,,natural ,,artificial ,,sewage ,,treatm5t ,,by ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,jones1 ,v4,c4 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,,fell[ ,,& ,,memb] ,,( ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,in/itute1 ,,etc4 ,,& ,h4 ,,alfr$ ,,roe*l+ ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,in/itute1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t]'s ,logo ,london ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,ltd41 #abe ,,/r& ,new ,york ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/reet #aijb ,,preface4 ,! ,au?ors1 "s "t ago1 read be=e diff]5t ,societies ( pr(essional m51 ,pap]s#a deal+ ) ! ,natural & ,artificial ,purification ( ,sewage1 & z ^! 7 fav\rably receiv$1 ! ?\ght occurr$ to !m t ! "t might be opportune = mak+ ! in=mation !re giv5 available = a wid] public4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a m]e republication ( ! ,pap]s w\ld h be5 aga9/ ! rules ( ! ,societies conc]n$1 ! ,au?ors decid$ to re-write entirely ! subject matt]1 & to br+ x up to date1 s t ! pres5t publication is n a m]e repetition ( _! old ,pap]s clo!d 9 a new g>b1 b an entirely fre% publication1 "r up to date4 ,! ,au?ors hope t !y h giv5 ! in=mation 9 su* a =m z to be readily available = ,di/rict ,c\ncillors1 ,sanit>ians1 & all int]e/$ 9 ?is complicat$ subject4 ,:5 consid]+ natural & artificial sewage treatm5t1 x ought to be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! natural treatm5t we h to deal ) "o treatm5t only1 & t1 9 ord] to br+ ! results obta9$ f artificial processes up to ! same /&>d1 ! artificial treatm5t ought to be supplem5t$ by a treatm5t = ! removal ( nitrates f ! efflu5t1 & ano!r = ! removal ( pa?og5ic micro-organisms1 :i* means "o treatm5t 9 natural1 z aga9/ ?ree sep>ate treatm5ts 9 artificial purification4 ,9 addition to ?is x mu/ be und]/ood t1 ow+ to ! great losses by evaporation & by gr[+ plants1 :i* are cont9ually at "w on sewage f>ms1 especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 :51 z a rule1 ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! brook t takes ! efflu5t is smalle/1 ! quantity ( ! efflu5t f ! natural treatm5t is probably only f "o-half to "o-?ird t result+ f ! artificial treatm5t1 :i* is a po9t ( v great importance4 ,if x c be prov$ to !m t ,nature is n sure & true en\gh 9 its me?ods1 ! ,au?ors are prep>$ to assi/ x ) me?ods & means produc$ by ! inv5tive bra9 ( man4 ,b if su* pro( is n =?com+1 !y adh]e--9 pref]5ce to grop+ 9 ! d>k--to ,nature's own me?ods1 kn[+ f exp]i5ce1 t :5 all[$ full scope & fair treatm5t1 x is mo/ sure 9 all its ways4 ,t w n prev5t !m1 h[ev]1 f giv+ 9 ! future1 z !y h done 9 ! pa/1 ! "q ( sewage treatm5t 9 all its aspects _! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,jones4 ,h4 ,,alfr$ ,,roe*l+4 ,,london3 ,septemb] #ae1 #aijb4 #a #8,sewage ,treatm5t3 ,sci5ce ) ,practice4' ,by ,colonel ,a4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,v4,c41 ,c4,e4 ,read at ! ,int]national ,eng9e]+ ,congress at ,glasg[1 #aija4 ,& #8,! ,sewage ,"q dur+ ! ,la/ ,c5tury4' ,read by ,h4 ,alfr$ ,roe*l+1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,s4,i41 etc41 on ,decemb] #b1 #aija1 be=e ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 & aw>d$ ! ,gold ,m$al ( ! ,society4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,by ,,lieut4-,,colonel ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,jones1 ,v4,c4 ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,! ,,*emi/ ,,dibd9 ,,disc>ds ,,*emical ,,precipitation ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,m4 ,,pa/eur',s ,,a]obic ,,organisms #c ,,! ,,cleanly ,,& ,,! ,,dirty 7,,septic7 ,,processes ,,= ,,sludge ,,removal #e ,,! ,,be/ ,,possible ,,m$ium ,,= ,,a]obic ,,organisms ,,to ,,"w ,,9 #e ,,tabul> ,,/atem5t ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,le$s ,,(ficial ,,report ,,( ,,exp]im5ts #g ,,! ,,wrexham ,,sewage ,,f>m #h ,,! ,,camp ,,f>m1 ,,ald]%ot1 ,,to ,,:i* ,,six ,,o!r ,,areas ,,( ,,sewage ,,works ,,h ,,be5 ,,add$ ,,f ,,july #bh1 #aijb #i ,,evid5ce ,,& ,,reports ,,( ,,"l ,,iddesleigh',s ,,royal ,,commission1 #ahih-aijb #ae ,,automatic ,,appliances ,,= ,,sewage ,,& ,,efflu5t ,,dis*>ge #ag ,,sludge ,,treatm5t #ai ,,cropp+ ,a ,,sewage ,,f>m #ba ,,importance ,,( ,,hav+ ,,tidy ,,cont\r ,,c>ri]s ,,accurately ,,levell$ #bc ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,a ,,lifetime #bc ,,anticipation ,,( ,a ,,com+ ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,ov]-,,ridd5 8,,fads0 ,,& ,,too ,,mu* ,,pressure ,,9 ,,sanitation #be ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,by ,h4 ,,alfr$ ,,roe*l+4 ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks #bh ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sewage ,,"q ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,c5tury3 ,a ,,%ort ,,retrospect #bi ,,iii4 ,,! ,,subsoil3 #a4 ,me*anical /ructure ( soil #da #b4 ,p]meability ( soil #db #c4 ,wat] capacity ( soil #db #d4 ,wat]-ret5tive p[] ( soil #dc #e4 ,capill>y movem5ts ( wat] 9 soil #dd #f4 ,temp]ature ( soil #de #g4 ,subsoil air #dg #h4 ,movem5ts ( wat] 9 soil #dg #i4 ,micro-organic life 9 soil #ej #aj4 ,absorb+ p[]s ( soil #ea ,,iv4 ,,self-,,purify+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,soil4 ,,natural ,,self-,,purification ,,( ,,sewage #eb ,v4 ,artificial ,self-,purification ( ,sewage3 #a4 ,g5]al obs]vations #fh #b4 ,artificial self-purification ( sewage 9 int]mitt5t contact b$s3 a4 ,"n ( process #gj b4 ,explanation ( process #ga c4 ,wat] capacity ( b$1 & silt+ up #gc d4 ,absorb+ p[]s ( fill+ mat]ial #gh e4 ,consumption ( oxyg5 by ! fill+ mat]ial #gi f4 ,=mation ( c>bonic acid #hj g4 ,nitrog5 #hj h4 ,=mation ( nitric acid #hj #c4 ,artificial self-purification ( sewage 9 septic tanks3 a4 ,"n ( septic tank #ha b4 ,cov]$ or op5 septic tank #ha c4 ,explanation ( process #hc d4 ,velocity ( fl[ ?r\gh tank #he e4 ,de/ruction & liquefaction ( sludge 9 septic tanks #hg f4 ,=mation ( gas 9 septic tank #hh g4 ,mix+ action ( septic tank #hi h4 ,micro-organisms 9 efflu5t f septic tank #hi #d4 ,cont9u\s contact b$s #hi ,,vi4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,plants ,,= ,,! ,,artificial ,,self-,,purification( ,,sewage #ij ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,deposition ,,( ,,susp5d$ ,,matt]s ,,9 ,,tanks #ia ,,viii4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks #ic ,,po/script #ie ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,sewage ,,treatm5t4 ,,by ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,jones1 ,v4,c4 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,,etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,introductory rem>ks4 8,h[ extremely simple x all is60 0 ! rem>k ( a rec5t visitor at a sewage f>m--:i* enc\rages me to v5ture on publication ( ! mo/ rec5t discussions on a 8problem0 complicat$ by eng9e]s1 *emi/s1 bact]iologi/s & inv5tors ( sy/ems1 :o h rais$ cl\ds ( du/ ?r\gh :i* x is difficult = ratepay]s & di/rict c\ncillors to f9d _! way to 8! be/ practical & available means ( sewage disposal40 ,i h a belief t publication ( all attempts to purify ! :ole ( a t[n's sewage1 r ?an small scale exp]im5ts ) equations f\nd$ on su* data1 is ! desid]atum4 ,sid5ote3 #ahgb4 ,hav+ begun 9 ! ye> #ahgb1 ) a pamphlet1 8,w a ,sewage ,f>m ,pay80#b ,i desire to proce$ ) ! pres5t "o ?irty ye>s lat]1 z my humble contribution to a "r und]/&+ ( ! intellig5t ,scav5g]'s bus9ess4 ,at ! e>li] date agriculture 0 prosp]\s1 & ratepay]s ( ,exet] 7 j z confid5t t sewage f>m+ w\ld br+ l>ge divid5ds z "s ( ! same city's c\ncillors are at pres5t n 9 ! lea/ sceptical t _! eng9e]'s septic sy/em is ! true specific = sewage disposal4 ,9 adh]+ to l& z ! natural & be/ ag5t1 ,i h _h ! support ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ) t ( _m ,royal ,commissions1 notably ! "o n[ sitt+1 & ,i h naturally *os5 cases :]e suitable l& 0 accessible :5 ,i desir$ to demon/rate ! effici5cy & simplicity ) :i* ! p[]s ( ,nature c be appli$ = ! use & conv5i5ce ( man4 ,nor h ,i fail$ to /udy all 8artificial0 sub/itutes = ! be/ means1 :]ev] difficulties ( obta9+ suitable l& pres5t$ !mselves1 e4g4 my ,canvey ,isl& s*eme = deal+ ) ! sewage ( ,london on a relatively small area1 & o!r cases4 ,( late ye>s ,i h welcom$ ! light ?r[n on ?is subject by bact]iologi/s1 b lam5t$ extravagant /atem5ts put =w>d by ^? :o fail to see t ! previ\sly unrecognis$ microbes c d _! "w1 z !y h always done x1 to mo/ advantage 9 ! upp] lay]s ( any por\s l&4 ,sid5ote3 #aijb4 ,an int]im report by ,"l ,iddesleigh's ,royal ,commission has1 h[ev]1 awak5$ su* !ori/s to ! fact t l& is n to be disc>d$ because x may n br+ 9 a pr(it or because pat5tees ( sy/ems f9d x to _! int]e/ to contra/ neglect$ or badly manag$ sewage f>ms ) c>efully nurs$ little exp]im5tal in/allations = artificial treatm5t ( select$ samples ( sewage4 ,recognis+ ! m>vell\s improvem5ts 9 arts & manufactures ( all k9ds due to /eam1 *emi/ry & electricity1 ! public has naturally expect$ simil> results f appli$ sci5ce 9 artificial sewage treatm5t1 & !re has be5 no lack ( /udy ( e imag9able process dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 #ahhd4 ,"l ,bramwell's ,royal ,commission e/abli%es pr9ciples4 ,b ! late ,"l ,bramwell's ,royal ,commission on ,metropolitan ,sewage ,dis*>ge e/abli%$ two v important po9ts ( g5]al application1 namely3-- #a4 ,! pr9ciple ( sep>ation 9 works ( sew]age & dra9age2 & #b4 ,! fact t ! susp5d$ matt]s 9 t[n sewage c be v effectually remov$ f its liquid by simple deposition )\t ! aid ( any *emical reag5t4 ,sid5ote3 #ahhg4 ,! *emi/ ,dibd9 disc>ds *emical reag5ts 9 fav\r ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's a]obic organisms4 ,& ,mr4 ,dibd9 ?ree ye>s lat] began to demon/rate ! mi/ak5 policy ( add+ lime or any o!r precipitat+ ag5t 9 any quantity likely to arre/ ! natural ag5cy ( abundant bact]ial life1 :i* ultimately disposes ( all dead & effete organic matt] by =m+ gases or natural comp\nds1 ) m or less (f5ce to human s5ses1 accord+ to ! supply ( oxyg5 & rate at :i* ^! bact]ia c c>ry out _! "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,le$s & ,exet]4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! bact]ia ( two classes1 a]obe & ana]obe1 ab\nd 9 sewage1 & ! late/ ,le$s exp]im5t ) ! cont9u\s or trickl+ filt] %[ ! m>vell\s rapidity ) :i* ! a]obic microbes at any rate1 c accompli% _! task :]e air & liquid sewage are suffici5tly diffus$ 9 ! pores ( a filt]2 :ile ,mr4 ,cam]on1 ,c4,e41 at ,exet] has %[n rapid evolution ( gases & consid]able solution ( organic solids by ana]obic microbes 9 a septic tank4 ,b ! en?usiasm ( inv5tors & _! conv]ts has made too mu* ( ! b5efit to ! human race suppos$ to be conf]r$ by ! bact]ial discov]y ( ,m4 ,pa/eur z appli$ by !m to sewage treatm5t4 ,)\t detract+ f ! cr$it due to ! great ,fr5* savant & o!r bact]iologi/s :o h foll[$ up 8 int]e/+ /udies ( f]m5ts = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 ! practical man may well ask h[ mu* =w>d] h we got 9 ! ma9 & press+ bus9ess ( purify+ our riv]s--z a consequ5ce ( cle>] k ( m9ute =ms ( life8 ,sid5ote3 ,int]mitt5t filtration4 ,! late civil eng9e] ,bailey-,d5ton demon/rat$1 ?irty ye>s ago at ,m]?yr ,tydvil1 ! be/ conditions ( int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration1 & 8 filt]s !re & at ,k5dal1 ,ab+don1 etc41 are /ill do+ _! "w effici5tly to ?is day1 :ile ! coke1 coal1 cl9k]1 burnt balla/1 etc41 b$s1 s popul> ( late1 are clogg+ up aft] a few ye>s ( m c>eful treatm5t ?an 0 ev] accord$ to an acre ( l& "u sewage4 ,ana]obic action has also be5 proce$+ 9 ! old sew]s ( mo/ t[ns &1 z x has n[ be5 prov$ t !re is no advantage 9 ! exclusion ( air1 ^u :i* ,mr4 ,cam]on laid s mu* /ress :5 he br\ght 8 ,exet] tank to public notice 9 #ahig1 !re c be no novelty except its "n atta*+ to ! ana]obic or septic sy/em1 :i* has ?r[n _m sanit>y au?orities (f _! balance ( late ye>s4 ,! :ole mod]n sy/em ( self-cleans+ sew]s hav+ be5 only r5d]$ possible by public recognition ( ! horrible nuisance aris+ f midd5s1 cesspools1 & irregul>ly built sew]s ( deposit1 x is h>d = ^? conc]n$ 9 ! cleanly disposal ( sewage to be told t because sewage works are usually remote f popul\s di/ricts !y mu/ !re put up ) ! cesspool nuisance & fancy its old smell *ang$ by ! new "n1 because a prelim9>y /age 9 ! transmutation ( sewage has n tak5 place1 z 0 =m]ly ! case 9 ! sew]age sy/em ( "s mod]n t[ns1 be=e arrival at ! works4 ,b 9 ?is z 9 o!r affairs !re is =ce 9 ! old maxim1 ,m$io tutissimus ibis1 & a prop]ly con/ruct$ op5 tank1 = simple deposition ( ! solids 7frequ5tly wa%$ out71 arre/s mo/ ( ! solids & all[s fre% liquid sewage1 aft] slight ana]obic action1 to pass on to l& or filt] b$ 9 a p]fectly in(f5sive condition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! cleanly & dirty processes = sludge removal4 ,z an example ( ?is ,i h1 at ,ald]%ot1 a pair ( tanks close to a public high road1 "o ( :i* fills ) sludge & is empti$ e =tnight or s1 & z a contra/ !re is ano!r pair ( l>g] tanks 9 a remote qu>t] ( ! same f>m 9 use = ye>s z septic tanks1 f :i* "s sludge is drawn (f at long int]vals1 ana]obic action be+ all[$ its full c\rse z 9 ! ,exet] exp]im5ts4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! results ( ^! prelim9>y clean1 & dirty1 processes respectively on simil> v fre% dome/ic sewage :i* ent]s ! clean deposit+1 & ! septic tanks alike1 & my obs]vations are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! manurial result 9 gr[? ( crop slightly great] ) ! septic liquid4 #b4 ,lab\r increas$ by ! great] deposit c>ri$ on to ! l& "u septic liquid4 #c4 ,! removal ( sludge & wa%+ out ! clean tank gives an h\r's "w ) v little smell t5 y>ds to leew>d ( ! site1 b draw+ (f sludge f ! septic tank is a v unpleasant op]ation1 &1 at all times1 ! vic9ity ( tank & c>ri]s is malodor\s = a radius ( at lea/ fifty y>ds f ! septic tanks4 ,sid5ote3 ,loam on s& & gravel ! be/ m$ium = a]obic organisms to "w 94 ,pass+ n[ to ! a]obic /age ( sewage purification we f9d x univ]sally admitt$1 t a good loam re/+ on v por\s s& or gravel1 af=ds ! be/ m$ium = "w by ! oxyg5-lov+ nitrify+ organisms :5 !y are suppli$ ) con/antly mov+ liquid sewage1 & giv5 int]mitt5t p]iods = ! a]ation ( ! pores ( ! soil4 ,! proportion ( sewage to l& is ( c\rse z v>iable z ! quality ( ! l& itself1 & ! be/ sort ( l& is r>ely available1 :ile ! improvem5t ( natural l& is n und]/ood by ! eng9e] or *emi/1 :o are usually appeal$ to by sanit>y au?orities 9 _! sewage difficulties4 ,h5ce ! v>iety ( artificial sub/itutes ( contact b$s1 co/+ f #ejjjl4 to #ab1jjjl4 p] acre1 :i* h be5 propos$ ( late ye>s1 ) ! object ( purify+ a l>ge volume ( sewage on a small area4 ,sid5ote3 ,le$s exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,dibd9 fir/ />tl$ ! _w ) ! =mula #a1jjj1jjj gallons p] acre1 b t has long be5 cut d[n to #bjj1jjj gallons1 & ! life ( ! contact b$ has become ! subject ( s]i\s conc]n1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ table ( exp]im5t at ,le$s4 ,o!rs h s\ght to increase ! proportion ( sewage to area by arrang+ = cont9u\s in/ead ( int]mitt5t application2 b ! difficulty ( spr9kl+ s t e "p ( a b$ may be kept j moi/1 9 ord] t a]ation may be cont9u\s z well z ! dropp+ sewage1 is v great1 & increases ) e gallon & foot f ! scale ( a laboratory exp]im5t to t ( a practical work+ = a t[n's sewage4 ,!re 0 an article publi%$ a few ye>s ago 9 ! ,j\rnal ,royal ,agricultural ,society 7,engl&7 on 8,! ,mak+ ( ! ,l&10 %[+ h[ ne>ly all ! value ( agricultural l& 9 ,engl& has be5 /or$ up 9 x by ! ex]tions ( our =efa!rs1 ?r\gh a process ( successive improvem5ts f1 9 _m cases1 wor?less s& & clay1 to a condition ( ! greate/ f]tility2 & ,i (t5 ?9k t ! #ab1jjjl4 sp5t at ,birm+ham or else:]e on an acre ( contact b$ c\ld be exp5d$ to bett] purpose 9 prep>+ #ajj acres ( ! wor/ l& to deal1 = any numb] ( ye>s1 ) z mu* sewage z ! contact b$ may d = a few ye>s4 ,9 ! "o case we "k no limit to ! life ( ! purifi]1 & t x mu/ be a v %ort "o 9 ! o!r case4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,capacity ,,( ,,contact ,,b$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #a ,r\gh ,no4 #c ,r\gh ,contact ,b$4 ,contact ,b$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,dates4 ,gallons4 ,dates4 ,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,orig9al wat] capacity #ahig4 #ahih4 aft] putt+ ,octob] #a #hc1cjj ,nov4 #ba #ea1hjj 9 ! coke #ahii4 #aijj4 ,aft] exp]im5t ,may #f #bb1gjj ,m>* #aj #ad1gjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,duration ( ea* ( above exp]im5ts #ai mon?s #fj1fjj #be #cg1ajj & loss 9 gallons m?s4 ,loss 9 p]c5tage ( orig9al capacity #gc p] c5t4 #ga p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no4 #e ,r\gh ,no4 #g ,s+le ,no4 #h ,s+le ,contact ,b$4 ,contact ,b$4 ,contact ,b$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,dates4 ,gallons4 ,dates4,gallons4 ,dates4 ,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,orig9al wat] capacity #ahii4 #ahii4 #ahii4 aft] putt+ ,feb4 #bh #ec1ajj ,m>* #ge1jjj ,m>* #bc #bi1ejj 9 ! coke #bd #aijj4 #aijj4 #aijj4 ,aft] exp]im5t ,june #a #ac1bjj ,octob] #ba1fjj ,june #a #i1hjj #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,duration ( ea* ( above exp]im5ts #ae #ci1ijj #g #cd1ajj #ad #ai1gjj & loss 9 gallons mon?s mon?s mon?s ,loss 9 p]c5tage ( orig9al capacity #ge p] c5t4 #fa p] c5t4 #fg p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,n4,b4--,! av]age duration ( ! above exp]im5ts 0 #ad mon?s1 & av]age loss ( capacity ab\t #gj p] c5t4 orig9al wat] capacity 9 t p]iod4--,a4 ,s4 ,j4 ,sid5ote3 ,wrexham sewage f>m4 ,at ,wrexham1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 ,i _h n9ete5 ye>s' managem5t ( ab\t #aej acres ( good l&1 ) a mix$ resid5tial & manufactur+ sewage ( "s #ae1jjj population1 ) l>ge brew]ies & lea!r works4 ,! own] ( ?is l& at ! t]m9ation ( lease ask$ s exorbitant a price = ! improv$ freehold1 t ! corporation decid$ to sacrifice ! sewage works on 8 l&1 & to c>ry out a s*eme ( m9e = c>ry+ ! outfall sew] two miles fur!r to a site ( #bjj acres1 :i* !y c\ld acquire on reasonable t]ms 9 ! ye> #ahhi4 ,dur+ my managem5t !re 0 no tr\ble ab\t ! efflu5t1 al?\gh x 0 c>efully wat*$ by ! au?orities ( ! city ( ,*e/]1 :i* takes its wat] supply f ! riv] ,dee1 "s twelve miles bel[ my late f>m2 & ! fact t ! s*eme :i* took ! ,wrexham sewage two miles ne>] to ! ,*e/] wat]works intake 0 c>ri$ out unoppos$ is1 ,i ?9k1 /rong evid5ce ( well-f\nd$ confid5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( l& treatm5t :]e ! public h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ su* results4 ,x is easy to get up a case ) exp]t evid5ce aga9/ any sewage s*eme :]e ! l&-own]s1 cl]gy & o!rs h no means ( prop]ly in=m+ !mselves1 & h a prejudice aga9/ sewage :i* x is v difficult to ov]come except by giv+ ! utmo/ possible publicity to ! tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,camp ,f>m1 ,ald]%ot4 ,( late ye>s1 :ile work+ = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,i h f\nd x exp$i5t to be m retic5t1 b ! ,camp ,f>m re/oration has 9 "o way or ano!r become kn[n to ! public1 & !re c be no great h>m 9 my n[ ref]r+ to ! circum/ances z nei!r m>tial law nor a c5sor%ip has yet be5 proclaim$ 9 ,hamp%ire4 ,:5 ,ald]%ot ,camp 0 fir/ hutt$1 soon aft] ! ,crimean ,w>1 a c]ta9 ,colonel ,ew>t1 ,r4,e41 _h imbib$ true ideas ( ! sep>ate sy/em ?r\gh 8 association ) ! "w ( ! late ,mr4 ,m5zies1 ! ,deputy ,rang] ( ,w9dsor ,=e/1 :o prea*$ & practis$ t sy/em 9 ! dra9age ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le & ! t[n ( ,eton at a "t :5 e o!r civil eng9e] sc\t$ ! possibility ( keep+ ra9 or subsoil wat] out ( f\l sew]s--!y said x 0 ess5tial = flu%+ _! big sew]s4 ,colonel ,ew>t1 at any rate1 impress$ 8 corps1 & aft] ab\t #ahff "o began to see ! ^w ,,f\l pa9t$ up ov] grat+s into :i* ! soldi]s 7 to p\r _! slops4 ,a civilian1 ,james ,blackburn1 also a fri5d ( ,m5zies1 0 employ$ by ! ,w> ,(fice to deal ) ! camp sewage on ab\t #ajj acres ( r\gh hea!r-cov]$ l& close by1 & he1 kn[+ 8 bus9ess1 wat*$ :at came d[n ! sew]s 9 wet wea!r & kept ! ,royal ,eng9e]s up to ! ,m5zies /&>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,blackburn's successful managem5t4 ,toge!r ) ?is initial advantage ( hav+ a regul> volume ( sewage n mu* affect$ by /orm wat] to deal )1 ,mr4 ,blackburn _h _m drawbacks 9 ! 