehand where they are to be established in the enemy trenches1 or in ,no ,man's ,land immediately previous to the attack4 7g7 ,responsible officers and ,n4,c4,o4's should be told off to look after the grenade depots and supply of grenades4 7h7 ,the position for infantry grenade dumps must be selected and clearly explained to all units taking part in the attack1 and special parties told off to collect at these points and carry grenades to nearest depots4 7i7 ,a traffic system should be arranged and all men must be acquainted with it1 and the trenches or lines of travel clearly marked 8up traffic10 etc4 ,the ,advance4 #a4 ,in line with infantry4 #b4 ,in advance of infantry4 ,no4 #a is the method adopted in daylight attack1 the advance not being covered by gas or smoke clouds4 ,no4 #b is method adopted in night attack and when weather conditions or topographical features of ground covered in the advance allow it4 ,attacking squads are allotted positions in lines of infantry immediately opposite their first objectives1 and on reaching these positions should immediately commence bombing and clearing the trenches towards their final objectives4 ,in the case of ,no4 #a the infantry clears the main trench1 but special grenade parties may be told off to assist the infantry in this work1 especially when strong points occur in the enemy position4 ,it is most important that all infantry taking part in an attack should be previously supplied with grenades and this must be considered the first source of supply4 ,positions designated as infantry grenade dumping positions should be chosen and known to the infantry at which they dump their grenades in their advance on the enemy positions4 ,these positions should be close to the position to be captured and held4 ,in order to hold positions captured from the enemy it is imperative that grenade storming parties hold their final objectives at all costs1 and until the positions to be permanently held have been consolidated4 ,,trench ,,storming ,,parties ,trench storming parties should kill or drive back the hostile occupants of a trench as quickly as possible1 clear as much of the enemy trench as has been ordered1 and then hold the portion cleared with as small loss as possible to themselves4 ,it must be remembered that in trench clearing1 and especially in deep and narrow trenches1 only the head of the attacking party can directly kill1 and seldom more than one man can throw at a time4 ,therefore it is essential that a constant supply of grenades reaches the thrower and that the places of casualties are automatically filled by reinforcements4 ,men must be trained until they can do this either by day or at night time4 ,advance4 ,movement is rapid until contact with the enemy is obtained4 ,once contact is established it must be maintained and pressed home4 ,a retreating enemy must be given no time to re-establish a defensive attitude1 corners must be worked carefully and bays and straight pieces of trench rushed4 ,the bayonet men will complete the work of the grenades and see that the carrier and thrower will meet with no opposition on their way to new throwing position4 ,the effect of a grenade bursting in a confined space like a trench is tremendous1 and though it may not kill it will stun or shock the hostile occupants1 and if the bayonet men follow up rapidly they will meet with very little resistance4 ,casualties4 ,every man must be trained to take up the duties of any other man in his squad4 ,they do not necessarily keep to their own squads2 the squads in rear of the attacking squad may be looked on as a reserve squad for the one in front4 ,thus1 ,casualty first squad4 ,the thrower ,no4 #c is reinforced by the first thrower of the second squad1 and so on4 ,side ,trenches4 ,when a side trench is met with1 the leading squad will go up and clear it4 ,the second half will remain at the