,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,italics h be5 transcrib$ us+ und]scores1 bold ) equal signs1 small capitals z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,sid5otes are plac$ betwe5 ha%tags & are plac$ ei!r above ! p>agraph !y ref] to or inl9e4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h n be5 correct$4 ,m9or punctuation errors & typographical discrepancies h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,a li/ ( o!r corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,,! ,,moni/ ,a ,,qu>t]ly ,,magaz9e ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,*icago3 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co #ahij-ahia ,,copyright ,,by ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #ahij-ahia ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i4 ,,articles4 ,,page4 ,an>*i/s1 ,! ,physiognomy ( !4 ,by ,ces>e ,lombroso #ccf ,an>*i/'s ,reply to ,pr(essor ,lombroso1 ,a ,convict$4 ,by ,mi*ael ,s*wab #ebj ,ar*itecture ( ,!ories1 ,!4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #afa ,crim9al ,an?ropology1 ,illu/rative ,/udies 94 7#a7 ,la ,bte ,huma9e & ,crim9al ,an?ropology4 7#b7 ,crim9al ,an?ropology & ,psy*iatry4 ,by ,ces>e ,lombroso #agg ,e?ics1 ,! ,crit]ion (----an ,objective ,reality4 ,editor #eeb ,evolution1 ,! ,factors (4 ,by ,joseph ,le ,conte #cba ,evolution1 ,! ,"r (4 ,by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway #ejf ,feel+s & ! ,elem5ts ( ,feel+s4 ,editor #dja ,five ,s\ls ) b a ,s+le ,?\ght4 ,by ,c>us ,/]ne #bde ,hffd+ on ! ,relation ( ! ,m9d to ! ,body4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,salt] #aah ,immortality4 ,by ,george ,m4 ,g\ld #cgb ,infusoria1 ,! ,immortality (4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et #ba ,innovation & ,in]tia 9 ! ,_w ( ,psy*ology4 ,by ,ces>e ,lombroso #cdd ,magic ,mirror1 ,!4 ,by ,max ,dessoir #hg ,m9d1 ,! ,orig9 (4 ,by ,paul ,c>us #fi ,m9d1 ,! ,"q ( ,duality (4 ,by ,r4 ,meade ,ba*e #cfb ,philosophy 9 ,am]ican ,colleges & ,univ]sities #adh-aef ,psy*o-,physics1 ,"s ,que/ions (4 ,a ,discussion4 7#a7 ,s5sations & ! ,elem5ts ( ,reality4 ,by ,ern/ ,ma* #cic 7#b7 ,feel+s & ! ,elem5ts ( ,feel+s4 ,editor #dja ,psy*ology ( ,conception4 ,by ,j4 ,sully #dha ,s5sations1 ,! ,analysis ( !4 ,by ,ern/ ,ma* #dh ,s5sations & ! ,elem5ts ( ,reality4 ,by ,ern/ ,ma* #cic ,sex1 ,on ! ,mat]ial ,relations (--9 ,human ,society4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,cope #ch ,squ>+ ( ! ,circle1 ,!4 ,by ,h]mann ,s*ub]t #aig ,?\ght & ,language1 ,on4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] #egb ,tru?1 ,! ,crit]ion (4 ,editor #bbi ,wallace on ,physiological ,selection1 ,a4 ,r4 ,george ,j4 ,romanes #a ,welf>e1 ,! ,pr9ciple (4 ,by ,h>ald ,hffd+ #ebe ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,france4 ,by ,luci5 ,arrat #abd1 #bgh1 #dba1 #eij ,g]man ,philosophy 9 ! ,,xix ,c5tury4 ,by ,f4 ,jodl #bfc ,! ,mod]n ,lit]ature ( ,italy s9ce #ahgj4 ,by ,c4 ,lombroso #dbh ,! ,sci5ce ( ,p$agogy 9 ,g]many4 ,*r4 ,uf] #eig ,,book ,,reviews4 ,abbott1 ,francis ,ell+wood4 ,! ,way ,out ( ,agno/icism #abi ,bois-,reymond1 ,paul ,du4 ,ueb] die ,grundlag5 d] ,erk5ntnis 9 d5 exact5 ,wiss5s*aft5 #fjh ,boo?1 ,g5]al4 ,9 ,d>ke/ ,engl& & ! ,way ,out #dea ,bray1 ,*>les4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,necessity #acf ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g4 ,races & ,peoples #aca ,b*n]1 ,ludwig4 ,fremdes und ,eig5es aus dem gei/ig5 ,leb5 d] ,geg5w>t #cjc ,c>n]i1 ,b4 ,d] ,mod]ne ,m5s* #fjg ,c>us1 ,paul4 ,! ,s\l ( ,man #fbj ,cl>ke1 ,james ,freeman4 ,deacon ,h]b]t's ,bible ,class #cje ,coit1 ,/anton4 ,die e?is*e ,bewegung 9 d] ,religion #cja ,cox1 ,*>les ,f4 ,protoplasm & ,life #big ,dewey1 ,john4 ,outl9es ( a ,critical ,!ory ( ,e?ics #fjj ,dillmann1 ,c4 ,die ,ma!matik die ,fackeltrg]9 e9] neu5 ,zeit #fag ,ed+]1 ,ludwig4 ,twelve ,lectures on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em #fjd ,ev]ett1 ,*>les ,c>roll4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght #bhg ,=el1 ,augu/4 ,d] ,hypnotismus #fje ,full]ton1 ,george ,/u>t4 ,on ,sam5ess & ,id5tity #bia ,g$des1 ,patrick1 & ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson4 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex #dci ,haeckel1 ,ern/4 ,plankton-,/udi5 #dee ,h>ris1 ,william ,t4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,philosophy #dch ,hffd+1 ,h>ald4 ,e?ik #aci ,james1 ,william4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology #bhd ,ja/r[1 ,joseph4 ,! ,"t-,relations ( ,m5tal ,ph5om5a #bij ,jodl1 ,fri$ri*4 ,ges*i*te d] ,e?ik 9 d] neu]5 ,philosophie #acg ,krause1 ,ern/4 ,tuisko-,l& d] aris*5 ,/mme und ,gtt]-,urheimat #fab ,kroman1 ,k4 ,kurzgefas/e ,logik und ,psy*ologie #adb ,lehmann1 ,alfr$4 ,die ,hypnose und die damit v]w&t5 normal5 ,zu/nde #bih ,loeb1 ,jacques4 ,d] ,heliotropismus d] ,?i]e #cjj ,loeb1 ,jacques4 ,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie d] ,?i]e #cjj ,lombroso1 ,ces>e4 ,d] g5iale ,m5s* #adf ,mack5zie1 ,john ,s4 ,an ,introduction to ,social ,philosophy #fja ,mantegazza1 ,paolo4 ,physiognomy & ,expression #ddg ,moll1 ,alb]t4 ,hypnotism #fjd ,morgan1 ,c4 ,lloyd4 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce #ddc ,nad51 ,con/ance ,c4 ,w4 ,induction & ,d$uction #bib ,natorp1 ,paul4 ,e9leitung 9 die ,psy*ologie na* kritis*] ,me?ode #adc ,peet1 ,/eph5 ,d4 ,emblematic ,m\nds & ,animal ,effigies #bie ,po/1 ,alb]t ,h]mann4 ,ueb] die ,aufgab5 e9] allgeme95 ,re*tswiss5s*aft #deg ,roy]1 ,madame ,clm5ce4 ,n\veaux ap]u sur la ,phylog5ie de l',homme #big ,savage1 ,m4 ,j4 ,life #bif ,s*op5hau]1 ,ar?ur4 ,le ,monde comme ,volont et comme ,repres5tation #bih ,/]rett1 ,j4 ,macbride4 ,/udies 9 ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,religion #acc ,/]ne1 ,c>us4 ,die allgeme9e ,weltans*auung #def ,taylor1 ,isaac4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans #dce ,uf]1 ,*ri/ian4 ,gei/es/rung5 9 d] ,s*ule #fai ,wolff1 ,joh4 ,das ,bewus/se9 und se9 ,object #adg ,,p]iodicals #aeg-afj2 #cjg-cbj2 #dei-dhj2 #fba-fdj ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,octob]1 #ahij4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,wallace ,,on ,,physiological ,,selection4#a #a ,9 a private lett] to ! editor ( ?is magaz9e ,pr(essor ,geo4 ,j4 ,romanes writes3 ,! article ref]s to a completely new dep>ture 9 ! !ory ( evolution1 /rik+ 9 ! pr9ciple ( homogamy1 ! root-pr9ciple ( ! :ole1 & 9 physiological selection1 "o ( ! ma9 bran*es4 ,yet nei!r pr9ciple has s f> be5 p]ceiv$ except by ,mr4 ,gulick4444 ,! !ory ( physiological selection has be5 bett] und]/ood 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ,i %\ld l ! naturali/s !re1 :o h tak5 su* a w>m & appreciative int]e/ 9 x1 to see my reply to ,mr4 ,wallace publi%$ 9 an ,am]ican p]iodical4 ,9 #ahhf ,i publi%$ a pap] entitl$ ,physiological ,selection3 an additional sugge/ion on ! orig9 ( species1 7,zological ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #ccg74 ,! view !re express$ is1 briefly1 z foll[s4 ,giv5 ! facts ( h]$ity & v>iability1 ! :ole !ory ( organic evolution becomes nei!r m nor less ?an a !ory ( ! causes :i* det]m9e ! bre$+ ( l ) l1 to ! exclusion ( unlike4 ,= ! m firmly t we believe 9 h]$ity ) v>iability z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( organic evolution1 ! /rong] mu/ become our p]suasion t segregate bre$+ 7or exclusive mat+ ( l ) l7 mu/ lead to div]g5ce1 :ile indiscrim9ate bre$+ 7or free int]cross+ ( all v>ieties7 mu/ lead to uni=mity4 ,s long z !re is free int]cross+1 h]$ity makes 9 favor ( fixity ( type--or1 at mo/1 c p]mit *ange only 9 a s+le l9e1 :]e successive g5]ations und]go a cont9u\s improvem5t1 :i* may give rise to a ladd]-l s]ies ( species 9 "t4 ,b 9 ord] t !re %\ld be a tree-l multiplication ( species 9 space1 or a simultane\s div]g5ce ( type1 x is ess5tial t free int]cross+ be prev5t$ at ! orig91 & ?r\gh\t ! developm5t1 ( ea* bran*4 ,9 o!r words1 x is only :5 assi/$ by "s =m ( segregation--:i* det]m9es exclusive bre$+ ( l ) l--t h]$ity c effect arboresc5t or polytypic1 z di/+ui%$ f cat5at$ or monotypic1 evolution4 ,= ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 ,i w call segregation 9 ?is s5se homogamy1 or ! exclusive mat+ ( individuals :i* belong to ! same v>iety4 ,n[ homogamy may be secur$ 9 a v great numb] ( diff]5t ways4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important1 f e po9t ( view1 is natural selection4 ,"h ! exclusive bre$+ ( l ) l is det]m9$ by g5]al fitness1 & is effect$ by ext]m9ation ( ! unlike--i4 e41 ! comp>atively unfit4 ,moreov]1 ?is process leads to a cont9u\s improvem5t 9 ! way ( adaptation1 & 9 ?is important respect x /&s alone among all ! =ms ( homogamy4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ note t1 unless assi/$ by "s o!r =m ( homogamy1 natural selection c only produce monotypic evolution2 nev] polytypic4 ,successive g5]ations may ?us cont9u\sly m\nt to high] /ages ( adaptation on ! /eps suppli$ by _! own dead selves2 b al?\gh !y may ?us give rise to a l9e> s]ies ( species 9 "t1 !y c nev] ?us give rise to a multiplication ( species 9 space4 ,9 ord] to effect su* multiplication1 or div]g5ce ( types1 natural selection mu/ be supplem5t$ by "s o!r =m ( homogamy1 :i* c prev5t int]cross+ betwe5 ! equally fit at ! orig91 & ?r\gh\t ! developm5t1 ( e sep>ate bran*4 ,well1 z ,i h said1 ^! o!r =ms ( homogamy are v num]\s4 ,fir/ we may notice geographical isolation4 ,:5 a comp>atively small portion ( a species is ?us sep>at$ f ! re/ ( its k9d1 int]cross+ is effectually prev5t$ betwe5 ! two sections2 & inasmu* z ! g5]al av]age ( specific *>act]s 9 ! isolat$ section w be some:at diff]5t f t ( ! o!r section1 h]$ity w det]m9e t ! two sections %all n run p>allel 9 _! subsequ5t l9es ( evolution>y hi/ory3 !re w arise an increas+ div]g5ce betwe5 !m1 z 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ! ma!matician ,delbuf1 subsequ5tly by ! naturali/ ,weismann1 & m rec5tly1 ) great] emphasis1 by ,mr4 ,gulick z well z myself4 ,aga91 !re is homogamy t arises z a result ( sexual pref]5ce1 or1 z ,i h call$ x1 psy*ological selection4 ,x is a matt] ( obs]vation t ! bre$+ ( l ) l is (t5 det]m9$ among ! high] v]tebrata by individuals ( ea* v>iety pref]r+ to mate ) o!r individuals ( _! own v>iety2 & ?is is homogamy4 ,n to occupy space ) any attempt at enum]at+ all ! _m =ms ( homogamy#b ,i w at once pass on to ! =m :i* con/itutes ! subject-matt] ( ! pres5t pap]--& ! =m :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is probably ( m importance ?an any o!r 9 ! multiplication ( species4 ,?is is ! =m ( homogamy :i* ,i h t]m$ ,physiological ,selection1 or ,segregation ( ! ,fit1 & ,mr4 ,gulick--:o indep5d5tly p]ceiv$ ! pr9ciple--has call$ ,segregate ,fecundity4 #b ,?is has be5 done 9 a mo/ c>eful & exhau/ive mann] by ,mr4 ,gulick 9 8 pap]s :i* h succe$$ m9e 9 ! publications ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,z my object on ! pres5t occasion is to answ] criticisms :i* h be5 pass$ on my enunciation ( ?is pr9ciple1 ,i d n propose to g into fur!r detail by way ( explanation ?an is necess>y 9 ord] to r5d] intelligible bo? ! criticisms & my reply !reto4 ,moreov]1 ?is reply is only an ab/ract ( a full] "o :i* has be5 prep>$ = publication 9 a =?com+ book4 ,!re=e x deals only ) ! ma9 po9ts4 ,la/ly1 ,i may rem>k t ! criticisms :i* h hi!rto appe>$ h all be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 viz41 f ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace2 =1 al?\gh _m o!r naturali/s h express$ !mselves z m or less oppos$ to ! new !ory1 or additional sugge/ion on ! orig9 ( species1 !y h all done s on ! gr\nds1 or = ! reasons suppli$ by ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,!re=e1 9 deal+ ) ,mr4 ,wallace's objections1 ,i %all be deal+ ) ! only objections :i* h ?us f> be5 advanc$4 ,9 ord] at once to re/ate ! !ory ( physiological selection1 & to d s 9 a =m :i* _c be suspect$ ( be+ 9 any way influ5c$ by ,mr4 ,wallace's m rec5t criticisms1 ,i w beg9 by reproduc+ ! ma9 features ( ! !ory 9 ! words :i* 7 employ$ = ?is purpose m ?an ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ,i suppli$ an article to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 9 answ] to "o by him 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,moreov]1 = ! mo/ "p ?is re/atem5t ( ! !ory is quot$ v]batim f my orig9al pap]--! diff]5ces be+ due only to ! conditions impos$ by limits ( an article4 ,! foll[+1 !n1 is quot$ f ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,janu>y1 #ahhg3 ,accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory :i*1 z else:]e fully expla9$1 ! pres5t !ory is 9 no way capable ( supplant+1 b only ( supplem5t+1 & ?is among o!r ways1 by expla9+ :y x is t "s degree ( mutual inf]tility is s g5]al a ph5om5on z betwe5 alli$ species--a ph5om5on :i* ,d>w9 expressly reg>d$ z n explicable by ! !ory ( natural selection1 x is = ! mo/ "p only ^? v>iations :i* happ5 to h be5 useful t h be5 pres]v$3 yet1 ev5 z ?us limit$1 ! pr9ciple ( v>iability is held able to furni% suffici5t mat]ial out ( :i* to con/ruct ! :ole adaptive morphology ( nature4 ,h[ imm5se1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! numb] ( unuseful v>iations4 ,yet ^! are all1 = ! mo/ "p1 /ill-born1 or all[$ to die out imm$iately by int]cross+4 ,%\ld su* int]cross+ be prev5t$1 h[ev]1 !re is no reason :y unuseful v>iations %\ld n be p]petuat$ by h]$ity q z well z useful ones :5 "u ! nurs+ influ5ce ( natural selection--z1 inde$1 we see to be ! case 9 our dome/icat$ productions4 ,consequ5tly1 if f any reason a section ( a species is prev5t$ f int]cross+ ) ! re/ ( its species1 new v>ieties ( a trivial or unuseful k9d might be expect$ to arise )9 t section4 ,& ?is is j :at we f9d4 ,oceanic isl&s1 = example1 are well kn[n to be extraord9>ily ri* 9 peculi> species2 & ?is c be/ be expla9$ by consid]+ t a complete sep>ation ( ! fauna & flora on su* an isl& p]mits !m to develop v>ietal hi/ories ( _! own1 )\t int]f]5ce by int]cross+ ) _! orig9ally p>5t =ms4 ,we see ! same pr9ciple exemplifi$ by ! influ5ce ( geographical b>ri]s ( any k9d1 & also by ! consequ5ces ( migration4 ,!re=e1 giv5 an abs5ce ( ov]:elm+ int]cross+1 & ! pr9ciple ( :at ,i t]m indep5d5t v>iability may be tru/$ to evoke new species1 )\t ! aid ( natural selection4 ,homogamy4 ,7 x n = ! v g5]al occurr5ce ( "s degree ( /]ility betwe5 ev5 closely alli$ species & 7 x n also = ! fact1 t closely alli$ species are n always--or ev5 g5]ally--sep>at$ f "o ano!r by geographical b>ri]s1 we might reasonably attribute all cases ( species-=mation by indep5d5t v>iability to ! prev5tion ( int]cross+ by geographical b>ri]s or by migration4 ,b x is evid5t t ^! two facts c no m be expla9$ by ! influ5ce ( geographical b>ri]s1 or by migration1 ?an !y c be by ! influ5ce ( natural selection4 ,n[1 ( all p>ts ( ^? v>iable objects :i* we call organisms1 ! mo/ v>iable is ! reproductive sy/em2 & ! v>iations may be ei!r 9 ! direction ( increas$ or dim9i%$ f]tility4 ,consequ5tly1 v>iations 9 ! way ( great] or less /]ility frequ5tly take place bo? 9 plants & animals2 & probably1 if we _h adequate means ( obs]v+ ?is po9t1 we %\ld f9d t !re is no "o v>iation m common4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 :5ev] x arises--:e!r z a result ( *ang$ conditions ( life1 or1 z we say1 spontane\sly--x imm$iately becomes ext+ui%$1 see+ t ! individuals :i* x affects are less able 7if able at all7 to propagate ! v>iation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! v>iation %\ld be su* t1 :ile %[+ "s degree ( /]ility ) ! p>5t =m1 x cont9ues to be z f]tile z be=e )9 ! limits ( ! v>ietal =m1 x w\ld nei!r be swamp$ by int]cross+ nor die out on acc\nt ( /]ility4 ,= example1 suppose ! v>iation 9 ! reproductive sy/em is su* t ! season ( fl[]+1 or ( pair+1 becomes ei!r advanc$ or ret>d$4 ,:e!r ?is v>iation be spontane\s1 or due to *ange ( food1 climate1 habitat1 etc41 does n signify4 ,! only po9t we ne$ att5d to is t "s individuals1 liv+ on ! same geographical area z ! re/ ( _! species1 h demon/rably v>i$ 9 _! reproductive sy/ems1 s t !y are p]fectly f]tile int] se1 :ile absolutely /]ile ) ! re/ ( _! species4 ,by inh]itance !re w\ld ?us arise a v>iety liv+ on ! same geographical area z its p>5t =m1 & yet prev5t$ f int]cross+ ) t =m by a b>ri] q z effectual z a ?\s& miles ( ocean2 ! only diff]5ce w\ld be t ! b>ri]1 in/ead ( be+ geographical1 is physiological4 ,& n[1 ( c\rse1 ! two sections ( ! physiologically divid$ species w\ld be able to develop indep5d5t hi/ories ( _! own )\t int]cross+2 ev5 ?\gh !y are liv+ toge!r on ! same geographical area1 _! physiological isolation w\ld lead to _! tak+ on di/9ct specific *>act]s by indep5d5t v>iations1 or homogamy1 j z is ! case ) sections ( a species :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by geographical isolation4 ,to /ate ?is sugge/ion 9 ano!r =m1 x enables u to reg>d _m1 if n mo/1 species z ! records ( v>iations 9 ! reproductive sy/ems ( ance/ors4 ,:5 v>iations ( a non-useful k9d occur 9 any ( ! o!r sy/ems or p>ts ( organisms1 !y are1 z a rule1 imm$iately ext+ui%$ by int]cross+4 ,b :5ev] !y happ5 to arise 9 ! reproductive sy/em 9 ! way "h sugge/$1 !y mu/ t5d to be pres]v$ z new natural v>ieties1 or incipi5t species4 ,at fir/ ! diff]5ce w\ld only be 9 respect ( ! reproductive sy/ems2 b ev5tually1 on acc\nt ( indep5d5t v>iation1 o!r diff]5ces w\ld sup]v5e1 & ! new v>iety w\ld take rank z a true species4 ,! pr9ciple ?us briefly sket*$ 9 "s respects resembles1 & 9 o!r respects diff]s f1 ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 or survival ( ! fitte/4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 !re=e1 & 9 ord] to pres]ve analogies ) already exi/+ t]ms1 ,i h call$ ?is pr9ciple ,physiological ,selection1 or ,segregation ( ! ,fit4 ,let x be not$ t we are n conc]n$ ei!r ) ! causes or ! degrees ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( v>iation on :i* ?is pr9ciple dep5ds4 ,n ) ! causes1 because 9 ?is respect ! !ory ( physiological selection is 9 j ! same position z t ( natural selection3 x is en\gh = bo? t ! ne$ful v>iations are provid$1 )\t its be+ incumb5t on ei!r to expla9 ! causes :i* 9 all cases und]lie !m4 ,nei!r are we conc]n$ ) ! degrees ( /]ility :i* ! v>iation 9 "q may 9 any p>ticul> case supply4 ,= :e!r ! degree ( /]ility ) ! p>5t =m be orig9ally great or small1 ! result ( x w be 9 ! long run ! same3 ! only diff]5ce w be t 9 ! latt] case a great] numb] ( g5]ations w\ld be requir$ 9 ord] to sep>ate ! v>ietal f ! p>5t =m4 ,9 o!r words1 homogamy due to su* physiological isolation is cumulative4 ,! object ( ?is pap] be+ t ( furni%+ a g5]al answ] to criticisms on ! hypo!sis ( physiological selection1 ,i w n occupy space by detail+ evid5ce ( t hypo!sis1 fur!r ?an is ne$ful = ! object j m5tion$4#c ,?is evid5ce abundantly proves t ! p>ticul> k9d ( v>iation :i* ! !ory ( physiological selection requires does take place1 7a7 9 individuals1 7b7 9 races1 & 7c7 9 species4 ,next1 ! evid5ce goes on to %[ t ! facts ( organic nature are su* z !y ought to be1 suppos+ x true t ?is v>iation has play$ any consid]able "p 9 ! diff]5tiation ( specific types4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is %[n t ! g5]al association betwe5 ! "o prim>y1 or relatively con/ant1 specific di/9ction 7mutual /]ility71 & ! innum]able second>y1 or relatively v>iable1 di/9ctions 7slight morphological *anges :i* may effect any p>ts ( any organisms71 ( itself indicates t ! =m] has be5 ! orig9al condition to ! occurr5ce ( ! latt]1 9 all cases :]e free int]cross+ has n be5 o!rwise prev5t$4 ,= ev5 9 cases :]e ! second>y di/9ctions may be suppos$ to h induc$ ! prim>y1--or :]e morphological *anges tak+ place 9 o!r p>ts ( an organic type h ex]cis$ a reflex influ5ce on ! reproductive sy/em1 su* t ! *ang$ organism is no long] f]tile ) its un*ang$ p>5t =m1--ev5 9 su* cases ! !ory ( physiological selection is available to expla9 ! association 9 "q4 ,= ev5 9 ^! cases1 not)/&+ t ! second>y *anges are hi/orically ! prior *anges1 !y /ill dep5d = _! pres]vation on ! pr9ciples ( physiological selection4 ,^! pr9ciples h1 9 all su* cases1 select$ ! p>ticul> k9ds ( second>y di/9ction :i* h prov$ !mselves capable ( s react+ on ! reproductive sy/em z to br+ ab\t ! prim>y di/9ction1 & ?us to protect !mselves aga9/ ! de/ructive p[] ( free int]cross+4 #c ,! evid5ce1 s f> z yet publi%$1 may be read by any "o :o c>es to pur*ase ! orig9al pap]1 :i* c be obta9$ f ! ,l9nean ,society 9 a sep>ate =m4 ,n[ = ,mr4 ,wallace's criticism ( ?is !ory1 z pres5t$ 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w on ,d>w9ism4 ,briefly put1 he furni%es a num]ical calculation1 %[+ t :5 ! physiological peculi>ity is n correlat$ ) any ext]nal diff]5ces ( =m or color1 or ) inh]5t peculi>ities ( likes or dislikes lead+ to any *oice z to pair+1 ev5 :5 s l>ge a proportion z t5 p] c5t4 ( ! exceptional v>iety arises e ye> 9 ! mid/ ( ! species1 x is unable to increase its numb]s mu* above its />t+-po9t1 & rema9s :olly dep5d5t on ! cont9u$ r5ewal ( ! v>iety = its exi/5ce beyond a few ye>s4 ,?is1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is a reproduction ( ! criticism :i* ,i answ]$ 9 #ahhh2 b1 z ,mr4 ,wallace ignores t answ]1 ,i mu/ n[ repeat x4 ,! criticism does n dispute ! fact t ! requir$ v>iation 9 ! way ( selective /]ility occurs4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,wallace all[s t x c]ta9ly mu/ be ( v g5]al occurr5ce z betwe5 incipi5t species 7or pron\nc$ v>ieties 9 a /ate ( nature71 see+ t x is ( su* g5]al occurr5ce z betwe5 alli$ species :5 fully diff]5tiat$ z su*4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is v>iation 9 ! way ( selective /]ility mu/ be recognis$ z a v g5]al fact1 ev5 if x be n reg>d$ z a condition1 or a cause1 ( specific diff]5tiation4 ,:i* is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t ! p>ticul> v>iation :i* is requir$ by ! !ory 9 "q is admitt$ly a v>iation :i* does occur2 & occurs1 moreov]1 9 v frequ5t association ) ! orig9 ( a new species4 ,b ,mr4 ,wallace's objection to reg>d+ ?is v>iation z itself a cause ( 7or condition to7 ! orig9 ( a new species is1 z we h se51 t ! *anges mu/ always be greatly aga9/ ! simil> v>iations ( ! opposite sexes meet+--i4 e41 ( ! physiological complem5ts happ5+ to pair4 ,n[1 ,i h already %[n1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ( ?ree ye>s ago1 t ?is criticism c only apply to species ! sexes ( :i* unite = e bir?2 b z ,mr4 ,wallace cont9ues to ignore ?is important consid]ation1 ,i w n[ pres5t x 9 some:at m detail4 ,9 consid]+ any supplem5t>y !ory ( ! orig9 ( species1 x is obvi\sly absurd to disreg>d ! realm ( organic nature z a :ole1 & to fa/5 att5tion exclusively ^u ! "p ( x :]e a p>ticul> difficulty aga9/ ! !ory may be suppos$ to lie4 ,z w pres5tly be %[n1 ,mr4 ,wallace is entirely mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t 8 p>ticul> difficulty does lie aga9/ ! !ory 9 any "p ( organic nature2 b1 ev5 if ?is c\ld n h be5 %[n1 x w\ld n h foll[$ t ! !ory ( physiological selection is inapplicable to all ! classes ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 because x is tak5 to be inapplicable to "s4 ,"o might j z well argue aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( sexual selection on ! gr\nd t x _c be held to apply to ! coloration & ! sculpture ( %ells4 ,if ei!r sexual selection or physiological selection 7 put =w>d z an exclusive !ory ( ! orig9 ( all species1 ?is k9d ( argum5t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 valid2 b z ! matt] actually /&s1 x is l>gely irrelevant4 ,i say l>gely irrelevant1 because ,i d n dispute t !re is ?is mu* =ce 9 x4 ,if ! !ory ( physiological selection c be prov$ inapplicable to ,birds & ,mammals 7:i* are ! only classes t ,mr4 ,wallace consid]s 9 connection ) x71 its applicability to all o!r divisions1 bo? ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 w\ld be r5d]$ d\btful2 see+ t ! process ( species-=mation appe>s to h be5 ev]y:]e m or less associat$ ) ! occurr5ce ( selective /]ility2 & h5ce1 if 9 any division ( organic nature x c\ld be %[n t selective /]ility _c possibly h be5 a cause ( specific diff]5tiation1 we might well d\bt :e!r x has be5 su* a cause else:]e--j z we may d\bt :e!r sexual selection has be5 a cause ( ! brilliant colors ( birds & butt]flies1 because we "k1 t x _c h be5 a cause ( ! equally brilliant colors ( corals & fl[]s4 ,b1 z f> z physiological selection is conc]n$1 no su* "q c arise1 z ,i w pres5tly proce$ to %[4 ,fir/ ( all1 h[ev]1 x is desirable briefly to indicate ! /r5g? ( ?is !ory 9 ! p>ts ( organic nature :]e ,mr4 ,wallace's sole criticism _c possibly be held to apply--viz41 ! l>g] "p ( ! vegetable k+dom1 :]e ovules are f]tilis$ ei!r by insects or by ! w9d4 ,"h ! ph5om5a ( prepot5cy are highly sugge/ive--n to say1 9 my op9ion1 virtually demon/rative--( physiological selection2 see+ t1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks 9 ano!r connexion3 ,!re c be no d\bt t if ! poll5 ( all ^! species 7( ,compositae7 c\ld be simultane\sly or successively plac$ on ! /igma ( any "o species1 ?is "o w\ld elect ) un]r+ c]ta9ty its own poll54 ,?is elective capacity is all ! m wond]ful2 z x mu/ h be5 acquir$ s9ce ! _m species ( ?is great gr\p ( plants bran*$ (f f a common prog5itor4#d #d ,v>iation1 etc41 ,vol4 ii4 ,d>w9 is "h speak+ ( elective aff9ity 9 its m fully develop$ =m1 z ?is s (t5 obta9s betwe5 fully diff]5tiat$ species4 ,b we meet ) all l[] degrees ( its developm5t--sometimes betwe5 incipi5t species1 or v>ieties1 & at o!r times betwe5 closely alli$ species4 ,x is !n kn[n z prepot5cy ( ! poll5 belong+ to ! same v>iety1 or species1 ov] ! poll5 ( ! o!r v>iety or species1 :5 bo? sets ( poll5 are appli$ to ! same /igma4 ,?is is "o =m ( :at ,i h call$ physiological selection1 & 9 my view x s]ves to expla9 :y x is t hybrids betwe5 closely alli$ =ms gr[+ on common areas 7:e!r !y be call$ species or con/ant v>ieties7 are s comp>atively r>e 9 nature1 ev5 9 cases :]e !re is no difficulty 9 produc+ hybrids artificially by an int5tional exclusion ( ! poll5 belong+ to ! same =m4 ,& ,i allude to ^! facts 9 ! pres5t connexion = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y s]ve to %[ h[ entirely irrelevant ,mr4 ,wallace's :ole criticism is to ! vegetable k+dom1 z well z to ! majority ( aquatic animals4 ,9 ! next place1 !y s]ve to %[ h[ entirely unw>rant$ is 8 /atem5t1 t we h at pres5t no evid5ce :atev] 9 support ( my belief t a physiological incompatibility may affect a :ole race or /ra94 ,n only h we ! multitud9\s cases ( prepot5cy1 :]e ! incompatibility is p>tial 7or 9 c\rse ( becom+1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 says 9 ! above quotation1 acquir$72 b we h also multitud9\s cases :]e ! incompatibility has become absolute1 bo? z betwe5 closely alli$ species1 & ev5 z betwe5 v>ieties ( ! same species gr[+ on common areas--z ,m4 ,jordan has exp]im5tally prov$4 ,!re=e 9 ! above rem>k we h b an additional example ( ,mr4 ,wallace's entire =getfulness1 9 ! pres5t connexion1 ( any organisms o!r ?an ^? :i* belong to ! class ( ,birds or ( ,mammals4#e #e ,x seems sc>cely wor? :ile to add t ,mr4 ,wallace is d\bly mi/ak5 :]e he says1 ,mr4 ,romanes's !ory ( ,physiological ,selection--:i* assumes /]ility or inf]tility betwe5 fir/ crosses z ! fundam5tal fact 9 ! orig9 ( species--does n accord ) ! g5]al ph5om5a ( hybridism 9 nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z %[n above1 inf]tility betwe5 ! fir/ crosses is by no means out ( accord ) ! g5]al ph5om5a ( hybridism 9 nature--see+ t all degrees ( su* inf]tility1 f ! slighte/ p]ceptible am\nt ( prepot5cy up to absolute /]ility1 are ( ! mo/ g5]al occurr5ce 9 nature4 ,9 ! second place1 :y ,mr4 ,wallace %\ld suppose t 9 my view physiological selection c only act z reg>ds fir/ crosses1 & n also z reg>ds hybrid prog5y1 ,i h no means ( surmis+4 ,turn+1 !n1 to ! only p>ts ( organic nature :]e 8 criticism c ev5 appe> to apply1 ,i h "h ! suffici5tly easy task ( prov+1 t ?is appe>ance ( application arises :olly & entirely out ( ,mr4 ,wallace's misappreh5sion ( ! !ory aga9/ :i* ! criticism is direct$4 ,9 o!r words1 he is n criticis+ ! !ory ( physiological selection at all1 b m]ely 8 own trave/y ( x4 ,=1 z repeat$ly /at$ 9 my orig9al pap]1 & aga9 reit]at$ ?ree ye>s ago 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 x con/itutes no "p ( my !ory to d5y ! co-op]ation ( o!r =ms ( segregate bre$+ or homogamy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h always insi/$--& ,mr4 ,gulick has prov$ by calculation--t ! m effici5t ! co-op]ation ( o!r =ms ( homogamy1 ! great] mu/ become ! importance ( ! physiological =m4 ,yet1 z ,i tru/ has already be5 made fully app>5t1 ! :ole ( ,mr4 ,wallace's criticism 7ev5 z reg>ds ,birds & ,mammals7 goes ^u ! supposition t ,mr4 ,gulick & ,i believe t1 if physiological selection ev] acts 9 any case at all1 x mu/ necess>ily act alone4 ,= reasons aft]w>ds to be giv51 ,i d inde$ believe t 9 "s cases x may act alone 79 ?is diff]+ f ,mr4 ,gulick72 b1 cle>ly1 :e!r or n !re are any su* cases1 is a "q q di/9ct f t t\*+ ! validity ( a criticism :i* attributes to our !ory ! absurd dogma1 t segregate bre$+ :i* arises f physiological isolation1 c nev] be associat$ ) segregate bre$+ t may arise f any o!r =m ( isolation4 ,& t ! :ole ( ,mr4 ,wallace's criticism collapses :5 once ?is correction has be5 suppli$1 is prov$ mo/ effectually by ! curi\s fact t1 aft] hav+ himself suppli$ ! correction1 he reproduces our !ory z an orig9al "o ( 8 own4 ,h[ he c h suppos$ t ,i did n ent]ta9 ! possibility ( physiological selection be+ associat$ ) natural selection1 psy*ological selection1 or any o!r kn[n =m ( isolation 7except+ only ! geographical71 ,i am q at a loss to und]/&2 see+ t f end to end ( my pap] ,i cont9ually ref] to su* association--especially z reg>ds natural selection4 ,&1 if possible1 ,i am /ill less able to und]/& ,mr4 ,wallace's c>elessness 9 ?is connection ) ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,gulick's pap]2 because !re ! belief is repeat$ly & mo/ cle>ly express$1 t )\t su* association1 segregate fecundity c nev] act at all--:i* is precisely ! !ory :i* ,mr4 ,wallace proce$s to elaborate on 8 own acc\nt4 ,x is n[ "t to %[1 by means ( quotations1 h[ unequivocal & complete is ,mr4 ,wallace's adoption ( our !ory3 ,! simple/ case to consid] w be t 9 :i* two =ms or v>ieties ( a species1 occupy+ an ext5sive area1 are 9 process ( adaptation to some:at diff]5t modes ( life )9 ! same area4 ,if ^! two =ms freely int]cross ) ea* o!r1 & produce mongrel (fspr+ :i* are q f]tile int] se1 !n ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! =ms into two di/9ct species w be ret>d$1 or p]haps entirely prev5t$2 = ! (fspr+ ( ! cross$ unions w be1 p]haps1 m vigor\s on acc\nt ( ! cross1 al?\gh less p]fectly adapt$ to ! conditions ( exi/5ce ?an ei!r ( ! pure bre$s2 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly e/abli% a p[]ful antagoni/ic influ5ce to ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! two =ms4 ,n[1 let u suppose t a p>tial /]ility ( ! hybrids betwe5 ! two =ms arises1 9 correlation ) ! diff]5t modes ( life & ! slight ext]nal or int]nal peculi>ities t exi/ betwe5 !m1 bo? ( :i* we h se5 to be real causes ( inf]tility4 ,! result w be t1 ev5 if ! hybrids betwe5 ! two =ms are /ill freely produc$1 ^! hybrids w n !mselves increase s rapidly z ! two pure =ms2 & z ^! latt] are1 by ! t]ms ( ! problem1 bett] suit$ to _! conditions ( life ?an are ! hybrids betwe5 !m1 !y w n only increase m rapidly1 b w also t5d to supplant ! hybrids altoge!r :5ev] ! /ruggle = exi/5ce becomes exceptionally sev]e4 ,?us1 ! m complete ! /]ility ( ! hybrids ! m rapidly w !y die out & leave ! two p>5t =ms pure4 ,h5ce x w foll[ t1 if !re is great] inf]tility betwe5 ! two =ms 9 "o "p ( ! area ?an ! o!r1 ^! =ms w be kept m pure :]ev] ?is great] inf]tility prevails1 w !re=e h an advantage at ea* recurr+ p]iod ( sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & w ?us ultimately supplant ! less inf]tile or completely f]tile =ms t may exi/ 9 o!r portions ( ! area4 ,x ?us appe>s t1 9 su* a case z "h suppos$1 natural selection w\ld pres]ve ^? portions ( ! two bre$s :i* 7 mo/ inf]tile ) ea* o!r1 or ^: hybrid (fspr+ 7 mo/ inf]tile2 & w\ld1 !re=e1 if v>iations 9 f]tility cont9u$ to arise1 t5d to increase t inf]tility4 ,x mu/ p>ticul>ly be not$ t ?is effect w\ld result1 n by ! pres]vation ( ! inf]tile v>iations on acc\nt ( _! inf]tility1 b by ! inf]iority ( ! hybrid (fspr+1 bo? z be+ few] 9 numb]s1 less able to cont9ue _! race1 & less adapt$ to ! conditions ( exi/5ce ?an ei!r ( ! pure =ms4 ,x is ?is inf]iority ( ! hybrid (fspr+ t is ! ess5tial po9t2 & z ! numb] ( ^! hybrids w be p]man5tly less :]e ! inf]tility is greate/1 !re=e ^? portions ( ! two =ms 9 :i* inf]tility is greate/ w h ! advantage1 & w ultimately survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we h "h a full acceptance ( ! !ory ( physiological selection4 ,= x is repres5t$1 z ,mr4 ,gulick & ,i h repres5t$1 t1 if two =ms or v>ieties occupy+ a common area are to und]go fur!r diff]5tiation at ! h&s ( natural selection1 x becomes a highly favor+ condition to ! process t "s degree ( segregate fecundity %\ld arise 7if x has n already aris57 betwe5 ^! two =ms or v>ieties2 see+ t if ^! two =ms freely int]cross ) ea* o!r1 & produce mongrel (fspr+ :i* are q f]tile int] se1 !n ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! =ms into two di/9ct species w be ret>d$1 or p]haps entirely prev5t$4 ,"h ! importance ( segregate fecundity1 or physiological selection1 z a factor 9 ! diff]5tiation ( specific types on common areas is fully recognis$2 & ! only respect 9 :i* ,mr4 ,wallace alleges t 8 view ( ! matt] diff]s f ! view ( ,mr4 ,gulick & myself1 is 9 draw+ special att5tion to ! "p :i* is play$ by ! inf]tility1 or o!r inf]iority1 ( ! mongrels4 ,b cle>ly1 ?is inf]tility1 or o!r inf]iority1 ( ! mongrels1 9 all cases :]e x occurs1 is "p & p>cel ( ! segregate fecundity ( ! p>5t =ms4 ,:e!r ! segregate fecundity has ref]5ce to fir/ crosses alone1 or likewise to second crosses1 x is segregate fecundity all ! same2 & ! only diff]5ce is t = ! same degree ( segregate fecundity 9 fir/ crosses1 ! process ( physiological selection w become ! m effective 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* ! inf]tility ext5ds also to second crosses4 ,b ,i ?9k x is v d\btful :e!r su* inf]tility 7or inf]iority7 on ! "p ( mongrels c react ^u ! sexual sy/em ( _! p>5t =ms1 s z directly to increase :atev] degree ( segregate fecundity may h already aris5 betwe5 ^! =ms4 ,does ! high /]ility ( mules & mutes1 = in/ance1 t5d to dim9i% ! degree ( f]tility t obta9s betwe5 horses & asses8 ,! only way 9 :i* ev5 an absolute degree ( /]ility 7or o!r inf]iority7 on ! "p ( mongrels or hybrids may cle>ly be se5 to op]ate 9 ?is direction1 is z a negative condition2 n z an active cause4 ,9 ! proportion t mongrels are impot5t ) "o ano!r1 !y w n s mu* compete ) _! p>5t =ms = food1 etc42 & 9 ! proportion t !y are impot5t ) _! p>5t =ms1 !y w n c\nt]act any t5d5cy :i* ! latt] may cont9ue to develop 9 ! direction ( a /ill fur!r segregation4 ,if ! mongrels are fully vigor\s & fully f]tile1 bo? int] se & ) _! p>5t =ms1 ! effect w be to ret>d1 if n altoge!r to prev5t1 any fur!r progress ( physiological sep>ation betwe5 ! p>5t =ms2 because ! free int]cross+ ( ! mongrels ) "o ano!r1 & also ) _! p>5t =ms1 w be cont9ually supply+ prog5y 9 :i* ! physiological peculi>ity is ei!r att5uat$ or altoge!r aboli%$4 ,b ?is is q a diff]5t ?+ f suppos+ t inf]tility 7or inf]iority7 ( ! mongrels c react ^u ! g5]ative sy/em ( ! p>5t =ms1 s z to increase 9 !m ! physiological peculi>ity on :i* _! segregate bre$+ dep5ds3 inf]tility 7or inf]iority7 ( ! mongrels is b a negative condition :i* favors ! pres]vation ( fur!r degrees ( ?is segregate bre$+1 if su* fur!r degrees %\ld be induc$ by any o!r causes4 ,n[1 x does n appe> t ,mr4 ,wallace has cle>ly p]ceiv$ ?is important di/9ction1 because he ?r\gh\t speaks ( ?is inf]iority ( ! hybrid (fspr+ z ! ess5tial po9t4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 ! ess5tial po9t is ! physiological v>iation 9 ! p>5t =ms1 i4 e41 ! orig9al occurr5ce & subsequ5t developm5t ( inf]tility betwe5 ! fir/ crosses4 ,grant+ to ,mr4 ,wallace1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ?is developm5t c\ld n proce$ at all1 7 x n = ! inf]iority ( ! mongrels2 /ill ! inf]iority ( ! mongrels ne$ n be ! cause ( ?is developm5t4 ,!re=e x is mo/ incorrect to say1 x mu/ be p>ticul>ly not$ t ?is effect 7i4 e41 increase ( inf]tility betwe5 ! p>5t =ms7 w\ld result1 n by ! pres]vation ( ! inf]tile v>iations on acc\nt ( _! inf]tility1 b by ! inf]iority ( ! hybrid (fspr+4 ,?is effect mu/ be due to causes :i* act ^u ! g5]ative sy/ems ( ! p>5t =ms1 ev5 ?\gh su* causes might be c\nt]act$ by ! )drawal ( ! negative condition 9 "q4 ,i tru/1 !n1 x has n[ be5 r5d]$ suffici5tly cle> t1 no matt] h[ inf]tile ! hybrid prog5y may become1 & no matt] at h[ great a disadvantage !y may ?us 7or o!rwise7 be plac$ 9 _! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) ! p>5t v>ieties1 x is n app>5t t _! inf]tility 7or _! ext9ction7 c ev] become ! cause ( a fur!r increase ( inf]tility aris+ betwe5 _! p>5t =ms4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh ?is is ! cause assign$ by ,mr4 ,wallace1 :5 he comes to ! ess5tial po9t ( %[+ h[ x is to act s z to increase cross-/]ility betwe5 ! p>5t =ms1 he navely sub/itutes ! s5t5ce :i* ,i h pr9t$ 9 italics--:i* assumes a great] inf]tility betwe5 ! two =ms z aris+ ?r\gh any o!r causes t we may *oose to suppose4 ,! v ?+ t 8 entire argum5t pr(esses to expla9 7i4 e41 ! rise & developm5t ( cross-/]ility betwe5 ! p>5t v>ieties7 is slipp$ 9 z grant$1 or giv5 by o!r causes ?an ^? :i* are said to expla9 x4#f #f ,! only conceivable way 9 :i* inf]tility 7or o!r inf]iority7 ( hybrids c\ld react on ! sexual sy/em ( _! p>5t =ms1 is "o :i* ,mr4 ,wallace appe>s to h miss$3 at all ev5ts he has n[h]e /at$ x4 ,?is way is z foll[s4 ,suppose ,a & ,b to be two v>ieties :i* produce comp>atively inf]tile hybrids4 ,9 ! proportion t ! hybrids are inf]tile1 or o!rwise inf]ior1 x mu/ be a disadvantage to bo? v>ieties = individuals belong+ to "o to cross ) individuals belong+ to ! o!r1 because by s do+ !y are wa/+ _! "t & _! en]gy 9 propagat+ comp>atively poor (fspr+--!reby fail+ to impress _! *>act]s on ! next g5]ation z effectually z !y might h done by pair+ homogam\sly4 ,h5ce1 ^? individuals :i* d pair homogam\sly w leave a l>g] numb]--or bett] quality--( (fspr+ to ! next g5]ation1 ?an is left by ^? :i* fail to pair homogam\sly4 ,h5ce1 also1 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations a selective premium w be set on ! homogam\s pair+1 ,a plus ,a1 ,b plus ,b1 :e!r su* pair+ be due to a sexual in/9ct or to a sexual incompatibility4 ,= example1 if horses & asses 7 to occupy ! same area = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 x is conceivable t ! in/9ct :i* _m horses n[ pres5t ( pref]r+ asses to _! own k9d w\ld become obsolete2 because ! horses or m>es :i* h su* an in/9ct w\ld always fail to leave prog5y t c\ld transmit x1 :ile su* w\ld n be ! case ) ! horses & m>es :i* pref]r$ to pair homogam\sly1 & s x might be if a physiological in/ead ( a psy*ological "* 7 conc]n$4 ,b n[ obs]ve1 if ?is consid]ation 7 adduc$1 ,i %\ld n be conc]n$ to dispute x4 ,=1 ev5 if su* a pr9ciple ( segregation does obta91 to :at category does ! pr9ciple belong8 ,cle>ly x does n belong to natural selection1 inasmu* z a m]e failure to impress individual *>act]s on ! next g5]ation is n a matt] ( life & dea? 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b1 no less cle>ly1 x does belong to physiological selection2 & !re=e1 if x be an active pr9ciple 9 nature1 x is an additional cause ( segregate fecundity 9 fir/ crosses4 ,moreov]1 su* a pr9ciple1 if x ev] acts1 presupposes "s consid]able degree ( sexual diff]5tiation z already giv5 by "s o!r cause4 ,hav+ ?us endeavor$ to make x z cle> z ,i c1 t ! causes ( segregate fecundity1 bo? 9 its orig9 & subsequ5t increase1 mu/ be causes act+ on ! physiology ( ! segregat+ =ms !mselves1 & n ! effects ( ^! causes 9 ! "* ( _! mongrel (fspr+2 ,i mu/ next comm5t ^u ! extraord9>y idea :i* und]lies ! :ole ( ,mr4 ,wallace's exposition1 & :i* 9 "o place he expressly /ates4 ,?is extraord9>y idea is t ! !ory ( physiological selection1 z held bo? by ,mr4 ,gulick & myself1 takes no cognizance ( ! possible effects ( cross-/]ility 9 lead+ to inf]tility or inf]iority on ! "p ( mongrel prog5y4 ,i call ?is an extraord9>y idea1 because x appe>s to me mo/ extraord9>y t ,mr4 ,wallace c h read our pap]s1 & !n h suppos$ t he 0 add+ any?+ to our !ory by argu+ ! po9ts :i* he does argue 9 ! above quotation4 ,:5 once ?is argum5t is correctly /at$1 x am\nts1 z we h j se51 to no?+ m ?an po9t+ out h[ a segregate fecundity ( fir/ crosses w h a bett] *ance ( increas+1 if ! mongrel prog5y are inf]tile or inf]ior4 ,b surely ?is goes )\t say+2 or1 if x be said1 let x be add$ t physiological selection1 :5 x ?us ext5ds to second crosses1 is really or ultimately due to physiological selection z reg>ds ! fir/ crosses4 ,if ! segregate fecundity ( ! fir/ crosses is ( su* a k9d1 t1 besides t5d+ to a physiological isolation ( ! p>5t =ms1 x leads to inf]iority ( ! mongrel prog5y2 ?is is m]ely a fur!r expression ( ! segregate fecundity 9 "q4 ,its effect is t ( s f> ext+ui%+ ! influ5ce ( prog5y 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( p>5tal segregation3 !re=e1 its effect is j ! same z if1 ow+ to a some:at high] degree ( segregate f]tility 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7i4 e41 9 ! fir/ crosses71 a proportionately small] numb] ( mongrel (fspr+ _h be5 produc$ at all4 ,9 ei!r case ! result 7physiological diff]5tiation7 is equally due to causes act+ on ! sexual sy/em ( ! p>5t =ms2 & :e!r ?is effect is br\ght ab\t by a suppression ( prog5y z to _! numb]s alone1 or likewise z to _! effici5cy1 is q immat]ial to ! !ory ( physiological selection4 ,:i* %[s once m h[ wide ( ! m>k is ,mr4 ,wallace's /atem5t1 t ! inf]iority ( ! hybrid (fspr+ is ! ess5tial po9t 9 any process ( sexual segregation4 ,! ess5tial po9t mu/ always be ! orig9al occurr5ce & subsequ5t pres]vation ( ! inf]tile v>iations aris+ betwe5 ! p>5t =ms1 :e!r ^! v>iations are only 9 ! direction ( produc+ a small] numb] ( mongrels1 or also 9 t ( suppress+ _! effici5cy :5 produc$4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 x is surely ! odde/ ( misconceptions on ,mr4 ,wallace's "p t has l$ him to pres5t ! above-quot$ argum5t z a sub/itute = ! !ory ( physiological selection4 ,z f> z x goes1 & z f> z x is s\nd1 x is ! !ory ( physiological selection pure & simple--nei!r add+ to1 nor detract+ f x "o iota4 ,nev]!less1 ! argum5t has n yet gone f> en\gh to embody "s ( ! o!r elem5ts ( ! !ory4 ,!re=e ,i w n[ cont9ue ! quotation3 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! two =ms into di/9ct species1 ) ! increase ( inf]tility betwe5 !m1 w\ld be greatly assi/$ by two o!r important factors 9 ! problem4 ,x has already be5 %[n t1 ) ea* modification ( =m & habits1 & especially ) modifications ( color1 !re arises a dis9cl9ation ( ! two =ms to pair toge!r2 & ?is w\ld produce an am\nt ( isolation :i* w\ld greatly assi/ ! specialisation ( ! =ms 9 adaptation to _! diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,aga91 evid5ce has be5 adduc$ t *ange ( conditions or ( mode ( life is a pot5t cause ( di/urbance ( ! reproductive sy/em1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( inf]tility4 ,we may !re=e assume t1 z ! two =ms adopt$ m & m diff]5t modes ( life1 & p]haps acquir$ also decid$ peculi>ities ( =m & coloration1 ! inf]tility betwe5 !m w\ld increase or become m g5]al2 & z we h se5 t e su* increase ( inf]tility w\ld give t portion ( ! species 9 :i* x arose an advantage ov] ! rema9+ portions 9 :i* ! two v>ieties 7 m f]tile toge!r1 all ?is induc$ inf]tility w\ld ma9ta9 itself1 & /ill fur!r increase ! g5]al inf]tility betwe5 ! two =ms ( ! species4 ,"h we p]ceive t ,mr4 ,wallace1 aft] hav+ adopt$ ! !ory ( physiological selection 9 its ma9 elem5ts1 next proce$s to supplem5t t !ory 7z ,mr4 ,gulick & myself _h previ\sly done71 by %[+ h[ greatly ! pr9ciple ( physiological selection mu/ be assi/$ by any association ) o!r =ms ( isolation1 or segregate bre$+4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,wallace & ourselves "h is1 t :ile he in/ances b ?ree or f\r =ms ( segregate bre$+ 7or homogamy7 ) :i* physiological selection may be associat$1 ,i _h previ\sly consid]$ sev]al o!rs 9 addition to ^!1 :ile ,mr4 ,gulick _h gone into ! matt] /ill m exhau/ively4 ,!re=e1 "h z else:]e1 ,i c only acc\nt = ! "* ( ,mr4 ,wallace's criticism by suppos+ t he read our pap]s inatt5tively 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & 0 aft]w>ds influ5c$ by unconsci\s memory 9 8 subsequ5t cogitations ^u ! problem ( cross-/]ility4 ,& n[1 f9ally1 9 ord] to %[ ?is /ill m completely1 ,i may quote ! :ole p>agraph :i* concludes 8 long discussion ( t problem3 ,! prec$+ argum5t1 x w be se51 dep5ds entirely ^u ! assumption t "s am\nt ( inf]tility *>act]ises ! di/9ct v>ieties :i* are 9 process ( diff]5tiation into species2 & x may be object$ t ( su* inf]tility !re is no pro(4 ,?is is admitt$3 b x is urg$ t facts h be5 adduc$ :i* r5d] su* inf]tility probable1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 & ?is is all t is requir$4 ,x is by no means necess>y t all v>ieties %\ld exhibit incipi5t inf]tility1 b only "s v>ieties2 = we "k t1 ( ! innum]able v>ieties t occur1 b few become develop$ into di/9ct species2 & x may be t ! abs5ce ( inf]tility1 to obviate ! effects ( int]cross+1 is "o ( ! usual causes ( _! failure4 ,all ,i h attempt$ to %[ is1 t :5 incipi5t inf]tility does occur 9 correlation ) o!r v>ietal diff]5ces1 t inf]tility c be1 & 9 fact mu/ be1 increas$ by natural selection2 & ?is1 x appe>s to me1 is a decid$ /ep 9 advance 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,?is s]ves to convey a v accurate summ>y ( ! :ole prec$+ argum5t2 & x is likewise an admirably concise re/atem5t ( ! !ory ( physiological selection4 ,! only po9ts 9 x to :i* ,i object--consid]$ z an epitome ( my own pap]--are z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ,mr4 ,wallace has n prov$ q s good an advocate z he might h prov$1 _h he look$ m closely into ! evid5ce t "s am\nt ( inf]tility *>act]ises ! di/9ct v>ieties :i* are 9 process ( diff]5tiation into species4 ,= al?\gh he says1 prop]ly en\gh1 t 8 prec$+ argum5t--i4 e41 ! !ory ( physiological selection--dep5ds entirely ^u ! assumption t su* inf]tility does *>act]ise di/9ct v>ieties :i* are 9 process ( diff]5tiation into species2 /ill he is wrong 9 say+ x is admitt$ t 9 favor ( ?is assumption !re is no pro( beyond :at he has himself urg$ 9 ! way ( facts :i* r5d] su* inf]tility probable3 !re are _m o!r facts :i* n only r5d] su* inf]tility probable1 b prove x to be actual4 ,secondly1 al?\gh ,i q agree ) ,mr4 ,wallace 9 hold+ t natural selection mu/ (t51 z ,i said 9 my orig9al pap]1 co-op]ate ) physiological selection1 /ill ,i mu/ po9t out t ! p>ticul> =m ( segregate bre$+ to :i* he "h alludes is n natural selection at all2 b 7z expla9$ 9 ! foot-note to page #ae7 physiological selection pure & simple4 ,my objections1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ^! two po9ts h no ref]5ce to ! validity ( ,mr4 ,wallace's re/atem5t ( my views2 & ! fact t ?is re/atem5t has be5 giv5 ) ! mo/ incompreh5sible unconsci\sness t x is a re/atem5t1 does n appe> to me to detract f ! significance ( ! argum5tative suicide 9 :i* 8 entire criticism is ?us f\nd to t]m9ate4#g #g ,i am ! m surpris$ t ,mr4 ,wallace did n p]ceive 8 almo/ complete adoption ( my views 9 ?is late/ publication ( 8 own1 because ,i _h previ\sly _h occasion to po9t out a p>tial adoption ( !m 9 an e>li] publication ( 8 on ! same subject4 ,! foll[+ is :at ,i said ^u t occasion--viz41 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,janu>y1 #ahhh3 ,"o v obvi\s & probably frequ5t in/ance ( :at may be t]m$ collective v>iation 9 ! reproductive sy/em--or a v>iation due to a common cause act+ on _m individuals simultane\sly--is actually quot$ f my pap] by ,mr4 ,wallace himself1 namely1 *anges 9 ! season ( fl[]+ or ( pair+1 :i* insure t any section ( a species s affect$ %all be f]tile only )9 itself4 ,collective v>iation ( ?is k9d may be directly due to ! incid5ce ( "s common cause1 su* z *ang$ conditions ( life ) respect to food1 climate1 /ation1 etc42 or1 z 9 ! case ( bud-v>iation1 x may be due to a s+le sport affect+ all ! blossoms gr[+ ^u ! same bran*4 ,b besides su* direct action ( a common cause1 x is easy to see t natural selection1 use & disuse1 etc41 by op]at+ 9 ! production ( organic *anges else:]e1 may n unfrequ5tly react on ! sexual sy/em indirectly1 & s induce ! sexual *ange requir$ 9 a numb] ( individuals simultane\sly4 ,n[1 9 8 ,d>w9ism1 ,mr4 ,wallace aga9 reproduces ?is in/ance ( physiological selection1 )\t ev5 yet appe>+ to p]ceive t bo? 9 my orig9al pap] ^u ! subject & 9 my answ] to 8 criticism z above quot$1 ,i adduce ?is p>ticul> in/ance ( physiological selection z a typical "o4 ,!re=e1 :5 he n[ says3--,ano!r mode ( isolation is br\ght ab\t by ! v>iety--ei!r ow+ to habits1 climate1 or con/itutional *ange--bre$+ at a slightly diff]5t "t f ! p>5t species3 ?is is kn[n to produce complete isolation 9 ! case ( _m v>ieties ( plants3 he is m]ely re/at+ :at ,i h repeat$ly giv5 z an unque/ionable case ( physiological selection4 ,) ! self-de/ruction ( ?is criticism ,i am left )\t any o!r to answ]2 & ,i %\ld n h occupi$ s mu* space 9 deal+ ) ?is "o1 7 x n t ! high e/imation 9 :i* ,mr4 ,wallace is s des]v$ly held by all o!r naturali/s is calculat$ to r5d] almo/ incr$ible ! peculi> position to :i* he has ev5tually gravitat$ ) ref]5ce to my views--pr(ess+ ho/ility on ! "o h&1 :ile reproduc+ !m z orig9al on ! o!r4 ,! misund]/&+ ( my ideas :i* ?is /ate ( matt]s repres5ts1 might h l$ me to wond] :e!r ,i c\ld possibly h r5d]$ my mean+ m cle> 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 7 x n t ?is misund]/&+ ext5ds 9 an ev5 great] measure to ,mr4 ,gulick's pap] ?an x does to m9e4 ,= see+ t ! :ole criticism is f\nd$ on ! errone\s idea t our !ory supposes physiological selection always to act alone1 ! misconception becomes positively ludicr\s 9 its relation to ,mr4 ,gulick's views2 see+ t1 z previ\sly /at$1 ,mr4 ,gulick n only agrees ) me 9 hold+ t physiological selection mu/ be greatly =tifi$ by be+ associat$ ) any o!r =m ( homogamy1 b ev5 goes s f> z to agree ) ,mr4 ,wallace t1 unless x is s =tifi$1 x c nev] act at all4 ,s t1 z f> z physiological selection is conc]n$1 ,mr4 ,gulick's !ory is precisely id5tical ) t ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 & diff]s f 8 /atem5t ( x only 9 recognis+ a numb] ( =ms ( homogamy1 9 addition to natural selection1 sexual selection1 etc41 ) :i* ! pr9ciple ( physiological selection may be associat$4 ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes4 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,infusoria4 ,! +5i\s hypo!sis t ,weismann1 ! em95t ,freiburg pr(essor1 promulgat$ sev]al ye>s ago reg>d+ ! vitality ( all unicellul> be+s1 b m especially ( ! ,protozoans1 is und\bt$ly widely kn[n4 ,weismann ma9ta9$ t ! ,protozoans 7 di/+ui%$ f ! ,metazoans1 or organisms compos$ ( a numb] ( cells1 by ! curi\s prop]ty !y possess$ ( exemption f decay & dea?4 ,! ,protozoans exhibit$1 9 ! v words ( ! ,g]man savant1 an in/ance ( pot5tial immortality2#h t is to say1 a natural physiological dea? did n exi/ = !m2 if !y p]i%$1 x 0 by accid5t or *ance1 extrane\s to ! laws ( _! organisation4 ,a great _m au?ors h writt5 ^u ?is subject s9ce ,weismann1 ei!r 9 support ( 8 op9ion1 or 9 refutation ( x1 & ( !m we may m5tion pr9cipally ,goette1#i ,m9ot1#aj & ,m4 ,delboeuf4#aa #h ,ueb] die ,dau] des ,leb5s4 ,j5a1 #ahhb4 #i ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung des ,todes1 #ahhc4 #aj ,la ,mort et l',individualit4 7,bullet9 ,sci5tifique du ,nord1 #ahhd-he47 #aa ,la ,matire ,brute et la ,matire ,vivante4 ,p>is #ahhg4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ?is idea ( pot5tial immortality is n ! exclusive prop]ty ( ,weismann4 ,we f9d x cle>ly indicat$ by ,ehr5b]g4 ,&1 moreov]1 z ,bts*li rem>ks1 x is s natural t x ought to occur ( itself to ! m9d ( e tol]ably ?\ghtful obs]v] t has devot$ 8 "t to ! /udy ( ! biology ( ^! m9ute creatures4#ab #ab ,g$ank5 b] ,leb5 und ,tod 7,zoologis*e ,anzeige1 ,vol4 v1 #ahhb71 cit$ by ,m4 ,maupas 9 ,multiplication des ,infusoires ,cilis--,ar*4 de ,zool4 ,exp]im541 ,no4 #b1 #ahhh4 ,weismann f\nd$ 8 !ory 9 "p ^u metaphysical1 or at lea/ !oretical1 consid]ations1 :i* we deem x useless to discuss at ?is po9t4 ,b x is also support$ by obs]v$ facts1 & ^! facts x w be pr(itable to recapitulate f ! v onset4 ,! idea ( ! immortality ( ,infusoria occurs naturally to ! m9d :5 "o exam9es ) c>e :at happ5s :5 an ,infusorian reproduces4 ,we "k t ! reproduction consi/s 9 a bip>tition ( ! body ( ! animal1 & t consequ5tly ! p>5t does n die b lives 9 ! two products ( its bip>tition4 ,9 subsequ5t multiplications ! same ph5om5on is always obs]v$ to occur1 s t ! entire sub/ance ( ! p>5t is f\nd pres]v$ & liv+ 9 ! individuals to :i* x gives bir?4 ,?is process ,weismann express$ by ! emphatic /atem5t3 ,9 multiplication by division !re are no corpses4 ,x is :olly o!rwise ) ! metazoans1 & ! reason ( ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce is easily expla9$ by ! comp>ison ( ! organisation ( ! body ( a metazoan ) t ( a protozoan4 ,:]eas ! protozoan is repres5t$ by a s+le cell t compreh5ds all ! vital functions1 ! functions ( reproduction z well z ^? ( nutrition & relation1 ! metazoan1 on ! o!r h&1 is compos$ ( an aggregation1 ( a colony ( di/9ct cells1 among :i* a division ( labor has be5 effect$ v>y+ 9 complexity ) ! height t ! animal has atta9$ 9 ! classificatory scale4 ,x results f ?is division ( labor t 9 ! metazoan c]ta9 cells only--^? namely :i* are call$ ! sexual cells--are entru/$ ) ! (fice ( ! cons]vation ( ! species1 :ile ! v>i\s o!r cells are m especially adapt$ to ! cons]vation ( ! individual4 ,:5 a metazoan reproduces1 ! sexual cells alone ent] into activity1 & aft] hav+ suff]$ v>i\s modifications1 ! pr9cipal "o ( :i* is fecundation1 ! sexual cells become ! seat ( num]\s segm5tations t g to con/itute a new animal di/9ct f ! "o t gave x bir?4 ,! mom5t ! p>5t individual ceases to be bl5d$ ) ! individual x produces1 x c p]i% )\t imp]ill+ ! cons]vation ( ! species1 & ?us x is t dea? appe>s 9 ! animal k+dom z a logical consequ5ce ( division ( labor4 ,we also "k t ,weismann1 9 develop+ ^! int]e/+ facts1 0 l$ ) _m o!r naturali/s to e/abli% ! doctr9e t e metazoan may be consid]$ z made up ( two entirely di/9ct gr\ps ( cells3 #a7 ( somatic cells1 :i* repres5t ! individual1 & :i* are inve/$ ) ! c>e ( its n\ri%m5t1 its s5se-me*anism1 its movem5ts1 & all ! functions t h to d ) individual life2 & #b7 ( sexual cells1 *>g$ ) ! (fice ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! species 9 "t4 ,:]eas ! somatic cells are de/9$ to p]i%1 ! sexual cells on ! contr>y1 multiply+ by division aft] ! mode ( ! reproduction ( micro-organisms1 repres5t ! protozoan type1 :i* is immortal2 &1 by ! int]m$i>y ag5cy ( ! fecundat$ ovum1 ! sexual cells pass f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ?us =m+ a mat]ial bond betwe5 successive g5]ations4 ,?\gh we h to succumb to dea?1 !re is at lea/ a portion ( u t ought n to die1 f ! fact t x is transmittible to our desc5dants4 ,naegeli express$ ?is idea 9 a felicit\s =m1 :5 he comp>$ ! species to a creep+ bran* t s5t out at successive po9ts annual buds4 ,! buds1 :i* die1 are ! individuals--t is ! somatic gr\p2 :ile ! bran* t survives aft] ! dea? ( ! buds1 & :i* repres5ts ! species1 is ! sy/em ( sexual cells4 ,weismann1 f9ally1 has describ$ ! same ph5om5on by ! expression 'cont9uity ( ! g]m9ative plasm4' ,a great _m discussions h aris5 ) reg>d to ?is g]m9ative plasm2 = ev]y?+ t\*es ^u ?is doma91 & ,weismann has conceiv$ a !ory t endeavors to expla9 n only ! ph5om5on ( fecundation1 b also t ( h]$ity4 ,i _c m5tion "h ! num]\s works ^u ?is subject1 & ref] ! inquisitive read] = a k ( ! same to a s]ies ( lectures by ,pr(essor ,balbiani t ,i h epitomiz$ 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique = ,decemb] #ahhi4 ,! !ory ( ! pot5tial immortality ( ! ,infusoria has rec5tly be5 attack$ by ,m4 ,maupas1 ^: obs]vations t5d to %[ t natural dea?1 caus$ by s5esc5ce1 does obta9 among ! ,infusoria1 & t x is comp>able 9 _m po9ts ( view to ! natural dea? ( ! metazoans4 ,! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,maupas ^u ! multiplication ( ciliate ,infusoria are ( a relatively rec5t date1 hav+ appe>$ 9 #ahhh 9 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ( ! ,ar*ives de ,zoologie ,exprim5tale4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! ciliate ,infusoria c propagate )\t previ\s coition4 ,! agamic mode ( reproduction appe>s to be almo/ ! same1 save 9 a few details1 z t :i* foll[s coition4 ,x consi/s 9 a bip>tition or division ( ! body ( ! animal along a plane usually p]p5dicul> to ! gr& axis ( ! nucleus1 & x is a matt] ( c\rse t t elem5t takes "p 9 ! division at ! same "t ) ! protoplasm4 ,^! ph5om5a ( reproduction x is possible to /udy ^u a gr& scale by supply+ ,infusoria kept 9 captivity ) abundance ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! easie/ way is to produce a putrid f]m5tation by means ( vegetable fragm5ts cru%$ & mac]at$ 9 wat]4 ,! ,infusoria conta9$ 9 ?is wat] f9d abundant food furni%$ by ! bact]ia develop$ 9 x1 & !y !re=e multiply 9 great numb]s4 ,by means ( appropriate me?ods ( treatm5t & isolation we are able to foll[ ! ph5om5on /ep by /ep & to exam9e :at ! animal actually becomes aft] ea* agamic bip>tition4 ,weismann1 :5 he laid ! f\ndation ( 8 !ory ( ! immortality ( ,infusoria1 suppos$ t ! developm5t ( ! ,infusoria by bip>tition _h no limits & c\ld be prolong$ indef9itely )\t injury to ! vitality ( ! protoplasm4 ,v>i\s au?ors _h already made obs]vations :i* 7 directly 9 contradiction ) ?is view4 ,m4 ,balbiani1 9 #ahfj1 9 a communication entitl$1 ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts ^u ! ,ph5om5a ( ,fissip>\s ,reproduction among ,ciliate ,infusoria1#ac concludes ?us3 "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions 444 has be5 to det]m9e :e!r ?is mode ( propagation is really unlimit$1 or :e!r1 aft] be+ cont9u$ ?r\gh\t a great] or less] numb] ( g5]ations1 x becomes by degrees enfeebl$1 f9ally to disappe> completely4444 ,we h e/abli%$ t ?is mode ( propagation has its limits1 & ends inv>iably 9 "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ ways3 ei!r by ! natural & almo/ simultane\s dea? ( all ! individuals belong+ to ! same cycle1 or by ! recurr5ce ( sexual g5]ation lead+ to ! t]m9ation ( "o ( ! cycles & ! comm5cem5t ( a new cycle1 or f9ally by ! ph5om5on ( ency/m5t1 :i* 9 fact br+s ab\t only a mom5t>y int]ruption ( ! process ( reproduction by fissip>ity ,m4 ,balbiani1 apropos ( ?is subject1 has call$ att5tion to a curi\s obs]vation made by ! celebrat$ ,dani% micrograph] ,o4 ,f4 ,mll]1 :o liv$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,mll] _h obs]v$ t ! individuals ( any "o species mo/ ord9>ily f\nd 9 coition 7 almo/ all ( small /ature4 ,b he took !m = ! "y individuals ( ! species4 ,n[ ^! individuals ( small size are 9 reality ! olde/1 t is to say1 !y are ! ones t are ! result ( a great numb] ( successive bip>titions2 & x is to be obs]v$1 t1 9 a great _m species1 9 proportion z ! bip>titions increase ! size ( ! ,infusoria decreases4 #ac ,c4 ,r4 ,acad4 des ,sci5ces4 ,vol4 iv4 p4 #aaia4 ,9 f9e1 )\t fur!r conc]n+ ourselves ) ! hi/ory ( ?is "q1 we see t accord+ to ,m4 ,balbiani ! agamic reproduction ( ,infusoria has its limits1 & t1 :5 coition1 t is to say fecundation1 does n int]v5e1 x may t]m9ate by ! natural dea? ( ! individuals or 9 c]ta9 species by ency/m5t4 ,! *ief new elem5t conta9$ 9 ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,m4 ,maupas1 :i* 7 made tw5ty ye>s aft] ! date ( ! prec$+ inve/igations1 consi/s 9 8 /udy ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( s5esc5ce t ! ,infusoria aft] a long s]ies ( bip>titions pres5t4 ,m4 ,maupas has e/abli%$ t !re exi/s 9 ! ,infusoria no "p1 no elem5t1 t by itself & by its own faculties1 c live & be ma9ta9$ indef9itely4 ,! fir/ outw>d sign ( deg5]ation is manife/$ 9 a r$uction ( size4 ,! individuals1 accord+ z ! numb] ( g5]ations increases1 become small] & small]4 ,) ,/yloni*ia pu/ulata1 :i* 9 ! normal /ate measures "o hundr$ & sixty 1 ! size ( ! body is se5 gradually to fall to "o hundr$ & ?irty-five1 "o hundr$ & t51 sev5ty1 & ev5 to =ty 4 ,:5 ! effects ( s5esc5ce become m>k$1 ! animal 9 its ext]nal organs und]goes atrophies & new & m pr(\nd deg5]ations4 ,9 ,/yloni*ia pu/ulata ! vibratile buccal app>atus becomes gradually atrophi$ & p>tly disappe>s1 & 9 all species ! body is r$uc$ & becomes m & m %runk51 assum+ =ms & cont\rs v f> remov$ f ! specific type4 ,! deg5]ation ( ! nucle> app>atus at once beg9s4 ,! fir/ modifications affect ! accessory or att5dant nucleus1 a cut ( :i* w be f\nd at page #aah ( my "w on ,micro-organisms1#ad & ( :i* ! pr9cipal function seems to be ! ma9t5ance & cons]vation ( ! species1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ought to be consid]$ z ! real sub/ratum ( ! immortal plasma4 ,f> f enjoy+ ! attribute ( et]nal y\?1 ! accessory nucleus seems on ! contr>y to be affect$ ) a weakness great] & m premature ?an t ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! organism4 ,9 fact x is ?is organ t is fir/ atrophi$ & t disappe>s "u ! influ5ce ( s5ile deg5]esc5ce4 ,!n1 9 its turn1 ! pr9cipal nucleus is affect$4 ,x takes1 accord+ to ! species1 a diff]5t =m4 ,n[ x dim9i%es 9 volume1 n[ x divides into two m9ute bodies t assume irregul> cont\rs1 & at o!r times x assumes a ribbon-l %ape4 #ad ,engli% translation by ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,pub4 ,co41 ,*icago4 ,longmans ,co41 ,london4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ev5 aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! accessory nucleus1 :5ev] ! pr9cipal nucleus /ill subsi/s1 ! ,infusoria cont9ue to live & divide by fission4 ,?is life1 says ,m4 ,maupas1 has "s features ( abnormality ab\t x1 s9ce x has become :olly purposeless4 ,! animals /ill live an individual life1 b !y are dead to ! life ( ! species4#ae #ae ,page #bfb4 ,9 conclud+ ^u ?is po9t1 ,i mu/ m5tion ! res]vations t may be ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to ! exactitude ( ! prec$+ obs]vations & ! value ( ! me?od employ$ 9 _! atta9m5t4 ,a compet5t critic has rem>k$ t x is difficult to assume t n9e hundr$ & ?irty-five specim5s ( ! g5us ,/yloni*ia c\ld f9d ! gases necess>y = ! support ( life1 see+ t ,m4 ,maupas kept !m "u ! same /age :]e !y only _h at _! disposal a mass ( wat] equal to "o hundr$ cubic millimetres2 & x may ?us be ask$ :e!r ! ph5om5a ( s5esc5ce produc$ "u ^! special conditions 7 n pa?ological4 ,?is criticism seems to be especially /r5g!n$ by ! fact1 t accord+ to ,m4 ,maupas1 ! animalcula plac$ b5ea? ! %ield1 all f9ally congregate at ! edge ( ! prep>ation1 evid5tly to seek !re ! air ( :i* !y are 9 ne$4 ,if we took our /&1 h[ev]1 ^u ! facts be=e cit$ we c\ld conclude )\t hesitation t ! celebrat$ !sis ( ,weismann reg>d+ ! immortality ( ! ciliate ,infusoria _h be5 ov]?r[n4 ,b ! ph5om5a are n pres5t$ ) ?is simplicity4 ,:5 ! vitality ( ! ,infusoria has become weak5$ by a consid]able numb] ( agamic reproductions1 & ! animalcule is ^u ! po9t ( dy+ a natural dea?1 a new biological ph5om5on c int]v5e1 rejuv5at+ ! animal & r5d]+ x capable ( reproduc+ itself anew = a long s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,t ph5om5on is fecundation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 our "w ^u ,micro-,organisms we h spok5 at l5g? ( ! mat]ial process ( fecundation 9 ciliate ,infusoria1 & ( ! ph5om5a prelim9>y to x1 foll[+ z our guide ! obs]vations ( ,balbiani1 ,grub]1 ,bts*li1 & ,engelmann4 ,x w be necess>y to recur "h to t subject & to supplem5t our prec$+ exposition ) "s important details4 ,moreov]1 rec5t rese>*es1 add$ to o!r old] ones1 af=d u int]e/+ in=mation ) reg>d to ! conditions & det]m9+ causes ( conjugation & also ( ! significance ( fecundation itself4 ,we h se5 above t accord+ to ,m4 ,balbiani an active p]iod ( agamic bip>tition 9 ,infusoria c t]m9ate 9 a p]iod ( conjugation2 a circum/ance :i* produces 9 effect a cyclical alt]nation betwe5 agamic g5]ations & a sex-g5]ation4 ,! v ^w cycle is us$ 9 ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,balbiani4 ,m4 ,maupas elevat$ ?is obs]vation ( ,m4 ,balbiani to ! rank ( a me?od2 us+1 9 ord] to procure ! great numb] ( coitions necess>y = 8 inve/igations1 ! foll[+ process4 ,he plac$ ! ,infusoria 9 wat] 9 :i* he _h produc$ a putrid f]m5tation4 ,! ,infusoria1 ?anks to ! abundance ( ! nutrim5t develop$ 9 great numb]s4 ,:ile ?us sw>m+ !y 7 lift$ out ) a drop ( wat]1 :i* 0 kept ^u ! /age 9 a moi/ *amb]4 ,! ,infusoria !re cont9u$ to gr[ l>g] & multiply2 b by reason ( _! great numb]s x 0 n long be=e !y exhau/$ ! food br\ght ) !m 9 ! drop ( wat]4 ,:5 ! la/ rema9s ( _! nutrim5t _h disappe>$ !y 7 se5 9 ! majority ( cases to seek ea* o!r & to copulate4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,maupas1 x is n solely ! weakness produc$ by a s]ies ( bip>titions1 b1 9 addition to t & m p>ticul>ly1 ! sc>city ( food1 t excites 9 ! ciliate ,infusoria ! conjugal appetite4 ,! epidemics ( conjugation ( :i* ! au?ors speak1 are n o!rwise expla9able4 ,m4 ,maupas ev5 says1 t :5 a numb] ( pairs are ab\t to copulate1 x is only necess>y to give !m food to put an end to _! conjugation4 ,sc>city1 t au?or fur!r rem>ks1 ought evid5tly n to modify 9 any ess5tial ! int]nal organic /ate ( ! ,infusoria 9 "q2 no m inde$ ?an ! oppos$ condition1 t is1 an abundance ( ri* food 7page #djc ( 8 memoir74 ,b 9 ! fir/ case !y copulate )\t any ado2 9 ! second1 !y refuse to d s entirely4 ,ri* alim5tation dead5s ! conjugal appetite2 fa/+1 on ! contr>y awak5s & excites x4 ,!re exi/s moreov]1 accord+ to ! au?or la/ m5tion$1 9 ciliate ,infusoria1 a p>ticul> p]iod beyond :i* fecund coitions _c take place4 ,x is :at he calls ! p]iod ( k>yogamic maturity4 ,?us1 9 ,leucophrys1 = example1 fecund coitions are obs]v$ to take place only aft] ! ?ree-hundr$? g5]ation4 ,be=e t "t ! ,infusoria may be plac$ 9 all ! o!r conditions favorable to copulation1 )\t be+ se5 to contract a s+le union4 ,on ! o!r h&1 beyond t "t1 a p]iod ext5ds 9 :i* num]\s coitions are obta9$4 ,al?\gh1 inde$1 ! cyclical alt]nation ( agamic g5]ations & copulations is indisputable1 fur!r rese>*es are /ill necess>y to obta9 a ?or\gh k ( ! ext5t ( ^! cycles4 ,x is c]ta9 t _! duration v>ies 9 ! diff]5t species1 & p]haps1 9 conditions z yet imp]fectly kn[n1 may 9 any "o species be consid]ably abridg$4 ,we are n[ come to ! prelim9>ies ( copulation4 ,we h describ$ !m 9 our "w1 mak+ use ( ! obs]vations ( ,balbiani1 ,grub]1 & ( ,engelmann1 "s ( :i* we f\nd confirm$ by ,bts*li4 ,m4 ,maupas1 :o has rec5tly aga9 tak5 up ?is "q1 believes he has discov]$ 9 8 pr$ecessors1 or r 9 ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,balbiani1 grave errors4 ,i %all transcribe ! passage 9 "q3 ,:5 a num]\s gr\p ( ,infusoria ( ! same species are f\nd 9 ! conditions t det]m9e copulation1 ^! animalcula ab&on !mselves to c]ta9 movem5ts1 & exhibit an agitation ! significance ( :i* has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,balbiani1 :o 9 fact always seeks analogies ) ! high] animals1 has giv5 u an animat$ description ( ^! movem5ts1 to :i* a poetical imag9ation has contribut$ at lea/ z mu* z exact & sci5tific obs]vation4 ,?is description has met ) a mo/ favorable reception among c]ta9 philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s :o h tak5 up ) x 9 ! belief t !y c\ld !reby reveal 9 microzoans ! rudim5ts ( ! in/9cts & psy*ic faculties ( high]-organiz$ be+s4 ,z !re is v mu* inexactitude & exagg]ation 9 all t1 x is "t to calm ?is en?usiasm & to ref] ! facts & _! explanation to "s m exact crit]ion4 7,page #dac47 ,i believe x useless to occupy my "t 9 deal+ ) ! aggressive tone t ?is au?or has se5 fit to assume t[>ds me1 & :i* seems to be habitual ) him :5 he criticises ! works ( p ) :om he does n agree4 ,i %all c>efully exam9e 8 obs]vations & seek to d]ive f !m "s pr(it1 to ! improvem5t & correction ( my "w ^u ! ,psy*ic ,life ( ,micro-,organisms1 if x is true t ,i h committ$ ! grave errors ( :i* he speaks4 ,besides1 ! "q ( ! prelim9>ies ( copulation is s int]e/+ 9 itself t ,i h no fe> ( turn+ to x a second "t4 ,x is necess>y1 "h1 cle>ly to di/+ui% two ?+s3 ! facts & _! explanations4 ,9 t :i* conc]ns obs]v$ facts1 ! errors t ,m4 ,maupas endeavors to po9t out 9 ! descriptions ( ,m4 ,balbiani appe> to me to be capable ( a r$uction to a matt] ( s little significance--admitt+ t x comes at all f error--t if ,i _h n be5 appris$ ( x1 ,i %\ld h reg>d$ ! rese>*es ( ! fir/ au?or z a confirmation 9 mo/ details ( ^? ( ! second4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 9 fact1 t ,m4 ,maupas gives almo/ ! same description t ,balbiani does ( ! movem5ts ( ,p>amcium aurelia4 ,i h foll[$ animals ( t species a numb] ( times1 he says1 dur+ ! prep>ations = copulation4 ,!y exhibit at t mom5t a v great agitation4 ,!y are se5 to g & come1 rapidly *ang+ _! direction4 ,!y approa* & ?r[ !mselves aga9/ _! cong5]s1 halt 9 front ( !m1 feel !m an in/ant ) _! cilia1 !n leave !m1 assume ! mo/ v>i$ positions1 &1 f9ally1 :5 two individuals equally ready = union *ance to meet ea* o!r1 !y face ab\t by _! ant]ior extremities s t ! two bodies come toge!r & jo91 ) ! exception ( ! po/]ior extremities1 along _! :ole ext5t2 ! union is ?us def9itively effect$4 ,up to ?is po9t1 let x be obs]v$1 our au?or's description is b a p>aphrase ( t ( ,m4 ,balbiani1 :i* we h giv5 on page #fi ( our "w2 & a simple comp>ison ( ! two suffices to prove ?is4 ,! div]g5ces ( fact ext5d1 z x seems to me1 to ! two foll[+ po9ts only3 ,! duration ( ! prelim9>ies1 & ! exi/5ce ( an epidemic ( copulation4 ,m4 ,maupas ?9ks t ! movem5ts 9 "q nev] la/ v long1 at ! mo/ a qu>t] ( or half an h\r among individuals t h arriv$ at k>yogamic maturity4 ,:]eas ,m4 ,balbiani has obs]v$ ^! same movem5ts la/ = sev]al days4 ,i d n "k :i* ( ^! two obs]vations is ! m exact2 9 fact1 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to *oose betwe5 !m1 s9ce bo? may be exact1 ! duration ( ! ph5om5on g5]ally be+ dep5d5t ^u conditions subject to great *ange1 :ile ,m4 ,maupas himself rem>ks t ! ciliate ,infusoria 9 ! v>iability ( all _! biological ph5om5a are v]itable !rmomet]s ( a v great s5sibility4 ,h[ev] t may be1 :e!r ! movem5ts t prec$e copulation 9 ,p>amcium la/ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 half an h\r1 or sev]al days1 t fact does n *ange _! real "*4 ,! second div]g5ce relates to ! epidemics ( copulation 9 ! case ( ,p>amcium aurelia2 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,balbiani & d5i$ by ,m4 ,maupas4 ,all ! individuals ( a gr\p1 says ,m4 ,maupas1 are nev] f\nd simultane\sly 9 ?is condition4 ,h5ce ! t5tative prelim9>ies ( copulation1 t fail 9 _! object & end 9 ! individuals go+ to seek else:]e ano!r p>tn]4 ,i confess1 ,i d n und]/& ?is /atem5t1 involv+1 z x does1 ,m4 ,maupas 9 a contradiction2 = two pages be=e ?is he speaks ( ! mode ( ! appe>ance ( copulation z 9 ! epidemic =m4 ,all obs]v]s1 he says1 t h occupi$ !mselves ) ?is ph5om5on1 /ate t x is sudd5ly develop$ 9 ! little aqu>iums 9 :i* ! animals are conta9$1 & v rapidly becomes g5]al 7page #da74 ,to ?is !n ! div]g5ces ( fact are r$uc$--a matt] entirely insignificant2 & ,i believe x useless to dwell ^u x long]4 ,! "q ( int]pretation rema9s4 ,i %all also say a few words ) ref]5ce to ?is1 al?\gh ! disagreem5t is at bottom n mu* m s]i\s4 ,we h se51 t1 accord+ to ,m4 ,maupas1 ! ,infusoria d n seek ea* o!r & copulate until aft] a fa/ ( consid]able duration caus$ by exhau/ion ( ! /ore ( food 9 ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live4 ,! au?or concludes f ?is t sc>city ( food is ! sole & real cause ( ! great agitation 9 :i* !y are !n se54 ,:5 an infusion ?ickly populat$ beg9s to get exhau/$1 ! animalcula congregate toge!r1 always =m+ ^? :iti% cl\d-spots t we h describ$ z ! prelude to copulation4444 ,n until aft]w>ds d ! actual movem5ts ( copulation occur1 :i* nev] la/ v long4 ,accord+ly1 !re is fir/ an agitation produc$ by hung]1 & only 9 consequ5ce ( t are ! prelim9>ies ( copulation br\ght ab\t4 ,admitt+ ?is int]pretation z exact1 :i* is inde$ a "q t ,i res]ve1 ,i conclude t ,m4 ,maupas completely accepts ! facts ( ! prelim9>ies ( copulation1 di/+ui%+ !m f o!r ph5om5a t prec$e !m4 ,he says1 moreov]1 & ^! are 8 own words1 t ! sexual impulse does inde$ exi/ 9 ^! little creatures4 ,unque/ionably he is "r 9 add+ t ?is sexual impulse pres5ts 9 ! ciliate ,infusoria manife/ations mu* simpl] ?an 9 ! high] animals1 & t x is o!rwise 9 accord ) _! simplicity ( organisation4 ,t is evid5t1 & no "o ,i believe has ev] ma9ta9$ ! contr>y4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or refuses to admit t ! sexual manife/ations ( ! ,infusoria c be comp>$ ) ! ph5om5a ( rut4 ,rut1 he says1 ! ext]nal & psy*ic manife/ations ( :i* we "k ) any degree ( exactitude only 9 mammals1 is a reflex ph5om5on concomitant ) & consecutive to ! maturation ( ! ,graafian vesicles4 ,x is !re=e an especial ph5om5on peculi> to ! females ( ! highe/ gr\p ( ! animal s]ies4 ,males are n subject to rut1 b are always ready to exp]i5ce ! sexual excitation :5ev] !y f9d !mselves 9 contact ) females t are fall5 into t condition 7page #dad74 ,naturali/s w c]ta9ly read ) great a/oni%m5t ?is def9ition ( rut1 :i* is :olly new & p]sonal to ! au?or4 ,hi!rto ! ^w rut has n be5 res]v$ = mammals2 x has be5 appli$ to all classes ( animals1 ev5 to ! l[e/1 & ,duv]noy1 = example1 has devot$ an article to ! rut ( zophytes4 ,we n[ come1 foll[+ ! *ronological ord] ( ! ph5om5a1 to ! mat]ial processes ( conjugation1 o!rwise call$ fecundation1 9 ! ciliate ,infusoria4 ,x is ne$less to take up 9 its entirety a "q t we h already exam9$1 & :i* w be f\nd treat$ ( at page #fe ( our "w4 ,b x is c]ta9ly int]e/+ to dwell ^u ! g5]al significance ( ! "q ( fecundation4 ,x is kn[n t all ciliate ,infusoria1 except+ "s species su* z ,opal9a1 a p>asitic infusory ( ! frog1 exhibit 9 _! protoplasm two k9ds ( nucle> corpuscles4 ,fir/ a nucleus1 a pr9cipal nucleus1 :i* ! au?ors designate by ! names endopla/ & macronucleus2 ?is elem5t is 9 "s ways comp>able to ! nucleus ( ! cells ( tissues4 ,besides ?is ! ciliate ,infusoria possess a small] nucle> elem5t ?an ! =m]1 call$ by ! au?ors nucleolus1 or endopla/ule1 or att5dant nucleus1 or f9ally micronucleus4 ,?is micronucleus comprises 9 its evolution ! int]nal ph5om5a ( ! process ( conjugation4 ,! pr9cipal nucleus plays 9 ! process b an accessory rle1 = x is a wa/$ elem5t de/9$ to be replac$ by a nucleus ( new =mation2 :5 x und]goes m or less complete elim9ation4 ,! att5dant nucleus passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( complicat$ modifications :i* v>y mu* 9 detail = ea* species4 ,fir/1 !re are /ages ( division de/9$ to prep>e ! way = ! elim9ation ( ! us$ up corpuscles4 ,b ! mo/ important fact is t at a giv5 mom5t !re exi/s 9 ! protoplasm ( ea* ciliate ,infusory 9 conjugation1 two corpuscles d]iv$ f ! nucleus2 !n an ex*ange is effect$ betwe5 ! two individuals 9 copulation2 ea* transmits to ! o!r "o ( ! corpuscles1 :i* copulates ) ! rema9+ corpuscle left 9 ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,^! two little nuclei t play p>ts s diff]5t are1 accord+ to ,m4 ,maupas1 completely id5tical ) "o ano!r & d n %[ ! lea/ diff]5ce ei!r 9 =m1 volume1 or /ructure4 ,9 ! twelve species 9 :i* ,i h succe$$ 9 closely /udy+ ^! organs1 says t au?or1 ,i h always se5 !m act ) ! mo/ p]fect similitude "u ! influ5ce ( color+ & fixitive re-ag5ts4 ,nev]!less1 9 view ( ! future condition ( ^! two elem5ts1 ,m4 ,maupas is l$ to give !m ! v significant names ( male pronucleus & female pronucleus4 ,! female pronucleus is ! "o t rema9s immobile 9 ! body ( ! p>5t gamete2 :ile ! o!r1 ! male1 is ex*ang$ & passes into ! body ( ! o!r gamete4 ,9 :at does ! real nature ( ! copulation ( ^! two pronuclei consi/8 ,does x consi/ 9 a fusion ( ! elem5ts m5tion$1 or1 inde$1 d ! latt] pres]ve _! orig9al indep5d5ce & autonomy 9 ! mid/ ( ! new mix$ nucleus1 /&+ 9 juxtaposition ) & mov+ 9 & ab\t "o ano!r8 ,?is is ! "q t ,m4 ,maupas imm$iately proce$$ to exam9e4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,m4 ,ed4 ,van ,b5$5 ^u ! int]nal me*anism ( fecundation 9 ,asc>is megalocephala are well kn[n4 ,we h publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 foll[+ ,m4 ,balbiani1 a rsum ( ^! important inve/igations1 & we may be p]mitt$ to reproduce "h a few passages !refrom2 = no?+ is m int]e/+ ?an ! evolution foll[$ by our ideas 9 t :i* conc]ns fecundation4 ,! notions t 7 =m$ ( ?is ph5om5on only took def9ite & precise %ape f ! "t :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! two elem5ts ( fecundation1 ! sp]matozon & ! ovum1 c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,x 0 at fir/ believ$ t ! sp]matozon impregnat$ ! ovum by ! ex]cise ( a purely physical action--an action ( contact & influ5ce4 ,b obs]vation demon/rat$ t some?+ m took place1 namely1 an actual conjugation1 a union1 a bl5d+ ( ! sp]matozon & ! ovule4 ,a fur!r /ep 0 made 9 #ahge1 :5 x 0 discov]$1 9 /udy+ ! ova ( ,e*9od]ms1 t b "o s+le "p ( ! ovule1 ! g]m9ative vesicle1 conjugat$ ) b "o "p ( ! sp]matozon1 namely ! head1 & t s9ce ^! two elem5ts h ea* ! value ( a nucleus1 fecundation consi/$ 9 ! conjugation ( two nuclei4 ,b !re 0 /ill an elem5t ( obscurity 9 ?is idea1 simple z x 04 ,if ! nuclei 7 vesicles l soap-bubbles !y might bur/1 ! "o )9 ! o!r2 b ! nucleus conta9s a great numb] ( diff]5tiat$ elem5ts1 ! *romatic reticulat$ sub/ance1 ! nucle> sub/ance1 ! nucleoli1 etc43 :at becomes ( all ^! elem5ts dur+ ! conjugation ( ! two nuclei8 ,9 #ahha1 ,flemm+ made a new advance 9 ! "q4 ,he det]m9$ m precisely ! nature ( ! fusion ( ! two pronuclei1 e/abli%+ t x consi/$ 9 ! bl5d+ ( _! *romatic sub/ances4 ,?is he obs]v$ 9 ! ova ( ! ,e*9od]ms4 ,accord+ to ! v rec5t works ( ,m4 ,van ,b5$5 ^u ,asc>is megalocephala1 ! great nematoid ( ! horse1 !re is no fusion :atev] betwe5 ! two pronuclei4 ,!y always rema9 di/9ct4 ,ea* passes ?r\gh1 sep>ately1 all ! phases ( k>yok9esis1 :5 ! fecundat$ ovum divides4 ,9 ?is connection ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,m4 ,balbiani confirm ! op9ion ( ,van ,b5$51 :o _h be5 %>ply attack$ by ,c>noy & ,za*>ias4 ,fir/1 9 ea* ( ! two pronuclei ea* reticulate sub/ance is obs]v$ to pres5t ! initial phases ( k>yok9esis2 ! net-works =m into a ske9 t contracts & ?ick5s2 ! ribbon-l body ?us =m$ divides into two segm5ts1 :i* b5d s z to =m acute-angl$ crooks or loops4 ,!re are ?us produc$ two loops 9 ! male pronucleus1 & two 9 ! female pronucleus4 ,!n ! two male loops approa* ! two female loops 9 a mann] su* t a sort ( /> is =m$ ) eight bran*es turn$ t[>ds ! p]iph]y ( ! ovum 7nucle> or equatorial disk74 ,!n ! fecundat$ ovum beg9s to divide into segm5ts4 ,n[ at e new equatorial /age ( ! subsequ5t divisions ( ! ovum ^! f\r loops are se5 to reappe> 9 su* a mann] t fusion nev] takes place betwe5 ! male elem5t & ! female elem5t4 ,ea* ( ! f\r primitive *romatic loops divides by longitud9al division into two second>y loops1 :5ce result two equatorial semi-disks1 ea* =m$ ( f\r second>y loops1 ( :i* two come f ! male pronucleus & two f ! female pronucleus4 ,ea* ( ! two new nuclei conta9s !re=e a c]ta9 numb] ( male & female *romatic loops1 & consequ5tly pres5ts an h]maphroditic con/itution4 ,= ,van ,b5$51 !re=e1 fecundation consi/s ess5tially 9 ! pres5ce 9 ! ovum ( two nuclei1 "o male & "o female4 ,! conjugation ( ! two nuclei is a ph5om5on ( no importance2 x may take place1 or x may n4 ,! physiological signification ( fecundation is a process ( rejuv5ation1 9 :i* ! ovum replaces its old male elem5t ) a new male elem5t1 ! sp]matozon4#af #af ,re*]*es sur la ,maturation de l'uf1 etc4 ,ar*4 de ,biol4 ,vol4 iv4 #ahhc4 ,n\velles ,re*]*es sur la ,fcondation4 ,bul4 de l',acad4 ,roy4 des ,sci5ces de ,belgique1 #c ,srie1 ,vol4 xiv4 #ahhg4 ,m4 ,maupas rem>ks t ! pronuclei ( ! ,infusoria by reason ( _! complicat$ /ructures d n admit ( ^! difficult inve/igations4 ,nev]!less he m5tions ! fact t ^! pronuclei are1 9 ! elem5ts m5tion$1 compos$ ( two di/9ct sub/ances1 hyaloplasm & *romat94 ,he puts =? ! op9ion t ! hyaloplasm con/itutes an accessory portion1 & t ! *romat9 is end[$ ) ! fecundative prop]ties4 ,:i* means t 9 c]ta9 ciliate ,infusoria ! male pronucleus at ! mom5t ( its migration is compos$ solely ( *romat94 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,maupas arrives at ! conclusion t ! supreme end ( fecundationis ! r5ovation1 ! recon/itution1 ( a rejuv5at$ nucleus =m$ by ! copulation ( two fecundative nuclei hav+ di/9ct orig9s & ( :i* ! *romat9 elem5ts repres5t ! ess5tial "p 7page #dcd74 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n[ "t to return a mom5t to ! !ory ( ,weismann & to see if x has n be5 %ak5 by ! new data t we h j plac$ be=e ! read]4 ,accept+ ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,maupas1 :o1 z a matt] ( fact1 has arriv$ at ! same conclusions z ,m4 ,balbiani1 we are l$ to ! admission t :5 a ciliate ,infusorian multiplies by agamic division a great numb] ( times1 ! (fspr+ t appe> aft] f #ej to #ajj bip>titions has n ! same physiological value z its orig9al prog5itor2 & t agamic multiplication ends 9 exhau/ion & 9 natural dea?4 ,b x mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 be tak5 into acc\nt t ?is process ( s5esc5ce is c\nt]act$ by t ( conjugation1 :i* consi/s 9 a nucle> r5ovation2 & s9ce ! sub/ance1 ! protoplasm1 ( ! rejuv5at$ individual escapes dea?1 a new argum5t might be f\nd 9 ^! la/ m5tion$ facts = ! !ory ( ! immortality ( ,infusoria4 ,! "q is1 at bottom1 :e!r ! individual aft] conjugation is id5tically ! same z be=e conjugation1 or :e!r x con/itutes a new animal4 ,9 t ! solution re/s4 ,n[1 ! new elem5t t ! individual acquires by ! act ( conjugation is ! male pronucleus ( its p>tn]4 ,9 addition x loses ! great] "p ( its old accessory nucleus & ! :ole ( its old pr9cipal nucleus4 ,9 return1 by way ( comp5sation1 x pres]ves ! integrity ( its protoplasm & ( its o!r organs4 ,m4 ,grub] believes t physical id5tity p]si/s 9 spite ( ^! modifications4 ,m4 ,maupas ma9ta9s ! contr>y4 ,x seems to u t a "q ( ?is "* does n admit ( a satisfactory solution1 & ?is op9ion w be %>$ by all :o h consid]$ ! idea ( physical id5tity4 ,x is a notion obscure1 unc]ta91 & full ( contradictions4 ,we h =m$ x because x answ]s our practical ne$s4 ,b x is c]ta9ly evid5t t x corresponds to no well def9$ ext]nal ph5om5on4 ,9 fact1 we und]/& by physical id5tity ! con/ant reunion ( c]ta9 elem5ts 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,if ! ord] ( ^! elem5ts is v slightly modifi$1 or if a v small numb] ( ^! elem5ts is replac$ by o!rs1 we d n hesitate to say t ! physical id5tity 9 "q has n be5 alt]$ by ^! insignificant modifications4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ord] has be5 almo/ totally de/roy$1 if ! great] portion ( ! elem5ts has be5 r5ew$1 we %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 say t ! id5tity ( ! ?+ 9 "q _h be5 lo/ 9 ^! alt]ations & t a new object _h replac$ ! old4 ,replace a /one 9 a h\se & ! latt] rema9s ! same h\se2 rebuild ! h\se ^u a new plan & ) diff]5t mat]ials reta9+ v little ( ! fir/ con/ruction1 & x is a diff]5t h\se4 ,b betwe5 ^! two extreme cases !re is a :ole s]ies ( possible int]m$iate *anges1 & we are n able to e/abli% cle>ly by any ext]ior m>k ! po9t :]e physical id5tity ends4 ,?is is a matt] ( p]sonal e/imation2 ,i might ev5 say ( caprice2 & all ! discussions rais$ ^u ^! que/ions appe> to me :olly idle4 ,i believe1 accord+ly1 t ! !sis ( ,weismann reg>d+ ! immortality ( ,infusoria eludes a direct refutation4 ,x is nei!r confirm$ nor ov]turn$ by obs]v$ facts4 ,,alfr$ ,,b9et4 ,,on ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,relations ,,( ,,sex ,,9 ,,human ,,society4 ,mu* int]e/ is display$ at pres5t 9 ! developm5t ( woman1 bo? z to h] p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 & 9 h] relations to h] surr\nd+s 9 human society4 ,x is ju/ly said t ! civilisation ( a nation may be measur$ by ! degree ( humanity display$ by its m5 t[>ds its wom54 ,?is is = ! reason t1 s9ce wom5 are ! weak] sex1 man has only e?ical reasons = self-re/ra9t 9 8 treatm5t ( h]4 ,n[h]e is ! sex-int]e/ "u bett] e?ical control ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & x is 9 ?is c\ntry also t we he> ! mo/ ( re=ms :i* are necess>y 9 ord] t woman may atta9 a fur!r developm5t1 & assume a high] position 9 relation to ! /ate4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is extremely important t ! f\ndation facts1 or 9 o!r words ! necess>y natural conditions1 "u :i* ! sexes co-op]ate 9 society1 %\ld be fully und]/ood4 ,t !y are n und]/ood1 or t !y are int5tionally ignor$ 9 "s qu>t]s1 is evid5t to any "o :o reads ! curr5t lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,! relation ( ! male man to 8 environm5t involves ! usual /ruggle = exi/5ce m or less active4 ,8 pice de resi/ance is ! m9]al & vegetable _w & its atmosph]e1 & 8 antagoni/ is 8 fell[ man4 ,! =m] g5]ally yields m or less abundantly to 8 solicitations4 ,:at he gets f 8 fell[ man is acquir$ ?r\gh ! necessities ( ! latt]1 & ! b5efit may be mutual1 or x may be all on "o side4 ,8 be/ fri5d may unconsci\sly & un9t5tionally1 9 ! regul> ord] ( trade1 r$uce him to begg>y1 or compel him1 z an alt]native1 to emigrate to a di/ant l&4 ,su* results are m frequ5t z population increases4 ,to ma9ta9 himself aga9/ ! de/ructive =ces ( nature1 su* z cold1 heat1 ra9s1 tempe/s1 fires1 blights1 etc41 is 8 necess>y occupation4 ,if he pursue a pr(ession1 or if he be 9 trade1 he mu/ supply ! actual ne$s ( 8 fell[ man1 & bew>e t competition & monopoly d n deprive him ( all return = 8 labor4 ,woman1 consid]$ by h]self1 is subject to id5tical conditions4 ,h] ne$s are ! same & h] environm5t is ! same4 ,b %e is n s well end[$ z man to supply ! "o or to meet ! o!r4 ,h] disabilities are ( two k9ds1 physical & m5tal4 ,! physical are3 fir/1 inf]ior muscul> /r5g?1 & secondly1 *ildbe>+4 ,! latt] means m or less incompet5ce = active "w at mon?ly p]iods1 or sev]al mon?s ( ge/ation & lactation1 & "s ye>s ( c>e ( *ildr54 ,! m5tal disabilities are3 fir/1 inf]ior p[] ( m5tal co-ord9ation2 & secondly1 great] emotional s5sibility1 :i* int]f]es m or less ) rational action4#ag #ag ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only true :]e ! sexes ( ! same subspecies or race are comp>$4 ,f ^! facts x is evid5t t1 7 woman ( ! same sex z man1 t is1 7 %e simply ano!r k9d ( man1 %e w\ld soon be elim9at$ f ! e>? "u ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,?is ne$ n be ?r\gh any ag5cies diff]5t f ^? n[ actually 9 op]ation among m5 "u ! circum/ances ( peaceful trade4 ,& su* is (t5 ! actual hi/ory ( male m5 :o possess m>k$ fem99e *>act]i/ics4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is1 t "s wom5 might n su/a9 !mselves ap>t f m51 9 agriculture1 trade1 & ! pr(essions4 ,?is is especially possible :]e ! /ruggle is n v sev]e2 b 9 ! cases :i* exi/1 few are really indep5d5t ( male assi/ance1 :i* has furni%$ ! capital1 ei!r ( cle>$ l&1 money1 or z an appo9t+ p[]4 ,! g5]al result1 z above /at$1 is self-evid5t f ! facts4 ,rem$ies = ?is disability are frequ5tly propos$4 ,a high] education1 :ile an unque/ion$ advantage1 does n remove x4 ,! ballot w\ld only result 9 remov+ any disability ( an artificial "* :i* might exi/1 b c\ld n effect ^? impos$ by nature4 ,!re is no me?od ( human contrivance by :i* ! natural difficulty may be ov]come4 ,b ,nature has suppli$ a mo/ effective rem$y4 ,woman n be+ ( ! same sex z man1 supplies a necessity :i* is almo/ univ]sal1 s t %e is plac$1 if %e ex]cise reasonable c>e1 9 a position bett] ?an t ( man 9 relation to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! antagoni/ ( man1 8 fell[ man1 is elim9at$ f ! li/ ( ! antagoni/s ( woman1 & t is an advantage :i* _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,n only is man remov$ f ! field z a competitor1 b he becomes an active help] 9 resi/+ ! =ces ( nature4 ,m ?an ?is1 he is will+ "u ! circum/ances1 to divide ) h] :at he extracts f bo? man & nature4 ,7 ^! ! only b5efits t woman d]ives f man !y w\ld con/itute a suffici5t reason = ! usual pref]5ce :i* %e displays = 8 protection1 r ?an = a life ( indep5d5ce4 ,b %e is h]self possess$ ( a sex-int]e/ :i* is satisfi$ by su* a relation4 ,n only ?is1 b h] love ( *ildr5 con/itutes a fur!r inducem5t1 :i* is highly effective 9 br++ ab\t h] cu/om>y relation ) man4 ,x is self-evid5t !n t any sy/em :i* looks to a c>e] = wom5 indep5d5t ( man1 su* z man pursues1 is abnormal1 & injuri\s to h] int]e/s4 ,! support & protection giv5 by man to woman is !n cle>ly r5d]$ z an equival5t = ! s]vices %e r5d]s him 9 ! capacity ( a wife4 ,x is univ]sally impli$1 if n di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! contract betwe5 !m1 t %e %all n be ! wife ( "s o!r man1 & t ! *ildr5 %e be>s %all be also ^? ( ! male p>ty to ! contract1 or ! husb&4 ,x is n necess>y t any su* obligation %\ld be ent]$ into by ! man1 = ! obvi\s reason t he does n be> *ildr54 ,if ! woman violates ?is contract1 ! man is "u no moral or legal obligation to support h]4 ,if ! man has o!r wives he does n !reby =feit protection & support ( ! wife1 s9ce %e has none to (f] him4 ,?is g5]al fact w\ld n prev5t a woman possess$ ( weal? :o support$ a husb&1 f )draw+ su* support 9 case he %\ld become polygam\s4 ,b su* a situation is s exceptional z to des]ve b a pass+ notice 9 a consid]ation ( ! :ole "q4 ,x is frequ5tly insi/$ t responsibility ( man to woman 9 ! matt] ( monogamic relations1 is e?ically ! same z t ( woman to man4 ,?is has n be5 ! view ( mank9d g5]ally1 & x is di/9ctly negativ$ by ! facts 9 ! case4 ,! m>riage relation is cle>ly a contract 9 :i* ! consid]ation on "o side is support & protection1 & ! consid]ation on ! o!r is monogamic wifehood1 or ! def9ite pat]nity ( *ildr5 & _! c>e & education4 ,! imm$iate reason :y p>ticul> m5 & wom5 m>ry p>ticul> wom5 & m51 is1 or ought to be1 love & affection2 b ^! admirable s5tim5ts1 are ! (fspr+ ( natural conditions ( sex1 )\t :i* woman1 & especially man1 w\ld n m>ry at all4 ,& ^! natural conditions are cle>ly satisfi$ by ! ma9t5ance ( ! contract z above describ$4 ,9 ord] to fur!r en=ce ?is position ,i m]ely ref] to ! well-kn[n fact t man _c commit m>ital infidelity 9 ! same s5se t woman c1 on acc\nt ( 8 physical div]sity4 ,8 unfai?fulness introduces no new blood into a family1 & makes no defect 9 ! inh]itance1 z does ! same act on ! "p ( ! woman4 ,! woman is 9 a position ( tru/1 precisely l ! responsible (fic]s ( a bank4 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( bo? to defraud ^? :o tru/ !m4 ,h5ce x is t woman has be5 always held to /rict] acc\nt 9 ?is matt] ?an man1 & always mu/ be4 ,= ?is reason ! jeal\sy display$ by husb&s is m ju/ifiable ?an t display$ by wives2 & ! result ( m>ital infidelity on ! "p ( wives is usually m disa/r\s to ! (f5d+ p>ties4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ^! facts t !re exi/s "s diff]5ce 9 ! e?ical feel+s ( ! sexes on ?is "q4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t !re are m wom5 will+ to live 9 polygamy ?an m5 will+ to live 9 poly&ry1 9 spite ( ! v]bal objections t wom5 make to su* a sy/em 9 mod]n times4 ,i d n n[ ref] to promiscuity1 9 :i* ! affections are 9 no wise conc]n$4 ,9 ?is ev]yway inf]ior relation1 m5 are ! mo/ num]\s (f5d]s4 ,x is = ! reasons above /at$ t wom5 are m monogam\s 9 _! t5d5cies ?an m54 ,n only does ! "q ( support & protection dur+ *ild-be>+ & at o!r times make x m to _! int]e/ to be s1 b !y are m incl9$ to atta* !mselves to p>ticul> p]sons ?an m51 on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior affectional end[m5ts4 ,?is is an inevitable result ( _! occupation 9 ! family & ) ! family = c\ntless ages1 & is z mu* a product ( _! evolution1 z is ! sup]ior rationality & self-control ( ! male sex4 ,! above picture may seem to "s p]sons ( progressive views on ! woman "q some:at onesid$4 ,b ! relation ( man to ! contract is n yet completely describ$4 ,mean:ile ,i ref] to a s5tim5t attribut$ to a s+le woman1 a tea*] 9 a girls' s*ool1 ,i believe ne> ,pittsburg1 quot$ by a lady writ] 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 sev]al mon?s ago4 ,?is lady1 believ+ t ! /r5g? ( ! emotional elem5ts ( "* 9 wom5 con/itutes a disability1 & /&s 9 ! way ( h] s-call$ equality ) man1 _h resolv$ to suppress t "p ( h] nature1 & to live a life free f its consequ5ces4 ,%e hop$ ?us to atta9 a condition n only equal1 b sup]ior to t ( m51 & 0 prep>$ to tea* ! girls committ$ to h] c>e t ?is 0 _! duty to !mselves & to ! _w4 ,= ?is reason %e w\ld n m>ry4 ,! fallacy 9 ?is reason+ consi/s 9 ! omission ( c]ta9 important premises4 ,! pr9cipal "o ( ^! is1 t nei!r %e nor any o!r woman c ext]m9ate 9 a life-"t1 ! h]itage :i* woman has d]iv$ f ! entire hi/ory ( ! human species1 to say no?+ ( ! inh]itance f ! ance/ors ( mank9d1 :]e ! same traits exi/ 9 ! dim9i%$ ratio ( a small] m5tality4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is *ange 9 female "*1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! same c\rse %\ld be pursu$ by _m successive g5]ations ( wom52 h[ _m1 x is impossible to calculate4 ,?is w\ld require t su* wom5 %\ld m>ry1 :i* is :at ! lady ^: views are ref]r$ to above1 desir$ to avoid4 ,9 fact x is typical wom5 :o w m>ry1 & typical wom5 w be !re=e produc$ to ! end ( "t1 unless "s new sy/em ( sex relations %all be introduc$4 ,x is sometimes sugge/$ t a *ange 9 int]sex relations is desirable 9 ord] to effect a full] emancipation ( wom5 f pres5t conditions4 ,) ! rem>k 9 pass+1 t ! natural re/ra9ts impos$ by ! pres5t m>riage sy/em on woman are n great] ?an ^? impos$ on man1 al?\gh diff]5t1 we may ref] to ! alt]native arrangem5t :i* has be5 sometimes adopt$4 ,?is is t woman %\ld be free f all obligation to fidelity to any p>ticul> man1 & t man %\ld be free f ! obligation to support any p>ticul> woman4 ,9 o!r words x is sometimes propos$ t we return to ! primitive /ate ( human society4 ,su* a sy/em has desc5d$ to u f anci5t times1 & x only ne$s to be m5tion$ to satisfy u t woman is ! los] by x to a degree t is disa/r\s to ! int]e/s ( society 9 e respect4 ,x is only a be+ devoid ( ! develop$ traits ( womanhood :o c\ld succe$ 9 a poly&r\s c>e]1 s9ce %e mu/ r5\nce ! pleasures ( family life1 ev5 if %e is exceptionally able to accumulate ! means ( support = h] self & *ildr5 9 lat] ye>s4 ,a second alt]native1 t woman may secure ! support ( "o man1 :ile h] m>ital relations are poly&r\s1 is an impossible dream ( ! imag9ation4 ,?is c\ld be only possible "u ! condition t ! *ild-be>+ sex %\ld be ! /rong] sex1 & fully capable ( self-support & self-protection2 a condition :i* is n f\nd 9 mank9d4 ,a ?ird alt]native is ! communi/ic relation :]e ! /ate supports wom5 & *ildr51 )\t inquiry z to p>5tage1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! monogamic or promiscu\s relation ( ! sexes4 ,su* a sy/em1 c\ld x cont9ue long en\gh1 w\ld result 9 ! break+ up ( ! s5tim5t ( conjugal affection :i* n[ *>act]ises our race1 & ! de/ruction ( m>ital fidelity4 ,! "q is :e!r or n ?is sy/em w\ld be pref]able to t ( monogamic m>riage above describ$4 ,z x is a proposition = ! amelioration ( ! pres5t condition ( wom51 ! decision %\ld re/ ) !m4 ,! wom5 ( ! :ite race w\ld probably decl>e aga9/ x by a v l>ge majority1 7 a vote to be tak54 ,?is vote w\ld be1 h[ev]1 l>gely influ5c$ by cu/om1 & n by a delib]ate conclusion d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce ( su* sy/em _c be _h at pres5t1 we are compell$ to rely on su* k z we possess 9 ! premises4 ,x may be safely assum$ t ! monogamic t5d5cy is con/itutional ) ! majority ( wom54 ,9 spite ( curiosity & o!r inducem5ts1 ! idea ( love = a s+le p]son is deeply +ra9$ 9 h] nature4 ,x is an ideal to be realis$ someh[ & at "s "t1 & any?+ %ort ( x is a disa/] only to be endur$ ?r\gh "s irresi/ible necessity4 ,no normal woman w\ld haz>d ! risks to p]son & prop]ty involv$ 9 indef9ite matrimonial relations4 ,! idea ( ! family becomes ! m fix$ 9 proportion z x is realis$ 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,9 spite ( pessimi/s & un=tunates1 ! mutual love ( man & woman is a s5tim5t deeply seat$ 9 ! nature ( bo?4 ,its /r5g? is atte/$ by ! enorm\s popul>ity ( ! lit]ature ( :i* x =ms ! !me1 & ( ! drama :]e its hi/ory & vicissitudes are depict$4 ,m5 & wom5 :o und]rate its p[]1 or :o attempt to resi/ its effects1 are l dead leaves be=e ! w9ds4 ,w\ld m5 & wom5 be satisfi$ ) a sy/em :i* %\ld place ^! affections 9 con/ant susp5se1 & :i* %\ld af=d no safegu>d = ! protection ( inexp]i5ce1 or def5se aga9/ ! tempor>y effects ( sup]ficial attractions & repulsions8 ,i suspect n1 = m w\ld be lo/ ?an ga9$ by su* possibilities4 ,relief f un=tunate connections is c]ta9ly prop]1 b ?is c be _h 9 su* a way z to r5d] x c]ta9 t ! be/ int]e/s ( bo? p>ties are subs]v$1 by a sy/em ( "t contracts ( m>riage1 su* z ,i crudely sugge/$ 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt = ,novemb] #ahhh4 ,b ! emotions ( sex _c be safely left )\t safegu>ds d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,?is is n only on acc\nt ( ! =ce ( ^! passions !mselves1 b because ( ! mat]ial necessities :i* are s intimately involv$ ) !m4 ,! elem5t ( pat]nal int]e/ w h to be elim9at$ f ! man1 & ( conjugal fidelity f ! woman be=e a communal sy/em c be possible4 ,& ! abs5ce ( ^! traits is only *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ! l[] races ( m5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,evolution has n weak5$1 b has greatly /r5g!n$ !m1 & x is n likely t our race w g backw>d 9 ?is respect4 ,( c\rse x may be ass]t$ t ?is evolution has tak5 ! wrong direction1 & is n an improvem5t4 ,i ?9k ! contr>y may be %[n to be true4 ,! pat]nal in/9ct is z important to ! adolesc5t /ages ( man z ! mat]nal is = ! p]iod ( infancy4 ,pat]nity /imulates ! man to labor = ! support & education ( 8 *ildr51 & = _! g5]al well-be+4 ,)\t su* support _m w\ld die1 rea* an imp]fect developm5t1 or become feeble memb]s ( society4 ,! fidelity ( ! woman develops ! same trait 9 man1 & x /imulates him to ! greate/ ex]tions to secure h] well-be+ also4 ,su* =ces z ^! _c be )drawn f society )\t inf9ite loss4 ,x is ! k t ?is is my wife & t ^! are my *ildr51 t su/a9s m ?an half ( human indu/ry4 ,) a communi/ic sy/em ^! inducem5ts w\ld be )drawn1 & mank9d w\ld s9k into comp>ative apa?y1 7 x possible = ! sy/em to endure long en\gh4 ,x is evid5t t monogamic & polygamic sy/ems are ! only ones possible to mod]n society4 ,! polygamic requires little notice because ! g5]al equality 9 numb]s ( ! sexes deprives x ( f\ndation4 ,x is only possible :]e wom5 are 9 excess1 & :]e !y are will+ to su/a9 x4 ,no man :o is successfully m>ri$ is likely to incur ! additional obligations :i* x imposes4 ,x may be !re=e dismiss$ f notice ) ! fur!r rem>k t x is n on ! o!r h& des]v+ ( ! obloquy ca/ ^u x by c]ta9 p]sons :o are evid5tly comp\nd+ = s9s !y h a m9d to by damn+ ^? !y're n incl9$ to4 ,! monogamic relation hav+ be5 def9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs ,i recur to "s ( its obligations4 ,i h spok5 ( ! infidelity ( woman z ( a high] degree ( crim9ality ?an t ( man1 & h %[n ! basis ( ju/ice on :i* ?is g5]al s5tim5t re/s4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t :ile he :o hires a murd]]1 & he :o receives /ol5 goods does n commit ! actual crime1 he is highly culpable1 & %>es 9 ! condemnation :i* %\ld foll[ x4 ,9 ! case ( ! m>ital infidelity ( ! woman1 he may be ! great] crim9al ( ! two1 z ! in/igator to a de$ :i* w\ld n h be5 o!rwise ev5 sugge/$4 ,9 any case 8 folly is extraord9>y1 z he takes 8 life 9 8 h&s1 & risks t ( 8 p>tn]2 = m5 are wont to pres]ve _! family rights by summ>y process4 ,x w\ld be incr$ible t su* risks %\ld be tak5 7 x n t hi/ory & contempor>y lit]ature (f] _m examples4 ,! few cases :]e palliat+ circum/ances c\ld be claim$ w\ld *iefly occur 9 c\ntries :]e divorce laws d n exi/4 ,! advantages to woman1 aris+ f ! monogamic relation1 are !n1 support & protection1 & undivid$ affection if %e des]ve x1 toge!r ) ! satisfaction ( ! conjugal & mat]nal in/9cts4 ,9 ord] to secure ^! advantages %e mu/ pursue a c\rse t[>ds h] husb& 9 "s degree comp>able to t by :i* h] husb& secures ! confid5ce & e/eem ( 8 fell[ man4 ,fai?fulness 9 adh]+ to contracts1 & p]sonal complaisance cov] mu* ( ! gr\nd4 ,z reg>ds ! man1 he mu/ see to x1 t he does no?+ t t5ds to ! dis9tegration ( ! family relations ( o!r m54 ,! ill disguis$ laudation ( ! infidelity ( wives :i* is s prom95t 9 ,fr5* lit]ature1 is a m>k ( a l[ civilisation1 & x rightly excites ! disgu/ ( all m5 :o h any respect = _! own rights4 ,x looks z ?\gh c]ta9 ,fr5* lit]ature _h be5 writt5 by boys4 ,m5 :o are responsible = su* invasion ( ! rights ( o!rs1 _c expect bett] treatm5t !mselves1 & !y mu/ n be surpris$ if !y are repaid 9 _! own co94 ,:ile ! pres]vation ( ! rights ( ! m>riage contract lies prim>ily ) woman1 = natural reasons2 man is held by 8 fell[ man to a /rict acc\ntability1 & he attempts any invasion ( !m at 8 p]sonal p]il4 ,! pr9ciples above laid d[n are ^? out ( :i* h gr[n our laws on ! subject4 ,"s wom5 & m5 appe> to ?9k !m unju/ to wom54 ,x is true t 9 "s respects1 woman is at a disadvantage4 ,?is disadvantage is1 h[ev]1 ( natural orig9 & _c be ov]come4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %e has a full equival5t 9 ! advantages :i* %e also d]ives f ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,! result is t !re is no real cause ( compla9t1 unless x be t sometimes ! gallantry ( m5 t[>ds wom5 :om !y d n "k1 leads !m to d inju/ice to man 9 cases ( dispute4 ,& "h is an advantage to wom5 :i* is an (fset to ! inju/ice :i* !y sometimes exp]i5ce f ! same s\rce4 ,! correction ( ^! faults is a "p ( ! process ( e?ical developm5t :i* is go+ on 9 human society4 ,& p]haps ! mo/ effective ag5cy 9 ?is developm5t is ! relation ( ! memb]s ( ! family to ea* o!r1 :]e affection takes ! place ( =ce1 s9ce x is ! s\rce ( our deepe/ pleasures & our sev]e/ pa9s4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,cope4 ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,s5sations4 ,,antimetaphysical4 ,i4 ,! great results t physical rese>* 9 ! la/ c5turies has a*iev$1 n only 9 its own doma91 b also1 by ! assi/ance x has af=d$1 9 ! doma9 ( o!r sci5ces1 h br\ght x ab\t t physical ways ( ?9k+ & physical me?ods ( proc$ure h ev]y:]e atta9$ to especial prom95ce1 & t ! greate/ expectations are associat$ ) _! employm5t4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is drift ( mod]n rese>* ! physiology ( ! s5ses1 gradually leav+ ! pa?s t _h be5 ent]$ ^u by m5 l ,goe!1 ,s*op5hau]1 & o!rs1 b especially ) ! greate/ success by ,johannes ,mll]1 has also almo/ exclusively assum$ a physical "*4 ,?is t5d5cy mu/ appe> to u z n exactly ! prop] & ! desirable "o1 :5 we reflect t physics despite its consid]able developm5t nev]!less con/itutes b a portion ( a great] collective body ( k1 & t x is incompet5t ) its limit$ intellectual me?ods1 creat$ = especial & limit$ purposes1 to exhau/ ! entire mat]ial ( ! prov9ce n[ "u consid]ation4 ,h[ev]1 )\t r5\nc+ ! support ( ! sci5ce ( physics1 x is possible = ! physiology ( ! s5ses n only to cont9ue its own special developm5t1 b also to af=d physical sci5ce itself valuable assi/ance4 ,! foll[+ simple consid]ations w s]ve to illu/rate ?is relation4 ,,ii4 ,colors1 s\nds1 temp]atures1 pressures1 spaces1 times1 & ! l1 are unit$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! mo/ manifold ways2 & to ^! are jo9$ moods ( m9d1 feel+s1 & wills4 ,out ( ?is complication1 t :i* is relatively ! m fix$ & ! m p]man5t /&s prom95tly =?1 engraves itself 9 ! memory1 & expresses itself 9 language4 ,z relatively m p]man5t appe>1 fir/1 complexes ( colors1 s\nds1 pressures1 & s =?1 t are connect$ 9 "t & space1 t !re=e receive special names1 & are designat$ z bodies4 ,su* complexes are by no means absolutely p]man5t4 ,my table is n[ brightly & n[ d>kly light$4 ,x may be w>m] or cold]4 ,x may receive an ink /a94 ,"o ( its legs may get brok54 ,x c be repair$1 poli%$1 & replac$ "p = "p4 ,b = me1 amid all1 x rema9s ! table at :i* ,i daily write4 ,my fri5d c put on a diff]5t coat4 ,8 c\nt5ance c assume a s]i\s or joyful expression4 ,! complexion ( 8 face1 "u ! effects ( light or ( emotion1 c *ange4 ,8 %ape c be alt]$ by a movem5t1 or c be p]man5tly trans=m$4 ,b ! sum total ( ! p]man5t1 z comp>$ ) gradual alt]ations ( ?is k9d1 always rema9s s great1 t ! latt] vani%4 ,x is ! same fri5d ) :om ,i take my daily walk4 ,my coat c receive a /a91 a te>4 ,! v mann] ( my expression indicates t ! gi/ ( ! ?+ is a quantity ( p]man5cy1 to :i* ! new elem5t is add$ & f :i* t :i* is lack+ is subsequ5tly d$uct$4 ,our great] intimacy ) ?is quantity ( p]man5cy1 & its prepond]ance z contra/$ ) ! *angeable1 impel u to ! p>tly in/9ctive1 p>tly volunt>y & consci\s economy ( m5tal repres5tation & designation :i* is express$ 9 ord9>y ?\ght & spee*4 ,t :i* has be5 once p]ceptually repres5t$ receives a s+le designation1 a s+le "n4 ,z relatively p]man5t1 is exhibit$1 fur!r1 t complex ( memories1 moods1 & feel+s1 jo9$ to a p>ticul> body 7! human body71 :i* is d5om9at$ ! ,i or ,ego4 ,i c be engag$ ) ?is subject or ) t subject1 ,i c be quiet or animat$1 excit$ or ill-hum\r$4 ,yet--pa?ological cases n consid]$--en\gh t is p]man5t rema9s to recognise ! ego z ! same4 ,moreov]1 ! ego also is only ( relative p]man5cy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! app>5t p]man5cy ( ! ego consi/s pre-em95tly 9 ! fact ( its cont9uity1 & 9 its sl[ *ange4 ,! _m ?\ghts & plans ( ye/]day t are cont9u$ to-day1 & ( :i* our environm5t 9 wak+ h\rs cont9ually rem9ds u 7& !re=e 9 dreams ! ego c be v indi/9ct1 d\bl$1 or entirely want+71 & ! little habits t are unconsci\sly & involunt>ily kept up = long] p]iods ( "t1 con/itute ! fundam5tal root ( ! ego4 ,!re c h>dly be great] diff]5ces 9 ! ego ( diff]5t p1 ?an occur 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s 9 "o p]son4 ,:5 ,i recall to-day my e>ly y\?1 ,i %\ld take ! boy t ,i !n 01 ) ! exception ( a few s+le features1 = a diff]5t p]son1 did n ! *a9 ( memories t make up my p]sonality n[ lie be=e me4 ,_m a treatise t ,i myself wrote tw5ty ye>s ago1 n[ makes ^u me a v /range impression4 ,! v gradual "* ( ! *anges ( ! body also contributes to ! p]man5cy ( ! ego1 b 9 a mu* less degree ?an p imag9e4 ,su* ?+s are mu* less analys$ & notic$ ?an ! intellectual & ! moral ego4 ,individually1 p]sonally1 p h a v poor k ( !mselves4 ,once1 :5 a "y man1 ,i espi$ 9 ! /reet a face 9 pr(ile t 0 v displeas+ & repulsive to me4 ,i 0 n a little tak5 aback :5 a mom5t aft]w>ds ,i f\nd t x 0 my own1 :i*1 9 pass+ by a place :]e mirrors 7 sold1 ,i _h p]ceiv$ reflect$ f two mirrors t /ood at ! prop] incl9ation to ea* o!r4 ,n long ago1 aft] a try+ railway j\rney by night1 be+ mu* fatigu$1 ,i got into an omnibus j z ano!r g5tleman appe>$ at ! o!r end4 ,:at deg5]at$ p$agogue is t1 :o has j ent]$1 ?\ght ,i4 ,x 0 myself3 opposite me hung a l>ge mirror4 ,my ord9>y dress1 accord+ly1 0 m famili> to me ?an my travell+ attire4 ,! ego is z little absolutely p]man5t z bodies4 ,t :i* we s greatly fe> 9 dea?1 ! annihilation ( our p]man5cy1 actually occurs 9 life 9 abundant measure4 ,t :i* is mo/ valu$ by u1 rema9s pres]v$ 9 c\ntless copies1 or1 9 cases ( exceptional excell5ce1 z a rule pres]ves itself4 ,9 ! be/ human be+1 h[ev]1 !re are individual traits ! loss ( :i* nei!r he himself nor o!rs ne$ regret4 ,inde$1 at times1 dea?1 view$ z lib]ation f individuality1 c ev5 become a pleasant ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! fir/ survey has be5 obta9$1 by ! =mation ( ! concepts ( sub/ance1 body ego 7matt]1 s\l71 ! w is impell$ to a m exact exam9ation ( ! *anges t take place 9 ?is relatively p]man5t exi/5ce4 ,! *angeable elem5t 9 bodies & 9 ! ego1 inde$1 is ! v ?+ t moves ! w4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 d ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! complex /& =? z prop]ties ( ! same4 ,a fruit is sweet2 b x c also be bitt]4 ,s1 too1 o!r fruits c be sweet4 ,! r$ color t is s\ght is f\nd 9 _m bodies4 ,! neighborhood ( "s bodies is pleasant1 t ( o!rs unpleasant4 ,?us1 gradually1 d diff]5t complexes appe> to be compos$ ( common con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! visible1 ! audible1 ! tangible1 are sep>at$ f bodies4 ,! visible is brok5 up into color & into =m4 ,out ( ! manifold con/itution ( colors issue1 aga91 9 less] numb]s1 c]ta9 o!r con/itu5t elem5ts--! prim>y colors1 & s =?4 ,! complexes are dis9tegrat$ into elem5ts4 ,,iii4 ,! prop] & useful habit ( designat+ t :i* is p]man5t by a s+le "n1 & ( compreh5d+ ! same 9 a s+le ?\ght1 )\t analys+ at ea* op]ation its con/itu5t p>ts1 is liable to come into s+ul> conflict ) ! t5d5cy to sep>ate ^! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! obscure image =m$ ( ! p]man5t1 :i* does n p]ceptibly *ange :5 "o or ano!r con/itu5t "p is tak5 away1 appe>s to be some?+ exi/5t by itself4 ,inasmu* z x is possible to take away s+ly e con/itu5t "p )\t effect+ ! capacity ( ! image =m$ to repres5t ! totality involv$1 or effect+ its subsequ5t recognition1 x is imag9$ t x is possible to take away all ^! p>ts & yet h some?+ rema9+4 ,?us arises ! mon/r\s idea ( a ?+ ( itself1 diff]5t f1 & incognisable ) relation to1 its ph5om5al exi/5ce4 ,?+1 body1 matt]1 are no?+ ap>t f ?is complex ( colors1 s\nds1 & s =?--ap>t f _! s-call$ m>ks1 or *>act]i/ics4 ,t ,protean1 illusory philosophical problem ( a s+le indep5d5t ?+ ) _m prop]ties1 arises f ! misund]/&+ ( ! fact1 t ext5sive compreh5sion & accurate sep>ation1 al?\gh bo? are tempor>ily ju/ifiable & pr(itable = a numb] ( purposes1 c n & mu/ n be employ$ simultane\sly4 ,a body is s+le & un*angeable s long z x is n requir$ to take details into consid]ation4 ,?us bo? ! e>? & a billi>d ball are sph]es s long z we disreg>d all m9or deviations f ! sph]ical =m1 & great] exactitude is n necess>y4 ,b if we are compell$ to c>ry on inve/igations 9 orography or microscopy bo? bodies cease to be sph]es4 ,,iv4 ,man possesses 9 pre-em95ce ! p[] to det]m9e arbitr>ily & consci\sly 8 po9t ( view4 ,he c at "o "t disreg>d ! mo/ sali5t features1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds take into acc\nt ! smalle/ trifles2 n[ reg>d a curr5t ( electricity z fix$1 )\t consid]ation ( its cont5ts1 & n[ det]m9e ! wid? ( a ,frau5h(] l9e 9 ! sol> spectrum2 he c rise1 at w1 to ! mo/ g5]al ab/ractions1 or bury himself 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s4 ,! animal possesses ?is capacity 9 a mu* less degree4 ,x does n assume a po9t ( view1 b usually is br\ght to x by impressions4 ,! baby t does n recognise its fa!r ) 8 hat on1 ! dog t is p]plex$ at ! new coat ( its ma/]1 h succumb$ 9 ! conflict ( po9ts ( view4 ,:o has n be5 ?us wor/$ 9 simil> cases8 ,ev5 ! man ( philosophy at times succumbs1 z ! fanta/ic problem above ref]r$ to1 %[s4 ,inde$1 d n c]ta9 circum/ances actually appe> to furni% a ju/ification ( t problem8 ,colors1 s\nds1 ! odors ( bodies are evanesc5t4 ,b ! tangible "p1 z a sort ( con/ant1 durable nucleus1 n easily liable to annihilation1 rema9s beh9d2 appe>+ z ! vehicle ( ! m fugitive prop]ties annex$ to x4 ,habit firmly affixes our ?\ght to ?is c5tral nucleus1 ev5 :]e ! k has f\nd its way1 t see+1 he>+1 smell+1 & t\*+ are intimately ak9 9 "*4 ,add$ to ?is1 also1 comes ! fact1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! s+ul>ly ext5sive developm5t ( me*anical physics a k9d ( high] reality is ascrib$ to ,space & ,"t ?an to colors1 s\nds1 & odors4 ,agreeably to :i*1 ! junction 9 space & "t ( colors1 s\nds1 & odors appe>s m real ?an colors1 s\nds1 & odors !mselves4 ,! physiology ( ! s5ses1 h[ev]1 demon/rates1 t spaces & times c ) z mu* ju/ice be t]m$ s5sations1 z colors & s\nds4 ,v4 ,also ! ego1 z well z ! relation ( bodies to ! ego1 occasions ! rise ( analog\s seem+-problems1 ! "* ( :i* may be briefly pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! complexes ( colors1 s\nds1 & s =?1 t are commonly call$ bodies1 we %all designate = ! sake ( simplicity by ,a ,b ,c 4442 ! complex t is kn[n z our own body1 & :i* con/itutes a "p ( ! =m]1 we %all call ,k ,l ,m 4442 ! complex compos$ ( volitions1 memory-images1 & ! l1 we %all repres5t by 4 ,usually1 n[1 ! complex 444 ,k ,l ,m 444 is oppos$ z ego1 to ! complex ,a ,b ,c 444 reg>d$ z _w ( sub/ance2 sometimes1 too1 444 is compreh5d$ z ego1 & ,k ,l ,m 444 ,a ,b ,c 444 compreh5d$ z _w ( sub/ance4 ,n[ ,a ,b ,c 444 fir/ appe>s z indep5d5t ( ! ego4 ,b ?is indep5d5ce is only relative1 & gives way be=e clos] inspection4 ,mu*1 x is true1 may *ange 9 ! complex 444 )\t mu* becom+ noticeable 9 ,a ,b ,c 4442 & s vice v]sa4 ,b _m *anges 9 444 pass1 by way ( *anges 9 ,k ,l ,m 4441 ov] to ,a ,b ,c 4442 & vice v]sa4 7,z1 = example1 :5 vivid ideas break =? into acts1 or our environm5t br+s ab\t p]ceptible *anges 9 our body47 ,at ! same "t ,k ,l ,m 444 appe>s to be m closely connect$ ) 444 & ,a ,b ,c 444 respectively1 ?an ! latt] d ) "o ano!r2 relations t f9d _! commone/ expression 9 ?\ght & spee*4 ,closely exam9$1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t ,a ,b ,c 444 is always det]m9$ ) & by ,k ,l ,m4 ,a die1 :5 se5 close at h&1 looks l>ge2 :5 se5 at a di/ance1 small2 x looks diff]5t ) ! "r eye f :at x does ) ! left2 sometimes x appe>s d\ble2 ) clos$ eyes x is invisible4 ,! prop]ties ( ! same body1 !re=e1 appe> z modifi$ by our own body2 !y appe> z condition$ by x4 ,b :]e1 pray1 is ?is same body t ph5om5ally appe>s s diff]5t8 ,all t c be said is1 t diff]5t ,a ,b ,c 444 are annex$ to diff]5t ,k ,l ,m4#ah #ah ,i express$ ?is ?\ght _m ye>s ago 79 ! ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,leipsic & ,neuwi$1 #ahfh3 ,ueb] die ,abhngigkeit d] ,netzhaut/ell5 von e9&]7 z foll[s3 ,! expressions s5se-deception & illusion ( ! s5ses prove1 t we are n yet fully consci\s1 or at lea/ t we h n yet f\nd x necess>y to incorporate ?is consci\sness into our ord9>y t]m9ology1 t ! s5ses repres5t ?+s nei!r wrongly nor correctly4 ,all t c be truly said ( ! s5sory organs is1 t1 "u diff]5t circum/ances !y produce diff]5t s5sations & p]ceptions4 ,s9ce ^! circum/ances are ( s extremely manifold a "*1 be+ p>tly ext]nal 7inh]5t 9 ! objects71 p>tly int]nal 7inh]5t 9 ! s5sory organs71 & p>tly int]ior 7hav+ ! seat ( _! activity 9 ! c5tral organs71 x w\ld naturally seem1 especially :5 att5tion is paid only to ext]nal circum/ances1 t an organ acts diff]5tly "u l conditions4 ,& x is cu/om>y to call ! unusual effects1 deceptions or illusions4 ,we see an object ) a po9t ,s4 ,if we t\* ,s1 t is br+ x into relation ) our body1 we receive a prick4 ,we c see ,s1 )\t feel+ ! prick4 ,b z soon z we feel ! prick we f9d ,s4 ,! visible po9t !re=e is a p]man5t fact or nucleus1 to :i* ! prick is annex$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 z some?+ accid5tal4 ,f ! frequ5cy ( occurr5ces analog\s to ?is we ultimately accu/om ourselves to reg>d all prop]ties ( bodies z effects proce$+ f p]man5t p]si/5t nuclei & convey$ to ! ego ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! body2 :i* effects we call s5sations4 ,by ?is v op]ation1 h[ev]1 ^! imag9$ nuclei lose _! entire s5sory cont5t1 & become m]e m5tal symbols4 ,! ass]tion is correct !n t ! _w consi/s only ( our s5sations4 ,9 :i* case we h k only ( s5sations1 & ! assumption ( ! nuclei m5tion$1 z well z ( a reciprocal action betwe5 ! same1 f :i* s5sations might be suppos$ orig9ally to proce$1 turns out to be :olly idle & sup]flu\s4 ,su* a view c only suit a halt+ realism or a half-matur$ philosophic criticism4 ,,vi4 ,ord9>ily ! complex 444 ,k ,l ,m 444 is oppos$ z ego to ! complex ,a ,b ,c4 ,^? elem5ts only ( ,a ,b ,c 444 t m actively alt] 4441 z a prick1 a pa91 are we accu/om$ to compreh5d 9 ! ego4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh obs]vations ( ! k9d above m5tion$1 x appe>s t ! "r to annex ,a ,b ,c 444 to ! ego at no po9t ceases4 ,9 con=mity to :i* ! ego c be s ext5d$ z ultimately to compreh5d ! entire _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,i say t ! table1 ! tree1 & s =?1 are s5sations ( m9e1 !re is conta9$ 9 ?is1 z contra/$ ) ! me?od ( repres5tation ( ! ord9>y man1 an actual ext5sion ( my ego4 ,& s1 too1 ^u ! emotional side1 su* ext5sions actually occur2 z = ! virtuoso1 :o possesses z p]fect a ma/]y ( 8 in/rum5t z he does ( 8 own body2 = ! skilful orator 9 :om ! eyes ( an audi5ce conv]ge1 & :o controls ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>]s2 = ! en]getic politician :o directs ) ease 8 p>ty2 & s on4 ,9 conditions ( depression1 on ! o!r h&1 su* z n]v\s p (t5 h to endure1 ! ego contracts & %r9ks4 ,a wall seems to sep>ate x f ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ego is n %>ply def9$1 its limits are v indef9ite1 & arbitr>ily displaceable4 ,only by mi/ak+ ?is1 & by unconsci\sly n>r[+ ^! limits1 z well also z by enl>g+ !m1 d metaphysical difficulties1 9 ! conflict ( po9ts ( view1 arise4 ,z soon z we h recognis$ t ! suppos$ unities body & ego are only make-%ifts = a provisional survey & = c]ta9 practical ends 7t we may appreh5d bodies1 protect ourselves f pa91 & s =?71 we are oblig$1 9 _m ?or\gh-go+ sci5tific inve/igations1 to ab&on !m z insuffici5t & inappropriate4 ,! opposition betwe5 ego & _w1 s5sation 7or ph5om5on7 & ?+1 !n vani%es1 & we are br\ght to deal simply ) ! connection & relation ( ! elem5ts 444 ,a ,b ,c 444 ,k ,l ,m 4441 = :i* inde$ ?is v opposition 0 only a p>tially appropriate1 imp]fect expression4 ,?is connection is no?+ m ?an ! comb9ation ( ^? elem5ts ) o!r homolog\s elem5ts 7"t & space74 ,?is connection sci5ce has simply to accept1 & set itself aright ) reg>d to x1 )\t attempt+ to expla9 its exi/5ce4 ,^u sup]ficial exam9ation ! complex 444 appe>s to consi/ ( mu* m evanesc5t elem5ts ?an ,a ,b ,c 444 & ,k ,l ,m 4441 9 :i* two la/ ! elem5ts appe> to be jo9$ ) m /ability & 9 a m p]man5t mann] 7be+ jo9$ to solid nuclei z x 774 ,al?\gh ^u clos] inspection ! elem5ts ( all complexes appe> z homolog\s1 yet ev5 9 spite ( ! recognition ( ?is fact1 ! anci5t notion ( an opposition ( body & _s easily creeps 94 ,! spirituali/ feels1 at times1 ! difficulty ( imp>t+ ! necess>y solidity to 8 _w ( sub/ance creat$ by m9d3 ! mat]iali/ is at a loss :at to d :5 call$ ^u to animate & end[ ) s5sation ! _w ( matt]4 ,! moni/ic po9t ( view t reflection & reason h evolv$1 is easily ov]ca/ by ! old] & m p[]ful in/9ctive notions4 ,,vii4 ,! difficulty describ$ is especially felt 9 ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,9 ! complex ,a ,b ,c 444 :i* we h designat$ z ! mat]ial _w1 we f9d z "p1 n only our own body ,k ,l ,m 4441 b also ! bodies ( o!r p]sons 7or animals7 ,k' ,l' ,m' 4441 ,k ,l ,m 4441 annex$ to :i*1 aft] ! analogy ( ! complex 4441 we conceive simil> ' ' ' 4441 4 ,z long z we deal ) ,k' ,l' ,m' 4441 we f9d ourselves 9 a ?or\ghly famili> prov9ce1 at e po9t s5sorially accessible to u4 ,b :5 we inquire aft] ! s5sations or feel+s t belong to ! body ,k' ,l' ,m' 4441 we no long] f9d 9 ! prov9ce ( s5se ! elem5ts we seek3 b we add !m 9 ?\ght4 ,n only is ! doma9 into :i* we n[ ent] mu* less famili> to u1 b also ! transition to x is relatively unsafe4 ,we are possess$ ( a feel+ z if we 7 ab\t to plunge into an abyss4 ,!y t always pursue ?is direction ( ?\ght & ?is direction only1 w nev] get completely rid ( ! feel+ ( insecurity t is v productive z a s\rce ( app>5t problems4 ,b we are n limit$ to ?is way ( reason+4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! reciprocal relation ( ! elem5ts ( ! complex ,a ,b ,c 4441 )\t reg>d+ ,k ,l ,m 444 7our body74 ,e physical inve/igation is ( ?is k9d4 ,a :ite bullet falls ^u a bell2 a s\nd is he>d4 ,! bullet turns yell[ be=e a sodium lamp1 r$ be=e a li?ium lamp4 ,"h ! elem5ts 7,a ,b ,c 4447 appe> to be connect$ only among ea* o!r & to be indep5d5t ( our body 7,k ,l ,m 44474 ,b if we take santon9e ! bullet turns yell[ aga94 ,if we turn "o eye sidewise we see two bullets4 ,if we close our eyes entirely we see no bullet at all4 ,if we sev] our auditory n]ve no s\nd is he>d4 ,! elem5ts ,a ,b ,c 4441 !re=e1 are n only connect$ among ea* o!r1 b also ) ,k ,l ,m4 ,to ?is ext5t & to ?is ext5t only d we call ,a ,b ,c 444 s5sations1 & reg>d ,a ,b ,c 444 z belong+ to ! ego4 ,9 ?is way1 accord+ly1 we d n meet ) ! gap betwe5 bodies & s5sations be=e describ$1 betwe5 t :i* is )\t & t :i* is )91 betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual _w4#ai ,all elem5ts ,a ,b ,c 444 ,k ,l ,m 444 con/itute b "o s+le coh]5t mass1 :i* :5 any "o elem5t 9 x is di/urb$ all is put 9 motion2 except t a di/urbance has a m ext5sive & pr(\nd action 9 ,k ,l ,m 4441 ?an 9 ,a ,b ,c4 ,a magnet 9 our neighborhood di/urbs ! p>ticles ( iron ne> x2 a fall+ b\ld] %akes ! e>?2 b ! sev]+ ( a n]ve sets 9 motion ! entire sy/em ( elem5ts4 ,q involunt>ily does ?is relation ( ?+s sugge/ ! picture ( a visc\s mass1 at c]ta9 places 7z 9 ! ego7 m firmly coh]5t ?an at o!rs4 #ai ,comp>e my ,grundl9i5 d] ,lehre von d5 ,bewegungsempf9dung54 ,leipsic1 ,engelmann1 #ahge1 p4 #ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,i fir/ came to ,vi5na f ! c\ntry1 z a boy f\r or five ye>s ( age1 & 0 tak5 by my fa!r ^u ! walls ( ! city's =tifications1 ,i 0 v mu* surpris$ to see p bel[ 9 ! moat & c\ld n und]/& h[1 reg>d$ f my po9t ( view1 !y c\ld h gott5 d[n !re2 = ! ?\ght ( ano!r possible way nev] occurr$ to me4 ,i rem>k$ ! same amazem5t1 once aft]w>ds 9 life1 9 ! case ( a ?ree-ye> old boy ( m9e1 :ile tak+ a walk ) him ^u ! walls ab\t ,prague4 ,i recall ?is feel+ to m9d e "t ,i engage myself ) ! reflection above ref]r$ to1 & ,i frankly confess t ?is accid5tal exp]i5ce ( m9e greatly help$ to /r5g!n ! op9ion ^u ?is po9t t ,i adopt$ a long "t ago4 ,! habit ( pursu+ ! same ways 9 mat]ial & psy*ical ?+s op]ates to confuse greatly our field ( survey4 ,a *ild =c+ its way ?r\gh a wall 9 a h\se 9 :i* x has long dwelt1 c exp]i5ce an actual enl>gem5t ( its view ( ! _w1 & a slight sci5tific h9t c br+ mu* enlight5m5t4 ,,viii4 ,accord+ly1 ! great *asm betwe5 physical & psy*ological rese>* exi/s only = ! common /]eotyp$ me?od ( obs]vation4 ,a color is a physical object :51 = example1 we reg>d its dep5d5ce ^u its lum9\s s\rce 7^u o!r colors1 ^u heat1 ^u space1 & s =?74 ,reg>d+ h[ev] its dep5d5ce ^u ! ret9a 7! elem5ts ,k ,l ,m 44471 x becomes a psy*ological object1 a s5sation4 ,n ! subject-matt]1 b ! direction ( our inve/igation is diff]5t 9 ! two doma9s4 ,:51 f ! obs]vation ( ! bodies ( o!r m5 or animals1 we inf] _! s5sations1 z well also z :5 we inve/igate ! influ5ce ( our own body ^u our own s5sations1 we are =c$ to complete obs]v$ facts by analogy4 ,?is "w ( completion by analogy is done ) mu* m accuracy & facility1 :5 x relates1 let u say1 to n]v\s processes1 :i* _c be fully obs]v$ 9 our own bodies--t is :5 x occurs 9 ! m famili> physical doma9--?an :5 ! completion relates to psy*ical processes4 ,o!rwise !re is no mat]ial diff]5ce4 ,,ix4 ,! ?\ghts pres5t$ ga9 greatly 9 fixity & vividness if 9 addition to simply express+ !m 9 ab/ract =m we br+ ourselves face to face ) ! facts f :i* !y arise4 ,= example1 ,i lie ^u my s(a4 ,if ,i close my "r eye ! picture repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cut is pres5t$ to my left eye4 ,9 a frame =m$ by ! ridge ( my eyebr[1 by my nose1 & by my m\/a*e1 appe>s a "p ( my body1 s f> z x is visible1 & also ! ?+s & space ab\t x4 ,my body diff]s f o!r human bodies--leav+ out ( acc\nt ! fact t e vivid motory idea imm$iately passes into movem5t & t contact ) x det]m9es m p]ceptible *anges ?an contact ) o!r bodies--by ! circum/ance1 t x is only p>tly se51 &1 especially1 is se5 )\t a head4 ,if ,i obs]ve an elem5t ,a )9 my field ( vision1 & inve/igate its connection ) ano!r elem5t ,b )9 ! same field1 ,i g out ( ! doma9 ( physics into t ( physiology or psy*ology1 if ,b1 to use ! apposite expression t a fri5d#bj ( m9e employ$ ^u see+ ?is draw+1 passes ?r\gh my sk94 ,reflections l t = ! field ( vision may be made ) reg>d to ! prov9ce ( t\* & ! p]ceptual doma9s ( ! o!r s5ses4 #bj ,j4 ,popp] ( ,vi5na4 ,illu/ration ,x4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! diff]5t "* ( ! gr\ps ( elem5ts t we h designat$ by ,a ,b ,c 444 & 4 ,z a matt] ( reality1 :5 we see a gre5 tree be=e u1 or rememb] a gre5 tree1 t is conceive a gre5 tree to ourselves1 we "k "r well h[ to di/+ui% ^! two cases4 ,! imag$ tree has a mu* less det]m9ate1 a mu* m *angeable =m2 its gre5 is mu* pal] & m evanesc5t2 &1 :at is ( especial note1 x di/9ctly appe>s 9 a diff]5t sph]e4 ,a movem5t t we propose to execute is always only a conceiv$ movem5t1 & appe>s 9 a diff]5t field or sph]e f t ( ! execut$ movem5t1 :i* moreov] always takes place :]e ! image becomes vivid en\gh4 ,! /atem5t t ! elem5ts ,a or appe> 9 a diff]5t sph]e1 means1 if we g to ! bottom ( x1 no?+ m ?an t !y are unit$ ) div]s o!r elem5ts4 ,to ?is ext5t1 accord+ly1 ! basal compon5t p>ts 9 ,a ,b ,c 4441 444 w\ld be ! same 7colors1 s\nds1 spaces1 times1 motory s5sations1 inn]vations 44471 & only ! "* ( _! union diff]5t4 ,pa9 & pleasure are ord9>ily reg>d$ z diff]5t f s5sory s5sations4 ,yet n only tactile s5sations1 b also all o!r k9ds ( s5sations1 c gradually pass into pleasure & pa94 ,pleasure & pa9 c also ju/ly be call$ s5sations4 ,only !y are n s well analys$ & s famili> z s5sory s5sations4 ,s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 h[ev] fa9t ! mode ( _! appe>ance1 make up inde$ ! real cont5t ( all s-call$ feel+s4 ,?us p]ceptions1 z well z ideas1 volition1 & feel+s1 9 %ort ! entire inn] & out] _w1 are compos$ ( a small numb] ( homolog\s elem5ts unit$ 9 relations n[ m evanesc5t & n[ m la/+4 ,^! elem5ts are commonly call$ s5sations4 ,b s9ce ve/iges ( a "o-sid$ !ory n[ inh]e 9 ?is t]m1 we pref] to speak simply ( elem5ts1 z we h already done4 ,all rese>* aims at ! resolution ( ! union ( ^! elem5ts4#ba #ba ,comp>e ! rem>ks app5d$ to my treatise3 ,die ,ges*i*te und die ,wurzel des ,satzes d] ,erhaltung d] ,arbeit4 ,prague4 ,calve4 #ahgb4 ,,xi4 ,t out ( ?is complex ( elem5ts :i* at bottom is simply "o1 ! limits ( bodies & ! ego d n admit ( be+ fix$ 9 a mann] c]ta9 & suffici5t = all cases1 has already be5 said4 ,! composition ( ! elem5ts1 intimately connect$ ) pleasure & pa91 into an ideal m5tal-economical unity1 ! ego1 is a "w ( ! highe/ significance = ! intellectual functions t act 9 ! s]vice ( ! pa9-avoid+1 pleasure-seek+ w4 ,! =mation ( ! ego by ?is process ( circumscription & delimitation is !re=e in/9ctively effect$1 x gr[s famili> & natural1 & fixes itself p]haps ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,by _! high practical value1 n only = ! individual1 b also = ! entire race1 ! composites ego & body in/9ctively ass]t _! exi/5ce1 & op]ate ) ! p[] ( orig9al elem5ts4 ,9 special circum/ances1 h[ev]1 9 :i* practical ends are n conc]n$1 b k becomes an object 9 itself1 ?is delimitation (t5 turns out to be insuffici5t1 ob/ructive1 & unt5able4 ,pr(essional esprit de corps1 & ev5 pr(essional bias1 ! s5tim5t ( nationality1 ! mo/ n>r[-m9d$ local patriotism may also h a high value1 = c]ta9 purposes4 ,b su* conceptions w n *>act]ise ! f>-sight$ inve/igator1 at lea/ n 9 ! mom5t ( rese>*4 ,all ^! egoi/ic conceptions are adequate = practical purposes only4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 ! inve/igator c succumb to cu/om4 ,trifl+ s*ola/ic fiddle-faddle1 ! cunn+ appropriation ( o!rs' labor & p]fidi\s sil5ce ) reg>d to x1 ! num]\s objections & compla9ts :5 unavoidably compell$ to give recognition1 & ! scanty illum9ation ( o!rs' p]=mances on su* occasions1 abundantly %[ t ! sci5ti/ & s*ol> h also to fight ! battle ( exi/5ce1 t ! ways ( sci5ce yet lead to ! m\?1 & t ! pure que/ ( k amid our pres5t social relations is /ill an ideal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prim>y fact is n ! ,i1 ! ego1 b ! elem5ts 7s5sations74 ,! elem5ts con/itute ! ,i4 ,i p]ceive ! s5sation gre51 means1 t ! elem5t gre5 occurs 9 a giv5 complex ( o!r elem5ts 7s5sations1 memories74 ,:5 ,i cease to p]ceive ! s5sation gre51 :5 ,i die1 !n ! elem5ts no long] occur 9 _! cu/om>y1 common way ( association4 ,t is all4 ,only an ideal m5tal-economical unity1 n a real unity1 has ceas$ to exi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ego is n an un*angeable1 def9ite1 %>ply-def9$ unity4 ,! important factor is n un*angeability1 n det]m9ate di/+ui%ability f o!r ?+s1 & n accurate limitation1 = all ^! factors ev5 v>y )9 ! sph]e ( individual life itself1 & _! alt]ation is ev5 s\ght by ! individual4 ,cont9uity alone is important4 ,?is view admirably accords ) t to :i* ,weismann rec5tly atta9$ by biological inve/igations 7,reg>d+ ! ,immortality ( ,unicellul> ,be+s1 ,biolog4 ,c5tralbl41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,nos4 #ba1 #bb2 comp>e especially pp4 #fed & #fee1 :]e ! division ( ! individual into two equal halves is spok5 (74 ,b ?is cont9uity is only a means to dispose & to assure ! cont5t ( ! ego4 ,?is cont5t & n ! ego is ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,b ?is cont5t is n conf9$ to ! individual4 ,) ! exception ( insignificant1 valueless1 p]sonal memories or rem9isc5ces1 x rema9s pres]v$ 9 o!rs ev5 aft] ! dea? ( ! individual4 ,! ego is unsavable4 ,x is p>tly ! disc]nm5t ( ?is fact1 p>tly ! fe> ( ! same1 t leads to ! mo/ extravagant pessimi/ic & optimi/ic1 religi\s & philosophical absurdities4 ,we %all n be able 9 ! long run to close our eyes to ?is simple tru?1 ! imm$iate result ( psy*ological analysis4 ,we %all !n no long] place s high a value ^u ! ego :i* ev5 dur+ individual life greatly *anges1 & :i*1 inde$1 9 sleep or dur+ absorption 9 "s conception or 9 "s ?\ght1 j 9 our happie/ mom5ts1 may be p>tially or :olly abs5t4 ,we %all !n gladly r5\nce individual immortality1 & %all n place m value ^u ! accessory elem5ts ?an ^u ! pr9cipal4 ,we %all 9 ?is way arrive at a fre] & a m enlight5$ conception ( life1 :i* w exclude ! neglect ( o!r egos & ! ov]-e/imation ( our own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if1 n[1 ! k ( ! connection ( ! elem5ts 7s5sations7 does n suffice u1 & we mu/ ask ,:o1 ,:at1 possesses ?is connection ( s5sations1 ,:o1 ,:at1 p]ceives s5sations8 we h succumb$1 we may be sure1 to our old habit ( arrang+ e elem5t 7e s5sation7 )9 "s unanalys$ complex1 & we are fall+ back imp]ceptibly to an old]1 l[]1 & m limit$ po9t ( view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! habit ( treat+ ! unanalys$ ego-complex z an indivisible unity is (t5 sci5tifically pres5t$ 9 peculi> ways4 ,fir/1 ! n]v\s sy/em is sep>at$ f ! body z ! seat ( s5sations4 ,9 ! n]v\s sy/em aga9 ! bra9 is select$ z fitt$ = ! p]=mance ( ?is function1 & f9ally1 to save ! pret5d$ psy*ical unity1 a fur!r po9t is s\ght 9 ! bra9 z ! seat ( ! s\l4 ,b r\gh conceptions l ^! are h>dly adapt$ to trace out ev5 9 ! crude/ l9es ! ways t future rese>* w foll[ 9 inve/igat+ ! connection ( ! physical & ! psy*ical4 ,! fact t ! diff]5t organs ( s5sation & memory are physically connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & c be easily excit$ by "o ano!r is probably ! f\ndation ( ! psy*ical unity4 ,i once he>d ! "q s]i\sly discuss$ ( ,h[ ! p]cept ( a v l>ge tree f\nd room 9 ! little head ( a man8 ,n[ ?\gh ?is problem does n exi/1 yet we p]ceive by ! "q ! absurdity t is s easily committ$ 9 conceiv+ s5sations to exi/ spacially 9 ! bra94 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! s5sations ( ano!r p]son1 ^! s5sations ( c\rse pres5t no activity 9 my optical space or my physical space g5]ally2 !y are m5tally add$1 & ,i conceive !m to be causally annex$1 n spacially1 to ! bra9 obs]v$ or repres5t$4 ,:5 ,i speak ( my s5sations1 ^! s5sations d n exi/ spacially 9 my head1 b r my head %>es ) !m ! same spacial field1 z 0 expla9$ above 7comp>e :at 0 said reg>d+ ! cut74 99 99 99 99 99 ,let !re be no m5tion ( ! s-call$ unity ( consci\sness4 ,s9ce ! app>5t opposition ( ! real & ! p]ceiv$ _w exi/s only 9 ! mode accord+ to :i* x is view$1 & no real *asm exi/s1 a multiplex int]connect$ cont5t ( consci\sness is 9 no respect m difficult to und]/& ?an ! multiplex int]connection ( ! _w4 ,if we are det]m9$ to reg>d ! ego z an actual unity1 we _c extricate ourselves f ! foll[+ dilemma3 ei!r to set ov] aga9/ x--viz41 ! ego--! _w ( incognisable sub/ances 7:i* w\ld be :olly idle & purposeless71 or to reg>d ! :ole _w1 ! egos ( o!r p includ$1 z only conta9$ 9 our own ego 7to :i*1 s]i\sly1 we c\ld h>dly make up our m9ds74 ,b if we take ! ego m]ely z a practical unity1 compos$ = purposes ( provisional survey2 9 fact1 take x z a m /rongly coh]5t gr\p ( elem5ts1 :i* is less /rongly connect$ ) o!r gr\ps ( ?is k9d2 que/ions l ^! w n arise & rese>* w h a free outlook4 ,9 8 philosophical notes ,li*t5b]g says3 ,we become consci\s ( c]ta9 ideas t are n dep5d5t ^u u2 & !re are o!r ideas t1 at lea/ z we ?9k1 are dep5d5t ^u u4 ,:]e is ! bord]-l9e8 ,we "k only ! exi/5ce ( our s5sations1 p]cepts1 & ?