8pan10 z x is usually call$1 ( iron conglom]ate und]ly+ ! v irregul> surface :i* 0 pitt$ all ov] ) holes f :i* gravel or s& _h be5 dug _m ye>s ago2 b he p]sev]$ until he _h got ne>ly all ! area to be> good crops1 :5 he ent]$ ! ,camp ,f>m 9 competition = ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society's #ajjl4 prize 9 #ahgi = ! be/ manag$ sewage f>m 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! ,report ( ! ,judges at t competition is record$ 9 ! ,society's ,proce$+s #ahhj1 giv+ full /ati/ics except f9ancial acc\nts1 :i* ,mr4 ,blackburn )held because he 0 !n 9 treaty ) ! ,w> ,(fice = new t]ms aft] f\rte5 ye>s' "w on ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ,f>m4 ,my impression aft] read+ ! judges' reports & hav+ se5 ! f>m a ye> or two previ\sly to its date1 is t1 if ! condition z to ! production ( ! f9ancial acc\nts c\ld h be5 fulfill$1 ! fir/ prize w\ld h be5 aw>d$ to ! ,camp ,f>m in/ead ( jo9tly to ^? ( ,b$=d & to ,wrexham4 ,mr4 ,blackburn _h built a big wood5 %$ & sublet x to a man :o b\ght 8 ryegrass = "s fifty c[s 7= ^: milk !re 0 a great dem& 9 ! camp71 s ?is subt5ant made a tempt+ (f] to ! ,w> ,(fice & got a f\rte5 ye>s' lease ( ! :ole f>m1 :ile ,blackburn retir$ 9 disgu/4 ,i wi% to write only f k ( facts1 & w !re=e take up my n>rative aga9 9 #ahie1 aft] an int]val ( "s fifte5 ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,neglect$ /ate (1 9 #ahie4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may #ahie1 ,i 0 call$ ^u to visit ! ,camp ,f>m & report to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,campbell-,bann]man1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w> at t date4 ,i f\nd ! :ole f>m 9 a deplorable condition ( neglect$ nuisance1 /agnant lakes ( sewage reta9$ "h & !re by banks ( e>?1 build+s & f5ces 9 decay1 & ! great] "p ( ! camp sewage pass+1 by pipes laid by its t5ant1 "u a road :i* =ms ! l[] b\nd>y ( ,w> ,dep>tm5t l&1 to "s r\gh mead[s held by _! t5ant f civilian own]s = ! purpose ( sav+ him ! tr\ble ( spread+ ! sewage ov] ! slop+ surface ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ,f>m--"w :i* requir$ ! use ( a l& surveyor's level & /aff4 ,9 ! dit*es ( ^! flat mead[s ! sewage c\ld g ?r\gh ! septic process to its fulle/ ext5t z ! level ( ! riv] ,blackwat] kept !m ne>ly full at all times1 & ! sup]natant liquid c\ld spread ov] ! co>se h]bage ( ^! mead[s only 9 w9t] floods1 ) ! result ( heavy crops ( hay1 & sewage disposal conv5i5tly out ( sight & outside ,w> ,(fice jurisdiction :5 a ,royal ,eng9e] (fic] might come to inspect ! ,camp ,f>m f "t to "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal's report4 ,b be=e my visit an active ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? 7,dr4 ,seaton71 tak+ an int]e/ 9 ! /ate ( ! riv] b\nd+ 8 c\nty ( ,surrey1 detect$ ! camp orig9 ( ! /agnant sewage1 &1 conclud+ t ! mead[s mu/ =m "p ( ! ,camp ,f>m ov] ! road1 made a s]i\s report ab\t 8,gov]nm5t ,sewage ,m>%es10 :i* ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal took z a text = an article1 & ! ,?ames ,cons]vancy attack$ ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t z soon z _! #ahid ,act gave !m jurisdiction 9 ! matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,tempor>y abatem5t ( nuisance4 ,i 0 told t ! ,camp ,f>m milk & grass _h be5 condemn$1 & t ! t5ant _h consequ5tly sold 8 c[s & 0 to give up ! f>m on ,june #bj1 #ahie2 !re=e my report 0 want$ =?)1 b x 0 only to take acc\nt ( any?+ :i* c\ld be done tempor>ily to abate nuisance1 z an agreem5t 0 p5d+ ) ! ,ald]%ot ,di/rict ,c\ncil = ! removal ( ! camp sewage outfall to "s site1 at lea/ two miles di/ant f ! camp1 at :i* ! ,di/rict ,c\ncil 0 to become solely responsible = its future disposal1 toge!r ) _! own ,ald]%ot t[n sewage1 & ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t to be rat$ = ! purpose l any o!r h\sehold]4 ,i f\nd ! ,comm&+ ,royal ,eng9e] !n 9 (fice fully alive to ! exi/+ nuisance & prep>$ to support any ef=ts ,i might make to abate x4 ,accord+ly ,i agre$ to become manag] 9 control ( su* lab\r & mat]ial z 0 necess>y = imm$iate tempor>y improvem5t1 & be+ suppli$ ) army horses1 & any necess>y build+s1 tanks1 etc4 to be con/ruct$ by ! ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ahig4 ,! ,w> ,(fice resolve on p]man5t improvem5t4 ,aft] ab\t two ye>s x became und]/ood t ! nuisance c\ld be p]man5tly rem$i$ on ! ,camp ,f>m1 z ,i _h said f ! fir/1 & accord+ly ! draft agreem5t1 :i* _h !n be5 9 discussion = five ye>s1 0 ab&on$4 ,i 0 ask$ to prep>e a s*eme & e/imate = su* p]man5t works z w\ld enable ! sewage to be effectually dispos$ ( on ! ,camp ,f>m4 ,recollect+ t ! sewage _h to be at once cut (f f ,dr4 ,seaton's 8,sewage ,m>%10 & its disposal provid$ = ?r\gh\t on ,w> ,dep>tm5t l&1 x w be obs]v$ t ! improvem5t "w _h to proce$ piecemeal ) "s extra c>e & arrangem5t2 b on ! :ole ,i am satisfi$ t ! "w has be5 complet$ ) great] effici5cy & economy ?an w\ld h be5 ! case if ! sewage _h be5 turn$ into ! riv] & ! :ole site h&$ ov] to a contractor = two ye>s 9 ! usual c\rse4 ,ab\t ! same date 7end ( #ahig7 ab\t #ac acres ( l& 0 h&$ ov] to my managem5t ) sewage f ! ,royal ,milit>y & ,/aff ,colleges at ,s&hur/1 ab\t #h miles di/ant f ! ,camp ,f>m1 &1 be+ some:at bett] l& to beg9 )1 ?is "p n[ pres5ts a v pretty example ( :at a small in/allation = ab\t #ajjj population may accompli%4 ,b x is work$ z "p & p>cel ( ! ,camp ,f>m1 horses be+ s5t out to ,s&hur/ f ,monday to ,saturday :5 requir$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor?y ( note t ! re=m ( ! ,camp ,f>m 0 initiat$ 9 #ahie by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w> 9 a ,lib]al ,m9i/ry1 & t x has wea!r$ = sev5 ye>s all ! /orms ( ,j+oism & ! fa%ionable crazes = artificial sewage treatm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,sir ,r$v]s ,bull]'s p]iod ( comm& at ,ald]%ot4 ,b :atev] may be ! rights or wrongs ( ,g5]al ,sir ,r$v]s ,bull]'s qu>rel ) ! ,press & ! ,gov]nm5t1 8 reputation z a practical agriculturi/ is und5iable1 & :ile 9 comm& at ,ald]%ot x 0 8 cu/om to /roll ov] ! ,camp ,f>m on a ,sunday aft]noon1 occasionally leav+ a message ) c[man or bailiff to w>n me ( any?+ he f\nd amiss1 = :i* ,i 0 v grateful1 liv+ z ,i d t5 miles away4 ,i am pr\d1 !re=e1 to be able to publi% ! foll[+ lett] f "o :o has %[n t he is n to be influ5c$ by complaisance to sup]ior or inf]ior 9 express+ or modify+ 8 op9ions1 & he writes z foll[s3-- #ag ,,l[ndes ,,squ>e1 ,s4,w4 ,july #ad1 #aijb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,jones1 ,i am delight$ to he> t y are publi%+ a book ab\t sewage treatm5t4 ,! sewage f>ms at ,ald]%ot & ! ,royal ,milit>y ,college af=d ample pro( ( :at a s5sible practical man c d4 ,b x is n e "o :o kn[s :at ^? f>ms 7 be=e y took *>ge ( !m1 nor d ,i ?9k t any "o see+ !m n[ c\ld conceive _! previ\s condition4 ,x is to t ,i c te/ify2 y h turn$ putrid sewage bogs into f]tile fields4 ,y w conf] an imm5se b5efit on ! c\ntry if1 by y\r book1 y c only tea* sanit>y au?orities g5]ally t ! crux ( ! :ole "q is ! necessity = practical commons5se measures aga9/ sewage /agnation1 & if ^? measures are tak5 nature w d ! "w ( purification )\t ! assi/ance ( exp5sive pat5ts or artificial devices4 ,y\rs v truly1 7,sign$7 ,,r$v]s ,,bull]4 ,to ,,col4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,jones1 ,v4,c41 ,c4,e4 ,x mu/ n be ga!r$ f ! =ego+ acc\nt t ! ,w> ,(fice au?orities are prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ! natural treatm5t ( sewage1 =1 l _m o!r sanit>y au?orities1 !y h be5 bewild]$ ( late ye>s by ! num]\s =ms ( 8artificial0 treatm5t 9 vogue1 & ,i "k ( m ?an "o exp]im5tal in/allation = b>racks :]e good available l& has be5 neglect$1 = ,i read la/ summ] ( gha/ly failures among ! bact]ial arrangem5ts 9 "s ( ^?4 ,sid5ote3 ,success ma9ly due to activity ( f>m bailiff1 =em5 & o!r work]s4 ,i _c quit ! above acc\nt ( ! vicissitudes ( ! ,camp ,f>m 9 f\rte5 ye>s' gr[? f a s&y wa/e to a condition :i* tempt$ a t5ant to pay a r5t ( #cl4 odd p] acre 9 #ahhj--;its retrogression to its primitive wa/e dur+ ! foll[+ fifte5 ye>s--& re/oration to its pres5t measure ( f]tility1 )\t express+ ! belief t ,mr4 ,blackburn's success & my own h be5 ma9ly due to our good =tune 9 obta9+ ! will+ s]vices ( excell5t intellig5t =em5 & work]s :o1 "o & all1 h tak5 a real int]e/ 9 _! sev]al tasks4 ,mr4 ,cam]on & o!r eng9e]s may boa/ ( _! lab\r sav+ 787 automatic appliances = op5+ & %utt+ valves on sewage works1 b practical work]s1 responsible = deal+ ) a million gallons a day & upw>ds av]age1 9 h\rly v>y+ fl[ ( t[n sewage1 w agree ) me 9 hesitation z to plac+ entire confid5ce 9 ! sub/itution ( automatic ma*9es = any l>ge proportion ( _! manual lab\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,education & enc\ragem5t ( sewage employees advocat$4 ,i h = _m ye>s advocat$ education ( sewage f>m manag]s & wat]m51 to be select$ f ! rapidly decreas+ class ( agricultural lab\r]s by ! t5d] ( high wages1 h\ses & good g>d5s1 ) o!r pr(it-%>+ all[ances :i* x w well pay sanit>y au?orities to hold out to _! sewage employees4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i am glad to note ! rec5t =mation ( 8,! ,association ( ,manag]s ( ,sewage ,disposal ,works10 ,secret>y1 ,*>les ,h4 ,ball1 #e ,fett] ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 z a ,trades ,union move f )9 well calculat$ to raise ! /atus ( ! class ( m5 ^u ^: ex]tions ! community mu/ ma9ly rely if !re is to be any hope ( improv+ ! condition ( our /reams & riv]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce & ,reports ( ,"l ,iddesleigh's ,royal ,commission4 ,two l>ge ,blue ,books conta9+ ! evid5ce tak5 by ,"l ,iddesleigh's ,royal ,commission h be5 publi%$ s9ce ! ,int]im ,report1 & _! cont5ts m ?an w>rant ! op9ion express$ 9 ! latt]2 inde$ x mu/ surely be admitt$ t ! case = ea* ( ! artificial sy/ems 0 v fully gone into be=e t ,commission express$ ! gu>d$ conclusion1 8,we d\bt if any l& is entirely useless40 ,i d n believe t ! surface purification obta9$ by di/ribution ov] ev5 ! d5se/ ( clay l&s 0 effectively put 9 evid5ce1 & too mu* weight 0 giv5 to ! difficulty ( increas+ ! effective top soil on su* l&2 b on ! :ole ,i ?9k t ! ,int]im ,report is v satisfactory to ! reasonable advocates ( a pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! adoption ( a l>ge area ( l&1 :]e available1 ov] any artificial treatm5t on a small area1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,int]im ,report 0 issu$1 h[ev]1 a v full & c>eful exam9ation ( a select numb] ( sewage f>ms 0 /ill 9 progress1 & ,app5dix #bb1 ) a casual m5tion by ,dr4 ,m',g[an1 af=ds ! only glimpse to be _h 9 ! bulky ,blue ,books1 ( any results ( t exam9ation hav+ be5 z yet adduc$ 9 evid5ce4 ,! ,commission's (fic]s1 to my k1 7 engag$ = _m mon?s 9 exam9+1 survey+ & tak+ num]\s samples ( sewage & efflu5t at ! ,camp ,f>m1 &1 z !y d\btless _h equal opportunities ( indep5d5t obs]vations on ! o!r select$ sewage f>ms1 ! fur!r reports ( ,"l ,iddesleigh's ,royal ,commission _c fail to be int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,on "o po9t ,app5dix #bb to ! ,blue ,book abundantly supports an op9ion ,i h s (t5 express$1 namely1 t a good /rong loamy surface is a m effici5t purifi] ( sewage ?an _m feet ( b>r5 s&4 ,i ref] to ! curves 9 ,app5dix #bb1 %[+ ! greatly sup]ior purification effect$ at ,nott+ham ) ! be/ soil z comp>$ to t ( ! s&y "o at ,ald]%ot1 :i*1 9 its natural "*1 is ab\t ! wor/ = purification & = produc+ crops to be f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,my exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 all po9ts to ! extreme importance ( /udy+ local conditions f ! fir/ inception ( plans 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 to _! completion ) ! be/ available mat]ials4 ,b :5 ! eng9e] has done 8 be/1 ! sanit>y au?orities1 hav+ borr[$ ! funds to pay = ! "w1 w take no fur!r tr\ble ab\t its sewage1 & w (t5 engage c>eless ignorant workpeople at inadequate wages to c>ry on ! h\rly v>y+ lab\r1 on effici5t p]=mance ( :i* success dep5ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,automatic appliances = sewage & efflu5t dis*>ge4 ,x may seem idle to compla9 ( bo>ds & _! employees %[+ little int]e/ 9 ! "w ( sewage disposal1 b x is worse to p&] to _! fail+s by sell+ !m automatic ma*9es "u ! pret5ce t all ! ?\ght1 & f]tility ( res\rce1 requir$ = effici5t sanit>y sewage disposal c be suppli$ by +5i\s applications ( hydraulics on ! pr9ciple t sewage is a fluid1 &1 z su*1 w behave l clean wat]4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! a]obic treatm5t is c>ri$ out on a b>e level surface ( c9d]s or coke gr[+ only we$s1 ! lack ( int]e/ is v excusable1 b 9 ! natural sy/em ! gr[? ( crops & cont\r+ a slop+ surface ) c>ri]s s t e "p %all h its trickl+ wat] alt]nat+ ) dry p]iods = cutt+ ! crops or hoe+ out we$s1 %\ld be a matt] ( con/ant int]e/ to an agricultural work]1 &1 if he kn[s 8 bus9ess1 good crops & purity ( efflu5t mu/ g toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,manag]s %\ld h a free h&4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is happy result1 a manag] mu/ "k 8 bus9ess & be giv5 a free h&1 n pe/]$ by memb]s ( a committee 7f>m]s1 but*]s1 g>d5]s or t[n tradesm57 com+ to give _! advice or ord]s4 ,! riv] au?ority %\ld take samples z (t5 z !y l & s5d ! manag] z soon z possible ! analyses ) day & h\r ( sampl+ z a guide = future work+4 ,he w !n h to expla9 any defect f av]age purity ( efflu5t1 due to "o ( ! hundr$ cont+5cies :i* may arise 9 practice1 aft] he & ! riv] au?orities h agre$ ab\t :at t av]age analysis %\ld be = 8 p>ticul> f>m or works2 & x w be = ! advantage ( all p>ties n to try & en=ce a fix$ /&>d = a :ole di/rict1 z "s riv] au?orities usually attempt to d1 because x is easi] to lead ?an to drive a good manag]1 & no?+ at all c be done ) a bad "o4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,i ?9k riv] au?orities %\ld be easy go+1 q ! contr>y1 b !y %\ld tru/ _! inspectors' reports1 & 8run 90 ^? sanit>y au?orities :o are c>eless ab\t ! managem5t ( _! sewage f>ms & try+ to cut d[n work+ exp5ses & capital4 ,9 precipitation or o!r artificial sewage works x is easy to judge ?is1 b m difficult = any "o except ! good f>m manag] to "k :e!r ! l& is be+ made ! mo/ ( = pr(it or = purification2 /ill ! riv]s au?ority ought to get to "k if !y & _! (fic]s take pa9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,purification & pr(it4 ,x is a common idea t work+ a sewage f>m = pr(it1 & = purification ( ! sewage1 are two incompatible ?+s1 :]eas1 ! good manag] ) suffici5t work+ capital 7d\ble or m :at w\ld be en\gh = ! same acreage 9 ord9>y agriculture7 & a good m>ket = produce w atta9 ! two toge!r 9 due proportion 9 all ord9>y seasons1 :5 a fair all[ance has be5 made him = ! necess>y sanit>y "w4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! popul> idea ( incompatibility has aris5 9 a case l t above /at$ ( ! ,camp ,f>m t5ant1 eat+ up ye> by ye> all ! f]tility /or$ up 9 ! l& dur+ ! previ\s p]iod1 & lett+ ne>ly all ! sewage run to wa/e1 because its sci5tific application w\ld co/ mu* 9 ?\ght & lab\r4 ,9 mu* ! same way di/rict c\ncils h be51 all ov] ! c\ntry1 /9t+ _! lab\r bills & int]f]+ ) _! manag]s' pur*ases & sales 9 ord] to make z small a dem& on ! rates z !y c--ea* ye> br++ "s *ange ( sy/em--to ! end t nobody is responsible or has any confid5ce 9 ma/] or man4 ,) su* a /ate ( ?+s up & d[n ! c\ntry ! way 0 prep>$ = prea*]s ( microbe ag5cy to say1 :y %\ld y buy all t l& :5 a septic tank1 a few acres ( coke or burnt balla/1 & a pat5t automatic op5] & %utt] ( valves 7:i* y see work+ s nicely ) tap wat] & model at "s exhibition7 w give y 8no m tr\blesome sludge10 & a fir/ class efflu5t ) h>dly any lab\r bill8 if y only agitate aga9/ t arbitr>y ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 :i* insi/s ^u l&6 ,b ^? g5tlem5 neglect$ ! fact1 t 9 a few ye>s' "t _! filt]s w\ld h to be pull$ to pieces1 wa%$ & put back1 :ile ! l& rema9s z effici5t z ev]1 & a valuable asset1 9 "s cases saleable at build+ value1 if x becomes desirable to move ! outfall fur!r at "s future "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,sludge treatm5t4 ,9 ! above comp>ison betwe5 natural & artificial treatm5t ref]5ce has be5 _h *iefly to ! a]obic bran* ( ! bus9ess1 b ! ana]obic1 break+ d[n "s ( ! solid organic matt] & ! sanit>y disposal ( ! rema9d] 9 ! /ate ( sewage sludge 7conta9+ fully #ij p] c5t4 ( moi/ure7 mu/ n be ov]look$ or %irk$ z b5ea? ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific bact]iologi/s & *emi/s ^: analyses ( efflu5ts1 & (t5 ( :at !y call crude sewage1 are made f ! liquid :i* has pass$ ?r\gh a filt] pap] 9 _! laboratory be=e _! 8oxyg5 absorb$0 or 8ammonia processes0 are proce$$ )4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h always ma9ta9$ t sludge1 be+ ! f\le/ "p ( t[n sewage1 ought to receive prim>y & e>ne/ att5tion if we desire to improve ! condition ( our wat]c\rses4 ,:5 t[n sewage is pump$ ?r\gh a long ris+ ma91 x c (t5 be spread on ! l& 9 its really crude /ate1 & if ! soil is clay pl\gh$ up to receive x ! sludge is mo/ b5eficial to its texture4 ,b 9 e o!r case we mu/ face ! nuisance ( extract+ ! sludge1 & its desiccation 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ways4 #a4 ,on a f>m at "s di/ance f roads & h\ses1 ! *eape/ plan is to =m a bank ( e>? ab\t #ah in*es high1 enclos+ a rectangul> area into :i* ! wet sludge c be run or pump$ out ( deposit+ tanks1 & left alone until dry en\gh = c>tage1 :5 x c be us$ on ! f>m or sold to neighb\r+ f>m]s = a %ill+ or two a load4 #b4 ,a wall ( f>my>d long manure may be us$ in/ead ( e>?1 & tr5* #e feet wide dug on ea* side ( ! long] sides ( ! rectangle1 leav+ #c feet ( gr\nd betwe5 ! wall & tr5*1 on :i* m5 c /& to scoop ! sludge ov] ! wall :5 x has consolidat$ a little 9 ! tr5*2 ! latt] is !n ready to receive ! sludge f ano!r tank empty+1 :i* is aga9 scoop$ ov] ! wall on to a ?9 coat+ ( f>my>d manure1 :i* has be5 scatt]$ ov] ! la/ lay] ( sludge 9 ! rectangle2 & ?us 9 a ye>'s "t a solid mass ( ! mixture is rais$ f\r or five feet high1 & is 9 capital ord] = putt+ 9 drills = a crop ( mangold wurtzel4 ,?is is ! plan 9 use at ! ,camp ,f>m2 x occupies little gr\nd & smells only l rott5 dung does dur+ ! few days c>t+ to ! mangold field4 #c4 ,press+ by compress$ air =c+ a liquid mixture ( sludge & lime into ! int]/ices betwe5 clo?s support$ by v]tical iron plates on a horizontal frame2 & su* press+ is a v exp5sive process1 only resort$ to :5 ! sewage works are 9 a conf9$ populat$ di/rict :]e no accumulation ( sludge c be tol]at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]t exam9ation ( neighb\rhood a v necess>y prelim9>y to any sewage s*eme4 ,be=e any sewage s*eme is conceiv$ a v c>eful survey ( ! neighb\rhood ought to be made by a p]son :o kn[s ! requisites ( a site = sewage disposal1 especially if l& irrigation is int5d$1 because natural advantages ( site bo? = tanks1 ma9 c>ri]s1 roads1 etc41 may make all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w 9 exp5se & effici5cy n only 9 fir/ co/ ( works b also 9 _! use aft]w>ds4 ,& if l& is to be acquir$ = sewage f>m+ x w be v desirable to include 9 ! pur*ase "s neighb\r+ high ly+ area1 n requir$ = sewage disposal b = gr[+ /raw crops to be us$ on ! f>m4 ,,cropp+ ,a ,,sewage ,,f>m4 ,sid5ote3 ,vegetation ( "s k9d1 useful or we$s1 w gr[ f sewage1 & mu/ be frequ5tly remov$ f l& or contact b$4 ,?is is a matt] ( vital importance1 because :5 sewage is int]mitt5tly appli$ to l& ( any k9d or to coke b$s1 vegetation ( "s k9d or o!r mu/ result & mu/ be remov$ 9 ord] to leave a cle> c\rse = ! next dose ( sewage2 ! co/ ( removal & de/ruction ( we$s w be f\nd v great :5 contact b$s are tri$ on any work+ scale & w\ld be q prohibitive if all[$ to gr[ on irrigat$ l&4 ,h5ce we mu/ cr[d out ! we$s z mu* z possible by useful plants :i* w br+ some?