junction until first returns1 then the second squad will continue advance in original direction of the attack4 ,blocking and ,barricades4 ,for blocking captured trenches1 etc41 see ,manual of ,field ,engineering1 ,wire ,entanglements1 ,hurdles1 etc4 ,,foreign ,,grenades4 ,,french ,the description of ,british and ,german grenades apply also to those grenades used by the ,french army4 ,they are3 #a4 ,three kinds of petards4 #b4 ,pear-shaped percussion grenade hand4 #c4 ,the 8,besozzi0 grenade4 ,illustration3 ,,ball ,,grenade4 #a4 ,,ball ,,grenade ,,or ,,fortress ,,grenade ,description ,igniter4 ,friction tube with wire pull let into wooden fuse4 ,safety ,devices3 #a4 ,the fuse is carried separate4 #b4 ,the plug is covered with paper4 #c4 ,the wire pull is bent to prevent a direct pull of the fuse4 ,to ,use4 ,see ,german spherical ,grenade1 p4 #dc4 #b4 ,,pear-,,shaped ,,grenade--,percussion ,description ,igniter4 ,a copper tube containing striker1 creep spring and detonator4 ,illustration3 ,,pear-,,shaped ,,grenade4 ,safety ,devices3 #a4 ,the cams lever secures striker while the lever is held in place against body of grenade4 #b4 ,the strong loop which holds lever against body of grenade and is fastened by a metal seal4 ,how to ,use2 #a4 ,this grenade is always 8alive40 #b4 ,holding grenade in right hand1 neck towards the wrist1 the lever against the palm of the hand4 #c4 ,pull off the metal seal with left hand4 #d4 ,throw the grenade4 ,,note4 ,this grenade must be carefully handled2 it is carried and packed 8alive40 ,illustration3 ,,besozzi ,,grenade4 #c4 ,,besozzi ,,grenade ,description ,igniter3 #a4 ,time fuse which projects from the grenade4 #b4 ,red phosphorus tipping to fuse4 #c4 ,detonator4 ,safety ,devices3 #a4 ,the grenades are packed in waterproof paper4 ,to ,use3 #a4 ,holding grenade in the right hand1 fuse upwards4 #b4 ,strike the phosphorus tip with a downwards motion of the left hand1 with the striking box4 #c4 ,throw the grenade at once4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,fuse burns #e seconds4 #b4 ,these grenades are always carried alive4 #c4 ,a special ring or striking box is provided to light the fuse4 ,foreign ,hair ,brush ,grenades4 ,they are similar to the ,british ,no4 #ab ,hand ,grenades4 ,,german ,,grenades ,there are two types3 ,no4 #a4 ,service grenades4 ,no4 #b4 ,improvised or home-made grenades4 ,these are again divided into two classes3 ,a4 ,those that depend for their effect upon fragmentation on detonation4 ,b4 ,those that depend for their effect upon the shock of detonation only4 ,the type ,b is more commonly met with than type ,a4 ,ignition is by time or percussion4 ,the time of fuses about six seconds burning4 ,precautions4 ,when handling foreign grenades care should always be taken and the following rules should be enforced3 #a4 ,only skilled grenadiers should be allowed to examine and handle any grenades found4 #b4 ,grenade depots when discovered should be immediately reported to the nearest grenadier4 #c4 ,foreign time grenades should be thrown as soon as the lighting device has been started4 ,description of ,german ,grenades ,as the means of firing a grenade will be immediately apparent to the skilled grenadier on seeing the grenade1 the following information only is of importance to the unskilled grenadier3 #a4 ,how to make the grenade safe4 #b4 ,how to make the grenade alive4 #c4 ,how to use the grenade against the enemy4 ,,spherical ,,grenade #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,screw out the special lighter1 taking care not to pull the wire4 #b4 ,how to ,make the ,grenade ,alive3 #a4 ,screw in the special lighter4 #b4 ,remove the oiled paper1 straighten the wire4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,put on wrist strap4 #b4 ,hold grenade in the right hand1 igniter towards the wrist4 #c4 ,hook the swivel of the wrist strap on to