\ghts4 ,we %\ld say1 ,x ?9ks1 j z we say1 ,x light5s4 ,x is go+ too f> to say cogito1 :5 we translate x by ,i ?9k4 ,assum+ ! ,i1 po/ulat+ x1 is m]ely practical necessity4 ,?\gh ! me?od by :i* ,li*t5b]g arrives at ?is result is some:at diff]5t f our own1 we mu/ nev]!less give our ass5t to ! conclusion itself4 ,,xii4 ,bodies d n produce s5sations1 b complexes ( s5sations 7complexes ( elem5ts7 =m bodies4 ,if bodies appe> to ! physici/ z t :i* is p]man5t1 t :i* is real1 & s5sations z _! evanesc5t transitory semblance1 ! physici/ =gets t all bodies are b ?\ght-symbols = complexes ( s5sation 7complexes ( elem5ts74 ,! elem5ts designat$ also =m "h ! real1 imm$iate1 & ultimate f\ndation :i* physiological rese>* has n[ fur!r to inve/igate4 ,?r\gh ! disc]nm5t ( ?is1 _m ?+s 9 psy*ology & physics assume m di/9ct & economical =ms1 & _m imag9$ problems are dispos$ (4 ,! _w !re=e does n consi/ = u ( my/]i\s sub/ances1 :i* ?r\gh _! int]action ) ano!r equally my/]i\s sub/ance1 ! ego1 produce s5sations z solely accessible4 ,colors1 s\nds1 spaces1 times1 444 are = u ! ultimate elem5ts1 ^: giv5 connection x is our task to inve/igate4 ,9 ?is inve/igation we d>e n all[ ourselves to be h9d]$ by ! composites & circumscriptions 7body1 ego1 matt]1 m9d 4447 t h be5 =m$ = especial1 practical1 provisional1 & limit$ purposes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! appropriate & be/ adapt$ =ms ( ?\ght mu/ arise )9 rese>* itself1 z happ5s 9 e special sci5ce4 ,9 ! place ( ! traditional in/9ctive conception mu/ come a fre]1 fre%] view1 con=m+ ) develop$ exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h always felt x z a special good =tune1 t e>ly 9 my life1 at ab\t ! age ( #ae1 ,i came across 9 ! libr>y ( my fa!r ,kant's ,prolegom5a to ,any ,future ,metaphysic4 ,! book made at t "t a p[]ful1 ineffaceable impression ^u me1 t ,i nev] aft]w>ds exp]i5c$ to ! same degree 9 any ( my philosophical read+4 ,"s two or ?ree ye>s lat] ,i sudd5ly discov]$ ! sup]flu\s rle t ! ?+ 9 itself plays4 ,on a bright summ] day "u ! op5 heav5s ! _w toge!r ) my ego all at once appe>$ to me z "o coh]5t mass ( s5sations1 b 9 ! ego m /rongly coh]5t4 ,al?\gh ! actual work+ out ( ?is ?\ght did n occur until a lat] "t1 yet ?is mom5t became decisive = my :ole view4 ,moreov] ,i _h /ill to /ruggle long & h>d be=e ,i 0 able to reta91 9 my own special dep>tm5t1 ! conception ,i _h acquir$4 ,) :at is valuable 9 physical doctr9es we necess>ily absorb a good dose ( false metaphysics1 :i* x is v difficult to sep>ate f t :i* mu/ be pres]v$1 especially :]e ^! doctr9es h become curr5t & famili>4 ,s1 too1 ! traditional1 in/9ctive conceptions (t5 arose ) great p[] & plac$ imp$im5ts 9 my way4 ,only by alt]nate /udies 9 physics & ! physiology ( ! s5ses & by hi/orico-physical inve/igations1 s9ce ab\t #ahfc1 aft] hav+ endeavor$ 9 va9 to settle ! conflict by a physico-psy*ological monadology1 did ,i acquire 9 my views any consid]able firmness4 ,i make no pret5sions to ! title ( philosoph]4 ,i only wi% to adopt 9 physics a po9t ( view t ne$ n be in/antly *ang$ ! mom5t our glance is c>ri$ into ! doma9 ( ano!r sci5ce2 s9ce inde$1 ultimately1 all mu/ =m "o :ole4 ,! molecul> physics ( to-day does c]ta9ly n meet ?is dem&4 ,:at ,i say ,i h probably n be5 ! fir/ to say4 ,i also d n wi% to hold =? ?is exposition ( m9e z a special p]=mance4 ,x is r my belief t e "o w collat]ally adopt ! same view1 :o 9 a reflective mann] holds survey 9 any prov9ce ( sci5ce t is n too limit$4#bb #bb ,i h rec5tly 7#ahhf7 prop\nd$ ^! views 9 a pamphlet ,beitrge zur ,analyse d] ,empf9dung54 ,av5>ius1 ) :om ,i rec5tly became acqua9t$1 approa*es my po9t ( view 7,philosophie als ,d5k5 d] ,welt na* dem ,pr9cip des kle9/5 ,kraftmasses1 #ahgf74 ,h]+1 too1 9 8 treatise ^u ,memory 7,almana* d] ,wi5] ,akademie1 #ahgj1 p4 #beh2 also publi%$ 9 ,nos4 #f & #g ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt71 & ,j4 ,popp] 9 8 beautiful book1 ,! ,"r to ,live & ! ,duty to ,die 7,leipsic #ahgh1 p4 #fb71 h advanc$ simil> ?\ghts4 ,comp>e also my pap] ,ueb] die konomis*e ,natur d] physikalis*5 ,=s*ung 7,almana* d] ,wi5] ,akademie1 #ahhb1 p4 #agi1 note74 ,f9ally let me also ref] "h to ! introduction to ,w4 ,prey]'s ,re9e ,empf9dungslehre1 & to ,riehl's ,freiburg] ,antrittsr$e1 p4 #ad4 ,i %\ld probably h to cite mu* additional matt] t is 9 "s way relat$ to my l9e ( ?\ght if ,i possess$ a m ext5sive bibliographical k4 ,,xiii4 ,sci5ce always arises ?r\gh a process ( adaptation ( ?\ghts to a c]ta9 dep>tm5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,! results ( ?is process are ?\ght-elem5ts1 :i* repres5t ! entire dep>tm5t4 ,! result1 ( c\rse1 is diff]5t accord+ to ! "* & ext5t ( ! prov9ce survey$4 ,if ! prov9ce ( exp]i5ce 9 "q is ext5d$1 or if sev]al prov9ces hi!rto sep>at$ become unit$1 ! traditional1 famili> ?\ght-elem5ts no long] suffice = ! prov9ce ?us ext5d$4 ,9 ! /ruggle ( acquir$ habit ) ! ef=t aft] adaptation1 problems arise1 :i* disappe> :5 ! adaptation is complet$1 to give way to o!rs t h sprung up 9 ! mean "t4 ,to ! physici/1 pure & simple1 ! idea ( a body facilitates ! acquisition ( a compreh5sive survey 9 8 dep>tm5t1 & does n op]ate z a di/urbance4 ,s1 also1 ! p]son t pursues purely practical ends1 is mat]ially assi/$ by ! concept ( ! ,i or ,ego4 ,=1 unque/ionably1 e =m ( ?\ght t has be5 volunt>ily or involunt>ily con/ruct$ = "s especial purpose1 possesses = t p>ticul> purpose a p]man5t value4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z physics & physiology t\*1 ! ideas held 9 ! "o doma9 are discov]$ to be unt5able 9 ! o!r4 ,f ! /riv+ aft] an adaptation ( ! "o to ! o!r arise ! v>i\s atomic & monad !ories--:i* are unsuccessful1 h[ev]1 9 ! atta9m5t ( _! object4 ,if we reg>d s5sations1 tak5 9 ! s5se above def9$1 z _w-elem5ts or elem5ts ( ! ,all1 ! problems ref]r$ to are practically remov$1 & ! fir/ & mo/ important adaptation !re=e effect$4 ,?is basal notion 7)\t any pret5sion to be+ a philosophy = all et]nity7 c at pres5t be adh]$ to ) respect to all prov9ces ( exp]i5ce2 x is consequ5tly ! "o t accommodates itself ) ! lea/ exp5diture1 t is1 m economically ?an any o!r1 to ! pres5t tempor>y /ate ( collective sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 9 ! consci\sness ( its purely economical (fice1 ?is basal notion acts ) mo/ p]fect tol]ance4 ,x does n obtrude itself into prov9ces 9 :i* ! curr5t conceptions are /ill adequate4 ,x w ev] be ready1 ^u subsequ5t ext5sions ( ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce1 to give way to a bett] "o4 ,! philosophical po9t ( view ( ! av]age man--if t t]m may be appli$ to ! nave realism ( ! ord9>y individual--has a claim to ! highe/ consid]ation4 ,x has aris5 9 ! progress ( immeasurable "t )\t ! purpos$ assi/ance ( man4 ,x is a product ( nature1 & is pres]v$ & su/a9$ by nature4 ,ev]y?+ t philosophy has accompli%$--! biological title ( e advance1 nay ( e error1 admitt$--is1 comp>$ ) x1 b an insignificant & ephem]al product ( art4 ,& 9 reality1 we see e ?9k]1 e philosoph]1 ! mom5t he is =c$ away f 8 "o-sid$ intellectual occupation by "s practical necessity1 imm$iately fall back ^u ! univ]sal po9t ( view t all m5 hold 9 common4 ,we seek by no means to discr$it ?is po9t ( view4 ,! task t we h set ourselves is simply to %[ :y & to :at purpose = ! greate/ "p ( our life we occupy ?is po9t ( view1 & :y & = :at purpose we are provisorily oblig$ to ab&on x4 ,no po9t ( view has an absolute p]man5t validity4 ,ea* has an importance b = "s "o giv5 end4 ,,ern/ ,,ma*4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m9d4 ,giv5 facts & d$uc$ facts4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 two k9ds ( facts2 viz41 giv5 facts or data1 & d$uc$ facts or inf]5ces4 ,) reg>d to ! facts ( s\l-life we recognise t ! =m] class1 t ( giv5 facts1 necess>ily consi/s ( /ates ( consci\sness only2 !y are feel+s ( any description1 v>y+ greatly 9 _! nature4 ,!y are diff]5t 9 ! rhy?mical =ms ( _! vibrations1 9 _! int5sity1 & 9 _! di/9ctness4 ,! latt] class1 t ( inf]5ces1 is d$uc$ f ! =m]1 & s]ves no o!r purpose ?an t ( explanation4 ,?is class is mo/ly repres5tative ( ext]nal facts1 & k ( ext]nal facts exi/s only 9 s f> z ext]nal facts are repres5t$ 9 d$uc$ facts4 ,:at a ?9k+ be+ w\ld call ext]nal facts is no?+ b ! cont5ts ( c]ta9 d$uc$ facts4 ,d$uc$ facts1 & among !m ! conception ( ext]nal facts 7:]ev] !y exi/71 h be5 produc$ by ! ef=t ( acc\nt+ = giv5 facts--viz41 ! elem5t>y data ( consci\sness & _! relations4 ,d$uc$ facts are ! int]pretation ( giv5 facts4 ,!y are1 s to say1 conjectures conc]n+ _! causes z well z _! int]connections4 ,def9ition ( m9d4 ,! organis$ totality ( d$uc$ facts1 z x is develop$ 9 feel+ sub/ance1 is call$ m9d4 ,feel+s are ! condition ( m9d4 ,f feel+s alone m9d c gr[4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 feel+s & m9d4 ,feel+s develop into m9d1 !y gr[ to be m9d by be+ int]pret$1 by becom+ repres5tative4 ,repres5tative feel+s are m9d4 ,accord+ly1 we *>act]ise m9d z ! repres5tativ5ess ( feel+s4 ,! gr[? ( m9d4 ,al?\gh d$uc$ facts are an int]pretation ( giv5 facts1 ?is int]pretation is n expressly design$4 ,^! inf]5ces f giv5 facts are n inv5t$ ) a prem$itat$ purpose2 !y are n con/ruct$ ) =esight or int5tion4 ,d$uc$ facts gr[ naturally & spontane\sly f giv5 facts1 :i* are ! elem5ts ( s5se-activity4 ,!re is n an ag5t t ov]sees _! fabrication2 !re is n a devis+ subject t surmises ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal facts & ?us matures _! conception into d$uc$ facts4 ,d$uc$ facts are r ! natural product ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( giv5 facts4 ,d$uc$ facts issue f a co-op]ation ( a numb] ( feel+s4 ,!y are ! result ( an organisation ( c]ta9 repeat$ s5se-impressions :i* produce a disposition n only to receive s5se-impressions ( ! same k9d1 b also to react ^u !m 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,m9d is n ! factor t organis$ ! giv5 facts ( m]e s5se-impressions s t !y became repres5tations4 ,!re 0 no m9d z long z feel+s rema9$ unorganis$4 ,feel+s acquire mean+2 & z soon z !y h acquir$ mean+ !y are :at we call d$uc$ facts1 repres5tations--especially repres5tations ( ext]nal facts4 ,d$uc$ facts are ! elem5ts ( m9d2 & m9d is n _! root1 b _! fruit4 ,subjective & objective exi/5ce4 ,! :ole doma9 ( m9d-activity 7i4 e41 ( ! repres5tativ5ess ( feel+s7 is call$ subjective2 :ile ! totality ( all facts t are repres5t$ 9 ! m9d is call$ objective4 ,subjective exi/5ce consi/s ( feel+s & ( /ates ( consci\sness2 objective exi/5ce is repres5t$ z ?+s t are 9 motion4 ,motion & feel+ are q diff]5t ?+s1 yet 9 spite ( _! radical diff]5ce exp]i5ce tea*es u t bo? sph]es are intimately int]wov54 ,subjective exi/5ce con/antly draws ^u objective exi/5ce4 ,n only d /ates ( consci\sness exi/ z !y are by virtue m]ely ( ! objects repres5t$1 b also t gr\p ( facts call$ our body1 ! action ( :i* appe>s 9 a con/ant connection ) & z a condition ( our consci\sness1 is kept 9 runn+ ord] only ?r\gh a con/ant r5ewal ( its wa/e products out ( ! res\rces ( objective exi/5ce4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 our body & ext]nal facts2 b ! b\nd>y betwe5 bo? prov9ces is n di/9ct4 ,!re is con/antly an ex*ange ( sub/ance tak+ place1 prov+ t our body is 9 k9d n diff]5t f ! sub/ance ( :i* ext]nal facts consi/4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z a gr\p ( ! same k9d z ext]nal facts1 exi/+ 9 a con/ant int]action ) & among ! ext]nal facts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! body ( ! ?9k+ subject is an object 9 ! objective _w4 ,! orig9 ( feel+ f ! elem5ts ( subjective exi/5ce4 ,conc]n+ ! subjective sph]e ( exi/5ce we recognise t consci\sness does n act un9t]rupt$ly2 !re are mom5ts :5 consci\sness is lo/4 ,if !y are normal1 we call !m sleep2 if !y are abnormal1 swoons or trances4 ,=m] consci\s /ates c be reviv$2 !y =m a *a9 ( memories :i* is v limit$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ext5sion ( ! objective _w4 ,!re is a "t 9 ! pa/ beyond :i* our memory does n rea*4 ,moreov] we h reason to believe1 t !re w be a "t :5 ! *a9 ( consci\s /ates w be brok5 =ev]4 ,?is consummation is call$ dea?4 ,9 %ort ! subjective _w is transi5t2 x gr[s by degrees2 its exi/5ce is v prec>i\s2 x flick]s l a c&le 9 ! w9d & w disappe> aga94 ,! objective _w h[ev] is et]nal1 x is inde/ructible4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t x con/antly und]goes *anges1 b t 9 its totality x is imp]i%able4 ,feel+ ) ! help ( memory acquires mean+4 ,! objective _w is 9 a c]ta9 s5se a "p ( ! subject4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 we mu/ say t ! subject is a "p ( ! objective _w4 ,inde$ ^! two s5t5ces repres5t ! same tru?1 only view$ f two /&po9ts4 ,! subjective _w be+ transi5t & ! objective _w be+ et]nal1 ! "q pres5ts itself1 ,h[ does ! subject orig9ate 9 or among ! objects ( ! objective _w8 ,! problem is complicat$ & we mu/ approa* x /ep by /ep4 ,fir/1 we are inevitably driv5 to ! conclusion1 t ! subjective _w ( feel+s =ms an insep>able :ole toge!r ) a special comb9ation ( c]ta9 facts ( ! objective _w1 namely our body4 ,x orig9ates ) ?is comb9ation1 & disappe>s z soon z t comb9ation breaks to pieces4 ,&1 secondly1 we mu/ assume t ! conditions = build+ up su* mat]ial dispositions z h ! p[] ( develop+ ! subjectivity ( consci\sness are an intr9sic quality ( ! objective _w4 ,subjectivity _c orig9ate out ( no?+2 x mu/ be conceiv$ z ! product ( a co-op]ation ( c]ta9 elem5ts :i* are pres5t 9 ! objective _w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! elem5ts ( ! subjective _w are features t we mu/ suppose to be insep>ably unit$ ) ! elem5ts ( ! objective _w1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 our m9d z motions4 ,?is leads to ! conclusion t feel+ has to be consid]$ n z a simple b z a complex ph5om5on4 ,feel+s orig9ate ?r\gh a comb9ation ( elem5ts ( feel+2 & ! pres5ce ( ! elem5ts ( feel+ mu/ be suppos$ to be an intr9sic prop]ty ( ! objective _w4#bc ,! objective elem5ts1 ! action ( :i* is accompani$ ) ! elem5ts ( feel+1 arrange !mselves1 we suppose1 into su* comb9ations z display actual feel+s1 9 exact agreem5t ) ! laws ( mol> & molecul> me*anics4 ,?is1 we mu/ assume1 takes place ) ! same spontaneity z1 = in/ance1 an acid & a base comb9e into a salt4 ,to use ano!r example1 x takes place ) ! same necessity z1 "u special conditions1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( mol> motion is trans=m$ into ! molecul> motion ( e!r-waves1 call$ electricity4 ,motions are n trans=m$ into feel+s1 b c]ta9 motions 7all be+ sep>ately accompani$ ) elem5ts ( feel+71 :5 co-op]at+ 9 a special =m1 are accompani$ 9 t =m ) actual feel+s4 #bc ,= fur!r details see ! au?or's article ,feel+ & ,motion2 publi%$ fir/ 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,nos4 #aec & #aed4 ,nei!r feel+ nor m9d c be consid]$ z incid5tal ph5om5a4 ,!re is a c]ta9 class ( philosoph]s :o look ^u feel+ z an incid5tal effect1 z a =tuit\s by-play ( ! int]act+ elem5ts ( matt]4 ,?is conception has little if any?+ 9 its favor4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! elem5ts ( feel+ are ?r\gh\t insep>ably connect$ ) ! elem5ts ( objective exi/5ce1 x mu/ appe> natural t :]ev] ! conditions fitt$ = organis$ life appe>1 irritable sub/ance w orig9ate4 ,we may fairly assume t feel+ w arise on ! cool$ surface ( a planet ) ! same necessity z1 = in/ance1 a collision betwe5 non-lum9\s cele/ial bodies w cause !m to blaze =? 9 ! brilliant light ( a nebula conta9+ all ! elem5ts = ! production 9 ! c\rse ( ages ( a planet>y sy/em4 ,:]ev] a comb9ation ( sub/ances orig9ates t displays ! quality ( feel+1 x w =m a basis = giv5 facts ( s\l-life4 ,feel+ sub/ance hav+ be5 expos$ to a special /imulus1 or hav+ p]=m$ a c]ta9 function1 has !reby und]gone a re>rangem5t 9 its molecul> p>ts4 ,! /ructure has suff]$ a *ange 9 its configuration1 ! =m ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! g5]al flux ( matt]1 & !re is ?us produc$ 9 ! feel+ sub/ance a disposition to respond m quickly to impressions ( ! same k9d4 ,! feel+ accompany+ a subsequ5t impression ( ! same nature is co9cid5tly felt to be a revival ( a =m] feel+1 simil> or ! same 9 k9d4 ,9 o!r words1 feel+ sub/ance1 pres]v+ ! =ms ( its functions1 is possess$ ) memory4#bd ,! pres]vation ( =m 9 a function :i* is accompani$ ) feel+ makes x possible t ! feel+ accompany+ a special =m ( function w become a m>k ( signification4 ,by be+ felt to be ! same 9 k9d z a =m] feel+ x w come to d5ote a c]ta9 condition ( feel+ tissues4 ,a feel+ t is felt to be ! same z or simil> 9 k9d to a =m] feel+1 ! revival or memory ( :i* x causes1 is 9 ?is way end[$ ) mean+2 by :i* we und]/& ! aw>5ess ( ! congru5ce or simil>ity ( two or sev]al feel+s4 ,?us 9 ! lapse ( "t1 by con/antly r5ew$ exp]i5ce1 "o special feel+1 :5ev] repeat$1 w naturally become ! indicator %[+ ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 ext]nal facts t cause x4 ,an isolat$ feel+ is naturally mean+less2 yet ?r\gh a pres]vation ( =m1 viz41 ?r\gh memory1 x is by repetition necess>ily *ang$ into a symbol ( repres5tative value4 #bd ,memory is no my/]i\s p[]2 x is ! pres]vation ( =m 9 feel+ organisms4 ,see ,ewald ,h]+'s treatise on ,memory1 ,engli% translation 9 ,nos4 #f & #g ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,comp>e also ! au?or's article ,s\l-life & ! ,pres]vation ( ,=m1 9 ,no4 #adc ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,feel+s1 accord+ly1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 necess>ily acquire mean+2 !y naturally & spontane\sly develop m9d4 ,!y c z little avoid co-ord9at+ into a m5tal organism1 z wat] at a l[ temp]ature c escape congeal+ into ice2 or z a se$ c keep f spr\t+ :5 x is expos$1 ) suffici5t moi/ure1 to ! light4 ,m9d1 accord+ly1 is ! necess>y outcome ( a comb9ation ( feel+s4 ,x is z necess>y an effect ( special causes1 z1 = example1 a triangle is ! product ( a comb9ation ( ?ree l9es4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! organisation ( feel+1 :i* w ?r\gh\t rema9 ! det]m9+ feature ( its developm5t1 is ! fact t ) ! help ( memory ! diff]5t sets ( feel+ acquire mean+1 & 9 ?is way ! m]e feel+s are trans=m$ f giv5 facts into d$uc$ facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,subjectivity & objectivity4 ,! nature ( giv5 facts is subjectivity1 :ile ! "* ( inf]r$ facts is objectivity4 ,! latt] hav+ gr[n out ( ! =m] w nev]!less1 s f> z !y are /ates ( consci\sness1 always rema9 subjective2 yet !y conta9 repres5tations ( t :i* is del9eat$ by c]ta9 giv5 facts4 ,?us !y conta9 an elem5t :i* /amps ^u !m ! nature ( objectivity4 ,!y repres5t objects1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! feel+ subject _c help assum+1 because ?is is ! simple/ way ( indicat+ c]ta9 *anges t are n caus$ )9 ! realm ( its own subjectivity4 ,objectivity1 accord+ly1 does n mean absolute objectivity4 ,objectivity means subjective /ates1 i4 e41 giv5 facts or feel+s repres5tative ( outside facts1 i4 e41 ( facts t are n subjective1 b objective4 ,! projection ( objective facts4 ,! s5se-impression ( a :ite rectangle cov]$ ) little black *>act]s is a giv5 fact2 yet ! aspect ( a %eet ( pap] is an inf]r$ fact4 ,! =m] is a subjective /ate )92 ! latt] is ! repres5tation ( an objective ?+ )\t4 ,! process ( repres5t+ is a function ( ! subject1 b ! fact repres5t$ is project$ z x 7 into ! objective _w1 :]e exp]i5ce has taught u to expect x4 ,& ! practice ( projection gr[s s naturally by inh]it$ adaptation & repeat$ exp]i5ce t ! ?+ repres5t$ appe>s to u to be ext]nal4 ,we no long] feel a s5sation z a /ate ( consci\sness b conceive x z an indep5d5t reality4 ,projection1 an economy ( labor4 ,! practice ( project+ subjective s5sations into ! outside _w is n an act ( c>eless inf]5ce1 b ! inevitable result ( a natural law4 ,?is natural law is t ( ! economy ( labor4 ,:5 a bl9d man has und]gone a successful op]ation1 he w fir/ h ! consci\sness ( vague color-s5sations tak+ place 9 8 eye4 ,exp]i5ce w tea* him ! mean+ ( ^! color-s5sations & 8 motions w in=m him :]e to f9d ! correspond+ outside facts4 ,8 consci\sness w m & m be conc5trat$ ^u ! mean+ ( ! s5sations4 ,! less difficulty he has 9 arriv+ at _! prop] int]pretation1 ! m unconsci\s 8 s5se-activity w become & at l5g? consci\sness w be habitually atta*$ to ! result ( ! s5sation alone1 i4 e41 to its int]pretation4 ,9 ! same way1 e "o :o le>ns to play an in/rum5t w fir/ feel t "p only :i* 8 h& t\*es4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 he w acquire a consci\sness ( ! effects produc$ by ! slighte/ t\*4 ,con/ant practice =ms 9 ! bra9 ( an exp]t c]ta9 liv+ /ructures :i* are correspond5t to ! action ( ! in/rum5t & repres5t x ) great accuracy4 ,:5ev] ^! /ructures are /imulat$1 ! action ( ! in/rum5t is felt to take place4 ,9 ?is way consci\sness is project$ into ! "w p]=m$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,! t\* ( ! h& has become purely automatic1 & ! op]ator n[ feels ! full effects ( 8 manipulation al?\gh he is n 9 direct contact ) all ! p>ts ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,! in/rum5t becomes z if alive "u 8 treatm5t1 he feels x z a "p ( himself2 = its action /&s en rapport ) 8 bra9-activity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subject-sup]/ition & agno/icism4 ,/ates ( consci\sness1 collectively consid]$1 h be5 t]m$ subject1 & we h also employ$ ! phrase subjective _w4 ,b we mu/ n =get ! fact1 t ! adoption ( ! "n subject is bas$ ^u a misconception4 ,subject means t :i* und]lies1 & ! subject 0 suppos$ to be t some?+ :i* =m$ ! basis ( all ! /ates ( consci\sness pres5t 9 any "o special case--9 y or 9 me1 or 9 any p]son l y & me4 ,! subject 0 consid]$ z a be+ t 0 9 possession ( s5se-impressions1 ( feel+s1 ( ?\ghts1 ( int5tions1 etc42 & ! exi/5ce ( ?is subject 0 prov$ by ,desc>tes's fam\s syllogism ,cogito ergo sum4 ,! subject 0 suppos$ to produce ! /ates ( consci\sness1 :ile 9 fact 7z we h expla9$ above7 x is exactly ! opposite4 ,feel+s *ange into m9d1 !y produce ! subject :i* ?9ks4 ,! subject is no?+ und]ly+ b r ov]ly+4 ,x is ! gr[? out ( & ^u feel+s4 ,x is ! sum ( _m feel+s 9 a /ate ( organisation4 ,! fallacy ( ,desc>tes's dictum has be5 po9t$ out by ,kant4 ,! exi/5ce ( /ates ( consci\sness1 or ! fact cogito1 does n prove ! exi/5ce ( some?+ t und]lies ! /ates ( consci\sness4 ,x simply proves ! exi/5ce ( feel+s & ?\ghts4 ,!re are c]ta9 s5se-impressions1 !re are p]ceptions1 !re are ideas4 ,ideas develop f p]ceptions1 & p]ceptions develop f s5se-impressions4 ,/ates ( consci\sness are no?+ b ! aw>5ess or ! feel+ t is connect$ ) c]ta9 p]ceptions & ideas4 ,desc>tes's subjectivism is a transitory phase lead+ f ! au?oritative objectivism ( ! middle ages to ! critical objectivism ( mod]n times4 ,! au?oritative philosophy ( ! ,s*oolm5 yield$ to ! arbitr>y philosophy ( metaphysical subjectivity1 comm5c+ z a matt] ( pr9ciple ) d\bt1 in/ead ( comm5c+ ) positive data1 & e/abli%+ an>*y ?r\gh lack ( any objective me?od ( arriv+ at tru?4 ,! reaction aga9/ ! arbitr>y au?ority ( s*ola/icism 0 indisp5sable to fur!r progress4 ,b we mu/ n re/ satisfi$ ) its negative result4 ,we _c comm5ce a bus9ess )\t capital & )\t mak+ a />t4 ,s we _c beg9 philosophy ) no?+4 ,k is n possible )\t positive facts to s]ve z a basis to /& ^u4 ,! negative features ( ,desc>tes's philosophy naturally f\nd _! ultimate completion 9 agno/icism4 ,! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a subject l$ to ! doctr9e1 t ?is subject is unkn[able4 ,moreov]1 ! assumption ( some?+ t und]lies ! acts ( ?\ght leads to ! assumption ( some?+ t und]lies objective exi/5ce1 & ?us x begets ! !ory ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,?is !ory involves u 9 innum]able contradictions & ?us x ends ultimately 9 ! proposition t ?+s 9 !mselves are unkn[able4 ,!re are few :o "k ! hi/orical mean+ ( agno/icism2 b ^? :o c survey philosophical ?\ght 9 its evolution1 its gr[?1 & decay1 "k t agno/icism means failure 9 philosophy4 ,! ^w is a =eign-s\nd+ "n = kn[no?+ism1 d5ot+ a half-conceal$ confession ( bankruptcy4 ,! philosophy ( ! future1 9 ord] to escape f ! fatal consequ5ces ( agno/icism1 has to disc>d ! subject-sup]/ition inh]it$ f ,desc>tes4 ,desc>tes 0 a great ?9k]1 a /> ( fir/ magnitude 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 b x is "t t1 )\t return+ to ! au?oritative philosophy ( ! ,s*oolm51 we %\ld free ourselves f ! errors ( 8 "o-sid$ subjectivism4 ,let u n =get1 t all subjective /ates conta9 an objective elem5t4 ,objectivity is no *im]a1 & we are v well enabl$ to e/abli% ! tru? or untru? ( objective facts4 ,! philosophy ( ! future1 accord+ly1 w be a philosophy ( facts1 x w be positivism2 & 9 s f> z a unit>y sy/ematisation ( facts is ! aim & ideal ( all sci5ce1 x w be ,,monism4 ,f ! /&po9t ( positivism1 ! subject1 9 ! old s5se1 does n exi/1 & ?+s 9 !mselves d n exi/ ei!r4 ,_! exi/5ce is an unw>rant$ assumption1 a sup]/ition ( philosophy1 & we c reta9 ! ^w subject only on ! condition ( a complete *ange ( its mean+4 ,! ^w subject1 accord+ly1 7:i* has acquir$ a place 9 philosophical language & is = sev]al purposes q an appropriate expression17 mu/ be correct$ s z to mean1 n an und]ly+ sub/ratum1 nor an ag5t :i* does ! ?9k+1 b simply a collective t]m designat+ a c]ta9 gr\p ( s5se-impressions1 p]ceptions1 ideas1 & volitions4 ,^! s5se-impressions1 p]ceptions1 ideas1 & volitions1 :i* =m1 simultane\sly z well z successively1 ! elem5ts ( s\l-life1 c>ry+ consci\sness ^u ! waves ( _m subconsci\s /ates1 make up ! reality ( ! subject2 !y are ! facts ( its exi/5ce1 & x is ! /ates ( consci\sness only1 n an und]ly+ some?+1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is beyond all d\bt4 ,!y =m ! basis ( all k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! objective elem5t 9 subjective /ates4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t /ates ( feel+ are n empty feel+s1 b always feel+s ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,!re is no consci\sness pure & simple1 b only consci\sness ( a c]ta9 /ate4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 ! consci\sness ( a c]ta9 pressure4 ,:at is x b a feel+ ( be+ press$ 9 a c]ta9 direction & ) a c]ta9 int5sity8 ,if a c]ta9 pressure is resi/$1 ! feel+ indicates a /ate ( active reaction aga9/ pressure1 & exp]i5ce tea*es by comp>ison ) o!r pressures h[ mu* c\nt]pressure is necess>y to resi/ or ov]come x4 ,among ! /ates ( consci\sness !re are accord+ly "s t repres5t an aw>5ess ( receiv+ impressions1 & !re are o!rs ( mak+ impressions4 ,!re are "s feel+s ( a passive nature1 :i* are felt to be produc$ by impacts f a some?+ t is n ! subject1 & !re are o!r feel+s ( an active nature1 :i* are felt to produce effects on some?+ t is n ! subject4 ,?is some?+ t is n ! subject is call$ object4 ,x is repres5t$ z ly+ outside ! subject1 al?\gh ! latt] /&s 9 a close & insep>able relation to ! object1 :i*1 s f> z ?is relation is consid]$1 =ms a "p ( ! subject4 ,a giv5 subjective /ate possesses a def9ite =m2 x exi/s z x is on acc\nt ( ! object only2 = its =m has be5 produc$ by its relation to ! object1 & x repres5ts ?is relation4 ,! object1 !re=e1 is no unimportant "p (1 & inde$ is an ess5tial elem5t 91 ! con/itution ( ! subjective /ate4 ,all data are /ates ( subject-object-ness4 ,ideali/ philosoph]s are apt to say t ! subject alone is kn[n to u1 :ile ! exi/5ce ( ! object mu/ =ev] rema9 a vague hypo!sis4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is incorrect4 ,x involves an unju/ifiable deprecation ( ! objective elem5t 9 ! giv5 facts ( consci\s /ates1 & is bas$ on a misconception ( ! entire /ate ( ?+s4 ,! data ( k are n m]e subjective /ates1 !y are relations betwe5 subject & object4 ,nei!r ! subject is giv51 nor ! object2 b an int]action betwe5 subject & object4 ,f ?is int]action we d]ive by a v complicat$ process ( ab/raction bo? concepts1 ! subject z well z ! object4 ,x is true t ! subjective _w ( feel+s & ( repres5tative feel+ is v diff]5t f ! objective _w ( ?+s4 ,nev]!less !y are "o4 ,! subject toge!r ) all objects =ms "o insep>able :ole ( subject-object-ness4 ,e special object1 accord+ly1 mu/ be conceiv$ z a "p ( ?is insep>able :ole--( ! ,all2 x is a c]ta9 set ( facts1 repres5t$ 9 a c]ta9 gr\p ( exp]i5ces1 & is to be describ$ z t some?+ :i* 9 a special way affects ! subject & c aga9 9 a special way be react$ ^u by ! subject4 ,idealism & realism4 ,"h we h ! clue = ! prop] mean+ ( objectivity4 ,:at is a piece ( lead b some?+ t at a def9ite di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>? ex]ts a c]ta9 pressure proportionate to its mass2 t is se5 to become liquid at a c]ta9 temp]ature2 etc41 etc48 ,if x is treat$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 x w be obs]v$ to suff] c]ta9 *anges4 ,:at lead is has be5 e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce2 i4 e41 by sy/ematic obs]vation ?r\gh s5se-impressions4 ,f ?is /&po9t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! s*ools ( idealism & realism appe> z antiquat$4 ,! que/ions :e!r matt] is real1 :e!r objects exi/1 & :e!r !re is any reality at all1 h lo/ _! mean+4 ,t :i* produces effects ^u ! subject & aga9/ :i* ! subject does or c react1 is call$ object4 ,! s5se-effects produc$ by ! object ^u ! subject1 & also ! reactions ( ! subject ^u ! object1 are realities2 & e "n ( a special object signifies a c]ta9 gr\p ( su* effects & _! respective reactions4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ^w lead comprises a c]ta9 set ( exp]i5ces t h always be5 f\nd comb9$ ) c]ta9 :iti% objects4 ,space & ,reality4 ,"s philosoph]s h d5i$ n only ! exi/5ce ( objects1 b also ! reality ( space4 ,:at is space b a c]ta9 gr\p ( exp]i5ces8 ,! conception ( space orig9ates by mov+ & by be+ mov$ ab\t4 ,! conception ( space is ! consci\sness t by mov+1 or by be+ mov$1 a *ange is effect$2 t is1 a c]ta9 object s]v+ z a po9t ( ref]5ce is ei!r approa*$ or left at a great] di/ance4 ,! acts ( approa* or )drawal are z mu* realities z are any o!r acts ( ! subject4 ,discussions conc]n+ ! reality ( space accord+ly become m]e v]bal quibbles z soon z we und]/& by space ! condition common to all motion-exp]i5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]ception & concepts4 ,! m5tal /ate 9 :i* ?r\gh contact ) ext]nal facts "o or sev]al ( ! s5ses are affect$ s z to produce a direct aw>5ess ( _! pres5ce1 is call$ p]ception4 ,! effects ( ext]nal facts ^u ! s5se ( t\* appe> z diff]5t =ms ( resi/ance4 ,to ! o!r s5ses !y appe> z odors1 ta/es1 s\nds1 & images4 ,all ^! s5sations are s _m subjective me?ods ( repres5t+ c]ta9 objective processes4 ,p]ceptions repres5t imm$iate reality because ! objects p]ceiv$1 i4 e41 ! objects repres5t$ by an image 9 ! eye1 a ta/e on ! tongue1 etc41 are 9 an imm$iate contact ) our s5ses4 ,! feel+ subject is directly consci\s ( _! exi/5ce by _! pres5t effects4 ,!y are our ,ans*auung1 i4 e41 ! liv+ pres5ce ( objective reality4 ,besides ?is liv+ pres5ce ( objective reality1 ( :i* our imm$iate surr\nd+s consi/1--besides our ,ans*auung--1 man is 9 possession ( m g5]al repres5tations1 :i* comprise all ! memories ( a c]ta9 class ( p]cepts4 ,we call !m concepts4 ,man alone ?r\gh ! me*anism ( ^w-symbols has be5 able to =m concepts4 ,ab/ract reason+ z well z sci5tific ?\ght w gr[ ) ! assi/ance ( concepts 9 ! c\rse ( a high] developm5t4 ,halluc9ations & errors4 ,! high] we rise 9 ! evolution ( repres5tative feel+s1 i4 e41 9 ! developm5t ( m9d1 ! m num]\s are ! opportunities = go+ a/ray4 ,a sci5tific hypo!sis1 if errone\s1 is m sweep+ 9 its fallacies ?an a s+le halluc9ation1 :i* is a mis9t]pretation m]ely ( c]ta9 feel+s4 ,! subjective "p ( an halluc9ation1 namely ! feel+ itself1 is real2 b ! objective "p1 ! repres5tative elem5t ( ! feel+1 is n real2 t :i* x is suppos$ to mean1 does n exi/4 ,! int]pretation ( ! feel+ is errone\s 9 a halluc9ation4 ,halluc9ations are possible1 & 9 ! m ab/ract doma9s ( m5tal activity errors are possible also2 & w be ev] m frequ5t4 ,nev]!less ! reality ( outside facts 9 ! s5se /at$ above c z little be d\bt$ z ! reality ( imm$iate p]ception2 & all ! facts e/abli%$ by sci5ce1 if !y are b true1 are z mu* realities z is ! resi/ance ( ! table to ! pressure ( my h& or ! p]ception ( ! %eet ( pap] by my eye4 ,inf]5tial facts1 if true1 are real4 ,facts e/abli%$ by sci5ce are ^? obs]vations :i* are made ) all ! necess>y exactness z well z complet5ess f c]ta9 gr\ps ( exp]i5ces1 & =mulat$ ) precision4 ,! !ory ( atoms1 = in/ance1 is true 9 s f> z all elem5ts comb9e 9 c]ta9 proportions1 :i* %[s t ! ultimate p>ticles ( :i* ! elem5ts consi/ are ( a def9ite mass4 ,atoms1 if ! ^w is und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 are realities4 ,! !ory ( atoms1 h[ev]1 is n prov$ 9 ! s5se t atoms are 2 or s+le1 isolat$1 m9ute bodies ( a peculi> individuality--sep>ate1 indivisible1 & et]nal entities4 ,:e!r !y are concrete ?+s or c]ta9 =ms ( motion 9 a cont9u\s sub/ance1 :e!r !y are vortices or :irls ( a c]ta9 d5sity & velocity 9 an e!r ocean1 or :atev] else be _! "*1 is n yet kn[n4 ,if we exclude f ! concept atoms all hypo!tical views & conf9e _! mean+ /rictly to ! =mulation ( c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 we h to deal ) facts t are real4 ,!ories are true 9 s f> z !y compreh5d 9 a =mula a c]ta9 gr\p ( facts1 & a hypo!sis becomes reliable to ! ext5t t x agrees ) facts4 ,! slighte/ actual disagreem5t ) facts is suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! mo/ +5i\s hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is leads u to ! "q1 ,:at is meant by true8 ,:at is tru?8 ,facts & reality4 ,tru? & m9d4 ,! epi!ton true has ref]5ce to repres5tative /ates only4 ,a repres5tation is true1 if x con=ms to1 or agrees )1 exp]i5ce2 9 o!r words1 if x is an int]pretation ( giv5 facts1 is free f contradiction1 & n[h]e collides ) any "o ( ! giv5 facts & _! consi/5t int]pretation4 ,!re is no s5se 9 speak+ ( m]e feel+s z be+ true4 ,we c nev] meet1 9 our own exp]i5ce1 ) giv5 facts t are no?+ b mean+less feel+s2 = we 7z ?9k+ be+s7 are incapable ( br++ mean+less feel+s into ! scope ( consci\sness1 s9ce 9 ! v act ( ?9k+ we comm5t ^u ! giv5 facts ( our feel+s4 ,b suppos+ !re are m]e giv5 facts1 m]e mean+less feel+s void ( any repres5tative elem5t1 ! application ( ! ^w true to su* non-repres5tative feel+s w\ld be improp]4 ,/ates ( consci\sness become true or untrue only by be+ repres5tative ( objective conditions or ?+s4 ,!re is no trace ( tru? 9 m]e feel+s1 b only 9 repres5tative feel+s4 ,tru? & error are ! privilege ( m9d4 ,a repres5tation is true1 if all ! v>i\s exp]i5ces conc]n+ a c]ta9 ?+ or /ate ( ?+s agree ) ! repres5tation2 x is untrue if !y d n agree4 ,we obs]ve t c]ta9 classes ( facts1 9 spite ( all v>iety1 exhibit 9 "o or ano!r respect a sam5ess1 & sci5ce attempts to express ! sam5ess 9 exact =mulas4 ,^! =mulas we call natural laws4 ,if a natural law cov]s all cases ( a class t h come or ev5 t possibly c come )9 ! range ( our exp]i5ce1 if x agrees ) e "o ( !m1 we call x a tru?4 ,tru? accord+ly is n at all id5tical ) fact4 ,^! two words are (t5 us$ z synonyms1 b prop]ly employ$ !y are q di/9ct4 ,tru? is ! agreem5t ( a repres5tation ) ! facts repres5t$4 ,! fall ( a /one is a fact2 x is an inf]r$ fact d$uc$ f c]ta9 s5se-impressions4 ,9 s f> z ! inf]5ce is made ) necessity z ! only prop] & simple/ explanation ( a c]ta9 giv5 fact or s5se-impression1 x mu/ be consid]$ z a fact or z real4 ,! law ( gravitation1 h[ev]1 is n a fact1 b a tru?4 ,facts are real4 ,!re is no s5se 9 speak+ ( facts z be+ true4 ,repres5tations ( facts are true or untrue4 ,reality is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( all facts1 b tru? is a quality t c reside 9 m9d alone4 ,facts & tru?4 ,facts are always s+le1 concrete1 & individual4 ,e fact is a hic & nunc4 ,x is 9 a special place1 & x is z x is1 at a c]ta9 "t4 ,x is def9ite & ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,yet a tru?1 al?\gh repres5t+ c]ta9 objects or _! relations1 is nev] a concrete object1 nor is x a hic & a nunc4 ,x possesses a g5]ality applicable to all in/ances :]ev] & :5ev] ! objects 9 _! p>ticul> relation appe> repres5t$ 9 t tru?4 ,tru? accord+ly possesses z x 7 an ubiquity2 x is omnipres5t & et]nal4 ,tru? 9 "o s5se is objective2 x repres5ts objects or _! relations conceiv$ 9 _! objectivity1 9 _! indep5d5ce ( ! subject4 ,?is means t ! repres5tation ( c]ta9 objective /ates w "u l conditions agree ) ! exp]i5ces ( all subjects--i4 e41 ( all feel+ be+s hav+ ! same *annels ( in=mation4 ,tru? 9 ano!r s5se is subjective4 ,tru? exi/s 9 ?9k+ subjects only4 ,tru? affirms t c]ta9 subjective repres5tations ( ! objective _w c be reli$ ^u1 t !y are d$uc$ f facts & agree ) facts4 ,bas$ ^u pa/ exp]i5ce1 !y c be us$ z guides = future exp]i5ce4 ,if !re 7 no subjective be+s1 no feel+ & compreh5d+ m9ds1 !re w\ld be no tru?4 ,facts 9 !mselves1 :e!r !y are or are n repres5t$ 9 ! m9d ( a feel+ & ?9k+ subject1 are real1 yet repres5tations alone1 suppos+ !y agree ) facts1 are true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( m9d4 ,m9d1 or ! repres5tation ( facts 9 feel+ sub/ance1 is ! creation ( a new & a spiritual realm above ! facts ( mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,by spiritual we und]/& feel+s t are repres5tative2 & we say t x is a new creation because x does n exi/ 9 ! isolat$ facts ( ! _w4 ,x is =m$ "u special conditions4 ,x rises f c]ta9 comb9ations ( facts2 be+ built ^u ^? facts :i* produce 9 _! co-op]ation ! subjective /ate ( feel+4 ,! activity ( m9d if me?odically discipl9$ is call$ sci5ce4 ,sci5ce attempts to make ! m5tal repres5tations correct3 x is ! se>* = tru?4 ,! object ( all ! sci5ces & ( philosophy is to sy/ematise k1 i4 e41 all ! innum]able data ( exp]i5ce1 s t we c und]/& & survey ! facts ( reality 9 _! h>moni\s int]connection4 ,! mo/ important problem ( philosophy has always be5 ! problem ( ! orig9 ( m9d2 = we are anxi\s to compreh5d h[ x is possible t feel+ c spr+ up 9 a univ]se ( n-feel+ objects1 & t ?9k+ be+s c orig9ate 9 a _w ( n-?9k+ elem5ts4 ,dualism assumes t ! gulf betwe5 ! two empires1 ! ?9k+ & feel+ on "o side & ! n-?9k+ & n-feel+ on ! o!r side1 is insurm\ntable2 ,monism h[ev] ma9ta9s t !re is no gulf1 = !re is no reason = su* an assumption4 ,bo? realms1 ! feel+ & ?9k+ on ! "o h&1 & ! unfeel+ & un?9k+ on ! o!r h&1 are n at all di/9ct & sep>ate prov9ces4 ,! transition f ! "o to ! o!r takes place by degrees1 & !re is no b\nd>y l9e betwe5 !m4 ,! atoms ( oxyg5 :i* we inhale at pres5t are n engag$ 9 any action t is accompani$ ) feel+1 b "s ( !m w be v soon active 9 ! g5]ation ( our be/ ?\ght accompani$ ) mo/ int5se consci\sness4 ,aft] t !y are ?r[n aside 9 ! organism & pass out z wa/e products 9 ! %ape ( c>bonic acid4 ,telepa?y4 ,! spiritual orig9ates f & disappe>s into ! non-spiritual n o!rwise ?an light orig9ates out (1 & dissolves aga9 into1 d>kness4 ,light is usually consid]$ z ! emblem ( m9d1 = light also discloses to our eye ^? objects :i* are s f> away t we c nev] expect to t\* !m ) our h&s4 ,s m9d1 ! repres5tation ( ! objective _w 9 feel+ sub/ance1 unveils ! riddles ( ! univ]se & %[s ! secret connections ( mo/ di/ant ?+s & ev5ts4 ,spirituali/s discuss ) great en?usiasm ! problem ( telepa?y4 ,telepa?y means f>-feel+4 ,m5tal activity exhibits 9 all its elem5ts in/ances ( telepa?y 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,we d n feel our s5se-organs2 b 9 & ?r\gh our s5se-organs objects outside ( u are felt4 ,9 & ?r\gh our eyes mo/ di/ant />s are se54 ,if telepa?y has no o!r b its natural & prop] mean+ we mu/ confess t ! :ole activity ( ! m9d re/s ^u telepa?y4 ,h[ev]1 we _c recognise telepa?y 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is (t5 employ$ by spirituali/s4 ,) _m x d5otes a process ( su* f>-feel+ z is n caus$ 9 ! natural way & z /&s 9 contradiction to ! me*anical int]connection ( causes & effects 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is suppos$ to sup]s$e ! ord] ( nature4 ,we recognise telepa?y fully 9 ! s5se t feel+s repres5t di/ant ev5ts & t m9d c ?us p5etrate into ! remote/ regions ( "t & space1 b n 9 any o!r s5se t /&s 9 contradiction ) ! univ]sal ord] ( me*anical causation4 ,:at is ! s\l b a telepa?ic ma*9e6 ,x is an organis$ totality ( repres5tations 9 feel+ sub/ance employ$ = ! purpose ( react+ appropriately ^u ! /imuli ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,man is a "p ( ! cosmos1 he consi/s ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( facts1 belong+ to & be+ 9 intimate connection ) ! :ole univ]se4 ,man's m9d is ! cosmos repres5t$ 9 ?is special gr\p ( facts4 ,a correct repres5tation ( ! cosmos includes a prop] adaptation4 ,accord+ly ! human s\l is a microcosm & its function is ! endeavor+ to con=m to ! macrocosm4 ,m9d & light4 ,light is a mo/ wond]ful ph5om5on2 & yet we "k t ! objective process tak+ place 9 lum9\s bodies & !nce transmitt$ ?r\gh e!r vibrations to our eye :]e x causes ! s5sation ( light1 is a mode ( motion t c be produc$ me*anically by *ang+ simple or me*anical motion 7i4 e41 *ange ( place7 ?r\gh friction into molecul> motion4 ,z light orig9ates out ( d>kness1 be+ a special mode ( motion1 s feel+ orig9ates out ( ! n-feel+4 ,! n-feel+ accord+ly conta9s ! conditions ( feel+ 9 a simil> way z pot5tial en]gy conta9s ! pot5tiality ( k9etic en]gy1 or z mol> motion conta9s pot5tially ! molecul> motion ( heat1 light1 & electricity4 ,m9d %$s light ^u ! int]connection ( all ?+s & gives mean+ to ! _w4 ,if ! _w consi/$ ( purely objective facts only1 x w\ld rema9 a mean+less play ( =ces4 ,m9d & ! :ole realm ( spiritual exi/5ce rises f mo/ insignificant beg9n+s2 yet is x s gr& & div9e because x repres5ts ! _w 9 its wond]ful h>mony & cosmic ord]4 ,cont9uity 9 ! transi5t4 ,! function ( spiritual activity appe>s to u z transi5t2 b m9d is n z transi5t z x seems4 ,! cont9u\s light ( a flame dep5ds 9 e in/ance ^u ! conditions ( ! mom5t4 ,b ! cont9uity ( m9d %[s a pres]vation ( m9d-=ms1 ! correspond+ spiritual activity ( :i* is call$ memory4 ,memory or ! m9d-=m ( =m] /ates is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! repres5tative value ( pres5t /ates ( m9d4 ,! cont9uity ?us effect$ makes x possible = m9d to repres5t n only ?+s & processes di/ant 9 space1 b also ^? di/ant 9 "t4 ,! cont9uation ( =m 9 feel+ sub/ance1 n m]ely 9 ! life ( s+le individuals1 b also 9 ! life ( ! race1 produces ! gr[?1 ! developm5t1 & evolution ( m9d4 ,?us facts c be repres5t$ 9 _! connections1 & ! necessity ( _! connection c be und]/ood4 ,to use ,sp9oza's phrase3 ,! _w c be view$ sub specie t]nitatis4 ,m9d & ,et]nity4 ,! fulfilm5t ( m9d is tru?1 or a correct repres5tation ( facts1 n z !y are n[ & "h1 b z1 accord+ to conditions :i* con/itute a giv5 /ate ( ?+s1 !y mu/ be "h & ev]y:]e4 ,m9d exp&s 9 ! measure t x conta9s & reflects ! et]nity ( tru?4 ,! activity ( m9d is 9 "o respect z transi5t a process z is ! ph5om5on ( light4 ,yet 9 o!r respects m9d is able to grasp et]nity )9 ! n>r[ span ( ! mom5t4 ,,paul ,,c>us4 ,,! ,,magic ,,mirror4 ,! fam\s "t-honor$ say+ ( ,rabbi ,b5 ,akiba1 ,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 has (t5 be5 v]ifi$ to our a/oni%m5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces4 ,no obs]vation is proclaim$ t has n be5 made be=e1 no position upheld t has n be5 be=e ma9ta9$4 ,! m ext5sive ! survey t "o acquires ov] any giv5 prov9ce ( sci5ce1 & ! m deeply "o p5etrates into ! pa/ hi/ory ( t sci5ce1 ! m surely w "o arrive at ! conviction1 t ev5 t :i* is app>5tly v new is at bottom old4 ,b ! unceas+ progress ( ! natural & m5tal sci5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 is an indisputable fact2 & ! true *>act]i/ic ( ?is progress mu/ consequ5tly be s\ght 9 "s o!r elem5t ?an 9 ! accession ( new mat]ial4 ,! subject-matt] ) :i* sci5ce deals1 rema9s almo/ un*ang$ ?r\gh\t prolong$ p]iods ( "t2 ! treatm5t ( t mat]ial alone *anges4 ,accord+ly1 ! factor t det]m9es ! ext5sion ( our k is pre-em95tly ! gr[+ compreh5sion t proce$s f ! illum9ation ( t :i* 0 be=e 9 our possession4 ,apples fell f trees 9 all ages1 b ,newton 0 ! fir/ :o plac$ ! ev5t 9 its prop] light1 !reby creat+ a tangible pr9ciple by means ( :i* a great numb] ( o!r ph5om5a 7 successfully appreh5d$4 ,our sy/em ( sci5tific ideas 0 increas$ by ! addition ( "o conception t illum9at$ ph5om5a hi!rto b half or n at all expla9$4 ,ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic advocate ( ! pres5t /ate ( k _c ma9ta9 t x is p]fect4 ,on ! contr>y1 he w recognise t an advance ( ! b>ri]s t sep>ate t :i* is n[ und]/ood f :at is n und]/ood1 is n only possible1 b ev5 on 8 "p dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,inde$1 a v l>ge prov9ce ( k--t ( sup]/ition--/ill rema9s almo/ :olly unwork$4 ,x is absurd to imag9e t all ! tales ( magic & demonology are f\nd$ entirely 9 deception4 ,= h[ c\ld x happ5 t 9 all hi/orical epo*s1 & among all ! peoples ( ! e>?1 ! same ph5om5a %\ld be uni=mly report$1 if some?+ true & real 7 n conceal$ beh9d x all6 ,! illum9ate1 ( c\rse1 look+ ^u our pres5t code ( ideas z ultimate1 %rugs 8 %\ld]s ) a sup]ior air & bani%es :at to him is sup]natural into ! realm ( fables2 ! cauti\s obs]v]1 on ! o!r h&1 refra9s f pass+ judgm5t ?us prematurely1 = he kn[s t dep>tm5ts =m]ly v ext5sive h pass$ out ( ! realm ( sup]/ition into ! k+dom ( sci5ce1 & t 9 ! future ! same w also occur4 ,?us ! div9e summons 9 ! m$ival trial by ordeal h turn$ out to be effects ( sugge/ion1 & ! majority ( ! p]=mances ( wit*es h prov$ to be ! effects ( hy/]ical temp]am5t4 ,s t we are n[ 9 a position to compreh5d ! tales ( ! ,magic ,mirror#be 9 _! true light & to br+ !m1 )\t con/ra9t1 into accord ) ! doctr9es ( a develop$ sci5ce ( psy*ology4 #be ,! ,japanese ,magic ,mirrors consi/ ( +5i\s physical contrivances & are 9 no way conc]n$ ) our pres5t subject4 ,a brief rec\ntal ( ! mo/ important ( ! /ories ( ?is k9d1 mu/ be prefac$ by ! p>adoxical /atem5t t ! ,magic ,mirror ne$ n by any means be a mirror4 ,p are also report$ to h se5 future & di/ant ?+s 9 %9+ metal surfaces1 9 rock-cry/als1 & 9 glasses fill$ ) wat]4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t m5tions a div9ation made by ! radiance ( gems--:]e x speaks ( ,urim & ,?ummim1 ! brea/-ornam5t ( six bright & six d>k /ones :i* ! high prie/ donn$ to receive revelations f ,jehovah4 ,9 a l mann]1 too1 9 dactylomancy 7div9ation by r+s7 ! abnormal condition is said to h be5 induc$ by fix$ly gaz+ at ! /ones ( f+]-r+s4 ,likewise 9 ! ,bible we f9d an in/ance ( div9ation by means ( poli%$ metal cups2 = accord+ to ! ,septuag9t1 ! cup t ,joseph caus$ to be plac$ 9 ! sack ( ,b5jam91 0 ! cup f :i* he 0 wont to div9e4 ,in/ead ( cups1 use 0 also made ( metal balls1 arr[s1 swords1 knives1 & metal mirrors4 ,ev5 ,jacob ,bhme practis$ ! art ( clairvoyance by ! help ( ! lovely jovial lu/re ( a t9 cup1 ) ! result t he 0 n[ introduc$ into ! inn]mo/ dep?s or c5tre ( recondite nature1 & 0 enabl$ to look into ! he>ts & inn]mo/ "* ( all creatures4 ,:5 gold & silv] leaves m>k$ ) my/]i\s *>act]s 7 ?r[n into a bas9 fill$ ) wat]1 & x 0 s\ght by gaz+ at ! surface ?us furni%$1 to ar\se ! high] p[]s1 ! art 0 call$ lecanomancy4 ,if ! surface ( ! wat] alone 0 gaz$ at1 x 0 call$ hydromancy2 a me?od :i* communicat$ oracles by means ( ! images t appe>$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! only di/9ction betwe5 hydromancy & ga/romancy 01 t 9 ! latt] case ! wat] 0 p\r$ into di/5d$ vessels4 ,c>danus has m9utely describ$ "s ga/romantic exp]im5ts t came "u 8 obs]vation4 ,a bottle fill$ ) holy wat] 0 plac$ 9 ! sun ^u a :ite-cov]$ table2 ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle two olive leaves 7 laid crosswise2 ?ree light$ wax c&les 7 !n plac$ ab\t ! leaves & fumigat$ ) inc5se1 dur+ :i* p]=mance a pray] to ,sa9t ,hel5a 0 utt]$4 ,v soon ! mantic adepts /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd saw =ms 9 ! wat]2 once a man ) a bald head1 slightly incl9$ =w>d2 a second "t a man dress$ 9 sc>let4 ,c>danus himself c\ld see no?+ m ?an a di/urbance 9 ! wat]1 z if produc$ by ! motes ( a sunbeam1 & a peculi> g5]ation ( bubbles4 ,! same pr9ciple lies at ! f\ndation ( ony*omancy1 :]e ! ?umb-nail ( "s suitable p]son1 or ! palm ( ! h& 0 ano9t$ ) oil & soot1 & ! images appe>$ 9 ! %9+ surface illum9at$ ei!r by ! rays ( ! sun or by a c&le4#bf ,ink 0 (t5 p\r$ into ! palm ( ! b5t h& & div9ation made f ! reflect+ surface ( ! ink4 #bf ,! facts cit$ are tak5 f ,k>l ,kiesewett]'s essay ,hypnotis*es ,hellseh51 9 ,sph9x1 ,i1 #acj1 #ahhf4 ,p]ty's "w on ! ,magical ,ph5om5a ( ,human ,nature1 & ,adolf ,ba/ian's treatise ,psy*is*e ,beoba*tung5 bei ,naturvolk]n 9 ,no4 #b ( ! ,s*rift5 d] ,gesells*aft fr ,exp]im5tal-,psy*ologie 7,leipsic1 ,ern/ ,gn!r1 #ahij71 may also be consult$4 ,x w appe> f ! v enum]ation ( ^! multif>i\s me?ods ( proc$ure t ! effect does n dep5d ^u ! especial "* or con/itution ( ! magic mirror4 ,x is a rem>kable trait ( human ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t x fir/ endeavors to trace all ph5om5a back to ext]nal facts be=e x seeks ! cause ( ! same )9 itself3 ! *ild ( nature sees 9 all 8 ?\ghts ! inspirations ( good or evil spirits1 & ev5 ! mod]n believ] f9ds ! s\rce ( all extraord9>y enlight5m5t n 9 himself b 9 ano!r--! ,highe/ ,be+4 ,a v high degree ( culture is requisite = man approximately to compreh5d :at m>vell\s =ces slumb] )9 him1 & to :at a great ext5t1 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w1 he is ! creator ( 8 own p]ceptions & emotions4 ,& ?us x 0 t ?r\gh\t ! long space ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s p did n cle>ly discov] t 9 ! case ( magic mirrors ! mo/ important factor 0 ! p]son t saw1 & n ! in/rum5ts ( see+4 ,if we w use ! ^w sup]/ition1 !re=e1 we c ju/ly d s ) ref]5ce to ! improp] disposition ( ! two factors involv$4 ,?is incorrect int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on1 z be+ necess>ily dep5d5t 9 its orig9 ^u ! mat]ial object employ$1 !n call$ =? ! fables reg>d+ "s p>ticul>ly r>e & miracul\s mirror :i* 0 kept 9 a c]ta9 family z a holy relic1 & ^: possession admitt$ p to a k ( ! secrets ( nature & ( ! future4 ,c\ntless sacrifices ( money & human life h be5 made to ^! extravagant fancies4 ,inde$1 ev5 to-day1 c]ta9 ,engli% bus9ess-h\ses deal 9 magic mirrors manufactur$ aft] ! be/ prescripts1 & c]ta9ly d]ive mu* pr(it f _! traffic4 ,9 all ! treatises ^u occult sci5ce1 9 ^? ( anci5t ,egypt z well z 9 ^? ( ! pres5t "t1--& ! lit]ature ( div9ation by mirrors 7catoptromancy7 fills :ole libr>ies1--9 all ,i say are f\nd directions = ! manufacture ( especially effective glass or metal mirrors4 ,true1 9 addition to ?is1 !re is n[ & !n a pres5tim5t to be detect$ ( ! importance ( p]sonality4 ,tradition pref]s 9 su* exp]im5ts *a/e maid5s1 pure boys1 or pregnant wom5--a *oice t despite its mat]ial fault9ess at any rate pursues ! correct pr9ciple ( emphasis+ individual "*4 ,mirror-gaz+ 0 =m]ly1 & is to-day1 mo/ ext5sively practis$ 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,we possess an acc\nt writt5 by ,lane 9 #ahcd ( an adv5ture he _h 9 ,egypt 9 company ) ! ,engli% ,consul ,salt4 ,! magician 9 *>ge ( ! c]emonies fir/ wrote ^u a slip ( pap] invocations summon+ 8 two ,g5ii2 & !n a few v]ses f ! ,koran1 to op5 ! boy's eyes 9 a sup]natural mann]1 444 to make 8 sight pi]ce into :at is to u ! invisible _w4 ,! slip ( pap] 0 ?r[n into a *af+-di% conta9+ live *>coal1 frank9c5se1 cori&] se$1 & b5zo94 ,a boy eight or n9e ye>s ( age _h be5 *os5 at r&om f a numb] :o happ5$ to be pass+ 9 ! /reet1 & ! magician1 tak+ hold ( 8 "r h&1 drew 9 ! palm ( x a magic squ>e1 t is to say1 "o squ>e inscrib$ )9 ano!r1 & 9 ! space betwe5 c]ta9 ,arabic num]als2 !n1 p\r+ ink 9 ! c5tre1 bade ! boy look into x att5tively4 ,at fir/ ! boy c\ld only see ! face ( ! magician1 b proce$+ ) 8 inspection1 :ile ! o!r cont9u$ to drop writt5 invocations into ! *af+-di%1 he at l5g? describ$ a man sweep+ ) a broom1 !n a sc5e 9 :i* flags & soldi]s appe>$1 & f9ally :5 ,lane ask$ t ,"l ,nelson %\ld be call$ =1 ! boy describ$ a man 9 ,european clo!s ( d>k blue1 :o _h lo/ 8 left arm1 b add$1 on look+ m int5tly1 ,no1 x is plac$ to 8 brea/4 ,"l ,nelson g5]ally _h an empty sleeve atta*$ to ! brea/ ( 8 coat1 b z x 0 ! "r arm he _h lo/1 ,lane1 )\t say+ t he suspect$ ! boy _h made a mi/ake1 ask$ ! magician :e!r ! object appe>$ 9 ! ink z if actually be=e ! eyes1 or z if 9 a glass1 :i* makes ! "r appe> left4 ,he answ]$ !y appe>$ z 9 a mirror2 & ?is r5d]$ ! div9ation faultless4 ,a c\nt]p>t to ?is 9 m rec5t times may be cit$4 ,:5 ,s]+apatam 0 /orm$ by ,g5]al ,h>ris & ,sir ,david ,baird1 ! un=tunate ,tippoo ,saib retir$ to discov] by means ( div9ation by a cup :at ! future prospects 7 = ! cont9uance ( 8 rule4 ,aft] he _h rema9$ seat$ = a long "t deeply absorb$ 9 m$itation1 he sudd5ly sprang up & 9 despair ru%$ into ! =emo/ ranks ( ! combatants & fell cov]$ ) w\nds2 s deeply _h ! fatal aspect ( ! image 9 ! cup mov$ him4 ,9 ,europe1 dur+ ! p]iod ( classic antiquity1 hydromancy 0 especially practis$4 ,! ,byzant9e ,&ronicus ,comn5us also put 8 fai? conc]n+ ! k ( future ?+s1 9 wat]4 ,*ri/ianity d5\nc$ ! practice ( ^! magic arts z ! "w ( ! devil4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as says t ! gift ( see+ visions possess$ by *ildr51 is n to be ascrib$ to any p[] ( innoc5ce b to evil influ5ces4 ,despite ?is h[ev] ! art did n p]i%4 ,inde$1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 "u ! protection ( physicians & ,univ]sity pr(essors1 x atta9$ ! acme ( its developm5t4 ,! celebrat$ humani/ ,pico de ,mir&ola 0 firmly conv9c$ ( ! p[] ( magic mirrors1 & decl>$ t x 0 suffici5t 9 ord] to read 9 a magic mirror ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 simply to con/ruct "o "u a favorable con/ellation & at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,b ! mo/ successful ( all 9 ! practice ( cry/allomancy 0 ,dr4 ,dee1 :o fl\ri%$ f #aebg to #afjh4 ,8 se] or scry] 0 a man nam$ ,kelly1 :o c\ld h>dly be describ$ z unpollut$ or z "o t _h n kn[n s91 = he _h be5 ! p]petrator ( s _m villa9ies t z a te/imony ( 8 "* bo? 8 e>s _h be5 cut (f4 ,a cry/al s]v$ z ! vehicle ( ! ec/atic revelations1 to :i* accord+ to ! conception ( ! times num]\s spirits 7 atta*$1 :o made !mselves intelligible to ,kelly by dramatic sc5es & (t5 by s\nds4 ,! ,%ew-,/one1 or ,holy ,/one1 0 r\nd & r l>ge2 x is said to h come into ,dee's h&s 9 a v wond]ful mann]4 ,! l>ge folio volume ( ! ,engli% ma!matician ^u cry/allomancy 0 v probably us$ lat] by ,caglio/ro1 al?\gh ! latt] practis$ a some:at diff]5t me?od & us$ a c>afe ( wat] in/ead ( ! /one4 ,! prophecy ( ! magician :o pr$ict$ ! reg5cy ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans ?r\gh ! dea? ( ! ,pr9ce1 is to be notic$ z ! la/ hi/orical case ( ! use ( ! magic mirror4 ,9 our c5tury ,c\rts & ,univ]sities no long] =m ! /age ^u :i* ! drama ( cry/al-gaz+ is enact$1 b almo/ exclusively ! circles ( ! ,spiriti/s1 or1 z !y are commonly call$1 ,spirituali/s4 ,spiritualism has artfully confiscat$ a great quantity ( psy*ological data1 & has made an imp>tial exam9ation ( ph5om5a v difficult by always pres5t+ ! data to ! novice 9 connection ) _s-!ories4 ,hav+ le>n$ mu* f evil exp]i5ce1 ! public has assum$ a sceptical position ) reg>d to ev]y?+ t comes f spirituali/ic qu>t]s1 & easily ov]looks :at is actual & real b5ea? ! cov] ( uncritical drivel4 ,i %all also introduce "h "o or two in/ances :i* pla9ly %[ t aft] ! /up5d\s advances :i* made *emi/ry an exact sci5ce ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a 0 no long] s\ght 9 ! prop]ties ( /ones & mirrors1 b 0 attribut$ to gho/s & spirits1 by :i* /ill great] confusion 0 produc$4 ,9 ,ju/9us ,k]n]'s ,magikon we read3 ,que/ions are put to ! unsub/antial be+s t appe> 9 %9+ objects & ! se] he>s ! answ] 9 dull tones4 ,^! be+s also make signs & (t5 appe> 9 great numb]s1 b aga9 only ?ree at a "t1--& )9 five or t5 m9utes 9 ! case ( practis$ scry]s1 b 9 ! case ( ! unpractis$ n until a long] space has elaps$4 ,! objects describ$ appe> 9 a few seconds & vani% :5 !y are no long] ne$$4 ,9 ,a!ns a female se] ( ?is description is said to h se5 a sick p]son 9 ,vi5na & ev]y?+ describ$ 9 m9ute/ detail 0 confirm$ by ! next po/4 ,a boy :o beheld abs5t p]sons & _! acts 9 a m$ic9e glass fill$ ) wat] is said to h discov]$ by ?is means unkn[n ?ieves4 ,b>? gives ! foll[+ directions = cry/al-gaz+3 ,:5 ! cry/al has be5 gr\nd & poli%$ x is d$icat$ to "s _s or o!r2 ?is is call$ its consecration4 ,be=e be+ us$ x is '*>g$'2 t is1 an invocation is made to ! _s1 :]e9 a vision is reque/$ ( ! ?+s t "o wi%es to exp]i5ce4 ,ord9>ily a "y p]son is *os5 to look into ! glass & behold ! pray$ = vision4 ,aft] a little "t ! cry/al becomes envelop$ 9 a cl\d1 & a t9y vision appe>s :i* repres5ts 9 m9iature ! p]sons1 sc5es1 & ?+s t are necess>y to supply ! requir$ in=mation4 ,:5 ! in=mation has be5 obta9$ ! cry/al is 'dis*>g$1' & aft] receiv+ ?anks = ! s]vices he has p]=m$ ! _s is dismiss$4 ,p]ty f :om ,i take ?is citation aptly adds1 ,"o's own _s1 accord+ly1 is "h invok$ z a /rang]4 ,! rec5t reports ( ,anglo-,am]ican ,spirituali/s are less crude1 yet are simil>ly p]meat$ by gho/-hypo!ses4 ,= example1 a ,mr4 ,rog]s relates t he _h put a cry/al into ! h&s ( a lady :o knew no?+ at all ( its magical p[]s1 yet :o a %ort "t aft]w>ds v m9utely describ$ a sc5e 9 :i* a lectur]1 evid5tly ( ,engli% nationality1 0 address+ a =eign audi5ce1 :ile beh9d 8 *air ! %ade ( a ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian /ood--! s\rce ( 8 inspiration4 ,a few mon?s lat] ! lady 0 by *ance introduc$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul at ,trebizond :om %e imm$iately recognis$ z ! pr9cipal "* ( h] vision1 & :o ^u be+ que/ion$ decl>$ t at ! "t m5tion$ he _h giv5 an address at t place1 & moreov]1 t accord+ to ! decl>ation ( ,spirituali/ m$iums he 0 controll$ by ! _s ( a ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian4 ,9 ,g]many ! be/ kn[n "w is probably ! ,vision5 im ,wass]glass1 by ,frau ,adelma ,von ,vay1 ne ,c\ntess ,wurmbr&4 ,%e reports 9 h] little book "s n9ety exp]im5ts t 7 made 9 ! ye>s f #ahfi to #ahge4 ,frau ,von ,vay sees h] pictures )\t difficulty1 at times 9 _! natural colors1 at times 9 %ades betwe5 :ite & black2 (t5 !y are ( only mom5t>y duration1 !n aga9 !y p]si/ = "s "t or gradually melt into confus$ & nebul\s spots4 ,! lady dictates to h] husb& ! description ( :at is pres5t$ to h] gaze2 ! ,_s furni%es comm5t>ies & supplem5t>y int]pretations1 & ! fulfilm5t or non-fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies & div9ations is c>efully not$ d[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e pass+ on f ! hi/ory ( ?is subject to ! pres5tation ( a numb] ( sy/ematic exp]im5ts1 & to ! developm5t ( ! !ory und]ly+ !m1 ,i %all briefly consid] ! "p t ! magic mirror has play$ 9 poetry & fiction4 ,= we (t5 f9d "h1 especially 9 popul> poetry1 fairy tales1 & traditions1 an arti/ic anticipation ( ideas t only ! advanc$ k ( lat] c5turies is able sci5tifically to v]ify4 ,! illum9$ eye ( g5ius prematurely seizes ^u :at 9 ! di/ant future becomes ! consci\s prop]ty ( all humanity4 ,& ?is is true ( ! half-unconsci\s art ( ! individual poet4 ,! imag9ation ( ! poet1 borne al(t by ! imm$iate s5se ( tru? & ! self-consci\sness ( typical humanity1 ca/s fla%es ( illum9ation v frequ5tly into ! d>k regions ( our inn] _w4 ,9 ! facts inh]5t 9 popul> in/9ct x discov]s intuitively a multitude ( comb9ations1 long be=e !y possess = ! av]age p]ception cr$itable possibility1 or ev5 possible reality4 ,! m9ute analysis1 h[ev]1 ( symbolic art belongs to ! mo/ difficult problems ( comp>ative psy*ology4 ,to pres5t at once f ! multitude ( examples a s+ul>ly /rik+ "o1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,y\?ful ,k+ ,ze9 ,alasnam & ! ,pr9ce ( ,spirits may be *os54 ,ze9 ,alasnam1 :o possesses eight /atues ( great value1 is 9 que/ ( a n9? ( m>vell\s beauty1 :i* ! ,pr9ce ( ,spirits promises him z soon z ?\ %alt br+ me a "y maid5 :o %all be at lea/ fifte5 ye>s ( age & ( p]fect beauty2 ! maid5 %all n be va9 ( h] beauty & %all h nev] spok5 an untru?4 ,) ! help ( 8 magic mirror1 ,ze91 aft] _m va9 attempts1--= ! mirror 0 always murky :5 he look$ into x 9 ! pres5ce ( a girl1--f9ally f\nd a maid5 9 ^: pres5ce a brilliant image %one =? f ! mirror4 ,by /rategy ,ze9 br\ght ! noble girl1 ) :om 9 ! mean "t he _h fall5 passionately 9 love1 to ! ,pr9ce ( ,spirits--b x mu/ be confess$ t x 0 only at ! e>ne/ entreaty ( 8 fai?ful s]vant1 = he w\ld h v mu* lik$ to possess ! maid5 himself4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,spirits ?ank$ him & told him to return to 8 home :]e he w\ld f9d ! n9? /atue t 0 promis$ him ^u a gold5 p$e/al 9 ! c5tre ( ! o!rs4 ,ze9 ha/5$ to 8 palace & flew into 8 treasure-*amb]4 ,^u ! n9? p$e/al !re /ood attir$ 9 silk ( roseate hue1 ) mode/ blu%+ c\nt5ance1 an immovable /atue4 ,ze9 ,alasnam1 dazzl$ by ! brilliancy ( ! o!r =ms1 /epp$ into ! glitt]+ circle to behold 8 treasure close at h&1 :5 behold6 ! /atue sudd5ly desc5d$ f its p$e/al & fell into 8 arms4 ,x 0 ! same beautiful & virtu\s maid5 t he _h conduct$ into ! pres5ce ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,spirits4 ,%e wept te>s ( joy & ,ze9 ,alasnam wept ) h]4 ,! factor "h emphasis$--namely1 a mirror t only exhibits a cle> surface to its possessor :5 a *a/e maid5 is 9 its pres5ce--is n at all z fabul\s z at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,x dep5ds ( c\rse ^u ! p]son gaz+ :e!r ! reflect+ surface w appe> murky or n2 = x is a "q "h m]ely ( subjective p]ception1 & n ( an objective blurr+ ( ! glass4 ,9 ! case 9 :i* ! girl made no impression ^u ! y\?1--t is :]e ! s\l unconsci\sly pass$ an unfavorable judgm5t1--! picture w h be5 dimly p]ceiv$ & w ?us h express$ 9 a /rangely r\ndab\t way1 t :i* lay slumb]+ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 he>t4 ,! mirror furni%es no o!r in=mation ?an t :i* we put into x2 b x communicates x to our e-day consci\sness :i* kn[s little or no?+ ( ! recondite processes ( our inn] life4 ,! fabul\s p]=mances ( o!r magic mirrors may be simil>ly expla9$ if we disc>d ! unnecess>y adornm5t 9 :i* !y are g5]ally set =?4 ,! bu* all] v]bot55 kun/ 7publi%$ 9 #adee71 a m$ival collection ( /ories ( ?is "*1 is suppli$ ) m>g9al annotations ( moral purport t possess "s hi/orical value4 ,we %all !re=e transcribe a passage illu/rative ( its "*4 ,die mai/] und ireglei*5 die treib5 die kun/ pyromancia au* 9 a9em s*le*t5 spiegel und lass5 k9d] d>e9 seh5 die sie dan au* va/ besw]n und 9 au* v]porgne wort e9raun5 und ma95t va/ vil d>9 zu erfrag54 das i/ alles e9 ungelaub und des boes5 tewfels gesp5/ und v]fu]ung4 huet di* du *ri/51 i* w>n di* g> treuli*4 au* treibt man die sa* 9 a9em s*n5 glanz5 puli]t5 sw]t 444 ,9 d] kun/ pyromancia s9d au* g> vil &] ungelaub51 und nemli* a9] d] sol des gewiss se91 d] i/ d] all]s*no$e/ und boese/1 wann s man ie ve/] gelaubt an soeli* zaub]ey s si ie m] is snd4 das /ueck gat zu1 das die knab5 ku5ftige und alle d+ suell5 seh5 9 a9em cri/all54 das /ueck treib5 die vals*5 v]zweifelt5 und v]zagt5 cri/51 d5 dann lieb] i/ des tiuefels gesp5/ und trugnuss1 dan die w>heit gottes 9 manig] h& weis4 ettli* hab5 g> a9 laut]n s*o55 gepuli]t5 cri/all5 od] p>ill51 d5 lass5 sie waih5 und halt5 9 g> ra9 und les5 dazu weirrau*1 mirr5 und desglei*51 und wann sie die kun/ treib5 woell51 s w>t5 si uf g> a95 s*o5 tag od] hab5 a9 ra9 gema* und d>9 g> vil gewei*t] k]z52 die mai/] gan d5 g5 bad und nem5 dann das ra9 *9d mit 9 und beclaid5 si* dan 9 ra9es weiss gew&1 und sitz5 nid] und spre*5 9 zaub] bact1 und pr5n5 d5 ir zaub]opf] und lass5 dan d5 knab5 9 d5 /a9 seh5 und raun5 im 9 se9e or5 v]porg5 wort die suell5 va/ hailig se91 w>li*1 die wort s9d tewflis*4#bg #bg ,! ,ma/]s & _! l also practice ! art ,pyromancia 9 a wret*$ mirror1 & make *ildr5 look into x1 :om !y !n d conjure & also :isp] secret words 9 _! e>s1 & fancy !y get mu* in=mation !reby4 ,b x is all a h]esy1 ! "w & allurem5t ( ! wick$ devil4 ,*ri/ian1 h a c>e6 ,i give !e hone/ w>n+4 ,!y practise ! ?+1 too1 9 a beautiful1 %9+1 poli%$ sword4444 ,9 ! art ,pyromancia !re is also mu* o!r h]esy1 & especially !re is "o t is s1 ! wor/ & wick$e/ ( all3 & ! firm] "o's belief 9 x is1 ! great] is 8 s9fulness4 ,"h1 "y boys are said to behold future ?+s & all ?+s 9 a cry/al4 ,base1 desp]ate1 & fa9t-he>t$ ,*ri/ians practise x1 to :om ! %ad[ & ! phantom ( ! devil are de>] ?an ! tru? ( ,god4 ,"s take a cle> & beautifully poli%$ cry/al or b]yl1 :i* !y consecrate & keep clean1 & treat ) inc5se1 myrrh1 & ! l4 ,& :5 !y propose to practise _! art1 !y wait = a cle> day1 or select "s clean *amb] 9 :i* are _m c&les burn+2 ! ma/]s !n ba!1 & take ! pure *ild into ! room ) !m1 & clo! !mselves 9 pure :ite g>m5ts1 & sit d[n & speak 9 magic s5t5ces1 & !n burn _! magic (f]+1 & make ! boy look into ! /one1 & :isp] 9 8 e>s secret words1 :i* h1 z !y we51 "s holy import3 v]ily1 ^? words are ( ! ,devil4 ,exactly "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is1 a simil> pot-p\rri appe>$1 int]m+l$ ) ref]5ces to mod]n affairs & ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 entitl$ ! ,neupoli]te ,ges*i*t-,kun/- und ,sitt5spiegel auslndis*] ,vlk]4 ,:]e9 we may read ?is3 ,es i/ bekannt dass 9 man*5 ,/a$t5 bey uns unt]weil5 alte ,weib] au* wol zu zeit5 ,mnn] d5 ,leut5 wel*5 ,gott e9e ,/raffe s*uldig i/ 9 ,spiegeln und ,kry/all5 weis5 0 sie zu wiss5 begehr54 ,also hat fu] e9ig5 ,jahr5 zu ,elb+5 9 ,preuss5 e9] si* aufgehalt5 wel*] aus e9em sol*5 ,wahrsag]-,spiegel die ,v]borg5heit5 v]ku5diget und d5 ,fu]witzig5 ang$eutet hat4 ,mit dem ,kry/all-,guck5 wird zw> man*] von d5 alt5 ,sag5-,spre*]9n5 getaeus*t und fals*e ,mutmassung5 od] beh5de ,aug5bl5dung5 ihm fu] e9e ,gewis%eit v]kauft3 weil sol*e ,vetteln vielmals unt] dem ,s*e9 d] ,wahrsag]-,kun/ ihr5 ,betrug spiel5 und w$] ,gutes no* ,boeses wiss54 ,ni*ts de/[5ig] /eh5 d5no* au* viel sol*] alt5 ,sibyll5 mit dem s*w>z5 ,kasp> 9 gut] ,v]trauli*keit und ko5n5 9 d5 ,spiegeln od] ,kry/all5 dur* ,huelfe und ,v]mittelung dieses boes5 ,gei/es d5 ,erfolg ku5fftig] ,begeb5heit5 fu]bild54 ,wie dess5 ,h]r ,johannes ,ri/ e9 m]kli*es ,exempel erzaehlet wel*es er 9 se9] ,jug5d mit se95 leibli*5 ,aug5 geseh5 9 e9] gross5 ,/adt3 d>9 er si* damals bei fu]nehm5 ,leut5 aufgehalt5 die e95 fe95 wohlge>tet5 ,sohn gehabt wel*] na*geh5ds zu hoh5 ,ehr5-,aemt]n ge/ieg54#bh #bh ,x is kn[n t 9 _m ( our t[ns old wom51 possibly at times m51 soj\rn1 :o %[ to p to :om ,god owes puni%m5t t :i* !y want to "k1 by means ( mirrors & cry/als4 ,"s ye>s ago "o su* p]son 0 /ay+ 9 ,elb+51 9 ,prussia1 :o pr$ict$ hidd5 tru?s by ! help ( a div9+ mirror ( ?is k9d1 & ann\nc$ !m to 8 curi\s cu/om]s4 ,_m inde$ are deceiv$ 9 cry/al-see+ by ! old =tune-tell]s t practice x1 & baseless guesses & cunn+ deceptions ( ! eye are (t5 sold !m = c]ta9ties3 = ^! hags frequ5tly practise _! impo/ures only "u ! cov] & semblance ( ! art ( div9ation1 kn[+ nei!r good nor bad4 ,nev]!less1 _m ( ^! old ,sibyls /& ^u t]ms ( intimacy ) ,black ,kasp>1 & are able ) ! assi/ance & int]m$iation ( ?is evil _s to =e%[ 9 _! mirrors & cry/als ! issue & outcome ( future ev5ts4 ,su* 0 ! rem>kable case t ,h]r ,johannes ,ri/ tells (1 :i* he saw 9 8 y\? ) 8 own corporeal eyes2 x 0 9 a great city :]e9 at ! "t he 0 /ay+ ) v di/+ui%$ p :o _h a h&some & well-mann]$ son :o aft]w>ds rose to high (fices ( honor4 ,aga91 we h a ,d5ckwu]dige ,ges*i*te von d] ,kry/all-,guck]y1 :i* makes skilful use ( all ! fabul\s elem5ts ( ! magic mirror leg5ds4 ,x tells ( a mirror t always reveals to its possessor ! tru?1 & by means ( :i* ! future may be div9$4 ,a prom95t feature ( ! nurs]y tales ( to-day is discov]able 9 x--t if *ildr5 look at night into a mirror an ugly1 =bidd+ face w gaze out ^u !m4 ,! book1 h[ev]1 pres5ts few int]e/+ details1 & we may !re=e pass x & o!rs ( ! same p]iod by 9 ord] to ha/5 on to ! pres5t4 ,& to :om w\ld n ! "n ( ,h(fmann at once occur6 ,he :o delight$ to employ1 & weave 9 ! magic web ( 8 fiction1 all t 0 m>vell\s & my/]i\s1 w und\bt$ly h dealt ) ! subject we n[ h 9 h&4 ,9 fact ! magic mirror has ?ree times figur$ 9 8 works3 once 9 ,d] ,gold5e ,topf1 aga9 9 ! ,leb5sansi*t5 des ,kat] ,murr1 & f9ally 9 ! novel ,das de ,haus4 ,a few passages may be tak5 f ! la/-m5tion$ novel z illu/rations ( ! po9t we are consid]+4 ,a small =sak5 cottage be>s an evil "n2 x hides a secret f ! _w4 ,?is 0 :at p said 9 ! t[n1 & ,i :o tell ?is /ory c\ld get no re/ ) ?9k+ ( x2 daily ,i walk$ by ! h\se ) ! curta9$ w9d[s4 ,once1 z ,i 0 pass+1 ,i saw ! curta9 move & a beautifully-%ap$ h& adorn$ ) a brilliant diamond r+ place a cry/al c>afe ^u ! w9d[-sill4 ,! memory ( ?is picture ar\s$ 9 my m9d a vision>y dream1 & on ! foll[+ day :5 ,i look$ up to ! w9d[ at :i* ! h& _h appe>$1 ! c\nt5ance ( ! vision ,i _h se5 0 reg>d+ me ) a look ( sorr[ful entreaty4 ,i seat$ myself ^u a b5* opposite1 ! back ( :i* 0 turn$ to ! h\se1 s t by lean+ ov] ! arm ,i c\ld gaze )\t di/urbance at ! fatal w9d[ & ! lovely maid54 ,absorb$ 9 contemplation1 ,i fail$ to obs]ve an ,italian p$l> :o 0 (f]+ me 8 w>es4 ,b be+ seiz$ by ! arm ,i at la/ gave att5tion to ! importunities ( ! p$l>1 :o1 ) ! words ',i h o!r beautiful ?+s "h1' pull$ out ! l[] draw] ( 8 box1 & held at a %ort di/ance be=e me1 at an angle1 a little r\nd pocket-mirror t lay 9 ! draw] among a numb] ( o!r tr9kets4 ,i beheld ! desolate h\se beh9d me1 ! w9d[1 &1 m>k$ 9 ! di/9cte/ outl9es1 ! lovely angelic =m ( my vision4 ,i quickly pur*as$ ! little glass1 :i* n[ made x possible = me1 9 easy po/ure & )\t attract+ ! att5tion ( ! neighbors1 to look t[>ds ! w9d[ ( my hopes4444 ,! little mirror t s deceptively reflect$ ! lovely =m1 ,i _h n[ devot$ to dome/ic purposes4 ,i 0 9 ! habit ( ty+ my cravat be=e x4 ,& s x happ5$ once1 :ile ,i 0 9 ! act ( p]=m+ ?is important duty1 t x appe>$ t>ni%$ to me4 ,) a view to brightly poli%+ x1 ,i brea!d ^u x 9 ! usual mann]4 ,my pulse ceas$ its beat+1 my he>t trembl$ ) delight & dismay4 ,delight & dismay6 ,yes1 ?us ,i mu/ describe ! emotion t ov]p[]$ me1 z1 :5 my brea? fell ^u ! mirror1 ,i beheld 9 a blui% mi/ ! lovely face t _h look$ ^u me ) t sorr[ful1 he>t-p5etrat+ glance6--,y laugh8--,d5\nce me1 believe me an incurable dream]6 ,b say & ?9k :at y w--x is en\gh--! fair "o gaz$ ^u me f ! mirror1 & z soon z ! brea? disappe>$ h] face vani%$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! glass4 ,b ,i w n we>y y1 ,i w n tell all t came ( ?is4 ,only ?is mu* w ,i say1 t ,i aga9 & aga9 r5ew$ my exp]im5ts ) ! mirror1 t ,i 0 (t5 successful 9 call+ =? by my brea? ! picture ,i s lov$1 b t (t5times my mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts 7 9 va94444 ,i liv$ only 9 ! ?\ght ( h]2 all else 0 dead to me2 ,i neglect$ my fri5ds & my /udies4444 ,(t5 :5 t picture grew pale & wan1 a physical indisposition seiz$ me1 ! figure came =? z nev] be=e ) su* life-l reality & brilliancy t ,i almo/ fanci$ ,i c\ld seize x4 ,& !n x seem$ to my horror t ,i myself 0 ! figure1 veil$ & encompass$ by ! mi/s ( ! glass4 ,a %>p pa9 9 my brea/ & !n total apa?y t]m9at$ ?is tortur+ condition1 :i* inv>iably left me exhau/$1 & %ak5 to my inmo/ core4 ,9 ^! mom5ts e attempt ) ! mirror misc>ri$2 b :5 ,i _h become /r5g!n$1 & ! picture appe>$ aga9 f ! mirror 9 life-l =m1 ,i _c inde$ d5y t a peculi> physical *>m o!rwise =eign to me 0 unit$ ) x4444 ,we see :at brilliantly color$ creations tradition & fiction h wov5 ab\t ! magic mirror4 ,x is n[ ! duty ( sci5ce to cull f ^! %9+ husks1 by sob] inve/igation1 ! k]nels ( tru?2 & t1 x w be se51 c be done only by exp]im5t4 ,un=tunately ,i myself am unable to report any successful exp]im5ts2 =1 despite repeat$ attempts1 ,i h be5 unsuccessful 9 obta9+ any images :atev] f mirrors1 or cry/als1 or reflect+ surfaces ( any k9d4 ,simil>ly sev]al memb]s ( ! ,b]l9 ,society ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology h only _h exclusively negative results to rec\nt4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 a memb] ( ! ,engli% ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* has be5 enabl$ to report a great numb] ( p]t95t obs]vations4 ,& al?\gh to my regret ,i am n p]mitt$ to publi% ! "n ( ! lady#bi 9 "q1 yet e d\bt z to ! tru? ( h] utt]ances is exclud$1 & ! mat]ial %e has furni%$ =ms a valuable enri*m5t ( psy*ological lit]ature4 ,i %all1 accord+ly1 collect f ! communications ( ?is lady1 :o is a fri5d ( ,pr(essor & ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 sev]al cases :i* appe> to me especially adapt$ to ?r[ light ^u ! nature ( ! /range ph5om5a we are exam9+4 #bi ,i aft]w>ds receiv$ p]mission to publi% h] "n3 x is ,miss ,a4 ,goodri* ( ,london4 ,! lady made m ?an sev5ty exp]im5ts ( h] own1 ( :i*--a fact ( ! greate/ value = pass+ ^u _! exactness--%e always made notes at once1 or at ! mo/ nev] m ?an an h\r aft]w>ds4 ,%e employ$ v>i\s means = ! production ( ! halluc9ations4 ,at fir/ %e us$ ! color$ balls t are hung ^u ,*ri/mas trees1 or ! back ( a gold wat*2 b x turn$ out t bo? ^! objects tri$ ! eyes by _! /rong brilliancy & grotesquely di/ort$ ! visions t 7 evok$4 ,a glass fill$ ) wat] prov$ to be inconv5i5t to h&le1 especially 9 ! d>k2 :ile mirrors also possess$ _m di/urb+ peculi>ities4 ,a magnify+ glass set on a d>k backgr\nd prov$ to be v effective1 especially by daylight2 z did also a black-fram$ photograph plac$ ^u ! wall ( ! room opposite ! light4 ,! gaze & ! att5tion1 h[ev]1 7 be/ conc5trat$ ^u a well-poli%$ rock-cry/al4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure--s9ce happily all ! appurt5ances ( my/icism 7 disc>d$--0 v simple4 ,! lady drap$ ! cry/al 9 black1 plac$ x :]e none ( ! surr\nd+ objects c\ld be reflect$ 9 x1 & wait$ = :atev] might happ54 ,:at occurr$8 ,! simple/ in/ance is p]haps ,no4 #g1 :i* we "h introduce3 ,i f9d 9 ! ,cry/al a bit ( d>k wall1 cov]$ ) :ite jessam9e1 & ,i ask myself1 ',:]e h ,i walk$ to-day8' ,i h no recollection ( su* a sight1 n a common "o 9 ! ,london /reets1 b to-morr[ ,i w repeat my walk ( ?is morn+1 ) a c>eful reg>d = creep]-cov]$ walls4 ,to-morr[ solves ! my/]y4 ,i f9d ! v spot1 & ! sight br+s ) x ! fur!r recollection t at ! mom5t we pass$ ?is spot ,i 0 engag$ 9 absorb+ conv]sation ) my companion1 & my volunt>y att5tion 0 preoccupi$4 ,?is is a v simple case4 ,a visual image1 rec5tly yet unconsci\sly receiv$1 spr+s up f ! subt]ranean /rata ( ! s\l into :i* x _h sunk4 ,no4 #fh af=ds a simil> in/ance3 ,i _h c>elessly de/roy$ a lett] )\t pres]v+ ! address ( my correspond5t4 ,i knew ! c\nty1 & se>*+ 9 a map1 recognis$ ! "n ( ! t[n1 "o unfamili> to me1 b :i* ,i 0 sure ,i %\ld "k :5 ,i saw x4 ,b ,i _h no clue to ! "n ( ! h\se or /reet1 till at la/ x /ruck me to te/ ! value ( ! cry/al z a means ( recall+ =gott5 k4 ,a v %ort inspection suppli$ me ) ',hibbs ,h\se' 9 grey lett]s on a :ite gr\nd1 & hav+ no?+ bett] to sugge/ f any o!r s\rce1 ,i risk$ po/+ my lett] to ! address s /rangely suppli$4 ,a day or two br\ght me an answ]1 head$ ',hibbs ,h\se' 9 grey lett]s on a :ite gr\nd4 ,tricks ( ! memory l ^! appe> /ill m /range :5 !y are due m]ely to an indirect excitation4 ,x may happ5 t "o is sudd5ly rem9d$ ( a fri5d :o is long s9ce dead1 by ! accid5tal sight ( 8 favorite di%4 ,no direct excitation is "h pres5t$1 b ! image ( ! fri5d rememb]$ is indirectly reviv$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 concat5ation ( ideas4 ,?is we f9d 9 ! elev5? exp]im5t3 ,"o ( my e>lie/ exp]i5ces 0 ( a picture1 p]plex+ & :olly unexpect$--a qua9t oak *air1 an old h&1 a worn black coat-sleeve re/+ on ! arm ( ! *air1--sl[ly recognis$ z a recollection ( a room 9 a c\ntry vic>age1 :i* ,i _h n ent]$ & b seldom recall$ s9ce ,i 0 a *ild ( t54 ,b :5ce came ?is vision1 :at association has conjur$ up ?is picture8 ,:at h ,i done to-day8444 ,at l5g? ! clue is f\nd4 ,i h to-day be5 read+ ,dante1 fir/ enjoy$ ) ! help ( our de> old vic> _m a ye> ago4 ,! process "h c>ri$ on1 :i* takes place = ! mo/ "p outside ( ! sph]e ( consci\sness1 is !re=e ! foll[+3 ,! read+ ( ,dante revives ! image ',vic>'2 ! image ',vic>' produces ! image ( ! room2 ! latt] image is ext]nalis$4 ,b we c p5etrate consci\sly into ^! processes4 ,!re are any numb] ( p :o1 ) _! eyes clos$1 c produce phantasy-pictures surpris+ly reali/ic2 & g5iuses especially h comm& ( ri* p[]s 9 ?is direction4 ,george ,s&'s biograph] tells u1 t sitt+ at ! feet ( h] "m be=e ! *imney fire1 %e w\ld (t5 wat* ! old gre5-color$ fire-gu>d 9 ord] to =m f ! reflections ( ! flames figures & sc5es4 ,& ?is is ! case ( our ,engli% lady4 ,j z an imag9ative *ild tells itself /ories1 s %e1 to :ile away ! "t1 builds 9 ! twilight h\rs gr\ps ( figures1 & projects !m into h] cry/als2 & s /range is ! unconsci\s ,i to ! consci\s ,i1 t (t5times ! m9iature drama t is unfold$ is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ surprises to its own creator4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( our consci\sness 9 two sph]es1 is exhibit$ ) surpris+ di/9ctness :]e especial aids & exp$i5ts mu/ be employ$ to deciph] ! visions4 ,?us3 ,on ,m>* #bj?1 ,i happ5$ to want ! date ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 :i* ,i c\ld n recall1 ?\gh feel+ sure t ,i knew x1 & t ,i associat$ x ) "s ev5t ( importance4 ,:5 look+ 9 ! ,cry/al "s h\rs lat]1 ,i f\nd a picture ( an old man ) long :ite hair & be>d1 dress$ l a ,lyceum ,%ylock1 & busy writ+ 9 a l>ge book ) t>ni%$ massive clasps4 ,i wond]$ mu* :o he 01 & :at he c\ld possibly be do+1 & ?\ght x a good opportunity ( c>ry+ out a sugge/ion :i* _h be5 made to me1 ( exam9+ objects 9 ! ,cry/al ) a magnify+ glass4 ,! glass reveal$ to me t my old g5tleman 0 writ+ 9 ,greek1 ?\gh ! l9es fad$ away z ,i look$1 all b ! *>act]s he _h la/ trac$1 ! ,lat9 num]als ,,lxx4 ,!n x fla%$ into my m9d1 t he 0 "o ( ! ,jewi% ,eld]s at "w on ! ,septuag9t1 & t its date1 #bgg ,b4 ,c41 w\ld s]ve equally well = ,ptolemy ,philadelphus6 ,x may be wor? :ile to add1 ?\gh ! fact 0 n 9 my consci\s memory at ! mom5t1 t ,i _h once le>nt a *ronology on a mnemonic sy/em :i* sub/itut$ lett]s = figures1 & t ! memoria te*nica = ?is date 0 ',n[ ,jewi% ,eld]s indite a ,greek copy4' 7,no4 #gd47 ,! employm5t ( a magnify+ glass1 :i* by reason ( ext]nal difficulties is seldom possible1 is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! degree ( indep5d5ce ( ! two p]sonalities )9 u4 ,any?+ m m>vell\s ?an ! fact be=e u c h>dly be imag9$4 ,we create some?+ :i* is imm$iately wre/$ f our control & :i* leads a totally indep5d5t life2 we produce some?+ :i* becomes = our own selves a mute enigma1 & :i* c only be ar\s$ by artificial means out ( its gho/-l sil5ce4 ,! r5t t gapes ?r\gh\t creation1 ,goes also ?r\gh ! human he>t4 ,& ?us x may happ5 t our second ,i actually my/ifies at times our fir/ & pr9cipal ,i4 ,once a numb] ( lett]s appe>$ to h] 9 ! cry/al1 ea* lett] se5 sep>ately1 ( a bright r$ color4 ,at fir/ !y seem$ to be absolutely mean+less1 b x 0 at l5g? discov]$ t !y compos$ words1 spelt backw>ds1 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion3-- d e t n a w a e n o e m o s o t n i o j a e t a v i r p e l c r i c t s u m e b g n i l l i w o t e v i g s e v l e s m e h t p u o t e h t t c e j b u s & ! message at l5g? became intelligible z foll[s3-- ,want$ a someone to jo9 a private circle1 mu/ be will+ to give !mselves up to ! subject4 ,we n[ come to a ?ird gr\p ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* an entirely new elem5t ent]s into play4 ,:]eas hi!rto we h se5 ?+s reveal$ 9 ! magic mirror :i* 7 demon/rably or presumably already pres5t 9 ! bra9 ( ! op]ator1 or1 :]e ?is 0 n ! case1 9 any ev5t possess$ no ext]nal significance1 we n[ he> ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* unkn[n ev5ts are said to h be5 pres5t$4 ,i %\ld take no notice :atev] ( ?is class ( reports reg>d+ clairvoyance 9 space & "t1 if our in=mant did n give ! impression ( be+ ?or\ghly consci5ti\s & sci5tific4 ,! ,engli% lady possesses1 z ,i believe ,i h disc]n$ f our correspond5ce1 a highly critical m9d1 & is well acqua9t$ ) ! common s\rces ( error 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( inve/igation1 & h] te/imony is 9 my op9ion m valuable ?an t ( all ! e>ly au?ors toge!r4 ,x 7 inde$ m acceptable if ! results ( rec5t inve/igations _h be5 to %[ t all ! ph5om5a ( cry/allomancy 7 ref]able to ! hi!rto misund]/ood dom9ance ( ! s\l ( ! individual gaz+2 b s9ce a numb] ( cases rema9 t w n fit into ?is explanation1 we mu/ z hone/ p op5ly ackn[l$ge ! fact4 ,accord+ly1 )\t attempt+ any detail$ explanation1 ,i %all select a few cases z illu/rations1 leav+ x to ! read] to disc>d !m z accid5tal or to reta9 !m z wor?y ( consid]ation3 ,on ,saturday1 ,m>* #i?1 ,i _h writt5 a some:at impati5t note to a fri5d1 accus+ h] ( hav+1 on h] return f a two mon?s' abs5ce on ! ,cont95t1 sp5t t5 days 9 ,london )\t pay+ me a visit4 ,i 0 n1 !re=e1 surpris$1 :5 on ,sunday ev5+ %e appe>$ be=e me 9 ! ,cry/al1 b c\ld n und]/& :y %e %\ld hold up1 ) an air ( deprecation1 :at appe>$ to be a music portfolio4 ,on ,monday ,i receiv$ an answ]1 writt5 ! previ\s day1 plead+ guilty to my *>ge1 b urg+1 9 excuse1 t %e 0 att5d+ ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music1 & 0 engag$ !re dur+ ! great] "p ( e day4 ,?is intellig5ce 0 to ! la/ degree unexpect$1 = my fri5d is a m>ri$ woman1 :o has nev] /udi$ music 9 any b amateur /yle1 & :o1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( mo/ ladies ( fa%ion1 _h f9i%$ h] education "s ye>s ago4 ,i h s9ce asc]ta9$ t %e1 9 fact1 c>ries a portfolio correspond+ ) ! sket* ,i made ( t se5 9 ! vision4 7,no4 #fd47 ,! simple/ explanation ( ?is case w\ld be ! assumption t our in=mant _h at "s "t or o!r cursorily he>d ( h] fri5d hav+ aga9 tak5 up music4 ,! :ole ?+ w\ld !n be a reviv$ memory2 & ! agreem5t 9 appe>ance ( ! portfolio se5 ) ! real portfolio1 an accid5tal co9cid5ce4 ,b ?is presumption be+ exclud$1 psy*ologi/s :o believe 9 ! possibility ( telepa?ic communication might propose a diff]5t explanation4 ,9 ?is way4 ,! lady's fri5d1 9 writ+ h] note ( excuse1 is vividly ?9k+ ( h] "w1 :i* is to h] to a c]ta9 ext5t repres5t$ by h] portfolio1 & conveys ?is picture to ! receptive sub-consci\sness ( ! o!r lady4 ,!re ! image lies lat5t until x is translat$ into s5sory life ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! magic mirror--! v process ) :i* we h at a previ\s place become acqua9t$1 & w m exactly expla9 fur!r on4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is r$uc$ simply to ! tru? ( ! premise fir/ assum$--namely1 telepa?ic communication2 & all t we c at pres5t say1 is1 t x is consid]$ z an actual fact1 ^u ! basis ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 by _m prom95t inve/igators1 b is reject$ by ! majority z undemon/rat$4 ,= our "p1 we admit t an hypo!sis ( ?is k9d w\ld prove to be v useful1 s9ce reports simil> to ! la/ m5tion$ "o1 h rec5tly be5 publi%$ 9 great numb]s4 ,we select z an illu/ration ! foll[+ note by ,mrs4 ,l4 ,m41 f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*3 ,i 0 anxi\s to see a ,mr4 ,h41 b 0 unc]ta9 on :at day he w\ld call4 ,on ! #ai? ,july1 #ahhg ,i 0 call$ out ( ! (fice1 &1 be=e go+ out1 ,i put on ! door a c>d hav+ ^! words on x1 ',w return soon4' ,i 0 abs5t ab\t an h\r4 ,on my return ,i came up/airs1 b did n ask ! elevator boy if any "o _h call$2 nor did he tell me any "o _h done s4 ,z ,i came )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! door1 ,i saw "s *>act]s writt5 ^u ! c>d ,i _h left1 & j bel[ ! pr9t$ words ',w return soon1' ,i /oop$ d[n & read1 ',mr4 ,h4 has be5 "h1 & w return4' ,z ,i look$ ! words fad$ away4 ,i ent]$ ! (fice1 & 9 a v %ort "t ,mr4 ,h4 came 94 ,he _h left no "n or message4 ,he _h impress$ my face ^u 8 m9d v /rongly1 ) ! int5tion ( see+ if ,i w\ld be 9 any way affect$ by x1 or consci\s ( 8 approa*4 ,if ! fact ( accid5t1 int5sifi$ by ! /ra9$ expectation ( ,mrs4 ,m41 _c be accept$ z a satisfactory explanation1 x is to be consid]$ t ! :ite surface ( ! c>d 9 ?is case act$ 9 ! same ext]nalis+ mann] z ! cry/al 9 ! in/ance giv5 j above4 ,! remotely-op]ative excitation p5etrat$ ! s\l unobs]v$1 & 0 fir/ translat$ into a consci\s image at ! mom5t :5 ! glance at ! c>d favor$ ! =mation ( halluc9ations4 ,f9ally a numb] ( o!r cases are to be m5tion$1 9 :i* ev5 ^! suppositions seem insuffici5t2 & = ! reason t ! ev5ts se5 7 n to happ5 until "s future "t4 ,b t :i* has n yet happ5$1 & :i* is n to be =ese5 9 detail1 c nei!r orig9ate 9 ! repositories ( memory1 nor f ! telepa?ic influ5ce ex]cis$ by ano!r p]son4 ,we %\ld 9 t case be oblig$ to accept "s hypo!sis ( clairvoyance 9 "t--grant+ ( c\rse t all s\rces ( error are exclud$4 ,! read] may judge = himself3 ,9 ,janu>y la/ ,i saw 9 ! ,cry/al ! figure ( a man cr\*+ at a small w9d[1 & look+ into ! room f ! outside4 ,i c\ld n see 8 features1 :i* appe>$ to be muffl$1 b ! ,cry/al 0 p>ticul>ly d>k t ev5+1 & ! picture be+ an unpleasant "o1 ,i did n p]sev]e4 ,i conclud$ ! vision to be a result ( a discussion 9 my pres5ce ( ! _m /ories ( burgl>y ) :i* ! newspap]s _h lately ab\nd$1 & reflect$ ) a pass+ satisfaction1 t ! only w9d[s 9 ! h\se divid$ into f\r panes z 7 ^? ( ! ,cry/al-picture1 7 9 ! front attic & almo/ inaccessible4 ,?ree days lat] a fire broke out 9 t v room1 :i* _h to be ent]$ f outside ?r\gh ! w9d[1 ! face ( ! fireman be+ cov]$ ) a wet clo?1 z a protection f ! smoke :i* r5d]$ access ?r\gh ! door impossible4 7,no4 #cf47 ,is ?is a case ( prevision8 ,grant+ t ! agreem5t ( ! facts ) ! vision is n due to m]e accid5t1 ! possibility yet rema9s ( a falsification ( memory2 t is1 ! possibility t a vision orig9ally simil> to ! ev5t aft]w>ds obs]v$1 0 subsequ5tly tak5 to be ! same z t ev5t4 ,su* obscurations & falsifications ( memory are v frequ5t4 ,inde$ !y get to be epidemic1 ! mom5t a second factor1 t ( expectation1 is add$4 ,we ne$ only h a =ebod+ t some?+ w ev5tually happ51 & we %all inevitably =m c]ta9 indef9ite notions ( its p>ticul> "*4 ,if n[ ! ev5t actually happ5s1 our oblig+ memory is at once at h& ) ! lie1 ',exactly z ,i knew be=e4' ',i told y s1' is ! ass]tion4 ,& x is !re=e no accid5t t 9 ! lit]ature ( clairvoyance1 ! arrival ( lett]s ( ?is or t t5or plays s great a "p2 = expectation has a broad & acceptable ar5a 9 ?is v connection4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! falsification ( memory & int5se expectation take "p 9 ! obs]vation :i* we %all n[ cite1 x w\ld be h>dly possible to det]m9e accurately3 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #aa?1 be+ tir$1 ,i 0 ab\t to g e>ly to my room1 :5 x occurr$ to me to wait = ! la/ po/1 already late1 t ,i might n be aga9 di/urb$ by hav+ ! lett]s br\ght to my room4 ,i took up ! ,cry/al r to pass ! "t ?an ) mu* expectation ( see+ any?+2 = z a rule1 :5 "o is tir$1 ! conc5tration ( att5tion necess>y to ,cry/al-vision is some:at difficult to atta94 ,h[ev]1 ,i p]ceiv$ a :ite object on a d>k gr\nd1 soon becom+ m cle>ly def9$ z a lett] 9 a v l>ge envelope torn at ! edges1 z if n suffici5tly /rong to hold its cont5ts4 ,ano!r envelope1 ( ord9>y size1 ly+ at ! top1 conceal$ ! address1 & ! writ+ on ! small] "o 0 too mu* blurr$ to deciph]4 ,! vision 0 mom5t>y only1 or ,i might h appli$ ! te/ ( ! magnify+ glass1 :i* is sometimes1 ?\gh n always1 ( use 9 su* cases4 ,i ?\ght x possible t ! vision might be m]ely ! result ( expectation1 b x seem$ at lea/ wor? :ile1 aft] mak+ a note ( ! fact1--my inv>iable rule :5ev] possible1--to te/ its significance4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! lett]s 7 ly+ on a seat 9 ! hall1 %[+ :ite aga9/ ! d>k poli%$ wood--plac$ !re possibly by "s "o leav+ ! h\se :o _h met ! po/man be=e he _h "t to r+4 ,! lett]s 7 two1--! l[] "o1 :i* _h bur/ ! envelope1 0 ! size ( a %eet ( lett]-pap] n fold$1 & 0 = myself1 ! upp] "o1 ! usual size ( a note1 & n = me1 :i* may h acc\nt$ = my inability to read ! address4 7,no4 #ff47 ,i repeat x--) acc\nts ( ?is "*1 ?\gh 9 ! highe/ degree acceptable1 sci5ce _c at pres5t deal2 & 9 proce$+ n[ to attempt an explanation ( ! ph5om5a illu/rat$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,engli% communication m5tion$1 ,i %all entirely leave out ( consid]ation ! cases t po9t to telepa?ic causes or clairvoyance 9 "t & space4 ,we h already made ! acqua9tance ( "s few !ories :i* h aris5 hi/orically4 ,=m]ly1 & ev5 at ! pres5t day 9 fact1 c]ta9 objects & qualities ( objects 7 made acc\ntable = ! occurr5ce ( /rik+ halluc9ations4 ,! great cycle ( leg5ds t adh]e to ! magic mirror1 has ?us aris54 ,(t5 a p5tah$ronal qu>tz-cry/al1 (t5 ! fusion ( ! sev5 anci5t metals into poli%$ surfaces 0 suppos$ to possess especial virtue4 ,gregory1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ass]t$ t ! ph5om5a 7 mo/ easily produc$ by look+ into a d\ble-convex plate ( z9c into ! c5tre ( :i* a small poli%$ copp] disk _h be5 set4 ,we n[ "k t 9 ! importance atta*$ to ^! & simil> directions ! sali5t po9t 0 miss$ & an incid5tal factor pu%$ into ! =egr\nd4 ,b 9 any ev5t x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ?r\gh belief 9 notions ( ?is k9d ! se] ga9$ a great] confid5ce 9 ! success ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,ev5 incorrect !ories prove to be useful4 ,:5 any "o f9ally came into ! possession ( a fam\s magic /one1 8 firm belief 9 its p[]s induc$ a disposition to visions t p]haps nev] be=e exi/$ 9 8 organism to ! same degree4 ,a second hypo!sis reg>ds ! ph5om5a z manife/ations ( ! ,devil or ! "w ( spirits4 ,dr4 ,dee gives a v m9ute description ( 8 regul> _s visitors4 ,he tells ( an old woman 9 a r$ petticoat1 & ( a pretty little girl ) h] hair roll$ up 9 front & hang+ d[n v long beh9d4 ,?is con/ant p]sonification is v significant1 s9ce x indicates ! approa* ( recognis$ =ms ( m5tal ali5ation2 h[ev]1 ! ,daimon ( ,socrates proves t x does n 9 e case necess>ily lead to ?is4 ,we are come1 "h1 into a bord]-l&1 f :i* "s roads lead into ! d>k regions ( insanity & o!rs up to ! lum9\s heights ( inspir$ g5ius3 b 9 e case we are conc]n$ ) a region 9 our own m9d1 & no natural prop5sity to ext]nalisation mu/ be all[$ to deceive u ) reg>d to x4 ,! intrusion ( =eign spirits into our psy*o-physical organism1 ! assumption t incorporeal be+s influ5ce our n]v\s sy/em s z to produce ext]nal effects1 viol5tly contradicts all human exp]i5ce4 ,if ! spiriti/ doctr9e c\ld be ma!matically prov$ x w\ld be ! mo/ int]e/+ solution imag9able ( all ^! problems2 & ,i mu/ confess1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t incorporeal be+s w\ld 9 my op9ion eclipse all o!r ev5ts ( our "t4 ,b ! probability ( ?is is at pres5t v small4 ,a ?ird !ory1 ( mod]n orig91 seeks ! explanation ( ! "q 9 a species ( magic p[] inh]5t 9 man1 z yet unfa?om$1 :i* is manife/$ especially 9 ec/atic conditions4 ,! vehicles ( ! magic gaze are %9+ mirrors or reflect+ surfaces1 :i* =m+ a means ( attraction = individuals ( ! prop] con/itution induce t peculi> /ate ( ali5ation f e o!r subject1 t conc5tration 9 ! inn]mo/ self1 :i* (t5 rises to ins5sibility & unconsci\sness1 or ev5 to cataleptic torpidity1 :]e9 ! consci\sness ( ,all-exi/5ce is lib]at$4 ,future ev5ts & di/ant occurr5ces are se5 9 pictures :i* appe> to be reflect$ 9 ! mirror or ! fluid employ$1 b :i* 9 reality exi/ 9 ! p]son gaz+ & are repres5t$ by projection outw>ds4 ,?us ,p]ty4 ,o!r philosoph]s speak ( ! transc5d5tal capacities & p[]s ( ! human s\l1 or ( ! lib]ation ( a metaphysical ess5tiality )9 u4 ,b ^! !ories & suppositions are pla9ly ! outcome ( a premature simplification ( our difficult problem4 ,p are always too ready to ?ru/ =w>d a new p[] or =ce to unify ) dispat* & cel]ity uncom=table ph5om5a ( ! pres5t sort1 & ov]look ! fact t e s+le ph5om5on dem&s an exact inve/igation & explanation4 ,no?+ is accompli%$ by call+ ph5om5a magical or transc5d5tal4 ,! "w dem&$ is1 to asc]ta9 ! connection & relation ( ! ph5om5a 9 "q ) ! prov9ce ( s\l-life z a :ole4 ,to put an x 9 ! place ( a y contributes no?+ to ! solution ( a problem4 ,we _c be too closely ^u our gu>d aga9/ compreh5sive syn!ses ( ?is "*2 = _! spl5did appe>ance dazzles woefully ! eye ( rese>*4 ,mu* ne>] ! tru? is ! position t hypnosis m]ely is conc]n$ "h4 ,a well-kn[n au?or1 ,l\is ,maury1 :o wrote 9 ! middle "p ( ?is c5tury1 says3 ,among ! pr9cipal me?ods ( div9ation a great numb] aim at produc+ a sort ( v]tigo by act+ ^u ! eyes & consequ5tly ^u ! bra91 9 a mann] some?+ l t 9 :i* %9+ bodies act 9 hypnotism4 ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan speaks 9 a simil> /ra93 ,cry/al-vision is a well atte/$ fact1 hav+ its laws & conditions l o!r ph5om5a 9 ?is _w ( kn[n & hidd5 causes1 & a little c>eful obs]vation may cle> away "s ( t obscurity :i* has kept x z ! prop]ty ( wit*es & sorc]]s4 ,! ,cry/al 444 seems to produce on ! eye ( ! se] an effect exactly l :at w\ld ensue "u ! f+]s ( a p[]ful mesm]is]4 ,! p]son :o looks at x (t5 becomes sleepy4 ,sometimes ! eyes close4 ,at o!r times te>s fl[4 ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan's v description r5d]s x d\btful :e!r we h to deal "h ) true1 develop$ hypnotism4 ,o!r acc\nts are also calculat$ to %ake ?is assumption4 ,cahagnet1 = example1 requir$ only a mom5t ( m5tal conc5tration = 8 eyes to become fix$2 he lo/ all sight ( ! objects he _h a mom5t be=e gaz$ ^u1 & ^? :i* he wi%$ to call up appe>$ betwe5 him & ! =m]4 ,all spontane\s visions 7 fulfill$4 ,:5 volunt>ily evok$1 b sev5 out ( t5 7 true4 ,:5 he want$ to produce ! visions he fix$ 8 eyes ^u ! fir/ fit object1 & he (t5 saw hundr$s & ?\s&s ( p]sons runn+ hi!r & ?i!r 9 "o little %9+ po9t4 ,or he beheld a great city di/9ctly drawn 9 a mirror b "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is n v easily reconcil$ ) our conceptions ( ! "* ( hypnotism4 ,nor less s--to close our li/ ( examples--! obs]vations ( an exp]im5t] m5tion$ by ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan1 t ! p]ceptions ( cry/al-vision are n int]f]$ ) by ^? ( normal vision1 b t ! p]cipi5t c\ld discont9ue h] obs]vation at w1 & return+ w\ld f9d ! sc5e z %e left x4 ,!re is evid5tly involv$ "h ! condition ( m9d call$ tempor>y or mom5t>y hypnosis1 or :at ,edu>d ,von ,h>tmann m aptly calls mask$ somnambulism4 ,x is n fully develop$ hypnosis1 b simply its incipi5t =ms--hypnoid /ates ( manifold v>iations4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 ,( :at d ^! /ates consi/8 ,:at are _! ess5tial *>act]i/ics8 ,& h[ are !y to be psy*ologically expla9$8 ,= ev5 our appeal to hypnotism simply puts a new empty "n into ! place ( an old "o4 ,if we d n und]/& hypnosis1 its production = ! explanation ( ! magic mirror pr(its u v little4 ,! task1 accord+ly1 pres5ts itself ( ref]r+1 9 connection ) "s psy*ological !ory ( hypnotism1 ! well-e/abli%$ facts at our disposal to "o & ! same cause4 ,! !ory f :i* ,i %all proce$ 9 attempt+ an explanation1 has already be5 frequ5tly t\*$ ^u 9 ! c\rse ( ?is article2 = c]ta9 obs]vations indicat$ x s cle>ly t m5tion ( x 0 n to be avoid$4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble consci\sness ( ! human s\l4#cj ,acts are done 9 ! c\rse ev5 ( our e-day life1 :i* presuppose = _! orig9 & execution all ! faculties ( ! s\l1 yet nev]!less occur )\t ! k ( ! individual2 !y require a sort ( consci\sness & a sep>ate memory beyond ! cognisance ( ! normal p]son4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t cases 9 practical exp]i5ce is :]e ! ?\ghts ( a p]son read+ al\d w&] & become occupi$ ) an entirely diff]5t subject2 & :]e despite ?is ab]ration ! p]son 9 "q reads correctly ) ! prop] emphasis & expression1 turns ! leaves1 & 9 %ort p]=ms acts :i* )\t intellig5t control are h>dly conceivable4 ,an ,engli% psy*ologi/1 ,mr4 ,b>kwor?1 has acquir$ su* exp]tness 9 ! practice ( ?is1 t dur+ an animat$ debate he c rapidly & correctly add long columns ( figures )\t hav+ 8 att5tion div]t$ 9 ! lea/4 ,?is po9ts n only to an unconsci\s intellig5ce1 b--:i* is ( /ill great] consequ5ce--to an unconsci\s memory4 ,mr4 ,b>kwor? mu/ keep two s]ies ( figures 9 8 m9d 9 ord] to obta9 f !m a ?ird2 ?is latt] sum he is aga9 oblig$ to reta9 9 ord] to add to x a newly acquir$ f\r?2 & s on4 ,! latt] *a9 ( memories1 let x be rem>k$1 p]=ms its (fice entirely indep5d5tly ( t ^u :i* ! recollection ( ! debate is con/ruct$2 & x may !re=e be reasonably ma9ta9$ t !re exi/s beyond ! cognisance ( ! individual1 bo? consci\sness & memory2 & if ! ess5tial compon5ts ( ! ego are f\nd 9 ^! two la/-m5tion$ factors1 !n e p]son conceals )9 himself ! g]ms ( a second p]sonality4 ,i designate ! two halves ( consci\sness t ?us op]ate 9 great] or less indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r1--9 a figurative s5se ( c\rse1--z sup]-& sub-consci\sness1 & compreh5d ! :ole z ! doctr9e ( d\ble consci\sness or ! d\ble ego4 #cj ,comp>e my treatise ,das ,doppel-,i*1 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,publications ( ! ,society ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology ( ,b]l91 ,leipsic #ahij1 ,ern/ ,gn!r4 ,i mu/ ref] "h1 moreov]1 to an acute criticism ( my views by ,adolf ,b5tivegni1 publi%$ z ,no4 #d ( ! above-nam$ s]ies1 & entitl$ ,die ,hypnose und ihre civilre*tli*e ,b$eutung1 ,leipsic1 #ahij4 ,! views set =? 9 ! pres5t article w be f\nd 9 ! ,g]man magaz9e ,vom ,fels zum ,me]4 ,! division v cle>ly appe>s 9 ! opposition betwe5 wak+ & dream+4 ,ev5 :5 we v accurately rememb] a dream :i* we h j _h1--:i* happ5s v seldom1--we feel ! diff]5ce ( ! two /ates ( consci\sness ) unmi/akable di/9ctness4 ,we h no p[] ov] ! tricks t phantasy plays ) u 9 our sleep1 & 9 spite ( ! (t5 pres5t belief t x is all b a dream1 yet e p[] fails u ( p5etrat+ into its indep5d5t activity4 ,moreov] ! images are g5]ally ( a v def9ite signification1 s9ce !y are m]ely reproduc$ f ! /ore-h\se ( impressions t h sunk into ! unfa?omable dep?s ( our s\l4 ,9 ?is way _m a dream reveals to u ! true "* ( our ,self2 9 ?is mann] sub-basal dream-images exhibit ! ?\ghts & emotions t pr9cipally occupy u 9 our inn]mo/ he>t4 ,clos] inve/igation tea*es fur!r1 t 9 dreams1 /ates ( intoxication1 9 somnambuli/ic & epileptic attacks1 n only does a consci\sness diff]5t f ! normal consci\sness rule1 b t also betwe5 sep>ate successive p]iods memory-l9ks ( great] or less] /ability are wont to =m4 ,b ?is is mo/ /rik+ly exhibit$ 9 ! case ( hypnosis4 ,! hypnotic /ate is no?+ m ?an an artificially produc$ asc5dancy ( ! second>y or subord9ate ego4 ,all its peculi>ities are expla9able f ?is2 = psy*ology end[s ! dream-consci\sness prevail+ 9 ?is /ate1 ) s5sibility & sugge/ibility1 ! wak+ consci\sness on ! o!r h& ) ! inhibitory ideas t repres5t reality4 ,x has e/abli%$1 moreov]1 t our fully consci\s s\l-life re/s ^u an automatically op]at+ sub/ratum ( halluc9atory "*1 9 :i* images1 long s9ce =gott51 h _! abode4 ,by virtue ( ^! prop]ties ! subconsci\sness becomes ! s\rce ( bold & fanta/ic creations1 :ile ! sup]consci\sness is made ! vehicle ( our psy*ic life-"w1 labori\sly su/a9+ & regulat+ itself 9 its relations ) ! outside _w4 ,to ?is conception1 :i* expla9s cry/al-visions z a =m ( ! activity ( ! subconsci\sness1 x w be v>i\sly object$1 t su* a simultane\s coexi/5ce ( two divisions ( consci\sness does n possess ! same degree ( probability z an alt]nation ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,b h[1 ^u ?is latt] supposition1 c\ld ! ,hibbs ,h\se case be expla9$8 ,9 ?is in/ance1 two psy*ical gr\ps d n alt]nate1 b "o op]ates dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,fur!r1 ! propriety 9 g5]al is que/ion$ ( speak+ ( half-consci\s or unconsci\s ideas & m5tal processes4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! ,gtt+5 philosoph] ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]1 t j z e excitation ( ! bra9 imm$iately occasion$ by a s5sory /imulus is n compet5t to produce a s5sation1 s also all reproduc$ n]v\s excitations are n necess>ily accompani$ by p]ceptual images4 ,9 ! cases m5tion$1 & 9 _m o!rs1 !re is no reason :y gr\ps ( true psy*ical /ates %\ld be admitt$1 :i*1 9 contradi/9ction to o!r psy*ical /ates1 only lack consci\sness2 on ! contr>y1 we h to deal ) simply a s]ies ( n]v\s excitations1 :i*1 z di/+ui%$ f o!r excitations1 are n accompani$ by correspond+ /ates ( our consci\sness4 ,?is conception ( s\l-life1 :i* has be5 ( late v favorably receiv$1 ,hugo ,mn/]b]g has =mulat$ ?us--t ! psy*ical ph5om5on is to a c]ta9 ext5t ! subjective int]nal aspect ( a ?us & ?us con/itut$ objective physical ph5om5on4 ,we are to be> 9 m9d t ! succession ( ! physical processes is n[h]e int]rupt$1 & t 9 addition c]ta9 ( ^! physical processes1 ^? namely :i* are c>ri$ on ) a c]ta9 int5sity 9 p>ticul> app>atuses ( ! bra91 possess a psy*ical int]nal aspect2 s t ?is excitation ( ! n]v\s cells is1 )\t los+ !reby any?+ 9 physical effect1 ! condition ( ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 s5sations 9 consci\sness4 ,b by ! side ( ! physiological !ory legitimately exi/ z possibilities a psy*ological "o & a psy*o-physical "o4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ! latt] !ories t n only are physical ve/iges left beh9d 9 ! cortex ( ! bra9 aft] e p]ception1 b also psy*ical dispositions to ! =mation ( ideas & images2 & t x is possible = images ( all k9ds to cont9ue to exi/ )\t di/9ctly atta9+ to consci\sness4 ,^! !ories di/+ui% betwe5 degrees ( lum9osity 9 our p]cepts & images1 ! ?ree mo/ important degrees ( :i* ,i h designat$ z consci\sness1 subconsci\sness1 & unconsci\sness4 ,!re exi/s a gradation ( degrees ( consci\sness1 & ! fully-consci\s c\rse ( m5tal repres5tation is ev]y:]e condition$ by its connection ) ! obscur$ sph]es beyond4 ,our att5tion surveys b a small area1 on ! b\nd>y l9es ( :i* ! altitudes ( consci\sness decrease1 & f9ally approa* ! z]o po9t4 ,i say approa*1 = !y nev] rea* x4 ,our exp]im5ts ) ! magic mirror 9 fact %[ u h[ ! olde/ impressions1 & impressions ( ridicul\s insignificance1 aft] long long ye>s awake z x 7 f ! slumb] ( ! fabl$ ,sleep+ ,beauty4 ,if our millions ( p]ceptions 7 to live on 9 consci\sness we %\ld no long] h a pa/1 b live 9 a cont9u\s cele/ial pres5t2 b 7 ! op]ation ( consci\sness s limit$ t x de/roy$ great numb]s ( images1 ! v facts ^u :i* ! belief 9 sup]natural p[]s re/s1 w\ld lose _! only rational explanation4 ,"o result ( our /udy ( cry/al-visions is assur$ly ?is1 t we %all h to erase ! ^w =gott5 ) all its d]ivatives f ! diction>y1 & at ! mo/ employ ! phrase n rememb]$4 ,) m ard5t ye>n+ ?an ev] be=e w we long = a riv] ( ,le!1 & jo9 ) our :ole he>ts 9 ! cry ( ,!mi/ocles1 ,o t "s "o might tea* me ! art ( =gett+6 ,along ) ! inn] process ! outw>d =m ( ! halluc9ation /ill requires a brief explanation4 ,! circum/ance1 namely1 :i* l5ds magic-mirror ph5om5a _! sali5t feature1 is ! s5sory reproduction ( ! images t h sprung up f ! subconsci\sness4 ,! subt]ranean ideas produc$ d n rea* ! surface z ?\ghts1 b z pseudo-p]ceptions4 ,to ref] ! latt] to ! place to :i* !y belong1 ,i %all fir/ rem9d ! read] ( ! well-kn[n aft]-images :i* arise :5 an excitation produc$ 9 ! s5sory organ & 9 ! s5sory n]ves does n imm$iately disappe> ) ! cessation ( ! excitatory action4 ,by gaz+ at ! sun we c at once obta9 ?is effect4 ,b despite ! fact t ! la/-m5tion$ class ( images possesses ! full di/9ctness ( real s5sations z di/+ui%$ f m]e memory & imag9ation images1 !y /ill be> no relation to our subject on acc\nt ( _! union ) rec5tly occurr+ s5sory impressions4 ,/ill less d ! repetition-s5sations 9 ! d>k field ( vision--z ( revolv+ :eels--belong "h2 or illusions4 ,!re rema9 accord+ly only halluc9ations1 :i* are )drawn f all consci\s control1 & :i* possess ! exact "* ( s5sory p]ceptions ext]nally awak5$1 )\t any object or objective /imulation actually be+ pres5t 9 ! out] _w to correspond to !m4 ,halluc9ations1 ! production ( :i* are facilitat$ by ! fixation ( %9+ surfaces1 d n occur ) all p]sons2 & !re may be a k]nel ( tru? 9 ! tradition :i* designates wom5 & *ildr5 z end[$ ) especial capacities 9 ?is respect4 ,! inve/igations ( ,fe*n] ^u ! v>y+ vividness ( aft]-images2 ! /ati/ics ( ,galton ^u halluc9atory phantasms 9 arti/s2 & ! ext5sive /ati/ical "w ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 appe> to po9t to a connection ( ?is "*4 ,miss ,goodri* told me t h] dreams 7 few 9 numb] & colorless4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i 0 surpris$ at ?is2 b %e add$ t all h] recollections ( places 7 accompani$ ) ! vividness ( actual s5sory impressions4 ,if1 = example1 %e desires to describe a room 9 a fri5d's h\se1 %e returns 9 recollection to ! occasion ( h] la/ visit2 %e aga9 occupies ! same *air2 ! c>pet at h] feet becomes visible1 !n ! furniture ne>e/ h]1 !n ! walls & ceil+1 until a true picture ( ! :ole room is ext5d$ be=e h] m9d's eye4 ,cry/al-visions are di/+ui%$ f int]nal visions ( ?is "* only by ! s+le circum/ance t !y are project$ outw>ds to or ^u a reflect+ po9t4 ,^! visions (t5 consi/ ( a room t ,miss ,goodri* has lately se51 or a /reet sign1 or ( "s movem5t t has />tl$ h]1 z ( a s]vant lett+ a plate fall1 or ( a dog runn+ "u a wagon4 ,no consid]ation t ! objects are n be=e h] is ( avail2 ! =ce ( out-ru%+ memory-=mations & ! acquir$ e/abli%$ connection ( ! elem5ts ( s\l-life are r$uc$ to ! primitive /ate t obta9s 9 ! s\l ( a *ild1 to :om life is 9 reality a dream )\t def9ite limits4 ,i well rememb] f ! p]iod ( my e>ly boyhood1 ! peculi> s5sation ( a /ate flick]+ betwe5 reality & fancy1 & ,i und]/& ! condition ( ^? primitive tribes ) :om dreaml& & life int]m+le 9 ! /range/ way2 b capacities 9 ?is direction h disappe>$ d[n to ! /rik+ want ( a normally develop$ faculty = colors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,summ+ up !n1 we may say1 t ) reg>d to _! cont5ts ! ph5om5a produc$ by ! ag5cy ( ! magic mirror proce$ f ! realm ( subconsci\sness2 & t ) reg>d to _! =m !y belong to ! category ( halluc9ations4 ,_! cont5ts1 n reg>d$ z a p]=mance ( memory1 appe> to possess no great value--s grotesque & ord9>y are ! few ideas br\ght up f ?is invisible /oreh\se4 ,b !y (t5 supply u ) a deep view into ! secrets ( "*1 & inculcate ) t]rible emphasis ! tru? t no?+ is lo/ 9 ! realms ( ! s\l1 any m ?an 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* is rul$ by ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,e ?\ght t ev] trav]s$ our bra91 e emotion t has ev] ?rill$ our he>t1 e wi% t has ev] animat$ = a fleet+ mom5t our brea/--has all be5 ent]$ 9 ineffaceable *>act]s 9 ! day-book ( our e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,w\ld t ?is k c\ld /r5g!n our feel+ ( moral responsibility6 ,?us does ! expansion ( our psy*ological conceptions n infrequ5tly lead to an enri*m5t ( our notions ( morality4 ,b :e!r we place a high] value ^u ?is aspect la/ m5tion$1 or ^u ! purely sci5tific object to :i* we ref]r$ at ! beg9n+ ( our article1 or f9ally ^u a factor connect$ !re)1 namely ! enlight5m5t ( society--at any rate we mu/ confess t 9 ! mu* abus$ magic mirror a ri* & attractive s\rce ( treasures has be5 op5$4 ,,max ,,dessoir4 ,h,,ffd+ ,,on ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,to ,,! ,,body4 ,few topics are ( great] speculative or inde$ practical int]e/ ?an t ( ! relation ( ! body to ! m9d4 ,r>ely has ! subject be5 treat$ ) su* p]spicuity & at ! same "t ) su* c&or & avoidance ( ha/y dogmatism z by ,pr(essor ,h>ald ,hffd+1 ( ,cop5hag51 9 8 ,psy*ology 7translat$ into ,g]man f ! ,dani% & publi%$ 9 ,leipsic1 ,reisl&74 ,a lead+ ,am]ican pr(essor ( philosophy rem>k$ to me rec5tly t ?is = its size 7! volume conta9s #deb pages7 0 ! be/ all-ar\nd "w on ,psy*ology2 & an exam9ation ( ! section entitl$ ,seele und ,krp] 7,m9d & ,body7 c]ta9ly gives c\nt5ance to ! /atem5t4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ does n inde$ oppose himself to metaphysical speculation2 he believes t ! human m9d w nev] cons5t to be+ %ut out f ! task ( se>*+ aft] ! ultimate pr9ciples ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* x is a "p4 ,b 8 /&po9t 9 ?is "w is ! purely empirical "o1 z "o's /&po9t mu/ be 9 e positive sci5ce4 ,positive sci5ce deals ) ! facts ( exp]i5ce2 metaphysics ) _! ultimate explanation4 ,he reg>ds x z a mis=tune to confuse ! two1 z popul> ?9k+ 9 psy*ology does2 & sci5tific ?9k+ 9 ?is realm is *>act]is$ by ! ef=t to avoid ! confusion & keep solely to ! facts ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ly bo? mat]ialism & spiritualism are exclud$ f ! field--ea* !ory involv+ a transc5d+ ( ! realm ( exp]i5ce1 i4 e41 be+ metaphysical4 ,!re are two subdivisions ( ! realm ( exp]i5ce accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hffd+1--"o coext5sive ) psy*ical ph5om5a1 su* z feel+s1 ?\ghts1 & volitions1 ! o!r ) physical ph5om5a1 i4 e41 ) :at moves 9 space4 ,!y may be call$ respectively inn] exp]i5ce & out] exp]i5ce4 ,ea* mu/ be grasp$ 9 its di/9ct features2 & only aft] do+ s c we feel ! problem involv$ 9 ! "q ( _! relation to or connection ) "o ano!r4 ,= x happ5s t "o set ( out] exp]i5ces /&s 9 an indisputably peculi> relation to ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 namely1 ! set :i* we describe by ! t]m body &1 m p>ticul>ly1 by t ( n]v\s sy/em or bra94 ,mu* ( :at we call ! physical _w /&s 9 relation to consci\sness z ! ?+ kn[n to ! kn[]2 b a "p ( ! physical _w 7i4 e41 ! body or bra97 seems a "p ( ! kn[] z well--a body or n]v\s sy/em ( "s k9d seems an indisp5sable requirem5t or at lea/ concomitant ( any?+ l feel+1 or ?\ght1 or act ( volition4 ,n[1 diff]5t z ! movem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! processes ( ! bra9 are f ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 !re are a numb] ( resemblances betwe5 !m4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ specifies six3 7#a7 ,z ! n]v\s sy/em is ! c5tral1 unify+ organ ( ! body1 s does consci\sness br+ toge!r into a unity all ! v>i$ ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce1 scatt]$ ?\gh !y be 9 "t & space4 7#b7 ,j z a *ange is necess>y t consci\sness may be awak5$1 7an abs5ce ( contra/s t5d+ 9 ! direction ( unconsci\sness17 s a /imulus is necess>y t ! n]ves may act4 7#c7 ,a /imulus may produce a commotion 9 ! n]v\s sy/em out ( all proportion to its imm$iate efficacy1 j z a sp>k may act on a magaz9e ( p[d]2 s a simple s5sation may set 9 motion a :ole tra9 ( ideas & emotions1 ow+ to ! complicat$ /ructure & multitud9\s inn] relations ( consci\sness4 7#d7 ,! movem5ts ( ! body are sl[ 9 proportion z !y are consci\s2 n[ ! n]ves :i* appe> to be closely relat$ to consci\sness act m sl[ly ?an ^? :i* direct purely physiological 7i4 e41 unconsci\s7 processes4 7#e7 ,! l[] n]ve-c5tres =m a sy/em comp>atively indep5d5t ( ! high] ones2 correspond+ to ?is is ! fact t _m bodily processes g on unconsci\sly & only make u aw>e ( !m :5 ! circum/ances att5d+ !m are p>ticul>ly favorable or unfavorable4 ,! consci\sness ( ! physical /ate corresponds to ! excitation ( ! high] n]ve-c5tres4 ,simil>ly ! action ( ! w has its physiological c\nt]p>t2 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s1 ! l[] n]ve-c5tres ) _! reflex & involunt>y actions correspond to ! fle%1 ! high] c5tres to ! _s4 7#f7 ,! con/ruction ( ! n]v\s sy/em is simil> to ! con/itution ( consci\sness2 j z consci\sness is at once receptive & active1 ) m or less ( int]v5+ reflection or ?\ght1 s ! n]v\s sy/em has bo? s5sory & motor organs1 ) an int]v5+ sph]e4 ,n only are !re ^! =mal resemblances1 !re is a real connection1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hffd+1 z is %[n by ! fact t ) ! evolution ( ! n]v\s sy/em g high] & high] =ms ( consci\sness1 t irritation on ! surface ( an organism mu/ be communicat$ to ! bra9 t consci\s s5sations may arise1 & t :5 art]ial blood fails to rea* ! bra9 unconsci\sness sup]v5es4 ,:at hypo!sis d ^! facts conduct to u8 ,all ( !m mu/ be born 9 m9d t any special hypo!sis may be legitimat$4 ,!re are only f\r possibilities3 7#a7 ,ei!r consci\sness & ! bra91 m9d & body1 act ^u "o ano!r z two sep>ate ?+s or sub/ances2 7#b7 or ! m9d is only a =m or product ( ! body2 7#c7 or ! body is only a =m or product ( "o or m m5tal sub/ances2 7#d7 or m9d & body1 consci\sness & ! bra91 gr[ & develop z diff]5t manife/ations ( "o & ! same sub/ance4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! au?or at ?is po9t some:at des]ts ! empirical /&po9t to :i* he decl>$ at ! outset t he %\ld keep4 ,! facts ( correspond5ce or p>allelism are all t come )9 ! realm ( exp]i5ce2 _! explanation mu/ be m or less a matt] ( inf]5ce & !oretical con/ruction & involves a dep>ture 9 ! direction ( metaphysics4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ is aw>e ( ?is & says t ^! hypo!ses belong to ! bord]-l& betwe5 positive sci5ce & metaphysics4 ,moreov]1 he confesses t any conclusion he may rea* w h only a provisional value & may ne$ revision1 be=e x c s]ve z a f9al "p ( a philosophical sy/em4 ,he w1 h[ev]1 foll[ z closely z possible ! lead+s ( exp]i5ce1 z inde$ he says we %\ld d 9 all metaphysical speculation4 ,9 consid]+ ! fir/ hypo!sis1 7namely1 t m9d & body act on "o ano!r z two ?+s17 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ %[s t x is inconsi/5t ) ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,=1 at ! po9t :]e ! n]v\s process is conv]t$ into m5tal activity1 "o sum ( physical en]gy w\ld disappe> )\t be+ replac$ by ano!r sum ( ! same k9d4 ,z matt] ( fact no disappe>ance ( en]gy takes place on acc\nt ( ! aris+ ( a consci\s /ate4 ,! *a9 ( psy*ical causation is n brok52 its complet5ess no m suff]s ?an if /ates ( consci\sness did n arise at all4 ,nor on ! o!r h& does consci\sness affect ! sum ( physical en]gy2 x is h>dly conceivable t x %\ld ev5 *ange ! direction ( su* en]gy 7! sum supposably rema9+ con/ant1 z is sometimes held71 s9ce to d ?is x mu/ itself become a physical =ce4 ,moreov]1 if !re is a relation ( cause & effect betwe5 ! bra9 & consci\sness x w\ld seem z if an int]val ( "t mu/ elapse betwe5 ! process 9 ! bra9 & ! ris+ ( ! consci\s /ate1 a view to :i* ! tea*+s ( physiology l5d no likelihood4 ,! second hypo!sis reg>ds matt] z ! real or actual ?+ & m9d z an effect or =m ( x4 ,su* mat]ialism is c]ta9ly old] ?an ! n[ preval5t doctr9e ( ! int]action ( two di/9ct ?+s4 ,hom] & ! e>lie/ ,greek philosoph]s held to x4 ,simil> views prevail$ among ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs be=e ,augu/9e4 ,mod]n mat]iali/s1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! m9d1 n 9 ! e>li] fa%ion z semi-corporeal1 b z a function or =m ( ! corporeal4 ,yet :5 we closely consid] ! matt]1 we f9d t to conceive ( ! function ( a bodily organ is simply to conceive ( t organ z 9 activity4 ,z ,goe! said1 ,function is das ,dase9 9 ,?tigkeit g$a*t4 ,b a bodily organ 9 activity is j z mu* corporeal z "o at re/1 & any?+ )\t corporeal attributes c no m be ! function ( su* an organ ?an x c be ! organ itself4 ,! conception ( function 79 ! physiological s5se7 z truly z t ( matt] implies some?+ t exi/s 9 spacial =m2 :ile ?\ghts & feel+s are )\t spacial =m4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ?ird hypo!sis1 7namely1 t body is a =m or product ( m9d17 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ does n s mu* criticise x z expla9 a modifi$ & int]e/+ =m 9 :i* ,lotze held x4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! view :i* he adopts4 ,to ! f\r? hypo!sis he gives 8 adhesion4 ,! p>allel & proportional relations betwe5 consci\sness & bra9-activity po9t1 accord+ to him1 to an und]ly+ id5tity betwe5 ! two4 ,"o & ! same pr9ciple1 he says1 has f\nd its expression 9 a two-fold =m4 ,! physical int]action betwe5 ! elem5ts ( :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is compos$1 is an outw>d =m ( ! inn] ideal unity ( consci\sness4 ,:at we imm$iately exp]i5ce z ?\ghts1 feel+s1 volitions1 has its physical repres5tation 9 c]ta9 bra9-processes1 :i* z su* are "u ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ?\gh ?is law has no application to ! relation betwe5 bra9-processes & consci\sness4 ,x is z if "o & ! same cont5t 7 express$ 9 two languages4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 he repeats1 is b an empirical =mula & has provisional value only4 ,"o sub/ance1 he says1 acts 9 bo? consci\sness & ! bodily organism1 b :at k9d ( a sub/ance is ?is1 & :y does x h ?is tw(old =m ( manife/ation8 ,^! are que/ions1 he replies1 beyond ! rea* ( our k4 ,we c simply make a /atem5t :i* seems to be requir$ by ! facts1 namely1 t ! same ?+ :i* lives1 gr[s1 & takes on =m 9 ! outw>d _w1 appreh5ds itself inw>dly z ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+4 ,no op9ion is !reby v5tur$ z to :e!r m9d or matt] is ! m orig9al =m ( exi/5ce4 ,by no means is metaphysical speculation ^u ?is "q exclud$4 ,! hypo!sis ( id5tity 7= s ,pr(essor ,hffd+ t]ms x7 is consi/5t ) philosophical idealism & also ) ! view t ! inn]mo/ nature ( be+ is n id5tical ) consci\sness4 ,he simply claims = x t x is ! mo/ natural conclusion ) reg>d to ! relation betwe5 two empirical sci5ces1 physiology & psy*ology4 ,^! sci5ces1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 treat ( ! same mat]ial view$ f two diff]5t sides1 & !re c be no m conflict betwe5 !m ?an betwe5 "o p]son :o looks on ! convex side ( a circle & ano!r :o looks on ! concave side 7to borr[ an illu/ration us$ by ,fe*n]74 ,on ano!r occasion ,i may give my own views1 & cont5t myself n[ ) say+ t ,i h foll[$ ) ! greate/ int]e/ & ) mu* 7if n unlimit$7 satisfaction ! treatm5t ( ! subject at ! h&s ( ! g5ial1 l>ge-m9d$ ,dani% pr(essor4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,salt]4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,,france4 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,,f\ill,e :i* ,i ann\nc$ 9 my la/ communication 7to y\r o!r magaz9e71 be>s ! title ( ,l',evolutionnisme des ,ides-,=ces4 ,x is a volum9\s "w2 & x conta9s a great _m ?+s--p]haps too _m4 ,we h f ,m4 ,f\ille1 ! promise ( a con/ructive "w--,la ,psy*ologie des ,ides-,=ces1 9 two volumes2 b 8 pres5t book is *iefly devot$ to ! labor ( demolition4 ,z contemporane\s psy*ology has its weak sides1 & z ,m4 ,f\ille is a skilful critic1 y may imag9e t 8 attacks ^u ,wundt1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,ta9e1 ,ribot1 ,w4 ,james1 & numb]s ( o!rs1 bo? liv+ & dead1 are conduct$ ) _s4 ,! successful fulfilm5t ( ! task he has set himself w\ld necessitate ! ru9 ( ! hypo!sis1 av[$ or conceal$1 t has support$ psy*ological rese>* z well z furni%$ occasional excell5t conclusions2 = x is ! aim ( ,m4 ,f\ille to ov]?r[ :at he has +5i\sly t]m$ ! !ory ( idea-reflexes1 & ! place once cle>$1 to sub/itute = x ! !ory ( idea-=ces4 ,! *ief feature ( ! book is !re=e ,m4 ,f\ille's criticisms ( ! !ories t make consci\sness ! int]mitt5t illum9ation ( a me*anism2 ( ! !ories t r$uce ! s5tim5ts & ! emotions to simple rev]b]ations ( organic movem5ts & ev5 ( expressive movem5ts2 ( ^? f9ally t make ( desire & ! feel+ ( ef=t1 simple passive muscul> s5sations1 ! reflexions ( movem5ts already execut$4 ,solid objections are n want+ 9 ^! pages4 ,m4 ,f\ille does n refra9 f play+ :5 he has a good h&4 ,s f> s good4 ,b--we ask--w\ld psy*ology h ev] made any advances if x lack$ ! hypo!sis t ,m4 ,f\ille condemns8 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 are ! majority ( psy*ologi/s really ?us irretrievably b5t ^u e/abli%+ a me*anical explanation ( life1 a !ory ( man z automaton8 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t ! oppos$ po9t ( view has r5d]$ no results1 & t 9 tak+ consci\sness = our c5tral position we too easily g a/ray 9 fanciful speculations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by ! endeavor to grasp ! bonds ( m9d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! body1 x has be5 f\nd possible to ?r[ "s light ^u unobs]v$ facts4 ,x w\ld n d to let ?is be too quickly =gott52 & if "s h se5 fit to pass beyond & to attempt to r$uce ! ,univ]se to a me*anism1 imprud5t saltations ( ?is "* into op5 mat]iali/ic metaphysics conc]n !m alone4 ,w ,m4 ,f\ille be m =tunate 9 8 r$uction ( ! _w to idealism8 ,x yet appe>s d\btful4 ,! def9ition ( 'idea-=ces' pres5ts at ! outset elem5ts ( emb>rassm5t4 ,t e idea1 e m5tal image1 h[ev] absolutely an image x may be1 ( emotions or ( passions1 always conta9s "s motor elem5ts1 & consequ5tly acts l a =ce1 is easily compreh5d$1 & e body all[s x4 ,:5 physiologi/s speak ( ! p[] ( ideas1 !y mean no?+ else4 ,b beyond t we _c g4 ,! idea1 9 ,m4 ,f\ille's s5se1 is e /ate ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 all ! facts ( consci\sness are r$ucible to ! foll[+ elem5t>y connect$ process3 s5sation1 p]ceptual excitation1 reaction2 & ! ?ree factors ( ?is process _c be sep>at$ or r$uc$ to "o4 ,e idea1 or /ate ( consci\sness1 is accord+ly ! s\rce ( motion s9ce x conta9s desire4 ,desire is basal to ! n]v\s act2 ! n]v\s act does n prec$e & does n expla9 ! high] /ates t psy*ologi/s1 view+ ?+s f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 h reg>d$ z epiph5om5a4 ,! ess5ce1 n only ( man1 b also ( ! _w1 is desire4 ,! idea-=ce1 ! abridg$ =mula ( ! appetitive process1 becomes ! %ap] ( univ]sal evolution1 &1 9 a ^w1 ! physical is a reflection ( ! psy*ical4 ,su* are1 if ,i am n deceiv$1 ! *ief propositions ( ! "w1 put into a logical =m1 f :i* no d\bt y w judge t ! facts d n correspond )\t evid5t hiatus4 ,y d n believe 9 absolute tru?1 & ,i no m hope = x4 ,! m9d does n escape c]ta9 illusions1 :i* come f :at x necess>ily places 9 ! reality t x wi%es to "k1 or :i* x acquires f itself4 ,mean:ile bo? ! oppos+ doctr9es triumph1 see+ t !re is always some?+ 9 ea* t _c be expla9$2 b let !m n be too sev]e on ea* o!r1 & n =get t if !y succe$ 9 expla9+ some?+1 x is p]haps z well t !y resign !mselves to n expla9+ ev]y?+4 ,i _h int5d$ to give 9 ?is lett] a detail ( ! !ory ( ,mme4 ,,cl,,m5ce ,,roy]1 9 ord] to comp>e x ) t ( ,m4 ,f\ille2 ,i _h prep>$ x f c]ta9 publi%$ memoirs1 z h] great manuscript "w has un=tunately n f\nd a publi%]4 ,b ,! ,op5 ,c\rt has giv5 a rsum ( x suffici5tly complete to excuse me f return+ to ! subject4 ,:atev] s]vice c be r5d]$ by ! hypo!sis ( ,mme4 ,clm5ce ,roy]1 or1 m /rictly :atev] use c be made ( ! ma!matical =mul :i* expla9 !m1 or :i* are d$ucible f !m1 x w belong to special sci5ti/s to in=m u4 ,%e beg9s ! explanation ( ! _w by physics1 & ,m4 ,f\ille by psy*ology4 ,x is a diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,let u add t ,m4 ,f\ille appe>s to imag9e an activity )\t sub/ance1 a m9d )\t muscles1 if x c be ?us express$2 on ! contr>y1 9 t :i* %e calls _w-/uff ,mme4 ,clm5ce ,roy] di/+ui%es a hyp]e!real or vital /ate1 & %e assigns = ! sub/ratum ( life ?is simple /ate ( ! cosmical sub/ance4 ,oppos$ z may be ! "* ( ! m9ds ( ^! two au?ors1 ! two !ories seem to co9cide 9 ! notion ( a liv+ & consci\s monad4 ,we meet x :5 !y are f>!/ ap>t6 ,?us1 = ,mme4 ,clm5ce ,roy]1 life & consci\sness are ev]y:]e1 !y are 9 ! atom1 & f ! beg9n+4 ,!re1 9 ! great romance ( be+1 is a sc5e :i* reappe>s almo/ always ! same4 ,z to ! ultimate explanation we h no great *oice1 & ea* ( ! hypo!ses t we =m almo/ produces ! o!r4 ,all ! value ( a sy/em ( philosophy is really 9 ! help x l5ds to sci5tific curiosity or to ! conduct ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,erne/ ,,naville is "o ( ^? :o _c compreh5d moral conduct 9 life ap>t f spiritualism4 ,he endeavors1 accord+ly1 9 a "w call$ ,la ,physique ,mod]ne1 to prove t ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( matt] does n imply mat]ialism & does n necess>ily lead to a!ism4 ,! argum5t ( ,m4 ,naville is well worn4 ,we %all grant to him only t x is necess>y to avoid implicitly solv+ que/ions by say+ t we d n deal ) !m at all4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is pl$ges to no?+4 ,practically1 & 9 good fai?1 ab/5tion is nev]!less a solution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h n[ to po9t out ,l',e/htique d',ari/ote et de ses ,successeurs1 by ,m4 ,,*4 ,b,,n>d1 an ,etude sur ,francois ,bacon by ,m4 ,j4 ,,b>?,,lemy ,,/4 ,,hilaire1 & ,l',an?ropologie ,crim9elle et ses ,rc5ts ,progrs1 by ,m4 ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,m4 ,bn>d is "o ( ! good old ma/]s1 :o1 :at !y d "k1 "k well1 & 8 book is "o ( ^? t x is pr(itable to possess4 ,! /udy ( ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,/4 ,hilaire is foll[$ by ! ,report on ! ,memoirs pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 :i* _h propos$ z a subject ,! ,philosophy ( ,bacon4 ,z to ,m4 ,lombroso1 ! celebrat$ ,italian crim9ologi/1 he has wi%$ to reply to ! objections t h be5 made to 8 views1 especially by ! ,fr5* m$ical ali5i/s at ! ,congress ( #ahhi1 & ?is is :y he has writt5 on ?is occasion 9 our language3 he supports by new facts ! notion1 hi!rto conte/$1 ( a crim9al type4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ "w ( :i* ,i h to speak1 is ! ,s\v5irs de ,m4 ,*>les ,mism]1#ca ( :i* ! ?ird volume :i* rec5tly appe>$1 has = its title ,s\v5irs de la ,m>t9ique et du ,mexique p5dant l',int]v5tion ,francaise4 ,!re is 9 ^! volumes no express philosophy1 z ?is t]m is und]/ood1 b !y are ! "w ( an obs]v+1 reflect+ m9d1 & 9 ^! pages "o sees a man liv+ & gr[+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 adv5tur\s exi/5ce1 ,m4 ,mism]1 already in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce1 by *ance acquir$ k ( ! ,c\rs ( ,augu/ ,comte2 he became atta*$ to x1 & f\nd !re an op5+ into sociology1 a tie by :i* to l9k toge!r 8 p]sonal ideas4 ,he aft]w>ds publi%$ sev]al articles#cb 9 ! ,review conduct$ by ,m4 ,littr1 & he records to-day 9 8 ,s\v5irs ! valuable obs]vations :i* he has _h occasion to make on v diff]5t races ( m5 & /rongly oppos$ social /ates4 ,he is "o ( ^? :om ! philosophic _s has l$ to a philosophic life1 & ! p]sons :o read 8 "w w ?ank me = hav+ made !m acqua9t$ ) a unique & wor?y "*4 #ca ,9 c\rse ( publication by ,ha*ette4 ,! o!r works m5tion$ are publi%$ by ,alcan4 #cb ,a "p ( ^! articles =m$ a volume entitl$ ,pr9cipes ,sociologiques4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,! ,,way ,,out ,,( ,,agno/icism1 or1 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,free ,,religion4 ,by ,francis ,ell+wood ,abbott1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,bo/on3 ,little1 ,br[n ,co4 ,?is book aims to %[ t1 9 ord] to refute agno/icism & e/abli% enlight5$ !ism1 no?+ is n[ necess>y b to philosophise t v sci5tific me?od :i* agno/icism b>b>\sly misund]/&s & misuses 444 ,x aims to develop ! philosophy :i* mu/ 7consci\sly or unconsci\sly7 und]lie any & e free religi\s movem5t or in/itution3 namely ! philosophy :i* results f ! fai?ful application ( ! sci5tific me?od to ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,! au?or fur!r obs]ves t no?+ is m common or m confus+ ?an a loose vague & indet]m9ate use ( ?is phrase sci5tific me?od & t 8 object is to give def9it5ess & sci5tific precision to a mu* abus$ expression by %[+ t ! ,sci5tific ,me?od 444 is nei!r m nor less ?an ! ,,sci5tific ,,!ory ,,( ,,univ]sals ,,appli$ ,,9 ,,practice ,,to ,,! ,,acquisition ,,( ,,k4 ,n[ :e!r or n ! id5tification ( ! sci5tific me?od ) ! practical application ( ! !ory m5tion$1 w give ! mu* ne$$ def9it5ess & precision1 dep5ds v mu* ^u ! def9it5ess & precision ( t !ory itself4 ,! ,sci5tific ,!ory ( ,univ]sals1 ! au?or tells u1 receives no adequate exposition 9 ?is book4 ,we are 9 possession1 h[ev]1 ( sev]al o!r publications ( ! au?or1 "o ( :i*--,sci5tific ,!ism--is l>gely devot$ to t purpose4 ,we w endeavor 9 a _s ( /udi\s c&or & fidelity1 to /ate z well z we c ! ess5tials ( t !ory4 ,we mu/ prote/1 h[ev]1 t we _c und]take to cle> up ! obscurity t mu/ necess>ily involve any !ory t is /at$ by ! aid ( su* %ifty & incon/ant t]ms1 z objective1 subjective1 k1 relation1 exi/5ce1 reality1 etc41 :5 ! same are us$ )\t rigor\s def9itions ( ! respective s5ses !re( t are int5d$4 ,! ,sci5tific ,!ory ( ,univ]sals affirms1 t objectively real individuals d exi/1 t objectively real g5]a d exi/1 t objectively real relations d exi/1 t ! objectively real g5]a are 9 e in/ance con/itut$ z su* by t set ( objectively real relations uniquely appropriate to x2 t 9 e in/ance ( a g5us ! objectively real relations reproduce !mselves 9 specie 9 ! m9d sep>ate f aught ( ! objective realities t are br\ght into relation by !m1 t ^! reproduc$ relations 9 ! m9d con/itute ! subjective concept t is designat$ by ! ^w appropriate !reto1 & t ! s+le objective ,univ]sal is at once & integrally ! objective g5us1 ! subjective concept1 & ! t]m or ^w4 ,! ,univ]se is ! summum g5us1 concept & ^w1 :i* is1 means1 & expresses ! correlat$ totality ( all g5]a toge!r4 ,dr4 ,abbott neglects ref]5ce to g5]a ( purely m5tal exi/5ces1 & relies = pro( ( 8 !ory ^u ! s+le argum5t t no po/ulate is us$ t ,sci5ce has n tak5 = grant$1 & prov$ by ! f9d+ t ! facts are 9 agreem5t ) ! po/ulates4 ,n[ ! only possible ju/ification ( any !ory is t x makes ?+s cle> & reasonable4 ,9 ?is !ory ! c5tral & controll+ position is t ! objectively real relations invade ! m9d 9 p]son & !re obta9 z ! concept4--,?is doctr9e is s f> z we c see ! orig9al idea ( ,dr4 ,abbott & mu/ be consid]$ z 8 contribution to philosophy4 ,x is by ?is t 8 "w is to be te/$4 ,does ! addition ( ?is new po/ulate cle> up any obscurity8--,is ?is new po/ulate "o ( ! assumptions ( ,sci5ce8 ,! tru? ab\t ?is :ole matt] ( univ]sals seems to be t x belongs to ! !ory ( notation prim>ily1 & !n to psy*ology & ontology4 ,! m9d proce$s to obta9 correspond5ce ) its alt]native by analysis & syn!sis4 ,! recognition ( diff]5ce or o!rness is an indisp5sable condition ( consci\sness itself4 ,"o phase ( ! recognition ( diff]5ce is t activity call$ ab/raction4 ,b along ) diff]5ce comes ! recognition ( :at is diff]5t f diff]5ce1 or lik5ess 9 all its grades & involutions4 ,! s5se ( relation1 & ! impulse ( g5]alisation also arise1 & altoge!r ^! m5talities become effectual 9 virtue ( "s sy/em or "s plexus ( sy/ems ( notation4 ,long be=e man ev] began to reflect ^u 8 m5tal op]ations & ! means or tools employ$ on t behalf1 8 m5tal mann]s & cu/oms _h become a second m5tal nature4 ,:at w>rant h we = tak+ ^! m5tal mann]s & cu/oms z ! same are reflect$ 9 ord9>y language z adequate crit]ia = ! _w-problems1 or ev5 z repres5tative ( ! v con/itutional laws ( ?\ght itself8 ,j z philosophy f\nd x pr(itable to po/pone ontology to psy*ology1 s x is submitt$ may x aga9 f9d x pr(itable to po/pone psy*ology to a /udy n m]ely ( language b ( notation g5]ally1 ( :i* ! notation ( ma!matics w und\bt$ly be f\nd ! mo/ significant4 ,"h we h di/9ction1 ab/raction1 assimilation1 relation1 & g5]alisation c>ri$ on & c>ri$ out ) un*eck$ ?or\ghness1 & sy/ems ( univ]sals asc]ta9$ t n only correspond exactly ) e acquir$ & incom+ item ( our exp]i5ce1 b are also 9 respect to "o ano!r cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( _! range4 ,x w be impossible = any "o :o once appreciates ! nature & compet5ce ( ma!matical notation to reg>d any !ory ( univ]sals relat+ to ord9>y language z a solution ( its problem t does n con=m to ! p]fect models set 9 ma!matics4 ,dr4 ,abbott claims t sci5tific me?od is nei!r m nor less ?an ! application ( 8 !ory4 ,grant+ t sci5ce makes ! same presumptions1 c sci5tific me?od be said to be nei!r m nor less ?an ! application ( 8 !ory 9 any o!r s5se ?an x c\ld be said to be nei!r m nor less ?an ! application ( ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 en]gy1 e!r1 & m9d8 ,! sci5tific me?od consi/s n 9 its data b 9 ! ways 9 :i* x deals ) its data1 9 o!r words x consi/s 9 its logic4 ,x obs]ves & inf]s4 ,x nev] /ops to inquire if :at x obs]ves are ! ?+s 9 !mselves or only ph5om5a4 ,t is an utt]ly inconsequ5tial "q to x4 ,x te/s ! validity ( inductive & hypo!tical inf]5ces by comp>ison ) exp]i5ce1 & ph5om5al exp]i5ce is e :it z good a crit]ion = x z any o!r4 ,x has a metaphysics ( its own :i* is ma!matics & :i* x ackn[l$ges z ! supreme & unque/ionable arbit] ov] :atev] ( its presumptions & !ories t arbit] may und]take to gov]n4 ,no philosophy t neglects to compreh5d & apply ! n[ supremely important me?ods & results ( ma!matics c be any?+ b an ineffectual attempt4 ,no d\bt ?is w seem to mo/ ( ^? :o affect philosophy a /atem5t wor?y only ( scorn4 ,pr(4 ,cry/al1 at ! close ( 8 article on ,p>allels1 9 ! n9? edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica calls ! att5tion ( ^? :o busy !mselves ) m5tal philosophy to t geometrical subject & its affiliations z "o ( ! results ( mod]n ma!matical rese>* :i* !y _c af=d to ov]look4 ,we c imag9e ) :at an air ( consci\s em95ce "o or m ( our dilettanti philosoph]s may h p]us$ ?is sugge/ion1 wond]+ :at 9 ! _w p>allels & measurem5t h to d ) philosophy4 ,b1 nev]!less1 s x is t a new dep>ture 9 philosophy has be5 made inevitable by ! /up5d\s rese>*es ( mod]n ma!matics & ?is ! philosophical _w is j beg9n+ to f9d out4 ,x seems to u1 t ! incomplete view tak5 by ,dr4 ,abbott w prev5t t success = 8 !ory :i* 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ ability might o!rwise a*ieve1 & :i* 8 devot$ ef=ts well m]it4 ,f4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,races ,,& ,,peoples3 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,e?nography4 ,by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges4 ,^! lectures1 :i* are d$icat$ to ,mr4 ,horatio ,hale1 ! vet]an philologi/ & e?nograph] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates explor+ exp$ition 9 #ahcb-db1 g ov] a v wide gr\nd4 ,! gr\nd trav]s$ is1 inde$1 s ext5sive t ,dr4 ,br9ton feels b\nd to apologise = be+ (t5 sup]ficial1 z o!rwise he c\ld n h compress$ into s small a space ! subjects ( :i* he treats4 ,?is apology mu/ necess>ily to "s ext5t dis>m ! critic1 al?