+ t[>ds ! co/ ( _! removal2 & z t return f p]i%able gre5/uff is dep5d5t ^u its imm$iate sale or consumption on ! f>m1 ! manag] mu/ ca/ ab\t = dem&s = 8 abundant supply2 b z bo? ! sun%9e 79 ?is climate7 & m>kets are v caprici\s factors 9 ! problem1 he has no easy task always to make bo? ends meet4 ,!oretically ! t[n :i* yields ! sewage ought to provide an abundant dem&1 b 9 practice x c r>ely be dep5d$ ^u1 ,ed9burgh be+ ! only exception1 :]e ! ,craig5t9ny sewage mead[s are r5t$ at a v high figure by ! c[-keep]s ( a city situat$ 9 ! he>t ( an arable di/rict4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt]native de/9ations = vegetation ?us remov$4 ,milk 7ev]y:]e 9 dem&7 or a de/ructor furnace4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is always an unlimit$ dem& = milk1 & if he has ! means ( keep+ a h]d ( c[s on ! f>m1 or c arrange ) a neighb\r+ c[-keep] to take all ! grass & roots he c supply at a l[ rate1 x is ab\t ! be/ c\rse a manag] c adopt4 ,if he ma9ta9s a h]d ( c[s1 ti$ up 9 good1 well v5tilat$ /ables1 & has !m daily bru%$ & groom$ l horses1 !y require no ex]cise & produce milk 9 p]fection = an av]age p]iod ( fifte5 mon?s f date ( pur*ase aft] _! ?ird or f\r? calv+4 ,su* a h]d w consume rye-grass c>t$ f ! field f ,april to ,novemb]1 & mangolds1 kohl-rabi1 & rye-grass hay dur+ ! w9t]1 ?us secur+ a uni=m dem& = produce ( ! sewage l& ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & su* c[s w only require a little cotton cake & oat /raw b$d+ 7( :i* latt] !y eat a good deal7 to fit !m = sale to ! but*] z soon z !y become dry4 ,! advantage ( su* a /eady dem& is s great :5 rye-grass & mangolds1 etc41 are indicat$ z ! ma9 crops ( ! f>m1 ow+ to ! l>ge volume ( sewage p] acre1 t ! sy/em ( c[-keep+ is =c$ ^u manag]s1 h[ev] reluctant _! sanit>y au?orities may be to provide ! necess>y work+ capital1 unless !y c f9d a reliable contractor to receive at a fix$ price any quantity ( grass & roots ! au?ority may gr[ & deliv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]man5t pa/ure graz$ & = hay available 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,:5 a t[n has m l& 9 proportion to its sewage1 p]man5t pa/ure may take ! place ( ,italian rye-grass1 &1 ) prop] precautions1 a "p ( ! p]man5t pa/ure may be graz$2 b ! sav+ ( lab\r1 ?us suppos$ to result f lett+ animals bite & c>ry _! food1 is exp5d$ 9 mak+ up1 9 a necess>ily imp]fect mann]1 ! c>ri]s trodd5 9 by ! cattle4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( neat tidy cont\r c>ri]s1 correctly levell$4 ,& "h ,i w\ld obs]ve t mo/ ( ! bad od\r into :i* sewage f>m+ has fall5 ( late ye>s is di/9ctly traceable to ! common abs5ce ( suffici5t regul>ly cont\r$ & neatly cut di/ribution c>ri]s result+ f p>simony ab\t wages bills natural to ! ratepay]s' repres5tatives 9 ,c\ncil1 & (t5 to ! manag]'s dep5d5ce on a bor\gh surveyor's com+ to ! f>m ) 8 level & /aff = great measures1 or on 8 own guesses = small] works1 in/ead ( us+ an in/rum5t to peg out e di/ribution c>ri] at ! "r mom5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,attract good lab\r4 ,!re is ano!r important outlay ( capital to be provid$ = 9 e complete sewage s*eme1 :i* %\ld embrace suffici5t good lab\r]s' h\ses & g>d5s 9 ord] to attract & reta9 on ! spot ! be/ class ( work]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ( ! exp]i5ce ( a lifetime4 ,to sum up ! g5]al conclusions to :i* my exp]i5ce po9ts1 & :i* ,i tru/ may prove useful to di/rict c\ncillors1 !y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,9 works ( sew]age1 limit & regulate1 z f> z possible1 ! volume ( sewage by exclud+ subsoil wat] & clean surface wat]4 #b4 ,:]e ! outfall sewage ent]s ! disposal works provide a pair ( op5 cat*-pits 7or grit-*amb]s71 ea* twice z wide z1 & #b feet deep] ?an ! sew]1 ) sluices all[+ ! sewage to pass ?r\gh "o pit at a "t 9 its free c\rse1 :ile ! o!r pit is be+ dri$ & ! deposit$ detritus dug out4 ,! dep? bel[ sew] inv]t may be m ?an #b feet1 & l5g? ( cat*-pit is immat]ial1 b ,i conf9e its wid? to twice t ( ! sew] 9 ord] to cons]ve suffici5t velocity 9 ! curr5t to c>ry =w>d organic matt]1 pap]1 etc41 & leave only clean s& & gravel 9 ^! cat*-pits4 ,cont9u+ ! c\rse by op5 *annel 7( same wid? z outfall sew]71 x %\ld exp& to five or six times its wid?1 =m+ ! scre5+ *amb]1 & !nce dis*>ge into ! #c4 ,deposit+ tanks4 ,^! are be/ =m$ 9 concrete ) smoo? surface1 ) a semicircul> level weir f :i* ! liquid ov]fl[s into a semicircul> collect+ op5 c>ri] lead+ to ! a]obic process on l& or contact b$4 ,! semicircles above ref]r$ to are /ruck f c5tre ( ! inlet to deposit+ tank ) a radius ( #ej feet or m4 ,! weir level %\ld be at lea/ #a in* bel[ t ( inv]t ( inlet1 & ! dep? ( tank imm$iately "u ?is po9t %\ld be gov]n$ by consid]ation ( ! facility ( draw+ (f ! sludge by valve at t dep? to ! sludge dry+ b$s by gravitation if possible1 or pump if necess>y1 & f ?is sludge empty+ valve ! smoo? concrete bottom ( tank slopes up to ! semicircul> weir above describ$4 ,! bottom & sides ( su* a tank %\ld be made ) ! be/ ,portl& cem5t & f9e/ granite *ipp+s wr\ght to a smoo? surface1 s t ! sludge may be easily swept clean away ) a squeegee to its outlet valve1 z x is v necess>y to h ! tank ?or\ghly wa%$ aft] ea* empty+ if my view ( ! clean mode ( sewage disposal is to be c>ri$ out4 ,b ) ! dirty mode1 on ! contr>y1 "s ( ! sludge only %\ld be drawn (f & ! septic ana]obic action pres]v$ cont9u\sly 9 ! tank itself1 :]eas ,i pref] t action to h its e>ly & less (f5sive c\rse 9 ! tank & its completion 9 a dry+ b$ mix$ if possible ) f>m-y>d manure4 #d4 ,! a]obic process4 ,! "o ess5tial po9t 9 ?is f9al process1 :e!r 9 l& or 8contact b$s10 is suffici5t a]ation 7excess z by bl[+ has no result comm5surate ) co/ ( its introduction71 & x c be atta9$ by int]mitt5ce ( sewage & re/1 or by cont9u\s passage ( sewage ?r\gh a b$ ( co>se m$ium kept always j moi/ 9 all its atoms by a ra9-l dropp+ on ! surface s c>efully adju/$ z to moi/5 all p>ts & n to =m a wat]-seal 9 any "p ( ! b$4 ,int]mitt5ce is easily arrang$ on any scale ( work+1 & cont9u\s filtration1 on ! contr>y1 is difficult ev5 = a few ?\s& gallons a day4 ,sid5ote3 ,anticipation ( a com+ reaction aga9/ 8fads0 & ov]pressure 9 sanitation4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 our gr& old philosoph] ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has publi%$ a volume ( 8,facts & ,comm5ts0#c conta9+ a *apt] on 8,sanitation 9 ,!ory & ,practice10 :i* po9ts to a com+ reaction aga9/ ! movem5t begun1 "s fifty ye>s ago1 by ! late ,sir ,edw9 ,*adwick & foll[$ up by _m en?usia/ic exploit]s ( ! popul> dread ( 8g]ms10 :i* he associat$ ) bad smells4 ,( c\rse ! pr(essor's practical acqua9tance ) ,*adwick's hobby is1 z he says1 v limit$1 & 8 argum5t1 t because sewage & manure smells are h>mless 9 ! op5 air ( ! c\ntry1 !y %\ld be equally innocu\s 9 a t[n1 falls to ! gr\nd :5 br\ght to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce1 & ,i tru/ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] w =give me = po9t+ out t sew]-gas1 drawn into a dwell+ room1 9 t[n or c\ntry1 ?r\gh scull]y wa/e pipe or o!r connection ) a sew] 9 :i* ! air is ( l[] temp]ature ?an t ( ! dwell+ room1 is really prejudicial to heal? :e!r accompani$ or n by disease g]ms4 ,& al?\gh1 z "o ( ! exp]ts to :om ,*adwick appeal$ & ^: mod]ate te/imony 0 ca/ aside because x did n come up to ! /&>d desir$ by 8 en?usiasm1 ,i fully endorse ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s caution ) reg>d to ! mass ( ,blue ,book evid5ce on sanitation1 ,i v5ture to express my regret t ! de> old man has _h an un=tunate exp]i5ce ( sewage treatm5t1 & my surprise t s deep a reason] %\ld h publi%$ 8 judgm5t 9 ?is *apt] )\t hav+ tak5 ! pa9s to ext5d 8 acqua9tance ) sewage treatm5t 9 o!r places ?an ! s+le in/ance ( ,burton-on-,tr5t4 ,9 ?us despis+ an unsav\ry subject ,mr4 ,sp5c] is n alone1 & ,i am sorry to h to say t g5]al indiff]5ce is answ]able = ! wa/e ( mu* public heal? & money1 because x ne$ n be surpris+ if ^? foll[+ a despis$ trade are sometimes ready to take advantage ( ! prejudice & ignorance ( _! employ]s4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i beg to quote ,pr(essor ,sp5c] z foll[s 9 ju/ification ( ! reflection ) :i* ,i began ! above essay3-- 8,new sanit>y appliances are cont9ually be+ devis$1 sanction$ by au?ority1 & requir$ by surveyors2 & surveyors may h & c]ta9ly sometimes d h1 p]sonal int]e/s 9 pu%+ ! use ( !m2 ei!r z be+ %>ehold]s 9 ! companies !y are manufactur$ by or z receiv+ p]c5tages on ! numb]s sold ?r\gh _! recomm5dation40 #b3 ,publi%$ by ,longmans1 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,?ird edition publi%$ by ,r4 ,pott]1 ,wrexham1 #ahhe4 #c3 #8,facts & ,comm5ts1' by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,williams & ,norgate1 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,sewage ,,treatm5t4 ,,by ,h4 ,,alfr$ ,,roe*l+1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,,etc4 ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,lieut4-,colonel ,a4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,v4,c41 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 :o has done yeoman s]vice 9 ?is matt]1 ,i h great pleasure 9 putt+ d[n "s obs]vations on ?is old b ev] controv]sial "q ( sewage treatm5t4 ,colonel ,jones has done m ?an anyone else liv+ to e/abli% correct views on sewage f>m+1 & he has lately *ang$ ! ,gov]nm5t sewage m>%es at ,ald]%ot into a v]itable 8,g>d5 ( ,ed510 wat]$ by ! wat]s f ,ald]%ot ,camp1 gr[+ heal?y crops1 & caus+ n ! slighte/ nuisance4 ,aft] _m /ruggles1 ev5 ! milk f ! dairy c[s is n[ recognis$ z good & suppli$ to ! milit>y hospitals4 ,?is is an a*ievem5t ( :i* anyone might be pr\d2 & all ^? :o h be5 ov] ! f>m dur+ ! "t ( ! 8deluge10 & c n[ /udy ! ord] & sy/em evolv$ out ( *aos by ,colonel ,jones w te/ify to ?is6 ,x is pleasant to record t ! ,w> ,(fice h recognis$ ,colonel ,jones' "w = !m by hav+ appo9t$ him q rec5tly to manage all ! sewage disposal works 9 ! ,ald]%ot di/rict4 ,?is w involve ! lay+ out ( irrigation works 9 eight sep>ate places1 9 "s ( :i* artificial me?ods ( sewage purification h be5 tri$ & f\nd want+4 ,be=e comm5c+ ) my task prop] x may n be out ( place to describe "h v %ortly ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! sewage "q has pass$ dur+ ! c5tury j clos$4 ,su* a retrospect is ( g5]al int]e/ & may ?r[ "s fur!r light ^u our subject2 x mu/ ( necessity be %ort1 o!rwise x w\ld absorb m "t & space ?an is at my disposal1 & any %ortcom+s 9 ?is respect t ! read] may discov]1 ,i tru/ he w k9dly put d[n to ?is cause4 8,! man 9 ! /reet0 seems ye> aft] ye> m call$ ^u to =m an important elem5t 9 settl+ que/ions ev5 ( a sci5tific nature1 & if :at ,i am go+ to say %\ld prove ( "s s]vice to him my lab\rs w be well repaid4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sewage ,,"q ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,c5tury4 ,a ,,%ort ,,retrospect4 ,9 deal+ ) ! sewage "q dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 x w be an advantage to di/+ui% betwe5 ! !ory & practice ( sewage purification1 z su* a division ( ! subject w r5d] x less complicat$ & w t5d to avoid misconceptions4 ,deal+ fir/ ) ! !oretical side ( ! "q1 x is v d\btful :e!r at ! dawn ( ! c5tury ev5 a work+ hypo!sis exi/$ to expla9 ! process ( sewage irrigation :i* 0 !n adopt$ 9 "o or two in/ances1 notably at ,ed9burgh1 :]e ! t[n sewage 0 v successfully purifi$ on ! ,craig5t9ny mead[s4 ,x is m ?an likely1 t at ?is "t in/9ct took ! place ( !ory1 & t sewage irrigation 0 an in/9ctive imitation ( irrigation ) riv] wat] employ$ = _m c5turies 9 "s ea/]n c\ntries4 ,lat] on x is on record1 t ,cagni>d de la ,t\r 9 ,france1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbe1 & ,s*wann 9 ,g]many1 ab\t ! ye> #ahcf1 express$ ! view1 t organis$ sub/ances--micro-organisms--play$ "s role 9 f]m5tative & putrefactive *anges4 ,almo/ diametrically oppos$ to ?is 7 ! views au?oritatively laid d[n by ! !n /> 9 ! *emical horizon1 ,ju/us von ,liebig1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #ahde1 ma9ta9$ t ^! *anges 7 br\ght ab\t by ! dead in]t matt] itself--by molecul> movem5ts 9 ! same--& n by organis$ sub/ances1 ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 f]m5t+ or putrefy+ sub/ances 0 purely accid5tal4 ,s great 0 ,liebig's au?ority !n1 t _m almo/ bl9dly adopt$ 8 views1 & ! /rife t comm5c$ ar\nd ^! oppos+ views 0 f\ght ) ! greate/ bitt]ness4 ,b ! /ronghold ( old ideas1 :i* 7 gradually b surely be+ supplant$ by new ones1 c\ld n hold out = ev] aga9/ comb9$ attacks1 h[ev] /\tly x 0 def5d$ by its design]1 & its f9al d[nfall came ab\t ! ye> #ahfj1 :5 a "y ,fr5*man1 ,pa/eur1 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt by 8 ev] classical rese>*es1 t f]m5tation & putrefaction 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 due to liv+ organisms & n to dead matt]4 ,pa/eur fur!r demon/rat$ t liv+ organisms 7 also ! cause ( "s & probably ( all zymotic diseases4 ,s f>1 s good6 ,b un=tunately ! me?ods ( biological rese>* employ$ by ,m4 ,pa/eur 7 v cumb]some & left o!rwise mu* to be desir$1 s t 8 discov]ies c\ld n be fully utilis$ & ext5d$1 until 9 #ahhb ,rob]t ,ko* ( ,b]l9 publi%$ 8 new me?ods ( inve/igation4 ,?is 0 ! signal ( rais+ ! floodgates ( biological 7bact]iological7 rese>* ?r\gh\t ! _w ) ?is result1 t ! flood wat]s p5t up until !n inundat$ practically o!r bran*es ( sci5tific inve/igation & dr[n$ _! individual life = "s "t to come4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 #ahfj to #ahhb1 inve/igators :o wi%$ to /udy ! organis$ impurities 9 sewage _h to proce$ by indirect me?ods4 ,!y _h no means ( asc]ta9+ by direct biological exp]im5t ! numb] & "* ( ! micro-organisms conta9$ 9 sewage3 all !y c\ld d1 0 to det]m9e *emically ! dang]\s nature ( ! sewage by ! am\nt & orig9 ( organic matt] x conta9$1 :i* w\ld probably act z food to ! g]ms2 & ! great] ?is am\nt 01 s x 0 inf]r$1 ! great] w\ld be ! numb] ( g]ms x h>b\r$ & ! m dang]\s its "*4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ?+s at ! "t ! second ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission c>ri$ out its inve/igations1 :i* 9 _m respects1 & rightly too1 are /ill consid]$ /&>d inve/igations4 ,x _c be surpris+1 !re=e1 t1 be+ )\t prop] means ( biological exam9ation1 & hav+ to rely *iefly on *emical me?ods only1 ! ,commission]s came to ! conclusion t ! *anges br\ght ab\t 9 sewage purification 7 due to me*anical & *emical ag5cies6 ,x is frequ5tly a matt] ( ! utmo/ difficulty to ascribe1 aft] ! lapse ( half-a-c5tury1 a new !ory to "o special au?or1 z sev]al inve/igators may h be5 tr5d+ ! same way q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 b may n h be5 equally successful 9 ! matt] ( _! publications becom+ g5]ally kn[n4 ,!ories1 z a rule1 d n drop out ( ! cl\ds l meteorites1 !y =ce !mselves gradually ^u m5's m9ds & are elaborat$ by !m until ripe4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & subject to fur!r rese>*1 x w\ld appe> z if ,alex&] ,mll] _h be5 ! fir/ to apply ,pa/eur's g5]al !ories z to decomposition1 f]m5tation & putrefaction to ! problem ( ! self-purification ( sewage4 ,he made 8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahfi & publi%$ !m 9 #ahgc4 ,s9ce t date a v l>ge numb] ( inve/igators h be5 at "w on simil> l9es1 & :il/ x w\ld lead too f> to deal ) !m m9utely1 x ought to be /at$ t ! results ( _! lab\r confirm$ ! view ( liv+ organisms play+ a v important "p 9 ! decomposition ( sewage4 ,among ! _m names prom95t 9 ?is respect are ^? ( ,s*loes+1 ,mntz1 ,hatton1 ,w>r+ton1 ,sorby1 ,w9ogradsky1 ,p]cy ,frankl&1 ,dupr1 ,emi* & ,dibd94 ,t set ( rese>*es1 h[ev]1 :i* has done m ?an any o!r to consolidate ! !ory ( bio-*emical *anges tak+ place 9 ! self-purification ( sewage are ! inve/igations ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 :i* 7 comm5c$ 9 ,novemb] #ahhg1 & are /ill be+ cont9u$4 ,s9ce #ahie a l>ge numb] ( additional exp]im5ts h be5 made1 :i* w be dealt ) m 9 detail lat] on1 b speak+ g5]ally !y h n mat]ially increas$ our k ( ! processes tak+ place 9 sewage purification4 ,summ>is+ ! rem>ks on ! !oretical aspect ( ?is "q1 x may be said t1 z to ! ag5cies at "w1 we "k n[ !y are ( a me*anical1 *emical & biological nature2 b z to ! processes & products br\ght ab\t by ^! ag5cies we "k v little beyond ! initial & t]m9al /ages1 z w be po9t$ out 9 "s ( ! subsequ5t obs]vations4 ,direct+ n[ att5tion to ! practical side ( ! "q1 x has already be5 /at$ t ! only kn[n sewage treatm5t at ! comm5cem5t ( la/ c5tury 0 l& irrigation4 ,!n ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury *emi/ry seems to h tak5 ! matt] 9 h& & tri$ to make a lucrative bus9ess out ( x4 ,x is on record1 h[ev]1 t x did n succe$ 9 ?is attempt1 & ! f9ancial loss :i* ?is endeav\r has caus$ is a dismal subject to inve/igate4 ,!re is be=e my m9d's eye ! case ( a gallant (fic] ( ,8 ,maje/y's l& =ces :o1 aft] hav+ rea*$ v ne> ! summit ( 8 c>e]1 retir$ & employ$ 8 "t 9 try+ to make a =tune out ( sewage4 ,s enam\r$ 0 he ( ! subject1 t--s ! /ory goes--he commut$ 8 p5sion to h all ! m ready money2 b =tune did n smile on him1 & 8 la/ days 7 sp5t "u ! l5g!n+ %ad[s ( ! sorr[ ( f9ancial difficulties1 hav+ practically lo/ all he possess$4 ,! emphatic v]dict ( ! fir/ ,sewage ,commission ( #aheg1 ! fir/ & second ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 &1 inde$1 ( all o!r au?oritative inve/igations1 0 9 fav\r ( l& treatm5t2 & x _c1 !re=e1 be surpris+ to f9d t ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d insi/$1 save 9 exceptional cases1 t 8any s*eme ( sewage disposal1 = :i* money is to be borr[$ ) _! sanction1 %\ld provide = ! application ( ! sewage or efflu5t to an adequate area ( suitable l& be=e x is dis*>g$ into a /ream40 ,inde$1 _h ?is body tak5 any diff]5t view & neglect$ ! f9d+s ( practically all au?oritative inquiries1 x w\ld h be5 s+ul>ly defici5t 9 ! dis*>ge ( its duties to ! ratepay]s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,b ! be/ ( l& _c g on = ev] do+ its duty if by sy/ematic neglect & ignorance ! ess5tial conditions = successful purification are ye> aft] ye> violat$2 & ! great pity is t ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 aft] decid+ 9 fav\r ( l& treatm5t1 did n sy/ematically sup]9t5d ?is op]ation4 ,x may n h _h ! p[]1 b x is q evid5t t _h x done s1 ?+s w\ld n h drift$ f bad to worse1 until local au?orities1 driv5 to despair by ! app>5t failure ( l& & n disc]n+ ! "r cause1 refus$ altoge!r to be rul$ by :at seem$ to !m a v unfair & absurd re/riction4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,mr4 ,dibd91 :o1 on behalf ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 _h be5 c>ry+ out a set ( valuable exp]im5ts1 came =w>d ) 8 application ( well kn[n !ories to sewage op]ations on a l>ge scale4 ,z ,i po9t$ out at ! "t1 ,mr4 ,dibd9's exp]im5ts prov$ beyond a d\bt t ! application ( sewage to suitable l& 0 "r 9 pr9ciple & t ! failures 7 br\ght ab\t by ! non-obs]vance ( ! rules laid d[n by ?is g5tleman--t1 9 fact1 sewage irrigation 0 ! only natural me?od ( sewage purification & t all ! o!r me?ods 7 artificial4 ,i describ$ l& treatm5t z ! natural self-purification ( sewage & ! oxidation or contact b$ sy/em z ! artificial self-purification ( sewage4 ,b ! swift curr5t ( public op9ion _h set v /rongly aga9/ sewage f>ms1 & no?+ b ! contact b$ treatm5t w\ld d4 ,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5tal plants on ?is sy/em grew up l mu%rooms all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ! waves ( en?usiasm seem$ at "o "t to engulf ev5 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d itself ) its 8antiquat$ notions10 until ,p>liam5t came to ! rescue & appo9t$ on ,may #g1 #ahih1 a new ,royal ,commission to /udy ! "q ( sewage purification4 ,?is ,commission consi/s ( n9e memb]s1#d i4e4 six pr(essional m5 & ?ree laym54 ,( ! pr(essional m51 "o is a biologi/1 "o a *emi/1 two are m$ical m5 9 adm9i/rative positions1 & two are eng9e]s likewise 9 adm9i/rative positions4 ,( ! laym5 two are memb]s ( special bo>ds = ! prev5tion ( ! pollution ( riv]s4 ,s f> ! ,commission]s h issu$ an ,int]im ,report dat$ ,july #ab1 #aija1 a volume ( evid5ce & a volume ( app5dices4 ,q lately1 x is /at$1 !y h issu$ a fur!r ,int]im ,report1 to :i* are atta*$ sep>ate reports on "s special subjects by _! (fic]s1 b ?is report has n yet come to h&4#e ,at ! "t ( _! fir/ ,int]im ,report1 ,july #ab1 #aija1 ! ,commission]s _h held altoge!r ?irty-five sitt+s1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 on ,june #bb1 #ahih1 & ! la/ on ,may #bb1 #aija4 ,! p]iod ?us cov]$ is ne>ly two ye>s1 & out ( ! ?irty-five sitt+s ?irty took place 9 ,london1 & five 9 ! prov9ces1 viz4 at ,le$s1 ,ripon1 ,man*e/]1 ,accr+ton & ,reigate4 ,on ^! occasions1 all 9 all1 fifty-eight witnesses 7 exam9$1 :o may be gr\p$ z foll[s3 #a ,zoologi/ #a ,botani/ #b ,laym5 #c ,bact]iologi/s #e ,lawy]s #g ,m$ical m5 #aa ,pat5tees #ad ,*emi/s #ad ,eng9e]s #eh witnesses 9 all4 ,out ( ?is numb] tw5ty-five 7 (ficials1 viz4 five lawy]s1 six m$ical m51 six *emi/s & eight eng9e]s4 ,f\r (ficials 7 fur!r manag]s ( artificial sewage purification works1 b n "o s+le manag] ( natural purification works1 i4e4 a sewage f>m manag]1 0 call$1 ! t]m 8sewage f>m manag]0 be+ us$ "h to indicate an (ficial ^: sole duty x is to manage a sewage f>m4 ,! entire abs5ce ( ?is latt] class ( (ficial is s /rik+ t x _c be due to accid5t1 b mu/ be ! outcome ( a settl$ policy n to reop5 que/ions conclusively settl$ by previ\s inquiries4 ,ano!r po9t t /rikes ! obs]v] is t ! ,commission only call$ "o zoologi/ & "o botani/1 z x is to ^! sci5ti/s t belongs 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! "q ( /udy+ ! fauna & flora ( sewage be=e ! subject is tak5 up by o!r bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,speak+ on ! :ole1 ! evid5ce tak5 by ! ,commission]s =ms v int]e/+ read+1 & ought to be c>efully /udi$ by ^? :o h to deal ) ! subject4 ,:5 n[ & aga9 op9ions are express$1 :i* seem directly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t "h1 z 9 o!r ?+s human1 unanimity ( op9ion1 ?