the wire pull of the grenade4 #d4 ,throw the grenade at once4 ,,note4 ,use time of fuse burning1 seven seconds1 but another lighter which burns for five seconds--painted red--is also provided4 ,,stick ,,cylinder ,,grenade ,see p4 #dd4 #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,remove the handle and base plug by raising turned down edge of the cylinder carefully4 #b4 ,empty contents of cylinder4 #b4 ,how to ,make the ,grenade ,alive3 #a4 ,see the ,british ,grenades ,hand ,no4 #ab4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,pull out safety pin4 #b4 ,throw the grenade at once4 ,,note4 ,fuse about #b in4 long4 ,burns about six seconds4 ,illustration3 ,,stick ,,cylinder ,,grenade4 ,,small ,,stick ,,cylinder ,,grenade ,see p4 #de4 #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,take out igniter4 #b4 ,how to ,make the ,grenade ,alive3 #a4 ,take out wooden plug and insert the igniter4 #b4 ,tear off paper cover from the lighter4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,holding grenade in right hand1 rub the match head on the side of a match box1 etc4 #b4 ,throw the grenade at once4 ,,note4 ,time fuse burns about six seconds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a1 ,fig4 #b ,,cylindrical ,,grenade ,see p4 #dd4 ,regulation ,type #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,unfasten clips which hold lid of cylinder4 #b4 ,remove cardboard cylinder containing explosive4 #c4 ,insert hand and withdraw detonator from brass tube at end of handle4 #b4 ,how to ,make ,alive3 #a4 ,if drawing loop is attached to handle by paper band1 unscrew handle and insert special detonator into brass tube at end of handle and refix handle4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,holding grenade in right hand4 #b4 ,pull loop sharply with left hand4 #c4 ,throw the grenade at once4 ,,note4 ,time fuse burns is stamped on handle #e or seven seconds4 ,care must be taken when grenade is found without the pull loop1 in case it has been fixed to light on unscrewing handle4 ,,oyster ,,shell ,,or ,,disc ,,hand ,,grenade ,see p4 #dg4 #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,if safety pin is in place1 unscrew cap marked ,s4 #b4 ,remove detonator4 ,,note4 ,if safety pins and safety tubes are not in place1 the above must be done without disturbing the grenade4 #b4 ,how to ,make ,alive3 #a4 ,this grenade is packed alive4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,holding grenade in right hand1 safety pin upwards1 pull out safety pin with left hand4 #b4 ,pull off the cap of the safety tube4 #c4 ,holding the grenade with the first or middle finger on top of the safety tube and the ball of the thumb over the cap marked ,b4 #d4 ,throw the grenade with its edge vertical4 ,,note4 ,a low or horizontal throw may cause a failure4 ,illustration3 ,,disk ,,hand ,,grenade4 ,,parachute ,,grenade ,see p4 #dh4 #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,unscrew the plug in the head4 #b4 ,withdraw the detonator4 #b4 ,how to ,make ,alive3 #a4 ,unscrew the plug and insert detonator1 fulminate downwards4 #b4 ,screw the plug and tear off band holding parachute4 ,illustration3 ,,parachute ,,grenade4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,hold loop of cord firmly with fingers of right hand4 #b4 ,tear out plug from handle and unwind a short length of the cord4 #c4 ,holding the grenade in right hand1 the first and second fingers firmly in the loop of the cord4 #d4 ,throw the grenade to a height of at least #c to #d yards4 ,,note4 ,this grenade requires considerable practice4 ,,rifle ,,grenades ,see p4 #ej4 #aiac and #aiad #a4 ,how to ,make ,safe3 #a4 ,unscrew igniter plug in the head of #aiac grenade4 ,unscrew fuse from the body of #aiad grenade4 #b4 ,how to ,make ,alive3 #a4 ,screw igniter into head of #aiac grenade4 ,screw fuse into body of #aiad grenade4 #c4 ,how to ,use the ,grenade3 #a4 ,follow out custom of firing ,british ,rifle ,grenades4 ,,note4 ,only a ,german rifle can be used1 and more care in handling the grenade before firing must be taken than with the ,british grenades1 they are liable to become 8alive0 if dropped on to the tail rods4 ,illustration3 ,,rifle ,,grenades4 ,,explosives ,,used ,,in ,,grenades ,explosives are divided into two classes3 #a4 ,low explosives4 #b4 ,high explosives4 ,to the first group belong all propellant explosives1 i4e41 all powders1 such as gunpowder and smokeless powders used in firearms4 ,to the second group belong3 7a7 ,all explosives used in shells1 torpedoes1 grenades1 demolitions1 etc4 7b7 ,detonators or exploders1 i4e41 explosives which start explosive reactions in the explosives of ,group 7a74 ,the characteristic of ,h4,e4 is the extreme violence and suddenness of their detonation4 ,in order to make them instantly pass from a solid or liquid form to gas1 they require a detonator or exploder1 which applies a violent shock to them and breaks down the chemical structure of the explosive compound1 and enables the flame to pass instantaneously throughout the mass of the compound4 ,this explosive is known as detonation4 ,the composition of ,h4,e4 almost without exception is some organic substance1 usually some form of carbon combined with nitrogen4 ,nitrogen1 one of the most inert gases known1 owes its explosive value to this very inertness2 it combines so very reluctantly that on the least provocation--such as shock--the compound of which it forms a part instantly breaks up into gas1 giving the enormous expansion needed for explosive effect4 ,ammonal4 ,a gray powder4 ,an ,austrian explosive1 picric acid plus ,t4,n4,t4 plus aluminum powder plus nitrate of ammonia plus carbon4 ,a very safe explosive--will not detonate when struck by rifle bullet1 but is very hygroscopic 7collects moisture7 and when in this condition is liable not to detonate4 ,ballistite4 ,consists of guncotton plus camphor or vaseline4 ,invented by ,nobel in #ahhh4 ,cordite4 ,consists of nitro-glycerine #ee parts1 plus guncotton #cg parts1 plus vaseline #e parts1 plus acetone to harden1 invented by ,sir ,w4 ,abel4 ,benzol4 ,or ,benzine1 used extensively as a motor fuel contains a fair percentage of toluene4 7,see ,t4,n4,t47 ,coal ,tar4 ,when subjected to fractional and low-temperature distillation produces many by-products valuable in the making of ,h4,e4 ,these distillations give off 8light0 and 8heavy0 oils of coal tar4 ,donnerite4 ,high explosive employed by ,german army in grenades4 ,dynamite4 ,see ,nitro-glycerine4 ,fulminate of ,mercury4 ,see ,mercury4 ,guncotton1 or nitro-cellulose consists of cotton waste1 purified1 dried1 and heated with mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid4 ,washed and reduced to a pulp and moulded into #a oz4 primers and #ae oz4 slabs for service use4 ,is considered inferior to lyddite4 ,size of wet slab of ,g4,c41 #f #c #a in4 ,wet guncotton will not explode if hit by a bullet4 ,wet guncotton can be sawn by a wet saw4 ,requires dry primer1 detonator and fuse to explode4 ,dry guncotton will explode if hit by a bullet4 ,dry primer of guncotton #a4ce in4 diam41 #a4ae in4 diam4 at ends1 and #a4be in4 high4 ,strength1 #b times stronger than gunpowder1 unconfined4 ,strength1 #g to #h times stronger than gunpowder1 confined4 ,invented by ,schombein in #ahdf4 ,gunpowder4 ,a mechanical mixture4 ,saltpeter #ge per cent1 plus charcoal #ae per cent1 plus sulphur #aj per cent4 ,rate of burning depends upon firmness of powder4 ,lyddite1 or picric acid4 ,consists of melted and solidified picric acid4 ,vaseline is used to melt it4 7,see ,picric ,acid47 ,mercury ,fulminate4 ,is made by dissolving three parts mercury in #cf parts nitric acid1 keeping mixture at low temperature1 and when dissolved adding #ag parts of alcohol4 ,a small quantity