\gh x %\ld d s only :]e a conclusion is n support$ by suffici5t evid5ce4 ,:]e a /atem5t made is n m]ely unsupport$ by1 b is contr>y to1 ! be/ evid5ce available1 ! au?or mu/ expect to be call$ to acc\nt4 ,we 7 prep>$ to act on ?is pr9ciple1 ?9k+ t possibly confession l *>ity w\ld be f\nd to cov] a multitude ( s9s1 b we mu/ admit t ) c]ta9 exceptions1 ! *ief ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! lecture on ! psy*ical elem5ts ( ,e?nography1 we 7 mi/ak54 ,we d n propose to foll[ ! au?or 9 8 classification ( ! v>ieties ( mank9d1 or 9 8 views ( ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s races into :i* !y are divid$1 bo? ( :i* w meet ) ke5 opposition f mo/ ( ! an?ropologi/s ( ,we/]n ,europe1 al?\gh ^? ( ,g]many may receive !m ) m favor4 ,we are conc]n$ *iefly ) ! op5+ & ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! "w be=e u1 f :i* we may draw "s conclusions be>+ on ! race "q1 t di/urbs ! m9ds ( s _m p 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,br9ton rem>ks t ! physical traits ( man are correlat$ to ! physiological functions 9 su* a mann] z pr(\ndly to influ5ce ! de/9y ( nations4 ,he adds t f ! physical po9t ( view1 ! pure :ite is weak] ?an ! d>k races1 worse prep>$ = ! combat ( life1 ) inf]ior viability2 b 9 ! :ite ?is is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em & intellectual p[]4 ,! :ite c be> great] m5tal /ra9 ?an any o!r race1 & ! activity ( 8 m9d supplies him ) means to ov]come ! inf]iority ( 8 body1 & ?us places him at ! head ( ! :ole species4 ,x might be suppos$ t a mixture ( races hav+ ^! diff]5t qualities1 w\ld result 9 ! =mation ( a hybrid race1 sup]ior to ei!r ( ! p>5t /ocks4 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 :o is /rongly oppos$ to ! practice ( misceg5ation1 endorses ! op9ion t ! (fspr+ ( a cross betwe5 ! :ite & ! black races are defici5t 9 physical vigor1 & t su* hybrids gradually die out4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t x 0 n s )9 ! ,african area 9 e>ly times1 & he sugge/s t special causes are n[ at "w to affect ! results ( race-mixture4 ,"o ( ^! is ! fact t ! :ite blood is d]iv$ exclusively f ! fa!r1 & ! d>k blood exclusively f ! "m4 ,n[1 if x be true1 z is suppos$1 t physical qualities are d]iv$ *iefly f ! fa!r & ! psy*ical qualities *iefly f ! "m1 we may reasonably expect1 z is inde$ recognis$1 t ! *ildr5 ( su* unions w be physically sup]ior to memb]s ( ! black /ock1 al?\gh inf]ior to ^? ( ! :ite race4 ,x is admitt$1 moreov]1 t mulattoes are1 z a rule1 intellectually sup]ior to pure negroes2 s t misceg5ation is und\bt$ly ( relative advantage to ! imm$iate (fspr+1 :atev] may be its result on _! desc5dants4 ,:at ,dr4 ,br9ton & o!r writ]s ( ! same op9ion object to1 h[ev]1 is ! det]ioration ( ! :ite /ock4 ,if !re 0 any reason to believe ?is possible1 ! objection w\ld h weight4 ,b x supposes misceg5ation to become g5]al1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 is an ev5t :i* c\ld nev] happ51 unless ! wom5 ( ?is c\ntry desc5d$ to ! level ( a ,messal9a4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ,dr4 ,br9ton admits t 9 ! e>li] conditions ( social life1 no su* debility att5d$ ! cross+ ( ! ,eurafrican :ite race & ,african race z seems at pres5t to be ! case4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t if ! mixture ( ! two races became g5]al1 & 7 reg>d$ z p]fectly legitimate1 ! pres5t physical & intellectual debility att5d+ su* unions might disappe>4 ,we d n advocate misceg5ation1 b we wi% to po9t out1 t ^? :o oppose x "u ! pres5t limitations ( our k1 d s ei!r on insuffici5t gr\nds1 or because !y are influ5c$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by s5tim5tal consid]ations4 ,we are glad to see t ,dr4 ,br9ton does n endorse ! views s preval5t among ,engli% ,e?nologi/s z to ! exi/5ce ( communal m>riage among ! l[] races ( mank9d4 ,9 8 rec5t "w on ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,m>riage & ,k9%ip1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake has dealt exhau/ively ) t subject1 & %[n t ! m>riage law is fully recognis$ among ! mo/ savage peoples4 ,we _c accept ,dr4 ,br9ton's /atem5ts :]e he says t ! ,au/ralian aborig9es are l$ to associate by mu* ! same motives z prompt buffaloes to ga!r 9 a h]d1 or :5 he speaks ( ! r>e cu/om ( poly&ry1 or decl>es t mutual affection has no exi/5ce among ! ,au/ralians & _m o!r tribes1 & t romantic love is practically abs5t among ! ,african & ,mongolian races4 ,our au?or is equally at fault :5 he says t no ,asiatic nation respects tru? tell+1 & t ! idea ( indep5d5t p]sonal own]%ip does n exi/ among !m4 ,^! errors1 & su* mis/atem5ts z t ! excell5t results ( ! ext5sion ( ! ,slavonian supremacy 9 ,c5tral ,asia h be5 /udi\sly ignor$ by ,briti% writ]s1 :i* are due to ,dr4 ,br9ton's pref]5ce = ,cont95tal au?orities1 are s]i\s blemi%es4 ,nev]!less1 8 book is an excell5t "o1 & we c he>tily recomm5d x z an introductory ,manual ( ,e?nology4 4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,hegel',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 ,) a ,*apt] ,on ,*ri/ian ,unity 9 ,am]ica4 ,by ,j4 ,macbride ,/]rett1 ,d4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,e?ics & ,apologetics 9 ,seabury ,div9ity ,s*ool4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,^! /udies 9 ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,religion1 except ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,viii1 claim to be some?+ m ?an a m]e expository p>aphrase ( ,hegel1 al?\gh foll[+ ,hegel's argum5t 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! au?or's purpose is /rictly !ological & apologetic4 ,8 "w is writt5 ) fai?1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( ! fai?4 ,9 fact1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ! !ological r ?an philosophical int]e/ tak5 9 ! /udy ( ,hegel has ma9ly be5 call$ =? by ! suppos$ intimate relation ( 8 ?\ght to religion & to ,*ri/ianity reg>d$ z ! absolute1 full1 & f9al religion4 ,to ?is pseudo-,hegelian s*ool ( ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ,hegel1 above all1 is radically a !ologian2 all 8 ?\ghts beg9n+ & end+ 9 t ( div9ity4 ,x reg>ds ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,religion z ! v he>t ( 8 ?9k+1 z ! highe/ bloom ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is suppos$ to reconcile ,*ri/ian !ology ) ! mod]n sci5ce ( religion 7or comp>ative religion71 ) an?ropology1 & ) ! classification ( positive1 pre-,*ri/ian religions4 ,am]ican /ud5ts ( ,hegelian philosophy1 z a rule1 d n desire to be reg>d$ z ,hegelians4 ,b\nd to swe> 9 ! "n ( no ma/] 9 philosophy1 & only 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ 9 religion1 w\ld bett] *>act]ise !m all4 ,!y are simply us+ 8 me?od 444 !y are gett+ great help1 & look+ = /ill great] f ! me?od1 :i* 0 great] ?an ev5 ,hegel's own employm5t ( x4 ,hegel's me?od is ?us decl>$ to be great] ?an himself1 & is receiv$ l an article ( fai?4 ,9 ^! /udies1 :ile freely discuss+ & criticis+ all t ,hegel has ?\ght or said ^u ! subject ( ! philosophy ( religion1 ! au?or entirely omits to ent] into a critical discussion ( precisely ! mo/ important po9t2 namely1 ! absolute value ( ,hegel's philosophical me?od4 ,he ov]looks ! int]e/+ fact1 t all t is p]man5tly true & great 9 ,hegel 0 really rea*$ by ,hegel himself1 & und]/ood1 f a po9t ( view t 0 diametrically oppos$ to 8 own accept$ me?od2 9 gl>+ contra/ to 8 evolution ( ! logical idea1 & to 8 !ory ( pure ?\ght or re9es ,d5k54 ,to reconcile reason ) religion1 by f9d+ reason 9 religion & religion 9 reason1 is d\btless a correct ,hegelian /atem5t1 yet1 at ! same "t1 x only expresses an exclusive1 "o-sid$ aspect ( ! sy/em4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,hegelian sy/em rank$ z a =emo/ intellectual ph5om5on4 ,x 01 p]haps1 ! highe/ t philosophy ev] _h a*iev$2 b its manife/ fault consi/$ 9 its be+ a purely philosophical & a priori sy/em4 ,a philosophy t exi/$ 9 ext]nal opposition to ! sci5ces rema9$ only an empty ab/raction1 j z =ce :5 sev]$ f ! ph5om5on1 or ,deity :5 oppos$ to ! outside _w4 ,hegel's philosophy ultimately recognis$1 t =ce only is or exi/s 9 ! ph5om5on2 t ! int]nal itself con/itutes ! ext]nal1 ! ,deity is only pres5t 9 ! univ]se1 ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite4 ,any philosophy proclaim+ all ?is mu/ be said to h succumb$ ) a v5geance to its own dialectic process4 ,a philosophy ( ?is k9d w\ld seem to h sign$ its own dea?-w>rant--or accord+ to ! popul> ,g]man say+1 hat selb/ d5 ,/ab b] si* gebro*56 ,& ?us x really happ5$ to ,hegelianism--we mean to g5u9e ,g]man ,hegelianism4 ,f t mom5t x =feit$ its claim to be reg>d$ z ! highe/ tru?4 ,x 0 compell$ to /ep =? out ( its "o-sid$ exclusiv5ess1 out ( its opposition to empirical sci5ce4 ,hegelianism 0 n expect$ to effect any k9d ( compromise or reconciliation ) empirical sci5ce1 because any yield+ on its own "p w\ld h be5 illogical1 & c\ld only h br\ght ab\t a mom5t>y truce1 b no la/+ peace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hegelianism _h to suff] ! inf9itely bitt] pang ( self-immolation4 ,x _h delib]ately to commit suicide1 9 ord] !reupon to be weld$ ) empirical sci5ce into a mu* high] & m compreh5sive unity4 ,9 o!r words1--9 fact 9 ,hegel's own words--:5 ! old pr9ciple ?us reappe>s1 x is no long] :at x 0 be=e1 = x is *ang$ & purifi$ by ! high] elem5t into :i* x is n[ tak5 up4 ,! ,hegelian sy/em 0 ?us compell$ to ackn[l$ge1 t n only mu/ philosophy agree ) exp]i5ce1 b moreov]1 ! creation ( a philosophical sci5ce premises z an indisp5sable condition ! hypo!sis ( an empirical sci5ce1 :i* itself implies t ! ideas ( space1 ( "t1 ( movem5t1 & ( matt] _c be obta9$ a priori1--t is be=e ! exp]i5ce ( ! ?+s !mselves1--or be purely evolv$1 accord+ to ! ,hegelian me?od1 f ! logical idea4 ,to attempt to reconcile reason ) religion by f9d+ reason 9 religion & religion 9 reason1 is simply to evolve a priori a philosophy ( religion f ! logical idea4 ,?is is believ$ to be possible by means ( ! my/ic factors--! ,hegelian me?od & ! ,logos4 ,! orig9al cont5ts ( et]nal reason itself--( ! logos--are suppos$ to exi/ )9 our m9d 9 a =m t con/itutes our inmo/ tru?2 our spontane\s logical ?9k+ co9cides ) ! innate et]nal reason 9 =m & cont5ts1 & ?us atta9s to ! full revelation ( itself4 ,b all ?is is purely an hypo!sis1 or a k9d ( belief 9 reason1 d] ,glaube an die ,v]nunft6 ,hegel himself 9 conclusion 0 =c$ to admit t philosophy mu/ closely obs]ve ! me?od ( nature4 7,see ,encycl4 ,,iii1 #bb47 ,! editor ( ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 7,gans1 page ,,xv7 says1 ,hegel did n wi% to p]sonate ! deity t creates or evolves hi/ory1 b to be a man :o contemplates creat$ rational hi/ory2 & ,hegel himself says 7page #ac71 we mu/ take hi/ory z x is2 we h to proce$ accord+ to an hi/orical1 empirical me?od4 444 ,only f ! /udy ( hi/ory itself are we all[$ to inf] t hi/orical ev5ts are really rational ev5ts4 ,& 9 ,hegel's ,naturphilosophie1 7page #bd17 & else:]e !re are to be f\nd p]fectly analog\s passages4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t ! au?or ( ?is "w on ,hegel's philosophy ( religion has made a deep /udy ( all ! va/ details ( ! ,hegelian sy/em2 b 8 "o-sid$ !ological criticism exclusively aims at repres5t+ ,hegel himself z a !ologian4 ,?is ,am]ican pseudo-,hegelianism may probably h _h ! effect ( /imulat+ ,am]ican ?9k]s1 b 9 o!r respects x has only reta9$ ! phantom & empty %ad[ ( ,hegelianism1 play+ fa/ & loose ) ! old sy/em "u ! capti\s "n ( ! ,hegelian me?od1 & mak+ a free use ( its obscure1 obsolete phraseology4 ,! cry back to ,kant by ,engli% ,neo-,kantianism1 is decl>$ to mean a spe$y return to ,hegel's me?od1 & to be only ! fir/ /ep ( ! prote/ aga9/ tempor>y1 mat]iali/ic1 & psy*ological ?\ght4 ,! la/ *apt]1 9 ! =m ( an app5dix1 is devot$ to ! discussion ( ,*ri/ian ,unity4 ,! au?or deplores ! curr5t ab/ract conceptions ( ! *ur*1 & reg>ds !m z ! ma9 ob/acle to its visible organic unity4 ,! ,hegelian ideas on religion & ! /ate are believ$ to sugge/ a m concrete1 hi/orical view1 & to de/roy ! ab/ract conception4 4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,necessity2 ,,or1 ,,law ,,9 ,,m9d ,,z ,,9 ,,matt]4 ,by ,*>les ,bray4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & abridg$4 ,london & ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,co4 ,?is "w 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahda1 & compris$ an ,exposition ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,philosophy ( ,necessity1 or ! ,law ( ,consequ5ces1 fir/1 9 its relation to ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 secondly1 9 its relation to ,e?ics1 & ?irdly1 an application ( its pr9ciples to ! social que/ions ( ! day4 ,! ?ird "p has be5 omitt$ f ! pres5t edition1 z be+ out ( date1 b _m ( its /ati/ics & obs]vations are giv5 z an ,app5dix4 ,9 a prefatory note x is /at$ z a reason = pres]v+ 9 an accessible =m ! conclusions arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,bray1 t he work$ out = himself a !ory z to ! purpose ( exi/5ce t satisfi$ 8 own m9d1 & became to him a *e]ful philosophy :i* int5sifi$ 8 enjoym5t ( all ?+s good & pleasant1 help$ him to be> ! tr\bles ( life1 & to meet ! end 9 a _s z bright z x 0 resign$--a /atem5t :i* ^? :o knew him p]sonally w he>tily endorse4 ,mr4 ,bray's !ory is embodi$ 9 ! title ( ! "w "u review1 & its key-note is ord] 9 nature4 ,8 object is to %[ t ! m9d ( man is n an exception to nature's o!r works2 t l ev]y?+ else x has receiv$ a det]m9ate "*2 t all our k ( x is precisely ( ! same k9d z t ( mat]ial ?+s1 & consi/s 9 ! obs]vation ( its ord] ( action1 or ( ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,accord+ to ?is view we c "k ! real nature ( nei!r matt] nor m9d1 ,nature h]self hav+ fix$ ! b\nd>ies beyond :i* human k _c ext5d4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ,mr4 ,bray reg>d$ ,nature z some?+ ap>t1 giv+ to man laws f ! op]ation ( :i* x is itself free4 ,a little consid]ation %[s t su* is n 8 idea4 ,nature is ) ,mr4 ,bray only ano!r "n = ,god4 ,moreov]1 man is no?+1 ,god is all2 individuality1 or any?+ sep>ate f ,him1 is a mode ( ?\ght1 & has no real exi/5ce4 ,electricity1 heat1 light1 & o!r =ces ( nature are modes ( ! ,unkn[able1 & are trans=mable into ea* o!r & into ! o!r modes :i* we di/+ui% z s5sation1 emotion1 ?\ght4 ,! qualities or prop]ties ( matt] are m]e =ce or p[]1 & z !y are qualities ( ,god1 ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( matt] is n necess>y4 ,god is ! ,univ]sal ,be+1 ( :i* all ?+s are ! manife/ations4 ,e ?+ is a mode ( ,god's attribute ( ext5sion2 e ?\ght1 wi%1 or feel+1 is a mode ( ,8 attribute ( ?\ght4 ,to ,mr4 ,bray ! only reality is ,god1 ! great ,unkn[n1 & z ,he is also ! ,unkn[able1 we h 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,necessity a sy/em ( ,agno/icism4 ,& yet ,mr4 ,bray is h>dly consi/5t ) himself4 ,=1 unlike ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 he speaks ( ,god 9 t]ms ( ,_s1 :i* becomes 9 8 sy/em id5tical ) =ce4 ,:51 moreov]1 he decl>es t ! :ole s5sitive exi/5ce is b ! innum]able individual eyes ) :i* ! ,inf9ite ,_w ,_s beholds ,himself1 we h a k9d ( ,monism4 ,?is view h[ev] recognises ,god z ! only real & effici5t p[] 9 ! univ]se1 &1 z ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause & ! ,great ,la/ ,cause ( all ?+s1 a ,div9e ,be+4 ,mr4 ,bray does n ent] into ! "q ( ! p]sonality ( ,god1 b t he supposes ! ,deity to possess consci\sness is evid5t f 8 ref]5ce to ! ,great ,s\l ( ,nature1 & 8 /atem5t t ! op]ation ( its =ces is gov]n$ by ?\ght4 ,8 ideas are summ$ up 9 ! words1 we feel ourselves a "p ,( t /up5d\s :ole1 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god ! ,s\l4 ,hold+ ?is op9ion1 ,mr4 ,bray c\ld n be o!rwise ?an a ,necessit>ian & an ,utilit>ian 9 8 practical views4 ,^! are well %[n 9 8 treatm5t ( ! "q ( ! fre$om ( w1 z to :i* he accepts ! op9ion ( ,locke t a man is free )9 ! range ( ! pref]5ces or directions ( 8 own m9d4 ,mr4 ,bray's own conclusion is3 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! only fre$om we h is limit$ to action 9 accordance ) our natural p[]s & capacities1 our aim mu/ be to develop fully ^! p[]s & capacities1 & to remove all imp$im5ts1 ext]nal & int]nal1 to _! free & complete action4 ,!re mu/ be no ext]nal compulsion f physical imp$im5t1 or int]nal compulsion f defect 9 ! m9d itself2 no ob/acle to ! full ex]cise ( our natural p[]s bo? ( body & m9d4 ,education 9 its full mean+ is ! develop+ & p]fect+ ( all ^! p[]s4 ,,ges*i*te ,,d] ,,e?ik ,,9 ,,d] ,,neu]5 ,,philosophie4 ,by ,fri$ri* ,jodl4 ,volume ,,ii4 ,kant & ! ,e?ics ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,/uttg>t3 ,j4 ,g4 ,cotta4 ,9 ?is volume ,pr(essor ,jodl cont9ues 8 hi/ory ( !oretical e?ics2 />t+ ) ,kant & com+ d[n to contempor>y philosoph]s4 ,8 "w is ?us ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! classical philosophy ( ,g]many till ,feu]ba*'s "t1 & ! spirituali/ic & positivi/ philosophy ( ,france & ,engl& d[n to ! "t ( ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1 & ,mill4 ,pr(essor ,jodl has be5 oblig$ to =ego 8 orig9al int5tion ( app5d+ to 8 "w an epitome ( ! logical con/ructive results ( 8 inve/igations1 & has exclusively appli$ himself to ! inve/igation & hi/orical pres5tm5t ( ! fundam5tal & c5tral pr9ciples ( ! e?ical ?\ght ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,he has !re=e ev] held 9 view ! economical & hi/orical purpose ( 8 "w1 & avoid$ on ! "o h& an exposition ( all sy/ems 9 :i* orig9ality ( pr9ciples is lack+1 & on ! o!r ab/a9$ f ! critical exam9ation ( ! sy/ems ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,?us he has aspir$1 by ! con/ant emphasis ( c5tral basal pr9ciples & ( ! po9ts :]eon all h agre$1 to refute ! belief t ! hi/ory ( 8 sci5ce is a *aotic mass ( contradictory views1 & t e?ical op9ion pres5ts 9 its hi/orical expression only div]sity1 & nev] community ( m5tal possession4 ,pr(essor ,jodl has only collat]ally dealt ) ! non-e?ical lit]ature & t5d5cies ( ! times ( :i* he treats1 & he has disclaim$ all int5tion ( portray+ ! effects & influ5ce t e?ical sy/ems h produc$ & ex]t$ 9 practical sph]es2 ,france & ,engl& be+ ! only in/ances 9 :i*1 = manife/ reasons1 ! discussion ( lit]ature & politics has prec$$ ! criticism & analysis ( philosophies4 ,nev]!less1 8 "w ?r\gh\t is int]sp]s$ ) _m well-judg$ & apposite ?\ghts ^u ! effective1 ?\gh n always app>5t1 influ5ce ( a nation's intellectual activity ^u its practical conduct ( affairs2 z well z1 also1 reg>d+ ! lam5table fact t1 (t51 a p are viol5tly & dang]\sly engag$ 9 ! solution ( que/ions t _! ?9k]s h solv$ decades be=e4 ,let u look at ,pr(essor ,jodl's exam9ation ( ! hi/orical position ( ,kantian ,e?ics4 ,! elem5t ( non-int]e/ 9 e?ical judgm5t we f9d n to h be5 fir/ emphasis$ by ,kant4 ,:atev] ! success & wor? ( _! speculations1 a great _m ( ,kant's pr$ecessors s\ght to realise ?is v factor 9 _! sy/ems2 ?us x 0 ) ,plato z oppos$ to ,protagoras1 ) ,%aftesbury & ,butl] z oppos$ to ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,hume2 :ile ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 ,wolla/on1 & ,price 7 simil>ly actuat$ by ! purely speculative consid]ation4 ,kant's real & orig9al advance ^u previ\s sy/ems ( e?ics1 0 8 emphasis ( ! elem5t ( consci\s volition 9 e?ical judgm5t & ! /atem5t ( its imp]ative "*4 ,x 0 j 9 ?is la/ respect t 8 e?ical philosophy =m$ s m>k$ a contra/ to ! eudmonism ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,! imp]ative & absolute nature ( duty1 eudmonism neglect$ to inculcate2 ,kant ar\s$ ! consci5ce ( 8 "t1 & pres5t$ 9 contra/ to ! moral weakness !n preval5t ! /r5g? & e>ne/ gr&eur ( an absolute conception ( duty4 ,s too 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! metaphysics ( e?ics & ! practical po/ulates1 :]e9 ! great philosoph] display$ s mu* +5uity1 ,pr(essor ,jodl is unable to di/+ui% ,kant's position v %>ply f t ( ! ,engli% intellectuali/s :5 9 a simil> plight4 ,n t ! idea ( ! practical po/ulates is valueless2 ?is ,pr(essor ,jodl aft]w>ds expla9s4 ,our hi/orian m]ely %[s t ,kant _h n yet gott5 cle> ( ! anci5t conflict t _h agitat$ ! ,s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages z well z ! utilit>ian & rationali/ic !ologians ( m mod]n times4 ,yet despite ! my/icism t inh]es 9 ,kant's argum5t = ! practical exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! k]nel ( ! tru? he emphasises 9 ! alliance ( e?ics ) religion /ill rema9s2 namely t religi\s ideas are ess5tially e?ical1 t 9 ?is relation only h !y mean+1 & t religi\s ideas :i* are e?ically valueless are to be uncompromis+ly disc>d$4 ,especial att5tion %\ld be call$ to ,pr(essor ,jodl's e/imate ( ,feu]ba*1 ^: m]its h be5 /rangely neglect$4 ,feu]ba*'s e?ical sy/em1 9 p]fect =m1 has n be5 indep5d5tly set =? 9 8 works1 b is int]m+l$ ) ! subjects dealt ) 9 8 religi\s treatises4 ,yet he left few ( ! fundam5tal que/ions ( e?ics unt\*$ & 8 works conta9 a great /ore ( mo/ excell5t & p]t95t ?\ghts :i* mu/ be *>act]is$1 says our au?or1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m1 z ! real f\ndation 9 e?ics ( mod]n sci5tific empiricism4 ,) reg>d to ! pres5tm5t ( ,engli% & ,fr5* e?ical philosophy1 ,pr(essor ,jodl's "w1 x is claim$1 is ! fir/ hi/orical exposition 9 ! ,g]man language ( ?is special dep>tm5t ( ?\ght 9 its connection ) ! univ]sal intellectual progress ( ^! two c\ntries4 ,8 analysis ( ,b5?am & ,mill is v accurate & full4 ,pr(essor ,jodl exhibits an ext5sive acqua9tance ) ,engli% philosophical lit]ature2 inde$1 he has ev5 discov]$ ! little book kn[n z ,kant's ,e?ics1 by ,dr4 ,noah ,port]1 :om he calls ! ,ne/or ( ,am]ican philosophy4 ,unity ( execution1 & ! skilful employm5t ( hi/orical p]spective 9 deal+ ) ! v>i\s phases ( e?ical ?\ght1 may be *>act]is$ z prom95t m]its ( ,pr(essor ,jodl's p]=mance4 ,9 ! books ( its class x /&s unique4 4 ,,e?ik4 ,e9e ,d>/ellung d] e?is*5 ,pr9cipi5 und d]5 ,anw5dung auf besond]e ,leb5sv]hltnisse4 ,by ,dr4 ,h>ald ,hffd+1 ,pr(essor an d] ,univ]sitt zu ,kop5hag54 ,unt] ,mitwirkung des ,v]fass]s aus dem ,dnis*5 b]setzt von ,f4 ,b5$ix54 ,leipsic3 #ahhh4 ,h>ald ,hffd+1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 is a repres5tative ?9k] among e?ical s*ol>s4 ,unhesitat+ly he takes 8 /& ^u ! real facts ( life & attempts to con/ruct a sy/em ( e?ics :i* %all be a sci5ce among ! o!r sci5ces4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says 9 8 preface3 ,if we see ! sn[-cov]$ peaks ( a m\nta9 range f a f> di/ance1 !y seem to hov] 9 ! air4 ,n until we approa* d we discov] pla9ly t !y re/ ^u solid gr\nd4 ,x is ! same ) e?ical pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fir/ en?usiasm "o imag9es t a place %\ld be assign$ to !m above ! reality ( nature & life4 ,on fur!r reflection & aft] a long] exp]i5ce1 :i* mu/ p]haps be de>ly b\ght1 we discov] t ! e?ical pr9ciples c regulate life only if !y h really proce$$ f life4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ is 9 a c]ta9 s5se a utilit>ian4 ,! influ5ce ( utilit>ian sy/ems ^u 8 mode ( ?\ght c be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole "w1 & x is ?is influ5ce p]haps to :i* ! ,dani% ,pr(essor owes 8 positive /&po9t z well z ! sci5tific me?od ( 8 proc$ure4 ,nev]!less he diff]s f ! ord9>y utilit>ian s*ool & pref]s to *>act]ise 8 sy/em z an e?ics ( g5]al welf>e4 ,he says3 ,! s-call$ utilit>ianism1--t e?ical conception :i* has be5 f\nd$ ma9ly by ,b5?am1--has ! m]it ( hav+ = ! fir/ "t en]getically prop\nd$ ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,yet ,b5?am has detract$ f 8 cause by proce$+ f a psy*ological !ory :i* consid]s consci\sness z a sum ( ideas & feel+s1 & dissolves society into a numb] ( individuals4 ,! import ( pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s = ! cont9u\s & g5]al welf>e _c be e/abli%$ by a m]e process ( calculation4 7,p4 #cg47 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ op5s ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 "w ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,e?ical judgm5ts conta9 a valuation ( human actions4444 ,! crit]ion ( ! e?ical valuation is ! cont5ts ( e?ics4 ,if life consi/$ ( isolat$ sov]eign mom5ts1 e "o ( !m w\ld h an equal "r1 & no "o w\ld be oblig$ to resign 9 favor ( any o!r mom5t4 ,no valuation1 no discrim9ation w\ld be requir$4 ,b ! life ( ea* individual1 z well z ! life ( society1 makes up a life-totality1 & we possess a conception ( ?is life-totality4 ,if ! /ate ( feel+ 9 a s+le mom5t agrees ) ! conception ( ! life-totality1 a new feel+ arises :i* is det]m9$ by ?is mutual relation4444 ,! e?ical valuation is condition$ by ?is feel+4 7p4 #bg47 ,tak+ ?is gr\nd1 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ def9es good & bad 9 ! foll[+ way3 ',good' accord+ly becomes t :i* pres]ves ! life-totality & gives fulness & life to its cont5ts2 'bad1' on ! contr>y1 t :i* has m or less ! t5d5cy to dissolve or to limit ! life-totality & its cont5ts4 ,bad accord+ly is ! s+le mom5t1 ! sep>ate impulse 9 its revolution>y isolation f ! re/ ( life4444 7,p4 #bi47 ,! ,bad1 !re=e1 is egotism 9 its v>i\s degrees & v>i\s =ms4 ,& ! v]dict ab\t x w be ! sev]] ! m consci\s ?is egotism is4 ,utilit>ianism z a rule has be5 h$oni/ic4 ,utilit>ians h propos$ z ! crit]ion ( an e?ical valuation ! consequ5ces ( an act2 if ! consequ5ces give m pleasure ?an pa91 x is said to be good2 if !y are att5d$ ) m pa9 ?an pleasure1 x is said to be bad4 ,9 ! above quot$ def9itions by ,pr(4 ,hffd+ !re is no trace ( h$onism1 & ,i %\ld consid] an e?ical sy/em bas$ ^u ^! def9itions z be+ 9 /rong opposition to h$onism4 ,b ,pr(4 ,hffd+ appe>s to h be5 s /rongly bias$ by ! influ5ce ( h$oni/ic utilit>ianism1 t he introduces aga9 its fundam5tal idea1 :i* id5tifies ! good ) ! pleasurable4 ,al?\gh he objects to employ+ ! t]ms utility & happ9ess1 because !y are liable to lead to misund]/&+s & h inde$ done s2 al?\gh he decl>es t mom5t>y feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 are no sure crit]ion = ! total /ate 7p4 #cg72 al?\gh = su* reasons he proposes ! ^w welf>e1 say+1 by ! ^w 'welf>e' ,i ?9k ( ev]y?+ :i* s]ves to satisfy ! wants ( human nature 9 its :ole entirety3 /ill ,pr(4 ,hffd+ aga9 returns to h$onism by limit+ ! idea welf>e to ! h$oni/ic conception ( goodness4 ,he def9es welf>e z a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s4 7,p4 #ih47 ,?us we are pres5t$ ) two def9itions ( :at con/itutes ! crit]ion ( an e?ical valuation3 7#a7 t :i* promotes ! life-totality1 & 7#b7 t :i* produces a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+4 ,^! two def9itions are 9 _m respects h>moni\s1 b on ! o!r h& !y may come into conflict2 & if !y come into conflict1 :i* ( ! two is to be sacrific$8 ,suppos+ t a contemplation ( ! evolution ( organis$ life %\ld tea* u t ! developm5t ( a life-totality is n at all a pleasurable process2 t on ! contr>y x is att5d$ ) excessive & innum]able pa9s4 ,inorganic nature s f> z we c judge is free f pa94 ,! isolat$ atom1 we may assume1 exi/s 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce4 ,suppos+ n[ t pa9 c\ld be prov$ to increase1 ! high] we rise 9 ! developm5t ( a life-totality2 suppos+ t ! gr[? ( a life-totality _h to be b\ght ) pa91 :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce8 ,i w n "h ent] into ! subject1 b ,i may m5tion t ?is supposition is n at all )\t f\ndation4 ,assum+ t x 7 s1 w\ld n1 9 su* a case1 ! good be z ,s*op5hau]1 ,h>tmann1 & ,ma9la5d] propose1 t :i* de/roys ! life-totality ( consci\sness & ) x ! :ole _w ( civilis$ humanity1 built up ( ! innum]able consci\snesses ( individuals8 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ has se5 ?is difficulty1 :i* arises f a conflict ( ! two crit]ia ( e?ical valuation 7#a7 ! h$oni/ic pr9ciple & 7#b7 ! pr9ciple ( progress1 i4 e41 ! con/ant evolution ( a high] life-totality4 ,he says3 ,john ,/u>t ,mill has decl>$ t x is bett] to be a dissatisfi$ man ?an a satisfi$ pig1 a dissatisfi$ ,socrates ?an a satisfi$ fool4 ,he bases ?is ass]tion ^u ! fact t ev5 if ! pig & ! fool 7 ( a contr>y m9d1 _! op9ion w\ld h to be reject$1 s9ce !y possess no k ( ! high] po9t ( view f :i* man & ,socrates consid] life1 :]eas man kn[s ! ne$s ( ! pig & ,socrates fa?oms ! fool4 ,we mo/ be regulat$ by ! judgm5t ( ^? t "k ! two k9ds ( ne$s 9 "q & t are consequ5tly able to in/itute an e/imation ( ! value ( ! same4 ,b ,i feel oblig$ to put 9 a ^w = ! pig & ! fool4 ,! difficulty is great] ?an ,mill imag9es4 ,man1 x is true1 kn[s all ! wants ( ! pig1 & x w\ld n be difficult = a ,socrates to compreh5d ^? ( ! fool4 ,b man does n h ! wants ( ! pig1 nor ,socrates ^? ( ! fool1 z 8 sole & only dom9ant wants4 ,& yet ?is is ! v circum/ance t det]m9es ! matt]4 ,man _c trans=m himself into a pig )\t ceas+ to be a man1 & a ,socrates w h>dly be able s to id5tify himself ) a fool z to lose completely 8 ,socratic wants4 ,if1 n[1 ! pig c atta9 ! complete satisfaction ( all 8 wants1 is n 8 happ9ess great] ?an t ( man ^: desires & ^: long+s are nev] :olly satisfi$8 ,& ! fool1 :o does n n\ri% _m ?\ghts & makes no great dem&s ^u life1 is he n happi] ?an ,socrates :o sp5ds 8 :ole life 9 /riv+ to "k himself & to /imulate o!rs1 only f9ally to decl>e t dea? is really pref]able to life8 ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s solution ( ! difficulty is summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,welf>e is an illusion if we und]/& by x a passive condition ( ?+s1 creat$ once = all4 ,x mu/ consi/ 9 action1 "w1 developm5t4 ,re/ c only mean a t]m9ation = ! "t be+1 ! atta9m5t ( a new level1 ^u :i* x is possible = a new c\rse ( developm5t to proce$4 ,?us x appe>s t ,pr(essor ,hffd+ decides 9 favor ( ! second pr9ciple4 ,! evolution ( ! life-totality is consid]$ high] ?an a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+4 ,nev]!less ,pr(essor ,hffd+ adds3 ,on t acc\nt1 h[ev]1 we are n oblig$ to retract our fir/ def9ition ( welf>e z t ( a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+4 ,t :i* mu/ be reject$ is only ! notion ( a passive /ate4 ,truly1 z ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says1 ! difficulty is great] ?an ,mr4 ,mill imag9$4 ,! difficulty is great en\gh to und]m9e ! :ole basis ^u :i* welf>e is def9$ z a /ate ( cont9u\s pleasurable feel+4 ,if1 z ,pr(essor ,hffd+ decl>es1 welf>e is to be int]pret$ z activity1 "w1 developm5t2 if ?is k9d ( active welf>e is ! greate/ good1 :atev] admixture ( pa9 & :atev] abs5ce ( pleasurable feel+ x may h2 if ! greate/ am\nt ( a /ate ( cont9u\s pleasurable feel+ is n welf>e 9 an e?ical s5se1 :at becomes ( ! utilit>ian def9ition ( welf>e z pleasurable feel+8 ,if1 h[ev]1 welf>e is ! /ate ( a cont9u\s pleasurable feel+1 h[ c we decl>e t ! life ( a pessimi/ic philosoph] is pref]able to t ( a joyful fool8 ,mu/ n ! ultimate reason ( ?is conflict be s\ght 9 ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s /atem5t t-- ,! proposition ( a purpose presupposes 9 ! subject :i* makes ! proposition feel+s ( pleasure & displeasure4 7,p4 #cj47 ,%\ld we n r say t ! proposition ( a purpose presupposes an expression ( w 9 ! subject :i* makes ! proposition8 ,:]ev] !re is w1 !re is also approval & disapproval1 b approval is n always pleasurable & disapproval is n always att5d$ ) displeasure4 ,does x n (t5 happ5 t we _c help disapprov+ ( ?+s :i* please u8 ,we h ma9ly limit$ our review to "s topics ( ! fir/ division entitl$ ,! ,conditions ( ,e?ics1 because we h reg>d$ !m z mo/ important 9 a repres5tation ( ! e?ical pr9ciples4 ,! d\bts we h rais$ z to ! consi/5cy ( ! au?or are less noticeable 9 ! rema9+ *apt]s1 :i* conta9 an unusual /ore ( ideas pres5t$ ) great lucidity4 ,! doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( w is excell5tly treat$ 7*ap4 v474 ,social e?ics1 family life1 m>riage1 ! position ( woman1 & ! education ( *ildr5 are sep>ately & exhau/ively discuss$1 & !re is no *apt] :i* ev5 if we _c always give ass5t to ! au?or's views1 does n ri*ly repay a c>eful p]usal4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,kurzgefas/e ,,logik ,,und ,,psy*ologie4 ,by ,dr4 ,k4 ,kroman4 ,translat$ f ! second edition ( ! ,orig9al by ,f4 ,b5dix54 ,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&4 ,dr4 ,kroman is pr(essor ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,he has s\ght to pres5t 9 ?is book ( ?ree hundr$ & eighty n9e pages ! elem5ts ( ,logic & ,psy*ology4 ,! "w 0 pr9cipally int5d$ = ! use ( ! g5]al read] & ! beg9n]1 al?\gh its au?or hopes x w n be altoge!r )\t int]e/ to ! speciali/1 & t x w f9d its way into ! s*ools ( p$agogy 7! subject ( ! art ( education be+ also incid5tally dealt ) 9 its pages74 ,dr4 ,kroman's me?od ( pres5tation is concise & lucid2 ! elem5ts ( logic occupy b "s "o hundr$ & f\r pages1 & =m a good introduction to ! common phases ( t sci5ce4 ,b 8 psy*ology is1 f our /&po9t1 m op5 to objection2 or r 8 philosophy4 ,he says3 ,unless we assume ! law ( causation1 rese>* is impossible2 b assum+ ?is1 x is impossible to /op ) /ates ( consci\sness1 we mu/ assume a subject & real objects4 ,:at ,dr4 ,kroman means by real is se5 f ! foll[+4 ,our s5ses give u k only ( prop]ties ( ?+s1 n ( ?+s4 ,we d n p]ceive ! apple1 b only its =m1 color1 etc4 ,b all ^! s5sations ?us d]iv$ =m an int]connect$ :ole2 & ! law ( causality =ces u to ! assumption ( a ?+ beh9d ^! s5sory manife/ations4 ,yet1 our belief t we "k ?is ?+ 9 itself has only a practical value2 9 reality x is an unkn[n quantity4 ,x is a s+le po9t1 a nucleus1 ( :i* direct & positive k is unobta9able2 yet exi/ x mu/ if our assumption ( ! law ( causation is to be upheld4 ,?us ,dr4 ,kroman %[s 9 an admirable mann] h[ our ev]yday conceptual life is =m$2 b x is ! (fice ( philosophy1 9 our view1 to po9t out h[ ?is same conceptual life %\ld be =m$4 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,kroman supplem5ts ?is explanation--:i* we h mu* abbreviat$--by consid]ations t lead "o to believe t he seeks only to demon/rate ! reality ( exi/5ce & has collat]ally accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! indep5d5t1 'outside' ?+ 9 itself4 ,we may ref] our read]s1 reg>d+ ?is "q1 to ,pr(4 ,ma*'s article 9 ?is numb] ( ,! ,moni/4 ,,e9leitung ,,9 ,,die ,,psy*ologie ,,na* ,,kritis*] ,,me?ode4 ,by ,paul ,natorp4 ,freiburg3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mohr4 ,9 ?is exhau/ive monograph ,dr4 ,paul ,natorp does n deal ) psy*ology itself1 b proce$+ f a numb] ( novel po9ts ( view he op5s up ! road by :i* ! pr9ciples ( psy*ology may be rea*$4 ,! au?or frankly assumes t psy*ology ev5 z yet has n absolutely & cle>ly def9$ its own fundam5tal problem1 & t ?is is *iefly ! reason :y we /ill disagree conc]n+ ! significance & value ( _m ( ! results ( psy*ology4 ,be=e we approa* ! solution ( ! special problems1 psy*ology itself mu/ be laid d[n z a problem4 ,! au?or1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 introductory task has s\ght to indicate ! objects ( psy*ology1--namely1 :at x w & rationally c pursue2 & 9 ! second "p1 he po9ts out1 ! only correct me?od accord+ to :i* psy*ology c accompli% its aims4 ,s9ce ,desc>tes1 says our au?or1 real & possible consci\sness con/itutes ! true limits ( ! prov9ce ( psy*ic rese>*1 ! fundam5tal problem ( psy*ology1 & ! *>act]i/ic di/9ction betwe5 ! old & new philosophy4 ,b1 9 ord] to f9d out1 :e!r ?is t5d5cy ( ! new philosophy has be5 entirely successful1 x w be necess>y to exam9e m closely ! nature ( ! fundam5tal psy*ic ph5om5on1 & ! problem t x involves4 ,9 ! fact ( consci\sness we c di/+ui% sev]al elem5ts :i* really are insep>able1 b :i* 9 ! /udy ( ! problem ought to be sep>at$4 ,!re is ! cont5t ( :i* "o is consci\s1 & secondly1 ! consci\sness !re(1 or its relation to ! ego2 &1 by a fur!r ab/raction1 ?is relation itself might be di/+ui%$ f ! total fact ( consci\sness4 ,! relation to ! ego1 9 ev] v>i$ cont5ts1 is "o & ! same2 x makes up bo? ! common & specific elem5t ( consci\sness1 & z ! ?ird ab/ract elem5t ( consci\sness 7,bewus/se97 x might aptly be call$ self-consci\sness 7,bewus/heit74 ,! ego1 be+ a common po9t ( relation to all cont5ts ( consci\sness1 _c itself become ! cont5t ( consci\sness1 because x repres5ts a contra/ to any idea ( cont5t4 ,we d n correctly conceive consci\sness z a ?+1 a cause1 a =ce1 an explanatory pr9ciple1 b simply z a ph5om5on--! fundam5tal ph5om5on ( psy*ology4 ,we !reupon ask1 :at conta9s ?is ph5om5on1 & by :at is x *>act]is$8 ,x is1 above all1 *>act]is$ by subjective exp]i5ce4 ,?is d5otes1 t x is ,i :o am consci\s ( a cont5t4 ,! reflective expression ,i am consci\s implies a subject t is consci\s4 ,)\t ?is reflective relation to ! ego1 consci\sness no long] conveys any mean+4 ,consci\sness d5otes self-consci\sness4 ,?is reflective relation is !re=e ! only di/9ctive m>k ( all consci\s ph5om5a4 ,cont5t we call any?+ t c be relat$ to ! ego4 ,9 ! language adopt$ by psy*ologi/s1 a feel+ or a desire c also be reg>d$ z cont5t ( consci\sness4 ,b our inve/igation _c proce$ beyond ?is reflective relation4 ,if we attempt a repres5tation ( ! ego1 we %\ld turn x into object1 & we %\ld h ceas$ to reg>d x z ego4 ,! ego is nev] an object--n ev5 to itself4 ,x is n d5i$1 t 9 e consci\sness !re c be di/+ui%$ two elem5ts--! exi/5ce ( a cont5t1 & its relation to ! ego2 b x is d5i$1 t ?is relation c be made objective1 ev5 to itself4 ,?is correctly describes ! "* ( consci\sness1 z cont5t & activity1 & moreov]1 precisely delimits ! doma9 ( ! psy*ical & det]m9es ! positive task ( psy*ology4 ,^?1 :o assume a consci\sness ( consci\sness1 ought logically to admit ! consci\sness ( a consci\sness ( consci\sness1 etc42 z inde$ "s metaphysicians h done4 ,x may be ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 t ! di/9ction ( ! activities ( consci\sness1 ( s5sation1 repres5tation1 & ?9k+1 is indisp5sable 9 psy*ology2 b1 at any rate1 !re are no diff]5t k9ds1 or ev5 degrees or /ages ( consci\sness4 ,! consci\sness ( any simple s5sation 9 k9d is n diff]5t f ! consci\sness ( a _w2 ! factor ( consci\sness 9 bo? is ! same2 ! diff]5ce lies exclusively 9 ! cont5t4 ,?is also applies to cle> & obscure consci\sness4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! positive task ( psy*ology1 we ought to discov] 9 e cont5t & 9 e repeat$ act ( consci\sness1 a c]ta9 common *>act]i/ic4 ,p]ception1 z su*1 does n con/itute consci\sness1 b m]ely d5otes ! pres5ce ( a multiple cont5t2 app]ception1 on ! o!r h&1 indicates only consci\sness 9 ! def9ite s5se ( a unity ( t multiple cont5t4 ,?is unity ( consci\sness prop]ly does n appe>1 or only appe>s 9 ! connection ( ! cont5ts4 ,t peculi>ity ( consci\sness :i* we call app]ception1 is psy*ologically only app>5t 9 ! cont5ts ( consci\sness2 x does n con/itute an object ( psy*ology1 b =ms only its extreme limits4 ,! common *>act]i/ic ( e cont5t ( consci\sness is !re=e really to be f\nd 9 ! connection 7,v]b9dung7 9 :i* ! simple cont5ts are repres5t$ 9 ! repeat$ acts ( consci\sness4 ,?is connection exi/s only subjectively1 irrespective ( all objective mean+ or value4 ,! exi/5ce ( ph5om5a purely z ph5om5a1 _! subjective exi/5ce irrespective ( object1 con/itutes _! psy*ic exi/5ce or t side ( ! ph5om5on f :i* x becomes an object ( psy*ological rese>*4 ,"u ?is head come all ^? ph5om5a to :i* sci5ce d5ies an objective value3 illusions ( ! s5ses1 m5tal halluc9ations1 & ! normal non-sci5tific repres5tations ( ?+s1 ! creations ( ! imag9ation 9 music & 9 art1 ! entire subjective life ( feel+ & ( aspiration1 reg>d$ only z a p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic association ( repres5tation1 irrespective ( all objective tru?1 :i* lies beyond ! limits ( psy*ology z su*4 ,! *>act]i/ic1 accord+ly1 is f\nd 9 ! unity 9 :i* ! cont5t repres5ts itself 9 ! s+le or reit]at$ acts ( consci\sness4 ,9 ea* act ( consci\sness ! cont5t is simply pres5t1 & no "t is di/+ui%$4 ,:5 we di/+ui% "t1 a plurality ( consci\sness also mu/ be di/+ui%$4 ,x may seem difficult to und]/& h[ two or m orig9al acts ( consci\sness are aga9 unit$ into "o act2 b 9 reality ?is takes place4 ,! idea ( unity is ?us enl>g$1 & becomes ! consci\sness ( a multiplicity1 ! necess>y unity ( a multiple1 a successive connection 9 "t1 & a simultane\s connection4 ,all consci\sness 7repres5tation7 dep5ds on connection1 z is indirectly %[n by try+ to discov] :e!r ! elem5t>y cont5ts ( consci\sness c be repres5t$ 9 absolute isolation4 ,ab/ract consci\sness is ?us f\nd to be ! relation ( giv5 cont5ts to an ego1 & connection con/itutes ! mann] 9 :i* a multiple cont5t appe>s or is repres5t$ 9 ! reit]at$ relation to "o & ! same ego4 ,connection is ! concrete expression ( t relation itself1 ?r\gh :i* consci\sness atta9s its def9ite & positive value4 ,ab/ract consci\sness seems poor1 b ! multiplicity ( a def9ite connection ( cont5ts af=ds a va/ field ( psy*ological rese>*1 = on t connection dep5ds ! concrete significance ( ! ego1 :i* to u is n subject 9 g5]al1 b above all1 is our own p>ticul> subject4 ,& f9ally at ?is po9t !re spontane\sly arises ! "q ( a !ory ( ! psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,e !ory ess5tially presupposes an objective t5d5cy1 :ile consci\sness1 z ! expression ( ! pure/ subjectivity ( ph5om5a1 _c be r5d]$ objective4 ,x cle>ly foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! me?od ( psy*ology mu/ be radically diff]5t f all me?ods ( ! objective sci5ces4 ,,d] ,,g5iale ,,m5s*4 ,by ,ces>e ,lombroso4 ,g]man ,translation by ,dr4 ,m4 ,o4 ,fra5kel4 ,hamburg3 ,v]lagsan/alt und ,druck]ei-,acti5-,gesells*aft 7vormals ,j4 ,f4 ,ri*t]74 ,! ,fr5* edition ( ,lombroso's ,man ( ,g5ius has already appe>$4 ,! "w is introduc$ by a preface writt5 by ,m4 ,*>les ,ri*et1 :i* reviews ! subject ) great cle>ness4 ,all 9 all1 ?is is an admirable book1 well /ock$ ) int]e/+ facts & incid5ts1 & well adapt$ to obta9 a l>ge numb] ( read]s outside ( sci5tific circles4 ,!re is necess>ily a de>? ( abundant & well-au!nticat$ facts 9 ?is subject1--hi/orians until lately n hav+ occupi$ !mselves ) ! psy*ological phases ( life2 & accord+ly !re is great dang] 9 univ]sal g5]alisation f ^? t we h4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,pr(4 ,lombroso has recognis$4 ,g5ius1 ! au?or claims1 is a v>iety ( psy*osis1 an in/ance ( deg5]ation4 ,deg5]ation ( c]ta9 p>ts is ! condition ( ! acquisition ( o!rs2 ?us ! loss ( a numb] ( ribs & muscles1 ( a tail1 etc41 has 9 man be5 comp5sat$ by ! acquisition & developm5t ( ! bra92 & s 9 ! g5ius ! possession ( v great intellectual or emotional faculties has be5 c\nt]balanc$ by ! loss ( equilibrium 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,moreov]1 !re are no exceptions 9 nature2 ! occurr5ce ( insanity1 abnormalities1 & ecc5tricities 9 a few cases leads u inevitably to ! conclusion t !re are correspond5t defects 9 all o!rs4 ,& ?is we f9d to be true 9 all hi/orical in/ances4 ,popul> spee* & tradition h id5tifi$ g5ius & dem5cy3 9 ,hebrew & ,sanskrit ! words prophet & insane are synonym\s2 & s we h ! prov]bs--',*ildr5 & fools speak ! tru?1' ',un fol avise bi5 un sage1' ',saepe etiam e/ morio valde opportune locutus4' ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two is h>dly traceable4 ,g5ius is ! exception1 a deviation f ! common type ( humanity1 & nature av5ges ! ab]ration by d5y+ x p]man5cy & inflict+ ^u x abnormality4 ,:e!r deg5]ation or progression1 g5ius is unusual & un/able4 ,b "o ?+ di/+ui%es g5ius f m5tal ali5ation1 & x is ?is--t g5ius possesses ! p[] ( inhibition1 ( conc5tration1 ( critique1 & f>-sight$ness1 :ile dem5cy has no control ( ! ideas x has =m$2 bo? possess ! swift & un]r+ p[] ( orig9ation2 ! "o c comm& :at x has orig9at$1 ! o!r _c4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! me?od employ$ = ! v]ification ( ?is !sis1 is n absolutely safe4 ,:]ev] an ecc5tricity 9 a man ( g5ius is f\nd1 x is accr$it$ to psy*osis1 ev5 ?\gh ! g5ius 9 "q be ^u ! :ole m normal ?an ! av]age normal man2 z1 = in/ance1 ,goe!4 ,if ! same me?od 7 appli$ to all m51 w\ld n normality be ! exception & abnormality ! rule8 ,,das ,,bewus/se9 ,,und ,,se9 ,,object4 ,by ,dr4 ,joh4 ,wolff1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg 7,switz]l&74 ,b]l93 ,may] ,mll]4 ,?is is a huge closely pr9t$ volume ( six hundr$ & tw5ty pages4 ,x is ! enl>gem5t & developm5t ( a treatise (f]$ sev]al ye>s ago to ! faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 ^u application by ,dr4 ,wolff = a ,univ]sity in/ructor%ip1 & conta9s ! results ( ! au?or's ?\ghts & rese>*es s9ce t "t ^u ! subject !re dealt )4 ,among _m valuable isolat$ speculations & sugge/ions1 we f9d fundam5tal !ses ) :i* x is impossible = u to agree4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,wolff says t :5 he speaks ( s\l he means 'a sub/ance1 a sub/ratum1 a vehicle1 a cause ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 & n a ph5om5on or sum ( ph5om5a'2 & he says x is no m a pre-judgm5t or prejudice on 8 "p to beg9 ) ?is !sis ?an x is on ! "p ( ^? :o hold a diff]5t view to beg9 ) ! oppos$ "o1--9 fact less s1 s9ce he />ts f ! notion :i* all m5 hold 9 common1 :ile ! o!rs d n4 ,does ! ma!matician1 9 prop\nd+ a new me?od1 or a physici/ 9 expla9+ an unsolv$ problem1 proce$ f ! ma!matical & physical notions all m5 hold 9 common8 ,& if ! s\l is made an object ( sci5tific rese>*1 :y %\ld an exception be made ( x8 ,x is n s mu* :at we beg9 ) z :at we end )1 & x is p]haps sup]flu\s to say t ,dr4 ,wolff has end$ :]e he began--) ! simplicity1 ! sub/antiality1 ! unity1 & ! p]man5cy ( ! ego4 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,colleges ,,& ,,univ]sities4 ,we _h orig9ally int5d$1 9 ?is fir/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 to pres5t to our read]s a compreh5sive /atem5t ( ! c\rses ann\nc$ by ,am]ican ,univ]sities 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,philosophy1 ,e?ics1 & ,psy*ology2 fir/1 9 ord] to supply /ud5ts propos+ to pursue ^! /udies & o!rs int]e/$1 ) in=mation at fir/-h&1 & secondly to give ! non-academic _w1 :i* is consid]able1 an insight into :at our high] pr(essional s*ools are do+ 9 ^! bran*es4 ,s9ce !n ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology has publi%$ a v full & gratify+ acc\nt ( ! /ate ( psy*ological rese>* 9 our ,univ]sities1 made up ( ! reports ( ! pr(essors at ! head ( ^! dep>tm5ts2 & we !re=e ref] our read]s = in=mation reg>d+ ?is bran* to ! article entitl$ ,psy*ology 9 ,am]ican ,univ]sities1 publi%$ 9 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b1 ( t ably-conduct$ magaz9e4 ,x 0 also difficult to obta9 ! requir$ in=mation3 mo/ ( our pr(essors1 9 ! la/ few mon?s1 hav+ be5 abs5t f ! univ]sity t[ns4 ,b reports f ! mo/ repres5tative univ]sities 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry h be5 obta9$4 ,!y are int5d$ m]ely to exhibit ! g5]al nature & ext5t ( philosophical in/ruction 9 ,am]ica & d n pr(ess to be complete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a review ( ! ,regi/]s1 ,catalogues1 & ,programmes ( a l>ge numb] ( our colleges has l$ u to ! conviction t ! acquir+ 9 ,am]ica ( a broad philosophical tra9+ is n ! fault ( ! pr(essions ( our academical au?orities4 ,! c\rses (f]$ are set =? 9 our college catalogues at v great l5g?2 !y are v exhau/ive2 & _! specification is accompani$ ) analyses ( ! "w ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts & ) bibliographical s*$ules t 9 po9t ( ?or\ghness leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,?is fulness ( exposition is noticeable 9 all ! dep>tm5ts4 ,b "u ! obligatory sy/em ( /udy1 ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 or r ! pr(essions ( ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 mu/ c]ta9ly conflict3 & ! "q arises 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v+ outsid]1 ,to :i* is ju/ice done8 ,&1 except :]e a specialty is exclusively foll[$1 :]e9 "u ! pr(ess$ conditions1 does ! elective sy/em diff] f ! obligatory8 ,only t 9 ! "o case1 ! /ud5t is made ! au?or ( 8 emb>rassm5t1 & 9 ! o!r ! victim ( x4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! abs5ce ( a decid$ educational s5tim5t 9 our nation1 & 9 ! lack ( a uni=mity ( op9ion z to :at mu/ be dem&$ ( our s*ools in/ead ( a submissive acquiesc5ce 9 :at !y give u1 ! "q :e!r a college has fulfill$ :at x has pr(ess$1 mu/ be left to ! fai?ful individual /ud5t :o is =c$ to devote ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life to ! solution ( x4 ,x seems impossible to det]m9e x o!rwise4 ,& yet1 except 9 ! case ( our =emo/ in/itutions1 to :i* all ( u _c g1 ?is is true4 ,we h obs]v$1 too1 t ! ext5sion ( ! dep>tm5ts ( philosophy prop] is n keep+ pace ) t ( _m o!r dep>tm5ts--z1 = in/ance1 ! dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory & economics4 ,p]haps ?is is inevitable2 ! la/-m5tion$ sci5ces hav+ be5 until ( late v mu* neglect$4 ,b ! t5d5cy ?reat5s to ov]balance ! curriculum2 & :]e pret5sions to univ]sality are made1 x is n ju/ifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! firm hold t exp]im5tal psy*ology has obta9$ 9 "s ( our =emo/ s*ools1 is gratify+2 ?\gh en?usiasm may also lead too f> 9 ?is direction4 ,lack ( co-op]ation 9 cognate bran*es is1 ) v few notable exceptions1 univ]sal4 ,prep>atory tra9+ is n emphasis$4 ,at lea/1 :]e s mu* is said ( ! "* & me?od ( in/ruction1 & :]e ! elective sy/em prevails1 we %\ld expect "s m5tion ( x4 ,b x is n f\nd4 ,philosophy w\ld seem to be some?+ t is to be obta9$ only 9 ! lecture-rooms ( ! philosophical dep>tm5t1 & 9 mo/ cases x is s\ght n[h]e else4 ,! /udy ( ,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,natural ,sci5ce1 & ,philology1 is greatly neglect$4 ,philosophy becomes an aim & a means 9 itself1 & ! /ud5t at ! close ( 8 c\rse (t5 discov]s himself 9 ! que/ ( philosophy1 b ) no means ( f9d+ x4 ,?is necessity ( co-op]ation has be5 fully recognis$1 = in/ance1 at ,h>v>d4 ,:5 a /ud5t applies = ,honors1 says ,pr(essor ,palm]1 we require f him n m]ely an acqua9tance ) te*nical philosophy b also ) ! subjects mo/ ne>ly adjac5t to ! special philosophical field he has *os54 ,& s x is 9 o!r ( our advanc$ & enlight5$ s*ools4 ,yet 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! f\ndations ( philosophical culture are n insi/$ ^u1 b left to *ance & ! unc]ta9ties ( a univ]sal elective curriculum4 ,la/ly1 philosophy at "s in/itutions exhibits a sect>ian & !ological complexion4 ,?is1 "o ?9ks1 might be left to ! !ological sem9>ies4 ,b x is n4 ,we h ,bapti/ ,philosophy1 & ,presbyt]ian ,philosophy1 & d5om9ational philosophies ( div]s o!r descriptions4 ,a presid5t ( a prom95t ,ea/]n ,univ]sity1 7a g5tleman to :om ! philosophic _s ( ?is c\ntry is greatly indebt$ = inspiration & expansion17 has tak51--let x be rem>k$ 9 ?is connection1--a mu* m lib]al /ep1 & urg$ ! necessity ( e/abli%+ a s*ool ( ,am]ican ,philosophy4 ,?is is laudable2 & 9 h>mony ) ! pres5t resuscitation ( ,am]ican patriotism 9----matt]s ( le>n+4 ,x 0 ?is _s t dictat$ ! witty proposition ( a ,*icago g5tleman to f\nd a s*ool ( ,am]ican ,geometry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we hope t ! app5d$ syllabuses ( c\rses 9 philosophy w af=d a g5]al idea ( ! scope ( philosophical tea*+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! pr(essors :o h suppli$ u ) ! in=mation we reque/$1 we ?ank = _! c\rtesy & oblig+ness4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan4 ,! ,philosophical ,c\rses ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan may be conv5i5tly classifi$ "u ?ree heads3-- ,i4 ,,beg9n+4 #a4 ,,elem5t>y ,,logic1 9 :i* !re are two c\rses1 "o g5]al cov]+ ! rudim5ts ( syllogi/ic & d$uctive logic 9 :i* ,jevons is us$ z ! basis1 ! o!r 9 inductive logic1 int5d$ especially = sci5tific /ud5ts1 9 :i* ,f[l] is us$4 #b4 ,,elem5t>y ,,psy*ology4 ,! ma9 facts reg>d+ mod]n sci5tific rese>*es & me?ods1 & ! v>i\s attempts at _! philosophic int]pretation4 ,dewey's ,psy*ology is ! book us$ 9 connection ) ?is c\rse4 #c4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,a c\rse ( lectures on ! ma9 problems & pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( k & reality4 ,ea* ( ! =ego+ c\rses is = "o seme/]4 ,,ii4 ,,int]m$iate ,,c\rses4 #a4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,lectures & read+s design$ to give in=mation reg>d+ bo? ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?\ght1 & ! ma9 problems develop$ 9 its c\rse4 ,! dep>tm5t ( philosophy owns a l>ge numb] ( copies ( ! *ief ?9k]s 9 mod]n philosophy1 ,locke1 ,desc>tes1 etc41 etc41 & ^! are assign$ to memb]s ( ! class = read+s & reports4 ,ea* /ud5t ?us becomes acqua9t$ ) at lea/ half-a-doz5 ( ! lead+ writ]s at fir/-h&4 ,! c\rse runs ?r\gh ! ye>4 #b4 ,,e?ics1 ,,!oretical 7"o-half ye>7 ,,& ,,social 7,political ,philosophy1 "o-half ye> also74 ,! !oretical c\rse attempts to arrive at an acc\nt ( ! e?ical ideal by means ( a critical consid]ation ( ! pr9cipal mod]n e?ical !ories1 especial att5tion be+ paid to ,utilit>ianism1 ,evolution>y ,e?ics1 & ,kantianism4 ,! second division ( ! c\rse discusses ! e?ical basis & value ( society & ! /ate1 law & rights1 9 connection ) an acc\nt ( ! political !ories ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,grotius1 ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,kant1 ,r\sseau1 ,hegel1 etc4 #c4 ,,/hetics4 ,?is c\rse1 l ! previ\s "o1 unites ! hi/orical & !oretical treatm5t ( /hetic doctr9es & results4 ,x is design$ l>gely to aid /ud5ts 9 ! int]pretation & criticism ( lit]ature4 ,x is a half-ye> c\rse1 & is foll[$ by a half-ye> c\rse 7giv5 9 ! ,engli% ,dep>tm5t7 on ! ,pr9ciples & ,me?ods ( ,lit]>y ,criticism4 #d4 ,,physiological ,,psy*ology4 ,lectures1 assign$ read+s & elem5t>y exp]im5ts1 & demon/rations4 ,!re is e/abli%$1 z yet1 no sep>ate psy*o-physical laboratory1 b ! new-equipp$ physiological laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity is1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 at ! disposal ( /ud5ts 9 ?is l9e4 ,half-ye> c\rse4 #e4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 ,lectures1 read+s1 etc41 design$ to give an acc\nt ( ! *ief me?ods employ$ & results a*iev$ 9 ! mod]n hi/orical & comp>ative /udy ( religions4 ,& also an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal !oretical int]pretations ( religion4 ,half-ye> c\rse4 ,,iii4 ,,advanc$ ,,c\rses4 #a4 ,,kant',s ,,critique ,,( ,,pure ,,reason4 ,a /udy ( ,kant's ma/]piece at fir/-h&4 ,?is is accompani$ by a %ort] subsidi>y c\rse1 treat+ ( ! developm5t ( ! ,kantian sy/em1 & criticisms ^u x4 ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 is read & discuss$ 9 connection ) ! latt] c\rse4 ,half-ye> c\rse4 #b4 ,,hegel',s ,,logic4 ,a /udy ( ,wallace's translation ( ! less] ,logic ( ,hegel4 ,half-ye> c\rse4 #c4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,me?ods4 ,a lecture c\rse tak+ up ! /udy ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce1 & int5d$ to make ! he>]s acqua9t$ ) ! /&po9t & _s ( su* au?ors z ,lotze1 ,sigw>t1 ,wundt1 ,mill1 ,jevons1 ,bradley1 ,bosanquet1 & ! mod]n movem5t 9 logic g5]ally4 ,half-ye> c\rse4 #d4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,high] ,,/hetics4 ,a brief c\rse = graduate /ud5ts 9 /hetics4 #e4 ,,sem9>y ,,9 ,,e?ics4 ,discussion ( ! treatm5t ( "s ma9 e?ical problems by ! *ief mod]n e?ical writ]s4 ,! ,elem5t>y c\rses are conduct$ ma9ly by text-books & recitations2 ! ,int]m$iate c\rses by lectures & assign$ read+s1 reports & essay-writ+s4 ,! ,advanc$ c\rses are pursu$ by class discussions1 conv]sations1 etc4 on basis ( "w done indep5d5tly by ! /ud5t4 ,! tea*+ is c>ri$ on by ,john ,dewey1 ,j4 ,h4 ,tufts1 & ,f4 ,n4 ,scott4 ,,john ,,dewey4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity4 ,! c\rses at ,h>v>d are1 we believe1 ! mo/ complete (f]$ 9 any ,am]ican ,univ]sity4 ,!y consi/ 7= #ahij-ia7 ( f\r gr\ps3 ,i4 ,,introductory ,,c\rses4 ,,9 ,,logic1 ,,metaphysics1 ,,& ,,psy*ology4 ,,ii4 ,,sy/ematic ,,c\rses ,,psy*ology1 ,,cosmology1 ,,e?ics1 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion1 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,basis ,,( ,,religi\s ,,fai?1 ,,& ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,fai?4 ,,iii4 ,,hi/orical ,,c\rses4 ,includ+ lectures on ,,comp>ative ,,religion1 ,,greek ,,philosophy1 ,,desc>tes-,,sp9oza-,,leibnitz1 ,,engli% ,,philosophy ,,f ,,hobbes ,,to ,,hume1 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,g]man ,,?\ght ,,f #aggj-ahcj1 ,,contempor>y ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,appli$ ,,e?ics4 ,,iv4 ,,c\rses ,,( ,,orig9al ,,rese>*4 ,includ+ ! ,psy*ological1 ,metaphysical1 & ,e?ical ,sem9>ies4 ,^! d n include ! additional & auxilli>y c\rses 9 o!r subjects1 :i* are requir$ = ,honors4 ,hold+ t !re is "o be/ way = ! "y /ud5t to beg9 8 philosophical /udy1 says ,pr(4 ,g4 ,h4 ,palm]1 we h plann$ a s+le introductory c\rse & h giv5 x v>iety by sett+ ?ree in/ructors to tea* x4 ,:5 ^! elem5t>y matt]s h be5 ma/]$1 we (f] ! /ud5t a *oice among half-a-doz5 dogmatic c\rses1 or among z _m m hi/orical4 ,^! la/ two sets ( c\rses are op5 alike to graduates & to und]graduates4 ,= graduate speciali/s ?ree or f\r l9es ( ,sem9>y "w are provid$1 ) a view to giv+ ! mo/ advanc$ /ud5ts ample opportunity to develop _! individual p[]s4444 ,b ! *ief aim ( our ,honors is to te/ p[]s r ?an acquirem5t4 ,9 ,h>v>d !re are six in/ructors engag$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy alone3 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,h4 ,palm]1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c4 ,ev]ett1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,james1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,g4 ,peabody1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,royce1 & ,dr4 ,g4 ,santayana4 ,a doz5 or m c\rses ( philosophical cont5t are (f]$1 & acqua9tance ) auxilli>y bran*es is necess>y to take ,honors4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia4 ,! in/ruction giv5 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( philosophy at ?is in/itution is conduct$ accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme3 #a4 ,,prop,,deutic ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,empirical psy*ology1 includ+ =mal logic1 d$uctive & inductive4 ,f\r times a week4 #b4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,hi/ory ( ,european philosophy1 9 outl9e4 ,f\r times a week4 #c4 ,,elem5t>y ,,e?ics1 ,,includ+ ,,civil ,,polity4 ,sket* ( ! hi/ory ( e?ical & political !ories2 critique ( ! conflict betwe5 p]fectionism & h$onism1 fre$om & necessity1 optimism & pessimism2 inve/igation ( ! nature ( a /ate1 & ( its be>+ on ! limits ( lib]ty & allegiance4 ,f\r times a week4 #d4 ,,fir/ ,,alt]nat+ ,,c\rse4 ,exposition ( "s pr9cipal movem5t or conflict 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 by a critical /udy ( its lead+ p>ticipants2 or ! l1 ! subject be+ *ang$ f ye> to ye>4 ,twice a week4 #e4 ,,second ,,alt]nat+ ,,c\rse4 ,"s additional topic1 simil> to t ( ,c\rse ,,iv41 & simil>ly *ang$1 b drawn1 pref]ably1 f ! field ( practical philosophy4 ,f\r times a week4 #f4 ,,graduate ,,c\rse4 ,fir/-h& /udy ( c]ta9 philosophic ma/]pieces1 su* z ,plato's ,p>m5ides1 ,!tetus & ,sophi/1 ,ari/otle's ,de ,anima1 ,kant's ,kritik51 or ,hegel's ,phnom5ologie des ,gei/es2 etc4 ,f\r times a week ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,c\rses #a1 #b1 & #c1 9 ?is s*eme are p]man5t1 & are repeat$ f ye> to ye> 9 sub/antially ! same =m2 ,c\rse #d is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t a :ole ye>2 ! re/ ?r\gh\t a s+le t]m4 ,c\rses #d & #e are project$ ) ! int5tion ( furni%+ a v>iety ( topics1 a new "o be+ usually pres5t$ ea* ye>2 ?\gh a subject is sometimes cont9u$1 if x proves to excite ! special int]e/ or meet ! p>ticul> wants ( ! incom+ ,s5ior class4 ,c\rse #f1 provid$ = graduate /ud5ts only1 is suffici5tly describ$ 9 its sub-title4 ,! specific subjects = ! ensu+ ye> #ahij-ia1 "u ^! c\rses ) v>y+ topics1 w be z foll[s3 ,c\rse #d4 ,,philosophy ,,f ,,kant ,,to ,,hegel4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,rationali/ic ,idealism1 f its negative & p>tial to its complete & positive =m4 ,twice a week4 ,text-,books3 7#a7 ,watson's ,philosophy ( ,kant2 7#b7 ,ev]ett's ,fi*te's ,sci5ce ( ,k2 7#c7 ,watson's ,s*ell+'s ,transc5d5tal ,idealism2 7#d7 ,caird's ,hegel2 7#e7 ,hegel's ,logic1 translat$ by ,wallace4 ,) ! /&>d works ( ref]5ce4 ,c\rse #e4 ,,high] ,,e?ics4 ,bas$ on a criticism ( ,sidgwick & ,m>t9eau4 ,f\r times a week dur+ ! second t]m4 ,text-,books3 7#a7 ,sidgwick's ,me?ods ( ,e?ics2 7#b7 ,m>t9eau's ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory4 ,c\rse #f4 ,,graduate ,,c\rse4 ,! ,dialektik & ,me?od5lehre 9 ,kant's ,kritik1 foll[$ by ,hegel's ,less] ,logic 9 ,wallace's translation4 ,f\r times a week ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,f ?is /atem5t x w be se5 t "s important text cov]+ ea* topic is 9 ! h&s ( ea* /ud5t4 ,! object ( ?is is to furni% an actual hi/orical basis = ! discussion ( ! subject1 :i* is conduct$ by ! pr(essor's lectures4 ,^! proce$ f a criticism1 p>tly appreciative1 p>tly de/ructive1 ( ! texts *os51 to a con/ructive & positive pres5tation ( ! subject1 accord+ to ! reason$ views ( ! lectur]4 ,! int]e/ 9 philosophical /udies is /eadily increas+ 9 ?is in/itution4 ,! in/ruction 9 !m 0 op5$ 9 ! academic ye> #ahhd-he1 & ! gr[? ( int]e/ is well indicat$ by ! fact t ! numb] ( /ud5ts n[ annually elect+ ^! c\rses is m ?an d\ble ! numb] dur+ ! fir/ & second ye>4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,h[ison4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,c\rses (f]$ 9 ,logic1 ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1 & ,philosophy1 at ?is in/itution = ! ye> #ahij-ia1 are z foll[s3 ,,und]graduate ,,c\rses4 #a4 ,a ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,logic4 ,two h\rs a week4 #b4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,"o h\r a week4 #c4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,psy*ology4 ,lectures ) ,laboratory ,"w4 ,two h\rs4 #d4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology4 ,lectures ) ,laboratory ,"w4 ,two h\rs4 #e4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,e?ics4 ,two h\rs4 #f4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,"o h\r4 #g4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,two h\rs4 #h4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,idealism4 ,two h\rs4 ,,graduate ,,c\rses4 #a4 ,,comp>ative1 ,,social1 ,,& ,,abnormal ,,psy*ology4 ,two h\rs4 #b4 ,,special ,,psy*ological ,,problems4 ,lectures ) ,laboratory ,"w4 ,two h\rs4 #c4 ,,advanc$ ,,psy*ology4 ,two h\rs4 #d4 ,,e?ical ,,!ories4 ,"o h\r4 #e4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 ,two h\rs4 ,ea* c\rse ( und]graduate lectures w ext5d ?r\gh half ! ye>4 ,c\rses #a1 #b1 #c1 & #g1 w be deliv]$ dur+ ! fir/ t]m2 ,c\rses #d1 #e1 #f1 & #h dur+ ! second4 ,( ! graduate lectures1 ,c\rses #a & #b w be giv5 dur+ ! fir/ & second t]ms respectively4 ,c\rses #c1 #d1 & #e w ext5d ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! psy*ological laboratory is op5 at all h\rs to /ud5ts engag$ 9 special rese>*es4 ,9 addition to ^! c\rses1 m5tion may be made ( ^? deliv]$ on ,physiological1 ,abnormal1 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology 9 ! ,biological & ,m$ical ,s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity2 & ( ! num]\s c\rses1 m or less directly e?ical1 :i* are deliv]$ 9 ! field ( ,sociology4 ,9 sev]al ( ^! !re is a purpos$ ef=t to br+ out ! significance = e?ics ( ! subject treat$4 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,full]ton4 ,,cl>k ,,univ]sity4 ,f ! well-classifi$ & ?or\gh c\rses (f]$ at ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 7conduct$ by ,dr4 ,hall1 ,pr(4 ,donaldson1 ,dr4 ,san=d1 ,dr4 ,boas1 ,dr4 ,cook1 ,dr4 ,/rong1 & o!rs17 we select1 = its uniqu5ess1 an acc\nt ( ! in/ruction at t in/itution 9-- ,,appli$ ,,e?ics4 ,"u ?is head1 come among o!rs1 ! diff]5t =ms ( abnormal & pa?ological humanity4 ,! mo/ extreme =m is treat$ ( 9 ,crim9al ,an?ropology1 :i* takes up ! /udy ( man z crim9al4 ,z an introduction1 ! acts t w\ld be consid]$ crim9al 9 man's case1 are inve/igat$1 z !y appe> 9 ! :ole realm ( nature4 ,?is division we call ,crim9al ,embryology4 ,! o!r divisions to be consid]$ 9 ! lectures are3 ! ,an?ropometry1 ,craniology1 ,physiognomy1 ,c]ebrology1 ,psy*ology1 ,sociology1 ,t]atology1 & ,prophylaxis ( crim9als2 also crim9ality 9 relation to ,psy*iatry & ,psy*iatrical ,an?ropology4 ,! g5]al relation ( ,e?ics to ,crim9al ,an?ropology1 is "o ( degree2 crime be+ an exagg]at$ =m ( wrong4 ,we c illu/rate ! me?od ( application 9 ?is way3 ,if a n]ve ( a normal organism is cut1 ! organs 9 :i* irregul>ities are produc$1 are ^? :i* ! n]ve controls4 ,9 ?is way ! (fice ( a n]ve 9 ! normal /ate may be discov]$4 ,! crim9al is1 s to speak1 ! sev]$-n]ve ( society2 & ! /udy ( him is a v practical way 7?\gh indirect7 ( /udy+ normal m54 ,& s9ce ! crim9al is sev5-eights l o!r m51 su* a /udy is also a direct inquiry into normal humanity4 ,! less] degrees ( abnormal & pa?ological cases w be discuss$ "u ! head ( ,*>itology4 ,^! are repres5t$ by ! diff]5t k9ds ( b5evol5t in/itutions1 su* z alm%\ses1 asylums = ! insane1 imbecile1 & epileptic2 = ! deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d2 hospitals1 disp5s>ies1 & infirm>ies2 homes = truants1 orphans1 & = ! fri5dless & ag$4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( inmates ( su* in/itutions & ! me?ods ( treatm5t & prev5tion1 w be ! ma9 consid]ations4 ,! facts ga!r$1 & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ su* in/itutions1 w be utilis$ 9 an attempt to give a sci5tific basis to e?ics4 ,! problems ( "r1 duty & fre$om1 w be c>efully consid]$4 ,accept+ ! sociological truism1 t ! community is m important ?an any individual 9 x1 ! e?ical /&po9t ( ! lectur] is3 t ! idea ( wrong dep5ds ^u ! moral1 intellectual1 physical or f9ancial dang] or injury1 :i* a ?\ght1 feel+1 will+ or act+1 br+s to humanity4 ,! decision1 z to :at ?\ghts1 feel+s1 actions1 etc41 are dang]\s or injuri\s1 w dep5d ^u ! results f ! application ( ! sci5tific me?od to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,! direct practical object ( ! c\rse1 w be ! /udy ( prev5tatives1 bas$ on a ?or\gh diagnosis4 ,visitations & practical inve/igations ( *>itable & p5al in/itutions w be made z occasion %all (f]4 ,! lectures w be deliv]$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye>4 ,,ar?ur ,,macdonald4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons94 ,besides ! compreh5sive c\rses 9 psy*ology1 ! foll[+ are (f]$3 #a4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,philosophy4 ,a brief survey ( ! developm5t ( philosophical ?\ght 9 ,greece4 ,zell]'s ,h&-book ( ,greek ,philosophy is ! ref]5ce book4 ,twice a week4 ,elective4 7,pr(4 ,ja/r[47 #b4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,philosophy4 ,?ree times a week4 ,elective4 7,pr(4 ,/e>ns47 #c4 ,,e?ics4 ,f\r times a week4 ,elective4 7,pr(4 ,/e>ns47 #d4 ,,/hetics4 ,9 addition to ! /udy ( ! physiological & psy*ological basis ( /hetics an elem5t>y k ( ! hi/ory ( art & ! pr9ciples ( art criticism is giv5 by lectures & discussions4 ,five times a week4 ,elective4 7,pr(4 ,/e>ns47 #e4 ,,elem5t>y ,,logic1 ,,d$uctive ,,& ,,inductive4 ,! analysis ( argum5ts1 ! con/ruction & elaboration ( syllogisms2 ! symbolic & diagrammatic me?ods ( repres5t+ logical op]ations1 & mod]n & anci5t sy/ems ( logic w =m ! ma9 topics ( ! d$uctive logic2 :ile 9 inductive logic special emphasis w be laid ^u ! me?ods ( sci5tific reason+1 ! logic ( *ance1 ! detection ( fallacies1 & ! e/imation ( evid5ce4 ,daily 9 w9t] t]m4 7,pr(4 ,ja/r[47 #f4 ,,advanc$ ,,logic4 ,special att5tion paid to ! logic ( ! sci5ces2 to ma!matical logic z introduc$ by ,boole & develop$ by ,v5n1 ,peirce1 ,s*ro$] & o!rs2 to ! !ory ( probabilities1 & ! hi/ory ( logical doctr9es4 ,twice weekly4 ,elective4 7,pr(4 ,ja/r[47 #g4 ,,mill',s ,,logic4 ,a g5]al c\rse ^u ! philosophy ( reason+ & ! pr9ciples ( inductive sci5ce4 ,killick's ,h&book to ,mill's ,logic us$4 ,?ree times weekly4 7,pr(4 ,ja/r[47 ,ea* c\rse ext5ds ov] a s+le t]m only4 ,9 ,e?ics an ef=t is made to introduce ! /ud5ts to ?ree phases ( ! subject1 ! hi/orical1 !oretical1 & practical4 ,! fir/ is at pres5t limit$ to a brief review1 by lectures1 ( ! *ief ,engli% e?ical !ories4 ,9 ! second ,pr(4 ,f[l]'s ,progressive ,morality is made ! basis ( ! in/ruction4 ,! ?ird is pursu$ *iefly 9 ! =m ( topics1 relat+ g5]ally to curr5t e?ical que/ions1 :i* are assign$ = special /udy to memb]s ( ! class1 & _! pres5tation is1 :5 desirable1 made ! basis ( g5]al discussion4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,/e>ns4 ,,bo/on ,,univ]sity4 ,! foll[+ are ! c\rses = ! pres5t ye>1 at ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne & ,dean ,hunt+ton4 ,,psy*ology4 ,?\ght /udi$ z a fact2 its =ms & laws inve/igat$2 ,curr5t ,!ories exp\nd$ & criticis$4 ,five h\rs4 ,,logic4 ,?\ght /udi$ n z a fact1 b z an in/rum5t ( k4 ,inve/igation ( ! laws1 =ms1 aims1 & me?ods ( m5tal activity4 ,five h\rs4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,k4 ,! /udy ( ?\ght z a process supplem5t$ by ! /udy ( k z its product4 ,k def9$1 & ! conditions1 subjective & objective1 ( its validity inve/igat$4 ,! claims ( scepticism1 agno/icism1 etc41 consid]$ at l5g?4 ,?ree h\rs4 ,,metaphysics4 ,modifications ( ontological & cosmological ideas 9 ! light ( rational criticism4 ,f\r h\rs4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,!ism4 ,! logical value & f\ndation ( ,!ism consid]$4 ,f\r h\rs4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,e?ical ,,?\ght4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,text-book & lectures4 ,five h\rs4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,critical & con/ructive review ( e?ical !ories4 ,psy*ological que/ions z to ! nature & orig9 ( moral faculty rul$ out z irrelevant4 ,two h\rs4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,f ,desc>tes to ! pres5t "t4 ,five h\rs4 ,! ,philosophical ,club1 organis$ 9 #ahhf1 has s9ce t "t ma9ta9$ /at$ meet+s = ! fur!rance ( its memb]s 9 philosophical /udies4 ,la/ ye>1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity1 a special c\rse ( five lectures on ,educational ,psy*ology 0 giv5 be=e l>ge audi5ces by ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,! topics treat$ 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,introspection contra/$ ) ext]nal ,s5se ,p]ception4 #b4 ,m5tal ,pictures v]sus ,g5]al ,ideas4 #c4 ,! ,logical ,con/itution ( ,s5se ,p]ception4 #d4 ,physiological ,psy*ology4 #e4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,ma!matics1 /hetics1 & ,e?ics4 ,! c\rses are = s+le t]ms only4 ,b4 ,p4 ,,b[ne4 ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity4 ,! ,und]graduate in/ruction 9 philosophy provides five h\rs a week ( requir$ "w = "o ye>3 #a7 ,,9 ,,d$uctive ,,& ,,inductive ,,logic2 #b7 ,,9 ,,psy*ology2 #c7 ,,9 ,,e?ics4 ,! c\rses are unifi$ & ?or\gh4 ,a volunt>y c\rse 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy is giv52 & advanc$ c\rses w be (f]$ ?is ye> 9 ,mod]n ,philosophy f ,desc>tes to ,kant1 & 9 ,engli% ,e?ics f ,hobbes to ,/eph54 ,! in/ructors are ,pr(essors ,griff9 & ,emmot4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,m9d4 ,july #ahij4 ,no4 ,,lix4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,our ,,space-,,consci\sness4 ,a ,reply4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,,volkmann',s ,,psy*ology 7,i74 ,by ,?omas ,:ittak]4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,evolution4 ,by ,william ,mit*ell4 ,,! ,,ant9omy ,,( ,,?\ght4 ,by ,alex&] ,f4 ,%&4 ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,& ,,measurem5ts4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,mc,k4 ,cattell4 ,,discussion3 #a7 ,! ,evolution ( ,inductive ,?\ght4 ,by ,hiram ,m4 ,/anley4 #b7 ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,cognition ( ,physical ,reality4 ,by ,julius ,pikl]4 ,,critical ,,notices3 ,f\ille's ,l',av5ir de la ,mtaphysique fonde sur l',expri5ce2 ,t>de's ,lois de l',imitation2 ,bumk]'s ,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie 9 d] ,grie*is*5 ,philosophie4 ,,"s ,,newly-,,discov]$ ,,lett]s ,,( ,,hobbes4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,our ,space-,consci\sness4 ,9 ?is article ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] replies to criticisms1 by adh]5ts ( ,kantian doctr9e1 ( objections conta9$ 9 #cbf-cce ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,he objects t ! disciples ( ,kant _c imag9e h[ x is possible t our space-consci\sness c h aris5 out ( t :i* 0 n orig9ally a space-consci\sness4 ,volkmann's ,psy*ology4 ,%[s t ! really important po9t 9 ,volkmann's doctr9e ( psy*ological me*anism is its !ory ( ! int]action ( contemporane\s pres5tations1 & ( ! exi/5ce among !m ( unconsci\s pres5tations4 ,h]b>tian psy*ology is /rictly sci5tific sy/em1 b :5 its sup]flu\s me*anism is cle>$ away1 its explanations become ^? ( associationism4 ,9 ,! ,logic ( ! ,e?ic ( ,evolution1 ,mr4 ,william ,mit*ell po9ts out t ! two conditions ( an e?ical end are t x be ! motive ( individual action1 & t x furni% a critical sy/em ( univ]sal laws2 & fur!r t ^? conditions are fulfill$ by ! end v>i\sly prop\nd$ 9 ! e?ic ( evolution only if x be repres5t$1 n z an ext]nal limit =c+ itself on m51 b z pres5t+ a m desirable "* & m$ium to ! individual ?an any o!r4 ,! end & means ( moral progress giv5 by ! ,e?ic ( ,evolution are p]fectly true1 b !y d n express ! ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,! ,ant9omy ( ,?\ght4 ,?is pap] inve/igates an ant9omy :i* infects all our ?\ght ( reality t is n intuitive4 ,! s\rce ( error is ! confusion ( ! judgm5t ) ! consci\sness or intuition ( reality4 ,9 ! article on ,m5tal ,te/s & ,measurem5ts1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,mc,k4 ,cattell describes c]ta9 te/s :i* are us$ 9 ! ,psy*ological ,laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ) ! object ( provid+ data = ! discov]y ( ! rules :i* gov]n ! con/ancy ( m5tal processes1 _! int]dep5d5ce1 & _! v>iations "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! ,evolution ( ,inductive ,?\ght4 ,a prim>y elem5t 9 all exp]i5ce is its inductive quality4 ,! /ruggle ( exi/5ce awak5s exp]i5ce to ! ?\ght-/age :]e x kn[s & directs itself1 b ?is v sl[ly4 ,developm5t prec$es self-developm5t1 & ?is prec$es a self-developm5t :i* is self-consci\s4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by "s analyses ( ?\ght 9 ! divisions ( conception1 judgm5t1 & reason+4 ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,cognition ( ,physical ,reality4 ,?is is a criticism by ,mr4 ,julius ,pikl] ( ,mr4 ,/\t's criticism on ,mill1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,janu>y numb] ( ,m9d4 ,8 op9ion is t ,mr4 ,/rong's /atem5ts are simply negations ( ,mill's !ory1 & z su* prove no?+4 ,"s newly-discov]$ ,lett]s ( ,hobbes4 ,^! lett]s1 sev5te5 9 numb]1 7 writt5 to ! ,fr5* physician ,sorbire1 & h be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,tnnies 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,all ( !m1 ) relat$ lett]s ( ,sorbire & o!rs1 are giv5 at l5g? 9 ! ,ar*iv f4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 iii4 #eh-ga1 #aib-bcb1 & ! fir/ n9e1 :i* are ! only ones ( real importance1 are set out 9 ?is numb] ( ,m9d4 ,!y h ref]5ce to ! important p]iod ( ,hobbes's life & "w t l$ up to ,levia?an 9 #afea4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,no4 #age4 ,july #ahij4 ,,cont5ts3 ,l',,homog5eite ,,morale4 ,by ,g4 ,fonsegrive4 ,,contributions ,,psy*o-,,physiques ,a ,l',,etude ,,e/hetique 7f974 ,by ,g4 ,sorel4 ,,la ,,folie ,,de ,j4 ,j4 ,,r\sseau4 ,by ,h4 ,joly4 ,,la ,,p]ception ,,des ,,longueurs ,,et ,,des ,,nombres ,,*ez ,,quelques ,,petits ,,enfants4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,m4 ,fonsegrive 9 ,l',homognx morale po9ts out ! necessity ( a prop] sy/em ( education = develop+ 9 ! m9d ( ! "y a moral homog5eity to replace ! het]og5eity :i* psy*ologi/s f9d 9 ! nature ( man4 ,9 ,contributions psy*o-physiques a l',etude e/htique1 ,m4 ,g4 ,sorel cont9ues 8 /udies on ! psy*ology ( /hetics1 & concludes t exp]im5tal psy*ology & especially psy*o-physics =m ! base ( practical /hetics4 ,m4 ,h4 ,joly 9 ,la ,folie de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau po9ts out t ! problem ( ! agreem5t ( g5ius ) insanity1 s f> z conc]ns ,r\sseau1 is r$uc$ to small dim5sions4 ,la ,p]ception des ,longueurs et des ,nombres *es quelques petits ,enfants by ,m4 ,alfr$ ,b9et1 describes c]ta9 orig9al exp]im5ts :i* indicate t "y *ildr5 h an accurate p]ception ( diff]5ces 9 l5g?1 b t _! p]ception ( numb] is v limit$4 7,p>is3 ,f4 ,alcan47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,no4 #agf4 ,augu/ #ahij4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,les ,,orig9es ,,de ,,la ,,te*nologie4 ,by ,a4 ,esp9as4 ,l',,inhibition ,,dans ,,les ,,ph,,nom5es ,,de ,,consci5ce4 ,by ,a4 ,b9et4 ,,la ,g,,om,,trie ,g,n,,rale ,,et ,,les ,,jugem5ts ,,syn?,,tiques ,a ,,priori4 ,by ,g4 ,le*alas4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,revue ,,des ,,p]iodiques ,,russes4 ,,correspondance3 ,les ,manuscrits de ,m4 de ,biran4 ,9 ,les ,orig9es de la ,te*nologie ,m4 ,esp9as aims at giv+ a hi/ory ( philosophy 9 action4 ,! pres5t pap] is devot$ to physico-!ological te*nology1 & concludes ) ! obs]vation t x 0 und\bt$ly a progress to conceive ! te*nical arts z a :ole1 z a div9e gift 9 l mann] z ! fruits ( ! e>? & ! b5efic5t ph5om5a ( nature1 s9ce ?is conception by opposition gave rise to ! idea ( art1 t is ( human initiative act+ diff]5tly accord+ to div]sity ( circum/ances4 ,9 ,l',inhibition dans les ,phnomnes de ,consci5ce ,m4 ,alfr$ ,b9et expla9s c]ta9 ph5om5a by %[+ t "u v>i\s circum/ances c]ta9 images & s5sations _c coexi/ ) o!rs 9 ! same field ( consci\sness2 ! pres5ce ( "o excludes t ( ano!r4 ,antagonism & exclusion are ! two simple facts :i* expla9 ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,la ,gomtrie ,gnrale et les ,jugem5ts ,syn?tiques a priori is a reply by ,m4 ,g4 ,le*alas to an article by ,m4 ,r5\vi] 9 ! ,critique ,philosophique criticis+ ,m4 ,cal9on's !ory ( geometrical spaces embodi$ 9 ! sy/em ( g5]al geometry4 ,:ile %[+ t spaces ) ?ree dim5sions are rationally includ$ 9 a space ) f\r dim5sions1 ,m4 ,le*alas recognises ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ su* a geometry1 see+ t we h no figure t answ]s to :at a f\r-dim5sional space w\ld be1 z well z ! purely =mal "* ( ! pres5tations ( non-,euclidian figures4 7,p>is3 ,f4 ,alcan47 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,wahrnehmung ,,und ,,lokalisation ,,von ,,s*webung5 ,,und ,,diff]5zt,,n54 ,by ,c>l ,l4 ,s*aef]4 ,,die ,,association ,,successiv] ,,vor/ellung54 ,by ,h4 ,mn/]b]g4 ,,briefe ,,von ,g4 ,,?4 ,,fe*n]3 ,,ueb] ,,negative ,,empf9dungsw]te4 7,conclud$47 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,prey]4 ,,lit]atur-,,b]i*t4 ,! results ( ,mr4 ,s*aef]'s rese>*es are t = ! localisation ( ! vibrations ( two tones1 9 ! case ( _! unequal relative int5sity1 ! direction & di/ance ( ! relatively l\d] tone are det]m9ate4 ,if ! relative int5sity ( ! prim>y tones is equal1 ! vibrations are he>d to proce$ f ! region betwe5 ! two s\nd+ po9ts4 ,diff]5tial tones are he>d betwe5 ! e>s1 :5 ! s\nd+ s\rces are 9 ! m$ian plane2 b :5 bo? prim>y tones come f ! same side1 9 or imm$iately be=e ! e> on t side2 & 9 case ( unequal int5sity1 :5 bo? come f diff]5t sides1 on ! side ( ! s(t] s\nd4 ,pr(4 ,mn/]b]g concludes t !re is no successive association ( ideas2 :5 successively appe>+1 !y are receiv$ s+ly into ! memory4 ,! lett]s ( ,fe*n] are cont9u$ f ,no4 #a4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,kle9/5 ,,wahrnehmb>5 ,,gesi*tsw9kel ,,9 ,,d5 ,,v]s*i$55 ,,teil5 ,,des ,,spektrums4 ,by ,w4 ,uh?(f4 ,,die ,,/hetis*5 ,,gefuehle4 ,by ,a4 ,dr+4 ,,bespre*ung53 7#a7 ,a4 ,mosso's und ,a4 ,maggiora's ,ueb] die ,gesetze d] ,ermdung4 7#b7 ,mn/]b]g's ,beitraege zur ,exp]im5tell5 ,psy*ologie4 ,,lit]atur-,,b]i*t4 ,dr4 ,uh?(f1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! lea/ visual angle ( p]ception1 has employ$ a grat+ 9 a pure-mono*romatic spectral field4 ,8 results 7 t ! angles 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! spectrum are ess5tially equal4 /hetic emotions1 ,mr4 ,dr+ cont5ds1 proce$ f ! unh9d]$ play ( ! functions ( psy*ical faculties2 _! contr>y1 f ! inhibition ( ! same4 ,?is p]iodical is edit$ by ,h4 ,ebb+haus & ,a4 ,knig1 ) ,h4 ,aub]t1 ,s4 ,exn]1 ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz1 ,e4 ,h]+1 ,j4 v4 ,kries1 ,?4 ,lipps1 ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]1 ,w4 ,prey]1 & ,c4 ,/umpf z collaborators4 ,x appe>s e two mon?s4 ,! review ( ! lit]ature ( its special dep>tm5t ( rese>* is v compreh5sive4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,l4 ,voss47 ,,la ,,nuova ,,filos(ia4 ,,ragioni ,e ,,ideali4 ,by ,la ,direzione4 ,,la ,,s5sazione ,e ,,la ,,sua ,,conoscibilita4 ,by ,r4 ,ardigo4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,alaux',s ,,le ,,probleme ,,religieux ,,au ,,xixe ,,si,,cle4 ,by ,a4 ,torre4 ,,economia ,,sci5tifica ,,ed ,,economia ,,utopi/a4 ,by ,a4 ,loria4 ,p4 ,,l]oy-,,beaulieu',s ,l',,etat ,,mod]ne ,,et ,,ses ,,fonctions4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,nitti4 ,c4 ,,jannet',s ,,le ,,socialisme ,d',,etat ,,et ,,la ,,re=me ,,sociale4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,nitti4 ,,lombroso',s ,,& ,,las*i',s ,,il ,,delitto ,,politico ,e ,,le ,,rivoluzioni4 ,by ,g4 ,fioretti4 ,,critica ,,lett]>ia4 ,a4 ,angiulli--,a4 ,saffi--,f4 ,petruccelli della ,gatt9a4 7,,memorie47 ,by ,a4 ,torre4 ,,la ,,politica4 ,,que/ioni ,e ,,problemi4 ,la responsabilit filos(ica1 secondo ,paolo ,janet4 ,?is is ! fir/ numb] ( ,la ,nuova ,filos(ia :i* is e/abli%$1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,dr4 ,&rea ,torre1 to diffuse 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ! be/ results ( contempor>y culture1 9 relation especially to ! life & developm5t ( society4 7,naples3 ,dr4 ,&rea ,torre1 ,vico ,lungo ,avvocata1 #ff47 ,,app5dix4 ,cut exhibit+ modifications t affect ! accessory nucleus4 ,ref]r$ to on page #bf ( ?is numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 9 ,m4 ,b9et's article ,! ,immortality ( ,infusoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,*ilodon ,,cucullulus4 ,a1 beg9n+ ( conjugation2 b1 m\?2 n1 nucleus2 nu1 nucleolus2 v4 c41 multiple contracticle vesicles4 ,b1 division ( ! nucleolus into two segm5ts1 nu'1 nu'2 ! nucleus n beg9s to %[ signs ( regression4 ,c1 ea* ( ! two individuals 9 conjugation conta9s two nucleol> segm5ts1 br\ght ne> toge!r1 ( :i* "o probably comes f ! individual opposite by c\rse ( ex*ange1 & w fuse ) ! segm5t n ex*ang$1 to =m a comp\nd segm5t 7,maupas74 ,d1 division ( ! segm5t into two portions :i* gr[ to unequal sizes2 ! l>g]1 nn1 w become ! new nucleus1 ! small]1 ! nucleolus ( ! new =mation1 nun4 ,e1 ! old nucleus1 n1 r$uc$ to a small pale & rumpl$ mass1 is replac$ by ! new nucleus nn1 ne> by :i* is se5 ! new nucleolus nun4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,!ories4 ,( ! fifty or hundr$ sy/ems ( philosophy t h be5 advanc$ at diff]5t times ( ! _w's hi/ory1 p]haps ! l>g] numb] h be51 n s mu* results ( hi/orical evolution1 z happy ?\ghts :i* h accid5tly occurr$ to _! au?ors4 ,an idea :i* has be5 f\nd int]e/+ & fruitful has be5 adopt$1 develop$1 & =c$ to yield explanations ( all sorts ( ph5om5a4 ,! ,engli% h be5 p>ticul>ly giv5 to ?is way ( philosophis+2 witness1 ,hobbes1 ,h>tley1 ,b]keley1 ,james ,mill4 ,nor has x be5 by any means useless labor2 x %[s u :at ! true nature & value ( ! ideas develop$ are1 & 9 t way af=ds s]viceable mat]ials = philosophy4 ,j z if a man1 be+ seiz$ ) ! conviction t pap] 0 a good mat]ial to make ?+s (1 7 to g to "w to build a papi] m* h\se1 ) ro( ( ro(+-pap]1 f\ndations ( pa/e-bo>d1 w9d[s ( p>aff9$ pap]1 *imneys1 ba? tubs1 locks1 etc41 all ( diff]5t =ms ( pap]1 8 exp]im5t w\ld probably af=d valuable lessons to build]s1 :ile x w\ld c]ta9ly make a dete/able h\se1 s ^? "o-idea'd philosophies are exce$+ly int]e/+ & in/ructive1 & yet are q uns\nd4 ,! rema9+ sy/ems ( philosophy h be5 ( ! nature ( re=ms1 sometimes am\nt+ to radical revolutions1 sugge/$ by c]ta9 difficulties :i* h be5 f\nd to beset sy/ems previ\sly 9 vogue2 & su* ought c]ta9ly to be 9 l>ge "p ! motive ( any new !ory4 ,?is is l p>tially rebuild+ a h\se4 ,! faults t h be5 committ$ are1 fir/1 t ! dilapidations h g5]ally n be5 suffici5tly ?or\ghgo+1 & second1 t n suffici5t pa9s has be5 tak5 to br+ ! additions into deep h>mony ) ! really s\nd p>ts ( ! old /ructure4 ,:5 a man is ab\t to build a h\se1 :at a p[] ( ?9k+ he has to d1 be=e he c safely break gr\nd6 ,) :at pa9s he has to excogitate ! precise wants t are to be suppli$6 ,:at a /udy to asc]ta9 ! mo/ available & suitable mat]ials1 to det]m9e ! mode ( con/ruction to :i* ^? mat]ials are be/ adapt$1 & to answ] a hundr$ su* que/ions6 ,n[ )\t rid+ ! metaphor too f>1 ,i ?9k we may safely say t ! /udies prelim9>y to ! con/ruction ( a great !ory %\ld be at lea/ z delib]ate & ?or\gh z ^? t are prelim9>y to ! build+ ( a dwell+-h\se4 ,t sy/ems ought to be con/ruct$ ar*itectonically has be5 prea*$ s9ce ,kant1 b ,i d n ?9k ! full import ( ! maxim has by any means be5 appreh5d$4 ,:at ,i w\ld recomm5d is t e p]son :o wi%es to =m an op9ion conc]n+ fundam5tal problems1 %\ld fir/ ( all make a complete survey ( human k1 %\ld take note ( all ! valuable ideas 9 ea* bran* ( sci5ce1 %\ld obs]ve 9 j :at respect ea* has be5 successful & :]e x has fail$1 9 ord] t 9 ! light ( ! ?or\gh acqua9tance s atta9$ ( ! available mat]ials = a philosophical !ory & ( ! nature & /r5g? ( ea*1 he may proce$ to ! /udy ( :at ! problem ( philosophy consi/s 91 & ( ! prop] way ( solv+ x4 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z endeavor+ to /ate fully all t ^! prep>atory /udies %\ld embrace2 on ! contr>y1 ,i purposely slur ov] _m po9ts1 9 ord] to give emphasis to "o special recomm5dation1 namely1 to make a sy/ematic /udy ( ! conceptions out ( :i* a philosophical !ory may be built1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at place ea* conception may fitly occupy 9 su* a !ory1 & to :at uses x is adapt$4 ,! adequate treatm5t ( ?is s+le po9t w\ld fill a volume1 b ,i %all endeavor to illu/rate my mean+ by glanc+ at sev]al sci5ces & indicat+ conceptions 9 !m s]viceable = philosophy4 ,z to ! results to :i* long /udies ?us comm5c$ h l$ me1 ,i %all j give a h9t at _! nature4 ,we may beg9 ) dynamics1--field 9 our day ( p]haps ! gr&e/ conque/ human sci5ce has ev] made1--,i mean ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,b let u rev]t to ! fir/ /ep tak5 by mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1--& a great /ride x 01--! inauguration ( dynamics by ,galileo4 ,a mod]n physici/ on exam9+ ,galileo's works is surpris$ to f9d h[ little exp]im5t _h to d ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! f\ndations ( me*anics4 ,8 pr9cipal appeal is to common s5se & il lume naturale4 ,he always assumes t ! true !ory w be f\nd to be a simple & natural "o4 ,& we c see :y x %\ld inde$ be s 9 dynamics4 ,= in/ance1 a body left to its own in]tia1 moves 9 a /raight l9e1 & a /raight l9e appe>s to u ! simple/ ( curves4 ,9 itself1 no curve is simpl] ?an ano!r4 ,a sy/em ( /raight l9es has int]sections precisely correspond+ to ^? ( a sy/em ( l p>abolas simil>ly plac$1 or to ^? ( any "o ( an inf9ity ( sy/ems ( curves4 ,b ! /raight l9e appe>s to u simple1 because1 z ,euclid says1 x lies ev5ly betwe5 its extremities2 t is1 because view$ endwise x appe>s z a po9t4 ,t is1 aga91 because light moves 9 /raight l9es4 ,n[1 light moves 9 /raight l9es because ( ! "p :i* ! /raight l9e plays 9 ! laws ( dynamics4 ,?us x is t our m9ds hav+ be5 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ph5om5a gov]n$ by ! laws ( me*anics1 c]ta9 conceptions ent]+ into ^? laws become implant$ 9 our m9ds1 s t we readily guess at :at ! laws are4 ,)\t su* a natural prompt+1 hav+ to se>* bl9dfold = a law :i* w\ld suit ! ph5om5a1 our *ance ( f9d+ x w\ld be z "o to inf9ity4 ,! fur!r physical /udies dep>t f ph5om5a :i* h directly influ5c$ ! gr[? ( ! m9d1 ! less we c expect to f9d ! laws :i* gov]n !m simple1 t is1 compos$ ( a few conceptions natural to our m9ds4 ,! rese>*es ( ,galileo1 foll[$ up by ,huyg5s & o!rs1 l$ to ^? mod]n conceptions ( ,=ce & ,law1 :i* h revolutionis$ ! intellectual _w4 ,! great att5tion giv5 to me*anics 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury soon s emphasis$ ^! conceptions z to give rise to ! ,me*anical ,philosophy1 or doctr9e t all ! ph5om5a ( ! physical univ]se are to be expla9$ ^u me*anical pr9ciples4 ,newton's great discov]y imp>t$ a new impetus to ?is t5d5cy4 ,! old notion t heat consi/s 9 an agitation ( corpuscles 0 n[ appli$ to ! explanation ( ! *ief prop]ties ( gases4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion 9 ?is direction 0 t ! pressure ( gases is expla9$ by ! batt]+ ( ! p>ticles aga9/ ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel1 :i* expla9$ ,boyle's law ( ! compressibility ( air4 ,lat]1 ! expansion ( gases1 ,avogadro's *emical law1 ! diffusion & viscosity ( gases1 & ! action ( ,crookes's radiomet] 7 %[n to be consequ5ces ( ! same k9etical !ory2 b o!r ph5om5a1 su* z ! ratio ( ! specific heat at con/ant volume to t at con/ant pressure require additional hypo!ses1 :i* we h little reason to suppose are simple1 s t we f9d ourselves q afloat4 ,9 l mann] ) reg>d to light1 t x consi/s ( vibrations 0 almo/ prov$ by ! ph5om5a ( diffraction1 :ile ^? ( pol>isation %[$ ! excursions ( ! p>ticles to be p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( propagation2 b ! ph5om5a ( disp]sion1 etc41 require additional hypo!ses :i* may be v complicat$4 ,?us1 ! fur!r progress ( molecul> speculation appe>s q unc]ta94 ,if hypo!ses are to be tri$ haphaz>d1 or simply because !y w suit c]ta9 ph5om5a1 x w occupy ! ma!matical physici/s ( ! _w say half a c5tury on ! av]age to br+ ea* !ory to ! te/1 & s9ce ! numb] ( possible !ories may g up into ! trillions1 only "o ( :i* c be true1 we h little prospect ( mak+ fur!r solid additions to ! subject 9 our "t4 ,:5 we come to atoms1 ! presumption 9 favor ( a simple law seems v sl5d]4 ,!re is room = s]i\s d\bt :e!r ! fundam5tal laws ( me*anics hold good = s+le atoms1 & x seems q likely t !y are capable ( motion 9 m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,to f9d out mu* m ab\t molecules & atoms1 we mu/ se>* out a natural hi/ory ( laws ( nature1 :i* may fulfil t function :i* ! presumption 9 favor ( simple laws fulfill$ 9 ! e>ly days ( dynamics1 by %[+ u :at k9d ( laws we h to expect & by answ]+ su* que/ions z ?is3 ,c we ) reasonable prospect ( n wa/+ "t1 try ! supposition t atoms attract "o ano!r inv]sely z ! sev5? p[] ( _! di/ances1 or c we n8 ,to suppose univ]sal laws ( nature capable ( be+ appreh5d$ by ! m9d & yet hav+ no reason = _! special =ms1 b /&+ inexplicable & irrational1 is h>dly a ju/ifiable position4 ,uni=mities are precisely ! sort ( facts t ne$ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,t a pit*$ co9 %\ld sometimes turn up heads & sometimes tails calls = no p>ticul> explanation2 b if x %[s heads e "t1 we wi% to "k h[ ?is result has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,law is p> excell5ce ! ?+ t wants a reason4 ,n[ ! only possible way ( acc\nt+ = ! laws ( nature & = uni=mity 9 g5]al is to suppose !m results ( evolution4 ,?is supposes !m n to be absolute1 n to be obey$ precisely4 ,x makes an elem5t ( indet]m9acy1 spontaneity1 or absolute *ance 9 nature4 ,j z1 :5 we attempt to v]ify any physical law1 we f9d our obs]vations _c be precisely satisfi$ by x1 & rightly attribute ! discrepancy to errors ( obs]vation1 s we mu/ suppose f> m m9ute discrepancies to exi/ ow+ to ! imp]fect cog5cy ( ! law itself1 to a c]ta9 sw]v+ ( ! facts f any def9ite =mula4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] wi%es to expla9 evolution ^u me*anical pr9ciples4 ,?is is illogical1 = f\r reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! pr9ciple ( evolution requires no extrane\s cause2 s9ce ! t5d5cy to gr[? c be suppos$ itself to h gr[n f an inf9itesimal g]m accid5tally />t$4 ,second1 because law ought m ?an any?+ else to be suppos$ a result ( evolution4 ,?ird1 because exact law obvi\sly nev] c produce het]og5eity out ( homog5eity2 & arbitr>y het]og5eity is ! feature ( ! univ]se ! mo/ manife/ & *>act]i/ic4 ,f\r?1 because ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is equival5t to ! proposition t all op]ations gov]n$ by me*anical laws are rev]sible2 s t an imm$iate coroll>y f x is t gr[? is n explicable by ^? laws1 ev5 if !y be n violat$ 9 ! process ( gr[?4 ,9 %ort1 ,sp5c] is n a philosophical evolutioni/1 b only a half-evolutioni/1--or1 if y w1 only a semi-,sp5c]ian4 ,n[ philosophy requires ?or\ghgo+ evolutionism or none4 ,! !ory ( ,d>w9 0 t evolution _h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! action ( two factors3 fir/1 h]$ity1 z a pr9ciple mak+ (fspr+ ne>ly resemble _! p>5ts1 :ile yet giv+ room = sport+1 or accid5tal v>iations1--= v slight v>iations (t51 = wid] ones r>ely2 &1 second1 ! de/ruction ( bre$s or races t are unable to keep ! bir? rate up to ! dea? rate4 ,?is ,d>w9ian pr9ciple is pla9ly capable ( great g5]alisation4 ,:]ev] !re are l>ge numb]s ( objects1 hav+ a t5d5cy to reta9 c]ta9 *>act]s unalt]$1 ?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 n be+ absolute b giv+ room = *ance v>iations1 !n1 if ! am\nt ( v>iation is absolutely limit$ 9 c]ta9 directions by ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+ :i* rea*es ^? limits1 !re w be a gradual t5d5cy to *ange 9 directions ( dep>ture f !m4 ,?us1 if a million play]s sit d[n to bet at an ev5 game1 s9ce "o aft] ano!r w get ru9$1 ! av]age weal? ( ^? :o rema9 w p]petually increase4 ,"h is indubitably a g5u9e =mula ( possible evolution1 :e!r its op]ation acc\nts = mu* or little 9 ! developm5t ( animal & vegetable species4 ,! ,lam>ckian !ory also supposes t ! developm5t ( species has tak5 place by a long s]ies ( ins5sible *anges1 b x supposes t ^? *anges h tak5 place dur+ ! lives ( ! individuals1 9 consequ5ce ( ef=t & ex]cise1 & t reproduction plays no "p 9 ! process except 9 pres]v+ ^! modifications4 ,?us1 ! ,lam>ckian !ory only expla9s ! developm5t ( *>act]s = :i* individuals /rive1 :ile ! ,d>w9ian !ory only expla9s ! production ( *>act]s really b5eficial to ! race1 ?\gh ^! may be fatal to individuals4#cc ,b m broadly & philosophically conceiv$1 ,d>w9ian evolution is evolution by ! op]ation ( *ance1 & ! de/ruction ( bad results1 :ile ,lam>ckian evolution is evolution by ! effect ( habit & ef=t4 #cc ,! neo-,d>w9ian1 ,weismann1 has %[n t mortality w\ld almo/ necess>ily result f ! action ( ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple4 ,a ?ird !ory ( evolution is t ( ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+4 ,! te/imony ( monum5ts & ( rocks is t species are unmodifi$ or sc>cely modifi$1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 b are rapidly alt]$ aft] cataclysms or rapid geological *anges4 ,"u novel circum/ances1 we (t5 see animals & plants sport+ excessively 9 reproduction1 & sometimes ev5 und]go+ trans=mations dur+ individual life1 ph5om5a no d\bt due p>tly to ! enfeeblem5t ( vitality f ! break+ up ( habitual modes ( life1 p>tly to *ang$ food1 p>tly to direct specific influ5ce ( ! elem5t 9 :i* ! organism is imm]s$4 ,if evolution has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way1 n only h its s+le /eps n be5 ins5sible1 z bo? ,d>w9ians & ,lam>ckians suppose1 b !y are fur!rmore nei!r haphaz>d on ! "o h&1 nor yet det]m9$ by an inw>d /riv+ on ! o!r1 b on ! contr>y are effects ( ! *ang$ environm5t1 & h a positive g5]al t5d5cy to adapt ! organism to t environm5t1 s9ce v>iation w p>ticul>ly affect organs at once enfeebl$ & /imulat$4 ,?is mode ( evolution1 by ext]nal =ces & ! break+ up ( habits1 seems to be call$ = by "s ( ! broade/ & mo/ important facts ( biology & paleontology2 :ile x c]ta9ly has be5 ! *ief factor 9 ! hi/orical evolution ( in/itutions z 9 t ( ideas2 & _c possibly be refus$ a v prom95t place 9 ! process ( evolution ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,pass+ to psy*ology1 we f9d ! elem5t>y ph5om5a ( m9d fall into ?ree categories4 ,fir/1 we h ,feel+s1 compris+ all t is imm$iately pres5t1 su* z pa91 blue1 *e]fulness1 ! feel+ t arises :5 we contemplate a consi/5t !ory1 etc4 ,a feel+ is a /ate ( m9d hav+ its own liv+ quality1 indep5d5t ( any o!r /ate ( m9d4 ,or1 a feel+ is an elem5t ( consci\sness :i* might conceivably ov]ride e o!r /ate until x monopolis$ ! m9d1 al?\gh su* a rudim5t>y /ate _c actually be realis$1 & w\ld n prop]ly be consci\sness4 ,/ill1 x is conceivable1 or supposable1 t ! quality ( blue %\ld usurp ! :ole m9d1 to ! exclusion ( ! ideas ( %ape1 ext5sion1 contra/1 comm5cem5t & cessation1 & all o!r ideas1 :atsoev]4 ,a feel+ is necess>ily p]fectly simple1 9 itself1 = if x _h p>ts ^! w\ld also be 9 ! m9d1 :5ev] ! :ole 0 pres5t1 & ?us ! :ole c\ld n monopolise ! m9d4#cd #cd ,a feel+ may c]ta9ly be comp\nd1 b only 9 virtue ( a p]ception :i* is n t feel+ nor any feel+ at all4 ,besides ,feel+s1 we h ,s5sations ( reaction2 z :5 a p]son bl9dfold sudd5ly runs aga9/ a po/1 :5 we make a muscul> ef=t1 or :5 any feel+ gives way to a new feel+4 ,suppose ,i _h no?+ 9 my m9d b a feel+ ( blue1 :i* 7 sudd5ly to give place to a feel+ ( r$2 !n1 at ! in/ant ( transition !re w\ld be a %ock1 a s5se ( reaction1 my blue life be+ transmut$ into r$ life4 ,if ,i 7 fur!r end[$ ) a memory1 t s5se w\ld cont9ue = "s "t1 & !re w\ld also be a peculi> feel+ or s5tim5t connect$ ) x4 ,?is la/ feel+ might endure 7conceivably ,i mean7 aft] ! memory ( ! occurr5ce & ! feel+s ( blue & r$ _h pass$ away4 ,b ! s5sation ( reaction _c exi/ except 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ! two feel+s blue & r$ to :i* x relates4 ,:]ev] we h two feel+s & pay att5tion to a relation betwe5 !m ( :atev] k9d1 !re is ! s5sation ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,b ! s5se ( action & reaction has two types3 x may ei!r be a p]ception ( relation betwe5 two ideas1 or x may be a s5se ( action & reaction betwe5 feel+ & some?+ out ( feel+4 ,& ?is s5se ( ext]nal reaction aga9 has two =ms2 = x is ei!r a s5se ( some?+ happ5+ to u1 by no act ( ours1 we be+ passive 9 ! matt]1 or x is a s5se ( resi/ance1 t is1 ( our exp5d+ feel+ ^u some?+ )\t4 ,! s5se ( reaction is ?us a s5se ( connection or comp>ison betwe5 feel+s1 ei!r1 ,a1 betwe5 "o feel+ & ano!r1 or ,b1 betwe5 feel+ & its abs5ce or l[] degree2 & "u ,b we h1 ,fir/1 ! s5se ( ! access ( feel+1 & ,second1 ! s5se ( remission ( feel+4 ,v diff]5t bo? f feel+s & f reaction-s5sations or di/urbances ( feel+ are g5]al conceptions4 ,:5 we ?9k1 we are consci\s t a connection betwe5 feel+s is det]m9$ by a g5]al rule1 we are aw>e ( be+ gov]n$ by a habit4 ,intellectual p[] is no?+ b facility 9 tak+ habits & 9 foll[+ !m 9 cases ess5tially analog\s to1 b 9 non-ess5tials widely remote f1 ! normal cases ( connections ( feel+s "u :i* ^? habits 7 =m$4 ,! "o prim>y & fundam5tal law ( m5tal action consi/s 9 a t5d5cy to g5]alisation4 ,feel+ t5ds to spread2 connections betwe5 feel+s awak5 feel+s2 neighbor+ feel+s become assimilat$2 ideas are apt to reproduce !mselves4 ,^! are s _m =mulations ( ! "o law ( ! gr[? ( m9d4 ,:5 a di/urbance ( feel+ takes place1 we h a consci\sness ( ga91 ! ga9 ( exp]i5ce2 & a new di/urbance w be apt to assimilate itself to ! "o t prec$$ x4 ,feel+s1 by be+ excit$1 become m easily excit$1 especially 9 ! ways 9 :i* !y h previ\sly be5 excit$4 ,! consci\sness ( su* a habit con/itutes a g5]al conception4 ,! cl\d9ess ( psy*ological notions may be correct$ by connect+ !m ) physiological conceptions4 ,feel+ may be suppos$ to exi/1 :]ev] a n]ve-cell is 9 an excit$ condition4 ,! di/urbance ( feel+1 or s5se ( reaction1 accompanies ! transmission ( di/urbance betwe5 n]ve-cells or f a n]ve-cell to a muscle-cell or ! ext]nal /imulation ( a n]ve-cell4 ,g5]al conceptions arise ^u ! =mation ( habits 9 ! n]ve-matt]1 :i* are molecul> *anges consequ5t ^u its activity & probably connect$ ) its nutrition4 ,! law ( habit exhibits a /rik+ contra/ to all physical laws 9 ! "* ( its comm&s4 ,a physical law is absolute4 ,:at x requires is an exact relation4 ,?us1 a physical =ce introduces into a motion a compon5t motion to be comb9$ ) ! re/ by ! p>allelogram ( =ces2 b ! compon5t motion mu/ actually take place exactly z requir$ by ! law ( =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no exact con=mity is requir$ by ! m5tal law4 ,nay1 exact con=mity w\ld be 9 d[nright conflict ) ! law2 s9ce x w\ld in/antly cry/allise ?\ght & prev5t all fur!r =mation ( habit4 ,! law ( m9d only makes a giv5 feel+ m likely to arise4 ,x ?us resembles ! non-cons]vative =ces ( physics1 su* z viscosity & ! l1 :i* are due to /ati/ical uni=mities 9 ! *ance enc\nt]s ( trillions ( molecules4 ,! old duali/ic notion ( m9d & matt]1 s prom95t 9 ,c>tesianism1 z two radically diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ance1 w h>dly f9d def5d]s to-day4 ,reject+ ?is1 we are driv5 to "s =m ( hylopa?y1 o!rwise call$ monism4 ,!n ! "q arises :e!r physical laws on ! "o h&1 & ! psy*ical law on ! o!r are to be tak5-- 7,a7 z indep5d5t1 a doctr9e (t5 call$ monism1 b :i* ,i w\ld "n neutralism2 or1 7,b7 ! psy*ical law z d]iv$ & special1 ! physical law alone z primordial1 :i* is mat]ialism2 or1 7,c7 ! physical law z d]iv$ & special1 ! psy*ical law alone z primordial1 :i* is idealism4 ,! mat]iali/ic doctr9e seems to me q z repugnant to sci5tific logic z to common s5se2 s9ce x requires u to suppose t a c]ta9 k9d ( me*anism w feel1 :i* w\ld be a hypo!sis absolutely irr$ucible to reason1--an ultimate1 inexplicable regul>ity2 :ile ! only possible ju/ification ( any !ory is t x %\ld make ?+s cle> & reasonable4 ,neutralism is suffici5tly condemn$ by ! logical maxim kn[n z ,ockham's razor1 i4 e41 t n m indep5d5t elem5ts are to be suppos$ ?an necess>y4 ,by plac+ ! inw>d & outw>d aspects ( sub/ance on a p>1 x seems to r5d] bo? primordial4 ,! "o intelligible !ory ( ! univ]se is t ( objective idealism1 t matt] is effete m9d1 invet]ate habits becom+ physical laws4 ,b be=e ?is c be accept$ x mu/ %[ itself capable ( expla9+ ! tridim5sionality ( space1 ! laws ( motion1 & ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! univ]se1 ) ma!matical cle>ness & precision2 = no less %\ld be dem&$ ( e ,philosophy4 ,mod]n ma!matics is replete ) ideas :i* may be appli$ to philosophy4 ,i c only notice "o or two4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ma!maticians g5]alise is v in/ructive4 ,?us1 pa9t]s are accu/om$ to ?9k ( a picture z consi/+ geometrically ( ! int]sections ( its plane by rays ( light f ! natural objects to ! eye4 ,b geomet]s use a g5]alis$ p]spective4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! figure let ,o be ! eye1 let ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e be ! edgewise view ( any plane1 & let a f e ,d c be ! edgewise view ( ano!r plane4 ,! geomet]s draw rays ?r\gh ,o cutt+ bo? ^! planes1 & treat ! po9ts ( int]section ( ea* ray ) "o plane z repres5t+ ! po9t ( int]section ( ! same ray ) ! o!r plane4 ,?us1 e repres5ts ,e1 9 ! pa9t]'s way4 ,d repres5ts itself4 ,c is repres5t$ by c1 :i* is fur!r f ! eye2 & ,a is repres5t$ by a :i* is on ! o!r side ( ! eye4 ,su* g5]alisation is n b\nd d[n to s5su\s images4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ?is mode ( repres5tation e po9t on "o plane repres5ts a po9t on ! o!r1 & e po9t on ! latt] is repres5t$ by a po9t on ! =m]4 ,b h[ ab\t ! po9t f :i* is 9 a direction f ,o p>allel to ! repres5t$ plane1 & h[ ab\t ! po9t ,b :i* is 9 a direction p>allel to ! repres5t+ plane8 ,"s w say t ^! are exceptions2 b mod]n ma!matics does n all[ exceptions :i* c be annull$ by g5]alisation4 ,z a po9t moves f ,c to ,d & !nce to ,e & (f t[>d inf9ity1 ! correspond+ po9t on ! o!r plane moves f c to ,d & !nce to e & t[>d f4 ,b ?is second po9t c pass ?r\gh f to a2 & :5 x is !re ! fir/ po9t has arriv$ at ,a4 ,we !re=e say t ! fir/ po9t has pass$ ?r\gh inf9ity1 & t e l9e jo9s 9 to itself some:at l an oval4 ,geomet]s talk ( ! p>ts ( l9es at an inf9ite di/ance z po9ts4 ,?is is a k9d ( g5]alisation v effici5t 9 ma!matics4 ,illu/ration ,mod]n views ( measurem5t h a philosophical aspect4 ,!re is an indef9ite numb] ( sy/ems ( measur+ along a l9e2 ?us1 a p]spective repres5tation ( a scale on "o l9e may be tak5 to measure ano!r1 al?\gh ( c\rse su* measurem5ts w n agree ) :at we call ! di/ances ( po9ts on ! latt] l9e4 ,to e/abli% a sy/em ( measurem5t on a l9e we mu/ assign a di/9ct numb] to ea* po9t ( x1 & = ?is purpose we %all pla9ly h to suppose ! numb]s c>ri$ out into an inf9ite numb] ( places ( decimals4 ,^! numb]s mu/ be rang$ along ! l9e 9 unbrok5 sequ5ce4 ,fur!r1 9 ord] t su* a scale ( numb]s %\ld be ( any use1 x mu/ be capable ( be+ %ift$ into new positions1 ea* numb] cont9u+ to be atta*$ to a s+le di/9ct po9t4 ,n[ x is f\nd t if ?is is true = imag9>y z well z = real po9ts 7an expression :i* ,i _c /op to elucidate71 any su* %ift+ w necess>ily leave two numb]s atta*$ to ! same po9ts z be=e4 ,s t :5 ! scale is mov$ ov] ! l9e by any cont9u\s s]ies ( %ift+s ( "o k9d1 !re are two po9ts :i* no numb]s on ! scale c ev] rea*1 except ! numb]s fix$ !re4 ,?is pair ( po9ts1 ?us unatta9able 9 measurem5t1 is call$ ! ,absolute4 ,^! two po9ts may be di/9ct & real1 or !y may co9cide1 or !y may be bo? imag9>y4 ,z an example ( a l9e> quantity ) a d\ble absolute we may take probability1 :i* ranges f an unatta9able absolute c]ta9ty aga9/ a proposition to an equally unatta9able absolute c]ta9ty = x4 ,a l9e1 accord+ to ord9>y notions1 we h se5 is a l9e> quantity :]e ! two po9ts at inf9ity co9cide4 ,a velocity is ano!r example4 ,a tra9 go+ ) inf9ite velocity f ,*icago to ,new ,york w\ld be at all ! po9ts on ! l9e at ! v same in/ant1 & if ! "t ( transit 7 r$uc$ to less ?an no?+ x w\ld be mov+ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,an angle is a famili> example ( a mode ( magnitude ) no real immeasurable values4 ,"o ( ! que/ions philosophy has to consid] is :e!r ! developm5t ( ! univ]se is l ! increase ( an angle1 s t x proce$s =ev] )\t t5d+ t[>d any?+ unatta9$1 :i* ,i take to be ! ,epicurean view1 or :e!r ! univ]se sprang f a *aos 9 ! inf9itely di/ant pa/ to t5d t[>d some?+ diff]5t 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future1 or :e!r ! univ]se sprang f no?+ 9 ! pa/ to g on indef9itely t[>d a po9t 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future1 :i*1 7 x atta9$1 w\ld be ! m]e no?+ f :i* x set out4 ,! doctr9e ( ! absolute appli$ to space comes to ?is1 at ei!r-- ,fir/1 space is1 z ,euclid tea*es1 bo? unlimit$ & immeasurable1 s t ! inf9itely di/ant p>ts ( any plane se5 9 p]spective appe> z a /raight l9e1 9 :i* case ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle am\nts to #ahj2 or1 ,second1 space is immeasurable b limit$1 s t ! inf9itely di/ant p>ts ( any plane se5 9 p]spective appe> z a circle1 beyond :i* all is blackness1 & 9 ?is case ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle is less ?an #ahj by an am\nt proportional to ! area ( ! triangle2 or1 ,?ird1 space is unlimit$ b f9ite1 7l ! surface ( a sph]e17 s t x has no inf9itely di/ant p>ts2 b a f9ite j\rney along any /raight l9e w\ld br+ "o back to 8 orig9al position1 & look+ (f ) an unob/ruct$ view "o w\ld see ! back ( 8 own head enorm\sly magnifi$1 9 :i* case ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle exce$s #ahj by an am\nt proportional to ! area4 ,:i* ( ^! ?ree hypo!ses is true we "k n4 ,! l>ge/ triangles we c measure are su* z h ! e>?'s orbit = base1 & ! di/ance ( a fix$ /> = altitude4 ,! angul> magnitude result+ f subtract+ ! sum ( ! two angles at ! base ( su* a triangle f #ahj is call$ ! />'s p>allax4 ,! p>allaxes ( only ab\t =ty />s h be5 measur$ z yet4 ,two ( !m come out negative1 t ( ,arid$ 7 ,cygni71 a /> ( magnitude #a-a_/b1 :i* is -#j4jhb1 accord+ to ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,pet]s1 & t ( a /> ( magnitude #g-c_/d1 kn[n z ,piazzi ,,iii #dbb1 :i* is -#j4jde accord+ to ,r4 ,s4 ,ball4 ,b ^! negative p>allaxes are und\bt$ly to be attribut$ to errors ( obs]vation2 = ! probable error ( su* a det]m9ation is ab\t #j4jge1 & x w\ld be /range inde$ if we 7 to be able to see1 z x 71 m ?an half way r\nd space1 )\t be+ able to see />s ) l>g] negative p>allaxes4 ,inde$1 ! v fact t ( all ! p>allaxes measur$ only two come out negative w\ld be a /rong argum5t t ! smalle/ p>allaxes really am\nt to #j4a1 7 x n = ! reflexion t ! publication ( o!r negative p>allaxes may h be5 suppress$4 ,i ?9k we may feel confid5t t ! p>allax ( ! fur!/ /> lies some:]e betwe5 -#j4je & #j4ae1 & )9 ano!r c5tury our gr&*ildr5 w surely "k :e!r ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are great] or less ?an #ahj1--t !y are exactly t am\nt is :at nobody ev] c be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+4 ,x is true t accord+ to ! axioms ( geometry ! sum ( ! ?ree sides ( a triangle are precisely #ahj2 b ^! axioms are n[ explod$1 & geomet]s confess t !y1 z geomet]s1 "k n ! slighte/ reason = suppos+ !m to be precisely true4 ,!y are expressions ( our inborn conception ( space1 & z su* are entitl$ to cr$it1 s f> z _! tru? c\ld h influ5c$ ! =mation ( ! m9d4 ,b t af=ds n ! slighte/ reason = suppos+ !m exact4 ,n[1 metaphysics has always be5 ! ape ( ma!matics4 ,geometry sugge/$ ! idea ( a demon/rative sy/em ( absolutely c]ta9 philosophical pr9ciples2 & ! ideas ( ! metaphysicians h at all times be5 9 l>ge "p drawn f ma!matics4 ,! metaphysical axioms are imitations ( ! geometrical axioms2 & n[ t ! latt] h be5 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 )\t d\bt ! =m] w be s5t aft] !m4 ,x is evid5t1 = in/ance1 t we c h no reason to ?9k t e ph5om5on 9 all its m9ute/ details is precisely det]m9$ by law4 ,t !re is an arbitr>y elem5t 9 ! univ]se we see1--namely1 its v>iety4 ,?is v>iety mu/ be attribut$ to spontaneity 9 "s =m4 ,_h ,i m space1 ,i n[ ought to %[ h[ important = philosophy is ! ma!matical conception ( cont9uity4 ,mo/ ( :at is true 9 ,hegel is a d>kl+ glimm] ( a conception :i* ! ma!maticians _h long be=e made pretty cle>1 & :i* rec5t rese>*es h /ill fur!r illu/rat$4 ,among ! _m pr9ciples ( ,logic :i* f9d _! application 9 ,philosophy1 ,i c "h only m5tion "o4 ,?ree conceptions are p]petually turn+ up at e po9t 9 e !ory ( logic1 & 9 ! mo/ r\nd$ sy/ems !y occur 9 connection ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are conceptions s v broad & consequ5tly indef9ite t !y are h>d to seize & may be easily ov]look$4 ,i call !m ! conceptions ( ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird4 ,fir/ is ! conception ( be+ or exi/+ indep5d5t ( any?+ else4 ,second is ! conception ( be+ relative to1 ! conception ( reaction )1 some?+ else4 ,?ird is ! conception ( m$iation1 :]eby a fir/ & second are br\ght into relation4 ,to illu/rate ^! ideas1 ,i w %[ h[ !y ent] into ^? we h be5 consid]+4 ,! orig9 ( ?+s1 consid]$ n z lead+ to any?+1 b 9 itself1 conta9s ! idea ( ,fir/1 ! end ( ?+s t ( ,second1 ! process m$iat+ betwe5 !m t ( ,?ird4 ,a philosophy :i* emphasises ! idea ( ! ,"o1 is g5]ally a duali/ic philosophy 9 :i* ! conception ( ,second receives exagg]at$ att5tion2 = ?is ,"o 7?\gh ( c\rse involv+ ! idea ( ,fir/7 is always ! o!r ( a manifold :i* is n "o4 ,! idea ( ! ,_m1 because v>iety is arbitr>9ess & arbitr>9ess is repudiation ( any ,secondness1 has = its pr9cipal compon5t ! conception ( ,fir/4 ,9 psy*ology ,feel+ is ,fir/1 ,s5se ( reaction ,second1 ,g5]al conception ,?ird1 or m$iation4 ,9 biology1 ! idea ( arbitr>y sport+ is ,fir/1 h]$ity is ,second1 ! process :]eby ! accid5tal *>act]s become fix$ is ,?ird4 ,*ance is ,fir/1 ,law is ,second1 ! t5d5cy to take habits is ,?ird4 ,m9d is ,fir/1 ,matt] is ,second1 ,evolution is ,?ird4 ,su* are ! mat]ials out ( :i* *iefly a philosophical !ory ought to be built1 9 ord] to repres5t ! /ate ( k to :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has br\ght u4 ,)\t go+ into o!r important que/ions ( philosophical ar*itectonic1 we c readily =esee :at sort ( a metaphysics w\ld appropriately be con/ruct$ f ^? conceptions4 ,l "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & "s ( ! mo/ rec5t speculations x w\ld be a ,cosmogonic ,philosophy4 ,x w\ld suppose t 9 ! beg9n+1--inf9itely remote1--!re 0 a *aos ( unp]sonalis$ feel+1 :i* be+ )\t connection or regul>ity w\ld prop]ly be )\t exi/5ce4 ,?is feel+1 sport+ "h & !re 9 pure arbitr>9ess1 w\ld h />t$ ! g]m ( a g5]alis+ t5d5cy4 ,its o!r sport+s w\ld be evanesc5t1 b ?is w\ld h a gr[+ virtue4 ,?us1 ! t5d5cy to habit w\ld be />t$2 & f ?is ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( evolution all ! regul>ities ( ! univ]se w\ld be evolv$4 ,at any "t1 h[ev]1 an elem5t ( pure *ance survives & w rema9 until ! _w becomes an absolutely p]fect1 rational1 & symmetrical sy/em1 9 :i* m9d is at la/ cry/allis$ 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future4 ,t idea has be5 work$ out by me ) elaboration4 ,x acc\nts = ! ma9 features ( ! univ]se z we "k x1--! *>act]s ( "t1 space1 matt]1 =ce1 gravitation1 electricity1 etc4 ,x pr$icts _m m ?+s :i* new obs]vations c alone br+ to ! te/4 ,may "s future /ud5t g ov] ?is gr\nd aga91 & h ! leisure to give 8 results to ! _w4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,illu/rative ,,/udies ,,9 ,,crim9al ,,an?ropology4 ,i4 ,,la ,b,,te ,,huma9e ,,& ,,crim9al ,,an?ropology4 ,if ,i _h to be ! judge ( ,m4 ,zola ,i c\ld be only a v p>tial judge4 ,to me ! books ( ,zola are1 ) ^? ( ,do/oyewski & ,tol/o1 ! only ones :i* h /ruck a fre% tone 9 ! lit]>y monotony ( ?is qu>t] ( a c5tury1 9 :i* x is said ! political levell+ & ! g5]al abasem5t ( "* ext5d ev5 to ! republic ( lett]s4 ,?us ,i am p>tial to ,zola1 =1 z ! *ief ( a s*ool :i* pu%es ! sci5ce ( psy*iatry f> into ! field ( psy*ology & ( sociology1 ,i f9d 9 ,zola an ally ! m valuable t he has n be5 s\ght & t he reigns 9 a v diff]5t empire4 ,to ! sci5tific *>latans :o d5y1 z does ,m4 ,colajanni1 ! importance & ! gravity ( alcoholism1 its associations ) crime & deg5]acy1 ,l',assommoir is p]haps ! be/ ( refutations4 ,g]m9al & ,la ,=tune des ,r\gon give u ! demon/ration ( t cruelty :i* is born = ! cr[d & 9 ! cr[d1 & bo? prove ! influ5ce t crim9als & lunatics h 9 rebellions4 ,zola is ! only "o ( ! ,lat9 race :o endeavors to introduce ! sci5tific me?od into lit]>y "w4 ,8 romances are mod]n hi/ories :i* are f\nd$ ^u liv+ data1 z hi/ories 9 g5]al are on dead data4 ,& 9 hi/ory he kn[s also h[ to employ sob]ness1 by cont5t+ himself ) a v simple sket*1 disda9+ ! vulg> tricks :i* are z easy to inv5t z !y are f> f ! tru?4 ,i ought to be /ill m p>tial to ,la ,bte ,huma9e2 =1 ) a g5]osity n v frequ5t 9 m5 ( lett]s1 ,m4 ,zola av[s t he _h rec\rse to my ,homme ,crim9el & my ,homme de ,gnie = ! mat]ial = 8 romance4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c =be> mix+ "s criticism ) ! praises m]it$ by ?is "w1 = ,i d n f9d satisfi$ by x t :i* ,i reg>d m ?an my p]sonal vanity3 my love ( tru?4 ,9 ,la ,bte ,huma9e all ^? artifices :i* ! romantici/s _h accu/om$ u to1 & f :i* ,zola 0 fre$1 reappe>1 & t alas too (t56 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a suffici5tly /range fatality t ! same knife t 0 giv5 z a m>k ( conjugal love %\ld be by turns ! in/rum5t ( e murd] committ$1 & t all ! assass9ations1 d]ailm5ts1 & suicides inv>iably occur at ! ,croix-de-,maufras1 :]e ! fir/ lewd practices ( ! ,presid5t ,gr&mor9 took place4 ,t a great numb] ( crim9als %\ld be congregat$ 9 ! small enclosure ( a second-rate railway /ation & ( its approa*es1 is 9 itself a /range fact1 b x is /ill m /range t e crime always d]ives its "* f t accurs$ place :i* already be>s a fateful & dismal "n4 ,?is is contr>y to ! laws ( probability2 = we "k by /ati/ics t ! numb] ( crim9als1 z well z ( crimes1 is always ! same = a c]ta9 numb] ( p1 or a c]ta9 numb] ( squ>e miles1 or ye>s1 & _c be mass$ & re/rict$ to a small space ( gr\nd1 to s few individuals1 & s %ort a "t4 ,?is is an atavi/ic rev]sion1 or1 we might say1 a return to ! old ways ( romance1 9 :i* fatal ev5ts always foll[$ ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 fatal localities1 or ?r\gh p>ticul> m5 & by c]ta9 fat$ weapons1 etc4 ,9 ,la ,=tune des ,r\gon1 also1 !re is a c]ta9 musket :i* s]ves = ! murd] ( g5d>mes by a gr&fa!r & 8 nephew1 & ( ! nephew by g5d>mes2 z if ! cause ( ! fatality 0 n ! h]$it>y in/9ct1 b ?is sil5t & unconsci\s in/rum5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! greate/ fault is n "h2 b r 9 ! del9eation ( "*4 ,zola1 :o1 9 my op9ion1 has admirably depict$ p poison$ by alcohol1 & ! common middle classes ( ! t[ns & ( ! c\ntry1 has n /udi$ crim9als accord+ to nature3 und\bt$ly because ! latt] are n s easily met )2 nor all[ !mselves to be /udi$ ev5 9 prisons4 ,zola's figures ( crim9als give me ! false pictorial effect produc$ by c]ta9 photographs tak5 f portraits1 & n f ! liv+ subjects4 ,= ?is reason x is !n t ,i1 :o h /udi$ ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( crim9als1 %\ld n "k h[ to class 8 ,r\baud1 a good cl]k & a good husb&1 :o on accid5tally discov]+ ! secret ( ! old am\rs ( 8 wife ) ,gr&mor91 :i* 7 n yet done )1 ?r[s himself ^u h]1 wi%es to kill h]1 f9ally *anges 8 m9d1 & ends by decid+ on ! murd] ( ! pseudo-adult]]1 ) ! complicity ( 8 wife4 ,c he be call$ a crim9al ?r\gh passion8 ,b !n x is %e t he %\ld h kill$1 or at lea/ ! adult]] be+ kill$ he %\ld h rep5t$ ( x4 ,& aga91 crim9als ?r\gh passion are1 l ,r\baud1 v good & respectable p1 b 9 _! crimes !y ru% bl9dly & headlong =w>d1 )\t accomplices1 )\t prem$itation1 & )\t artifices4 ,& !y rep5t1 !y confess3 !y are ! only crim9als :o feel remorse4 ,he has no remorse2 = "s "t he leads a life ( rev5ge1 &1 aft]w>ds1 sudd5ly1 he gives himself up to vice1 to w9e1 to gambl+1 & =gets 8 wife1 & he is jeal\s ( h] no m2 on ! contr>y1 indiff]5t1 he assi/s 9 h] infidelities4 ,c he be call$ a born crim9al1 a bte8 ,b !n h[ expla9 t he _h liv$ s long )\t vices1 free f debau*]y1 & t he _h be5 s good a cl]k8 ,he c\ld /ill be a crim9al incid5tally2 b = a correct1 /eady1 quiet man1 z a railway (ficial ought to be1 w\ld ! discov]y ( ! old am\r ( 8 wife be a proportionate reason = him to commit a prem$itat$ murd]1 ! greate/ ( crimes8 ,& !n1 z we %all see1 crim9aloids are born crim9als 9 "p2 !y h _m ( ! latt]s' psy*ological & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,n[ ,r\baud has a full be>d1 r$ hair1 & quick eyes3 ! only anomalies are meet+ eyebr[s1 a l[ =ehead1 & a flat head3 no?+ is said ( hy/]ical or epileptical ance/ors4 ,accord+ to ,h5ry ,hric\rt 7,revue ,bleue1 p4 #ad71 ,m4 ,zola 0 inspir$ by a rec5t trial1 t ( ! apo!c>y ,f5ayron1 :o is said to h _h mu* resemblance to ,r\baud4 ,m>9 ,f5ayron1 ! apo!c>y1 0 a man ( =ty-"o1 intellig5t1 /eady1 & indu/ri\s4 ,he _h m>ri$1 twelve ye>s be=e1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( 8 old employ]1 :om he _h succe$$4 ,8 wife1 :o 0 eighte5 ye>s old at ! "t ( h] m>riage1 & :o _h cons5t$ to ! union only ) repugnance1 0 n sl[ to deceive him1 & soon =m$ an intimacy ) 8 assi/ant4 ,?is triangul> relation la/$ a "t1 n precisely /at$ by ! proce$+s1 b suffici5tly long = ,gabrielle ,f5ayron1 tir$ ( h] fir/ lov]1 to take ! opportunity to replace him by sev]al o!rs4 ,! husb&1 :o dur+ ?is "t has become a gambl] & idle fell[1 is in=m$ ( ! misconduct ( 8 wife4 ,al?\gh he did n put mu* cr$it 9 ?is at fir/1 yet 9 ! qu>rels :i* foll[$ & 7 cont9ually r5ew$ he end$ by abus+ h]1 /rik+ h]1 & m5ac+ h] ) dea?3 & at la/ he obta9$ f h] ! confession ( h] relations ) 8 old assi/ant ,aub]t1 !n himself e/abli%$ z a *emi/4 ,accord+ to h] recital1 ! woman c\ld obta9 ! p>don ( h] husb& only by ! promise t %e w\ld assi/ him 9 8 plans ( rev5ge1 & %e _h cons5t$ ?r\gh %ame )\t prote/+4 ,!n1 by ! ord] ( h] husb&1 %e writes sev]al lett]s to h] old lov]1 r5ews relations ) him1 & f9ally1 "u ! pretext ( a c\ntry excursion1 draws him into an ambu% :]e %e aid$ h] husb& 9 kill+ him ) a hamm]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,aub]t1 aft] ! fir/ bl[1 turn$ r\nd1 recognis$ 8 murd]]1 & prep>$ to def5d himself3 b 8 mi/ress ?rew h]self on him1 tw9$ h] arms ab\t him1 & ! husb& c\ld ?us f9i% 8 "w 9 safety4 ,aft] ! crime !re 0 no remorse on ! "p ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,f> to ! contr>y4 ,! crim9al pair deliv]$ !mselves anew to _! accu/om$ di/ractions ) ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity1 & ! p]=mance appe>$ )\t d\bt v natural to ,f5ayron1 = "o day1 meet+ 8 "m-9-law1 he acco/$ h]1 say+1 ,well1 ,"m1 x is done4 ,i h kill$ ,aub]t4 ,b let x be rem>k$ h[ ?is ,m>9 ,f5ayron1 :o figures z an occasional crim9al1 ?is "t reveals himself a crim9al by habit1 m$itat+ & prem$itat+ 8 v5geance1 wait+ two long mon?s be=e putt+ x into execution1 surr\nd+ himself ) e precaution to secure immunity = ! crime4 ,su* a "o c]ta9ly is n ! viol5t man :om passion bl9ds & :o is in/antane\sly inflam$ ) ang]4 ,x is r ! deg5]at$ man ) :om pr$isposition has f\nd ! opportunity to reveal & to develop itself4 ,x is necess>y to add t ,m>9 _h a bro!r feeble 9 m9d3 an h]$it>y defect4 ,! true bte huma9e1 ,jacques ,lanti]1 possesses ! anatomical *>act]s ( ! born crim9al2 8 ?ick black locks 7 curl$1 l 8 m\/a*es1 s heavy & d>k t !y increas$ greatly ! natural pal5ess ( 8 complexion4 ,moreov]1 ! incl9ation to crime 9 him 0 ju/ifi$ by inh]itance4 ,& ?is passion = murd] :i* supplants ! s5sual passion is truly intoxicat+4 ,:]e ! au?or has gone a/ray is :]e he makes ,jacques f9d pleasure = a consid]able "t ) ,sv]9e )\t any ?\ght ( murd]2 :ile ^! un=tunates1 at lea/ all t ,i h /udi$1 d n exp]i5ce sexual pleasure except 9 murd]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v]tigo ( epileptic amnesia :i* ,zola (t5 causes ,jacques to suff]1 is bas$ on fact & actually accords ) ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations3 ,he _h f9ally f\nd himself on ! br9k ( ! ,se9e )\t be+ able to expla9 to himself h[4 ,t ( :i* he reta9$ a v cle> impression1 0 ( hav+ ?r[n f ! top ( ! bank ! knife t 8 h& held clut*$ 9 8 pocket4 ,!n he knew no m1 /upefi$ & abs5t ( m9d1 out ( :i* ! o!r1 & ! knife too1 _h entirely vani%$4444 ,he 0 9 8 n>r[ *amb] 9 ! ,rue ,c>d9et1 fall5 across 8 b$1 fully dress$4 ,in/9ct _h br\ght him back !re1 z a worn out dog crawls to 8 k5nel4 ,besides he rememb]$ nei!r hav+ asc5d$ ! /airs1 nor ( hav+ slept4 ,he awoke f a heavy sleep1 sc>$ to re-ent] abruptly into possession ( himself1 z aft] a pr(\nd fa9t+ fit4 ,p]haps he _h slept ?ree h\rs1 p]haps ?ree days4 ,nev] h ,i f\nd a m p]fect description ( t :i* ,i h t]m$ crim9al1 epileptoid v]tigo4 ,b "h aga9 is a mi/ake ( fact aris+ f a velleity n cont5t ) k4 ,x is t ! noveli/ sev]al times expla9s ^! blood?ir/y sexual in/9cts by a peculi> k9d ( atavism3 ! t5d5cy1 namely1 to av5ge ! evil t wom5 _h done to 8 race2 ! spite accumulat$ f male to male s9ce ! fir/ deceit 9 ! dep?s ( cav]ns4 ,?is is an error ( fact4 ,primitive wom5 h nev] done wrong to m54 ,m feeble ?an m51 !y h always be5 _! victims4 ,^! blood?ir/y sexual in/9cts are expla9$ by a q diff]5t atavism1 :i* goes back to inf]ior animals1 to ! conflict betwe5 ! males = ! conque/ ( ! female1 :o rema9$ = ! /ronge/2 & by ! bl[s t 7 inflict$ on ! woman 9 ord] to r$uce h] to conjugal slav]y1 conflicts ( :i* traces /ill rema9 9 ,roman hi/ory 7! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es71 & 9 ! nuptial rites ( almo/ all ,european c\ntries1 & 9 ^? ( ,new ,zeal&1 :]e ! husb& knocks d[n 8 wife be=e c>ry+ h] (f to ! matrimonial b$4 ,ano!r te*nical defect is1 t a man :o has arriv$ at ! degree ( deg5]acy t ,jacques has1 ought to h /ill o!r vices3 z great viol5ce ( "*1 impulsiv5ess )\t cause1 pr(\nd immorality2 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 except 9 mom5ts ( sexual fury1 he appe>s z a good & honorable man4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 recognis+ ! =ce ( 8 bloody sexual monomania1 ,i f9d t in/9ctive av]sion1 *>act]i/ic ( ! good man1 to be prop] :i* ,jacques feels at ! ?\ght ( kill+ "s "o :o is n a "y & beautiful woman2 = in/ance1 to kill+ 8 rival1 not)/&+ ! favorable circum/ances & ! sugge/ions ( ,sv]9e4 ,to kill t man1 my ,god6 ,_h he ! "r to d x8 ,:5 a fly tr\bl$ him he w\ld cru% x ) a bl[4 ,"o day :5 a cat _h got betwe5 8 legs1 he _h brok5 its back ) a kick4 ,b to kill ?is man1 8 fell[-creature6 ,he mu/ reason ) himself1 he mu/ prove 8 "r to murd]2 ! "r ( ! /rong :om ! weak are tr\blesome to4444 ,b aft]w>ds t appe>$ to him mon/r\s1 impracticable1 impossible4 ,! civilis$ man revolt$ 9 him1 ! acquir$ =ce ( education1 ! sl[ & inde/ructible concretion ( inh]it$ ideas4 ,8 cultivat$ bra91 fill$ ) scruples1 repell$ murd] ) horror1 z soon z he began to reason ab\t x4 ,yes1 to kill 9 a case ( necessity1 9 a transport ( rage6 ,b to kill volunt>ily by design1 & f int]e/1 no nev]1 nev] c\ld he d x6 ,all t is v true4 ,:]e ! au?or has c]ta9ly copi$ aft] nature is 9 ! p]sonality ( ,sv]9e4 ,%e is n a true crim9al2 s5sual1 deprav$ ?\gh /ill "y1 exp]i5c+ love only 9 adult]y4 ,?\gh deceitful1 %e is nev]!less a good wife & a good h\sekeep] up to ! day :]e *ance _h ?r[n h] into evil do+4 ,%e is unit$ to h] husb&1 & = t reason %e becomes 8 accomplice 9 crime1 )\t horror or dread2 b aft]w>ds1 seiz$ ) love = ,jacques1 %e exp]i5ces dislike = h] husb& & wi%es to turn ! lov] into 8 murd]]4 ,! ne$ increas$ 9 h] ( hav+ ,jacques = h]self1 all = h]self1 to live toge!r1 days & nights1 )\t ev] m p>t+4 ,h] hatr$ ( h] husb& grew great]1 ! m]e pres5ce ( ?is man ?rew h] into a morbid & intol]able condition ( excitem5t4 ,tractable1 & ) all ! amiability ( a delicate woman1 %e became enrag$ at ev]y?+ 9 :i* he 0 conc]n$2 %e flew into a passion at ! lea/ ob/acle he put to h] wi%es4444 ,! /upid tranquillity 9 :i* %e saw him1 ! indiff]5t glance & mann] ) :i* he receiv$ h] ang]1 8 r\nd back1 8 enl>g$ /oma*1 all t greasy dullness :i* has ! appe>ance ( happ9ess1 made h] exasp]ation complete4 ,oh6 to g f> away f him4444 ,"o day :5 he return$1 pale & livid1 to say t 9 pass+ be=e a locomotive he _h felt ! buff] graze 8 elb[1 %e ?\ght to h]self t if he 7 dead %e w\ld be free4444 ,%e w\ld g ) ,jacques to ,am]ica4444 ,%e :o at o!r times s r>ely w5t out n[ conceiv$ a passion = go+ to see ! /eam%ips sail4 ,%e w\ld g to ! pi]1 & w\ld lean on h] elb[ wat*+ ! smoke ( ! dep>t+ vessels4444 ,& at ! decisive mom5t %e ?rew h]self passionately on ,jacques's neck4 ,%e fa/5$ h] burn+ lips to 84 ,h[ %e lov$ him & h[ %e hat$ ! o!r6 ,oh6 if %e _h d>$1 tw5ty times already w\ld %e h done ! de$ 444 b %e felt h]self too g5tle1 x requir$ ! h& ( a man4 ,& ?is kiss :i* w\ld nev] come to an end1 0 all t %e c\ld communicate to him ( h] c\rage1 ! full possession t %e promis$ him1 ! communion ( h] body4 ,:5 %e f9ally )drew h] lips no?+ m 0 left to h]2 %e believ$ t %e _h pass$ completely into him4 ,& is ?is1 !n1 ! woman crim9al1 ! crim9aloid1 z ,i h call$ h] 7,vol4 ,,ii ( my ,uomo ,del9qu5te78 ,a crim9al :o1 :5 %e is n urg$ onw>d by opportunities1 7& ^! opportunities always h love = _! orig917 is n capable ( any true crime1 & :o :5 %e commits x always makes use ( ! arm ( ano!r2 & ?is latt] is always h] lov]1 = %e f9ds h]self too feeble to accompli% x h]self4 ,h] anatomical *>act]s1 z well z h] physiognomy1 if n ^? ( ! born crim9al1 h at lea/ "s features :i* ^? ( o!r females h n1 & :i* unite h] ) ! animal4 ,%e _h v black & v ?ick hair1 :i* /ood l a helmet on h] =ehead1 a long face1 a /rong m\?1 & l>ge blue-gre5 eyes4 ,m4 ,hric\rt ju/ly f9ds t _m features ( ?is woman are to be met ) 9 ,gabrielle ,f5ayron1 ! accomplice ( h] husb&4 ,gabrielle ,f5ayron is ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age3 %e is a tall d>k woman ) a v pale complexion2 h] hair is v black1 ! oval ( h] face elongat$1 & h] eyes h a c]ta9 h>dness t acc5tuate ! project+ & unsightly *eek-bones4 ,gabrielle ,f5ayron1 z we "k1 pret5d$ to h be5 t]roris$ by ! ?reats :i* h] husb& _h utt]$ aga9/ h]1 & to h be5 infatuat$1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! love t %e felt = him2 %e _h ?us submitt$ h] w 9 ord] to repair h] fault4 ,9 ! appreciation ( ?is sy/em ( def5ce1 ! bill ( indictm5t /at$ t ! en]gy & ! coolness exhibit$ by ?is woman 9 ! prep>ation ( assass9ation1 ! facilities t %e _h dur+ ! c\rse ( ! long prem$itation :i* _h prec$$ ! murd] to w>n ,aub]t )\t dang] to h]self1 induc$ ! belief t %e _h 9 ! commission ( ! crime yield$ to a pr(\nd hatr$ aga9/ h] old lov]4 ,b ?is int]pretation appe>s to me1 psy*ologically1 to be a clumsy & a =c$ "o4 ,x is n necess>y to h rec\rse to motives left my/]i\s 9 ord] to expla9 ! absolutely /range conduct ( "s wom54 ,p]haps ,zola w\ld h complet$ 8 picture if he _h kn[n ,gabrielle ,gomp>d2 :o allies & unites ! passion ( murd] ) pro/itution :5 %e atta*es h]self to a wick$ man1 b :o gr[s animat$ = virtue & d5\nces h]self an accomplice :5 %e becomes ! mi/ress ( a virtu\s man4 ,^! wom5 *ange _! p]sonality 9 *ang+ a lov]1 & !n make a po9t ( play+ a role 9 ! mis]able _w :]e _! fickle passions de/roy !m4 ,less happy1 p]haps1 has ,zola be5 9 ! case ( ,flora1 fair1 /rong1 ) ?ick lips1 & great gre5i% eyes1 ) l[ =ehead set b5ea? heavy hair4 ,accord+ to ! plot ( ! novel1 %e %\ld be a crim9al ( passion4 ,a good woman ?r\gh\t h] :ole life1 %e commits a crime ?r\gh jeal\sy4 ,b ! me?od ( ! crime 7! d]ailm5t ( a tra9 ) a view to /rik+ h] rival & h] lov]7 is n t :i* is *os5 by crim9als ( passion1 :o are unable to m$itate long on _! crimes1 & :o kill 9 day-light )\t prem$itation4 ,x is true t x is natural to ! m9d ( female crim9als to deal indirect & v complicat$ bl[s1 & )\t proportion to ! end to be atta9$3 b all ?is is only ! effect ( _! weakness4 ,9 a virago z /rong z ,flora is depict$1 7a bellicose maid ) ! /rong & h>d arms ( a boy17 ?is reason fails to satisfy u2 & :5 %e m$itates h] crime %e is urg$ mu* less by ?