\gh mu* desir$1 is app>5tly unobta9able4 ,to und]/& ! conclusions fully1 at :i* ! ,commission]s 9 _! ,int]im ,report h arriv$1 x ought to be po9t$ out t !y _h ei!r to accept ! recomm5dations 9 fav\r ( l& pass$ by all previ\s ,royal ,commissions & au?oritative inquiries1 or !y _h to %[ by inconte/able evid5ce t _! pr$ecessors _h made griev\s mi/akes1 & :]e6 ,( ^! two c\rses1 ! pres5t ,commission]s h adopt$1 no d\bt = v good reasons ( _! own1 ! fir/1 & !y h />t$ !re=e1 9 ! conclusions to :i* !y h come1 at ! po9t :]e previ\s inquiries _h left (f1 viz4 t l& treatm5t is a v prop] me?od ( sewage purification4 ,b be=e ref]r+ m 9 p>ticul> to _! obs]vations on l& treatm5t1 x w be necess>y to po9t out t ! ,commission]s evid5tly divide all me?ods ( sewage purification into two ma9 classes1 viz4 natural & artificial me?ods4 ,into ! =m] !y only place l& treatm5t1 :il/ !y call all o!r me?ods artificial4 ,?is division seems to h giv5 a great deal ( (f5ce to all ^? :o h express$ decid$ & frequ5tly v "o-sid$ views 9 fav\r ( ! 8bact]ial0 treatm5t ( sewage2 b on clos] exam9ation x _c be d5i$ t ! ,commission]s 7 q "r 9 =m+ ?is view1 z ! foll[+ rem>ks w %[4 ,= ma9 divisions ( all me?ods ( sewage treatm5t two factors seem to be ( prim>y importance1 viz4 ! ag5cies :i* br+ ab\t ?is purification1 & ! way 9 :i* ^! ag5cies are employ$4 ,n[1 x w n be d5i$ t all ag5cies are natural ones1 :e!r ! process employ$ is a purely *emical "o1 a purely 8bact]ial0 "o1 l& treatm5t pure & simple1 or a comb9ation ( ^!1 &1 at ! pres5t "t no su* ?+ z an artificial ag5cy is kn[n2 inde$1 x is p]haps n too mu* to say t !re _c be su* a ?+ z an artificial ag5cy4 ,h5ce x is impossible to divide sewage purification me?ods 9 ?is respect by ! ag5cies employ$1 & "o is b\nd to fall back ^u ! way 9 :i* ^! ag5cies are employ$4 ,"h x is no long] op5 to argum5t :e!r a *emical process or ! contact b$ sy/em--oxidation b$ sy/em--is artificial1 or :e!r ! l& treatm5t is natural6 ,= :o w\ld d5y t masonry or concrete tanks & ! mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! same are artificial products--i4e4 products =m$ by man--& t l& is a natural product--i4e4 =m$ by nature--& t fur!r ! soil is ! natural home ( bact]ia4 ,h5ce x mu/ be p]fectly cle>1 ev5 to a casual obs]v]1 t ! l9e ( dem>cation drawn by ! ,commission]s betwe5 all kn[n sy/ems ( sewage purification is a correct & legitimate "o1 & t all objections to su* a division are bas$ on misconceptions4 ,conc]n+ l& treatm5t1 ! ,commission]s obs]ve1 8,we d\bt if any l& is entirely useless10 b fur!r on !y obs]ve t peat & /iff clay l&s are g5]ally unsuitable = ! purification ( sewage4 ,conc]n+ peat1 nobody acqua9t$ ) ! subject w\ld probably diff] f _! conclusions ow+ to ! great am\nt ( moi/ure conta9$ 9 ?is mat]ial2 b z to clay soils1 ! ,commission]s :5 mak+ ?is /atem5t mu/ h kn[n t !re are sev]al successful sewage f>ms on ?is k9d ( l& 9 exi/5ce1 su* z ! sewage f>ms at ,s\? ,norwood1 ,wimbl$on1 ,w>wick & ,leice/]1 n to m5tion o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( ,leice/]1 al?\gh ! l& is a v d5se b\ld] clay1 ! ,corporation ( ?is t[n h j pur*as$ ! freehold ( ! f>m = ab\t #afj1jjjl4 ,deal+ ) ! artificial processes f a *emical po9t ( view1 ! ,commission]s are ( op9ion t x is practicable to produce by ^! processes alone1 ei!r f sewage or f c]ta9 mixtures ( sewage & trade refuse1 efflu5ts :i* might be dis*>g$ )\t fe> ( creat+ a nuisance1 & t 9 consequ5ce ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 modify+1 "u prop] safegu>ds1 ! pres5t rule z reg>ds ! application ( sewage to l&4 ,! artificial processes ref]r$ to 9 ! obs]vations appe> to be ! foll[+3-- ,clos$ septic tanks & contact b$s4 ,op5 septic tanks & contact b$s4 ,*emical treatm5t1 subsid5ce#f tanks & contact b$s4 ,subsid5ce tanks & contact b$s4 ,contact b$s alone4 ,clos$ septic tank foll[$ by cont9u\s filtration4 ,op5 septic tank foll[$ by cont9u\s filtration4 ,*emical treatm5t1 subsid5ce tanks1 & cont9u\s filtration4 ,subsid5ce tanks foll[$ by cont9u\s filtration4 ,cont9u\s filtration alone4 ,! ,commission]s d n say :at ^! safegu>ds are1 9 fact !y /ate t no g5]al rules conc]n+ !m c be laid d[n1 & t 9 ! case ( ^! artificial processes x is necess>y to consid] e case on its own m]its4 ,! next po9t dealt ) is ! bact]iological quality ( efflu5ts1 & "h ! ,commission]s obs]ve3 8,we f9d t1 :ile 9 ! case ( efflu5ts f l& ( a k9d suitable = ! purification ( sewage !re are few] micro-organisms ?an 9 ! efflu5ts f mo/ artificial processes1 yet bo? classes ( efflu5ts usually conta9 l>ge numb]s ( organisms1 _m ( :i* appe> to be ( inte/9al d]ivation1 & "s ( :i* are ( a k9d liable "u c]ta9 circum/ances at lea/ to give rise to disease40 ,no p>ticul>s ( efflu5ts f sewage f>ms are giv51 & lat] on x w be %[n t ?is conclusion ( ! ,commission]s is n 9 accord ) ! results publi%$ up to n[ & available conc]n+ ! bact]ial purity ( efflu5ts f l& treatm5t4 ,! report concludes ) "s rem>ks on riv]s pollution4 ,! ,commission]s /ate t x is ( ! utmo/ importance to provide ! simple/ possible means = adequately protect+ all riv]s1 & !y ?9k t ?is subject is ( su* grave importance 8z to dem& ! creation ( a sep>ate ,commission or a new dep>tm5t ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 :i* %all be a supreme ,riv]s ,au?ority1 deal+ ) matt]s relat+ to riv]s & _! purification1 & :i*1 :5 appeal is made to !m1 %all h p[] to take action 9 cases :]e ! local au?orities h fail$ to d s40 ,summ+ up ! obs]vations on ! practice ( sewage treatm5t1 x may be said t z a result ( _! ext5d$ inquiries1 ! pres5t ,royal ,commission]s h at ! end ( ! c5tury re-e/abli%$ l& 9 its position z ! fir/ & only natural me?od ( sewage purification1 beside :i* !y h recognis$ artificial 7biological7 treatm5ts z be+ "u prop] safegu>ds admissible = ! purification ( sewage4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is portion ( ! obs]vations1 x is necess>y to m5tion ! valuable "w done by ,mr4 ,scott-,moncrieff & ,mr4 ,cam]on1 :o1 contemporane\s ) ,mr4 ,dibd91 b q indep5d5tly1 _h exp]im5t$ ) sewage & evolv$ _! own artificial me?ods ( sewage treatm5t4 ,^! rem>ks mu/ suffice = ! m hi/oric portion ( ! subject1 viz4 ! progress ( sewage purification dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & x is "t n[ to direct att5tion fir/ to natural & aft]w>ds to artificial sewage treatm5ts4 #d ,two ( ^! h s9ce retir$4 #e ,?is report has j be5 issu$ 7,augu/ #ah1 #aijb71 & al?\gh ! special reports x conta9s are ( ! greate/ int]e/1 x is n necess>y to ref] to x aga9 9 ^! obs]vations4 #f ,! expression 8subsid5ce tanks0 is int5d$ to d5ote tanks :i* are us$ 9 su* way t little or no septic action is produc$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,subsoil4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al rem>ks on subsoil & its prop]ties4 ,be=e deal+ m 9 detail ) ! processes tak+ place 9 ! pores ( ! subsoil ( sewage f>ms1 x may n be out ( place to make "h a few g5]al obs]vations on ! me*anical /ructure ( soil1 its p]meability1 wat] capacity1 ret5tive p[]1 ! capill>y movem5ts 9 ! same1 its temp]ature1 ! subsoil air1 ! movem5t ( wat] 9 & ?r\gh ! same1 ! micro-organic life 9 soil1 & its absorb+ p[]s4 #a4 ,,me*anical ,,/ructure ,,( ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,size ( gra9 & pores4 ,"h is ( int]e/ ! size ( ! gra9s or p>ticles compos+ ! soil1 ! size ( ! pores & _! collective capacity4 ,accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil1 its gra9s or p>ticles w v>y f v l>ge 9 co>se gravel to v f9e 9 f9e s& & clay4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iable size ( pores4 ,sid5ote3 ,surface attraction4 ,! size ( ! pores w v>y z ! size ( its gra9s f l>ge to small1 b frequ5tly a c]ta9 k9d ( soil w conta9 a mixture ( l>ge & small pores4 ,! f9] ! pores ! m en]getic w1 z a rule1 be ! surface attraction ( ! gra9s compos+ ! soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,pore-volume4 ,sid5ote3 ,) p>ticles ( equal size pore-volume am\nts to ab\t #ch p] c5t4 ( ! total space1 & s9ks d[n to #aj or #ae p] c5t4 ) p>ticles ( unequal size4 ,sid5ote3 ,) equally siz$ p>ticles ! pore-volume is ! same :e!r ! p>ticles are small or l>ge4 ,! collective capacity ( ! pores or ! pore-volume ma9ly dep5ds on ! equal or unequal sizes ( ! p>ticles4 ,:5 ! same are ( equal size ! pore-volume am\nts to ab\t #ch p] c5t4 ( ! total space occupi$ by ! soil1 b :5 ?is is n ! case x may s9k to z l[ z f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( ?is space4 ,) equally siz$ p>ticles ! pore-volume is ! same :e!r ! individual p>ticles are l>ge or small4 ,9 nature x w be ! exception to f9d all ! p>ticles ( equal size1 su* a condition ( ?+s prevails only :5 c>eful sort+ by sift+ or riddl+ has tak5 place1 & 9 ! majority ( cases ! l>g] pores w be p>tly fill$ up by ! small] p>ticles ( ! soil4 #b4 ,,p]meability ,,( ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]meability dep5ds fir/ on ! size ( ! pores1 & secondly on ! pore-volume4 ,! p]meability ( a soil = ! passage ( air & wat] dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! size ( ! pores1 & is fur!r to "s ext5t influ5c$ by ! pore-volume4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( l>ge & small pores4 ,soil ) l>ge pores w (f] b little resi/ance to ! passage ( air & wat]1 b :5 ! pores are small ^! movem5ts w be greatly imp$$4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]meability is proportional to ! f\r? p[] ( ! pore-diamet]4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! p]meability ( soils is proportional to ! f\r? p[] ( ! diamet] ( ! pores1 s t x decreases v rapidly ) ! dim9i%+ size ( ! pores4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 froz5 soil p]meability decreases rapidly4 ,9 subsoil ) small pores all movem5ts ( air practically cease :5 x is half full ( wat]1 & 9 froz5 soil ! decrease ( ! p]meability is /ill m m>k$4 #c4 ,,wat] ,,capacity ,,( ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat] capacity is equal to ! pore-volume4 ,sid5ote3 ,air c nev] be :olly driv5 out ( ! pores4 ,! wat] capacity ( a soil is t quantity ( wat] :i* c be /or$ 9 its pores2 x is !re=e equal to ! pore-volume4 ,= v accurate measurem5ts all[ance mu/ be made = a small am\nt ( air1 :i* ev5 aft] fill+ rema9s 9 ! pores & _c be dislodg$1 b = practical purposes ?is c be ov]look$4 ,sid5ote3 #a cubic y>d ( soil ) p>ticles ( equal size w hold ab\t #he gallons ( wat]4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! pore-volume ( a soil consi/+ ( equal p>ticles ?r\gh\t1 am\nts to ab\t #ch p] c5t4 ( ! space occupi$ by x1 & #a cubic y>d ( su* a soil--:e!r we h to deal ) co>se gravel or f9e s&--w hold ab\t #he gallons ( wat]4 #d4 ,,wat]-,,ret5tive ,,p[] ,,( ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wat]-ret5tive p[] ( soil is a p]c5tage ( its wat] capacity4 ,! wat]-ret5tive p[] ( a soil is express$ by t quantity ( wat] :i* c be reta9$ by x2 x w always be a p]c5tage or portion ( ! wat] capacity ( ?is soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,soil ) a l>ge pore-volume & a l>ge p]c5tage ( f9e pores reta9s m wat] ?an soil ) a small pore-volume & l>ge pores4 ,sid5ote3 ,clean gravel reta9s ab\t #aj gal4 & clean s& ab\t #gj gal4 ,soil ) a l>ge pore-volume & ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( f9e pores w reta9 m wat] ?an soil ) a small pore-volume & few f9e pores4 ,clean gravel w reta9 ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( its wat] capacity1 i4e4 #aj gallons p] cubic y>d1 :]eas f9e s& may reta9 z mu* z #hd p] c5t4 ( its wat] capacity1 i4e4 ab\t #gj gallons p] cubic y>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,organically pollut$ soil reta9s m wat] ?an clean soil4 ,?is w expla9 :y a pollut$ subsoil conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( organic sub/ances w reta9 m wat] ?an ! same soil 9 a clean condition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ret5tive p[] ( a soil is due to its surface attractions4 ,! ret5tive p[] ( a soil is due to ! surface attraction ( its p>ticles1 & :5 ! space betwe5 !m is small1 or :51 9 o!r words1 ! pores are small1 ?is attractive p[] w be all ! great]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:51 aft] ! limit ( ! ret5tive p[] has be5 rea*$1 ( wat] are p\r$ ^u ! soil1 a portion ( ! previ\sly /or$ wat] is driv5 out1 & its place 9 ! pores tak5 up by ! fre% supply4 ,x is fur!r ( int]e/ to obs]ve "h1 t if aft] ! limit ( ! ret5tive p[] has be5 rea*$ fur!r quantities ( wat] are p\r$ ^u ! soil1 ! wat] reta9$ 9 ! l[] lay]s w comm5ce to dra9 away4 ,?is means t ! wat] fre%ly p\r$ ^u ! soil w drive out a portion ( ! wat] previ\sly /or$ 9 ! pores4 ,x is important to be> ?is 9 m9d :5 deal+ ) pollut$ wat]1 z ow+ to ?is action ! wat] p5etrat+ into deep] lay]s w to "s ext5t at lea/ h become purifi$ 9 ! upp] lay]s4 #e4 ,,capill>y ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,capill>y attraction causes an upw>d movem5t ( ! wat]4 ,?r\gh capill>y attraction an asc5d+ movem5t ( ! wat] is caus$ 9 direct opposition to ! laws ( gravity1 & ! height to :i* wat] w ?us asc5d dep5ds ma9ly on ! smallness ( ! pores2 l>ge pores d n assi/ 9 ?is movem5t4 ,z ! same1 h[ev]1 ext5ds ov] ! :ole pore-volume ! quantity ( wat] ?us rais$ may exce$ ! wat]-ret5tive p[] ( soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,capill>y attraction also causes lat]al & d[nw>d movem5ts4 ,9 addition to ! upw>d movem5t br\ght ab\t by capill>y attraction1 ?is p[] is also cont9ually at "w 9 a lat]al & d[nw>d direction2 b = ! pres5t purposes only ! upw>d movem5t w be notic$4 ,sid5ote3 ,"t occupi$ by upw>d movem5t4 ,height rea*$ by upw>d movem5t4 ,9 obs]v+ ! upw>d movem5t1 x is int]e/+ to notice ! "t occupi$ by x & ! total height rea*$4 ,z to ! "t occupi$1 x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! upw>d movem5t 9 gravel & co>se s& is mu* quick] ?an 9 f9e & loamy s&1 b ! heights atta9$ are rev]s$4 ,= :]eas ! height 9 a mat]ial consi/+ ( co>se or l>ge pores am\nts to f #b in*es to #d in*es2 a height ( ab\t #d feet aft] ?irty to ?irty-five days has be5 record$ 9 f9e or loamy s&2 9 peaty soil "o obs]v] /ates t ! upw>d movem5t ( ! wat] may rea* a height ( #bj feet4 #f4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree pr9cipal s\rces ( heat4 ,! e>?'s cru/ receives its supply ( heat f ?ree pr9cipal s\rces1 viz43 #a4 ,f ! sun ?r\gh its rays2 #b4 ,f ! int]ior ( ! e>? ?r\gh conduction2 & #c4 ,f v>i\s physical & *emical processes :i* take place 9 x & create heat4 ,sid5ote3 ,heat ?r\gh sun's rays4 ,sid5ote3 ,d>k soils absorb m heat ?an light-col\r$ soils4 ,sid5ote3 ,capacity = heat is great] 9 damp & f9e-gra9$ soils4 ,sid5ote3 ,evaporation & cond5sation ( aque\s vap\r produce ! greate/ effect 9 f9e-gra9$ soils4 ,deal+ ) ! upp] lay]s ( ! cru/1 x may be said t1 besides ! int5sity ( ! sun's rays1 ! temp]ature also dep5ds on a v>iety ( prop]ties possess$ by v>i\s k9ds ( soil1 among/ :i* latt] may be m5tion$ ! absorption ( heat1 :i* is mu* great] 9 d>k ?an 9 light-col\r$ soils2 ! heat conductivity & ! capacity = heat1 :i* lead to high] temp]atures 9 damp & f9e-gra9$ soils2 & f9ally ! evaporation & cond5sation ( aque\s vap\r1 :i* t5d to prev5t extremes ( heat & cold & :i* likewise produce ! greate/ effects 9 f9e-gra9$ soils4 ,sid5ote3 ,a f9e-gra9$ damp soil does n get s hot1 b reta9s ! heat bett]4 ,x foll[s f ^! obs]vations t a co>se-gra9$1 d>k col\r$ & dry soil w %[ ! highe/ & l[e/ temp]atures1 :]eas a f9e-gra9$ damp soil does n get s hot b reta9s ! heat bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! soil may exce$ t ( ! air4 ,x ought to be po9t$ out 9 ?is place t a v>iety ( circum/ances may br+ ab\t v high temp]atures on ! surface ( ! gr\nd :i* consid]ably exce$ ! av]age temp]atures ( ! air at ! same "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,laws regulat+ ! subsoil temp]atures4 ,conc]n+ ! laws t h be5 d$uc$ f c>eful & long cont9u$ obs]vations ( subsoil temp]atures1 x w n be necess>y at ?is po9t to deal m9utely ) !m2 x mu/ on ! contr>y suffice to summ>ise only ! m important ones4 ,) ! di/ance f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 #a4 ,! diff]5ces ( temp]ature become less1 #b4 ,! temp]atures are ret>d$1 & #c4 ,! v>iations ( %ort durations gradually disappe>4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsoil temp]atures #ah 94 bel[ surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsoil temp]atures at dep?s ( #d ft4 #f 94 & #i ft4 ,at a dep? ( #ah in*es bel[ ! surface ! daily fluctuations are h>dly obs]vable1 ! temp]ature diff]5ces ( v>i\s days become obscur$1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! mon?ly mean temp]atures are less by sev]al degrees1 & ! ye>ly fluctuation am\nts only to ab\t #aj ,c4 ,at a dep? ( #d feet #f in*es ! latt] is only #d ,c41 & at a dep? ( #i feet x is only #a;,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsoil temp]atures at dep?s f #i ft4 to #cc ft4 ,betwe5 #i & #cc feet1 accord+ to ! ye>ly mean ( ! surface1 ! ye>ly fluctuation ceases & ! temp]ature rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,bel[ ?is po9t an increase ( temp]ature is obs]vable t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #a ,c4 = e #dj feet4 ,sid5ote3 ,ret>dation ( temp]atures ) increase 9 dep?4 ,conc]n+ ! ret>dation ( ! temp]atures ) an increase 9 dep? bel[ ! surface1 x is int]e/+ to po9t out t ?is1 accord+ to ,fodor1 am\nts to ab\t ?ree weeks = e y>d1 s t ! ye>ly maximum at a dep? ( #a y>d w take place 9 ,augu/1 at a dep? ( #b y>ds 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 & at a dep? ( #d y>ds 9 ,octob]4 ,?is is on ! assumption t ! maximum temp]ature ( ! atmosph]ic air is rea*$ 9 ,july4 ,sid5ote3 ,fro/ dep? ab\t #c ft4 ,! dep? to :i* fro/ "u ord9>y conditions p5etrates is ab\t #c feet1 b !re are cases on record :]e wat] pipes at dep?s ( f #d to #e feet h be5 froz5 up dur+ long cont9u$ sev]e fro/4 #g4 ,,subsoil ,,air4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsoil air is saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r & conta9s l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid4 ,! pores ( soil are ei!r p>tly or :olly fill$ ) air1 :i* z a rule is saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r4 ,?is air consi/s v l>gely ( c>bonic acid 7f #jb to #ad p] c5t41 on an av]age f #b to #c p] c5t47 & to a small ext5t ( oxyg51 :i* has be5 us$ up = ! =mation ( c>bonic acid4 ,x also conta9s traces ( ammonia & gases ( decomposition4 ,! movem5ts ( subsoil air ne$ n be consid]$ "h1 & beyond ^! few g5]al obs]vations x w n be necess>y to deal ) ! subject4 #h4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,/rata above level ( subsoil wat]4 ,two ma9 /rata may "h be di/+ui%$ 9 subsoil1 "o above ! level ( ! subsoil wat] & "o bel[ ?is level4 ,! latt] /rata d n int]e/ u1 & ^? above ! level ( ! subsoil#g wat] may aga9 be subdivid$ into ?ree zones1 :i* 9 desc5d+ ord] are z foll[s3-- ,! evaporation zone2 ,! passage zone2 & ,! capill>y zone4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o-?ird ( ! ra9-wat] evaporates4 ,"o-?ird fl[s (f ! surface4 ,"o-?ird p]colates4 ,all ^! ?ree zones mu/ be pass$ by ! wat] 9 its desc5t f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to ! subsoil wat] level1 & ! quantity ( wat] reta9$ by !m w dep5d on _! /ate ( dryness4 ,speak+ q g5]ally & )9 wide limits1 "o-?ird ( ! ra9-wat] fl[s (f ! surface1 "o-?ird evaporates1 & "o-?ird p]colates into ! subsoil4 ,sid5ote3 ,evaporation zone4 ,! evaporation zone rea*es f ! surface ( ! soil to t po9t bel[1 :i* m>ks ! ext5t ( ! dry+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]ic air4 ,9 ! same ! quantity ( wat] /or$ 9 ! pores may at times s9k bel[ ! ret5tive p[] ( ! soil1 i4e4 bel[ t quantity :i* c be reta9$ 9 ! pores ow+ to ! me*anical p[]s ( adhesion1 etc4 ,:5 x has become v dry ?r\gh evaporation & o!r causes ! zone1 especially :5 x ext5ds "s way d[n1 may reta9 l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,9 a dep? ( #aj in*es1 #a squ>e y>d ( soil1 ) f9e pores1 may reta9 ab\t #aj gallons ( wat]1 & z a ra9fall ( in* produces only #bc gallons p] squ>e y>d1 x is cle> t subsoil ( ?is nature may reta9 a numb] ( successive %[]s4 ,dur+ ! height ( summ] f9e por\s soil may become s dry t practically no wat] f9ds its way into deep] zones2 9 ?is /ate ! evaporation zone c be comp>$ to a l>ge sponge4 ,sid5ote3 ,passage zone4 ,! next zone trav]s$ by ! wat] 9 its d[nw>d movem5t is ! passage zone1 :i* lies beyond ! dry+ influ5ce ( atmosph]ic air4 ,:5 too f> remov$ f ! level ( ! subsoil wat]1 its pores w n be completely fill$ ) wat]1 b w only conta9 t am\nt :i* is due to ! ret5tive p[]s ( ! soil4 ,by direct measurem5t x has be5 f\nd t on an av]age a cubic y>d ( f9e por\s soil w reta9 f #cj to #hj gallons ( wat]1 & x c easily be calculat$ t 9 a lay] f #a to #b y>ds 9 ?ickness ! ra9fall ( a :ole ye> may be reta9$4 ,! passage zone1 especially if x is ( consid]able ?ickness1 repres5ts a v l>ge /orage res]voir4 ,sid5ote3 ,capill>y zone4 ,! la/ zone be=e ! level ( ! subsoil wat] is rea*$ is ! capill>y zone1 9 :i* ! pores are