of ,f4 of ,m4 placed on top of ,t4,n4,t4 forms an excellent detonating mixture4 ,a great many ,german detonators consist of this4 ,discovered by ,howard in #ahjj4 ,melinite4 ,a ,french ,h4,e41 very similar to lyddite4 ,is picric acid mixed with collodion4 ,introduced by ,eugene ,turpin4 ,nitro-glycerine4 ,is produced by the action of nitric acid and sulphuric acid on glycerine4 ,invented in #ahdg4 ,when pure is a colorless liquid4 ,explodes when heated to about #cfj ,f4 ,n4,g4 in liquid form too dangerous to be used in practice4 ,was absorbed in porous solid by ,nobel in #ahfg as dynamite4 ,porous solid used either kiesulguhr or fullers' earth used in percussion caps4 ,relative strength #aej equals maximum ,blasting glycerine #aej ,gelatine dynamite #acj ,gelignite #aaj ,dynamite #ajj ,carbonite #ee ,picric acid4 ,a yellow crystalline prepared from coal tar4 ,a by-product of gas manufacture4 ,the 8heavy oil0 of coal tar is boiled and chemically treated1 resulting in phenol or carbolic acid1 which separates from it4 ,carbolic acid is boiled sulphuric acid1 and nitric acid is carefully added1 resulting in picric acid4 ,it is a very safe explosive and very powerful4 ,its chief fault is that it forms 8picrates0 with metals or acid salts1 some of which are more sensitive to disturbing influences than the acid itself4 ,to overcome this the inside of all shells are varnished4 ,pressure of picric acid equals #ace1hbj lb4 on the square inch4 ,shimose4 ,japanese ,h4,e4 ,similar to lyddite4 ,t4,n4,t41 or tri-nitro-toluene or ,toluol1 largely used in ,german army and navy4 ,is produced by heating toluene with mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid4 ,less powerful than lyddite1 but is more stable and does not form 8picrates0 and is not affected by water or air4 ,will not explode if hit by a bullet4 ,pressure ,t4,n4,t4 equal to #aai1jjj lbs4 per square inch4 ,tolite4 ,french name for ,t4,n4,t4 ,trilite4 ,spanish name for ,t4,n4,t4 ,trotyl4 ,german name for ,t4,n4,t4 ,toluene1 or ,toluol4 ,experiments made in #ahii at ,karlsruhe produced about seven pints of toluene from one ton of coal4 ,the modern process of low-temperature distillation of coal1 however1 greatly increases quantity that can be obtained from each ton4 ,is an aromatic colorless liquid hydrocarbon4 ,turpinite4 ,french ,h4,e4 similar to ,melinite4 ,tetryl4 ,a coal tar product containing more nitrogen than ,t4,n4,t4 or lyddite4 ,when mixed with a lead oxide it makes a less sensitive and safer preparation than fulminate of mercury for detonators4 ,,fuses ,,service ,,fuse ,no4 #aa ,safety or ,time ,fuse ,description4 ,color1 black4 ,smooth surface4 ,time of ,burning4 ,one foot in thirty seconds4 ,composition4 ,train of slow match inside a wrapping of hemp or flax1 covered by layer of gutta-percha1 surrounded by binding of black waterproof tape4 ,,instantaneous ,,or ,,quick ,,fuse ,color1 red4 ,ribbed surface4 ,time of ,burning4 ,eighty feet per second4 ,composition4 ,same as service fuse1 except that it contains quick match in place of slow match4 ,caution4 ,instantaneous fuse must never be stored alongside safety fuse4 ,,detonators ,,service ,no4 #h ,mark ,,vii ,description4 ,copper tube open at one end painted red1 marked on white label1 ,no4 #h4 ,m4,k4 ,,vii containing #cb grs4 fulminate of mercury4 ,,commercial 7,long7 ,,commercial 7,short7 ,description4 ,copper tube1 open one end1 containing #be grs4 fulminate of mercury4 ,,exploders ,,service ,guncotton4 ,one-oz4 primer1 #ae-oz4 slab4 ,see ,explosives1 ,guncotton4 ,no4 #b ,detonator for ,hand ,grenade4 ,consists of brass tube 7detonator holder7 with flat screw head4 ,the other end is fitted with a cavity which carries ,n4,g4 percussion cap4 ,a commercial detonator open end toward the screw head is placed inside1 its open end closed with a wooden plug2 the closed end is pierced with four flash