\ghts ( rev5ge1 ?an by a necessity to commit ! wrong 9 ord] to become cur$ ( h] own2 %e is !n a born crim9al1 an epileptic r ?an a creature ( passion2 & 9 ?is s5se ! attribute t he gives to ,flora ( a mon/r\s muscul> =ce1 t is obs]v$ v frequ5tly 9 born crim9als1 w\ld be reasonable4 ,?us ! girl :o always wore mascul9e clo!s _h a rem>kable muscul> p[]4 ,h] weapon 0 a hamm]1 & ) x %e /ruck d[n _m m54 ,i knew at ,tur9 a murd]ess1 a c\rtesan1 :o :5 a model 9 ,p>is1 kill$ = money & love an arti/1 ^: portrait %e c>ri$ tattoo$ on h] arm4 ,?is un=tunate woman f\ght two or ?ree times ) ! five w>d5s ( h] prison4 ,:5 lib]at$ %e 0 ! head ( all ! sc\ndrels ( ,tur91 *all5g+ !m to conte/4 ,"o day ev5 ,i f\nd h] 9 a r$ %irt1 ) epaulettes on4 ,x is my ensign1 said %e to me1 ,i am ! capta9 ( ! sc\ndrels ( ,tur94 ,b all ^! wom5 are v diff]5t f ,flora4 ,( c\rse1 a s+le & only love is want+ 9 _! case4 ,x w f9ally be said1 t ! prop5sity :i* ca/s ! two crim9aloid wom5 into ! arms ( ! born crim9al1 ! bte huma9e1 is copi$ f nature4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re does exi/ a true elective aff9ity :i* unites ! two sexes ( ^! un=tunates2 a cause t gives rise to crim9al families1 :i* =m ! nucleus ( gangs4 ,nev]!less1 ! demon/ration ( x 9 ?is in/ance is n evid5t1 = 9 cr[d+ a l>ge numb] ( crim9als into s n>r[ a space1 great lib]ty ( *oice is exclud$4 ,,ii4 ,,crim9al ,,an?ropology ,,& ,,psy*iatry4 ,secretions4--,dr4 ,ottol5ghi#ce has made 9 my laboratory a numb] ( obs]vations ) #ae born crim9als & #c occasional crim9als1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! proportional quantities ( urea1 *lorides1 & phosphates elim9at$ "u ! same alim5t>y conditions4 ,"h are ! av]age results3 ,,grammes4 ,urea p] #ajj grammes ( ! weight ,born crim9als #jci ( ! body ,occasional crim9als #hec ,phosphates d ,born crim9als #jjbd ,occasional crim9als #jjaie ,*lorides d ,born crim9als #jbh ,occasional crim9als #jbi #ce ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,academy ( ,tur91 #ahhh1 ,ar*iv4 di ,psi*iatria1 ,sci5ze p5ali ed ,antropologia ,crim9ale1 ,tur91 #ahhh1 x1 ,lombroso4 ,!re is !re=e among/ ! born crim9als a dim9ution 9 ! elim9ation ( urea2 & an augm5tation 9 t ( phosphates1 :ile ! elim9ation ( *lorides does n v>y4 ,he has obta9$ ! same results 9 ! case ( psy*ical epilepsy2 :ile ! occasional crim9al (f]s no anomaly4 ,9 connection ) ?is x may be /at$1 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,rivano#cf f\nd among/ epileptics on ! days ( p>oxysm a great] quantity ( urea & less phosphates4 #cf ,ar*iv4 di ,fr5iatria1 ,tur91 #ahhi4 ,p[] ( ,smell4--,dr4 ,ottol5ghi has also /udi$ ! p[] ( smell among/ crim9als4 ,he has contriv$ ) ?is object 9 view an osmomet]1 conta9+ #ab aque\s solutions ( ! ess5ce ( cloves v>y+ f #a "p 9 #ej1jjj to #a "p 9 #ajj4 ,he made 8 obs]vations 9 sev]al s]ies1 "o ea* day only2 ! conditions ( v5tilation be+ ab\t ! same1 & ! solutions be+ r5ew$ = ea* obs]vation1 to avoid errors caus$ by evaporation4 ,he look$ fir/ = ! l[e/ degree at :i* olfactory p]ception began4 ,9 =m] exp]im5ts he proce$$ diff]5tly4 ,he dis>rang$ ! diff]5t bottles1 & reque/$ ! subject to replace ! same 9 ! ord] ( ! int5sity ( _! odor4 ,he has divid$ ! errors ( disposition :i* result$ into s]i\s & less s]i\s errors1 accord+ z1 9 ! ord] ( ! solutions1 !re occurr$ a di/ance ( sev]al or only "o degree4 ,he exam9$ #hj crim9als 7#ej m51 #cj wom57 & #ej normal p]sons 7#cj m51 mo/ly *os5 among/ ! prison w>d]s1 & #bj respectable wom574 ,"h are ! results3 ,:ile among/ ! normal males ! av]age p[] ( smell v>i$ betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? degree ( ! osmomet]1 among/ ! crim9als x v>i$ f ! fif? to ! six? degree2 #dd individuals _h no p[] ( smell at all4 ,:ile ! hone/ m5 made an av]age ( ?ree errors 9 ! disposition ( ! bottles1 ! crim9als made five1 ( :i* ?ree 7 s-call$ s]i\s ones4 ,! normal wom5 t\*$ ! f\r? degree ( ! osmomet]1 ! crim9al wom5 ! six? degree2 ) two ! p[] ( smell 0 want+ entirely4 ,:ile ! normal wom5 made an av]age ( f\r faults 9 ! disposition1 ! crim9al wom5 made five4 ,9 eight cases ( anosmia 7loss ( ! s5se ( smell71 pres5t$ 9 a c]ta9 set ( crim9als1 two cases 7 due to nasal de=mities2 ! o!rs 7 a k9d ( smell-bl9dness2 ! subjects 7 susceptible to odorif]\s excitations1 b 7 unable to specify !m & /ill less to classify !m4 ,to v]ify :at 0 really true 9 ! ass]tion1#cg t crim9al (f5d]s aga9/ morality & cu/oms h a highly develop$ p[] ( smell1 he exam9$ ?is p[] 9 #cj ravi%]s & #dj pro/itutes4 ,9 ! =m] he f\nd olfactory bl9dness 9 ! ratio ( #cc to #ajj2 ! rema9d] possess$ an av]age p[] correspond+ to ! fif? degree ( ! osmomet]4 ,arrang+1 !n1 ! diff]5t solutions accord+ to _! int5sity1 he obs]v$ ?ree s-call$ s]i\s errors4 ,9 #ai p] c5t4 ( ! girls submitt$1 he f\nd olfactory bl9dness2 & = ! o!rs an av]age acut5ess correspond+ to ! fif? degree ( ! osmomet]4 ,comp>+ ^! results ) ^? obta9$ = ! normal subjects & = regul> crim9als1 ! p[] ( smell appe>s mu* less develop$ 9 ! class j consid]$4 #cg ,krafft-,eb+1 ,psy*opatia sexualis1 #d? ed41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhi4--;,ar*iv4 di ,psi*iatria1 #ahhi4 ,ta/e4--,dr4 ,ottol5ghi has also exam9$ ! s5se ( ta/e ( #ajj crim9als 7#fj born crim9als1 #bj occasional crim9als1 & #bj crim9al wom574 ,he comp>$ !m ) #bj m5 tak5 f ! l[] classes1 #bj pr(essors & /ud5ts1 #bj respectable wom51 & #dj pro/itutes4 ,^! s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 made ) #aa solutions ( /ry*n9e 7graduat$ #a_/hjjjj to #a_/ejjjj7 & ( sac*>9e 7f #a_/ajjjjj to #a_/ajjjj71 & #aj ( *loride ( sodium 7#a_/ejj to #c_/ajj74 ,! crim9als %[$ rem>kable obtus5ess4 ,! l[e/ degree ( acut5ess 0 f\nd 9 ! proportion ( #ch to #ajj 9 born crim9als1 #cj to #ajj 9 occasional crim9als1 #bj to #ajj 9 crim9al wom52 :ile we f\nd x 9 #ad p] c5t4 ( ! pr(essors & ! /ud5ts1 9 #be p] c5t4 ( ! m5 f ! l[] classes1 9 #cj p] c5t4 ( ! pro/itutes1 & f9ally 9 #aj p] c5t4 ( ! respectable wom54 ,walk4--,a /udy :i* ,i h made ) ,p]a*ia1#ch %[s u t1 contr>y to ! case ( normal m51 ! /ep ( ! left foot ( crim9als is g5]ally long] ?an t ( ! "r2 besides !y turn (f f ! l9e ( ! axis m to ! "r ?an to ! left2 _! left foot1 on be+ plac$ on ! gr\nd1 =ms ) ?is l9e an angle ( deviation m pron\nc$ ?an ! angle =m$ by _! "r foot2 all ^! *>act]i/ics are v (t5 f\nd among epileptics4 #ch ,sur la ,m>*e suivant la ,m?ode de ,gilles de la ,t\rette4 ,ge/ures4--,x is an anci5t habit among crim9als to communicate _! ?\ghts by ge/ures4 ,av-,lallemant describes a set ( ge/ures us$ among ,g]man ?ieves1--a real language execut$ solely ) ! f+]s1 l ! language ( ! deaf4 ,vidocq says t pickpockets1 :5 !y are wat*+ a victim1 give ea* o!r ! signal ( ,sa9t ,john1 :i* consi/s 9 putt+ _! h& to _! cravat or ev5 9 tak+ (f _! hat4 ,b ,pitr especially has publi%$ ! mo/ important in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,9 8 ,usi e ,co/umi della ,sicilia 7,usages & ,cu/oms ( ,sicily17 he describes #dh special k9ds ( ge/ures employ$ by del9qu5ts4 ,?is ph5om5on is expla9$ by ! exagg]at$ mobility ) :i* born crim9als are end[$1 z is ! case ) *ildr54 ,,morphological ,,anomalies4 ,! ,skeleton4--,mr4 ,t5*9i1 hav+ made /udies ^u #fc skeletons ( crim9als1 has f\nd 9 ! proportion ( #f out ( #ajj cases1 ! p]=ation ( ! olecranon 7! bony prom95ce at ! back ( ! elb[7 :i* "o obs]ves 9 #cf out ( #ajj ,europeans1 & 9 #cd out ( #ajj ,polynesians2 he likewise obs]v$ additional ribs & v]tebr 9 #aj cases out ( #ajj ( !m1 & also too few1 9 ! same proportion2 :i* rem9ds u ( ! great v>iabl5ess ( ^! bones 9 ! l[] v]tebrates4 ,lately he has ev5 f\nd 9 a crim9al #d sacral v]tebr too few1 made up by #d supplem5t>y c]vical v]tebr4 ,madame ,t>norosky 9 h] /udy ( pro/itutes1 female ?ieves1 & peasant wom5 has demon/rat$1#ci t ! cranial capacity ( pro/itutes is inf]ior to t ( female ?ieves & peasant wom5 & p>ticul>ly to t ( wom5 ( good society2#dj vice v]sa1 ! zygomas 7bones ( ! upp] jaw7 & ! m&ibles 7l[] jaw7 7 m develop$ among ! pro/itutes1 :o also exhibit$ a great] numb] ( anomalies1 9 ! proportion ( #hg to #ajj1 :ile ! proportion ( ! female ?ieves %[+ anomalies 0 #gi to #ajj1 & ! proportion ( peasant wom5 0 #ab to #ajj4 ,! pro/itutes _h #cc 9 #ajj ( _! p>5ts addict$ to dr9k1 :ile ! female ?ieves _h #da 9 #ajj & ! peasant wom5 #af 9 #ajj4 ,mr4 ,de ,alb]tis has f\nd tattoo+ among #cjj pro/itutes ( ,g5oa 9 ! enorm\s proportion ( #gj 9 #ajj4da ,he has also f\nd ! tactile s5sibility ( ! wom5 v mu* dim9i%$3 #cf millimetres to ! "r & #d millimetres to ! left4 #ci #ej #ajj #ajj #ej #ej #ej ,,pro/itutes4 ,,pro/itutes4 ,,female ,,peasant ,,peasant ,,ladies ,,( ,,measurem5ts4 ,,?ieves4 ,,wom54 ,,wom54 ,,good 7,,nor?47 7,,s\?47 ,,society4 ,ant]opo/4 diam4 #agg #agh #agi #ahc #ah #ahc ,max4 trans4 diam4 #aci #add #adi #ade #ade #ade ,max4 circumf]5ce #ebi #ecc #ece #ebg #ecf #ehh ,zygomatic di/4 #aad #aac #aab #aji #aad #aac ,m&ib4 biang4 di/ance #aja #ajah #ia #ia #ii #ih #dj ,ar*iv4 di ,psi*iatria1 ,mi]jeivki1 #ahhg4--;,ibid41 #ahhh1 p4 #aif4 #da ,ar*4 di ,psi*iatria1 x1 #ahhi4 ,among crim9al wom51 ,saloalto has made /udies altoge!r new2 he has recognis$ among #acj female ?ieves ! deg5]ative "*1 anomalies ( ! skull & ( ! physiognomy1 9 a less degree ?an among ! m52 he has f\nd bra*ycephaly 9 #g1 oxycephaly 9 #bi1 platycephaly 9 #g1 ! retreat+ =ehead 9 #g1 /rabismus 9 #aa1 protrud+ e>s 9 #f2 ! s5se ( t\* 0 normal 9 #b out ( #ajj1 ! reflexions ( ! t5dons decreas+ 9 #d out ( #ajj1 exagg]at$ 9 #ab out ( #ajj4 ,m>ro & ,m>selli h expla9$ by sexual selection ?is enorm\s diff]5ce1 :i* "o also f9ds among epileptics & p>ticul>ly 9 insane p2 ! m5 9 fact d n *oose ugly wom5 ) deg5]ative *>act]s1 :ile ! wom5 h no *oice1 & v (t5 an ugly man1 crim9al1 b vigor\s1 = ?is reason triumphs ov] all ob/acles2 sometimes he is ev5 pref]r$4 7,flaub]t1 ,correspondance1 #ahhi47 ,let u add t ! c>es ( mat]nity s(t5 ! "* ( wom51 & augm5t 9 !m ! s5tim5t ( pity4 ,dr4 ,ottol5ghi#db has /udi$ 9 my laboratory ! wr9kles ( #bjj crim9als & #bjj normal p]sons 7work+m5 & peasants71 & he has f\nd t !y occur e>li] & mu* m frequ5tly among ! crim9als2 9 fact1 two to five times m s ?an among normal p]sons1 ) pr$om9ance ( ! zygomatic wr9kle 7situat$ 9 ! middle ( ea* *eek71 :i* wr9kle may well be call$ ! wr9kle ( vice1 & is ! *>act]i/ic wr9kle ( crim9als4 #db ,,"u #be ,,ye>s4 ,,betwe5 #be ,,& #ej ,,ye>s4 ,,normal4 ,,crim9al4 ,,normal4 ,,crim9al4 ,,location4 p4 #ajj4 p4 #ajj4 p4 #ajj4 p4 #ajj4 ,wr9kles ( ! =ehead #ga #cd #fb #hf ,nasolabial wr9kles #bb #fi #fb #gh ,zygomatic wr9kles #j #af #ah #cc ,9 crim9al wom5 7#hj7 also1 wr9kles h be5 f\nd m frequ5t ?an 9 normal wom51 al?\gh "h ! diff]5ce is n s m>k$4 ,"o calls to m9d at once ! wr9kle ( ! sorc]]s4 ,x is en\gh to look at ! bu/ ( ! celebrat$ ,sicilian woman poison]1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,pal]mo1 & ^: face is "o heap ( wr9kles4 ,dr4 ,ottol5ghi1 /udy+ ) me ! frequ5cy ( canities 7turn+ grey7 & baldness 9 p1 has demon/rat$ ei!r abs5ce or lat5ess ( ! same among crim9als1#dc z also among epileptics & among cret9s4 ,among ! fir/1 sw9dl]s only t5d to approa* m ! normal type4#dd ,on ! o!r h&1 among #bhj crim9al wom5 canities 0 f\nd m frequ5tly1 & baldness less frequ5tly1 ?an 9 ! case ( #bjj hone/ work+m54 #dc ,la ,calvizie1 la ,canizie e le ,rughe nei normali1 nei crim9ali negli epiletis e nei cret9i4 ,ar*iv4 di ,psi*iatria1 #ahhi1 x4 #dd ,,classes4 ,,) ,,canities4 ,,) ,,baldness4 p4 #ajj4 p4 #ajj4 #djj ,normal p #fbe #ai #hj ,epileptics #cae #abg #dj ,cret9s #aag #ace #dij ,crim9als #bei #dh ,?ieves #bdd #bf ,sw9dl]s #dg #aca ,maim]s #bcg #ec #hj ,crim9al wom5 #de #ig #bjj ,hone/ wom5 #fj #ac ,we %all n t]m9ate ?is "p ( our discussion )\t mak+ m5tion ( ! beautiful discov]y t we owe--x pleases u to /ate--to a lawy]1 ,mr4 ,anfosso4 ,! ta*yan?ropomet] :i* he has con/ruct$ is a real automatic measur]4 7,ar*iv4 di ,psy*41 ,art4 ,,ix4 p4 #agc47 ,we might "n x1--if ! ^w did n possess a little too mu* local color1--an an?ropometric guillot9e2 s quickly & ) ! precision ( a ma*9e1 does x give ! mo/ important measurem5ts ( ! body1 :i* makes ! practice ( an?ropometry v easy1 ev5 to p :o are entire /rang]s to ! sci5ce2 & x facilitates1 moreov]1 ! exam9ation ( ! description ( individual crim9als1 ! p]fection ( :i* w always rema9 "o ( ! mo/ glori\s di/9ctions ( ,m4 ,b]tillon4 ,& at ! same "t t ?is in/rum5t r5d]s s]vices to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 x p]mits on a gr& scale obs]vations :i* hi!rto 7 only obta9able by ! le>n$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made a %ort "t ago by ,mr4 ,rossi1 :o /udi$ ! result ( ^! measurem5ts 9 #ajj crim9als 7ne>ly all ?ieves74 ,he f\nd ! bread? ( ! span ( ! arms to be great] ?an ! height ( body 9 #hh2 & 9 #aa to be less4 ,9 #cj he f\nd ! "r foot l>g]2 9 #eh he f\nd ! left foot l>g]2 9 #ab bo? feet equal4 ,! "r arms ( #dc p] c5t4 7 long] ?an ! left1 & ! left 9 #ed p] c5t4 long] ?an ! "r4 ,:i* confirms to a m>vell\s degree ! gau*]ie1 manc9ism1 or /ructural misproportion1 t _h be=e be5 indicat$ by dynamometry & ! /udy ( ! walk ( crim9als4#de #de ,ar*iv4 di ,psi*iatria1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 x4 p4 #aia4 ,! v frequ5t recurr5ce ( anatomical misproportion & gau*]ie c\ld n be bett] confirm$2 & !re are 9 ?is atavi/ic symptoms1 = ,rollet has obs]v$ 9 #db an?ropoids ! left hum]us to be long] ?an ! "r1 9 ! proportion ( #fj to #ajj1 :ile among m5 ! proportion is only #g out ( #ajj4 7,revue ,sci5tifique1 #ahhi47 ,?is anatomical misproportion ,i h v rec5tly v]ifi$ ) ,mr4 ,ottol5ghi by measurem5ts ( ! two h&s1 ! middle f+]s1 & ! feet1 "r & left1 9 #ij normal p]sons & 9 #ajj born crim9als4#df 7,ar*iv4 di ,psi*iatria1 ,x4 #h47 #df ,,h& ,,long]4 ,,middle ,,f+]4 ,,foot4 ,,types4 ,,"r4 ,,left4 ,,"r4 ,,left4 ,,"r4 ,,left4 ,,p] ,,c5tum4 ,,p] ,,c5tum4 ,,p] ,,c5tum4 ,normal p]sons #add #aa #aff #aee #che #aef ,crim9als #e #be #aj #bg #bg #ce ,sw9dl]s #dc #ac #ac #bag #bag #bf ,ravi%]s #g #adb #adb #bhd #ceg #ceg ,maim]s #ae #be #e #be #bj #ee ,?ieves #j #cdh #ac #cjd #bf #bff ,pickpockets #j #ce #e #cj #ce #be ,tattoo+4--,i 0 "u ! belief t 9 ?is respect no?+ m 0 to be said aft] ! beautiful /udies ( ,messrs4 ,lacassagne & ,m>ro1 & aft] my own4#dg #dg ,see ,n\velle ,revue2 also my ,uomo ,del9qu5te1 #d? ed41 #ahhi4 ,h[ev]1 ! rese>*es made by ,messrs4 ,sev]i1 ,luc*9i1 & ,boselli on #d1jjj new crim9als h giv5 results ( a high importance & fir/ ( all a proportion eight fold great] ?an t ( ! ali5i/s ( ! same di/rict 7,flor5ce & ,lucca74 ,! preval5cy ( ?is practice is enorm\s2 x am\nts to #dj 9 #ajj among milit>y crim9als & to #cc 9 #ajj among crim9als "u age2 ! wom5 give a proportion ( only #af 9 #ajj1 b ?is w\ld be increas$ to #b 9 #ajj if we includ$ c]ta9 k9ds ( fly-tattoo+ 7tat\ages m\*es7 resembl+ beauty spots1 :i* are f\nd ev5 9 high life pro/itution4 ,:at *iefly a/oni%es u 9 ^! rese>*es1 next to ! frequ5cy ( ! ph5om5a1 is ! specific "* ( ! tattoo+s3 _! obsc5ity1 ! vaunt+ ( crime1 & ! /range contra/ ( evil passions & ! highe/ s5tim5ts4 ,m4 ,c4441 ag$ #bg ye>s1 convict$ at lea/ fifty times = affrays1 & ! assault+ & w\nd+ ( m5 & horses1 has ! hi/ory ( 8 crimes lit]ally writt5 on 8 sk92 & 9 ?is respect1 let u note t ! infam\s ,de ,rosny1 :o only lately committ$ suicide 9 ,lyons1 _h h] body cov]$ ) tattoo+s 9 ! =m ( erotic figures2 "o c\ld read !re ! li/ ( h] lov]s & ! dates at :i* %e left !m4 ,f4 ,l4441 a c>ri]1 ag$ #bf ye>s1 sev]al times convict$1 be>s on 8 brea/ a he>t pi]c$ by a poni>d 7! sign ( v5geance71 & on 8 "r h& a female s+] ( a caf *antant1 ( :om he 0 enam\r$4 ,by ! side ( ^! tattoo+s1 & o!rs :i* propriety =bids u to cite1#dh "o sees ) surprise ! picture ( a tomb ) ! epitaph3 ,to my belov$ fa!r4 ,/range contradictions ( ! human m9d6 #dh ,see ,atlas de ,l',homme ,crim9el4 #ahhh4 ,alcan4 ,a c]ta9 ,b4441 a des]t]1 has on 8 *e/ a ,/4 ,george & ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 & on ! "r arm a woman1 v little dress$1 :o dr9ks ) ! inscription3 ,let u wet ! int]ior a little4 ,q4 ,a4441 a labor]1 convict$ _m times = !ft1 expell$ f ,france & ,switz]l&1 has on 8 *e/ two ,swiss g5d>mes ) ! words ,long live ! ,republic6 ,on 8 "r arm he has a he>t pi]c$ ?r\gh1 & at ! side ! head ( a fi%--a mack]el1 to signify t he w poni>d a bully1 8 rival4 ,we h se5 on ! left arm ( ano!r ?ief1 a pot ) a lemon tree1 & ! initials ,v4 ,g4 7v5geance72 :i* 9 ! /range language ( ! crim9als means3 treason1 &1 aft]w>ds1 rev5ge4 ,he did n conceal f u ! fact t 8 con/ant ?\ght 0 to rev5ge himself on ! woman :o lov$ him & !n ab&on$ him4 ,8 desire 0 to cut (f h] nose4 ,8 bro!r (f]$ to p]=m ! op]ation = him1 b ?is he refus$1 res]v+ = himself ! pleasure ( execut+ 8 purpose :5 he %\ld ultimately be lib]at$4 ,"o sees1 !re=e1 f ^! few examples1 t !re is among crim9als a k9d ( hi]oglyphical writ+1 b :i* is n regulat$ or fix$4 ,! sy/em is f\nd$ on daily happ5+s & slang1 z w\ld be ! case among primitive mank9d4 ,v (t51 9 fact1 a key signifies among ?ieves ! sil5ce ( secrecy2 & a dea?'s-head 7! b>e skull71 rev5ge4 ,sometimes po9ts are us$ in/ead ( figures4 ,9 ?is way "o crim9al m>k$ himself ) #ag po9ts1 :i* means1 to 8 m9d1 t he proposes to inflict injury on 8 enemy sev5te5 times1 :5ev] he meets ) him4 ,! crim9al tattoo]s ( ,naples h ! habit ( mak+ long inscriptions on _! bodies2 b initials are us$ in/ead ( words4 ,_m ,camorri/s ( ,naples c>ry a tattoo+ :i* repres5ts iron b>s1 beh9d :i* !re is a prison] & und]nea? ! initials ,q4 ,f4 ,q4 ,p4 ,m42 :i* means3 ,qu&o f9iranno que/e p5e8 ,mai6 7,:5 w ^! pa9s end8 ,nev]67 ,o!rs be> ! epigraph ,c4 ,g4 ,p4 ,v41 etc41 :i* means3 ,c\rage1 gal]i5s1 p\r vol] et pil]2 n\s devons t\t mettre sang et feu6 7,c\rage1 convicts1 to /eal & to rob2 we mu/ put all to ! sword & fire67 ,we see "h at once t c]ta9 =ms ( tattoo+ are employ$ by crim9al f$]ations1 & s]ve z a sort ( rally+-call4 ,9 ,bav>ia & 9 ! ,s\? ( ,g]many1 ! pickpockets1 :o are unit$ toge!r 9 real alliances1 recognise ea* o!r by ! epigraphic tattoo+ ,t & ,l1 :i* means ,?al und ,l& 7valley & c\ntry72 words :i* !y mu/ ex*ange 9 a l[ voice :5 !y meet ea* o!r1 9 ord] n to be d5\nc$ to ! police4 ,a ?ief ,r4441 :o has on 8 "r arm a design repres5t+ two h&s cross$1 & ! ^w union 7unity7 surr\nd$ by a g>l& ( fl[]s1 told u t ?is tattoo+ is ext5sively adopt$ by malefactors 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france 7,draguignan74 ,accord+ to ! revelations made to u by em]it$ ,camorri/s1 a liz>d or a s]p5t d5otes ! fir/ grade ( ?is dang]\s association4 ,i pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 & = good reasons1 ! tattoo+s spread ov] all ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 ! ,revi/a de ,antropologia ,crim9al1 a new publication :i* has j appe>$ 9 ,madrid1 ,mr4 ,sallilas has publi%$ an excell5t /udy relative to ! tattoo+ ( ,spani% crim9als4 ,accord+ to him1 ?is is a frequ5t cu/om among murd]]s4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! religi\s "* is !re noticeable1 b always ) ! seal ( lewd obsc5ity1 univ]sally obs]v$4 ,i h lately _h occasion to v]ify up to :at po9t ! impulsion :i* leads crim9als to inflict on !mselves ?is /range op]ation1 is atavi/ic4 ,"o ( ! mo/ incorrigible ?ieves ,i h met1 :o has six bro!rs tattoo$ l himself1 begg$ ( me1 not)/&+ he 0 half cov]$ ) ! mo/ obsc5e tattoo+s1 to f9d him a pr(essional tattoo] :o %\ld complete :at might well be call$ ! c>pet+ ( 8 sk94 ,:5 ! tattoo+ is v odd & grotesque1 & spreads ov] ! :ole body1 he said1 x is = u ?ieves :at ! black dress coat & ! decorat$ ve/ is to society4 ,! m we are tattoo$ ! great] is our e/eem = "o ano!r2 ! m an individual is tattoo$1 ! m au?ority has he ov] 8 companions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o is n mu* tattoo$ enjoys no influ5ce :atsoev] ) u2 is n consid]$ a ?or\gh sc\ndrel1 & has n ! e/imation ( 8 fell[s4 ,v (t51 ano!r told me1 :5 we visit$ pro/itutes1 & !y saw u cov]$ all ov] ) tattoo+s1 !y ov]:elm$ u ) pres5ts1 & gave u money in/ead ( dem&+ x4 ,if all t is n atavism1 atavism does n exi/ 9 sci5ce4 ,( ?is *>act]i/ic1 ( c\rse1 z ( all ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( crim9als1 "o may say t x is to be met ) among normal p4 ,b ! *ief ?+ "h is its proportion1 its commonness1 & ! exagg]at$ ext5t to :i* x is practis$4 ,among hone/1 respectable p its peculi> complexion1 its local & obsc5e color+1 & ! useless1 va91 & imprud5t display ( crime are want+4 ,aga91 x w probably be object$ t ?is is n psy*ology1 & t only ?r\gh ! latt] sci5ce c we trace out ! picture ( ! crim9al4 ,i c\ld well answ] "h1 t ^! tattoo+s are really psy*ological ph5om5a4 ,& ,i may add t ,mr4 ,f]ri1 9 ! introductory "p ( 8 "w on ,homicides1 has giv5 u 9 addition to a real /ati/ical psy*ology1 an analysis ( all crim9al prop5sities & ( _! ext5t be=e & aft] ! crime4 ,among born crim9als1 = example1 #db 9 #ajj always d5y ! crime ) :i* !y are *>g$1 :ile among occasional crim9als1 & 9 p>ticul> among maim]s1 only #ba 9 #ajj d5y all2 ( ! fir/ #a 9 #ajj1 & ( ! second #b 9 #ajj confess _! crime ) te>s2 etc4#di #di ,l',omicidio1 ,tur91 #ahij4 ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,pr(4 ,lombroso has 9 prep>ation = ?is s]ies ( crim9ological /udies1 an essay on ! physiognomy ( ! ,an>*i/s4--,,ed4 ,,! ,,squ>+ ,,( ,,! ,,circle4 ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day4#ej #ej ,f ,holtz5dorff & ,vir*['s ,sammlung geme9v]/ndli*] wiss5s*aftli*] ,vortrge1 ,heft #fg4 ,hamburg3 ,v]lagsan/alt1 etc4 ,i4 ,univ]sal int]e/ 9 ! problem4 ,= two & a half ?\s& ye>s1 bo? tra9$ & untra9$ m9ds h /riv5 9 va9 to solve ! problem kn[n z ! squ>+ ( ! circle4 ,n[ t geomet]s h at la/ succe$$ 9 giv+ a rigid demon/ration ( ! impossibility ( solv+ ! problem ) rul] & compasses1 x seems fitt+ & opportune to ca/ a glance into ! nature & hi/ory ( ?is v anci5t problem4 ,& ?is w be f\nd all ! m ju/ifiable 9 view ( ! fact t ! squ>+ ( ! circle1 at lea/ 9 "n1 is v widely kn[n outside ( ! n>r[ limits ( pr(essional ma!maticians4 ,! resolution ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,! ,proce$+s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy = ! ye> #agge conta9 at page #fa ! resolution ( ! ,academy n to exam9e f t "t on1 any s-call$ solutions ( ! quadrature ( ! circle t might be h&$ 94 ,! ,academy 0 driv5 to ?is det]m9ation by ! ov]:elm+ multitude ( pr(ess$ solutions ( ! fam\s problem1 :i* 7 s5t to x e mon? 9 ! ye>1--solutions :i* ( c\rse 7 an inv>iable atte/ation ( ! ignorance & self-consci\sness ( _! au?ors1 b :i* suff]$ collectively f a v important error 9 ma!matics3 !y 7 wrong4 ,s9ce t "t all pr(ess$ solutions ( ! problem receiv$ by ! ,academy f9d a sure hav5 9 ! wa/e-basket1 & rema9 unansw]$ = all "t4 ,! circle-squ>]1 h[ev]1 sees 9 ?is high-h&$ mann] ( rejection only ! envy ( ! great t[>ds 8 gr& intellectual discov]y4 ,he is det]m9$ to meet ) recognition1 & appeals !re=e to ! public4 ,! newspap]s mu/ obta9 = him ! appreciation t sci5tific societies h d5i$4 ,& e ye> ! old ma!matical sea-s]p5t m ?an once disports itself 9 ! columns ( our pap]s1 t a ,mr4 ,n4 ,n41 ( ,p4 ,p41 has at la/ solv$ ! problem ( ! quadrature ( ! circle4 ,g5]al ignorance ( quadrators4 ,b :at k9d ( p are ^! circle-squ>]s1 :5 exam9$ by ! light8 ,almo/ always !y w be f\nd to be imp]fectly educat$ p]sons1 ^: ma!matical k does n exce$ t ( a mod]n college fre%man4 ,x is seldom t !y "k accurately :at ! requirem5ts ( ! problem are & :at its nature2 !y nev] "k ! two & a half ?\s& ye>s' hi/ory ( ! problem2 & !y h no idea :atev] ( ! important inve/igations & results :i* h be5 made ) ref]5ce to ! problem by great & real ma!maticians 9 e c5tury d[n to our "t4 ,a cyclometric type4 ,yet great z is ! quantum ( ignorance t circle-squ>]s int]mix ) _! intellectual products1 ! lavi% supply ( conceit & self-consci\sness ) :i* !y season _! p]=mances is /ill great]4 ,i h n f> to g to furni% a v]ification ( ?is4 ,a book pr9t$ 9 ,hamburg 9 ! ye> #ahdj lies be=e me1 9 :i* ! au?or ?anks ,almighty ,god at e second page t ,he has select$ him & no "o else to solve ! 'problem ph5om5al' ( ma!matics1 s long s\ght =1 s f]v5tly desir$1 & attempt$ by millions4 ,aft] ! mode/ au?or has proclaim$ himself ! unmask] ( ,ar*im$es's deceit1 he says3 ,x ?us has pleas$ our "m nature to )hold ?is ma!matical jewel f ! eye ( human inve/igation1 until %e ?\ght x fitt+ to reveal tru? to simplicity4 ,?is w suffice to %[ ! great self-consci\sness ( ! au?or4 ,b x does n suffice to prove 8 ignorance4 ,he has no conception ( ma!matical demon/ration2 he takes x = grant$ t ?+s are s because !y seem s to him4 ,errors ( logic1 also1 are abundantly f\nd 9 8 book4 ,b ap>t f ?is g5]al incorrectness let u see :]e9 ! real gi/ ( 8 fallacy consi/s4 ,x requires consid]able labor to f9d out :at ?is is f ! turgid language & bomba/ic /yle 9 :i* ! au?or has buri$ 8 conclusions4 ,b x is ?is4 ,! au?or inscribes a squ>e 9 a circle1 circumscribes ano!r ab\t x1 !n po9ts out t ! inside squ>e is made up ( f\r congru5t triangles1 :]eas ! circumscrib$ squ>e is made up ( eight su* triangles2 f :i* fact1 see+ t ! circle is l>g] ?an ! "o squ>e & small] ?an ! o!r1 he draws ! bold conclusion t ! circle is equal 9 area to six su* triangles4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t a rational be+ c\ld inf] t some?+ :i* is great] ?an #d & less ?an #h mu/ necess>ily be #f4 ,b ) a man t attempts ! squ>+ ( ! circle ?is k9d ( ratioc9ation is possible4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( all o!r attempt$ solutions ( ! problem1 ei!r logical fallacies or violations ( elem5t>y ari?metical or geometrical tru?s may be po9t$ out4 ,only !y are n always ( su* a trivial nature z 9 ! book j m5tion$4 ,let u n[ inquire :5ce ! incl9ation arises :i* leads p to take up ! quadrature ( ! circle & to attempt to solve x4 ,! allurem5ts ( ! problem4 ,att5tion mu/ fir/ be call$ to ! antiquity ( ! problem4 ,a quadrature 0 attempt$ 9 ,egypt #ejj ye>s be=e ! exodus ( ! ,israelites4 ,among ! ,greeks ! problem nev] ceas$ to play a "p t greatly influ5c$ ! progress ( ma!matics4 ,& 9 ! middle ages also ! squ>+ ( ! circle sporadically appe>s z ! philosoph]'s /one ( ma!matics4 ,! problem has ?us nev] ceas$ to be dealt ) & consid]$4 ,b x is n by ! antiquity ( ! problem t circle-squ>]s are entic$1 b by ! allurem5t :i* ev]y?+ ex]ts t is calculat$ to raise ! individual out ( ! mass ( ord9>y humanity1 & to b9d ab\t 8 temples ! laurel cr[n ( celebrity4 ,x is ambition t spurr$ m5 on 9 anci5t ,greece & /ill spurs !m on 9 mod]n times to crack ?is primeval ma!matical nut4 ,:e!r !y are compet5t !reto is a second>y consid]ation4 ,!y look ^u ! squ>+ ( ! circle z ! gr& prize ( a lott]y t c j z well fall to _! lot z to t ( any o!r4 ,!y d n rememb] t-- ,toil be=e honor is plac$ by sagaci\s decrees ( ,immortals1 & t x requires ye>s ( cont9u$ /udies to ga9 possession ( ! ma!matical weapons t are indisp5sably necess>y to attack ! problem1 b :i* ev5 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ma!matical /rategi/s h n suffic$ to take ! /ronghold4 ,ab\t ! only problem kn[n to ! lay _w4 ,b h[ is x1 we mu/ fur!r ask1 t x happ5s to be ! squ>+ ( ! circle & n "s o!r unsolv$ ma!matical problem ^u :i* ! ef=ts ( p are be/[$ :o h no k ( ma!matics yet busy !mselves ) ma!matical que/ions8 ,! "q is answ]$ by ! fact t ! squ>+ ( ! circle is ab\t ! only ma!matical problem t is kn[n to ! unpr(essional _w1--at lea/ by "n4 ,ev5 among ! ,greeks ! problem 0 v widely kn[n outside ( ma!matical circles4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,grecian layman1 z at pres5t among _m ( 8 mod]n bre?r51 occupation ) ?is problem 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ important & ess5tial bus9ess ( ma!maticians4 ,9 fact !y _h a special ^w to designate ?is species ( activity2 namely1 1 :i* means to busy "o's self ) ! quadrature4 ,9 mod]n times1 also1 e educat$ p]son1 ?\gh he be n a ma!matician1 kn[s ! problem by "n1 & kn[s t x is insolvable1 or at lea/1 t despite ! ef=ts ( ! mo/ fam\s ma!maticians x has n yet be5 solv$4 ,= ?is reason ! phrase to squ>e ! circle1 is n[ us$ 9 ! s5se ( attempt+ ! impossible4 ,belief t rew>ds h be5 (f]$4 ,b 9 addition to ! antiquity ( ! problem1 & ! fact also t x is kn[n to ! lay _w1 we h yet a ?ird factor to po9t out t induces p to take up ) x4 ,?is is ! report t has be5 spread abroad = a hundr$ ye>s n[1 t ! ,academies1 ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 or "s o!r influ5tial p]son1 has (f]$ a great prize to be giv5 to ! "o t fir/ solves ! problem4 ,z a matt] ( fact we f9d ! hope ( obta9+ ?is l>ge prize ( money ! pr9cipal incitem5t to action ) _m circle-squ>]s4 ,& ! au?or ( ! book above ref]r$ to begs 8 read]s to l5d him _! assi/ance 9 obta9+ ! prizes (f]$4 ,! problem among ma!maticians4 ,al?\gh ! op9ion is widely curr5t 9 ! unpr(essional _w1 t pr(essional ma!maticians are /ill busi$ ) ! solution ( ! problem1 ?is is by no means ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 = "s two hundr$ ye>s1 ! endeavors ( _m consid]able ma!maticians h be5 solely direct$ t[>ds demon/rat+ ) exactness t ! problem is insolvable4 ,x is1 z a rule1--& naturally1--m difficult to prove t some?+ is impossible ?an to prove t x is possible4 ,& ?us x has happ5$1 t up to )9 a few ye>s ago1 despite ! employm5t ( ! mo/ v>i$ & ! mo/ compreh5sive me?ods ( mod]n ma!matics1 no "o succe$$ 9 supply+ ! wi%$-= demon/ration ( ! problem's impossibility4 ,at la/1 ,pr(essor ,l9demann1 ( ,knigsb]g1 9 ,june1 #ahhb1 succe$$ 9 furni%+ a demon/ration1--& ! fir/ demon/ration1--t x is impossible by ! exclusive employm5t ( rul] & compasses to con/ruct a squ>e t is ma!matically exactly equal 9 area to a giv5 circle4 ,! demon/ration1 naturally1 0 n effect$ ) ! help ( ! old elem5t>y me?ods2 = if x 71 x w\ld surely h be5 accompli%$ c5turies ago2 b me?ods 7 requisite t 7 fir/ furni%$ by ! !ory ( def9ite integrals & dep>tm5ts ( high] algebra develop$ 9 ! la/ decades2 9 o!r words x requir$ ! direct & indirect prep>atory labor ( _m c5turies to make f9ally possible a demon/ration ( ! insolvability ( ?is hi/oric problem4 ,( c\rse1 ?is demon/ration w h no m effect ?an ! resolution ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( #agge1 9 caus+ ! fecund race ( circle-squ>]s to vani% f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1 !re w be p :o "k no?+1 & w n want to "k any?+ ( ?is demon/ration1 & :o believe t !y _c help b succe$ 9 a matt] 9 :i* o!rs h fail$1 & t j !y h be5 appo9t$ by ,provid5ce to solve ! fam\s puzzle4 ,b un=tunately ! in]adicable passion ( want+ to solve ! quadrature ( ! circle has also its s]i\s side4 ,circle-squ>]s are n always s self-cont5t$ z ! au?or ( ! book we h m5tion$4 ,!y (t5 see or at lea/ div9e ! insup]able difficulties t t[] up be=e !m1 & ! conflict betwe5 _! aspirations & _! p]=mances1 ! consci\sness t !y want to solve ! problem b are unable to solve x1 d>k5s _! s\l &1 lo/ to ! _w1 !y become int]e/+ subjects = ! sci5ce ( psy*iatry4 ,,ii4 ,nature ( ! problem4 ,num]ical rectification4 ,if we h a circle be=e u1 x is easy = u to det]m9e ! l5g? ( its radius or ( its diamet]1 :i* mu/ be d\ble t ( ! radius2 & ! "q next arises to f9d ! numb] t repres5ts h[ _m times l>g] its circumf]5ce1 t is ! l5g? ( ! circul> l9e1 is ?an its radius or its diamet]4 ,f ! fact t all circles h ! same %ape x foll[s t ?is proportion w always be ! same = bo? l>ge & small circles4 ,n[1 s9ce ! "t ( ,ar*im$es1 all civilis$ nations t h cultivat$ ma!matics1 h call$ ! numb] t d5otes h[ _m times l>g] ?an ! diamet] ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is1 1--! ,greek initial lett] ( ! ^w p]iph]y4 ,to compute 1 !re=e1 means to calculate h[ _m times l>g] ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is ?an its diamet]4 ,?is calculation is call$ ! num]ical rectification ( ! circle4 ,! num]ical quadrature4 ,next to ! calculation ( ! circumf]5ce1 ! calculation ( ! sup]ficial cont5ts ( a circle by means ( its radius or diamet] is p]haps mo/ important2 t is1 ! computation ( h[ mu* area t "p ( a plane :i* lies )9 a circle measures4 ,?is calculation is call$ ! num]ical quadrature4 ,x dep5ds1 h[ev]1 ^u ! problem ( num]ical rectification2 t is1 ^u ! calculation ( ! magnitude ( 4 ,= x is demon/rat$ 9 elem5t>y geometry1 t ! area ( a circle is equal to ! area ( a triangle produc$ by draw+ 9 ! circle a radius1 erect+ at ! extremity ( ! same a tang5t1--t is1 9 ?is case1 a p]p5dicul>1--cutt+ (f ^u ! latt] ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce1 measur+ f ! extremity1 & jo9+ ! po9t ?us obta9$ ) ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,b x foll[s f ?is t ! area ( a circle is z _m times l>g] ?an ! squ>e ^u its radius z ! numb] am\nts to4 ,con/ructive rectification & quadrature4 ,! num]ical rectification & num]ical quadrature ( ! circle bas$ ^u ! computation ( ! numb] 1 are to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f problems t require a /raight l9e equal 9 l5g? to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 or a squ>e equal 9 area to a circle1 to be con/ructively produc$ out ( its radius or its diamet]2 problems :i* might prop]ly be call$ con/ructive rectification or con/ructive quadrature4 ,approximately1 ( c\rse1 by employ+ an approximate value = ^! problems are easily solvable4 ,b to solve a problem ( con/ruction1 9 geometry1 means to solve x ) ma!matical exactitude4 ,if ! value 7 exactly equal to ! ratio ( two :ole numb]s to "o ano!r1 ! con/ructive rectification w\ld pres5t no difficulties4 ,= example1 suppose ! circumf]5ce ( a circle 7 exactly #c-a_/g times great] ?an its diamet]2 !n ! diamet] c\ld be divid$ into sev5 equal p>ts1 :i* c\ld be easily done by ! pr9ciples ( planimetry ) rul] & compasses2 !n we w\ld produce to ! am\nt ( su* a "p a /raight l9e exactly ?ree times l>g] ?an ! diamet]1 & %\ld ?us obta9 a /raight l9e exactly equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 & z has actually be5 demon/rat$1 !re d n exi/ two :ole numb]s1 be !y ev] s great1 t exactly repres5t by _! proportion to "o ano!r ! numb] 4 ,consequ5tly1 a rectification ( ! k9d j describ$ does n atta9 ! object desir$4 ,x might be ask$ "h1 :e!r f ! demon/rat$ fact t ! numb] is n equal to ! ratio ( two :ole numb]s h[ev] great1 x does n imm$iately foll[ t x is impossible to con/ruct a /raight l9e exactly equal 9 l5g? to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle2 ?us demon/rat+ at once ! impossibility ( solv+ ! problem4 ,?is "q is to be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,= !re are 9 geometry _m sets ( two l9es ( :i* ! "o c be easily con/ruct$ f ! o!r1 not)/&+ ! fact t no two :ole numb]s c be f\nd to repres5t ! ratio ( ! two l9es4 ,! side & ! diagonal ( a squ>e1 = in/ance1 are s con/itut$4 ,x is true ! ratio ( ! latt] two magnitudes is ne>ly t ( #e to #g4 ,b ?is proportion is n exact1 & !re are 9 fact no two numb]s t repres5t ! ratio exactly4 ,nev]!less1 ei!r ( ^! two l9es c be easily con/ruct$ f ! o!r by ! sole employm5t ( rul] & compasses4 ,?is might be ! case1 too1 ) ! rectification ( ! circle2 & consequ5tly f ! impossibility ( repres5t+ by ! ratio betwe5 two :ole numb]s ! impossibility ( ! problem ( rectification is n inf]able4 ,! quadrature ( ! circle /&s & falls ) ! problem ( rectification4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! tru? above m5tion$1 t a circle is equal 9 area to a "r-angl$ triangle1 9 :i* "o side is equal to ! radius ( ! circle & ! o!r to ! circumf]5ce4 ,suppos+1 accord+ly1 t ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle 7 rectifi$1 !n we c\ld con/ruct ?is triangle4 ,b e triangle1 z is taught 9 ! elem5ts ( planimetry1 c1 ) ! help ( rul] & compasses be conv]t$ into a squ>e exactly equal to x 9 area4 ,s t1 !re=e1 suppos+ ! rectification ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle 7 successfully p]=m$1 a squ>e c\ld be con/ruct$ t w\ld be exactly equal 9 area to ! circle4 ,! dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r ( ! ?ree problems ( ! computation ( ! numb] 1 ( ! quadrature ( ! circle1 & its rectification1 ?us obliges u1 9 deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ! quadrature1 to reg>d inve/igations ) respect to ! value ( & attempts to rectify ! circle z ( equal importance1 & to consid] !m accord+ly4 ,conditions ( ! geometrical solution4 ,we h us$ repeat$ly 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion ! expression to con/ruct ) rul] & compasses4 ,x w be necess>y to expla9 :at is meant by ! specification ( ^! two in/rum5ts4 ,:5 su* a numb] ( conditions is annex$ to a requirem5t 9 geometry to con/ruct a c]ta9 figure t ! con/ruction only ( "o figure or a limit$ numb] ( figures is possible 9 accordance ) ! conditions giv52 su* a complete requirem5t is call$ a problem ( con/ruction1 or briefly a problem4 ,:5 a problem ( ?is k9d is pres5t$ = solution x is necess>y to r$uce x to simpl] problems1 already recognis$ z solvable2 & s9ce ^! latt] dep5d 9 _! turn ^u o!r1 /ill simpl] problems1 we are f9ally br\ght back to c]ta9 fundam5tal problems ^u :i* ! re/ are bas$ b :i* are n !mselves r$ucible to problems less simple4 ,^! fundam5tal problems are1 s to speak1 ! und]mo/ /ones ( ! edifice ( geometrical con/ruction4 ,! "q next arises z to :at problems may be prop]ly reg>d$ z fundam5tal2 & x has be5 f\nd1 t ! solution ( a great "p ( ! problems t arise 9 elem5t>y planimetry re/s ^u ! solution ( only five orig9al problems4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,! con/ruction ( a /raight l9e :i* %all pass ?r\gh two giv5 po9ts4 #b4 ,! con/ruction ( a circle ! c5tre ( :i* is a giv5 po9t & ! radius ( :i* has a giv5 l5g?4 #c4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! po9t t lies co9cid5tly on two giv5 /raight l9es ext5d$ z f> z is necess>y1--9 case su* a po9t 7po9t ( int]section7 exi/s4 #d4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! two po9ts t lie co9cid5tly on a giv5 /raight l9e & a giv5 circle1--9 case su* common po9ts 7po9ts ( int]section7 exi/4 #e4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! two po9ts t lie co9cid5tly on two giv5 circles1--9 case su* common po9ts 7po9ts ( int]section7 exi/4 ,= ! solution ( ! ?ree la/ ( ^! five problems ! eye alone is ne$$1 :ile = ! solution ( ! two fir/ problems1 besides p5cil1 ink1 *alk1 & ! l1 additional special in/rum5ts are requir$3 = ! solution ( ! fir/ problem a rul] is mo/ g5]ally us$1 & = ! solution ( ! second a pair ( compasses4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is no conc]n ( geometry :at me*anical in/rum5ts are employ$ 9 ! solution ( ! five problems m5tion$4 ,geometry simply limits itself to ! presupposition t ^! problems are solvable1 & reg>ds a complicat$ problem z solv$ if1 ^u a specification ( ! con/ructions ( :i* ! solution consi/s1 no o!r requirem5ts are dem&$ ?an ! five above m5tion$4 ,s9ce1 accord+ly1 geometry does n itself furni% ! solution ( ^! five problems1 b r exacts !m1 !y are t]m$ po/ulates4#ea ,all problems ( planimetry are n r$ucible to ^! five problems alone4 ,!re are problems t c be solv$ only by assum+ o!r problems z solvable :i* are n includ$ 9 ! five giv52 = example1 ! con/ruction ( an ellipse1 hav+ giv5 its c5tre & its major & m9or axes4 ,_m problems1 h[ev]1 possess ! prop]ty ( be+ solvable ) ! assi/ance solely ( ! five po/ulates above =mulat$1 & :]e ?is is ! case !y are said to be con/ructible ) rul] & compasses1 or elem5t>ily con/ructible4 #ea ,usually geomet]s m5tion only two po/ulates 7,nos4 #a & #b74 ,b s9ce to geometry prop] x is indiff]5t :e!r only ! eye1 or additional special me*anical in/rum5ts are necess>y1 ! au?or has reg>d$ x m correct 9 po9t ( me?od to assume five po/ulates4 ,aft] ^! g5]al rem>ks ^u ! solvability ( problems ( geometrical con/ruction1 :i* an und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! squ>+ ( ! circle makes indisp5sably necess>y1 ! significance ( ! "q :e!r ! quadrature ( ! circle is or is n solvable1 t is elem5t>ily solvable1 w become intelligible4 ,b ! conception j discuss$ ( elem5t>y solvability only gradually took cle> =m1 & we !re=e f9d among ! ,greeks z well z among ! ,arabs1 endeavors1 successful 9 "s respects1 t aim$ at solv+ ! quadrature ( ! circle ) o!r exp$i5ts ?an ! five po/ulates4 ,we h also to take ^! endeavors into consid]ation1 & especially s z !y1 no less ?an ! unsuccessful ef=ts at elem5t>y solution1 h ^u ! :ole advanc$ ! sci5ce ( geometry1 & contribut$ mu* to ! cl>ification ( geometrical ideas4 ,,iii4 ,! ,egyptian quadrature4 ,9 ! olde/ ma!matical "w t we possess we f9d a rule t tells u h[ to make a squ>e :i* is equal 9 area to a giv5 circle4 ,?is celebrat$ book1 ! ,papyrus ,rh9d ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 translat$ & expla9$ by ,eis5lohr 7,leipsic1 #ahhg71 0 writt51 z x is /at$ 9 ! "w1 9 ! ?irty-?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,ra-a-u1 by a scribe ( t mon>*1 nam$ ,ahmes4 ,! composition ( ! "w falls accord+ly into ! p]iod ( ! two ,hiksos dyna/ies1 t is1 9 ! p]iod betwe5 #bjjj & #agjj ,b4,c4 ,b !re is ano!r important circum/ance atta*$ to ?is4 ,ahmes m5tions 9 8 introduction t he compos$ 8 "w aft] ! model ( old treatises1 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,ra5mat2 :5ce x appe>s t ! orig9als ( ! ma!matical expositions ( ,ahmes1 are half a ?\s& ye>s old] yet ?an ! ,papyrus ,rh9d4 ,! rule giv5 9 ?is papyrus = obta9+ a squ>e equal to a circle1 specifies t ! diamet] ( ! circle %all be %ort5$ "o n9? ( its l5g? & ^u ! %ort5$ l9e ?us obta9$ a squ>e erect$4 ,( c\rse1 ! area ( a squ>e ( ?is con/ruction is only approximately equal to ! area ( ! circle4 ,an idea may be obta9$ ( ! degree ( exactness ( ?is orig9al1 primitive quadrature by our rem>k+1 t if ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 "q is "o metre 9 l5g?1 ! squ>e t is suppos$ to be equal to ! circle is a little less ?an half a squ>e decimetre l>g]2 an approximation n s accurate z t comput$ by ,ar*im$es1 yet mu* m correct ?an _m a "o lat] employ$4 ,x is n kn[n h[ ,ahmes or 8 pr$ecessors arriv$ at ?is approximate quadrature2 b x is c]ta9 t x 0 h&$ d[n 9 ,egypt f c5tury to c5tury1 & 9 late ,egyptian times x repeat$ly appe>s4 ,! ,biblical & ,babylonian quadratures4 ,besides among ! ,egyptians1 we also f9d 9 pre-,grecian antiquity an attempt at circle-computation among ! ,babylonians4 ,?is is n a quadrature2 b aims at ! rectification ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,! ,babylonian ma!maticians _h discov]$1 t if ! radius ( a circle be successively inscrib$ z *ord )9 its circumf]5ce1 aft] ! six? inscription we arrive at ! po9t ( dep>ture1 & !y conclud$ f ?is t ! circumf]5ce ( a circle mu/ be a little l>g] ?an a l9e :i* is six times z long z ! radius1 t is ?ree times z long z ! diamet]4 ,a trace ( ?is ,babylonian me?od ( computation may ev5 be f\nd 9 ! bible2 = 9 #a ,k+s vii4 #bc1 & #b ,*ron4 iv4 #b1 ! great lav] is describ$1 :i* "u ! "n ( ! molt5 sea con/itut$ an ornam5t ( ! temple ( ,solomon2 & x is said ( ?is vessel t x measur$ t5 cubits f brim to brim1 & ?irty cubits r\nd ab\t4 ,! numb] #c z ! ratio betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] is /ill m pla9ly giv5 9 ! ,talmud1 :]e we read t t :i* measures ?ree l5g?s 9 circumf]5ce is "o l5g? across4 ,among ! ,greeks4 ,) reg>d to ! e>li] ,greek ma!maticians1--z ,?ales & ,py?agoras1--we "k t !y acquir$ ! f\ndations ( _! ma!matical k 9 ,egypt4 ,b no?+ has be5 h&$ d[n to u :i* %[s t !y knew ( ! old ,egyptian quadrature1 or t !y dealt ) ! problem at all4 ,b tradition says1 t1 subsequ5tly1 ! tea*] ( ,euripides & ,p]icles1 ! great philosoph] & ma!matician ,anaxagoras1 :om ,plato s highly prais$1 drew ! quadrature ( ! circle 9 prison1 9 ! ye> #dcd4 ,?is is ! acc\nt ( ,plut>* 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( 8 "w ,de ,exilio4 ,anaxagoras4 ,! me?od is n told u 9 :i* ,anaxagoras _h supposably solv$ ! problem1 & x is n said :e!r kn[+ly or unkn[+ly he accompli%$ an approximate solution aft] ! mann] ( ,ahmes4 ,b at any rate1 to ,anaxagoras belongs ! m]it ( hav+ call$ att5tion to a problem t bore great fruit1 9 hav+ incit$ ,grecian s*ol>s to busy !mselves ) geometry1 & ?us m & m to advance t sci5ce4 ,! quadratrix ( ,hippias ( ,elis4 ,aga91 x is report$ t ! ma!matician ,hippias ( ,elis inv5t$ a curv$ l9e t c\ld be made to s]ve a d\ble purpose3 fir/1 to trisect an angle1 & second1 to squ>e ! circle4 ,?is curv$ l9e is ! s (t5 m5tion$ by ! lat] ,greek ma!maticians1 & by ! ,romans call$ quadratrix4 ,reg>d+ ! nature ( ?is curve we h exact k f ,pappus4 ,b x w be suffici5t1 "h1 to /ate t ! quadratrix is n a circle nor a portion ( a circle1 s t its con/ruction is n possible by means ( ! po/ulates enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,& !re=e ! solution ( ! quadrature ( ! circle f\nd$ on ! con/ruction ( ! quadratrix is n an elem5t>y solution 9 ! s5se discuss$ 9 ! la/ section4 ,we c1 x is true1 conceive a me*anism t w draw ?is curve z well z compasses draw a circle2 & ) ! assi/ance ( a me*anism ( ?is description ! squ>+ ( ! circle is solvable ) exactitude4 ,b if x be all[$ to employ 9 a solution an app>atus especially adapt$ !reto1 e problem may be said to be solvable4 ,/rictly tak51 ! inv5tion ( ! curve ( ,hippias sub/itutes = "o insup]able difficulty ano!r equally insup]able4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds1 ab\t ! ye> #cej1 ! ma!matician ,d9o/ratus %[$ t ! quadratrix c\ld also be us$ to solve ! problem ( rectification1 & f t "t on ?is problem plays almo/ ! same rle 9 ,grecian ma!matics z ! relat$ problem ( quadrature4 ,! ,sophi/s' solution4 ,z ^! problems gradually became kn[n to ! non-ma!maticians ( ,greece1 attempts at solution at once sprang up t are wor?y ( a place by ! side ( ! solutions ( mod]n amateur circle-squ>]s4 ,! ,sophi/s1 especially1 believ$ !mselves compet5t by s$uctive dialectic to take a /ronghold t _h defi$ ! intellectual onslaughts ( ! greate/ ma!maticians4 ,) v]bal nicety1 am\nt+ to pu]ility1 x 0 said t ! squ>+ ( ! circle dep5d$ ^u ! f9d+ ( a numb] :i* repres5t$ 9 itself bo? a squ>e & a circle2 a squ>e by be+ a squ>e numb]1 a circle 9 t x end$ ) ! same numb] z ! root numb] f :i*1 by multiplication ) itself1 x 0 produc$4 ,! numb] #cf1 accord+ly1 01 z !y ?\ght1 ! "o t embodi$ ! solution ( ! fam\s problem4 ,antiphon's attempt4 ,contra/$ ) ?is twi/+ ( words ! speculations ( ,bryson & ,antiphon1 bo? contempor>ies ( ,socrates1 ?\gh inexact1 appe> 9 high degree intellig5t4 ,antiphon divid$ ! circle into f\r equal arcs1 & by jo9+ ! po9ts ( division obta9$ a squ>e2 he !n divid$ ea* arc aga9 into two equal p>ts & ?us obta9$ an inscrib$ octagon2 !nce he con/ruct$ an inscrib$ dodecagon1 & p]ceiv$ t ! figure s inscrib$ m & m approa*$ ! %ape ( a circle4 ,9 ?is way1 he said1 "o %\ld proce$1 until !re 0 inscrib$ 9 ! circle a polygon ^: sides by reason ( _! smallness %\ld co9cide ) ! circle4 ,n[ ?is polygon c\ld1 by me?ods already taught by ! ,py?agoreans1 be conv]t$ into a squ>e ( equal area2 & ^u ! basis ( ?is fact ,antiphon reg>d$ ! squ>+ ( ! circle z solv$4 ,no?+ c be said aga9/ ?is me?od except t1 h[ev] f> ! bisection ( ! arcs is c>ri$1 ! result mu/ /ill rema9 an approximate "o4 ,bryson ( ,h]aclea4 ,! attempt ( ,bryson ( ,h]aclea 0 bett] /ill2 = ?is s*ol> did n re/ cont5t ) f9d+ a squ>e t 0 v little small] ?an ! circle1 b obta9$ by means ( circumscrib$ polygons ano!r squ>e t 0 v little l>g] ?an ! circle4 ,only ,bryson committ$ ! error ( believ+ t ! area ( ! circle 0 ! ari?metical mean betwe5 an inscrib$ & a circumscrib$ polygon ( an equal numb] ( sides4 ,not)/&+ ?is error1 h[ev]1 to ,bryson belongs ! m]it1 fir/1 ( hav+ introduc$ into ma!matics by 8 emphasis ( ! necessity ( a squ>e :i* 0 too l>ge & "o :i* 0 too small1 ! conception ( maximum & m9imum limits 9 approximations2 & secondly1 by 8 comp>ison ) a circle ( ! inscrib$ & circumscrib$ regul> polygons1 ! m]it ( hav+ indicat$ to ,ar*im$es ! way by :i* an approximate value = 0 to be rea*$4 ,hippocrates ( ,*ios4 ,n long aft] ,antiphon & ,bryson1 ,hippocrates ( ,*ios treat$ ! problem1 :i* _h n[ become m & m fam\s1 f a new po9t ( view4 ,hippocrates 0 n satisfi$ ) approximate equalities1 & se>*$ = curvil9e>ly b\nd$ plane figures :i* %\ld be ma!matically equal to a rectil9e>ly b\nd$ figure1 & !re=e c\ld be conv]t$ by rul] & compasses into a squ>e equal 9 area4 ,fir/1 ,hippocrates f\nd t ! cresc5t-%ap$ plane figure produc$ by draw+ two p]p5dicul> radii 9 a circle & describ+ ^u ! l9e jo9+ _! extremities a semicircle1 is exactly equal 9 area to ! triangle t is =m$ by ?is l9e ( junction & ! two radii2 & ^u ! basis ( ?is fact ! endeavors ( ! untir+ s*ol> 7 direct$ t[>ds conv]t+ a circle into a cresc5t4 ,naturally he 0 unable to atta9 ?is object1 b by 8 ef=ts to ?is end he discov]$ _m a new geometrical tru?2 among o!rs ! g5]alis$ =m ( ! !orem m5tion$1 :i* be>s to ! pres5t day ! "n ( ,lunulae ,hippocratis1 ! lunes ( ,hippocrates4 ,?us x appe>s1 9 ! case ( ,hippocrates1 9 ! pla9e/ light1 h[ ! v insolvable problems ( sci5ce are qualifi$ to advance sci5ce2 9 t !y incite inve/igators to devote !mselves ) p]si/5ce to its /udy & ?us to fa?om its dep?s4 ,euclid's avoidance ( ! problem4 ,foll[+ ,hippocrates 9 ! hi/orical l9e ( ! great ,grecian geometricians comes ! sy/emati/ ,euclid1 ^: rigid =mulation ( geometrical pr9ciples has rema9$ ! /&>d pres5tation d[n to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid1 h[ev]1 conta9 no?+ relat+ to ! quadrature ( ! circle or to circle-computation4 ,comp>isons ( surfaces :i* relate to ! circle are inde$ f\nd 9 ! book1 b n[h]e a computation ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle or ( ! area ( a circle4 ,?is palpable gap 9 ,euclid's sy/em 0 fill$ by ,ar*im$es1 ! greate/ ma!matician ( antiquity4 ,ar*im$es's calculations4 ,ar*im$es 0 born 9 ,syracuse 9 ! ye> #bhg ,b4 ,c41 & devot$ 8 life1 !re sp5t1 to ! ma!matical & ! physical sci5ces1 :i* he enri*$ ) invaluable contributions4 ,he liv$ 9 ,syracuse till ! tak+ ( ! t[n by ,m>cellus1 9 ! ye> #bab ,b4 ,c41 :5 he fell by ! h& ( a ,roman soldi] :om he _h =bidd5 to de/roy ! figures he _h drawn 9 ! s&4 ,to ! greate/ p]=mances ( ,ar*im$es ! successful computation ( ! numb] unque/ionably belongs4 ,l ,bryson he />t$ ) regul> inscrib$ & circumscrib$ polygons4 ,he %[$ h[ x 0 possible1 beg9n+ ) ! p]imet] ( an inscrib$ hexagon1 :i* is equal to six radii1 to obta9 by way ( calculation ! p]imet] ( a regul> dodecagon1 & !n ! p]imet] ( a figure hav+ d\ble ! numb] ( sides ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,treat+1 !n1 ! circumscrib$ polygons 9 a simil> mann]1 & proce$+ ) bo? s]ies ( polygons up to a regul> #if-sid$ polygon1 he p]ceiv$ on ! "o h& t ! ratio ( ! p]imet] ( ! inscrib$ #if-sid$ polygon to ! diamet] 0 great] ?an #fccf 3 #bjag-a_/d1 & on ! o!r h&1 t ! correspond+ ratio ) respect to ! circumscrib$ #if-sid$ polygon 0 small] ?an #adfhh 3 #dfgc-a_/b4 ,he inf]r$ f ?is1 t ! numb] 1 ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! diamet]1 0 great] ?an ! fraction #fccf_/bjag-a_/d & small] ?an #adfhh_/dfgc-a_/b4 ,r$uc+ ! two limits ?us f\nd = ! value ( 1 ,ar*im$es !n %[$ t ! fir/ fraction 0 great] ?an & t #c-aj_/ga & t ! second fraction 0 small] ?an #c-a_/g1 :5ce x foll[$ ) c]ta9ty t ! value s\ght = lay betwe5 #c-a_/g & #c-aj_/ga4 ,! l>g] ( ^! two approximate values is ! only "o usually le>n$ & employ$4 ,t :i* fills u mo/ ) a/oni%m5t 9 ! ,ar*im$ean computation ( 1 is1 fir/1 ! great acum5 & accuracy display$ 9 all ! details ( ! computation1 & !n ! unwe>i$ p]sev]ance t he mu/ h ex]cis$ 9 calculat+ ! limits ( )\t ! advantages ( ! ,arabian sy/em ( num]als & ( ! decimal notation4 ,= x mu/ be consid]$ t at _m /ages ( ! computation :at we call ! extraction ( roots 0 necess>y1 & t ,ar*im$es c\ld only by extremely t$i\s calculations obta9 ratios t express$ approximately ! roots ( giv5 numb]s & fractions4 ,! lat] ma!maticians ( ,greece4 ,) reg>d to ! ma!maticians ( ,greece t foll[ ,ar*im$es1 all ref] to & employ ! approximate value ( #c-a_/g = 1 )\t h[ev]1 contribut+ any?+ ess5tially new or additional to ! problems ( quadrature & ( cyclometry4 ,?us ,h]on ( ,alex&ria1 ! fa!r ( survey+1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #ajj ,b4 ,c41 employs = purposes ( practical measurem5t sometimes ! value #c-a_/g = & sometimes ev5 ! r\gh] approximation #c4 ,! a/ronom] ,ptolemy1 :o liv$ 9 ,alex&ria ab\t ! ye> #aej ,a4 ,d41 & :o 0 fam\s z be+ ! au?or ( ! planet>y sy/em univ]sally recognis$ z correct d[n to ! "t ( ,cop]nicus1 0 ! only "o :o furni%$ a m exact value2 ?is he designat$1 9 ! sexigesimal sy/em ( fractional notation :i* he employ$1 by #c1 #h1 #cj1--t is #c & #h_/fj & #cj_/cfjj1 or z we n[ say #c degrees1 #h m9utes 7p>tes m9utae primae71 & #cj seconds 7p>tes m9utae secundae74 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! expression #c #h_/fj #cj_/cfjj #c-ag_/abj repres5ts ! numb] m exactly ?an #c-a_/g2 b on ! o!r h&1 is1 by reason ( ! magnitude ( ! numb]s #ag & #abj z comp>$ ) ! numb]s #a & #g1 m cumb]some4 ,,iv4 ,among ! ,romans4 ,9 ! ma!matical sci5ces1 m ?an 9 any o!r1 ! ,romans /ood ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! ,greeks4 ,inde$1 ) respect to cyclometry1 !y n only did n add any?+ to ! ,grecian discov]ies1 b (t5 ev9c$ ev5 t !y ei!r did n "k ( ! beautiful result obta9$ by ,ar*im$es1 or at lea/ did n "k h[ to appreciate x4 ,= in/ance1 ,vitruvius1 :o liv$ dur+ ! "t ( ,augu/us1 comput$ t a :eel #d feet 9 diamet] mu/ measure #ab-a_/b feet 9 circumf]5ce2 9 o!r words1 he made equal to #c-a_/h4 ,&1 simil>ly1 a treatise on survey+1 pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,gudian manuscript ( ! libr>y at ,wolf5bttel1 conta9s ! foll[+ in/ructions to squ>e ! circle3 ,divide ! circumf]5ce ( a circle into f\r p>ts & make "o "p ! side ( a squ>e2 ?is squ>e w be equal 9 area to ! circle4 ,aside f ! fact t ! rectification ( ! arc ( a circle is requisite to ! con/ruction ( a squ>e ( ?is k9d1 ! ,roman quadrature1 view$ z a calculation1 is m inexact ev5 ?an any o!r computation2 = its result is t #d4 ,among ! ,h9dus4 ,! ma!matical p]=mances ( ! ,h9dus 7 n only great] ?an ^? ( ! ,romans1 b 9 c]ta9 directions ev5 surpass$ ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t s\rce = ! ma!matics ( ,india t we "k (1 ! ,culvastras1 :i* date back to a little be=e our *ronological era1 we d n f9d1 x is true1 ! squ>+ ( ! circle treat$ (1 b ! opposite problem is dealt )1 :i* might fitt+ly be t]m$ ! circl+ ( ! squ>e4 ,! half ( ! side ( a giv5 squ>e is prolong$ "o ?ird ( ! excess 9 l5g? ( half ! diagonal ov] half ! side1 & ! l9e ?us obta9$ is tak5 z ! radius ( ! circle equal 9 area to ! squ>e4 ,! simple/ way to obta9 an idea ( ! exactness ( ?is con/ruction is to compute h[ great w\ld h to be if ! con/ruction 7 exactly correct4 ,we f9d out 9 ?is way t ! value ( ^u :i* ! ,indian circl+ ( ! squ>e is bas$1 is ab\t f five to six hundr$?s small] ?an ! true value1 :]eas ! approximate ( ,ar*im$es1 #c-a_/g1 is only f "o to two ?\s&?s too l>ge1 & ! old ,egyptian value exce$s ! true value by f "o to two hundr$?s4 ,cyclometry v probably made great advances among ! ,h9dus 9 ! fir/ f\r or five c5turies ( our era2 = ,aryabhatta1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #ejj aft] ,*ri/1 /ates1 t ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! diamet] is #fbhcb 3 #bjjjj1 an approximation t 9 exactness surpasses ev5 t ( ,ptolemy4 ,! ,h9du result gives #c4adaf = 1 :ile really lies betwe5 #c4adaeib & #c4adaeic4 ,h[ ! ,h9dus obta9$ ?is excell5t approximate value is told by ,ganea1 ! comm5tator ( ,bhsk>a1 an au?or ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,ganea says t ! me?od ( ,ar*im$es 0 c>ri$ /ill f>!r by ! ,h9du ma!maticians2 t by cont9ually d\bl+ ! numb] ( sides !y proce$$ f ! hexagon to a polygon ( #chd sides1 & t by ! comp>ison ( ! circumf]5ces ( ! inscrib$ & circumscrib$ #chd-sid$ polygons !y f\nd t 0 equal to #cibg3 #abej4 ,x w be se5 t ! value giv5 by ,bhsk>a is id5tical ) ! value ( ,aryabhatta4 ,x is fur!r wor?y ( rem>k t ! e>li] ( ^! two ,h9du ma!maticians does n m5tion ei!r ! value #c-a_/g ( ,ar*im$es or ! value #c-ag_/abj ( ,ptolemy1 b t ! lat] kn[s ( bo? values & especially recomm5ds t ( ,ar*im$es z ! mo/ useful "o = practical application4 ,/range to say1 ! good approximate value ( ,aryabhatta does n occur 9 ,bramagupta1 ! great ,h9du ma!matician :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury2 b we f9d ! curi\s in=mation 9 ?is au?or t ! area ( a circle is exactly equal to ! squ>e root ( #aj :5 ! radius is unity4 ,! value ( z d]ivable f ?is =mula1--a value f two to ?ree hundr$?s too l>ge1--has unque/ionably aris5 ^u ,h9du soil4 ,= x occurs 9 no ,grecian ma!matician2 & ,arabian au?ors1 :o 7 9 a bett] position ?an we to "k ,greek & ,h9du ma!matical lit]ature1 decl>e t ! approximation :i* makes equal to ! squ>e root ( #aj1 is ( ,h9du orig94 ,x is possible t ! ,h9du p1 :o 7 addict$ m ?an any o!r to num]al my/icism1 s\ght to f9d 9 ?is approximation "s connection ) ! fact t man has t5 f+]s2 & t5 accord+ly is ! basis ( _! num]al sy/em4 ,review+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,h9dus g5]ally ) respect to ! problem ( ! quadrature1 we are br\ght to recognise t ?is p1 ^: tal5ts lay m 9 ! l9e ( ari?metical computation ?an 9 ! p]ception ( spatial relations1 accompli%$ z good z no?+ on ! pure geometrical side ( ! problem1 b t ! m]it belongs to !m ( hav+ c>ri$ ! ,ar*im$ean me?od ( comput+ sev]al /ages f>!r1 & ( hav+ obta9$ 9 ?is way a mu* m exact value = x--a circum/ance t is expla9able :5 we consid] t ! ,h9dus are ! inv5tors ( our pres5t sy/em ( num]al notation1 possess+ :i* !y easily outdid ,ar*im$es1 :o employ$ ! awkw>d ,greek sy/em4 ,among ! ,*9ese4 ,) reg>d to ! ,*9ese1 ?is p op]at$ 9 anci5t times ) ! ,babylonian value = 1 or #c2 b possess$ k ( ! approximate value ( ,ar*im$es at lea/ s9ce ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,besides ?is1 !re appe>s 9 a numb] ( ,*9ese ma!matical treatises an approximate value peculi>ly _! own1 9 :i* #c-g_/ej2 a value1 h[ev]1 :i* not)/&+ x is writt5 9 l>g] figures1 is no bett] ?an t ( ,ar*im$es4 ,attempts at ! con/ructive quadrature ( ! circle are n f\nd among ! ,*9ese4 ,among ! ,arabs4 ,great] 7 ! m]its ( ! ,arabians 9 ! advancem5t & developm5t ( ma!matics2 & especially 9 virtue ( ! fact t !y pres]v$ f oblivion bo? ,greek & ,h9du ma!matics1 & h&$ !m d[n to ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,arabians expressly di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! ,ar*im$ean approximate value & ! two ,h9du values ! squ>e root ( #aj & ! ratio #fbhcb 3 #bjjjj4 ,?is di/9ction occurs also 9 ,muhamm$ ,ibn ,musa ,al*w>izm1 ! same s*ol> :o 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury br\ght ! pr9ciples ( our pres5t sy/em ( num]ical notation f ,india & introduc$ ! same into ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,! ,arabians1 h[ev]1 did n /udy ! num]ical quadrature ( ! circle only1 b also ! con/ructive2 z1 = in/ance1 ,ibn ,alhaitam1 :o liv$ 9 ,egypt ab\t ! ye> #ajjj & ^: treatise ^u ! squ>+ ( ! circle is pres]v$ 9 a ,vatican codex1 :i* has un=tunately n yet be5 edit$4 ,9 ,*ri/ian times4 ,*ri/ian civilisation1 to :i* we are n[ ab\t to pass1 produc$ up to ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury extremely insignificant results 9 ma!matics4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to our pres5t problem we h b a s+le important "w to m5tion2 ! "w1 namely1 ( ,frankos ,von ,ltti*1 ^u ! squ>+ ( ! circle1 publi%$ 9 six books1 b only pres]v$ 9 fragm5ts4 ,! au?or1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 0 probably a pupil ( ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii1 himself a n inconsid]able ma!matician = 8 "t1 & :o also wrote ! mo/ celebrat$ book on geometry ( ! p]iod4 ,c>d9al ,nicolaus ,de ,cusa4 ,great] int]e/ came to be be/[$ ^u ma!matics 9 g5]al1 b especially on ! problem ( ! quadrature ( ! circle1 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! sci5ces aga9 began to revive4 ,?is int]e/ 0 especially ar\s$ by ,c>d9al ,nicolaus ,de ,cusa1 a man highly e/eem$ on acc\nt ( 8 a/ronomical & cal5d>ial /udies4 ,he claim$ to h discov]$ ! quadrature ( ! circle by ! employm5t solely ( compasses & rul]1 & ?us attract$ ! att5tion ( s*ol>s to ! n[ hi/oric problem4 ,p believ$ ! fam\s ,c>d9al1 & m>vell$ at 8 wisdom1 until ,regiomontanus1 9 lett]s :i* he wrote 9 #adfd & #adfe & :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #aecc1 rigidly demon/rat$ t ! ,c>d9al's quadrature 0 incorrect4 ,! con/ruction ( ,cusa 0 z foll[s4 ,! radius ( a circle is prolong$ a di/ance equal to ! side ( ! inscrib$ squ>e2 ! l9e ?us obta9$ is tak5 z ! diamet] ( a second circle & 9 ! latt] an equilat]al triangle is describ$2 !n ! p]imet] ( ! latt] is equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! orig9al circle4 ,if ?is con/ruction1 :i* its inv5tor reg>d$ z exact1 be consid]$ z a con/ruction ( approximation1 x w be f\nd to be m inexact ev5 ?an ! con/ruction result+ f ! value #c-a_/g4 ,= by ,cusa's me?od w\ld be f five to six ?\s&?s small] ?an x really is4 ,bovillius & ,orontius ,f9aeus4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury a c]ta9 ,bovillius appe>s1 :o ann\nc$ anew ! con/ruction ( ,cusa2 meet+ h[ev] ) no notice4 ,b ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury a book 0 publi%$ :i* ! s*ol>s ( ! "t at fir/ receiv$ ) int]e/4 ,x bore ! pr\d title ,de ,rebus ,ma!maticis ,hact5us ,desid]atis4 ,its au?or1 ,orontius ,f9aeus1 repres5t$ t he _h ov]come all ! difficulties t _h ev] /ood 9 ! way ( geometrical inve/igators2 & incid5tally he also communicat$ to ! _w ! true quadrature ( ! circle4 ,8 fame 0 %ort-liv$4 ,= soon aft]w>ds1 9 a book entitl$ ,de ,erratis ,orontii1 ! ,portuguese ,petrus ,nonius demon/rat$ t ,orontius's quadrature1 l mo/ ( 8 o!r pr(ess$ discov]ies1 0 incorrect4 ,simon ,van ,eyck4 ,9 ! p]iod foll[+ ?is ! numb] ( circle-squ>]s s increas$ t we %all h to limit ourselves to ^? :om ma!maticians recognise4 ,& p>ticul>ly is ,simon ,van ,eyck to be m5tion$1 :o t[>ds ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury publi%$ a quadrature :i* 0 s approximate t ! value ( d]iv$ f x 0 m exact ?an t ( ,ar*im$es2 & to disprove x ! ma!matician ,pet] ,metius 0 oblig$ to seek a /ill m accurate value ?an #c-a_/g4 ,! errone\s quadrature ( ,van ,eyck 0 ?us ! occasion ( ,metius's discov]y t ! ratio #cee 3 #aac1 or #c-af_/aac1 v>i$ f ! true value ( by less ?an "o "o-million?1 eclips+ accord+ly all values hi!rto obta9$4 ,moreov]1 x is demon/rable by ! !ory ( cont9u$ fractions1 t1 admitt+ figures to f\r places only1 no two numb]s m exactly repres5t ! value ( ?an #cee & #aac4 ,joseph ,scalig]4 ,9 ! same way ! quadrature ( ! great philologi/ ,joseph ,scalig] l$ to refutations4 ,l mo/ circle-squ>]s :o believe 9 _! discov]y1 ,scalig] also 0 little v]s$ 9 ! elem5ts ( geometry4 ,he solv$1 h[ev]1--at lea/ 9 8 own op9ion he did1--! fam\s problem2 & publi%$ 9 #aeib a book ^u x1 :i* bore ! pret5ti\s title ,nova ,cyclometria & 9 :i* ! "n ( ,ar*im$es 0 d]id$4 ,! wor?lessness ( 8 suppos$ discov]y 0 demon/rat$ to him by ! greate/ ma!maticians ( 8 "t2 namely1 ,vieta1 ,adrianus ,romanus1 & ,clavius4 ,longomontanus1 ,john ,porta1 & ,gregory ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,( ! err+ circle-squ>]s t fl\ri%$ be=e ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?ree o!rs des]ve p>ticul> m5tion--,longomontanus ( ,cop5hag51 :o r5d]$ su* great s]vices to a/ronomy1 ! ,neapolitan ,john ,porta1 & ,gregory ( ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,longomontanus made #c-adahe_/ajjjjj1 & 0 s conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( 8 result t he ?ank$ ,god f]v5tly1 9 ! preface to 8 "w ,inv5tio ,quadraturae ,circuli1 t ,he _h grant$ him 9 8 high old age ! /r5g? to conqu] ! celebrat$ difficulty4 ,john ,porta foll[$ ! initiative ( ,hippocrates1 & believ$ he _h solv$ ! problem by ! comp>ison ( lunes4 ,gregory ( ,/4 ,v9c5t publi%$ a quadrature1 ! error ( :i* 0 v h>d to detect b 0 f9ally discov]$ by ,desc>tes4 ,pet] ,metius & ,vieta4 ,( ! fam\s ma!maticians :o dealt ) our problem 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! "t ( ,newton1 we fir/ meet ) ,pet] ,metius1 be=e m5tion$1 :o succe$$ 9 f9d+ 9 ! fraction #cee 3 #aac ! be/ approximate value = involv+ only small numb]s4 ,! problem receiv$ a diff]5t advancem5t at ! h&s ( ! fam\s ma!matician ,vieta4 ,vieta 0 ! fir/ to :om ! idea occurr$ ( repres5t+ ) ma!matical exactness by an inf9ite s]ies ( cont9uable op]ations4 ,by comp>ison ( inscrib$ & circumscrib$ polygons1 ,vieta f\nd t we approa* ne>] & ne>] to if we all[ ! op]ations ( ! extraction ( ! squ>e root ( #a_/b1 & ( addition & ( multiplication to succe$ ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & t mu/ come out exactly1 if ?is s]ies ( op]ations c\ld be indef9itely cont9u$4 ,vieta ?us f\nd t to a diamet] ( #ajjjj million units a circumf]5ce belongs ( #cadae million & f #ibfece to #ibfecf units ( ! same l5g?4 ,adrianus ,romanus1 ,ludolf ,van ,ceul54 ,b ,vieta 0 outdone by ! ,ne!rl&] ,adrianus ,romanus1 :o add$ five additional decimal places to ! t5 ( ,vieta4 ,to accompli% ?is he comput$ ) unspeakable labor ! circumf]5ce ( a regul> circumscrib$ polygon ( #ajgcgdahbd sides4 ,?is numb] is ! ?irtie? p[] ( #b4 ,yet great z ! labor ( ,adrianus ,romanus 01 t ( ,ludolf ,van ,ceul5 0 /ill great]2 = ! latt] calculator succe$$ 9 c>ry+ ! ,ar*im$ean process ( approximation = ! value ( to #ce decimal places1 t is1 ! deviation f ! true value 0 small] ?an "o "o-?\s& qu9tillion?1 a degree ( exactness t we c h>dly h any conception (4 ,ludolf publi%$ ! figures ( ! trem5d\s computation t l$ to ?is result4 ,8 calculation 0 c>efully exam9$ by ! ma!matician ,griemb]g] & decl>$ to be correct4 ,ludolf 0 ju/ly pr\d ( 8 "w1 & foll[+ ! example ( ,ar*im$es1 reque/$ 9 8 w t ! result ( 8 mo/ important ma!matical p]=mance1 ! computation ( to #ce decimal places1 be engrav$ ^u 8 tomb/one2 a reque/ :i* is said to h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,9 honor ( ,ludolf1 is call$ to-day 9 ,g]many ! ,ludolfian numb]4 ,! new me?od ( ,snell4 ,huyg5s's v]ification ( x4 ,al?\gh ?r\gh ! labor ( ,ludolf a degree ( exactness = cyclometrical op]ations 0 n[ obta9$ t 0 m ?an suffici5t = any practical purpose t c\ld ev] arise1 nei!r ! problem ( con/ructive rectification nor t ( con/ructive quadrature 0 !reby 9 any respect !oretically advanc$4 ,! inve/igations conduct$ by ! fam\s ma!maticians & physici/s ,huyg5s & ,snell ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 m important f a ma!matical po9t ( view ?an ! "w ( ,ludolf4 ,9 8 book ,cyclometricus ,snell took ! position t ! me?od ( comp>ison ( polygons1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,ar*im$es & 0 employ$ by ,ludolf1 ne$ by no means be ! be/ me?od ( atta9+ ! end s\ght2 & he succe$$ by ! employm5t ( propositions :i* /ate t c]ta9 arcs ( a circle are great] or small] ?an c]ta9 /raight l9es connect$ ) ! circle1 9 obta9+ me?ods t make x possible to rea* results l ! ,ludolfian ) mu* less labor ( calculation4 ,! beautiful !orems ( ,snell 7 prov$ a second "t1 & bett] prov$1 by ! celebrat$ ,dut* promot] ( ! sci5ce ( optics1 ,huyg5s 7,op]a ,v>ia1 p4 #cfe et seq42 ,!oremata ,de ,circuli et ,hyp]bolae ,quadratura1 #afea71 z well z p]fect$ 9 _m ways4 ,snell & ,huyg5s 7 fully aw>e t !y _h advanc$ only ! problem ( num]ical quadrature1 & n t ( ! con/ructive quadrature4 ,?is1 9 ,huyg5s's case1 pla9ly appe>$ f ! vehem5t dispute he conduct$ ) ! ,engli% ma!matician ,james ,gregory4 ,?is controv]sy has "s significance = ! hi/ory ( our problem1 f ! fact t ,gregory made ! fir/ attempt to prove t ! squ>+ ( ! circle ) rul] & compasses mu/ be impossible4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 ,huyg5s & ,gregory4 ,! result ( ! controv]sy1 to :i* we owe _m valuable treatises1 01 t ,huyg5s f9ally demon/rat$ 9 an incontrov]tible mann] ! incorrectness ( ,gregory's pro( ( impossibility1 add+ t he also 0 ( op9ion t ! solution ( ! problem ) rul] & compasses 0 impossible1 b nev]!less 0 n himself able to demon/rate ?is fact4 ,& ,newton1 lat]1 express$ himself to a simil> effect4 ,z a matt] ( fact x took till ! mo/ rec5t p]iod1 t is ov] #bjj ye>s1 until high] ma!matics 0 f> en\gh advanc$ to furni% a rigid demon/ration ( impossibility4 ,v4 ,be=e we proce$ to consid] ! promotive influ5ce :i* ! inv5tion ( ! diff]5tial & ! integral calculus _h ^u our problem1 we %all enum]ate a few at lea/ ( t nev]-end+ l9e ( mi/ak5 quadrators :o delight$ ! _w by ! fruits ( _! +5uity f ! "t ( ,newton to ! pres5t p]iod2 & out ( a pi\s & s9c]e consid]ation = ! contempor>y _w1 we %all entirely omit 9 ?is to speak ( ! circle-squ>]s ( our own "t4 ,hobbes's quadrature4 ,fir/ to be m5tion$ is ! celebrat$ ,engli% philosoph] ,hobbes4 ,9 8 book ,de ,problematis ,physicis1 9 :i* he *iefly proposes to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( gravity & ( ocean tides1 he also takes up ! quadrature ( ! circle & gives a v trivial con/ruction t 9 8 op9ion def9itively solv$ ! problem1 mak+ #c-a_/e4 ,9 view ( ,hobbes's importance z a philosoph]1 two ma!maticians1 ,huyg5s & ,wallis1 ?\ght x prop] to refute ,hobbes at l5g?4 ,b ,hobbes def5d$ 8 position 9 a special treatise1 9 :i* to su/a9 at lea/ ! appe>ance ( be+ "r1 he disput$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( geometry & ! !orem ( ,py?agoras2 s t ma!maticians c\ld pass on f him to ! ord] ( ! day4 ,fr5* quadrators ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ,france especially 0 ri* 9 circle-squ>]s4 ,we w m5tion3 ,oliv] de ,s]res1 :o by means ( a pair ( scales det]m9$ t a circle weigh$ z mu* z ! squ>e ^u ! side ( ! equilat]al triangle inscrib$ 9 x1 t !re=e !y mu/ h ! same area1 an exp]im5t 9 :i* #c2 ,ma?ulon1 :o (f]$ 9 legal =m a rew>d ( a ?\s& doll>s to ! p]son :o w\ld po9t out an error 9 8 solution ( ! problem1 & :o 0 actually compell$ by ! c\rts to pay ! money2 ,bassel91 :o believ$ t 8 quadrature mu/ be "r because x agre$ ) ! approximate value ( ,ar*im$es1 & :o ana!matis$ 8 ungrateful contempor>ies1 9 ! confid5ce t he w\ld be recognis$ by po/]ity2 ,lig]1 :o prov$ t a "p is great] ?an ! :ole & to :om !re=e ! quadrature ( ! circle 0 *ild's play2 ,cl]get1 :o bas$ 8 solution ^u ! pr9ciple t a circle is a polygon ( a def9ite numb] ( sides1 & :o calculat$1 also1 among o!r ?+s1 h[ l>ge ! po9t is at :i* two circles t\*4 ,g]many & ,pol&4 ,g]many & ,pol& also furni% _! cont+5t to ! army ( circle-squ>]s4 ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,corsoni* produc$ a quadrature 9 :i* equall$ #c-a_/h1 & promis$ fifty ducats to ! p]son :o c\ld prove t x 0 incorrect4 ,hesse ( ,b]l9 wrote an ari?metic 9 #aggf1 9 :i* a true quadrature 0 also made kn[n1 be+ exactly equal to #c-ad_/ii4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,pr(essor ,bis*(f ( ,/ett9 def5d$ a quadrature previ\sly publi%$ by ,capta9 ,lei/n]1 ,prea*] ,m]kel1 & ,s*oolma/] ,bhm1 :i* made implicite equal to ! squ>e ( #fb_/ce1 n ev5 atta9+ ! approximation ( ,ar*im$es4 ,con/ructive approximations4 ,eul]4 ,ko*ansky4 ,f attempts ( ?is "* are to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ con/ructions ( approximation 9 :i* ! inv5tor is aw>e t he has n f\nd a ma!matically exact con/ruction1 b only an approximate "o4 ,! value ( su* a con/ruction w dep5d ^u two ?+s--fir/1 ^u ! degree ( exactness ) :i* x is num]ically express$1 & secondly on ! fact :e!r ! con/ruction c be m or less easily made ) rul] & compasses4 ,con/ructions ( ?is k9d1 simple 9 =m & yet suffici5tly exact = practical purposes1 h = c5turies be5 furni%$ u 9 great numb]s4 ,! great ma!matician ,eul]1 :o di$ 9 #aghc1 did n ?9k x out ( place to attempt an approximate con/ruction ( ?is k9d4 ,a v simple con/ruction = ! rectification ( ! circle & "o :i* has pass$ into _m geometrical text books1 is t publi%$ by ,ko*ansky 9 #afhe 9 ! ,leipzig] ,b]i*te4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,erect ^u ! diamet] ( a circle at its extremities p]p5dicul>s2 ) ! c5tre z v]tex1 m>k (f ^u ! diamet] an angle ( #cj2 f9d ! po9t ( int]section ) ! p]p5dicul> ( ! l9e la/ drawn1 & jo9 ?is po9t ( int]section ) t po9t ^u ! o!r p]p5dicul> :i* is at a di/ance ( ?ree radii f ! base ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! l9e ( junction ?us obta9$ is !n v approximately equal to "o-half ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! giv5 circle4 ,calculation %[s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce & ! l9e ?us con/ruct$ is less ?an #c_/ajjjjj ( ! diamet]4 ,inutility ( con/ructive approximations4 ,al?\gh su* con/ructions ( approximation are v int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 !y nev]!less play b a subord9ate rle 9 ! hi/ory ( ! squ>+ ( ! circle2 = on ! "o h& !y c nev] furni% great] exactness = circle-computation ?an ! ?irty-five decimal places :i* ,ludolf f\nd1 & on ! o!r h& !y are n adapt$ to advance 9 any way ! "q :e!r ! exact quadrature ( ! circle ) rul] & compasses is possible4 ,! rese>*es ( ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 ,wallis1 & ,br\nck]4 ,! num]ical side ( ! problem1 h[ev]1 0 consid]ably advanc$ by ! new ma!matical me?ods p]fect$ by ,newton & ,leibnitz1 commonly call$ ! diff]5tial & ! integral calculus4 ,& ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "s "t be=e ,newton & ,leibnitz repres5t$ by s]ies ( p[]s1 ! ,engli% ma!maticians ,wallis & ,"l ,br\nck]1 ,newton's pr$ecessors 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 succe$$ 9 repres5t+ by an inf9ite s]ies ( figures comb9$ by ! fir/ f\r rules ( ari?metic4 ,a new me?od ( computation 0 ?us op5$4 ,wallis f\nd t ! f\r? "p ( is repres5t$ m exactly by ! regul>ly =m$ product #b_/c #d_/c #d_/e #f_/e #f_/g #h_/g #h_/i etc4 ! f>!r ! multiplication is cont9u$1 & t ! result always comes out too small if we /op at a prop] fraction b too l>ge if we /op at an improp] fraction4 ,"l ,br\nck]1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts ! value 9 "q by a cont9u$ fraction 9 :i* all ! d5om9ators are equal to #b & ! num]ators are odd squ>e numb]s4 ,wallis1 to :om ,br\nck] _h communicat$ 8 elegant result )\t pro(1 demon/rat$ ! same 9 8 ,ari?metic ( ,inf9ites4 ,! computation ( c\ld h>dly be f>!r advanc$ by ^! results ?an ,ludolf & o!rs _h c>ri$ x1 ?\gh ( c\rse 9 a m labori\s way4 ,h[ev]1 ! s]ies ( p[]s d]iv$ by ! assi/ance ( ! diff]5tial calculus ( ,newton & ,leibnitz furni%$ a means ( comput+ x to hundr$s ( decimal places4 ,o!r calculations4 ,gregory1 ,newton1 & ,leibnitz next f\nd t ! f\r? "p ( 0 equal exactly to #a - #a_/c #a_/e - #a_/g #a_/i - #a_/aa #a_/ac - 444 if we conceive ?is s]ies1 :i* is call$ ! ,leibnitzian1 indef9itely cont9u$4 ,?is s]ies is inde$ wond]fully simple1 b is n adapt$ to ! computation ( 1 = ! reason t entirely too _m memb]s h to be tak5 into acc\nt to obta9 accurately to a few decimal places only4 ,! orig9al =mula1 h[ev]1 f :i* ?is s]ies is d]iv$1 gives o!r =mulas :i* are excell5tly adapt$ to ! actual computation4 ,?is =mula is ! g5]al s]ies3 a - #a_/c;a#c #a_/e;a#e - #a_/g;a#g 4441 :]e is ! l5g? ( ! arc t belongs to any c5tral angle 9 a circle ( radius #a1 & :]e a is ! tang5t to ?is angle4 ,f ?is we d]ive ! foll[+3 _/#d 7a b c 4447 - #a_/c7;a#c b#c c#c 4447 #a_/e7;a#e b#e c#e 4447 - 4441 :]e a1 b1 c 444 are ! tang5ts ( angles ^: sum is #de4 ,det]m9+1 !re=e1 ! values ( a1 b1 c 4441 :i* are equal to small & easy fractions & fulfil ! condition j m5tion$1 we obta9 s]ies ( p[]s :i* are adapt$ to ! computation ( 4 ,! fir/ to add by ! aid ( s]ies ( ?is description additional decimal places to ! old #ce 9 ! numb] 0 ! ,engli% ari?metician ,abraham ,%>p1 :o foll[+ ,halley's in/ructions1 9 #agjj1 work$ out to #gb decimal places4 ,a little lat] ,ma*91 pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ,london1 comput$ to #ajj decimal places2 putt+1 9 ! s]ies giv5 above1 a b c d #a_/e & e -#a_/bci1 t is employ+ ! foll[+ s]ies3 _/#d #d4 #a_/e - #a_/c4ec #a_/e4ee - #a_/g4eg 444 - #a_/bci - #a_/c4bcic #a_/e4bcie - 444 ,! computation ( to _m decimal places4 ,9 ! ye> #ahai1 ,lagny ( ,p>is outdid ! computation ( ,ma*91 det]m9+ 9 two diff]5t ways ! fir/ #abg decimal places ( 4 ,vega !n obta9$ z _m z #adj places1 & ! ,hamburg ari?metician ,za*>ias ,dase w5t z f> z #bjj places4 ,! latt] did n use ,ma*9's s]ies 9 8 calculation1 b ! s]ies produc$ by putt+ 9 ! g5]al s]ies above giv5 a #a_/b1 b #a_/e1 c #a_/h4 ,f9ally1 at a rec5t date1 has be5 comput$ to #ejj places4 ,idea ( exactness obta9able ) ! approximate values ( 4 ,! computation to s _m decimal places may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! excell5ce ( ! mod]n me?od z contra/$ ) ^? anci5tly employ$1 b o!rwise x has nei!r a !oretical nor a practical value4 ,t ! computation ( to say #ae decimal places m ?an suffici5tly satisfies ! subtle/ requirem5ts ( practice may be ga!r$ f a concrete example ( ! degree ( exactness ?us obta9able4 ,imag9e a circle to be describ$ ) ,b]l9 z c5tre1 & ! circumf]5ce to pass ?r\gh ,hamburg2 !n let ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle be comput$ by multiply+ its diamet] ) ! value ( to #ae decimal places1 & !n conceive x to be actually measur$4 ,! deviation f ! true l5g? 9 s l>ge a circle z ?is ev5 c\ld n be z great z ! #ah million? "p ( a millimetre4 ,an idea c h>dly be obta9$ ( ! degree ( exactness produc$ by #ajj decimal places4 ,b ! foll[+ example may possibly give u "s conception ( x4 ,conceive a sph]e con/ruct$ ) ! e>? z c5tre1 & imag9e its surface to pass ?r\gh ,sirius1 :i* is #acd-a_/b million million kilometres di/ant f u4 ,!n imag9e ?is enorm\s sph]e to be s pack$ ) microbes t 9 e cubic millimetre millions ( millions ( ^! dim9utive animalcula are pres5t4 ,n[ conceive ^! microbes to be all unpack$ & s di/ribut$ s+ly along a /raight l9e1 t e two microbes are z f> di/ant f ea* o!r z ,sirius f u1 t is #acd-a_/b million million kilometres4 ,conceive ! long l9e ?us fix$ by all ! microbes1 z ! diamet] ( a circle1 & imag9e ! circumf]5ce ( x to be calculat$ by multiply+ its diamet] ) to #ajj decimal places4 ,!n1 9 ! case ( a circle ( ?is enorm\s magnitude ev51 ! circumf]5ce ?us calculat$ w\ld n v>y f ! real circumf]5ce by a million? ( a millimetre4 ,?is example w suffice to %[ t ! calculation ( to #ajj or #ejj decimal places is :olly useless4 ,pr(essor ,wolff's curi\s me?od4 ,be=e we close ?is *apt] ^u ! evaluation ( 1 we mu/ m5tion ! me?od1 less fruitful ?an curi\s1 :i* ,pr(essor ,wolff ( ,zuri* employ$ "s decades ago to compute ! value ( to #c places4 ,! floor ( a room is divid$ up into equal squ>es1 s z to resemble a huge *ess-bo>d1 & a ne$le exactly equal 9 l5g? to ! side ( ea* ( ^! squ>es1 is ca/ haphaz>d ^u ! floor4 ,if we calculate1 n[1 ! probabilities ( ! ne$le s fall+ z to lie :olly )9 "o ( ! squ>es1 t is s t x does n cross any ( ! p>allel l9es =m+ ! squ>es1 ! result ( ! calculation = ?is probability w be f\nd to be exactly equal to - #c4 ,consequ5tly1 a suffici5t numb] ( ca/s ( ! ne$le accord+ to ! law ( l>ge numb]s mu/ give ! value ( approximately4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,pr(essor ,wolff1 aft] #ajjjj trials1 obta9$ ! value ( correctly to #c decimal places4 ,ma!maticians n[ seek to prove ! insolvability ( ! problem4 ,fruitful z ! calculus ( ,newton & ,leibnitz 0 = ! evaluation ( 1 ! problem ( conv]t+ a circle into a squ>e hav+ exactly ! same area 0 9 no wise advanc$ !reby4 ,wallis1 ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 & _! imm$iate foll[]s di/9ctly recognis$ ?is4 ,! quadrature ( ! circle c\ld n be solv$2 b x also c\ld n be prov$ t ! problem 0 insolvable ) rul] & compasses1 al?\gh ev]ybody 0 conv9c$ ( its insolvability4 ,9 ma!matics1 h[ev]1 a conviction is only ju/ifi$ :5 support$ by incontrov]tible pro(2 & 9 ! place ( endeavors to solve ! quadrature !re accord+ly n[ come endeavors to prove ! impossibility ( solv+ ! celebrat$ problem4 ,lamb]t's contribution4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction1 small z x 01 0 made by ! ,fr5* ma!matician ,lamb]t1 :o prov$ 9 ! ye> #agfa t 0 nei!r a rational numb] nor ev5 ! squ>e root ( a rational numb]2 t is1 t nei!r nor ! squ>e ( c be exactly repres5t$ by a fraction ! d5om9ator & num]ator ( :i* are :ole numb]s1 h[ev] great ! numb]s be tak54 ,lamb]t's pro( %[$1 inde$1 t ! rectification & ! quadrature ( ! circle c\ld n be possibly accompli%$ 9 ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* its impossibility 0 demon/rat$1 b x /ill did n exclude ! possibility ( ! problem be+ solvable 9 "s o!r m complicat$ way1 & )\t requir+ fur!r aids ?an rul] & compasses4 ,! conditions ( ! demon/ration4 ,proce$+ sl[ly b surely x 0 next s\ght to discov] ! ess5tial di/+ui%+ prop]ties t sep>ate problems solvable ) rul] & compasses1 f problems ! con/ruction ( :i* is elem5t>ily impossible1 t is by solely employ+ ! po/ulates4 ,slight reflection %[$1 t a problem elem5t>ily solvable1 mu/ always possess ! prop]ty ( hav+ ! unkn[n l9es 9 ! figure relat+ to x connect$ ) ! kn[n l9es ( ! figure by an equation = ! solution ( :i* equations ( ! fir/ & second degree alone are requisite1 & :i* may be s dispos$ t ! common measures ( ! kn[n l9es w appe> only z integ]s4 ,! conclusion 0 to be drawn f ?is1 t if ! quadrature ( ! circle & consequ5tly its rectification 7 elem5t>ily solvable1 ! numb] 1 :i* repres5ts ! ratio ( ! unkn[n circumf]5ce to ! kn[n diamet]1 mu/ be ! root ( a c]ta9 equation1 ( a v high degree p]haps1 b 9 :i* all ! numb]s t appe> are :ole numb]s2 t is1 !re w\ld h to exi/ an equation1 made up entirely ( :ole numb]s1 :i* w\ld be correct if its unkn[n quantity 7 made equal to 4 ,f9al success ( ,pr(4 ,l9demann4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 consequ5tly1 ! ef=ts ( a numb] ( ma!maticians h be5 b5t ^u prov+ t g5]ally is n algebraical1 t is1 t x _c be ! root ( any equation hav+ :ole numb]s = coeffici5ts4 ,b ma!matics _h to make trem5d\s /rides =w>d be=e ! means 7 at h& to accompli% ?is demon/ration4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* ,academician1 ,pr(essor ,h]mite1 _h furni%$ important prep>atory assi/ance 9 8 treatise ,sur la ,fonction ,expon5tielle1 publi%$ 9 ! sev5ty-sev5? volume ( ! ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,pr(essor ,l9demann1 at t "t ( ,freiburg1 n[ ( ,knigsb]g1 f9ally succe$$1 9 ,june #ahhb1 9 rigor\sly demon/rat+ t ! numb] is n algebraical1#eb ?us supply+ ! fir/ pro( t ! problems ( ! rectification & ! squ>+ ( ! circle1 ) ! help only ( algebraical in/rum5ts l rul] & compasses are insolvable4 ,l9demann's pro( appe>$ successively 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy 7,june1 #ahhb71 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 7,vol4 #aae4 pp4 #gb to #gd71 & 9 ! ,ma!matis*5 ,annal5 7,vol4 #bj4 pp4 #bac to #bbe74 #eb ,= ! b5efit ( my ma!matical read]s ,i %all pres5t "h ! mo/ important /eps ( ,l9demann's demon/ration1 ,m4 ,h]mite 9 ord] to prove ! transc5d5tal "* ( e #a #a_/a #a_/a4b #a_/a4b4c #a_/a4b4c4d 4444 develop$ relations betwe5 c]ta9 def9ite integrals 7,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,p>is ,academy1 ,vol4 #gg1 #ahgc74 ,proce$+ f ! relations ?us e/abli%$1 ,pr(essor ,l9demann fir/ demon/rates ! foll[+ proposition3 ,if ! coeffici5ts ( an equation ( n? degree are all real or complex :ole numb]s & ! n roots ( ?is equation z#a1 z#b1 4441 zn are diff]5t f z]o & f ea* o!r x is impossible = ez#a ez#b ez#c 444 ezn to be equal to a_/b1 :]e a & b are real or complex :ole numb]s4 ,x is !n %[n t also betwe5 ! functions erz#a erz#b erz#c 444 erzn1 :]e r d5otes an integ]1 no l9e> equation c exi/ ) rational coeffici5ts v>iant f z]o4 ,f9ally ! beautiful !orem results3 ,if z is ! root ( an irr$ucible algebraic equation ! coeffici5ts ( :i* are real or complex :ole numb]s1 !n ez _c be equal to a rational numb]4 ,n[ 9 reality et-#a is equal to a rational numb]1 namely1-#a4 ,consequ5tly1 -#a1 & !re=e itself1 _c be ! root ( an equation ( n? degree hav+ :ole numb]s = coeffici5ts1 & !re=e also n ( su* an equation hav+ rational coeffici5ts4 ,! prop]ty la/ m5tion$1 h[ev]1 w\ld h if ! squ>+ ( ! circle ) rul] & compasses 7 possible4 ,! v]dict ( ma!matics4 ,x is impossible ) rul] & compasses to con/ruct a squ>e equal 9 area to a giv5 circle4 ,^! are ! words ( ! f9al det]m9ation ( a controv]sy :i* is z old z ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,b ! race ( circle-squ>]s1 unm9dful ( ! v]dict ( ma!matics1 t mo/ infallible ( arbit]s1 w nev] die out s long z ignorance & ! ?ir/ = glory %all be unit$4 ,,h]mann ,,s*ub]t4 ,,! ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,tru?4 ,a ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,v]ification4 ,mod]n sci5ce re/s ^u ! recognition ( ! tru? t all k is a /atem5t ( facts4 ,! =mulation ( natural laws is no?+ b a compreh5sive description ( c]ta9 k9ds ( natural processes4 ,natural laws are g5]alisations ( facts4 ,simil>ly1 any philosophical !ory is1 or f ! mod]n /&po9t ought to be1 simply a sy/ematis$ repres5tation ( facts4 ,facts are ! bottom-rock to :i*1 ev]y:]e1 we h to g d[n4 ,! recognition ( ?is maxim is call$1 mo/ appropriately1 positivism2 & ,i take x t z a matt] ( pr9ciple all mod]n ?9k]s c & p]haps d agree to x4 ,a ,roman ,ca?olic philosoph] may consid] "s ?+s z facts :i* a sci5ti/ ( h]etic ,engl&1 = in/ance1 does n2 yet x is f facts1 or :at is ?\ght to be facts1 t e "o d]ives 8 conception ( ! _w4 ,x is natural t ! range ( individual exp]i5ce %\ld be v limit$ 9 comp>ison ) ! k indisp5sably ne$$ = acquir+ an adequate conception ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,we h1 to a great ext5t1 to rely on /atem5ts ( facts :i* we ourselves h n obs]v$4 ,to enri* & to enl>ge our own exp]i5ce we h to imbibe ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,sometimes we c1 b sometimes we _c1 v]ify :at we h be5 told4 ,= in/ance1 t /ones fall ?r\gh empty space ) a velocity ( #cbah ,engli% feet at ! end ( ! fir/ second c be v]ifi$ by exp]im5t1 i4 e41 ! exp]im5t c be repeat$ "u ! same circum/ances4 ,b hi/orical data su* z :e!r ,buddha di$ "u a fig-tree1 or :e!r ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate1 _c be v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,hi/orical data are /atem5ts1 n ( g5]al tru?s1 b ( s+le facts1 :i*1 if !y are accept$ at all1 h to be tak5 on au?ority4 ,! au?ority may be weak or /rong2 x may be /rong en\gh to be equival5t practically to a c]ta9ty1 :i* latt] case occurs1 = in/ance1 :5 ! fact 9 "q 9 its direct consequ5ces p]ceptibly affects our life1 & its causal connection c ?us be directly & indubitably trac$4 ,x is n int5d$ "h to emphasise ! diff]5ce betwe5 facts v]ifiable by exp]im5t1 & hi/orical facts2 yet x is desirable ) ref]5ce to all k9ds ( facts /at$ on au?ority1 to und]/& ! importance ( a crit]ion ( tru?4 ,we d accept & we h to accept1 e "o ( u1 )\t any exception1 ! mo/ discrim9ate sci5ti/ ev5 & mo/ ( all ! philosoph]1 innum]able /atem5ts ( facts z !y h be5 obs]v$ by o!rs4 ,we all h to rely on ! au?ority ( o!rs4 ,! "t ( ! longe/ human life w\ld be too %ort to repeat all ! exp]im5ts made by o!rs1 ) a view to v]ify+ !m 9 detail4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s t no /atem5t ( facts %\ld be accept$ on pure au?ority4 ,we mu/ h a means1 a sieve z x 71 by :i* ! :eat c easily be w9n[$ f ! *aff2 a sieve t w enable u to disc>d at once ^? /atem5ts t are positively errone\s4 ,9 ?is way our att5tion c be conf9$ to /atem5ts ( ?+s t are possible1 ^? t ne$ n1 b may be true4 ,possible 9 ,g]man is v appropriately call$ mgli*1 i4 e4 mayable4 ,! crit]ion ( t :i* 'may be' true is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds asc]ta9+ tru?2 & al?\gh x does n exhau/ ! me?ods ( arriv+ at tru? x is ( greate/ consequ5ce1 = if prop]ly und]/ood & appli$1 x w\ld save f ! />t _m useless ef=ts 9 ! inve/igation ( tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q arises !n1 ,:at is ! crit]ion ( ! possible8 ,we reject /atem5ts1 sometimes1 z prima facie untrue4 ,h we a "r to d s8 ,& if we h1 by :at /&>d d we det]m9e ?is8 ,let u fir/ take into consid]ation h[ p really behave :5 a /atem5t ( new facts is made4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ case4 ,two /rang]s meet2 ,a4 & ,b4 ,mr4 ,a4 relates to ,mr4 ,b4 "s incid5t ( 8 life4 ,he is app>5tly a v tru/wor?y p]son & dur+ ! conv]sation rema9s p]fectly s]i\s4 ,he tells a gho/ /ory 9 detail1 h[ a dep>t$ fri5d ( 8 appe>$ to him 9 di/9ctly visible =m2 he says t ! _s spoke to him & told him _m /range ?+s1 & t he po9t$ out to him an imm95t dang]4 ,we suppose t on ! "o h& ,a4 makes 8 /atem5t 9 good fai? & t on ! o!r h& ,b4 is a spirituali/4 ,w ,b4 consid] ,a4's /ory z possible8 ,b41 be+ a spirituali/1 mo/ probably w consid] ,a4's /ory z possible1 &1 if he is conv9c$ ( ,a4's hone/y1 he w believe ! /ory ! same z if he _h exp]i5c$ x himself2 no less ?an a sci5ti/ w rely on ! /atem5t ( an exp]im5t made by "o ( 8 colleagues ^: sci5tific v]acity he has no reason to d\bt4 ,suppose ,a4 tells ! same /ory to ,c4 ,mr4 ,c4 is an infidel & a mat]iali/4 ,z *>act]i/ic features ( 8 p]sonality we might m5tion t he consid]s religion z pure sup]/ition orig9at$ by ! fraud ( cunn+ prie/s4 ,?is man w1 we may fairly suppose1 laugh at ,a4's /ory1 because x appe>s to him an out & out lie4 ,mr4 ,a4 z well z ,mr4 ,b41 he :o tells & he :o believes ! /ory1 ,c4 w decl>e1 are ei!r insane or !y are bo? impo/ors4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 ,b4 & ,c4 indicates t ! crit]ion ( tru? is diff]5t ) diff]5t p]sons & t x dep5ds ^u _! conception ( ! _w4 ,m5 :o h ! same _w-conception w also h ! same crit]ion ( tru?4 ,! problem consequ5tly is1 :e!r ?is crit]ion ( tru? 7i4 e4 ! crit]ion ( :at is possible7 is necess>ily :olly subjective1 or :e!r we c arrive at an objective crit]ion4 ,x is app>5t t ?is "q is intimately connect$ ) ano!r problem1 namely1 ,is e _w-conception necess>ily subjective1 or1 ,is x possible to arrive at an objective _w-conception8 ,x appe>s to me t we c2 & ! ideal ( philosophy to-day is j su* an objective repres5tation ( facts4 ,! difficulty t pres5ts itself lies ma9ly 9 ! confusion betwe5 facts & our int]pretation ( facts4 ,if ,a4 decl>es t he saw a gho/1 he does n relate a fact1 b 8 int]pretation ( a fact4 ,let u suppose t he tells 8 /ory aga9 to a ?ird p]son ,d41 :o is a psy*ologi/4 ,d4 mo/ likely w n ?9k him a li>4 ,d4 w accept ! /atem5t bona fide z a m]e int]pretation ( a fact & w inquire aft] ! causes t produc$ ! halluc9ation4 ,he may be able1 possibly1 to lay b>e ! facts disfigur$ by ! wrong int]pretation ( ,a4 ,& hav+ cle>ly /at$ ! objective /ate ( ?+s he may ) ! assi/ance ( 8 exp]i5ce expla9 ! orig9 ( ! :ole process1 p>tly f ! m5tal condition & ! physiological con/itution ( ,a41 p>tly f individual circum/ances t gave rise to ! halluc9ation4 ,he w n d\bt t some?+ extraord9>y has happ5$ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,! latt]'s m9d has be51 & p]haps /ill is 9 an abnormal /ate4 ,& z to ,b4's believ+ ! gho/ /ory1 ,mr4 ,d4 w n ?9k t he is insane2 ?\gh we may presume t he w reg>d ,b4's views ( ! _w z re/+ ^u unfirm gr\nds2 & he w n believe him to be a man ( critical ability4 ,! notion is v common among ideali/s t we c nev] g beyond our subjective /ates ( consci\sness4 ,?is w\ld be tantam\nt to say+ t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 dreams & real life1 except t a dream is cut (f by awak+ :ile life la/s comp>atively mu* long] & ceases ) dea?1 :i* may also be an awak5+ f a dream4 ,9 t case halluc9ations w\ld be ( ! same value z s5sations4 ,bo? w\ld be int]pretations ( facts = :i* we d n h an objective crit]ion ( tru?4 ,int]pretations ( facts w\ld be ! sole facts1 & x w\ld be q indiff]5t :e!r !y 7 mis9t]pretations or correct int]pretations4 ,take a simple in/ance4 ,we see a tree4 ,! p]ception ( a tree is an int]pretation ( a set ( facts4 ,int]pretations ( facts1 :e!r correct or n1 are ( c\rse also facts4 ,?us ! p]ception ( a tree is a fact :i*1 if all matt] 7 transp>5t1 w\ld1 physiologically consid]$1 appe> to ! eye ( an obs]v] z special vibrations 9 ! bra94 ,b ! peculi>ity ( ?is fact is t x repres5ts o!r facts4 ,! "q is no long] :e!r !re is a p]ception ( a tree tak+ place 9 a bra91 b :e!r ?is p]ception is true1 i4 e41 :e!r x agrees ) ! facts repres5t$4 ,e p]ception has a mean+ beyond itself2 e p]ception is a fact repres5t+ o!r facts1 & ! "q ( tru? or untru? has ref]5ce to ! agreem5t betwe5 repres5tations & facts repres5t$4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says 9 8 essay ,! ,analysis ( ,s5sations 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 ,i1 p4 #fe73 ,bodies d n produce s5sations1 b complexes ( s5sations 7complexes ( elem5ts7 =m bodies4#ec #ec ,pr(essor ,ma* 9 ?us speak+ ( bodies uses ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( repres5tations & n 9 ! s5se ( objects repres5t$4 ,he calls !m 9 ! s5t5ce next foll[+ ?\ght-symbols = complexes ( s5sations 7complexes ( elem5ts74 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 we d n d5y t ^u a clos] analysis ! p]ception ( a tree appe>s z a bundle1 or a complex ( s5sations2 !re is ! gre5 ( ! leaves1 ! color ( ! b>k1 ! diff]5t %ades ( ! color indicat+ its bodily =m1 ! %ape ( ! bran*es1 & _! slight motions 9 ! breeze t g5tly %akes ! tree4 ,yet ! p]ception ( a tree does n consi/ ( ^! s5sations alone4 ,all ^! s5sations might be s _m isolat$ s5sations2 & if !y rema9$ isolat$1 !y w\ld n produce ! p]cept ( a tree4 ,^! s5sations are int]pret$2 !y h acquir$ a mean+ & are comb9$ into a unity4 ,x is ?is unity :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( a tree4 ,?is unity has gr[n f s5sations2 & t process :i* develops &1 z we h le>n$1 naturally mu/ develop s5sations f s5se-impressions1 & f s5sations p]ceptions t are repres5tative ( a gr\p ( facts outside ( ! p]ceptions !mselves1--t process we def9e z m9d-activity4 ,:at does ! 'p]ception ( a tree' mean8 ,x means t if ! p]son p]ceiv+ x moves 9 a c]ta9 direction & ov] a c]ta9 di/ance1 he w h c]ta9 s5sations :i* ^u ! :ole c be correctly anticipat$4 ,e p]ception & also e s5sation conta9s a numb] ( anticipations4 ,! p]ception ( a tree is 9 s f> to be consid]$ correct1 z ! anticipations :i* x conta9s1 & ( :i* x actually consi/s1 c be realis$4 ,if & 9 s f> z ^! anticipations :5 realis$ tally ) ! p]ception1 if & 9 s f> z !y ju/ify x1 or c ju/ify x1 if & 9 s f> z !y fulfil ! expectations produc$ by ! p]ception1 if & 9 s f> z !y make no alt]ation ( ! p]ception necess>y1 b be+ 9 agreem5t ) x confirm ! repres5tation x conveys3 ! p]ception is said to be true4 ,moreov]1 we c pr$ict simil> results ) reg>d to be+s ( a simil> con/itution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ let u suppose t an apple falls f a consid]able height to ! gr\nd4 ,kn[+1 f =m] exp]i5ces1 ! h>dness ( ! soil z well z ! d5sity ( ! apple1 we c anticipate ! effect ( ! fall4 ,! soil w n %[ any consid]able impression1 yet "o side ( ! apple w be cru%$4 ,9 pr$ict+ ?is result we anticipate s5sations t we %all h "u a c]ta9 set ( circum/ances4 ,9 s f> z we %all necess>ily h ^! s5sations we h to deal ) facts4 ,n z if our s5sations con/itute ! entire exi/5ce ( facts2 our s5sations1 be+ ! effects ( s-call$ objective processes ^u our s5ses1 are only "o end ( a relation1 :i* z a matt] ( c\rse nev] exi/s )\t ! o!r end4 ,s5sations are ! "o end2 !y dep5d ^u & v>y ) ! o!r end4 ,%[+ )9 c]ta9 limits z _m v>ieties "h z occur !re1 !y repres5t ! o!r end4 ,we c1 & = c]ta9 purposes we mu/1 entirely elim9ate ! subjective & s5sory "p ( our s5sations1 9 ord] to repres5t 9 our m9ds n h[ two objects affect our s5ses ( sight or t\* b h[ two or m objects affect ea* o!r4 ,?us we arrive at an objective /atem5t ( facts1 h[ ! fall+ apple affects ! soil1 & ! soil ! apple2 :ile ! relation ( bo? to our s5ses is to be elim9at$4 ,?is objective /atem5t ( facts is ! ideal ( all natural sci5ces4 ,! physici/ /ates ! int]action betwe5 ! fall+ apple & ! soil4 ,he does n c>e h[ _m s5ti5t be+s witness ! fall2 he does n c>e ab\t ! psy*ological elem5t 9 _! obs]vations4 ,he ab/racts f ! subjective elem5ts 9 _! obs]vations z well z 9 8 own1 & conf9es 8 att5tion to ! objective facts repres5t$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,! objection to ?is conception ( ?+s is made by a consi/5t ideali/1 t ^! obs]vations mu/ always exi/ 9 "s m9d1 !y d n exi/ outside ( a m9d1 & m9d c z little g beyond itself z a p]son c walk outside ( 8 sk94 ,c]ta9ly1 obs]vations always exi/ 9 "s m9d2 !y h always a subjective elem5t4 ,b !y h also an objective elem5t4 ,no s5sation1 no p]ception1 no obs]vation is )\t an objective feature4 ,?is objective feature 9 a s5sation or a p]ception1 & also 9 an ab/ract idea1 is ! elem5t t if true has to agree ) o!r facts outside ( ! s5ti5t be+ ( ^: m9d ! p]ception is a "p4 ,an ideali/ :o is pleas$ to d5y ?is w\ld ei!r h to id5tify halluc9ations ) s5sations1 or he w\ld be oblig$ to consid] ! objective elem5ts ( 8 m9d m]ely & solely z subjective /ates1 hav+ no repres5tative value4 ,9 t case he w\ld necess>ily be oblig$ to consid] ! facts repres5t$1 i4 e4 ! ?+s outside ! body1 z p>ts ( 8 m9d4 ,?is be+ grant$1 e m9d w\ld appe> z congru5t & coext5sive ) ! univ]se4 ,we %\ld h z _m univ]ses z !re are m9ds1 & yet all univ]ses w\ld be only "o & ! same univ]se1 _! sole diff]5ce be+ t ( a diff]5ce ( c5tres4 ,) ! dea? ( e liv+ creature a univ]se w\ld die2 b not)/&+ ! *a9 ( consci\sness 7 brok5 =ev] 9 dea?1 ! exi/5ce ( 8 m9d1 be+ t :i* is commonly consid]$ z ! objective univ]se1 w\ld n cease2 m]ely a view-c5tre w\ld be lo/4 ,t :i* we h *>act]is$ z repres5tations 9 feel+-sub/ance 7:i* accord+ to our t]m9ology con/itutes m9d7 w\ld be a transi5t & uness5tial feature ( m9d only2 & if x %\ld cease to be1 m9d w\ld /ill exi/ 9 :at we h def9$ z ! outside facts1 ! facts repres5t$ 9 m5tal symbols4 ,9 %ort1 m9d w\ld be ! ,all1 x w\ld be a synonym ( ,god4 ,& n only all m5tal be+s actually exi/+ or hav+ exi/$ w\ld ea*1 "o & all1 con/itute ! univ]se1 b also all pot5tial m9ds1 e atom & all possible comb9ations ( atoms t possibly might play a "p 9 ! m5tal activity ( a s5ti5t be+1 w\ld con/itute x4 ,! views ( an ideali/ :o accepts ^! consequ5ces are und5iably correct1 al?\gh we may qu>rel ab\t ! propriety ( 8 t]m9ology4 ,yet an ideali/ ( ?is type1 we may fairly assume1 w h little difficulty 9 adapt+ himself to our t]m9ology1 & 9 t case we might easily agree ab\t ! possibility ( arriv+ at a crit]ion ( tru?2 = 8 _w-conception 7aside f a diff]5ce 9 t]ms7 might1 or r w\ld be practically ! same z ours4 ,if tru? is ! agreem5t ( c]ta9 m5tal facts ) o!r facts outside ( ! m9d--if x is ! agreem5t ( subjective repres5tations ) objective ?+s or /ates ( ?+s repres5t$1 ! problem is :e!r we h any means ( revis+ or exam9+ ?is agreem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! _w 7 a *aos1 i4 e4 if ! facts ( nature 7 n rul$ by law2 if e fact 7 n only individually b also g5]ically diff]5t f e o!r fact1 s t no s+le fact _h any?+ 9 common ) o!r facts2 if !y ?us _h no features 9 common1 !re w\ld exi/ no g5]al prop]ties1 & we c\ld =m no concepts ( g5]a2 facts w\ld v>y radically & totally1 )\t exhibit+ regul>ities or uni=mities o!r ?an su* z might occasionally & )\t any reason incid5tally orig9ate by haphaz>d1--9 %ort1 if our _w 7 a _w ( *ance & n ( law1 !re w\ld be no crit]ion ( tru?4 ,our _w1 h[ev]1 is a _w ( law & n ( *ance4 ,?us all facts1 al?\gh individually diff]5t1 are f\nd g5]ically to agree among !mselves4 ,no two atoms are1 ) reg>d to _! position1 ! same at a giv5 mom5t2 all ( !m are diff]5t someh[ 9 _! op]ation & effectiv5ess4 ,nev]!less e "o ( !m moves 9 /rict accordance ) exactly ! same law ( causation4 ,!re is n ! lea/ *ange tak+ place 9 ! univ]se :i* is n ! precise effect ( a special cause4 ,!re is rigidity 9 mutability1 unity 9 v>iety1 det]m9at5ess 9 irregul>ity1 law 9 fre$om1 ord] 9 an>*y4 ,! unity ( law1 :i* 9 its on5ess is compris$ 9 ! univ]sality ( causation1 is s p]fect t ! diff]5t facts _c be ?\ght ( z be+ g5]ically diff]5t4 ,h[ev] mu* !y diff] specifically1 !y repres5t ! action ( ! same law1 & ?is same on5ess ( nature is ! basis ( all monism4 ,monism ( ?is k9d1 x has be5 rem>k$ by a critic ( ours1#ed is id5tical ) philosophy4 ,c]ta9ly x is4 ,e philosophy is or at lea/ attempts to be monism1 & 9 s f> only z a philosophy recognises monism does x possess a crit]ion ( tru?4 ,?is monism may be bas$ ^u a correct or a mi/ak5 conception ( unity4 ,^u ! correctness ( ?is monism w dep5d ! correctness ( ! crit]ion ( tru?4 ,b x mu/ be und]/ood t )\t a monism !re c be no crit]ion ( tru?1 & philosophy mu/ become ei!r scepticism1 my/icism1 or agno/icism4 #ed ,! ,nation quotes ! foll[+ passage f a =m] essay ( m9e3 ,! philosophy ( ! future w be a philosophy ( facts1 x w be positivism2 & 9 s f> z a unit>y sy/ematisation ( facts is ! aim & ideal ( all sci5ce1 x w be monism4 ,! ,nation rejects ?is def9ition ( monism & adds3 ,! se>* = a unit>y conception ( ! _w or = a unit>y sy/ematisation ( sci5ce w\ld be a good def9ition ( philosophy2 & ) ?is good old ^w at h& we want no o!r4 ,v well4 ,call t :i* we call monism or a unit>y sy/ematisation ( k1 philosophy2 we w n qu>rel ab\t names--dummodo conv5iamus 9 re4 ,we agree p]fectly ) our critic2 = we also ma9ta9 t monism 7at lea/1 :at we consid] monism7 is philosophy2 x is ! philosophy4 ,:at !n is ! crit]ion ( tru? = a s+le fact1 be x a s5sation1 a p]ception1 or an obs]vation8 ,x is ?is1 t if ! obs]vation be repeat$ "u ! same circum/ances x w1 to ! ext5t t ! circum/ances are ! same1 be aga9 ! same2 ! obs]v] w always make ! same obs]vation4 ,?is maxim w d = a /atem5t ( facts4 ,if accord+ to ?is maxim we are 9 ! position to asc]ta9 t ! same obs]vation c be made aga9 & aga9 "u c]ta9 conditions1 we ga9 ! assurance t we h to deal ) a fact ( "s k9d4 ,b h[ %all we inquire into ! correctness ( ! int]pretation ( ! fact8 99 99 99 99 99 ,e liv+ creature & fur!rmore among human be+s e individual man has an idiosyncracy ( 8 own4 ,h[ c we avoid ! errors aris+ !refrom8 ,we sub/itute o!r obs]v]s s t we c detect to :at ext5t ! individual way ( obs]vation influ5ces ! result ( ! exp]im5t4 ,?us we %all f9d t "s p]sons are color-bl9d ) ref]5ce to r$ or to gre51 & we c 9 ?is way expla9 c]ta9 mi/akes caus$ by su* conditions4 ,suppos+ t all human be+s 7 color-bl9d we %\ld consid] ?is /ate z normal2 & ! discov]y ( sci5ce t c]ta9 colors :i* appe> alike to u1 are aft] all1 consid]+ _! wave-l5g?s & o!r qualities1 m diff]5t ?an c]ta9 o!r t9ts :i* are easily disc]n$ by ! eye1 w\ld be an unexpect$ surprise4 ,x w\ld to "s ext5t be analog\s to ! well-kn[n fact t !re are rays ( light :i* are n p]ceptible to ! eye1 namely1 ! s-call$ *emical rays2 _! exi/5ce has be5 discov]$ by _! *emical effects4 ,x might be1 al?\gh x is n probable1 t :at appe>s gre5 to me & :at ,i call gre51 may appe> diff]5t to o!r p1 p]haps gray1 r$1 or br[n1 or "s o!r color t ,i "k n (3 yet o!r p w--j z mu* z ,i d--call t peculi> s5sation gre5 :i* !y exp]i5ce "u ! same conditions1 = in/ance1 :5 see+ ! fre% leaves ( a tree4 ,x is q indiff]5t h[ v>iegat$ 9 s+le m9ds ! feel+s may be t accompany ea* k9d ( s5sation4 ,s long z !y h = e special objective /ate a special analogue1 !y c map out 9 _! m9ds _! surr\nd+s1 !y c h a correct repres5tation ( ! _w1 & s long z !y employ ! same symbols 7words or o!r signs7 = indicat+ ! same objective /ates1 x is q indiff]5t :e!r or n ! feel+s t are produc$ 9 ! process ( obs]vation v>y4 ,x w\ld make no m diff]5ce = ! g5]al purpose ( m5tal op]ations1 ?an x w\ld if we 7 to employ ,roman lett]s1 or ,italics1 or ,greek or ,hebrew *>act]s to designate ! l9es & po9ts 9 expla9+ a ma!matical figure4 ,! ma9 ?+ is t c]ta9 po9ts are m>k$ & repres5t$ by "s sign :i* /&s = ?is or t po9t & = t alone4 ,to cite ano!r example 9 illu/ration ( ! subjective elem5t ( feel+ 9 cognition1 we may comp>e our k ( ! _w to ! map ( a city4 ,! map may be pr9t$ 9 black1 gre51 r$1 blue1 or any o!r color4 ,! color 9 :i* ! map is pr9t$ repres5ts ! subjective elem5t ( feel+1 :ile ! =m ( ! l9es1 _! geometrical configuration1 conta9s ! objective elem5t ( ! ?+s repres5t$4 ,! map is good1 i4 e4 its repres5tations are true1 if ! squ>es & ! /reets ( ! city /& 9 ! same relation among ea* o!r1 z ! little blocks & divisions on ! map d4 ,:e!r ! map is pr9t$ 9 gre5 or blue w make no diff]5ce s long z we f9d ev]y?+ we want to "k ab\t ! city repres5t$ 9 a way su* t we %\ld be able to set ourselves aright & to f9d our be>+s if we w5t a/ray4 ,! subjective elem5t 9 m9d is n ( "o half ! importance g5]ally attribut$ to x4 ,! objective elem5t1 be+ t :i* is repres5t$1 is p>am\nt1 & x is ! aspiration ( all ! sci5ces to conc5trate _! entire att5tion ^u ! objective features ( obs]vation4 ,objective tru? is :at we want1 & objective tru? is id5tical ) a sci5tific description ( facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at !n is ! crit]ion ( objective tru? = ! int]pretation ( facts8 ,is x n want+8 ,may x n be t a p]son1 ,mr4 ,a41 w "u giv5 circum/ances regul>ly see a gho/4 ,inde$ we d n d\bt t he w1 & we c ev5 prove x by exp]im5t4 ,?is be+ s1 is n ! int]pretation ( facts z to :e!r ! ph5om5on is a real gho/ or a m]e vision1 beyond any crit]ion ( tru?8 ,if ! me?ods ( sci5ce are reliable1 7& !y h be5 ju/ifi$ by _! brilliant success17 we h inde$ a crit]ion = ! int]pretation ( facts2 & ?is crit]ion = ! int]pretation ( facts1 no less ?an ! crit]ion ( s+le obs]vations is bas$ ^u monism4 ,if ! _w is really a univ]se1 if !re is on5ess 9 ! ,all1 if !re is a unity ( law ?r\gh\t nature1 our int]pretations ( ! diff]5t facts mu/ agree among !mselves4 ,!y _c & %\ld n contradict "o ano!r2 & :5ev] !y d1 x is a c]ta9 sign t some:]e !re is some?+ wrong 9 our int]pretation ( facts4 ,philosophy has ceas$ to be a metaphysical _w-!ory4 ,! int]pretation ( facts no long] means a hypo!tical assumption :i* w squ>e all ! irregul>ities among facts t we are unable to acc\nt =1 b simply a me?odical sy/ematisation ( facts1 enabl+ u to recognise ! sam5ess ( law 9 ! irregul>ities app>5t 9 innum]able individual in/ances4 ,int]pretation 9 ?is s5se means h>monisation2 x means an ord]ly arrangem5t2 classification ) due discrim9ation4 ,an explanation ( natural ph5om5a is n ! c>ry+ ( an hypo!sis 9 to facts out ( ! realms ( our imag9ation1 out ( dep?s unkn[n1 by :at might be /yl$ revelation or inspiration1 b x is a comp>ison ( facts ) facts4 ,! hypo!sis we apply to facts mu/ come f facts & mu/ cov] facts4 ,t elem5t 9 an hypo!sis :i* does n cov] facts is r$undant z an explanation2 x is useless z su*1 or ev5 dang]\s2 & unless x s]ves z an aid to ?\ght :]e ignorance ( facts requires "s assi/ance1 "s allegorical symbol1 "s auxili>y con/ruction1--unless x is to ! sci5ti/ :at crut*es are to ! lame1--x mu/ be dropp$4 ,accord+ly1 ! crit]ion ( tru? is ! p]fect agreem5t ( all facts1 ( all int]pretations & explanations ( facts among !mselves4 ,if two facts 7su* z we conceive !m7 d n agree ) ea* o!r1 we mu/ revise !m2 & x may be /at$ z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 t our m9d w f9d no peace until a moni/ic conception is rea*$4 ,a moni/ic conception is ! p]fect agreem5t ( all facts 9 a me?odical sy/em1 s t ! same law is recognis$ to prevail 9 all in/ances1 & ! mo/ diff]5t ev5ts are conceiv$ z act+ "u diff]5t conditions yet 9 accord ) ! same law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x does n lie )9 ! scope ( ?is essay to ent] ^u ! practical application ( ! pr9ciple :i* we h set =? z ! crit]ion ( tru?4 ,"o h9t only may be suppli$1 to po9t out ! mo/ obvi\s maxim d]ivable f x--a maxim t is in/9ctively obey$ by all sci5ti/s & has (t5 be5 popul>ly express$ 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,an ounce ( fact is wor? a hundr$ p\nds ( hypo!sis1 or ( any int]pretation ( facts4 ,all ! !ories 9 ! _w1 sci5tific & economical1 our de>e/ ideals n except$1 & all ! mo/ +5i\s hypo!ses h no value unless !y h be5 d]iv$ f1 & agree )1 ! laws t live 9 ! facts ( our exp]i5ce4 ,! tr\ble ( apply+ ?is rule lies ma9ly 9 ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 facts & our int]pretation ( facts4 ,consid]+ t m9d is repres5tativ5ess 9 feel+s we h to analyse ! m9d 9 ord] to come d[n to objective facts4 ,! p]cept ( a tree is n ! tree2 x is an int]pretation ( a gr\p ( facts2 x is a m5tal picture produc$ by a syn!sis ( s5sations1 ! latt] be+ caus$ by s5se-impressions4 ,consid]+ t all ! images1 ideas1 ab/ract concepts1 & !ories ( :i* our m9d consi/s are n ! facts repres5t$ by !m b _! sev]al int]pretations1 we at once see h[ c>eful we h to be = purposes ( philosophical & sci5tific exactness 9 ! /atem5t ( facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ?is occasion1 a few critical rem>ks conc]n+ ! lead+ essay ( ?is numb]1 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,!ories1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce1 may be add$4 ,mr4 ,peirce is "o ( our subtle/ ?9k]s & logicians1 & x is incumb5t ^u "o to reflect twice be=e criticis+ any s5t5ce ( a man :o writes ^u ! mo/ recondite topics1--^u :at ,i %\ld call ! high] ma!matics1 ! diff]5tial & integral calculus ( logic1--) ease & ma/]ly accuracy4 ,mr4 ,peirce's essay ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,!ories1#ee pres5t$ 9 ?is numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 is ! fir/ publication ( 8 9 :i* he prop\nds n m]e criticism or ! discussion ( ab/ruse logical subjects1 b 8 own positive op9ion1 pres5t+ 9 great & cle> outl9es ! f\ndations ( 8 philosophy4 #ee ,! t]m ar*itecture ( !ories seems inappropriate f ! /&po9t ( a positive conception ( ! _w4 ,_m monisms h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! way ,mr4 ,peirce s well describes 9 8 comp>ison ( ^! philosophical sy/ems to ! build+ a h\se ( "o & ! same mat]ial1 = in/ance papi] m*1 ) ro( ( ro(+ pap]1 f\ndations ( pa/e-bo>d1 w9d[s ( p>aff9$ pap]1 etc41 etc4 ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 is n a con/ruction ( a !ory comp>able to ! build+ ( an edifice2 x is r ! mapp+ out ( ! h\se 9 :i* we live = ! purpose ( ori5tation4 ,! _w-conception ( ,mr4 ,peirce agrees 9 "o fundam5tal maxim ) our own1 b x disagrees ) ! latt] 9 ! ma9 & mo/ important application ( ?is maxim4 ,mr4 ,peirce says1 ,law is p> excell5ce ! ?+ t wants a reason4 ,?is maxim 0 ! guid+ /> ( our inquiry into ! fundam5tal problems ( philosophy4#ef ,! _w consid]$ z a univ]se display+ 9 all its innum]able actions "o & ! same law is call$ a cosmos2 if consid]$ z a heap ( processes ) no common law p]vad+ !m x is call$ a *aos4 ,we f\nd 9 our inquiry into ! =ms ( exi/5ce t ! laws ( =m possess intr9sic necessity4 ,! laws ( ! =m ( exi/5ce are repres5t$ 9 ! laws ( =mal ?\ght 7ari?metic1 ma!matics1 logic1 me*anics1 & pure natural sci5ce74 ,s long z ! =mal laws hold good1 7& we h f\nd 9 ! *apt] ,=m & ,=mal ,?\ght t !y w hold good "u all circum/ances17 any k9d ( _w1 :atev] mat]ially or dynamically x be1 mu/ be a cosmos1 & _c be a *aos4 ,we c imag9e t we _h a _w consi/+ ( "s o!r sub/ance & be+ diff]5t ei!r 9 ! am\nt or 9 ! action ( its en]gy to ?is _w ( ours1 b we _c imag9e t a _w %\ld exi/ :i* does n exhibit ! h>mony ( =m1 & is n regulat$ z x 7 by ! =mal laws ( exi/5ce4 ,"o plus "o w\ld be two 9 any k9d ( a _w1 & obvi\sly all ! o!r m complex /atem5ts ( =mal laws w\ld rema9 true ) ! same intr9sic necessity4 ,! tru? '"o plus "o makes two' conta9s ! univ]sal applicability ( causation & ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,tak+ ?is gr\nd we arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! _w is a cosmos3 !re is no *aos & !re nev] has be5 a *aos4 ,a *aos1 9 ! s5se ( an absolute non-exi/5ce ( law1 is an impossibility4 #ef ,see ! au?or's ,fundam5tal ,problems4 ,accord+ly1 we _c agree ) ,mr4 ,peirce t ! occurr5ce ( *ance calls = no p>ticul> explanation4 ,!re is no *ance1 if *ance means abs5ce ( law4 ,*ance1 if ! ^w be admissible1 is a m]e subjective conception produc$ by limit$ k & signify+ a /ate ( ?+s n det]m9able ) ! means ( k at our disposal4 ,law once recognis$ is ! dea? ( *ance 79 ! objective s5se ( ! ^w72 & *ance1 or sport1 or *aos1 or indet]m9acy1 or :atev] "o may call ! abs5ce or at lea/ ! imp]fect cog5cy ( law1 f> f call+ = no p>ticul> explanation1 mu/ be class$ prima facie among ^? !ories t are p] se impossible3 ,^! conceptions :e!r appli$ to ! _w at l>ge or to special processes ( nature are 9 contradiction to ^? int]pretations & sy/ematis$ /atem5ts ( facts :i* are mo/ fundam5tal1 mo/ reliable1 mo/ indisp5sable & univ]sal4 ,:atev] g5]alisation ! !ory ( evolution may be capable (1 x is c]ta9ly n capable ( be+ appli$ to law4 ,! =mal ord] ( ,nature & especially ! me*anical laws ( physics _c be ?\ght ( z hav+ be5 develop$ out ( a /ate ( sportive *ance2 !y mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ always be5 ! same z !y are n[3 !y are et]nal4#eg #eg ,mr4 ,peirce seems to def9e ,m9d z sportive *ance2 = accord+ to 8 !ory1 z soon z sportiv5ess assumes fix$ habits1 x settles into ! me*anical motions :i* physical sci5ce obs]ves 9 gravitat+ masses2 & matt] is ?us def9$ z effete m9d4 ,9 /at+ ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion1 ,i appreh5d a possibility t al?\gh ,mr4 ,peirce has /at$ 8 case ) mo/ admirable & ,i %\ld say unequivocal cle>ness1 ,i h misund]/ood 8 views4 ,9 a =m] article ( 81 ,mr4 ,peirce makes a /atem5t conc]n+ ,nature consid]$ z a possible *aos1 :i* seems to concur r ) my views on ! subject ?an ) 8 own4 ,mr4 ,peirce says 9 8 f\r? ,pap] on ! ,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce3 ,if !re be any way ( enum]at+ ! possibilities ( ,nature s z to make !m equally probable1 x is cle>ly "o :i* %\ld make "o arrangem5t or comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( ,nature z probable z ano!r4444 ,x w\ld be to assume t ,nature is a pure *aos1 or *ance comb9ation ( indep5d5t elem5ts1 9 :i* reason+ f "o fact to ano!r w\ld be impossible2 & s9ce1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 !re is no judgm5t ( pure obs]vation )\t reason+1 x w\ld be to suppose all human cognition illusory & no real k possible4 ,x w\ld be to suppose t if we h f\nd ! ord] ( ,nature m or less regul> 9 ! pa/1 ?is has be5 by a pure run ( luck :i* we may expect is n[ at an end4 ,n[1 x may be we h no sc9tilla ( pro( to ! contr>y1 b reason is unnecess>y 9 ref]5ce to t belief :i* is ( all ! mo/ settl$1 :i* nobody d\bts or c d\bt1 & :i* he :o %\ld d5y w\ld /ultify himself 9 s do+4 ,! relative probability ( ?is or t arrangem5t ( ,nature is some?+ :i* we %\ld h a "r to talk ab\t if univ]ses 7 z pl5ty z blackb]ries1 if we c\ld put a quantity ( !m 9 a bag1 %ake !m well up1 draw out a sample1 & exam9e !m to see :at proportion ( !m _h "o arrangem5t & :at proportion ano!r4 ,b1 ev5 9 t case1 a high] univ]se w\ld conta9 u1 9 reg>d to ^: arrangem5ts ! conception ( probability c\ld h no applicability4 ,i re/ ! case "h 9 ! hope t ! /atem5t ( bo? sides ( ! problem w contribute to elucidate tru?4 ,,editor4 ,,five ,,s\ls ,,) ,,b ,a ,,s+le ,,?\ght4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,/>-,,fi%4 ,! inve/igation ( ! psy*ical faculties ( animals is comp>able to a j\rney into fairy-l&4 ,we d n "k1 & accord+ to ,du ,bois-,reymond1 we %all nev] "k1 h[ our own m5tal activity has orig9at$1 yet 9 spite ( ?is we delib]ately =m !ories & op9ions conc]n+ ! psy*ical p[]s & faculties ( o!r be+s t 9 po9t ( n]v\s organisation are p]haps altoge!r diff]5t f u6 ,! anci5ts wisely limit$ !mselves to express+ ! intellig5ce ( animals 9 ! =m ( in/ructive fables1 & 9 ! fam\s p>k ( ,v]sailles ! *>m+ idea 0 actually c>ri$ out ( repres5t+ ! fables ( sop 9 a s-call$ labyr9?1 e turn ( ! intricate lanes ( :i* l$ to a diff]5t gr\p ( animals ^: spee* 0 symbolis$ by /reams ( wat] sp\t+ f _! m\?s1 & ! purport ( _! imag9$ utt]ances 0 to be read 9 gold5 lett]s ^u m>ble tablets plac$ at ! side4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i w&]$ ov] ! sc5e ( ^? long s9ce ru9$ mazes & h ?\ght ( ! deep mean+ t frequ5tly lies 9 *ildi% pa/ime ( ?is k9d4 ,b labyr9? aside--:5 we see an animal p]=m be=e our eyes purposive acts2 & we recognise t our own ?\ght op]ates 9 accordance ) def9ite1 rigor\s laws2 we %all /ill h to say to ourselves t a comp>ative animal psy*ology is aft] all n necess>ily s hopeless a ?+ z "o might be l$ to believe f ! bold1 & yet fa9t-he>t$1 ,ignorabimus ( ! di/+ui%$ ,b]l9 physiologi/4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ! range ( insight obta9$ 9 v rec5t times into ?is v field is highly enc\rag+4 ,on ?is occasion ,i %\ld l to select = discussion "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( que/ions1 t1 namely1 :i* conc]ns ! psy*ical activity ( _m-s\l$ animals4 ,q a /ir 0 made "s ye>s ago 9 ! sci5tific _w :5 ,haeckel began to philosophise ab\t ! s\ls ( cells1 or s-call$ pla/idule-s\ls2 = x 0 pat5t t ! c\rse ( life 9 ! individual s+le cell ( an animal or vegetable body fl[$ on 9 su* /rict con=mity ) reason t x 0 logically necess>y to posit ! pres5ce ( psy*ical guidance 9 ! in/ance 9 "q z mu* z 9 ! case ( composite cellul> colonies 9 high] organic be+s1--especially s9ce e s+le "o ( ^! composite organisms beg9s its life z a simple cell1 f :i* ! o!rs aft]w>d spr+4 ,! wide-spread opposition t ,haeckel's view met )1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! result ( curr5t & common ignorance ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 s9ce o!rwise x mu/ h be5 kn[n t ! idea ( a cell-s\l or a g]m-s\l :i* controls ! developm5t ( ! "y1 has be5 prop\nd$ by innum]able philosoph]s1 & t x 0 proclaim$ by ,daniel ,s5n]t1 ( ,witt5b]g1 :o di$ 9 #afcg1 ) p]fect consi/5cy z ! f\ndation ( all psy*ological k4 ,_m be+s1 su* z ,alg1 ,fungi1 & ,infusoria1 nev] 9 _! lives get beyond ! /ate ( a s+le cell1 & yet "u ! microscope we may obs]ve !m seek+ light1 captur+ prey1 & 9 ! majority ( cases f\nd+ families4 ,& :5 ! ,g5evan ,trembley discov]$1 9 #agdj1 ! fact ( ! divisibility ( fre%-wat] ,polyps & %[$ t aft] cutt+ !m up e piece grew & develop$ into a new individual end[$ ) s5sation1 w1 & o!r psy*ical capacities1 philosoph]s began to debate :e!r !re 7 initially pres5t 9 e divisible polyp a numb] ( s\ls 9 ! g]m9al /ate1 or1 if su* 7 n ! case1 :e!r ! simple s\l ( a polyp possess$ ! prop]ty ( divisibility4 ,! ,leipsic !ologian ,crusius1 :o di$ 9 #agge1 decl>$ 9 favor ( ! pres5ce 9 e polyp ( a plurality ( g]m9al s\ls2 ! ,dut* insect anatomi/1 ,pet] ,lyonnet 7di$ #agif7 decl>$ 9 favor ( ! divisibility ( ! s+le polyp s\l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,/>-,,fi%4 7,aft] ,haeckel47 ,b let u pass by ^! subtle speculations to turn to a class ( animals 9 ! case ( :i* we may speak ) m propriety ?an 9 ! case ( polyps & o!r zophytes ( a plural s\l1 s9ce physically & psy*ically !y act 9 e respect z if !y _h gr[n toge!r out ( five or m individuals1--,i mean ! ,e*9od]ms 9 g5]al & ! ,/>-fi% 7,a/]oidea7 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 = ! sake ( brevity1 ,i %all speak ( only five-ray$ />-fi%es1 because ! sacr$ numb] five is ! "o t lies at ! basis ( ! physical /ructure ( ! great majority ( />-fi%es develop$ f ! egg1 & ( all o!r e*9od]ms1 al?\gh !re really d occur />-fi%es :i* are suppli$1 "s ) m & "s ) less ?an five rays1--s+le rays (t5 be+ ca/ (f & a l>g] numb] gr[+ out 9 _! places1--& al?\gh _m species are regul>ly & normally suppli$ ) m ?an five rays4 ,f visits to ! sea-%ore or to aqu>iums1 at any rate f pictures1 my read]s all "k h[ a />-fi% 9 g5]al looks4 ,9 ! fir/ cut :i* accompanies ?is article a numb] ( e*9od]ms are pres5t$4 ,! />-fi% is 9 ! c5tre to ! left4 ,x resembles ! decorative /> ( an ,ord]1 & has %ort or long1 broad or sl5d] rays1 z ! case may be1 & a disc-%ap$ c5tral body4 ,! obs]vation :i* is mo/ important = our pres5t discussion1 & :i* /rikes u on fir/ see+ a />-fi%1 or its relatives ! sea-ur*9 & ! sea-anemone1 consi/s ( ! fact t ^! animals possess no head1 :i* ev5 ! mo/ insignificant worm or insect does n lack1 & t consequ5tly its organs are 9 want ( a guid+1 regulative memb]1 possess+ ext]nally organs ( s5se & hav+ )9 a bra9 ) ! p[] to communicate ! requisite comm&s = ! movem5t & ! conduct ( ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* s+le bran* or ray possesses its own individual n]v\s sy/em2 & 9 ! case ( ! volunt>y sep>ation ( ! rays1 :i* frequ5tly occurs1 is able to cont9ue life ( its own indep5d5t accord1 develop+ itself by ! gr[? ( new rays into a new & complete />-fi%4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,b ^! five or m n]v\s sy/ems d n radiate f a common c5tral n]ve-ganglion :i* might be t]m$ a c5tral bra91 b are m]ely jo9$ to a n]ve-r+ :i* lies 9 a common c5tral portion1 encircl+ ! esophagus2 ?is n]ve-r+ 9 ! majority ( cases =ms a regul> polygonic figure1 & into ea* angle ( ! polygon ! n]ve-cord ( a ray ent]s4 ,x w be se5 f ?is /ructural arrangem5t ( ?+s1 t ! psy*ical & m5tal guidance ( ^! animals is entru/$ to a bo>d ( five memb]s :o possess1 x is true1 s5ti5t communication ) ea* o!r1 b act )\t ! int]m$iation ( a presid+ (fic]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,comet-,,=m ,,( ,,arm ,,( ,a ,,/>-,,fi%4 ,a ca/-(f arm re-=m+ by ! spr\t+ ( f\r new rays4 ,we may well look =w>d ) int5se int]e/ to ! outcome ( a psy*ical adm9i/ration ( ?is k9d1 & to tell ! tru?1 until rec5tly its importance has be5 greatly und]e/imat$4 ,e inf]5ce made ) respect to ! psy*ical excitability ( an animal mu/ be d]iv$ f its movem5ts & actions 9 v>i\s natural & artificially produc$ positions1 by obs]v+ :at its conduct "u ^! conditions is4 ,to />t )1 />-fi%es1 l sea-ur*9s 7:i* psy*ically are simil>ly gov]n$71 admit ) respect to ! position ( _! bodies a di/9ction ( top & bottom2 t is to say1 ! side on :i* ! m\? lies situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! five rays belongs prop]ly face d[nw>ds1 :ile ! opposite surface is to be reg>d$ z ! dorsal side4 ,b ! conceptions ( a =ep>t & a h9dp>t1 ( a "r & a left are n applicable4 ,! rays ( ! />-fi%1 l ! c5tral disc1 also pla9ly exhibit a di/9ction ( l[] & upp] p>ts4 ,among ! real />-fi%es 7,a/]oidea7 ! inf]ior or v5tral surface ( ! arms is suppli$ ei!r ) two or ) f\r r[s ( suck]-feet or p$icels1 consi/+ ( long1 ext5sile1 holl[ sacs1 :i* :5 fill$ & ext5d$ by ! wat] let into _! widely ramifi$ ambulacral sy/ems1 protrude into ! grooves ( ! arm ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! h>d5$ calc>e\s integum5t4 ,to level surfaces !y easily cl+ fa/ by simply draw+ back ! t]m9al discs ( _! tubul> feet & ?us creat+ a r>efi$ atmosph]e 9 ! space betwe5 ! object to :i* !y adh]e & ! puff$ out walls ( ! extremities ( ! p$icels4 ,/>-fi%es may be se5 climb+ 9 ?is way1 ) _! hundr$s & hundr$s ( tube-feet1 up slipp]y cliffs & ev5 ! p]p5dicul> glass walls ( aqu>iums1 & !y are ev5 able to hang susp5d$ f a horizontal glass ceil+ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t aft] !y h be5 tak5 out ( ! wat]4 ,:5 !y wi% to *ange _! position !y d x by alt]nately loos5+ & fa/5+ _! ext5sile feet 9 su* a way t ^? loos5$ rea* =w>d 9 "o & ! same direction uni=m 9 all ! arms1 & fa/5 !mselves to ! surface anew1 :]eupon ! o!rs also let loose & g ?r\gh ! same movem5t 9 ! same direction4 ,! suck]-feet also help to convey to ! m\? ! food seiz$ at ! end ( ! arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,,mode ,,( ,,locomotion ,,( ,,s&-,,/>s4 7,aft] ,prey]47 ,9 ! cut to ! left #a fir/ advances1 !n 7#e7 & 7#b72 #c & #d rema9+ at re/4 ,:]eupon 7#e7 & 7#b7 simultane\sly come back to ! positions #e & #b1 c is lift$ & pu%$ =w>ds ) #a1 :ile ! two rays #c & #d are pull$ along beh9d4 ,9 ! figure to ! "r ! same animal fir/ %oves =w>d ! pairs 7#a7 7#b7 & 7#e7 7#c71 #d rema9+ at re/1 & !n b5ds bo? pairs backw>ds1 dragg+ only #d beh9d2 c is lift$ & ?r[n =w>d 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,:ile 9 ?is in/ance1 accord+ly1 ! arms1 al?\gh !y are n immovable & b5d & approa* ea* o!r1 (ficiate r z ! be>]s ( organs ?an z preh5sile & locomotory app>atuses !mselves1--! suck]-feet p]=m+ ! pr9cipal tasks & requir+ = _! "w a v f9ely ramifi$ n]v\s sy/em2 9 ! case ( a c]ta9 o!r division ( ! />-fi%es1 ! s-call$ s&-/>s 7,ophiuridae71 ! arms are ?9n] & m supple1 & act z organs ( preh5sion & locomotion1 disp5s+ m or less entirely ) _! suctorial p$icels4 ,by alt]nately ?ru/+ ?ree feet =w>d 7,fig4 #c7 & !n draw+ back ! two side feet ( ^! ?ree1 ! five-foot$ sea-/>s move m swiftly ?an ! o!rs1 sometimes proce$+ by jumps ev52 b !y _c climb up smoo? surfaces1 or cliffs1 unless irregul>ities are pres5t :i* may be grasp$ by _! pliant arms1 :]eas on ! o!r h& ! common />-fi%es1 :i* are furni%$ ) suck]-feet1 climb be/ ( all on smoo? & slipp]y surfaces1 ea* "o ( _! c\ntless p$icels be+ able to susp5d a consid]able weight1 9 "s species z mu* z tw5ty-five grammes4 ,9 o!r respects1 especially ) reg>d to ! r+-%ap$ connection ( ! five n]ve-cords1 _! organisation is ess5tially ! same2 only 9 ! s&-/>s ! c5tral portion =ms a disc m di/9ctly sep>ate f ! arms1 9 :i* =m] ! common organs ( feel+ & dige/ion h m fully retract$4 ,recognis+ ?us1 t ! />-fi%es & all _! relatives act physically l a f$]al animal-union1 compos$ ( five indep5d5t animal-/ates1 ,i call$ att5tion 9 ! fir/ edition ( my "w ,w]d5 und ,v]geh5 7#ahgf7 to ! psy*ological enigma t we 7 "h confront$ ) a five-fold ,siamese mon/]1 z x 71 9 :i* five sep>ate p]sons 7 br\ght m5tally "u ! same guidance1 or :]e five m9ds _h to pull1 simultane\sly1 "o rope4 ,on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a head & a bra9 9 ^! animals1 c]ta9 well-kn[n mod]n animal psy*ologi/s h tak5 ! position t _! p[]s ( psy*ical p]=mance are v scanty1 & t1 9 a mu* full] s5se ?an 0 pr$icat$ ( all animals by ! ,c>tesians1 ^! especially 7 irrational automatons1 or1 to use a te*nical expression1 7 m]e reflex-organisms1 animals 9 :i* only direct ext]nal excitations evoke ) unalt]able regul>ity responsive movem5ts1 s t1 = example1 if any unpleasant excitation 7 br\ght to be> on !m f any direction !y w\ld move 9 ! opposite direction1 b _w approa* if any?+ became p]ceptible t excit$ _! desire = food4 ,on ?is gr\nd ! di/+ui%$ ,engli% animal psy*ologi/s ,romanes & ,ew>t claim to h e/abli%$ t ^! animals actually d respond l ma*9es to ext]nal excitations2 if !y 7 excit$ at any "p ( _! body by a w\nd1 by ! application ( acids1 an electric curr5t1 or any o!r irritant1 !y w\ld run )\t exception 9 a /raight l9e 9 ! opposite direction1 b if ! excitation 7 appli$ to any two p>ts ( _! body at "s di/ance f ea* o!r !y w\ld move 9 ! l9e ( ! diagonal ( ! two directions1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,simil>ly _! movem5ts aft] prey & food 7! pres5ce ( :i* at a di/ance 0 made kn[n by ! emission ( odors71 _! movem5ts t[>d m brightly illum9at$ p>ts ( ! conta9+ vessel1 _! flight f ! air into ! wat]1 _! recov]y ( _! normal position :5 plac$ on _! backs1 & f9ally _! s-call$ autotomy or self-amputation1 t is ! ca/+ (f ( _! memb]s "u ! irritation ( p[]ful /imuli--7 all held to repres5t m]e automatic responses to pre>rang$ conditions )\t a trace ( intellig5ce be+ exhibit$4 ,9 view ( ?is condition ( ?+s x 0 a v welcome ann\ncem5t1 t "o ( ! mo/ brilliant repres5tatives ( mod]n exp]im5tal physiology & psy*ology1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,prey]1 at pres5t ( ,b]l91 _h det]m9$ to und]take a compreh5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ^! v animals1 & 0 able to c>ry out 8 int5tion at ! zological /ation 9 ,naples1 s admirably adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,to obta9 cle> ideas g5]ally ) reg>d to animal reflex-me*anisms1 fitt] specim5s = exp]im5t c\ld sc>cely be pres5t$ ?an ! />-fi%es1 :i* unite a r>e degree ( dec5tralisation1 p[] ( indep5d5t action1 & abs5ce ( a c]ebral c5tre1 ) a n]v\s sy/em ( ! m9ute/ ramifications4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 7 simple1 cle> & transp>5t results to be expect$1 & f9ally in=mation relat+ to ! co-op]ative activity ( diff]5t n]v\s sy/ems4 ,prey] publi%$ ! results ( 8 obs]vations 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 d] ,zoologis*5 ,/ation 9 ,neapel = ! ye>s #ahhf & #ahhg1 & al?\gh he does n reg>d 8 labors z complet$1 ! sci5tific read+ public may nev]!less take suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( 8 rese>*es to ju/ify a pres5tm5t ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ g5]al results obta9$4 ,9 confirmation ( ! view t previ\sly obta9$ x 0 f\nd t ^! animals actually did respond 9 a r>e degree to giv5 /imuli 9 a mann] det]m9$ once = all2 x c\ld be =etold ) a degree ( sur5ess v]g+ on a/ronomical c]ta9ty1 h[1 = example1 ! suck]-feet ( a />-fi% w\ld act if ! animal 9 its normal & s\nd condition 0 irritat$ at ?is or t place1 p[]fully or weakly1 "o "t or _m times successively1 by me*anical or *emical applications1 by electric curr5ts1 or heat$ in/rum5ts4 ,) all ! means ( irritation employ$ ! result 0 always id5tical1 & consi/$ 9 ! fact t ! di/5sible feet 7 drawn 9 at ! po9t ( application :5 ! irritation did n ext5d beyond its region1 no matt] :e!r x 0 appli$ at ! inf]ior or sup]ior surface ( ! animal1 b t protrusion ( ! feet nev] result$ f local irritations ( ?is "* s long z !y did n exce$ a c]ta9 int5sity4 ,a m p[]ful irritation1 on ! o!r h&1 radiat+ ov] a great] portion1 or ov] ! :ole animal1 produces a g5]al protrusion ( ! di/5sible p$icels1 s f> z ! irritation ext5ds1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! po9t ( application itself :5 ! same lies on ! inf]ior surface4 ,inasmu* z ?is sw>m+ protrusion ( p$icels may spread ov] ! entire inf]ior surface :5 only a s+le arm is irritat$ 9 ! neighborhood ( its extremity1 x foll[s f ?is t ! n]v\s excitation mu/ fir/ be convey$ to ! r+ at ! c5tre 9 ord] to radiate !nce to ! p$icels ( ! o!r arms2 & f ! mann] 9 :i* ! irritation is propagat$1 ! c\rse ( ! radiation c be accurately foll[$4 ,?us1 if ! irritation ( an arm proce$$ f ! dorsal region1 ! di/5sible p$icels ( ?is arm 7 ! fir/ to protrude1 !n ^? ( ! two adjac5t arms1 & f9ally ^? ( ! two rema9+ arms1 b 9 ! latt] n q out to ! extremities unless ! irritation exce$$ a c]ta9 int5sity4 ,t is to say1 ! effect ( ! irritation 0 propagat$ ?r\gh ! inn] n]ve-r+ accord+ to ! same laws by :i* a fluid "u pressure or an electric curr5t 9 a simil> conductory sy/em w\ld proce$4 ,b if ! connection ( ! r+ 0 sev]$ at bo? sides ( ! irritat$ arm1 ! effect w\ld rema9 conf9$ to t arm4 ,if ! connection 0 brok5 only on "o side ! irritation advanc$ r\nd ! o!r side & rea*$ ! sev]$ neighbor la/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a p[]ful irritation ( ! c5tral disc imm$iately provok$ ! ext5sion ( all ! p$icels4 ,! ph5om5a record$ occurr$ moreov] 9 accordance ) simple me*anical laws z 0 expect$ f ! outset1 & :5 ! irritations 7 unusually p[]ful ! effect 0 manife/$ by a cont9u\s alt]nate ext5sion & contraction ( ! p$icels4 ,amputat$ arms ( ! common suck]-foot$ />-fi% act l arms isolat$ at bo? sides by sev]ance ( ! n]ve-r+1 z j expla9$4 ,^u local irritation !y draw 9 _! p$icels1 & protrude !m ^u be+ p[]fully irritat$2 !y creep =w>d 9 a def9ite direction1 & :5 plac$ ^u _! backs are able ev5 to turn !mselves ov] l ! un9jur$ animal4 ,! sev]$ arms ( s&-/>s are less indep5d5t4 ,!y twi/ ab\t aimlessly hi!r & ?i!r1 b if any consid]able portion ( ! c5tral disc & n]ve-r+ adh]es to !m !y are able to p]=m adaptive movem5ts4 ,simil>ly ! disc1 ) "o or two arms atta*$1 is n helpless2 & is able to get along q alone )\t any arms4 ,we c\ld expla9 all ^! movem5ts by s-call$ reflex actions & might grant also t ! me*anism t effects ^! results op]ates 9 ?is case ^u a great] scale & ) m indep5d5ce ?an 9 o!r classes ( animals1 = ! reason t "h a real guid+ organ is n pres5t4 ,b :atev] might be inf]r$ f ! exp]im5ts j describ$ 9 favor ( a s5seless & un9tellig5t life ( />-fi%es1 ,pr(essor ,prey] 0 nev]!less able by ext5d+ 8 exp]im5ts to w9 ! conviction t ! old conception ( />-fi%es be+ real reflex animals 0 :olly unt5able1 s9ce a great numb] ( capacities & capabilities c\ld be v]ifi$ & provok$1 :i* are intelligible only on ! basis ( adaptive co-op]ation & mutual conc]t$ action 9 ! five rays4 ,we %all n discuss "h :e!r ?is is also prov$ by ! wond]ful fact t a />-fi%1 :i* fa/5s its arms to ev]y?+ possible1 nev] seizes its own arm & ?us1 l ,molire's mis]1 9 its visits to its oy/] b$s nev] cat*es itself = a ?ief4 ,we might say1 inde$1 t ! arm seek+ a hold does n seize its companion because x feels x & has le>n$ by exp]i5ce t x takes a ,mn*aus5 to pull "o's self out ( a swamp by ! tops ( "o's boots4 ,b we f9d exactly ! same ph5om5on among creep+ plants1 :i* clasp e k9d ( support 9 _! way1 b nev]1 z ,d>w9 obs]v$1 take hold ( _! own /alks2 :5ce we might assume t !re probably exi/s 9 ^! be+s "s sort ( p[] ( reflex inhibition dep5d5t ^u a prop]ty ( ! body & develop$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t clasp+ & grasp+ p>ts ( itself w\ld involve a useless wa/e ( en]gy4 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ?is in/9ctive dread ( contact ) self is inop]ative4 ,b to our ma9 task4 ,9 ! simple/ *anges ( place & position1 intellig5t co-op]ation ( ! arms is manife/4 ,= if 9 mov+ f "o place to ano!r1 or 9 turn+ ar\nd ea* arm t5d$ to p]=m on its own acc\nt ! necess>y movem5ts ( ext5sion or rotation1 )\t giv+ any he$ to ! o!rs1 ! animal w\ld endure ! torm5ts ( ,tantalus be=e x c\ld rea*1 if ev] at all1 ! *oice bit ( food t x _h sc5t$ f af>1 or ! ray ( light t[>ds :i* an obscure impulsion drove x4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 a />-fi% is spy+ aft] food1 we obs]ve x lift ! ends ( its p$icel-cov]$ arms s t ! d[nw>d deflect$ eye !re situat$ may obta9 a good view ( ?+s 9 ! neighborhood1 & if 9 any direction an object wor? go+ aft] is discov]$ we see ! _m hundr$s ( suck]-feet on ! five arms pu% out 9 "o & ! same direction1--a ph5om5on t requires ! pres5ce ( a v widely ramifi$ n]v\s sy/em1 s9ce e tactile p$icel ne$s its sep>ate telegraph wire 9 ord] to be prop]ly mov$ & n always 9 ! same direction1 z = example :5 ! animal wi%es to p]=m a rotation ab\t its own axis4 ,= ^! comical animals sometimes d rotate ab\t _! axis1 al?\gh our simple m9d wond]s :y a ,janus-head %\ld want to turn ar\nd1 ^! animals be+ able to look simultane\sly 9 ! f\r directions ( ! compass1 & hav+ /ill ano!r eye = look+ d[nw>d4 ,simil>ly 9 ! s&-/>s1 to :i* ! ,m$usa-heads ) bran*$ arms belong1 an adaptive co-op]ation ( ! arms 9 creep+ & swimm+ occurs2 :i* c be expla9$ only z ! result ( a common und]/&+ issu+ f ! c5tral r+4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ f ,prey]'s ext5sive obs]vations1 t z a rule no "o individual arm ( a />-fi% enjoys to ! exclusion ( its fell[s ! pr]ogative ( univ]sal or ev5 g5]al prec$5ce2 ! lead ( any "o arm is r solely det]m9$ by ! object s\ght1 s t ! "o next to ! object g5]ally />ts fir/ & assumes ! lead ( ! little army ( arms4 ,( c\rse 9 ! case ( new-gr[+ />-fi%es :i* h sprung f a s+le arm by spr\t+1 ?is is diff]5t2 = 9 ?is in/ance ! old arm w und\bt$ly reta9 control ( ! o!rs = "s l5g? ( "t until ! "y ones h rea*$ a c]ta9 size4 ,prey] does n seem to h in/itut$ obs]vations to asc]ta9 ?is1 b x w\ld be int]e/+ to det]m9e :e!r an arm ( ?is k9d always takes ! lead1 or 9 ! prop] cases acts z driv] f beh9d & pu%es ! baby-c>riage ) ! *ildr5 be=e x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,,recov]y ,,( ,,normal ,,position ,,by ,,a/ropect5 ,,aurantiacus4 7,aft] ,prey]47 ,?r\gh ! end ( ea* ray ( ! animal a ?read is drawn & affix$ to a cork2 ! animal ly+ back d[nw>ds4 ,at fir/ ! creature swung ! corks alt]nately inw>ds & outw>ds1 tak+ ! positions repres5t$ 9 ! above figure4 ,aft] ! lapse ( an h\r ! ray ) ! smalle/ cork atta*$1 ^u :i* ?us ! lea/ upw>d pressure 0 ex]t$1 0 pull$ d[nw>ds & sidewise & br\ght b5ea? an adjac5t ray2 ! two opposite rays 7 retract$ c5trally1 ! disc lift$1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! animal ?us displac$1 & ! turn+ effect$4 ,examples ( surpris+ly dext]\s co-op]ation & conc]t$ adaptive action are obs]v$ 9 ^! animals 9 _! climb+ on difficult surfaces1 & 9 _! attempts1 also1 to rega9 _! normal position :5 plac$ on _! backs or made to swim 9 rev]s$ positions by discs ( cork fa/5$ to ! extremities ( _! arms4 ,sci5ti/s h obs]v$ memb]s ( ! ord]s ,a/]oidea & ,ophiuroidea1 9 difficult positions ( ?is k9d1 display an a/\nd+ s5se ( equilibrium & a skilfulness 9 ga9+ firm holds1 sugge/ive ( ! a?letic feats ( monkeys1 & t ev5 :5 plac$ 9 v unusual positions su* z nev] occur 9 nature4 ,?us _m />-fi%es let !mselves drop f /eep rocks & cliffs1 if t happ5s to be ! be/ way ( gett+ d[n2 b 9 su* cases be=e !y let _! :ole weight g hold fa/ to ! la/ mom5t ) "o or two arms1 z if x 7 previ\sly necess>y to calculate ! leap into ! dep?s bel[4 ,to furni% ! c\nt]-te/ ( ?is1 & to prove t ! c5tral n]ve-r+ is1 z assum$1 ! indisp5sable & necess>y condition ( ?is unit$ co-op]ation1 ,prey] sev]$ ! r+ 9 individual specim5s ( ! class betwe5 e two arms1 sp>+ ! o!r p>ts z mu* z possible4 ,9 ?is way ! n]v\s sy/ems ( ! five rays 7 disconnect$4 ,z 0 expect$1 x 0 f\nd t ! m connections !re 7 sev]$1 ! m difficult ! animal f\nd x :5 plac$ on its back to rega9 its normal position4 ,= s9ce ! recov]y ( ! normal position mu/ be introduc$ by ! grop+ ab\t & ! fa/5+ ( ! p$icels ( "o or ( sev]al adjac5t & half-turn$ arms1 two arms or pairs ( arms might = want ( a mutual und]/&+ act directly 9 opposition to "o ano!r & ?us make ! turn+ impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c5tral disc 0 able1 ?