p>tially or :olly fill$ by ! upw>d movem5t--due to capill>y attraction--f ! subsoil wat]4 ,! ext5t ( ?is fill+ w dep5d on ! size ( ! pores4 ,sid5ote3 ,spr+s4 ,:5 ! desc5d+ wat] has f9ally rea*$ ! subsoil wat] x ei!r comes to a /&/ill altoge!r on ! imp]vi\s lay] or moves along ! same1 if ! latt] is n horizontal1 until x may ev5tually leave ! subsoil aga9 by issu+ !refrom 9 ! =m ( visible or invisible spr+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,rate ( d[nw>d movem5t gov]n$ by pores4 ,! rate ( movem5t ( any liquid--ra9-wat]1 sewage or o!r pollut+ liquid--is l>gely gov]n$ by ! size ( ! pores4 ,:]e ^! are l>ge1 z = in/ance 9 co>se gravel1 ! desc5t ( ! wat] w be comp>atively rapid1 b :5 !y are small x may take a v long "t be=e ! wat] rea*es ! level ( ! subsoil wat]1 & 9 t case x w h und]gone mat]ial *anges z reg>ds its *emical or bact]ial composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,) a high level ( subsoil wat] zones become indi/+ui%able4 ,) a high level ( subsoil wat] ! zones may become indi/+ui%able1 "o zone rea*+ into ! o!r1 ) ! result t ! :ole ( ! soil becomes v wet4 ,:5 subsoil has be5 artificially dra9$ ! am\nt ( wat] rea*+ ! subsoil wat] bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! dra9s w dep5d on ! size ( ! latt] & ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,9 su* a case ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! wat] ?r\gh undra9$ soil1 previ\sly describ$1 may be fur!r int]f]$ ) ?r\gh ! v5tilation ( ! subsoil by dra9s1 & ! dry+ up action caus$ !reby4 #g ,! t]m subsoil wat] is "h us$ to d5ote t portion ( ! wat] 9 ! pores ( ! soil1 :i* is ei!r at re/ on or moves along ! incl9$ plane ( an imp]vi\s lay]4 #i4 ,,! ,,micro-,,organic ,,life ,,9 ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,soil probably orig9al home ( micro-organisms4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/ribution ( micro-organisms 9 soil4 ,! soil is probably ! orig9al home ( all micro-organisms1 f :i* !y h emigrat$ into o!r m$ia4 ,x conta9s va/ numb]s1 &1 accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 #a ccm4 may hold #ajj1jjj g]ms4 ,by f> ! great] numb] is f\nd on or ne> ! surface1 & 9 l[] lay]s ! numb]s gradually dim9i%1 until at la/ a dep? is rea*$1 :i* dep5ds on local conditions1 :]e ! soil is p]fectly /]ile4 ,! a]obes live ne> ! surface & c>ry on _! "w 9 ?is region1 :]eas ! ana]obes are at "w l[] d[n 9 ! soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,cycle ( micro-organic activity dur+ ! ye>4 ,! picture ( ! cycle ( micro-organic activity 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil dur+ ! v>i\s seasons ( ! ye> is probably ! foll[+4 ,9 w9t]1 especially dur+ t p]iod :5 fro/ & ice b9d ! e>?1 micro-organic life is app>5tly at its l[e/ ebb1 & may 9 "s v cold climates come to a /&/ill altoge!r1 :5 micro-organisms may be said to hold _! vegetative w9t] sleep4 ,) ! return ( life & ! awak5+ ( nature 9 spr+--especially ) ! approa* ( high] temp]atures & ! =mation ( moi/ure--micro-organic activity once m makes itself felt all r\nd4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s x is expos$ to "s injuri\s influ5ces su* z ! heat+ & dry+ up ( ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil1 b1 /ill gradually increas+1 micro-organisms rea* ! climax ( _! activity dur+ ! autumnal ra9s1 to rema9 9 ?is /ate until ) ! adv5t ( ! cold season _! activity gradually decl9es aga94 ,sid5ote3 ,micro-organic life 9 lay]s f #c ft4 to #f ft4 9 dep?4 ,9 ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil1 d[n to #c feet & #f feet1 micro-organisms are m protect$ aga9/ ! injuri\s influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e1 sunlight & dry+ up1 b ! want ( oxyg51 toge!r ) ! great] difficulty ( remov+ su* products z c>bonic acid1 has an injuri\s influ5ce4 ,z ! temp]ature 9 ^! lay]s is consid]ably m uni=m1 x may be inf]r$ t ! micro-organic activity is !re ( a m uni=m k9d1 less influ5c$ by sudd5 *anges1 probably also less int5se1 b )\t pron\nc$ p]iods ( re/4 ,sid5ote3 ,micro-organisms probably quickly p]i% 9 dep?s great] ?an #f ft4 ,9 dep?s great] ?an #f feet micro-organisms probably p]i% v quickly ow+ to unfav\rable conditions1 & if f\nd _! pres5ce mu/ be expla9$ by emigration f high] lay]s1 n by actual gr[? at ^! dep?s4 ,on sewage f>ms ! micro-organic activity is )\t d\bt greatly modifi$1 & proce$s all ! ye> r\nd at a m uni=m rate ?an on ord9>y l&1 z ! sewage always conta9s ! necess>y w>m? & moi/ure s b5eficial = x4 #aj4 ,,! ,,absorb+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorb+ p[]s due to surface attraction ( ! p>ticles ( ! soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f9] ! pores ! great] ! absorption4 ,! absorb+ p[]s ( soil are due to ! surface attraction ( its p>ticles or gra9s1 & ^!1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 w be all ! great] ! f9] ! pores are2 !y ext5d on ! "o h& to aque\s & o!r vap\rs & gases1 & on ! o!r to matt]s 9 solution4 ,sid5ote3 #a cub4 yd4 ( co>se gravel may conta9 #ej sq4 yds4 ( surface & #a cub4 yd4 ( f9e s& #ibjj sq4 yds4 ,t ! attractive =ce ( ! surface ( ! p>ticles is pretty consid]able w be at once app>5t :5 x is /at$ t #a cubic y>d ( co>se gravel may conta9 ab\t #adj1jjj gra9s ) a comb9$ surface ( #ej squ>e y>ds1 & #a cubic y>d ( f9e s& #dj million gra9s ) a comb9$ surface ( #ibjj squ>e y>ds1 :i* is a little "u #b acres4 ,sid5ote3 ,deodoris+ action ( soil absorption ( gases4 ,conc]n+ ! absorption by soil ( aque\s vap\r & gases 7ap>t f cond5sation ?r\gh a fall 9 temp]ature71 dry soil ) f9e pores acts mo/ en]getically4 ,! almo/ in/antane\s deodorisation ( f\l-smell+ gases1 su* z are =m$ by decompos+ fcal matt]s 7e>? closet7 or coal gas1 ?r\gh a ?9 lay] ( f9e dry soil is well kn[n1 & is to be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorption ( dissolv$ sub/ances by soil4 ,m int]e/+ /ill1 & also m important1 is ! absorption ( dissolv$ sub/ances by soil4 ,9 ?is way is to be expla9$ ! decoloris+ effect & ! ret5tion ( dissolv$ pollut+ sub/ances su* z are conta9$ 9 sewage4 ,9 ! same way soil has ! p[] ( de/roy+ su* poisons z /ry*n9e1 nicot9e1 coni9e1 etc41 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,falk & o!rs g to %[ t ptoma9es & tox9es are likewise reta9$ & r5d]$ h>mless by x4 ,?is absorb+ p[] ( soil is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 agriculture1 & )\t x soil c\ld n possess purify+ p[]s = pollut+ liquids4 ,x is q true t 9 ?is process ( purification o!r factors play an important "p1 b !y c\ld n come into play if ?is absorption did n exi/4 ,! absorb+ p[]s ( soil are 9 "s way dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( micro-organisms & air1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! !y w soon come to a /&/ill4 ,,iv4 ,,self-,,purify+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,soil4 ,,natural ,,self-,,purification ,,( ,,sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-purify+ p[]s ( soil4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks x becomes necess>y n[ to exam9e into ! self-purify+ p[]s ( soil ) special ref]5ce to sewage f>ms4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! t]m 8self-purify+ p[]s p[]s ( soil0 comprises all ^? processes :i* g on on ! surface & 9 ! pores ( ! soil ( sewage f>ms1 & by :i* pollut+ liquids su* z sewage become purifi$ z ^! take place "u natural conditions & 9 a natural m$ium1 ! process ( l& treatm5t ( sewage is call$--see previ\s obs]vations--8! natural self-purification ( sewage40 ,sid5ote3 ,self-purify+ p[]s v>y ) local conditions4 ,sid5ote3 ,soil be/ suit$ = sewage f>ms4 ,x %\ld be /at$ at ! outset t ! self-purify+ p[]s ( soil w dep5d l>gely on ! soil itself & ! local conditions "u :i* !y come into play1 s t obs]vations made 9 "o locality w n be imm$iately applicable to o!rs )\t mak+ full all[ance = ! diff]5ces2 ?is w be cle> f ! prelim9>y rem>ks z to ! "* & prop]ties ( soils made 9 ! previ\s pages4 ,z w be po9t$ out m 9 detail lat] on1 a subsoil t comb9es great p]meability = air ) high reta9+ & absorb+ p[]s1 is be/ suit$ = sewage f>ms4 ,let u n[ consid] :at becomes ( wat]1 sewage or any o!r pollut+ liquid conta9+ organic sub/ances aft] x has be5 p\r$ out ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & = ?is purpose we w assume a subsoil ( a suitable "* & 9 fair condition = "w ) prop] "u-dra9age4 ,sid5ote3 ,ret5tion ( liquid by pores ( soil4 ,! liquid ?us p\r$ out ^u ! surface w soon] or lat] disappe> 9 ! soil1 & w at fir/ be reta9$ 9 ! pores ( ! zone ( evaporation1 :i* may be said to ext5d to ! level ( ! "u-dra9s4 ,?is ret5tion is due to ! ret5tive p[]s ( soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,susp5d$ matt]s reta9$ on ! surface1 soil acts l a sieve4 ,sid5ote3 ,coat+ ( surface ( ! l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,removal ( susp5d$ matt]s g5]ally an advantage4 ,portion ( ! susp5d$ matt]s w be reta9$ on ! surface & ! re/ w be /ra9$ out 9 a me*anical mann] 9 ! pores1 ! soil act+ z a sieve m or less f9e accord+ to its "*4 ,if ! susp5d$ matt]s are pres5t 9 v l>ge quantities x may happ5 t !y w gradually =m a coat on ! surface ( ! l& & *oke ! pores to ! exclusion ( air1 & z ?is is a ?+ to be avoid$ 9 sewage f>m+ x is 9 mo/ cases advisable to remove !m out ( ! liquid be=e x is p\r$ ^u ! l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m f9ely divid$ ! susp5d$ matt]s are1 ! light] ! "w ( ! l&4 ,ev5 :]e su* a removal has tak5 place !re w /ill be left a c]ta9 portion ( ! susp5d$ matt]s1 & if ^! are 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 su* z is probably ! result ( _! passage ?r\gh f9e /ra9]s or pump valves1 ! "w ( ! l& w be consid]ably light5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,micro-organisms scre5$ out 9 a me*anical way4 ,! micro-organisms conta9$ 9 ! liquid w be to a l>ge ext5t scre5$ out 9 a me*anical way ) ! susp5d$ matt]s & deposit$ on ! surface & 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,ret5tion ( matt]s 9 solution aft] removal out ( ! liquid is due to physical & *emical ag5cies4 ,! matt]s 9 solution w p>tly1 aft] removal out ( ! liquid1 be reta9$ by ! absorb+ p[]s ( ! soil 9 ! pores1 a process t is due to physical & *emical ag5cies4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorb+ p[]s gradually rip54 ,x is well kn[n t l& :i* is be+ treat$ ) sewage = ! fir/ "t does n purify sewage s well z l& t has be5 "u sy/ematic treatm5t = "s "t1 & ?is is probably due to ! absorb+ p[]s1 :i* gradually rip5 until !y h rea*$ _! maximum ( effici5cy4 ,?is process ( gradual improvem5t seems to be due to ! =mation ( a slimy coat+ r\nd ea* p>ticle ( soil1 :i* gr[? does n only assi/ me*anical filtration1 b also possesses high p[]s ( absorb+ oxyg54 ,sid5ote3 ,dep?s to :i* pollut+ sub/ances may p5etrate into soil4 ,! dep? to :i* pollut+ sub/ances may p5etrate into soil w probably diff] 9 ea* case1 b ! foll[+ factors may be said to influ5ce x1 viz4 ! velocity ( ! d[nw>d fl[1 ! nature & degree ( ! pollut+ liquid1 & ! "* ( ! soil4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 ! p[]s ( ! soil are ov]-tax$ ! pollut+ sub/ances may rea* ! level ( ! und]dra9s & pass out ?r\gh !m1 9 :i* case ! efflu5t w be b little bett] ?an ! raw liquid4 ,x mu/ be ! aim ( c>eful managem5t to avoid ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,process ( decomposition ( organic matt]s /or$ 9 soil dur+ p]iods ( re/4 ,! pollut+ sub/ances ( an organic nature ?us /or$ 9 ! pores und]go "h--& t probably *iefly dur+ p]iods ( re/--a process ( decomposition or dis9tegration1 :i* goes on until ! :ole ( ! organic matt] has be5 conv]t$ into /able m9]al =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,explanation ( ! t]m 8self-purify+ p[] ( soil40 ,?is process ( ret5tion1 absorption & decomposition ( organic impurities is call$ 8! self-purify+ p[] ( soil40 ,sid5ote3 ,aft] conv]sion sub/ances are remov$ out ( ! soil by ! plants1 by ! subsoil air & subsoil wat]4 ,! sub/ances ?us conv]t$ d n rema9 9 ! pores1 b !y are remov$ ei!r by ! plants1 = :i* !y act z food1 or by ! curr5ts ( subsoil air1 or by ! subsoil wat]1 & z ! removal ( f]tilis+ sub/ances by ! subsoil wat] indicates a wa/e x mu/ be ! aim ( a c>eful managem5t to utilise !m z mu* z ev] possible = ! b5efit ( ! plants4 ,sid5ote3 ,process ( dige/ion4 8,sewage sick40 ,! :ole ( ^! intricate & v complicat$ *anges may be lik5$ to ! process ( dige/ion 9 animals1 & :5 ^! dige/ive p[]s are ov]tax$ signs ( sickness may be notic$ z ! inevitable result1 :i* increase until1 9 sewage phraseology1 ! l& becomes 8sewage sick40 ,9 ?is condition x rema9s until ! fl[ ( ! pollut+ liquid is /opp$1 :5 aft] a p]iod ( re/--recreative p]iod--! dige/ive p[]s gradually return & beg9 to d _! "w afre%4 ,sid5ote3 ,action ( lime4 ,:5 ! soil ( a sewage f>m has got into ?is /ate1 ow+ to hav+ receiv$ heavy doses ( sewage1 ! application ( lime has prov$ v b5eficial by accel]at+ ! process ( nitrification1 & 9 ?is respect int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 made on ! ,b]l9 sewage f>ms4 ,! action ( lime is said to be a tw(old "o4 #a4 ,x quickly attacks & splits up ! organic matt]s & accel]ates aft]w>ds _! decomposition & _! utilisation by plants2 & #b4 ,x neutralises ! excess ( acid 9 ! soil1 & causes ! latt] to "p ) its c>bonic acid4 ,sid5ote3 ,decomposition proce$s quicke/ at or ne> ! surface4 ,! process ( decomposition proce$s z a rule at a mu* quick] rate on ! surface & 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil1 :]e1 z already m5tion$1 ! numb] ( micro-organisms is greate/4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 c>efully work$ !re is no "t limit to ! purify+ p[]s ( ! soil4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! soil ( sewage f>ms w aft] a :ile silt up & cease to purify sewage1 b ! results obta9$ ) c>efully manag$ f>ms cle>ly disprove ?is1 & "u ^! conditions !re appe>s to be no limit z to "t to ! purify+ p[] ( soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,dep? ( soil necess>y = purification4 ,conc]n+ ! dep? ( soil--evaporation zone--t is necess>y = ! successful ret5tion1 absorption & decomposition ( sewage1 no g5]ally applicable rule c be laid d[n1 z ?is w dep5d on a v>iety ( factors1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$3 ! "* & ?ickness ( ! top soil 7humus71 ! nature & cultivation ( ! top soil2 ! "* ( ! subsoil--its p]meability = air & its reta9+ & absorb+ p[]s2 ! surface slopes ( ! l& & ! level ( ! subsoil wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,great] dep?s ?an #d ft4 w be r>ely necess>y4 ,on "s f>ms a dep? ( #c feet on an av]age has prov$ suffici5t1 & on o!rs ! dra9s h be5 laid at dep?s rang+ betwe5 #c & #f feet1 b v special reasons ought to be %[n = all dep?s ov] #d feet4 ,sid5ote3 ,soil be/ suit$ = sewage f>ms4 ,:il/ practically no soil is entirely useless = sewage f>m+1 ) ! exception p]haps ( peat1 ow+ to ! quantity ( moi/ure x conta9s1 a soil t comb9es great p]meability = air ) high reta9+ & absorb+ p[]s--su* z a loamy s& ) fairly l>ge gra9s--is probably ! be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,clay soil n unsuitable = sewage f>ms1 b x necessitates a great] area ( l&4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t clay1 ow+ to its imp]vi\s "*1 is totally unsuitable = sewage f>m+1 b ! exp]i5ce ( su* f>ms z ,s\? ,norwood1 ,wimbl$on1 ,w>wick & ,leice/] disproves ?is4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t z ! purify+ p[]s ( ! soil are re/rict$ 9 a v]tical s5se to ! upp] lay]s1 x may become necess>y 9 places to ext5d ! area ( ! f>m beyond :at w\ld be necess>y ) a m p]vi\s soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,*anges obs]v$ 9 ! heavy clay l& at ,leice/] s9ce sewage treatm5t 0 comm5c$4 ,x may n be )\t int]e/ to draw att5tion "h to "s ( ! *anges t h tak5 place on ! ,leice/] sewage f>m s9ce ! l& has receiv$ regul> dress+s ( sewage4 ,:5 ,i 0 engag$ 9 lay+ x out 9 #ahhh my p[]s ( locomotion ov] ! l& 7 greatly imp$$ dur+ wet seasons by ! inord9ate am\nt ( clay t adh]$ to ! boots2 b :5 engag$ aga9 = "s consid]able "t on ! l& dur+ ! w9t] #aijj to #aija ?is unpleasant peculi>ity _h completely disappe>$ ev5 on l& t _h rec5tly be5 sewag$4 ,?r\gh ! action ( ! sewage ! v d5se clay _h be5 dis9tegrat$ & become s pliable t1 :5 trod ^u1 x crumbl$ to pieces4 ,! col\r ( ! soil _h be5 *ang$ f a yell[i%-br[n to a greyi%-black1 & altoge!r ! l& _h be5 greatly improv$ by ! application ( ! sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,movem5t ( liquid ?r\gh ! passage & capill>y zones to ! imp]vi\s lay]4 ,if m sewage is p\r$ ^u ! l& ?an ! efflu5t dra9s c deal )--& "h x may be well to be> 9 m9d t on sewage f>ms 9 our climate on a broad av]age ?r\gh\t ! ye> ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total quantity is lo/ by evaporation--! excess w pass d[n betwe5 ! dra9s f ! evaporation to ! passage zone1 & if ! fl[ ( ! sewage is n discont9u$ ! d[nw>d movem5t 9 ! passage zone may be cont9u$ until1 aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! capill>y zone1 ! level ( ! subsoil wat] is rea*$4 ,sid5ote3 ,l5g? ( d[nw>d movem5t ( wat] may be v great4 ,:at l5g? ( "t may elapse be=e ?is level is rea*$ w entirely dep5d on local circum/ances1 b x w be cle> f ! prelim9>y rem>ks t ! completion ( ?is d[nw>d movem5t may 9 places & "u c]ta9 conditions take a v long "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,displacem5t ( sewage held by ! pores ( ! l& by ! fre% dis*>ge ( sewage ^u ! surface ( ! l&4 ,9 connection ) ?is x is ( importance to po9t out t n ! fre% sewage :i* is p\r$ on ! surface ( ! l& w at once pass into ! l[] lay]s1 b a portion ( ! old sewage1 :i* up to !n 0 /or$ 9 ! pores & is n[ displac$ by ! fre% dis*>ge1 s t ! fre% raw sewage is reta9$ & only purifi$ sewage all[$ to escape into deep] lay]s1 :i* means t 9 its d[nw>d movem5t all sewage und]goes purification4 ,7 ?is n ! case ! raw sewage might rea* ! efflu5t dra9s4 ,x appe>s "t n[ to exam9e some:at m closely ! processes ( decomposition & ! products elaborat$ !re94 ,sid5ote3 ,factors t influ5ce ! process ( decomposition4 ,conc]n+ ! factors :i* h a fav\rable influ5ce ^u ?is process1 "s ( !m1 su* z p]meability = air1 high ret5tive & absorb+ p[]s1 h already be5 m5tion$1 & to ^! c be add$ moi/ure & w>m?1 ! latt] ( :i* are always pres5t 9 sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantages ( a sy/ematic und]dra9age4 ,"o ^w "h conc]n+ ! sy/ematic "u-dra9age ( ! subsoil4 ,its *ief function is1 ( c\rse1 ! c>ry+ away ( ! efflu5t wat] & by do+ s to prev5t ! =mation ( a swamp1 b aft] ! l& has done its "w1 & dur+ s-call$ p]iods ( re/1 ! "u-dra9s act z v5tilators ( ! subsoil & ?us make x artificially m p]meable = air1 ) ! result t a dry+-up action is set up & oxyg5 suppli$ = micro-organic life4 ,= ! purpose ( improv+ ! v5tilation ( ! soil x may become advisable 9 places to connect ! upp] ends ( ! dra9s ) a %ort upca/ %aft4 ,! m\?s ( ! dra9s %\ld always dis*>ge above wat] s z to all[ ( a free circulation ( air4 ,sid5ote3 ,micro-organisms t c>ry on ! "w ( splitt+ up & conv]t+ organic comp\nds4 ,! "w ( splitt+ up & conv]t+ ! organic comp\nds is prim>ily c>ri$ out by micro-organisms su* z yea/ fungi1 m\ld fungi1 alg1 protozoa & ev5 by high] =ms ( life su* z e>?worms & insects4 ,to :at ext5t 9 addition to ^! o!r ag5cies take "p 9 ?is bio-*emical process is n yet fully elucidat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,decomposition & putrefaction mo/ complicat$ processes4 ,fis*] 9 8 int]e/+ book1 #8,! ,/ructure & ,functions ( ,bact]ia1' obs]ves 7page #ii73 8,! decomposition ( dead animal bodies1 ( vegetable tissues1 or ( sub/ances l /able manure1 is f> f be+ a simple putrefactive process4 ,side by side ) ! dis9tegration ( nitrog5\s bodies !re are go+ on a numb] ( f]m5tative *anges by :i* non-nitrog5\s comp\nds are be+ brok5 up1 besides nitrification & o!r bio-*emical processes4 ,= ?is reason x is always difficult & (t5 impossible to det]m9e ! respective p>ts play$ by ! diff]5t species ( bact]ia4''' 8,! ph5om5a ( putrefaction are s complicat$ t we d n "k all ( ! comp\nds t arise dur+ ! process4''' ,v c>eful *emical inve/igations on pure cultures w be necess>y be=e ! *aos ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by putrefactive bact]ia c be arrang$ 9 some?