holes to enable flash from percussion cap to communicate with ,f4 of ,m4 in detonator4 ,a brass screw in head of detonator holder closes detonator tube4 ,this detonator has three screw threads4 ,no4 #c ,detonator4 ,see description of ,no4 #b4 ,this detonator is in4 longer than ,no4 #b1 and has two screw threads4 ,,patent ,,lighters ,nobel ,lighter4 7,see ,plates #h and #i47 ,the lighter is made up of two cardboard tubes1 one fitting over the other2 inside the end of the larger tube is a small brass cap containing friction composition4 ,at the top of the smaller tube are two friction points4 ,these points are held about in4 from the cap containing friction composition1 by a safety pin passing through both tubes4 ,at the other end of the smaller tube is a small copper band into which the fuse can be crimped4 ,a narrow band of waterproof tape with a loose end is glued around the joint of the two tubes to keep out moisture4 ,to ,assemble4 ,insert fuse into lighter1 fasten by crimping1 and insert other end of fuse into detonator4 ,the joints at lighter and detonator should be waxed to make it damp-proof and flash-proof4 ,brock ,lighter4 ,see ,grenade ,hand4 ,consists of a small cardboard cup filled with friction composition1 covered with waterproof paper4 ,the latter can be torn off by pulling a small tag which is left free4 ,grenades with fuses are so arranged 7with sufficient length of fuse7 to explode from #c to #e seconds after being ignited and thrown1 giving the thrower plenty of time 7when throwing from a trench7 to bend down safe4 ,grenades1 without fuses 7but with detonators only7 will explode on impact2 for instance1 in ,grenade ,no4 #a1 ,mark ,i1 it is obvious when instructions 7see p4 #b1 ,grenade #a7 are carried out1 and grenade is thrown1 that the steel needle will be driven into the detonator and exploded4 ,in ,grenade ,no4 #c1 ,mark ,i1 when safety pin is removed and releasing socket slipped back1 the wind vane revolves backward 7during the passage through the air7 until far enough to allow the retaining bolt to fall out4 ,this leaves nothing between the firing needle and detonator cap except a very thin spiral spring which is only strong enough to hold the weight of the needle pellet until the shock of impact when the grenade explodes4 ,in ,grenade ,no4 #bj releasing collar slips back on the rifle being fired4 ,in ,grenade ,no4 #e1 ,mark ,i4 ,on this grenade being thrown the pressure of the fingers being released the striking lever flies outward by the pressure of the powerful spring1 releasing the shoulder of the firing striker which is driven on to the fuse and explodes in #d seconds4 ,all other grenades1 see pages opposite plates4 ,,throwing ,hand grenades are held firmly in the hand behind the thrower1 the arm is brought quickly upward with a sweeping movement 7the arm straight all the time71 the grenade will be let go when the hand is above the thrower's head1 and should describe a semicircle in its flight4 ,hand grenades can be thrown from #cj to #ej yards1 rifle grenades from #bjj to #djj yards4 ,attacks should be practiced with dummy and deteriorated grenades1 i4e41 grenades with only a detonator and no explosive1 etc4 ,confidence and knowledge of grenades should be gained by students handling1 stripping and assembling all types and handling fuses and detonators1 as often as possible4 ,the importance of grenade work cannot be over-estimated and one can imagine numberless cases when a grenade is more useful than any other weapon4 ,for instance1 in street fighting a number of the enemy are holding a house and firing from an upper window commanding the main approach4 ,you cannot get at them with a rifle1 but it might be comparatively easy for one or two men to get along to the house by back ways1 using the other houses for shelter and throw a grenade through the window1 killing everyone in the room4