\gh depriv$ ( all arms1 to accompli% ! turn+1 if only ! n]ve-r+ 7 pres]v$ intact2 & ! m !re rema9$ ( ! n]ve-r+ on a s+le arm ! bett] ! s+le arm 0 able to d x4 ,b 9 circum/ances :i* 7 :olly new1 ! adaptive co-op]ation ( ! arms demon/rat$ itself 9 s /rik+ a mann] t we may say !y are n to be easily put out ( c\nt5ance or conf\nd$4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,prey]1 = example1 slipp$ n>r[ rubb] b&s or cyl9d]s ov] _! r\gh sp9y arms1 !y rid !mselves z a rule ( ^! unwont$ fett]s 9 a v %ort "t1 & 9 ! mo/ v>i\s b always well calculat$ ways4 ,g5]ally ! two ne>e/ ones seiz$ _! poor imprison$ fell[ "u ! arms1 brac+ !mselves ) _! r\gh sp9y surface aga9/ ! rubb] sleeve1 & ?us f9ally /ripp+ x (f4 7,see ,fig4 #e2 next page47 ,sometimes1 :5 ! b& 0 loosely adju/$1 twi/+ movem5ts ( ! arm 9 ! wat] suffic$ gradually to loos5 x1 until x c\ld be f9ally ca/ (f4 ,(t5 ! peel+ (f 0 effect$ by press+ aga9/ a r\gh surface1 :]eby sometimes an adjac5t arm held ! sleeve fa/2 & :5 no o!r exp$i5t 0 ( avail ! animal ca/ ! arm1 sleeve & all1 away f itself2 & ! latt] may possibly h n gott5 rid ( x at all4 ,at times ! ca/+ (f ( ! arm occurr$ subsequ5tly1 aft] ! ob/acle _h be5 entirely remov$1 & (t5 ev5 a day lat]1 z if ! imp$$ arm 0 /ill s5sible ( "s ob/ruction :i* caus$ x to aft]w>ds sep>ate f its companions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,,removal ,,by ,,ophiomyxa ,,( ,a ,,rubb] ,,sleeve4 7,aft] ,prey]47 ,! figure repres5ts ! mom5t at :i* ! b& is ab\t to be remov$4 ,an adjac5t arm is brac$ aga9/ ! l[] edge ( ! b&1 =c+ x (f 9 ! direction ( ! extremity ( ! ray4 ,attempts at flight & lib]ation f unwont$ compulsory positions or n>r[ conf9em5t1 also des]ve special att5tion4 ,_m a p]son :o has put a />-fi% into a cage & fanci$ t he 0 assur$ ( its possession1 has be5 disappo9t$ on f9d+ t ! animal _h effect$ its escape ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,b />-fi%es h1 9 consequ5ce ( _! abhorr5ce ( ! air1 be5 made to creep into ! n>r[ necks ( bottles fill$ ) wat]4 ,pr(essor ,prey]1 = example1 ?ru/ two ( ! arms ( a common />-fi% species 7,a/]ias glacialis7 into a tube fill$ ) salt wat] leav+ ! ?ree o!r arms expos$ to ! atmosph]e outside2 & al?\gh x w\ld h be5 impossible to =ce ! animal into ! tube )\t cru%+ x1 ! ?ree arms expos$ to ! air 7 also pull$ 9 )9 ! space ( ?ree m9utes4 ,if ! tube 0 plac$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 wat] ! animal quickly crept out aga94 ,! p]=mance seem$ utt]ly impossible1 = ea* s+le arm ( ! />-fi% 0 almo/ z ?ick at its base z ! greate/ wid? ( ! tube1 & yet ?ree ( ^! arms _h to pass 9 side by side4 ,?is 0 made possible by ! animal empty+ dur+ ! passage all ! num]\s wat]-vesicles 9 ! int]ior ( ! arms :i* s]ve to fill & to empty ! di/5sible p$icels !re92 ! />-fi%1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! wat]1 becomes v s(t 9 all its p>ts & does n h>d5 aga9 until x has =c$ itself completely ?r\gh & refill$ itself ) wat]4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ^! empty+s1 b5d+s1 turn+s1 & roll+s1 ?\s&s ( muscul> fibres mu/ "w 9 h>mony )9 ! body ( ! animal4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 also successfully c>ri$ out ) o!r />-fi%es1 b ,i _c agree ) ! obs]v] :5 he says t 9 s do+ he br\ght ! animals into a completely new & hi!rto unexp]i5c$ position4 ,9 _! haunts on rocky coa/s !y mu/ assur$ly (t5 h to =ce _! way ?r\gh n>r[ fissures & holes2 & !y mu/ f9d occasion to make use ( ! advantages ( be+ able to evacuate wat] 9 ! case also ( s+le arms1 z :5 !y se>* ) !m 9 n>r[ ap]tures & snail-h\ses4 ,b und\bt$ly new = ^! animals 0 ! position 9 :i* !y 7 fa/5$ to a bo>d by five long p9s ) broad heads1 :i* ,prey] drove 9 close to ! c5tral disc betwe5 ! rays1 s t ! />-fi%1 z x seem$1 0 fa/5$ to its re/+-place 9 a way t admitt$ ( no escape4 ,nev]!less1 ! />-fi% f\nd a means ( free+ itself ) ease & elegance f ?is con/ra9$ imprisonm5t 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 ev5 :5 ! ext]ior p>ts ( _! bodies 7 gird$ 9 by a mu* great] numb] ( p9s4 ,ord9>ily !y began by %ov+ "o ( _! rays1 accompani$ by a backw>d b5d+ movem5t ( its two companions1 f> out betwe5 ! two encompass+ p9s1 & !n drew ) ! greate/ c>e fir/ ! "o & !n ! o!r adjac5t ray ?r\gh ! same n>r[ av5ue ( escape1 :]eupon !n ! two rema9+ rays1 ! "o slightly ov]lapp+ ! o!r1 7 enabl$ to foll[ ) p]fect ease4 7,see ,fig4 #f47 ,a practis$ knot-unti] :o _h /udi$ ! position c\ld n h giv5 !m bett] advice4 ,b if no agreem5t ( plan & purpose exi/$ 9 ?is case betwe5 ! sep>ate rays1 if ea* ray s\ght to free itself ( its own accord1 a successful extrication f ! difficulty c\ld h>dly h be5 =ese52 & we mu/ inf] f ?is great unanimity ( action 9 times ( dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,,extrication ,,( ,,/>-,,fi% ,,imprison$ ,,int]radially ,,by ,,tacks4 7,aft] ,prey]47 #a4 ,orig9al encompassm5t4 #b4 ,fir/ /age ( extrication4 #c4 ,second /age4 #d4 ,?ird & la/ /age4 ,! small] figures indicate ! successive positions ( ! same rays4 ,prey] ?9ks t at times ! concurr5ce ( all ! rays 9 matt]s ( conc]t$ action might h to be effect$ by fir/ obta9+ ! concurr5ce & ass5t ( any individual ray t might be ho/ilely dispos$2 he holds x z n improbable t pr(\nd diss5sions may arise betwe5 ! unit$ bro!rs1 & ref]s to ! fact t p]haps ! volunt>y section ( a />-fi% into a ?ree-ray$ & a two-ray$ portion1--:i* frequ5tly takes place1--may h to be reg>d$ z ! viol5t dissolution ( a community ( fell[ animals =m]ly liv+ 9 h>mony1 b n[ laps$ into a /ate ( conflict4 ,we %all pass ?is view by1 h[ev]1 to po9t out 9 a few words ,prey]'s g5]al inf]5ces ) reg>d to ! mutual relation ( ! five communal s\ls4 ,progression & flight 9 a direction once tak5 & unimp$$ by ob/acles1--an obs]vation (t5 made & easily v]ifi$1--! acrobatic p]=mances1 & la/ly ! intellig5t behavior1 s to say1 ( imprison$ & fett]$ />-fi%es1 prove t g5]ally1 & especially 9 mom5ts ( p]il1 /r5g?-giv+ unanimity prevails4 ,b ,prey] is nev]!less ( op9ion t x is n !re=e necess>y to assume ! exi/5ce ( a p]man5t c5tral gov]nm5t1 a c5tral s\l1 hold+ simultane\s sway ov] ! five radial s\ls1 & 9 :i* is lodg$1 especially 9 times ( battle1 full executive p[]4 ,he employs ! simile ( five hunt+-dogs yok$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a r+1 ( l age1 l p[]1 & ! same tra9+1 :o hunt a h>e 9 conc]t1 or /& simultane\sly & me*anically be=e a p>tridge2 :5 ?r[n into ! wat] make = ! %ore all 9 ! same direction1 & :5 equally tir$ fall simultane\sly asleep4 ,l ! ,siamese tw9s1 he says1 ^! yolk$-toge!r dogs w h ^u ! :ole app>5tly b "o w1 al?\gh !y (t5 obey only necessity 9 ?is & n _! own impulses4 ,prey] arrives 9 ?is at ! same conclusion t ,i pron\nc$ 9 #ahgf 9 ! "w ,i h m5tion$1 :]e ,i comp>$ ! conc]t$ actions & movem5ts ( />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s to ! walk+ & danc+ ( human tw9-mon/]s1 :o 9 spite ( a diff]5ce ( m5tal individuality1 (t5 v f> rea*+1 nev]!less br+ ab\t p]fect h>mony 9 _! ext]nal movem5ts4 ,9 ?is ,i _h especially 9 m9d ! s-call$ two-head$ night+ale1 two girls closely unit$ 9 gr[?1 :o (t5 viol5tly qu>rel$ b sang & danc$ s h>moni\sly ) "o ano!r t = ! "t be+ ! sorr[ful fate ( ! indissoluble union ( two s diff]5t natures 0 completely =gott54 ,9 ! majority ( _! relations ! five or m associates unit$ 9 ! />-fi% are mu* bett] (f ?an un=tunate human be+s l ^? j describ$1 & especially 9 ?is "o p>ticul> t !y d n h to die ) "o ano!r1 b are able to break loose ) impunity f a companion :om dea? ?reat5s1 :5 !y obs]ve t he has suff]$ a w\nd or loss1 simply expell+ him f ! community4 ,,c>us ,,/]ne4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,i4 ,,g]man ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,y h reque/$ me to write y = y\r new qu>t]ly magaz9e a review ( ! philosophy ( contempor>y ,g]many z manife/$ 9 its mo/ important t5d5cies & endeavors4 ,9 sett+ out to comply ) y\r wi%1 ,i feel t ?is is no simple task4 ,) m]e titles ( books nei!r y nor y\r public w be satisfi$4 ,! read]s ( ,! ,moni/ w dem& a deep] insight into ! work%ops ( ,g]man philosophy2 !y w want to "k if ! old "m soil ( speculative ?\ght has reta9$ its pri/9e f]tility4 ,f]tile x has rema9$4 ,b 9 q ano!r s5se f =m]ly4 ,9 a few ye>s a c5tury w h elaps$ s9ce ,s*ell+ publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophis*e ,j\rnal ( ,nie?amm] & ,fi*te1 8 ,g5]al ,survey ( ,mod]n ,philosophical ,lit]ature1 & x is well to recall to m9d t treatise & t p]iod 9 attempt+ to *>act]ise ! pres5t /ate ( philosophy 9 ,g]many2 contra/s1 we all "k1 are q z important = ! acquisition ( k z resemblances4 ,"o c5tral problem /ood at t "t pr$om9antly 9 ! =egr\nd2 ! problem1 namely1 ( ! unification ( k4 ,nei!r ! idea nor ! t5d5cy x involves1 is unkn[n to ! philosophy ( to-day1 b its mean+ has become a diff]5t "o4 ,at t epo* x 0 s\ght to solve ! problem f )91 to solve x f ! c5tre2 x 0 s\ght to f9d a supreme species ( k possess+ a c]ta9ty f\nd$ unconditionally 9 itself1 & to exp& ?is dialectically into a sy/em ( ideas4 ,i d n ne$ to set =? "h ! great & peculi> acquisitions t ?is me?od has won = u1 nor to po9t out :at weal? ( noble p[] 0 dissipat$ by x 9 ! treatm5t ( impossible problems4 ,^! ?+s belong to hi/ory4 ,! speculative p]iod ( ,g]man philosophy is dead4 ,ludwig ,feu]ba* 9 ! middle ( ?is c5tury sung its fun]al dirge4 ,b x took "s "t be=e p accu/om$ !mselves to reg>d x z really dead1--a "t 9 :i* c\ntless attempts 7 made to resuscitate x2 x took "s "t be=e philosoph]s began g5]ally to be/[ ^u ! corpse ! kicks ( abuse t ,s*op5hau] 9 its own lifetime adm9i/]$ to x1 & = :i* he 0 rebuk$ by a univ]sal sil5ce ( indignation4 ,e>li] hi/ory1 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! speculative ma/]s1 _h *>act]is$ ! progress ( ,g]man philosophy f ,kant to ,hegel z ! necess>y & logical evolution ( ! idea ( philosophy 9 its highe/ s5se4 ,b ! pres5t prevail+ me?od ( pres5tation is accu/om$ to draw a %>p1 deep l9e at ! t]m9ation ( ,kant's activity1 & to reg>d ! entire subsequ5t speculative developm5t ( ! ,kantian philosophy z a fallaci\s digression & an ab&onm5t ( ! fundam5tal critical idea4 ,back to ,kant is ! wat*word t has res\nd$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sixties1 at fir/ 9 solit>y utt]ances1 & !n ) great]1 ev]-increas+ emphasis--! incipi5t condemnation ( a p]iod 9 :i* ,g]man philosophy _h celebrat$ its gr&e/ & mo/ brilliant triumphs1 & at a "t :5 ,g]man speculative ?\ght _h j begun to gr[ bett] kn[n & m influ5tial abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,back to ,kant4 ,yes4 ,b to :i* ,kant8 ,to ! ,kant ( ! fir/ or ! second edition ( ! ,critique ( ! ,pure ,reason8 ,to ! ,critique ( ! ,pure or ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason8 ,v p]plex+ que/ions ^!4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant is n s easily r$ucible to a simple & compreh5sive =mula4 ,x is a v]itable ,proteus1 t *anges at w =m & appe>ance4 ,e "o int]prets x1 9 ! end1 z he wi%es ,kant %\ld h ?\ght4 ,! cry ,back to ,kant has become 9 ! ranks ( ,g]man philosoph]s a v]itable apple ( discord4 ,an enorm\s ,kantian lit]ature has sprung up2 critical1 exegetical1 con/ructive4 ,no "o c dispute its acum51 le>n+1 erudition1 & pr(undity4 ,b ! traits ( ,alex&rianism unmi/akably cl+ to x4 ,a m p]nici\s wa/e ( intellectual p[]1 p]haps1 ?an t ( ! mu* deplor$ speculative p]iod4 ,"o has ! feel+ (t5 z if "o w\ld l to ca/ into ! tumultu\s1 /ruggl+ cr[d ( combatants a diff]5t battle cry--,back to ,nature6 ,back to to ! exam9ation ( ! true cont5ts ( ?+s6 ,i %all select on ?is occasion f ! sup]abundant /ore ( ,kantian lit]ature ! works ( two writ]s only to :om ! *>act]isation j advanc$ does n apply1 & to :om indep5d5t & fundam5tal importance belongs4 ,!y are1 fir/1 ,,ern/ ,,laas1#eh pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg1 :o di$ 9 #ahhe1 & second1 ,,alois ,,riehl1#ei =m]ly ( ,gratz1 n[ ( ,freiburg4 ,bo? began ) ,kantian rese>*4 ,nei!r rema9$ id5tifi$ ) x4 ,bo? s\ght to supply a new f\ndation = t bran* ( philosophy t deals ) ! !ory ( cognition2 bo? br\ght to ! s]vice ( _! task1 9 addition to em95t critical & analytical acum51 compreh5sive hi/orical k4 ,widely diff]5t 9 me?od1 bo? pursu$ ! same end--! eradication ( t transc5d5t bias :i* _h s p]nici\s an influ5ce ) ,kant himself & 8 imm$iate foll[]s1 & ! replac+ ( all duali/ic opposition ( a high] & a l[]1 or a real & a phantom _w1 by a philosophy ( reality bas$ ^u ! rigid analysis ( pure exp]i5ce4 ,bo?1 !re=e1 are1 9 ?is s5se1 indisp5sable preconditions ( e moni/ic philosophy t is n f\nd$ on imm$iate intellectual p]ception1 or m]e po/ulates1 b aims at a critical f\ndation4 #eh ,laas1 ,idealismus und ,positivismus1 #c ,vols4 #ahgf-hg4 #ei ,riehl1 ,d] philosophis*e ,kriticismus und se9e ,b$eutung fr die positive ,wiss5s*aft1 #c ,vols4 #ahgf-hg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,simultane\sly ) ?is battle = ! real ,kant & ! measure ( t 9 8 philosophy :i* c\ld be utilis$ z ! gr\ndwork ( a new /ructure con=m+ to ! conditions ( ! times1 ,g]man philosophy 9 ! second half ( ?is c5tury wag$ ano!r w>4 ,no fratricidal /ruggle ?is1 no m]e s*ola/ic feud1 b a battle = exi/5ce ) a =eign foe--! physical sci5ces4 ,aft] ! speculative philosophy _h retir$ f ! ?rone t x _h s long occupi$1 & ! vacancy seem$ yet unfill$1 ! attempt 0 made to place 9 ! unoccupi$ seat ano!r intellectual p[] ^: cr$it & au?ority ) ! contempor>y _w _h begun to keep pace ) ! success t att5d$ its endeavors4 ,we %all designate ^! attempts briefly z mat]ialism1 & und]/& by ! t]m any & e endeavor t aims at con/ruct+ a conception ( ! _w ) ! means & me?ods ( ! ma!matical & me*anical sci5ces alone4 ,t :i* 0 "h s\ght aft] 0 ! exact opposite ( ! /ate ( ?+s t obta9$ 9 ! speculative p]iod2 & ! treatm5t t ! speculative philosophy _h to submit to at ! h&s ( _m ( ! spokesm5 ( ! new movem5t 0 n entirely undes]v$4 ,! battle t ,g]man philosophy "h _h to fight 0 no easy "o4 ,its foe occupi$ e position ( vantage4 ,! real or app>5t exactness ( its pr9ciples1 ! detail$ "* ( ! /ructure ( ! _w t x bade fair to (f] 7 a p[]4 ,:at we want is facts1 n ideas2 intelligibility1 n pr(undity--^! 7 ! dem&s ) :i* philosophy 0 confront$4 ,x 0 impossible to outflank1 9 ?is direction1 ! repres5tatives ( a sci5tific discipl9e t admitt$ ( skilful popul>isation4 ,!re 0 no?+ simil> to oppose to x4 ,philosoph]s 7 accord+ly compell$ to conf9e !mselves to criticism1 to %[ =? ! unmi/akable defectiv5ess ( ! pure-me*anical philosophy1 ! weaknesses & flaws 9 its demon/rations & ! arbitr>y "* ( its con/ruction2 & to po9t out by a display ( mu* acute reason+ :at fifty ye>s be=e 0 self-evid5t1 t m9d & m5tal life are n m]ely an accid5tal phase ( ?+s1 n a product incid5tally result+1 b an inde/ructible feature ( ! inw>d nature ( ! _w itself4 ,mu* ( ?is ext5sive antimat]iali/ic lit]ature1 9 :i* may also be includ$ by f> ! great] "p ( anti-,d>w9ian lit]ature1 c put =? no claim to la/+ wor?1 & is to-day :olly antiquat$4 ,= ! simple reason t p no long] und]/&1 or at lea/ w soon no long] be able to und]/&1 ! circum/ances & conditions out ( :i* ?is polemical activity sprung3 namely ! transc5d5t metaphysical philosophy2 mi/ak5 idealism :i* imag9$ t exi/5ce & reality _h to be transfigur$ 9 & by cognition in/ead ( ?r\gh w & action2 ! secret fe> ( an endang]m5t or inde$ ( a dislodgm5t ( ! religio-!ological _w-conception1 ! sup]natural ,god-idea1 ! pure spiritual & immortal s\l1 ! fre$om ( ! w1 & o!r phantoms :atsoev] ! designations !y may be>4 ,b ?is w>f>e aga9/ mat]ialism1 :i* 0 wag$ by m9ds ( widely v>y+ rank & p[]1 result$ at lea/ 9 ! sub/antial advantage ( hav+ br\ght ! ho/ile p>ties clos] toge!r1 ( hav+ =c$ !m to ! reciprocal /udy ( _! respective means ( inve/igation1 & ( hav+ put an end to ! complete e/rangem5t t =m]ly exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,n only did x enri* philosophy1 b x also l$ physical sci5ce to a correction ( _m ( its conceptions & to a re-exam9ation ( its me?odological hypo!ses4 ,?is is be/ to be /udi$1 p]haps1 by tak+ to h& ! writ+s ( a man :o may be *>act]is$ pre-em95tly z a spokesman ( ! mat]iali/ic movem5t 9 ,g]many1--,i mean ,,jakob ,,moles*ott4 ,8 well kn[n "w ,d] ,kreislauf des ,leb5s has become 9 its la/1 ! eigh? edition1 some?+ q diff]5t f :at x 0 9 its fir/2 & ! ri* collection ( 8 less] writ+s 7,kle9]e ,s*rift51 #b ,vols41 #ahgi-hg7 also (f]s ! philosoph]1 especially f a me?odological po9t ( view1 mu* t is wor?y ( especial att5tion4 ,moreov]1 ?is reciprocal influ5ce ( m9d ^u m9d is manife/$ 9 ! case ( _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ inve/igators ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 9 ! mo/ rem>kable & gratify+ mann]4 ,x is impossible to /udy ! disc\rses & treatises ( physiologi/s l ,,du ,,bois-,,reymond & ,,wilhelm ,,prey]1 ( physici/s l ,,helmholtz & ,,ern/ ,,ma*1 & ! discussions occasion$ by _! works1 )\t be+ surpris$ at ! ext5t to :i* ! po9ts ( view ( psy*ology & ( ! !ory ( cognition h p5etrat$ into ! problems & inquiries ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,& vice v]sa philosophical works1 l ,,fr4 ,a4 ,,lange',s ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism 7,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus und ,kritik se9] ,b$eutung 9 d] ,geg5w>t71 ,,ueb]weg',s ,collect$ ,essays 7,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 j rec5tly edit$ 9 a comm5dable mann] by ,moritz ,bras*71 ! num]\s works ( ,,ludwig ,,noir1 &1 la/ b n lea/1 ! entire sci5tific activity ( ,,wilhelm ,,wundt1--all %[ an intimate famili>ity ) ! me?ods ( ! physical sci5ces & an assimilation ( mat]ials f ^! bran*es ( k su* z ! speculative p]iod c furni% no example (4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nev]!less1 ?is intellectual revolution1 f>-rea*+ z x 01 has l$ nei!r to solid sy/ematic con/ruction nor ev5 to ! successful developm5t ( positive me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,s9ce ! decl9e ( speculative philosophy1--9 :i* 9 ?is connection ! ,h]b>tian may also be includ$1--two sy/ems only h dom9antly influ5c$ ! ,g]man m9d3 ! sy/em ( ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau] & t ( ,,h]mann ,,lotze4 ,9 bo? a resonance /ill l+]s ( ! old] "t4 ,9 ,s*op5hau] we detect ! _s ( ,s*ell+'s nature- & art-philosophy2 9 ,lotze1 traces ( ! f9ely /udi$ subtlety ( ,h]b>tian metaphysics4 ,b ?\gh bo? are indebt$ = a portion ( _! real intr9sic wor? to ?is organic ?\gh involunt>y connection ) a great epo*1 _! influ5ce ^u ! pres5t "t re/s ^u v diff]5t gr\nds2 & prim>ily ^u ! symmetrical1 f9i%$1 & compact totality ( _! intellectual creations4 ,!y arose at a "t 9 :i* philosoph]s _h begun to lay aside ! old] sy/ems z useless1 & 9 :i* t multitud9\s dismemb]m5t ( k already began to make itself felt :i* to-day seems to be /ill gr[+ great]4 ,al?\gh x may be difficult 9 _m phases ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce to satisfy ! impulse lat5t 9 u to unify k1 & al?\gh ?is endeavor is *>act]is$ ev] anew by ! repres5tatives ( special rese>* z a delusion1 nay z a ru9\s delusion1--yet ?is impulse is n to be eradicat$ f ! human m9d & 9 "s way or o!r x w ev] procure itself recognition4 ,works l ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung 7,_w z ,w & ,idea71 or ,d] ,mikrokosmus 7,microcosm7 embrace 9 fact ! entire sph]e ( k1 n 9 an ext5sive1 b 9 an int5sive s5se3 !y furni% a def9ite view ( ! complete int]-relation & mean+ ( life4 ,x w p]haps appe> /range to ! read] t works are "h m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? & _! effects ^u ! pres5t "t discuss$1 :i* are sep>at$ 9 orig9 f ea* o!r by a space ( ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,yet ?is v anomaly is *>act]i/ic ( ! developm5t ( ! ,g]man m9d4 ,:5 ,s*op5hau] publi%$1 9 #ahai1 8 pr9cipal "w1 ! "t = x _h n yet come4 ,! philosophy ( ,hegel1 a rationali/ic panlogism1 0 !n 9 ! v mid/ ( its c>e] ( triumph4 ,! irrationali/ic & pessimi/ic elem5ts ( ,s*op5hau]ian ?\ght 7 repulsive4 ,we n[ "k t ! two fir/ editions ( ! ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung m\ld]$ 9 ! %ops ( ! booksell]s4 ,n until %ortly be=e ,s*op5hau]'s dea? 9 #ahfj did ! lit]>y public & ! s*ola/ic circles ( ,g]many beg9 to occupy !mselves m s]i\sly ) ?is philosoph]4 ,n until !n did he really ent] z an active factor into our intellectual life4 ,?is influ5ce1 9 ! case bo? ( ,s*op5hau] & ,lotze1 re/s1 aside f ! fact ( ! univ]sal "* ( _! ?\ght-creations1 already ref]r$ to1 pre-em95tly 9 ! circum/ance t bo? made ?or\ghly _! own ! sci5tific !ory ( ?+s & recognis$ t conception z "o ^: ju/ification 0 conta9$ 9 itself1 & :i*1 reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( its own hypo!ses1 0 irrefutable1 ?\gh !y 7 nev]!less f> remov$ f p]ceiv+ 9 x ! f9al & irrev]sible v]dict ( human k4 ,9 ?is endeavor to fix ! limits ( sci5tific cognition ,s*op5hau] & ,lotze =m important pill>s ( ! antimat]iali/ic movem5t 9 ,g]many1 & are j 9 ?is respect also intimately relat$ ) ! task ( ! mod]n ,critical ,philosophy or ,neo-,kantianism4 ,b :ile ! latt] movem5ts came to a /op ) pr$om9antly negative or prep>atory criticism1 ,s*op5hau] & ,lotze owe a great portion ( _! wide-spread influ5ce on ,g]man culture to ! circum/ance t !y und]took1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! critical !ory ( k already acquir$1 to sket* ! plans ( /ructures ( ! _w :i* w\ld furni% a g5]al backgr\nd & s*eme ( syn!tic connection = ! collective special results ( ! physical & m5tal sci5ces4 ,t ^! sket*es ( _w-con/ruction h an individual color+ c only less5 _! value 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o believe !y are privileg$ to apply to su* a syn!tic1 con/ructive =mulation ( ! highe/ ideas ( all exi/5ce & ?\ght1 ! /&>d ( ! exact det]m9ation ( a s+le law4 ,& s ,i %all only ha/ily po9t to ! fact1 t ! contr>iety & opposit5ess t p]meates ! _w & all our ?\ght ab\t ! _w also comes %>ply to light 9 ! case ( ^! two philosoph]s1 n to _! mutual de/ruction1 b to ! height5m5t ( ! effect by ! contra/4 ,! =tunes ( ! two sy/ems1 :i* began ab\t ! same "t to acquire influ5ce1 7 dissimil>4 ,! pessimi/ic elem5t alone ev9c$ itself fruitful1 9 ! s5se t x came imm$iately into contact ) g5]al culture ?r\gh manifold =ms ( pres5tation & ext5sive discussion4 ,! royal /ructure ( ! ,s*op5hau]ian philosophy has giv5 a ho/ ( disp5s+ draym5 = ?irty ye>s an abundance to d4 ,! lead] ( ?is army1 ,,edu>d ,,von ,,h>tmann1 has long s9ce tak5 a place by ! side ( ! sage ( ,frank=t1 z indep5d5t ma/]-build]1 & pres5t$ a sy/em plann$ & execut$ ) ! mo/ diffuse ar*itectural details4 ,! nucle> idea ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s 7,die ,philosophie des ,unbewus/57 has be5 amplifi$ by ! au?or himself 9 e direction1 ext5d$1 exhibit$ 9 its hi/orical relation%ips1 & appli$ to ! special dep>tm5ts ( philosophical sci5ce4 ,! !ory ( cognition1 e?ics1 /hetics1 ! philosophy ( religion h all be5 treat$ ( by ,h>tmann 9 ! la/ two decades 9 volum9\s works1 & (t5 repeat$ly elaborat$4 ,9 addition !reto1 come sev]al volumes ( essays 9 :i* ! philosoph] has _h some?+ to say ^u e conceivable topic1 political1 lit]>y1 /hetical1 p$agogical1 & politico-economical4 ,h>tmann's fecundity is only surpass$ by 8 volubility4 ,9 him appe>s anew t union ( philosophy & j\rnalism t _h rema9$ disunit$ s9ce ! close ( ! p]iod ( illum9ation4 ,! utility1 nay ! necessity1 ( ?is comb9ation1 ) :i*1 un=tunately1 ! academical philosophy ( ! pass+ c5tury w\ld h naught to d1 ,h>tmann knew ! value (1 & skilfully exhibit$ 8 appreciation2 ?\gh "o (t5 wi%es t its popul> "* _h1 9 places1 be5 made to d s]vice 9 behalf ( diff]5t ideas4 ,! writ+s ( no o!r philosoph] h obta9$ s wide a circulation z ^? ( ,h>tmann4 ,8 *ief "w1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 has long s9ce be5 put 9 /]eotype =m1 & f "t to "t passes ?r\gh repeat$ new editions4 ,also 8 num]\s o!r writ+s h = ! great] "p be5 repeat$ly republi%$4 ,we possess a collection entitl$ ,select ,works1 & h j receiv$ a ,popul> ,edition4 ,& x is moreov] g5]ally kn[n t x has only be5 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 t ! sale ( ! writ+s ( ,s*op5hau] has assum$ great proportions4 ,?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,h>tmann ,s*op5hau]'s fundam5tal ideas fir/ rea*$ ! g5]al public4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! philosophy ( ,lotze lack$ an int]pret] ( l v]satility & fecundity1 al?\gh x _h ne$ ( su* a "o 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,bo? ?9k]s 7 ma/]s ( ! philosophical /yle4 ,b ,lotze's symmetrically r\nd$ & intricate p]iods1 ) _! inexhau/ible influx ( incid5t relations1 makes v diff]5t dem&s ^u ! pati5t resignation ( ! read] ?an ! lightly mov+1 epigrammatically po9t$ /yle ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,lotze = ?is reason nev] really became popul>4 ,8 influ5ce has rema9$ r a s*ola/ic & academic "o4 ,x has be5 fruitful 9 high degree 9 its effect on ! special dep>tm5ts ( philosophical sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly on psy*ology1 ^: pres5t repres5tatives 9 ,g]many almo/ )\t exception receiv$ f him incitation & a solid sci5tific view-po9t4 ,n unimportant1 too1 is 8 influ5ce ^u academic in/ruction 9 philosophy1 ?r\gh ! ,dictations to 8 lectures1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 :i* are 9 e /ud5t's h&s & s]ve 9 _m ways z a sub/itute = ! /udy ( 8 pr9cipal "w4 ,lotze's au?ority1 f9ally1 /&s l a rock ) all ^: great conc]n x is to f9d ways ( reconcil+ ! claims ( !ology & ( religi\s belief ) ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce4 ,& _! numb] is by no means inconsid]able4 ,(ficial ,g]many has become pi\s1 or1 at lea/1 w\ld l to appe> s2 & al?\gh ?is is n to be und]/ood exactly 9 ! s5se ( especial dogmatic zeal1 yet p adh]e nev]!less ) a c]ta9 t5acity to ! religi\s backgr\nd ( ! prevail+ _w-conception4 ,abroad x is ! cu/om to reg>d ! ,g]mans ^u ! :ole z a nation ( a!i/s1 because !y h produc$ sev]al curi\s fell[s l ,/rauss & ,feu]ba*1 enjoy hav+ a good "t on ,sunday1 & dr9k pl5tifully4 ,no?+ c be m errone\s ?an ?is op9ion4 ,! av]age ,g]man has long s9ce le>n$ to place implicit confid5ce 9 ! decl>ation ( 8 tea*]s1 t ! great critical lib]al movem5t ( ! lat] ,hegelian s*ool is n to be s]i\sly tak5 b to be look$ ^u m]ely z ! outcome ( a pa?ologically ov]-excit$ epo*4 ,n[h]e 9 ! great civilis$ c\ntries has free?\ght practically f\nd s little foot+2 n[h]e is its dep5d5ce ^u ! c5tral p[]s ( gov]nm5t great]2 n[h]e is x m impossible to wre/ ev5 a tittle f ! au?ority ( ! old sy/em ( education ) its f\ndation laid 9 ! !ological _w-!ory4 ,?is condition ( ?+s1 ! ob/9acy1 ! timidity ) :i* /ate & public op9ion hold fa/ to religion1--& n[ 9 times ( imm95t social dang] m s ?an ev]1--mu/ be borne 9 m9d if we wi% to und]/& ! comp>atively great success t ! philosophy ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann has _h 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! support ( ^! two sy/ems ! philosophical opposition ( free?\ght has simply f\nd expression--! opposition t has aris5 aga9/ ! (ficial philosophy1 ( :i* x _c exactly be said t x !ologises1 b :i* c>efully avoids com+ into conflict ) !ology1 & does n1 9 its ari/ocratic academic exclusion1 endeavor to influ5ce m ext5d$ circles4 ,! factor t made ?is philosophy ( opposition accord ) ! _s ( ! times--its proximity1 namely1 to ! sci5tific _w-!ory--has already be5 emphasis$2 & ! fact t its pessimi/ic color+ has n be5 *ang$ by its connection !re) w be f\nd intelligible :5 we consid] ! turn t pessimism took 9 ! h&s ( ,h>tmann4 ,only ! quieti/ic ,buddhism t ,s*op5hau] taught1 c\ld1 9 an age ( ! highe/ expansion & display ( p[] bo? at home & abroad1 appe> z an incompreh5sible riddle ( ! national m9d4 ,! evolutioni/ic pessimism ( ,h>tmann1 h[ev]1 :i* dem&s ( ! individual complete & resign$ submission to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 al?\gh x is able to (f] him 9 ! remote/ backgr\nd ( "t no bett] outlook ?an ! ultimate annihilation ( exi/5ce itself--is 9 its imm$iate practical comm&s too closely ak9 to an optimi/ic conception n to satisfy fully ! ne$s ( life1 & is aga9 too analog\s to c]ta9 cosmological prophecies ( natural sci5ce n to pass z ! metaphysical expression ( a tru? o!rwise accr$it$4 ,z oppos$ to ?is /ate ( ?+s ,neo-,kantianism or ! ,critical ,philosophy 9 its v>i\s =ms has tak5 no firm position2 no m ?an its ma/] ,kant himself did4 ,to a great ext5t x makes use ( ! limitations ( k t h be5 critically det]m9$1 9 ord] to leave op5 beh9d ! same a realm ( transc5d5t possibilities 9 :i* religion may lead a passably secur$ exi/5ce4 ,beh9d ! greate/ critical acum5 !ological prejudice is only too (t5 conceal$4 ,few only ( ! intellectually em95t repres5tatives ( ?is movem5t l ,alois ,riehl & ,ern/ ,laas exhibit 9 ?is respect p]fect det]m9ation & ! consci\sness t ! consequ5ces ( mod]n sci5ce unavoidably dem& ! lay+ aside ( curr5t religi\s conceptions & ! sub/itution = !m ( m correct ones4 ,laas especially1 9 _m passages ( 8 pr9cipal "w 7,idealism & ,positivism71 z also 9 8 readable little treatise ,kant's ,/ellung im ,conflicte zwis*5 ,glaub5 und ,wiss51#fj has emphasis$ /rongly ! view t !re c be ideals only = ! man :o acts1 & t s-call$ ideals :]e m+l$ ) ! function ( pure cognition only falsify reality & lead to irresolvable conflicts4 ,& ,laas likewise belongs to ! few :o h laid prom95t /ress ^u ! educational task ( mod]n philosophy z a sub/itute = sy/ems ( religi\s ideas4 #fj ,kant's ,position 9 ! ,/ruggle betwe5 ,fai? & ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! po9t ( view ( diff]5t sy/ematic hypo!ses1 b sub/antially ) exactly ! same t5d5cies1 analog\s ideas f9d repres5tation 9 ,,eug5 ,d,,hr+1 :o 9 v]satility ( tal5t & lit]>y activity is p]haps to be plac$ directly by ! side ( ,lotze & ,h>tmann1 ?\gh ! favor 9 :i* 8 works /& & ! circulation !y h obta9$ fall f> bel[ ! position ( ! latt]4 ,he pres5ts a diff]5t =m ( positivi/ic philosophy 9 ,g]many1 a philosophy n prepond]antly critical b con/ructive1 & beg9s ) :at ,ludwig ,feu]ba* ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( a ,philosophy ( ! ,future 7,grundstze e9] ,philosophie d] ,zukunft7 once prop\nd$ z programme4 ,8 *ief "w1 ,cursus d] ,philosophie als /r5gwiss5s*aftli*] ,weltans*auung und ,leb5sge/altung 7,c\rse ( ,philosophy z ,exact-,sci5tific ,_w-,conception & ,conduct ( ,life71 & ! treatise aga9/ pessimism entitl$ ,d] ,w]? des ,leb5s 7,! ,value ( ,life7 sket* a _w-picture t is int5d$ !oretically to be b ! simple conceptual int]pretation ( ! pres5t cont5ts ( exp]i5ce1 & !re=e rejects ! metaphysical con/ructions ( ,lotze1 z well z ! new conceptual my?ology ( ,h>tmann1 & critici/ic d\bts conc]n+ ! objective reality ( ! _w giv5 9 consci\sness4 ,9 ! practical direction1 z an (fset to ! _w-?roe ( humanity1 ! gladd5+ p[] ( a life & action bas$ on univ]sal sympa?y is emphasis$4 ,dhr+ is a unique1 b isolat$ ph5om5on2 /&+1 l ,s*op5hau] once did1 9 sull5 antagonism t[>ds ! (ficial academic philosophy1 & totally ignor$ by x2 unable by virtue ( ! conditions already del9eat$ to influ5ce wid] circles1 :i* ! unanimat$ rigidity ( 8 mann] ( pres5tation does n contribute to make easy4 ,em95t m5tal end[m5t & ext5sive k are p]haps display$ 9 a high] degree 9 8 hi/orical works 7,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,allgeme95 ,pr9cipi5 d] ,me*anik#fa2 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie#fb2 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,nationalkonomie und des ,socialismus#fc7 ?an 9 8 sy/ematic treatises4 #fa ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anics4 #fb ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 #fc ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,political ,economy & ,socialism4 ,nev]!less1 ,dhr+ c at ! f>!/ be reg>d$ only z "o ( ! =]unn]s ( t ,messiah t is de/9$ = ,g]man philosophy & ,g]man intellectual culture p]haps 9 ! com+ c5tury2 ( t man :o %all be able to ca/ up ! acc\nts ( ! "w ( ! pres5t p]iod1 ) its inf9ite analyses1 its hi/orical comp>ative "*1 & its pyramidal yield ( mat]ial1 & to cond5se t :i* n[ ev]y:]e surges ab\t u l a spiritual e!r1 b n[h]e palpable or tangible1 into ! unity ( a sy/em t %all po9t out ! pa?s to be foll[$ & %all dom9ate all m9ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are _m1--& among !m em95t inve/igators & e/imable s*ol>s1--:o smile at ?is prophecy z an ,utopian dream2 nay1 almo/ /& 9 dread ( su* hopes1 z p]il\s to sci5ce4 ,! day ( sy/ems1 say !y1 is pa/4 ,philosophy1 too1--p]haps x 7 m prop] to say m5tal sci5ce1--is break+ up into a numb] ( special sci5ces1 ov] :i* x is s\ght to place a g5]al sci5ce ( k or !ory ( sci5ce1 z ! la/ repres5tative ( t :i* 0 once call$ philosophy & 0 recognis$ z ! que5 ( ! sci5ces4 ,z intimat$1 ,i d n "k :e!r ! impulse t[>d unity t inh]es 9 ! human m9d is to be s easily driv5 f ! field2 :e!r we %all be satisfi$ 9 ! long run to behold t light t irradiates ! univ]se1 brok5 a hundr$-fold by ! prisms ( ! s+le sci5ces4 ,b "o ?+ is c]ta94 ,! m irresolute !y are 9 :om ! sci5ce ( ! future places its confid5ce1 ! m actively w !y press =w>d :o hold t ! preci\s treasure ( tru? has long s9ce be5 grant$ unto man1 & :o w\ld fa9 =ge ) ?is h]itage ( ! pa/ ! fett]s ( ! future4 ,aft] ! ,ca?olic *ur* "u ,pius ,,ix4 _h hurl$ 9 ! face ( mod]n culture & sci5ce its frantic ,ana!ma sit1 x began "u 8 successor a mu* quiet]1 yet f> m det]m9$ w>f>e4 ,l "o ( ! fam$ lianas ( ! primeval tropical =e/s1 x entw9es ! giant ,sci5ce1 to sap 8 be/ p[]s & sl[ly b surely to /ifle 8 life4 ,:atev] ! mod]n m9d ) ! help ( fre$om won by bitt] /ruggles has ga9$ 9 ! k ( nature & ( hi/ory1 is twi/$ & turn$1 falsifi$ & mis9t]pret$ by hundr$s & hundr$s ( busy h&s until x has be5 fa%ion$ to fit t ready-made s*eme ( ?+s compos$ on ! "o h& ( ,ca?olic dogmatical tea*+s1 & on ! o!r ( ! ,ari/otelian-,?omi/ic philosophy4 ,z _m repres5tatives z secul> free?\ght c %[1 !re w be f\nd beside !m to-day an ecclesia/ical advocatus diaboli :o w nei!r re/ nor cease until ( ! h]o has be5 made a wret* & mangy h]esi>*4 ,"u protection ( ! pr9ciple ( free inquiry1 & ) all ! helps ( sci5ce1 a w>f>e ( ext]m9ation is "h c>ri$ on aga9/ all fre$om ( m9d & all sci5ce1 :i* is ! m dang]\s 9 proportion z ! oppon5t loves to decorate himself ) ! borr[$ plumes ( sci5ce1 & z he is able skilfully to mask 8 real designs4 ,ca?olicism is /riv+ ) untir+ ef=ts to ga9 by ! help ( ?is re=m$ & mod]nis$ s*ola/icism1 ! ma/]y ( ! s*ools1 ( education1 ( ! univ]sities1 & ( ! entire activity ( sci5ce4 ,& comp>$ ) ! position ( ! repres5tatives ( mod]n ?\ght x has decid$ly ! advantage4 ,n only is x 9 ! possession ( a unit>y _w-!ory1 b x def5ds t !ory ) mo/ det]m9$ vigor & he$lessness aga9/ all diff]+ views4 ,! repres5tatives ( mod]n sci5ce1 on ! contr>y1 are n s =tunate z to possess inh]it$ tru? & infallible au?ority1 & !y n only h to cont5d ) ! =midable int]nal difficulties t /& 9 ! way ( a unit>y =mulation ( _! conception ( ! _w1 b frequ5tly ev5 avoid ent]+ on ?is task ) det]m9ation 9 ord] to make less prom95t ! contra/ ) ! religio-!ological sy/em to :i* e exact sci5tific conception ( ! _w mu/ ( necessity lead4 ,aga9/ ^! aggressive endeavors ( ! !ological m9d1 nei!r l(ty indiff]5ce1 nor calm hi/orical contemplation1 nor m]e lit]>y w>r+ w avail4 ,! p[] ( free?\ght mu/ be display$1 & ! positive "w t x c d mu/ be %[n4 ,o!rwise ! "t may come :5 ! fame ( rigid sci5tific ?\ght & successful rese>* 9 special fields w n exon]ate ,g]man philosophy f ! reproa* ( hav+ left ! nation 9 ! lur* at a p]iod ( mom5t\s spiritual crisis4 ,to make useful ! ri* acquisitions ( ^! labors t[>d ! con/ruction ( a g5]al !ory ( ! _w1 rema9s1 !re=e1 ! s]i\s task ( ! ,g]man philosophy ( ! future4 ,i %all be p]mitt$1 p]haps1 9 a future article to pres5t an acc\nt ( ! lit]ature ( ^! special dep>tm5ts4 ,,fri$ri* ,,jodl4 ,,ii4 ,,rec5t ,,fr5* ,,publications4 ,! works t h appe>$ dur+ ! la/ ?ree mon?s belong to au?ors ( diff]5t nationalities--,italian1 ,r\manian1 ,belgian1 & ,i ought to add ,russian2 b ,i %all n speak on ?is occasion ( ! important "w ( ,s]gneyeff1 ,physiologie de la ,veille et du ,sommeil4 ,x is1 z y see1 a ga!r+ ( good company1 on ,fr5* soil4#fd #fd ,all ^! works are publi%$ by ,alcan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! only ,fr5* "w to be m5tion$ is t ( ,m4 ,,*4 ,,adam1 ,philosophie de ,franois ,bacon1 a memoir pres5t$ 9 ! prize competition ( :i* ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire 0 ! report] & pref]r$ by ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political sci5ces4 ,m4 ,*4 ,adam is already kn[n by sev]al works relat+ to ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! /udy :i* he n[ gives to ! public is consci5ti\s2 we mu/ comm5d 8 erudition & ! mod]ation he has display$ bo? 9 8 praise & 9 8 criticism4 ,i am n sure1 h[ev]1 if he is "r 9 ass]t+ t ! fame ( ,bacon w increase & dim9i% alt]nately1 accord+ to :e!r pati5t analyses or d>+ hypo!ses f9d ! m favor 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,i h kn[n _m a savant1 pr(\ndly metaphysical & imag9ative1 :o1 9 admir+ ,bacon1 delusively believ$ himself 9 ! possession ( a solid safegu>d aga9/ metaphysics4 ,!re is m *ance1 to my m9d1 ( f9d+ ! admir]s ( ! ,*ancellor among pure philosoph]s ?an among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,?is is :y ,i subscribe completely to ! judgm5t ( ,m4 ,*4 ,adam1 :5 he subord9ates ,bacon to ,desc>tes & to ,galileo4 ,especially %\ld he be put bel[ ,galileo1 :o 0 ! great initiator ( mod]n sci5ce1 at lea/ ! fir/ to add a l9k to ! *a9 ( human sci5ce !n be+ =g$2 "o1 ,i might say1 :o by 8 solid contributions really f\nd$ physical sci5ce1 z *emi/ry 0 f\nd$ by ,lavoisi] & 8 contempor>ies a c5tury & a half lat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,r\manian writ] is ,m4 ,,basile ,,conta1 ^: unf9i%$ "w1 ,les ,fondem5ts de la ,mtaphysique1 has be5 translat$ by ,m4 ,tescanu4 ,m4 ,conta di$ 9 ! heyday ( 8 p[]s4 ,born 9 #ahde1 he 0 successively1 f #ahge to #ahha1 pr(essor ( jurisprud5ce at ! ,univ]sity ( ,jassy1 deputy1 & m9i/] ( public in/ruction4 ,! au?or & 8 works h1 !re=e1 s]i\s claims to our att5tion4 ,nev]!less1 ,i c h>dly believe t ,m4 ,conta always kept 9 ! pa? 9 :i* he />t$1 = if he _h1 x w\ld h l$ him to consid]able results4 ,m4 ,conta held t e comb9ation ( ideas1 t is to say e ultimate g5]alisation1 is ess5tially mobile1 alt]able 9 "*1 & t !re w nev] be any f9al1 def9itive philosophical sy/em4 ,subject to ! b5efit ( ?is wise res]ve1 he und]took1 nev]!less1 to frame a mat]iali/ metaphysic1 f\nd$ l ! positive sci5ces on induction1 & he attempt$ to rise to a g5]al sy/em1 f :i* x appe>$ to him t ! anci5t notions ( ! s\l1 ( fre$om1 & ( ,god c\ld n be legitimately exclud$4 ,accord+ to my m9d1 ! defect ( 8 me?od 0 ! all[+ too mu* to reason+1 ! too great desire to create reality by simple logic4 ,un=tunately1 ! intellectual necessity t he proclaim$1 ( r$uc+ all to unity1 does n c>ry ) x ! means ( prop]ly mak+ ?is r$uction by a subtle op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,9 ord] to advance t[>ds 8 end1 ,m4 ,conta f\nd himself l$ to =mulate a comp5di\s sket* ( a !ory ( cognition1 a psy*ology1 & a logic1 at ! risk ( s9k+ at times 9 ! quicks&s ( a trea*]\s discussion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 metaphysics1 spiritualism1 & mat]ialism1 are conceptions ( great vagu5ess1 & ! problem to reconcile !m by any fa%ion ( union1 is r l inquir+ h[ _m ways !re are ( plac+ ?ree p]sons at table1 or ev5 a great] numb]4 ,?is is n said by way ( disput+ ! m]its ( a writ] ^: loss is ju/ly regrett$1 or to disc\rage ! read+ ( a book 9 :i* _m w f9d mu* to accept4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,belgian au?or is ,m4 ,,alb]t ,,bonjean1 a b>ri/] ( ,v]vi]s4 ,8 book1 ,l' ,hypnotisme1 ses ,rapports avec le ,droit et la ,!rapeutique1 la ,sugge/ion ,m5tale1 affects too mu* ! /yle ( an address be=e a c\rt 9 :i* ! orator wi%es to exhibit wit & acum54 ,nev]!less1 x is writt5 ) cle>ness1 is agreeable to read1 & ! v]bal nicety s\ght does n impair its good s5se4 ,m4 ,bonjean has develop$ ! ?ree foll[+ !ses3 ,fir/1 t ! action ( magnetism is n expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( a fluid1 t we _c speak ) ,m4 ,o*or[icz1 ( a c]ta9 tonic vibratory movem5t :i* propagates itself outw>d f ! p]iph]y ( ! body1 b t x is expla9able by simple sugge/ion2 second1 t ! p[] ( sugge/ion is almo/ unlimit$2 & ?ird1 t ?\gh v]bal sugge/ion is inconte/able1 m5tal sugge/ion rema9s d\btful until pro( to ! contr>y4 ,m4 ,bonjean ?us sides ) ,,mm4 ,o*or[icz & ,delbuf1 & ! :ole s*ool ( ,nancy1 aga9/ t ( ! ,salptrire4 ,he endeavors especially to %[ ! s]i\s consequ5ces1 9 crim9al & civil affairs1 ( immoral sugge/ions1 ! dang]s ( :i* he reproa*es ,m4 ,gilles de la ,t\rette ) hav+ conceal$ f> too mu*4 ,8 p]sonal conviction does n re/ itself solely on ! expositions ( o!rs1 b on exp]im5ts :i* seem to h be5 conduct$ ) prud5ce4 ,extraord9>y z ?is almo/ passive ob$i5ce ( a subject to ! sugge/ion ( an act :i* is repugnant to 8 moral t5d5cies appe>s1 we come 9 a position1 x seems to me1 to compreh5d x by ! obs]vation ( ! deg5]ate pati5ts ( our asylums 9 _! v>i\s manias4 ,! dipsomaniac resi/s ) all 8 p[] ! impulse to dr9k1 & ! kleptomaniac ! impulse to /eal2 !y fight aga9/ x ev5 to agony1 b !y end always by yield+ to x4 ,x 0 /rong] ?an ,i2 su* is ! =mula t we h not$ mo/ (t5 9 ! answ]s ( ^! un=tunates4 ,& rem>k1 t ! dipsomaniac does n dr9k = pleasure1 b by compulsion1 be ! bev]age :at x may1 wat]1 ur9e1 or petroleum2 j z ! kleptomaniac does n /eal ) a view to enjoy+ ! product ( 8 !ft1 :i* he ord9>ily ab&ons or re/ores1 b /eals to deliv] himself f agonis+ torture4 ,9 ?is mann] also ! onomatomaniac acts1 :o is seek+ a ^w1 & :o rises at night to consult ! diction>y1 etc4 ,! hypnotis$ subject is 9 ! same pr$icam5t1 :atev] pa?ological diff]5ce !re may be betwe5 ! two2 8 p]sonality has mom5t>ily sunk 9 hypnosis1 z does t ( an insane p]son dur+ ! attack ( insanity2 8 moral resi/ance mu/ f9ally yield1 & x is n at all rem>kable t x does4 ,! volume ( ,m4 ,bonjean ends ) an int]e/+ discussion ( ! celebrat$ case ( ,lully4 ,! deceit t gave rise to belief 9 sugge/ion )\t words or ge/ures appe>s to be e/abli%$2 ! subject reads f ! lips ( 8 magnetis]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u turn to ! f9e "w ( ,m4 ,r4 ,,g>(alo1 ,la ,crim9ologie1 ,etude sur la ,nature du ,crime et la ,?orie de la ,pnalit4 ,m4 ,g>(alo has himself translat$ 8 "w f ! ,italian2 ?is second edition is entirely reca/4 ,! ,italians h always _h a ta/e = juridical /udies4 ,_! s*ool ( crim9ologi/s has plac$ itself at ! head ( ! movem5t :i* ought to result 9 ! re=m ( all crim9al codes4 ,two pr9cipal t5d5cies are pr$om9ant 9 ! works ( ?is s*ool3 ! physicians & an?ropologi/s1 = example ,m4 ,lombroso1 h con=mably to _! m5tal t5d5cies1 p>ticul>ly /udi$ ! crim9al1 ( :om !y h endeavor$ to fix ! type2 ! juri/s1 l ,m4 ,g>(alo1 vice-presid5t ( ! civil tribunal ( ,naples1 consid] by pref]5ce ! crime1 :i* !y det]m9e by ref]5ce to our social organisation4 ,m4 ,g>(alo %[s himself at once an innovator1 9 t he endeavors to give a positive def9ition ( crime1 to take ! place ( ! vague & incomplete def9ition :i* 0 accept$ by ! old juri/s1 & con=m+ to :i* an?ropologi/s h ?\ght !mselves able to m>k ! *>act]i/ics ( ! crim9al man4 ,t def9ition has relation to ! av]age morality ( ! societies ( to-day2 crime or crim9al (f5ce is to be s\ght1 accord+ to him1 only 9 ! violation ( altrui/ic s5tim5ts acquir$ & consolidat$ 9 ! av]age social individual--compassion & probity4 ,new categories ought !n to be e/abli%$2 t ( revolutioni/s1 = example1 ) :om ! (f5ce does n proclaim moral mon/rosity4 ,! violation ( altrui/ic s5tim5ts c]ta9ly reveals 9 ! (f5d] a grave anomaly2 x m>ks him z n adapt$ to ! conditions ( society1 & ev5 incapable ( adapt+ himself to !m1 9 consequ5ce ( psy*ical & physiological irregul>ities4 ,! pr9ciple1 !n1 is correct1 al?\gh ,m4 ,g>(alo has bas$ x on an analysis ( s5tim5ts :i* appe>s to me insuffici5t4 ,! sympa!tic emotions :i* compassion embraces1 are n ! only s\rce ( our moral activity2 probity arises 9 "p f intellig5ce1 & ! logical s5se int]v5es to give ! =m ( ju/ice or inju/ice to an act ( passion4 ,n[1 feebl5ess ( judgm5t becomes1 incid5tally1 an important elem5t ( ! diagnosis ( ! crim9al4 ,let u agree1 nev]!less1 t ! abs5ce ( compassion & ( probity ^u ! :ole makes up ! natural crime4 ,?is suffices surely 9 practice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n conv5i5t1 & x is unque/ionably n indisp5sable1 to make a diff]5ce betwe5 an anomaly 9 relation to a sup]ior civilis$ type1 & an anomaly 9 relation to ! human type itself4 ,"h is ! crit]ion t ,m4 ,g>(alo--prepossess$ z he is to take away f born crim9als ! b5efit1 too easily obta9$1 ( disease--proposes to u1 9 ord] to di/+ui% f ! anomaly truly morbid1 an anomaly n pa?ological1 b :i* dep5ds 9 "s way on ! c]ebral organisation4 ,subtle is ?is di/9ction :i* he opposes to ! op9ion ( ,fr5* ali5i/s1 accord+ to :om ! immoral are always m or less physically deg5]at$4 ,i w conf9e myself to recall+ on ?is po9t a rem>k ( ,dr4 ,magnan4 ,v (t51 said ?is em95t cl9ician "o day to me1 a fa!r ( poor moral /ability b o!rwise heal?y ( body1 has a son well balanc$ 9 8 moral & intellectual t5d5cies b already on ! way to deg5]acy4 ,! anatomical anomaly invok$ by ,m4 ,g>(alo w\ld be !n n f> f ! physiological anomaly2 functional di/urbance ( ! high] faculties is n alone conc]n$4 ,fundam5tally1 ?is is ( little mom5t to ! practical conclusions ( 8 sy/em1 :i* we mu/ rapidly indicate4 ,) reg>d to ! repression ( crime1 & z to a l>ge category ( crim9als1 ! social po9t ( view necess>ily dom9ates ! m$ical po9t ( view4 ,m4 ,g>(alo inquires :at ! p[] ( education & ( ! increase ( well-be+ is 9 dim9i%+ crime4 ,he has f\nd !m extremely weak4 ,sev]ity ( repression alone appe>s ( "s efficacy2 indulg5ce augm5ts crime4 ,= ! sake ( social selection1 ! crim9al ought to be elim9at$1 by capital puni%m5t1 p]petual bani%m5t1 etc41 accord+ z ! case dem&s4 ,tempor>y imprisonm5t has no place 9 ?is sy/em4 ,f9ally1 ! only crit]ion ( p5ality is lack ( adaptability to social life2 ?is crit]ion w replace ! false pr9ciples ( moral responsibility & proportionm5t ( ! puni%m5t to ! crime4 ,x is too app>5t t ! prevail+ p5al !ory & ! jurisprud5ce 9 agreem5t ) x1 seem to t5d to protect ! crim9al aga9/ society1 r ?an society aga9/ ! crim9al4 ,& :at absurdities besides6 ,! attempt is less sev]ely treat$ ?an ! consummat$ (f5ce2 prep>atory acts are nev] puni%$1 ! attempt at a crime is always puni%$4 ,! crit]ion ( p5ality once accept$1 x is necess>y to f9d ! indices ( ?is lack ( fitness1 ( ! impossibility ( adaptation to social life1 :i* ju/ifies repression4 ,m4 ,g>(alo seeks !m no long] 9 prem$itation1 b he f9ds !m 9 ! motive ( ! crime & 9 ! way 9 :i* x has be5 prep>$ or p]petrat$4 ,we _c foll[ him into ! details ( ?is discussion1 :i* pres5ts ! highe/ int]e/4 ,our exceptions w\ld turn on ! int]pretation ( c]ta9 features2 !y d n be> on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is great & solid "w4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,william ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,9 two volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies4 ,advanc$ ,c\rse4 ,9 ! pres5t /atus ( psy*ological sci5ce e attempt to ga!r ! div]sifi$ facts & views & pres5t !m 9 a s+le1 ?\gh ext5sive "w1 _c b be scrut9is$ ) great c>e & int]e/2 & :5 ?is "w comes f ! p5 ( "o :o has ga9$ s wide & appreciative a circle ( read]s1 ! int]e/ becomes deep] & m p]sonal4 ,x 01 p]haps1 ! pr(essor ( m5tal sci5ce1 /ruggl+ = ye>s ) text-books1 inadequate1 or antiquat$1 or n>r[1 or unsci5tific1 or dry1 or unp$agogic1 :o mo/ anxi\sly await$ ! appe>ance ( ,pr(essor ,james's volumes2 & 8 expectation 0 ! m w>rant$1 z ! "w 0 ann\nc$ 9 a s]ies ( text-books des]v$ly successful & popul>4 ,to su* a "o1 ! "w itself does n come to fill ! place ( a text-book2 n alone ! great l5g? 7#a1djj pages71 b ! g5]al supposition ( k on ! "p ( ! read] :i* x is ! object ( college c\rses to supply1 toge!r ) ! selection ( topics & ! peculi> division ( space among/ !m1 limit ! "w to /ud5ts ( a mu* m advanc$ type ?an 7un=tunately1 p]haps7 ,am]ican education z yet supplies4 ,b :ile our pr(essor mu/ /ill pati5tly hope = "s "w t w pres5t 9 brief & conv5i5t =m ! ma9 facts ( ,psy*ology1 he w f9d 8 task made easi] & m int]e/+ by ^! welcome volumes4 ,he w f9d 9 !m an orig9al & frequ5tly brilliant treatm5t ( _m ( ! deepe/ problems ( mod]n ,psy*ology3 & x is z a contribution to sci5ce & z an aid to ! pr(essional /ud5t t a discussion ( _! cont5ts & t5ets w be p]t95t 9 ^! pages4 ,to beg9 )1 ! attitude ( ! au?or to 8 subject is t ( a pr(essional sci5ti/ to 8 specialty4 ,i h kept close1 he says1 to ! po9t ( view ( natural sci5ce ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,e natural sci5ce assumes c]ta9 data uncritically1 & decl9es to *all5ge ! elem5ts betwe5 :i* its own 'laws' obta91 & f :i* its own d$uctions are c>ri$ on4444 ,?is book1 assum+ t ?\ghts & feel+s exi/1 & are vehicles ( k1 !reupon cont5ds t ,psy*ology1 :5 %e has asc]ta9$ ! empirical correlation ( ! v>i\s sorts ( ?\ght or feel+ ) def9ite conditions ( ! bra91 c g no f>!r--c g no f>!r t is z a natural sci5ce4 ,if %e goes f>!r %e becomes metaphysical4 ,?is position does n c>ry ) x ! condemnation ( all matt]s metaphysical1 b simply excludes !m f ,psy*ology2 nor does ?is indep5d5ce place ,psy*ology 9 a position unrelat$ to o!r sci5ces4 ,su* relation is a c>d9al fact 9 ! m5tal _w1 & n[h]e is x m necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! division ( ! sci5ces is l>gely an expression ( ! l9es ( m5's int]e/s & ! inevitable specialisation ( k4 ,^? =ms ( adaptations ( means to ends :i* we /udy z =ms ( psy*ic action1 :ile !oretically di/+ui%able f o!r modes ( action1 9 fact1 (t5 resemble !m2 9 o!r words1 ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! m5tal faculty is c]ta9ly vague4 ,x is bett] n to be p$antic1 b to let ! sci5ce be z vague z ! subject1 & include all facts1 :e!r !y are usually call$ physiological1 or biological1 or n1 t %$ light on ! ma9 problems dealt )4 ,?is conception accord+ly views m9d z di/9ctly relat$ to & an ess5tial "p ( its environm5t2 x views m5tal ph5om5a z inf9itely v>i$1 z mo/ intricately condition$ by & 9 turn condition+ o!r natural ph5om5a4 ,= ! complete survey ( its doma91 x calls ^u exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 introspection1 comp>ison1 analysis1 hypo!sis1 d$uction1 ea* prop]ly controll$ by ! o!rs1 & limit$ by community ( purpose to a firm f\ndation ( fact4 ,x is true t 9 ! m intricate problems1 ^? ) ! smalle/ connection ) s5sation & ! l>ge/ ) inf]5ce & analysis1 ! au?or w be reg>d$ z m metaphysical ?an psy*ological & pla9ly admits 8 fault2 x is true t ! p]sonal lean+s ( ! au?or lead him to l5g?y discussions ( ^! m intricate po9ts1 b none ! less ! positive1 broad1 & evolution>y _s t dom9ates ! g5]al view ( ! subject leaves a cle> impress ( vitality1 progress1 & int]e/ on e page4 ,pass+ f po9t ( view & purpose to cont5t we d n look = & d n f9d any 'clos$ sy/em1' b a mass ( descriptive details 9 ! selection ( :i* p]sonal int]e/ has be5 ! controll+ factor4 ,! articles :i* ,pr(essor ,james has writt5 f "t to "t 9 ! p]iodicals appe>1 sometimes a little remodell$1 9 ! l>g] "w2 ea* *apt] is ?us l>gely an indep5d5t essay ^u ! topic pr9t$ at ! head ( x4 ,on ! physiological side we h an admirable *apt] on ! functions ( ! bra91 b else:]e ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to o!r works = ! physiological po9ts involv$4 ,foll[+ ?is is an excell5t essay on ,habit & ,automatism1 :]eupon )\t fur!r c]emony ! read] is invit$ to a some:at speculative s]ies ( *apt]s ^u ',m9d ,/uff1' ',k & ,reality1' & ! l1 & may resume ! m concrete *apt]s on ,att5tion1 ,conception1 ,discrim9ation & ,comp>ison1 ,association1 only aft] /ruggl+ ) ! complex picture ( '! ,/ream ( ,?\ght1' '! ,consci\sness ( ,self1' & '! ,sn>es ( ,psy*ology4' ,ea* ( ^! *apt]s pres5ts a di/9ct problem1 pres5ts x well & positively1 & contributes mu* t is orig9al to ! discussion4 ,9 all ?is !re is /rongly emphasis$ ! subjective contribution to ,psy*ology1--! value ( a disc]n+ & critical introspection & ! importance ( ! subject 9 all processes ( s5se1 judgm5t1 att5tion1 association1 & ! l4 ,! m9d is n a passive receptacle ( exp]i5ces1 b is cont9ually active1 mak+ & %ap+1 seiz+ & trans=m+1 absorb+ & assimilat+ ! /imuli ( its environm5t4 ,a second s]ies ( topics take up ! p]ception ( ^? g5]al concepts1 ,"t1 ',?+s1' ,space1 ,reality1 & ,=m1 ! l>ge/ & heavie/ *apt]s 9 ! "w1 among/ :i*1 z if to :et ! appetite1 are di/ribut$ m concrete pages deal+ ) ,memory1 ,s5sation1 & ,imag9ation4 ,! =m] devote mu* space to criticism1 & w\ld1 p]haps1 bord] ^u ! metaphysics t 0 to h be5 avoid$1 7 x n t !y spr+ f consid]ations mu* m concrete & provable2 ! latt] gr\p ( *apt]s are among/ ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! volume1 & ?\gh treat+ b a small & some:at arbitr>ily select$ portion ( ea* ( ! topics1 treat !m 9 a sugge/ive & inspir+ way4 ,disc]n+ & +5i\s sket*es ( s+le m5tal traits & processes1 happy illu/rations1 sugge/ive side issues make ^! pages a /rik+ contra/ to ! usual text-book tone1 & w attract /ud5ts ( all %ades & grades ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! au?or's views4 ,! rema9+ *apt]s deal ) ,reason+1 ,movem5t1 ,in/9ct1 ,emotions1 ,w1 ,hypnotism1 ,necess>y ,tru?s2 9 addition to ! *>act]i/ics already indicat$1 we f9d "h a wise use ( ! facts ( ,morbid ,psy*ology1 ( ! inf]5ces f ! abnormal to ! normal4 ,?is naturally /&s out prom95tly 9 ! discussion ( ,hypnotism--s rec5t & yet s ess5tial a dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,:5 we close ! cov] ( ! second volume we d s ) ! feel+ t our m5tal horizon has be5 enl>g$1 our int]e/s h be5 quick5$1 our att5tion has be5 held1 our "t agreeably sp5t1--& yet ! result ( all ?is read+ seems intangible1 diffuse1 scatt]$1 unsatisfactory4 ,! s*ol> & ! pr(essor always reta9 ! /ud5t feel+ & ! /ud5t habit ( ?\ght2 & :at is unp$agogic = ! "o is uneconomical = ! o!r4 ,a logical ord] ( exposition1 a unify+ gr\p+ ( topics1 a j p]spective ( details1 a pa9/ak+ selection ( facts1 con/itute mu* to conv]t useless k into useful sci5ce2 su* works conta9 a l>ge elem5t ( drudg]y1 mu/ be imp]sonal 9 "o s5se ( ! t]m1 & yet are n inconsi/5t ) a high degree ( orig9ality1 b x is su* works t are enorm\sly helpful1 t =m l&m>ks by :i* progress is measur$ & reta9$4 ,^! useful qualities we miss 9 ,pr(essor ,james's "w4 ,true1 x does n pret5d to possess !m1 b psy*ological text-books are n writt5 e day1 & :5 s influ5tial a "o appe>s1 ! wi% t its utility %all rea* a maximum dem&s expression4 ,f9ally1 x is a "w de/9$ to be mu* quot$1 to ar\se consid]able discussion1 to excite q diff]5t op9ions f diff]5t critics1 & s1 e "o int]e/$ 9 mod]n ,psy*ology w f9d x necess>y & pr(itable to le>n at fir/ h& ?is important ,am]ican contribution to ! sci5ce ( ,psy*ology4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,?\ght4 ,by ,*>les ,c>roll ,ev]ett1 ,d4 ,d4 ,bo/on3 ,de ,wolfe ,fiske ,co4 ,revis$ edition4 ,an excell5t manual ( t :i* is accept$ z logic4 ,! au?or is a disciple ( ,hegel1 & ?r\gh\t con=ms 8 treatm5t ( ! topic to ! l9es laid d[n by 8 ma/]1 al?\gh 9 v>i\s connections :]e ^! l9es p]mit1 ! au?or contributes f 8 own res\rces1 & f o!r ma/]s1 mu* ne$$ supplem5t>y matt]4 ,! appe>ance ( late ( s _m essays1 manuals1 & treatises pr(ess+ to deal ) logic & its affiliat$ topics is q notewor?y1 & is ! manife/ation ( a ne$ t has become1 n m]ely a cry+1 b an absolutely groan+ "o4 ,x is sc>cely a metaphor to say t to-day ! intellectual _w is 9 great travail ov] its ne$ ( an organon4 ,we are cry+ unto our logical desire f ! dep?s ( our s\ls & wait+ = x z !y t wait = ! morn+4 ,?is int5sity ( our want makes u intol]ant ( ! old incompet5ces & sets u to fault-f9d+ 9 ! hope ( bett] insight :5 ! curr5t obscurities %all h be5 dissipat$4 ,we scan ea* ef=t z x appe>s1 & z x discov]s no ev5 s+le cle> organic g5]al pr9ciple ar\nd :i* ! weal? ( k n[ asc]ta9$ c set 9 ord] we lay x aside ) a feel+ ( be+ m]ely tantalis$4 ,we _c b assimilate our condition to t ( ! ,haunt$ ,man 9 ,bret ,h>te's clev] trave/y ( ,dick5s3 ',"h aga98' said ! ,haunt$ ,man4 ',"h aga91' ass5t$ ! phantom1 9 a l[ tone4 ',ano!r novel8' ',ano!r novel4' ',! old /ory8' ',! old /ory4' ',x won't d1 ,*>les6 ,x won't d6' & ! ,haunt$ ,man buri$ 8 head 9 8 h&s & groan$4 ,:5 ! s+ul> difficulties ( ! se>* are consid]$1 all ?is is1 no d\bt1 void ( t sweet reasonabl5ess t %\ld obta94 ,/ill ! int]e/s ( progress are too supreme to p]mit any compromise ) error or incompet5ce4 ,s1 al?\gh ! excell5t manual "u notice makes no pret5sions t are unw>rantable1 accord+ to ! cu/oms usually obs]v$ 9 su* cases1 x yet af=ds sali5t features1 apt z texts = a c\rse ( comm5t t applies1 n m]ely to ! doctr9e & treatm5t adopt$ 9 x b to ! doctr9e & me?ods ( ! accept$ logic-books 9 g5]al4 ,! book is entitl$1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght4 ,?is exposes an incompet5t compreh5sion ( ! topic4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght %\ld be a m]e bran* ( psy*ology4 ,9 logic1 we ( c\rse1 h an almo/ prime ne$ ( in=mation conc]n+ ! anatomy & physiology ( ?\ght4 ,b ?is is n ! peculi> motive ( logic4 ,! raison d'tre ( logic is n ! g5]al economy ( ?\ght1 b ! ph5om5a ( untrue1 incompet5t1 or fallaci\s ?\ght1 or1 9 o!r words1 errone\s ?\ght4 ,did b ! m9d ( man always supply him ) true & compet5t ?\ghts he w\ld f9d no ne$ ( seek+ logical crit]ia1 h[ev] mu* he might be int]e/$ 9 ! ph5om5ology ( ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,man be+1 h[ev]1 :at he is1 in=m$ by a m9d1 prone to error1 & he1 9 consequ5ce1 frequ5tly subject$ to evils & misses t bett] in=mation w\ld h enabl$ him to avoid or mitigate1 he naturally seeks to solve ! causes ( 8 errors1 & to discov] means ( te/+ ! wor? ( 8 ?\ghts & ( d]iv+ ?\ghts t are true & compet5t4 ,?is se>* is ! /udy ( logic2 ! true in=mation relevant !reto is logic1 & no o!r device ( man ought to trespass ^u ! "n4 ,us+ = ?is turn ! ^w tru? 9 a broad] s5se ?an usual1 s z to include ! s5se ( compet5ce1 we may say t ,logic is ! ,sci5ce ( ,tru? & ,untru? 9 ,?\ght1--take notice1 9 ?\ght--= we are suppos+ t !re nei!r is1 nor c be1 any o!r or fur!r means ( becom+ aw>e ( aught ( ! nature or features1 ( aught t is pure alt]nate to m9d1 ?an ?\ght m]ely1 & t1 !re=e1 tru? & untru? 9 ?\ght exhau/s all ! prop] possibilities ( tru? & untru?4 ,foll[+ ,hegel1 & concurr+ ) s _m o!rs1 our au?or />ts ) ,be+ z ! prop] primordial univ]sal notion4 ,is ?is n tak+ note m]ely ( ! compreh5sive mean+ ( ?\ght1 9 ignorance ( its d5om9ate mean+8 ,prior1 at lea/ logically1 to ,be+1 ,=m1 ,mode1 ,limit1 ,relation1 & ! l1 mu/ !re n be posit$ or suppos$ some:at to be1 to be =m$1 to be modulat$1 to be limit$1 to be relat$1 etc8 ,mu/ n ,quality be quality ( some:at1 & ,quantity1 quantity ( some:at8 ,s x seems to u & we !re=e posit ,gr\nd z primordial 9 ?\ght4 ,gr\nd z int5d$ "h is n ! same z ! ,absolute ,be+ ( ,hegel4 ,x is 9 g5]al indep5d5t ( ! notions ei!r ( exi/5ce or reality1 be+ 9 g5]al t ( :i* aught is pr$icative ei!r 9 disc\rse or ?\ght4 ,x is pure logical d5om9ation free ( all logical compreh5sion4 ,! imag9>y numb] & ! ideal numb] ( ma!matics are ea* j z truly gr\nds accord+ to ?is int5t z is a h\se or a tree4 ,gr\nd is ! seat or basis ( ,be+1 ,m9d1 ,=m1 ,mode1 ,limitation1 ,relation1 etc4 ,beh9d any mom5t$ ?\ght1 say ,sun %9es1 ,m9d ?9ks1 or ,x is1 lies1 x may be lat5t1 b all pot5tial1 ! m]e ?\ght /ripp$ ( all compreh5sion3 ,sun1 ,m9d1 or ,x4 ,x is :olly irrelevant t a gr\nd is manife/ only by means ( its compreh5sion if x be true t x mu/ be suppos$ z ! seat ( t compreh5sion4 ,undi/ribut$ & !re=e unrelat$ or absolute gr\nd f its v nature admits ( no o!r pr$icate ?an m]e be+4 ,x is 9 g5]al at once ! ,all & ,exi/5ce4 ,its negative or ,naught has no gr\nd1 be+1 or compreh5sion :atev]1 & no prop] d5om9ation1 its "n be+ only quasi-d5om9ative & = conv5i5ce ( notation m]ely4 ,=m or ,?\ght breaks ?is b>r5 univ]se ( m]e ,gr\nd & ,be+ by ! =mation ( modes ( ,gr\nd & by ! m or less arbitr>y fiats & f9ds ( ,limitation4 ,by ! =mation ( ,mode em]ge ,=m1 ,"t1 & ,ext5t1 & p]haps ,cause & ,aim4 ,by ,limitation em]ge ,"p & ,:ole1 ,numb]1 & ,relation 9 all _! manifold involutions4 ,attribute be+ only degrad$ ,relation1 & ,quantity be+ only "o p[] ( ,relation4 ,x is a mo/ notable peculi>ity ( ?\ght t x has ! ability & t x is its cu/om to take any =m or phase ( ,be+1 & reg>d & deal ) x z a gr\nd4 ,h5ce e mom5t$ ?\ght 7:i* 9 effect embraces e ?\ght prop]ly speak+7 makes two di/9ct ref]5ces1 its gr\nd ref]5ce & its be+ or pr$icate ref]5ce4 ,?is seems to be ! bottom tru? 9 respect to ! mu* vex$ topic ( ext5sion & compreh5sion4 ,!re w\ld seem to be1 !re=e1 9 reality only two ultimate categories1 ,gr\nd & ,be+4 ,z to h[ ! categories1 usually tak5 z su*1 & _! complem5ts1 %\ld be di/ribut$ betwe5 ,gr\nd & ,be+1 w\ld seem to be a matt] requir+ mu* pond]+ to arrange4 ,ow+ to ! d\ble quality ( s _m ( ! m5tal alt]nates1 z 9 "o reg>d ,be+ & 9 ano!r reg>d ,gr\nd1 mu* difficulty might well be anticipat$4 ,neglect+ ?is di/ribution we may say t v univ]sal t]ms ( ?\ght are ,gr\nd1 ,be+1 ,=m1 ,mode1 ,limit1 ,numb]1 ,"p1 ,relation4 ,epo*1 ,place1 ,alt]ation1 ,ev5t1 ,cause1 ,effect1 ,aim1 & ! l4 ,! c>d9al m5tal activities :i* produce ?\ght seem to be1 9 ord]1 ,att5tion1 ,conception1 ,recognition1 ,induction1 & ,d$uction4 ,9 all ^! op]ations !re is opportunity = n only true1 b errone\s ?\ght1 & logic 9 its (fice z ! inspector & judge ( ?\ght 9 respect ( its tru? or error1 %\ld /udy all ^! op]ations & ^? :i* are subsidi>y to !m1 & asc]ta9 ! causes ( error & ! means ( tru?1 & p]fect me?ods ( d]iv+ tru? ) c]ta9ty & ease4 ,x is v presumptu\s & haz>d\s to essay a def9ition ( tru?1 yet s9ce su* a def9ition is a great desid]atum1 & s9ce x w n be effect$ except by e>ne/ trial1 & s9ce also1 9 su* a matt]1 ev5 failures t are consequ5t on devot$ attempts are in/ructive to subsequ5t attempts1 we v5ture our submission3 ,a ?\ght is true :i* :ile repres5t+ its applicate 7t is :atev] to :i* x is directly appli$7 also1 9 s f> z its purport implies1 repres5ts 9 m9d a ?or\gh & respective p>ity & ratio1 ?r\gh :i* ea* ?\ght-analyton & ?\ght-syn!ton 7:e!r gr\nd1 mode1 limit1 numb]1 "p1 relation1 etc47 corresponds to its prop] applicate-analyton or applicate-syn!ton4 ,tru? is ?is repres5tative & correspond5t p>ity & ratio 9 g5]al4 ,a ?\ght may be true & yet incompet5t1 t is unfit to s]ve "s assign$ purpose or turn 9 view1 by reason1 x may be1 ( its irrelevancy1 or x may be ( its re/rict$ application or purport4 ,x is a "q t has be5 mu* moot$ :e!r or n our s5sations are true to _! m9d-alt]nate excitants4 ,! argum5t t[>ds %[+ t !y are w\ld be prolix & mu/ be pass$4 ,if h[ev] !y are n true x w\ld be int]e/+ to he> by :at quality or nature !y are to be *>act]is$ 9 respect to _! v]ity4 ,att5tion is a m5tal activity ( consid]able importance 9 logic 9 connection ) t v fruitful s\rce ( error1 mal-obs]vation4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important m5tal activity to be /udi$ & ?or\ghly kn[n = ! behe/s ( logic is ,conception1 ) its all important adjunct ( d5om9ation4 ,! v]ity or error ( all o!r m5tal op]ations t g5]ate ?\ght dep5ds l>gely on ! tru? or untru?1 ! compet5ce or incompet5ce ( ,conception4 ,on our conceptions z a basis is erect$ & mu/ ev] be erect$ e s*eme ( our notation1 & 9 s f> z our conceptions are untrue or incompet5t1 s probably is1 & s w be1 9 p]haps a multiple measure1 all our k4 ,v mu* m ought to be said 9 ?is connection1 b space w n p]mit4 ,! m5tal op]ation :i* is "h call$ ,recognition1 b :i* has be5 call$ hypo!sis & o!rwise1 & :i* ! au?or review$ calls ,id5tification1 has n receiv$ ! att5tion f logicians 9 g5]al :i* its importance requires4 ,x is a true v>iety ( inf]5ce1 z ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce has fully %[n4 ,our conceptions :i* are ! c5tral facts ( logic w\ld be ( little value to u 7 we n able truly to subsume our p]ceptions "u !m4 ,a v>iety ( facts are available to %[ h[ v (t5 we d ?is wrongly1 imp]fectly1 or n at all4 ,induction1 & its rationale1 dep5ds also v l>gely ^u conception & its intimate consequ5ces1 d5om9ation1 attribution1 & relationis+4 ,d$uction & ! ,syllogism are trite !mes1 al?\gh ! "p t attribution plays 9 ! process has be5 insuffici5tly notic$1 & al?\gh ! rules ( d$uction f relation-t]ms1 ! mo/ important & fruitful ( all1 are z yet v p>tially asc]ta9$4 ,:at is ne$$ z an indisp5sable pr]equisite to ?is la/1 seems to be a c5sus & classification ( ! manifold relations t are kn[n1 aft] ! model ( say ,roget's ,!saurus1 & !n a det]m9ation ( ! consequ5ces ( su* comb9ations & con/ructions z are admissible & fruitful1 & a tabulation ( ! same z our multiplication table is a tabulation ( ! consequ5ces ( ! multiplication ( numb]s4 ,! ,logic ( ,relatives z x is call$ suff]s f its hav+ be5 =m$ ?us f> on s v ab/ract & =mal a plan t its =mation lacks ! *eck & correction ( frequ5t comp>ison ) concrete k1 :ile its results are almo/ if n q useless ow+ to _! extreme g5]ality1 :i* 9 defect ( ! m$iate =mula leaves !m inapplicable to aught t c manife/ _! utility or p[]4 ,f4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,! ,,"t-,,relations ,,( ,,m5tal ,,ph5om5a4 ,by ,joseph ,ja/r[4 ,new ,york3 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges4 ,! accompli%$ ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 gives 9 ?is publication1 :i* =ms "o ( ! s]ies ( ,facts & ,!ory ,pap]s issu$ by ,mr4 ,hodges1 ! results ( num]\s obs]vations by ,cattell1 ,mn/]b]g & o!r obs]v]s4 ,8 object is to pres5t a g5]al view ( :at has be5 done already 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( rese>*4 ,! /udy ( ! "t-relations ( m5tal ph5om5a is ( importance 9 v>i\s connections4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ rem>ks3 ,x s]ves z an index ( m5tal complexity1 giv+ ! sanction ( objective demon/ration to ! results ( subjective obs]vation2 x indicates a mode ( analysis ( ! simpl] m5tal acts1 z well z ! relation ( ^! laboratory products to ! processes ( daily life2 x demon/rates ! close int]relation ( psy*ological ) physiological facts1 an analysis ( ! =m] be+ indisp5sable to ! "r compreh5sion ( ! latt]2 x sugge/s means ( light5+ & %ort5+ m5tal op]ations1 & ?us (f]s a mode ( improv+ educational me?ods2 & x promises 9 v>i\s directions to deep5 & wid5 our k ( ^? processes by ! complication & elaboration ( :i* our m5tal life is s wond]fully built up4 ,! results ( ! obs]vations ref]r$ to by ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ are giv5 9 ,tables ( ,simple ,reaction ,times & ( ,complex ,reaction ,times4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts consid]$ is ! ov]lapp+ ( m5tal processes1 z to :i* ,cattell made a special /udy4 ,f ! fact t ! "t ne$$ = ! p]=mance ( complete op]ations1 z multiply+ numb]s & recit+ a v]se or two at ! same "t1 is %ort] ?an ! sum ( ! times requir$ to d ea* sep>ately1 x is inf]r$ t ! m9d %\ld be lik5$ n to a po9t at :i* b a s+le object c imp+e at "o "t1 b r to a surface ( v>iable ext5sion4 ,moreov]1 ! p]=mance ( a complex & ext5d$ m5tal task is n ! same ?+ z ! sep>ate p]=mance ( ! sev]al elem5ts into :i* t task may be analys$4 ,! addition ( a classifi$ ,bibliography adds mu* to ! value ( ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s int]e/+ little "w4 4 ,,on ,,sam5ess ,,& ,,id5tity4 ,by ,george ,/u>t ,full]ton4 ,philadelphia3 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,press4 ,mr4 ,full]ton's psy*ological /udy is ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( contributions to ,philosophy to be issu$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is truly entitl$ a contribution to ! f\ndations ( a ,!ory ( ,k1 & is an attempt to arrive at an accurate conclusion z to ! sev]al s5ses 9 :i* ! ^w same is us$2 ) an hi/orical & critical /atem5t ( ! use ( ! ^w 9 a wrong s5se4 ,mr4 ,full]ton f9ds t same has sev5 diff]5t mean+s accord+ to ! mode 9 :i* x is appli$4 ,9 ! fir/ case x has ! s5se ( id5tity1 & 9 ! second t ( simil>ity4 ,?irdly1 ! ext]nal bundle ( qualities may be reg>d$ z be+ ! same at two diff]5t times1 :ile 9 a f\r? s5se1 two ext]nal ?+s1 or ext]nal qualities1 exi/+ at "o "t1 may be call$ ! same to m>k simil>ity4 ,aga91 an ext]nal ?+ or an ext]nal quality may be call$ ! same ) its ext]nal repres5tative1 z ! id5tification ( a ?+ ) its reflection 9 a mirror4 ,?is is ! fif? s5se2 ! six? is :]e ! same ext]nal object is said to be p]ceiv$ by diff]5t p]sons4 ,f9ally1 an ext]nal ?+ may be said to be ! same ) its repres5tative 9 consci\sness or ) ! sub/ance or n\m5on assum$ to und]lie x4 ,on se>*+ = ! reason :y su* v>i\s exp]i5ces are express$ by ! use ( "o ^w1 ,mr4 ,full]ton discov]s t ! common notion :i* unites !m is ! idea ( simil>ity4 ,b h[ c we speak ( simil>ity :5 /rictly only "o ?+ is 9 "q8 ,! answ] giv5 is t we h a s]ies ( exp]i5ces1 beg9n+ ) "o 9 :i* two objects are recognis$ z simil> & yet are v cle>ly di/+ui%$ z two objects1 cont9u$ 9 o!rs 9 :i* ! s5se ( duality falls m & m into ! backgr\nd1 & end+ 9 "o 9 :i* !re is no consci\sness ( duality at all4 ,! la/ ( ^! exp]i5ces is n :olly diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,x diff]s f !m n 9 ! elem5t :i* has l$ u to decl>e two objects simil>--! elem5t :i* !y h 9 common--b 9 t :i* has l$ u to decl>e !m two & diff]5t4 ,x is by add+ to ?is la/ exp]i5ce1 s to speak1 t we get ! o!rs4 ,!y conta9 x & m4 ,! exp]i5ce 9 :i* two ?+s are n di/+ui%$1 is at ! bottom ( all our exp]i5ces ( simil>ity4 ,! use ( ! expression ,x is ,x1 !n1 emphasises ! fact t "o is n to pass f ,x to any ,y or ,z1 & x1 moreov]1 puts a p]iod to "o's ?9k+1 & fixes ! ?\ght ^u ,x alone4 ,:5 ! words id5tity & sam5ess are int5d$ to be us$ ) "s degree ( precision1 ! =m] ^w indicates sam5ess 9 :i* !re is no consci\sness ( duality1 or 9 :i* ! consci\sness ( duality has fall5 into ! backgr\nd & may easily be ov]look$4 ,m ?an half ( ,mr4 ,full]ton's "w is occupi$ by an hi/orical & critical consid]ation ( ! use ( ! ^w same 9 a wrong s5se1 beg9n+ ) ,h]aclitus & com+ d[n to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d4 ,! examples he has giv5 ( t confusion ( ?\ght ju/ifies ! ass]tion ( ! ne$ ( mu* great] c>e & exactitude ?an "o commonly f9ds 9 metaphysical reason+s1 & at ! same "t ! hair-splitt+ = :i* ,mr4 ,full]ton ne$lessly consid]s himself call$ on to plead guilty4 4 ,,induction ,,& ,,d$uction4 ,,) ,,o!r ,,essays4 ,by ,con/ance ,c4 ,w4 ,nad54 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,lew9s1 ,m4 ,d4 ,london3 ,bick]s ,son4 ,! *ief ( ! essays compris$ 9 ?is volume is an hi/orical & critical sket* ( successive philosophical conceptions respect+ ! relations betwe5 inductive & d$uctive ?\ght4 ,x 0 aw>d$ ! ,heslop ,gold ,m$al z ! be/ diss]tation by a /ud5t ( ,mason ,college1 ,birm+ham 7,engl&71 9 #ahhg1 & ,miss ,nad5 0 also rew>d$ = x by be+ made an ,associate ( ! ,college1 an honor %e well des]v$4 ,! diss]tation displays a wide k ( sci5tific facts ) a r>e capacity = deal+ ) !m 9 a philosophical _s1 & a p[] ( acute reason+ su* z few o!r wom5 h ev] possess$4 ,:e!r h] op9ions are always correct is ano!r "q4 ,x is a pr(\nd rem>k t we are oblig$ to reg>d nature z a sy/em1 because we c consid] its multiplicity only 9 relation to "o ?9k+ subject4 ,b we mu/ *all5ge h] /atem5t t we h no c]ta9ty = assum+ t ! laws ( nature w always rema9 un*ang$4 ,a *ange 9 ! laws ( nature w\ld be ! replac+ ( x by a diff]5t nature ( :i* man c\ld n take cognisance1 & :i* !re=e we _c reasonably conceive to be possible4 ,!re might be a *ange ( conditions :i* w\ld introduce o!r laws1 b ^! mu/ be 9 con=mity )1 & n 9 opposition to1 ! pres5t laws ( nature1 z o!rwise !y c\ld n exi/ = u1 see+ t exp]i5ce is possible 9 virtue ( ! orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d1 & !re=e1 accord+ to ! views ( :i* ,miss ,nad5 is an expon5t1 !y c\ld n exi/ at all4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( h] essays are ^? :i* expla9 ! sy/em to :i* h] editor ,dr4 ,rob]t ,lew9s gives ! "n ( ,hylo-,idealism4 ,?is is describ$ z ! bra9 !ory ( m9d & matt]1 & x is s describ$ because x ass]ts t e man is ! mak] ( 8 own cosmos1 all 8 p]ceptions hav+ m]ely a subjective exi/5ce & be+ g5]at$ by ! bra91 :i* focuses conv]g+ rays ( s5se f all p>ts ( ! body1 & unites !m into ! :ite light ( consci\sness4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t1 accord+ to ?is !ory !re is no?+ outside ( ! p]cipi5t subject1 t is1 beyond man himself4 ,! real exi/5ce ( matt] is n d5i$ &1 inde$1 s f> f be+ a non5tity1 matt] is ! fons et origo ( all entities4 ,hylo-,idealism deals only ) ! relative1 ignor+ ! absolute z utt]ly beyond human gnosis4 ,:ile ass]t+ t ! only cosmos kn[n to man1 or 9 any way conc]n+ him1 is manufactur$ 9 8 own bra9-cells1 x affirms ! exi/5ce ( ano!r cosmos1 ! ext]nal univ]se ( o!r sy/ems4 ,! m9d does n h[ev] passively appreh5d ext]nal objects1 b actively con/ructs !m4 ,we make ! m\nta9s1 & ! sea1 & ! sun himself2 = sun%9e is no?+ if n visible1 & if !re 7 no eye & no bra91 !re c\ld be no sun%9e4 ,! defect ( ?is reason+ is t x makes man ! only measure ( all ?+s4 ,because our s5ses are necess>y to u to di/+ui% c]ta9 ph5om5a1 x does n foll[ t ! same ph5om5a _c be di/+ui%$ "u o!r conditions4 ,! protozoa :i* h no organs ( special s5se are affect$ by ! vibrations ( light1 s\nd1 & probably smell1 :i* w\ld n be possible if ^? ph5om5a are con/ruct$ by ! human m9d4 ,! utmo/ t c be said ) any %[ ( reason is t ! imag+ 9 our consci\sness ( ext]nal objects does n give an actual repres5tation ( !m4 ,?is is requir$ by ! !ory ( ,hylo-,idealism1 :i* goes /ill fur!r1 h[ev]1 & decl>es t ! univ]se does n exi/ z we "k x4 ,x seems to u t ?is view is n consi/5t ) ev5 ! pr9ciples ( ,hylo-,idealism4 ,dr4 ,lew9s specially po9ts out t ?is sy/em 9 no s5se d5ies ! objective1 b only cont5ds = id5tity ( object & subject1 prov$ z x is by natural ,realism itself1 f ! doctr9e ( molecul> metamorphosis1 :i* %[s ! ,ego cont9ually und]go+ transub/antiation ) ! ',non-,ego1' & vice v]s1 s f> z to =m "o indivisible organism4 ,he comp>es ! ,ego & ! ,non-,ego1 t is1 subject & object1 or our bodies & ! ext]nal univ]se1 to a por\s vessel ( ice1 fill$ ) wat]1 imm]s$ 9 an inf9ite ocean4 ,:at is )9 & )\t1 & ! septum t seems to divide ! two1 are all ?ree consub/antial or id5tical4 ,if !y are id5tical1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ p]fectly respond to ea* o!r1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if ! object 9 ! m9d did n give a true repres5tation ( ! objects 9 ext]nal nature4 ,o!rwise ! id5tity ( subject & object c be pr$icat$1 on ! condition only ( aboli%+ ! ext]nal univ]se1 & affirm+ ( x1 z ,dr4 ,lew9s affirms ( ! />s1 ,:at y see is a vision1 or organic function1 ( y\r own s5sifaci5t organism4 ,we h n space to critically consid] ,miss ,nad5's essay on ,evolution>y ,e?ics1 :i* is a valuable /udy 9 ,sociology4 ,%e gives logical =m to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s quasi-utilit>ian sy/em 9 ! words1 ! incl9ation is always 9 ! direction mo/ pleasurable or lea/ pa9ful2 ! results ( ! action1 if x be a moral "o1 are su* z 9 ! long run & on a l>ge scale1 mu/ increase happ9ess2 b ! object ( ! action ne$ n be connect$ 9 ! m9d ( ! actor ) any ?\ght ( happ9ess1 p]sonal or g5]al4 ,! practical objection to ?is view ( moral conduct is ! ref]5ce to p]sonal happ9ess4 ,?is %\ld be exclud$ altoge!r z an actual motive ( su* conduct :]e self is ! *ief object conc]n$4 ,"h duty or virtue %\ld be ! guid+ pr9ciple1 z x %\ld be ultimately 9 all moral conduct4 ,?is inde$ is really admitt$ :5 x is said t rational utilit>ianism aims1 n /raight at happ9ess1 b at ! ess5tial conditions ( happ9ess4 ,! weak po9t 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em ( e?ics is ! orig9 x assigns = ! altrui/ic s5tim5t4 ,?is is bas$ 9 sympa?y1 ! g]m ( :i*1 says our au?or1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ideal or repres5tative _w possesses an emotional aspect & !re=e ! ?\ght ( a fell[ creature c>ries ) x ! ?\ght ( 8 feel+s4 ,?is ?\ght is n necess>ily1 h[ev]1 accompani$ ) an active feel+ ( sympa?y4 ,x requires "s o!r influ5ce to give x ext]nal expression1 & ?is mu/ be s\ght 9 ! activity ( ! sexual in/9ct4 ,trac$ to ?is s\rce we c und]/& h[ ! altrui/ic s5tim5t may become in/9ctive1 giv+ rise ?r\gh p>5tal & frat]nal affection1 to ! high] love ( c\ntry & ( race1 :i* 9 "t w also become in/9ctive4 ,9 tak+ leave ( ,miss ,nad5's "w1 we mu/ say t1 mu* z we disagree ) its ,hylo-,ideali/ic views1 x des]ves to be read by all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! se>* = ! key to ! great problem ( nature4 ,its exam9ation ( ! logical sy/em ( ,kant is slight1 & x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! "n ( ! great ,g]man philosoph] is omitt$ f among ! precursors ( ,d>w94 ,miss ,nad5 is 9 error1 too1 9 describ+ ,haeckel z a pron\nc$ ,mat]iali/4 ,he is no m s ?an 0 ,d>w9 himself4 ,su* mi/akes 7 probably due to ! b5t ( ! m9d ( our au?oress1 ^: too e>ly dea? is a loss to ! cause ( tru? & to humanity itself4 4 ,,emblematic ,,m\nds ,,& ,,animal ,,effigies4 ,by ,/eph5 ,d4 ,peet4 ,*icago3 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian (fice4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w is well kn[n1 n only z ! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 b z a c>eful explor] ( aborig9al monum5ts 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,8 att5tion has n be5 limit$1 h[ev]1 to ! results ( p]sonal obs]vation2 he has utilis$ ! rese>*es ( o!r explor]s1 & is ?us able to pres5t to 8 read]s an amaz+ am\nt ( in=mation1 :i* is r5d]$ d\bly valuable by ! pr(use use ( maps & illu/rations4 ,! po9ts :i* ,mr4 ,peet has s\ght to br+ out 9 8 book are1 t 7#a7 ! works describ$ z effigies 7 imitations ( ! wild animals :i* 7 once common 9 ! region :]e !y are f\nd1 :i* is *iefly 9 ,wiscons9 & ,ohio1 & 7 also totemic 9 _! "*2 7#b7 ! effigies 7 us$ = practical purposes1 su* z scre5s = hunt]s1 gu>ds = villages1 f\ndations = h\ses1 heaps on :i* s5t9els 7 /ation$2 7#c7 !y embodi$ c]ta9 sup]/itions & cu/oms :i* are r>ely f\nd1 b :i* are sugge/ive ( ! religi\s sy/em preval5t 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! consid]ation ( ! fir/ & second ( ^! po9ts does n come )9 our prov9ce1 b x w be int]e/+ to see :at light ! curi\s monum5ts describ$ ?r[ on ! religi\s ideas ( ! aborig9es4 ,mr4 ,peet /ates t ! location ( ! effigies gives ! idea ( ! preval5ce among _! build]s ( a k9d ( nature-wor%ip4 ,!y are closely associat$ ) ! natural features ( ! e>?1 ! /reams & lakes1 hills & valleys1 woods & prairies1 be+ ov]%ad[$ by !m4 ,! animals repres5t$ 7 div9ities to ! p1 & ! effigies 7 int5d$ to be symbols ( su* div9ities1 associat$ = p>ticul> reasons ) special localities4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 ,mr4 ,peet ref]s to ! fact t ! my?s :i* fix ^u sc5es 9 nature are ^? :i* rem9d "o ( ! animal div9ities :i* 7 wor%ipp$4 ,! figure ( ! moose & ! turtle & o!r animals h be5 recognis$ 9 c]ta9 /range & contort$ figures 9 ! rocks & m\nta9s1 & my?s h be5 connect$ ) !m1 ! my? hav+ evid5tly be5 made to acc\nt = ! resemblances4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( ?is k9d is ! great s]p5t m\nd ( ,adams ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,s]p5t m\nds are f\nd 9 v>i\s o!r localities1 & usually !y correspond ) ! natural features ( ! gr\nd on :i* !y are plac$4 ,b if ! effigies are to be reg>d$ z symbols ( a totemic animal-wor%ip1 x may be ?\ght t !y _c be tak5 z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( nature-wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,peet rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t ! symbolism ( ,ohio 0 t ( sun-wor%ip1 & ! exi/5ce ( ?is phase ( nature-wor%ip among ! ,am]ican aborig9es is an important fact4 ,x connects _! religi\s ideas ) ^? :i* 7 at "o "t almo/ univ]sally preval5t 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,sun z ! s\rce ( life & en]gy 0 f an e>ly date ! object r\nd :i* c5t]$ ! religi\s ideas ( ! anci5t _w1 & ! s]p5t occupi$ a *ief place z symbolical ( ! mo/ important ( ^? ideas4 ,! v5]ation = deceas$ ance/ors repres5t$ simil> ideas ) ^? embodi$ 9 sun-wor%ip1 & ! animal totemism ( :i* ! effigy m\nds are symbolic 0 connect$ ) ! latt] sup]/ition ?r\gh ance/ral wor%ip1 ! my?ical ance/or be+ id5tifi$ ) ! totem4 ,if ?is is s1 ! /udy ( ! my?ology ( ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry may be expect$ to ?r[ light on ! orig9 ( ,old ,_w sup]/itions1 & ,mr4 ,peet may be congratulat$ on hav+ done s mu* to make kn[n ! symbolical & o!r works :i* w soon be ! only relics ( an anci5t & wide-spread race4 4 ,,life4 ,by ,m4 ,j4 ,savage4 ,bo/on3 ,geo4 ,h4 ,ellis4 ,9 ?is volume ( s]mons we h a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( /udies on a subject :i* is probably attract+ at ! pres5t "t m intellig5t int]e/ ?an at any pa/ epo*4 ,! views ent]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,savage are s well kn[n t x is n necess>y to give any elaborate review ( ! pres5t "w4 ,among o!r !mes he treats ( ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,life1 ,goodness & ,moral ,evil1 ,life's ,mean+1 ,nationalism & o!r social dreams1 ,morality & ,religion4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d mu* mat]ial = ?\ght1 &1 al?\gh f ! v nature ( ! case _m ( ,mr4 ,savage's conclusions w n be g5]ally accept$1 8 words w be read ) m ?an a pass+ int]e/4 ,8 /atem5t t "r & wrong are to be und]/ood by /udy+ ! progress1 ! developm5t1 ( ! race1 j z we f9d out any o!r tru?1 _c well be conte/$ by ! advocate ( any e?ical !ory4 ,:5 he affirms ?is life to be only manife/ations z ! ye>s g by1 out-blossom+s ev]y:]e ( t life :i* is ,god1--! my/]y & yet ! explanation ( all ?+s1 he expresses an op9ion t mo/ m5 :o h giv5 ! subject s]i\s ?\ght w accept--subject only to ! res]vation t !y are all[$ to und]/& ,god 9 _! own way4 ,! answ] giv5 by ,mr4 ,savage1 9 8 conclud+ disc\rse1 to ! "q ,:at is x all =8 w meet ) less acceptance4 ,he rem>ks t all ! !ories :i* c be f\nd z to ! outcome ( ?+s are only v>iations ( ?ree *ief !ories3 7#a7 t ( a future life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ! !ory ( ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/2 7#b7 t ( ,m4 ,comte1 :i* is well nam$ ! religion ( humanity2 7#c7 t :i* reg>ds _s z hav+ ! pre-em95ce ov] matt]4 ,z to ! fir/ !ory1 ,mr4 ,savage decl>es x to be condemn$ by ! intellect1 ! he>t1 & ! consci5ce ( m54 ,he affirms t ! second !ory ends 9 no?+1 & he endorses ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,john ,fiske1 t consid]$ intellectually1 su* a !ory puts ! _w to p]man5t intellectual confusion4 ,mr4 ,savage1 !re=e1 accepts ! ?ird !ory :i* makes immortality a :olly rational ?\ght4 ,he sees ! pro( ( x 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! bra91 ! consci5ce1 ! he>t ( man1 :i* are prophecies1 s9ce !y are ! expression ( ! nature ( ?+s1 & s9ce !y dem& ! p]fect ?\ght1 & love1 & "r4 4 ,,protoplasm ,,& ,,life4 ,by ,*>les ,f4 ,cox1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,mr4 ,cox's contribution to ! /udy ( :at may be t]m$ ! lit]ature ( ! int]e/+ subject he discusses1 treats ( ! ,cell doctr9e4 ,he traces cle>ly ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! protoplasm !ory1 to :i* t doctr9e belongs1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ,doctor ,beale's g]m9al matt] & ,pr(4 ,huxley's physical basis ( life4 ,9 8 summ>y ( conclusions1 ,mr4 ,cox %[s t ! orig9al idea ( ! cell1 z prop\nd$ by ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann1 has gradually fad$ away4 ,z he /ates1 ! att5tion ( ! def5d]s ( ! cell doctr9e has be5 =c$ f "o position to ano!r until x is fix$ on a g]m9al po9t4 ,! same fate has befall5 ,dr4 ,beale's ideal liv+ matt]1 :i* if an actually visible ?+ is r$uc$ to a m]e skeleton ( 8 orig9al bioplasm1 an att5uat$ reticulum2 :ile ,huxley's physical basis ( life1 l 8 ,ba?ybius1 is relegat$ to ! realm ( ! imag9ation4 ,?us !re is no "o visible & tangible sub/ance to :i* ! "n protoplasm is rigidly & exclusively appli$4 ,mr4 ,cox's conclusion z to ! nature ( ! basal life-/uff is t ! only admissible alt]native is matt] plus vitality or matt] m9us vitality4 ,?is br+s u to ! impassable gulf betwe5 ! n-liv+ & ! liv+2 :i* we w\ld obs]ve1 h[ev]1 might cease to be impassable if we c\ld prop]ly def9e ! t]ms matt] & vitality4 ,! second "p ( ,mr4 ,cox's bro*ure is devot$ to a consid]ation ( ! spontane\s g5]ation !ory1 & its relation to ! g5]al !ory ( evolution4 ,mr4 ,cox's p]sonal conclusion is1 t1 to ! bett] "p ( ! sci5tific au?orities1 ! spontane\s g5]ation !ory is a necess>y "p ( ! g5]al !ory ( evolution1 b t no exp]im5tal evid5ce has z yet be5 produc$ 9 support ( ! belief 9 ! occurr5ce ( abiog5esis1 & t !re=e ! evolution !ory hangs ^u a l9k ( pure fai?4 ,mr4 ,cox f9ds 9 ! gap betwe5 lifeless sub/ances & liv+ =ms ! v]itable ,miss+ ,l9k4 4 ,,n\veaux ,,ap],,u ,,sur ,,la ,,phylog5ie ,,de ,l',,homme4 ,by ,madame ,clm5ce ,roy]4 ,extract$ f ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',an?ropologie = #ahij4 ,madame ,roy]1 9 ?is admirable memoir1 tak+ = a text ! fact t an ,au/ralian liz>d 0 se5 by ,m4 de ,vis walk+ on its h9d feet1 criticises sev]ely ,haeckel's g5ealogy ( man1 ^: l9e ( desc5t %e decl>es to be di/9ct f t ( ! apes4 ,! fir/ t]re/rial ance/ors ( man & ( o!r an?ropomorph\s animals issu$ f pelagic =ms ( di/9ct orig9s1 ^: evolution _h be5 p>allel1 b ! human ance/ors acquir$ ! upright position 9 a phase ( amphibi\s i*?yophagy1 :ile ! ape ance/ors adapt$ !mselves directly to an oblique position4 ,?is orig9al diff]5ce ( attitude adapt$ m5 f ! fir/ to an entirely p$e/rian motion1 & ! apes to a life m or less arboreal1 b nei!r m5 nor apes h _h any t]re/rial ance/or adapt$ to ! horizontal position4 4 ,,le ,,monde ,,comme ,,volont ,,et ,,comme ,,repres5tation4 ,p> ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,traduit en ,franais p> ,a4 ,burdeau4 ,tome troisime4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 ,m4 ,burdeau's translation ( ! *ief "w ( ! r5[n$ philosoph] ( pessimism is ! only p]fect translation into ! ,fr5* language4 ,x is made ) a scrupul\s exactness1 & its /yle is said to be z cle> z t ( ,s*op5hau] himself1 by :i* he is di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,g]man philosoph]s & is recognis$ z a disciple ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 & ,*am=t4 ,! pres5t volume conta9s important app5dices 9 :i* ,s*op5hau] recapitulat$ & develop$ v>i\s po9ts treat$ ( 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w4 ,we may ref] p>ticul>ly to ! *apt]s on ,in/9ct1 ,g5ius1 ,insanity1 ! ,metaphysic ( ,music1 & ! ,metaphysic ( ,love4 ,,die ,,hypnose ,,und ,,die ,,damit ,,v]w&t5 ,,normal5 ,,zu/a5de4 ,vorlesung5 gehalt5 an d] ,univ]sitt ,kop5hag5 im ,h]b/e #ahhi4 ,by ,alfr$ ,lehmann1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&4 ,?is little book w 9 "o respect be ( special int]e/ to psy*ologi/s4 ,! au?or confesses 9 ! preface t :5 he comm5c$ 8 hypnotic inve/igations1 he attempt$ to expla9 ! facts "u consid]ation by ! ,c>tesian !ory :i* hi!rto1 he says1 _h prov$ p]fectly suffici5t to expla9 ! data ( normal s\l-life4 ,:at ! au?or und]/&s by ! ,c>tesian !ory appe>s f ! foll[+ passage3 ,! popul> conception ( ! relation betwe5 s\l & body is1 t ! s\l is a be+ di/9ct f ! body & end[$ ) c]ta9 faculties4 ,?is conception is /ill def5d$ by a c]ta91 n v num]\s s*ool ( philosoph]s :om we may briefly call ,c>tesians f ! fact t _! !ory c be trac$ back to ,desc>tes1 al?\gh 9 ! lapse ( "t x has be5 consid]ably modifi$4 ,9 a ^w ! ,c>tesian !ory is ! !ory t /ill accepts ! exi/5ce ( a my?ical or metaphysical s\l-unity call$ ! ego4 ,dr4 ,lehmann says3 ,x 0 argu$ s9ce ',i' 9 spite ( a con/ant *ange ( my consci\sness1 am 9 possession ( ! c]ta9ty t x is ! same id5tical ',i' t has all ^! /ates1 s5sations1 feel+s1 ?is ',i' or ! s\l mu/ be a unity4 ,& ?is unity mu/ /& 9 a causal connection ) ! outside _w1 ) ! doma9 ( nature 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 etc4 ,x is p]haps exceptional t a tea*] at a ,univ]sity ( ,prote/ant ,nor!rn ,europe has be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,c>tesianism1 b x is highly comm5dable t he op5ly confesses 8 *ange ( op9ion because ! facts "u obs]vation demon/rate its errone\sness4 ,dr4 ,lehmann no d\bt w f9d t ! normal ph5om5a ( psy*ic life are by no means 9 accord ) ! ,c>tesian doctr9e4 ,inde$ by %[+ h[ ! abnormal & normal /ates agree1 he implicitly confesses t ! !ory t proves unt5able = ! =m] ought to be reg>d$ z unt5able = ! latt]4 ,we h in/ances ( m5 :o believe 9 ! ,c>tesian doctr9e1 or at lea/ by a natural pr$isposition h a t5d5cy to believe 9 x1 wav]+ 9 _! belief1 because ! data ( ! normal /ates ( psy*ic life s little favor ! dualism ( ! great ,fr5* philosoph]4 ,n[ x almo/ seems z if ! discov]ies & ! /rang5ess ( hypnotic ph5om5a _h contribut$ a great deal t[>ds turn+ ! t5d5cy t[>d a moni/ic solution ( ! psy*ological problems back to ! almo/ ab&on$ duali/ic solution4 ,we are fully confid5t t ?is reaction w n la/1 because 9 spite ( all ! /range my/]ies t surr\nd mod]n hypnotism1 x w aft] all only f9d a satisfactory int]pretation 9 "s moni/ic conception4 ,dr4 ,lehmann 9 ab&on+ ! ,c>tesian !ory1 says3 ,! bodily & psy*ical /ates are z a matt] ( exp]i5ce giv5 z two s]ies intimately connect$ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,_! connection c be expla9$ 9 two diff]5t ways3 ,ei!r ! ph5om5a ( ! "o are effects ( ! o!r1 or bo? s]ies are effects ( "o & ! same unkn[n cause4 ,dr4 ,lehmann consid]s ei!r solution z a priori equally acceptable1 yet he favors ! latt]1 :i* might briefly be call$ 7al?\gh ! au?or does n use ! expression7 ! agno/ic solution4 ,dr4 ,lehmann *>act]ises x z die ,sp9ozi/is*e ,annahme & calls x ,psy*o-physical ,mat]ialism4 ,"o ( 8 colleagues1 ,pr(essor ,kroman has propos$ 9 8 ,logik & ,psy*ologie a !ory t is call$ by ! same "n4 ,yet ,kroman's psy*o-physical mat]ialism1 ,dr4 ,lehmann decl>es1 is widely diff]5t f 8 own2 ! =m] be+ a mutual causal relation betwe5 ! ,physical & ,psy*ical )9 ! limits ( ! ,atom1 :i*1 says ,dr4 ,lehmann1 w\ld make ! explanation ( complex psy*ical ph5om5a impossible4 ,! psy*o-physical mat]ialism ( ,dr4 ,lehmann1 our au?or ma9ta9s1 agrees 9 all ess5tial po9ts ) ! views ( ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 7,freiburg 9 ,bad574#fe #fe ,! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 7 review$ 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,no4 #acd4 ,! laboratory "w done by ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 0 publi%$ aft] ,dr4 ,lehmann _h f9i%$ 8 lectures4 ,a c]ta9 simil>ity betwe5 ,dr4 ,lehmann's views & ^? ( ! ,freiburg ,pr(essor _c be d5i$1 yet x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g w\ld recognise ?is simil>ity 9 ! same measure z ,dr4 ,lehmann does4 ,! fact is t ,dr4 ,lehmann has progress$ 9 ! direction :i* ! ,g]man s*ool ( ,wundt has tak52 yet he has n z yet rea*$ ! same cle>ness2 he is /ill entangl$ 9 ,c>tesian ideas1 z is %[n by 8 way ( propos+ problems3 = in/ance 9 8 treatm5t ( ! problem ( w1 :i* he ju/ly calls d] eig5tli*e ,probir/e9 d] ,hypo!se1 & ( ,att5tion1 ! mo/ enigmatic ( all /ates ( ! s\l 7d] r?selhafte/e all] ,seel5zu/nde74 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r consid]ations ,dr4 ,lehmann %[s t he is /ill f> f ! positive /&po9t by :i* ,mn/]b]g's inve/igations are di/+ui%$4 ,x is v /range t 9 speak+ ( ,att5tion ,m4 ,ribot's "n has n ev5 be5 allud$ to4 ,if ! au?or _h %[n a famili>ity ) "s ( ! monographs ( ?is great ,fr5* psy*ologi/1 he might h sav$ himself mu* "w4 4 ,,d] ,,heliotropismus ,,d] ,,?i]e ,,und ,,se9e ,,ueb]e9/immung ,,mit ,,dem ,,heliotropismus ,,d] ,,pflanz54 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,loeb4 ,wrzburg3 ,v]lag von ,george ,h]tz4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to fill a gap 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject ( animal movem5t dep5d+ on light1 & to expla9 x by a consid]ation ( ! actual facts4 ,aft] /at+ t ! effect ( light ^u animal movem5t is purely me*anical1 & t x is gov]n$ p>tly by ! action ( ! light z ! excit+ cause1 & p>tly by ! /ructure ( ! s5sitive organisation1 ,dr4 ,loeb proce$s1 ,i w n[ prove t ! direction ( ! light rays det]m9es q g5]ally ! movem5ts induc$ 9 animals by ! light1 no less ?an ! direction ( plant movem5t1 & t ! ori5tation n only ( plants b ( animals1 dep5ds ^u ! bodily =m ( ! latt]1 9 s f> z ! dorsiv5tral animals !mselves move ) ! m$ian plane 9 ! direction ( ! light rays1 etc4 ,! m refrangible are ! rays ( light ! m efficaci\s is its me*anical action ^u animal & plant movem5t1 :i* is affect$ also by ! con/ant int5sity ( ! light & its temp]ature4 ,?us x appe>s t ! mo?'s flight into a flame mu/ be consid]$ z ! same me*anical process z1 = in/ance1 ! motions ( sunfl[]s1 ! gr[? ( ! spr\t+ axis 9 buds1 etc4 ,dr4 ,loeb's conclusion t ! circum/ances :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( animals t[>ds ! light are con=mable to ^? :i* h be5 already recognis$ 9 relation to plant-movem5t1 is support$ by num]\s facts1 :i* appe> to fully e/abli% ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vations & d$uctions4 ,! dilig5t au?or :o is at pres5t engag$ 9 sci5tific inve/igations at ! /azione zoologica 9 ,naples1 has 9 ! mean "t publi%$ a s]ies ( fur!r obs]vations on ! same "q1 all ( :i*1 z 0 to be expect$1 corroborate ! propositions set =? 9 ! above m5tion$ little book4 ,we h be=e u two repr9ts1 "o f ! ,biologis*e ,c5tralblatt1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,nos4 #e & #f1 #ahij1 ! o!r ! ,ar*iv f4 d4 ges4 ,phys41 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 ) "o plate & two wood-cuts1 ! =m] treat+ ( ! heliotropism ( ! nauplii ( ,balanus p]=atus1 ^: p]iodical migrations are %[n to dep5d ^u ! action ( ! light1 ! latt] discuss+ ! common features ( heliotropism 9 animals & plants4 ,,unt]su*ung5 ,,zur ,,physiologis*5 ,,morphologie ,,d] ,,?i]e4 #a4 ,,ueb] ,,het]omorphose4 ,by ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb4 ,) #a plate & #c figures4 ,wrzburg3 ,george ,h]tz4 ,julius von ,sa*s1 ,v*t+1 ,noll1 & o!r botani/s h successfully op5$ ! way to a k ( ! gr[? ( plants 9 _! causal conditions4 ,?is me?od has be5 appli$ to ! physiology ( animals by ,pflg]4 ,! pres5t pamphlet is a contribution to ?is endeavor by ,dr4 ,loeb1 ^: special object has be5 to det]m9e ! laws ( ! re/oration ( lo/ organs 9 animal organisms4 ,botani/s h f\nd t if a plant t has und]gone ! loss ( an organ has to build x up aga91 ! new organ w be diff]5t f ! orig9al organ1 & ?is diff]5ce c be det]m9$ by law4 ,dr4 ,loeb inquires :e!r ! same c be said ( ! recon/ruction ( ! lo/ organs ( animals4 ,!re are1 z a rule1 9 animal organisms two poles1 viz4 ! oral pole1 =m+ ! head1 & ! aboral =m+ ! tail4 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t liv+ animal sub/ance possesses ! t5d5cy to develop 9 "o special direction oral organs1 & 9 ! o!r aboral organs4 ,?is 0 call$ ,pol>ity & is bas$ ^u ! exp]im5ts ( ,allman1 ,trembley1 ,dalyell1 & o!rs4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,loeb1 made ) ! view ( te/+ ! pol>ity !ory1 %[ t x is possible to develop 9 animals possess+ physiologically di/9ct heads & tails1 heads in/ead ( tails 9 ! aboral pole1 & to d s )\t any s]i\s int]f]5ce ) ! vitality ( ! creature4 ,! exp]im5ts h be5 made *iefly on ,tubul>ia mesembryan!mum1 ,aglaoph5ia pluma1 ,plumul>ia p9nata1 & o!r species4 ,dr4 ,loeb proves by 8 exp]im5ts t ext]nal conditions control ! reproduction ( organs1 s t artificially oral organs c be made to gr[ :]e aboral organs h be51 & vice v]sa4 ,x is ?is faculty ( animal organisms :i* ,dr4 ,loeb calls het]omorphosis4 4 ,,die ,,e?is*e ,,bewegung ,,9 ,,d] ,,religion4 ,by ,/anton ,coit1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,ueb]setzung von ,georg von ,gizycki4 ,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&4 ,?is s]ies ( ,sunday lectures by ,dr4 ,/anton ,coit1 ! speak] ( ! ,s\? ,place ,e?ical ,society ( ,london1 ,engl&1 has be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 9 ! %ape x is n[ be=e u1 by ,dr4 ,coit's fri5d & tea*] ,pr(4 ,george von ,gizycki2 !y h n yet appe>$ 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,s\? ,place ,e?ical ,society is n directly affiliat$ to ! ,e?ical ,societies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 b x /&s ) !m 9 fri5dly relations4 ,dr4 ,coit1 a native ,am]ican1 is /rongly bias$ 9 8 views by 8 ,am]ican co-work]s2 he is ! y\nge/ among !m1 & is1 ,i believe1 to be consid]$ z a disciple ( ,pr(essor ,adl]4 ,he has inh]it$ f ,pr(essor ,adl] ! idea t we c h e?ics )\t a _w-conception or a religion2 yet ?is idea has be5 consid]ably modifi$1 & an approa* to m positive & practical views is p]ceptible 9 _m passages ( 8 s]mons4 ,9 ! lecture ,:i* ,e?ics8 ,dr4 ,coit says3 ,we ne$ 7b$rf57 a !ory conc]n+ ! univ]se & our position 9 x in/ead ( ! old fai?4 ,yet 9 contradiction to ?is1 he decl>es t !ories are ( little use4 ,he adds3 ,if two m5 come d[n f _! ab/ract !ories into real life & to ! =ces :i* create action1 x is z if !y desc5d f two opposite m\nta9 peaks into a w>m & ri* valley :]e rivulets run d[n f bo? sides to unite _! wat]s insep>ably into "o cont9u\s /ream4 ,is n ?is beautiful allegory1 true z x c]ta9ly is 9 "o s5se1 aft] all mislead+8 ,is n !ory & !ory diff]5t8 ,if !ory means m]e speculation1 we he>tily agree ) ! proposition to keep cle> ( & f> away f !oris+4 ,x is at be/ a h>mless play1 & c]ta9ly a loss ( valuable "t4 ,yet if !ory means me?odical sy/ematisation ( facts1 x is n m]e wa/e ( "t2 9 t case x is ! indisp5sable condition ( all truly practical "w4 ,& x is ?is latt] k9d ( !ory :i* also 9 ! practical "w ( e?ical culture mu/ be s\ght to be e/abli%$4 ,we mu/ at lea/ be cle> z to basic pr9ciples s t ! ef=ts ( e?ical tea*]s may n be at r&om1 b direct$ by ! progressive _s ( ! age 9 h>mony ) our be/ sci5tific & philosophic ?\ght4 ,conc]n+ religion ,dr4 ,coit says 7p4 #ai7 9 8 article ,:y ,e?ics ,in/ead ( ,religion3 ,my own op9ion is t !re is "o feature :i* di/+ui%es ,religion f all o!r doctr9es1 c]emonies1 & rules4 ,?is feature *>act]is$ ,mat!w ,arnold's view4 ,= he insi/$ n only ^u morals & _! importance1 & ?\ght ( means = _! propagation1 b he proclaim$ also t !re 0 a p[] above ! w ( man to :i* he mu/ b[4 ,9 ! v mom5t he propos$ t p[] :i* we h to obey1 8 e?ics became religi\s4444 ,b ! recognition ( ?is high] p[]1 if ,i am all[$ to propose my own views1 appe>s to me ( v little importance4 ,if !re is su* a p[]1 & we h suffici5t reasons n to d\bt its exi/5ce1 ,i %\ld say t = e?ical purposes x is ( p>am\nt importance to recognise x & to obey x4 ,9 ano!r & a m rec5t lecture1 ,dr4 ,coit pron\nces a v diff]5t view1 he says3 ,anybody :o has ev] reflect$ a mom5t1 mu/ h discov]$ h[ dep5d5t he is ^u a p[] outside ( 8 own w4 ,he has no /r5g? ei!r = good or = evil1 :i* he has made himself4 ,! m he ?9ks ab\t x1 ! deep] mu/ become ! feel+ ( 8 dep5d5ce4 ,& be+ aw>e t ,god1 or :atev] we call t p[] 9 all ?+s1 does n m9d 8 :ims1 he w f9d x easi] n to m9d1 himself1 8 own :ims4 ,! con/ant ?\ght t we are n ! p[]s ( life & dea?1 w take away conceit & vanity & fooli%ness4 ,& 9 ?is way1 x br+s u 9 times ( tribulation to a quick resignation4 ,x makes u lov+ bro!rs & sons4 ,dr4 ,coit inde$ aspires to make ( e?ical culture a religion = ! p4 ,he speaks on ?is subject 9 8 la/ lecture4 ,he opposes ! ,*ur*es = mix+ _! e?ics ) !ology1 & he speaks ) great en?usiasm ab\t ! poetry ( e?ics1 :i* is mu* m p[]ful ?an ! prose ( e?ics4 ,he does n seem to see t ! influ5ce ( ! *ur*es is ma9ly due to _! poetry ( e?ics4 ,w\ld x n be advisable to po9t out ! prosaic tru? 9 ?is poetry = ! purpose ( free+ ! human m9d ( ! obnoxi\s elem5ts ( a misund]/ood poetry8 ,w\ld x n be advisable to inve/igate ! poetry ( ! basic idea 9 e?ics1 viz41 ( ! ,god-idea1 s z to let ! e?ical movem5t develop itself hi/orically f ! pa/4 ,dr4 ,coit's me?od ( deal+ ) ! ,god-idea is f> f satisfactory4 ,he is nei!r a !i/ nor an a!i/4 ,sometimes he appe>s to appreciate ! moral importance ( ! ,god-idea 9 its purifi$ %ape1 & !n aga9 he seems to consid] x z an e?ically indiff]5t idea4 ,%\ld n ?is problem be settl$ by e "o :o und]takes to prea* e?ics4 ,x appe>s almo/ z if all ! lead]s ( ! e?ical culture societies und]rat$ ! e?ical importance & indisp5sabl5ess ( ?\ght 9 g5]al & ( sci5ce & philosophy 9 p>ticul>4 ,! contradictions :i* appe> 9 ,dr4 ,coit's lectures %[ t he is /ill develop+4 ,! book is full ( promise & we h e reason to hope t its au?or w ov]come ! uncle>ness t is /ill lurk+ 9 8 m9d1 & t he w gr[ ) ! "w he is do+4 4 ,,fremdes ,,und ,,eig5es ,,aus ,,dem ,,gei/ig5 ,,leb5 ,,d] ,,geg5w>t4 ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,ludwig ,b*n]4 ,leipsic3 ,max ,spohr4 ,op9ions admitt$ly are /ill divid$ ) respect to ! laudable ef=ts ( a l>ge class ( sci5ti/s & writ]s ^: ma9 object is t ( pres5t+ ! results ( sci5tific rese>* 9 an intelligible1 popul> =m4 ,e dep>tm5t ( ! natural sci5ces1 geology1 a/ronomy1 ev5 psy*ology & comp>ative philology1 ea* & all1 are n[ repres5t$ by able & ard5t popul> int]pret]s1 :o at ! same "t by _! aggressive /yle & by _! polemical me?ods n unfrequ5tly seem to imp>t a k9d ( militant & apo/olic attitude to ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,x mu/ fur!r be admitt$1 t _m ( ^! writ]s1 by ! unanim\s v]dict ( ! pres5t age1 are among ! mo/ in/ructive1 readable1 & actually ! mo/ widely read au?ors ( contemporane\s ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,anglo-,am]ican lit]ature4 ,at fir/ glance1 x accord+ly may seem r /range1 t ^! same popul> au?ors %\ld also be subject$1 n unfrequ5tly1 to _! comm5surate %>e ( unfair1 & ev5 (f5sive1 popul> criticism2 & yet x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise4 ,! well-kn[n writ] ( ^! sci5tific & critical essays1 ,pr(4 ,ludwig ,b*n]1 af=ds an exceptionally /rik+ in/ance ( ! un5viable lot ( "s ( our mo/ popul> writ]s ( sci5ce4 ,9 "o ( ^! essays inscrib$ ,me9e ,philosophie1 ,pr(essor ,b*n] has be5 compell$ to def5d ! ardu\s "w ( 8 labori\s life aga9/ a decid$ly unfri5dly & unappreciative criticism ( 8 philosophy & :ole sci5tific activity1 t "s "t ago appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,freid5k] ( ,milwaukee4 ,pr(4 ,b*n]1 ) a t\* ( legitimate bitt]ness1 repudiates ! imputation ( hav+ be51 or /ill be+1 z he himself calls x1 only ! popul>isator1 exp\nd] & comm5tator1 ( ! !ories & sy/ems ( o!r ?9k]s2 t1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,g]many & else:]e1 among ! highe/ repres5tatives ( sci5ce1 = m ?an ?irty ye>s ,pr(essor ,b*n] himself has be5 recognis$ & honor$ z an orig9al work] & ?9k]4 ,8 book on ,=ce & ,matt] 7,kraft und ,/(f7 0 publi%$ five ye>s be=e ,d>w9's great "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,subsequ5tly 8 well-kn[n popul> ,lectures 9 connection ) ,d>w9's "w claim ! di/+ui%$ m]it1 ( hav+ m widely g5]alis$ & ext5d$ ! ,d>w9ian !ory by embrac+ ! orig9 & evolution ( man1 :i* _h until !n be5 ov]look$ by ,d>w9 himself4 ,by ! contempor>y press ( ,g]many ,pr(essor ,b*n] 0 !n *>g$ ) premature ra%ness1 & ) be+ only a %all[1 imitative sci5tific dilettante2 b all ?is vitup]ative criticism 0 = ev] sil5c$1 :5 9 ! ye> #ahga ,d>w9's own "w appe>$ on ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 9 :i* ,d>w9 himself accept$ all ! consequ5ces ( ! !ory ( evolution1 z set =? 9 ,pr(essor ,b*n]'s ,lectures1 &1 some:at lat]1 9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7,natrli*e ,s*pfungsges*i*te74 ,pr(essor ,b*n]1 moreov]1 is ! au?or ( ! widely popul> "w ,! ,future ,life & ,mod]n ,sci5ce 7,das knftige ,leb5 und die mod]ne ,wiss5s*aft74 ,to d5y him1 accord+ly1 ! rank & m]it ( a solid & orig9al sci5ti/ & ?9k]1 z he himself says1 is to d him a signal inju/ice1 a positive injury4 ,let all ?is be will+ly grant$2 b ?is concession1 at all ev5ts1 does n settle 8 f9al1 m$iat+ attitude to ! entire satisfaction ( philosophy1 reg>d$ z an indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,b*n] op5ly decl>es himself 9 favor ( popul> sci5ce4 ,he ma9ta9s1 t ,philosophy ought to /ep d[n f h] l(ty /ate ( indep5d5t sci5ce1 & h5ce=? cont5t h]self ) ! humble rle ( simply m$iat+ ! results ( individual sci5tific rese>*2 t sci5ce1 9 su* case1 w\ld no long] run ! risk ( be+ expos$ to ! scorn & contempt ( ! masses767 444 ,9 popul> sci5tific writ+s1 at all times1 !re c & mu/ occur contradictions1 sup]ficial e/imates1 ev5 trivialities1 b all ?is is p]fectly und]/ood by any fair-m9d$ read]4 444 ,^! rem>ks might almo/ tempt ! read] to believe1 t ,pr(essor ,b*n]1 9 8 eag]ness to popul>ise sci5ce1 really ignores ! value ( philosophy z an indep5d5t sci5ce1 & ( philosophical rese>*1 irrespective ( all popul> results1 & t ! ,pr(essor wi%es to inculcate a n>r[ & purely utilit>ian e/imate ( philosophy4 ,b1 ! impulsive ,pr(essor1 ( c\rse1 kn[s bett]2 8 m5tal vision embraces ! entire field ( ! sci5ces1 & he has writt5 admirably & ent]ta9+ly ^u almo/ e sci5tific topic1 & moreov] he admits1 t possibly he sometimes contradicts himself4 ,"o might fur!r be incl9$ to ask1 :e!r1 9 view ( 8 self-impos$1 famili> contact ) ! popul> m9d1 ,pr(essor ,b*n] ^u ! :ole displays ! expect$ equanimity & broad-m9d$ consi/5cy :5 res5t+ ! h>% criticism ( antagoni/s1 :i* he does ) a s+ul>ly ?9-sk9n$ s5sitiv5ess sc>cely wor?y ( a true philosoph]4 ,9 all 8 o!r works & ?r\gh\t ^! critical essays1 ,pr(essor ,b*n] himself %[s no t5d] reg>d = ! feel+s ( 8 philosophical antagoni/s4 ,9 ! critical essay ,aga9/ ,mat]ialism1 7,wid] d5 ,mat]ialismus71 = example1--ma9ly direct$ aga9/ ,pr(4 ,h>ald ,hffd+1--he bluntly affirms t ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s works h produc$ ^u him ! impression t ! au?or is a man )\t ! philosophical & sci5tific k requisite = ! solution ( ! problems he has v5tur$ to approa*4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ! read] may expect to f9d mu* important1 in/ructive1 & readable matt] ev5 9 ,pr(essor ,b*n]'s critical essays1 be>+ ^u ! intellectual life ( ! p]iod2 b he also mu/ be prep>$ to f9d !m leav5$ 9 no small degree ) ! *>act]i/ic m5tal idiosyncrasies ( _! ev] polemical au?or4 4 ,,deacon ,,h]b]t',s ,,bible ,,class4 ,by ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke4 ,bo/on3 ,geo4 ,h4 ,ellis4 ,?is booklet is an unassum+ little publication1 b x is important z a symptom ( ! times4 ,x 0 writt5 by ! late ,mr4 ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke _m ye>s ago z a s]ies ( pap]s = ! ,*ri/ian ,inquir]4 ,yet x is well t !y %\ld n be =gott5 & ! lessons conta9$ !re9 %\ld be he$$ by ! cl]gy z well z ! laity ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is an attempt to make religion practical & to po9t out ! true direction 9 :i* *ur*-life has to develop4 ,!re is a great tru? 9 ! g5]al compla9t made ?r\gh\t ! _w t ! religion ( civilis$ mank9d1 especially ,*ri/ianity 9 ! %ape x exi/s at pres5t1 has lo/ its life1 its influ5ce1 & its usefulness4 ,our religi\s views mu/ be trans=m$1 !y mu/ be reconcil$ ) ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce & mu/ be adapt$ to ! real ne$s ( ! p4 ,! problem is1 h[ to d x4 ,if a solution ( ! problem %all be f\nd1 x is c]ta9 t x w be fir/ put into practice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 = "h ! *ur* is free4 ,! _m diff]5t *ur*es ( our c\ntry1 ) few exceptions 7! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* is p]haps ! only "o7 are 9 pr9ciple *ur*es ( ! p4 ,a *ange ( op9ion1 ( belief1 ( religi\s conviction among ! p w result 9 ! appo9tm5t ( su* pa/ors & lead]s z are 9 agreem5t ) _! congregations4 ,cl]gy & laity =m "h "o organic body4 ,! cl]gy are n impos$ ^u _! congregations by ! /ate2 !y are ! expon5ts ( _! congregations1 ! repres5tatives ( ! religi\s ideas 7p]haps ^u ! :ole ( ! cons]vative religi\s ideas7 ( _! *ur*es4 ,h[ diff]5t ?+s are 9 ,europe1 :]e ! /ate-*ur*es ( ,engl& & ,g]many1 = in/ance1 prev5t all progress 9 religion1 !ology1 & *ur*-life4 ,mr4 ,cl>ke's book1 if read ) ^! consid]ations 9 m9d1 %[s ! ag5cies t are at "w 9 ?is c\ntry & t w 7z we confid5tly hope7 result 9 a new phase ( religi\s life4 ,among ! *apt]s ( ! book we note ! foll[+ titles3 ,! way we help$ our m9i/] to write good s]mons2 ,aim ( ,life2 ,temptation ( ,jesus2 ,! ,miracles2 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 & o!rs4 ,! _s 9 :i* ! book is writt5 is n exactly rationali/ic1 yet x %[s 9 e l9e a /rong moni/ic bias4 ,= in/ance1 ! usual def9ition ( miracles z a susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature is disc>d$2 & yet x w\ld be errone\s to suppose t ! /yle ( ! book is m>k$ by a radical t5d5cy4 ,n at all4 ,e fai?ful ,*ri/ian c read x l9e = l9e )\t feel+ ! lea/ (f5ce4 ,b x is pla9 t h]e9 lies ! au?or's =ce4 ,! book is popul>1 b beh9d its popul>ity1 unusual dep? ( ?\ght is noticeable4 ,9 a simil> way ,/4 ,paul gave milk to 8 foll[]s because !y 7 babes 9 ,*ri/1 & c\ld n be> heavi] food4 ,mr4 ,cl>ke's book is writt5 especially = babes 9 ,*ri/1 yet e "o :o has giv5 any s]i\s ?\ght to ! religi\s problem w appreciate at once ! difficulty & ! importance ( su* an und]tak+4 4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,septemb]1 #ahij4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #c4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,on ,,! ,,bra9 ,,( ,,laura ,,bridgman4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,reflex ,,action 7,,ii74 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,hodge4 ,,on ,a ,,curi\s ,,visual ,,ph5om5on4 ,by ,joseph ,le ,conte4 ,a ,,c\nt+ ,,atta*m5t ,,= ,,! ,,p5dulum ,,*ronoscope4 ,by ,william ,noyes4 ,,psy*ological ,,lit]ature4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--by ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson2 ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology2 ,crim9ology--by ,ar?ur ,mac,donald2 ,psy*iatry--by ,william ,noyes2 ,miscellane\s4 ,! full title ( ,dr4 ,donaldson's elaborate article is ,anatomical ,obs]vations on ! ,bra9 & ,sev]al ,s5se-,organs ( ! bl9d ,deaf-,mute1 ,laura ,dewey ,bridgman4 ,! object _h 9 view 9 ! exam9ation ( ! bra9 0 to det]m9e1 if possible1 :e!r ! peculi> m5tal exi/5ce ( ,laura ,bridgman1 :i* 0 ! result ( h] defective s5se-organs1 has left any trace on h] bra91 or :e!r su* anomalies z may be obs]v$ are suffici5tly expla9$ :5 consid]$ z ! direct consequ5ces ( ! initial defect alone4 ,! article is !re=e a special /udy 9 ! g5]al field ( ! int]-relation ( bra9-/ructure & intellig5ce4 ,! f9al results are res]v$ = a second article1 b x appe>s f ! pres5t "o t ! total area ( ,laura's bra9 is some:at small = its weight1 & t x is slightly inf]ior to two o!r female bra9s ) :i* comp>ison 0 made1 ! inf]iority dep5d+ ma9ly on ! small] av]age dep? ( ! sulci1 t ( ! left side be+ ! mo/ manife/4 ,! diff]5ce c be expla9$ 9 "p at be/1 by ! failure ( c]ta9 portions ( ! bra9 to develop completely4 ,dr4 ,donaldson's article is illu/rat$ by v c>efully prep>$ plates4 ,9 ! pres5t "p ( 8 sket* ( ! hi/ory ( reflex action1 ,dr4 ,hodge treats ( ! law demon/rat$ by ,bell1 t ! po/]ior roots ( ! sp9al n]ves are s5sory1 ! ant]ior motor1 :i* =ms ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n hi/ory ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ( ! physical v]sus ! psy*ic !ory ( reflex action4 ,! me*anical !ory ( reflex action 0 fir/ elaborat$ by ,m>%all ,hall4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ,volkmann & o!rs1 among !m ,pflgel & ,au]ba*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lotze support$ ! =m] view1 b he advanc$ a /ep beyond ! comp>atively crude1 simple me*anism ( ,m>%all ,hall to a me*anism ( ! utmo/ delicacy1 a me*anism susceptible ( ! nice/ adju/m5ts1 capable ( education1 & ( prolong$1 indep5d5t1 & complex activity4 ,habit is only ano!r "n = me*anism4 ,"u ! head ( ,psy*iatry1 ,dr4 ,william ,noyes gives an elaborate sket* ( ! life ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau be>+ on ! "q ( 8 insanity1 :i* is excit+ consid]able int]e/ at ! pres5t "t4 7,e4 ,c4 ,san=d1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass47 ,,m9d4 ,octob]1 #ahij4 ,no4 ,,lx4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,music4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,,m5tal ,,elaboration4 ,by ,james ,sully4 ,,volkmann',s ,,psy*ology 7,,ii74 ,by ,?omas ,:ittak]4 ,,b]keley ,,z ,a ,,moral ,,philosoph]4 ,by ,hugh ,w4 ,orange4 ,,mu5/]b]g ,,on ',,muscul> ,,s5se' ,,& ',,"t-,,s5se4' ,by ! ,editor4 ,,discussion3 #a7 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,d]ivation ( ,space4 ,by ,pr(4 ,john ,watson4 #b7 ,dr4 ,pikl] on ! ,cognition ( ,physical ,reality4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t4 ,,critical ,,notices3 ,lewis's ,a ,text-,book ( ,m5tal ,diseases4 ,m]ci]'s ,sanity & ,insanity2 ,jones's ,elem5ts ( ,logic z a ,sci5ce ( ,propositions2 ,c\pl&'s ,! ,ga9 ( ,life & o!r ,essays4 ,,on ,,! ,,utilit>ian ,,=mula4 ,by ,james ,su!rl&4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,music4 ,?is article is int5d$ z a po/script to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s essay on ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music1 includ$ 9 8 ,essays1 ,sci5tific1 ,political1 & ,speculative1 ( :i* he is prep>+ a f9al edition4 ,x is a reply to ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o supposes music to h orig9at$ f a p>ticul> class ( vocal noises1 ! amatory class1 in/ead (1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] ass]ts1 its be+ d]iv$ f ! s\nds :i* ! voice emits "u excitem5t1 ev5tually ga9+ ?is or t "* accord+ to ! k9d ( excitem5t4 ,aft] consid]+ v>i\s objections by ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney & o!rs1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] concludes3 ,! orig9 ( music z ! develop$ language ( motion seems to be no long] an inf]5ce b simply a description ( ! fact4 ,mr4 ,james ,sully deals ) ,diff]5tiation1 ,assimilation1 & ,association z ! intellectual con/itu5ts 9 ! process ( ,m5tal ,elaboration4 ,diff]5tiation is consid]$ fir/ z a process ( m>k+ (f1 by means ( special adju/m5ts ( att5tion1 p>ticul> s5sations2 foll[$ by ,discrim9ation1 :i* involves *ange ( psy*ical /ate1 ! dep5d5ce ( m5tal life on :i* has be5 =mulat$ z ! ,law ( ,relativity4 ,assimilation1 describ$ z a mode ( unification or integration1 is treat$ ( "u ! head+s1 ,psy*ological ,nature ( ,lik5ess2 ,automatic ,assimilation2 ,recognition2 & ,transition to ,comp>ative ,assimilation4 ,association is ! process ( psy*ical comb9ation or integration :i* b9ds toge!r pres5tative elem5ts occurr+ toge!r or 9 imm$iate succession4 ,?is supposes ,ret5tion or ! t5d5cy ( a s5sation to p]si/1 & ,reproduction1 or ! reappe>ance 9 consci\sness ( ! impression "u a new repres5tative =m4 ,! ?ree processes ( ,diff]5tiation1 ,assimilation1 & ,association d n foll[ ea* o!r1 b are closely int]connect$4 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ,volkmann's ,psy*ology deals ) ! problem ( ,"t & ,space1 & ) ! subjects ( ,space ( ,"t 7,zeitraum71 ,motion1 ,numb]1 & ,intuition4 ,out ( s5sations intuitions are evolv$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! prop]ties imman5t 9 ! s5sations4 ,:ile _! localisation progresses 9 ! region ( ! m /rongly ton$ s5sations1 projection1 or ! assignm5t ( s5sations to ! ext]nal _w1 goes on simultane\sly 9 ! region ( toneless s5sations4 ,by ! addition ( consci\sness ( dep5d5ce 9 hav+ ! s5sation1 !re is ! completion ( ! pres5tation ( ! ,ext]nal ,?+ z ?+4 ,illusions are divid$ into two classes2 namely1 'illusions ( int]nal p]ception' & 'illusions ( s5se4' ,! ,ego is purely a psy*ical result ( ! s\l becom+ consci\s ( an int]action betwe5 "o ( its pres5tations & ! mo/ ramifi$ ( its pres5tation-masses4 ,self-consci\sness is def9$ z int]nal p]ception )9 ! ,ego4 ,! m9d is !n dealt ) z ?9k+1 feel+1 desir+1 & will+4 ,e?ical feel+ is a k9d ( /hetic feel+1 di/+ui%$ f o!rs by ! peculi>ity ( its objective basis1 :i* is ! actual w ( ! subject4 ,moral fre$om is to h ! w det]m9$ by reason4 ,psy*ological fre$om p]man5tly ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( volition is ,"*2 its opposite is ,passion4 ,mr4 ,orange furni%es a diff]5t explanation ( ,b]keley's e?ical sy/em f t giv5 by ,pr(essor ,fras]1 9 a note to ! ?ird dialogue ( ,alciphron 7ii4 #ajg71 & po9ts out its agreem5t ) ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k4 ,moral laws are laws ( nature2 b !re is no value or =ce 9 !m z laws1 save 9 s f> z !y are ! ord]ly expression ( ,god's ideas4 ,man's ideas are true or good1 :5 ! human _s is at "o ) ! div9e4 ,bo? 9 natural & moral philosophy ! laws ( nature are to be atta9$ by ! use ( reason4 ,pr(4 ,rob]tson draws att5tion to ! concessions involv$ 9 ,mn/]b]g's idea ( ',muscul> ,s5se4' ,to ! t]m 'muscle-s5sation' no exception c be tak51 provid$ x is meant = no m ?an m]e ext]nal designation1 z :5 we speak ( 'eye-s5sation1' 'sk9-s5sation1' or ! l1 & is n call$ 's5sation ( movem5t4' ,mn/]b]g f9ds t a :ole class ( factors h be5 ov]look$1 or h>dly reg>d$1 by previ\s inquir]s into ',"t-,s5se4' ,^! are s5sations 7or repres5tations7 ( muscul> t5sion1 by syn!sis ( :i* ) s5se-elem5ts 7s\nds by pref]5ce7 "t-appreh5sion is explicable4 ,he is /ruck p>ticul>ly ) ! "p play$ 9 8 exp]im5ts by ! brea?-rhy?m1 & x seems impossible to d\bt t brea?+ has a pr]ogative position among ! s5se-factors conc]n$ 9 ! e/imation ( %ort "t-int]vals4 ,! "n ',"t-,s5se' has ?r\gh ,mn/]b]g's inve/igations m ju/ification ?an x ev] got f its inv5tors1 = :om x has m>k$ only ! app>5t imm$iacy ( "t-appreh5sion4 ,9 8 criticism ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( ! d]ivation ( space ,pr(4 ,john ,watson lays d[n z ! fundam5tal position ( ,transc5d5talism1 or ,idealism1 z he pref]s to call x1 t ! univ]se is intelligible1 & t man 9 virtue ( 8 intellig5ce is capable ( grasp+ x 9 its ess5tial nature4 ,x !re=e rejects z unmean+ ! doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t we "k reality to be unkn[able4 ,:ile recognis+ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] & o!rs h done good s]vice 9 draw+ att5tion to c]ta9 outw>d aspects ( ! evolution ( m9d1 ,pr(essor ,watson concludes t no psy*ology c be adequate :i* does n recognise t p]ception is n ! m]e occurr5ce ( transi5t feel+s1 b ! fir/ /ep 9 t recognition ( ! true nature ( reality :i* culm9ates 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! _w z a s+le organic unity ( :i* ! s\rce & explanation is intellig5ce4 ,mr4 ,/\t po9ts out1 9 reply to ,dr4 ,pikl] 7,m9d1 ,no4 #ei71 t ! sole aim ( 8 article on ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,cognition ( ,physical ,reality 7,m9d1 ,no4 #eg7 0 to trace ! g5esis ( ! pres5tation ( physical reality z x appe>s to ! ord9>y consci\sness3 n z x may be modifi$1 & p]haps rectifi$1 by ! reflective criticism ( ?is or t philosoph]1 & t :at he urg$ aga9/ ,mill 0 simply t he has conf\nd$ 8 own philosophical view ( physical reality ) ! view :i* m5 ord9>ily take :5 !y are n 9 a philosophical mood4 ,x is %[n by ,mr4 ,su!rl& t 9 ! utilit>ian ultimate conception !re is1 9 addition to ! greate/ happ9ess1 plus an ari?metical tru?1 ! elem5t ( absolute ju/ice1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* requires t all subsidi>y rights z means to greate/ g5]al happ9ess %\ld at utmo/ be class$ "u relative ju/ice4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,octob]1 #ahij4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,morality ,,( ,,/rife4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,sidgwick4 ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,e?ical ,,fell[%ip4 ,by ,felix ,adl]1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,relativity ,,9 ,,e?ics4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h>ald ,hffd+4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,l& ,,t5ure4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,cl>k4 ,,! ,,communication ,,( ,,moral ,,ideas ,,z ,a ,,function ,,( ,,an ,,e?ical ,,society ,by ,b]n>d ,bosanquet1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,dr4 ,,abbot',s ,,way ,,out ,,( ,,agno/icism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce4 ,a ,,s]vice ,,( ,,e?ics ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,by ,wm4 ,h4 ,salt]4 ,?is is ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 :i* is int5d$ to take ! place ( ! ,e?ical ,record4 ,9 ! op5+ article1 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick affirms t ! idea ( a univ]sal & complete h>mony ( ! e>?ly int]e/s ( all human be+s is an optimi/ic illusion z to human relations1 :i* 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w has ne>ly fad$ away4 ,nev]!less1 a v sub/antial ga9 w\ld result if we c\ld remove f m5's m9ds all errors ( judgm5t z to "r & wrong1 good & evil1 ev5 if we left o!r causes ( bad conduct un*ang$4 ,:at is practically want$ is improvem5t 9 moral insight1 & ! aim ( ! pap] is to aid 9 ! solution ( c]ta9 intellectual difficulties :i* arise :5 we try to get a cle> idea ( duty4 ,w>f>e among mod]n nations is normally n a m]e conflict ( int]e/s1 b also a conflict ( oppos+ views ( "r & ju/ice4 ,disputants may !re=e be br\ght into h>mony if !y c be really & completely enlight5$ z to _! true rights1 z di/+ui%$ f _! int]e/s4 ,! int]national law adm9i/]$ by arbitrators may be mo/ useful 9 remov+ m9or occasions ( controv]sy & 9 m9imis+ ! mis*ief result+ f grav] conflicts1 b x w n provide a settlem5t ( all occasions ( /rife4 ,:]e ! sph]e ( arbitration ends t ( ! moral me?od ( atta9+ int]national peace beg9s2 if we mu/ be judges 9 our own cause1 we mu/ endeavor to be j judges4 ,! imp>tiality requir$ is difficult1 b ! judicial function--:i*1 9 a mod]n /ate "u popul> gov]nm5t1 has become1 9 "s degree1 ! bus9ess ( e man--might be p]=m$ ) success1 if national consci5ces c\ld be r\s$ to feel ! nobility & grapple practically & p]si/5tly ) ! difficulties ( ! task4 ,pr(essor ,adl]'s article is devot$ to an acc\nt ( ! ,e?ical ,societies1 :i* are describ$ z be+ consecrat$ to ! k ( ! ,good1 b n to any special !ory ( ! ,good4 ,to adopt a philosophical =mula z ! basis ( union w\ld be to become a philosophical sect1 :i* he decl>es is ! mo/ contemptible ( all sects1 because ! sect>ian bias is mo/ repugnant to ! _s ( g5u9e philosophy4 ,! accept$ norms ( moral behavior =m ! />t+ po9ts ( ,e?ical ,societies & _! basis ( union4 ,!y build on ! common /ock ( moral judgm5t1 :i* may be call$ ! common consci5ce4 ,e?ics is bo? a sci5ce & an art4 ,z a sci5ce x has to expla9 ! facts ( ! moral life1 & x is necess>y to beg9 ) ! facts & to te/ !ories by _! fitness to acc\nt = !m4 ,x is ! prime duty ( e "o 9 8 individual capacity to rise to ! ev] cle>] appreh5sion ( fir/ pr9ciples1 b = ?is v reason ,e?ical ,societies 9 _! collective capacity ab/a9 f lay+ d[n any set ( fir/ pr9ciples z b9d+4 ,x is n q cle> h[ ,pr(essor ,adl] c decl>e t ! ,e?ical ,societies are consecrat$ to ! k ( ! good1 & yet make s /rong an opposition to _! /at+ su* k 9 ! exact t]ms ( a philosophical =mula4 ,philosophy is no?+ b k ( ! _w sy/ematis$ into a _w-conception4 ,x w h>dly be suffici5t to make ! common consci5ce ! corn] /one ( any society devot$ to ! elevation ( morality4 ,n only w\ld x be difficult to asc]ta9 :at t common consci5ce at pres5t is1 b1 9 addition1 we c be assur$ t ! common consci5ce is con/antly *ang+4 ,e?ics z a sci5ce means philosophical e?ics2 & ,pr(essor ,adl]'s e?ics is1 9 fact1 ! expression ( a philosophy4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! advanc$ position ( ! ,e?ical ,societies1 :i* h disc>d$ all religi\s views & c]emonial practices1 we f9d t _! lead] /ill /&s ^u ! gr\nd ( a duali/ic extra-naturalism4 ,pr(essor ,adl] says3 ,!re is a reality o!r ?an t ( ! s5ses1 & ! ultimate reality 9 ?+s is1 9 a s5se1 transc5d+ our compreh5sion1 ak9 to ! moral nature ( m54 ,b h[ %all we acqua9t ourselves ) ?is ,sup]s5sible4 ,! ladd] ( sci5ce does n rea* s f>4 ,x is true t !re are realities o!r ?an t ( ! s5ses2 take z a mo/ simple in/ance ma!matical po9ts & l9es4 ,b !re is no reality :i* !oretically consid]$ c n become an object ( sci5ce4 ,! /atem5t t !re are facts to :i* ! ladd] ( sci5ce does n rea*1 is tantam\nt to a decl>ation ( sup]naturalism & dualism4 ,pr(essor ,adl] has disc>d$ ! t]m9ology ( ! old dogmatism1 b he has n disc>d$ its basic error4 ,in/ead ( develop+ ! old fai? into a moni/ic religion1 he ?r[s away religion z a basis ( e?ics1 b pres]ves c>efully t elem5t 9 x :i* is ho/ile to sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! ,law ( ,relativity is a v important contribution by ,pr(essor ,hffd+ to ! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 ,aft] /at+ t ! moral law1 if x is to be truly univ]sal1 mu/ only judge ! g5]al direction ( ! t5d5cy ( ! w1 he affirms t ! individual relativity ( e?ics1 or its p]sonal equation1 is a factor :i* ent]s into ! e?ical "q1 :5 diff]5t individuals ) l e?ical pr9ciples & 9 l circum/ances1 b ) diff]5t dispositions & capacities h to be consid]$4 ,! individual is always a "p ( society1 & ! life ( society is no o!r ?an t conta9$ 9 its memb]s1 ! ideal be+ rea*$ only :5 ! individual's ef=ts 9 ! cause ( society also s]ve ! free & h>moni\s developm5t ( 8 own faculties & impulses4 ,9 an ideal ,/ate only t w\ld be dem&$ ( ea* individual :i* lay )9 8 range & p[]4 ,self-control1 z a negative virtue1 is a psy*ological impossibility4 ,x is necess>y to take note :e!r !re is room = o!r incl9ations t c\ld absorb ! /ore ( en]gy4 ,! /ruggle ( self-control la/s until ! new application ( en]gy ga9s complete asc5dancy4 ,! happie/ man is :]e morality has become organic & !re is an agreem5t betwe5 ! task aris+ f ! g5]al pr9ciples & ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 & ! capacities & desires ( ! individual4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ objects to ! views ( ! ,italian crim9al-psy*ological s*ool t atavism is a sign ( social imp]fection1 t x does n ju/ify plac+ society & ! crim9al ov] aga9/ ea* o!r z absolute "r & absolute wrong4 ,he concludes t x is at lea/ an op5 "q :e!r !re are any human be+s 9 :om no sympa?y = ! moral law c be awak5$1 h[ev] mu* ! law may be individualis$4 ,! argum5ts ( ,pr(essor ,cl>k on ,! ,e?ics ( ,l& ,t5ure are summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,if a /ate orig9ally own$ its l&1 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! t]m1 x _h ! "r ( volunt>y ali5ation :i* is inh]5t 9 su* own]%ip4 ,increm5ts ( value1 pres5t & future1 are its prop]ty2 9 ali5at+ !m x gives away its own4 ,if ! atta9m5t ( its ends requires t !y be transf]r$ to o!rs1 ! title ( ! grantees is valid4 ,to d5y to ! /ate ! privilege ( ali5ation is to ess5tially abridge its natural rights2 x is to make its own]%ip ( ! l& incomplete4 ,9 relation to :at is incorrectly t]m$ une>n$ increm5ts1 x is rem>k$1 if ! ess5ce ( prop]ty is reg>d$1 & n its =m1 ! increm5ts ( value atta*+ to l& are n une>n$ by _! proprietors4 ,9 an active m>ket l& has its fair price1 & ?is is bas$ p>tly on ! future increm5ts !mselves4 ,! loss aris+ f a confiscation ( l&-value w\ld fall n m]ely on millions :o h titles 9 fee simple1 b on all :o h made loans on l& z security4444 ,to e "o x w\ld come 9 ! %ape ( a seizure by ! /ate ( prop]ty inve/$ 9 accordance ) its own positive invitation4 ,! communication ( moral ideas1 & n ideas ab\t morality1 :i* are ! ab/ract or sci5tific r5d]+s ( moral ideas1 is consid]$ by ,mr4 ,bosanquet z ! prop] function ( an ,e?ical ,society4 ,! fault ( ! pres5t "t is di/raction1 & "o great cause ( ?is di/raction is ! notion ( a g5]al duty to d good1 or some?+ o!r ?an & ap>t f do+ "o's "w well & intellig5tly4 ,! only c]ta9 way ( communicat+ moral ideas is contagion1 & ! mo/ useful tea*] ( morality is n s mu* a man ( ab/ract !ory z a man ( reasonable exp]i5ce4 ,e?ics may be ( s]vice to philosophy1 says ,mr4 ,salt]1 9 op5+ up ! realm ( :at ought to be1 beyond ! realm ( :at is & happ5s4 ,moral ideas belong to ! realm ( unv]ifiable ideas1 :i* are believ$ 9 because ( _! own intr9sic attractiv5ess & au?ority4 ,e?ics tells u ( ! law accord+ to :i* m5 %\ld act1 ! law ( ju/ice & bro!rhood2 we may conclude t :atev] may be ! actual =ces 9 ! _w at any "t1 ju/ice & love are rightfully supreme ov] !m all1 & t ^! are s int]wov5 ) ! ord] ( ?+s t no?+ out ( h>mony ) !m c long /&4 ,x is ! imp]i%able glory ( transc5d5talism 9 our c\ntry t 9 ! decay & dis9tegration ( ! anci5t cre$1 x s\nd$ ! high-note t ! s\l c 9 "s s5se "k ! object ( its wor%ip2 t x ne$ n fe$ on he>say1 & tradition1 & argum5ts1 b c h vision4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #afjb ,*e/nut ,/47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,septemb]1 #ahij4 ,no4 #agg4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,rem>ques ,,sur ,,le ,,pr9cipe ,,de ,,causalite4 ,by ,a4 ,lal&e4 ,,philosophes ,,espagnols4--,j4 ,,hu>te4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,gu>dia4 ,,les ,,orig9es ,,de ,,la ,,te*nologie 7f974 ,by ,a4 ,esp9as4 ,,un ,,docum5t ,,in$it ,,sur ,,les ,,manuscrits ,,de ,,desc>tes4 ,by ,v4 ,egg]4 ,,notices ,,bibliographiques4 ,,revue ,,des ,,p]iodiques ,,etrang]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( causality belongs only to ! _w ( s5se1 t ( *ildr5 & ( ! commonality ( mank9d :o nei!r reflect nor analyse _! k4 ,x repres5ts confus$ly ! cont9uity & in]tia :i* are prop] to ! sci5tific /age1 z colors repres5t imp]fectly ! undulations ( ! e!r1 & s\nd ! vibrations ( pond]able matt]4 ,to make ( causality a sci5tific prop]ty ( ?+s1 a law ( ! ph5om5al & me*anical _w1 is to affirm t bodies pres]ve _! color 9 ! abs5ce ( an eye to p]ceive x1 or _! sonor\sness :5 no "o he>s !m4 ,moreov]1 f a sci5tific /&po9t1 ! words s\nd & color lose all prop] mean+2 :ile ! pr9ciple ( causality reta9s a s5se1 b !n expresses a false proposition1 & "o :i* leads u incessantly into error4 ,sev]al consequ5ces fl[ f ,m4 ,lal&e's conception ( causality4 ,! fir/ is t ?is law is n a rational pr9ciple1 b is an empirical =mula1 9 ! ma!matical s5se ( t ^w4 ,! second is t we are !reby l$ to see 9 ! idea ( effici5cy an artificial concept1 &1 z w\ld be said by philologi/s1 a disease ( language1 in/ead ( a my/]i\s p[] t emanates f "o ph5om5on 9 ord] to create its effect4 ,a ?ird consequ5ce is ! great simplification x leads to 9 ! problem ( induction1 :i* requires u m]ely to believe 9 ! /ability ( ! laws ( nature1 :i* are only ma!matical laws prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! true f\ndation ( induction is ! univ]sal value ( ma!matics1 :i* re/s f9ally on ! pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,! degree ( p]fection ( a sci5ce c be measur$ by ! quantity ( ma!matics x employs2 & x is ?is preconceiv$ idea :i* has giv5 bir? to all ! psy*o-physical measures t h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into psy*ology4 ,m4 ,gu>dia's pap] gives a sket* ( ! philosophical sy/em laid d[n 9 ! "w ( ! ,spani% writ] ,j4 ,hu>te1 ,! ,trial ( ! ,spirits1 ) an introductory acc\nt ( ! au?or & 8 book1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #aege4 ,hu>te is describ$ z unique among ,spani% ?9k]s1 & z a lead+ figure among natural philosoph]s on acc\nt ( ! d>+ novelty ( 8 orig9al views & ! excell5ce ( 8 me?od1 :i* is t ( ! inductive philosophy4 ,8 doctr9e is f\nd$ on t ( ,gal51 & he proclaims ! pr9ciple t ! physical det]m9es ! moral4 ,all 8 metaphysics r$uce !mselves to ! recognition ( ! action ( ext]ior causes1 :i* are ( inorganic nature1 & ( ! organism :i* reacts to !m4 ,he ?us expla9s all ! manife/ations ( life1 h]$ity int]v5+ z a factor 9 its evolution4 ,hu>te 0 less conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ) physiology & psy*ology1 ?an ) ! amelioration ( ! social /ate4 ,he work$ = ! future by creat+ ( psy*ology an organic sci5ce ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 f\nd$ on ! k ( human nature1 & by bas+ on x ! art ( education4 ,9 conclud+ 8 valuable /udy ( ! ,orig9 ( ,te*nology1 ,m4 ,esp9as1 aft] giv+ num]\s examples drawn f anci5t ,greek life1 says3 ,all ! te*nical arts ( ?is epo* h ! same *>act]s4 ,!y are religi\s1 traditional1 local4 ,! my?s ref]r$ to are at fir/ ! fai?ful z well z ! symbolic expression ( !m4 ,?is my?ological symbolism is ! product ( a psy*ological & sociological projection1 t is to say1 ! ?