+ l ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! decomposition ( proteids five or r six /ages may be di/+ui%$4 8,proteids are split up by putrefaction into a l>ge numb] ( simpl] comp\nds bo? nitrog5\s & non-nitrog5\s4 ,! sub/ances ?us produc$ are precisely simil> to ^? result+ f ! artificial decomposition ( proteids by fusion ) cau/ic pota% or boil+ ) hydro*loric acid or b>ium hydrate4 ,five gr\ps may be di/+ui%$3 ,sid5ote3 ,albumoses & peptones4 8#a4 ,albumoses & peptones3 soluble diffusible bodies closely resembl+ album54 ,!y are produc$ by ! action on album5 ( bact]ial enzymes1 simil> to ! enzymes 7peps9 & pancreat97 :i* give rise to peptones 9 ! dige/ive tract ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,aromatic comp\nds4 8#b4 ,aromatic comp\nds2 among o!rs indol & skatol1 :i* give ! *>act]i/ic od\r to human excrem5t2 also "s non-nitrog5\s sub/ances su* z ph5ol1 ph5ylacetic acid1 & ph5ylpropionic acid4 ,sid5ote3 ,amido comp\nds4 8#c4 ,amido comp\nds1 all nitrog5\s3 leuc91 tyros91 asp>tic acid1 glycocol4 ,sid5ote3 ,fatty & aromatic acids4 8#d4 ,fatty & aromatic acids1 all non-nitrog5\s & !re=e hav+ no "p 9 ! circulation ( nitrog52 acetic1 butyric1 succ9ic & val]ianic acids4 ,sid5ote3 ,inorganic end-products ( putrefaction4 8#e4 ,inorganic end-products ( putrefaction3 free nitrog51 ammonia1 free hydrog51 me?ane1 c>bonic acid1 me?ylm]captan1 sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x is probable also1 b n c]ta91 t phosphurett$ hydrog5 is =m$ & is oxidis$ at once by ! free oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,sid5ote3 ,ptoma9es4 8,mo/ ( ^! sub/ances are =m$ also by ! *emical decomposition ( proteids1 b !re is a six? gr\p :i* may be t]m$ specific putrefactive products4 ,^! are ! s-call$ ptoma9es or putrefactive alkaloids40 ,"s ( ^! bodies are ei!r n poison\s or only poison\s 9 l>ge doses1 :il/ o!rs1 d]iv$ f putrid foods ( v>i\s k9ds 7sausages1 *eese71 are highly toxic 7ptomatrop9e1 tyrotox9e74 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( "s t]ms4 ,conc]n+ ! "w done by micro-organisms1 x may n be out ( place "h to def9e ! mean+ ( c]ta9 t]ms1 & to direct att5tion at ! same "t to ! modifications 9 ! results br\ght ab\t by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( air dur+ ! v>i\s /ages ( ! process4 ,! t]ms m9]alisation1 dis9tegration1 oxidation1 hydrolysis1 bact]iolysis1 nitrification1 decomposition1 eremacausis1 putrefaction1 f]m5tation1 etc41 h by _m be5 us$ some:at promiscu\sly1 & ?is has l$ to a good deal ( confusion1 bewild]m5t & misconception4 ,! cause ( ?is has be5 und\bt$ly our small am\nt ( k conc]n+ ?is process & ! *anges br\ght ab\t !re91 b ?is w\ld appe> to be no reason :y complication %\ld be made worse4 ,= ! purposes ( ^! rem>ks ! und]m5tion$ t]ms %all h ! foll[+ mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,m9]alisation4 ,! t]m 8m9]alisation0 is us$ = describ+ ! :ole process ( ! dis9tegration & conv]sion ( organic into m9]al matt]1 & no di/9ction %all be made betwe5 organic matt] conta9+ nitrog5\s & organic matt] conta9+ c>bonace\s sub/ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,a]obic f]m5tation or decomposition4 ,:5 ?is process ( m9]alisation is c>ri$ on 9 ! pres5ce ( suffici5t quantities ( air x is call$ 8a]obic f]m5tation10 or 8decomposition10 :i* is g5]ally *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( /rong smells4 ,! process may !n be call$ "o ( complete oxidation4 ,sid5ote3 ,ana]obic f]m5tation or putrefaction4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! m9]alisation proce$s 9 ! abs5ce ( air ! process is call$ 8ana]obic f]m5tation10 or 8putrefaction10 & x is !n t v pron\nc$ f\l smells are emitt$4 ,! process may !n be call$ "o ( incomplete oxidation4 ,sid5ote3 ,obligatory a]obes & ana]obes4 ,sid5ote3 ,facultative ana]obes4 ,t class ( micro-organisms :i* c only live 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is call$ 8obligatory a]obes10 & t :i* c only exi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is gas 8obligatory ana]obes40 ,betwe5 ^! two is ! gr\p ( 8facultative ana]obes10 :i*1 :ile gr[+ be/ ) a pl5tiful supply ( oxyg51 are nev]!less able to exi/ ) a v small am\nt1 & ev5 ) none at all1 al?\gh 9 ?is case _! vitality is (t5 mu* impair$4 ,sid5ote3 ,organic matt]s are fir/ split up & !n conv]t$ into m9]al sub/ances4 ,9 ! process ( m9]alisation two /ages may be di/+ui%$1 viz4 ! fir/ or dis9tegration /age1 & ! second or oxidation /age1 i4e4 ! organic sub/ances are fir/ split up & aft]w>ds conv]t$ into inorganic ones2 & frequ5tly ^! processes are tak+ place side by side & n aft] ea* o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! splitt+ up ( organic sub/ances is frequ5tly c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5ce ( air4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$--probably ) a view to ju/ify+ ! necessity ( a septic tank--t ! prelim9>y process ( splitt+ up is be/ c>ri$ out 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 b suffici5t pro( does n appe> to h be5 advanc$ 9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 & 9 "s cases at any rate x is evid5tly c>ri$ out q satisfactorily 9 ! pres5ce ( air4 ,conc]n+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( oxyg51 ,fis*] obs]ves z foll[s3-- 8,! effects ( ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 are some:at bett] und]/ood4 ,if air h free access1 putrefaction 7decomposition7 may g on )\t any od\r at all1 ! evil-smell+ gases 7,,nh#c & ,,%#b1 = example7 be+ oxidis$ at once to =m nitrates & sulphates4 ,a]obic bact]ia1 too1 su* z ! nitre & sulphur bact]ia1 br+ ab\t ?is m9]alisation ( organic nitrog54 ,moreov]1 :5 air is circulat+ freely1 !re is no accumulation ( int]m$iate products su* z skatol or indol4 ,x occurs on ! surface ( manure heaps1 on ! out] surfaces ( c>cases1 & 9 well v5tilat$ soil4 8,9 ana]obic decomposition 7putrefaction prop]71 z 9 ana]obic f]m5tation1 ! organic molecules are at fir/ only p>tly dis9tegrat$1 int]m$iate products su* z leuc9e1 tyros9e1 skatol & indol be+ =m$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( air ^! accumulate1 & h5ce x is t putrefaction go+ on 9 ! mud ( ponds & dit*es1 or inside c>cases1 is accompani$ by su* evil od\rs4 8,al?\gh ! details ( ! process v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( air1 ! ultimate products ( decomposition & putrefaction are 9 bo? cases ! same3 namely1 free nitrog51 free hydrog51 ammonia1 me?ane1 c>bonic acid & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,^! are also ! end-results ( ! dis9tegration ( ! human body4 8,aft] ! organic nitrog5 ( decompos+ sub/ances has be5 conv]t$ into ammonia1 & to a small ext5t into free nitrog51 ! latt] c at once be utilis$ by ! root-nodule organisms & o!r bact]ia 9 ! soil1 b ! ammonia mu/ und]go two fur!r *anges & comb9e ) a base to =m a nitric salt be=e x is available = plant life4 ,^! two *anges are br\ght ab\t by bact]ia1 :i* conv]t ! ammonia fir/ into nitr\s & !n into nitric acid2 ?is process has be5 call$ #8nitrification4'0 ,x w be cle> f ! =ego+ rem>ks t ! process ( m9]alisation is a v complicat$ "o1 :i* "u fav\rable conditions1 = in/ance 9 ! pores ( an op5 soil1 may come to an end fairly quickly1 b :i* "u v unfav\rable conditions--su* z ! int]ior ( l>ge heaps ( refuse--may la/ _m ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,*emical purification on sewage f>ms4 ,conc]n+ ! *emical purification effect$ on sewage f>ms1 i4e4 ! purification ( ! sewage z reveal$ by *emical analysis1 x has be5 put on record ov] & ov] aga91 & is n[ fully & univ]sally und]/ood1 t suitable l& well manag$ is capable ( *ang+ ev5 ! f\le/ sewage to a p]fectly cle> wat] devoid ( smell & dang]1 s t ?is po9t ne$ n be lab\r$ "h4 ,= in/ance1 on ! ,b]l9 sewage f>ms ! degree ( purification atta9$ has av]ag$ = a p]iod ( #bj ye>s #ig p] c5t41 & on ! f>m at ,g5nevilli]s--"o ( ! ,p>is sewage f>ms--! efflu5t is s sp>kl+1 bright & cle> t ! inhabitants dr9k x 9 pref]5ce to o!r available wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,micro-organic purity ( efflu5t f sewage f>ms4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ! purity ( ! efflu5t z to ! products ( micro-organic activity & pa?og5ic micro-organisms1 x w be necess>y to make a few obs]vations ) a view to remove misconceptions t h f "t to "t be5 put =w>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,ptoma9es h n be5 f\nd 9 efflu5ts f well manag$ sewage f>ms4 ,! "q :e!r ! specific products ( putrefaction1 i4e4 ! putrefactive alkaloids 8ptoma9es & tox9es10 are capable ( do+ fur!r mis*ief by escap+ ) ! efflu5t into ! /ream1 may be answ]$ z foll[s4 ,^! sub/ances are =tunately v un/able1 & ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,falk & o!rs seem fur!r to indicate t soil is capable ( reta9+ !m & ( r5d]+ !m h>mless4 ,at any rate !re is no well au!nticat$ case on record ( ^! bodies hav+ wr\ght mis*ief on sewage f>ms4 7,see "h also ! rem>ks made on pages #ea & #eb "u ! head+ 8,! ,absorb+ ,p[]s ( ,soil407 ,sid5ote3 ,pa?og5ic g]ms on sewage f>ms4 ,x has fur!r be5 ma9ta9$ t ! pres5ce ( pa?og5ic organisms on sewage f>ms might 9 two ways lead to mis*ief1 viz4 ei!r by transmission ?r\gh air or by transmission ?r\gh wat]4 ,! pa?og5ic organisms aft] spread+ ov] ! l& might rise into ! air ?r\gh ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e & !n be c>ri$ ab\t by x1 or !y might escape ?r\gh ! l& & be convey$ ) ! efflu5t into ! /ream or riv] t takes ! latt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,pa/eur's fe>s z to mis*ief likely to be br\ght ab\t by pa?og5ic micro-organisms on sewage f>ms n borne out by facts4 ,9 connection ) ?is po9t x may n be )\t int]e/ to m5tion "h t ev5 ! late ,m4 ,pa/eur at "o "t ( 8 c>e] consid]$ ! :olesale spread+ ( disease g]ms on sewage f>ms might prove highly injuri\s to ! public heal? ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,z he himself admitt$1 he bas$ 8 fe>s on purely !oretical consid]ations & oppos$1 = ?is reason1 ! ext5sion ( ! sewage f>ms 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is4 ,b :51 lat] on1 he 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! results obs]v$ on ! ,b]l9 f>ms1 he tacitly modifi$ 8 views & ceas$ to oppose ! ext5sion ( ! ,p>is f>ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,no well-au!nticat$ case is on record :]e a sewage f>m has act$ z ! focus ( a local outbreak ( typhoid fev]4 ,inde$1 se>* z ,i might1 ,i h n be5 able to discov] "o s+le in/ance :]e a sewage f>m has act$ z ! focus ( a local outbreak4 ,on ! contr>y1 dur+ "o or two small epidemics ( typhoid fev] 9 ,b]l91 no case ( ?is compla9t has be5 obs]v$ on ! sewage f>ms ( t city4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]i5ce on ! ,b]l9 f>ms4 ,conc]n+ ! escape ( pa?og5ic micro-organisms into /reams & riv]s1 no case is on record :]e su* a ?+ has actually occurr$3 inde$1 ! v pa9/ak+ inve/igations on ! ,b]l9 f>ms h l$ to negative results4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations made at ! ,freiburg sewage f>m4 ,ano!r sewage f>m1 t ( ,freiburg 9 ,bad51 has likewise be5 made ! subject ( c>eful & long-cont9u$ inve/igation by ,dr4 ,korn1 :o1 = ! twelve mon?s end+ ,augu/ #ahig1 made no less ?an #afe elaborate *emical & bact]iological exam9ations4 ,summ+ up 8 obs]vations on ! pres5ce ( bact]ia 9 ! efflu5ts f subsoil dra9s1 he rem>ks3 8,ap>t f ! few exceptional cases ( high numb]s1 g5]ally speak+ my exp]im5ts %[ t ! numb] ( g]ms 9 ! subsoil dra9 efflu5ts is relatively small1 & ev5 omitt+ ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* a dilution ) subsoil wat] mu/ h tak5 place1 ! numb] ( micro-organisms is /ill s small t ! effects ( filtration ?r\gh soil are cle>ly p]ceptible4 ,9 addition to ?is--& ?is is ( consid]able importance 9 =m+ a judgm5t--x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! bact]ia 9 sewage are pr9cipally d]iv$ f ! inte/9es1 :]eas 9 ! subsoil dra9 efflu5ts ! inhabitants ( ! inte/9es are ei!r n pres5t at all or only 9 v small numb]s comp>$ ) ! numb] ( soil & wat] bact]ia1 :i* are always pres5t4 ,out ( #afe exam9ations ,i only succe$$ 9 #ah cases 9 prov+ ! pres5ce ( bact]ium coli40 ,sid5ote3 ,bact]ium coli no long] a true crit]ion ( sewage pollution4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,weiss5fels' conclusions4 ,x may be conv5i5t to po9t out 9 ?is place t bact]ium coli c no long] be look$ ^u z a typical inhabitant ( ! human inte/9es aft] ! v elaborate inve/igations c>ri$ out by ,dr4 ,weiss5fels1 :o arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a4 ,! s-call$ bact]ium coli c be cultivat$ f almo/ e k9d ( wat]1 & its pres5ce c be demon/rat$ 9 ne>ly e case1 provid$ a suffici5t volume ( wat] is utilis$4 #b4 ,x is n possible by ! result ( ! exp]im5ts ^u animals to decide :e!r ! bact]ium coli 0 cultivat$ f a pure or infect$ wat]1 & ! discov]y ( a virul5t bact]ium coli 9 any sample ( wat] _c1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z a crit]ion t su* wat] has be5 pollut$ ) fcal bact]ia4 ,aft] ^! rem>ks1 x w\ld seem q possible t ! bact]ium coli discov]$ 9 eighte5 cases by ,dr4 ,korn 9 ! ,freiburg efflu5ts 0 n d]iv$ f sewage at all b f ! ord9>y subsoil wat] ( ! l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! possibility ( fur!r mis*ief by pa?og5ic micro-organisms on sewage f>ms is exce$+ly remote1 if x exi/s at all4 ,be>+ ^! obs]vations 9 m9d1 x is q cle>1 !re=e1 t nei!r !oretical inve/igations1 z available up to n[1 nor practical results1 support ! !ory t pa?og5ic micro-organisms may d mis*ief on sewage f>ms1 & "o is =c$ to conclude t ?is possibility--if x exi/s at all--aft] sy/ematic treatm5t on l& is an exce$+ly remote "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,sewage f>ms r$uce ! quantity ( f9al efflu5t4 ,be=e conclud+ ^! rem>ks on ! natural purification ( sewage x is necess>y to draw att5tion to ano!r consid]able advantage :i* x possesses ov] artificial sewage treatm5ts1 & t is ! r$uction 9 quantity ( ! efflu5t1 :i* at times is v consid]able1 :]eas 9 ! artificial me?ods su* a r$uction is comp>atively small4 ,sid5ote3 ,loss ( liquid by evaporation & by plant life4 ,spread ov] a l>ge area ( l&1 well cropp$1 evaporation is v active--especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 :5 ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! brook t takes ! efflu5t is z a rule at its l[e/2 &1 9 addition to ?is1 ! gr[+ plants fur!r ab/ract a consid]able am\nt ( ! liquid t f9ds its way into ! soil1 s t ! quantity ( ! efflu5t may n be m ?an f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total quantity t 0 p\r$ ov] ! l&4 ,9 ! artificial treatm5t ! evaporation is consid]ably small]1 & z plants are altoge!r abs5t ! quantity ( ! efflu5t is probably ab\t #ij p] c5t4 & m ( ! total quantity ( ! raw sewage4 ,?is is a po9t ( v consid]able importance s f> z ! influ5ce ( ! efflu5t ^u ! wat] 9 ! /ream t takes ! same is conc]n$4 ,al?\gh ! subject ( natural purification is by no means exhau/$1 x is n[ "t to direct att5tion to artificial me?ods4 ,v4 ,,artificial ,,self-,,purification ,,( ,,sewage4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4 ,sid5ote3 ,enum]ation ( m important exp]im5ts4 ,a great _m exp]im5ts h be5 made dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ) artificial processes = ! self-purification ( sewage1 & among/ ! m important ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,london exp]im5ts4 ,sutton ,exet] ,man*e/] ,le$s ,%effield ,leice/] ,york ,hamburg ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5ts h n be5 conduct$ on uni=m l9es4 ,a casual obs]v] might1 !re=e1 consid] himself ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ t all ^! exp]im5ts _h add$ a great deal to our k ( ! intricate *anges tak+ place 9 ^! processes1 b su* a conclusion w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 reality4 ,= beyond settl+ que/ions ( local importance by *emical analysis1 ! exp]im5ts1 ow+ to a v>iety ( causes1 h n mat]ially enhanc$ ! /ores ( our in=mation1 inde$ n unfrequ5tly ! results obta9$ are app>5tly contradictory & bewild]+4 ,an exp]im5t mu/ be look$ ^u z a "q address$ to nature1 & ! answ] w dep5d on ! way ! "q has be5 put4 ,if ?is way diff]s 9 e case x mu/ be cle> t ! answ]1 too1 w diff] 9 e case1 & x is ?is abs5ce ( uni=mity :i* greatly r$uces ! g5]al value ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,^! rem>ks mu/ n be misund]/ood to convey ! impression z if ! exp]im5ts _h n be5 conduct$ ) c>e & skill6 ,f> f x6 ,"s ( !m h be5 made ) ! greate/ skill & c>e & ) ! v evid5t desire to arrive at correct conclusions1 & x is only :5 !y are plac$ side by side ) o!r exp]im5ts1 ) a view to d$uc+ f !m g5]al conclusions conc]n+ ! processes at "w1 t great difficulties are exp]i5c$4 ,! result ( ea* exp]im5t is gov]n$ by a l>ge numb] ( factors1 :i* by slightly diff]5t manipulations may atta9 9 ?is ev]-fluctuat+ process diff]5t weights1 s t ! results may be contradictory1 & x is only by arrang+ ^! factors on a common basis1 z x 71 & by address+ ! que/ions to nature 9 ! same sy/ematic & uni=m way1 t good g5]al results may be expect$4 ,x is well kn[n1 = in/ance1 t 9 "s cases septic tanks h n giv5 good results1 :il/ 9 o!rs !y h work$ v well2 aga91 cont9u\s filtration has fail$ 9 "s exp]im5ts1 :il/ 9 o!rs1 notably 9 ! ,york exp]im5ts1 x has giv5 good results4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 future ! mi/ake ( ! pa/ is to be avoid$1 x w be necess>y to settle on a common l9e ( action 9 all exp]im5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,attempt to evolve g5]al !ory4 ,9 spite ( all ! difficulties :i* beset su* a task1 an attempt w be made 9 ! foll[+ obs]vations to evolve "s g5]al !ory conc]n+ ! processes at "w 9 ! artificial self-purification ( sewage4 ,su* a !ory1 x is q cle>1 _c be complete 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 & x is s9c]ely hop$ t ! _m & s]i\s gaps w be fill$ up by lat] inve/igations4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce ! diff]5t =ms ( ! process1 su* z are n[ employ$1 %all be dealt ) sep>ately1 comm5c+ ) contact or oxidation b$s4 #b4 ,,artificial ,,self-,,purification ,,( ,,sewage ,,9 ,,int]mitt5t ,,contact ,,b$s4 ,at ! outset x may n be out ( place to make a few rem>ks conc]n+ ! v>i\s names giv5 to ?is =m ( application4 ,! t]m 8int]mitt5t contact b$0 is "h us$ to di/+ui% ?is k9d ( b$ f ! 8cont9u\s contact b$10 frequ5tly call$ 8cont9u\s filtration40 ,sid5ote3 ,names ( process mislead+4 7a7 ,"n ( ,process4--,?is process has frequ5tly be5 call$ 8biological process10 8bact]iological process10 8contact b$ sy/em0 or 8oxidation b$ sy/em10 b all ^! t]ms d n appe> to def9e x suffici5tly1 z !y d n cov] ! :ole1 b only phases or /ages 9 ! same2 h5ce1 !y d n seem appropriate4 ,sid5ote3 ,biological process4 ,! "n 8biological process0 is decid$ly mislead+1 = besides biological ag5cies !re are also at "w physical 7me*anical7 & *emical ones4 ,sid5ote3 ,bact]iological process4 ,! t]m 8bact]iological or bact]ial process0 is likewise errone\s1 = besides bact]ia a numb] ( o!r micro-organisms p>ticipate 9 x--su* z yea/ fungi1 m\ld fungi1 alg1 protozoa1 & ev5 high] =ms ( life1 su* z e>?worms & insects4 ,sid5ote3 ,contact b$ sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,oxidation b$ sy/em4 ,! expressions 8contact b$ sy/em0 or 8oxidation b$ sy/em0 are 9 s f> inappropriate z !y describe only portions ( ! process b n ! :ole4 ,! t]m 8contact b$0 describes ! fir/ /age1 & ! t]m 8oxidation b$0 portion ( ! second /age only4 ,sid5ote3 ,t]m mo/ suitable4 ,! t]m :i* seems mo/ suitable ( all is 8artificial self-purification 9 contact b$s10 z x includes e phase ( ?is l5g?y process appli$ 9 an artificial =m2 ! t]m 8natural self-purification0 be+ appli$ to l& treatm5t ( sewage1 z x is ! only me?od 9 :i* ! self-purify+ p[]s are employ$ "u natural conditions4 ,sid5ote3 ,work+ op]ations4 7b7 ,explanation ( ,process4--,! cycle ( op]ations comm5ces ) ! fill+ ( ! b$1 & dur+ ! same ! sewage comes gradually 9 contact ) ! fill+ mat]ial4 ,:5 ! b$ is full1 ! infl[ is /opp$ & ! sewage all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) ! mat]ial = "s "t4 ,! b$ is !n empti$1 & a p]iod ( re/ is giv5 x be=e ! fill+ is comm5c$ aga94 ,sid5ote3 ,purification ( sewage 9 full b$ due to absorb+ p[]s ( fill+ mat]ial & only to a small ext5t due to activity ( micro-organisms4 ,x has be5 held1 t :ile ! sewage is 9 ! contact b$ x und]goes a v rapid process ( decomposition by bact]ia1 b x mu/ be evid5t1 t z ! sewage--includ+ fill+--rema9s only = ab\t two h\rs 9 ! b$1 ! micro-organisms w\ld h to "w at an express rate4 ,?is fact alone is apt to make ?is !ory v d\btful1 b ap>t f x1 x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts t ! by f> great] am\nt ( purification--:il/ ! sewage is 9 ! b$s--is due to ! absorb+ p[]s ( ! fill+ mat]ial1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! surface attraction ( its compon5t p>ticles4 ,sid5ote3 ,ret5tion ( susp5d$ matt]s by b$4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorb+ p[]s ( fill+ mat]ial4 ,! fill+ mat]ial reta9s 9 its upp] lay]s ! susp5d$ matt]s1 :i* x /ra9s out ( ! sewage 9 a purely me*anical mann]1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a scre51 & :5 ! b$ is fill$ its absorb+ p[]s come into play1 :i* cause ! removal ( ! dissolv$ matt]s out ( ! liquid & _! ret5tion on ! surface ( ! p>ticles4 ,?is latt] process is probably a *emico-physical "o assi/$ by ! micro-organic life 9 ! sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,decomposition ( organic sub/ances by micro-organisms :5 b$ is empty4 ,x is only aft] ! b$ has be5 empti$ t ! real activity ( ! va/ numb] ( micro-organisms comm5ces1 :i* is direct$ t[>ds conv]t+ ! organic sub/ances into m9]al ones4 ,?is process ( splitt+ up1 decompos+1 dis9tegrat+ & m9]alis+ organic wa/e products is an exce$+ly complex "o1 :i* ev] fluctuates accord+ to ! prevail+ conditions1 & :i* does n come to an end until f9ally /able m9]al =ms are rea*$4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a pl5tiful supply ( oxyg51 ! process proce$s z a rule at a m rapid rate1 & ! int]m$iate =ms produc$ are less complex ?an 9 ! comp>ative or total abs5ce ( ?is gas2 h5ce ! progress ( ! process is l>gely det]m9$ by x4 ,! am\nt ( oxyg5 necess>y = bact]ial activity is p>tly ab/ract$1 & ) extraord9>y en]gy1 f ! atmosph]ic air 9 ! pores ( ! fill+ mat]ial1 & a portion ( ! sub/ances =m$1 su* z c>bonic acid & nitrog5--9 gas =m--escape into ! atmosph]e1 :il/ ! rema9+ portions are wa%$ out ( ! b$ ) o!r products1 su* z nitric acid1 by ! efflu5t4 ,fur!r rem>ks ^u ?is process ( m9]alisation h be5 made 9 connection ) ! subject ( natural self-purification ( sewage1 & ^! may be ref]r$ to "h4 ,sid5ote3 ,efflu5t f b$ practically raw sewage z f> z its bact]ial cont5ts are conc]n$4 ,! effect ( ! b$ ^u ! bact]ial flora ( sewage is1 z 0 to be expect$1 b v slight1 & x is on record n[ t1 z f> z ! micro-organic life is conc]n$1 ! efflu5t is to all int5ts & purposes raw sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,silt+ up ( b$4 ,"s ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 raw sewage rema9 9 ! b$1 no matt] h[ c>efully ! sewage has be5 previ\sly /ra9$1 & ^!1 9 comb9ation ) ! slimy surface coat+ ( ! compon5t p>ticles1 ! accumulation ( m9]alis$ sub/ances 9 ! pores1 ! consolidation ( ! b$1 ! dis9tegration ( ! fill+ mat]ial1 & ! liquid reta9$1 lead gradually b surely to ! silt+ or sludg+ up ( ! b$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!oretical orig9al wat] capacity ( b$4 7c7 ,wat] ,capacity ( ,b$ & ,silt+ up4--,! !oretical wat] capacity ( ! b$1 previ\s to comm5c+ op]ations1 is ! aggregate ( ! cubical space occupi$ by ! pores or small passages betwe5 ! p>ticles =m+ ! fill+ mat]ial1 & ! pores ( ! fill+ mat]ial itself2 b 9 practice a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?is space is occupi$ by air1 :i* x is impossible to dislodge altoge!r 9 fill+4 ,! aggregate ( ! cubical space ( ! pores may be call$ ! pore-volume4 ,x is difficult to lay d[n g5]al rules z to :at ! orig9al wat] capacity ( a b$ %\ld be express$ 9 p] c5t4 ( ! space occupi$ by ! fill+ mat]ial1 b speak+ )9 fairly wide limits ! foll[+ is some:at ne> ! tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9al wat] capacity ) sph]ical p>ticles ( uni=m size4 ,:5 ! p>ticles =m+ ! fill+ mat]ial are fairly sph]ical & ( equal size1 ! orig9al wat] capacity ( a b$ am\nts to ab\t #ch p] c5t4 ( ! space occupi$ by ! fill+ mat]ial2 b z 9 practice x is difficult to obta9 sph]ical p>ticles ( uni=m size1 ! orig9al wat] capacity is f\nd to range f #ce to #de p] c5t4 ( ?is space4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9al wat] capacity ) p>ticles ( diff]5t sizes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! p>ticles are ( mat]ially diff]5t sizes1 & :5 ! small] ones fill up ! spaces betwe5 ! l>g] ones1 ! orig9al wat] capacity may s9k d[n to z l[ z f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! space occupi$ by ! fill+ mat]ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,size ( p>ticles ( fill+ mat]ial does1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 n affect orig9al wat] capacity ( b$4 ,x has be5 fur!r demon/rat$ t ! wat] capacity ( a b$ is n affect$ by ! size ( ! p>ticles1 provid$ ! latt] are sph]ical & ( uni=m size4 ,9 o!r words1 ! wat] capacity ( two b$s fill$ ) mat]ial ( diff]5t sizes is ! same1 provid$ ! p>ticles are sph]ical & ( uni=m size ?r\gh\t ea* b$4 ,sid5ote3 ,silt+ up ( b$ dur+ regul> "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,rapid initial decrease ( capacity4 ,sid5ote3 ,consolidation ( b$4 ,?is orig9al wat] capacity is1 h[ev]1 n ma9ta9$ 9 regul> "w1 z has be5 po9t$ out already4 ,bas+ ! obs]vations on regul> "w only1 ! orig9al capacity decreases at fir/1 aft] a new b$ has be5 />t$ or aft] an old recon/ruct$ b$ has be5 tak5 9 h&1 rapidly = "s "t & aft]w>ds m sl[ly4 ,graphically express$1 ?is decrease is n repres5t$ by a /raight l9e b approa*es m ne>ly a p>abolic curve4 ,?is initial rapid decrease is *iefly due to ! consolidation ( ! b$4 ,sid5ote3 ,dis9tegration ( fill+ mat]ial4 ,9 connection ) ! movem5ts 9 ! b$ t5d+ t[>ds its consolidation1 x is also cle> t ! cont9ual fill+ & empty+ op]ations cause ! small] p>ticles to be wa%$ out ( _! orig9al position & to be plac$ 9 ! l>g] passages betwe5 ! fill+ mat]ial1 & if ?is process is assi/$ by ! gradual dis9tegration ( ! p>ticles compos+ ! fill+ mat]ial1 x is cle> t ! pores mu/ become small] & small] 9 "t1 i4e4 *ok$4 ,f ^! obs]vations x foll[s t ! fill+ mat]ial %\ld be a h>d sub/ance1 :i* w only to a limit$ ext5t be subject to ?is crumbl+ away process4 ,b besides ^! !re are1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 o!r silt+ up ag5cies at "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat]-ret5tive p[] ( fill+ mat]ial4 ,( ! total quantity ( sewage :i* has ent]$ ! b$ a small portion w always rema9 9 x ow+ to ! wat] reta9+ p[] ( ! mat]ial4 ,?is p[] has sometimes be5 call$ 8m9imum wat] capacity10 b z ?is "n is liable to be misund]/ood1 x is bett] to adopt "h ! t]m 8wat]-ret5tive p[]0 ( mat]ial4 ,! quantity ( ! sewage reta9$ by ! b$ v>ies ) ! mat]ial & pore-volume1 & is due to adhesion & capill>y attraction4 ,! great] ! pore-volume1 & ! great] ! p]c5tage ( f9e pores1 ! great] is ! quantity ?us reta9$4 ,clean gravel reta9s ab\t #ab p] c5t4 & f9e s& ab\t #hd p] c5t4 ( its wat] capacity--i4e4 express$ p] cubic y>d ( fill+ mat]ial1 "o cubic y>d ( clean gravel w reta9 ab\t #aj gallons & "o cubic y>d ( f9e s& ab\t #gj gallons ( wat]4 ,?r\gh dra9+ a b$ = sev]al h\rs ?r\gh evaporation & o!r atmosph]ic influ5ce1 a portion ( ! sewage reta9$ is lo/1 b ! quantity s lo/ w v>y cont9ually ) ! circum/ances "u :i* ! b$ is work$4 ,! wat]-ret5tive p[] ( ! fill+ mat]ial does n decrease ) ! work+ ( ! b$1 b increases1 :i* 9 a l>ge measure is probably due to ! slimy coat :i* =ms r\nd ! surface ( ! compon5t p>ticles1 & to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,sid5ote3 ,slimy surface coat+ ( compon5t p>ticles4 ,a fur!r silt+-up ag5cy is ! slimy surface coat+ ( ! p>ticles ( ! fill+ mat]ial4 ,?is accumulation is well kn[n to all :o h _h to d ) int]mitt5t contact b$s1 & has be5 describ$ z spongy bact]ial gr[?4 ,! ,man*e/] report = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #bg1 #aija1 conta9s on page #fb ! foll[+ passage3 8,?is 7spongy bact]ial gr[?7 is at once ! cause ( increas$ effici5cy 9 ! b$ & loss ( capacity4 ,on exam9+ ! mat]ial ( a contact b$ 9 active condition1 e piece is se5 to be coat$ ov] ) a slimy gr[?4 ,if ?is is remov$ x soon dries to a /iff jelly1 :i* c be cut ) a knife4 ,"u ! microscope masses ( bact]ia & zoogloea w be f\nd to be pres5t40 ,sid5ote3 ,accumulations ( decompos$ sub/ances 9 ! pores4 ,9 addition to ?is slimy surface-coat+ ( ! p>ticles1 !re are also f\nd 9 ! pores1 especially 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! fill+ mat]ial--& 9 f9e b$s m s ?an 9 a co>se b$--accumulations :i* are 8ak9 to humus or g>d5 soil40 ,!y conta9 to a limit$ ext5t only putrescible sub/ances1 & appe> to be ! rema9s ( organic matt] decompos$ by ! activity ( micro-organisms4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]iods ( re/ w n p]man5tly re/ore portion ( ! orig9al wat] capacity ( ! b$4 ,x 0 =m]ly ma9ta9$ ) consid]able p]si/5cy t p]iods ( re/ w\ld p]man5tly re/ore to a sy/ematically work$ b$ a portion ( its lo/ wat] capacity1 b su* a cont5tion has be5 prov$ to be wrong4 ,x is q true t imm$iately aft] p]iods ( re/ an increase ( ! wat] capacity is v noticeable1 :i* is probably due to dry+ up processes )9 ! b$ dur+ ! re/1 b su* an increase is n p]man5t & is lo/ aga9 m or less quickly2 x is !re=e only tempor>y & n p]man5t4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 a b$ has n be5 sy/ematically work$1 i4e4 :]e x has be5 work$ at a great] rate ?an is suitable1 & :]e 9 consequ5ce ( ?is a l>ge quantity ( undecompos$ sub/ances is /or$ 9 x1 a p]iod ( re/ may p]man5tly re/ore a portion ( ! lo/ capacity2 b ?is is due to ! m9]alisation ( ^! undecompos$ organic sub/ances dur+ ! re/4 ,x foll[s f ^! rem>ks1 z has be5 /at$ above1 t :5 ! organic sub/ances are regul>ly decompos$ dur+ sy/ematic "w a p]iod ( re/ _c mat]ially affect ! wat] capacity1 & t :]e a consid]able p]man5t re/oration ( ! wat] capacity takes place ! b$ has n be5 prop]ly work$4 ,sid5ote3 ,decrease ( capacity is accompani$ to "s ext5t by increase ( effici5cy & vice v]sa4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be incorrect to assume t ! silt+ up ( ! b$ affects its effici5cy besides r$uc+ ! capacity4 ,on ! contr>y6 ,to "s ext5t decrease ( capacity is accompani$ by increase ( effici5cy & vice v]sa6 ,sid5ote3 ,high] capacity ( b$s 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,at ?is po9t x ought to be /at$ t 9 ! ,man*e/] exp]im5ts 7see page #fa ( ! report = ! ye> end+ #bg? ,m>*1 #aija7 a high] av]age capacity is ma9ta9$ dur+ ! summ] ?an dur+ ! w9t]1 :i* is no d\bt due to ! great] activity ( ! micro-organisms dur+ ! w>m wea!r ( ! ye>4 ,sid5ote3 ,rak+ ( b$s n advantage\s4 ,! rak+ ( ! surface does n mat]ially affect ! capacity ( ! b$1 & x is bett] to scrape (f ! matt]s reta9$ on ! surface ?an to rake !m into ! body ( ! b$4 ,sid5ote3 ,r5ovation ( fill+ mat]ial ei!r p>tially or :olly4 ,x w be cle> f ^! obs]vations t1 no matt] h[ c>efully ! b$ has be5 work$1 soon] or lat] a "t w come :5 ! decrease ( capacity becomes s pron\nc$ z to r5d] x impossible any long] to treat ! daily fl[ ( sewage ) ! available plant2 & :5 ?is po9t has be5 rea*$ a r5ovation1 ei!r p>tially or :olly1 ( ! fill+ mat]ial becomes an inevitable necessity4 ,sid5ote3 ,m9imum capacity ( b$s to be provid$ =4 ,to provide = ?is at ! outset1 & ?us avoid ! difficulties ( r$uc$ capacity1 x seems advisable to lay d[n1 :5 design+ ! works1 a m9imum capacity1 :i* w j all[ ! daily volume ( sewage to be treat$ by ! plant1 & :i* :5 rea*$ w necessitate ! cleans+ ( ! b$4 ,! idea1 =m]ly frequ5tly express$1 t ! fill+ mat]ial :5 rationally work$ ne$ n be r5ew$ or r5ovat$1 c no long] be ma9ta9$ & is outside ! rea* ( practical possibilities4 ,sid5ote3 ,und]dra9age ( int]mitt5t contact b$s4 ,at ?is place a ^w or two ab\t ! "u dra9age ( int]mitt5t contact b$s may n be out ( place4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t all dra9s %\ld "w well1 & t ! entrance ( ! sewage into !m %\ld n lead to di/urbance 9 ! fill+ mat]ial1 especially %\ld ! te>+ ( portions ( ! fill+ mat]ial into ! dra9 pipes be avoid$4 ,by c>efully arrang+ ! position1 numb]1 size & fall ( ! ma/] dra9s & bran* dra9s1 x is possible to r$uce ! resi/ance s z to all[ ( a fairly ev5 fl[ ( sewage ?r\gh all ! dra9s1 & to prev5t a great ru% ( wat] ?r\gh ! dra9s ne> ! outlet end4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pres5ce ( lime is ( no consequ5ce4 ,9 pass+ x may n be out ( place to po9t out t ! view1 =m]ly express$1 t an admixture ( lime 9 "s =m w\ld prove advantage\s to ! purification ( sewage1 is n support$ by ! exp]i5ce ga9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorb+ effect increases ) ! "t ( contact4 7d7 ,absorb+ ,p[]s ( ,fill+ ,mat]ial4--,! absorb+ effect ( any fill+ mat]ial seems to increase ) ! "t ( contact4 ,sid5ote3 ,absorb+ p[]s increase until b$ has become ripe4 ,x ought fur!r to be po9t$ out t ! absorb+ p[]s ( ! fill+ mat]ial gradually increase until ! b$ has become ripe4 ,?is fact 0 =m]ly /at$ to be due to ! developm5t ( ! prop] micro-organisms )9 ! b$1 b x w\ld seem to be *iefly due to ! slimy surface coat+ ( ! p>ticles ( ! fill+ mat]ial1 or spongy bact]ial gr[?1 z x has frequ5tly be5 call$1 :i* does n only assi/ me*anical filtration b also possesses high p[]s ( absorb+ oxyg54 ,sid5ote3 ,absorb+ p[]s soon cease 9 ! abs5ce ( micro-organisms & air4 ,b x _c be op5 to d\bt t ! absorb+ p[]s ( ! fill+ mat]ial are dep5d5t 9 "s way or o!r on ! pres5ce ( micro-organisms1 = ,dunb> has %[n t 9 ! abs5ce ( micro-organisms & )\t p]iods ( a]ation ^! p[]s soon cease4 ,sid5ote3 ,oxyg5 is absorb$ f air 9 ! pores ) great en]gy4 7e7 ,consumption ( ,oxyg5 by ! ,fill+ ,mat]ial4--,! oxyg5 necess>y = ! prop] "w ( an int]mitt5t contact b$ is ab/ract$ ) great en]gy f ! atmosph]ic air1 ) :i* ! pores become fill$ dur+ p]iods ( re/4 ,?r\gh diffusion1 & ?r\gh ! vacuum creat$ by ! processes ( absorption1 fur!r quantities ( oxyg5 are tak5 f ! atmosph]ic air1 ev5 "u difficult conditions1 &1 z po9t$ out 9 ! ,man*e/] report = ! ye> end+ #bg? ,m>*1 #aija1 8!re is1 !re=e1 little ne$ to =ce air into a b$40 ,sid5ote3 ,! oxyg5 tak5 up dur+ a]ation is n imp>t$ to ! sewage at ! next fill+ & does n escape 9 ! efflu5t4 ,! oxyg5 ?us tak5 up is n imp>t$ 9 gas =m to ! sewage dur+ ! next fill+1 & ! efflu5ts f int]mitt5t contact b$s are n saturat$ ) oxyg54 ,dunb> /ates t ! efflu5ts ( a satisfactorily work$ b$ frequ5tly only conta9 "o cubic c5timetre ( free oxyg5 p] litre4 ,cl[es reports a simil> result 9 8 ?ird report on ! ,london exp]im5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! greate/ quantity ( oxyg5 is consum$ dur+ ! oxidation ( ! products =m$ by micro-organisms4 ,!re c be no d\bt t by f> ! greate/ quantity ( oxyg5 is consum$ dur+ ! process ( oxidation ( ! products =m$ by micro-organisms f putrescible organic sub/ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,consumption ( oxyg5 & =mation ( c>bonic acid n solely due to biological ag5cies4 7f7 ,=mation ( ,c>bonic ,acid4--,dunb> has %[n by 8 exp]im5ts t ! consumption ( oxyg5 & ! =mation ( c>bonic acid is n solely due to biological ag5cies1 b is to "s ext5t ! result ( physico-*emical processes4 ,sid5ote3 ,m free c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! efflu5t ?an 9 ! raw sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,by f> ! greate/ portion ( c>bonic acid escapes into ! air4 ,he fur!r reports t 9 8 exp]im5ts ! efflu5ts conta9$ on an av]age #ajj milligram p] litre m free c>bonic acid ?an ! raw sewage1 & t ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! efflu5ts repres5ts only a small portion ( ! total am\nt ( c>bonic acid =m$ dur+ ! :ole process4 ,! by f> greate/ portion ( c>bonic acid escapes into ! air4 ,conc]n+ ! air 9 ! pores ( ! fill+ mat]ial dur+ p]iods ( a]ation1 ,dunb> /ates t x conta9s sometimes n less ?an f #f to #aj p] c5t4 c>bonic acid4 ,sid5ote3 ,nitrog5 escapes 9 gas =m into ! air4 7g7 ,nitrog54--,x is q cle> f all exp]im5ts t a consid]able am\nt ( ! total nitrog5 conta9$ 9 raw sewage is ab/ract$ by ! fill+ mat]ial ( int]mitt5t contact b$s1 & x is int]e/+ to asc]ta9 :at becomes ( x6 ,does x accumulate 9 ! b$8 ,9 t case1 "o has a "r to assume t ! satisfactory "w ( ! b$ w\ld gradually cease6 ,z ?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case1 & z1 fur!r1 ! sludge =m$ 9 ! b$1 :e!r x be fairly fre% or v /ale1 only conta9s a v small am\nt ( total nitrog51 we mu/ surmise t ! nitrog5 aft] its ret5tion by ! b$ escapes 9 gas =m--l ! c>bonic acid--into ! atmosph]e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pres5ce ( nitric acid is n an unfail+ guide = det]m9+ ! satisfactory "* ( ! efflu5t4 7h7 ,! ,=mation ( ,nitric ,acid4--,conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( nitric acid 9 ! efflu5ts f int]mitt5t contact b$s1 ,dunb> is ( op9ion t x (f]s c]ta9 means = =m+ an op9ion ( ! processes tak+ place 9 ! same1 b t x is only 9 a subord9ate s5se an indication ( ! degree ( purification atta9$ & mu/ n be tak5 z an unfail+ guide = det]m9+ ! satisfactory "* ( ! efflu5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,nitrify+ bact]ia always pres5t 9 t[n's sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,nitric acid is =m$ v rapidly1 b only dur+ p]iods ( re/4 ,nitrify+ bact]ia are always pres5t 9 ord9>y t[n's sewage1 b x w\ld appe> t o!r micro-organisms besides ,w9ogradsky's bact]ia assi/ 9 ! process ( nitrification4 ,nitric acid is =m$ v rapidly1 b only dur+ p]iods ( re/1 & besides a]ation o!r less p[]ful influ5ces are at "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$uction ( nitric acid :5 b$ is fill$ f bottom ) an upw>d fl[4 ,x is fur!r int]e/+ to note t1 accord+ to ,dunb>1 ! great] portion ( nitric acid :i* has be5 =m$ dur+ p]iods ( a]ation becomes completely r$uc$ 9 a v %ort "t1 :5 ! b$ is fill$ ) an upw>d fl[ f ! bottom1 & t only a small portion rema9s 9 ! =m ( nitr\s acid4 #c4 ,,artificial ,,self-,,purification ,,( ,,sewage ,,9 ,,septic ,,tanks4 ,sid5ote3 ,septic tanks only us$ 9 comb9ation ) contact b$s4 ,al?\gh x has nev] be5 claim$1 & is fur!r n op5 to d\bt1 t a septic tank alone & unaid$ by subsequ5t treatm5t 9 int]mitt5t or cont9u\s contact b$s does n suffici5tly purify ! sewage1 9 ^! rem>ks ! "w ( ! septic tank only w be consid]$1 z ! treatm5t 9 contact b$s w be dealt ) sep>ately4 ,sid5ote3 ,septic tank a suitable "n4 7a7 ,"n ( ,septic ,tank4--,a good _m names h be5 sugge/$ by diff]5t obs]v]s--su* z 8ana]obic f]m5tation tank10 8putrefy+ tank10 8liquefy+ tank10 8cess-pit10 etc4--b !re appe>s to be no reason :y ! "n 8septic tank0 %\ld n be adh]$ to1 z x describes suffici5tly correctly ! "w done by ! tank1 :i* is *iefly ( a septic nature4 7b7 ,cov]$ or ,op5 ,septic ,tank4--,be=e deal+ ) ! processes tak+ place 9 a septic tank1 x w n be out ( place to consid] "h1 %ortly1 :e!r a clos$ septic tank conf]s advantages ov] an op5 septic tank suffici5tly great to ju/ify ! consid]ably great] exp5diture necessitat$ by its con/ruction4 ,x is well kn[n1 t at ,exet] 9 ! fir/ exp]im5tal in/allation ( ?is process1 ! septic tank 0 cov]$ 9 by an ar*$ ro(2 b subsequ5t exp]im5ts made else:]e d n seem to support ! !ory !n advanc$1 t su* a tank %\ld be a clos$ "o4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! ?ick sk9 :i*1 aft] a few mon?s' "w1 =ms on ! surface ( clos$ or op5 tanks1 & :i* accord+ to locality & season may rea* a ?ickness ( f #a to #b feet2 x is ma9ta9$ !n t ?is *eap natural cov] does away ) ! exp5sive artificial cov]4 ,9 ! report on ! treatm5t ( ! ,man*e/] sewage1 by ,messrs4 ,baldw9 ,la?am1 ,p]cy ,f4 ,frankl& & ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k91 x is /at$ on page #ed1 among/ ! conclusions & recomm5dations1 z foll[s3--8,! ana]obic or septic process is f\nd to take place z effectively 9 an op5 tank z 9 a clos$ "o40 ,?is conclusion does n appe> to h be5 modifi$ by ! exp]im5ts made subsequ5t to ! issue ( ?is report4 ,9 ! ,le$s exp]im5t a simil> result 0 obta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,clos$ septic tanks possess g5]ally speak+ no advantages ov] op5 ones4 ,:il/ x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> to be correct to say1 g5]ally1 t clos$ septic tanks af=d no mat]ial advantages ov] op5 ones1 s f> z ! purification ( ! sewage is conc]n$1 !y may become necess>y 9 special cases1 :5 ! smells emanat+ f op5 ones might create nuisances 9 cr[d$ neighb\rhoods4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ref]1 !re=e1 equally to op5 z well z to clos$ septic tanks1 & no di/9ction w be made betwe5 !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "w 9 ! septic tank is *iefly done by obligatory ana]obes4 7c7 ,explanation ( ,process4--,al?