+s ( art are conceiv$ z b5evol5t or ang]$ feel+s1 z intellig5t inv5tions or comb9ations t are attribut$ to fictiti\s idealis$ m51 z ex*anges t are made ) !m1 z gifts or precepts t are receiv$ f !m1 or z ord]s impos$ by _! w4 ,!y are ?us psy*ical op]ations or social products drawn f human consci\sness unkn[n to x :i*1 p]sonifi$1 f9d !mselves invok$ by x 9 ord] to expla9 to itself its own creations4 ,! unpubli%$ matt] ref]r+ to ! manuscripts ( ,desc>tes is conta9$ 9 a copy ( ! #afei edition ( ! ,pr9cipes ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 & consi/s ( num]\s notes 9 ! h&writ+ ( its =m] own] ,joseph de ,beaumont4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,no4 #agh4 ,octob]1 #ahij4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,le ,,delit ,,politique4 ,by ,g4 ,t>de4 ,,une ,,n\velle ,,?,,orie ,,de ,,la ,,lib]t4 ,by ,a4 ,belot4 ,,note ,,sur ,,la ,,physiologie ,,de ,l',,att5tion4 ,by ,*4 ,fr4 ,,les ,,bases ,,exp,,rim5tales ,,de ,,la ,,geometrie4 ,by ,jules ,&rade4 ,,note ,,sur ,,le ,,pr9cipe ,,de ,,la ,,causalite4 ,by ,j4-,j4 ,g\rd4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,revue ,,des ,,p]iodiques ,,etrang]s4 ,m4 ,t>de f9ds ,m4 ,lombroso too sev]e & at ! same "t too k9d t[>ds ! _s ( cons]vatism4 ,too sev]e 9 t]m+ x misoneism & too k9d 9 reg>d+ x z ! only normal condition ( societies4 ,! hospitable reception giv5 to novelties is an equally normal function1 al?\gh int]mitt5t4 ,if in/ead ( mak+ all 8 sociological ideas circle r\nd ! idea ( ! new1 & creat+ an unfruitful anti!sis betwe5 ! love & ! hatr$ ( novelty1 he _h tak5 z 8 c5tral notion ! idea ( imitation1 & prov$ ! univ]sal di/9ction betwe5 ! imitation ( ! new & ! imitation ( ! old1 ,m4 ,lombroso w\ld h escap$ _m errors4 ,9 all ( u1 caprice exi/s by ! side ( habit1 due to physiological misoneism2 & ! conflict betwe5 !m goes on 9 ea* individual ?r\gh\t our life4 ,caprice triumphs at ! comm5cem5t1 b ! conte/ is t]m9at$ 9 old age by ! def9ite victory ( habit4 ,x is ! same 9 ! social life4 ,! incl9ation to adopt new ideas is due to ! law ( imitation1 :i* is a m important factor 9 great social movem5ts ?an misoneism4 ,m4 ,belot rem>ks t he w\ld n d>e to write ! title ,une ?orie n\velle de la lib]t if x ref]r$ to a !ory ( 8 own4 ,"u x he criticises ! !ory advanc$ by ,m4 ,b]gson 9 8 ,essai sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce2 accord+ to :i* fre$om belongs1 n to ! empirical p]sonality ( ! sup]ficial ego1 b to ! deep] ego1 ! subjectivity itself1 ! alt]ation ( :i* ?r\gh ! laws ( ?\ght & exig5cies ( sci5ce gives rise to ! =m]4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,belot1 on ! contr>y1 ! w & fre$om are %[n 9 ! =c+ back ( ! l[] ego1 :i* comes to ! surface1 & its impulses by enlight5$ ideas4 ,to act 9 h>mony ) ^! is fre$om1 :i* is n inconsi/5t ) det]m9ism 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,det]m9ism becomes fre$om 9 becom+ intellig5t4 ,until !n we obey conceal$ impulses1 :i* may belong to our p>5ts1 our ance/ors1 or our social surr\nd+s1 & !re=e we are n free4 ,by an excell5t s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ,m4 ,fr has demon/rat$ t 9 att5tion all ! qualities ( movem5t are modifi$2 its rapidity1 its en]gy1 & its precision1 ! physiological condition ( ! process be+ a g5]al t5sion ( ! muscles4 ,x is an error to suppose ! int]v5tion ( arre/ive action1 ( inhibition1 9 ! physiology ( att5tion4 ,volunt>y immobility results f v int5se muscul> activities1 & has = its physiological condition ! g5]al t5sion ( ! muscul> sy/em1 :i* places ! subject 9 su* a condition t he c react 9 ! quicke/ & mo/ en]getic mann] possible to an excitation f :atev] po9t x may come4 ,?is is ! physiological condition ( att5tion4 ,! ex]cise ( immobility is ! mo/ favorable to ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 :ile ! relaxation ( ! muscles :i* results f ! removal ( ! t5sion t5ds to ! suppression ( att5tion1 & ( ! psy*ical activity4 ,excitations ( ! sk9 det]m9e exagg]at$ reflex activities1 m rapid & m en]getic movem5ts4 ,z intellig5ce is develop$1 ! reflex movem5ts become less imp]i\s1 ! multiplicity ( motives ( action gives ! illusion ( fre$om ( *oice4 ,:5 ! excitable c5tres are incompletely develop$1 z ) wom5 & *ildr51 & especially ) deg5]ates1 ! impulsions & ! reflex activities g5]ally1 ( :i* ! c5tres are bett] develop$1 are m viol5t & m uncontrollable4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan74 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,nos4 #d & #e4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,ueb] ,,das ,,erk5n5 ,,d] ,,s*allri*tung4 ,by ,j4 v4 ,kries4 ,,zur ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,kausalitaet4 ,by ,?4 ,lipps4 ,,zur ,,int]aureal5 ,,lokalisation ,,diotis*] ,,wahrnehmung54 ,by ,k>l ,l4 ,s*aef]4 ,,zur ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,frage4 ,by ,ri*4 ,wahle4 ,,ueb] ,,negative ,,empf9dungsw]te 7,i74 ,by ,h4 ,ebb+haus4 ,,v]sammlung53 ,int]national] m$iz9is*] ,kongress zu ,b]l9 #ahij4 ,i4 ,sektion fr ,aug5heilkunde4 ,ref]i]t von ,claude du ,bois-,reymond4--,,ii4 ,sektion fr ,ohr5heilkunde4 ,ref]i]t von ,krakau]4 ,,lit]aturb]i*t4 ,pr(essor ,j4 von ,kries exam9es ! hypo!ses prop\nd$ ( late conc]n+ ! recognition ( ! direction 9 :i* s\nd-waves rea* ! e>4 ,pr(essor ,prey] ma9ta9s t diff]5t irritations1 accord+ to ! s\rce ( s\nd1 take place 9 ! semi-circul> canals1 & ,mn/]b]g1 on ! basis ( 8 own exp]im5ts1 has ) "s ess5tial modifications accept$ ,prey]'s views4 ,! au?or devotes 8 *ief att5tion to ! localisation ( s\nds orig9at+ ei!r to ! "r or to ! left ( ! m$ian plane4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) two movable :i/les1 ! int5sity ( :i* c\ld easily be regulat$4 ,! result 0 t conc]n+ "r & left direction1 & also ) reg>d to simultane\s s\nds f bo? directions at a diff]5t pit*1 ea* note c\ld be correctly localis$4 ,he adds t1 s f> z he c judge1 ev5 he :o adopts ,mn/]b]g's view has to fall back ^u a comp>ison ( ! int5sity 9 bo? e>s4 ,a localisation ( :i/le-s\nds 9 ! m$ian l9e1 be x 9 front or at ! back1 0 n s c]ta94 ,a s+le tone 01 ^u ! :ole1 correctly localis$2 yet x 0 difficult to discrim9ate two s\nds 9 ! m$ian plane4 ,9 ano!r article on ! same subject1 entitl$ ,on ,int]aureal ,localisation ( ,diotic ,s5sations ,k>l ,l4 ,s*aef] ( ,j5a recapitulates 9 brief ! monotic & diotic exp]im5ts made by ,silvanus ,b4 ,?ompson1 ,purkyns1 ,urbants*its*1 & ,prey]2 complet+ ! inquiries ( ,fe*n] on ! subject he /ates ! foll[+ result3 ,let two tun+ =ks be plac$ at an equal di/ance f ! m$ian plane 9 front ( ! e>s1 s t _! s\nd is m$ianly localis$3 #a7 ,syn*ronal vibrations ( any pit*1 at ! same di/ance1 & 9 exactly opposite directions1 produce m$ian oscillations2 #b7 ,if ! =ks are mov$ a tempo to ! "r or to ! left1 i4 e4 9 ! same direction1 ! s\nd rolls f e> to e>1 s long z ! motions are n too rapid2 #c7 ,if !y are execut$ z quickly z possible ! vibrations h _! seats 9 bo? e>s4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,causality is ! subject ( a long] article 7#dg pages7 by ,pr(4 ,?4 ,lipps4 ,lipps decl>es t 8 inve/igation int5ds to r$uce causality to association1 & ! law ( causality to ! law ( association4 ,! au?or does n id5tify 8 und]tak+ ) ! psy*ology ( association1 & prote/s aga9/ consid]+ m9d-activity z passive processes4 ,he devotes almo/ too mu* space to /at+ :at is1 or c easily become1 an an?ropomorphic conception ( causation4 ,:]e he prop\nds 8 positive views1 we miss discrim9ative exactness4 ,ursa*e & ,grund are n suffici5tly di/+ui%$1 & ! def9itions ( =mal & mat]ial cognitions1 are n lucidly /at$4 ,dr4 ,lipps says3 ,all cognition is objectively condition$ repres5tation2 respectively associations ( repres5tations4 ,9 purely =mal cognition ! objective raison d'tre 7,grund7 consi/s 9 ! pres5ce ( a cont5ts ( consci\sness4 ,9 mat]ial cognition1 or cognition by exp]i5ce 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 x consi/s 9 ! consci\sness ( ! objective reality ( a cont5ts ( consci\sness4#ff ,! au?or's conclusion is summ>is$ z foll[s3 #ff ,! passage be+ s difficult to translate1 we quote ! orig9al 9 full3 ,alle ,erk5ntniss i/ objectiv begrndetes ,vor/ell51 bezw4 ,v]b9d5 von ,vor/ellung54 ,bei d] l$igli* =mal5 ,erk5ntniss be/eht d] objective ,grund im ,dase9 e9es ,bewus/se9s9haltes1 bei d] mat]ial5 od] ,erfahrungs]k5ntniss im eng]5 ,s9ne be/eht er im ,bewus/se9 d] objectiv5 ,wirkli*keit e9es ,bewus/se9s9haltes4 ,hume's "w & 8 mi/ake c ?us pla9ly be recognis$4 ,t causal connection is a connection among our ideas1 n a connection among ! objects repres5t$1 t ! necessity :i* di/+ui%es ?is connection consi/s 9 ! psy*ological compulsion to comb9e "o fact ) ano!r1 t ?is compulsion has its reason 9 association1 is ! discov]y ( ,hume2 & ?is discov]y ( ,hume is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,t ! _w becomes a _w regulat$ by law1 by be+ subject$ to ! law ( our m9d1 ?is an?ropoc5tric /&po9t 0 !re) det]m9$4 ,hume's mi/ake consi/$ only 9 ?is3 ,he did n recognise ! full importance ( ! law ( association4 ,!re=e he did n see :at associative relations are directly id5tical ) ! causal relation4 ,an attempt 0 made to cov] ! defect ris+ !refrom by ! pr9ciple ( habit4 ,n ! pr9ciple ( association1 b ! pr9ciple ( habit depriv+ ! pr9ciple ( association ( its /r5g?1 h9d]$ ,hume f propos+ ! correct answ] to ! "q1 ',h[ 9 exp]i5ce are g5]al & necess>y judgm5ts possible8' ,pr(essor ,lipps does n answ] ?is "q satisfactorily ei!r2 he gives no explanation ( ! fact t 9 exp]i5ce g5]al & necess>y judgm5ts are possible4 ,he simply /ates ! fact4 ,e natural sci5ti/1 he says1 expects t a c]ta9 result t has be5 obs]v$ once1 w always take place aga9 if ! exp]im5t be repeat$ "u exactly ! same conditions4 ,pr(essor ,lipps /ates1 9 conclud+1 t he is fully consci\s ( hav+ discuss$ only a small "p ( t :i* might be said on ?is subject1 & adds3 ,p]haps objections or criticisms w give me an occasion = additional rem>ks4 ,we "h call 8 att5tion to ! treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us's pamphlet ,ursa*e1 ,grund und ,zweck 7,dresd53 ,grumbk[1 #ahha7 & also to 8 articles on ,=m & ,=mal ,?\ght & on ,causality 9 ,fundam5tal ,problems4 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,wahle1 ,privat-doc5t 9 ,vi5na1 def9es 9 a %ort sket* on ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,"q ! mean+ ( ,"q 9 ! foll[+ way3 a "q is ! prep>ation dur+ a /ate ( indecision = a p]ception ( ! decision4 ,9 expla9+ ! mean+ ( ?is decision ,ri*>d ,wahle makes an occasional fl+ at t k9d ( psy*ology :i* divorc$ f physiology conf9es itself to ! me?od ( introspection4 ,! la/ article1 by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,ebb+haus1 is ! fir/ "p ( a criticism ( ,fe*n]'s po/hum\s lett]s on ,negative ,empf9dungs v]!1 publi%$ 9 ! fir/ numb]s ( ?is p]iodical4 ,^! lett]s1 ,ebb+haus decl>es1 af=d an int]e/+ insight into ! sci5tific p]sonality ( ,fe*n]2 yet ! doctr9e conta9$ !re91 he adds1 has its drawbacks4 ,ebb+haus does n accept ,fe*n]'s pres5tation ( ! case1 b ref]s u to ,delbuf f ^: exp]im5ts alone1 he says1 ! correct int]pretation ( negative values ( s5sations c be d]iv$4 ,delbuf's views are n s cle>ly pres5t$ 9 8 fir/ /atem5t z 9 a lat] article writt5 9 answ] to ! objections ( ,tann]y1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique ,v4 #ahgh1 & republi%$ "u ! title ,exam5 critique de la loi psy*ophysique 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,ebb+haus adopts ,lang]'s def9ition ( negative values ( s5sations4 ,!y are su* z "u all circum/ances if additively connect$ ) equally great positive ones produce z a result z]o4 ,! reports ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,physicians1 ,b]l91 #ahij1 w be ( special value to physicians4 ,! pres5t numb] conta9s ^? ( ! sections ( oculi/s & auri/s4 ,! numb] conta9s a valuable bibliographical catalogue ( ! *ief works on physiological psy*ology = ! ye> #ahhi4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,l4 ,voss47 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,quantitaet ,,und ,,qualitaet ,,9 ,,begriff1 ,,ur!il ,,und ,,geg5/a5dli*] ,,erk5ntniss4 ,by ,paul ,natorp4 ,,zum ,,begriff ,,des ,,naiv5 ,,realismus4 ,by ,e4 von ,h>tmann4 ,,bem]kung5 ,,zu ,,vor/eh5dem ,,aufsatz4 ,by ,a4 ,dr+4 ,,rec5sion54 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,pr(essor ,paul ,natorp1 ! editor1 discusses ,quantity & ,quality 9 ,concept1 ,judgm5t1 & ,objective ,cognition4 ,8 object is ! attempt n to proce$ subjectively1 or psy*ologically1 or g5etically1 or causally1 or teleologically1 b purely objectively 9 ! same s5se z ma!matics proce$s objectively4 ,! result :i* he rea*es is summ>ily express$ 9 ! /atem5t t !re is no =mal logic 444 & t x _c exi/ at all--except x be bas$ ^u ! logic ( objective cognition 7transc5d5tal logic71 or repres5ts a "p !re(1 ! sev]ance ( :i* f ! :ole to :i* x belongs c h m]ely te*nical n sci5tific reasons4 7,heidelb]g3 ,georg ,weiss47 ,,rivi/a ,,italiana ,,di ,,filos(ia4 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahij4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,della ,,p]cezione ,,del ,,corpo ,,umano4 ,by ,l4 ,pietrobono4 ,,le ,,idee ,,p$agogi*e ,,di ,,pietro ,,c]etti4 ,,dell' ,,att5zione4 ,by ,v4 ,b59i4 ,,la ,,scuola ,e ,,la ,,filos(ia ,,pitagori*e4 ,by ,s4 ,f]r>i4 ,,bibliografia4 ,,bollett9o ,,p$agogico ,e ,,filos(ico4 ,,notizie4 ,,rec5ti ,,pubblicazioni4 ,,rivi/a ,,italiana ,,di ,,filos(ia4 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahij4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,il ,,pres5te ,,della ,,/oria ,,della ,,filos(ia4 ,by ,l4 ,cr$>o4 ,,la ,,p$agogia ,,di ,,jacopo ,,sadoleto4 ,by ,a4 ,piazzi4 ,,della ,,p]cezione ,,del ,,corpo ,,umano4 ,by ,l4 ,pietrobono4 ,,bibliografia1 etc4 ,!re are two problems :i* at pres5t comm& a g5]al & a ke5 int]e/ 9 all c\ntries2 viz4 ! psy*ological problem & ! e?ical problem1 ! latt] compris+ all ! que/ions ( education & in/ruction1 religi\s z well z secul>4 ,if ?is is true ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is no less true ( ,italy4 ,! ,rivi/a ,italiana di ,filos(ia1 s ably edit$ by ,luigi ,f]ri1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 %[s ?is t5d5cy 9 its late/ numb]s 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,!y conta9 among o!r valuable mat]ials an article by ,luigi ,pietrobono on ! p]ception ( ! human body1 a psy*o-physiological inve/igation ( s5ti5t sub/ance ) special ref]5ce to s5sation & p]ception4 ,! au?or arrives at a result1 :i*1 if x c\ld be su/a9$1 w\ld lead to an outspok5 dualism4 ,pietrobono believes 9 two pr9ciples1 a psy*ical & an organical1 =m+ an orig9al syn!sis & anti!sis1 int]dep5d5t ^u & insep>able f ea* o!r4 ,vittorio ,b59i discusses 9 ! same numb] ! captivat+ subject ( ,att5tion1 />t+ f a discussion ( ,ribot's monograph on ! subject1 & devot+ 8 ma9 int]e/ to :at he calls l' att5zione p]ceptiva accompagnata dall' intellig5za4 ,! latt] k9d ( att5tion is ( especial importance 9 education1 a subject :i* is discuss$ 9 ! conclusion ( ! article4 ,?is leads u to ano!r essay :i* treats ( an exclusively educational subject1 propos+ ! p$agogical ideas ( ,pietro ,c]etti4 ,?is article does n conta9 new tru?s1 b emphasises tru?s :i* h p]haps be5 too little recognis$ 9 ,italy4 ,/>t+ f ! maxim t all education mu/ develop ! faculties ( body1 s\l1 & m9d 7le facolt del corpo1 dell' anima e della m5te71 & t all education mu/ be conduct$ s z to let ! social body d]ive ! b5efits !refrom1 he urges besides dem&+ ! moral & intellectual culture ( man a te*nical in/ruction1 & among ! sci5ces1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory1 he w\ld give ma!matics a prom95t place4 ,x may be add$ t ! dep>tm5t ( ,bibliography conta9s among o!r reviews discussions ( ! foll[+ works3 #a7 ,rei*'s book on ,gian ,v9c5zo ,grav9a z an au?or ( /hetics2 #b7 ,antonio ,rosm9i's ,fragm5ts ( a ,philosophy ( ,law & ,politics2 #c7 ,rob]t ,b5zoni's ,! ,philosophy ( ,our ,day2 #d7 ,pietro ,ell]o's ,! ,social ,"q2 #e71 9 ! ,decemb] numb]1 ,f]d9&o ,puglia's ,evolution 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,philosophical ,sy/ems2 #f7 ,! national edition ( ,galileo ,galilei's works2 & #g7 ,la ,somiglianza nella ,scuola ,positivi/a e l',id5tit nella ,metafisica ,nuova1 by ,donato ,jaia4 ,,voprosy ,,filos(i ,i ,,psi*ologuii4#fg ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d4 #fg ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,9 ! ,russian language4 ,,cont5ts3 7,,"p ,i47 ,,rem>ks4 ,by ! ,editor1 ,pr( ,n4 ,grote4 ,,! ,,political ,,ideals ,,( ,,plato ,,& ,,( ,,ari/otle ,,9 ,,_! ,,univ]sal ,,hi/orical ,,significance4 ,by ,pr9ce ,e4 ,n4 ,trubetzkoi4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,voltaire ,,to ,,r\sseau4 7,conclusion47 ,by ,e4 ,radl[4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,kant4 ,by ,l4 ,lopat9e4 ,,hypnotism ,,9 ,,p$agogy4 ,by ,a4 ,tok>sky4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,freewill ,,f ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,process4 ,by ,n4 ,k>yew4 ,,! ,,vital ,,problems ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,n4 ,grote4 ,,necrology4 ,m4 ,i4 ,vladislavlew1 ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,by ,k4 7,,"p ,,ii47 ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology3 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,w4 ,by ,n4 ,lange4 ,,critique ,,& ,,bibliography4 ,,common ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,conc]n+ ! conflict ) ! ,occid5t 9 connection ) ! lit]>y activity ( a ,slavophil4 ,by ,v4 ,rotzan[4 ,! e?ical doctr9e ( ,c\nt ,tol/oi & its mo/ rec5t criticism4 ,by ,p4 ,e4 ,a/afiew4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,reviews ( ,russian philosophical works on ,metaphysics1 ,logic1 ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1 & /hetics4 ,reviews ( =eign philosophical p]iodicals4 ,philosophical articles 9 ,russian ecclesia/ical p]iodicals4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,russia4 7#ahee-ahhh74 ,,transactions ,,( ,,! ,,mosc[ ,,psy*ological ,,society4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,editor1 ,pr(4 ,n4 ,grote1 9 8 introductory rem>ks calls att5tion to ! fact t ! pres5t issue ( ?is philosophical & lit]>y review 9 ! ,russian language1 completes ! s]ies t _h be5 promis$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( its exi/5ce4 ,! review does n claim1 dur+ ?is brief lapse ( "t1 to h be5 able to solve all ! _m problems incid5t to ! task t x _h assum$ at ! outset ( its c>e]2 b x may at lea/ mode/ly claim to h won ! he>ty sympa?y ( an intellig5t fraction ( ! ,russian p1 express$ by ! acquisition ( a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( subscrib]s4 ,?is mat]ial success1 moreov]1 atte/s ! fact t ! editor did n deceive himself :5 at ! orig9al publication ( ! review he seem$ to notice an awak5+ 9 8 c\ntry ( m s]i\s intellectual int]e/s1 & ! rise ( a desire = a philosophical analysis ( ! pr9ciples ( k & ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to :e!r ! problems treat$ ( 9 ! pages ( ! review are id5tical ) ^? t occupy by pref]5ce ! m9ds ( intellig5t ,russian read]s2 or :e!r ! exposition & ! me?ods ( inve/igation h be5 prop]ly adju/$ to ! degree ( developm5t & to ! m5tal calibre ( ! mass ( its read]s1 x w suffice to rem>k1 says ! editor1 t ! full developm5t ( all ! pot5tial =ces ( nature & ( m9d c be atta9$ only ?r\gh sl[ & p]si/5t action4 ,we h to be> 9 m9d t ! attempt is by no means easy to organise = ! fir/ "t 9 a project ( ?is k9d ! _m active work]s ( a c\ntry 9 :i* p _h nev] be=e be5 associat$ 9 a simil> und]tak+4 ,yet 9 confid5tly ent]+ ^u ! publication ( ?is review1 ! editor well knew t !re exi/$ 9 ,russia abundant intellectual p[]s1 p]fectly adequate to ! dem&s ( a high-class philosophical magaz9e--sci5ti/s1 le>n$ speciali/s1 tal5t$ ?9k]s1 & m5 ( lett]s2 & ! review )\t d\bt w n fail to enli/ ! valuable assi/ance ( all ^! m5 9 ! ardu\s task1 :i* x w cont9ue /eadily to pursue4 ,! ma9 task above all1 is to advance ! developm5t ( self-consci\sness 9 mod]n ,russian society1 b ! success ( ?is aspiration dep5ds ( necessity on ! cont9u$ sympa?y & good w ( ! public4 ,z reg>ds ! ext]nal =m ( ! review1 = ! great] conv5i5ce ( ! public1 in/ead ( f\r volumes ( #bj %eets1 z hi!rto1 !re w be issu$ dur+ ! pres5t ye> five volumes 9 all--"o volume ( #ae-af %eets bimon?ly1 except dur+ ! midsumm] mon?s4 ,! editor 9 conclusion expresses 8 ackn[l$gm5t to sev]al ( 8 we/]n colleagues1 to ! editors ( ,m9d1 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ! ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 & ,! ,op5 ,c\rt--all ( :om h promis$ to note ) g5u9e int]e/ ! cont5ts ( ! ,russian review ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ( ,psy*ology4 7,mosc[1 #ahij47 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,april1 #ahia4 ,,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,_! ,,grades ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,_! ,,introduction4 ,! usually recognis$ factors ( evolution are at lea/ five2 viz43 7#a7 ,pressure ( a *ang+ environm5t affect+ function & function affect+ /ructure1 & ! *ang$ /ructure & function inh]it$ & integrat$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations indef9itely4 7#b7 ,use & disuse ( organs react+ on gr[?-=ce & produc+ *ange 9 =m1 /ructure1 & relative size ( p>ts1 & su* *ange inh]it$ & integrat$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations4 7#c7 ,natural selection among individuals ( a v>y+ prog5y1 ( ^? mo/ 9 accord ) an ev]-*ang+ environm5t--or z x has be5 o!rwise call$ survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ea* successive g5]ation4 7#d7 ,sexual selection3 ! selection by ! female1 among v>y+ male individuals all compet+ = h] possession1 ( ! /ronge/ or ! mo/ attractive4 ,among mammals ! selection is ma9ly ( ! /ronge/ z decid$ by battle2 among birds1 ( ! mo/ attractive z det]m9$ by spl5dor ( color or beauty ( song4 7#e7 ,physiological selection1 or selection ( ^? v>ieties1 ! individuals ( :i* are f]tile among !mselves1 b /]ile or less f]tile ) o!r v>ieties & ) ! p>5t /ock4 ,?is has also be5 call$ segregate fecundity by ,gulick1 & homogamy by ,romanes4 ,^! five factors are all usually b n univ]sally recognis$4 ,! fir/ two are ,lam>ckian1 ! second two ,d>w9ian factors4 ,9 ! ,lam>ckian factors ! *anges occur dur+ individual life1 & ! (fspr+ is suppos$ to inh]it !m un*ang$4 ,9 ! ,d>w9ian factors on ! contr>y ! *anges are 9 ! (fspr+1 & ! individuals dur+ life are suppos$ to rema9 sub/antially un*ang$4 ,! fif? factor has1 only v rec5tly1 be5 br\ght =w>d by ,romanes & ,gulick & is n yet univ]sally recognis$2 b we believe t ) p]haps "s modifications x is c]ta9 to triumph4 7#f7 ,to ^! recognis$ factors ( organic evolution mu/ n[ be add$1 9 human evolution1 ano!r & f> high] factor1 viz4 consci\s1 volunt>y co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( evolution1 consci\s /riv+ = ! bett]m5t ( ! individual & ( ! race4 ,?is factor consi/s ess5tially 9 ! =mation & pursuit ( ideals4 ,we call ?is a factor1 b x is also mu* m ?an a factor4 ,x /&s 9 place ( nature h]self--x is a high]-rational nature us+ all ! factors ( physical nature = its own high] purposes4 ,to di/+ui% ! evolution det]m9$ by ?is factor f organic evolution1 we (t5 call x progress4 ,und]ly+ all ^! factors z _! necess>y condition1 & !re=e !mselves n call$ factors1 are two opposite op]ative pr9ciples1 viz4 h]$ity & v>iability4 ,l ! cons]vative & progressive elem5ts 9 society1 "o t5ds to fix$ness1 ! o!r to *ange4 ,! "o initiates *ange1 ! o!r accumulates its effects 9 successive g5]ations4 ,! "o tries all ?+s1 ! o!r holds fa/ to :atev] is good4 ,!y are bo? equally necess>y to ! successful op]ation ( any or all ( ! factors4 ,let u n[ comp>e ^! six factors1 z to _! grade or position 9 ! scale ( en]gy & z to ! ord] ( _! introduction4 ,! fir/ two--,pressure ( ! environm5t & ,use & disuse1 i4 e4 ! ,lam>ckian factors--are ! l[e/ 9 position1 mo/ fundam5tal 9 importance1 & !re=e mo/ univ]sal 9 _! op]ation4 ,!y are !re=e also fir/ 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,!y prec$e all o!r factors & 7 = a long "t ! only ones 9 op]ation4 ,= obs]ve3 all ! selective factors1 viz4 ^? ( ,d>w9 & ,romanes1 are :olly condition$ on ,reproduction2 = ! *anges 9 ! case ( ^! are n 9 ! individual life b only 9 ! (fspr+4 ,& n only s b !y are also /rictly condition$ on sexual modes ( reproduction4 ,= all non-sexual modes ( reproduction su* z fission & budd+ are b slight modifications ( ! process ( gr[?1 & ! result+ multitude ( organisms may be reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se only an ext5sion ( ! fir/ individual4 ,!re is ?us a k9d ( immortality 9 ^! l[e/ protozoa4 ,( c\rse !re=e ! id5tical *>act]s ( ! fir/ individual are cont9u$ indef9itely except 9 s f> z !y are modifi$ 9 successive g5]ations by ! effect ( ! environm5t or by use & disuse ( organs--i4 e4 by ,lam>ckian factors4 ,9 sexual g5]ation1 on ! contr>y1 ! *>act]s ( two div]se individuals are fund$ 9 a common (fspr+2 & ! same cont9u+ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 x is evid5t t ! inh]itance 9 ea* individual (fspr+ is inf9itely multiple4 ,n[ ! t5d5cy to v>iation 9 (fspr+ is 9 proportion to ! multiplicity ( ! inh]itance3 = among ! inf9ite numb] ( slightly diff]5t *>act]s1 z x 7 (f]$ = inh]itance 9 e g5]ation1 "s individuals w inh]it m ( "o & "s m ( ano!r "*4 ,9 a ^w1 sexual g5]ation1 by multiple inh]itance1 t5ds to v>iation ( (fspr+ & ?us furni%es mat]ial = natural selection4 ,?us !n ,i repeat1 all ! selective factors are absolutely dep5d5t = _! op]ation ^u sexual reproduction4 ,b !re 0 a "t :5 ?is mode ( reproduction did n exi/4 ,x is c]ta9 ! non-sexual prec$$ ! sexual modes ( reproduction4 ,i _c /op n[ to give ! reasons = believ+ ?is4 ,i h already giv5 !m 9 "s detail 9 a previ\s article#fh to :i* ,i w\ld ref] ! read]4 ,suffice x to say n[ t ! ord] ( introduction ( ! v>i\s modes ( reproduction culm9at+ 9 ! highe/ sexual modes is briefly z foll[s3 7#a7 ,fission4 ,an organism ( ! l[e/ k9d gr[s & divides into two4 ,ea* half gr[s to mature size & aga9 divides2 & s on indef9itely4 ,9 ?is case !re is no di/9ction betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+4 ,ea* seems ei!r or nei!r4 7#b7 ,budd+4 ,gr[?-=ce conc5trat+ 9 "o "p produces a bud1 :i* cont9ues to gr[ & individuate itself m & m until x sep>ates z a di/9ct individual4 ,?is is a high] =m ?an ! la/ because 9 ?is case ! individual is n sacrific$4 ,only a small "p sep>ates & ! sep>at$ "p is 9 "s s5se an (fspr+4 ,we h !re=e = ! fir/ "t ! di/9ction ( p>5t & (fspr+4 7#c7 ,by ! law ( diff]5tiation & localisation ( functions1 ! bud-=m+ function is next relegat$ to a special place & we n[ h a bud-=m+ organ4 7#d7 ,by ano!r g5]al law1 ! law ( int]ior transf]1 ! bud-=m+ organ is next transf]r$ = great] safety to an int]ior surface & ?us simulates an ov>y1 al?\gh n yet a true ov>y or egg-=m+ organ4 ,examples ( all ^! /eps are f\nd among exi/+ animals4 #fh ,g5esis ( ,sex1 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 #ahgi1 ,vol4 xvi4 p4 #afg4 ,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,feb4 #ad1 #ahhj4 ,?us f> reproduction is non-sexual4 ,b n[ comes ! great /ep1 i4 e4 ! introduction ( sexual reproduction1 9 its l[e/ =ms4 7#e7 ,?is simulat$ ov>y or bud-=m+ organ becomes a true ov>y or egg-=m+ organ2 or r1 at fir/1 a comb9ation ( ov>y & sp]m>y4 ,! same organ prep>es two k9ds ( cells1 male & female1 g]m-cell & sp]m-cell1 :i* by _! union produce an egg :i* develops into an (fspr+2 & n only an (fspr+ 9 ! s5se ( a sep>at$ "p ( a previ\s individual1 b 9 "s s5se a new creature1 ! creation ( a new individual4 ,!re is an enorm\s diff]5ce & ev5 contra/ betwe5 ?is & all prec$+ modes4 ,9 non-sexual modes "o individual becomes two2 9 ?is1 two individual cells unite to =m "o4 ,x is an exp5sive1 ev5 wa/eful mode unless att5d$ ) "s great advantage4 ,! nature ( ?is advantage we w pres5tly see4 ,?us f> we h giv5 only ! l[e/ =m ( sexual g5]ation4 ,! two sexual elem5ts only1 g]m-cell & sp]m-cell are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 b n yet ev5 ! sexual organs1 ov>y & sp]m>y1 mu* less ! sexual individuals1 male & female4 7#f7 ,! sex-elem5t-=m+ function is next diff]5tiat$ & localis$ 9 two diff]5t organs1 ov>y & sp]m>y1 b n yet 9 two diff]5t individuals4 ,?is is h]maphroditism s common 9 plants & 9 l[] animals4 7#g7 ,! already sep>at$ sexual organs are next localis$ 9 diff]5t individuals1 & we n[ h male & female individuals4 ,?is is ! case 9 _m plants & 9 all ! high] animals4 7#h7 ,& f9ally ^! male & female individuals become m & m div]se 9 "*4 ,! object ( ?is :ole process ( sep>ation1 fir/ ( ! elem5ts1 !n ( ! organs1 !n ( ! individuals1 & la/ ! increas+ div]g5ce ( ! individuals1 is und\bt$ly ! fund+ ( m & m div]se *>act]s 9 a common (fspr+2 & ?us by increas+ multiplicity ( inh]itance to insure l>g] v>iation 9 (fspr+ & !reby furni% m abundant mat]ial = natural selection4 ,?is is f> m ?an a comp5sation = ! app>5t wa/efulness ( ?is mode ( reproduction4 ,if !n ! non-sexual prec$$ ! sexual modes ( reproduction1 evid5tly1 at fir/1 only ,lam>ckian factors c\ld op]ate4 ,evolution 0 !n c>ri$ =w>d :olly by *anges 9 ! individual produc$ by ! environm5t & by use & disuse ( organs1 cont9u$ & increas$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations indef9itely4 ,x is probable !re=e t = want ( ! selective factors1 ! rate ( evolution 0 at fir/ comp>atively sl[2 unless inde$1 z seems probable1 ! e>lie/ =ms 71 z ! l[e/ =ms are n[1 m pla/ic "u pressure ( physical conditions ?an are ! pres5t high] =ms4 ,! great contra/ betwe5 ! ,lam>ckian & ,d>w9ian factors 9 ?is reg>d1 & ! sl[ness ( *ange n[ 9 high] =ms "u ,lam>ckian factors alone1 is be/ %[n 9 plants :]e ei!r k9d ( factors may be us$ at pleasure4 ,9 ^!1 if we wi% to make v>ieties1 we propagate by se$s--sexual reproduction--b if we wi% to pres]ve v>ieties1 we propagate by buds & cutt+s--non-sexual reproduction4 ,we h tak5 ! two ,lam>ckian factors toge!r1 9 contra/ ) ! ,d>w9ian4 ,b ev5 9 ! two ,lam>ckian factors !re is a great diff]5ce 9 grade4 ,und\bt$ly ! l[e/ & fir/ introduc$ 0 pressure ( ! physical environm5t4 ,= ev5 use & disuse ( organs implies "s degree ( volition & volunt>y motion1 & !re=e already "s advance 9 ! scale ( evolution4 ,) ! introduction ( sex ano!r entirely diff]5t & high] factor 0 introduc$1 viz4 natural selection1 among a v>y+ prog5y1 ( ! fitte/ individuals4 ,we h already se5 h[ sexual g5]ation produces v>iation ( (fspr+ & h[ ?is furni%es mat]ial = natural selection4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ?is =m ( g5]ation 0 evolv$1 ?is high] factor came into op]ation1 & imm$iately1 z x 71 assum$ control ( evolution1 & ! previ\s factors became subord9ate ?\gh /ill und]ly+1 condition+1 modify+ ! high]4 ,! result 0 an imm$iate increase 9 ! spe$ & 9 ! div]sity ( evolution4 ,x is v wor?y ( note too1 t x is 9 ! high] animals1 su* z birds & mammals1 :]e we f9d ! highe/ =m ( sexual g5]ation1 :]e ! div]sity ( fund$ *>act]s & !re=e ! v>iation 9 ! (fspr+ is ! greate/1 & natural selection mo/ active3 x is precisely among ^! t ! ,lam>ckian factors are mo/ feeble1 because dur+ ! mo/ pla/ic portion ( life ! (fspr+ is remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! physical environm5t & f ! effects ( use & disuse1 by _! enclosure )9 ! womb or )9 a l>ge egg well suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ^!1 developm5t is already f> advanc$ be=e ,lam>ckian factors c op]ate at all4 ,next ,i suppose ,physiological selection or ,romanes's factor came into op]ation4 ,aft] ! introduction ( sex1 x became necess>y1 t ! individuals ( "s v>ieties %\ld be 9 "s way isolat$1 s z to prev5t ! swamp+ ( v>ietal *>act]s z fa/ z =m$1 9 a common /ock by cross bre$+4 ,9 v l[ =ms ) sl[ locomotion1 su* isolation might easily take place accid5tally4 ,ev5 9 high] =ms1 *anges 9 physical geography or accid5tal disp]sion by w9ds & curr5ts1 w\ld (t5 produce geographical isolation2 & ?us by prev5t+ cross+ ) ! p>5t /ock1 secure ! =mation ( new species f su* isolat$ v>ieties4 ,b 9 ord] to insure 9 all cases ! pres]vation ( comm5c+ species1 sexual isolation 0 introduc$ or evolv$ z ,i suppose lat]1 & accord+ to ,romanes some:at z foll[s3 ,all organs are subject to v>iation 9 (fspr+1 b none are s s5sitive 9 ?is reg>d z ! reproductive organs2 & ^! 9 no respect m ?an 9 relative f]tility "u diff]5t conditions4 ,suppose !n ! (fspr+ ( any p>5t to v>y 9 _m directions4 ,by cross-bre$+ among !mselves & ) ! p>5t /ock1 ^! are usually m]g$ 9 a common type1 _! diff]5ces pool$1 & ! species rema9s fix$ or else advances sl[ly by natural selection1 along "o l9e1 z physical conditions *ange 9 geological "t4 ,b f "t to "t !re arises a v>iation 9 ! reproductive organs ( "s individuals1 ( su* k9d t ^! individuals are f]tile among !mselves1 b /]ile or less f]tile ) o!r v>ieties & ) ! p>5t /ock4 ,su* individuals are sexually isolat$ f o!rs1 or sexually segregat$ among !mselves4 ,_! v>ietal diff]5ces ( all k9ds are no long] swamp$ by cross-bre$+1 b g on to increase until !y =m a new species4 ,x is evid5t !n1 z ,romanes claims1 t natural selection alone t5ds to monotypal evolution4 ,isolation ( "s sort seems necess>y to polytypal evolution4 ,! tree ( evolution "u ! influ5ce ( natural selection alone gr[s palm-l f its t]m9al bud4 ,isolation 0 necess>y to ! />t+ ( lat]al buds1 & ?us = ! pr(use ramification :i* is its mo/ conspicu\s "*4 ,next1 ,i suppose1 0 introduc$1 sexual selection1 or conte/ among ! males by battle or by display1 = ! possession ( ! female1 ! success ( ! /ronge/ or ! mo/ attractive1 & ! p]petuation & increase ( ^! sup]ior qualities ( /r5g? or beauty 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,?is ,i suppose 0 lat]1 because connect$ ) a high] developm5t ( ! psy*ical nature4 ,?is is especially true :5 beauty ( color or song det]m9es ! selection4 ,z might be suppos$ !re=e1 ?is factor is op]ative only among ! highe/ animals1 especially birds & mammals1 & p]haps "s insects4 ,next & la/1 & only ) ! appe>ance ( man1 ano!r entirely diff]5t & f> high] factor 0 introduc$1 viz4 consci\s1 volunt>y co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( evolution--a consci\s volunt>y ef=t to atta9 an ,ideal4 ,z already said1 we call ?is a factor1 b x is mu* m ?an a factor4 ,x is ano!r nature work+ 9 ano!r _w--! spiritual--& l physical nature us+ all factors1 b 9 a new way & on a high] plane4 ,9 e>ly /ages man develop$ mu* z o!r animals1 unconsci\s & c>eless :i!r he t5d$ & !re=e ) little or no volunt>y ef=t to atta9 a high] /age4 ,b ?is volunt>y factor1 ?is /riv+ t[>d a goal or ideal1 9 ! individual & 9 ! race1 increas$ m & m until 9 civilis$ communities ( mod]n times x has become by f> ! dom9ant factor4 ,reason1 in/ead ( physical nature1 takes control1 ?\gh /ill us+ ! same factors4 ,n[1 9 ?is :ole process1 we obs]ve two /rik+ /ages4 ,! "o is ! introduction ( ,sex1 ! o!r ! introduction ( ,reason4#fi ,!y might be comp>$ to two equally /rik+ /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! individual1 viz4 ! mom5t ( f]tilisation & ! mom5t ( bir?4 ,z ! ontog5ic evolution receives fre% impulse at ! two mom5ts ( f]tilisation & ( bir?2 s ! evolution ( ! organic k+dom at ! two p]iods m5tion$4 ,) ! appe>ance ( sex1 ?ree new & high] factors are introduc$1 & ^! imm$iately assum$ control & quick5$ ! rate ( evolution4 ,) ! appe>ance ( reason 9 man ano!r & f> high] factor is introduc$ :i* 9 its turn assumes control1 & n only aga9 quick5s ! rate1 b elevates ! :ole plane ( evolution4 ,?is volunt>y1 rational factor n only assumes control itself1 b trans=ms all o!r factors & uses !m 9 a new way & = its own high] purposes4 #fi ,by ,reason ,i mean ! faculty ( deal+ ) ! ph5om5a ( ! inn] _w ( consci\sness & ideas1 or reflection on ! facts ( consci\sness4 ,animals live 9 "o _w1 ! out] _w ( s5se2 man 9 two worlds1 9 ! out] _w l animals1 b also 9 ! inn] & high] _w ( ideas4 ,all t is *>act]i/ic ( man comes ( ?is capacity ( deal+ ) ?is inn] _w4 ,9 default ( a bett] ^w ,i call x ,reason4 ,if any "o c sugge/ a bett] ^w ,i w gladly adopt x4 ,?is la/ is by f> ! greate/ *ange :i* has ev] occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,9 organic evolution nature op]ates by necess>y law )\t ! volunt>y co-op]ation ( ! ?+ evolv+4 ,9 human progress man volunt>ily co-op]ates ) nature 9 ! "w ( evolution & ev5 assumes to take ! process ma9ly into 8 own h&s4 ,organic evolution is by necess>y law1 human progress by free1 or at lea/ by fre]1 law4 ,organic evolution is by a pu%+ upw>d & onw>d f bel[ & beh9d1 human progress by an aspiration1 an attraction t[>d an ideal--a pull+ upw>d & onw>d f above & 9 front4 ,?is great *ange may well be lik5$ to a bir?4#gj ,_s or ,reason or ! ,psy*e--call x :at y l--0 9 embryo 9 animals 9 increas+ degrees ( developm5t ?r\gh all geological times & came to bir? & capacity ( free activity1 became free _s inve/igat+ its own ph5om5a 9 man4 ,9 animals ! evolution ( ,psy*e 0 ! unconsci\s result ( organic evolution4 ,9 man ! ,psy*e is born into a new _w ( fre] activity & und]takes to develop itself4 #gj ,see ,evolution & its ,relation to ,religi\s ,?\ght1 ,"p iii4 ,*ap4 iv1 :]e ! writ]'s views are m fully br\ght out4 ,x may be well to /op a mom5t & %[ briefly "s ( ! /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 organic & human evolution1 diff]5ces result+ :olly f ! introduction ( ?is new factor1 or r ?is evolution on a new & high] plane4 7#a7 ,9 organic evolution ! fitte/ are ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! environm5t & !re=e !y survive4 ,9 human evolution ! fitte/ are ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! ideal1 & (t51 especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( evolution1 dur+ ! dom9ance ( natural selection1 !y d n survive because n 9 h>mony ) ! social environm5t4 7#b7 ,9 organic evolution ! weak1 ! helpless1 ! unfit 9 any way1 p]i%1 & ought to p]i%1 because ?is is ! mo/ effici5t way ( /r5g!n+ ! blood1 or physical nature4 ,9 human evolution ! weak1 ! helpless1 ! physically unfit1 are su/a9$1 & ought to be su/a9$1 because sympa?y1 love1 pity /r5g!ns ! _s or moral nature4 ,b ! _s or moral nature is also su/a9$ by1 & condition$ on1 ! physical nature4 ,9 all our attempts !re=e to help ! weak we mu/ be c>eful t we avoid poison+ ! blood & weak5+ ! physical heal? ( ! race4 ,?is we believe c & w be done by rational education1 physical1 m5tal1 & moral4 ,we only allude to ?is4 ,x is too wide a subject to foll[ up "h4 7#c7 ,9 organic evolution ! =m mu/ cont9ually *ange 9 ord] to keep 9 h>mony ) ! *ang+ environm5t4 ,9 o!r words evolution is by con/ant *ange ( species1 g5]a1 etc42 !re mu/ be a cont9ual evolution ( new =ms4 ,9 human evolution1 & m & m z civilisation goes on1 man modifies ! environm5t s z to br+ x 9 h>mony ) himself & 8 wants1 & !re=e !re is no necessity = *ange ( =m or mak+ ( new species ( man4 ,human evolution is n by modification ( =m--new species1 b by modification ( _s--new planes ( activity4 7#d7 ,9 organic evolution z a high] factor arises x assumes control1 & previ\s factors s9k into subord9ate position4 ,b 9 human evolution ! rational factor n only assumes control b trans=ms all o!r factors1 us+ !m 9 a new way & = its own high] purposes4 ,?us ! ,lam>ckian factor--environm5t--is modifi$ & ev5 *ang$ s z to affect suitably ! human organism4 ,?is is ,hygi5e or ,sanitation4 ,aga91 ! v>i\s organs ( ! body & faculties ( ! m9d are delib]ately us$ 7ano!r ,lam>ckian factor7 9 su* wise z to produce _! highe/ effici5cy4 ,?is is education1 or tra9+1 physical1 m5tal1 moral4 ,s also ! selective factors are simil>ly trans=m$1 & natural selection becomes rational selection4 ,?is is freely appli$ to dome/ic animals & ) limitations impos$ by reason itself w be appli$ to man4 7#e7 ,! way ( evolution t[>d ! highe/1 i4 e4 f ,protozoa to man & f l[e/ man to ! ideal man1 is a v n>r[ way1 & few !re be t f9d x4 ,9 ! case ( organic evolution x is s n>r[1 t once get (f ! track & x is impossible to get on aga94 ,no liv+ =m ( animal is n[ on ! way to =m man1 c by any possibility develop manw>d4 ,!y are all gone out ( ! way4 ,!y are all (f ! trunk l9e4 ,! gold5 opportunity is pa/4 ,! tree ( evolution is an excurr5t /em cont9u\s to ! t]m9al %oot--man4 ,once leave ! ma9 /em z a bran*1 x is easy to cont9ue gr[+ 9 ! direction *os51 b impossible to get back aga9 on ! /raight upw>d way to ! highe/4 ,9 human evolution :e!r individual or racial1 ! same law holds1 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,if an individual or a race gets (f f ! /raight & n>r[ way t[>d ! highe/1 ! ,div9e ideal1 x is h>d to get back on ! track2 h>d b n impossible4 ,man's own ef=t is ! *ief factor 9 8 own evolution4 ,by virtue ( 8 self-activity1 & ?r\gh ! use ( reason1 man alone is able to rectify an error ( direction & return aga9 to ! des]t$ way4 ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,above ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,_! ,,application ,,to ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,( ,,! ,,day4 ,i4 ,j n[ !re is mu* controv]sy 9 reg>d to ! factors ( evolution4 ,bo? ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 ! two greate/ exp\nd]s ( ! mod]n !ory ( evolution1 ackn[l$ge & insi/ ^u at lea/ f\r factors2 viz4 ! two ,lam>ckian & ! two di/9ctively ,d>w9ian4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is 9 ! relative importance ( ! two sets2 ,sp5c] reg>d+ ! =m] & ,d>w9 ! latt] z ! m pot5t4 ,b "s late ,d>w9ians h gone f> beyond ,d>w9 himself 9 _! e/imate ( ! p[] ( ! mo/ di/9ctive ,d>w9ian factor1 viz4 natural selection4 ,weismann & ,wallace h ea* writt5 a book1 & ,lanke/] _m excell5t articles to %[ t natural selection is ! "o sole & suffici5t cause ( evolution1 t *anges dur+ ! individual life :e!r by effect ( ! environm5t or by ! use & disuse ( organs are n inh]it$ at all1 t ,lam>ck 0 :olly wrong & t ,d>w9 79 connection ) ,wallace7 is ! sole f\nd] ( ! true !ory ( evolution1 & f9ally t ,d>w9 himself 0 wrong only 9 mak+ any t]ms :atev] ) ,lam>ck4 ,! argum5t = ?is view has1 p]haps1 be5 mo/ /rongly put by ,weismann & is bas$ p>tly on exp]im5ts1 b ma9ly on 8 +5i\s & n[ celebrat$ !ory ( ! immortality ( g]m-plasm4 ,! animal body consi/s ( two k9ds ( cells :olly diff]5t 9 function1 somatic cells & g]m-cells1 includ+ 9 ?is la/ ! sexual elem5ts bo? male & female4 ,somatic cells are modifi$ & specialis$ = ! v>i\s functions ( ! body2 g]m-cells are :olly unmodifi$4 ,! somatic cells are = ! cons]vation ( ! individual life1 g]m-cells = ! cons]vation ( ! species4 ,n[ accord+ to ,weismann1 inh]itance is only ?r\gh g]m-cells4 ,environm5t affects only ! somatic cells & !re=e *anges produc$ by environm5t _c be inh]it$4 ,sexual g5]ation 0 introduc$ = ! purpose ( produc+ v>iability 9 prog5y & ?us furni%+ mat]ial = natural selection1 z ?is 0 ! only means ( evolution>y advance4 ,weismann made _m exp]im5ts on animals1 especially by mutilation1 to %[ t somatic *anges are n inh]it$4 ,we %all n argue ?is "q b cont5t ourselves ) mak+ ?ree brief rem>ks4 #a4 ,if ! views pres5t$ 9 ?is article be true1 !n ! ,lam>ckian factors mu/ be true factors1 because !re 0 a "t :5 !re 7 no o!rs4 ,!y 7 necess>y !re=e to />t ! process ( evolution1 ev5 if no long] necess>y at pres5t4 #b4 ,b if ! ,lam>ckian factors 7 ev] op]ative1 !y mu/ be s /ill1 ?\gh possibly 9 a subord9ate degree4 ,a l[] factor is n aboli%$1 b only becomes subord9ate to a high] factor :5 ! latt] is introduc$4 ,?us x may well be t ,lam>ckian factors are comp>atively feeble at ! pres5t "t & among pres5t species1 especially ( ! high] animals1 & yet n abs5t altoge!r4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( evolution !re 0 a complete id5tification ( g]m-cells & somatic cells--( ! individual ) ! species4 ,9 su* cases1 ( c\rse1 ! effect ( environm5t mu/ be inh]it$ & increas$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,b ! diff]5tiation ( g]m & somatic cells 0 n all at once2 x 0 a gradual process1 & !re=e ! effect ( ! environm5t on ! g]m-cells ?r\gh ! somatic cells mu/ h cont9u$1 ?\gh 9 decreas+ degree1 & /ill cont9ues4 ,! diff]5tiation is n[1 9 ! high] animals1 s complete t g]m-cells are probably n at all affect$ by *anges 9 somatic cells1 unless ^! *anges are long cont9u$ 9 ! same direction & are n antagonis$ by natural selection4 #c4 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple ( evolution t ! law ( ! :ole is repeat$ ) modifications1 9 ! "p4 ,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! ,unity ( ,nature4 ,we ought to expect !re=e & d f9d1 t ! ord] ( ! use ( ! factors ( evolution is ! same 9 ! evolution ( ! organic k+dom1 9 ! evolution ( ea* species1 & 9 ! evolution ( ea* individual4 ,9 all ^! ! physical factors are fir/ p[]fully op]ative1 !n become subord9ate to organic factors1 & ^! 9 _! turn to psy*ical & rational factors4 ,!re=e1 z ! individual 9 its e>ly /ages1 i4 e4 9 embryo & infancy1 is peculi>ly pla/ic "u ! influ5ce ( ! physical environm5t & aft]w>ds becomes m & m indep5d5t ( ^!3 s a species :5 fir/ =m$ is m pla/ic "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,lam>ckian factors & aft]w>ds becomes m rigid to ! same4 ,& s also ! organic k+dom 0 d\btless at fir/ m pla/ic "u ,lam>ckian factors1 & has become less s 9 ! pres5t species1 especially ( ! high] animals4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is1 z we h already se51 is ! increas+ diff]5tiation ( g]m & somatic cells1 & ! removal ( ! =m] to ! int]ior :]e !y are m & m protect$ f ext]nal influ5ce4 ,,ii4 ,"s evolutioni/s--! mat]iali/ic--insi/ on mak+ human evolution id5tical 9 all respects ) organic evolution4 ,?is we h %[n is n /rictly true4 ,! v lea/ t c be said is t a new & f> m pot5t factor is introduc$ ) man1 :i* modifies greatly ! process4 ,b we may claim mu* m1 viz4 t evolution is "h on a :olly diff]5t & high] plane4 ,! factors ( organic evolution are inde$ /ill pres5t & condition ! :ole process2 b !y are n left to be us$ by nature alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are us$ 9 a new way & = high] purposes by ,reason4 ,b by a revulsion f ! mat]iali/ic extreme1 "s h gone to ! opposite extreme4 ,!y w\ld place human progress & organic evolution 9 viol5t antagonism1 z if subject to entirely diff]5t & ev5 opposite laws4 ,b we h also %[n1 t al?\gh ! di/9ctive human factor is inde$ dom9ant1 yet x is und]laid & condition$ by all ! l[] factors--t ^! l[] factors are /ill necess>y z ! ag5ts us$ by ,reason4 ,,iii4 ,we h already allud$ to ,weismann's & ,wallace's views1 b !re is "o important aspect n yet t\*$4 ,if ,weismann & ,wallace are "r1 if natural selection be inde$ ! only factor us$ by nature 9 organic evolution & !re=e available = use by ,reason 9 human evolution1 !n alas = all our hopes ( race-improvem5t1 :e!r physical1 m5tal1 or moral6 ,all enlight5$ s*emes ( physical culture & ( hygi5e1 al?\gh direct$ inde$ prim>ily = ! /r5g?1 heal?1 & happ9ess ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 yet are su/a9$ & ennobl$ by ! conviction t ! physical improvem5t ( ! individual1 by inh]itance ent]s into a simil> improvem5t ( ! race4 ,all our s*emes ( education1 intellectual & moral1 al?\gh c]ta9ly int5d$ ma9ly = ! improvem5t ( ! individual1 are glorifi$ by ! hope t ! race is also !reby gradually elevat$4 ,x is true t ^! hopes are usually extravagant2 x is true t ! :ole improvem5t ( ! individuals ( "o g5]ation is n c>ri$ ov] by inh]itance into ! next2 x is true !re=e t we _c by education raise a l[] race up to ! plane ( a high] race 9 a few g5]ations2 b !re mu/ be a small residuum1 be x ev] s small1 c>ri$ =w>d by inh]itance & accumulat$ f age to age1 :i* ent]s into ! sl[ gr[? ( ! race4 ,if x be true t reason mu/ direct ! c\rse ( human evolution1 & if x be also true t selection ( ! fitte/ is ! only me?od available = t purpose2 !n1 if we are to h any race-improvem5t at all1 ! dreadful law ( de/ruction ( ! weak & helpless mu/ ) ,sp>tan firmness be c>ri$ out volunt>ily & delib]ately4 ,aga9/ su* a c\rse all t is be/ 9 u revolts4 ,! use ( ! ,lam>ckian factors1 on ! contr>y1 is n att5d$ ) any su* revolt+ consequ5ces4 ,all t we call education1 culture1 tra9+1 is by ! use ( ^!4 ,our hopes ( race-improvem5t !re=e are /rictly condition$ on ! fact t ! ,lam>ckian factors are /ill op]ative1 t *anges 9 ! individual1 if 9 useful direction1 are to "s ext5t inh]it$ & accumulat$ 9 ! race4 ,,iv4 ,we h said t ! new factor introduc$ ) man is a volunt>y co-op]ation 9 ! process ( evolution1 a consci\s upw>d /riv+ t[>d a high] condition1 a press+ =w>d t[>d an ideal4 ,man contr>y to all else 9 nature is trans=m$1 n 9 %ape by ext]nal environm5t1 b 9 "* by 8 own ideals4 ,n[ ?is capacity ( =m+ ideals & ! volunt>y pursuit ( su* ideals1 :5ce comes x8 ,:5 analys$ & r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms1 x is naught else ?an ! consci\sness 9 man ( 8 relation to ! inf9ite & ! attempt to realise ! div9e ideal 9 human "*4 ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte4 ,,illu/rative ,,/udies ,,9 ,,crim9al ,,an?ropology4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,physiognomy ,,( ,,! ,,an>*i/s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s applications1 & p]haps ! mo/ practical1 ( ,crim9al ,an?ropology1 7( t new sci5ce :i* has associat$ itself ) sociology1 psy*iatry1 & hi/ory17 is t :i* fl[s f ! /udy ( ! physiognomy ( ! political crim9al4 ,= n only does x appe> to succe$ 9 furni%+ u ) ! juridical basis ( political crime1 :i* hi!rto seem$ to escape all our rese>*es1 s completely t until n[ all juri/s _h end$ by say+ t !re 0 no political crime2 b x seems also to supply u ) a me?od = di/+ui%+ true revolution1 always fruitful & useful1 f utopia1 f rebellion1 :i* is always /]ile4 ,x is = me a ?or\ghly e/abli%$ fact1 & "o ( :i* ,i h giv5 ! pro(s 9 my ,delitto ,politico1#ga t true revolutioni/s1 t is to say1 ! initiators ( great sci5tific & political revolutions1 :o excite & br+ ab\t a true progress 9 humanity1 are almo/ always g5iuses or sa9ts1 & h all a m>vell\sly h>moni\s physiognomy2 & to v]ify ?is x is suffici5t simply to look at ! plates 9 my ,delitto ,politico4 ,:at noble physiognomies h ,paoli1 ,fabrizi1 ,d&olo1 ,moro1 ,mazz9i1 ,g>ibaldi1 ,b&i]a1 ,pisacane1 la ,petr[skaia1 la ,cid[9a1 la ,sassuli*6 ,g5]ally we see 9 !m a v l>ge =ehead1 a v bu%y be>d1 & v l>ge & s(t eyes2 sometimes we meet ) ! jaw mu* develop$1 b nev] hyp]trophic2 sometimes1 f9ally1 ) pal5ess ( ! face 7,mazz9i1 ,brutus1 ,cassius72 b ^! *>act]i/ics seldom accumulate 9 ! same individual to ! ext5t ( con/itut+ :at ,i call ! crim9al type4 #ga #ahij4 ,9 a /udy t ,i h made ) ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-"o ( our ,italian revolutioni/s1 7aga9/ ,au/ria etc417 ne>ly all males1 7!re 7 tw5ty-sev5 wom5 to "o hundr$ m517 ! proportion ( ! crim9al type 0 #jeg p] c5t42 i4 e4 #b p] c5t4 less ?an 9 normal m54 ,out ( ?irty celebrat$ ,nihili/s1 eighte5 h a v f9e physiognomy1 twelve pres5t "s isolat$ anomalies1 two only pres5t ! crim9al type 7,rogagiew & ,oklasdky71 t is to say #fh p] c5t4 ,& if f ^! un=tunate m5 :o repres5t to u1 ev5 psy*ologically1 ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs1 we pass to ! regicides1 to ! presid5ticides1 su* z ,fies*i1 ,guiteau1 ,nobil+1 & to ! mon/]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #aghi1 su* z ,c>ri]1 ,j\rdan1 & ,m>at1 we !re at once f9d 9 all1 or 9 ne>ly all1 ! crim9al type4 ,& ! type aga9 frequ5tly appe>s among ! ,commun>ds & ! ,an>*i/s4 ,tak+ fifty photographs ( ,commun>ds ,i h f\nd ! crim9al type 9 #ab p] c5t42 & ! insane type 9 #aj p] c5t4 ,out ( =ty-"o ,p>isian ,an>*i/s t ,i h /udi$ ) ,b]tillon at ! (fice ( ! police ( ,p>is1 ! proportion ( ! crim9al type 0 #ca p] c5t4 ,9 ! rebellion ( ! #a/ ( ,may la/ ,i 0 able to /udy "o hundr$ ,tur9 ,an>*i/s4 ,i f\nd ! crim9al type among ^! 9 ! proportion ( #cd p] c5t41 :ile 9 two hundr$ & eighty ord9>y crim9als ( ! prison at ,tur9 ! type 0 #dc p] c5t4 ,,table ,,( ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,,tur9 ,,ord9>y ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,,an>*i/s,,crim9als ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,exagg]at$ plagiocephaly #aa #ba ,facial asymmetry #cf #fj ,o!r cranial anomalies 7ultra-bra*ycephaly etc47 #ae #dd ,v l>ge jaw #ai #bi ,exagg]at$ zygomas #af #bc ,enorm\s frontal s9us #ag #ai ,d5tal anomalies #cj #bj ,anomalies ( ! e>s #fd #ge ,anomalies ( ! nose #dj #eg ,anomal\s coloration ( sk9 #cj #h ,old w\nds #aj #bf ,tattoo+ #d #aj ,neuro-pa?ological anomalies #h #bf ,among ! #ajj individuals arre/$ on ! #a/ ( ,may1 #cj p] c5t4 7 recidivi/s = common crimes2 among ! o!rs1 #ej p] c5t4 ,( true prison habitus !re 7 #h among ! =m] & #bj among ! latt]4 ,?anks to ! assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,c>us ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company1 :o has s5t me _m curi\s data & also ! "w ( ,s*aack1 ,an>*y & ,an>*i/s 7,*icago1 #ahhi71 :i* is v p>tial1 al?\gh ri* 9 facts1 ,i h be5 able to /udy ! photographs ( #dc ,*icago an>*i/s1 & ,i h f\nd among !m almo/ ! same proportion ( ! crim9al type1 t is #dj p] c5t4 ,! ones t pres5t$ ?is type are ! two ,dj5eks1 ,potoswki1 ,cloba1 ,seveski1 ,/imak1 ,sug>1 ,micol&a1 ,bod5dick1 ,lieske1 ,l+g1 ,opp5heim1 ,engel & 8 wife1 ,field51 ,g4 ,lehm1 ,?iele1 & ,mo/4 ,especially 9 ,pot[ski1 ,sug>1 & ,micol&a ,i m>k facial asymmetry1 enorm\s jaws1 develop$ frontal s9us1 protrud+ e>s2 & ! same 7except ! asymmetry7 9 ,seveski & ,novak4 ,field5 has a turn$ up nose & enorm\s jaws2 ,mo/ has acrocephaly & facial asymmetry4 ,on ! contr>y a v f9e physiognomy has ,m>x1 ) 8 v full =ehead1 bu%y hair & be>d1 & s(t eyes2 & likewise ,lassalle1 ,h]mann1 ,s*wab1 ! two ,spies1 ,neebe1 ,s*naubelt1 ,wall]1 & ,seeg]4 ,9 /udy+ ! *ief an>*i/s sep>ately1--! m>tyrs ( ! ,*icago an>*i/s1 x might well be said1--!re is f\nd 9 !m all an anomaly1 v frequ5t 9 normal m5 z well2 t is to say ! e>s are )\t lobes2 ! e>s are also develop$ a little m ?an normally 9 all 7except 9 ,spies71 !y are protrud+ 9 ,l+g1 ,fis*]1 & ,engel2 ! jaw is mu* develop$ 9 ,l+g1 ,spies1 ,fis*]1 & ,engel2 all h1 h[ev]1 except ,spies1#gb ! =ehead f9e & full1 ) great intellig5ce4 ,9 ! plates ( ! j\rnal ,d] ,vorbote we f9d a ,mongolic ca/ ( feature 9 ,engel & ,l+g1 bo? ( :om %\ld h mu* ( ! deg5]ative *>act]s1 enorm\s jaw & zygoma1 & ,l+g oblique eyes4 ,b ^! *>act]s are mu* less app>5t 9 ! photographs t ,i receiv$ f ,! ,moni/ & 9 :i* ! jaw ( ,fis*] ev5 decreases4 ,p]haps ^! photographs 7 tak5 "s ye>s be=e ! crime1 :5 !y 7 v "y4 ,c]ta9ly 9 bo? in/ances 79 ! ,vorbote & ! photographs f ,! ,moni/7 ,i f9d a v noble & truly g5ial physiognomy 9 ,p>sons & ,neebe4 ,! physiognomy ( ,augu/ ,spies is morbid4 ,he has a s5ile auricle1 volum9\s jaw bones & a /rongly develop$ frontal s9us4 ,&1 x is necess>y to rem>k1 ! physiognomy corresponds ) 8 autobiography1 writt5 ) a fi]ce fanaticism2 :il/ 9 ! po/hum\s writ+s ( ,p>sons & 9 ! writ+s ( ,neebe we rem>k a calm & reflective en?usiasm4 #gb ,?us accord+ to ! portrait 9 ,s*aack's book2 b accord+ to in=mation :i* ,i lat] receiv$ f ,g5]al ,trumbull ( ,*icago1 ?is portrait is n true to life4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! features ^u :i* my op9ion is bas$ d n exi/4 ,s*wab has ! physiognomy ( a savant1 ( a /ud5t2 he mu* resembles ! nihili/ ,anton(f1 behead$ 9 ,russia4 7,see ,plate ,,iv 9 my ,delitto ,politico47 ,neebe is q l an ,italian economi/ well kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 ,luigi ,luzzatti4 ,field5 has a wild physiognomy1 n )\t s5suality4 ,p>sons resembles ,bodio1 ! great ,italian /ati/ician1 & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! face1 ,/anley4 ,:5 ,i say t ! an>*i/s ( ,tur9 & ( ,*icago are frequ5tly ( ! crim9al type1 ,i d n mean t political crim9als1 ev5 ! mo/ viol5t an>*i/s1 are true crim9als2 b t !y possess ! deg5]ative *>act]s common to crim9als & to ! insane1 be+ anomalies & possess+ ^! traits by h]$ity2 z a fact1 ! fa!r ( ,boo? 0 call$ ,junius ,brutus1 & gave to 8 son ! "n ( a revolutioni/1 ,wilkes4 ,! fa!rs ( ,guiteau & ( ,nobil+1 & ! "m ( ,/aps 7 religi\s lunatics2 & ,/aps also1 l ,ravaillac1 ,clem5t1 ,brutus1 _h halluc9ations4 ,9 ! autobiographies ( ! ,vorbote ,i f9d t ,p>sons _h a v religi\s ,me?odi/ "m & a fa!r :o _h mu* to d ) ! movem5t ( ! ,temp]ance ,league4 ,inde$1 ! ,p>sons s9ce #afjj _h z a family tak5 "p 9 all revolution>y movem5ts4 ,a ,tompk91 a relation ( 8 "m1 _h tak5 "p 9 ! battles ( ,br&yw9e & ( ,monm\?2 a ,g5]al ,p>sons 0 an (fic] 9 ! ,revolution ( #aggf1 & a capta9 ,p>sons engag$ 9 ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill4 ,spies 0 born 9 a *ateau celebrat$ = feudal robb]ies--call$ on t acc\nt ! ,raubs*loss4 ,! fa!r ( ,l\is ,l+g suff]$ ?r\gh 8 labor z a workman a concussion ( ! bra9--accord+ to ! ,vorbote4 ,! fa!r ( ,field51 an orator ( p[] not)/&+ 8 occupation z a workman1 0 "o ( ! agitators ( ! "q ( agricultural l&s = work+m5 9 ,engl&2 he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,consum]s' ,co-op]ative ,society & a prime mov] 9 ! society ( ,odd ,fell[s4 ,= ^? :o w object t 9 _m ( ^! relations !y see only g5iuses1 ,i h only to cite my "w ,l',homme de ,gnie1 :]e ,i h prov$ h[ (t5 g5ius is n]v\s epilepsy1 & h[ almo/ all ! sons ( m5 ( g5ius are lunatics1 idiots1 or crim9als4 ,?is h]$it>y influ5ce is se5 also 9 ! great numb] ( bro!rs *>g$ toge!r1 ! two ,spies1 ! two ,dj5eks1 ! two ,field5s1 & ! two ,lehms4 ,accord+ to _! autobiographies also _! fa!rs or _! mo!rs di$ e>ly2 f :i* we may presume t !y 7 old or diseas$4 ,! morbid impressibility ( ,engel has be5 admitt$ by himself4 ,i _c1 he said to 8 wife1 hold )9 me :at ,i feel4 ,i mu/ explode4 ,! en?usiasm takes possession ( me2 x is a disease4 ,l+g c\ld n rema9 quiet an in/ant2 9 8 room he always _h "s dynamite 9 /ore4 ,bod5dick 0 a ?ief & a mattoid2 full ( cunn+1 mis*ief & mad tricks1 ev5 accord+ to ! ,arbeit]-,zeitung4 ,he 0 always dream+ ( new explosives4 ,?\gh insane he 0 a g5ius z appe>s f 8 poetry1 :i* is publi%$ by ,s*ick & is 9 ! /yle ( ! celebrat$ ,song ( ! ,%irt4 ,! suicide ( ,l+g ) dynamite %[s 8 moral ins5sibility1 z d ! words ( ,p>sons address$ to ! society ( an>*i/s3 ,/rangle ! spies & ?r[ !m out ( ! w9d[4 ,9 ,l+g we see a truly ungov]nable epileptoid idea driv+ him to political action4 ,i _c control myself2 he said1 x is /rong] ?an ,i4 ,i repeat t among ! an>*i/s !re are no true crim9als2 ev5 ,s*aack1 ! police hi/orian1 c "n b two crim9als1 & c]ta9ly he w\ld n h sp>$ !m if he c\ld h /igmatis$ !m4 ,_! h]oic-l dea?s1 ) _! ideal on _! lips1 proves t !y 7 n common crim9als4 ,nev]!less ! psy*ology ( ! lead]s ( ! ,commune %[s 9 !m a true moral ins5sibility1 an innate cruelty1 :i* f\nd a pretext & a scope 9 politics2 & :i* accords too well ) _! crim9al physiognomies4 ,m>at dem&s two hundr$ & t5 ?\s& heads2 ,valls speaks ( 8 family ) a true hatr$2 ,c>ri] wrote1 ,we w make a cemet]y ( ,france2 ,f]r smil$ :ile by 8 ord]s !y kill$ ,veisset2 & ,rigault said 9 slang to 8 pi/ol1 ,il faut pet] sur le *ipau4 ,! la/ words ( ,spies be=e ! c\rt express a f]oci\s hatr$ t[>ds ! ri*2 & ! project ( ! an>*i/s ( ,*icago 7if x is true7 to bl[ up a "p ( ! city ) bombs atte/s an abs5ce ( ! moral s5se4 ,we "k t _m an>*i/s reg>d brig&s & ?ieves1 su* z ,p9i1 ,kamm]]1 & ,gasp>oni1 z _! bro!rs 9 arms4 ,boo? _h = accomplice ,payne1 a true murd]] by pr(ession4 ,see also ! j\rnal publi%$ at ,g5eva ,l',explosion1 & ! ,como j\rnal ,le ,poign>d4 ,b x is necess>y to note t h]$it>y anomaly1 if x provokes an anomaly 9 ! moral s5se1 also suppresses misoneism1 ! horror ( novelty :i* is almo/ ! g5]al rule ( humanity2 x ?us makes ( !m innovators1 apo/les ( progress1 ?\gh ! education is too rude3 & ! fight ) relative mis]y ( :i* all ! an>*i/s ( ,*icago except ,neebe h be5 ! victims1 n af=d+ mat]ial = useful novelties made ( !m only failures & rebels1 h9d]+ !m f compreh5d+ t humanity z a "p ( nature1 :i* x is1 _c progress at a gallop1 non facit saltus4 ,spies on 8 la/ day discov]$ t humanity is misoneic1 ! slave ( cu/om1 & said1 quot+ ! l9es 9 ,g]man1 ,i n[ und]/& ! poet's words1 ',d5n aus ,geme9em i/ d] ,m5s* gema*t1 ,und die ,gewohnheit n5nt er se9e ,amme4' ,man has be5 %ap$ ( :at is common1 ,& habit is ! nurse by :om he's re>$4 ,evid5tly if he _h und]/ood x be=e he w\ld n h be5 an an>*i/4 ,:oev] has obs]v$ 9 asylums ! conduct ( lunatics1 w und]/& t "o ( _! *>act]i/ics is orig9ality1 j z 9 m5 ( g5ius2 only ! orig9ality ( ! insane & ( moral lunatics1 or ( born crim9als1 is v (t5 absurd or unavailable4 ,?is is :y ,i1 al?\gh ,i am an extremi/ 9 my p>tisan%ip = ! dea?-p5alty1 _c approve ! %oot+ ( ! ,commun>ds & ! hang+ ( ! an>*i/ m>tyrs ( ,*icago4 ,i deem x highly necess>y to suppress born crim9als1 :5 !y rea* ! p]suasion t be+ born = evil !y c d no?+ b evil2 & ,i believe t _! dea? ?us saves ! lives ( _m hone/ m54 ,b we h to d ) a v diff]5t ?+ "h1 :]e ! crim9al type is1 z %[n above1 less frequ5t ?an among born crim9als4 ,x is also necess>y to consid] "h ! y\?ful condition ( almo/ all ^! p]sons--,l+g #bc ye>s1 ,s*wab #cc ye>s1 ,neebe #cb ye>s4 ,= at ?is age m5 are at ! maximum po9t ( _! audacity & misoneism2 & ,i rememb] a lead+ ,russian ,nihili/ say+ to me t !re 0 n an hone/ man 9 ,russia :o 0 n a nihili/ at #bj ye>s ( age & ultra-mod]ate at #dj ye>s4 ,if ! incl9ation to evil "h exi/s 9 great] proportion ?an 9 law-abid+ m51 x nev]!less takes an altrui/ic turn1 :i* is q ! contr>y to t :i* is obs]v$ among born crim9als1 & :i* comm&s our admiration & ar\ses our j pity4 ,?is incl9ation1 9 associat+ itself ) ! want ( ! new1 :i* is also abnormal 9 humanity1 c\ld1 if x 7 prop]ly direct$ & 7 n cross$ by mis]y1 prove itself ( great value to humanity2 x c\ld trace = x new r\tes1 & 9 e case be practically useful to x4 ,a born crim9al imprison$ = life w kill "s gaol]1 9 a colony w ally himself ) ! savages1 & w nev] "w2 :ile political crim9als 9 a colony w become m useful pione]s ev5 ?an law-abid+ m54 ,an example is se5 9 ,l\ise ,mi*el1 :o 9 ,new ,cal$onia 0 ! mo/ *>itable ( ! sick nurses4 ,& !n !re is no political crime aga9/ :i* ! puni%m5t ( dea? c be direct$4 ,an idea is nev] /ifl$ ) ! dea? ( its abettors3 x ga9s ) ! dea? ( ! m>tyrs if x is good1 z is ! case 9 revolutions2 & x falls at once into vacuity if x is /]ile1 z is ! case1 p]haps1 ) ! an>*i/s4 ,& !n1 z judgm5t _c be =m$ ( a great man dur+ 8 life1 s a g5]ation _c 9 its ephem]al life judge ) c]ta9ty ( ! ju/ice ( an idea1 & = t reason x is n prop] to inflict s radical a puni%m5t on its abettors4 ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,,innovation ,,& ,,in]tia ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,i4 ,,misoneism4 ,9 ! moral _w ! law :i* is se5 to dom9ate all ! o!rs is ! law ( in]tia4 ,?is law ( in]tia is s p[]ful t ev5 aft] hav+ be5 ov]come by ! friction ( ages x always leaves1 ev5 among be+s t h mo/ progress$1 traces ( its orig9al oscillation1 9 survivals1 9 rudim5t>y organs1 :5 x is n r5ew$ 9 all its complet5ess 9 c]ta9 atavi/ic =ms4 ,in]tia 9 ! moral _w4--,grant+ t x 7 possible & desirable to conte/ ?is law 9 ! organic _w1 x c\ld c]ta9ly n be done 9 ! moral _w4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh we are ?\ght to be mak+ great progress1 yet if we =m a graphic *>t %[+ ! progress made on ! globe1 we %all see to :at mis]able proportions x is r$uc$4 ,x may be said t all ,africa1 except c]ta9 po9ts encroa*$ on by ! ,aryans1 ,au/ralia1 & a good half "p ( ,am]ica1 are almo/ 9 ! prehi/oric /ate1 or at be/ 9 ! /ate ( ! great ,asiatic empires ( ! e>lie/ hi/oric epo*s4 ,or p]haps 7z 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,hayti1 & ,sib]ia7 civilisation has only *ang$ ! appe>ances ( primitive life1 by sub/itut+ = immobility an un/able equilibrium1 :i* is almo/ worse /ill4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 pro( ( ! ext5sion & ( ! pr$om9ance 9 ! moral _w ( ! law ( in]tia1 is ! hatr$ ( novelty1 s little notic$1 :i* we call ,misoneism1 & :i* arises f ! ef=t & ! repugnance we exp]i5ce :5 we h to sub/itute a new s5sation = an old "o4 ,& ?is is s common among animals t x c be reg>d$ z a physiological "*4 ,m9ds feeble1 enfeebl$1 or primitive 9 "*1 %[ !mselves ! mo/ susceptible ( repugnance to :at is novel2 x be+ und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t x is n a "q "h ( small innovations1 su* z fa%ion = wom51 ! *ange f ! elliptic to ! circul>1 tattoo+ = savages1 & sports = *ildr52 = n only h ! latt] no dread ( su* *anges1 b on ! contr>y !y wi% he>tily = !m1 z !y excite ! n]v\s c5tres1 :i* require *ange1 )\t irritat+ !m1 & )\t caus+ pa94 ,b :5 ! innovation is too radical1 x is n m]ely ! savage & ! *ild :o repel x ) dread2 ! great majority ( m51 = :om misoneism is a law ( nature1 are s5sible ( a feel+ ( repugnance1 z ! result ( ! pa9 produc$ by ! necessity 9 :i* !y are plac$ ( caus+ _! bra9s to be trav]s$ by too rapid transitions1 a task n )9 _! p[]1 in]tia & ! repetition ( movem5ts 7individual or atavi/ic7 be=e p]=m$1 be+ natural to ord9>y m51 z to all animals4 ,misoneism 9 mann]s4--,?is may be se51 = example1 9 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! mod]n ,greeks2 not)/&+ ! vicissitudes ( "t1 we f9d 9 !m ! anci5t ,greek4 ,! ,fr5* ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are /ill 9 _m respects su* z !y are depict$ by ,/rabo 7,,iv1 #d71 & by ,cs> 7,de ,bello ,gallico1 ,,iv1 #e71 lov]s ( arms & ( o/5tation1 incurably va91 facile ( spee*1 easily c>ri$ away by words1 & imprud5t 9 _! resolves4 ,misoneism 9 religion4--,z mu* c be said ( ?is 9 relation to religion1 lit]ature1 & art1 :]e we see misoneism triumph4 ,) respect to religion x c ev5 be affirm$ t ?is is ! in/itution mo/ completely bas$ on misoneism2 to ! ext5t t we see ! ,*ri/ian religion pres]ve ( anci5t religions1 n only musical h>mony 7! *ant71 sacr$ ve/m5ts 7! mitre & fibula ( ! ,egyptian prie/s71 ! scapul> & ! s&als ( ! ,roman plebeian1 etc41 b also ! ,mi?raic leg5ds 9 c]ta9 dogmas :i* h relation to ! sun1 & ev5 to anci5t feti*ism4 ,misoneism 9 morality4--,! misonei/ic in/9ct1 f$ by religion1 may leave traces pr(\nd en\gh to =m a morality sui g5]is1 & provoke among savages remorse at hav+ fail$ 9 a brutal cu/om1 be x ev] s repugnant1 su* z among u is provok$ 9 good m5 by crime4 ,misoneism 9 sci5ce4--,9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s p]secutions ( m5 ( g5ius1 inv5tors or re=m]s1 w suffice to prove ! t]rible influ5ce ( misoneism1 :i* is ! m intol]ant & ! m fanatical ! m ignorant x is2 & we ne$ only cite ! names ( ,columbus1 ( ,galileo1 & ( ,salomon de ,caus1 ! fir/ inv5tor ( /eam app>atus1 :o 0 s5t to ! ,bictre by ,ri*elieu4 ,misoneism 9 lit]ature4--,likewise to misoneism we owe1 9 great "p1 our admiration = old works & anci5t ru9s1 h[ev] hide\s !y may be4 ,because admir$ by our fa!rs & by our =efa!rs !y obta91 s to say1 a way ( entrance into u1 to impose !mselves on our v5]ation4 ,?us ! ,sanscrit language = ! ,h9doo1 ! ,hebrew language = ! ,jews1 & to "s ext5t ,lat9 = _m ,*ri/ian ,europeans h become a k9d ( sacr$ tongue & l+ui/ic feti* ev5 outside ! prec9cts ( religi\s usage4 ,! enorm\s influ5ce ( gramm>ians 9 imp]ial ,rome1 & aft]w>ds dur+ ! epo* ( decad5ce1 z well z 9 ! middle ages1 expla9s also ! p]si/5ce ( ! mod]n feti*ism = gramm>1 :i* seems absurd 9 an age ( naturali/s & ma!maticians4 ,& f !nce comes ! n less absurd & yet un%akable fai? 9 classicism1 root$ deeply ev5 9 m5 wor?y ( respect1 :o cause u to lose ! be/ ye>s ( life 9 /amm]+ 9 an almo/ useless tongue4 ,misoneism 9 politics4--,! same may be said ) mu* m fitness ( _m social & political in/itutions :i* are ?\ght to be mod]n & :i* are only relics ( o!r times2 x is = ?is reason only t !y attract ! admiration & ! respect ( ! majority ( p1 con/itut+ true conv5tional lies1 z ,nordau calls !m1 b :i* h _! b\rgeois believ]s & apo/les4 ,9 fact1 ! pa/ is s incorporat$ 9 our inw>d be+ t ev5 ! mo/ refractory ( u feel a p[]ful attraction t[>ds x4 ,?us we may be z unbeliev+ z c be wi%$1 & yet at e h\r ( ! day we feel ourselves /ruck & attract$ by ! cajol]ies ( prie/s4 ,we may be lov]s ( equality1 b1 z we h already said1 we feel a secret v5]ation = ! heirs ( our b>ons4 ,x is 9 va9 t ! uselessness ( c]ta9 laws is accept$2 he :o upholds & def5ds !m w meet ) ! approbation ( multitudes1 call$ =? by ! sole circum/ance t ! laws h exi/$4 ,& if civilisation progresses (t51 x is because x f9ds 9 ! *anges ( climate1 ( race1 or 9 ! appe>ance ( m5 ( g5ius or madm51 circum/ances :i* end 9 comb9+ a great _m small movem5ts 9 su* a mann] z to make ( !m 9 "t a great "o4 ,max ,nordau ?9ks 7) "s exagg]ation7 t progress is due m to a few enlight5$ despots ?an to all revolutioni/s4 ,b ?is progress 0 v sl[2 he :o wi%$ to precipitate x1 contrav5$ ! physiological nature ( man2 consequ5tly a revolution :i* is n an evolution1 is pa?ological & crim9al4 ,misoneism 9 ! puni%m5t ( crimes aga9/ cu/om4--,?is is :y 9 primitive legislation we see (f5ces aga9/ cu/om con/itute ! maximum ( delict1 ( immorality4 ,,ii4 ,,philoneism4 ,?is !ory ( misoneism1 previ\sly exp\nd$ 9 my ,delitto ,politico1 has ar\s$ opposition f all sides2 especially 9 ,france1 on ! "p ( ,brunetire1 ,proal1 ,t>de1 ,joly1 & ,m]l9o4 ,*ildr51 say !y1 wom51 savages are curi\s1 lov]s ( novelties1 & misonei/s are s f> f be+ ignorant t y y\rself ref] to !m z be+ among ! academicians1 7^! la/ are /ill x appe>s 9 ! ,lat9 _w admir]s ( good fai?72 arti/s h success only 9 attempt+ new pa?s2 all peoples h ! love ( *ange2 !y prove x by _! emigrations & by _! invasions2 ! great invasions ( ! b>b>ians 7 an example ( x4 ,besides1 if !re are misonei/s1 !re are also neophiles1 & ! "o makes up = ! o!r4 ,9 ea* ( u1 writes ,t>de1 by ! side ( habit1 a sort ( physiological misoneism1 exi/s caprice2 by ! side ( ! incl9ation to repeat1 ! incl9ation to innovate4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two necessities is fundam5tal1 b ! second is ! ess5tial1 ! raison d'tre ( ! o!rs4#gc #gc ,revue ,philosophique1 ,octob]1 #ahij4 ,9 ord] to reply to all ^! objections x is necess>y above all to be well und]/ood4 ,z to m9or innovations1 & caprices t satisfy ! ne$ ( movem5t ( our organs1 f ! v fact t !y are animate1 x is c]ta9 t we are all v eag] = ^!2 9 proportion ( c\rse to our sex1 our age1 & our degree ( intellectual culture4 ,! little *ild w be happy ) a toy1 he w exp]i5ce fe> or dread at ! sight ( a mask1 ( a l>ge animal or ev5 ( a small "o2 ,i h se5 *ildr5 fright5$ by a sp>r[1 by a fly4 ,woman takes pleasure 9 disguis+ h]self 9 a /rik+ mann]1 9 we>+ new g>m5ts 9 :i* to att5d great plays 9 ! !atres1 b %e has a horror ( new religi\s rites1 & ( new discov]ies1 to su* a degree t a great numb] /ill refuse to use l95 & knitt$ "w made by ma*9]y2 sew+ ma*9es !mselves f9d _! way among !m only v sl[ly4 7,m]l9o47 ,:5 x is claim$ 7,m]l9o7 t savages love novelties1 f ! fact1 relat$ by ,ellis1 t "s ( !m endeavor$ to procure ,bibles1 7tak+ !m1 p]haps1 = play?+s17 or arms ( :i* !y _h se5 ! useful effects1 _! nature is misjudg$2 s9ce ev5 aft] _m ye>s pass$ 9 contact ) ,european civilisation1 aft] hav+ worn its clo?+ & ornam5ts1 !y return nak$ to _! =e/s1 :]e a w>m g>m5t w\ld c]ta9ly n be an object ( emb>rassm5t4 ,to believe ) ,c>d9al ,massaia t !y (f] !mselves volunt>ily = vacc9ation1 t !y ev5 ask x1 is to ignore t ev5 among ourselves1 vacc9ation enc\nt]s a great numb] ( adv]s>ies4 ,does n ,/anley relate t 9 8 la/ j\rney1 an epidemic ( smallpox hav+ brok5 out 9 ! camp1 _m ( ! port]s1 al?\gh !y saw t ! vacc9at$ ,zanzib>is did n die1 refus$ to submit to vacc9ation8 ,accord+ to ,t>de1 ! sup]/iti\s admiration1 ! en?usia/ic v5]ation by b>b>\s peoples ( v>i\s =ms ( insanity1 (t5 baptis$ z prophetism & sa9tl9ess1 sc>cely accords ) ! av]sion = novelties1 t is to say = s+ul>ities1 :i* ,i attribute to !m too lib]ally4 ,b ! cause ( t admiration is no?+ else ?an ! fe>1 ! ignorance :i* leads !m to take a disease = ! inspiration ( a ,god4 ,nev]!less1 ,i am f> f d5y+ ! influ5ce ( madm5 9 philoneism & 9 revolutions 7z we %all see 9 ! sequel ( ?is article72 yet if we obs]ve ! ,santons ( ,africa & _! obsc5ities1 we see t x is n = _! useful & innovat+ ideas t b>b>ians v5]ate madm54 ,! ,academician w admire a new species ( snail1 he w ?rill ) joy at ! discov]y ( a ,phnician inscription t w enable him to le>n ! "n ( a tribal *ief1 he w g into ec/asies be=e a great] curvity giv5 to a screw1 b he w excommunicate ! telephone1 ! telegraph1 ! railway1 ! new laws ( ,d>w94 ,! arti/1 also1 w love to trace a new arabesque1 to *ange to blue ! prevail+ color ( ! rose1 b he w nev] attempt1 directly1 ) success1 new me?ods4 ,! hatr$ by all ! elevat$ & academical classes :i* /ill besets ,zola1 ,balzac1 & ,flaub]t1 ! action br\ght aga9/ ! la/ nam$1 & ! univ]sal sc&als rais$ by ,de ,gonc\rt1 ,boito1 ,ross9i1 & ,v]di1 are !re to prove x4 ,! fir/1 at lea/1 :o attempts a new me?od 9 pa9t+1 9 lit]ature1 etc41 w enc\nt] only hatr$ & contempt4 ,& :5 we smile at models un*angeably fix$ by ,egyptian art1 we d n ?9k t ! ,madonna & ! ,jesus ( our pa9t]s h n *ang$ = eighte5 c5turies4 ,horace wrote3 ,adeo sanctum e/ vetus omne poema4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indignor quicquam repreh5di1 non quia crasse ,compositum1 illepideve putetur1 s$ quia nup]4 ,x is !n n true1 z is object$ aga9/ me 9 ,france 7,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 #ahij71 t 9 ext5d+ misoneism to ! academies1 its greate/ int5sity is exclud$ f among ! ignorant4 ,ea* class1 ea* ca/e has a proportionate ignorance1 & a repugnance equally proportional = t ( :i* x is ignorant4 ,we h demon/rat$ x = g5ius itself1 :i* is sublime on c]ta9 sides only to be ! l[e/ on "s o!rs1 & we c\ld h a pro( ( x ev5 9 ! opposition t ! mo/ ard5t neophiles1 ! an>*i/s1 make to ?is !ory ( misoneism1 ( :i* !y are ?us !mselves a confirmation4 ,bism>ck despises p>liam5t>ianism1 peace1 arbitration1 & ev5 ! ,lat91 or r ,european1 alphabet4 ,flaub]t & ,ross9i _h a dread ( railways4 ,! /atesm5 :o gov]n ,europe are n all g5iuses1 b !y are m5 n de/itute ( intellectual culture2 & yet h[ c x be expla9$ t !y s /rive ) ev] increas+ t5acity & zeal to increase armam5ts & armies1 to ! ext5t ( caus+ ru9 to _! peoples1--a great] & m complete ru9 p]haps1 ?an t :i* ev5 a disa/r\s w> might occasion8 ,& ?is = ! purpose1 !y decl>e1 7& x seems to be s9c]e17 ( m surely escap+ w>1 :5 z a fact "o f\r? ( ! money sp5t = t end w\ld be suffici5t to assure ! happ9ess ( ! peoples gov]n$ by af=d+ ! social que/ions :i* !y all pret5d to h at he>t1 a solution :i*1 z ?+s n[ are1 x is ev] becom+ m difficult to rea*4 ,! true cause is 9 ! repugnance !y exp]i5ce to ! idea ( />t+ on a fre% pa?1 9 ! t5d5cy to adh]e to old habits :i* g back ev5 to ! epo*s ( ! w>rior ca/es4 ,inde$ 9 ! m9ds ( a v great numb]1 at lea/ among ! ,g]mans1 a good corporal ( ! gu>d is m wor?y ( consid]ation ?an a great s*ol>2 debate 9 p>liam5t on ! erection ( a =tress is n p]mitt$1 h[ev] co/ly x may be1 :il/ e "o may speak on ! e/abli%m5t ( a s*ool2 9 ,france1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,g]many1 to t\* ! w> budget1 unproductive & ru9\s z x may be1 is to raise ! h& to ! ark ( ! cov5ant1--a v]itable /ate crime4 ,b sci5ce is a new ?+1 :ile ! art ( w> goes back to remote/ antiquity2 x desc5ds f ,a*illes & f ,ca94 ,i 0 n guilty ( a self-contradiction :5 ,i said t ! mod]n ,fr5* love novelty z mu* z _! ance/ors did4 ,i am too mu* ! fri5d & too fond ( ! ,fr5* to flatt] !m1 & n to tell !m exactly :at ,i ?9k4 ,france is und5iably at ! head ( ! ,lat9 races1 b to ! same ext5t1 & p]haps m ?an !y1 x pref]s novelties to ! new4 ,x has always _h ! /ormy agitations1 r ?an ! useful results1 ( revolutions4 ,! great religi\s re=m1 ,prote/antism1 t\*$ x )\t affect+ x2 ! great con/itutional re=m has tak5 b slight root1 & t two c5turies & a half aft] x 0 accompli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,balzac wrote3 ,9 ,france ! provisional is et]nal al?\gh ! ,fr5* are suspect$ ( lov+ *ange4 ,novelties to be accept$ by ! ,fr5* mu/ be su* z d n int]f]e ) _! habits4 ,& x is !y :o h inv5t$ ! words r\t9e1 blague1 & *auv9ism4 ,x is because !y are /ill 9 ! milit>y p]iod ( ,sp5c]4 ,s f> z t goes1 !y h cri$ out bew>e6 to ! ,engli%1 !n1 bew>e to ! ,russians1 n[ bew>e to ! ,g]mans & ! ,italians4 ,!y *ange volunt>ily _! dress1 _! m9i/]s1 _! ext]nal =m ( gov]nm5t1 b always !re rema9s 9 !m at bottom a slight atta*m5t to ! anci5t druidical & ,cs>ian t5d5cies4 ,x is n _m ye>s s9ce ! prie/ /ill comm&$ 9 ,v5de4 ,we h se5 ! ,fr5*1 :ile extreme republican1 make w> = ! ,pope4 ,aft] hav+ a ,f\ri] & ,pr\dhon &1 :at is m1 univ]sal suffrage1 !y h n yet a social law :i* gives satisfaction to ! j dem&s ( ! indig5t1 or ( work+m51 beyond t ( ! probi viri4 ,x is true t !y h _h _! peasant w>s--_! ,jacqu]ie--& '#hi2 b ^! 7 explosions t ar\s$ !m b = a mom5t only to all[ !m aft]w>ds to fall mu* l[]4 ,inde$1 b a few c5turies aft] ! ,jacqu]ie1 !y saw ! same peasants :o _h rais$ ! insurrection1 kiss ! horses ( ! c\ri]s :o br\ght good news ( ! heal? ( ! k+4 ,& :at a k+6 ,l\is ,,xv1 :o might r be call$ ! execution]1 ?an ! adm9i/rator ( 8 p4 ,& aft] hav+ driv5 away s _m ,cs>s1 little 0 want+ to make !m fall aga9 "u su* a trump]y ,cs> z ,b\lang] if ! highe/ classes ( ! capital _h n be5 oppos$ to x4 ,moreov] c]ta9 p>ticul> facts1 :i* portray mu* bett] _! physiognomy1 %[ h[ fundam5tally cons]vative !y are4 ,let u cite = example ! v5]ation exhibit$ by ! high classes = ! ,academies & ! passion = h]aldic titles & decorations4 ,france is academic1 wrote ,de ,gonc\rt 9 ,manette ,salomon4 ,s>cey relates t dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 ! fle% ( ! animals ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 hav+ be5 put up = sale1 ! common p pref]r$ to suff] hung] r ?an eat ( x1 s t ! educat$ classes alone f$ on x4 ,we "k :at resi/ance ! ,fr5* made1 "u a ?\s& pretexts1 to ! re=m ( _! or?ography1 :i* is 9 "p m]ely ! relics ( ! old pronunciation4 ,rec5tly1 an eng9e] at ,bordeaux wrote to me1 t1 on 8 inv5t+ ma*9]y = ! easy transf]5ce ( m]*&ise f %ips to ! quays1 /urdy opposition 0 met ) on ! "p ( ! /ev$ores ( ! port1 :o w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to d]ive great advantage f x4 ,! m$ical faculty at ,p>is has n only ana!matis$ t>t> emetic1 vacc9e1 e!r1 & ! antiseptic me?od1 b also ! physicians :o sub/itut$ ! use ( horses = ! anci5t employm5t ( mules to exp$ite _! visits to _! pati5ts4#gd #gd ,revue ,sci5tifique1 #ahhi4 ,is x n 9 le>n$ ,g]many t we f9d ,anti-semitism 9 fa%ion8 ,& has n ,russia made x a law ( ! /ate8 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,sicily is n ! anci5t me?od /ill pres]v$ ( embalm+ & ( pa9t+ ! bodies ( ! dead :i* 0 practis$ among ! anci5t ,egyptians8 ,a rec5t law-suit tri$ at ,tur9 has prov$ t n only ! l[] classes1 b also numb]s ( p]sons belong+ to ! high] classes protect !mselves by practices t di/9ctly recall ^? ( ! sorc]]s ( antiquity4 ,all ?is w\ld prove t philoneism is r ! exception ?an ! rule4 ,x is object$ to my position1 t nations & peoples are su* lov]s ( *ange t !y h always emigrat$4 ,b be=e mak+ ?is affirmation1 we ought to /udy ! causes :i* impel !m to emigration4 ,day by day ! peasants see _! wages decrease2 yet ev5 !n !y d n remove f ! l& t !y love m ?an !mselves1 & to :i* !y are m closely b\nd ?an !y ev] 7 by feudal laws4 ,:5 epidemics produc$ by ! bad quality ( c]eals1 z pellagra & acrodynia1 :5 mortal diseases & ! mo/ cruel fam9e de/roy !m by ?\s&s1 !n only1 & ev5 !n n always1 d !y come to a det]m9ation2 :ile = _m ye>s !y keep be=e !m ! remembrance ( _! native soil1 ( t c\ntry1 :i*1 l a true /epmo!r1 gave !m only diseases & suff]+s4 ,i h li/5$ to poor emigrants say to me3 ,we h only to die6 ,! life t we lead is c]ta9 dea?2 & x is = ?is reason alone t we h det]m9$ to emigrate4 ,z to ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians1 only ill-in=m$ m9ds c believe t x 0 ! effect ( a sudd5 movem5t1 ( a caprice hurry+ away masses almo/ )\t a reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 all n[ admit 7z 0 really m5tion$ 9 ,tacitus1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 ,*ap4 #b1 ( ! ,annals7 t x 0 a v sl[ movem5t1 already begun ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 & ( :i* t ( ! ,cimbri1 :o came f ,jutl&1 0 an episode4 ,! cross+ ( ! ,baltic 0 an easy ent]prise4 ,! inhabitants ( ! coa/ _h a suffici5t numb] ( vessels1 & f ,c>lsroon to ! ne>e/ ports ( ,russia & ( ,pom]ania 0 only a di/ance ( ?irty-f\r leagues4 ,if ! tribes ( ,g]mans1 ,suevians1 & ,go?s 7 repuls$ f ,italian soil1 !y _h already tak5 a firm position on ! soil ( ,gaul4 ,cs> 7,de ,bello ,gallico7 speaks ( ,ariovi/us & ! ,suevians :om he met !re z 8 mo/ =midable enemies4 ,!y did n appe> to him z =m+ an isolat$ body1 deta*$ f ,g]many2 on ! contr>y1 he relates t ! ,g]mans "t & aga9 =c$ _! way into ,gaul4 ,movem5ts )9 cont9u$1 = ev5 aft] ,augu/us we f9d t ! ,romans did n always enc\nt] ! same peoples 9 ! same c\ntries4 ,?is is affirm$ by ,procopius1 ,paulus ,diaconus1 & _m o!rs4 ,let u recall "h t already aft] ! dea? ( ,n]o1 ,civilis1 :o 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,rome1 l$ eight cohorts f 8 c\ntry into ,gaul :]e he 0 defeat$1 b he 0 able to make an arrangem5t1 ?anks to :i* he c\ld settle z an ally at a small di/ance f ! bord]s :i* he _h betray$ 7,gibbon74 ,! ,g]mans 7a p compos$ ( volunt>y associations ( soldi]s1 almo/ savages7 be+ hunt]s r ?an cultivators1 7 naturally oblig$ to *ange _! resid5ce2 we "k inde$ ) :at rapidity ! game 0 exhau/$1 :i* oblig$ ^? :o live by x to ov]run an imm5se ext5t ( t]ritory & cont9ually to transf] _! resid5ce to o!r places2 ?is is :y emigration is 9 ?is case ! result ( ! law ( in]tia1 ! p n kn[+ h[ to replace a prec>i\s =m ( exi/5ce by "o t is m /able4 ,!y _h no t[ns1 b real movable villages t c\ld be comp>$ to ^? ( ! ,arabs ( ,africa4 ,l all nomad peoples & hunt]s1 :5 ! hope ( a conque/ %one be=e !m1 !y ab&on$ _! =e/s &1 desir+ to rea* w>m] regions1 w5t f !m ) _! wives & *ildr5 to w>4 ,dur+ long ye>s _! ef=ts 7 impot5t1 because until ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius !y 7 divid$1 precisely l ! savages ( ,am]ica1 into a great numb] 7#dj7 ( small tribes1 disp]s$ ov] an imm5se t]ritory & enemies ( "o ano!r2 x 01 consequ5tly1 ! m easy to subdue !m1 ! r t n kn[+ ! use ( ! brea/-plate & b little t ( iron & ( cavalry1 !y f\nd !mselves p[]less aga9/ ! ,roman legions1 ( ^: tactics besides !y 7 ignorant4 ,b :5 ,rome1 at ! decad5ce1 comm5c$ to recruit its army ) ,g]mans1 & :5 less vigilant 9 gu>d+ ! fronti]s1 %e all[$ ,g]man families1 if n ev5 tribes1 to pass ! same1 %e f\nd h]self 9 great "p dis>m$ aga9/ an enemy :o _h already set foot aga9/ h]1 be>+ h] own weapons1 & :at is worse1 :o knew h] treasures1 h] tactics1 & h] weaknesses4 ,"u ,tib]ius ev51 x 0 kn[n t ! auxili>y soldi]s con/itut$ ! pr9cipal =ce ( ! ,roman armies 7nihil validum 9 ex]citibus nisi quod ext]num72 at fir/ equal 9 numb] to ! legion>y soldi]s1 !y mu* exce$$ !m aft]w>ds1 :5 ! citiz5s evad$ milit>y s]vices1 & :5 "u ,galli5us ! ,s5ators 7 =bidd5 to comm& ! army4 ,to all ^! causes c /ill be add$ second>y ones4 ,be=e ! hi/oric invasion1 emigration _h tak5 place4 ,:51 says ,gibbon1 a cruel fam9e befell ! ,g]mans1 !y _h no o!r res\rce ?an to s5d a ?ird or a f\r? "p ( _! "y m5 to seek _! =tune else:]e4 ,accord+ to ! national hi/orians1 emigration 0 due to ! disproportion betwe5 ! size ( ! population & ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 ! region :]e !y dwelt 7,paulus ,diaconus73 ! ,g]mans 7 v prolific4 ,z !y 7 n agriculturi/s1 no?+ b\nd !m to ! soil2 pe/il5ce or fam9e1 a victory or a defeat1 an oracle ( ! ,gods1 or ! eloqu5ce ( a *ief suffic$ to attract !m to ! w>m] c\ntries ( ! s\?4 ,g]many 0 !n mu* cold] ?an x is at pres5t4 7,gibbon47 ,! necessity ( flee+ f ! dom9ation ( a victori\s enemy =c$ ! ,huns t[>ds ! we/2 religi\s fanaticism drove ! nomad ,arabs t[>ds ! great ,byzant9e & ,p]sian empires2 religi\s t]ror urg$ ! ,cimbri & ! ,teutons to ?r[ !mselves on ! ,gauls & on ,italy4#ge ,(t5 also ! ta/e = w9e & liquors l$ !m to invade ri* c\ntries = ^! gifts ( ,god4 #ge ,revue des deux mondes4 ,june #aa1 #ahhi4 ,b]?ollet4 ,accord+ to a leg5d1 d\bt$ by "s hi/orians1 b accept$ by o!rs1 among !m ,cipolla1 ! desc5t ( ! ,lomb>ds into ,italy appe>s to h be5 caus$ by ! fact t "s ( _! companions1 aft] hav+ s]v$ ,n>ses1 convey$ into _! c\ntry "s ,italian fruits :i* excit$ _! curiosity4 ,all ?is w suffice to expla9 ! movem5t we are consid]+1 :i* comm5c$ sl[ly among ! ,nor!rn peoples & aft]w>ds became unre/ra9able1 & to %[ h[ ! law ( in]tia 0 c\nt]act$ among !m4 ,& x is necess>y to rem>k t ?is ne$ ( movem5t ?us begun1 did n end ) ! conque/2 b1 obey+ p]fectly ! law ( in]tia1 accord+ to :i* a movem5t be+ />t$ x cont9ues indef9itely if friction does n occur to arre/ x1 x 0 cont9u$ by ! crusades1 by ! ,norman invasion ( ,sicily1 & by ! epidemics ( pilgrimage t may be reg>d$ z ! cont9uation ( ! movem5t t[>ds ! ,s\?1 begun ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 & become a habit :5 ev5 ! necessity 0 no long] s great z at o!r times1 & :5 x 0 ev5 no long] urg5t4 ,"h is /ill ano!r cause ( philoneism2 ! successive movem5ts :i* gr[ out ( ^? fir/ />t$4 ,z ! hi/orians v well obs]ve1 ,mahomet 0 a cont9uation ( ! ,judaic ,*ri/ian revolution>y initiative4 ,mahomet 0 a ,naz>5e1 a ,judo-,*ri/ian4 ,semitic mono!ism rega9$ its rights ?r\gh him1 & av5g$ itself = ! my?ological & poly!i/ic complications t ,greek g5ius _h introduc$ into ! !ology ( ! fir/ disciples ( ,jesus4 7,r5an47 ,!re is m ( ?is 9 revolutions & /ill m 9 rebellions2 progress1 philoneism1 foll[+ ! law ( accel]at$ movem5t & ( ! same law ( in]tia1 once begun1 bl9dly precipitates itself to opposite excesses1 ! v ?+ t causes its ru94 ,?us ,cromwell 9 a c\ntry almo/ feudal & ultra-mon>*ical rea*$1 or r 0 driv5 by 8 p>ty1 to regicide1 & to ! f\ndation ( a democratic republic 9 :i* ! pe]s 7 consign$ to oblivion & 8 p>tisans 7( ! ,b>ebones p>liam5t7 w5t s f> z to wi% to d away ) lawy]s & univ]sities1 to =bid dances1 !atrical repres5tations1 & ev5 ,*ri/mas fe/ivities1 to mutilate /atues on behalf ( dec5cy1 & to burn sacr$ pictures4 7,macaulay47 ,?is l$ to a reaction :i* "u ,*>les ,,ii4 rea*$ absolute p[] by cons5t ( p>liam5t4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ca/ration1 & ev5 ! abolition ( prop]ty 0 rea*$4 ,we "k ! excesses ( '#hi4 ,passion expla9s _m ( ^! facts1 :i* proce$ ev5 to insanity4 ,/4 ,paul1 f an enemy became an apo/le ( ,*ri/4 ,cl>5don aft] ab&on+ himself to despair at see+ 8 son g ov] f ! s]vice ( ,james to t ( ,william1 became a rebel at ! end ( fifte5 days4 ,! p>liam5t ( ,james1 ultra-mon>*ical z x 01 rebell$4 ,! conv5tional ,baudot said3 ,!re are m5 :o h fev] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,i h _h x = t5 ye>s4 ,9 ! days ( t]rible crises1 wrote ,valb]t1 ! law ( cause & effect seems susp5d$1 ! "w is accompli%$ 9 an h\r4 ,to ask revolution to be wise1 is to ask ! tempe/ to break no?+4#gf #gf ,valb]t4 ,le c5t5naire de #aghi4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,9 e revolution1 writes ,r5an1 ! au?ors ( x are absorb$ & suppress$ by ^? :o succe$ !m4 ,! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hegira saw ! ext]m9ation ( ! relations & fri5ds ( ,mahomet by ^? :o pret5d$ to confiscate = _! own pr(it ! revolution he _h creat$4 ,9 ! ,franciscan movem5t ! true fri5ds ( ,sa9t ,franois d',assisi1 71 aft] a g5]ation1 reg>d$ z h]etics & z dang]\s m51 & 7 l$ to ! /ake by hundr$s4 ,an idea 9 ! fir/ days ( creative activity proce$s ) giant /eps1 & we c say1 ! movem5t once begun cont9ues by virtue ( ! law ( in]tia always to increase2 its orig9ator falls beh9d1 & becomes an ob/acle to 8 own idea :i* p]si/s 9 mov+ =w>d 9 spite ( him4 ,! ,ebionites :o gave to ,*ri/ianity its fir/ />t became aft] a c5tury a sc&al to ! *ur*2 _! doctr9e a blasphemy4#gg #gg ,r5an4 ,l',eglise *rti5ne4 ,x is ?is v t5d5cy1 caus$ by ! ar\s+ ( passion1 t makes all revolutions abortive1 t causes !m ?r\gh _! own excesses to be ! au?ors ( _! own de/ruction1 & :i* neutralises or mu* decreases ! progress made by revolutions4 ,! grave/ objection aga9/ misoneism con/itutes1 accord+ly1 ! /ronge/ pro( ( x4 ,l ! plant1 ! animal1 & ! /one1 man rema9s motionless1 unless a di/urbance ( 8 /ate occurs ?r\gh o!r =ces1 & ?r\gh ! law ( in]tia itself1 :i* aft] hav+ at fir/ r5d]$ him immovable aft]w>ds drives him to opposite excess1 b to replunge him anew into immobility4 ,! mo/ pot5t cause is t ( physical environm5t1 *ange ( climate4 ,next comes ! cross+ ( "o race ) ano!r1 & x is to ?is we owe 9 great "p ! m>vell\s productions ( ,greek art t arose 9 ,magna ,grecia4 ,!n1 (t51 ! influ5ce ( climate is active1 to :i* is ow+ ! trans=mation ( ! ,jew2 s p]secutions1 & ! great calamities :i* races exp]i5ce & :i* det]m9e ! selection ( ! /ronge/4 ,& to ?is result contribute above all ! impulses impress$ by g5iuses & by mattoids1 :o1 z ,i h already po9t$ out 9 my "w on ,g5ius alone possess an int5se love = ! new1 = ! v reason t _! organisation is diff]5t f t ( o!r p4 ,! int5sity ( individual viol5ce & p[] "h unbalances ! t5d5cy to immobility2 b almo/ always--& ,i %[ x 9 ! "w ref]r$ to--:5 t int5sity is n favor$ by circum/ances1 :5 x does n arise z ! f9al syn!sis ( a g5]al desire1 a lat5t & univ]sal necessity1 b simply z a pa?ological ph5om5on1 x becomes aga9 valueless1 = ! v reason t x is individual4 ,x is ow+ to ?is t ! ef=ts ( a madman l ,cola de ,ri5zi1 & ( su* g5iuses z ,alex&]1 ,napoleon1 ,pombal1 & ,pet] ! ,great1 result 9 no?+4 ,to b5efic5t g5iuses1 z ,boliv>1 ! ,grac*i1 etc41 are attribut$ all ! m]it ( revolutions :i* triumph because !y 7 prep>$ long be=e by hi/ory & by circum/ances1 & :i* 7 only precipitat$ by !m & summ$ up 9 !m4 ,x suffices to note t ! g5ius ( ,g>ibaldi1 ( ,cav\r1 & ( ,mazz9i1 has be5 able to give u no?+ m ?an ,italy z x n[ is1 9 ord] to compreh5d t 9 spite ( g5iuses &1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 9 spite ( circum/ances ! "w ( revolution is durable only :5 ! circum/ances t h comm5c$ x p]si/1 & m5 are pr(\ndly modifi$ by x4 ,h[ev]1 ! law ( in]tia always prevail+1 7s9ce primitive t5d5cies always conc]n x17 ^! *anges are b v sl[ &1 z we h se51 give place to easy relapses2 !y become fix$ & swell to new movem5ts only :5 ! causes :i* provoke !m cont9ue & become m int5se4 ,9 f9e1 philoneism1 progress1 also sometimes triumphs--at lea/ ) ! :ite race & frequ5tly ) ! yell[ races2 b x is n ! result ( a sudd5 movem5t or ( a natural human t5d5cy1 b ! effect ( ext]nal physical =ces1 :e!r social1 hi/orical or ! l1 :i* h caus$ ! law ( in]tia to *ange its direction4 ,x is !re=e ! sl[ result1 we might say1 ( ! small & s5sible v>iations peculi> to m5 accord+ to _! condition1 add$ to gr&] movem5ts1 z well z mom5t>ily b>r5 ones1 ( g5iuses & =ces1 & to ^? m p[]ful ones ( ! physical & hi/orical environm5t4 ,( ! result+ product we see only ! effects1 because )\t ! telescope ( hi/ory & ( sociology we d n p]ceive ! sl[ness ) :i* !y h rea*$ u1 & ! smallness ( ! ef=ts :i* contribute to x4 ,x is ?us t we d n imag9e t ! great ,coral ,isl&s c be ! "w ( billions ( small zo-ophytes accumulat$ ! "o on ! o!r dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! organic k+dom1 l ! social1 is made up ( ! sum total ( sl[ & small ef=ts4 ,! idea ( ! ,*ri/ & t ( ,buddha1 ! way = :i* _h be5 prep>$ = sev]al c5turies by o!r g5iuses less =tunate ?an !y1 misc>ries among ! p 9 :i* x 0 conceiv$1 & becomes fruitful else:]e4 ,b dat+ f ! epo* 9 :i* its vot>ies1 nihili/s ( ! rev]se type1 began to multiply & spread1 9 ! l[e/ & lea/ intellig5t /rata ( society1 employ+ z arms n viol5ce b g5tl5ess1 m ?an ?ree c5turies elaps$ be=e x 0 tol]at$ & (ficially recognis$4 ,= two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! plebeians f\ght at ,rome = _! lib]ty4 ,yet !y always he>d ! ,s5ators say1 ,y\r propositions are too novel4 ,& lib]ty 0 grant$ by ! "o1 & acquir$ by ! o!rs1 only soon to be lo/1 fir/1 9 an>*y1 !n "u ! dictator%ip1 & !n "u ! empire4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se1 t revolutions at ! />t c be ! "w ( a small numb]1 b !y repres5t1 !y are ! sign ( a lat5t univ]sal s5tim5t2 ?is is :y !y gr[ 9 direct proportion to "t 7& "t is v long7 & ga9 p>tisans among _! own adv]s>ies4 ,! apo/les ( ,*ri/ numb]$ only twelve1 b a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 at ,rome alone1 !re 7 9 ! catacombs #gcg tombs ( ,*ri/ians2 & ,r5an calculates t at ! "t ( ,commodus #ce1jjj ,*ri/ians exi/$4 ,we "k t ,sa9t ,paul himself 0 "o ( ! bitt]e/ adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,engli% revolution1 up to ! "t ,*>les ,i4 s\ght to cause ! arre/ ( ! f\r p>liam5t>ians1 0 anti-republican1 & /rictly royali/ ev52 b ultimately revolution>y ideas spread ?r\gh\t all ,engl&1 & ! zeal\s b n bl9d p>tisans ( ! k+ 7 ! fir/ to turn aga9/ him aft] 8 excesses & 8 treasons4 ,9 ! revolution ( ,fl&]s1 ! *ief citiz5s & a great "p ( ! nobility1 held alo( f ! movem5t = a long p]iod2 b all possess$ 9 embryo ! feel+ utt]$ by ! fir/ apo/les & pione]s ( ! movem5t4 ,"t1 9 its sl[ developm5t1 gives rise to ! complete expansion ( ! lat5t s5tim5ts express$ by misoneism4 ,= example let u n[ transf] ourselves to ano!r field2 ,i wi% to speak ( ! abolition ( classical /udies4 ,!re are p]haps actually five or six ( u 9 ,italy :o proclaim )\t fe> its absolute necessity2 z we 7 only ?ree :5 we proclaim$ ! necessity ( *ang+ ! p5al laws & ( br++ !m to exam9e ! crim9al r ?an ! crime4 ,! fir/ /atesman :o %\ld attempt to c>ry out our ideas w\ld fall amid univ]sal sc&al2 & yet ^! v ideas are ent]ta9$ by all :o are n bl9d$ by ar*ological & academic misoneism4 ,b !y h n ! c\rage to av[ !m & /ill less to realise !m4 ,9 a few ye>s ^! ideas w no long] admit ev5 ( discussion4 ,t is revolution4 ,let u look1 on ! o!r h&1 at ! ideas ( ! an>*i/s2 !y are 9 ! heads1 & un=tunately 9 ! h&s ( c]ta9 diseas$ p]sons1 b !y are n 9 ! ?\ght ( ! majority2 consequ5tly all _! agitation w be 9 va91 & result only 9 isolat$ commotions & frays4 ,t is revolt1 insurrection4 ,& let no "o say t philoneism & progress are f\nd z proportional reaction to misoneic action1 an oscillation ( ! p5dulum exclud+ ! law ( in]tia4 ,! p5dulum itself does n oscillate1 b rema9s p]petually motionless until mov$2 & its oscillations1 ev5 ! smalle/1 are produc$ ! mo/ (t5 by ext]nal causes entirely accid5tal4 ,& ! law ( in]tia is "h also s con/ant1 t if x did n f9d 9 ! friction ( ! atmosph]e a cause ( imp$im5t ! movem5t once begun w\ld cont9ue ad inf9itum4 ,s a ball flies & reb\nds1 :5 a =ce propels x2 & "h also if friction did n ret>d x1 x w\ld cont9ue =ev] ! motion once comm5c$4 ,in]tia is ! rule1 & mutations are produc$ by special ext]nal incid5ts1 :i* be+ usually less p]si/5t1 less t5aci\s1 *ange m ! appe>ance ?an ! reality4 ,& ^! modifications :i* are v sl[ & proce$ f ext]nal causes1 are produc$ n only among m5 & among animals1 b are met ) ev5 9 ! inorganic _w2 x is ?us t ! salts ( copp] & ( lime1 9 c]ta9 conditions ( a w>m m$ium1 *ange _! color b n _! nature nor _! molecul> arrangem5t1 & always give ! same *emical reactions4 ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,duality ,,( ,,m9d4 ,x is c]ta9ly conc$$ by all :o come 9 g5]al e/imation )9 ! category ( ?9k]s1 t psy*ology1 z =m]ly /udi$1 )\t basis 9 physiology1 0 mo/ unfruitful1 z comp>$ ) ! mod]n /udy ( x ^u t basis4 ,x is !re=e q rem>kable to f9d 9 qu>t]s ( repute1 :]e psy*ological problems are discuss$1 "s into :i* ent]1 ev5 inf]5tially1 ei!r mom5t>y oblivi\sness1 or tempor>y disreg>d ( tru?s t are held indisputable by mod]n ?9k]s )9 ! l9es ( ! subjects indicat$4 ,yet su* contradiction & conflict are f\nd 9 ! con/antly recurr+ attempt$ demon/ration ( ! dual nature ( ! m9d or ! s\l1 call ! entity :at "o w4 ,t man has )9 8 organisation t5d5cies :i* are relatively high] or l[] ?an o!rs )9 himself1 is n to be disput$2 b t su* mixture ( nature is to be reg>d$ z con/itut+ him ( dual m5tal nature1 is a proposition unt5able co9cid5tly ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! proposition t he is 9 nature physiologically s+le4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ lately1 t he is physiologically d\ble1 b ?is view has n met ) any acceptance wor?y ( ! "n4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld seem1 f all t we "k1 t 9 e individual1 psy*ical be+ mu/ be> ! same relation to physiological t ! latt] does to physical1 & t !y are all int]dep5d5t4 ,& if ?is be true1 ! same relations mu/ hold good :5 ! physical & physiological nature deg5]ate into ! pa?ological1 & we f9d by obs]vation t !y d hold good4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! lesson inculcat$ by ,/ev5son's ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde pres5ts to ! popul> m9d ! idea ( dual m5tal nature 9 man1 x is false4 ,view$ f ! sci5tific /&po9t1 ! case exhibits no?+ m or less ?an a phase ( physical1 physiological1 & psy*ical action1 t]m9at+ 9 pa?ological manife/ations4 ,gradually1 ! physical1 physiological1 & psy*ical natures suff]1 p>i passu1 & ! :ole be+ exhibits pr(\nd retrograde metamorphosis1 ?r\gh ! cont9u\s deg5]ations t h be5 s (t5 & s ably describ$ by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley1 9 :i* all w-p[] passes away1 ! :ole be+ becomes involv$1 & direful dea? ( all high] attributes f9ally ensues4 ,t1 dur+ ! /ruggle 9 ?is decad5ce betwe5 ! w & ! in/9cts x is natural t x %\ld seem to ! outside un9/ruct$ view1 & ev5 to ! individual suff]] himself1 t ! ph5om5on witness$ is evid5ce ( a dual nature ( m9d1 is n surpris+2 b x is surpris+ to f9d any "o ( ! pres5t day :o deems himself sci5tific1 imply+ t ! obs]v$ *ang+ m5tal1 moral1 & bodily manife/ations are n witnesses to co-ord9at$ *ange2 x is surpris+ t any sci5tific inquir] %\ld l5d ! slighte/ c\nt5ance to ! belief t *ang$ psy*ical ph5om5a are possible )\t *ang$ physical & physiological conditions1 & yet t is :at we (t5 see proclaim$ ?r\gh ma9t5ance ( ! proposition ( ! duality ( m5tal nature4 ,! po9t m5tion$ belongs to ! mo/ flagrantly unsci5tific view ( ! relations & effects ( ! =ces 9 play "u ! conditions discuss$4 ,b !re may be 9 ! inclusive subject-matt] ( ! "q m9or po9ts z to :i* errone\s views are sometimes pres5t$ to ! public z emanat+ f s\rces o!rwise sci5tific4 ,su* a "o x is my int5tion to make ! pr9cipal subject ( ?is pap]4 ,9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 9 ! article ,! ,magic ,mirror1 ,max ,dessoir1 ! au?or1 says1 pages #aaa & #aab3 ,! !ory f :i* ,i %all proce$ 9 attempt+ an explanation1 has already be5 frequ5tly t\*$ ^u 9 ! c\rse ( ?is article2 = c]ta9 obs]vations indicat$ x s cle>ly t m5tion ( x 0 n to be avoid$4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble consci\sness ( ! human s\l4 ,acts are done 9 ! c\rse ev5 ( our e-day life1 :i* presuppose = _! orig9 & execution all ! faculties ( ! s\l1 yet nev]!less occur )\t ! k ( ! individual2 !y require a sort ( consci\sness & a sep>ate memory beyond ! cognisance ( ! normal p]son4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t cases 9 practical exp]i5ce is :]e ! ?\ghts ( a p]son read+ al\d w&] & become occupi$ ) an entirely diff]5t subject2 & :]e despite ?is ab]ration ! p]son 9 "q reads correctly ) ! prop] emphasis & expression1 turns ! leaves1 & 9 %ort p]=ms acts :i* )\t intellig5t control are h>dly conceivable4 ,an ,engli% psy*ologi/1 ,mr4 ,b>kwor?1 has acquir$ su* exp]tness 9 ! practice ( ?is1 t dur+ an animat$ debate he c rapidly & correctly add long columns ( figures )\t hav+ 8 att5tion div]t$ 9 ! lea/4 ,?is po9ts n only to an unconsci\s intellig5ce1 b--:i* is ( /ill great] consequ5ce--to an unconsci\s memory4 ,mr4 ,b>kwor? mu/ keep two s]ies ( figures 9 8 m9d 9 ord] to obta9 f !m a ?ird2 ?is latt] sum he is aga9 oblig$ to reta9 9 ord] to add to x a newly acquir$ f\r?2 & s on4 ,! latt] *a9 ( memories1 let x be rem>k$1 p]=ms its (fice entirely indep5d5tly ( t ^u :i* ! recollection ( ! debate is con/ruct$2 & x may !re=e be reasonably ma9ta9$ t !re exi/s beyond ! cognisance ( ! individual1 bo? consci\sness & memory2 & if ! ess5tial compon5ts ( ! ego are f\nd 9 ^! two la/-m5tion$ factors1 !n e p]son conceals )9 himself ! g]ms ( a second p]sonality4 ,i designate ! two halves ( consci\sness t ?us op]ate 9 great] or less indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r1--9 a figurative s5se ( c\rse1--z sup]-& sub-consci\sness1 & compreh5d ! :ole z ! doctr9e ( d\ble consci\sness or ! d\ble ego4 ,no "o w at ?is late day1 x is to be presum$1 dispute ! exi/5ce 9 ! same individual ( subconsci\sness1 z contra-di/+ui%$ f sup]consci\sness2 sup]consci\sness be+ t :i* is m famili>ly kn[n z self-consci\sness1 & subconsci\sness z t lat5t consci\sness ( :i* we are n at all consci\s1 & :i* yet receives impressions :i* may or may n rise soon1 late1 or at all into ! sph]e ( self-consci\sness2 an impress :i* _c be summ$ into self-consci\sness by an ef=t ( w1 = ! obvi\s reason t ! memory has yet tak5 no cognisance ( !m4 ,t ?is subconsci\s function ( ! bra9 is simply a ph5om5on dep5d5t ^u cell-/orage ( ! bra91 ! product ( :i* may or may n ev] rea* self-consci\sness1 is prov$ by _m circum/ances atte/$ by our memory ( collat$ facts conc]n$ 9 our wak+ & dream life4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 8 /ory ( ! ,tape/ri$ ,*amb]1 gives an admirable acc\nt ( its work+ "u ! lead ( a sleep]'s unconsci\s c]ebration ris5 to self-consci\sness1 = let x be "h p>5!tically not$ t x is absurd1 z is sometimes attempt$1 to rule dream-?\ghts out ( ! realm ( self-consci\sness1 ! individuality ( ! dream] nev] be+ lo/1 h[ev] modifi$ ! m5tal & moral ideation ( t individuality may be4 ,b ,max ,dessoir evid5tly conf\nds subconsci\sness ) unconsci\s c]ebration4 ,he makes subconsci\sness1 9 ! intellection describ$1 a prim>y factor 9 execution4 ,n[ subconsci\sness is ! m]e tablet1 z x 71 ^u :i* impressions are made1 & unconsci\s c]ebration t faculty ( ! bra9 :i*1 )\t imm$iate1 & p]*ance future1 cognisance ( self-consci\sness1 may evolve f all bra9-impressions1 :e!r subconsci\sly or self-consci\sly receiv$1 ?\ght ( :i* n ev5 ! individual himself becomes aw>e t he is ! possessor until x is pres5t$ to him z a free gift4 ,?is proce$s dur+ sleep z well z dur+ wak+1 sometimes anticipat+1 co9cid5tly ) wak+1 ! r\t9e subject ( ?\ght = ! day4 ,x sometimes 9 sleep1 z well z 9 wak+ mom5ts1 pres5ts itself ) ! />tl+ effect ( a revelation4 ,subconsci\sness1 !re=e1 is a condition ( passivity1 & unconsci\s c]ebration "o ( activity1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ( ev5 unkn[n exi/5ce unless a product ( x rea*es self-consci\sness4 ,!y are n to be crudely conceiv$ ( z diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same ?+1 any m ?an an emotion is to be ?\ght ( z ano!r aspect ( ! s5sation :i* produc$ x1 ! emotion be+ qualitatively an entirely new dep>ture f ! s5sation4 ,bo? s5sation & emotion repres5t conditions ( activity1 :]eas1 s f> z self-consci\sness is equal to diff]5tiat+ !m1 subconsci\sness & unconsci\s c]ebration respectively repres5t passivity & activity4 ,b ! admission ( ! coexi/5ce 9 ! same individual ( unconsci\s c]ebration ) self-consci\sness does n involve ! concession ( ! exi/5ce ( dual m5tality1 any m ?an recognis$ possession ( /rip$ & un/rip$1 volunt>y & involunt>y muscle1 involves ! concession t man is physically dual 9 me*anical motive p[]4 ,yet x is ^u ! basis ( ! recognis$ coexi/5ce ( d\ble consci\sness 9 man t ,max ,dessoir rea*es ! conclusion t1 figuratively speak+1 z he says1 !re is a d\ble ego1 by means ( ^: duplex action diff]5t m5tal processes are simultane\sly c>ri$ =w>d4 ,n[1 nei!r figuratively nor o!rwise1 z %\ld be cle>ly app>5t f :at has be5 said1 is !re 9 man a d\ble ego4 ,= al?\gh :ile !re is life subconsci\sness mu/ exi/1 & unconsci\s c]ebration proce$1 no?+ is m op5 to obs]vation ?an t subconsci\sness & unconsci\s c]ebration1 al?\gh always pres5t1 d n always rise into ! sph]e ( self-consci\sness4 ,t1 dur+ self-consci\s activity ( ?\ght on a p>ticul> subject1 if cont9u$ = a long "t1 subconsci\sness may1 ?r\gh unconsci\s c]ebration1 9 a measure yield tribute to self-consci\s ?\ght is und5iable1 = we see _! effect sometimes visible 9 ! sudd5 inspiration ( ! orator & ! writ]1 b t !y are factors 9 ord9>y ?\ght-evolution1 = imm$iate use1 )9 v limit$ spaces ( "t1 is impossible1 = we by def9ition limit subconsci\sness & unconsci\s c]ebration to pure unguid$ automatism1 :ile to self-consci\sness we conc$e ! direction ( all automatic processes t repres5t conceptions ( ! m9d4 ,obvi\sly1 to imag9e t we direct t :i* may or may n appe> at all 9 ! s5sorium1 to be direct$1 & :i* f its nature1 z kn[n f obs]vation1 is n likely to appe> )9 mod]ate "t-limits ( special ?\ght-evolution1 is inadmissible1 involv+ ! ass]tion ( two contradictory propositions1 =1 z matt] ( exp]i5ce1 we "k t ! product ( unconsci\s c]ebration1 ev5 :5 x appe>s cle>ly recognisable z su*1 seldom manife/s itself be=e ! lapse ( a few h\rs4 ,! simple & complete explanation ( ! ph5om5on obs]v$1 9 :at are deem$ simultane\s m5tal processes1 is t !y are n absolutely simultane\s4 ,! be/ illu/ration t c be giv5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y take place is af=d$ by ! sy/em kn[n z syn*ron\s multiple telegraphy1 9 :i*1 by means ( an admirable app>atus1 po9ts on discs1 repres5t+ makes & breaks ( electric curr5t1 are1 at /ations di/ant f ea* o!r1 adju/$ to syn*ron\s relations ) ea* o!r1 by means ( electro-magnetic ag5cy1 tun+-=ks1 & self-adju/+ v>y+ resi/ances to ! curr5ts1 s t receiv+ & transmitt+ proce$s ) a cont9u\sness j %ort ( p]fect cont9uity4 ,i am n attempt+ to lik5 ! rapidity ( ?\ght to t ( electricity1 ev5 :5 electricity is emb>rass$ & sl[$ by me*anism ( man's con/ruction2 b o!rwise ! analogy betwe5 s-call$ simultane\s m5tal processes & ! results obta9$ f s-call$ syn*ron\s multiple telegraphy1 is z p]fect z any analogy c be4 ,?us ! make & break impulses ( ! w direct ! self-consci\s fl[ ( n]ve-=ce 9 receiv+ & transmitt+ impulses ( almo/ syn*ron\s "t ^u v>i\s subject-matt] successively tak5 up & dropp$4 ,! ?\ght = ea* is n simultane\s1 nor ( equal duration1 b s ne>ly simultane\s z to appe> s1 & ( duration suffici5t = its task4 ,! individual ?\ght-times are n1 !re=e1 repres5t$1 z 9 ! telegraphic in/rum5t describ$1 by equal spaces ( "t1 b be> due relations to ! respective difficulties ( ! subject-matt] almo/ syn*ron\sly attack$4 ,x is self-consci\s ?\ght t is "h involv$1 :e!r 9 sleep+ or wak+1 t is1 w-direct$ ?\ght1 = ev5 9 sleep we obs]ve ! w z imp]fectly direct+2 /riv+1 h[ev]1 always to direct4 ,z has be5 admitt$1 if ! process ( self-consci\s c]ebration la/ ov] a long space ( "t1 x is possible t "s fragm5t d]iv$ f unconsci\s c]ebration may contribute to ! gr& total ( prim>y fl[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ( normal occurr5ce1 see+ t unconsci\s c]ebration (t5 deals ) matt] entirely ali5 to pres5t self-consci\s m5tal occupation4 ,! fruits ( su* c]ebration are !re=e impossible to be c\nt$ ^u1 & !re=e _c be insi/$ ^u z prov+ f ! exp]i5ce cit$ by ,max ,dessoir ! exi/5ce1 ev5 figuratively speak+1 ( d\ble consci\sness con/ru$ z =m+ ) self-consci\sness a d\ble self2 :ile ! well-kn[n action ( subconsci\sness1 unconsci\s c]ebration1 & consci\s c]ebration1 z relat$ to "o ano!r1 amply expla9 all ! ph5om5a 9 wak+1 sleep1 & ev5 9 hypnotism if we include 9 t hy/]ic dia!sis4 ,:51 9 ab/raction1 9 wrapt att5tion to a s+le idea1 we are c>ri$ pa/ ! door at :i* we _h int5d$ to /op1 or cont9ue to read al\d1 unobs]vantly ( ! s5se ( words1 or o!rwise betray t we are buri$ deep 9 "o absorb+ ?\ght2 x is n1 9 ! fir/ case1 t our automaton has unwont$ly borne u along1 or 9 ! second1 t we are n p]mitt+ x to take a p>tial holiday1 = x is our automaton t s]ves our commone/ daily ne$s2 b only t we h1 9 ! fir/ case1 =gott5 to arre/ its movem5ts 9 due "t1 & 9 ! second1 h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to d s2 = :5 decrepitude ov]takes u1 & our automaton1 %>+ 9 ! mis=tune1 toils we>ily along1 or requires int5se purposiv5ess = special bra9-accompli%m5t1 ideation c no long] af=d to give to x its =m] lib]ty1 b dwells 9 conc5tration on a s+le action2 unless1 inde$1 :5 t /ill l[] grade is rea*$1 :5 ! automatic man is almo/ all t rema9s1 & ideation b ! fitful gl[ t may />t to futile movem5t ! once effici5t me*anism ( ! human frame4 ,by easy /ages1 receptivity & communicability1 ev] l[]+ 9 degree1 9 quantity1 & 9 quality1 may dw9dle to a s+le po9t1 & movem5t be b fa9t automatic habit2 ! =m] high be+ n[ occupy+ ! opposite extreme f rapid ?\ght-transmission & receipt1 & bodily response to ideation1 ^u ! basis ( life's :ole en]gis$ exp]i5ce4 ,max ,dessoir rem>ks1 9 a passage %ortly foll[+ ! "o already quot$ at l5g?3 ,clos] inve/igation tea*es fur!r1 t 9 dreams1 /ates ( intoxication1 9 somnambuli/ic & epileptic attacks1 n only does a consci\sness diff]5t f ! normal consci\sness rule1 b t also betwe5 successive p]iods memory-l9ks ( great] or less /ability are wont to =m4 ,z to ! great] or less clos5ess1 z well z great] or less /ability1 ( ! memory-l9ks to :i* ,max ,dessoir ref]s1 !re c be no dispute2 b x is demon/rable t sleep+ & wak+ consci\sness ( bo? k9ds exactly correspond4 ,! diff]5ce obs]vable 9 wak+ & dream ?\ght-evolution does n *iefly relate to modifi$ consci\sness1 b to modifi$ consci5ti\sness2 ! defect 9 bo? be+ ! necess>y consequ5ce ( tempor>y abeyance ( normal co-ord9ation betwe5 ! n]ve-c5tres4 ,det]m9ately direct$ ?\ght1 :i* is necess>ily wak+ ?\ght1 proce$s ^u ! basis ( memorabilia t are ! ca% 9 h& ( ! k9d ( curr5cy t is tempor>ily available = logical transactions2 :ile 9 sleep1 consci\s c]ebration only p>tially controls its treasures1 & (t5 regretfully sees !m squ&]$ be=e its face4 ,det]m9ately direct$ ?\ght is necess>ily d]iv$ f ! w1 unless "o believes ) ,"l ,kames1 t ?\ght pres]ves unbrok5 h]$ity2 9 :i* case ! ego becomes only ! witness ?r\gh life ( pure automatism--a position :i* is easily refut$4 ,! w directs ! ?\ght ^u ! basis ( cognate memorabilia1 be ! *annels _m or few1 by means ( semi-syn*ron\s1 rotative att5tion4 ,! great lapse ( "t dur+ :i* ! action ( subconsci\sness may rema9 unreveal$ until1 ?r\gh unconsci\s c]ebration1 x rea*es self-consci\sness1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( recognition ( a p>ticul> ev5t z ( actual occurr5ce1 & h[1 f9ally1 ?is recognition1 z true1 ( a p>ticul> ev5t1 may be re/rict$ = a :ile to ! condition ( sleep1 & aft] a long p]iod ( incubation at la/ rise to wak+ k1 is s admirably exemplifi$ by an exp]i5ce ( my own t ,i "h put x on record4 ,ab\t five ye>s ago ,i _h a dream ( a l&scape1 :]e !re 7 rocky esc>pm5ts p>tially cov]$ ) trees1 ) a pla9 z =egr\nd1 ^u :i* a c>riage drew up to take me home aft] a day's topographical survey+4 ,bo? 9 dream+ & ^u awak+ ,i 0 vividly impress$ ) ! idea t ! place 0 "o 9 :i* ! topography rema9$ to be f9i%$ by me4 ,b :5 awake1 ,i fruitlessly w5t ov] 9 memory all p>ts ( ! coa/ :]e ,i _h ev] execut$ topographical surveys1 & :]e by any *ance1 at any "t1 ,i c\ld h left unf9i%$ any?+ t ,i 0 9 duty b\nd to f9i%4 ,"s "t elaps$1 & ,i _h ! same dream aga94 ,com+ at once to ! conclusion t1 if ,i %\ld dream x a ?ird "t1 ,i %\ld be told 7z ,i %\ld be1 if ,i m5tion$ x at ! second to any indiff]5t p]son7 t ,i _h dream$ t ,i dream$ x1 ,i at once describ$ 9 detail to a memb] ( my family ! l&scape1 ! rocks1 ! trees1 ! pla91 & ! com+ ( ! c>riage1 & reque/$ t all ^! be memoris$4 ,"s mon?s aga9 pass$1 & ! dream 9 all its vividness recurr$1 & 0 repeat$ to ! same p]son1 agree+ z to its details ) ^? introduc$ 9 ! recital ( ! prec$+ ones4 ,i nev] _h f ! fir/ a d\bt t ! dream _h a f\ndation 9 "s "o concrete fact1 b f ! lapse ( "t )\t a solution ( x be+ af=d$1 ,i 0 all b hopeless t its subject-matt] w\ld ev] rise into ! sph]e ( full wak+ k4 ,h[ev]1 at mod]ate int]vals ,i dreamt x aga9 & aga91 ea* "t simply say+ to my confidant1 ,i h _h t dream aga91 & at l5g?1 )\t any special ef=t direct$ to its solution1 t :i* _h h]et(ore elud$ all ef=ts to expla91 0 pres5t$ solv$4 ,! uncom=tabl5ess ( ! dream1 x is to be borne 9 m9d1 lay 9 ! impression1 al?\gh contradict$ by memory1 t ,i _h neglect$ to f9i% "s piece ( topography :i* x 0 my duty to f9i%4 ,h5ce ! direction ( self-consci\s ?\ght t[>ds its solution _h always be5 wrong4 ,!re 0 no piece ( "w ( any k9d t ,i _h ev] neglect$ to f9i%4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a piece ( topographical "w1 :i*1 :5 ,i 0 ab\t to f9i% x1 ,i 0 prev5t$ f complet+ by ord]s tak+ me away f ! locality to ano!r f> di/ant4 ,! :ole tract orig9ally int5d$ to be execut$ 9 topography 0 ( ab\t "o hundr$ squ>e miles1 a tract ( mu* geological z well z topographical int]e/1 ov] a portion ( :i* ,i _h be5 accompani$ two or ?ree times by ,pr(4 ,james ,d4 ,dana1 :o 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! execution ( ! topography1 on acc\nt ( 8 developm5t f x ( ! m9ute geological *>act]i/ics ( ! region4 ,at "o b\nd>y ( ! area m5tion$ !re 0 a ridge & summit ( "s n9e hundr$ feet 9 height1 d5sely cov]$ ) a /unt$ gr[? ( trees4 ,h[ to get ! cont\rs ( ?is ridge by "s orig9al plan ,i _h be5 oblig$ 9 advance to settle 9 my m9d1 = on ! ridge itself no?+ c\ld1 on acc\nt ( ! d5se gr[?1 be se5 = any great di/ance1 & ov] x no roads pass$4 ,i _h conclud$ to h simultane\s horizontal & v]tical angles tak5 to /affs1 f a l9e ( foot-hills ly+ p>allel ) ! ridge1 :5 ,i 0 ord]$ to ,florida to make !re a survey4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by surveys 9 o!r f>-di/ant localities dur+ successive ye>s4 ,n1 h[ev]1 z x appe>s1 until sev5 ye>s aft] leav+ ! locality intimately describ$1 did ! fir/ dream relat$ to x take place1 & n until r m ?an two ye>s !reaft] did its repetitions cease ) its solution4 ,i said to my confidant :51 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 t solution 0 rea*$1 ,i %all nev] h t dream aga91 & x has nev] s9ce appe>$2 z :y %\ld x1 ! my/]y ) :i* ! uncord9at$ ego /ruggl$ be+ solv$8 ,we c readily compreh5d1 f su* an exp]i5ce z ?is1 h[ x has be5 possible1 z we h le>n$ f well au!nticat$ cases1 = a p]son to lead two some:at indep5d5t ?\ght-lives4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is cle>ly %[n by x is ! possibility1 = x has be5 prov$1 ( subconsci\s record rema9+ = ye>s dormant1 proce$+ at la/ ?r\gh unconsci\s c]ebration to rea* consci\s c]ebration1 b ev5 !n consci\s c]ebration only dur+ sleep1 until f9ally consci\s c]ebration ( wak+ mom5ts be+ rea*$1 ! judgm5t seat ( co-ord9at$ faculties1 ! dream dep>ts1 no long] abus+ ! curta9$ sleep]1 nor gho/-l ris+ to di/urb 8 wak+ self-consci\sness4 ,r4 ,,meade ,,ba*e4 ,,immortality4 ,if y sit d[n 9 ! quiet ( y\r own room & calmly ask y\rself :at x is 9 ref]5ce to a life aft] dea? t y really desire & :at y may reasonably expect1 y w probably be surpris$ to f9d :at a blank y\r m9d is ^u ! subject4 ,i d\bt if y w f9d t y inw>dly desire x1 9 ! same mann]1 = example1 t y desire weal?1 or fame1 or beauty4 ,y h gr[n up 9 ! belief t x is "r to desire & believe1 b t1 y "k1 is q a diff]5t affair f actual ye>n+4 ,ne>ly e "o puts ! ?\ght aside z beyond solution4 ,"o says1 ,my ?9k+ w n *ange ! fact nor my long+ br+ x ab\t4 ,! duty ( ! pass+ day is all ,i c fulfil4 ,"u ?is cov] ( po/pon$ exam9ation ! _w has gr[n z indiff]5t to ! "q z x 0 =m]ly engross$ by x4 ,fe> ( (f5d+ delicate s5sibilities & e/abli%$ beliefs keeps ! d\bt] & modifi] sil5t2 :il/ ! extreme ( ! omnivor\s believ] is set ov] aga9/ ! out-&-out d5i]4 ,b ! great majority ( p are nei!r believ]s nor disbeliev]s1 b indiff]5ti/s--sl[ly settl+ t[>d an agno/ic non-committalism t is de/ructive ( all intellectual & moral e>ne/ness4 ,x is my conviction t ?is abrogation ( curiosity & exam9ation is a mo/ culpable & dang]\s fact4 ,if we live aft] dea? x is ( trem5d\s importance2 if we d n x is ( no less vital import1 & ! belief1 ! disbelief1 or ! evasion is ( ! mo/ con/ant influ5ce1 unconsci\sly1 subtly1 ^u e ?\ght & act ( e day's liv+4 ,suppose n[ we dive/ ourselves ( ! creeps & %udd]s usually accompany+ a discussion ( dea? & immortality1 & fe>lessly te/ ! common dogma ) a little analysis 9 ! light ( sci5tific rese>* & reason4 ,let u suppose y are a believ]3 :at is x y believe8 ,y desire3 :at is x y desire1 & h[ f> is y\r desire feasible8 ,y are conv9c$3 b :at is ! tru?8 ,if possible1 9 :at way & to :at ext5t is a future life possible8 ,if atta9able1 by :om & by :at means8 ,moreov]1 ! k9d ( belief makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,i h read some:]e ab\t an ,african *ief :o kill$ 8 wife's lov]1 & 0 defeat$ at la/ by 8 wife's unsw]v+ belief 9 immortality1 %e committ+ suicide 9 ord] to jo9 h] lov]4 ,b ! *ief 0 equal to ! em]g5cy & he 9 turn kill$ himself 9 ord] to foll[ ! pair & break up _! tte--ttes 9 ! o!r _w6 ,x all dep5ds ^u :at y propose do+ ) a future life aft] y get x4 ,y might j z well be digg+ clams on ?is e>? z s++ ,hosannas ar\nd ! ?rone 9 heav54 ,d y believe 9 or f]v5tly desire :at1 ) spl5did brav]y & ab&on ! old cre$ call$ ! resurrection ( ! body8 ,t]rible c\nt]-qu]ies arise3 ,at :at age 9 y\r life w\ld y *oose z be/ repres5t+ ! ideal body = y\r resurrection8 ,w\ld y pref] y\r body z x 0 :5 y 7 a *ild1 :5 y\?ful1 :5 mature1 or :5 old8 ,moreov]1 x is *ang+ e m9ute1 ?is body4 ,x is e/imat$ t some?+ l five million blood-corpuscles die e second ( y\r life4 ,ev5 ! two or ?ree p\nds ( m9]als 9 "o's bones are only a little m p]man5tly fix$4 ,all compon5t p>ts are und]go+ *ange e in/ant3 !y soon become grass1 gra91 or tree1 pass+ aga9 into o!rs' bodies1 & s on =ev]4 ,is x ! =m & feature y desire to pres]ve & n ! con/itu5t p>ticles8 ,b =m & feature *ange e day or ye>1 & are z impossible to fix z ! atoms !mselves4 ,inde$1 is n ! :ole matt] put beyond *oice by ! evid5t fact t unless by ! fiat ( an extramundane deity ! only mom5t possible to fix ! bodily =m 9 ! m\ld ( et]nity w\ld be ! dea?-mom5t8 ,& yet ?is 7 ! mo/ undesirable ( all seasons1 s9ce at t h\r ! body is 9 ! weake/1 mo/ useless1 & mo/ wret*$ condition ( all ! h\rs x has s]v$ u4 ,suppos+ !re=e1 t y are s 9 love ) y\r own body t y w\ld wi% to call x into life aga9 & = =ev]1 we see at once t no mom5t or phase ( developm5t c\ld be *os51 except p]haps ! dy+ mom5t1 ! lea/ desirable ( all1 & t ! p>ticles ( "o's body h s]v$ _! turn 9 myriad o!r bodies ea* hav+ an equally valid claim to 8 prop]ty4 ,besides ?is ! absurdity ( ! :ole is emphasis$ by ! cru%+ fact t all ! organic matt] ( ! _w has be5 us$ ov] & ov] = bodies & ! e>? has n en\gh hydroc>bons to fit out aga9 ) bodies a small fraction ( ! s\ls t h liv$ ^u x4 ,d\btless ! comb9$ weight ( all ! organic bodies t h liv$ on ! e>? w\ld be _m times ! total weight ( ! globe includ+ its m9]als1 elem5ts1 & gases4 ,x may be frankly admitt$ t no bodily resurrection is possible4 ,& x is z c]ta9ly undesirable4 ,! old dogma 0 ! crude/ mat]ialism1 :olly unwor?y ( ! cr$5ce ( ^? :o pret5d$ to believe t ,god 0 a _s1 & t !y 7 8 *ildr54 ,! belief 9 bodily resurrection 0 a natural concomitant ( ! age ( s5sualism be=e ! m9d & _s _h ris5 to _! mod]n h]itage4 ,! desire = su* a resurrection /amps ! p]son ) a self-confess$ imp]fection ( m5tal & moral developm5t4 ,! impossibility ( su* a resurrection is "o ( _m pro(s t life is no s5suali/ at he>t & t ideality is ! f9al outcome1 ! tr5d ( actuality4 ,nature compels u to take w+s ?\gh ! sluggi% ,psy*e l+]s lov+ly 9 ! pretty little cocoon ( mat]iality %e has built ab\t h]self4 ,is x p]haps y\r und]/&+1 reason1 or intellect t y desire to p]petuate =ev]8 ,frankly1 n[1 are y s 9 love ) y\r m5tal outfit8 ,9 y\r m mode/ & sane h\rs are y n sadly consci\s h[ v imp]fect x is8 ,:ile we are "y & v conceit$ we may be fill$ ) self-satisfaction & tru/ 9 our own judgm5t1 b z ! ye>s drag by1 we1 look+ back ov] ! pa/1 gr[ m & m consci\s t our intellect is n to be tru/$4 ,?9k ( ! int]m9able s]ies ( blund]s ( :i* y\r life is ! record6 ,h[ poorly y h misjudg$ p & circum/ances6 ,h[ y\r reason has fool$ y _m times & aga96 ,h[ _m illusions & delusions y h liv$ ?r\gh6 ,) :at sad cle>ness y n[ see y\r =m] /upidities1 & ) :at bl9dness y fail to see y\r pres5t ones6 ,look+ ab\t y1 y f9d o!rs equally z gift$ z y\rself hold+ y\r op9ions z loa?some4 ,look+ above y1 y see ! mo/ intellectual & ! mo/ educat$ diametrically oppos$ 9 _! op9ions ( ,god1 man1 & nature4 ,two great m51 two bro!rs le>n$ & tra9$ 9 dialectic & logic1 soon gr[ ap>t4 ,"o becomes a c>d9al ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 accept+ papal infallibility & a ?\s& su* absurdities1 ! o!r z firmly conv9c$ t ! fallacies ( ! ,engli% *ur* are ,god's gospel4 ,look+ bel[ y1 y see ! great mass ( m5 wreck+ _! m9ds & lives ^u a ?\s& outrage\s beliefs & prejudices4 ,!re is no sadd] spectacle 9 ! _w ?an ?is t ! p love error4 ,b ea* "o ) imp]turbable conceit is conv9c$ t he sees bett] & pla9] ?an ano!r4 ,e p>tisan democrat or republican has no sort ( d\bt t he is "r ab\t e f9ancial or gov]nm5tal measure1 ?\gh he has nev] /udi$ f9ance1 hi/ory1 or political economy five m9utes4 ,he does n dream t he is a dupe ( ! l\sy politicians & ( 8 own lack ( intellect4 ,all hi/ory is a tangle ( su* pov]ty-/rick5 intellection4 ,"o c b be amaz$ at ! pron5ess ( ev]ybody to see ?+s & d ?+s e way b ! "r way4 ,& ?is is ! k9d ( a m5tal equipm5t y w\ld /amp ) ! seal ( et]nity6 ,possibly y may prote/ t x is a m p]fect & purifi$ intellect t y wi%4 ,ah1 yes1 b t w\ld n be y\r intellect4 ,y want to be made ov]1 made into ano!r p]son4 ,t w\ld n be y\r immortality b t ( ano!r4 ,t w\ld imply t x is pure intellect & p]fect1 9 ! ab/ract1 t y are int]e/$ 94 ,h y %[n mu* int]e/ 9 t sort ( intellect 9 ! pa/8 ,if y wi% su* an immortality ( a p]fect$ intellect y mu/ c]ta9ly possess x be=e x c be made ev]la/+4 ,p]haps1 aga91 y w say t x is ! ev]-progressive ev]-gr[+ intellect y desire4 ,?is is subt]fuge4 ,t is n :at y wi% b :at y w\ld take 9 default ( y\r fir/ *oice4 ,less+ said t if ,god held out to him absolute tru? 9 "o h& & 9 ! o!r ! ev]la/+ se>* = tru? he w\ld *oose ! latt]4 ,b ! condition ( ev]la/+ se>* w\ld be ! condition ( ev]la/+ imp]fection ( intellect4 ,less+'s *oice seems to me impi\s4 ,i !re=e conclude1 t at he>t y d n wi% to et]nalise y\r crude imp]fect intellect1 & t ! sole me?od ( gett+ an exalt$ & p]fect$ intellect is to cultivate x "h & n[4 ,h y 9 ! pa/ obey$ reason & n passion or self-int]e/8 ,h y /udi$ logic1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce ) a s9c]e desire to d y\r political & social duty1 & to free y\rself f prejudice1 error1 sup]/ition1 & conceit8 ,if n :y %\ld ,god sudd5ly end[ y ) a p]fect intellect ready-made8 ,is x ,god's way 9 ?is _w1 to give excell5cies unask$ & une>n$8 ,re/ assur$ he w n d x at y\r dy+ h\r4 ,x is no p>ticul> m]it 9 y to die2 :y %\ld y be rew>d$ ) a new intellect !n8 ,or1 aga91 y may say t x is n s mu* y\r intellect t y wi% to make immortal z x is y\r emotional nature1 affection1 etc4 ,love & fri5d%ip1 y compla91 are cut (f by dea? & ! t5drils ( ! he>t die because !y f9d no?+ to cl+ to or re/ ^u4 ,y w\ld l to r5ew beyond ! grave ! love & sympa?y t has made ! e>?-life endurable1 & ev5 beautiful4 ,n[ is ?is1 9 v tru?1 j s8 ,are y really satisfi$ ) y\r devotion & love8 ,h n y\r outgo+s ( ! he>t be5 q fickle1 illogical1 selfi%1 & calculat+8 ,has n y\r love & gratitude be5 (t5 a lively s5se ( b5efits to come8 ,has y\r love to woman n be5 ( ! ,kreutz]-,sonata type1 a little bett] & m subtly-conceal$ p]haps1 b at he>t ! same8 ,if y are a woman h y be5 seek+ to get or to give love1 & has y\r little affection be5 b paym5t = protection & a home8 ,h y *os5 true & noble fri5ds & be5 true & noble to !m8 ,has y\r *>ity be5 b alms-giv+ )\t k9d sympa?y & helpfulness8 ,h y z m>ri$ folk1 p]haps1 be51 z ! cant phrase has x1 devot$ to ea* o!r1 b oblivi\s ( ! duty ( affection t[>d ! re/ ( ! _w1--gr9n+ examples ( goisme deux8 ,is y\r family a feti*1 an enl>g$ sort ( selfi%ness8 ,d y at he>t c>e mu* = anybody except y\r own preci\s self8 ,& a too exclusive love1 ev5 ( ! pure/ type may be s9 9 ,god's eyes4 ,if y b9d all y\r affection ^u "o weak life y risk a preci\s value ^u too s+le & n>r[ an object1 & deprive o!rs ( ! sympa?y t ne$ x m4 ,j wrapt up 9 "o1 z ! s5tim5tal j>gon has x1 is (t5 if n always a pleasant way ( great s94 ,affection may become morbid--a disease1 q z well z any abuse or exagg]ation ( any o!r *>act]i/ic4 ,i take x t !y :o are ! mo/ satisfi$ ) ! /r5g?1 purity1 & con/ancy ( _! love & emotional nature are precisely !y t h nei!r actual /r5g?1 purity1 & con/ancy ( s5tim5t1 & are ?us accurately !y t %\ld n h immortality4 ,la/ly1 if nei!r body1 intellect1 nor ! affectional nature are su* z y wi% made et]nal1 are y any bett] cont5t$ ) y\r moral nature8 ,! "q at once raises a smile4 ,! feel+ ( our own e?ical unwor?9ess has cry/allis$ into ! great ,*ri/ian dogma ( ,*ri/'s vic>i\s sacrifice4 ,9 ! words ( ! old hymn1 ,jesus di$ & paid x all1 all ! debt ,i owe4 ,no man hop$ to get to heav5 on 8 own m]its4 ,mu* ( ! zeal ( religion has consi/$ 9 ! joy ( ! belief t by a sleight-(-h& trick1 a big sponge ( =giv5ess 0 wip$ ov] ! e?ical debit & cr$it acc\nt by ! la*rymose deity1 ^: occupation1 z ,he9e said1 0 to =give4 ,hi/ory is "o long monoton\s li/ ( man's s9s & inhumanities4 ,i ?9k x probable t y w n urge ! e?ical aspect2 ,i w\ld leave t plea aside4 ,we all "k t we are v mu* l a lot ( pigs1 ea* aft] ! mo/ & be/ corn & ! w>me/ b$4 ,! amaz+ immorality ( try+ to get to heav5 on ano!r's m]its 0 ! mo/ braz5 example ( h[ little heav5l9ess !re 0 9 ! heav5-hunt]s & heav5-scal]s4 ,( c\rse ! desire = heav5 itself1 ! desire = "o's happ9ess 0 immoral :5 condition$ ^u ! mis]y ( o!rs4 ,nature 9 ?is respect is bett] ?an man1 d5y+ him 8 *ildi% mat]iali/ic desires & =c+ him to wait = immortality until he c le>n to live 9 ! _s & seek no selfi% heav54 ,j z ! body is ev] *ang+1 & x is impossible to seize ^u any h\r :5 we c\ld et]nalise x1 except at ! undesirable dea?-h\r1 s x is ! same 9 ref]5ce to intellect1 love1 & morality4 ,!re are no two days 9 life :5 we are ! same4 ,z to intellect we h little be=e adult life is rea*$1 & mo/ p h little aft] fifty or sixty ye>s4 ,x is prov]bial t no "o *anges 8 op9ion aft] t age1 b lives on old prejudices & ideas4 ,! m5tal p[]s get into ruts & habits1 true reason be+ abrogat$4 ,z to love we laugh at our fickl5ess1 & our habits & ideals ( fri5d%ip get sordid z ea* ye> /rips (f ! fre$om & expansiv5ess ( y\? & ! de> cold gho/ ( self is m exclusively wor%ipp$4 ,& our e?ical /&>ds *ange ) ea* day's pass+4 ,we h at e h\r to clut* ourselves by ! ?roat & cry1 ,/ay6 ,:o art ?\8 ,& lo6 :ile we ask our protean self ! "q1 we h become ano!r4 ,we seek p]petuity ( exi/5ce = some?+ ev] becom+ o!r4 ,we seek p]sonal id5tity aft] dea?1 b we h no p]sonal id5tity be=e dea?3 h[ !n c we h x aft]w>d8 ,d y n see t :at makes y recognisable1 diff]5t f o!r individuals1 & :at w\ld make p]sonal immortality possible dep5ds ^u ! accid5ts ( organisation1--dep5ds fir/ly ^u ! bodily peculi>ity1 & secondly ^u imp]fections ( m9d t y d n wi% to p]petuate8 ,tw9s sometimes we> a knot ( ribbon z a signal :]eby _! fri5ds may recognise !m4 ,our faces & bodies are b su* little symbols or signals t our s\ls h hung out = ! day4 ,dive/ y\r be/ fri5d ( 8 body & w\ld y recognise him8 ,h y ev] ?\ght h[ ! photograph ( y\r fri5d's s\l w\ld look8 ,if bodily =m & imp]fections make up ! mo/ ( :at we call individuality x becomes evid5t t 9 ca/+ (f imp]fection we become less n>r[1 less individual4 ,z y become fre$ f ! cramp+ littl5ess ( self-love & ! bonds ( self-gratification1 z y rise into ! life ( ! _s1 y f9d y\rself less individual4 ,"o fitt$ = a true heav5 w\ld n c>e = ! old immortality4 ,:at is good to c>ry ov] into ! future life is n s mu* p]sonal id5tity z p]sonal non-id5tity1 n s mu* ! imp]fections t make u individuals z ! p]fections t free u f individualism4 ,we mu/ lose our life to f9d x4 ,we h ov]e/imat$ ! value ( individuality4 ,self-consci\sness has become hyp]trophi$1 & ! summum bonum ( life is held to be ! pres]vation ( a little puck]$-up individuality4 ,?is ov]-developm5t ( individualism is d\btless due to ! fi]ce /ruggle man has _h to elevate himself out ( savag]y4 ,x has be5 possible only ?r\gh excessive c>efulness & love ( ! ego4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is n[ tak+ on class & corporate *>act]i/ics s t ! common weal is an ideal q z mu* z individual satisfaction & safety4 ,h5ce ! exagg]ation ( p]sonality may n[ return to some?+ l a heal?y normalism4 ,z a natural outgr[? & consequ5ce ( ?is ov]-developm5t ( ! individual consci\sness1 !re came ! absurd attempt to c>ry ov] into ! aft]-life ! same sort ( exi/5ce t _h be5 develop$ "h1--consi/+ 9 a neglect ( ! actual _w ( "o's desc5dants1 an ignor+ ( dea? t ends ! body & products ( organisation1 & a failure to see t a future life aft] dea? mu/ be a life ( ! _s1 ( p]fections1 & ( ! common life1 n ( peculi>ities & imp]fections4 ,if ?is seems an a]y height & a too r>e air x argues aga9/ y\r prep>ation = ! only desirable z well z ! only possible k9d ( immortality4 ,x argues aga9/ y j 9 ! same way t y\r horror ( dea? does4 ,x is only p>ticipation 9 ! div9e life ( ! _s t c see dea? z "r & good4 ,dea? comes to %att] our baseless tru/ 9 ! evanesc5t physical & tea* u dep5d5ce ^u ! ev]la/+ spiritual4 ,!y dread dea? ^: life is ( ! physical type4 ,god nev] gave to man a great] bless+1 aft] life itself1 ?an dea?1 & no?+ m /rik+ly proves ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w ?an ! c]ta9ty ( its com+ to u all4 ,if dea? is y\r enemy1 life is n y\r fri5d4 ,! brutal attempt to ignore ! fact1 ! belief t ! body ) its pack ( hea!ni% appetites & ne$s c\ld pu% ?r\gh dea? & come out fre% & r5ew$ on ! o!r side is ! v insanity ( individualism & ! intoxication ( mat]ialism4 ,! m\rn+1 %udd]1 gloom1 & horror ( dea?1--,god-s5t if any?+ is--is practical pessimism & reckless a!ism4 ,dea?'s "o lesson is t we mu/ love & cultivate :at he _c t\*4 ,"o :o has liv$ a life ( k9dness & spirituality has no horror ( dea?1 & to him x has little my/]y4 ,b to him ^: div9ity has be5 self & ^: religion ! wor%ip ( 8 physiological s5ses1 dea? mu/ be ! uglie/ ( enemies :o is to rob him ( 8 all4 ,did y ev] notice h[ life is pla/ic & free :5 fir/ fa%ion+ = itself a body8 ,all heav5 lies ab\t u 9 our infancy4 ,9 y\? we are unselfi%1 aspir+1 & noble4 ,z ! ye>s g by ! p[] ( ! organisation1 ! mat]ial gr[s1 & limits m & m ! fre$om ( ! _s4 ,frank5/e9 turns ^u its mak]4 ,) age m5 get n>r[1 cold1 calculat+2 wom5 snakey1 s*em+1 cruel4 ,! s\l f9ds itself m & m ! slave in/ead ( ! ma/]1 & by & by :5 ! slav]y becomes un5durable1 x takes flight1 & ?is y call dea?4 ,x is ! body's rew>d = insubord9ation4 ,i ?9k we des]ve little sympa?y = dy+4 ,mo/ ( u h well-m]it$ dea? be=e x comes--,i speak1 ( c\rse only ( ! dea? ( ^? 9 life's aft]noon4 ,few keep ! "y life pliant & free beyond ! age ( fifty4 ,if p c\ld see t life is ! mak] & m\ld] ( organisation1 & if !y w\ld seek immortality ^u e>?1 ,i believe m5 might come to live a hundr$ ye>s4 ,trees le>n to live ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b !y keep y\?1 & spr+1 & tru/1 & love1 =ev] ne/l+ ) ! birds among ! rejuv5esc5t leaves ( spr+4 ,we die n because ! body is weak1 b because x has become too /rong4 ,we die because !re is no real cont9uance & /r5g? 9 any?+ b ! non-physical1 & we h tru/$ 9 ! physical4 ,matt] )\t free life is in]t1 mov$ only f )\t3 ! dead body is simply matt] )\t life4 ,x is n ! blacksmi?'s arm t is /rong3 )\t n]ve-=ce x _c raise an ounce1 _c raise itself4 ,:5ce ! n]ve-=ce8 ,f ! ganglionic gray cells ( ! sp9al cord & bra94 ,& :5ce ^! little gray cells8 ,! de> /upid physiologi/ has n[ rea*$ 8 limit1 & y c confid5tly answ] = him t x 0 ,life creat$ ^! ?+s1 ,life t exi/$ be=e muscles1 n]ves1 & cells1 & t sl[ly fa%ion$ !m2 ,life1 an ord] ( exi/5ce 9 no imag9able way analog\s to1 or to be conf\nd$ ) matt] or me*anics4 ,!re is 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght no m ludicr\s & dismal failure ?an ! attempt to expla9 life 9 t]ms ( me*anics4 ,! hope ( ! mat]iali/ t sci5ce w\ld prove 8 prejudice is torn to tatt]s4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! _s are amaz$ at ! bat-bl9d inability to see ! fact1--to see t life is m c]ta9 & endur+ ?an matt]1 s\l ?an s5se4 ,! organs ( ! body are *ang$1 diseas$1 die2 ! body itself dies2 g5]ations ( bodies die1 b l a conta9+ cord ( silk1 on :i* all ! glitt]+ beads ( fle% are /rung1 !re is ! s\l1 ! life1 ev] ! same1 p]si/+ un*ang$ ?r\gh all *ange1 giv+ unity to div]sity1 m\ld+1 mak+1 disc>d+1 *oos+1 heal+1 work+ to f>-away ends ) bl9d1 & dead1 & ob/9ate mat]ials4 ,y love ! fle% ov]-mu* & jeal\s life says to y1 ,take x !n1 ?is s lov$ & wondr\s fle%2 me y h n lov$1--& lo6 ! dead body1 useless1 decay+1 lies be=e y4 ,let no mat]iali/ic misread+ ( sci5ce hoodw9k y into any blurr+ ( ! outl9es betwe5 matt] & life4#gh ,! two are z f> ap>t z heav5 & e>?1 are z dissimil> z ?\ght c conceive1--p]haps 9 a f9al analysis1 are ! only two ?+s ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is no fact ( sci5ce %[+ ! fa9te/ w>rant = conf\nd+ ! two4 ,ev5 ,huxley calls mat]ialism ! mo/ baseless ( all dogmas4 ,x w probably be f\nd t !re is b "o elem5t1 ( :i* all o!rs are duplications & comb9ations1 atoms be+ b c5tres ( =ce4 ,b life is irresolvable into any =m ( matt] or me*anical en]gy4 ,x is n only un?9kable t matt] c\ld orig9ate life1 b x is demon/rably absurd4 ,no sci5ti/ to-day believes 9 spontane\s g5]ation4 ,omne vivum ex vivo is an axiom4 ,! plant has no n]v\s sy/em & yet has e physiological function possess$ by ! human body4 ,x has contractility1 irritability1 respiration1 anabolism1 catabolism1 & reproductivity1--t is1 x has spontane\s movem5t1 x responds to /imulation1 x brea!s1 x assimilates1 x excretes1 x begets its l1--& physiologically ?is is all y c d4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 ev5 a drop ( ! jelly-l protoplasm t makes up ! basis ( all cell-/ructures1 animal or vegetable1 has also all ( ^! qualities or p[]s4#gi ,!re are bundles ( :olly /ructureless1 unorganis$ jelly t exhibit ^! capacities 9 a wond]ful degree4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ,hydra viridis1 t has no eyes & yet sees1 no bra9 or n]ves & yet lies 9 wait = prey1 pursues & fights1 or flees f dang]4 ,turn$ inside out x lives & dige/s its food z well z be=e4 ,x holds live worms d[n ) an improvis$ arm :5 !y try to get out ( its /oma*4 ,any "p reproduces all4 ,cut (f ! bottom ( its /oma* & x goes on eat+1 q untr\bl$ by ! little accid5t1--& s on4 ,a great1 wise1 bl9d man has def9$ evolution1 or life1 z ! integration ( matt] & ! dissipation ( motion dur+ :i* ! matt] passes f an indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity to a def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity1 & dur+ :i* ! motion und]goes a p>allel trans=mation4 ,"s "o else improv$ ^u ?is by say+ t x 0 a *ange f a no-h[i%1 untalkab\table all-alik5ess1 to a "s-h[i% & 9 g5]al talkab\table n-all-alik5ess1 by cont9u\s some?+-elsifications & all-toge!rations4 ,s*ell+ said t life 0 ! t5d5cy to individuation4 ,b ! cry/al or ! planet %[s t1 & !y are n liv+4 ,z ! h& _c grasp itself1 nei!r c life def9e itself4 ,all def9itions ,i h se5 miss ! ess5tial & primal *>act]i/ics ( spontane\s movem5t4 ,b all def9itions beg9 by begg+ ! "q1--assum+ ! ?+ expla9$4 ,! tru? is t !re is no def9ition or explanation possible4 ,! dualism ( matt] & life mu/ be accept$4 ,!re is no monism c bridge ! gulf betwe5 me*anics & life4 ,inorganic matt] ) its inh]5t =ces & laws _c be conceiv$ z ev] com+ into or z pass+ out ( exi/5ce4 ,f all et]nity x 0 z x is1 & s x w rema94 ,! physical univ]se %[s no h9t ( design1 no glimpse ( fre$om1 no trace ( intellig5ce1 no sugge/ion ( a mak] or ,god4 ,x has no p[] ( *oice1 no spontane\s motion4 ,b ! m]e/ speck ( liv+ matt] is utt]ly & absolutely diff]5t4 ,x may h eyes or no eyes1 & yet x sees1 e>s or n & yet x he>s1 n]ves or n & yet x feels & reacts1 bra9 or n & yet x ?9ks & plans1 & acts 9 accordance ) intellectual resolves4 ,! dead body ( y\r *ild is mo/ inconceivably diff]5t f ! liv+ body ( an h\r ago4 ,! "o fundam5tal my/]y ( ! expla9able _w is :y life seeks objectification 9 mat]ial =ms1 & :y x seeks x ) su* vehem5ce & ardor4 ,life seems to bite at matt] z if ) fami%+ hung]4 ,"o wond]s if f "s o!r planet life is be+ sudd5ly />v$ out or bani%$ by "s cata/rophe1 & z a consequ5ce !re is !nce an ov]-emigration ( ! hungry ,huns ^u our e>?4 ,c]ta9 confus$ & confusion-bre$+ philosoph]s 9 ! int]e/s ( a !oretical monism or pan!ism pret5d to f9d1 or to believe t ! organic is born out ( ! inorganic1 t ! physical _w %[s evid5ce ( design1 t life & m5tality 7 implicate & lat5t 9 pre-exi/5t matt]4 ,yet !y w accept ! evid5ce aga9/ spontane\s g5]ation d]iv$ f ! fact t if y kill all organic life by int5se heat & !n exclude life f )\t y w nev] f9d life to arise4 ,b x is pla9 t 9 ! cond5sation ( ! du/ ( space into suns & planets all organic life 0 kill$ 9 ! hotte/ ( all conceivable heat4 ,b z ! planets cool1 life appe>s4 ,x mu/ h come f )\t1 & mu/ !re=e be an univ]sal self-exi/5t p[]4 ,:y1 or h[1 or :5ce life comes to u we d n "k n[1 b ! transc5d5t miracle is ev] be=e our eyes3 inf9itely ri* & free1 life is fill+1 ?rill+1 sur*>g+ e molecule ( matt] to :i* ) wondr\s p[] & +5uity x c ga9 access4 ,x cov]s e ?\s&? ( an in* ( ! e>?'s surface1 dives into ! deepe/ ocean dep?s1 fills ! air z high z ! m\nta9 tops1 ev] unsatisfi$1 ev] grasp+ up a million million r5aissant =ms1 nev] re/+1 nev] baffl$4 ,be=e ?is omnipres5t god "o /&s 9 rapt amazem5t & wor%ip4 ,to matt]1 !n1 life fir/ br\ght1 & /ill ev] br+s ! p[] ( organisation1 ( adaptation1 ( spontane\s en]gy1 & ( movem5t4 ,b :5 ! dea? ( ! organisation takes place1 ! life t prec$$ & =m$ x is n less5$ or affect$4 ,:5 ! wat* we>s out does x prove t ! wat*mak] is dead8 ,x is m rational to suppose t ! wat*mak] has kept on ) 8 "w1 t he has made & w make _m m wat*es1 & ,i !re=e judge t ! life ( ea* ( u1 t exi/$ be=e our bodies1 t =m$ our bodies1 w /ill =m o!r bodies aft] ours4 ,! ,ori5tal doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls is n to be accept$ 9 its crude details1 b x is d\btless a great tru?4 ,x is m rational & m consonant ) :at we "k ( life1 ?an ! !ory ( wa/$ life implicate 9 ! b>b>ic notion ( s5d+ numb]less millions ( s\ls to hell to d no?+ b suff] useless pa91 & o!r millions to heav5 to suff] 7,i use ! ^w advis$ly7 useless pleasure4 ,any !ory ( immortality t re/s ^u ! assumption ( uselessness & wa/e may be quickly set aside4 ,j z matt] & =ce are inde/ructible1 v>i\s =ms ( =ce be+ int]*angeable1 s x mu/ be ) life4 ,!re mu/ be a cons]vation ( life-en]gy j z rigid1 & ?is tru? mu/ remake & rem\ld ! :ole conception ( immortality4 ,:5 a me*anical =ce disappe>s 9 "o phase1 x at once reappe>s 9 ano!r aspect4 ,s vegetable1 animal1 & m5tal life are b diff]5t aspects ( life-=ce1 & suff] no loss :5 trans=m$ "o into ! o!r1 or :5 ! body disappe>s altoge!r4 ,& z x is ! inh]5t nature ( =ce nev] to re/ s !re is no re/ = life4 ,bani%m5t ( life to a heav5 ( inaction is z impossible z x is absurd4 #gh ,^? :o ?9k ?is view is ! voice ( fai? & n ( true sci5ce may pr(itably read a little book t has come to my notice s9ce writ+ ^! pages3 ,life ,!ories & ,religi\s ,?\ght1 by ,lionel ,s4 ,beale4 #gi ,accord+ to ! late/ sci5tific rese>*es ! dep5d5ce ( all organisation ^u life is m cle>ly %[n ?an ev]4 ,my fri5d ,dr4 ,edmund ,montgom]y tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 z a result ( ext5d$ exp]im5t & rese>*1 %[$ t ! body ( animals is n an aggregation ( cells1 ! =ce ( ! :ole be+ d]iv$ f ! enslav+ & utilis+ ^! subord9ate organisms1 b t ! :ole body is a s+le protoplasmic liv+ connect$ mass or unit ) functionally specialis$ p>ts4 ,t ?is view is ! sci5tific view ( to-day & t ! cell-aggregate !ory is dead may be se5 by consult+ ! article ,zelle1 by ,pr(4 ,fromm5 9 ,eul5burg's ,real-,encyclopdie d] gesammt5 ,heilkunde1 #ahij4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( =ce to ?+s biologic & psy*ic is a two-edg$ sword3 x (f]s conclusive evid5ce ( ! fallacy ( ! mat]iali/ & unbeliev]4 ,!re is no annihilation2 y\r life at dea? n only may n /op b _c /op4 ,life is z inext+ui%able z physical =ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is sword deals ! dea? bl[ to two equally %all[ fallacies ( believ]s4 ,j s sure z x insures ! pres]vation ( y\r life1 ( all t is wor? pres]vation1 j s sure x d5ies ! possibility ( pres]v+ :at 0 b\nd up ) & produc$ by organisation1--t is individuality & p]sonal id5tity4 ,^! ?+s1 if n entirely1 are c]ta9ly l>gely ! products ( y\r peculi> physical & physiological organisation4 ,:atev] is born ( ! fle% mu/ p]i% ) ! fle%2 :at is born ( ! _s %all inh]it et]nal life4 ,b ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ di/+ui%+ rebuke is giv5 ! unsci5tific1 pu]ile1 selfi% assumption ( ! wa/e1 loss1 & uselessness ( life involv$ 9 ! old !ory ( heav5 & hell4 ,:5 f a *emical comp\nd y take away & lib]ate "o elem5t or comp\nd radicle1 does x !n %oot (f into space1 to flock all by itself = et]nity8 ,by no means6 ,x at once ru%es into a new comb9ation ) its ne>e/ neighbor1 quickly pick+ up aga9 ! r\nd ( its duty & function4 ,! curi\s notion t aft] hav+ done "w 9 "o body1 life or s\ls %\ld at once ru% (f to "s f>-away />1 !re to s+ or h[l = et]nity 0 a *ildi% absurdity4 ,"o wond]s :]e ev5 an omnipot5t ,god c\ld get mat]ial = su* an amaz+ manufacture & loss ( s\ls4 ,! !ory also =got t logic dem&s t :at %\ld live =ev] 9 ! future mu/ p]=ce h liv$ =ev] 9 ! pa/4 ,a rope if x h "o end1 mu/ h two ends4 ,:at1 !re=e h our s\ls be5 do+ dur+ ?is pa/ et]nity8 ,! tru? is t absolutely speak+ !re _c be s\ls1 b only s\l4 ,life is a unit1 & indivisible4 ,! t9ie/ bit ( bioplasm holds & repres5ts all ( life4 ,nei!r y nor x are sep>able f ! :ole4 ,!re may be education & progressive evolution ( life z a :ole b !re c be no individual & selfi% salvation ap>t f ! salvation ( all o!r s\ls4 ,! idea t release f ! body at once releases a s\l f action1 duty1 & ! "w ( life1 is an illogicality t c\ld h aris5 9 no m9d conv]sant ) ! demon/rat$ law ( ! non-wa/age ( =ce 9 any "w ( en]gy else:]e4 ,life is nev] tir$2 x is ! body t requires re/ n ! _s4 ,! old doctr9e ( heav51 an et]nity ( laz9ess1 0 ! sigh ( ! sluggi% fle% :ipp$ to ceaseless "w by ! unre/+ life4 ,! desire ( heav5 0 ! desire ( et]nal dea?4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! idea ( ! non-wa/age1 ! rigid cons]vation & int]conv]tibility ( =ce to ?+s ( life1 ga9s a new significance & gr&eur :5 we consid] t :atev] proves ! immortality ( man proves ! immortality ( e o!r animal or vegetable =m4 ,! tree & horse h a s\l q z well z y1 & mu/ live aft] dea? q z surely z y w4 ,x is ! flimsie/ ( conceits t makes m5 ?9k !y are end[$ ) a special sort ( s\l or div9e life1 diff]5t f t ( animals or plants4 ,don't flatt] y\rself4 ,god takes q ! same lov+ pa9s & c>e 9 ! elim9ation ( a leaf t he does ( a bra9-cell4 ,man is b a small "p ( ! animal _w1 & ! :ole animal _w is b a small "p ( ! total life ( ! globe4 ,don't despise ! vegetable k+dom3 x c d some?+ y _c d--make liv+ matt] out ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,y c\ld n live a day )\t ! food furni%$ y by y\r bro!rs1 ! plants4 ,h5ce if human life or s\ls _c be s5t (f into space to d no?+1 nei!r c ! s\ls ( animals & plants4 ,if we are to h our heav5 !y mu/ h !irs also4 ,does n ?is tang5tial !ory beg9 to be clumsy & "w ) huge creak+s & difficulties8 ,x looks l r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,n only is ! tang5tial !ory contradictory ( all physical analogies & all kn[n laws1 b x is positively immoral4 ,x is b a ref9$ selfi%ness4 ,worldl9ess is none ! less s9ful because x is o!r-worldl9ess4 ,if billions ( s\ls c\ld ?us be wa/$ 9 an et]nity ( useless pa9 or pleasure1 c\ld ?us1 drunk5 ) individuation1 hug _! own sweet gho/s = nev]-end+ "t--!n 7 life a f>ce1 ! univ]se a huge mean+less ma*9e = gr9d+ out wa/e & useless s\ls4 ,b if all life1 pa/ or future1 is "o & indivisible1 purposive1 educational1 !n ! _w becomes full ( mean+ & ! face ( ! ,fa!r1 ,life1 smiles out at u f e liv+ ?+4 ,! fai? ( all good m5 t goodness is at ! he>t ( ?+s is ju/ifi$4 ,! ,e>? becomes our home1 t we c love2 our ,fa!r ev] dwelle? "h2 we _c be bani%$4 ,:5 we h f9i%$ our task1 :5 our body has worn out1 tireless life1 ( :i* we are ! *ildr5 & heirs1 gives u "h & n[ o!r "w to d4 ,to matt]1 ?is trem5d\s cosmical game ( inc>nation c mean no?+4 ,we see ! dead fle% break up into simpl] *emical =ms & ! atoms f9ally sp9 (f unalt]$ by _! fle%-dance1 aga9 to be caught up by ! my/ic & unse5 ,ma/]1 aga9 to be press$ into organic =ms1--=ms t l empty sea-%ells only %[ :]e life has be54 ,& s on =ev]4 ,b to life "s educative purpose mu/ be op]ative ?r\gh x all4 ,life t made eyes mu/ see m ?an eyes2 life t made bra9s mu/ "k m ?an bra9s4 ,!re is d\btless pa9 & /ra92 b is !re to be no ultimate ju/ification8 ,we may cat* glimpses ( reasons4 ,d we n see an increase bo? ( quantity & quality ( life 9 geologic times8 ,is life try+ to d away ) dea? & h]$ity8 ,are !y b make%ifts1 dea? b a disc>d+ ( too ob/9ate mat]ial8 ,bir? b a retemp]+ & rework+ ( ! same mat]ial8 ,h]$ity b ! tempor>y means ( pass+ life & its exp]i5ces onw>d until dea? & bir? %all be f\nd unnecess>y 9 a gr[+ comm& ( *emical & physical =ces t %all bani% old age out ( ! _w8 ,!re is no inh]5t reason :y a body %\ld gr[ decrepit4 ,if x c be made to pres]ve its suppl5ess = fifty ye>s :y n = a ?\s&8 ,x may transpire t ! dream ( an elixir ( life may come true ?r\gh sci5tific progress despite ! savage dea?-bl[ giv5 x by ,br[n-,squ>d4 ,! m s91 selfi%ness1 & wrong !re is ! %ort] is ! av]age l5g? ( human lives4 ,if y w look into ! ri* & awful sci5ce ( /ati/ics y w f9d pro( ( ?is 9 e class ( society4 ,:5 we apply ourselves to enri* & l5g!n our life-"t ) ! same zeal we n[ use 9 kill+ ea* o!r--:5 ! end[m5ts ( ! _w's sci5tific s*ools equal ! co/ ( ! _w's armies !n !re w be a v diff]5t life-table f\nd 9 ! insurance-(fices4 ,f9ally ) m\rnful e*o+ recurr5ce comes ! old "q3 ,h[ mu* ( individuality p]si/s & passes unt\*$ ?r\gh dea?'s f+]s8 ,h[ f> does ! graduate life c>ry ) x ! results ( exp]i5ce8 ,i w\ld answ]3 all t y ought to desire1 all t is be/1 all t y w want :5 y fully und]/& h[ little & poor is individuality & t !re is some?+ includ+ x & f> bett]4 ,i h a /range inability1 p]sonally1 to und]/& ! to me absurd hung] aft] p]sonal id5tity4 ,x appe>s to me a *ildi% obtus5ess ( "*4 ,! great & glori\s fre5ess & l>g5ess ( life1 ! dec5tralis$1 imp]sonal quality ( x seems to be unappreciat$4 ,i d n see h[ p c fail to und]/& t p]sonal id5tity is n only impossible1 does n exi/ n[ & "h1 b t ! desire ( x is ! r5unciation ( progress4 ,we gr[ & advance only by *ange1 only by break+ up id5tity & becom+ o!r4 ,?9k also ( ! lack ( id5tity or individuality 9 nature4 ,!re is no p]sonality & individualism !re1 & yet !re is some?+ t includes p]sonality & is mu* m4 ,!re is w1 consci\sness1 intellig5ce1 life1--b n id5tity or individuality4 ,s ! life t is ! he>t ( u invites u to leave our little self & f9d a l>g] self4 ,religion is our yes to t invitation4 ,mat]ialism & pessimism is ! say+ no to x4 ,! immortality t is alone possible or desirable is ! los+ our life1 ! individual id5tity-lov+ life1 aga9 to f9d x z ! imp]sonal b ri*]1 deep] life ( nature & ,god4 ,god d5ies y an immortality ( individualism & id5tity because he loves y s well t he refuses y y\r crude *ildi% desire 9 ord] to (f] y some?+ inf9itely bett]4 ,p d n seem to see h[ n>r[1 small1 & p>tial is ! dissociate speck ( ! individual1 & t z an individual progresses 9 all ! virtues ( "* he ev]more becomes proportionally less individual & less c5tralis$1 always m l ! div9e prototype ( 8 imp]sonal fa!r1 ,life4 ,! love ( individualism is ! love ( imp]fection4 ,?is may to "s seem a h>d doctr9e4 ,x is n p]haps an easy task = ! butt]fly to break its way out ?r\gh ! million-fold bonds ( its cocoon1 b :5 ris5 into ! l>ge air & sun%9e does x regret ! bir?-/ruggle8 ,!y :o ?9k !y are be+ *eat$ ( reality = a metaphysic illusion w f9d 9 break+ ?r\gh ! bonds ( fle% t !y also h br\ght ) !m spl5did w+s = ris+ 9 ! no less real b r>] air ( spiritual tru/ 9 life4 ,x is n t we love less ! ?\s& ties ( fle%1 home & k9dr$1 b t 9 recognis+ ! pat]nity & frat]nity ( all life1 we f9d love comm5surate ) t life4 ,i d n ?9k !re 0 any cold /ony h>%ness 9 ! face ( ,jesus :5 he utt]$ ^? mo/ pr(\ndly significant ( all words1 ,:o is my "m1 & :o are my bre?r58 ,:osoev] %all d ! w ( my ,fa!r1 ! same is my bro!r1 & si/]1 & "m4 ,:at a recall to ! common life ( ! _s6 ,:at unity ) ! common life bas$ ^u lov+ ob$i5ce to ! w ( ! ,fa!r4 ,:at a wond]ful rebuke ( ! love ( individualism4 ,he did n love 8 "m less b humanity m4 ,! m we rise into t imp]sonal atmosph]e ! m are we c>eless ( ! fate ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,! composite photograph %[s ! fundam5tal & endur+ quality1 ! av]age feature4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se life & hi/ory are tak+ humanity's composite photograph2 b1 inord9ately-lov+ individualism1 ea* sitt] conceit$ly dem&s t 8 own picture be left unt\*$ & unblurr$ by t ( ! o!rs1 & t 8 poor little portrait %all /& alone & =ev]--precisely :at ! div9e photograph] does n wi% & w n p]mit4 ,ob/9acy p]si/s & ,god sma%es ! negative to ! gr\nd ) ! unansw]able argum5t call$ dea?4 ,because x is m ?an metaphor t 9 any ways y\r body may be lik5$ unto a photograph]'s negative3 creat$1 = example1 by ! 9-fla%+ ( a heav5ly ray ( light among ! highly un/able *emicals ( matt]2 useless1 except z an int]m$iate /ep to a cle>] %[+ ( ! "*2 black & invisible unless %one ?r\gh by ! pure light ( life & love2 fragile z glass1--& la/ly ! poor1 weak1 %ad[y1 dead c\nt]feit ( a ?robb+1 m>vell\s1 liv+ reality4 ,! hung] = an immortality ( ! body1 ( ! s5ses1 ! lu/ ( immortality1 is1 9 empty fatu\sness1 only comp>able to ! mania ( a crazy photograph] int]e/$ only 9 8 negatives1 & :o nev] develops "o1 or to ! fooli%ness t values photographs m ?an ! fri5ds !mselves4 ,if we once get our spiritual eye fix$ ^u ! deep reality & unity hidd5 by ! ,maia-veil+s ( individuality & fle%1 ! crav+s ( our weak he>ts = et]nal cont9uance ( our little bundle ( littl5esses1 w\ld fall away f u z s(tly z ! wayw>d long+s ( *ildhood4 ,we c\ld !n see t x is ! quality ( all life1 ! progressive purity1 p[]1 & increase ( life 9 ! ab/ract1 t become all-important4 ,religion w\ld become ! love & v5]ation ( ,life ! ,fa!r ( u2 morality ! *e]ful ob$i5ce ( ! individual to t ,fa!r2 ,heav5 ! re-entrance ( ! individual life into ! great unity4 ,mu* ( ! old religion 0 irreligi\s2 its ,god a f>-away dead ab/raction1 n a liv+1 ev]-pres5t love2 its immortality 0 at he>t a desire = dea?1 its spiritualism at he>t a b>b>ic mat]ialism4 ,to ?is dea? ( fai? & irreligi\s religion1 comes ! sympa!tic /udy & love ( nature--t is1 sci5ce--& reveals to u ! opul5ce ( life1 ! inf9ity ( intellect 9 nature1 ! inexhau/ibl5ess ( h] res\rces & ( h] div]sity1 h] beauty1 & h] spl5dor4 ,! old mat]iali/ic degradation ( religion =efelt its doom w\ld come f ?is spirituali/ic revivification1 & ! devotees cri$ out aga9/ sci5ce z a!i/ic4 ,& sci5ce f\nd "s fooli% enemies 9 h] own camp :o1 misread+ _! div9e book1 jo9$ 9 ! cry--,no?+ b me*anics4 ,x 0 a dismal %ort-liv$ croak4 ,we n[ see t n only are sci5ce & h] work]s religi\s1 b )\t sci5tific k !re c be no adequate idea or practice ( religion4 ,y c't love ,god unless y love & "k :at he is do+ 9 ?is univ]se4 ,! man :o 9 a walk goes neglectfully & oblivi\sly by a million my/]ies & wond]s t ,god has be5 toil+ to elim9ate = ages1--su* a man _c lay mu* claim to ,god's fri5d%ip4 ,if we love our fri5d1 we h "s int]e/ 9 ! deepe/ conc]n ( 8 life4 ,! fooli%e/ ( all fe>s is ! fe> t sci5ce is someh[ go+ to de/roy all good ?+s ( fai? & life4 ,9 tru? x reveals all good ?+s4 ,x demon/rates & manife/s bo? ,god & immortality1--,god z ! ,fa!r ( all life1 immortality z ! surety ( ! cons]vation & non-wa/age ( t life4 ,mu* ( ! fe> ( sci5ce1 is z ,i h said ! fe> ( ! old mat]iali/ic religion 9 pres5ce ( ! l>g] fai? t burns up its belov$ errors4 ,!y :o _h be5 promis$ & _h argu$ !mselves into a gr\ndless belief 9 ! value & immortality ( a bundle ( s5sual appetites1 selfi% desires1 & imp]fections saw f> 9 advance t any l>ge /udy ( life & nature w\ld da% _! wret*$ fai? to atoms4 ,& sci5ce has ov]ridd5 ?is unfai?ful fai?4 ,he t s[e? to 8 fle% %all ( ! fle% reap corruption2 b he t s[e? to ! ,_s %all ( ! ,_s reap life ev]la/+4 ,?is is z true sci5tifically z x is true morally & religi\sly4 ,x requires b a little /udy ( neurology & psy*ology to give demon/ration to ?is tru?4 ,! products ( organisation die ) disorganisation4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( :at p mean by individuality & p]sonal id5tity is a product ( organisation1 is an accid5t ( inc>nation4 ,*ildr5 are simil> to ea* o!r2 !y are lovable p>tly because idiosyncrasy & individualism hav5't yet develop$4 ,z we gr[ old] we cultivate individuality1 until ! v old are usually angul>1 cranky1 individual ) a v5geance6 ,dea?1 ?ank heav51 is ! end ( t1 ! c]ta9ty ( a non-et]nalis+ ( ! imp]fect4 ,bir? is a new trial4 ,inc>nation & re9c>nation are ! ev]-r5ew$ "w ( ,life4 ,?r\gh ! laws ( h]$ity1 ?r\gh physiology1 sociology1 & biology1 sci5ce is tirelessly illu/rat+ to u h[ all life holds toge!r1 h[ individualism is valueless1 & sacrific$ to ! common weal4 ,!re is no escape1 s5sual or sup]s5sual f ! _w's great common life4 ,! old selfi% dream ( a heav5 ap>t f inc>nation1 f do+ & becom+ 0 a pitiful mi/ake4 ,y _c clut* y\r cake ( happ9ess & l a spoil$ *ild run into ! attic ( heav5 to eat x alone4 ,life w see to x t y d n slip (f4 ,& if y h be5 born aga9 ( ! _s y w h no su* desire1 b w beg = k9dr$ "w ^u ! old e>?-home4 ,9 ! meantime ! conclusion is cle>3 to love & aid ! "w ( our ma/] ,life we ne$ n wait = dea?4 ,we may n seek our own salvation2 x is no matt] :e!r y & ,i are sav$ or n4 ,! re9c>nation ( life is our "w "h & n[4 ,x took y tw5ty ye>s to fa%ion out ( a microscopically-small speck ( unorganis$ protoplasm y\r body & bra94 ,)9 u we are to keep t organisation f cramp+ & b9d+ ! life1--keep life z l>ge & free & pliant z possible4 ,outside ( u ! inc>nation goes on z well1 & e p]son y influ5ce ei!r = good or = ill1 ?us by ! fact1 becomes a product ( y\r inc>nat+ "w4 ,e day y h a hundr$ opportunities to give1 )\t less5+ y\r own supply1 "s ( y\r own life1 to increase ! quantity & to elevate ! quality ( ! g5]al /ock ( ! _w's life4 ,help ! "y1 !y inh]it ! _w & w use x well or ill accord+ to y\r tea*+ & example4 ,/op cruelty to animals1 !y are y\r bro!rs1 fill$ ) ! same life z y\r own2 fight ! political ru9 we are prep>+ = ourselves by p>tisan%ip1 brib]y1 & class-legislation2 disc\rage w> & intemp]ance & less5 ! tyranny ( ! /rong & weal?y4 ,wage a ceaseless w> to ! dea? aga9/ luxury1 ! poison t is eat+ & rott+ ! he>ts ( all ( u2 love trees1 mead[s1 cle> brooks1 ! m\nta9s & sil5ces ( ,nature4 ,love1 n s mu* y\r own or ano!r's individual life1 z ,life itself4 ,!re is o!rwise no immortality4 ,! div9e /ory tells u t aft] measureless suff]+ & self-purification1 ,buddha _h ga9$ ! "r to ent] ,nirvana4 ,) compassion fill+ 8 he>t he put 8 m]it$ rew>d aside & resolv$ to rema9 )\t to tea* & to help until e *ild ( e>? %\ld h become 8 disciple1 & until e disciple %\ld h ent]$ ,nirvana be=e him4 ,su* mu/ be ! resolve ( e true lov] ( life & ( e "r seek] aft] immortality4 ,,george ,m4 ,,g\ld4 ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,( ,,psy*o-,,physics4#hj ,,s5sations ,,& ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,reality4 #hj ,?is article is ! sub/ance ( a private communication f ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,ma* to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/--publi%$ 9 ! pres5t =m ) ,pr(4 ,ma*'s cons5t4 ,translat$ f ,pr(essor ,ma*'s ,,ms4 by ,?omas ,j4 ,mc,cormack4 ,i h read ,dr4 ,c>us's article ,feel+ & ,motion#ha ) c>e1 & h also p]us$ ,clif=d's essay on ,! ,nature ( ,?+s 9 ,!mselves4 ,let me attempt to pres5t ! po9ts 9 :i* our agreem5ts & diff]5ces consi/4 #ha ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,nos4 #aec & #aed4 ,to beg9 )1 ,i /ate ) pleasure t ! moni/ic t5d5cy ( bo? endeavors is 9 ! direction t appe>s to me to be ! true "o & t is mo/ likely to af=d elucidation4 ,consequ5tly1 agreem5t 9 matt]s ( detail is ( subord9ate importance & is only a "q ( "t4 ,let me cite1 fir/1 a few passages f ,feel+ & ,motion to :i* ,i give my full ass5t4 ,!y are ! foll[+3 ,! int]conv]tibility ( motion & feel+ is an error4 ,feel+ is real z mu* z are matt] & motion4 ,its reality accord+ly is mo/ imm$iate & direct1 s t x w\ld be ridicul\s to d\bt x4 ,man's me?od ( und]/&+ ! process ( nature is t ( ab/raction4 ,e concept is =m$ = "s purpose1 & e concept by s]v+ "o purpose necess>ily becomes "o-sid$4444 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d4444 7#a7 ! purpose x has to s]ve1 & 7#b7 t ! totality ( ?+s f :i* ab/ractions c be made is "o indivisible :ole4444 ,we mu/ n imag9e t ! "o side only is true reality4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i %\ld also h agre$ 9 toto ) ! passages 9 :i* ,dr4 ,c>us speaks ( ! animation ( all nature1 & ( ! feel+ t accompanies e motion4 ,to-day ?is =m ( expression w\ld n1 x seems to me1 correctly *>act]ise ! matt]4 ,if ,i 7 n[ prematurely to advance a def9itive =mulation1 ,i %\ld fe> le/1 s f> z myself & p]haps o!rs are conc]n$1 important aspects might rema9 conceal$4 ,i %all next cite ! passages ) respect to :i* ,i d n agree ) ,dr4 ,c>us1 & !n ,i %all endeavor to /ate :]e9 our diff]5ces ( op9ion consi/3 ,all s]ies ,a ,b ,c 444 are accompani$ by 4 ,! ,a ,b ,c 444 s]ies ( ,dr4 ,c>us has a diff]5t mean+ f m9e4 ,we may repres5t motion or we may repres5t m9d z ! basis ( ! _w1 or we may conceive !m z be+ on equal t]ms4 ,i _c agree ) a co-ord9ation ( motion & m9d4 ,!y viz4 feel+ & motion are z insep>able z are ! two sides ( a %eet ( pap]4 ,fe*n] says1 ,z insep>able z ! concave & convex sides ( ! same circle4 ,?is appe>s to me an inapposite simile 9 s f> z a duality is pr$icat$ :]e 9 my view a unity alone exi/s4 ,my view ( ! problem is z foll[s3 ,we h colors1 s\nds1 pressures1 & s =? 7,a ,b ,c 44471 :i*1 z simple/ compon5t p>ts1 make up ! _w4 ,9 addition !reto1 p]cepts 7resolvable into 44471 feel+s1 & s =?1 m or less composite4 ,h[ 444 diff] f ,a ,b ,c 444 ,i w n def9e "h1 = ,i d n "k exactly4 ,x is en\gh = ! "t be+ t !y d diff] f ,a ,b ,c 4441 z ! latt] d f "o ano!r4 ,& let u n[ leave 444 entirely out ( acc\nt & put ourselves 9 a "t & /ate 9 :i* !re are only ,a ,b ,c4 ,n[ ,i say1 t if ,i see a tree ) gre5 leaves 7,a71 ) a h>d 7,b71 gray 7,c7 trunk1 t ,a ,b ,c are elem5ts ( ! _w4 ,i say elem5ts--& n s5sations1 also n motions--because x is n my purpose at ?is place to arrive at ei!r a psy*ological or a physiological or a physical !ory1 b to proce$ descriptively4 ,! e-day man1 inde$1 takes gre5ness1 grayness1 h>dness1 or complexes !re( x may be1 = con/itu5t p>ts ( ! _w--= he does n tr\ble himself ab\t a psy*ologico-physiological !ory--& does n le>n moreov] any?+ m ab\t ! _w2 f 8 po9t ( view he is "r4 ,simil>ly1 = ! descriptive physici/ ! "q is also "o m]ely ( ! dep5d5cies ( ,a ,b ,c 444 on "o ano!r2 = him too ,a ,b ,c 4441 or complexes !re(1 are & rema9 con/itu5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i close my eye 7,k71 )draw my feel+ h& 7,l71 ,a ,b ,c 444 disappe>4 ,if ,i contemplate ,a ,b ,c 444 9 ?is dep5d5ce !y are my s5sations4 ,?is is b a special po9t ( view )9 ! fir/4 ,accord+ to my conception1 !re=e1 ! same ,a ,b ,c 444 is bo? elem5t ( ! _w 7! out] _w1 namely7 & elem5t ( feel+4 ,! "q h[ feel+ arises out ( ! physical elem5t has = me no significance1 s9ce bo? are "o & ! same4 ,! p>allelism /&s to reason1 s9ce ea* is p>allel to itself4 ,x is n two sides ( ! same pap] 7:i* latt] is inve/$ ) a metaphysical rle 9 ! simile71 b simply ! same ?+4 ,a p]fect physics c\ld /rive to accompli% no?+ m ?an to make u famili> be=eh& ) :atev] x 7 possible = u to come across s5sorily2 t is1 we %\ld h k ( ! int]relation ( ,a ,b ,c4 ,a p]fect psy*ology w\ld supply ! int]relation ( 4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt ! !oretical int]m$i>ies ( physics--physiology & psy*ology--que/ions l ,h[ does feel+ arise f motion w\ld nev] come up4 ,h[ev]1 ! artificial inv5tions ( a physical or psy*ological !ory1 mu/ n be introduc$ into a g5]al discussion ( ?is "*--= !y are necess>ily "o-sid$4 ,i may n[ set =? my diff]+ po9t ( view ) reg>d to ! idea ( motion4 ,a motion is ei!r p]ceptible by ! s5ses1 z ! displac+ ( a *air 9 a room or ! vibration ( a /r+1 or x is only suppli$1 add$ 7hypo!tical71 l ! oscillation ( ! e!r1 ! motion ( molecules & atoms1 & s =?4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! motion is compos$ ( ,a ,b ,c 4441 x is itself m]ely a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ,a ,b ,c 4441 & plays !re=e 9 ! discussion n[ 9 h& no especial "p4 ,9 ! second in/ance ! hypo!tical motion1 "u especially favorable circum/ances1 c become p]ceptible by ! s5ses4 ,9 :i* case ! fir/ in/ance recurs4 ,z long z ?is is n ! case1 or 9 circum/ances 9 :i* ?is c nev] happ5 7! case ( ! motions ( atoms & molecules71 we h to d ) a n\m5on1 t is1 a m]e m5tal auxili>y1 an artificial exp$i5t1 ! purpose ( :i* is solely to indicate1 to repres5t1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a model1 ! connection betwe5 ,a ,b ,c 4441 to make x m famili> to u4 ,x is a ?+ ( ?\ght1 an entity ( ! m9d 7 44474 ,i _c believe t ?is is to be co-ord9at$ ) ,a ,b ,c 444 9 ! same way z ,a ,b ,c 444 among ea* o!r are4 ,putt+ toge!r motion & feel+ goes z mu* aga9/ me z w\ld say ! co-ord9ation ( numb]s & colors4 ,p]haps ,i /& q alone 9 ?is1 = physici/s h accu/om$ u to reg>d ! motions ( atoms z m real ?an ! gre5 ( trees4 ,9 ! latt] ,i see a 7s5sory7 fact1 9 ! =m] a ,g$ank5d+1 a ?+ ( ?\ght4 ,! billions ( e!r-vibrations :i* ! physici/ = 8 special purposes m5tally annexes to ! gre51 are n to be co-ord9at$ ) ! gre51 :i* is giv5 imm$iately4 ,:5 a piece ( z9c & a piece ( copp]1 unit$ by a wire1 are dipp$ 9 sulphuric acid & deflect a magnetic ne$le 9 ! vic9ity ( ! wire1 ! unprepossess$ discov]] ( ! fact disc]ns naught ( motion beyond ! deflection ( ! ne$le & ! diffusion 9 ! fluid4 ,ev]y?+ rev]ts to c]ta9 comb9ations ( ,a ,b ,c4 ,electricity is a ?+ ( ?\ght1 a m5tal adjunct2 its motion ano!r2 its magnetic field /ill ano!r4 ,all ^! n\m5a are implem5ts ( physical sci5ce1 contriv$ = v special purposes4 ,!y are disc>d$1 ca/ aside1 :5 ! int]connection ( ,a ,b ,c 444 has become famili>2 = ?is la/ is ! v gi/ ( ! affair4 ,! implem5t is n ( ! same dignity1 or reality1 z ,a ,b ,c 4441 & mu/ n be plac$ 9 ! same category1 mu/ n be co-ord9at$ ) x :]e g5]al consid]ations are involv$ to :i* physics ) its special objects does n ext5d4 ,! gre5 7,a7 ( ! tree is n only adjo9$ to ! pres5ce ( ! sun 7,b71 b also to ! deflection ( ! ne$le 7,x71 by my optic n]ve4 ,famili>is+ int]m$i>y connections to-day by motions1 to-morr[ by "s o!r means1 is ! bus9ess ( ! special sci5ces1 & c only di/urb & obscure a g5]al discussion4 ,:at %\ld we say ( a cosmology f a ph>maceutical po9t ( view8 ,9 pr9ciple1 ?is v ?+ is done1 x seems to me1 :5 physical aug]s & saws are employ$ 9 all fields ( "w1 z is univ]sally ! case4 ,s mu* = ! juxtaposition ( motion & feel+4 ,p]haps ,i alone am "r1 p]haps ,i alone am wrong4 99 99 99 99 99 ,accord+ to my conception accord+ly mat]ial processes are n accompani$ by feel+s1 b are ! same 7,a ,b ,c 44472 only ! relation 9 :i* we consid] !m makes !m at "o "t physical elem5ts & at ano!r "t feel+s4 ,! relation 9 :i* p]cepts & feel+s z di/+ui%$ f s5sations /& to s5sations1 is n cle> to me4 ,i am mu* incl9$ to reg>d ^! feel+s z a species ( s5sation 7co-ord9ate ) s5sations74 ,h[ ! repres5tative p]cepts ( imag9ation & memory are connect$ ) s5sations1 :at relation !y be> to !m1 ,i d>e v5ture no op9ion4 ,! relation ( 444 to ,a ,b ,c 444 is ! po9t reg>d+ :i* ,i d n feel suffici5tly sure4 ,reg>d+ ,a ,b ,c 444 7_w ( s5se 9 its objective & subjective significance7 ,i believe ,i am cle>4 ,dr4 ,c>us 9 a private lett] to me says3 ,x almo/ seems z if y trans=m all ,a ,b ,c 444 s]ies into ! correspond+ 444 s]ies4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,i designate by 444 repres5tative p]cepts 7n s5sations71 & say simply t ,a ,b ,c 4441 ! same ,a ,b ,c 4441 play1 accord+ to circum/ances1 n[ ! rle ( physical elem5ts1 n[ ! role ( s5sations4 ,i call ,a ,b ,c 4441 !re=e1 elem5ts1 pure & simple4 ,m9e is n ! ,b]keleian po9t ( view4 ,! latt] has be5 mi/ak5ly attribut$ to me "t & aga91 ! sep>ation t ,i make ( ,a ,b ,c 444 f 444 n hav+ be5 %>ply discrim9at$ & x n hav+ be5 borne 9 m9d t ,i call ,a ,b ,c 444 alone s5sations1 n h[ev] 4 ,clif=d1 ) 8 m9d-/uff1 approa*es v ne> to ,b]keley4 ,monism1 z yet1 ,i _c ?or\ghly foll[ out2 because ,i am lack+ 9 cle>ness ) reg>d to ! relation ( 444 to ,a ,b ,c 4441 :i* c only be suppli$ by fur!r physiologico-psy*ological inve/igations2 b ,i believe t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a compet5t monism lies 9 ! ass]tion t ! same ,a ,b ,c 444 are bo? physical & psy*ical elem5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! psy*ical accompany+ ! physical1 ! "q ,h[8 cont9ually recurs4 ,ei!r !y are two incompatible ?+s 7,dubois7 or _! relation is b\nd up 9 a ?ird ?+ 7?+-(-itself74 ,by view+ ! matt] z two sides ( ! same ?+1 n mu* m is ga9$1 to my m9d1 ?an a mom5t>y satisfaction4 ,all non-moni/ic po9ts ( view are1 9 my op9ion1 artificial con/ructions1 :i* arise by inve/+ ) v f>-rea*+ ext5sions ( mean+ psy*ological or physical special-conceptions1 :i* h a limit$ value1 applicable only )9 ! dep>tm5t 9 "q = ! elucidation ( ! facts ( t dep>tm5t4 ,! ov]valu+ ( psy*ological conceptions leads to spirituali/ic sy/ems1 ! ov]rat+ ( physical conceptions to mat]iali/ic sy/ems4 ,naturally 9 ! latt] sy/ems motion plays a great rle2 = ?r\gh a mi/ak5 conception ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 p h come to believe t ev]y?+ 9 physics c be expla9$ by motion4 ,b explanations by motions h1 z a matt] ( fact1 no?+ to d ) ! pr9ciple ( en]gy4 ,! majority ( physici/s1 x is true1 believe & dissem9ate ?is op9ion4 ,if1 :5 a physici/ speaks ( motion & no?+ b motion1 ! "q is ask$ ,:at moves8 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ no?+ palpable or demon/rable is br\ght =w>d 9 answ]1 b hypo!tical atoms or hypo!tical fluids are adduc$ :i* execute motions /ill m hypo!tical4 ,ev5 9 ! doma9 ( physics itself1 ! bus9ess ( :i* is to proce$ f ! s5sory & to return to ! s5sory1 ,i c reg>d ^! motions at be/ only z provisorily tol]at$ int]m$i>ies ( ?\ghts1 t h no "r to be rank$ on equal t]ms ) reality1 let alone plac$ above x4 ,/ill less c ,i all[ motion ! "r to create a _w-problem :]e none exi/s1 & !reby to conceal ! real po9t ( attack 9 ! inve/igation ( reality4 ,i may add t "s ye>s ago ,i took exactly ,dr4 ,c>us's po9t ( view1 :i* ,i pres5t$ 9 a lecture on ,psy*o-physics publi%$ 9 #ahfc 9 ! ,oe/]rei*is*e ,zeits*rift fr praktis*e ,heilkunde4 ,) reg>d to ,clif=d ,i may make ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,! notion eject pleases me v mu*4 ,i h long _h ! idea 9 m9d1 b h n def9$ x because its limitation is n cle> to me2 nor has ,clif=d giv5 me any light on ! subject4 ,is ! repres5tation 9 u ( ! mat]ial nature ( ?+s we _c lay hold ( 7! sun1 ! moon7 to be call$ an eject8 ,are ! ab/ract concepts ( physical hypo!ses1 :i* 9 _! v nature c nev] become s5se-affective1 ejects8 ,su* ?+s are ab/ract 9 widely diff]+ degrees1 & are b\nd up ) ! s5sory 9 v unequal proportions2 ! impossibility ( becom+ s5se-affective is p>tly absolute1 p>tly only relative1 t is1 x exi/s = ! "t be+4 ,i d n at all agree ) ,clif=d's notion m9d-/uff2 9 ?is ,i :olly concur ) ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,x is n unbias$ philosophis+ to come d[n 9 ! end to a psy*ological notion z compreh5sive ( ! _w1--a notion on ! face ( x pre-em95tly "o-sid$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 connection ) ! subject "u discussion1 ,i might incid5tally make m5tion ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce's article ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,!ories 9 ! la/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/4 ,"o ,mr4 ,peirce1 a ma!matician1#hb has made "s v valuable inve/igations1 simil> to ,grassmann's4 ,?is au?or's view ( ! evolution ( natural laws does n /rike me z s s+ul>4 ,if pr$om9ance be giv5 9 our conception ( ! _w to ! spirituali/ic or psy*ical aspect1 ! laws ( nature may be reg>d$ z trem5d\s ph5om5a ( memory2 z ,i attempt$ "s ye>s ago to set =? 9 a lecture ( m9e4 ,! idea ( _! evolution is !n v ne> at h&4 ,( c\rse ,i d n ?9k t = ! "t be+ we c ga9 mu* light f ?is view4 ,= ! pres5t ! sci5tific me?od 9 ! grooves ( :i* we h mov$ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 cont9ues to be ! mo/ fruitful4 ,x is advisable to be v cauti\s 9 advanc+ beyond ?is4 ,x is = ?is reason also t ,i d n ?9k v mu* ( ! fruitfulness ( ! idea t ! entire _w is animat$ & feel+4 ,we h z yet too little insight into ! psy*ical1 & /ill less into ! connection betwe5 bra9-organisation & bra9-function & psy*ical process4 ,( :at advantage to u is ! assumption ( feel+ 9 cells 9 :i* e clue is miss+ by :i* to proce$ f ! psy*ical assum$ to ! physical connect$ ) x4 ,x seems to me t ! physical & psy*ical inve/igation ( s5sations is = ! "t be+ ! only ?+ t c be ent]$ ^u ) any prospect ( accompli%+ any?+4 ,9 ?is we %all fir/ le>n ! prop] =mulation ( que/ions t are to =m ! subject ( fur!r inve/igations4 #hb ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,peirce1 fa!r ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce4--,,ed4 ,,ern/ ,,ma*4 ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,( ,,psy*o-,,physics4 ,,feel+s ,,& ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,feel+s4 ,,exposition4 ,:5 a man :o has done s mu* valuable "w = ! progress ( sci5ce z ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,ma* f9ds x necess>y to *ange ! position he has tak51--a position :i* has appe>$ to _m ?9k]s z a satisfactory solution ( ! mo/ intricate problem 9 ! philosophical & psy*o-physical field1--!re mu/ exi/ 9 ! solution "s difficulty :i* has ei!r be5 ov]look$ or at lea/ too little appreciat$4 ,if !re is a flaw 9 x1 ,i wi% x to be expos$4 ,& conv9c$ t its discov]y mu/ be ( g5]al int]e/1 ,i take pleasure 9 publi%+ ,pr(essor ,ma*'s criticism ( ! view :i* ,i h def5d$ 9 a =m] article ( m9e4 ,! ma9 s\rce ( mo/ diff]5ces1 x seems to me1 spr+s f misappreh5sions4 ,i %all !re=e attempt to elucidate ! subject ) ref]5ce to ! objections pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,ma*4 ,recapitulation4 ,! ma9 idea set =? 9 my article ,feel+ & ,motion may be briefly recapitulat$ z foll[s4 ,our feel+s are ph5om5a :i* to an obs]v] :o c\ld see all ! processes tak+ place 9 our bra91 w\ld appe> z motions ( a special k9d4 ,motions & feel+s are two aspects ( "o & ! same reality4 ,b feel+ _c be expla9$ z trans=m$ motion4 ,accord+ly1 ! elem5ts ( ! consci\s feel+ :i* n[ exi/s & n[ disappe>s1 mu/ h exi/$ be=e4 ,! pres5ce ( elem5ts ( feel+ mu/ be an additional feature ( ! processes ( nature n includ$ 9 ! t]m motion1 & n obs]vable 9 motions1 yet insep>ably b\nd up 9 motions4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 feel+s & ! elem5ts ( feel+ are ! subjective aspect ( :at objectively appe>s z & is call$ motions4 ,! t]m elem5ts ( feel+ employ$ 9 ?is s5se has be5 adopt$ f ,clif=d4 ,! idea t feel+s & motions are two aspects ( "o & ! same reality has be5 held by sev]al psy*ologi/s2 among :om are ! f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce ( psy*o-physics1 especially ,fe*n]4 ,i4 ,,motion ,,& ,,feel+4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says3 ,putt+ toge!r motion & feel+ goes z mu* aga9/ me z w\ld1 say1 ! co-ord9ation ( numb]s & colors4 ,ju/ification ( juxtaposition4 ,! putt+ toge!r ( two concepts dep5ds ^u ! purpose ( our inve/igation4 ,motion & feel+1 9 spite ( _! disp>ity1 h "o quality 9 common :i* ju/ifies _! juxtaposition4 ,bo? 9 _! sph]es are t]ms ( ! mo/ g5]al circumscription4 ,feel+ describ$4 ,by feel+s ,i und]/& ^? features ( our exp]i5ce :i* con/itute :at may be call$ ! aw>5ess ( ! pres5t /ate4 ,feel+ compreh5ds all ! _m degrees ( aw>5ess 9 pleasures & pa9s1 s5sations & ?\ghts1 emotions & ideals4 ,x con/itutes ! subjectivity ( our exi/5ce & furni%es ! basis ( all psy*ic life4 ,feel+ is ! mo/ g5]al t]m ( its k9d4 ,motion describ$4 ,by motion ,i und]/& all k9ds ( *anges 9 ! objective _w t c ei!r be directly obs]v$ or are suppos$ to be obs]vable4 ,inde$ all *anges tak+ place mu/1 objectively repres5t$1 be ?\ght ( z motions4 ,feel+ & motion be+ ea* ! broade/ concept ( its k9d1 ! "q1 ,9 :at relation d motions /& to feel+s8 appe>s to be q legitimate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conc]n+ ! relation t obta9s betwe5 feel+ & motion1 ,pr(essor ,ma* objects to ! use ( ! expression feel+ accompanies motion4 ,mat]ial processes1 he says1 are n accompani$ by feel+1 b bo? are ! same4 ,& 9 ano!r passage1 ,! p>allelism /&s to reason1 s9ce ev]y?+ is p>allel to itself4 ,! t]m accompany inadequate4 ,i grant mo/ will+ly t ! t]m accompany is inadequate1 & ,i admit t a c]ta9 feel+ & a c]ta9 motion =m "o insep>able process4 ,!re is no duality ( feel+ & motion1 bo? are diff]5t ab/ractions made f "o & ! same reality4 ,i d n say t feel+ & motion are id5tical1 n t !y are "o & ! same2 b ,i d say t !y are "o4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z pure feel+2 real feel+ is at ! same "t motion4 ,feel+ by itself does n exi/ 9 reality4 ,pure feel+ is a m]e ab/raction4 ,& :]ev] ! expression p>allelism betwe5 feel+ & motion has be5 us$1 x c mean only a p>allelism betwe5 ! two sph]es ( ab/raction4 ,pr(essor ,ma* cont9ues3 ,!y motion & feel+ are n two sides ( ! same pap] 7:i* latt] is inve/$ ) a metaphysical rle 9 ! simile71 b simply ! same ?+4 ,fe*n]'s simile4 ,= ! same reason ,pr(essor ,ma* objects to ,fe*n]'s comp>ison4 ,yet x seems to me t ,fe*n] hit ! m>k :5 he comp>$ feel+ & motion to ! inside & ! outside curves ( a circle2 !y are entirely diff]5t & yet ! same4 ,! inside curve is concave1 ! outside curve is convex4 ,if we con/ruct rules relat+ fir/ to ! concave inside & !n to ! convex outside1 we %all notice a p>allelism 9 ! =mulas2 yet ?is p>allelism w appe> only 9 ! ab/ractions :i* h be5 made ( "o & ! same ?+ f diff]5t /&po9ts & s]v+ diff]5t purposes4 ,! ab/ract conceptions =m two p>allel sy/ems1 b ! real ?+ c be repres5t$ z p>allel only 9 ! s5se t x is p>allel to itself4 ,if we consid] ! real ?+1 x repres5ts a p>allelism ( id5tity4 ,!re is b "o l9e1 & ?is "o l9e is concave if view$ f ! inside1 x is convex if view$ f ! outside4 ,! simile ( a %eet ( pap]4 ,! simile :i* ,i introduc$ ( ! two sides ( "o & ! same %eet ( pap] 0 devis$ to convey no o!r mean+ ?an ?is con/ruction ( ,fe*n]'s comp>ison4 ,! pap] is inve/$ ) a metaphysical rle only 9 ! case :]e ! simile is o!rwise con/ru$4 ,!re is no page :i* exi/s ( itself z a m]e ma!matical plane indep5d5t ( ! pap] ( :i* x =ms a side4 ,?us !re c nev] be 9 reality a page )\t its c\nt]page4 ,! pap]1 its size & color1 belong to ! page & con/itute its prop]ties4 ,?us ! ab/raction 'feel+' repres5ts my look+ at ! "o side ( reality4 ,i leave1 & f ! subjective /&po9t ,i h to leave1 ! o!r side out ( acc\nt4 ,yet ! o!r side ( ! %eet is insep>able f ! "o at :i* ,i am n[ look+1 j z mu* z feel+ is insep>able f motion4 ,& ,i am con/ra9$ to admit ! tru? ( ! rev]se also3 motion is insep>able f feel+1 b ) ! limitation t motions ne$ n be on _! subjective side actual feel+s2 !y may be only elem5ts ( feel+ :i* "u c]ta9 conditions become actual4 ,! metaphysical mis9t]pretation4 ,i am aw>e t my comp>ison ( feel+ & motion to ! two sides ( "o %eet ( pap] may be easily mis9t]pret$4 ,b is n t a dang] to :i* all comp>isons are subject8 ,a comp>ison is always imp]fect1 or z ! ,romans us$ to say1 x limps3 ,omne simile claudicat4 ,& is n reality liable to be mis9t]pret$ 9 ! same way8 ,h n "s philosoph]s ?us introduc$ ! metaphysical explanation ( ! unkn[abl5ess ( ?+s 9 !mselves8 ,su* philosoph]s conceive ! two sides ( a %eet ( pap] 7! ab/ract ma!matical planes ( ! pages7 z ph5om5al & ! pap] z _! metaphysical ess5ce4 ,! size ( ! %eet1 ! color ( ! pap]1 & all its o!r qualities are 9 a metaphysical _w-conception repres5t$ z prop]ties ( :i* ! ?+ is possess$--n z con/itut+ ! ?+1 b z ess5tially diff]5t f x4 ,x appe>s to me t ,pr(essor ,ma* 9 spite ( 8 opposition to ,fe*n]'s simile & to ! expression t feel+ & motion are two aspects ( "o & ! same reality1 ent]ta9s ! same view4 ,at lea/ 8 words3 ,only ! relation 9 :i* we consid] !m makes !m at "o "t physical elem5ts1 at ano!r "t feel+s1 are to t effect4 ,,ii4 ,,s5sations ,,& ,,?\ghts4 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s problem4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s view & m9e may appe> great] ?an x is1 because ! problem :i* ,pr(essor ,ma* treats 9 8 article ,! ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations1 lies 9 q a diff]5t field f t ( ! problem ( ! relation ( feel+ to motion4 ,! problem be+ diff]5t1 ! same & simil> t]ms are n only us$ = diff]5t purposes1 b dem& also diff]5t comp>isons4 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s symbols ,a ,b ,c 444 & 444 repres5t a contra/ diff]5t f t ( feel+ & motion4 ,!y repres5t ! contra/ ( s5sations & ?\ghts4 ,s5sations1 su* z gre5 & h>d1 are colors1 pressures1 ta/es1 etc2 ?\ghts are memory-images1 concepts1 volitions1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says3 ,h[ ! repres5tative p]cepts ( imag9ation & memory are connect$ ) s5sations1 :at relations !y be> to !m1 z to ?is ,i d>e v5ture no op9ion4444 ,monism1 z yet1 ,i _c ?or\ghly foll[ out2 because ,i am lack+ 9 cle>ness ) reg>d to ! relation ( 444 to ,a ,b ,c 4442 b ,i believe t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a compet5t monism lies 9 ! ass]tion t ! same ,a ,b ,c 444 are bo? physical & psy*ical elem5ts4 ,my symbols ,a ,b ,c 444 & 444 repres5t ! contra/ ( physical & psy*ical elem5ts1 n ( s5sations & ?\ghts4 ,conc]n+ ?\ghts1 ,pr(essor ,ma* says he is mu* incl9$ to co-ord9ate !m ) s5sations s t 8 ,greek symbols might diff] f 8 ,italic symbols n o!rwise ?an ! latt]1 viz4 ,a ,b ,c 4442 diff] among !mselves4 ,tak+ ?is gr\nd1 ,i believe1 x w\ld be pref]able to symbolise !m accord+ly among ! ,italic lett]s1 p]haps z ,x ,y ,z4 ,9 ! diagrams on page #djg !y are call$ 1 1 4 ,feel+1 s5se-impression & s5sation def9$4 ,accord+ to my t]m9ology1 feel+1 z expla9$ above1 is ! mo/ g5]al t]m express+ any k9d & degree ( subjective aw>5ess4 ,a s5se-impression is a s+le irritation ( "o ( ! s5ses1 ! irritation be+ a special k9d ( motion plus a special & correspond5t k9d ( feel+4 ,a s5sation is a s5se-impression t has by repetition acquir$ mean+4 ,a lat] s5se-impression1 :5 felt to be ! same 9 k9d z a =m] s5se-impression1 con/itutes1 be x ev] s dimly1 an aw>5ess ( hav+ to deal ) ! same k9d ( cause ( a s5se-impression2 ?us giv+ mean+ to x4 ,by s5sation1 accord+ly1 ,i und]/& a s5se-impression :i* has acquir$ mean+4 ,& feel+s t h acquir$ mean+1 ,i %\ld call m5tal /ates4 ,repres5tative feel+s 7feel+s t h a mean+7 are ! elem5ts ( m9d4 ,?\ght & ?9k+ def9$4 ,by ?9k+ ,i und]/& ! int]action t takes place betwe5 repres5tative feel+s4 ,su* are ! comp>isons ( s5sations ) memory-pictures1 or ( memory-pictures among !mselves1 ! exp]im5t+ ) memory-pictures s z to plan new comb9ations1 etc4 ,! products ( ?9k+ are call$ ?\ghts2 & by ?\ght 9 ! n>r[] s5se is commonly und]/ood ab/ract ?\ght :i* on e>? is ! exclusive privilege ( man4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak5 ,pr(essor ,ma* und]/&s by s5sations 7repres5t$ by him z ,a ,b ,c 4447 :at ,i %\ld call s5se-impressions2 :ile ?\ghts1 memories1 & volitions 7repres5t$ by him z 4447 =m :at ,i %\ld call m9d1 or all k9ds ( m5tal /ates1 t is1 ! doma9 ( repres5tations4 ,! high] sph]es ( ?\ght1 or repres5tative feel+s1 gr[ out ( & ^u ! l[] sph]es4 ,s5se-impressions1 z ,i h attempt$ to expla9 9 ! article ,! ,orig9 ( ,m9d 7,! ,moni/1 ,no4 #a71 are ! data :i* are work$ out into concepts & ideas2 !y are ! basis ^u :i* ! :ole /ructure ( m9d re/s4 ,! reflex motions ( simple irritations1 be+ modifi$ 9 high] sph]es by ! ri* mat]ial ( exp]i5ce consi/+ ( memory-images1 & by ! possibility ( =e?\ght creat$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 become volitions4 ,monism & ! orig9 ( m9d4 ,a moni/ic explanation ( ! rise ( m9d f elem5ts t are n m9d is possible only on ! supposition t ! objective processes ( motion are n m]e motions b t !y are at ! same "t elem5ts ( feel+4 ,is ?is n ! same position z ,pr(essor ,ma*'s1 :]e he says t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a compet5t monism lies 9 ! ass]tion t ! same ,a ,b ,c 444 are bo? physical & psy*ical elem5ts8 & aga93 ,! same ,a ,b ,c 444 are bo? elem5ts ( ! _w 7! 'out]'#hc _w namely7 & elem5ts ( feel+4 #hc ,pr(essor ,ma* "h says out] _w4 ,i %\ld pref] to replace x by ! expression objective _w1 because ! motions ( a man's bra9 belong to ! out] _w ( all o!r m54 ,to make sure ( includ+ ! actions ( my own body 9 ?is out] _w1 ,i %\ld pref] ! t]m objective _w1 mak+ feel+s alone 7to ! exclusion ( ! subject's own motions7 ! con/itu5ts ( ! subjective _w4 ,agreem5t ) ,pr(essor ,ma*4 ,consid]+ ! two la/-quot$ s5t5ces ( ,pr(essor ,ma*1 x appe>s to me t all diff]5ces vani% into v]bal misund]/&+s4 ,yet s9ce ,i am n at all sure ab\t x1 ,i may be p>don$ = becom+ r too explicit4 ,! adjo9$ diagram may assi/ me 9 mak+ my ideas cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i4 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,explanation ( ! diagrams4 ,let ! l>ge circle ( bo? figures repres5t a s5ti5t be+1 a man4 ,! p]iph]y is 8 sk94 ,! small circle enclos+ ,k & ,l is a s5sory organ2 ! o!r small circle enclos+ ,m & ,n repres5ts ! hemisph]es ( 8 bra94 ,a & ,b are processes tak+ place outside ( ! sk9 ( ?is man4 ,a produces an effect 9 ,k2 ,b 9 ,l4 ,! l9e ,r repres5ts a reflex motion4 ,m & ,n are concepts & ab/ract ideas d]iv$ f su* impressions z ,k & ,l4 ,! l9e ,s repres5ts an act ( volition4 ,all ^! symbols repres5t motions 9 ! objective _w4 ,we "k ?r\gh physiological inve/igations t ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 & ,n are motions2 9 our individual exp]i5ce !y appe> z feel+s4 ,! second figure repres5ts 9 agreem5t ) my sy/em ( symbols ! /ates ( aw>5ess1 9 ,greek lett]s4 ,c]ta9 physiological processes 7,k ,l ,r1 ,m ,n ,s ( ,figure ,i7 appe> subjectively z /ates ( aw>5ess 7i4 e4 1 ( ,figure ,,ii74 ,yet ,a & ,b rema9 to ! ?9k+ subject m]e motions4 ,if !y possess also a subjective side1 al?\gh only 9 ! %ape ( pot5tial feel+1 x does n & x _c appe>4 ,s5sations n elem5t>y4 ,pr(essor ,ma* calls gre51 h>d1 etc41 :i* 9 a c]ta9 relation are our s5sations1 ! elem5ts ( ! _w4 ,^! processes *>act]is$ z gre51 h>d1 etc41 are 9 my op9ion too special & at ! same "t too complicat$ to be consid]$ elem5t>y4 ,i grant t !y are elem5ts ( m9d1 because if fur!r analys$1 !y cease to be m5tal ph5om5a4 ,b !y are n elem5ts p] se1 n elem5ts ( ! _w4 ,x rema9s d\btful to me :e!r ,pr(essor ,ma* und]/&s by 8 t]m s5sation only ,k & ,l or ! :ole relations ,a ,k 1 & ,b ,l 4 ,tak+ x t he repres5ts ,a ,b ,c 444 z bo? elem5ts ( ! _w & s5sations1 x almo/ appe>s c]ta9 to me t 8 t]m s5sation /&s = ! :ole process ,a ,k 1 & t he consid]s ! sci5tific analysis ( ?is process into ,a ! outside ?+1 into ,k ! n]ve-vibration correspond+ 9 =m to ! outside ?+1 & ! feel+ t takes place 9 exp]i5c+ ! s5se-impression ,a ,k1 z an artificial proc$ure t s]ves no o!r purpose ?an t ( famili>is+ u ) c]ta9 gr\ps ( elem5ts & _! connections4 ,! processes ,a ,k 1 ,b ,l 1 9 t case w\ld be consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,ma* z ! actual facts1 :ile ! ,a & ,b1 ! ,k & ,l1 ! & repres5t m]e ab/ract repres5tations )\t real exi/5ce1 inv5t$ by sci5ti/s 9 ord] to describe ! realities ,a ,k 1 ,b ,l 1 etc41 ) ! greate/ exactness z well z economy ( ?\ght4 ,9 _! sep>ate ab/ractness !y are ! tools ( sci5ce only & we mu/ n take !m = m ?an !y are wor?4 ,?\ghts z m5tal implem5ts4 ,if ?is be s1 ,i und]/& ,pr(essor ,ma* v well & ,i agree ) him :5 he looks ^u all ,m & ,n ) _! respective & z be+ n\m5a1 ,g$ank5d+e1 ?+s ( ?\ght4 ,!y are m5tal tools4 ,s5se-impressions are realities1 b m5tal repres5tations are implem5ts2 !y are auxili>ies = deal+ ) realities2 !y are ! aug]s & saws employ$ 9 ! diff]5t fields ( cognition4 ,p]si/5ce ( ! elem5ts ( m9d4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says 9 8 article ,! ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations3 ,:5 ,i 7! ego7 cease to p]ceive ! s5sation gre51 :5 ,i die1 !n ! elem5ts no long] occur 9 _! cu/om>y1 common way ( association4 ,t is all4 ,only an ideal m5tal economical unity1 n a real unity1 has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! t]m s5sations1 x appe>s to me1 c 9 ?is passage be int]pret$ nei!r z ,k only1 nor z ! :ole relations ,a ,k 1 b z any ,a ,b ,c 444 relations2 & s9ce ,pr(essor ,ma* has n exclud$ f !m ! elem5t ( feel+1 ,i %\ld h to repres5t !m by ,a 1 ,b 1 ,c 4444 ,s5sations z ,i und]/& ! t]m 7viz4 ,a ,k 1 ,b ,l 71 are elem5ts ( m9d2 if !y are fur!r analys$ !y cease to be m5tal /ates4 ,says ,pr(essor ,ma*3 ,if ,i close my eye 7,k7 )draw my feel+ h& 7,l71 ,a ,b ,c 444 disappe>4 ,9 ?is dep5d5ce ,a ,b ,c 444 are call$ s5sations4 ,%\ld we n r say1 !y cease to be s5sations1 if ?is dep5d5ce ceases8 ,accord+ly1 s5sations & s5se-impressions are = ?is & = o!r reasons n indecomposable1 n ultimate atoms4 ,! elem5ts ( m9d c be fur!r analys$ into ! elem5ts ( ! elem5ts ( m9d4 ,! elem5ts ( m9d d n p]si/2 b ! ultimate elem5ts ( ! elem5ts ( m9d1 :atev] !y are1 d 7or at lea/ may7 p]si/4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! elem5ts ( ! elem5ts ( m9d we cease to deal ) objects ( actual exp]i5ce z mu* z a physici/ or *emi/ does :o speaks ab\t atoms4 ,nev]!less ! analysis is z legitimate 9 our case z x is 9 ! *emi/'s4 ,if 9 ! above quot$ passage ,i am all[$ to replace ,pr(essor ,ma*'s t]m s5sations by elem5ts ( s5se-impressions1 ,i %\ld n hesitate unres]v$ly to accept 8 idea4 ,^! elem5ts ( s5sations w\ld be all k9ds ( natural processes1 all k9ds ( motion4 ,!y w\ld be physical actions :i* are n m]e motions b also & at ! same "t elem5ts ( feel+4 ,ideas z contrivances = compreh5sion4 ,x is true t ab/ract concepts1 & especially sci5tific t]ms & !ories1 are m]e contrivances to und]/& ! connections among1 & ! qualities (1 real ?+s4 ,ideas are n ! real ?+s1 b _! repres5tations1 & "s ideas are n ev5 repres5tations2 !y are solely ( an auxili>y nature & comp>able to tools4 ,!y are us$ z work+ hypo!ses :]ev] ! real /ate ( ?+s is 9 "p hidd5 f u1 until we h f\nd ! actual connections4 ,z soon z ! actual connections are f\nd we c & mu/ lay d[n our tools4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se all words & concepts are tools = deal+ ) ! realities !y repres5t4 ,b "s words are tools 9 a special s5se4 ,!y h be5 inv5t$ = acquir+ a prop] repres5tation4 ,! dignity ( m5tal tools4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says3 ,! implem5t is n ( ! same dignity or reality z ,a ,b ,c4444 ,x appe>s to me t ^! implem5ts 7if !y are ( ! "r k9d7 h almo/ a high] dignity 7al?\gh n reality7 ?an ! mat]ial to :i* !y are appli$4 ,my respect = tools is v great1 = tools are ! mo/ important factors1 p]haps ! decisive factors1 9 ! evolution ( man4 ,! usage ( tools has matur$1 nay creat$ ! human m9d1 & words1--sci5tific & ab/ract t]ms & !ories n exclud$1--are ! mo/ important & mo/ sacr$ tools ( all4 ,"s ideas1 x is true1 h to be laid aside l tools t are no long] want$2 b !re are o!r ideas :i* we _c lay aside1 because !y h m value ?an ! ideas ( a m]e work+ hypo!sis4 ,"s ideas are indisp5sable & w rema9 indisp5sable2 we %all always h to employ !m 9 ord] to repres5t 9 our m9d ! connection betwe5 c]ta9 facts4 ,if we see a tra9 pass into a tunnel & em]ge f x at ! o!r end1 we w connect 9 our m9d ^! two s5sations by ! ?\ght ( ! tra9's passage f "o end to ! o!r4 ,?is idea is n a s5sation2 x is a n\m5on4 ,%all x !re=e be call$ a m]e n\m5on1 a tool t has to be disc>d$ z soon z we are accu/om$ to expect a tra9 to em]ge f ! "o end ( a tunnel soon aft] x has disappe>$ into x at ! o!r end8 ,n\m5a legitimate1 if repres5t+ realities4 ,!re are sci5tific concepts :i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 c nev] become objects ( direct obs]vation2 !y c nev] become s5sations4 ,nev]!less we mu/ ?9k !m toge!r ) c]ta9 s5sations z indisp5sable connect+ ev5ts tak+ place beh9d ! /age & hidd5 f our eyes4 ,our conception ( a tra9 hidd5 f sight 9 a tunnel1 x is true1 is a n\m5on1 b x is a legitimate n\m5on1 x repres5ts a reality4 ,s also _m sci5tific ideas1 al?\gh und\bt$ly ?+s ( ?\ght1 are legitimate n\m5a4 ,if !y conta9 & 9 s f> z !y d conta9 no?+ b =mulat$ features ( reality or inevitable conclusions f v]ifi$ & v]ifiable exp]i5ces1 ^! ?+s ( ?\ght repres5t some?+ real1 :i* means t if we 7 9 possession ( microscopes ( suffici5t p[]1 or if we c\ld look beh9d ! veil t hides !m f our sight1 we %\ld see !m1 j z we %\ld see ! tra9 if ! rock ?r\gh :i* ! tunnel leads 7 transp>5t4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,feel+4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( feel+ ,pr(essor ,ma* says3 ,! "q h[ feel+ arises out ( ! physical elem5t has = me no significance4 ,i agree t we _c ask h[ feel+ arises out ( ! physical elem5t4 ,b feel+ be+ a fleet+ ph5om5on1 to propose ! problem ( ! orig9 ( feel+ has a significance4 ,physical elem5ts ) & )\t feel+4 ,"s physical elem5ts--namely1 ^? ( our own body--are indubitably possess$ ( ! subjective ph5om5a ( feel+4 ,& z to c]ta9 o!r physical elem5ts1 obs]vable 9 our fell[ creatures1 t is 9 m5 & animals1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( d5y+ _! pres5ce ei!r4 ,b !re are physical elem5ts :i* we reg>d z b>e ( all feel+4 ,! w9d t bl[s1 & ! avalan*e t plunges into ! valley are n suppos$ to be feel+s4 ,yet ! en]gy ( ! w9d & ! en]gy ( ! avalan*e may be utilis$ & ultimately /or$ up 9 food4 ,! food may be *ang$ into human en]gy & !n ! elem5t ( feel+ appe>s z if call$ =? out ( ! void4 ,we agree t feel+ has n be5 *ang$ f motion4 ,b if feel+ 0 n motion be=e1 :at 0 x8 ,feel+ _c be a creation f no?+4 ,consequ5tly x mu/ 9 its elem5ts h exi/$ be=e4 ,feel+1 namely actual feel+1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a special mode ( action ( ! elem5ts ( feel+4 ,if all t :i* we c obs]ve 9 motion1 all t :i* ! t]m motion comprises1 con/itut+ ! objective *anges tak+ place 9 nature1 conta9s no?+ ( feel+ or ( ! elem5ts ( feel+1 we mu/ yet atta* to e motion ! pres5ce ( ?is elem5t ( feel+4 ,elem5ts ( feel+ n obs]vable4 ,t ! pot5tial subjectivity ( ! physical elem5ts1 namely ! elem5ts ( feel+1 _c be se52 z motions c be se5 & objectively obs]v$1 is n a reason t militates aga9/ ?is view2 = x is ! nature ( all subjective /ates to be felt only by ! feel+ subject4 ,if all feel+s are objectively unobs]vable except by _! correspond5t motions1 ! elem5ts ( feel+ c =m no exception to ! g5]al rule4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! animation ( all nature4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says3 ,"s ye>s ago ,i %\ld h agre$ 9 toto ) ! passages 9 :i* ,dr4 ,c>us speaks ( ! animation ( all nature & ( ! feel+ t accompanies e motion4 ,nature n all feel+4 ,let me "h emphasise t ,i h t]m$ nature alive n 9 ! s5se t e motion is suppos$ to be accompani$ ) s5sation1 nor ) any k9d ( feel+1 b ) an elem5t ( feel+ only4 ,i am aw>e t ! t]m elem5t ( feel+ may be easily misund]/ood1 & x seems advisable to gu>d aga9/ su* misconceptions4 ,actual feel+ ,i suppose orig9ates f ! elem5ts ( feel+ simil>ly z an electric curr5t orig9ates "u c]ta9 special conditions4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves z9c & sets en]gy free :i* appe>s 9 ! copp] wire z electricity4 ,x is an in/ance ( ! trans=mation ( pot5tial en]gy into k9etic en]gy4 ,! t]m elem5ts ( feel+ inappropriate4 ,to use ! expression elem5ts ( feel+ is no m or less all[able ?an to speak ( ! /or$ up en]gy f :i* electricity is produc$1 z elem5ts ( electricity4 ,! latt] expression is inappropriate1 because we are 9 possession ( bett] t]ms1 because our range ( exp]i5ce 9 ! subject is wid]4 ,b suppose t among all mol> & molecul> motions we 7 only acqua9t$ ) electricity & knew no?+ ( pot5tial en]gy1 c\ld we n = want ( a bett] ^w =m ! t]m elem5ts ( electricity8 ,:at ! elem5ts ( feel+ are n4 ,! elem5ts ( feel+ %\ld n be suppos$ to be feel+s on a v small scale4 ,! elem5ts ( feel+ may be & = aught we "k are z mu* unlike actual feel+s z me*anical motion1 or *emical dissolution is unlike electricity4 ,! ess5tial features ( feel+ may be1 & ,i believe !y are1 produc$ ?r\gh ! =m 9 :i* _! elem5ts co-op]ate4 ,simil>ly ! diff]5t pieces ( a clock & ! atoms ( :i* x consi/s conta9 no?+ ( ! clock2 & if we %\ld call ! heav9ess ( a weight1 ! sw++ prop]ty ( ! p5dulum1 ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 etc41 etc41 elem5ts ( *ronometry1 x might appe> ridicul\s1 because we "k s _m o!r processes1 viz4 all diff]5t ways ( p]=m+ "w1 = :i* ^! qualities c be us$4 ,! action ( a spr+1 ( a susp5d$ weight1 ( a m]e p5dulum are n by !mselves elem5ts ( *ronometry2 !y become a *ronometrical arrangem5t only by _! prop] comb9ation ) a dial & h&s atta*$1 & by be+ correctly regulat$ 9 adaptation to temp]ature & _m o!r conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n plausible t ! e>?1 :5 9 its gase\s /ate1 0 ! habitation ( any feel+ be+s1 & x is actually impossible t x h>bor$ feel+ be+s z !y exi/ n[4 ,feel+ accord+ly mu/ h orig9at$1 & ! "q h[ feel+ orig9ates is a problem t sugge/s itself naturally to ! psy*ologi/ z well z ! philosoph]4 ,vital en]gy a unique =m ( en]gy4 ,! k9etic en]gy lib]at$ 9 our actions1 9 bra9-activity z well z muscul> motions1 is produc$ f ! pot5tial en]gy /or$ up 9 our tissues4 ,?is en]gy1 qua en]gy1 is ! same en]gy :i* we meet ev]y:]e 9 nature4 ,all k9ds ( en]gy are int]conv]tible4 ,yet we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! vital en]gy display$ 9 animal organisms is a special & inde$ a unique =m ( en]gy4 ,x is z diff]5t f o!r =ms ( en]gy z is1 = in/ance1 electricity f mol> motion4 ,physiology & psy*ology n appli$ me*anics4 ,9 =m] times physics & *emi/ry 7 consid]$ z appli$ me*anics1 & physiology z appli$ *emi/ry4 ,?is position1 h[ev]1 is wrong & _h to be ab&on$4 ,me*anical1 *emical1 physiological1 & psy*ical processes exhibit radically diff]5t conditions4 ,! /ud5t ( me*anics1 ! *emi/1 ! physiologi/1 ! psy*ologi/1 ea* "o ( !m attempts to solve a diff]5t problem4 ,!y accord+ly deal ) diff]5t sets ( ab/ractions4 ,! processes :i* con/itute ! subject-matt] ( ! physiologi/'s & psy*ologi/'s "w are diff]5t f ^? ( ! me*anical philosoph] & ( ! *emi/4 ,! ab/raction ( ! s-call$ purely me*anical excludes su* processes z *emical comb9ations2 x is limit$ to mol> me*anics only4 ,! t]m molecul> me*anics is an attempt at wid5+ ! doma9 ( me*anics4 ,b ! t]ms ( nei!r molecul> nor mol> me*anics conta9 any?+ ( ! prop]ly physiological nature obs]v$ 9 vegetal & animal life4 ,! latt] is a v complicat$ process :i* may briefly be describ$ z assimilation ( liv+ =ms4 ,! laws ( mol> & molecul> motions are n annull$1 yet !y are sup]s$$2 !y rema91 yet "s additional important traits appe>4 ,diff]5t conditions & complications %[ diff]5t features & ! *>act]i/ics ( organis$ life are n ! mol> or molecul> me*anics ( _! motions b _! prop]ly physiological features4 ,me*anical laws accord+ly _c expla9 physiological action1 & /ill less h !y any?+ 9 common ) ideas1 or ?\ghts1 or feel+s4 ,accord+ly1 ! attempt to apply me*anics to any o!r ?an me*anical consid]ations is prima facie to be reject$4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t all our sci5tific inquiries deal ) c]ta9 sides ( reality only4 ,! high] view ( ! :ole4 ,! ab/ractions ( ! me*anical philosoph] z well z ^? ( ! physiologi/ & psy*ologi/ are "o-sid$ aspects only ( reality4 ,yet x is q legitimate to take a high] /&po9t 9 ord] to classify our notions s t ! g5]al views comprise ! special views & to det]m9e ! relations among ! sev]al 9 _! k9d mo/ g5]al views4 ,9 ?is way we c %ape our entire k into an h>moni\s _w-conception repres5t+ ! :ole z a :ole4 ,?is ,i tri$ to d :51 foll[+ ! prec$5t ( ,fe*n] & ,clif=d1 ,i propos$ ! problem ( ! orig9 ( actual feel+s f ! non-feel+ elem5ts-(-feel+1 ! =m] dep5d+ ^u a special comb9ation or =m ( action ( ! latt]1 & ! latt] be+ a univ]sal feature ( reality4 ,! additional feature 9 a /one's fall4 ,:5 we obs]ve "s v simple process 9 nature1 e4 g4 ! fall ( a /one1 we repres5t x z a motion4 ,we =mulate ! op]ation ( ! /one's fall into a law1 describ+ its mode ( action z x holds good 9 all cases ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! motion obs]vable & repres5table 9 our m9d is n all t takes place4 ,!re mu/ be "s additional feature :i* 9 a fur!r developm5t w appe> z man's consci\sness4 ,to reg>d ! fall ( a /one z only a v simple in/ance ( ess5tially ! same process t takes place :5 a man does an act1 i4 e4 p]=ms a motion accompani$ ) consci\sness1 appe>s at fir/ sight /range or ev5 absurd4 ,b we _c escape ! assumption t 9 a c]ta9 respect x is ! same ?+4 ,we are inevitably driv5 to adopt ?is moni/ic conception ( ?+s by inexorable logical argum5ts2 & we are support$ 9 x by ! obs]vation ( natural processes4 ,human activity & en]gy4 ,human action develops by degrees out ( o!r natural processes1 & we h suffici5t evid5ce to believe t humanity ) its civilisation1 sci5ce1 art1 & all its ideals--s f> z ! en]gy alone1 sp5t 9 human activity1 is consid]$--is b a diff]5tiation ( natural =ces t has come to pass on ! cool$ (f surface ( ! e>? "u ! influ5ce ( sol> heat4 ,man is trans=m$ sol> heat4 ,all ! =ces animat+ ! planet>y sy/em are diff]5tiations f ! heat ( :i* our sol> sy/em 0 possess$ :5 9 a nebul> /ate4 ,& :at is ! heat ( :i* nebul> masses are possess$8 ,x is ! motion ( cele/ial bodies1 ( comets1 or ( s call$ _w-du/1 *ang$ by collision into molecul> motion4 ,b 9 human activity !re is "s additional elem5t1 t ( purely subjective aw>5ess1 :i* is nei!r en]gy 9 itself nor c h be5 trans=m$ f en]gy2 x mu/ h exi/$ pot5tially4 ,accord+ly we assume t also 9 ! m primitive processes ( nature !re is "s additional elem5t :i* 9 its full developm5t appe>s z feel+ & rea*es its highe/ /age kn[n to u1 9 ! consci\sness ( man4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,organis$ ,,life4 ,organis$ life & feel+4 ,!re is a v orig9al view conc]n+ ! orig9 ( life advocat$ 9 ?is numb] ( ,! ,moni/ by ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,g\ld 9 8 article on ,immortality4#hd ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( life 7namely1 ( organis$ life7 is s closely connect$ ) ! problem ( ! orig9 ( feel+1 t ! "o _c be solv$ )\t solv+ ! o!r4 ,feel+ su* z we are famili> ) is an exclusive prop]ty ( organis$ life & a few incid5tal rem>ks on ,dr4 ,g\ld's proposition w !re=e n be out ( place4 #hd ,x _c be d5i$ t _m ideas set =? by ,dr4 ,g\ld 9 8 pres5tation ( ! problem ( immortality conta9 a deep tru?4 ,! brilliant & =cible language 9 :i* ! au?or treats 8 subject is admirable4 ,b ! passages on ! ext]nality ( life pres5t a conception :i* /&s 9 direct opposition to ! views t h be5 editorially upheld 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt z well z ! ,moni/4 ,dr4 ,g\ld's dualism4 ,9 introduc+ "h ! views ( ,dr4 ,g\ld 9 a discussion ) ,pr(essor ,ma*1 ,i am fully aw>e ( ! great diff]5ce t obta9s betwe5 ! two4 ,:ile ,pr(essor ,ma*'s ?\ght moves 9 an outspok5 moni/ic direction1 ,dr4 ,g\ld pres5ts a bold dualism1 attribut+ to all life1 to ! li*5 on ! )]$ rock no less ?an to ! human s\l1 an extramundane orig94 ,:y %\ld we n !n r adopt ! m consi/5t !ological sup]naturalism :i* attributes to inorganic nature also an extramundane orig91 ?us to realise by a %ort cut a complete unit>y _w-conception8 ,dr4 ,g\ld's proposition is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,c]ta9 confus$ & confusion-bre$+ philosoph]s1 9 ! int]e/s ( a !oretical monism or pan!ism pret5d to f9d1 or to believe1 t ! organic is born out ( ! inorganic1 t ! physical _w %[s evid5ce ( design1 t life & m5tality 7 implicate & lat5t 9 pre-exi/5t matt]4 ,yet !y w accept ! evid5ce aga9/ spontane\s g5]ation d]iv$ f ! fact t if y kill all organic life by int5se heat & !n exclude life f )\t y w nev] f9d life to arise4 ,b x is pla9 t 9 ! cond5sation ( ! du/ ( space into suns & planets1 all organic life 0 kill$ 9 ! hotte/ ( all conceivable heat4 ,b z ! planets cool1 life appe>s4 ,x mu/ h come f )\t1 & mu/ !re=e be a univ]sal self-exi/5t p[]4 ,:at c ext]nality ( life mean8 ,! idea t life mu/ h come f )\t is n q cle>4 ,does ,dr4 ,g\ld mean f )\t our planet>y sy/em1 out ( o!r planet>y sy/ems8 ,if s1 ! same objection holds good3 ,9 o!r planet>y sy/ems also :5 !y 7 9 a nebul> /ate all organic#he life 0 kill$ 9 ! hotte/ ( all conceivable heat4 ,%all we p]haps consid] ! cold int]/ell> regions z ! place :5ce life does come8 ,& if f )\t means f )\t ! :ole univ]se1 we %\ld be driv5 back to ! old sup]naturali/ic dualism :i* reg>ds nature z dead & life z a =eign elem5t t has be5 bl[n into ! no/rils ( mat]ial =ms s z to animate !m4 #he ,dr4 ,g\ld does n seem to make a di/9ction betwe5 organic & organis$4 ,we %\ld "h pref] ! expression organis$ life4 ,c>bon is an organic sub/ance b n an organis$ sub/ance4 ,a cell & its protoplasm1 h[ev]1 are organis$ sub/ance4 ,a mod]n ?9k] on ! ext]nality ( life4 ,dr4 ,g\ld proposes 8 !ory ( ! ext]nal orig9 ( life1 ) great confid5ce1 9 ! "n ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,mu/ we add t mod]n sci5ce is v f> f su/a9+ 8 view8 ,pr(essor ,clif=d t\*es ! subject ( spontane\s g5]ation 9 8 article ,vir*[ on ! ,tea*+ ( ,sci5ce4 ,he says3 ,:y d ! exp]im5ts all 'g aga9/' spontane\s g5]ation8 ,:at ! exp]im5ts really prove is t ! co9cid5ce :i* w\ld =m a ,bact]ium--already a def9ite /ructure reproduc+ its l--does n occur 9 a te/-tube dur+ ! p]iods yet obs]v$4444 ,! exp]im5ts h no?+ :atev] to say to ! production ( enorm\sly simpl] =ms1 9 ! va/ range ( ! ocean1 dur+ ! ages ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce4444 ,we "k f physical reasons t ! e>? 0 once 9 a liquid /ate f excessive heat4 ,!n !re c\ld h be5 no liv+ matt] ^u x4 ,n[ !re is4 ,consequ5tly non-liv+ matt] has be5 turn$ into liv+ matt] someh[4 ,we c only get out ( spontane\s g5]ation by ! supposition made by ,sir ,w4 ,?ompson1 9 je/ or e>ne/1 t "s piece ( liv+ matt] came to ! e>? f outside1 p]haps ) a meteorite4 ,i wi% to treat all hypo!ses ) respect1 & to h no pref]5ces :i* are n entirely f\nd$ on reason2 & yet :5ev] ,i contemplate ?is simpl] protoplasmic %ape ,:i* came d[n 9 a fire-escape1 an int]nal monitor1 ( :i* ,i c give no rational acc\nt1 inv>iably :isp]s ',fiddle/icks6' ,difficulties ( ,dr4 ,g\ld's position4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,g\ld's assumption 7 accept$1 suppose t life _h come f )\t1 matt] 7 ( itself lifeless1 & life1 ! self-exi/5t p[]1 _h ens\l$ "s dead organic sub/ances s z to cause _! organisation1 w\ld we be any wis] ?r\gh ?is hypo!sis8 ,! assumption in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! difficulties 9 ! problem ( life1 w\ld increase !m4 ,new que/ions arise3 ,:at mu/ ?is self-exi/5t p[] be conceiv$ to be8 ,does x exi/ )\t a physical basis 7to use ,pr(essor ,huxley's phrase78 ,h[ does x diff] f en]gy8 ,is n all p[] en]gy ( "s k9d8 ,& are n all k9ds ( en]gy int]conv]tible8 ,has ?is self-exi/5t p[] ! faculty ( *ang+ o!r en]gy into itself1 into life1 or is x only suppos$ to utilise x8 ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld be a ,d+ an si*1 n 9 b beh9d ! functions ( organisms2 & 9 bo? cases x w\ld =m an exception to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 = ! self-exi/5t p[] ( life w\ld be an ev]-increas+ p[]4 ,"o life-g]m only may h come f sph]es unkn[n into ! univ]se1 & by utilis+ ! me*anical en]gy ( ! mat]ial _w has animat$ at lea/ our e>?1 & may animate 9 a simil> way all ! globes 9 ! milky way4 ,t life-g]m1 h[ev]1--if x 0 any?+ l a real life-g]m1 su* z our naturali/s "k (1--mu/ h consi/$ ( organic sub/ance4 ,:at a /range co9cid5ce1 t outside ( ! _w also organic sub/ances are f\nd6 ,life-g]ms are n simple sub/ance1 b highly complex organisms4 ,accord+ly1 ! "q pres5ts itself1 ,h[ has ?is life-g]m be5 =m$8 ,:at conditions 9 ano!r _w radically diff]5t f ours h m\ld$ x & comb9$ its p>ts into ?is special life-g]m s extraord9>ily adaptable to our mat]ial univ]se8 ,or mu/ we suppose t ! fir/ life-g]m 0 =m$ out ( ! cosmic sub/ance ( our univ]se by a non-mat]ial sp>k ( life1 7:atev] life may mean17 t _h dropp$ 9 someh[ into ! mat]ial _w f )\t8 ,if life is a self-exi/5t p[]1 :y does x always appe> dep5d5t ^u & v>y ) ! organisation1 :i* x is suppos$ to h =m$8 ,:y has life nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 its self-exi/5ce8 ,s f> z we h ev] be5 able to obs]ve life1 x is matt] organis$ & organis+ m matt]4 ,all ! difficulties disappe> if we say1 ,life does n produce organisation1 x is organisation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,organisms nor aggregates ( cells4 ,dr4 ,g\ld1 9 appeal+ to ! late/ sci5tific rese>*es z prov+ ! dep5d5ce ( all organisation ^u life1 especially m5tions 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,edmund ,montgom]y & also ,pr(essor ,fromm5's article ,zelle 7,eul5burg's ,real5cyclopdie d] gesammt5 ,heilkunde1 #ahij74 ,n[ x is true1 z ,dr4 ,g\ld says1 t ! body ( animals is n an aggregate ( cells4 ,x is z little a m]e aggregate ( cells z a wat* is a m]e aggregate ( metal1 or z a hexagon a m]e aggregate ( l9es4 ,! body ( animals is an organism2 :i* means1 x is an int]act+ :ole ( a special =m built ( irritable sub/ance4 ,a highly complex organism is n & _c be consid]$ z a comp\nd ( its div]se organs1 b z a diff]5tiation4 ,its unity is pres]v$ 9 ! diff]5tiation1 yet ?is unity does n exi/ outside ( or ap>t f ! diff]5tiat$ p>ts4 ,disp>ity ( life & matt]4 ,i fully ass5t to ,pr(essor ,huxley's proposition1 approv+ly quot$ by ,dr4 ,g\ld1 t mat]ialism is ! mo/ baseless ( all dogmas4 ,i also believe 9 ! omne vivum ex vivo2 b ,i d n consid] x ) ,dr4 ,g\ld z an axiom1 nor c ,i accept ! consequ5ce :i* ,dr4 ,g\ld d]ives f x1 t life viz4 organis$ life is m c]ta9 & endur+ ?an matt]1 s\l ?an s5se4 ,x is true t matt] & life are z f> ap>t z heav5 & e>?4 ,f>!r inde$1 = !y are two ab/ractions ( an entirely disp>ate "*4 ,no passage ?r\gh spatial di/ance1 be x ev] s l>ge1 c\ld br+ bo? concepts toge!r4 ,!y are & rema9 z diff]5t1 z is = in/ance ! idea express$ 9 a s5t5ce f ! ink ) :i* x is writt54 ,ideas conta9 no ink & ink conta9s no ideas4 ,yet ?is does n prove t ideas exi/ by !mselves 9 a gho/like ab/ractness ap>t n only f ink1 b also f feel+ bra9-sub/ance4 ,nor does ! disp>ity ( ! t]ms life & matt] prove ! ab/ract or indep5d5t exi/5ce ( life outside ( matt]4 ,if life = "s su* reasons z hold good only 9 s f> z !y refute ! old-/yle mat]ialism1 c\ld or %\ld be consid]$ z be+ "s self-exi/5t p[] hav+ come into ! _w to bite at matt]1 we might also consid] ! hexagon z a some?+ t came into ! ma!matical _w f )\t4 ,! hexagon _c be expla9$ z a m]e aggregate ( l9es1 accord+ly hexagoneity mu/ be a self-exi/5t p[]2 x mu/ h come f )\t1 utilis+ l9es = its hexagonic exi/5ce4 ,organis$ life mu/ h orig9at$ f non-organis$ elem5ts by organisation1 & ?us a new sph]e is creat$ :i* introduces new conditions4 ,! laws ( organis$ life are n purely me*anical laws1 nor physical laws1 nor *emical laws1 b !y are a peculi> k9d ( laws2 j z diff]5t z *emical laws are f purely me*anical laws 7! latt] n includ+ su* ph5om5a z are g5]ally call$ *emical aff9ity74 ,natural laws & monism4 ,natural laws are =mulas describ+ facts z !y take place "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,accord+ly if special conditions arise we %all h a special set ( laws4 ,monism assumes t all ! laws ( nature agree among !mselves2 !re is no contradiction among !m possible4 ,yet !re may be an inf9ite v>iety ( applications4 ,! processes ( organis$ life are n m]e me*anical processes4 ,! ab/ractions :i* we comprise "u our me*anical t]ms d n cov] c]ta9 features ( vital activity & _c expla9 !m4 ,physiology is n m]ely appli$ physics2 x is a prov9ce ( natural processes t has conditions ( its own & ! physiological conditions are diff]5t f physical conditions4 ,?is h[ev] does n ov]?r[ monism4 ,we believe none ! less 9 ! unity ( all natural laws & tru/ t if ! con/itution ( ! cosmos 7 transp>5t 9 its m9ute/ details to our inquir+ m9d1 we %\ld see ! same law op]at+ 9 all ! diff]5t prov9ces2 we %\ld see 9 all in/ances a diff]5ce ( conditions & consequ5t !reupon a diff]5ce ( results t c be =mulat$ 9 diff]5t natural laws1 among :i* !re is none contradictory to any o!r4 ,,editor4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,i4 ,,fr5* ,,publications4 ,:y d we sleep8 ,"s h said1 ?r\gh c]ebral conge/ion2 o!rs1 ?r\gh c]ebral anmia4 ,9 reality ! "q rema9s undecid$4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,s]gueyeff has attempt$ to resolve x 9 8 s*ol>ly lectures publi%$ "u ! title ( ,le ,sommeil et le ,sy/me n]veux1 ,physiologie de la ,veille et du ,sommeil4#hf ,he consid]s x "u a new & v g5]al po9t ( view4 #hf ,9 two ?ick octavo volumes4 ,alcan1 publi%]4 ,accord+ to him1 wake & sleep w\ld be ! two alt]nat+ phases ( "o & ! same function1 necess>ily vegetative1 & absolutely indisp5sable to life4 ,sleep w\ld respond to an assimilation2 wake to a dis-assimilation4 ,to ?is vegetative function1 nev]!less1 x is necess>y to assign an alim5t1 an organ1 a me*anism4 ,n[ z yet we "k ( only two mat]ial =ms ( assimilative activity1 ! "o semi-liquid = dige/ion1 ! o!r gase\s = respiration4 ,! alim5t ( sleep w\ld be1 z oppos$ to ?is1 an e!real matt]1 or1 if we wi%1 a dynamic =m1 susceptible ( be+ accumulat$ & ( be+ trans=m$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,at fir/ sight1 no d\bt1 x seems difficult to accept a /h5ic alim5t1 )\t a pond]able sub/ratum1 & x s\nds a little /range to seek 9 ! ph5om5a ( wake & sleep an assimilative gr\p ! object ( :i* belongs to ! ambi5t dynamism1 9 o!r t]ms1 a functional activity1 :i* %\ld be influ5c$ by ! condition ( ! alim5t>y s\rce--t :i* w\ld give at ! same "t ! explication ( ! fact1 t1 9 a g5]al way1 ! two phases ( wake & sleep are relat$ to ! planet>y p]iodicity ( day & night1 summ] & w9t]4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 foll[ ,m4 ,s]gueyeff 9 8 int]e/+ rese>*es1 :]e ! sci5tific _s does n cease1 at any rate1 to su/a9 him4 ,9 8 !ory ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em is no long] ! organ1 z x is 9 ! !ories ( conge/ion & anmia2 b x is r ! s-call$ sympa!tic elem5ts1 ! ganglio-epid]mic sy/em1 ( :i* ! imp]fectly kn[n functions rightly require to be expla9$4 ,/ruck ) ! insuffici5t reasons giv5 ( ! ph5om5on ( caloricity result+ f ! section ( a sympa!tic n]ve1 or f ! ob/ruction ( a ganglion1 ,m4 ,s]gueyeff has be5 l$ to assume an action ( ! great sympa!tic1 diff]5t f ! vaso-motor action4 ,he does n hesitate1 9 ord] to expla9 ! caloricity1 to admit into physiology ! pr9ciple ( ! me*anical equival5ce ( heat4 ,he endeavors to prove1 by an +5i\s argum5t1 t ! heat :i* is produc$ aft] ! section ( ! sympa!tic n]ves1 f9ds its imm$iate orig9 9 ! arre/ ( a n]v\s c5tripetal movem5t2 t ?is arre/$ movem5t owes its exi/5ce to dynamic cond5sations1 to :i* c]ta9 organs ( ! ganglionic sy/em are adapt$1 be+ end[$ ) a cond5satory capacity2 & f9ally t 9 ! normal /ate ! movem5t repres5ts1 n an exp5diture ( en]gy1 b a contribution1 t is to say1 x is a movem5t ( a trophical "*4 ,! sangu9e\s condition ( ! bra9 rema9s to be consid]$2 b ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 wake & sleep1 w\ld be purely di/ributive in/ead ( be+ quantitative4 ,s*iff has rem>k$ t :ite rats depriv$ ( _! c]ebral lobes & corpora /riata sleep & wake2 :i* leads u to ?9k t ! ph5om5a ( c]ebral irrigation are consequ5tials1 & n ess5tials1 ( wake & sleep4 ,9 %ort1 ^! two alt]nat+ phases s]ve 9 turns z *ief mov+ causes = ! vaso-motor excitation :i* diff]5ces1 9 "o or ! o!r p]iod1 ! sangu9e\s condition ( ?is or t m$ull> locality4 ,we _c foll[ ! au?or 9 ! special /udy he makes1 fir/ ( ! s5sitive n]ves & ! motor n]ves1 !n ( ! c]ebral activities 9 ! conditions ( wake & sleep4 ,x w\ld be labori\s to dis5gage 8 psy*ological doctr9e f ! long discussions :i* envelop x1 & :i*1 well c>ri$ out z !y may be1 d n always all[ x to appe> ) z mu* di/9ctness z c\ld be wi%$4 ,we w note only ! c>e t he takes to re/ore ! psy*ic initiative1 contr>y to ! !ories mo/ 9 favor to-day4 ,he supposes a prefunctional movem5t ( ! s5sitive n]ves1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! s5sorial impression2 att5tive volitions 9 ord] to expla9 att5tion1 volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,accord+ to him1 ! physiological ph5om5on :i* necess>ily corresponds to suffici5t att5tion1 t is to say to ! lay+ hold ( an object by consci\sness1 c only be a volitional n]v\s movem5t4 ,he rema9s conv9c$ t ! cells ( ! bra9 mu/ project incessantly 9 c]ta9 ( _! aff]5t fibres c5trifugal influxes :i* t5d to meet ) p]ceptive images2 & feeble & involunt>y z ^! influxes may be1 he ranks !m nev]!less 9 ! some:at my/]i\s category ( s-call$ att5tive volitions4 ,^! are n reflexes1 b automatic movem5ts4 ,& def9itively1 e act ( att5tion belongs to ! category ( volitional movem5t1 be x involunt>y or volunt>y2 or 9 %ort1 att5tive volition exi/s prior to its volunt>y /r5g!n+4 ,z to ! revival ( images1 x is necess>y to admit ! int]v5tion ( a previ\s t5d5cy to association4 ,! difficulty rema9s !n to "k h[ we are to be able to keep ^! images be=e ! consci\sness1 9 ord] to apply our att5tion to !m1 & :at secret cause has p[] to ar\se ! signals1 ! n]v\s movem5ts1 :i* pres5t !m to x4 ,! au?or resolves ! difficulty by accept+1 = cases ( int5tional revivisc5ce1 ideo-motor volitions1 to :i* he attributes a consid]able rle2 _! int]v5tion di/+ui%es precisely1 says he1 ! active memory f ! passive memory4 ,9 reality1 = ,m4 ,s]gueyeff ! consci\sness is n1 z we h said1 a simple result ( ! image1 an epiph5om5on2 x is p]man5t 7?us he affirms t we always ?9k1 t we always dream72 ! ,ego1 ! ,we is = him an irr$ucible factor4 ,?is way ( look+ at ?+s has evid5tly influ5c$ ! *oice ( 8 t]m9ology1 m ?an x has vitiat$ 8 analysis1 & its conclusions1 moreov]1 he has n put d[n to ! cr$it ( any sy/em ( metaphysics :atev]4 ,f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! matt] ( 8 book1 :i* is replete ) criticisms & facts1 ,i h h>dly sket*$ its outl9es1 & ,i %\ld be 8 false int]pret] if ,i did n recall1 9 conclusion1 ! hope /rongly express$ by himself1 t ! great assimilative "w ( an impond]able alim5t res]ves = u _m o!r solutions beyond t ( ! ph5om5a ( wake & sleep4 ,?\gh x may be1 says he to 8 he>]s1 t 9 all ! rec5t words ,i h utt]$1 ! tru? %9es only by a sp>k1 d n disda9 ?is sp>k1 g5tlem54 ,may "o ( y receive x )9 him1 = x c1 ,i h ! confid5ce1 by a m p[]ful brea? ?an m9e sudd5ly increase1 l a pol> aurora1 & illum9ate unb\nd$ horizons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to a book ( less scope1 rudely con/ruct$ p]haps1 b v in/ructive4 ,z indicat$ by ! title *os5 by him1 ,la ,psy*ologie de l',idiot et de l',imbcile1#hg ,dr4 ,,paul ,,solli] has attempt$ to draw ! portrait ( ! idiot & ! imbecile 9 g5]al2 :i* ,i s9c]ely approve ( p]suad$ z ,i am t we %all f9d pr(it 9 sket*+ g5]ic types & 9 trac+ ! composite photographs ( social individuals gr\p$ 9 v>i\s ways1 9 ord] to e/abli% on solid basis a natural hi/ory ( societies4 ,! noveli/s h approa*$ ?is difficult ent]prise at r&om2 x is = ! psy*ologi/s to direct x ) a me?od m sure & a tact n less delicate4 #hg ,alcan1 publi%]4 ,idiocy is n always cong5ital2 ! lesions :i* produce x are extremely v>i$ & d n consi/ by any means 9 a simple arre/ ( developm5t4 ,9 %ort1 idiots =m a v div]sifi$ cl9ical gr\p2 & "h 0 ! fir/ difficulty necess>y to ov]come 9 ord] to write _! psy*ology4 ,pr(it+ by ! insuffici5t def9itions t au?ors h giv5 ( idiocy1 ,m4 ,solli] ?9ks he is able 9 8 turn to def9e x z a *ronic c]ebral affection ) v>i$ lesions1 *>act]is$ by tr\bles ( ! intellectual1 s5sitive1 & motory functions1 go+ possibly z f> z _! almo/ complete abolition1 & :i* assumes its special "*1 p>ticul>ly 9 :at conc]ns intellectual tr\bles1 only 9 ! y\?ful age ( ! subjects x /rikes4 ,!n1 discuss+ ! propos$ classification1 he /ops to =m ?ree categories1 :i* he connects ) ! intellectual developm5t1 = :i* att5tion s]ves him z ! t\*-/one4 ,!y are3 7#a7 absolute idiocy--complete abs5ce & impossibility ( att5tion2 7#b7 simple idiocy--feebl5ess & difficulty ( att5tion2 7#c7 imbecility--in/ability ( att5tion4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! /ate ( att5tion 7we recognise ! fruit ( ! excell5t tea*+ ( ,m4 ,ribot7 sep>ate ) suffici5t cle>ness ! imbecile f ! idiot3 ! latt] rema9s extra-social1 ! =m] becomes anti-social4 ,m4 ,solli]1 = :om ! imbecile1 let u say 9 pass+1 is an exce$+ly disagreeable p]sonage1 foll[s out ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 book ?is di/9ction1 :i* seems to u "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & ! mo/ piquant aspects ( x4 ,h[ _m p 9 ! _w bord] on imbecility1 )\t belong+ cl9ically to ?is type1 & ma9ta9 ! mis*iev\s rle ( de/roy]s & m>plots6 ,read]s famili> ) ! /udy ( m5tal maladies w n be a/oni%$ to f9d among idiots ! foll[+ signs ( deg5]acy3 dull$ s5ses1 obtuse p]ceptions1 a poor condition ( s5sibility & consequ5tly ( mobility1 & anomalies or p]v]sions ( ! in/9cts1 s5tim5ts1 etc4 ,b t :i* makes ( !m a gr\p ap>t1 is ! con/itution ( ! p]fect type f infancy1 :ile among ! deg5]ates prop]ly s-call$1 ! p]v]sions1 ! manias1 etc4 pres5t1 are ! episodical concurr5ces ( a morbid evolution :i* unrolls itself caprici\sly 9 ! c\rse ( a :ole life4 ,m4 ,solli] has int]e/+ rem>ks ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 8 book4 ,we may ref]1 = example1 to :at he says conc]n+ pity1 c\rage2 ( writ+2 ( h]$it>y organic memory2 ( ideas1 etc4 ,x is curi\s1 c]ta9ly1 to see idiots sudd5ly %[ !mselves skilful 9 play+ an in/rum5t :i* 0 t ( _! fa!r & ( _! gr&fa!r4 ,a pass+ obs]vation on impressionability1 great] = color 9 girls & = =m 9 boys1 des]ves to be develop$3 ,i regret t ! au?or %\ld h be5 sp>+ ( details on ?is po9t z on "s o!rs4 ,m4 ,solli] appe>s1 we may say1 to h aim$ n s mu* at giv+ new explanations 9 psy*ology1 z at v]ify+ ^? :i* h be5 propos$ by good au?ors4 ,he is precise1 positive2 f ! m$ico-legal po9t ( view1 he pres5ts practical conclusions1 & does n emb>rass himself 9 s5tim5talism1 f :i* ! ,philosophie pnale#hh ( ,m4 ,,t>de1 let x be said p>5!tically1 is n always suffici5tly free4 #hh ,fir/ volume ( ! ,biblio?que de ,crim9ologie4 ,masson1 publi%]4 ,a ^w m ) ref]5ce to ! great sugge/ibility ( imbeciles1 on :i* ,m4 ,solli] reasonably insi/s4 ,s9ce ,i spoke 9 ?is place1 ?ree mon?s ago1 ( ! "w ( ,m4 ,bonjean1 ! awkw>d int]v5tion ( ,m4 ,ligeois 9 ! ,eyraud-,gabrielle ,bomp>d case has contribut$ to compromise ! ,nancy s*ool1 mu* m ?an to s]ve x4 ,m4 ,br\>del is able to object ) +5uity t c]ta9 p]sons1 suppos$ to be victims ( hypnotism1 un=tunately obey sugge/ions :i* are ! mo/ agreeable to !m4 ,x is good advice to be cauti\s4 ,/ill x is necess>y to take into acc\nt 7x is :at ,i _h omitt$ to say7 ! "* ( ! subjects1 9 ord] to be able to judge ( ! possible accompli%m5t ( acts sugge/$ 9 sleep4 ,=1 x is n d\btful t among ! abnormal1 ! imbecile1 ! m5tally feeble1 "o c\ld n c\nt mu* on ! revolt ( a moral p]sonality :i* is n con/itut$1 on ! effici5cy ( a p[] ( inhibition :i* is almo/ null1 & t g5]ally crim9al sugge/ion c become =midable :5 x is att5d$ by bad in/9cts4 ,x rema9s to speak ( a "w by ,m4 ,a4 ,,ric>d\1 ,de l',idal1 ,etude philosophique4#hi ,i av[ )\t any disguise t ,i h n tak5 any int]e/ 9 x4 ,m4 ,ric>d\ decl>es himself a dei/1 spirituali/2 ! mis=tune is t he foll[s s mu* ! vague & wav]+ mann] ( 8 s*ool4 ,a f9e rhetoric1 elevat$ aspirations2 b few facts1 n suffici5t realities freely se54 ,:at end is s]v$ by rebell+ aga9/ physiological psy*ology1 & by lay+ claim to ! rights ( ! me?od ( introspection8 ,9 tru?1 no "o d5ies its "r2 x is suspect$ only :5 x affects supremacy1 & rejects all control4 #hi ,alcan1 publi%]4 ,i simply m5tion1 9 conclusion1 ! int]e/+ "w1 :i* appe>$ la/ ye>1 ( ,m4 ,l4 ,,levy-,,bruhl3 ,l',allemagne depuis ,leibniz1 ,essai sur le developpem5t de la consci5ce nationale en ,allemagne4#ij ,x belongs1 9 great "p1 to ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & furni%es to x a valuable contribution4 #ij ,ha*ette1 publi%]4 ,p>is1 ,m>*1 #ahia4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,italy ,,s9ce ,,! ,,ye> #ahgj4 ,n be+ a man ( lett]s1 b an ali5i/1 ,i w give y a psy*ological r ?an a lit]>y description ( ! condition ( lit]ature 9 ,italy4 ,my pres5tation w und\bt$ly h _m defects & defici5cies 9 details1 b x w p]haps !reby ga9 9 orig9ality ( treatm5t4 ,x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,european writ]s1 & especially ( ,italians1 to isolate !mselves completely f sci5tific rese>*4 ,beauty = itself1 ! imitation ( ! anci5ts--?is is ! defect1 or ! /r5g?1 ( our poets4 ,,ale>di1 x is true1 put "s ye>s ago a little botany & geology into 8 poetry1 z did1 ne>ly a c5tury ago1 ,mas*]oni1 9 8 celebrat$ epi/le ,invito a ,lesbia ,sidonia4 ,,zanella1 a true prie/1 has sung 9 a celebrat$ ode ! ,coquille ,fossile1 :i* portrays 9 colors truly poetical ! la/ discov]ies ( paleontology4 ,b ?is naturalism 0 only a light v>ni%1 l ! gold5 p[d] t coquettes spr9kle on _! hair1 & :i* falls at ! fir/ movem5t4 ,x is nev]!less true t "s poets1 n appreciat$ yet z !y des]ve1 draw _! inspiration f nature or f hi/ory4 ,su* is ,,artur ,,graf1 :o 9 my op9ion owes 8 g5ius to an int]mixture ( race1 ,italian1 ,greek1 & ,g]man1 & also to a climatic graft1 z he comes f ,r\mania2 :i* %[s ! favorable influ5ce ( ! d\ble race-infusion4 7,see my "w on ,g5ius47 ,9 8 poem ,m$usa1 ,graf has m+l$ naturalism & ,s*op5hau]ianism ) a poetical _s :i* is highly orig9al4 ,he has also writt5 ,il ,diabolo & ! ,leg5d ( ,rome among ! ,nations ( ! ,middle ,ages2 a "w :i* has philological & hi/orical m]it1 especially 9 connection ) ! ,folk-lore ( pa/ c5turies4 ,^! books are 9 prose2 b _! =m is :olly poetical4 ,,rapis>di is truly ! ,juv5al1 & we may also say ! ,lucretius1 ( contemporane\s ,italy4 ,he began by giv+ u ! be/ translation ( ! great ,roman poet1 & he has absorb$ mu* ( 8 _s1 & p]haps also ( ! asp]ity ( 8 v]ses1 & ( 8 contempt = =m4 ,8 great orig9al poem is ! ,giobbe 7,catania71 9 :i* he has giv5 a bitt] satire ( mod]n society & ( contempor>y lit]>y m52 h[ev]1 he w\ld seem to be sometimes too p]sonal2 s mu* s t _m p]sons h n =giv5 him4 ,lately he has publi%$ a collection ( ,religi\s ,poems 7,catania1 #ahhh71 9 :i*1 despite its title1 !re is mu* less religion ?an naturalism4 ,x is a hymn1 wor?y ( its ma/]1 to ! religion ( nature & to ! beauty ( tru?1 )\t =gett+ ! gr& social ideas ( ju/ice :i* our poets s (t5 =get4 ,,praga may be describ$ z ! ,baudelaire ( ,italy4 ,he too1 l ! latt]1 liv$ & di$ an alcoholi/ & p>alytic4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to break ) ! ,grco-,lat9 traditions2 & has drawn 8 inspiration f ! caprices ( 8 disease1 :i* has giv5 him a p[]ful & orig9al /amp4 ,8 be/ works are ,p5ombre & ,tavolozza4 ,! same lot1 induc$ by ! same disease1 has befall5 ,,rovani1 :o 9 8 hi/orical novels 7,giulio ,ces>e & la ,/oria di c5ti anni7 has p]=m$ good "w 9 hi/ory & psy*ology4 ,among writ]s truly orig9al1 ,,mantegazza excels 9 prose4 ,8 is "o ( ^? _m-sid$1 v]satile m9ds t are met ) 9 ! ,lat9 races2 su* z ,c>dano1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,l4 ,b4 ,alb]ti1 ,voltaire1 ,ta9e1 ,ri*et4 ,he is by turns pa?ologi/1 physiologi/1 *emi/1 an?ropologi/1 geograph]1 travell]1 & noveli/4 ,8 novel ,dio ,ignoto is semi-naturali/ic4 ,9 8 ,fisiologia del piac]e he has attempt$ a new k9d ( p]sonal obs]vations1 al?\gh x is met ) 9 ! novels ( ,balzac1 ( ,flaub]t1 & ( ,gonoret4 ,9 8 ,physiology ( pa9 he has aga9 become pa?ological1 s]i\s2 ?is book has1 accord+ly1 n obta9$ ! success t x m]it$4 ,9 ! ,fe/e ed ,ebbrezze he describes ! pleasures ( ! p4 ,b ,mantegazza1 :o has ! orig9ality ( g5ius1 has also its evil & trea*]\s volubility2 & we _c say :at is 8 patriotic & philosophic fai?4 ,he has writt5 pages t seem dictat$ by a ca?olic prie/1 by ! side ( o!rs wor?y ( ,aret9o 7,amore degli uom9i71 & /ill o!r pages :i* c\ld be sign$ by ,victor ,hugo4 ,less orig9al p]haps1 b mu* m consi/5t ) himself1 is ,m4 ,,trezza1 ano!r v]satile writ]1 a !ologi/1 poet1 hi/orian1 critic1 philosoph]1 philologi/1 b :o has n *ang$ ! facets ( 8 g5ius1 or ! consci5ce ( 8 fai?4 ,at "o "t a prie/1 he 0 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t prea*]s2 b ! /udy ( natural sci5ce & ( philosophy drew him away f 8 fai? & plung$ him 9 naturalism4 ,he has pres]v$ all ! apo/olic w>m? ( ! ard5t & hone/ prie/ ( 8 y\?4 ,?us he has em]g$ f x a new be+ immovable 9 8 fai?3 ,come torre *e non crolla ,giammai la cima p] s(fi> dei v5ti4#ia #ia ,l a t[] t %akes n ,9 ! bla/s ( ! /orm4 ,8 works 9 religi\s criticism ,la ,religione e le ,religioni1 & also 9 hi/ory & philosophy 7,lucrezio1 ,epicuro e l',epicurismo1 ,la ,critica ,mod]na7 h receiv$ f x a peculi> impress1 9 :i* ! en?usiasm ( ! apo/le is m+l$ ) ! calm obs]vation ( sci5ce1 & hi/ory conf\nds metaphysics4 ,he is ! fir/ & ! only "o p]haps1 :o has attempt$ criticism 9 ,italy :ile pres]v+ a lit]>y brilliancy :i* rem9ds u ( ,c>lyle4 ,b accord+ to univ]sal op9ion1 among all ^! />s1 ! /> ( fir/ magnitude is ,,giosue ,,c>ducci4 ,he is ! true repres5tative ( ! ,italians1 a graft ( antiquity on ! mod]ns1 b 9 :i* antiquity pr$om9ates4 ,8 poems 7,le ,nuove ,poesie1 ,le ,odi b>b>e1 ,le ,nuove ,odi b>b>e1 ,le ,t]ze ,odi b>b>e1 ,le ,nuove ,rime7 h attract$ ! greate/ att5tion4 ,he has introduc$ & reviv$ a new metre1 _m times tri$1 b nev] ) success1 by ,triss9o1 ,campanella1 ,*iabr]a1 & o!rs2 a new metre :i* reproduces ! anci5t rhy?m ( ,greek & ,roman poetry1 especially ! elegy & ! ,alcaic ode4 ,8 is a new pagan ,r5aissance ) a c]ta9 gloss ( mod]nness b ) outbur/s sometimes patriotic & ev5 revolution>y :i* ! ,r5aissance lack$4 ,8 prose works also consi/ ( ar*aic recon/ructions ( ,italian lit]>y hi/ory & ( vigor\s polemics1 sometimes too p]sonal1 b always ) a ref9em5t ( critique4 ,by ! side ( ^! productions :i* are kn[n ev]y:]e1 & :i* c be truly call$ national1 !re is a sub/ratum1 ( consid]able ext5t1 ( lit]>y works t h a local "*4 ,su* is ! poetry ( dialect :i* has h[ev] a great weight ) u2 = ! be/ satirical poems & ! be/ com$ies are almo/ always writt5 9 dialect 7,pasc>ella 9 ! ,roman dialect1 ,fuc9i 9 ! ,tuscan dialect1 ,di ,giacomo 9 ,neapolitan1 ,b]sezio 9 ,pi$montese1 ,rizzotto 9 ,sicilian74 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ also t ?is local division is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! rolls ( ! great army ( lit]ature1 al?\gh ?is does n prev5t su* works pass+ beyond ! geographical limits ( _! t]ritory & becom+ kn[n ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,italy4 ,we h a ,ligurian-,pi$montese s*ool ) ,,de ,,amicis at ! head1--,de ,amicis1 :o n[ h[ev] (t5 attempts social /udies ) mu* intrepidity1--& ,,b>ili1 ,,f>9a1 ,,b]sezio1 ,,giacosa1 & ,,faldella1 :o possess ! common *>act]i/ic ( a s5tim5tality almo/ fem99e1 altoge!r oppos$ to ! rugg$ c\ntry ( :i* !y con/itute ! glory4 ,!re is ! ,tuscan-,bolognese s*ool ( :i* ,,c>duui is ! *ief pontiff & :i* hov]s ab\t ! old s*ool4 ,m4 ,,panzac*i1 ,,ricci1 ,,m>radi1 & ,,/ec*etti belong to x2 !re 0 an epo* 9 ! life ( ! la/ nam$ 9 :i* he laun*$ into a /yle :i* seem$ naturali/ic1 b :i* 0 at bottom only pornographic2 b he imm$iately comp5sat$ = 8 escapade by a great numb] ( philological memoirs ( an erudition truly oppressive1 ultra-academical4 ,!re is ! ,abruzzian s*ool1 ( :i* ,d',,annunzio is ! head4 ,its *>act]i/ics are v>iegat$ tropical color+1 & a c]ta9 /udi$ ornam5tation sometimes burd5$ ) similes & metaphors1 & an exagg]at$ objectivity2 x lays hold ( ! outside ( ?+s1 b does n rea* to & grasp ! s\l ( ! inn] life ( nature4 ,! ,neapolitan s*ool is made up ( compil]s & +5i\s critics1 :o w make y an elegant embroid]y ) gossam] ?reads on ! po9t ( a ne$le4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ names ( ?is s*ool are ,,settembr9i1 ,,desanctis1 ,,bonghi1 & ,,vittorio ,,imbriani4 ,! ,sicilian is ! rude/1 b x is ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ orig9al4 ,we c\ld "n ! great hi/orians ,,cem>i1 ,,la ,,lumia1 ,,laf>9a2 & ,,pittre1 :o creat$ ,italian ,folklore1 & :o has ma9ta9$ x ) a special j\rnal4 ,sicily has also giv5 u two great noveli/s1 ,,v]ga & ,,capuana1 :o are improv$ ,zolas4 ,! ,malavoglia & ,don ,gesualdo ( ,m4 ,v]ga give u ! home life ( ! ,sicilian p4 ,9 ! ,giac9ta ( ,capuana we h ! life ( ! citiz5s & ( ! ,italian nobility photograph$4 ,wom5 always pres]ve ! local type2 b ) special features4 ,h>dly any write 9 v]se2 !y compose novels & light productions r ?an romances1 sket*es r ?an true portraits4 ,!y *oose ! "y girl & ! un=tunate m>ri$ woman2 v (t5 !y write autobiographies1 or ! biography ( _! fri5ds or _! husb&s4 ,! l&-"q has nev]!less be5 dealt ) v well by ! ,m>*ioness ,,colombi1 7pseudonym ( ,madame ,torelli ,viollet7 & ! woman's "q has be5 treat$ ( ) great vigor & /ati/ically by ,,kulis*i(f2 ,i h n spok5 ( ,,annie ,,vivanti1 ano!r pro( ( ! advantages ( cross+1 = %e is ,anglo-,am]ican & ,anglo-,italian1 & a ,jewess to boot2 %e writes 9 v]ses :i* h no?+ ( ! classical elem5t 9 !m--an extraord9>y ?+ 9 ,italy4 ,h] works possess orig9ality1 :i* goes z f> z ! mo/ extreme naturalism4 7,lirica di ,annie ,vivanti1 #ahij47 ,9 f9e1 mod]n ,italy has n _m lit]>y ma/]pieces to %[4 ,& ?is is due to a numb] ( causes4 ,9 romances & com$ies1 da% & _s dem& a c]ta9 /ock ( obs]vations t c be f\nd only 9 great cities 7capitals71 & 9 ,italy1 ,rome & ,milan are only beg9n+ to be su*4 ,orig9ality1 multiplicity1 & en]gy ( types are v sc>ce 9 ,italy1 = ev]y:]e ! conv5tional lie dom9ates2 x is mu* m difficult to *oose models "h ?an x is 9 c]ta9 o!r c\ntries1 = example 9 ,russia2 = g5ius alone c draw inspiration f inf]ior & ord9>y mat]ial4 ,! classical sy/em ( education has prev5t$ u f go+ to ! s\rce ( social anomalies1 mattoids1 madm51 etc4 ,besides1 classicism1 :i* has dom9at$ u = s _m c5turies1 & :i* has inspir$ u ) its m>vell\s beauties1 has1 l ! old1 7& x is v old17 lo/ all its vital =ce4 ,p h made believe to w>m !mselves by x2 b !y h n succe$$2 !y rema9 cold2 & !y admire its adepts only 9 def]5ce to ! conv5tional lie4 ,yet ! entire education ( our y\? consi/s ( t4 ,x is ! same z 9 religion4 ,p h made ,madonnas & ,jesuses ( x to su* an ext5t t n[ !re is no long] any means ( contriv+ any?+ new4 ,naturalism )\t be+ ! natural f\ndation ( ! p is nev]!less suffici5tly advanc$ n to all[ ( s]i\s inspiration 9 religion4 ,_m au?ors :o h s\ght new pa?s h be5 l$ out ( _! way by j\rnalism & politics1 :i* always end 9 exhau/+ p1 ev5 g5iuses4 ,,sc>foglio1 ,,bonghi1 ,,torelli1 ,,dez]bi1 & ,,f]ri are among ! numb]4 ,! difficulty ( secur+ a place 9 ! lit]>y _w also v quickly exhau/s _m4 ,?us _m m51 especially ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 produce a v good "w2 b !y h become fa!rs too late 9 life1 & h only a s+le son2 su* are ,,b]sezio1 ) 8 ,travet1 ,,boito ) 8 ,ballate1 ,,valc>5ghi ) 8 ,confessioni d',&rea4 ,political lib]ty1 if x has giv5 an impulse to social & political /udies1 has prejudic$ great lit]>y production1 p]haps because "u ! incitem5t ( =eign dom9ation & ( rebellion1 ! he>t draws f a gr& s\rce ( inspiration1 & ! p5 f9ds p[]ful excitation1 m p[]ful p]haps1 ?an lib]ty gives x4 ,art f9ds m num]\s elem5ts ( success 9 m9ds highly excit$4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( great revolutions to elevate ! s\ls ( all contempor>ies1 to imp>t to !m a peculi> disposition unkn[n be=e1 & :i* is n sl[ to disappe>4 ,! mo/ humble1 ! mo/ obscure1 ^? ev5 :o h n tak5 any "p 9 ! ev5ts & :o h h>dly /udi$ !m1 express1 a long "t aft]w>ds ev51 s5tim5ts mu* sup]ior to ^? :i* _! ord9>y condition all[s4 ,x is suffici5t to h liv$ dur+ "s passionate epo* to issue f x bett]1 pur]1 & /rong]4 ,! new ideas1 ! g5]\s impulses :i* !n c>ry away nations1 p5etrate into all classes & ennoble a :ole g5]ation4 ,we _h 9 our revolution>y epo*1 ,manzoni1 ,massimo d',azeglio1 ,gu]azzi1 ,giu/i1 ,porta1 ,miceli1 ,br(f]io1 ,b]*et1 ,mameli1 ,bo]io1 ,laquacci1 ,ale>di1 ,grassi1 ,prati4 ,:o h we n[ to comp>e ) !m8 ,tur91 ,m>*1 #ahia4 ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,aryans4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,prehi/oric ,e?nology & ,civilisation ( ,europe4 ,by ,isaac ,taylor1 ,m4 ,a41 ,l4 ,l4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn] ,wel=d4 ,! au?or ( ?is extremely int]e/+ "w /ates 9 ! preface t x does n aim at sett+ =? new views or speculations4 ,8 op9ions on its ma9 !sis1 t is1 z to ! place ( orig9 ( ! primitive ,aryans1 are ^? ( ,spiegel & ,s*rad]1 except :]e he pref]s ! conclusions ( ,cuno4 ,^! writ]s1 ) ! majority ( ! late/ inve/igators ( ! subject1 accept ! view orig9at$#ib by ! ,engli% philologi/ ,dr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,la?am 9 #ahea1 t ! orig9al home ( ! primitive ,aryans 0 on ! great pla9 ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,cuno insi/$ also on :at ,dr4 ,taylor affirms is n[ an axiom 9 e?nology1 t race is n coext5sive ) language4 ,?is is a mo/ important pr9ciple1 z x completely *anges ! aspects ( ! problem by mak+ x m complex4 ,x introduces1 9 fact1 a fre% elem5t2 z x requires ! ,aryan to be id5tifi$ be=e 8 primitive habitat c be s\ght =4 #ib ,dr4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton 9 8 ,races & ,peoples po9ts out t ! view ref]r$ to 9 ! text 0 fir/ /at$ by ! ,belgian naturali/ ,m4 ,d',halloy2 b x has always be5 accr$it$ to ,dr4 ,la?am by ,g]man writ]s &1 z m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,taylor1 0 reg>d$ by !m z an ,engli% fad4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ?is id5tification are cle>ly po9t$ out 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,dur+ ! neoli?ic p]iod1 ,europe 0 inhabit$ by f\r di/9ct races1 all ( :i* are repres5t$ among ! pres5t ,aryan-speak+ peoples ( ! cont95t4 ,if ! primitive ,aryans are to be id5tifi$ ) "o ( ^? races x mu/ h impos$ its spee* on ! o!r ?ree4 ,moreov]1 ( ^? f\r races1 two are decid$ly doli*ocephalic1 or long-head$1 ! o!r two be+ z decid$ly bra*ycephalic1 or broad-head$4 ,! latt] are n[ repres5t$ by ! ,slavo-,celtic1 & ! ,ligurian1 or ,swiss & ,savoy>d1 peoples2 :ile ! pres5t repres5tatives ( "o primitive long-head$ race are ! ,sw$es1 ! ,nor? ,g]mans & ! ,friesians1 & ( ! o!r1 ! ,corsicans1 ! ,spani% ,basques1 & "s ( ! ,wel% & ,iri%4 ,!re are gr\nds = believ+1 h[ev]1 t ! two doli*ocephalic races 7 d]iv$ f a s+le root1 & t ! two bra*ycephalic races w ultimately be id5tifi$ z "o4 ,!re w\ld ?us be left only two primitive /ocks1 "o long-head$ & ! o!r %ort-head$1 & ,dr4 ,taylor concludes1 n only t ! primitive ,aryans belong$ to ! latt]1 b t !y 7 racially connect$ ) ! ,f9no-,ugric tribes ( ,ea/]n ,europe & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,he %[s t ! culture ( ! ,slavo-,celtic race1 z exhibit$ 9 ! r\nd b>r[s ( ,brita9 & ! pile-dwell+s ( ,c5tral ,europe1 comes ne>e/ to t ( ! primitive ,aryans1 z disclos$ by l+ui/ic palontology4 ,fur!r1 t an?ropologically ?is belongs to ! same type z t ( ! tall1 fair1 broad-head$ ,f9no-,ugrian tribes2 agreeably to :i*1 ! grammatical resemblances betwe5 ! ,aryan languages & ^? ( ! ,ural-,altaic /ock po9t to a primitive unity ( spee*4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no d\bt t ! great] "p ( ,europe 0 orig9ally occupi$ by peoples ( ! long-head$ type1 & ,dr4 ,taylor conjectures t at ! close ( ! re9de] age a ,f9nic p appe>$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 ^: spee* rema9+ /ation>y1 is repres5t$ by ! agglut9ative ,basque1 & t mu* lat]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pa/oral age1 :5 ! ox _h be5 tam$1 a tall] & m p[]ful ,f9no-,ugrian p develop$ 9 ,c5tral ,europe ! inflective ,aryan spee*4 ,?is !ory requires t ! non-,aryan long-head$ race %\ld h acquir$ 9 "s way ! ,aryan spee*1 & x is n surpris+ t ! ,nor? ,g]mans reject ! ,turanian !ory accept$ by ! ,fr5* & esp\s$ by our au?or1 & ma9ta9 t ! physical type ( ! primitive ,aryans 0 t ( _! own tall1 fair1 doli*ocephal\s race4 ,on ?is view1 ! ance/ors ( ! bra*ycephalic ,li?uanians1 ^: language be/ repres5ts among ^? ( ,europe ! primitive ,aryan spee*1 mu/ h be5 ,aryanis$ by ! ance/ors ( ! ,teutons1 ^: language approa*es ne>e/ to ! ,li?uanian4 ,dr4 ,taylor po9ts out1 h[ev]1 t ?is w\ld leave unexpla9$ h[ ! spee* ( ! bra*ycephalic ,celts & ,umbrians1 to say no?+ ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,arm5ians1 & ! ,indo-,iranians1 0 obta9$ f t ( ! doli*ocephalic ,teutons2 h[ a p :i* 9 neoli?ic times 0 few 9 numb]s1 & 9 a l[ /ate ( culture1 succe$$ 9 ,aryanis+ s _m tribes m num]\s & m civilis$4 ,! "q arises z to h[ f> ?is ,aryanis+ process ext5d$4 ,0 x limit$ to language or did x include c]ta9 physical *>act]s z well8 ,z a fact ! sup]ficial *>act]s ( ! tall doli*ocephalic type :i*1 accord+ to ,nilsson & ,von ,db51 has prevail$ 9 ,sw$5 cont9u\sly f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day1 make an approa* to ! florid complexion1 light eyes1 & r$di% hair ( ! tall bra*ycephalic race4 ,! =m] h light] hair1 a :it] sk91 & eyes ( blue in/ead ( gray1 b ^! are j ! diff]5ces t might be expect$1 z ! result ( ! admixture ( ! ,slavo-,celtic /ock ) t to :i* ! fam\s ,ne&]?al skull belongs1 & :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,can/adt type4 ,at ! same "t x is possible t ! diff]5ce 9 color z well z 9 /ature :i* di/+ui%es ! tall f ! %ort races belong+ to bo? ! long-head$ & ! broad-head$ /ocks may be ! result ( ext]nal influ5ces1 su* z climate1 food1 & clo?+1 & ! g5]al conditions ( life 9 a m\nta9\s or nor!rn region4 ,?is w\ld apply at all ev5ts to ! ,teutonic or ,sc&9avian type1 & also to ! ,celto-,slavic :i* repres5ts ! primitive ,aryan type1 or r _! ,ugro-,f9nic pr$ecessors1 if x is true1 z ,dr4 ,s*rad] concludes1 t ! undivid$ ,aryans _h only two seasons1 w9t] & spr+1 or at mo/ ?ree4 ,?is fact does n necess>ily imply t !y liv$ 9 a nor!rn region2 = ! same climatic conditions c\ld be met ) 9 a m\nta9\s di/rict4 ,dr4 ,s*rad] ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t ! precise region c be approximately indicat$ by ref]5ce to ! bee* tree4 ,we are told t ?is tree does n n[ gr[ ea/ ( a l9e drawn f ,knigsb]g to ! ,crimea1 & its nor!rn limit mu/ =m]ly h be5 /ill m re/rict$4 ,h5ce ! cradle ( ! ,lat91 ,hell5ic1 & ,teutonic races1 :i* h ! same "n = ?is tree1 mu/ h be5 to ! we/ ( ! anci5t bee*-l9e4 ,b s9ce ! ,slavo-,li?uanian "n is a ,teutonic loan-^w1 we mu/ place ! cradle ( ! ,li?uanians & ! ,slaves to ! ea/ ( ?is l9e4 ,b s9ce !re are philological reasons = believ+ 9 ! unbrok5 geographical cont9uity ( ! ,european ,aryans previ\s to ! l+ui/ic sep>ation1 !y mu/ be plac$ 9 nor!rn ,europe a/ride ( ! bee* l9e2 ! ,slavo-,li?uanian 9 ,european ,russia2 & ! ,celts1 ,lat9s1 ,hell5es1 & ,teutons f>!r to ! ,we/4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is necess>ily indicates nor!rn ,europe z ! primitive ,aryan home4 ,dr4 ,la?am 9 8 ,native ,races ( ! ,russian ,empire insi/$ on ,podolia be+ ! region :]e ,sanskrit & ,z5d develop$ !mselves1 ! ,slavo-,li?uanic region ly+ to ! nor? & we/ ( x4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! bee*-l9e passes directly ?r\gh ,podolia1 :i* might !re=e claim to be ! classic ,aryan abode4 ,too mu* /ress %\ld n be laid1 h[ev]1 on su* an incid5t z ! occurr5ce ( a p>ticul> "n = a tree4 ,x is q possible t ! bee* may n h be5 kn[n to ! bra*ycephalic ,aryans until aft] !y came 9 contact ) ! doli*ocephalic ,teutons4 ,?is w\ld seem1 inde$1 to be requir$ if ! ,ugro-,f9nic orig9 ( ! ,aryans is well f\nd$4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be po9t$ out t :ile1 accord+ to ,kei? ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas1 ! region ( decidu\s trees ext5ds z f> ea/ z ! ,aral ,sea1 ,la?am ref]s ! bee* to ! ,caucasus z its special habitat2 & ! m\nta9 slopes ( ! ,caucasus are %[n by ,pes*el to be ! be/ fitt$ geographically = ! orig9al home ( ! ,indo-,european race4 ,aft] all ! "q ( ! place ( orig9 ( ! primitive ,aryans is n s important z t ( _! race aff9ities1 on :i*1 inde$1 ! =m] "q ultimately dep5ds1 & ,dr4 ,taylor has done well to foll[ up :at he t]ms ! pregnant sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,?urnam1 ! jo9t au?or ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,b>n>d ,davis ( _! great "w ,crania ,britannica1 z to ! id5tification ( ! primitive ,aryans ) ! ,turanian race ( ! ,briti% r\nd b>r[s4 ,t he has conclusively e/abli%$ ?is po9t x w\ld be ra% to affirm1 b he has pres5t$ a v /rong argum5t 9 its favor1 :i* is n weak5$ by ,pr(4 ,huxley's attempt to locate ! fair doli*ocephali 9 ,la?am's ,s>matia1 z ! primitive ,aryan race4 ,x %\ld n be lo/ sight (1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ugro-,f9nic relation%ip ( ! ,aryans w\ld re/ore to !m ! ,asiatic orig9 ( :i* rec5t discussion has t5d$ to deprive !m1 = ! ,ugrians und\bt$ly belong to ! ,asiatic area4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,dr4 ,top9>d1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* an?ropologi/1 is correct 9 8 ass]tion t ! ,aryan blood has disappe>$1 ! "q resolves itself into a discussion ( ! e?nical aff9ities ( ^? num]\s races :i* h acquir$ ,aryan spee*4 ,?is is n our au?or's own op9ion1 al?\gh x is p]haps c\nt5anc$ by ,cuno's maxim4 ,we mu/ leave "h ,dr4 ,taylor's "w :i* w be univ]sally recognis$ z "o ( great m]it1 :atev] view may be tak5 z to ! ,aryans & _! orig94 4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,by ,william ,t4 ,h>ris4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahij4 ,! m]its ( ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris 9 ! awak5+ & ! fo/]+ ( philosophical int]e/s 9 ?is c\ntry are extraord9>y4 ,z ! editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy he has publi%$ translations ( ! mo/ effective & important *apt]s ( ! ,european1 ma9ly ,g]man1 philosoph]s1 & also orig9al articles by ,am]ican ?9k]s4 ,among ! latt] we f9d contributions f names ( highe/ rank1 z well z essays by ! editor himself4 ,dr4 ,h>ris 0 also "o ( ! mo/ brilliant lights ( ! ,concord ,s*ool ( ,philosophy2 inde$1 he may be consid]$ z its c5tre & repres5tative1 = :atev] div]g5ce ( ?\ght may h appe>$ 9 ! ,concord lectures1 ! g5]al "* ( :at goes by ! "n ( ,concord ,philosophy 0 det]m9$ by him4 ,! pres5t "w accord+ly w comm& no common att5tion among ^? int]e/$ 9 ! hi/orical gr[? ( ,am]ican ?\ght & especially ,am]ican philosophy1 x be+ a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( extracts made by ,m>ietta ,kies f ,pr(essor ,h>ris's essays1 compil$ = ! purpose ( s]v+ z a class-book at ,mt4 ,holyoke ,sem9>y & ,college4 ,h[ev] great may be ! hi/orical importance ( ,dr4 ,h>ris z ! ,ne/or ( ,am]ican philosophy1 we _c suppress our d\bt z to :e!r 8 philosophy c be recomm5d$ z a /udy = beg9n]s4 ,dr4 ,h>ris is too orig9al a ?9k]1 & 8 orig9ality is n 9 accord ) ! pres5t "t4 ,8 ca/ ( m9d may be *>act]is$ z ,hegelian2 n t he %\ld be call$ a foll[] ( ,hegel1 b 8 way ( ?9k+ foll[s 9 _m respects ! me?od ( ab/ract ratioc9ation pursu$ by t great ,g]man philosoph]4 ,/ill1 ! results ( ,dr4 ,h>ris are ev5 9 clos] contact ) ! religi\s ideas ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ^? ( ,hegel4 ,we %all del9eate "h a few *>act]i/ic traits ( ,dr4 ,h>ris's speculative ?\ght3 ,philosophy attempts to f9d ! necess>y a priori elem5ts or factors 9 exp]i5ce1 & arrange !m into a sy/em by d$uc+ !m f a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,we %\ld pref] accord+ to ! me?od ( positivism to d]ive ! s-call$ a priori or ! =mal1 & ) x ! conditions ( cognition1 n f a fir/ pr9ciple b f ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,dr4 ,h>ris calls ,space1 ,"t1 ,causality presuppositions ( exp]i5ce3 !y make exp]i5ce possible4 ,we consid] !m z p>ts ( exp]i5ce z *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & our concepts ( "t1 space1 & causality h be5 ab/ract$ f exp]i5ce4 ,dr4 ,h>ris says3 ,space 9 limit+ itself is inf9ite 444 "t is inf9ite1 & yet x is ! condition necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ev5ts & *anges4444 ,! pr9ciple ( causality implies bo? "t & space4444 ,if we exam9e x1 we %all see t x aga9 presupposes a gr\nd deep] ?an itself4 ,9 ord] t a cause %all s5d a /ream ( influ5ce ov] to an effect1 x mu/ fir/ sep>ate t portion ( influ5ce f itself4 ,self-sep>ation is1 !n1 ! fundam5tal presupposition ( ! action ( causality4444 ,causa sui1 spontane\s orig9ation ( activity1 is ! ultimate presupposition und]ly+ all objects & ea* object ( exp]i5ce4444 ,causa sui1 or self-cause1 is prop]ly ! pr9ciple p> excell5ce ( philosophy4444 ,"h is ! necess>y gr\nd ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,dr4 ,h>ris discusses ! immortality ( man1 d5ot+ !reby ! immortality ( ! individual & ! cont9uance ( consci\sness aft] dea?4 ,he expresses 8 argum5t 9 admirable t]s5ess 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,h[ is x possible t 9 ?is _w ( p]i%able be+s !re c exi/ an immortal & ev] progressive be+8 ,)\t ! p]sonality ( ,god x w\ld be impossible1 because an unconsci\s fir/ pr9ciple w\ld be incapable ( produc+ consci\s be+1 or if !y 7 produc$1 x w\ld ov]come !m z incongru\s & inh>moni\s elem5ts 9 ! _w4 ,x w\ld f9ally draw all back into its image & r$uce consci\s individuality to unconsci\sness4 ,?is is a diff]5t solution ( ! problem f t pres5t$ 9 ! article ,! ,orig9 ( ,m9d 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ?is magaz9e4 4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,sex4 ,by ,pr(4 ,patrick ,g$des & ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn] ,wel=d4 ,! pres5t "w is 9 "s s5se a reproduction ( ! articles ,reproduction1 ,sex1 & ,v>iation & ,selection1 contribut$ by ,pr(essor ,g$des to ! mo/ rec5t edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,x goes fur!r1 h[ev]1 & n only conta9s mu* additional in=mation1 b ! views ( ! au?ors on ! factors ( organic evolution & on biology 9 g5]al are m precisely =mulat$ & develop$4 ,! c5tral !sis ( ! "w1 z /at$ 9 ! preface1 is 9 ! fir/ place1 to pres5t an outl9e ( ! ma9 processes = ! cont9uance ( organic life ) su* unity z our pres5t k r5d]s possible2 & 9 ! second1 to po9t ! way t[>d ! int]pretation ( ^! processes 9 ^? ultimate biological t]ms :i* physiologi/s are already rea*+ z reg>ds ! functions ( individual life1--^? ( ! con/ructive & de/ructive *anges 7anabolism & katabolism7 ( liv+ matt] or protoplasm4 ,! au?ors seek to prep>e ! way = ! re/atem5t ( ! !ory ( organic evolution1 t ( def9ite v>iation1 ) progress & survival ess5tially ?r\gh ! subord9ation ( individual /ruggle & developm5t ( species-ma9ta9+ ends4 ,among ! subjects treat$ ( are ,sexual *>act]s & ! det]m9ation ( ,sex1 ! analysis ( ,sex-organs1 tissues1 & cells--! nature & orig9 ( ,sex1 & ! processes & !ory ( reproduction4 ,?is is a suffici5tly broad field1 & x embraces v>i\s biological que/ions rec5tly discuss$1 especially t ( sexual selection & ! !ories ( ,pr(essor ,weismann4 ,! au?ors claim t _! view ( ! processes conc]n$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! species leads necess>ily to a pr(\nd alt]ation ( ! conclusions usually held z to its orig94 ,:at is meant by ?is /atem5t appe>s f ! la/ *apt]1 9 :i* ! reproductive function z a factor 9 evolution is consid]$4 ,"h x is /at$ t ! usual p]spective :i* places ! !ory ( natural selection 9 ! =egr\nd1 sexual selection be+ a m]e h>moni\s coroll>y1 has to be rev]s$4 ,rec5t inve/igations on h]$ity =bid t att5tion %\ld any long] be conc5trat$ on ! individual type1 or reproduction reg>d$ z a m]e repetition process2 ! liv+ cont9uity ( ! species is se5 to be ( m importance ?an ! individualities ( ! sep>ate l9ks4444 ,! species is a cont9u\s undy+ *a9 ( unicellul> reproductive units1 :i* inde$ build out ( & ar\nd !mselves transi5t multicellul> bodies1 b ! processes ( nutritive diff]5tiation & o!r individual developm5ts are second>y1 n prim>y 7p4 #cjh74 ,! /udy ( ! reproductive process is ?us ( supreme importance = ! und]/&+ ( organic evolution4 ,:at !n is ! au?ors' !ory ( reproduction8 ,x may be /at$ 9 ! t]ms ( _! own summ>y4 ,! ess5tial fact 9 reproduction is ! sep>ation ( "p ( ! p>5t organism to />t a fre% life4 ,h5ce1 x beg9s ) rupture1 a katabolic crisis1 at :i* occurs cell-division1 ?is be+ always associat$ ) ! act ( reproduction4 ,?is is favor$ by katabolic conditions ( ! environm5t4 ,! opposition betwe5 nutrition & reproduction is ! mo/ obvi\s anti!sis 9 nature aft] t ( life & dea?--) ! latt] ( :i*1 inde$1 z has be5 %[n by ,goette1 reproduction is intimately associat$--& x may be /at$ 9 ! t]ms t z a cont9u$ surplus ( anabolism involves gr[?1 s a relative prepond]ance ( katabolism necessitates reproduction 7p4 #bcg74 ,! organic relation betwe5 nutrition & reproduction is ?us %[n to be "o ( great importance1 b its significance becomes m app>5t :5 x is se51 z po9t$ out by ! au?ors1 t ?r\gh\t organic life !re is a contra/ or rhy?m betwe5 gr[? & multiplication1 betwe5 nutrition & reproduction1 correspond+ to ! fundam5tal organic seesaw betwe5 anabolism & katabolism4 ,?is contra/ may be read 9 ! di/ribution ( organs1 9 ! p]iods ( life1 & 9 ! diff]5t grades ( reproduction2 & ! contra/s betwe5 cont9u\s gr[? & discont9u\s multiplication1 betwe5 asexual & sexual reproduction1 betwe5 p>!nog5esis & sexuality1 betwe5 alt]nat+ g5]ations1 are all diff]5t expressions ( ! fundam5tal anti!sis 7p4 #bca74 ,else:]e1 ! ess5tial importance is ref]r$ to ( ! cont9ual correlation1 yet anti!sis--! action & reaction--( vegetative & reproductive processes 9 alt]nate prepond]ance1 to :i* ! g5]al rhy?m ( individual & social life runs p>allel4 ,& yet ?is life is ess5tially a unity1 ( :i* ! specific *>act]s are b ! symptoms1 :atev] may be _! subsequ5t measure ( importance & utility 9 adaptation1 _! modification by environm5t1 _! enhancem5t or dim9ution by natural selection 7p4 #cad74 ,?is conclusion z to ! unity ( ! life ( ! individual & t ( ! species1 is bas$ on ! fact t nutrition & reproduction are ne>ly ak94 ,hats*ek goes s f>1 inde$1 z to affirm t nutrition is reproduction1 an app>5t p>adox :i* is ju/ifi$ by ! /atem5t t n only d hung] & love become indi/+ui%able 9 t equal-sid$ conjugation :i* has be5 curi\sly call$ 'isophagy1' b nutrition 9 turn is no?+ m ?an cont9ual reproduction ( ! protoplasm4 ,! real unity is f\nd 9 ! fact t anabolism & katabolism1 :i* are ! det]m9+ factors ( gr[? & reproduction1 are ! two sides ( protoplasmic life4 ,?is conclusion has an important be>+ on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( sex4 ,9 8 !ory ( g5obla/s1 or sexual elem5ts1 ,m9ot treats male & female z d]ivatives ( primitive h]maphroditism 9 two opposite directions1 ! diff]5tiation tak+ place by ! extrusion or sep>ation ( ! contradictory elem5ts1 ! ovum gett+ rid ( male pol> globules1 ! sp]m leav+ beh9d a female "m-cell remnant4 ,! au?ors ( ! pres5t "w accept ?is view1 :i* h[ev] has become extremely improbable s9ce ,weismann has call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! same process takes place 9 ! p>!nog5etic summ]-eggs ( ,daphnidae--a fact :i* has be5 ov]look$ by our au?ors4 ,!y also adopt ,rolph's view t ! less nutritive1 & !re=e small]1 hungri]1 & m mobile cells are :at we call male2 ! m nutritive & usually m quiesc5t cell be+ ! female1 z consi/5t ) ! conclusion already inf]r$ f o!r facts t ! female is ! outcome & expression ( prepond]ant anabolism1 & 9 contra/ ! male ( pr$om9ant katabolism 7p4 #acb74 ,?is conclusion is else:]e /at$ z t ! males live at a loss1 are m katabolic1--disruptive *anges t5d+ to prepond]ate 9 ! sum ( *anges 9 _! liv+ matt] or protoplasm4 ,! females1 on ! o!r h&1 live at a pr(it1 are m anabolic1--con/ructive processes pr$om9at+ 9 _! life1 :5ce inde$ ! capacity ( be>+ (fspr+ 7p4 #bf74 ,"h is ! same contra/ z t se5 9 ! alt]nat+ phases ( cell-life1 ( activity & repose1 & 9 ! great anti!sis betwe5 gr[? & reproduction4 ,! argum5t is put into diagrammatic =m1 :]e ! sum-total ( ! functions are divid$ into nutritive & reproductive1 ! =m] into anabolic & katabolic processes1 & ! latt] into male & female activities4 ,?is !ory ( ,rolph1 if x conta9s a gra9 ( tru?1 ne$s a ?or\gh revision2 & ! same may be said ab\t ! au?ors' special !ory1 :i* is1 t !re is a p>allelism 9 ! two sets ( processes1 ! male reproduction is associat$ ) prepond]at+ katabolism1 & ! female ) relative anabolism1 accord+ to :i* view bo? prim>y & second>y sexual *>act]s express ! fundam5tal physiological bias *>act]i/ic ( ei!r sex 7p4 #bg74 ,?is has a special be>+ on ! "q ( sexual selection1 ! true relation ( :i* to natural selection1 accord+ to ! au?ors ( ! pres5t "w1 mu/ be express$ 9 _! own words4 ,x is embodi$ 9 ! conclusion t sexual selection is a m9or accel]ant1 natural selection a ret>d+ 'brake1' on ! diff]5tiation ( sexual *>act]s1 :i* ess5tially f9d a con/itutional or organismal orig9 9 ! katabolic or anabolic dia!sis :i* prepond]ates 9 males & females respectively 7p4 #ca74 ,be=e conclud+ ?is notice1 x may be po9t$ out :at are ! p>ticul> conditions on :i* ! det]m9ation ( sex dep5ds1 9 reg>d to any giv5 organism4 ,! v>i\s sugge/ions propos$ z to ! influ5ce ( p>5ts1 accord+ to age or o!rwise1 ! "t ( f]tilisation1 ,/>kwea!r's law t sex is det]m9$ by ! sup]ior p>5t1 & t ! sup]ior p>5t produces ! opposite sex1 & ,ds+'s !ory z to ! regulation ( ! proportions ( ! sexes1 are ref]r$ to by ! au?ors & ei!r reject$ or consid]$ z insuffici5t4 ,! conclusion !y arrive at aft] consid]+ ! influ5ce ( nutrition1 temp]ature1 & o!r conditions1 is1 t adv]se circum/ances affect+ ! p>5ts1 especially ( nutrition1 b also age & ! l1 t5d to ! production ( males1 ! rev]se conditions favor+ females2 a highly n\ri%$ ovum & f]tilisation :5 ! ovum is fre% & vigor\s1 t5d to ! developm5t ( a female r ?an ( a male4 ,fur!r1 ! long] ! p]iod ( sexual indiff]5ce cont9ues1 ! m important become ! outside factors1 & "h aga9 favorable conditions ( nutrition1 temp]ature1 & ! l1 t5d t[>d ! production ( females2 ! rev]se increase ! probability ( male prepond]ance4 ,?is agrees ) ! conclusion indep5d5tly arriv$ at t ! male g]ms are ( small] size1 m active habit1 high] temp]ature1 %ort] life1 & ! females ! l>g]1 m passive1 vegetative1 & cons]vative =ms 7pp4 #ej1 #ea74 ,?us ! au?ors' proposition t ! male is ! outcome ( pr$om9ant katabolism1 & ! female ( equally emphatic anabolism1 might seem to be ju/ifi$1 & x is confirm$ by ! curi\s ph5om5on ( alt]nation ( g5]ations1 & by v>i\s facts connect$ ) gr[? & reproduction4 ,h[ev]1 x does n def9itively exclude ! !ory 7see ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,janke's "w4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhi7 t ! male is ! outcome ( katabolism ( ! male elem5t co9cid5t ) anabolism ( ! female elem5t1 & ! female ( ! opposite /ate4 ,9 consid]+ ! psy*ological & e?ical aspects ( sex f ! physiological /&po9t ! au?ors rem>k truly t 9 ord] to oblit]ate ! di/9ctions betwe5 male & female1 x w\ld be necess>y to h evolution ov] aga9 on a new basis4 ,al?\gh s diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ! two sexes are complem5t>y & mutually dep5d5t1 n m]ely because !y are males & females1 b also 9 functions n directly associat$ ) ^? ( sex4 ,males1 z ! m katabolic organisms1 are m active & v>iable ?an ! anabolic females1 :o are m passive & /able4 ,! =m] h l>g] bra9s & m intellig5ce1 b ! latt] h m ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t & great] con/ancy 9 affection & sympa?y4 ,man ?9ks m1 woman feels m4 ,he discov]s m1 b rememb]s less2 %e is m receptive1 & less =getful4 ,all ?is is true )9 c]ta9 limits1 b :e!r or n x may be expla9$ by o!r !ories rema9s an op5 "q4 4 ,,animal ,,life ,,& ,,intellig5ce4 ,by ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,london3 ,edw>d ,arnold4 ,! *ief aim :i* ! au?or ( ?is important "w _h orig9ally 9 view 0 ! consid]ation ( ,animal ,intellig5ce4 ,b ! subject ( ,intellig5ce be+ s closely associat$ ) t ( ,life1 & ! que/ions ( ,h]$ity & ,natural ,selection ) ^? ( ,habit & ,in/9ct1 he has devot$ ! fir/ "p ( ! "w to ,organic ,evolution1 z introductory to ,m5tal ,evolution4 ,?is 0 r5d]$ necess>y1 h[ev]1 by ! direct be>+ ( ,pr(essor ,weismann's rec5t contributions to biological sci5ce on que/ions ( ,in/9ct4 ,x w\ld be impossible to treat ( ! m5tal con/itution ( ! l[] animals )\t ref]5ce to t ( man1 & 9 8 preface ,pr(essor ,morgan =e/als c]ta9 results arriv$ at by a comp>ison ( !m4 ,he /ates t 9 man alone1 & 9 no dumb animal1 is ! rational faculty1 z def9$ by him1 develop$2 & he adds1 x is cont5d$ t among human folk t process ( natural selection1 :i* is s pot5t 9 ! l[] rea*es ( organic life1 s9ks into comp>ative insignificance4 ,man is a creature ( ideas & ideals4 ,= him ! moral factor becomes "o ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,he conceives an ideal self :i* he /rives to realise2 he conceives an ideal humanity t[>ds :i* he w\ld raise 8 fell[-man4 ,he becomes a consci\s p>ticipator 9 ! evolution ( man1 9 ! progress ( humanity4 ,s great a v>iety ( topics are dealt ) by ! pres5t "w t we %all be able to d little m ?an ref] critically to ! au?or's special views1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* conc]n ! m5tal *>act]s ( ! l[] animals4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v>i\s po9ts 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! "w well des]v+ ( consid]ation4 ,su* is ! sugge/ion t1 in/ead ( lik5+ an organism z a :ole to a /eam-eng9e1 x w\ld be bett] to lik5 ea* cell1 ) its fluid explosive mat]ial1 to a gas-eng9e1 & ! mix$ air & gas to ^: explosion its motion is due4 ,! importance ( segregation z a factor 9 ! =mation ( improv$ v>ieties is insi/$ on1 b ,pr(essor ,morgan d\bts :e!r diff]5tial f]tility1 on :i* ,mr4 ,romanes lays great /ress#ic1 w\ld1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( o!r segregation-factors1 give rise to sep>ate v>ieties capable ( ma9ta9+ !mselves z di/9ct species 7p4 #aje74 #ic ,! ,moni/1 ,no4 #a4 p4 #e4 ,deal+ ) ! knotty "q :e!r1 if ! egg produces ! h51 ! h5 produces ! egg1 ! au?or criticises ,pr(essor ,weismann's idea ( ! cont9uity ( g]m-plasm1 :i* he reg>ds z an unkn[able1 invisible1 hypo!tical entity1 t may be made to acc\nt = any?+ & ev]y?+1 & pref]s ! hypo!sis ( cellul> cont9uity 7#ach et seq474 ,! cells :i* become ova or sp]ms nev] become diff]5tiat$ into any?+ else1 & h]$it>y simil>ity is due to ! fact t p>5ts & (fspr+ are d]iv$ ev5tually f ! same g]m9al cells 7p4 #age74 ,f9ally1 ,pr(essor ,morgan criticises ,mr4 ,wallace's views on ! subject ( sexual selection1 :i* he is incl9$ to ?9k is a factor ) natural selection 9 ! guidance ( evolution 7p4 #bjj et seq474 ,m ?an half ( ! book1 :i* conta9s m ?an #ejj pages1 is tak5 up ) ^! prelim9>y disquisitions1 ! rema9d] be+ conc]n$ ) ! nature & developm5t ( ! m5tal activities4 ,! fir/ bran* ( ?is inquiry is t ( ! s5ses ( animals4 ,we _c foll[ ! au?or 9 8 v int]e/+ rem>ks on ?is subject1 beyond ref]r+ to 8 sugge/ion t ! l[] animals may h s5ses n kn[n to man4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! mucip>\s canals met ) 9 fi%es1 he says1 ap>t f ! possibility ( unkn[n receptive organs z completely hidd5 f anatomical & microscopic scrut9y z ! end-organs ( our temp]ature-s5se1 !re are 9 ! l[] animals organs :i* may be fitt$ to receive modes ( influ5ce to :i* we human folk are n attun$ 7p4 #bih74 ,= example1 insects may be s5sitive to tones ( heat2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 _! color ph5om5a may v>y greatly f ours consequ5t on /ructural diff]5ces 9 ! s5se-organs4 ,9 deal+ ) m5tal processes 9 man ! au?or /ates z a well-kn[n fact t a p]son ^: leg has be5 amputat$ exp]i5ces at times tickl+ & uneas9ess 9 ! abs5t memb] 7p4 #cjg74 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 an accurate description ( ! ph5om5on4 ,!re c be no feel+ 9 a lo/ limb4 ,! idea t ! s5sations are ref]r$ outw>d to ! normal s\rce ( orig9 ( impressions1 has aris5 f ! rem>k sometimes made by p]sons ?us affect$ t !y feel z ?\gh !y /ill _h toes4 ,?is is true to "s ext5t1 b z a fact ! s5sation is z ?\gh ! toes 7 b5t & tightly b\nd at ! end ( ! /ump1 & n at ! end ( ! miss+ limb4 ,x is advisable be=e proce$+ fur!r to see :at view ,pr(essor ,morgan ent]ta9s z to ! m5tal process 9 animals4 ,?is is app>5t f ! /atem5t t1 al?\gh !re is no diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! m9d ( man & ! m9d ( a dog1 yet t we h1 9 ! introduction ( ! analytic faculty1 s def9ite & m>k$ a new dep>ture1 t we %\ld emphasise x by say+ t ! faculty ( p]ception1 9 its v>i\s specific grades1 diff]s g5]ically f ! faculty ( conception4 ,! au?or adds1 believ+1 z ,i d1 t conception is beyond ! p[] ( my favorite & clev] dog1 ,i am =c$ to believe t 8 m9d diff]s g5]ically f my own 7p4 #cej74 ,else:]e he says1 if ,i d5y !m self-consci\sness & reason1 ,i grant to ! high] animals p]ceptions ( m>vell\s acut5ess & intellig5t inf]5ces ( wond]ful accuracy & precision--intellig5t inf]5ces 9 "s cases1 no d\bt1 m p]fect ev5 ?an ^? ( man1 :o is (t5 di/ract$ by _m ?\ghts 7p4 #cgg74 ,if we w\ld und]/& ^! conclusions aright we mu/ "k ! s5se 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,morgan uses ! t]ms employ$1 & to d ?is we mu/ ref] to ! explanation he gives ( m5tal processes 9 man4 ,he tells u t 9 ! fir/ place we obta9 k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! objects ar\nd u ?r\gh p]ception1 :i* is att5d$ ) a process ( con/ruction4 ,an object is 9 fact a con/ruct1 at ! bidd+ ( c]ta9 s5sations1 :i* sugge/ to ! m9d ! associat$ qualities4 ,9 :at s5se su* an object is reg>d$ z real we %all see lat] on4 ,z to ! con/ructs1 _! =mation is foll[$ by exam9ation1 by :i* !y are r5d]$ m def9ite1 p>ticul> & special1 & supplem5t$ by intellig5t inf]5ces4 ,out ( ?is intellig5t exam9ation arises a new m5tal process1 ! analysis ( con/ructs4 ,att5tion is paid to c]ta9 qualities ( objects to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 a process t]m$ by ! au?or isolation1 ! products be+ isolates4 ,?is process is con/antly go+ on1 & all ! qualities1 relation%ips1 & feel+s ?us isolat$ h appli$ to !m arbitr>y symbols4 ,!y are 9 fact nam$1 & h5ce arises all our sci5ce1 all our high] ?\ght4 ,at ?is /age we ent] ! field ( conception1 z ! isolates are concepts1 :]eas ?r\gh\t ! process ( ! =mation ( con/ructs & _! def9ition we h to d ) p]ception & p]cepts4 ,"h ,pr(essor ,morgan agrees ) ,noir 9 hold+ t ! image1 9 s f> z x is an image1 :e!r simple or composite1 is a p]cept1 :ile s f> z !re ent] into ! idea ( objects elem5ts :i* h be5 isolat$ by analysis1 ! words = ^? objects /& = concepts4 ,!re is ano!r important feature ( ! m5tal processes 9 man4 ,! prim>y aim ( ! reception ( ! influ5ces ( ! ext]nal _w1 or environm5t1 is to enable ! organism to answ] to !m 9 activity4 ,moreov]1 out ( p]ceptions ?r\gh association !re arise c]ta9 expectations1 & ! activities ( organisms are m\ld$ 9 accordance ) ^! expectations4 ,ph5om5a are p]ceiv$ z l9k$ or wov51 & expectations are ! outcome ( t p]ception1 ! m5tal process by :i* we pass f "o l9k to ano!r be+ call$ inf]5ce4 ,aga91 we h p]ceptual inf]5ce1 or inf]5ce f direct exp]i5ce1 & conceptual inf]5ce1 or inf]5ce bas$ on exp]i5ce1 b rea*$ ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ! reason+ faculties 7p4 #cbh et seq474 ,apply+ ^! pr9ciples to ! m5tal processes 9 animals1 ! au?or affirms t1 grant+ ! !ory ( evolution1 ! e>ly /ages ( ! process ( con/ruction--discrim9ation1 localisation1 & outw>d projection--are ! same 9 k9d ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( animal life1 :]ev] we are ju/ifi$ 9 surmis+ t psy*ical processes occur1 & ! p[] ( regi/ration & revival 9 memory has be5 e/abli%$ 7p4 #cch74 ,b1 ?\gh ! high] mammalia =m con/ructs analog\s to1 if n closely resembl+ ours1 ! resemblance _c be 9 any s5se close1 see+ to h[ l>ge an ext5t our con/ructs are lit]ally our h&iwork4 ,to ! "q :e!r ! high] animals h ! p[] ( analys+ _! con/ructs & =m+ isolates1 or ab/ract ideas ( qualities ap>t f ! con/ructs ( :i* ^! qualities are elem5ts1 ,pr(essor ,morgan answ]s negatively4 ,he supposes1 = example1 t a dog may h a vague repres5tation 9 memory ( ?+s good to eat1 9 :i* ! elem5t ( eatability is pr$om9ant & comp>atively di/9ct1 :ile ! re/ is vague & indi/9ct2 & to m>k ! diff]5ce he calls ! prom95t quality a pr$om9ant1 z oppos$ to ! isolate :5 ! quality is float$ (f f ! object4 ,h5ce he agrees ) ,locke t ab/raction1 9 ! s5se ( isolation1 is n possess$ by ! l[] animals1 & he ?9ks t ! l9e %\ld be drawn !re betwe5 brute intellig5ce & human intellig5ce & reason 7p4 #cdi74 ,z soon z pr$om9ant qualities are nam$ !y become isolates1 & ?us body & m9d became sep>able 9 ?\ght2 ! self 0 diff]5tiat$ f ! n-self2 ! m9d 0 turn$ inw>ds ^u itself ?r\gh ! isolation ( its v>y+ phases2 & ! consci\sness ( ! brute became ! self-consci\sness ( man4 ,! ag5t 9 ?is upw>d progress is language1 & h5ce1 grant+ ! possibility ( a transitional /age :]e ^w-signs /ood = pr$om9ants1 & n yet = isolates1 ! au?or accepts ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s view t language & ?\ght are practically insep>able 7p4 #cga74 ,if any s]i\s objection c be made to ?is reason+1 x mu/ be we ?9k to ! op9ion t language made1 n m]ely conceptual ?\ght1 b analysis & isolation possible4 ,?is is prec$$1 z we h se5 by intellig5t exam9ation1 & we are expressly told t out ( ?is arises ! m5tal process ( analysis ( con/ructs :i* animals d n possess4 ,to ?is faculty !n mu/ be trac$ ! ultimate di/9ction betwe5 !m & man4 ,x may be d\bt$1 moreov]1 :e!r animals h any idea ( ev5 a pr$om9ant quality ap>t f "s object4 ,! =mation ( con/ructs1 t is ! recognition ( objects1 z ! result ( ext]nal /imuli1 is in/9ctive1 except s f> z x dep5ds ^u association ?r\gh exp]i5ce 9 pa/ g5]ations4 ,if animals c ev5 vaguely repres5t a s+le quality ap>t f an object1 x is ! fir/ /ep 9 analysis1 & !