\gh ! processes tak+ place 9 septic tanks are at pres5t b imp]fectly und]/ood1 !y may be said to be 9 ! ma9 due to ana]obic micro-organisms1 i4e4 due to su* micro-organisms :i* c>ry on _! life's "w 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,!y split up or peptonise ! organic comp\nds 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 & ! gr\p ( *anges br\ght ab\t by !m has be5 t]m$ 8ana]obic f]m5tation0 or 8putrefaction40 ,dur+ ! same1 x is claim$ t a consid]able am\nt ( ! sludge reta9$ 9 ! tank is liquefi$ or de/roy$1 & t ! re/ becomes s *ang$ z to be d5s] ?an ord9>y sludge1 & to conta9 less moi/ure4 ,sid5ote3 ,dissolv$ matt]s ent]+ & leav+ ! septic tank4 ,conc]n+ ! am\nt & nature ( ! dissolv$ matt]s ent]+ & leav+ an op5 septic tank1 ! foll[+ is tak5 f ! ,man*e/] report = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #bg1 #aija3-- ,sid5ote3 ,man*e/] obs]vations4 8,a s]ies ( det]m9ations h be5 made ( ! am\nt ( dissolv$ matt] ent]+ & leav+ ! tank1 by evaporat+ kn[n volumes ( ! sewage & efflu5t aft] filtration ?r\gh pap] & weigh+ ! solid residue4 8,an av]age ( six det]m9ations 7confirm$ by simil> obs]vations 9 connection ) ! clos$ septic tank7 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,raw ,sewage4 ,op5 ,septic ,tank ,efflu5t4 ,dissolv$ matt]1 gra9s ,dissolv$ matt]1 gra9s p] gallon4 p] gallon4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,organic & ,organic & ,m9]al4 ,volatile4 ,total4 ,m9]al4 ,volatile4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ccj #ccj #ffj #cjh #bej #eeh ,r$uction1 9 p] c5t4 #ffg #bdbd #aede ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 8,a c]ta9 am\nt ( loss ( ammonia1 z ammonium c>bonate1 w take place on evaporation 9 bo? cases1 & ?is w probably be great] ) septic tank efflu5t4 8,an exam9ation ( ! residue obta9$ by evaporat+ l>ge quantities ( op5 septic tank efflu5t 7filt]$ ?r\gh pap]71 %[s t ! m9]al matt]s l>gely consi/ ( iron oxide1 f ! decomposition ( organic comp\nds ( iron1 & calcium sulphate4 ,among ! volatile con/itu5ts h be5 detect$ ammonium c>bonate1 m]captan-l comp\nds ( v (f5sive smell1 acetic & butyric acids4 ,no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( am9es c\ld be f\nd 9 ! residue on evaporation1 b by di/ill+ l>ge volumes ( ! liquid & c>efully analys+ ! plat9um salts obta9$ f ! di/illate1 ! pres5ce ( am9es is indicat$4 8,rese>* 9 ?is direction is be+ cont9u$2 c>eful comp>ison especially w be made ( ! products obta9$ by evaporation & di/illation ( crude sewage & septic tank efflu5t respectively4 8,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 po9ts to a break+ d[n ( album9oid & cellulose matt] 9 ! septic tank into simpl] & to "s ext5t volatile comp\nds4 ,! reactions are probably hydrolytic 9 "*1 ammonia1 am9es1 c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & possibly alcohol1 be+ produc$4 8,a fur!r quantity ( organic matt] also disappe>s z me?ane1 nitrog5 & hydrog540 ,sid5ote3 ,mu/ a]obic f]m5tation 9 all cases be prec$$ by ana]obic f]m5tation8 ,x w be cle> f ! =ego+1 t ! *anges go+ on 9 a septic tank are entirely diff]5t f ^? br\ght ab\t 9 contact b$s1 & ! "q :e!r a septic tank is a necessity = ! subsequ5t contact b$ treatm5t1 or :e!r x is a di/9ct disadvantage1 c only be def9itely settl$ :5 we "k :e!r a]obic f]m5tation1 i4e4 decomposition1 mu/ 9 all cases be prec$$ by ana]obic f]m5tation1 i4e4 putrefaction1 & to :at ext5t1 or :e!r su* a succession ( *anges is n necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ,man*e/] contact b$s accu/om$ to septic tank efflu5t did n at once purify raw sewage4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 connection ) ?is po9t1 t dur+ ! ,man*e/] exp]im5ts x 0 e/abli%$ t contact b$s1 :i* h become accu/om$ to septic tank efflu5t1 w n at once purify comp>atively fre% sewage4 7d7 ,velocity ( ,fl[ ?r\gh ,tank4--,! velocity ( fl[ ?r\gh ! septic tank is ( great importance1 z on x dep5ds ! size ( ! in/allation4 ,x seems to h become a habit to express ?is velocity by ! l5g? ( ! soj\rn ( ! sewage 9 ! septic tank--= in/ance1 8! fl[ ( sewage ?r\gh ! tank 0 su* t x w\ld fill x 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs02 b z all tanks v>y 9 size1 & z 9 consequ5ce ! di/ance :i* has to be trav]s$ by ! sewage f ! entrance to ! exit 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs is diff]5t 9 ne>ly e case1 su* a habit is1 to say ! v lea/1 v mislead+4 ,x w n be disput$ t ! deposition ( ! susp5d$ solids 9 sewage is dep5d5t on ! rate ( movem5t ( ! liquid1 & t 9 a quickly mov+ liquid !re w be less deposition ?an 9 a v sl[ly travell+ liquid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,t[n4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,dep?4 ,cont5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- feet4 feet4 ft4 94 gallons4 ,man*e/] tanks #cjj #ajj #f #j #a1abe1jjj ,le$s 8 #ajj #fj #g #g #bej1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d x w n be )\t int]e/ to exam9e ! velocities employ$ dur+ ! ,man*e/] & ,le$s exp]im5ts4 ,! tanks employ$ 9 ^! h ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! table on ! prec$+ page4 ,n[ assum+ t ea* tank is to be fill$ once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs we obta9 ! foll[+ velocities3 ,man*e/] 7#cjj #j #ab7_/addj #be p] m9ute4 ,le$s 7#ajj #j #ab7_/addj #jhd p] m9ute4 ,:i* means t 9 ! ,man*e/] exp]im5ts ! velocity w\ld h be5 ?ree times z l>ge z 9 ,le$s2 & x is cle> t if ! sewage ( bo? t[ns 0 id5tical ! results1 s f> z ! ret5tion ( ! susp5d$ matt]s 9 ! tanks are conc]n$1 c\ld n h be5 id5tical4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 consid]ably great] velocities h be5 us$ 9 ! ,man*e/] exp]im5ts1 z w be %[n lat] on4 ,sid5ote3 ,rate ( fl[ ?r\gh septic tanks %\ld n be express$ by ! l5g? ( soj\rn 9 tank b by "s l9e> measurem5t 9 a /at$ "t4 ,x w be cle> f ?is1 t x is mo/ mislead+ & errone\s to express ! rate ( fl[ by ! l5g? ( ! soj\rn ( ! sewage 9 ! tank1 & t ! velocity %\ld 9 ea* case be express$ by "s l9e> measurem5t 9 a /at$ "t--probably in*es p] m9ute4 ,! next po9t to consid] is ! velocity to be employ$ 9 septic tanks2 & "h x is n )\t int]e/ to ref] to ! v>i\s exp]im5ts enum]at$ ) _! results 9 ! next table4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! results obta9$1 s f> z ! susp5d$ matt]s are conc]n$1 is probably due to ! diff]5t "* ( ! v>i\s sewages exp]im5t$ )2 b s l[ a velocity z #jeb in*1 z us$ 9 ! ,exet] exp]im5ts1 does n appe> to be necess>y4 ,9 ! ,le$s exp]im5ts1 x 0 f\nd t ! fill+ ( ! tank once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs gave ! be/ results2 & z ! velocity !n 0 #jhd in* p] second x w be some:at ne> ! m>k to recomm5d g5]ally a velocity ( #a in* p] m9ute4 ,on ! assumption t ! sewage %all rema9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! tank1 ?is gives a l5g? ( tank ( #abj feet1 :i* is a v suitable "o4 ,,septic ,,tank ,,exp]im5ts4 ,rate ( ,fl[ & ,deposition ( ,susp5d$ ,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- ,rate ( ,fl[4 ----------------------- ,no4 ,"n ( ,l5g? ( ,velocity ,t[n4 ,soj\rn ( ,fl[ ( ,sewage p] 9 ,tank4 m9ute4 --------------------------------------- days4 in*es4 #a ,exet] #aj #jeb #b ,man*e/] #jdd #eeh #c 8 #jef #ddd #d ,le$s #je #afh #e 8 #aj #jhd #f 8 #bj #jdb --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,susp5d$ ,matt]s 9 ,sewage4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,no4 ,rema9+ ,de/roy$ ,leav+ 9 & ,tank ,total4 ,tank4 ,liquefi$ 9 9 ,tank4 ,efflu5ts4 ---------------------------------------- --------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 #a #ag #ci #dd #ajj #b #da #bb #cg #ajj #c #bc #cc #dd #ajj #d 44 44 44 44 #e av]age #bh 44 44 say #f 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,sid5ote3 ,septic tanks r$uce ! sludge difficulty to "s ext5t1 b d n altoge!r remove x4 7e7 ,de/ruction & ,liquefaction ( ,sludge 9 ,septic ,tanks4--,x 0 =m]ly ma9ta9$ t ! employm5t ( a septic tank did away ) all sludge difficulties1 & "o sees ev5 n[ adv]tisem5ts to t effect1 t !re is 8no sludge0 ) a septic tank2 b exp]i5ce ev]y:]e does n be> out ?is cont5tion4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re mu/ be sludge ) a septic tank1 & ! only "q "o has to consid] is1 to :at ext5t does a septic tank r$uce ! quantity ( sludge8 ,! table above conta9s ! results obta9$ 9 ! v>i\s exp]im5ts1 & f ^! x w\ld appe> z if on an av]age1 ) a velocity ( #a in* p] m9ute1 #be p] c5t4 ( ! total sludge w\ld be de/roy$ or liquefi$ 9 a septic tank4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ figures w be some:at ne> ! m>k1 :]e ! plant is work$ sy/ematically & c>efully sup]vis$4 ,p] c5t4 ,susp5d$ matt]s rema9+ 9 tank #ce 8 8 de/roy$ or liquefi$ 9 tank #be 8 8 escap+ 9 efflu5t #dj --- ,total #ajj ,^! figures mean t #ce p] c5t4 ( ! total susp5d$ matt]s w h to be dealt ) z sludge1 #be p] c5t4 w be de/roy$ or liquefi$ 9 ! septic tank1 & ! rema9+ #dj p] c5t4 w be deposit$ on & 9 ! contact b$s4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t x is claim$ t ! septic tank sludge is d5s] & conta9s less moi/ure ?an ord9>y sludge1 & t ab\t half ( x is m9]al matt]4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 at ,man*e/] a r$uction ( ab\t #af p] c5t4 9 ! dissolv$ matt] has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! op5 septic tank4 7f7 ,=mation ( ,gas 9 ,septic ,tank4--,x 0 at "o "t sugge/$ t ! gases =m$ 9 septic tanks dur+ ana]obic f]m5tation might be utilis$ = light+ or heat+ purposes1 b anyone well acqua9t$ ) ! subject w admit t su* a use is outside ! range ( practical possibilities4 ,at ,man*e/]1 #ajj gallons ( sewage evolv$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ab\t a cubic foot ( gas1 :i* on an av]age conta9$3 ,p] c5t4 ,m>% gas1 ,,*#d #gc ,c>bon dioxide1 ,,co#b #f ,hydrog51 ,h #e ,nitrog51 ,n 7by diff]5ce7 #af --- ,total #ajj ,at ?is rate #a million gallons ( sewage w evolve #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 or #jb tons ( gas1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,septic tank efflu5t m suitable = nitrification4 7g7 ,mix+ ,action ( ,septic ,tank4--,!re is "o advantage possess$ by a septic tank :i* _c be disput$1 & t is ! mix+ action go+ on )9 x4 ,! fre% sewage on its arrival becomes mix$ ) /ale sewage1 &1 ow+ to ! ris+ ( lumps ( sludge f ! bottom1 & o!r causes1 ! cont5ts ( ! tank become ( a m uni=m composition1 :i* mu/ entail a correspond+ advantage = ! subsequ5t contact b$ treatm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! septic tank efflu5t is s f> z bact]ial purity is conc]n$ practically raw sewage4 7h7 ,micro-organisms 9 ,efflu5t f ,septic ,tank4--,al?\gh ! available numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! micro-organisms conta9$ 9 ! efflu5t f a septic tank is n l>ge1 yet !y support ! conclusion :i* "o w\ld =m by analog\s reason+1 t s f> z ! bact]ial flora is conc]n$ ! efflu5t is practically raw sewage4 #d4 ,,cont9u\s ,,contact ,,b$s4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9u\s contact b$s /ill 9 an exp]im5tal /age4 ,x is necess>y to make at ?is po9t a few %ort obs]vations on ! artificial self-purification 9 cont9u\s contact b$s4 ,?is me?od ( artificial purification has frequ5tly be5 call$ 8cont9u\s filtration10 b x w be mu* bett] to res]ve ! t]m 8filtration0 = ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh f9e mat]ial1 su* z s&1 & to call ! cont9u\s fl[ ( sewage ?r\gh co>s] mat]ial cont9u\s contact b$ treatm5t1 z ! processes go+ on dur+ ! same are m analog\s to ^? go+ on 9 an int]mitt5t contact b$ ?an to ^? tak+ place 9 a wat]works filt]4 ,=m]ly x 0 attempt$ to use ! same k9d ( contact b$ = cont9u\s treatm5t z is us$ = int]mitt5t treatm5t1 b1 z 0 to be expect$1 ! results obta9$ 7 s unsatisfactory t ! exp]im5ts _h to be discont9u$4 ,n[ some:at diff]5t =ms are utilis$1 :i* are mo/ly protect$ by pat5t rights1 & ! mode ( di/ribution has also be5 alt]$ by ! introduction ( pat5t di/ributors or spr9kl]s1 :i* cause ! sewage to fall 9 v ?9 /reams ^u ! fill+ mat]ial4 ,9 ! ,man*e/] exp]im5ts1 ! propriet>y cont9u\s contact b$ does n appe> to h giv5 satisfactory results4 ,bett] efflu5ts 7 obta9$ at ,le$s1 & at ,york ! results obta9$ are said to h be5 v good4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is b "r to say t ! exp]i5ce ga9$ s f> is n suffici5t to entitle u to =m def9ite op9ions1 & = ?is reason x w be bett] to await fur!r results4 ,,vi4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,plants ,,= ,,! ,,artificial ,,self-,,purification ,,( ,,sewage4 ,sid5ote3 ,plants = ! artificial self-purification ( sewage require v c>eful h&l+4 ,x 0 =m]ly frequ5tly conclud$ t nei!r septic tank nor contact b$s requir$ c>eful sup]9t5d5ce1 b t !y c\ld be work$ by automatic ma*9]y & left to !mselves4 ,x 0 !re=e ma9ta9$ t ! work+ exp5ses ( plants ( ?is nature w\ld be next to nil4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n ,mr4 ,dibd9's view1 :o1 aft] ye>s ( c>eful /udy1 came to ! conclusion t !y 7 delicate pieces ( me*anism :i* requir$ c>eful wat*+4 ,s9ce1 ,mr4 ,dibd9's conclusions h be5 amply confirm$ by all c>eful exp]im5t]s4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,f[l]1 ! *emi/ 9 *>ge ( ! ,man*e/] exp]im5ts1 obs]v$ be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal z foll[s3 8,x is a delicate op]ation 7! managem5t ( septic tank & contact b$s71 :i* requires c>eful wat*+6 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] ab\t t60 7,"q #efea47 ,aga91 ! conditions ( successful work+ ( contact b$s1 laid d[n by ! same g5tleman on page #fd ( ! ,man*e/] report = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #bg1 #aija1 are ample pro( ( ?is1 & !y %[ v cle>ly h[ extremely c>eful ! sup]vision ( su* a plant ought to be1 & t 9 ! h&s ( inexp]i5c$ m5 x w soon come to grief4 ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,frankl& /at$ 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 t 9 8 op9ion l& requir$ less skill$ sup]vision ?an contact b$s4 7,see ,que/ions #iicg1 #ajjga-gd47 ,a simil> view 0 express$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,wilson1 ! *ief inspector ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire ,riv]s ,bo>d4 7,"q #fchj47 ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,deposition ,,( ,,susp5d$ ,,matt]s ,,9 ,,tanks4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( ! t]m 8deposition40 ,! t]m 8deposition0 %all "h be held to mean ! precipitation ( ! susp5d$ matt]s )\t *emicals or o!r artificial means1 i4e4 ! unaid$ subsid5ce ( ^! matt]s at su* a rate ( fl[ t septic action is n set up )9 ! tanks4 ,! "q t is ( int]e/ "h1 is3 ,:i* is ! mo/ fav\rable rate ( fl[ ( ! sewage ?r\gh ! tank1 s f> z ! deposition ( ! susp5d$ matt]s is conc]n$8 ,to "s ext5t ! answ] to ?is "q w dep5d on ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! p>ticul> sewage "u consid]ation1 b = g5]al purposes ! foll[+ obs]vations w n be )\t int]e/4 ,al?\gh ( v great importance1 ?is "q does n appe> to h receiv$ v g5]al consid]ation1 z ! available numb] ( c>eful exp]im5ts is b small4 ,sid5ote3 ,tank velocity at ,b>k+4 ,x appe>s t ! calculat$ velocity 9 ! *annels ( ! precipitation tanks at ,b>k+ is ab\t #d feet p] m9ute1 & t ) ?is velocity ab\t #gg p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt]s 7 deposit$ 9 ! ye> #ahid4 ,sid5ote3 ,tank velocity at ,man*e/]4 ,at ! ,man*e/] tanks x is /at$ t a velocity ( #c feet #d in*es p] m9ute is employ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,velocity frequ5tly adopt$4 ,a rate ( velocity n[ frequ5tly adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry = new works is #f in*es p] m9ute4 ,sid5ote3 ,frank=t exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! settl+ tanks at ,frank=t on ! ,ma9 !re are deposit$ ab\t #hd p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt]s1 ) velocities rang+ f #i in*es to #af in*es p] m9ute4 ,sid5ote3 ,cassel exp]im5ts4 ,) a velocity ( #g in*es p] m9ute1 x is /at$ t at ! ,cassel sewage works #ig p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt]s are reta9$ 9 ! tanks4 ,sid5ote3 ,hanov] exp]im5ts4 ,at ,hanov] a set ( int]e/+ obs]vations has lately be5 made1 on tanks #bdf feet long1 ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! mo/ advantage\s rate ( fl[4 ,) a velocity ( #idd in*es p] m9ute1 #fbg p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ organic matt]s 7 precipitat$1 ) a velocity ( #adag in*es p] m9ute #fag p] c5t4 7 deposit$1 & ) a velocity ( #cedc in*es p] m9ute #egc p] c5t42 f :i* figures x w be cle> t !re is n mu* diff]5ce 9 ! result on ! susp5d$ matt]s betwe5 ^! velocities4 ,aga9/ ^! results mu/ be plac$ ! results obta9$ ) septic tanks1 :]e1 z has frequ5tly be5 /at$1 a velocity ( #a in* p] m9ute & a soj\rn ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! tank may be expect$ to lead to a deposition ( ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$uction ( co/4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 a previ\s septic treatm5t ( ! sewage by ana]obes is n necess>y1 x is cle> t ! sub/itution ( ord9>y settl+ tanks = septic tanks w be accompani$ by a v consid]able r$uction ( co/4 ,,viii4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ obs]vations 7 p5n$1 ! ,*airman ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal has deliv]$ a v int]e/+ inaugural address1 9 ,augu/ la/1 at ! ,congress 9 ,exet] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,public ,heal?1 to :i* att5tion ought to be drawn at ?is po9t4 ,accord+ to ,! ,times he is report$ to h /at$ z foll[s3 8,he regrett$ t he c\ld n give "s idea ( ! probable date at :i* ! ,commission w\ld issue its f9al report & recomm5dations4 ,!y w\ld soon1 he hop$1 be able to publi% ! results ( a prolong$ inve/igation into ! treatm5t ( sewage on l&2 & _! exp]ts 7 n[ mak+ elaborate p>allel exam9ations ( "s ( ! processes ( filtration by artificial means4 ,b he fe>$ t !y w\ld ultimately be oblig$ to br+ _! proce$+s to an arbitr>y close2 =1 h[ev] mu* !y c\ld le>n1 he 0 q c]ta9 !y c\ld nev] come to a po9t at :i* !y c\ld say !re 0 no?+ m to be le>n$4 ,! subject 0 inexhau/ible40 ,^! v gu>d$ obs]vations are almo/ 9 direct contra/ ) ! v positive assurance ( "s en?usia/ic support]s ( artificial treatm5ts1 :o a ye> or two ago did n hesitate 9 proclaim+ ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry t ! panacea = all sewage difficulties _h be5 discov]$1 & t ! inve/igations ( ! ,royal ,commission 7 a m]e matt] ( =m & a =egone conclusion4 ,to all ^? :o did n %>e ^! v sangu9e expressions ( fai?1 & :o 7 pa9fully aw>e ( ! great gaps 9 our k ( ! processes tak+ place 9 sewage purification1 ^! words ( ,"l ,iddesleigh w prove an assurance t ! commission]s are n sway$ by popul> likes & dislikes1 h[ev] fasc9at+ !y may be1 b t !y are e>ne/ly endeav\r+1 9 an imp>tial mann]1 to ?r[ su* light ^u ?is ab/ruse "q z w enable !m to arrive at correct conclusions4 ,= a l purpose ! =ego+ rem>ks h be5 writt52 & if ! facts record$ 9 ! previ\s pages1 & ! op9ions express$ !re91 %\ld prove ( assi/ance to anyone 9 =m+ correct views1 ! lab\r sp5t on !m w be amply repaid4 ,,po/script4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ rem>ks 7 writt51 ,i h be5 some:at /ruck ) ! views express$ at "o or two meet+s by "s ( ^? :o ought to h ! full facts ( ! case at _! f+]s' ends4 ,!re seems to be a consid]able vagu5ess z to ! sanit>y results to be obta9$ by ei!r ! natural or "o ( ! artificial me?ods ( sewage treatm5t1 & ) a view to mak+ ?is po9t q cle> ,i h prep>$ ! foll[+ comp>ative /atem5t 7see next page71 :i*1 ,i tru/1 w %[ at a glance :at "o may expect f ei!r sy/em4 ,?is /atem5t has n be5 prep>$ f exp]im5tal in/allations1 :]e1 z a rule1 bett] results are obta9$ ?an 9 actual e-day "w2 b x ref]s to fairly l>ge works deal+ f day to day ) ! :ole t[n's sewage4 ,x has fur!r be5 assum$1 t ! plant bo? = ! natural z well z = ! artificial treatm5t is suitable1 & manag$ c>efully & on intellig5t l9es4 ,z 9 all sewage treatm5ts ! sanit>y results h fir/ to be consid]$1 ,i h only dealt ) !m 9 ! /atem5t1 b ev5 if ,i _h ext5d$ x to economic consid]ations ! result w\ld h be5 practically ! same4 ,f a c>eful exam9ation ( ! facts record$ 9 ! /atem5t x foll[s t ) natural treatm5t we get five di/9ct advantage\s results1 aga9/ :i* we h to place only two on ! side ( ! artificial treatm5ts2 b ?is means1 t if we wi% to br+ up ! results ( ^! treatm5ts to ^? obta9$ by ! natural treatm5t1 we h to supplem5t !m by ?ree fur!r treatm5ts = ! extraction ( pa?og5ic g]ms1 & ( ! manurial elem5ts1 & = ! r$uction ( ! liquid4 ,x is ^! facts :i* ought to be c>efully consid]$ by all ^? :o wi% to /udy ! comp>ative advantages ( ^! two sy/ems1 or :o h to decide on a def9ite me?od to be employ$ 9 a p>ticul> case1 & no /ep ought to be tak5 be=e e "o ( ^! five po9ts has be5 v c>efully weigh$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 t sy/em w be pref]r$ :i* conf]s ! greate/ numb] ( advantages4 ,,/atem5t4 ,results to be obta9$ f 7,a7 ,natural ,treatm5t4 7,b7 ,artificial ,treatm5t4 #a4 ,removal ( susp5d$ #a4 ,removal ( susp5d$ matt]s4 matt]s4 #b4 ,removal ( f #ge to #ie #b4 ,removal ( f #ej to #ge p] c5t4 ( ! dissolv$ p] c5t4 ( ! dissolv$ organic matt]s4 organic matt]s4 #c4 ,removal ( pa?og5ic #c4 ,nil4 ,efflu5t bact]ially g]ms4 practically raw sewage4 #d4 ,utilisation ( l>ge portion #d4 ,nil4 ,all manurial elem5ts ( manurial elem5ts4 escape into ! riv]s4 #e4 ,great r$uction ( quantity #e4 ,no appreciable r$uction ( liquid4 ( quantity ( liquid4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,great ,,w9dmill ,,/reet1 ,w41 ,,& ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words & phrases 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores1 l ?is4 ,*emicals are display$ ) ! numb]s surr\nd$ by braces1 e4g4 ,,co#b4 ,footnotes 7 numb]$ sequ5tially & mov$ to ! end ( ! section 9 :i* ! relat$ an*ors appe>4 ,wide tables 7 split = easi] view+ on small scre5s4 ,an unpr9t$ lett] 8,s0 0 add$ to sid5ote1 8,spr+s40 ,obsolete & alt]nate spell+s 7 n *ang$4