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n g on to ab/raction or isolation1 & !nce to reason4 ,t animals d n possess reason1 9 ! s5se ( conceptual inf]5ce1 is we ?9k unque/ionable1 & ,pr(essor ,morgan does well 9 re/rict+ !m to intellig5ce1 by :i* he int5ds ! process by :i* p]ceptual inf]5ces are rea*$ 7p4 #ccj74 ,we h n space to ref] to ! views express$ 9 ! *apt] on ,appet5ce & ,emotion1 beyond /at+ t ! au?or1 :ile admitt+ t 9 animals are to be f\nd ! p]ceptual g]ms ( ev5 ! high] emotional /ates1 concludes t e?ics1 l conceptual ?\ght & /hetics1 are beyond ! rea* ( ! brute4 ,morality is ess5tially a matt] ( ideals1 & ^! belong to ! conceptual sph]e 7p4 #dad74 ,9 ! *apt] on ,habit & ,int]e/1 aft] speak+ ( ,mr4 ,romanes's treatm5t ( in/9ct z mo/ admirable & ma/]ly1 he comp>es ,mr4 ,romanes's views z to ! orig9 ( second>y in/9cts ) ^? ( ,pr(essor ,weismann z to ! non-inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 com+ to ! conclusion t laps$ intellig5ce is n a necess>y factor 9 ! =mation ( in/9cts1 & t !re is a probability ( "s inh]itance ( exp]i5ce 7p4 #dcf et seq474 ,we mu/ ref] our read]s to ! "w itself = ! au?or's explanation ( ! moni/ic !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! two sets ( ph5om5a1 ! physical & ! m5tal1 are id5tical1 diff]+ only 9 be+ view$ f )\t or felt f )9 7p4 #dag74 ,?is view is develop$ 9 ! *apt] on ,m5tal ,evolution1 :]e we read1 accord+ to ! moni/ic hypo!sis1 k9esis & metak9esis are co-ord9ate4 ,! physiologi/ may expla9 all ! activities ( m5 & animals 9 t]ms ( k9esis4 ,! psy*ologi/ may expla9 all ! ?\ghts & emotions ( man 9 ?\ghts ( metak9esis4 ,!y are /udy+ ! diff]5t ph5om5al aspects ( ! same n\m5al sequ5ces 7p4 #dgb74 ,= ,pr(essor ,morgan ! idea ( ! object is ! object1 b he is n a pure ideali/4 ,ph5om5a are some?+ m ?an /ates ( consci\sness4 ,!re is a n\m5al reality :i* und]lies ! reality ( ! ph5om5a1 & ! endur+ ego1 ( :i* c]ta9 /ates ( consci\sness are occasional manife/ations1 is ! metak9etic equival5t ( ! organic k9esis4 ,"h he sees ! solution ( ! problem :i* baffles alike mat]iali/s & ideali/s 7p4 #dge74 ,we mu/ n[ take leave ( ?is "w :i*1 not)/&+ its occasional ab/ruse & te*nical "*1 is n beyond ! ready compreh5sion ( ! g5]al read] ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,x des]ves to be widely read1 n only = its subject-matt]1 b = its cle>ness ( explanation & wide grasp ( ?\ght4 ,! value ( ! book is mu* add$ to by its diagrams & illu/rations1 & by an excell5t index & table ( cont5ts4 4 ,,physiognomy ,,& ,,expression4 ,by ,paolo ,mantegazza4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn] ,wel=d1 #ahij4 ,?is "w ( ! v]satile ,italian ,an?ropologi/ is probably "o ( ^? :i* be/ repres5t 8 _m-sid$ m9d1 & :i* w be ! mo/ ext5sively read4 ,al?\gh /rictly sci5tific1 bo? 9 its end & me?od1 x is popul> 9 /yle & conta9s matt] :i* mu/ recomm5d x to ! ord9>y z well z ! sci5tific read]4 ,z ! au?or in=ms u1 he has tak5 up ! /udy ( expression at ! po9t :]e ,d>w9 left x4 ,b he has made a fur!r /ep4 ,he has set himself ! task ( sep>at+1 once = all1 positive obs]vations f ! numb] ( bad guesses1 +5i\s conjectures1 :i* h hi!rto encumb]$ ! pa? ( ! /udy ( ! human c\nt5ance & human expression4 ,8 book is a page ( psy*ology1 & he has endeavor$ to supply ! psy*ologi/1 & also ! arti/1 ) new facts1 z well z old facts int]pret$ by new !ories1 & to br+ into view "s ( ! laws to :i* human expression is subject4 ,a glance at ! table ( cont5ts %[s t ! au?or has fully c>ri$ out ! promise ?us made4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! "w aft] giv+ an hi/orical sket* ( ! sci5ce ( ,physiognomy & ( ,human ,expression--:i* 9 its infancy 0 season$ ) ! magic :i* is "o ( ! orig9al s9s ( ! human family--& trac+ x f ,dalla ,porta to ,d>w91 ?r\gh ,niquetius1 ,ghiradelli1 & ,lavat]1 proce$s to treat ( ! human c\nt5ance 9 g5]al1 & ( ea* ( its features 9 p>ticul>4 ,! possible judgm5ts on ! human face are r$uc$ 9 numb] to five3 ! physiological1 ! e?nological1 ! /hetic1 ! moral1 & ! intellectual4 ,( ^! v]dicts1 ! e?nological & /hetic are bas$ almo/ exclusively on anatomical *>act]s1 :ile ! physiological1 moral1 & intellectual v]dicts dep5d *iefly on expression4 ,! coloration ( ! human sk9 is an important e?nological feature1 & ,m4 ,mantegazza ?9ks t x may be r$uc$ to ?ree t9ts1 :ite1 black1 & dri$ bean 7fave se*e71 :i* la/ he expla9s by say+ t x results f ! sup]position ( two colors1 mo/ frequ5tly f a sort ( black or v d>k br[n du/ deposit$ on a gr\nd ( dri$ bean 7p4 #ca74 ,among o!r int]e/+ e?nological g5]alisations1 is ! rem>k t ! ,aryans1 ,semites1 & _m negroes h l>ge eyes1 :ile ,mongols & _m ,malays h small eyes4 ,9 det]m9+ ! color ( ! eyes1 hair1 & sk91 ! au?or f\nd ! table ( t9ts prep>$ by ,m4 ,broca = ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,p>is insuffici5t1 z ! colors !re us$ are opaque1 :ile transmitt$ z well z reflect$ rays are comb9$ to give ! natural coloration4 ,9 ! iris ( ! ,lapps f\rte5 diff]5t & graduat$ %ades are di/+ui%able1 f d>k *e/nut br[n to gre54 ,m4 ,mantegazza confirms ! obs]vation t a c]ta9 hue ( ! eyes is ne>ly always associat$ ) a p>ticul> hair-color1 & he /ates t ?is union is "o ( ! mo/ unv>y+ e?nical *>act]s by :i* to judge ( ! purity ( race4 ,! nose is ne>ly z important z ! eye z an e?nical & /hetic feature4 ,! au?or reproduces ,m4 ,top9>d's curi\s table ( its morphological *>act]i/ics obs]v+ t x omits only "o1 :i* nev]!less is some:at important1 t is1 ! angle made by ! root ( ! nose ) ! =ehead4 ,9 relation to ! m\? we h ! sugge/ive rem>k1 ! eye is ! c5tre ( ! expression ( ?\ght2 ! m\? is ! expressive c5tre ( feel+ & ( s5suality4 ,z to ! color ( ! hair1 ,m4 ,mantegazza has br\ght toge!r _m important facts4 ,among ! high] races1 ! hair may be ( almo/ any ( ! ord9>y t9ts4 ,! ,jews d n diff] f ! ,europeans 9 ?is respect1 z !y exhibit fair hair z well z d>k hair1 & light & d>k eyes4 ,al?\gh 9 ,g]many ! ,jewi% population g5]ally is mu* d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! p1 _m ( !m h blonde hair1 blue eyes1 & fair complexion4 ,= "s reason n yet asc]ta9$1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 ,europe & especially 9 ,engl& = ! blonde type to disappe>4 ,we w\ld sugge/ t x is a case ( rev]sion to ! type ( ! primitive inhabitants4 ,m4 ,mantegazza rem>ks t ! be>d does n correspond to any intellectual type1 z x is /rongly develop$ z well among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es z among ! ,aryans & ,semites4 ,nev]!less1 ! be>d is wor?y ( fur!r /udy z an e?nological feature4 ,x may be not$ t ! ,au/ralian aborig9es h be5 connect$ ) ! primitive inhabitants ( ,we/]n ,europe by o!r *>act]s4 ,9 treat+ ( ! expression ( ! emotions1 we are told t physical expression has two diff]5t functions--to replace a complete language1 & to def5d ! n]ve-c5tres & o!r p>ts ( ! body aga9/ dang]s ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,mu* m might h be5 said on ! fir/ subject1 z ge/ure language has )9 ! la/ few ye>s become an important e?nological /udy1 &1 inde$1 a supplem5t>y *apt] has be5 writt5 = ! ,engli% edition ( ?is "w on ! physiognomy ( ge/ure4 ,!re is great tru? 9 ! rem>ks1 t e religion & _m philosophical s*ools h be5 f\nd$ by ^w & by expression m ?an by books2 & t ! m feel+ a nation has1 ! m ri* & eloqu5t are its me?ods ( physical expression4 ,m4 ,mantegazza does full ju/ice to ! great weal? ( details & ! discov]ies on :i* ! ,d>w9ian laws ( expression are bas$1 :ile supplem5t+ !m ) orig9al obs]vations & results4 ,x is 9 ! classification ( expressions we h probably ! mo/ important feature ( ! pres5t "w4 ,full synoptical tables are giv5 ( ! expressions ( ,s5se1 ,passion1 & ,intellect1 & ( ! v>i\s expressions ( ,pleasure & ,pa91 ,love & ,hatr$4 ,^! are illu/rat$ by +5i\s rem>ks1 z an example ( :i* we may quote ! some:at cynical /atem5t t _m ladies laugh little le/ !y %\ld h precoci\s wr9kles1 :ile o!rs laugh too mu* & on e pretext t !y may %[ _! beautiful tee?4 ,! au?or well says t 9 love & pleasure1 hatr$ & pa91 we h two b9>y comp\nds1 two su* en]getic psy*o-expressive comb9ations t ! =midable & ! de/ructive voltaic pile ( our analytic me?ods is ne$$ to sep>ate ! elem5ts4 ,he has "s curi\s rem>ks on ! fact t laught] & smil+ are v frequ5t ph5om5a 9 ! expression ( hatr$1 = :i* we ref] our read]s to ! "w itself4 ,to pleasure & pa91 love & hatr$1 ,m4 ,mantegazza adds pride & humiliation1 z ! fundam5tal psy*ical movem5ts ( human nature1 z anci5t z man1 & common to all ! inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,?us1 he is ( op9ion t ari/ocracy is "o ( ! mo/ natural features ( humanity1 & t democrats make hi/ory rec$e in/ead ( advanc+ :5 !y d5y ! mo/ elem5t>y laws ( h]$ity & ( human nature4 ,we mu/ pass ov] ! expressions ( p]sonal feel+s1 & ^? ( ?\ght1 to rea* ! *apt] on racial & pr(essional expression4 ,"h races are classifi$1 accord+ to _! expression1 into f]oci\s1 g5tle1 apa!tic1 grotesque or simian1 /upid1 & intellig5t1 b ! classification1 l all o!rs f s+le *>act]s1 is imp]fect4 ,probably z good a classification c\ld be made on ! basis ( modes ( salutation1 beg9n+ ) nose-kiss+1 or ! /ill m primitive smell+4 ,rad5-,saleh1 an arti/ ( ,java pref]r$ nose-brea?+1 z by x we put our s\l into contact ) t ( ! belov$ "o6 ,x is und\bt$ly true1 z ,m4 ,mantegazza rem>ks1 t ! expression ( diff]5t peoples is replete ) _! mo/ prom95t psy*ical *>act]s4 ,! beautiful impassion$ expression ( ! ,italians is yet defiant & n always frank1 ow+ to _! hav+ be5 s long subject$ to tyrants4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,european peoples h an expansive or a conc5tric expression1 ( :i* ! fir/ is f\nd 9 ! ,italians1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,slaves1 ! ,russian3 ! second 9 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,sc&9avians1 ! ,spani%4 ,! au?or adds t !re is also a beautiful expression full ( grace1 t ( ! p ( ,grco-,lat9 orig92 & ano!r h>d1 q angul>1 )\t r\ndness1 t ( ! ,g]mans1 ! ,engli%1 & ! ,sc&9avians4 ,m4 ,mantegazza gives a v skilful analysis ( ! mod]ators & di/urb]s ( expression1 ref]r+ to 8 e>li] "w ! ,physiology ( ,pa9 = fur!r details4 ,9 ! next *apt] he treats ( ! crit]ia = ! det]m9ation ( ! /r5g? ( an emotion ) ref]5ce to ! accompany+ expression4 ,9 addition to ! =ce & ! p]si/5cy ( ! contraction ( ! express+ muscles1 !re is a diffusion ( expression 9 gradually increas+ circles f ! face d[nw>ds to ! legs1 & la/ly1 alt]nate contractions & relaxations ( ! muscles accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! c5tral movem5t :i* accompanies ! emotion4 ,! expression ( pleasure is always c5trifugal1 t ( pa9 be+ c5tripetal1 t5d+ to br+ ! arms & l[] limbs t[>ds ! m$ian l9e ( ! body4 ,9 deal+ ) ! crit]ia = judg+ ! moral "w ( a physiognomy1 we are told t ! two mo/ c]ta9 signs ( a good face1 are ! p]man5t expression ( b5evol5ce1 & ! absolute abs5ce ( all hypocrisy4 ,let u add ! rem>k1 accr$it$ to ,*>les ,dick5s1 t x is advisable to see h[ a p]son looks :5 sil5t & app>5tly unobs]v$4 ,!re are two s\rces ( error 9 =m+ t judgm5t1 "o aris+ f ! fact t beautiful ?+s give pleasure1 ! *ances ( error increas+ :5 a man has to judge a woman1 or vice v]sa2 ! o!r is due to a false induction1 f ! obs]v$ association 9 "o individual ( a p>ticul> physical feature ) a special moral "*4 ,! anatomical *>act]s ( ! intellig5t face & ( ! /upid face are giv5 9 a tabulat$ =m1 b ,m4 ,mantegazza /ates t ! mo/ important *>act]s are ^? drawn f ! expression1 ! two great c5tres ( :i* are ! eye & ! m\?4 ,probably ! non-obs]vation ( ! expression acc\nts = ! mi/ake made by ,goe!1 :o1 :5 d9+ at ! h\se ( an ,engli%man1 0 /ruck ) ! intellectual appe>ance ( "o ( ! gue/s & ?\ght he mu/ be a man ( g5ius4 ,goe! anticipat$ pleasure 9 he>+ him speak1 b great 0 8 horror1 :5 apple dumpl+s 7 plac$ on ! table1 to he> ! gue/ %\t out !m's ! jockies = me6 ,9 an app5dix ! au?or treats ( ! eyes1 hair1 & be>d among ! ,italian races1 :i* gives num]\s /ati/ics collect$ by ! ,italian ,an?ropological ,society4 ,x appe>s t ! m5 ( ,tuscany z well z ( ,pi$mont are not$ = scant9ess ( be>d4 ,probably ?is fact is due to ! exi/5ce ( a special race elem5t1 r ?an a diff]5ce ( climate z w\ld seem to be sugge/$4 ,! pres5ce ( r$ hair 9 all p>ts ( ,italy1 al?\gh only 9 small quantities1 is also difficult ( explanation4 ,/range to say x is ! mo/ common 9 regions :i* are poore/ 9 fair hair4 ,f ?is we mu/ suppose x to h "s relation to d>k hair1 an op9ion :i* agrees ) ! obs]vation t 9 ,engl& d>k hair 9 "y *ildr5 is sometimes int]sp]s$ ) r$ hairs1 :i* ei!r *ange or disappe> ) age4 ,! hair is kn[n to d>k5 consid]ably aft] pub]ty is rea*$1 & possibly r$ hair may be due to ! p]si/5ce1 ?r\gh special conditions ( :i* we are n aw>e1 ( an infantile "*4 ,we mu/ n leave ,m4 ,mantegazza's excell5t & ent]ta9+ "w )\t ref]r+ to ! plates giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 among :i* are morphological1 /hetic1 & intellectual trees ( ! human race1 & figures ( e?nic types illu/rative ( rem>ks made 9 ! text4 ,x also has a good index4 4 ,,9 ,,d>ke/ ,,engl& ,,& ,,! ,,way ,,out4 ,by ,g54 ,boo?1 ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,new ,york3 ,funk ,wagnalls4 ,9 ?is book1--:i* is consid]$ by _m to be ! mo/ pr(\nd1 s]i\s1 & compreh5sive /udy ( ! social problem t has yet appe>$1 z mu* s because x seems to /rike at ! root ( ! grievance z because x (f]s a practical rem$y1--! au?or proposes to s ameliorate ! conditions ( ! ab&on$ classes 9 ,engl& z n only to make ! memb]s ( !m self-support+ & respectable1 b aft] a tw5ty ye>s' trial ( 8 s*eme to s *ange ! indu/rial condition ( ! k+dom t !re w n be f\nd an able-bodi$ man or woman 9 all ,engl& unable to f9d "w or food4 ,:at politico-economical re=m]s h _h mo/ to cont5d ) is ! pov]ty or lack ( opportunity = labor :i* seems to be inh]5t 9 ! pres5t social /ructure1--a condition :]e1 to express x cle>ly1 !re seems to be n en\gh "w = all ! p4 ,h5ce ! /&+ army ( tramps to ! numb] ( #cj1jjj 9 ,am]ica & m ?an #bj1jjj 9 ! city ( ,london alone4 ,! subm]g$ class t ! au?or ( ?is book seeks to elevate or save f s9 & utt] uselessness has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 says t !re is 9 ,engl& a population equal to t ( ! metropolis--betwe5 f\r & five millions--:o are 9 a /ate ( abject de/itution & mis]y4 ,mr4 ,griff9 e/imates ! numb] to be #a1hjj1jjj1 :ile ! au?or ( ,9 ,d>ke/ ,engl& ?9ks #c1jjj1jjj to be a mod]ate /atem5t4 ,_m causes may be ascrib$ to ?is deplorable /ate ( humanity1 su* z natural incapacity = "w1 pr$isposition to idl5ess1 en=c$ begg>y1 crime1 mis=tune1 pov]ty1 drunk5ness1 & wa/e1--all ( :i* op]ate to drag ^! un=tunate ones to ! l[e/ level ( life4 ,he ?9ks t ! inability ( a l>ge proportion ( ! p to obta9 "w drives !m ei!r into despair1 s91 crime1 & suicide1 or to m]ely exi/1 c>ry+ ) !m1 ye> by ye>1 ! bitt] a%es ( a life f :i* ! furnace ( mis=tune has burn$ away all joy & hope & /r5g?4 ,!y are a helpless & pa!tic class1--m5 & wom5 :o are be+ suck$ d[n into ! quicks&s ( mod]n life4 ,& :5 x is kn[n t ,engl& is ri* en\gh to dr9k rum 9 quantities :i* appal ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ] & yet n ri* en\gh to provide any o!r %elt] = h] homeless ones & outca/s ?an ! midnight sky1 mod]n civilisation ) all its boa/$ ,*ri/ianity & humanit>ianism pres5ts inde$ a deplorable aspect1 appe>+ to be b a mock]y & a f>ce4 ,! me?od :i* ?is book seeks to popul>ise & use z ! means ( elevat+ to usefulness ! outca/s1 ! indig5t1 & unemploy$ classes ( ,engl& & ( ! civilis$ _w1 is none o!r ?an ! s*eme orig9ally appli$ 9 ,bav>ia by ,c\nt ,rum=d--an ,am]ican bett] kn[n z ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 a graduate ( ,h>v>d1 :o1 hav+ ent]$ ! ,bav>ian s]vice at ! close ( ! w> = indep5d5ce1 became ! gov]nor ( ,muni*4 ,! s*eme is ?reefold4 ,x is propos$ to organise ! subm]g$ classes1 ) _! cons5t ( c\rse1 into a gigantic co-op]ative society1 subdivid$ into 7#a7 ,! ,city ,colony1 7#b7 ,! ,f>m ,colony1 7#c7 ,! ,ov]-,sea ,colony4 ,! s*eme 9 its entirety1 we are in=m$1 may aptly be comp>$ to a great ma*9e f\ndation$ 9 ! l[e/ slums & purlieus ( our great t[ns & cities1 draw+ up into its embrace ! deprav$ & de/itute ( all classes2 receiv+ ?ieves1 h>lots1 paup]s1 drunk>ds1 prodigals1 all alike1 on ! simple conditions ( _! be+ will+ to "w & con=m to discipl9e4 ,draw+ up ^! poor outca/s1 re=m+ !m1 & creat+ 9 !m habits ( indu/ry1 hone/y1 & tru?2 tea*+ !m me?ods by :i* alike ! bread t p]i%es & t :i* endures to ev]la/+ life c be won2 =w>d+ !m f ! city to ! c\ntry & !re cont9u+ ! process ( reg5]ation & !n p\r+ !m =? on ! virg9 soils t await _! com+ 9 o!r l&s4 ,! s*eme is s compreh5sive t x includes slum crusades1 wagon hospitals1 a brigade ( ,*ri/ian apo/les ne> prison-gates to meet & help dis*>g$ prison]s1 rescue homes = unfall5 girls :5 on ! dang] l9e betwe5 s9 & />vation1 bureaus ( intellig5ce1 refuges = /reet *ildr51 indu/rial s*ools1 asylums = moral lunatics1 a matrimonial bureau1 & banks = ! poor4 ,! project is n to be summ>ily reject$ z utopian4 ,x is a gigantic ef=t to utilise ! human refuse t sieves itself ?r\gh all ! means available = enlight5m5t to ! v bottom ( ! social /ructure4 ,into ?is va/ ma*9e ! :ole mass ( soil$ humanity w\ld be tak5 & by ! ref9+ process :i* is cle>ly elaborat$ 9 ! book we c\ld t\* ?is mat]ial ) a new _s & ?us reclaim ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to self-support1 honor1 hone/y1 & usefulness4 ,= ! success ( ! project ,g5]al ,boo? has ask$ = "o million p\nds4 ,?ree s]i\s objections may be made to ! s*eme4 ,! fir/ is ! plac+ into ! h&s ( "o man or "o organisation ! p[] ( dispos+1 & ! cu/ody1 ( five millions ( doll>s--an objection :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley makes ) good reason4 ,! second is1 ! !ological environm5t :i* is a seem+ "p & p>cel ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,& ! ?ird is1 ! sup]ficial & unradical "* ( ! rem$y4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ objection x may be simply said1 t hi/ory proves t ! exp]im5t :i* ! ,g5]al is ab\t to make is a dang]\s "o4 ,pr(essor ,huxley ma9ta9s ) m ?an usual gravity1 t ! unque/ionable ob$i5ce :i* e soldi] 9 ! ,salvation ,army is expect$1 & by v]bal contract is duly b\nd1 to ma9ta9 = all ord]s f headqu>t]s1 gives ! mo/ suspici\s aspect to ! probable tyrannical developm5t ( 8 army 9 ! future1 z 0 illu/rat$ = example 9 ! ,franciscan ord] f\nd$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury by ,/4 ,francis4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 al?\gh ! ord] 0 pl$g$ by him to m5dicancy & absolute sep>ation f all worldly entanglem5ts1 x became "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 weal?y1 & worldly corporations 9 all ,*ri/5dom1 ) _! f+]s 9 e s9k ( political & social corruption4 ,:at gu>antee is !re t ! ,salvation ,army may n become likewise involv$ & ex]cise an imp]ialism & fanaticism n to be exce$$ ev5 by ! ,jesuits or ,mormons8 ,x is writes ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 ! ,london ,times1 a great] evil to h ! intellect ( a nation put d[n by organis$ fanaticism1 to see its political & indu/rial affairs at ! m]cy ( a despot ^: *ief ?\ght is to make t fanaticism prevail1 to wat* ! degradation ( m5 :o %\ld feel !mselves individually responsible = _! own & _! c\ntry's fate1 to m]e brute in/rum5ts ready to ! h& ( a ma/] = any use to :i* he may put !m4 ,ano!r objection & "o equally z fatal is ! religi\s aspect :i* is giv5 to ! movem5t4 ,z su* x be>s a relation to ! problem ( civilisation :i* is all important4 ,to insi/ t e wick$ man or woman 9 ord] to be righte\s & happy mu/1 ought1 or w1 believe 9 hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 is absurd en\gh1 & to project or infuse into ! :ole "* ( a social re=m movem5t a !ological idea z a necess>y elem5t 9 its efficacy is c]ta9ly ridicul\s1 b to make ! "w ( ! elevation ( ! deg5]ate masses ( mank9d a m]e accessory to a belief 9 an irrational & already obsolete religi\s doctr9e or cont+5t ^u x1--at lea/ to emphasize x z a means to ! adoption ( ! un=tunates into "o organisation :]e all believe alike1 or :]e by virtue ( ! gratitude !y be> to ^? :o h mat]ially help$ !m1 !y con=m or try to con=m to _! mode ( ?9k+1--is inde$ "o ( ! sad mi/akes ^u :i* ! ,g5]al's social project is built4 ,= 9 ! subm]g$ class1 !re are d\btless _m :o are n ,*ri/ians 9 belief1 :o inde$1 h[ev] =tunate !y may become1 yet c\ld n subscribe to ! cre$ ( ! ,evangelical ,*ur* or hone/ly engage 9 a "w organis$ 9 ! int]e/ ( s-call$ hi/orical ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ord] to make man good to make him a ,*ri/ian1 or a ,jew1 or a ,buddhi/1 9 belief4 ,! po9t to emphasise is goodness ( "* & n m]ely an intellectual pr(ession ( fai?4 ,once get a man to be good1 or to hate s9 & love righte\sness1 & he w1 if he nev] makes a ,*ri/ian pr(ession1 be z useful a man z society might wi%4 ,righte\sness w take any man or woman safely & happily ?r\gh ! _w4 ,! tru? is j z ! poet /at$ x3 ,a man may cry ',*ur*6 ,*ur*6' at e ^w1 ,& h no m grace ?an o!r p2 ,! daw's n reckon$ a religi\s bird ,because he keeps a-caw+ 9 ! /eeple4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 necess>y1 to ! success ( ,g5]al ,boo?'s s*eme t x %\ld be hit*$ to "s popul>1 al?\gh unsci5tific & unreasonable religi\s conception ( life2 or t he %\ld consid] a re=m 9 ! life ( any man a miracle1 & !re=e attribute all su* to ! direct int]position ( ,god4 ,! s*eme1 if a success at all1 w dep5d1 z ! organisation ( ! ,salvation ,army has dep5d$1 ^u ! en?usiasm & ent]prise ( ! ,g5]al & 8 con/itu5cy4 ,& all reliance ^u ,god )\t any intellig5t human ef=t 9 behalf ( ! outca/s ( society w\ld only gorge a great] multitude ( humanity into ! bogs & s9ks ( iniquity4 ,z well might we expect a locomotive to move by tack+ scripture all ov] x1 z to expect any great social re=m movem5t to be a success by associat+ x or mak+ x dep5d ^u "s sort ( religi\s cre$4 ,/ill :atev] may be said aga9/ religi\s int]f]5ce ) social problems1 ! "w ( ,g5]al ,boo? puts to %ame ! *ur* ^: trifl+ doctr9al & polemical controv]sies h s bl9d$ its judgm5t z to neglect its duties t[>d ! subm]g$ classes & leave !m to s enorm\sly increase t 9 ord] to save ! _w f almo/ hopeless ru9 a new organisation su* z ! ,salvation ,army _h to come =?4 ,! *ur* has a f> m important duty to p]=m ?an t ( m]ely exi/+1 & x w nev] emblason ! record :i* its f\nd] gave x by 8 self-sacrific+ life & 8 noble dea? ^u ! cross until x takes its weal? ( bra91 he>t1 & money1 & becomes inde$ ! mod]n ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,! ?ird objection & d\btless ! mo/ important "o ( all is ! sup]ficial & unradical "* ( ! rem$y4 ,x is n "h impli$ t ! project is useless al?\gh inclusive4 ,! po9t made is ?is1 t :atev] ! ,g5]al may d to dr$ge ! bogs ( s9 & clean ! /reets ( begg>s1 ! idl]s1 ! unemploy$1 ! waifs1 ! pro/itutes1 ! drunk>ds1 & ! crim9al class1 & put all su* 9 ! way ( usefulness1 manl9ess1 & respectability1 :at does he d or :at is to be done to keep ! new or fre% mat]ial f s9k+ into mire8 ,:ile ! ,g5]al is work+ among ! l[e/1 ?\s&s are be+ prep>$ among ! highe/ = ! inevitable fate f :i* he is pluck+ ! helpless ones z br&s f ! burn+4 ,:ile he is ga!r+ up ! subm]g$ & plac+ !m 9 8 ma*9e1 ! mill )\t /ill gr9ds on & on1 cru%+ z l>ge a numb] ye> by ye> z he may help & save4 ,8 me?od might consi/5tly be comp>$ to "o :]e a man w\ld trans=m rott5 apples into good ones )\t affect+ ! tree t produces !m4 ,al?\gh ! crim9al & s9ful classes influ5ce ! innoc5t & unsophi/icat$1 yet x _c be prov5 t ! bulk ( ! p w rema9 pure1 true1 hone/1 upright1 if !re 7 no s9ful or crim9al class6 ,& h5ce ev5 if all su* :o are av[$ly s9ful 7 made bett] & _! p]nici\s influ5ce remov$ f ! _w by ! me?od "h propos$1 s9 itself w\ld /ill inh]e 9 ! nature ( man's life & w\ld drag ?\s&s d[n to ru9 & mis]y4 ,l ! mosaic pa9t+s :i* c only be de/roy$ by de/roy+ ! /ones ^u :i* !y are impress$1 s s9 seems to be b\nd up 9 human nature4 ,to get at x & de/roy x utt]ly by "o c\p "o mu/ annihilate ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,! problem ( civilisation is su* t x _c be solv$ by "o specific re=m4 ,= to develop man x seems to be necess>y t he %\ld pass ?r\gh ! treatm5t :i* ! long & inevitable process ( exp]i5ce & education c give4 ,al?\gh s9 l pov]ty is b relative1 yet x is ! "n = ! conduct into :i* man is l$ ei!r by a neglect or abuse ( opportunity1 or by "s inevitable fatality4 ,x is n "h cont5d$ t man _c rid himself or society ( any disposition to s94 ,:at is ma9ta9$ is t x _c be aboli%$ f ! _w by any spasmodic ef=t su* z t :i* *>act]ises ! pres5t project1 b t x w pass away only :]e & :5 humanity becomes p]fectly educat$4 ,& ?is /ate ( civilisation1 by ! way1 does n seem to be s surpris+ly ne> at h&4 ,nor c mat]ial help1 su* z food1 %elt]1 clo?+1 & :at n1 altoge!r effect or ev5 *ange ! moral /atus ( a man's life4 ,?\s&s ^: mat]ial wants are amply provid$ = revel 9 s9 & corruption1 & ! dreadful orgy :]e vice holds c>nival reels & swagg]s 9 ! palaces :]e amid gild$ ref9em5ts & dazzl+ spl5dor ! s-call$ bett] classes disport !mselves4 ,x is true t :5 a man is />v+ or nak$1 bread & clo?+ are ! ?+s :i* w satisfy 8 mo/ imm$iate wants1 & n pray]s or s]mons4 ,to supply su* wants is easy en\gh1 b to s ar\se or k9dle into a flame ( =titude & manl9ess1 ! diseas$ consci5ce & ! p]v]t$ judgm5t1 to s op]ate ^u ! w z to make ! man able to n only *oose b d ! "r1 is ! great & radical difficulty :i* is n s easily ov]come4 ,psy*ology & m$ic9e seem to h no rem$y to (f]1 :ile religion = ^! _m ye>s has simply t\*$ ! hem ( ! g>m5t--:ile ! ab&on$ classes h seem+ly multipli$ on our h&s4 ,9 conclud+ ^! rem>ks we _c =be> to express our regret t ! real au?or ( ! book has giv5 x ov] to ,g5]al ,boo? & all[$ him n only ! cr$it ( au?or%ip1 b mo/ likely also ! privilege ( mix+ up a s*eme ( social re=m ) ! politics ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,! book 0 boom$ 9 ?is way1 b we fe> t x w at ! same "t be doom$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,salvation ,army & its f\nd] h reap$ mu* undes]v$ praise4 ,g5]al ,boo? has receiv$ incr$ible sums f en?usia/s to support ! s*eme1 & ^! sums h to a great ext5t be5 us$ to adv]tise x4 ,x appe>s to u t ,g5]al ,boo? has contract$ a debt :i* he w be unable to pay4 ,! bett] situat$ classes ( society d n lack 9 sympa?y = _! wret*$ fell[-m51 & x sets u ?9k+1 h[ /rong human s5tim5tality mu/ be t ! propagation ( ! m]e idea ( cur+ ! evils ( mank9d propos$ 9 ?is book z feasible ) ! aid ( "o million p\nds furni%es ample means to a religi\s en?usia/ ^: me?od ( salvation is r noisy ?an ?or\gh1 repres5t+ a k9d ( b>b>\s relapse & only adapt$ to ! l[e/ & mo/ un$ucat$ classes4 ,we %\ld "k t s5tim5tality _c save4 ,s5tim5t & sympa?y are good ?+s1 b unless !y are back$ by a cold consid]ation ( fact & rational =esight1 !y are worse ?an useless4 ,x w be wise to consid] ! propositions made 9 ,9 ,d>ke/ ,engl& )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! rle to be play$ 9 ! s*eme by ! ,salvation ,army4 ,b :ile ! read] may be j en\gh to consid] ! plan ( social re=m on its own m]its1 ,g5]al ,boo? is 9 possession ( ! funds & w be ! g5]al manag] ( ! exp]im5t4 4 ,,plankton-,,/udi54 ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] die ,b$eutung und ,zusamm5setzung d] pelagis*5 ,fauna und ,flora4 ,by ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,j5a3 ,gu/av ,fis*]4 ,! fir/ sy/ematic /udies ( ! innum]able organisms :i* almo/ ev]y:]e drift ab\t 9 ! ocean1 7 made by ,pr(essor ,johannes ,mll] :o "s =ty ye>s ago made excursions 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,haeckel1 !n a /ud5t tw5ty ye>s old1 accompani$ him on "o ( ^! excursions to ,heligol&4 ,s9ce !n ^! inve/igations h be5 conduct$ on a l>g] scale4 ,! ,engli% vessel ,*all5g] cruis$ 9 diff]5t oceans = no less ?an =ty mon?s1 & ! results ( ?is great und]tak+ 7 publi%$ by ,john ,murray 9 ! ,voyage ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,*all5g]--a volum9\s "w consi/+ ( eighty-two zo-ological reports1 to :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel also has contribut$ 8 ,report on ! ,deep-,sea ,k]atosa4 ,! ,g]man gov]nm5t s5t out ! ,g]man cruis] ,national on ! same err&4 ,! sci5ti/s ( ! exp$ition 7 ,h5s51 ,br&t1 ,dahl1 ,s*tt1 ,fis*]1 ,krmmel4 ,!y 7 at sea altoge!r n9ety-?ree days mak+ a circuit\s trip on ! ,atlantic ocean1 t\*+ at ! ,b]mudas1 ,brazil1 & ! ,azores4 ,! results ( ! exp$ition1 publi%$ 9 reports by ,h5s51 ,br&t1 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 & ,krmmel1 7 consid]$ z v satisfactory & receiv$ ! unres]v$ applause ( ! ,g]man press4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel is ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,he consid]s ! reports z /&+ 9 flat contradiction to =m] valuable obs]vations1 especially to ^? ( ! ,engli% ,*all5g] & ! ,italian ,vettor ,pisani exp$itions4 ,h5s5's results re/ ^u a weak supposition & conta9 wrong g5]alisations2 ev5 8 me?od is1 accord+ to ,haeckel1 entirely useless1 giv+ a wrong pres5tation ( ! problems ( pelagic biology4 ,! ^w plancton 0 introduc$ by ,h5s54 ,haeckel adopts x because he consid]s ! ,greek t]m pref]able to ,johannes ,mll]'s ,auftrieb or pelagic ,muld] 7! latt] has be5 adopt$ also by ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian planctologi/s74 ,by plancton 771 d]iv$ f 1 to roam ab\t1 is und]/ood ! drift+ micro-organisms ( ! sea4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 ! pres5t volume n only corrects ,pr(essor ,h5s5's errors1 b also gives a report ( 8 own obs]vations4 ,n ! lea/ valuable "p ( ! bro*ure is ! exact t]m9ology :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel proposes 9 ord] to escape ! confusion necess>ily result+ f a loos5ess ( t]ms4 4 ,,die ,,allgeme9e ,,weltans*auung ,,9 ,,ihr] ,,hi/oris*5 ,,entwickelung4 ,*>akt]bild] aus d] ,ges*i*te d] ,naturwiss5s*aft54 ,by ,c>us ,/]ne4 ,mit zahlrei*5 ,portrts und ,textabbildung54 ,/uttg>t3 ,otto ,weis]t4 ,dr4 ,ern/ ,krause1 bett] kn[n by ! nom de plume ( ,c>us ,/]ne1 has "h und]tak5 to pres5t ! mod]n _w-conception z contra/$ ) ! old5 "o4 ,we h sc>cely ev] met ) a book t conta9s 9 s popul> a =m all ! notewor?y facts ( ! great progress t has be5 a*iev$ 9 sci5ce s9ce ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! results ( ! evolution-!ory are g5]ally kn[n1 b ! road & ! /ations ( ! road on :i* sci5ce has rea*$ its pres5t position1 n[ almo/ univ]sally recognis$ among m51 are almo/ =gott54 ,no "o p]haps is bett] able to tell u ( ?is great /ruggle = tru? ?an ! en?usia/ic disciple ( ,d>w91 ,c>us ,/]ne4 ,c>us ,/]ne & 8 fri5d ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,haeckel1 h done no small "w 9 obta9+ recognition = ! !ory ( evolution 9 ,g]many4 ,:ile ,haeckel's "w has be5 conf9$ to ! field ( exact sci5ce1 ,c>us ,/]ne has complem5t$ ! labors ( 8 co-work] by po9t+ out ! moral tru?s conta9$ 9 ,d>w9ism4 ,we are aw>e ( ! fact t ,c>us ,/]ne has also writt5 purely sci5tific works1 ,w]d5 und ,v]geh51 = in/ance2 b :at we wi% to emphasise z 8 especial m]it is t he 01 s f> z we "k1 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! moral work+s ( nature 9 h] great cosmic empire4 ,z an article *>act]i/ic ( ?is trait 9 ,c>us ,/]ne's writ+s we ref] ! read] n famili> ) ,g]man lit]ature to 8 article ,! ,education ( ,p>5ts by _! ,*ildr51 a translation ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,nos4 #bb & #bc ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,! pres5t book 7ov] #djj pages7 discusses ! foll[+ subjects3 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ,cosmology2 ,cop]nicus1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 & ,kepl]2 ,! ,controv]sy ,conc]n+ ! ,geo-c5tric ,view2 ,! ,inf9itude ( ,habitable ,worlds2 ,f ,bacon to ,newton2 ,! ,beg9n+s ( an ,animal- & ,plant-,geography2 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,spontane\s ,g5]ation2 ,! ,discussion ,conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,birds2 ,! ,t]re/rial ,globe & ,its ,fossils2 ,diluvianism2 ,! ,mongrel ,!ory2 ,! ,doctr9es ( ,pre=mation & ,metamorphosis2 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,cata/rophes2 ,p]si/5ce or ,mutability2 ,! ,controv]sy on ! ,an?ropoc5tric ,view2 ,! ,orig9 ( ,language2 ,on ! ,hi/ory ( ,evolution4 4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,aufgab5 ,,e9] ,,allgeme95 ,,re*tswiss5s*aft4 ,by ,dr4 ,alb4 ,h]m4 ,po/4 ,old5burg & ,leipsic3 ,a4 ,s*w>tz4 ,! au?or ( ?is little book1 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,h]mann ,po/1 a ,judge ( ! c\rts ( ! free city ( ,brem51 ,g]many1 has made ! /udy ( e?nological jurisprud5ce ! sci5tific "w ( 8 life4 ,8 idea & purpose are to e/abli% a positive sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce 9 ! wide/ & mo/ compreh5sive s5se ( ! ^w1 on ! basis ( an inve/igation ( all ! =ms ( law1 available to rese>*1 t h ev] appe>$4 ,a univ]sal sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce1 accord+ to ?is conception1 w\ld h = its subject-matt] ! cont5ts ( ! jural s5se or consci\sness ( ! entire human race1--! jural facts ( ! totality ( human society4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is sci5ce mu/ be1 n only hi/orical1 b e?nological4 ,x mu/ include ! jural life n only ( ! civilis$1 b also ( ! uncivilis$ races ( mank9d3 x mu/ compreh5d all4 ,x ?us con/itutes a /ep beyond t great movem5t ( ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury :i* gave u ! sci5ce ( ! hi/ory ( law4 ,x ext5ds ! latt]1 supplem5ts x1 & aims to f9d 9 ! juro-social exi/5ce ( undevelop$ & uncivilis$ races ! g]ms ( legal practices & in/itutions t ! lit]>y hi/ory & traditions ( civilis$ peoples w\ld nev] supply4 ,! matt] ( ! pres5t "w ( ,dr4 ,po/ takes up "s #bae pages4 ,x treats ( ! available s\rces ( su* a univ]sal sci5ce ( law1 ( ! elaboration ( ^! s\rces2 x gives a concise & illu/rative epitome ( ! mo/ important p>allel ph5om5a met ) 9 ! jural life ( ! human race1--e4 g4 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,law ( ,inh]itance1 ( ,prop]ty1 ( ,m>riage1 etc41 etc41--& a survey ( ! sep>ate e?nic divisions ( law ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,x is a gr& task--! realisation ( ?is conception4 ,& its execution 9 its enorm\s magnitude is only possible ?r\gh ! spe$y & intellig5t co-op]ation ( sci5ti/s & travell]s z well z juri/s4 ,x w make ( jurisprud5ce a natural sci5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ! a priori "* ?is /udy has up till n[ assum$2 & its prosecution w imp>t into ! sci5ce a light & fre%ness :i* x sadly ne$s4 ,next to !ology1 ! sci5ce ( law is lea/ p]vad$ ) ! _s ( mod]n rese>*4 ,& ?is is em95tly s 9 our c\ntry1 :]e h>dly ! hi/ory1 let alone ! e?nology ( law1 is /udi$4 ,we are tempt$ to give a mu* m ?or\gh & detail$ exposition ( ,dr4 ,po/'s ideas4 ,b an orig9al article w appe> f 8 p5 9 a future numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 & !re=e we are brief4 4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,m9d4 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,no4 ,,lxi4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,on ,,physiological ,,expression ,,9 ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,ba94 ,,app]ception ,,& ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,att5tion4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t4 ,,helmholtz',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,space-,,p]ception4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,hyslop4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,induction4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se4 ,,! ,,undy+ ,,g]m-,,plasm ,,& ,,! ,,immortal ,,s\l4 ,by ,r4 von ,l5d5feld4 ,,critical ,,notices3 ,pikl]'s ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,belief 9 ,objective ,exi/5ce2 ,f]ri]'s ,! ,croonian ,lectures on ,c]ebral ,localisation2 ,jevons's ,pure ,logic & o!r ,m9or ,works2 ,m>%all's ,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 ,i2 ,mack5zie's ,an ,introduction to ,social ,philosophy2 ,f\ille's ,l',evolutionnisme des ,ides-,=ces2 ,ko5ig's ,die ,entwicklung des ,causalproblems4 ,on ,physiological ,expression 9 ,psy*ology4 ,9 opposition to ! subjective purism 9 psy*ology advocat$ by ,mr4 ,/\t & ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,! mixture ( ! psy*ical ) ! physical is su* z to prove t m5tal processes1 h[ev] di/9ct f bodily processes1 h nev] own$ ev5 a vocabul>y ( _! own4 ,pleasure & pa9 are psy*ical /ates1 b we _c !orise fully ^u !m )\t adv]t+ to _! physical causes or conditions4 ,! action ( drugs proves t ! physical con/itution ( ! n]ve-sub/ance is a p>am\nt condition ( our s5sibility1 pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,by tak+ ! organs ( special s5se 9 sep>ation we c exhau/ ! modes ( s5sibility "u ea*1 & :5 we look m9utely into ! anatomy ( ! sev]al organs1 we obta9 fur!r helps to ! subdivision & di/9ction ( ! individual s5sations4 ,connect$ ) ! physics ( ! bra91 ap>t f ! n]v\s sub/ance & its conditions1 is ! important /ate kn[n z excitem5t1 ) its opposites quiesc5ce1 languor1 repose1 dr[s9ess1 sleep1 & ins5sibility4 ,! !ory ( ! ,w mu/ rely1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ^u subjective sequ5ces1 b ! physical consequ5ces ( pleasure & pa9 are a two-fold activity--,expression & ,volition1 & = v]ification ( any hypo!sis z to priority betwe5 ^! two =ms ( ! physical outcome ( feel+1 ! sequ5ce mu/ be tak5 on ! physical side alone4 ,z reg>ds ! emotions1 tak5 9 !mselves1 ! trac+ ( physical concomitance is unavoidable4 ,9 ,psy*o-physics ! exp]im5ts are made ^u ! physical side1 ?\gh n to ! exclusion ( subjective ref]5ce4 ,a law relat+ to ! seat ( ideas obta9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ?r\gh ! s5ses1 decl>es ! n]v\s tracts to be ! same 9 bo?1 ?us connect+ ,s5se ) ,intellect4 ,x has always be5 impossible to avoid describ+ ideas z modifi$ repetitions ( s5sation1 & employ+ = t purpose ! mat]ialism ( ! s5se-organs4 ,:ile em95tly applicable to all ! ph5om5a ( m9d at _! elem5t>y /age--,s5sation1 ,intellect1 ,emotion1 ,w--physiological conditions cease to h ! l be>+ 9 ! high] complications4 ,9 all t "p ( ,association t /ates ! ord] ( recurr5ce ( our ideas 9 ,memory1 subjective inve/igation is p>am\nt & exclusive4 ,b ! /ate describ$ z consci\s int5sity1 excitem5t1 m5tal conc5tration1 att5tion1 int]e/1 is expressible bo? subjectively & physiologically4 ,! con/ant application ( spiritual rem$ies to bodily ailm5ts is an important aspect ( ! union ( m9d & body1 & _! int]action 9 ^? in/ances is ( great significance4 ,app]ception & ! ,movem5t ( ,att5tion4 ,?9k+ is action direct$ t[>ds intellectual ends4 ,intellectual ends are atta9$ by an appropriate comb9ation ( movem5ts ( att5tion4 ,att5tion & app]ception1 z ?is ^w is appli$ by ,/e9?al1 reciprocally det]m9e ea* o!r4 ,! nature ( att5tion is expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! monoideism ( ,m4 ,ribot1 b contr>y to 8 view x is decl>$ to be a con/ant "* ( our m5tal life1 al?\gh ! monoideism is n always complete4 ,app]ception is ! process by :i* a m5tal sy/em incorporates or t5ds to incorporate a new elem5t4 ,! effect ( att5tion is l>gely dep5d5t on ! app]ception :i* accompanies x1 & ( :i* x is an auxili>y process4 ,! movem5t ( att5tion fa/5+ ^u ! pres5tation to be app]ceiv$1 fixes x 9 ! focus ( consci\sness1 until ! app]cipi5t sy/em has f9ally succe$$ or fail$ 9 assimilat+ x4 ,! reason :y "o ideal gr\p becomes app]cipi5t 9 pref]5ce to ! o!rs lies ma9ly 9 its great] aff9ity ) ! pres5tation to be app]ceiv$4 ,! conditions det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( app]ceptive sy/ems may be ei!r extr9sic or intr9sic4 ,! extr9sic consi/ 9 pass+ circum/ances :i* f "t to "t favor its activity4 ,! intr9sic conditions are inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( ! sy/em itself4 ,among ! =m] are ! co-op]ation ( ano!r sy/em2 ! recov]y or ! int5sity ( its own previ\s action2 ! influ5ce ( organic s5sation2 its own fre%ness aris+ f previ\s repose4 ,( ^! ! organic s5sation is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,! influ5ce ( ! cn/hesis p]vades ! :ole m5tal life4 ,e specific k9d ( emotion is accompani$ by a *>act]i/ic mode ( organic reaction4 ,! intr9sic conditions are ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! sy/em2 its int]nal organisation1 ( :i* ! philosophy ( ,hegel is cit$ z an example2 ! /r5g? ( ! cohesion betwe5 its p>ts2 ! nature ( ! s5sory mat]ial :i* ent]s pr$om9antly into its composition1 t is1 ! comp>ative excitability ( ideas d]iv$ f diff]5t s5ses4 ,! normal work+ ( competition1 co-op]ation1 & conflict1 may be illu/rat$ by contra/+ x ) ! pa?ological /ate call$ sugge/ibility1 9 :i* ^? processes are m or less completely 9 abeyance4 ,! conditions :i* det]m9e ! tra9 ( ideas arise f ! fact t att5tion1 be+ a motor process1 dep5ds on feel+1 :i* dep5d5ce _c be sep>at$ f t on app]ception4 ,feel+ gives unity to m5tal process1 & is a simple mode ( consci\sness result+ f ! excitem5t ( a multiplicity ( elem5ts1 & x causes att5tion to be conc5trat$ on ! c5tral pres5tation f :i* ! wave ( excitem5t is radiat$4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a tra9 ( ?\ght1 z di/+ui%$ f a m]e tra9 ( ideas1 is t ! relation l9k+ ea* idea to its pr$ecessor =ms also a s\rce ( ! int]e/ ?r\gh :i* x attracts att5tion4 ,! gr\nd ( ! di/9ction is t ?9k+ involves ! activity ( a proportional sy/em z su*1 t is a sy/em adapt$ to app]ceive objects 9 o!r respects mo/ div]se f ea* o!r1 m]ely because !y agree 9 be+ capable ( ent]+ into c]ta9 relations4 ,! modifi$ work+ ( ! pr9ciple ( association ?r\gh ! app]ceptive activity ( a proportional sy/em1 is proportional or analogical production1 :i* may possibly op]ate 9 e in/ance ( ! sugge/ion ( "o idea by ano!r4 ,a rev]sion ( att5tion to a previ\s l9k 9 a *a9 ( ideas1 giv+ rise to a modifi$ repetition ( x1 is a di/9ctive feature ( ?9k+4 ,9 a sep>ate article w be dealt ) ! special "p play$ by language1 :i* f a psy*ological po9t ( view is a peculi> movem5t ( att5tion hav+ a peculi> influ5ce on app]ceptive process4 ,helmholtz's ,!ory ( ,space-,p]ception4 ,! doctr9e ( unconsci\s inf]5ce is explicitly f\nd$ ^u ! g5]al !ory ( k =m$ by ,helmholtz1 :i* is id5tical ) t ( ,kant1 & ,helmholtz's inve/igation into ! g5esis ( space-p]ception appli$ to ! problem :i* ,kant did n consid]1 namely1 ! p]ception ( p>ticul> or concrete spaces4 ,! di/9ction made by ! =m] betwe5 ! inf]5ce f ! data ( s5se & t 9 :i* ! data are consci\sly kn[n to be signs1 by call+ ! inductive inf]5ces ( ! sci5ces consci\s1 & ^? involv$ 9 ext]nal p]ception ( _w unconsci\s1 is op5 to ! *>ge ( involv+ a contradiction4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! !ory ( unconsci\s inf]5ce supports ! empirical doctr9e ( p]ception only 9 consequ5ce ( call+ ! process an inf]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to call ! process unconsci\s is to re/ore ! conception ( imm$iacy :i* ! idea ( inf]5ce is suppos$ to exclude4 ,?is contradiction may n be insi/$ on1 b1 z ! ph5om5a ( b9ocul> adju/m5t discuss$ 9 a previ\s article %[$ 9 ! visual consci\sness a quale :i*1 ) or )\t its relation to tactual & muscul> ext5sion1 0 o!r ?an plane dim5sion1 ,helmholtz mu/1 unless ?is quale c be prov$ to be result ( inf]5ce1 limit ! application ( 8 !ory to ! syn!tic connection betwe5 t\* & sight4 ,p>allax ( motion1 :i* consi/s ( ! diff]5t aff]5t movem5ts or velocities ( bodies 9 horizontal m]idians1 & situat$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! obs]v]1 seems to d ! same = monocul> vision t adju/m5t & fusion d = b9ocul> vision4 ,! ph5om5a att5d+ c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! p>allax ( motion 0 obs]v$ correspond exactly to ! conception ( ^? :o hold t ! repres5tative ( plane dim5sion 9 ! ret9al image decides ! nature ( all p]ceptions ^: "* is n pres5t$ 9 ! image except z a visual sign1 & h5ce t aught beyond magnitude mu/ be ! result ( influ5ce4 ,an exam9ation ( ,helmholtz's fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! d5ial ( all pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! nature ( impressions & ! nature ( ! ext]nal _w1 confirms ! view t ! conception ( space may be prop]ly a visual "o1 requir+ ! sup]ior con/ancy ( t\* to correct illusions gr[+ out ( ! complexities ( vision4 ,if we limit visual ph5om5a z data to m]e v>iations ( k9d & di/9ctness 9 color1 we _c acc\nt = su* cases z ! appe>ance & inv]sion ( ma!matical p]spective1 b9ocul> localisation & translocation1 & ! di/9ct effect ( ! monocul> p>allax ( motion1 qualities :i* are dim5sional 9 _! nature4 ,:ile ! complexities ( space-p]ception make ! co-op]ation ( inf]5tial ag5cies v probable1 yet ! spacial quality mu/ be orig9ally giv5 some:]e 9 consci\sness ei!r z an object ( p]ception or z a m5tal con/ruction1 9 ord] to furni% a basis = inf]5ces to its exi/5ce or its relations :]e !y are n imm$iately cognis$4 ,?is makes ! develop$ conceptions ( ab/ract & syn!tic space a complex ( inf]5ces & intuitions4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,induction4 ,! ultimate major premiss ( ,induction accord+ to ,mill is ! ,law ( ,causation :i*1 z he treats x1 is a wide g5]alisation true ( sequ5ces j z o!r g5]alisations are true ( ! facts ( space4 ,h5ce x is itself an induction l o!r inductions4 ,:at is want$ is an axiom express+ 9 g5]al t]ms :at we d :5 we make a p>ticul> /atem5t univ]sal1 :i* makes explicit ! tru? impli$ by ! mak+ ( any g5]alisation :atev]4 ,! ,law ( ,causation w be f\nd to be a p>ticul> application ( ?is wid] axiom1 & ! axiom itself mu/ be s\ght f ! analysis ( ord9>y simple g5]alisations4 ,:5 we connect tru?s toge!r1 or reason1 we support an inf]r$ judgm5t by "s o!r ass]tion4 ,t we %\ld be able to reason at all involves t any fact1 z ,b1 %\ld h "s o!r fact1 z ,c1 to :i* x is always relat$2 t is1 any fact precisely resembl+ ?is ,b1 :atev] its o!r attributes & concomitants may be1 w be f\nd 9 a precisely simil> relation to a precisely simil> ,c4 ,a relation exi/s betwe5 two facts :5ev] ! m9d c at once di/+ui% ! facts z two1 & at ! same "t att5d to !m toge!r & ass]t some?+ ( !m consid]$ toge!r4 ,we may speak ( a relation betwe5 diff]5t aspects ( ! same exi/+ ?+4 ,! ?ree alt]natives af=d$ by ! axiom z ultimately /at$ correspond to ! ?ree cases 9 :i* ,a is ! sum ( ! conditions ( ,b1 or 9 any way a univ]sal correlate ( ,b2 9 :i* x is ! cause ( ,b 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! t]m2 & 9 :i* its connection ) ,b is m]ely 'causal1' t is1 ! ,law ( ,causation is ! ,axiom ( ,reason+ z appli$ to ! sequ5ces ( ph5om5a4 ,e fact obs]v$ /&s 9 univ]sal relation to "s o!r fact4 ,! judgm5t ( t relation is impli$ 9 ! rudim5t>y inf]5ce :i* /ates only ! p>ticul> fact obs]v$ & ! p>ticul> fact n[ expect$4 ,x is explicit 9 ! reason t is consci\s ( its own gr\nds & me?ods1 & takes !re ! =m ( ! univ]sal judgm5t1 or major premiss4 ,! ,undy+ ,g]m-,plasm & ! ,immortal ,s\l4 ,all unicellul> be+s su* z ! ,protozoa & ! simpl] ,alg1 ,fungi1 etc41 reproduce !mselves by means ( simple fission1 & consequ5tly !y are immortal4 ,all ! s+le individuals ( a family ( unicellul> be+s belong to ea* o!r1 al?\gh !y be isolat$4 ,among/ c]ta9 infusoria !y d1 9 fact1 rema9 toge!r & build up bran*+ colonies4 ,lat] on1 division ( labor made its appe>ance & increas$ ! dep5d5ce ( ! individuals ^u "o ano!r1 s t _! individuality 0 to a great ext5t lo/4 ,by ! developm5t ( ?is process1 multicellul> ,metazoa arose f colonies ( simil> ,protozoa1 & at l5g? culm9at$ 9 ! high] animals & man4 ,all ! cell-s]ies are immortal1 b !y all mu/ die because ! /ructure :i* is built up by !m collectively is mortal4 ,! reproductive cells are ! only k9d adapt$ = exi/5ce outside ! body1 & f "t to "t "s ( ! human reproductive cells succe$ 9 conjugat+1 & f !m a new individual arises4 ,! :ole /ructure ( man is acquir$ ) ! "o object 9 view ( ma9ta9+ ! s]ies ( reproductive cells1 ( :i* he is1 s to speak1 ! slave4 ,!y are ! mo/ important & ess5tial & also ! undy+ p>ts ( ! organism4 ,! s]ies ( reproductive cells ?us possess ! ess5tial attributes ( ! human s\l4 ,if we comp>e ! conception ( ! s\l z held by v>i\s relat$ religions1 & take ! *>act]i/ics inv>iably ascrib$ to ! s\l1 we f9d t !y hold also = ! s]ies ( reproductive cells cont9ually develop+ )9 ! body4 ,! ord9>y conception ( ! fate ( ! s\l aft] dea? agrees fundam5tally ) ! result ( obs]vation on ! prosp]ity ( ! s]ies ( g]m-cells4 ,t fate dep5ds on conduct 9 ! body1 & ! only possible def9ition ( a good de$1 t is approv$ by consci5ce1 is "o :i* w b5efit ! s]ies ( g]m-cells aris+ f "o individual1 t is ourselves & our family1 & fur!r :i* w be ( use to o!rs ) _! own s]ies ( g]m-cells1 & t 9 proportion to ! degree ( connection or relation%ip4 ,?us1 ! app>5tly enigmatical conception ( ! et]nal s\l is f\nd$ on ! actual immortality & cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasma4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,m9orities4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie4 ,a ,,new ,,/udy ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,josiah ,royce4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,life ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,morality4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,muirhead4 ,,moral ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice4 ,by ,pr(4 ,john ,dewey4 ,,morals ,,9 ,,hi/ory4 ,by ,pr(4 ,fr4 ,jodl4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,d\bt--,,c>d9al ,,newman4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,%eldon4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,socialism4 ,/e9?al--,! ,social ,utopia2 ,pauls5--,socialism & ,social ,re=m4 ,by ,pr(4 ,frankl9 ,h4 ,gidd+s4 ,,e?ical ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,societies ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,mc,callum4 ,a ,new ,/udy ( ,psy*ology4 ,!re are ?ree fairly di/9ct types ( treatm5t 9 text-books ( psy*ology4 ,! fir/ type1 is ! sci5ce ( ! m9d consid]$ z an entity1 ( ^: nature we might o!rwise "k mu* or little1 b ( :i* we at all ev5ts knew t x _h a c]ta9 sub/antial unity4 ,?is 0 supplem5t$1 or succe$$1 by ! !ory ( ! 'ideas1' & _! 'associations4' ,a ?ird me?od conf9es its inve/igations to ! facts & laws ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ) only su* use ( introspection z 0 f\nd absolutely indisp5sable4 ,pr(essor ,james1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 does n accept prim>ily any "o ( ^! views4 ,! unit he adopts 9 m5tal analysis might be def9$ z s mu* ( ! m5tal process z may be suppos$ to run p>allel to a relatively simple n]v\s function 9 ! cortex ( ! liv+ bra91 9 s f> z ?is cortex functions ) a c]ta9 unity4 ,pr(essor ,james rejects ! unconsci\s 9 e =m1 & above all ! unconsci\s m9d-atom4 ,he says1 ! special natural sci5ce ( psy*ology mu/ /op ) ! m]e functional =mula4 ,if ! pass+ be ! directly v]ifiable exi/5t1 :i* no s*ool has hi!rto d\bt$ x to be1 !n t ?\ght is itself ! ?9k]1 & psy*ology ne$ n look beyond4 ,?is life ( pass+ ?\ghts ne$s only ! fundam5tal hypo!sis t ! mom5ts z !y pass really "k "o ano!r1 t ! pres5t is actually acqua9t$ ) ! pa/1 9 ord] to give z a resultant ( ! :ole life su* unity z we ne$ = purposes ( psy*ological sci5ce4 ,9 relation to volition & fre$om1 ,pr(essor ,james holds t ! idea ( ! end t5ds m & m to make itself all-suffici5t1 & t motives1 s-call$1 are ideas ( ends :i* ow+ to _! conflict1 are unable to pass ov] into acts s long z !y rema9 m]e motives4 ,! exp]i5ce ( decid+ a conflict ( motives is ! exp]i5ce ( ! triumph ( "o idea ( ! end ov] o!r ideas4 ,! act ( volunt>y decision is exp]i5c$ z an act ( consci\s att5tion to an idea1 & no?+ else4 ,volition is prim>ily a relation1 n betwe5 ourself & extra-m5tal matt]1 b betwe5 ourself & our own /ates ( m9d4 ,pr(essor ,james's own belief is t ! "q ( freewill is insolvable on /rictly psy*ological gr\nds1 al?\gh on e?ical gr\nds he ascribes to ! alt]native ( fre$om4 ,9 relation to ! "q ( pleasure & pa9 z motives1 he po9ts out t ! 'idea-motor' acts1 ev5 on a v high plane1 express ! pres5ce ( ! 'idea ( an end1' & ?is end may itself be v pa9ful1 yet x t5ds to c>ry itself out4 ,x w9s because we att5d to x1 & :e!r or no att5tion is free1 c]ta9 x is t att5tion (t5 r det]m9es pleasure & pa9 !mselves1 ?an is det]m9$ by !m4 ,9 conclusion ,pr(essor ,royce says 9 relation to ,pr(essor ,james's book3 ,8 'pass+ mom5ts1' :i* c '"k' & :i* c freely 'att5d1' :i* are 'self-relat$1' & :i* h 'unity1' & :i* are /ill s intimately b\nd to ! 'neural process1' h j ! p>adoxical & hypo!tical "* :i* requires "o1 9 "o's philosophy1 to g beyond !m1 & to decl>e !m b illusory expressions 9 ph5om5al =m ( an inf9itely deep] tru?4 ,! ,inn] ,life 9 ,relation to ,morality4 ,! emotions t are call$ up by ! ?\ght ( ! _w z an organic :ole con/itute ! inn] life1 t :i* ,clif=d calls 'cosmic emotion4' ,^! emotions1 al?\gh !y d n end 9 ! human s\l1 imp>t a _s & diffuse an air ov] ! re/ ( life3 !y h no sep>ate ext]nal expression ( _! own4 ,! pivot ( man's inn] life is ! ?\ght ( himself z a "p or memb] ( a univ]sal ord]4 ,! object ( ! pap] is to answ] ! que/ions3 :at ?is ?\ght is1 or ought to be2 :at are "s ( ! =ms :i* ! feel+ x r\ses takes2 :at are "s ( its special relations to social morality2 & :at practical means may be sugge/$ "u mod]n conditions = ! cultivation ( x4 ,! view ( ! _w mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! "t 9 :i* we live1 has laid ! f\ndation = an entirely new attitude ( m9d t[>ds ! cosmos at l>ge4 ,! _w is n[ kn[n to be an organic :ole4 ,?is organism is ! invisible backgr\nd :i* is presuppos$ 9 ! p>tial glimpses ( x :i* we call common p]ception & ! special sci5ces4 ,if we look inw>ds we h ! human consci5ce z ! symbol ( a microcosm ( moral relations betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( our nature on ! "o h& & ! diff]5t memb]s ( human society on ! o!r4 ,! cosmic pr9ciple clo?+ itself 9 ! tw(old g>b ( :i* we "k x1 is ! ultimate object ( ! emotion describ$ z ! inn] life4 ,?is br+s ) x t :i* lies at ! root ( all religion--! s5se ( dep5d5ce1 by :i* is meant1 ! feel+ t we are born into & support$ by a _w :i* our individual wills did n make4 ,?is at fir/ produces a vague s5se ( fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( =ces o!r & mighti] ?an ourselves4 ,b g5]ally x has pass$ 9 u into a high] =m1 a s5se ( fe>less fai? 9 tru? & "r1 :i* are ! laws ( nature4 ,! faculty ( relat+ ourselves to ! _w 9 its wide/1 :i* is also its deepe/1 aspects1 ) its appropriate feel+ inve/s our ev]yday duties ) a new mean+1 & gives !m a wid] range by connect+ !m ) ! g5]al life ( ! _w4 ,morality is ?us rais$ to a high] p[]2 x passes f m]e morality into morality t\*$ ) emotion1 & ?us becomes a species ( religion4 ,among o!r means ( cultivat+ ! inn] life are ! att5d+ ! s]vices ( ! *ur*es1 al?\gh fai? has be5 lo/ 9 _! dogmas2 ! read+ ( ! books1 :e!r belong+ to ,*ri/ian lit]ature or n1 :i* are 9 ! be/ s5se religi\s2 ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,we are on ! "r l9es if we cl+ to ! great wat*words ( our own "t1--,evolution1 ,progress1 ,organic ,ord]4 ,moral ,!ory & ,practice4 ,moral !ory is ! analytic p]ception ( ! conditions & relations 9 h& 9 a giv5 act1--x is ! action 9 idea4 ,x is ! con/ruction ( ! act 9 ?\ght aga9/ its outw>d con/ruction4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! do+1--! act itself1 9 its em]g+4 ,s f> are we f any divorce ( moral !ory & practice1 t !ory is ! ideal act1 & conduct is ! execut$ insight4 ,moral conduct is absolutely individualis$1 & x is precisely t :i* realises an idea1 a conception4 ,! bread? ( action is measur$ by ! insight ( ! ag5t4 ,j s f> z ! "q1 ,:at are ! conditions :i* require action & :at ! action !y dem&1 is rais$ & answ]$1 is action moral & n m]ely in/9ctive or s5tim5tal4 ,?is is a "w ( analysis1 :i* requires ! possession ( c]ta9 work+ tools4 ,:at we call moral rules are precisely su* tools ( analysis4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule is a m>vell\s tool ( analysis b x gives no k1 ( itself1 ( :at we %\ld d4 ,z a tool ( analysis ! moral rule is an idea4 ,a philosophic !ory ( e?ics is a simil> idea to ! ,gold5 ,rule1 b "o ( deep] grasp1 & !re=e wid] hold4 ,x be>s mu* ! same relation to ! p>ticul> rule z ?is to ! special case4 ,x is a tool = ! analysis ( its mean+1 & !reby a tool = giv+ x great] effect4 ,at ! back ( ! ,gold5 ,rule are o!r l>g] ideas :i* h realis$ !mselves1 & be5 s buri$ 9 ! common consci\sness ( m51 t !y h become integrat$ ) ! cont5t ( ! ,gold5 ,rule :i* itself has become a va/ idea1 or work+ tool1 ( practice4 ,e philosophic !ory ( e?ics p]=ms 9 its degree ?is same s]vice4 ,a man's duty is1 n to obey rules1 b to respond to ! nature ( ! actual dem&s :i* he f9ds made ^u him4 ,! rule is m]ely an aid t[>d discrim9at+ :at ! nature ( ^! relations & dem&s is4 ,a man has n to d ,ju/ice1 & ,love1 & ,tru?2 he has to d ju/ly & truly & lov+ly4 ,! relative di/9ction betwe5 ! is & ! ought1 is t ! ought is ! is ( action4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a practical & a !oretical consci\sness is t ! =m] is consci\sness ( some?+ to be done4 ,& ?is consci\sness ( some?+ to be done is ! consci\sness ( duty4 ,!ory is ! cross-section made by intellig5ce ( ! giv5 /ate ( action 9 ord] to "k ! conduct t %\ld be2 practice is ! realisation ( ! idea ?us ga9$3 x is !ory 9 action4 ,morals 9 ,hi/ory4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( morals reveals indep5d5ce & *angeabl5ess always & ev]y:]e side by side4 ,s f> z we are acqua9t$ ) man 9 social community1 ! w ( ! community speaks to ! individual conc]n+ 8 practical conduct ) au?ority2 & z an inn] appropriation ( t w1 ! au?ority ( consci5ce1 ( practical reason1 :i* naturally exi/s only 9 ! individual1 b ?r\gh friction ) ! community becomes fill$ ) a univ]sally valid cont5t4 ,! orig9 ( ! common w is lo/ 9 ! my/]i\s d>kness ( primitive times1 or ( div9e revelation4 ,x is sci5ce :i* fir/ ext5ds ! individual's circle ( exp]i5ce4 ,morality is a product ( evolution1 & is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual trans=mation4 ,! sum ( ! e?ical pr9ciples or ideals :i* at any "t are curr5t 9 any nation1 pres5ts no?+ else ?an ! conception ( all t is reciprocally requir$ 9 a practical direction ( its memb]s1 = ! advantage & pr(it ( ! community & ! individual p]sons 9 x4 ,! requirem5ts ( social adaptation are rais$ into ! consci\sness ( ! community4 ,?us full h>mony betwe5 ! practical ne$s ( a "t & its e?ics c only be a transitory "o4 ,! conditions :i* evoke ! individual w to c>ry out its own ideals ov] aga9/ ! curr5t ones1 are none o!r ?an ^? ^u :i* ! =mation ( new organs 9 g5]al is dep5d5t4 ,! new pr9ciples mu/ be ( assi/ance to felt ne$s2 !y mu/ be f\nd$ 9 ! vital relations ( ! social body4 ,9 answ] to ! "q :e!r !re is progress 9 morality1 x mu/ be said t ! circle is becom+ cont9ually great] ( ^? ov] :om ! /rict import ( ! conception ( humanity is ext5d$4 ,& ?is is accompani$ by an increas+ t5d]ness t[>ds individuals )9 ! limits un*angeably set by ! ne$s ( ! community4 ,! means by :i* we /rive to actualise our ideals are becom+ m rational1 & ! consci\sness is cont9ually becom+ cle>]1 ) :i* all moral pr9ciples & judgm5ts are ref]r$ to :at !y signify = ! welf>e ( ! race & = its capacity to develop4 ,b d m5 become bett]8 ,probably1 on ! :ole1 ! inn] relations ( morality rema9 un*ang$1 al?\gh q important %ift+ may take place at special times & 9 special /ages4 ,x may be t consid]$ f ! highe/ hi/orical po9t ( view1 subjective morality--t is1 ! con=mity ( individuals to ! /&>d--relatively decl9es z ! high] elaboration ( ! moral ideals advances4 ,b ?is ne$ by no means be ! la/ ^w ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,intellig5ce c>ries illum9ation into unkn[n pa?s :i* no "o z yet has trav]s$1 mak+ ! surr\nd+ d>kness black]4 ,b ! w f9ds ! means ( a*iev+ :at is cle>ly conceiv$4 ,we h no occasion to be di/ru/ful ( ! en]gies ( our race4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! increas+ influ5ce :i* our sci5tific k mu/ ex]cise1 n only ^u ! indu/rial b also ^u ! social in/9ct4 ,! conviction is mak+ rapid /rides t ev5 ! wide/ lord%ip ( man ov] nature mu/ ultimately be a curse to ! rul] himself1 unless he succe$s 9 e/abli%+ ! m beautiful & important supremacy ov] man2 t is1 ov] ! natural =ces 9 8 own brea/--! brutality ( passion1 ! h>dness ( egoism1 & ! crudity ( moral ignorance4 ,b ?is c be ! "w only ( sci5tific k & ( its increas+ application to social e?ical problems4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,d\bt--,c>d9al ,newman4 ,!re 0 an e?ical tr5d 9 ! "* & _s ( ,c>d9al ,newman1 :i* lift$ him above any "o sect or cre$ & made him a p[] to all classes ( s]i\s m9ds4 ,! especial influ5ce n[ excit$ ^u u by 8 ?\ght1 comes f 8 v antagonism to :at is ! conspicu\s feature 9 ! intellectual life ( our c5tury1--! preval5ce ( d\bt1 & ! gr[? ( rationalism4 ,goe! s\nd$ ! note ( w>n+ z to ! *ief m5ace t w\ld come to our age ?r\gh rationalism2 t !re are few :o h a great m9d & at ! same "t are dispos$ to action2 intellect broad5s ! ?\ght1 b t5ds to weak5 ! w4 ,newman has br\ght x home to u t !re is a c]ta9 k9d ( rationalism :i* is dang]\s to "*1 & we may be =c$ to consid] :e!r we %all n soon be requir$ 9 ! sph]e ( e?ics to disc\rage some:at ! univ]sal t5d5cy ( d\bt & di/ru/ ) ref]5ce to elem5tal convictions4 ,!re is no "q t = _m m9ds ! fir/ d\bt z to :e!r a c]ta9 class ( acts is wrong 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 moral decl9e4 ,a pr9ciple ( ext]nal au?ority 9 e?ics is requir$1 al?\gh n su* an au?ority z t ( ! /ate or an absolute *ur*4 ,:at we are 9 ne$ ( is t /r5g? ( conviction :i* w\ld make u will+ to die = a belief ) ref]5ce to ! human _w4 ,if we 7 m & m giv5 to recognis+ ! value ( ?is o!r ext]nal au?ority1--t is1 ! cons5sus ( all ! pa/ voices ( hi/ory :5 !y speak to u on ! moral life1--we might f9d1 m & m1 t en?usiasm com+ back & fir+ once m ! he>ts ( ! great m5 ( ! age1 j z ! o!r k9d ( au?ority gave hope1 fire1 & en?usiasm to ! purpose ( ,newman4 ,not)/&+ ! contra/ betwe5 ,newman1 ! apo/le ( fai?1 & ,em]son :o has be5 call$ ! apo/le ( scepticism or ( individualism1 !y _h ! same int5sity ( feel+ & appall+ s9c]ity1 & bo? _h a l expression ( spiritual repose4 ,a m$iocre foll[] ( ei!r ( !m c nev] be a satisfactory "*4 ,an ultra-individualism 9 ev]y?+ enfeebles ! w1 j z ! complete abnegation ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght dw>fs ! intellect4 ,9 ord] to h a p]fect solution ( ! difficulty1 we ne$ to draw bo? f ,em]son & ,newman4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,socialism4 ,! "q may be rais$ :e!r ! philosophical gr\nd ( e?ical tru? does n af=d philosophical /&+ to "s sort ( socialism4 ,?is view ( ! problem has evid5tly p]vad$ ! ?9k+ ( ,pr(essor ,pauls5 9 8 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik mit e9em ,umriss d] ,/aats- und ,gesells*aftslehre1 & x is prom95t 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,e?ik ( ,d4 ,h4 ,/e9?al4 ,! fir/ "q t ought to be rais$ 9 reg>d to socialism is ! sociological "q1 :e!r society is a product ( t univ]sal evolution :i* br\ght man himself into exi/5ce & conditions all 8 ?\ght & do+s4 ,if s1 we may be sure t !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 or laws1 to :i* social evolution has con=m$ 9 ! pa/1 & to :i* x w g on con=m+ 9 ! future4 ,! e?ical problems involv$ 9 ! sociali/ic propositions n[ be=e ! public may be r$uc$ to two4 ,fir/1 if n all m5 are conv]t$ 9 ?\ght & feel+ to socialism1 c a majority h any e?ical "r to compel a m9ority to surr5d] individual initiative & submit to dictation ( occupation8 ,secondly :at is an e?ical di/ribution ( product among ! work]s t create x8 ,plato & ,ari/otle alone laid ! f\ndation = a rationali/ic argum5t f purely e?ical premises1 %[+ t majorities may rightfully d m ?an en=ce contracts & keep ! peace1 b ! mod]n re/atem5t & completion ( t argum5t rema9s to be made4 ,z to ! second problem1 a /rong argum5t c\ld be made 9 support ( ! proposition t an e?ical di/ribution ( weal? w\ld be "o t %\ld af=d equality ( satisfaction ?r\gh\t society1 ( ! desires t are e?ically comm5dable4 ,:5 ! clev] lit]>y p hypnotis$ by ,mr4 ,bellamy's dazzl+ vision beg9 to resume _! intellectual self-direction1 !y w discov] t equality ( income & equality ( satisfaction1 ( legitimate desires1 are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,e?ical & ,k9dr$ ,societies 9 ,great ,brita94 ,speak+ broadly ! attitude ( ! societies t[>ds !ology & its expon5ts may be describ$ z "o ( non-int]f]5ce or neutrality4 ,!y desire to be r con/ructive ?an de/ructive 9 _! action1 = !y believe t desirable *anges c only be effect$ by ! sl[ processes ( organic gr[?4 ,) "o exception !y h none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a *ur*1 & !y may be describ$ z lectur+ & debat+ societies ) or )\t ! addition ( :at is commonly kn[n z practical "w4 ,!y d n reta9 ! s]vices ( a s+le lectur]1 b pref] to h speak]s :o are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #afjb ,*e/nut ,/47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,febru>y1 #ahia4 ,no4 #ahb4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,realisme ,,et ,,idealisme4 ,by ,paul ,janet4 ,l',,art ,,et ,,la ,,logique4 7#a/ ,art47 ,by ,g4 ,t>de4 ,,morale ,,et ,m,,taphysique4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,g\rd4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,revue ,,des ,,p]iodiques ,,etrang]s4 ,,soci,t ,,de ,,psy*ologie ,,physiologique4 ,m4 ,janet rem>ks1 9 8 article on ,realism & ,idealism1 t s9ce ,kant philosophy has conc5trat$ all its ef=ts on ! problem ( ! objectivity ( k4 ,! agreem5t ( reality & ?\ght is a tru? ( :i* no "o d\bts1 al?\gh _m c5turies 7 necess>y = its obs]vation4 ,n only is !re agreem5t betwe5 nature & m9d1 b !re is analogy1 resemblance1 aff9ity1 betwe5 ^! two t]ms4 ,n only does nature obey ! laws ( our m9d1 imply+ t !re is 9 x a logical & rational elem5t1 b x seems to act ) ! art :i* intellig5ce w\ld employ1 if x wi%$ to create ! products ( nature4 ,h[ is ?is union ( nature & ! m9d to be expla9$8 ,two solutions pres5t !mselves3 9 :i* ?\ght c be expla9$ by nature1 or nature by ?\ght4 ,! fir/ ( ^! solutions is t call$ realism2 ! second is idealism4 ,ea* ( ^! sy/ems has /rong reasons 9 its favor4 ,z to ! fir/1 ?\ght & nature are n comm5surate & oppos$4 ,?\ght makes itself "p ( nature1 & ! only ?\ght we "k directly is our own4 ,= human intellig5ce is b\nd to ! organisation1 & appe>s to foll[ all its vicissitudes4 ,! basis ( idealism is n less firm4 ,ext]nal ?+s exi/ = u only on ! condition ( pass+ ?r\gh our consci\sness4 ,fur!r1 ! psy*ological & physiological analysis ( s5sations reclaims !m all z be+ only /ates ( ! ego4 ,b !re are s]i\s objections to bo? hypo!ses4 ,realism is susceptible ( two =ms4 ,if ?\ght1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! orig9 ( ideas1 is expla9$ by s5sation1 x becomes empiricism2 if consid]$ 9 relation to ! sub/ratum ( ?\ght1 ?is is expla9$ by organisation1 x becomes mat]ialism4 ,z aga9/ empiricism1 may be object$ ) ,kant t s5sation does n expla9 ! necessity & univ]sality ( sci5tific judgm5ts4 ,aga9/ mat]ialism1 ,fi*te %[$ t a ?+ :i* is only a ?+ c\ld nev] atta9 to ?\ght4 ,?us empiricism is ov]?r[n by ! impossibility ( expla9+ sci5ce2 mat]ialism by ! impossibility ( expla9+ ?\ght4 ,9 ord] to meet ! objection ( ,kant1 & to expla9 ! appe>ance ( a priori1 ! new empirici/s h invok$3 7#a7 ! pr9ciple ( insep>able associations2 7#b7 ! pr9ciple ( h]$it>y associations4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! new def5d]s ( mat]ialism 9 ord] to expla9 ! trans=mation ( motion into ?\ght1 h invok$ ! great pr9ciple ( ! correlation & trans=mation ( =ces 9 nature4 ,b z to insep>able associations1 x may be said1 t !y give u r a necessity ( fact1 ?an a necessity ( law4 ,:at sci5ce requires is absolute & n relative necessity4 ,! same may be said ( ! pr9ciple ( h]$it>y associations1 :i* m]ely prolong ! *a9 ( exp]i5ces4 ,b1 fur!r1 association itself requires explanation1 :i* %[s t x _c acc\nt = ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,z to ! use ( ! pr9ciple ( trans=mation ( =ces to expla9 ! passage ( motion into ?\ght1 if ! objective & physical cause ( our s5sations is meant1 !re is m]ely trans=mation ( motion into motion4 ,if x is said t s5sations are only trans=m$ motions1 ?is affirms :at is 9 "q1 h[ motion c trans=m itself into ?\ght4 ,!re are no less s]i\s objections aga9/ idealism4 ,! pr9cipal "o is3 all our reason+s ab\t nature are e/abli%$ only on condition t we take nature z our basis4 ,we ?us rea* ! d\ble conclusion3 nei!r nature has produc$ ?\ght1 nor ?\ght has produc$ nature4 ,! ego is1 h[ev]1 9 nature1 & nature is a repres5tation ( ! ego1 b1 :ile admitt+ ! reciprocal p5etration ( ! two pr9ciples1 we are oblig$ to recognise _! mutual indep5d5ce4 ,!re is h>mony1 n id5tity4 ,b is !re n "s be+ 9 :i* ! real ( nature & ! real ( ?\ght coexi/1 & :o1 accord+ to ! =mula ( ,s*ell+1 is ! absolute subject-object8 ,idealism1 to be consequ5t1 ought to g z f> z ! absolute consci\sness1 to ! union ( ! subjective & objective ?\ght4 ,if ! two inf]ior t]ms are id5tifi$ 9 ! absolute m9d1 ?is w f9d 9 nature & 9 ! m9d a d\ble expression ( itself4 ,no?+ prev5ts u !n1 says our au?or1 f und]/&+ nature1 ) ,s*ell+1 z ! dr[sy m9d seek+ to ar\se itself1 & ! ego on ! contr>y z a nature :i* awak5s itself4 ,m4 ,t>de 9 ,art & ,logic rem>ks t ! ^w art has two s5ses4 ,9 its wide conception1 x includes all ! ex]cises ( ! imag9ation & ( human +5uity1 inv5tion 9 a ?\s& =ms4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se ( ! ^w1 x answ]s to ! /hetic ne$s ( society4 ,if we _h reg>d only to ! art ( ! mo/ advanc$ epo*s1 we %\ld p]haps say t x s]ves to satisfy ! ne$ ( inv5tive expression or ( expressive inv5tion4 ,x seems !n1 9 effect1 to be be=e all expressive or inv5tive1 & ! second ( ^! traits appe>s ! mo/ ess5tial4 ,! prop]ty ( art & also ( morality is to seek & to believe to f9d a div9e end 9 life1 a great end wor?y ( individual sacrifice4 ,:5 art pres5ts itself sep>at$ f morality1 :5 x is an ag5t n ( h>mony b ( social dissolution1 x is a sign t x is import$ f abroad4 ,art is !n immoral & dissolv5t4 ,9 all ages truly logical art has be5 only ! translator & ! illum9ator ( morality4 ,! "w ( art is n l a product ( indu/ry1 an artificial organ add$ to ! individual1 x is an artificial1 imag9>y mi/ress4 ,! privilege ( art is to ar\se 9 u s5tim5ts :i* play 9 ! social life & logic1 precisely ! rle ( love 9 ! individual life & logic4 ,! s5tim5t ( art is a collective love & rejoices to be su*4 ,art is social joy1 z love is individual joy4 ,morality & ,metaphysics4 ,betwe5 practical philosophy & !oretical philosophy !re is a real diff]5ce ( nature4 ,! =m] conc]ns ! action & ! latt] ! p]ception1 & z we _c d :at yet is n1 nor see :at is already done1 ! "o has relation to ! future1 ! o!r to ! pres5t or ! pa/4 ,) ?is diff]5ce1 !y resemble ea* o!r1 9 t bo? consi/ 9 a putt+ 9 ord]1 a co-ord9ation ( _! objects4 ,exp]i5ce is suffici5t to furni% all t is necess>y = ! explanation ( practical co-ord9ation4 ,?is requires a fundam5tal notion ( practical ord]1 :i* metaphysicians see 9 ! notion ( ! good1 b1 z ! reality ( ! good _c be e/abli%$1 x is a *im]ical & arbitr>y conception4 ,we mu/ seek 9 ! co-ord9at$ objects !mselves ! fundam5tal elem5t ar\nd :i* !y w be dispos$ accord+ to _! prop] nature4 ,?is _c be ! good1 s9ce ?is is ! result ( practical co-ord9ation4 ,x is pleasure1 n a p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure1 b t :i* is possess$ 9 common by all t pleases1 all t satisfies4 ,volition c nev] g beyond pleasure4 ,if we desire be=e hav+ really be5 s5sible ( pleasure1 x is because we h be5 ideally s5sible ( x4 ,pleasure is inh]5t 9 e practical function1 x is practically con/ant1 x is practically categorical4 ,we _c g beyond pleasure ( "s k9d4 ,x _c be said t pleasure is prec$$ by function1 life4 ,^! are only results1 gr\ps :i* h compon5ts1 & !re=e !y _c be ! la/ pr9ciple ( action4 ,?us "o problem is resolv$ )\t rec\rse to metaphysics4--,aft] ! pr9ciple ( simple co-ord9ation1 mu/ be s\ght t ( ! co-ord9ation :i* subord9ates1 :i* m>ks a sort ( hi]>*y4 ,= ?is ! idea ( pleasure is n suffici5t4 ,x is necess>y to limit ! po9t ( view1 & 9 ! diff]5ce ( quantity ( pleasure w be f\nd ! rule ( co-ord9ation4 ,! di/9ction ( m or less (f]s itself at once1 & gives place naturally to degrees1 !n to a subord9ation4 ,! rule ( ! good is3 ! amplitude ( ! co-ord9ation1 ! degree ( intelligibility1 ! numb] ( facts :i* compose ! object ( volition4 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 urg5cy & sup]iority 9 prop] value4 ,?+s :i* are ! mo/ urg5t h n necess>ily ! mo/ value 9 !mselves4 ,?us ! practical subord9ation ought to dispose its objects inv]sely1 accord+ to :e!r x is occupi$ ) _! urg5cy or _! prop] value4 ,"h also practical philosophy is n oblig$ to h rec\rse to metaphysics4 ,practical philosophy n only ought to regulate its objects on ! basis t x has previ\sly fix$1 b /ill ought to assure ?is regulation = ! future4 ,?is requires t its cord9ations %\ld be made objects ( comm&m5t1 obligation4 ,! conception ( ! future pleasure ent]s into ! pres5t2 & to ea* volition is b\nd by anticipation1 ideally1 b positively1 ! future b5efit ( ! practical co-ord9ation4 ,?us obligation has its s\rce 9 a volition impos+ practical co-ord9ation on future volitions4 ,obligation is 9 reality causal det]m9ation1 & z !re is a volition m or less m>k$ 9 ea* act1 & ! causal *a9 is nev] int]rupt$1 we c be said to be always "u ! influ5ce ( obligation1 ! p[] ( :i* increases ) life4 ,det]m9ation is uni=misation2 & no?+ else is ask$ = ! moral imp]ative4 ,causal det]m9ation is oppos$ directly to ! unconditionm5t ( lib]ty2 b obligation1 z well z causal det]m9ation 9 g5]al1 rema9s1 moreov]1 9 e p>tial /ate1 limit$ by its opposite1 lib]ty1 :i* ev] recoils be=e ! cont9ual encroa*m5ts ( obligation1 b )\t ceas+ to be4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 admitt+ a sanction = ! good1 al?\gh x does n con/itute a di/9ct & new elem5t4 ,! sanction is ! consequ5ces ( actions f ! po9t ( view ( pleasures4 ,by ! side ( moral happ9ess or unhapp9ess1 %\ld be res]v$ a place = a happ9ess or unhapp9ess 9 "s sort amoral4 ,! moral good does n exhau/ all ! good4 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! moral good & ! unre/ra9$ good 7bi5 libre74 ,!re is an immoralisable elem5t :i* repres5ts ! v]itable autonomy ( ! w4 ,z 9 all cord9ations1 by reason ( all b5d+ "u ! rule1 ! moral hi]>*y w sometimes injure ! reality4 ,"h ! notion ( ! unre/ra9$ good happily int]v5es4 ,! reality always res]ves its rights 9 ! face ( co-ord9ations1 :atev] be _! nature4 ,:5 x ass]ts itself x is sublime1 x is1 s to say1 rais$ above e rule1 maje/ic 9 its sov]eign lib]ty4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,v]su* ,,e9] ,,erweit]t5 ,,anw5dung ,,des ,,fe*n]s*5 ,,gesetzes ,,im ,,f>b5sy/em4 ,by ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz4 ,,0 ,,i/ ,,uns] ,,n]v5sy/em ,,und ,,0 ,,geht ,,d>9 ,,vor8 ,by ,ju/us ,gaule4 ,,physiologis*-,,psy*ologis*e ,,/udi5 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,entwickelung ,,d] ,,gesi*tswahrnehmung5 ,,bei ,,k9d]n ,,und ,,bei ,,op]i]t5 ,,bl9dgebor554 ,by ,e4 ,raehlrnann4 ,,zwangsvor/ellung5 ,,ohne ,,wahnide54 ,by ,d4 ,hack-,tuke4 ,,e9 ,,v]su* ,,ueb] ,,die ,,intrakranielle ,,leitung ,,leise/] ,,to5e ,,von ,,ohr ,,zu ,,ohr4 ,by ,k>l ,l4 ,s*aef]4 ,,bespre*ung54 ,wundt1 ,ueb] die ,me?od5 d] ,messung des ,bewus/se9sumfanges4 ,by ,s*umann4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h]+ introduc$ ! me?od ( def9+ colors by data ( measurem5t d]iv$ f s5sations4 ,he ?us became ! f\nd] ( a new conception 9 ,optics :i* 9 _m respects promises to give m correct & bett] explanations n only ( ! physiology ( sight b also ( ! !ory ( colors2 8 views collide h[ev] 9 "s important po9ts ) ! views ( ! old s*ool1 ! lead] ( :i* is ,pr(essor ,helmholtz ( ,b]l94 ,! fir/ article ( ! pres5t numb] ( ?is magaz9e treats ( "o ( ^! problems1 & ! au?or1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 believes t ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts d n %[ a gradation ( ! p]ceptibility ( diff]5ces :i* w\ld ju/ify ,pr(essor ,h]+'s !ory ( colors4 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz applies ,fe*n]'s law conc]n+ ! measurem5t ( p]ceptible diff]5ces to color-s5sations4 ,= ! exp]im5ts he has made1 a :eel 0 employ$ 7aft] ! me?od ( ,maxwell7 into :i* slips ( color$ pap] ( v>i\s bread? c\ld be ins]t$4 ,he f\nd by ?is photometrical me?od t ! effect ( an additional color ^u ! lum9osity is effectually weak5$ by ! am\nt ( ! same color pres5t 9 ! :ole mixture4444 ,equal small am\nts ( ! quantity ( light produce ! small] effects ! l>g] ! quantities ( ! same light are 9 ! :ole field4 ,we pass by o!r results ( ,pr(essor ,helmholtz's exp]im5ts1 = x takes a speciali/ to g ov] 8 calculations & tables2 & ! inve/igation has by no means be5 br\ght to a f9al conclusion4 ,if ! /rong deviation is n bas$ ^u an error1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz says1 q ano!r & a diff]5t hypo!sis w\ld come into "q1 viz1 :e!r x may n always be ! cle>e/ s5sation :i* has effect & t :i* rema9s bel[ ! ?re%old does n come into consid]ation4 ,! revision ( 8 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*5 ,optik has be5 ! occasion = ^! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,helmholtz4 ,pr(essor ,gaule ( ,zuri* prop\nds a mo/ int]e/+ !ory ab\t ! developm5t ( ! trophic functions & ! *emical actions ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,he />ts ) ! idea t ! processes ( ! n]v\s sy/em are 9 accord ) ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,du ,bois ,reymond's rem>k t love & hatr$1 pleasure & pa9 w\ld rema9 unexpla9$ ev5 if all ! *anges t take place 9 ! arrangem5t ( atoms 9 our n]ves 7 kn[n & ma!matically computable1 has made a deep impression because x expresses ! disp>ity ( our def9itions ( atoms on ! "o side & feel+s on ! o!r4 ,yet our atomi/ic !ory is n f9al2 x is only an auxili>y conception :i* w simplify ?\ght s long z ! pres5t me?od ( consid]+ ph5om5a f a *emical or physical & geometrical /&po9t is reta9$4 ,z soon z we create a common auxili>y conception to comprise all ^! sci5ces1 we %all h to broad5 our def9itions4 ,tak+ ?is position z 8 philosophical basis1 ,pr(essor ,gaule attempts to consid] n]v\s processes z reflex actions1 ! latt] be+ cle>ly conceivable z subject to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,liv+ be+s appe> z complexes ( =ces develop$ f ! *emical actions tak+ place 9 _! organisms4 ,?r\gh a saturation ( ! aff9ities ( _! c>bon & hydrog5 atoms ) oxyg5 _! pot5tial en]gy is *ang$ into k9etic en]gy4 ,! latt] is us$ 9 _m v>i\s ways1 p>tly = build+ up m complex molecules1 p>tly = aga9 /or+ pot5tial en]gy1 & p>tly1--& ?is is a pr$om9ant process 9 animal organisms1--= sett+ =ces free :i* w s]ve z a s\rce ( _! activity4 ,x is su* a s\rce ( activity :i* ! impressions ( ! outside _w affect4 ,! impression is call$ ,reiz or irritation1 & ! irritation has (t5 be5 comp>$ to ! fuse or ! sp>k ignit+ a p[d]-m9e4 ,we mu/ h[ev] be> 9 m9d t ! organism is unlike ! p[d]-m9e1 n at re/ b 9 con/ant action & ! irritation does n prop]ly speak+ evoke a reflex b x only modifies ! action tak+ place4 ,all ?is is g5]ally conc$$ by ! physiologi/4 ,pr(essor ,gaule !n proce$s to expla9 8 idea ( ! n]v\s developm5t4 ,! cells ( ! epi!lium 9 ! sk9 p]=m a peculi> process1 call$ 9 ,g]man ,v]hornung2 !y turn into horn 7k]at9e7 by ! protoplasm's los+ its album9oids4 ,! process does n take place 9 "o cell b 9 sev]al lay]s ( cells & repres5ts l all actions a play ( =ces1 rais+ ! m k]at9is$ /rata f ! basal membrane to ! surface4 ,! k]at9is+ h[ev] is1 accord+ to ,gaule1 only ! less important surface-ph5om5on ( ano!r peculi> process :i* is direct$ t[>d ! int]ior ( ! organism4 ,an excretion takes place =m+ extremely f9e ?reads ar\nd ! cells :i* pass ?r\gh ! pores ( ! basal membrane 7a fact prov$ by ,can9is & ,fra5kel7 :]e !y =m a plexus4 ,out ( ! net-l me%es ( ^! plexuses gr[ increas+ly /rong filam5ts :i* =m ! trunks ( ! n]ves4 ,^! views agree v well ) ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,8 on ! ftal developm5t ( ! n]ves4 ,pr(essor ,8 has indubitably prov$ t ! olfactory n]ve = in/ance does n gr[ out ( b into ! hemisph]es4 ,! direction ( ! n]v\s gr[? is ! same z ! direction ( _! function4 ,_m ( ! s5sory n]ves h be5 prov5 to1 & x is probable t all ( !m d gr[ f ! p]iph]y into ! c5tral organ4 ,h5s5 9 opposition to ?is has propos$ ! !ory ( an orig9al connection betwe5 ! p]iph]al root ( ! n]ve & ! c5tral organ2 yet :atev] side ( ! controv]sy may be f\nd 9 ! end to be correct1 ! result does n mu* affect ,pr(essor ,gaule's !ory1 t ! ends ( ! n]ves repres5t ! roots f :i* !y gr[ & e special irritation mu/ specially affect ! secretion :i* =ms ! n]ve4 ,hav+ be5 r explicit 9 ! basal ideas ( ,pr(essor ,gaule's proposition we c n[ be brief4 ,! axis-cyl9d] ( ! n]v\s fibre corresponds to ! secretion ( ! n]v\s root2 ar\nd x is f\nd ! m>r[-%ea?1 a tube ( absorb+ cells conta9+1 also z prov$ by ,ruehne1 a net ( neuro-k]at9e2 ?is neuro-k]at9e aga9 absorbs ! axis-cyl9d]4 ,to ! "q ,:y does n ! axis-cyl9d] disappe>8 ,pr(essor ,gaule answ]s1 ,because x is con/antly r5ew$4 ,?us we h a con/ant fl[ 9 ! n]v\s sub/ance1 an ex*ange ( mat]ials1 an absorption1 a secretion1 & re-absorption2 & 9 ?is way x c be1 a progress ( *emical action condition+ ! v]tical direction ( ! n]ves ^u _! plexuses & also ! =m ( ! m>r[-%ea? :i* appe>s l crat]s1 "o ins]t$ )9 ! o!r & fil$ ^u ! axis-cyl9d]4 ,pr(essor ,gaule proposes no def9ite op9ion z to ! developm5t ( ! motor n]ves2 he makes "s sugge/ions :i* ne$ h[ev] fur!r explanation & demon/ration4 ,he has app>5tly n yet f9i%$ 8 inve/igations & we may expect to he> aga9 f him4 ,e4 ,raehlmann1 ,pr(essor ,( ,oph?almology at ,dorpat1 pres5ts a rsum ( 8 exp]i5ces z to ! visual developm5t ( p]sons bl9d f bir? to :om by a successful op]ation sight _h be5 re/or$4 ,we conf9e ourselves to a few quotations4 ,f\r weeks aft] ! op]ation ( ! "r eye & a =tnight aft] t ( ! left1 on ,april #bh?1 ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made on ,johann ,rub5s4 ,april #cj?1 pati5t mov$ 8 head m ?an 8 eyes4 ,he decl>$ he saw p]fectly2 yet he 0 unable to recognise any object except 8 dr9k+ mug1 :i* on ! previ\s day he _h felt ) 8 f+]s4 ,also 8 %oe 0 n recognis$ until he _h t\*$ x4 ,may #d?1 pati5t c\ld see t a wood5 ball diff]$ f a wood5 cube1 bo? be+ ( ! same color1 b 0 unable to tell t "o 0 r\nd1 ! o!r squ>e4 ,nor c\ld he di/+ui% ! ball f a disc4 ,aft] mu* h&l+ ! objects he le>n$ to recognise by sight ! r\ndness ( ! ball & ! squ>5ess ( ! cube1 b he rema9$ unable to di/+ui% ! ball f ! disc4 ,he le>n$ quickly to grasp objects 9 ! m$ian l9e ( 8 eyes b _h great difficulty 9 f9d+ !m ) 8 h& :5 plac$ at an angle be=e him4 ,may #bc;d1 a glass is aga9 pres5t$ to ! pati5t2 he sees 8 picture2 notic+ ! frame1 he decl>es ! glass to be a picture4 7,a picture _h be5 pres5t$ to him repeat$ly47 ,n[ a second face is %[n to him 9 ! glass by ! side ( 8 own4 ,pati5t becomes greatly bewild]$1 decl>+ ! picture to be famili> to him4 ,be+ ask$ :e!r x is t ( ! ,pr(essor1 he d5ies ! fact1 because ! ,pr(essor /ood beside him4 ,look+ ov] 8 %\ld] he notices ! ,pr(essor1 & see+ him twice he is conf\nd$4444 ,pati5t is left alone & rema9s almo/ half an h\r be=e ! glass4 ,he moves 8 arm con/antly up & d[n1 obs]v+ ) a smile h[ ! picture 9 ! glass makes ! same movem5ts4 ,reque/$ to t\* 8 nose1 he fir/ grasps into ! glass1 !n beh9d ! glass1 repeat+ ?is sev]al times4 ,8 h& !n is put on 8 nose4 ,n[ he laughs & t\*es ! sev]al p>ts ( 8 face1 con/antly obs]v+ ! motions ( 8 h& 9 ! glass4 ,mo/ in/ructive cases ( diseases ( m9d are ^? 9 :i* pati5ts _c help hav+ & obey+ c]ta9 ideas :i* are n1 h[ev]1 halluc9ations4 ,dr4 ,hack ,tuke 9 ! f\r? article ( ?is numb] says3 ,i 0 consult$ once 9 ! case ( a lady1 ! mo/ important symptom ( ^: disease 0 t %e _h to c\nt up to a c]ta9 numb] be=e do+ ! mo/ trivial ?+2 :5 %e turn$ at night 9 b$ f "o side to ! o!r1 or :5 %e took out h] wat*1 or 9 ! morn+ be=e %e rose2 :5 %e w5t d[n/airs to breakfa/1 %e w\ld sudd5ly /op on "o ( ! /eps & c\nt2 at ! breakfa/ table :5 ab\t to take ! tea-pot be=e t\*+ its h&le2 etc4 7,ari?momania74 ,ano!r case4 ,a "y law-/ud5t :o _h di/+ui%$ himself at s*ool1 "o day read ! ,engli% s5t5ce 'x 0 n compatible' & %ortly aft] t he f\nd ! s5t5ce1 ',i l x n' 9 ,g]man4 ,x /ruck him t ! negative 9 ! "o case 0 plac$ be=e & 9 ! o!r aft] ! ^w negativ$1 & he comm5c$ to pond] on negations 9 g5]al4 ,x became an all-important & all-absorb+ problem to him4 ,x kept him f "w4 ,= "s "t he propos$ que/ions to himself l3 ,:y d we n h cold blood l "s o!r animals8 etc4 ,he is at pres5t 9 great dang] ( becom+ undecisive & wav]+ 9 8 actions1 = 8 passion ( rum9at+ on 8 problem ( negatives weak5s 8 w & ?reat5s to de/roy 8 en]gy4 7,folie du d\te47 ,esquirol calls cases ( ,zwangsvor/ellung51 9 :i* a pati5t o!rwise heal?y is =c$ to pursue a c]ta9 trivial ?\ght1 monomanie raisonnante2 ,pr(essor ,ball1 intellectual impulses4 ,al?\gh h]$it>y influ5ces mo/ likely play an important "p 9 ?is disease !y seem to orig9ate 9 emotions1 & ,rgis = ?is reason calls !m dlire motif1 /at+ t _! ultimate cause mu/ be s\ght 9 a diseas$ /ate ( ! ganglionic sy/em ( ! inte/9es4 ,dr4 ,tuke favors ,*>cot's t]m onomatomanie4 ,! disease is a ,wortbesess5heit1 a ^w-mania4 ,c]ta9 expressions or phrases are press+ heavily ^u ! pati5t's consci\sness s z to =ce him irresi/ibly to ?9k !m or to pron\nce !m aga9 & aga94 ,n all cases c be classifi$ "u ^w-mania1 b su* cases z d\bt-mania 7,zweifelsu*t7 or ari?momania are ak9 to x4 ,dr4 ,tuke's advice is n to fight ! disease b to tea* ! pati5t to ignore x1 to treat x z trivial1 = ! diseas$ ideas d]ive new /r5g? f ! opposition made to !m4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ma* expla9s ,web]'s discov]y t if a tun+ =k is plac$ ^u ! head ( a p]son1 "o e> be+ %ut1 ! s\nd is he>d & locat$ 9 ! %ut e>1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! s\nd passes ?r\gh ! bones ( ! cranium to ! labyr9? ( ! e> & !nce out ( ! e> into ! air1 ?us tak+ ! inv]se direction ( o!r s\nds we he>4 ,if ! fl[ 9 "o e> be /opp$1 ! s\nd-waves are reflect$ & ! drum vibrates /rong]4 ,h5ce ! tone w be he>d m pla9ly 9 ! %ut e> & w be locat$ !re4 ,pr(essor ,s*aef] 9 ! la/ article ( ?is numb] describes an exp]im5t 9 ! same l9e1 :i* 9 ano!r way--! transmission ( s\nd ?r\gh air waves be+ exclud$--proves ! int]cranial conductibility ( v weak s\nds f e> to e>4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,l4 ,voss47 ,,s*rift5 ,,d] ,,gesells*aft ,,fu] ,,psy*ologis*e ,,=s*ung4 ,no4 #a4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,die ,,b$eutung ,,n>cotis*] ,,mittel ,,fu] ,,d5 ,,hypnotismus4 ,by ,dr4 ,freih]rn von ,s*r5ck-,notz+4 ,,e9 ,,guta*t5 ,,ueb] ,,e95 ,,fall ,,von ,,spontanem ,,somnambulismus4 ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,augu/ ,=el4 ,! psy*ological societies ( ,muni* & ,b]l9 h />t$ "u ! above title a p]iodical ! fir/ numb] ( :i* is v promis+4 ,dr4 von ,s*r5ck-,notz+ makes "s critical rem>ks on ,pr(4 ,b]nheim's view to consid] hypnosis z an increase ( sugge/ibility produc$ by sugge/ion4 ,!re are obs]vations :i* d n ju/ify ?is def9ition4 ,he !n inve/igates ! sub/itution ( n>cotics z a means = produc+ hypnosis & _! sugge/ive effects4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 essay ,dr4 ,s*r5ck-,notz+ speaks ab\t ! sugge/ive effects ( ,indian hemp :i* 9 a special prep>ation "u ! "n ( ha%i% is us$ 9 ! ,ori5t z a means ( intoxication4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! ,ismaelite secret society ,megalis et ,hiemit 7! h\se ( wisdom7 consi/+ ( mission>ies 7,das71 adepts 7,f$as7 & laym5 7,refiks71 all ( :i* are b\nd bl9dly to obey _! gr& ma/] 7,dai-al-,doal74 ,hassan1 an adept ( ?is society1 0 oblig$ to flee1 #ajij1 on acc\nt ( "s qu>rels4 ,he f\nd$ a simil> sect at ! head ( :i* /ood ! old man ( ! m\nta9s 7,%aik-al-,djabal74 ,_! memb]s1 especially ! l[] classes1 ! ha%i%91 made !mselves =midable 9 ! times ( ! crusades by _! reckless ob$i5ce 9 execut+ murd] & o!r crimes4 ,! ord] consi/$ ( #fj1jjj memb]s & _! bl9d ob$i5ce 0 effect$ ?r\gh sugge/ibility 9 ! /ate ( ha%i% intoxication4 ,! ^w assass9 is d]iv$ f _! "n4 ,9 ! ye> #abee a ,mongolian gov]nor ord]$ #ab1jjj ha%i%9 to be execut$ on acc\nt ( ! dang]\s "* ( _! sect4 ,! secret ( _! =midable ob$i5ce appe>s to h be5 ! me?od ( intoxicat+ ! neophyte be=e 8 admission to ! ord] ) ha%i% 9 "s gr& m\nta9 sc5]y & sugge/+ to him all ! pleasures ( p>adise :i* he w\ld f9d 9 bl9d fai? & unres]v$ ob$i5ce to ! old man ( ! m\nta94 ,contempt ( dea?1 ins5sibility "u ! sev]e/ tortures1 & an unspeakable joy 9 ! fulfilm5t ( _! lead]'s comm& 7 ! result4 ,x c readily be p]ceiv$ :at a dang]\s drug ha%i% is2 nev]!less x is said t ! cultivation ( ,indian hemp1 especially among "s negro tribes ( ,africa accord+ to ! reports ( ,wissmann1 ex]cises 9 sev]al respects a good influ5ce4 ,"s ( ! b>b>ians ( d>ke/ ,africa h giv5 up cannibalism & accu/om !mselves to m civilis$ habits4 ,! psy*ical effects ( ha%i% are describ$ z3 7#a7 a feel+ ( com=t2 7#b7 dissociation ( ideas & a lack ( _! control2 7#c7 illusion conc]n+ space & "t2 7#d7 an increas$ s5se ( he>+2 7#e7 fix$ ideas & delirium2 7#f7 a di/urbance ( affective /ates1 e4 g4 suspicion2 7#g7 irresi/ible impulses2 7#h7 illusions & halluc9ations4 ,dr4 v4 ,s*r5ck-,notz+ freely quotes f ,moreau1 ,du ,ha%i% et de l'alination m5tale1 ,etude psy*ologique 7,p>is3 ,masson1 #ahde71 & adds sev]al exp]im5ts ( 8 own4 ,mrs4 ,fay1 a somnambule accus$ ( imposition & fraud1 0 deliv]$ by ! ,c\nty ,c\rt ( ,zuri* to ,pr(essor ,=el = obs]vation :o kept h] = sev]al days 9 8 in/itute4 ,! pr(essor's report to ! ,c\nty ,c\rt is v int]e/+ 9 s f> z ,mrs4 ,fay1 a woman )\t education1 mu/ be consid]$ z a g5u9e somnambule exhibit+ all ! symptoms obs]v$ 9 o!r cases4 ,%e _h be5 a s]vant girl 9 ,basel & s9ce h] fifte5? ye> fell twice a day 9 an hypnotic sleep4 ,%e m>ri$ & _h sev]al *ildr51 h] y\nge/ *ild 0 born :ile %e 0 9 h] hypnotic sleep4 ,%e made a liv+ by cur+ pati5ts :o consult$ h] :5 asleep1 & 0 puni%$ be=e on t acc\nt = imposition4 ,dur+ "o ( h] hypnotic /ates pati5ts 7 introduc$ to h] 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pr(essor ,=el & %e made h] /atem5ts 9 vague t]ms z almo/ all somnambules d4 ,! exp]im5t %[$ t h] diagnosis consi/$ ( r&om guesses :i* 9 exceptional cases happ5$ to be correct2 sometimes !y 7 n :olly incorrect1 b mo/ly errone\s4 ,%e believes h]self to be possess$ by a _s :om %e calls ,ern/4 ,pr(essor ,=el )\t consid]+ ! woman z a model ( tru?fulness1 believes 9 h] s9c]ity4 ,he cur$ h] ( h] hypnotic sleep on h] own reque/4 ,%e /at$ t ! money %e e>n$ by cur+ pati5ts did n make up = ! loss %e endur$ by n be+ able to e>n a liv+ by "w4 ,pr(essor ,=el succe$$ ) 8 cure1 b he /ates 9 a po/script t ! woman hav+ return$ to h] =m] surr\nd+s1 has s9ce suff]$ f relapses4 7,leipsic3 ,ambr4 ,abel47 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 ,nos4 #c & #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,quantitaet ,,und ,,qualitaet ,,9 ,,begriff1 ,,ur!il ,,und ,,geg5/a5dli*] ,,erk5ntniss4 ,e9 ,kapitel d] transc5d5tal5 ,logik4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,p4 ,natorp4 ,,rec5sion54 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,,bibliographie4 ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,as*]son4 ,! conclusion ( ,pr(4 ,p4 ,natorp's article on ,quantity & ,quality 9 ,concept1 ,judgm5t1 & ,objective ,cognition appe>s to be ! mo/ important "p ( ! essay4 ,pr(essor ,natorp is a transc5d5tali/4 ,he und]/&s ,kant 9 a duali/ic s5se :]e ! latt] says t ! unity ( app]ception 7,e9heit d] ,app]ception7 is ! radical faculty ( all our cognition 7,radical-,v]mg5 all] uns]] ,erk5tniss74 ,cognition is def9$ z limitation ( t :i* is p] se inf9ite4 ,x is natural t = a transc5d5tali/ ! greate/ difficulty arises :5 he attempts to let 8 a priori face ! facts ( reality4 ,pr(essor ,natorp %[s great skill & +5uity 9 ?is respect4 ,x is b consi/5t ) 8 premisses to arrive at an inv9cible dualism1 yet he adapts 8 transc5d5talism suffici5tly to fulfil ! dem&s ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us he does n come to a real solution b to a modus viv5di1 :i* is aft] all ! purpose ( philosophy4 ,pr(essor ,natorp consid]s ! syn!tic unity n z giv51 b z to be realis$2 a concept is creat$ ?r\gh def9ition4 ,! data ( exp]i5ce on ! o!r h& are n ! def9$1 b ! def9able4 ,!y are to be def9$ by ! =ms ( ! concepts1 & _! fundam5tal =ms are quantity & quality4 ,he says3 ,! def9ition z ?is & z t 7z some?+ id5tical7 is a function ( ! concept1 b ! concept presupposes s5sation z ! mat]ial to be def9$4 ,to consid] s5sation z giv5 9 ?is its absolute id5tity :i* is dem&$ by ! concept1 is aft] all an illusion4 ,!re=e positivism & n idealism conf\nds ! dem&s ( cognition ) ! giv5 reality1 ?us adju/+ facts to our wants ( k4 ,s5sation conceiv$ z a datum & n z a po/ulate is & rema9s ! inf9itely def9able & nev] absolutely def9$4444 ,x appe>s easy ?us to r$uce ! dualism ( =m & matt]1 concept & s5sation1 ! def9$ & ! def9able to "o ultimate unity4 ,9 "o respect positivism succe$s1 attribut+ full def9$ness1 & n m]e def9abl5ess1 to ! data2 & !n1 x f9ds no difficulty 9 lett+ ! def9+ function ( ! concept 9 its peculi>ity disappe> by r$uc+ x to a quality ( ! data4 ,we d n "k to :at k9d ( positivism ,pr(essor ,natorp ref]s2 yet x seems t x _c be appli$ ei!r to ,comte's or to ,littr's views4 ,nor does x dispose ( ! positivism editorially set =? 9 ,! ,moni/4 ,positivism1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,natorp1 is at fault 9 dropp+ ! def9ite function ( ! concept4 ,b he endeavors to avoid ! opposite mi/ake also1 viz4 to entirely drop ! def9able1 :i* might be suppos$ to be a m]e ,x1 sc>cely repres5table 9 cle> concepts1 or to d$uce x f ! def9+ function4 ,?is o!r exagg]ation is t ( idealism :i* has f\nd its pure/ expression 9 ,fi*te's philosophy4 ,pr(essor ,natorp by keep+ alo( f bo? errors decl>es dualism to be insup]able2 dualism1 he says1 'is a h>d fact'--e9e />re ,?atsa*e4 ,! tr\ble ) transc5d5tali/s1 x seems to u1 orig9ates 9 _! me?od ( />t+ ) cognition1 ) ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception1 ) ! =ms ( concepts4 ,exp]i5ce means to !m ! s5se-elem5t ( s5sation1 ! cont5ts ( concepts )\t _! =m4 ,!y />t ) a dualism4 ,:5 !y h complet$ _! sy/em ( transc5d5tal =ms1 !y f9d x h>d to expla9 h[ to *ange _! rigid laws into ! con/ant flux ( reality z pres5t$ to u by exp]i5ce4 ,%\ld ! philosoph] n r />t f ! function ( cognis+1 :i* 9 itself is a unity8 ,he w f9d t cognition1 concept1 ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception1 & all ! complex laws ( transc5d5tal ?\ght are products ( ! cognis+ function4 ,if ^! laws are rigid1 we h made !m s4 ,we h made !m /able1 we h fix$ !m = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,_! rigidity is a legitimate fiction = t purpose1 b beyond x x f9ds no application4 ,pure logic draws di/9ctions :i* d n exi/ 9 reality2 pure ma!matics op]ates ) l9es :i* consid]$ z real ?+s are m]e non5tities4 ,! dualism betwe5 concept & s5sation1 betwe5 ! a priori & ! a po/]iori1 betwe5 ?\ght & ?+1 betwe5 =m & matt]1 is n giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 = 9 exp]i5ce ! =mal & ! mat]ial are "o insep>able :ole2 x is ! product ( cognition4 ,! cognis+ function diff]5tiates ! data ( exp]i5ce into =mal & mat]ial aspects2 ! =mal be+ always ( a g5]al "* s]ves z a help = sy/ematis+ & classify+ ! mat]ial4 ,?is appe>s to u ! only way ( realis+ a moni/ic positivism1 & no philosophy c be consid]$ z satisfactory until x repres5ts ! data ( exp]i5ce or positive facts 9 a unit>y view1 i4 e4 a h>moni\s conception free ( contradictions4 ,pr(essor ,natorp has /ill to battle ) ! ,eleatic "q4 ,he beg9s ! conclusion ( 8 article ) ! foll[+ words3 ,let u consid] only ! mo/ important results ( our d$uction4 ,an explanation ( 'becom+1' ( '*ange' has 9 ?is way become possible2 ! solution ( ! ,eleatic problem h[ '*ange' c be at all1 s9ce be+ means un*angeable def9$ness2 or1 h[ becom+ c be1 s9ce x includes n-be+1 = be+ means ! transition f n-be+ into be+1 or f be+ into n-be+4 ,h[ c we ?9k ?is comb9ation ( position & negation )\t contradiction1 a comb9ation ( position & negation be+ a contradiction8 ,?is is r a late fl[] ( ,hegelian ?\ght3 b1 be+ pres5t$ s vigor\sly & unequivocally1 x illu/rates cle>ly ! mi/ake ( transc5d5talism 9 />t+ f ab/ract concepts or pure ?\ght1 !nce com+ d[n to ! facts ( reality4 ,!re transc5d5tali/s h to fit _! ideas ab\t be+ & n-be+ to exp]i5ce1 & f9d+ insup]able difficulties mu/ consi/5tly become duali/s4 ,pr(essor ,natorp's solution ( ! ,eleatic "q is to f9d a me?od ( ?\ght :i* ov]comes ! absolute contradiction ( position & negation4444 ,?is is done by ! compreh5sive unity1 :i* means id5tity & at ! same "t diff]5ce1 viz4 t "o is ! same z ! o!r & yet n ! same4 ,we %\ld say t ! ,eleatic "q w be/ be und]/ood by a cle> compreh5sion ( ! function1 ! purpose1 & ! products ( cognition4 ,says ,pr(essor ,natorp3 ,s9ce ,kant has re/or$ 9 its purity ! di/9ction made by ! anci5ts betwe5 & 1 & 1 ! au?ors ( ?is di/9ction1 ! philosoph]s ( ,elea are almo/ ne>] to u ?an ,ari/otle4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght & s5sation is inde$ ( extraord9>y importance4 ,ideas 7?\ghts7 & s5sations are diff]5t1 b ! recognition ( ?is diff]5ce is no reason to decl>e dualism z p]man5tly e/abli%$4 ,is n ! reason ( _! diff]5ce ! diff]5ce ( ab/raction made 9 ea* case4 ,by n\m5a1 i4 e4 ?\ghts or ideas1 we und]/& all m5tal symbols repres5t+ ?+s4 ,! ideas man1 manhood1 virtue1 etc41 are n s5sations1 b symbols repres5t+ "s qualities ab/ract$ f s5sations4 ,9 mak+ ! ab/raction idea we conf9e ! t]m1 i4 e4 ! symbol idea1 to its repres5tative elem5t alone4 ,we leave out ( sight t real ideas vibrat+ ?r\gh our bra9 are at ! same "t n]v\s /ructures 9 actions2 we leave also out ( sight t !y possess ! /ate ( aw>5ess 9 common ) s5sations4 ,we d x because _! repres5tative nature is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,h[ev]1 9 mak+ ! ab/raction s5sation we d n exclude ! /ate ( aw>5ess1 we ?9k fir/ ( all ( ! feel+ ( a s5sation & !n also ( its =m1 viz4 ! special s5se-impression4 ,i h a s5sation is almo/ equival5t to ! phrase ,i h a feel+2 a s5sation ( light means a feel+ ( ! effect ( e!r-waves ^u ! ret9a2 a s5sation ( s\nd is a feel+ ( ! effect ( air-waves ^u ! drum ( ! e>2 etc4 ,j z mu* z e!r-waves are n light1 & air-waves n s\nd1 7! latt] be+ ! effect ( ! =m] ^u specially adapt$ feel+ sub/ance71 s also ! s5sations light & s\nd are n ! ideas we h ( light & s\nd4 ,! ideas ( light & s\nd are symbols repres5t+ 9 feel+ sub/ance ! s5sations light & s\nd4 ,^! symbols1 we suppose1 h develop$ f ! memory-images ( s5sations4 ,!y mu/ 9 _! turn also be consid]$ z effects4 ,!y are ! effects ( s5se-impressions ^u specially adapt$ feel+ sub/ance1 viz4 ^u a high] sy/em ( n]v\s /ructures1 n 9 direct contact ) ! p]iph]y1 b gr[+ ^u & f ! p]iph]al s5sory reflex c5tres4 ,! physiological activity ( ?\ghts is accompani$ also ) ! feel+ elem5t2 or 9 o!r words1 ?\ghts are1 z mu* z s5sations1 /ates ( aw>5ess4 ,yet !y diff] f s5sations 9 t !y d n conta9 any?+ ( s5se-impressions2 ! latt] be+ an exclusive *>act]i/ic ( ! action ( s5sory organs4 ,! memory-picture ( blackness is n a s5sation & ! idea ( blackness /ill less4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 n\m5a or ?+s ( ?\ght & /heta or s5sations is by no means s di/9ct z is (t5 assum$2 =1 z we h se51 ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! n\m5on is its repres5tative "*4 ,isolat$ s5se-impressions possess no repres5tative "*1 b s5sations d possess x4 ,s5sations are ! connect+ l9k betwe5 s5se-impressions & ?\ghts1 betwe5 mean+less feel+ & m5tal /ates or m9d1 i4 e4 repres5tative /ates ( aw>5ess4 ,ideas are1 z x 71 an extract ( ! repres5tative value conta9$ 9 s5sations4 ,?is is my conception ( ! di/9ction to be made betwe5 & 1 betwe5 s5se-activity & ?\ght-activity1 betwe5 ! ph5om5on & n\m5on4 ,x is set =? at l5g? 9 ! discussion ) ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ma* 9 ?is numb]4 ,x has be5 "h aga9 set =? at su* l5g?1 because ,i am conv9c$ t a f9al solution ( ! problem is ( great importance4 7,heidelb]g3 ,george ,weiss47 4 ,,m9]va4 ,rassegna ,int]nazionale4 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,m9]va w repres5t ! fir/ ,italian v5ture 9 ! direction ( a compreh5sive magaz9e ( int]national ref]5ce & lit]>y record4 ,! editors1 9 /at+ ! aims ( _! new publication1 ackn[l$ge t ,italy ke5ly feels ! lack ( an int]national intellectual magaz9e4 ,9 ,italy ! read+ public1 & p]sons ( an av]age culture1 /ill seem to be cut (f f all /imulat+ intellectual contact ) ! outside civilis$ _w2 :ile beyond ! ,alps1 on ! contr>y1 & across ! seas1 any book1 or a simple magaz9e-article ev51 be x writt5 9 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 or ,fr5*1 & legitimately claim f any po9t ( view a c]ta9 importance1 is at once read by innum]able p]sons f ,san ,francisco all ! way to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,?r\gh ! intellectual m$ium ( _! int]national reviews1 ^! nations seem actually to h realis$ "o ( ,goe!'s mo/ ard5t aspirations1--! dream ( a noble & humanis+ _w-lit]ature4 ,ne>ly all ( ! articles conta9$ 9 ! pres5t issue ( ,m9]va are ably cond5s$ translations & epitomes ( articles t h rec5tly appe>$ 9 lead+ ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 & ,g]man reviews & magaz9es4 ,la ,m9]va is "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,f$]ico ,g>l&a ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome4 7,rome3 ,la ,societ ,laziale4 ,tip ,editrice47 ,,voprosy ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4#id #id ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,9 ! ,russian language4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,fur!r ,,rem>ks ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,task ,,( ,,?is ,,review4 ,by ! ,editor ,pr(4 ,n4 ,grote4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,evolution4 ,by ,b4 ,n4 ,beketov4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,c\nt ,,tol/oi',s ,,book ,,f ,,life4 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,kozl[4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,by ,n4 ,n4 ,/ra*ov4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,human ,,consci\sness4 ,by ,pr9ce ,c4 ,n4 ,trubetzkoi4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,bibliography4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,w ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,k4 ,v5tzel4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,review ,,( ,,p]iodicals3 #a7 ,( =eign philosophical ,reviews2 #b7 ,( philosophical articles 9 ,russian ecclesia/ical pap]s4 ,,polemical4 ,,app5dix3 #a7 ,mat]ials = ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,russia2 #b7 ,transactions ( ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 ,russia is p]haps t c\ntry ( all civilis$ nations ( :i* we "k lea/1 & ev5 su* au?ors z ,tol/o :o are read all ov] ! _w1 are p]haps1 sev]$ f _! surr\nd+s1 n correctly und]/ood by u z ! ,russian und]/&s !m4 ,! pres5t magaz9e1 ,problems ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 be+ a /rictly sci5tific p]iodical1 is less peculi>ly ,russian )\t entirely los+ ! national *>act]i/ics ( its home4 ,! int5tion ( ! editor has be5 to develop & to give a *ance = a fur!r developm5t ( an indep5d5t ,russian philosophy4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,we/1 we are in=m$1 does n satisfy ! ,russian m9d2 ! ,engli% philosophy is "o-sid$ empirical1 ! ,fr5* ma!matical1 ! ,g]man too ab/ract & logical4 ,! ,russian philosophy aspires to br+ ab\t a well-balanc$ & h>moni\s me?od ( ?9k+ 9 :i* reason1 s5tim5t1 & action--sci5ce1 art & religion--are reconcil$4 ,pr(essor ,grote1 ! editor ( ,problems ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 by plac+ ! e?ical int]e/ 9 ! =egr\nd1 hopes t ,russian philosophy w become ! salvation ( ! _w f evil4 ,among ! book reviews we f9d six pages devot$ to ,! ,e?ical ,problem1 by ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us1 a translation ( :i* 0 made = u by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,gunlogs5 ( ,*icago4 ,we f9d h[ev] t ! review]1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,a/afiew1 mixes ! position ( ! au?or up ) t ( ! societies = e?ical culture4 ,if he repres5ts ! ,magaz9e's view ( reconcil+ ,sci5ce1 ,art1 & ,religion1 x is sure t ,religion 9 ! %ape ,( 8 peculi> cre$ w\ld get ! lion's %>e4 ,! int]e/ ( ! little book consi/s to him 9 ! fact t x cle>ly *>act]ises a s+ul> an>*ical condition2 by hav+ lo/ ! old fai?1 x is utt]ly unable to replace x4 ,x is an assumption to base e?ics & religion on positive & sci5tific f\ndations2 yet ! attempt is curi\s z a symptom ( ! times & especially ( enlight5$ ,am]ica4 ,9 answ] to "o ( ! mo/ important errors 9 ,mr4 ,a/afiew's review1 we h to /ate t bas+ e?ics ^u ! facts ( life1 v]ifi$ & v]ifiable by sci5ce1 does n mean t we h to /udy psy*ology 9 ord] to be moral4 ,a man c lead a moral life )\t und]/&+ any?+ ( e?ics1 ! sci5ce ( morality4 ,e?ics is n an indisp5sable condition ( morality4 ,b x is ( p>am\nt importance t e?ics--z a sci5ce--is n an impossibility4 ,! data ( moral life1 ! impulses ( duty1 ( consci5ce1 ( ! ought1 are n my/ical or sup]natural1 i4 e4 extra-natural1 /&+ 9 contradiction to o!r natural facts2 !y are n1 z ! intuitioni/s ma9ta91 unanalysable1 !y are n1 z ,pr(essor ,adl]1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,e?ical ,societies decl>es1 beyond ! pale ( sci5ce2 ! ladd] ( sci5ce1 he says1 does n rea* s f>4 ,! data ( moral life are facts ( ! natural developm5t ( man & ( human society2 !y c be inve/igat$ by sci5ce1 !y c be comp>$ ) o!r natural facts1 !y c be classifi$ & und]/ood4 ,a man c ?r[ a /one )\t und]/&+ any?+ ( ,newton's laws1 he c build a hut )\t und]/&+ ar*itecture4 ,yet = t reason ! /udy ( balli/ics & ( ar*itecture are n useless4 ,! man :o has /udi$ ar*itecture may bridge ! ,niag>a1 :i* ! m\nd-build]s 7 unable to d4 ,& if a bridge breaks d[n :ile ! m\nds ( ! m\nd-build]s are /ill /&+1 x proves no?+ aga9/ ar*itecture4 ,an e?ical /ud5t may h propos$ unt5able !ories 9 e?ics1 he may h prea*$ a wrong morality1 & may h gone a/ray himself3 all t w\ld prove no?+ aga9/ ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,x is to be expect$ t e?ical k1 if x leav5e? ! :ole lump ( human society1 w raise man's moral life high]1 z surely z our k ( ar*itecture made x possible t we n[ build palaces ^u ! places :]e 9 =m] times /ood ! wigwams ( ! ,indians4 7,mosc[1 #ahia47 4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,july1 #ahia4 ,,no4 #d4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,conception4 ,g5]al ,nature ( ,?\ght4--,! processes m>k$ (f by ! psy*ologi/ z ?9k+ or ?\ght con/itute ! highe/ /age ( intellectual elaboration 7intellection74 ,by tak+ our concrete p]cepts & resolv+ !m into s _m ab/ractions1 7qualities or attributes ( ?+s1 relations betwe5 ?+s17 we are enabl$ to c>ry out ! process ( cognition to ! fur!/ po9t ( unification4 ,z long z we view a p>ticul> object1 or an ev5t1 alone ap>t f o!r ?+s1 we m]ely appreh5d x4 ,b :5 we br+ x into relation to k9dr$ ?+s we compreh5d x4 ,?us1 we compreh5d ! tig] by class+ x ) o!r memb]s ( ! fel9e gr\p4 ,s we compreh5d or und]/& ! movem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e by assimilat+ x to ! m famili> action ( ! /eam 9 ! kettle 9 =c+ up ! lid4 ,l imag9ative production ?9k+ is no?+ b ! sum ( processes ( sep>ation & comb9ation1 c>ri$ out on s5se-mat]ial4 ,b 9 ?is case ! elaborative processes assume a new & peculi> =m4 ,x is "o ?+ to build up a pictorial image z ! poet does1 ano!r ?+ to elaborate an ab/ract idea1 su* z ! sci5tific notion ( =ce1 fulcrum1 & s =?4 ,we mu/ n[ try to inve/igate m ?or\ghly ! nature ( ?is ?\ght-elaboration4 ,?\ght z ,activity4--,x is evid5t t ! processes "h r\ghly describ$ are active processes1 t is to say !y involve a special ex]tion ( ! =ces ( att5tion4 ,9 p]ception1 reproduction1 & con/ructive imag9ation1 ?is active factor is at "w4 ,b x is only 9 ?\ght prop] t ?is activity becomes fully develop$4 ,to ?9k ( a p>ticul> attribute 9 an object1 say ! color ( a rose1 is z we all "k a consci\s ef=t or /ra94 ,a *ild fir/ call$ ^u to ?9k ab\t ab/ract qualities1 & ! g5]al relations ( objects f9ds ! op]ation difficult & fatigu+4 ,all ?9k+ is 9 tru? an ex]cise ( ! high] =m ( att5tion1 viz4 volitional conc5tration ( consci\sness4 ,we only ?9k :5 we h "s purpose z ! discov]y ( ! lik5ess or diff]5ce among objects1 & su* a purpose only develops itself z ! individual & ! race atta9 a c]ta9 measure ( developm5t or culture4 ,! *ild & ! savage1 l ! animal1 get on v well )\t ?9k+4 ,& ev5 a l>ge proportion ( civilis$ adults ?9k only 9 an occasional & rudim5t>y way4 ,?\ght is ?us 9 all cases a k9d ( artificial activity su/a9$ only = %ort p]iods & "u ! /ress ( impulses or motives :i* belong to a high /age ( intellectual & moral developm5t4 ,! high degree ( activity 9 ?\ght presumably involves a special am\nt ( t muscul> /ra9 :i* =ms ! s5su\s base ( ! attitude ( att5tion4 ,to ?9k is ?us to conc5trate consci\sness by aid ( en]getic motor adju/m5ts4 ,^! include ! inn]vation ( c]ta9 muscles1 m p>ticul>ly ^? by :i* movem5ts ( ! eyes & head are c>ri$ out4 ,to ?9k is to keep c]ta9 ideational elem5ts 9 p]si/5t consci\sness1 & ?is is probably effect$ 9 "p at lea/ by an en]getic & su/a9$ inn]vation ( p>ticul> gr\ps ( muscles4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t s9ce z we %all see pres5tly all ?9k+ is br++ toge!r 9 _! relations a numb] ( ideational elem5ts1 ! muscul> activity 9 ! case is ( a specially difficult k9d4 ,su* special muscul> ef=ts w\ld probably effect a cutt+ (f ( o!r elem5ts & s subs]ve t sev]e n>r[+ ( consci\sness :i* is s m>k$ a feature 9 ?\ght4 ,directions ( ,?\ght-,activity4--,?is ?\ght-activity may be view$ z hav+ two aspects or z foll[+ two directions1 :i* x may be well to view ap>t1 ev5 ?\gh1 z we %all pres5tly see1 !y are insep>able aspects ( "o process4 ,j z all intellectual elaboration is at once diff]5tiation or sep>ation & integration or comb9ation ( :at is diff]5tiat$1 s ?\ght itself is b a high] developm5t ( ea* phase4 a7 ,analysis1 ,ab/raction4--,fir/ ( all1 !n1 ?\ght may be view$ z a c>ry+ fur!r & into high] =ms ! process ( diff]5tiation or sep>ation ( pres5tative elem5ts by means ( isolat+ acts ( att5tion4 ,?us on selectively consid]+ ! color ( a rose1 or ! =m ( a cry/al1 we are x is evid5t diff]5tiat+ :at is giv5 9 p]ception z a complex into a numb] ( p>ts1 & r5d]+ "o ( ^! specially prom95t & di/9ct4 ,su* ?\ght-sep>ation is commonly spok5 ( z ,analysis1 i4 e4 ! tak+ ap>t ( :at is conjo9$ 9 a :ole1 & also z ,ab/raction or ! )drawal ( att5tion f :at is = ! mom5t irrelevant & conf9+ x to "o p>ticul> po9t1 feature1 or quality 7,lat9 ab or abs1 & traho74 ,"h x is evid5t a special attitude & ef=t ( att5tion is requir$4 ,x is "o ?+ to note c>efully a pres5tative complex j z x is1 ano!r ?+ to s+le out "s elem5t ( ?is & fix ! att5tion on x4 ,! peculi> difficulty ( ?is analytic att5tion is due to ! firm coh]5ce ( ! complex4 ,! *ild _c see ! color ( ! orange j because ! orange z a :ole /&s 9 ! way4 ,h5ce ?is analytic att5tion is ab/raction 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 t is a delib]ate turn+ aside f :at /imulates or attracts ?is att5tion at ! mom5t4 ,su* ab/ract s+l+ out ( an elem5t may be suppos$ to involve a special modification ( ! muscul> adju/m5t 9 att5tion4 ,h5ce p]haps ! comp>ative ease ) :i* we c s+le out = obs]vation locally di/9ct features ( an object1 to :i* correspond diff]5t movem5ts ( ! s5se-organ4 ,on ! o!r h& ! great difficulty ( m5tally sep>at+ ! color f ! =m ( an object may arise f ! common elem5t 9 ! muscul> adju/m5ts conc]n$4 ,! nature ( ?is process ( analysis or ab/ract att5tion is be/ se5 9 ^? comp>atively simple op]ations 9 :i* an actual pres5tation-complex z a gr\p ( tones or colors is be+ analys$4 ,! c>ry+ out ( su* a process ( analysis is aid$ by c]ta9 conditions objective or ext]nal1 & subjective or int]nal4 ,?us x is f\nd t ! clos] ! degree ( ! complication ! m difficult ! isolat+ fixation4 ,?us :ile x is comp>atively easy to att5d to "o detail ( color 9 an object locally sep>at$ f o!r color-details x is exce$+ly difficult to att5d to ! brightness or ! degree ( saturation ( a color ap>t f ! quality ( ! tone itself4 ,9 ! case ( tone-masses1 aga91 x is f\nd t c]ta9 comb9ations1 m especially t ( ! octave1 are difficult to di/+ui% because ( ! t5d5cy 9 ?is case to fusion4#ie #ie ,?is is ,/umpf's explanation4 ,see 8 acc\nt ( ! diff]5t degrees ( fusion4 ,tonpsy*ologie ii4 p4 #fe1 & p4 #abg et seqq4 ,com+ n[ to subjective conditions we f9d t ! detection ( an elem5t 9 a complex is aid$ by a previ\s famili>ity ) ?is ap>t f its pres5t concomitants4 ,?us ! s+l+ out ( ! p>tial tones ( a clang is greatly aid$ by ! circum/ance t ^! occur & s are kn[n ap>t f ! gr\nd-tone & ?us are m readily pick$ out & recognis$4#if ,aga91 ! sep>ate detection ( a pres5tative elem5t is aid$ by special int]e/ 9 ! p>ticul> mat]ial4 ,a f9e e> = clang-effect or timbre c m readily fix its att5tion on ?is4 #if ,accord+ to ,helmholtz ?is previ\s famili>ity ) ! elem5ts ( a composite :ole :5 x gives rise to a vivid expectation may produce an illusory analysis1 z :5 c]ta9 opticians affirm$ t !y c\ld detect ! suppos$ con/itu5ts ( gre51 blue1 & yell[1 9 t color4 ,see ,physiol4 ,optik1 p4 #bgc4 ,su* special int]e/ works ma9ly ?r\gh :at is kn[n z practice4 ,:at we are accu/om$ to note1 & ex]cis$ 9 pick+ out f its surr\nd+s1 we are able to detect readily4 ,?is effect ( practice 9 facilitat+ analysis or ab/ract att5tion to ?is & t con/itu5t ( a pres5tation-complex is abundantly %[n ?r\gh\t ! :ole doma9 ( rec5t exp]im5tal inquiry into ! nature & relations ( s5sation4 ,( c\rse all su* analytical sep>ation ( pres5tative con/itu5ts is limit$ by c]ta9 conditions 9 our s5sibility4 ,?us ! limits ( local discrim9ation obvi\sly conf9e ! range ( isolat+ att5tion to local detail 9 our tactual & visual pres5tations4 ,s9ce too su* isolation is diff]5tiation1 i4 e4 ! s+l+ out ( "s trait or feature diff]5t 9 quality or int5sity f surr\nd+ features1 x foll[s t our ab/raction is 9 all cases limit$ by our discrim9ation4 ,we _c sep>ately fixate a local detail ( color if ?is is n qualitatively di/+ui%able f its surr\nd+s1 nor a local detail ( =m if ?is is n di/+ui%able 9 lum9\s int5sity f its ent\rage4 ,simil>ly ) respect to ! difficult analysis ( complex tone-pres5tations or clangs & ta/e-pres5tations1 z ! mix$ flavors ( a di%4 b7 ,syn!sis3 ,consci\s ,relat+4--,9 ! second place all ?\ght is integrat+ or comb9+1 or1 z x is commonly express$1 a process ( ,syn!sis4 ,9 ?9k+ we nev] m]ely isolate or ab/ract4 ,we analytically resolve ! pres5tative complexes ( our concrete exp]i5ce only 9 ord] to e/abli% c]ta9 relations among !m4 ,! mo/ appropriate t]m = all su* consci\s relat+ or disc]nm5t ( relation is ,comp>ison4 ,all our s5sational or pres5tative mat]ial is giv5 9 c]ta9 relations or connections1 includ+ ! relation ( coexi/5ce1 or co9h]5ce 9 a sub/ance1 ( ! sev]al qualities ( a ?+4 ,?us ! sev]al p>ts ( an ext5d$ body /& 9 c]ta9 spatial relations "o to ano!r1 "o "p be+ situat$ to ! "r ( ! o!r1 & ! object z a :ole be+ above & beh9d ano!r object1 & s =?4 ,to ^! space-relations mu/ be add$ ! "t-relations ( all ev5ts1 su* z ! movem5ts ( objects1 _! *anges ( =m1 & s =?4 ,la/ly ) ^! 'ext]nal' relations are giv5 ! s-call$ 'int]nal' relations ( diff]5ce & lik5ess4 ,! colors1 =ms1 & s =? t pres5t !mselves f "t to "t exhibit a l>ge v>iety ( su* relations4 ,z long z we p]ceive or imag9e ! concrete object z su* we h only a vague 'implicit' k ( ^! relations4 ,?us a *ild 9 look+ at a h\se sees implicitly ! *imney 9 a def9ite spatial relation to ! mass ( ! build+1 b ! cle> explicit grasp ( ! relation is a subsequ5t process go+ beyond p]ception & involv+ a rudim5t ( :at we m>k (f z ?\ght4 ,9 l mann] :5 9 recollection we recall a sequ5ce ( exp]i5ces1 we may implicitly recognise "o z foll[+ ano!r2 yet x is only by a process ( ?\ght t we explicitly s+le out ?is relation = special consid]ation4 ,! same holds good ) reg>d to ! all-compreh5sive relations ( dissimil>ity & simil>ity4 ,a *ild 9 p]ceiv+ a p>ticul> object1 say a tree1 diff]5tiates x f surr\nd+ objects1 o!r trees1 ! backgr\nd ( ! sky1 etc41 & 9 recognis+ a famili> object z 8 toy1 or z an orange1 he assimilates x to previ\s l pres5tations4 ,b 9 ^! cases ! consci\sness ( diff]5ce & lik5ess is implicit only4 ,x is "s way f ?is implicit or unconsci\s discrim9ation & assimilation to comp>ison prop]1 issu+ 9 a cle> or explicit consci\sness ( a relation ( lik5ess or ( unlik5ess4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ?\ght gr[s by ins5sible gradations out ( ! l[] intellective op]ations4 ,! p]ception ( objects 9 space1 & /ill m1 ! recollection ( ev5ts 9 "t1 is itself an incipi5t subconsci\s /age ( ! ?\ght process1 i4 e4 grasp ( relations4 ,h5ce our dem>cations ( ! sph]es ( s5se & ?\ght1 ( concrete or pictorial & ab/ract repres5tations1 are n to be tak5 absolutely4 ,! g]m ( ?\ght is pres5t ?r\gh\t1 yet z we %all see pres5tly x is a consid]able /ep f ! implicit to ! explicit seiz+ ( ^! relations4#ig #ig ,cf4 ,lotze1 ,mikrokosmus1 ,engli% translation1 i4 p4 #fee2 ,w>d1 article ,psy*ology1 ,encycl4 ,britannica1 p4 #ge4 ,all su* explicit grasp ( relation involves a new direction ( adju/ive ef=t1 or ( 7volitional7 att5tion4 ,j z ! analytic resolution ( a complex dem&s a special ef=t 9 ! way ( limit$ conc5tration & resi/ance to irrelevant concomitants1 s ! comp>ison ( two pres5tations 9 ord] to disc]n _! relation imposes a fur!r special task 9 ! %ape ( a compreh5sive grasp4 ,! special difficulties ( ! process are manife/4 ,comp>ative att5tion to two pres5tations1 say two colors 9 local1 or two tones 9 temporal juxtaposition is n m]ely ! c>ry+ out ( a simple adju/ive process 9 "o direction only1 b ! c>ry+ out ( a d\ble & yet co-ord9at$ adju/ive process4 ,! fact t !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to simple modes ( adju/m5t subs]v+ a comp>atively simple /ructure or patt]n ( consci\sness1 & ! fact t complex simultane\s adju/m5ts1 z 9 ! case ( do+ diff]5t ?+s at ! same "t1 & 9 t ( ! syn!tic relat+ process ( ?\ght1 are r>e & acquir$ ) difficulty1 sugge/ t a special n]v\s process is involv$1 consi/+ ( a d\ble & div]g5t /ream ( inn]vation1 ea* bran* ( :i* has to be kept go+ 9 c]ta9 relations ( "t1 z also ( proportionate /r5g?1 ) ! o!r bran*4 ,! process ( syn!tic or relat+ activity j describ$ may take ! direction ( consci\sly grasp+ ! relations imm$iately pres5t$ along ) pres5tation1 & m p>ticul>ly ! co-exi/5ce ( attributes 9 ! same object1 & ! space & "t relations ( pres5tations4 ,to note ! juxtaposition ( yell[ & :ite 9 a daisy or ! co-exi/5ce ( its =m & color1 or ! spatial inclusion ( its yell[ c5tre 9 an ext5d$ :ole1 is evid5tly to disc]n relations & s to c>ry out a process ( consci\s syn!sis4 ,x is h[ev] 9 disc]n+ ! mo/ compreh5sive relations ( lik5ess & unlik5ess t ?\ght %[s itself mo/ cle>ly to be a syn!tic process4 ,?9k+ has 9 a special mann] to d ) ! detection ( simil>ity & dissimil>ity or diff]5ce4 ,su* relat+ by way ( diff]5ce or agreem5t is :at we ord9>ily und]/& by comp>ison4 ,! relations ( simil>ity & dissimil>ity z compreh5sive relations connect+ pres5tations remote z well z proximate 9 "t are spok5 ( z int]nal & ?us m>k$ (f f ! ext]nal relations ( "t & place4 ,x is true z we h j se5 t !y are involv$ along ) ! latt]4 ,?us 9 disc]n+ ! relations ( ! p>ts ( an object1 we mu/ diff]5tiate !m4 ,yet ! two modes ( relat+ are di/9ct4 ,i discrim9ate two colors 9 local juxtaposition n qu juxtapos$ b qu diff]5t 9 _! quality4 ,! juxtaposition may greatly assi/ ! discrim9ative process1 b ?is circum/ance does n make ! juxtaposition & ! qualitative diff]5ce "o :it less di/9ct z relations4 ,x may be add$ t ! great] compreh5siv5ess ( ! s-call$ int]nal relations is se5 9 ! circum/ance t ! relations ( "t & place1 j l ! sep>ate qualities or attributes ( objects1 are !mselves modes ( simil>ity & dissimil>ity4 ,?us ! relation ( local contiguity betwe5 two elem5ts is some?+ common to ^! & o!r contigu\s pairs4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t 9 su* a case ea* elem5t is recognis$ z hav+ a diff]5t position f ! o!r4 ,simil>ity ) ! temporal relations ( ev5ts4 ,comp>ison4--,we may n[ glance at ! op]ations "h br\ght "u ! head ( comp>ison1 ! br++ ( diff]5t pres5tative or repres5tative mat]ials be=e ! m9d simultane\sly & keep+ !m 9 consci\sness 9 ord] to note _! relations ( simil>ity or dissimil>ity4 ,"h z 9 ! case ( ,analysis or ,ab/raction we %all illu/rate ! process by select+ relatively simple modes ( ! op]ation c>ri$ out on imm$iately pres5t$ s5se-mat]ial4 ,lik5ess & ,diff]5ce4--,we may "h assume t lik5ess & unlik5ess are two p]fectly di/9ct relations4 ,to appreh5d a simil>ity betwe5 two s5sations1 say tones1 is an intellectual process :i* we all recognise z radically unlike t ( appreh5d+ a diff]5ce4 ,yet :ile ! consci\sness ( lik5ess & t ( diff]5ce are ?us radically di/9ct1 z psy*ical processes1 x is evid5t t ! relations ( lik5ess & diff]5ce are pres5t$ toge!r 9 close connection4 ,z we all "k simil>ity discloses itself 9 ! mid/ ( diff]5ce4 ,?is is obvi\s 9 ! case ( all complex pres5tations1 z :5 we assimilate two objects on ! gr\nd ( a color resemblance4 ,n only s1 s9ce ev5 9 ! case ( s5sation-elem5ts 7e4 g4 color-s5sations7 lik5ess is a ?+ ( degree %ad+ (f f p]fect lik5ess or indi/+ui%abl5ess to j recognisable aff9ity1 x foll[s t "h1 too1 lik5ess & diff]5ce are giv5 toge!r 9 mutual implication4 ,s9ce resemblance & diff]5ce are ?us uni=mly pres5t$ toge!r1 x is to be expect$ t comp>ison w commonly include ! two processes1 assimilation & discrim9ation4 ,& ?is is s4 ,we see lik5ess amid diff]5ce1 e4 g4 a common trait 9 two faces along ) /rik+ dissimil>ities4 ,on ! o!r h& we contra/ two objects 9 respect ( "s common quality z color1 =m1 beauty & s =?1 :i* common elem5t con/itutes ! gr\nd or fundam5tum ( ! comp>ison4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t ! "o process usually1 if n 9 all cases1 prepond]ates ov] ! o!r4 ,we are n[ specially int]e/$ 9 ! lik5ess ( two objects1 say two faces1 or two lit]>y /yles1 ! mom5t aft]1 p]haps1 9 _! diff]5ces4 ,accord+ly we may say t comp>ison is ! not+ ( lik5ess aga9/ a dimly appreh5d$ backgr\nd ( diff]5ce1 or a diff]5ce aga9/ a dimly appreh5d$ backgr\nd ( simil>ity4 ,conditions ( ,comp>ison4--,comp>ison :e!r specially direct$ to lik5ess or unlik5ess has c]ta9 common conditions4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,ab/raction ^! conditions may be divid$ into objective1 or ^? involv$ 9 ! nature or concomitants ( ! pres5tations consid]$ z ext]nal objects1 or objects ( common p]ception2 & subjective or ^? connect$ ) ! nature ( ! individual m9d4 ,z ,i h giv5 a full acc\nt#ih ( ^! else:]e1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself "h ) a g5]al rem>k or two on ! subject4 #ih ,9 ,m9d1 x4 p4 #dhi et seqq4 ,( ! objective conditions ! mo/ important are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,!re mu/ be a mod]ate & favorable degree ( /r5g? or int5sity 9 ! pres5tations to be comp>$4 ,we comp>e fairly bright colors bett] ?an v dull ones4 7b7 ,! common factor or gr\nd ( comp>ison mu/ be suffici5tly di/9ct4 ,we _c comp>e two tones 9 respect ( pit* if ?is is un/eady4 7c7 ,comp>ison is greatly aid$ by juxtaposition 9 space or "t4 ,?us local proximity is a condition ( a nice comp>ison ( colors4 ,) respect to temporal conditions x 0 f\nd by ,fe*n] & has be5 confirm$ by o!rs t imm$iate succession is m helpful to comp>ison ?an simultaneity4 ,we comp>e s5sations ( weight1 tone1 etc41 be/ ( all :5 !y are made to succe$ "o ano!r4 ,) respect to subjective conditions1 comp>ison w1 x is obvi\s1 be assi/$ by a good p[] ( conc5tration4 ,x w also be aid$ by a special s5sibility =1 & int]e/ 91 ! p>ticul> s5su\s mat]ial3 witness ! musician's comp>ison ( tones z to pit*1 purity1 etc4 ,la/ly ref]5ce may be made to special prep>ation or m5tal preadju/m5t4 ,x is manife/ t if we are expect+ to see two ?+s l "o ano!r we %all 9 g5]al be m dispos$ to d s2 simil>ly if we are on ! look\t = diff]5ce4 ,x may be add$ t !re is a special int]e/ 9 lik5ess z su*1 & also 9 diff]5ce4 ,su* int]e/ pr$isposes a p]son to detect ! "o relation r ?an ! o!r4 ,h5ce ! famili> obs]vation t "s p are p>ticul>ly acute 9 see+ lik5esses1 e4 g4 9 faces1 :]eas o!rs are habitually m obs]vant ( diff]5ces4 ,connection betwe5 ,analysis & ,comp>ison4--,!re is a close connection betwe5 ! two directions ( ?\ght-activity j dealt )4 ,to beg9 )1 x has become evid5t t 9 ! processes ( comp>ison1 analysis is always involv$4 ,sometimes ! analysis seems to prec$e ! comp>ison1 z :5 we are ask$ to comp>e two fl[]s 9 respect ( _! color4 ,9 o!r cases x appe>s r z ! result ( comp>ison4 ,?us x is by successive comp>isons ( diff]5t memb]s ( a class ( ?+s1 z fl[]s1 t we gradually come to analyse out ! common features ( ! gr\p4 ,:ile comp>ison ?us involves ab/raction1 ab/raction ev5 9 ! case ( a s+le object may be said to involve ! rudim5ts ( comp>ison4 ,?us 9 analytically s+l+ out = consid]ation ! sph]ical =m ( a ra9 drop1 we implicitly & subconsci\sly assimilate x to o!r previ\sly kn[n sph]ical objects4 ,b = ?is vague imp]fect accompanim5t ( assimilation1 ! analytic sep>ation ( ! con/itu5t w\ld be difficult if n impossible4 ,su* a subconsci\s ref]5ce to "o or m simil> ?+s helps to direct ! op]ation ( analysis by int5sify+ & r5d]+ prom95t = ! mom5t ! p>ticul> con/itu5t assimilat$ ?r\gh ! addition ( an ideational elem5t to ! s5sation4#ii #ii ,?is is well br\ght out by ,w4 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 i4 p4 #dcd et seqq4 ,x foll[s t ! ?\ght-process is "o process hav+ two aspects or di/+ui%able factors4 ,ei!r ( ^! may become pr$om9ant accord+ to special circum/ances4 ,9 ?is way we obta9 two v>ieties ( op]ation1 viz4 ,analysis or ,ab/raction1 9 :i* ! recognition ( lik5ess is subconsci\s1 & ,assimilative ,comp>ison :]e ! process ( analysis is prelim9>y & subord9ate to a consci\s appreh5sion ( lik5ess4 ,a some:at l relation holds betwe5 analysis z a subconsci\s process ( diff]5tiation & a consci\s act ( discrim9ation4 ,?us 9 analys+ a clang we mu/1 agreeably to :at 0 said above1 h a vague impression ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o tone & ano!r4 ,& su* subconsci\s diff]5tiation readily becomes ! />t+-po9t 9 a full consci\s appreh5sion by an act ( comp>+ att5tion ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al +r$i5ts4#ajj #ajj ,/umpf uses ! t]m ,analysis = ! m]e vague detection ( plurality ( elem5ts 9 a s5sation-complex :i* he consid]s to be di/9ct f1 & prelim9>y to a discrim9ation ( !m z diff]5t "o f ! o!r4 ,tonpsy*ologie ii4 p4 #ajd et seqq4 ,?us f> we h be5 occupi$ ) ! two fundam5tal processes 9 ?\ght & we h illu/rat$ ^! 9 _! simple/ =m z employ$ ab\t pres5tations or _! equival5ts1 concrete repres5tations4 ,b z already po9t$ out :at we mean by ?\ght is ! repres5tation ( ?+s z classes or g5]alities4 ,all ! m int]e/+ & mom5t\s problems relat+ to ?\ght1 su* z ! "q :e!r ! l[] animals ?9k or reason z we d1 h ref]5ce to su* g5]al ?9k+4 ,we h n[ to exam9e ! processes involv$ 9 ?is ?9k+4 ,^! fully develop$ ?\ght-processes are m>k$ (f by ! use ( :at is kn[n z ! g5]al idea or notion su* z man or virtue4 ,su* g5]al ideas :5 r$uc$ to a precise =m z by ! logician are spok5 ( z concepts4 ,& s9ce ! sci5ce ( logic assumes ?9k+ to take place by help ( su* conceptual products we may also speak ( ^! full or explicit ?\ght-processes z ,conceptual ,?\ght4#aja #aja ,! use ( su* expressions mu/ n1 h[ev]1 bl9d u to ! fact t a concept /rictly speak+ is some?+ logical1 an ideal =m ( ! g5]al idea r>ely if ev] realis$ 9 our actual ?9k+ processes4 ,( ?is m pres5tly4 ,g5]al ,ideas & _! ,=mation4--,9 seek+ to trace ! developm5t ( ?is g5]al ?9k+ we h fir/ ( all to consid] ! nature & orig9 ( g5]al ideas4 ,x is evid5t t we only ?9k ab\t ?+s g5]ally 9 a di/9ct mann] :5 we are able to =m su* ideas4 ,?us ,i _c ?9k out ! proposition ',! mu%room is a fungus' until ,i am able to =m ! g5]al ideas mu%room & fungus4 ,! difficult problems respect+ ! nature ( ?\ght1 its relation to language1 & its ext5sion beyond man to ! l[] animals1 h be5 discuss$ 9 close connection ) ! nature & orig9 ( g5]al ideas4 ,a g5]al idea may = our pres5t purpose be def9$ z an idea hav+ a g5]al import or ref]5ce4 ,?us a *ild's idea ( dog1 home1 or fa!r1 becomes g5]al :5 he consci\sly employs ! t]m z ! sign ( ?is1 t1 & any o!r p>ticul> object :i* may answ] to a c]ta9 description or be f\nd to pres5t c]ta9 *>act]i/ic attributes or traits2 or1 z ! logicians express x1 a g5]al idea is a repres5tation ( a g5]al class ( ?+s4#ajb #ajb ,! read] mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% ! mean+ ( ! t]m class z "h us$ f its mean+ :5 appli$ to a def9ite numb] ( objects view$ z a collection1 z a class ( *ildr5 9 a s*ool4 ,9 ?9k+ ( man z a 7logical7 class ,i d n repres5t a def9ite numb] at all2 nor d ,i repres5t m5 z a collection4 ,x w\ld be m correct to say t ,i am repres5t+ 9 a m or less di/9ct way ! fact t ?is1 t1 & an indef9ite li/ ( o!r ?+s are relat$ z l or answ]+ to "o description4 ,h[ ?is mode ( repres5tation is effect$ w appe> pres5tly4 ,n[ x is evid5t t g5]al ideas z ?us def9$ are rea*$ sl[ly & by degrees4 ,x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r any ( ! l[] animals possess !m4 ,! baby does n possess !m & ev5 aft] atta9+ to spee* rema9s = a long "t ) only ! rudim5ts ( !m4 ,9 _! p]fect$ articulate =m z requir$ = exact sci5tific ?\ght !y are conf9$ to a few highly tra9$ m9ds4 ,g5]ic ,images4--,! fir/ /age 9 ! =mation ( su* g5]al ideas is ! weld+ toge!r ( a numb] ( concrete images into :at has be5 call$ a g5]ic image4 ,! idea tree or h\se may be tak5 z an example4 ,su* g5]ic images appe> to be =m$ by a process ( assimilative cumulation4 ,let u suppose t a *ild aft] obs]v+ "o dog1 sees a second4 ,9 ?is case ! /rong resemblance 9 ! second to ! fir/ effects a process ( assimilation analog\s to automatic or unconsci\s assimilation4 ,t is to say1 ! p]cept correspond+ to ! second animal is in/antly fus$ ) ! surviv+ image ( ! fir/ by reason ( easily appreh5d$ po9ts ( lik5ess4 ,by su* successive assimilations a cumulative effect is produc$ :i* has be5 lik5$ to t ( ! sup]position ( a numb] ( photographic impressions receiv$ f diff]5t memb]s ( a class1 7e4 g4 crim9al17 :]eby common features get acc5tuat$ & s a typical =m is produc$4#ajc #ajc ,= an acc\nt ( su* composite photographic pictures1 & _! analogy to g5]ic 7m5tal7 images1 see ,mr4 ,f4 ,galton's ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty4 ,app5dix1 ,g5]ic ,images4 ,su* a process ( deep5+ & acc5tuat+ common traits & effac+ individual or v>iable ones c only be look$ on z a t5d5cy nev] p]fectly fulfill$4 ,int]e/+ diff]5ces w\ld 9 all cases t5d to re9/ate !mselves4 ,?us my own g5]ic image ( a *ur* happ5s to be a build+ ) a tall spire1 because ! f9e/ *ur* 9 my native t[n 0 ( ?is =m4 ,rec5t examples w\ld also t5d to contribute v>iable peculi>ities4 ,?us ! baby's g5]ic image ( a dog might h ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ! dog la/ se54 ,?is process ( cumulative assimilation w\ld be l>gely passive & indep5d5t ( ^? active processes ( comp>ison1 j describ$4 ,x w\ld fur!r be capable ( be+ c>ri$ =w>d 7to "s ext5t at lea/7 indep5d5tly ( language4 ,h5ce we may1 ) "s degree ( confid5ce1 attribute g5]ic images to ! *ild be=e he comes to ! use ( words & to _m ( ! l[] animals4 ,?us x is highly probable t a baby ( six mon?s =ms a g5]ic image ( ! human face out ( ! p]cepts answ]+ to its "m's face1 nurse's face1 etc41 & t :5 suff]+ f lonel9ess x has ?is image 9 its m9d4 ,simil>ly a pr$atory animal may be suppos$ to comp\nd a g5]ic image out ( ! p]cepts ga9$ f ?is1 t1 & ! o!r specim5 ( 8 prey1 s t :5 seiz$ ) hung]1 ?is typical image is recall$4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate :at is meant by a g5]ic image1 x is important to take ! case ( a pure repres5tation deta*$ f a pres5tation4 ,?us we _c say t because a div+ bird recognises a new %eet ( wat]1 x mu/ h at ! mom5t1 a g5]ic image answ]+ to wat]4 ,! recognition ( a ?+ does n imply a di/9ct repres5tation ( ! ?+ z previ\sly se54 ,! pres5tative & repres5tative +r$i5ts are fus$ 9 ?is case1 or to express x o!rwise1 ! image is lat5t & undevelop$4 ,simil>ly ) respect to su* rudim5t>y processes ( conception or g5]al ideation z ^? "h consid]$4 ,we c only attribute a develop$ & deta*$ g5]ic image to baby or animal :5 we h reason to ?9k t ^! occur 9 ! abs5ce ( p]cepts1 e4 g4 9 /ates ( desire1 9 dreams1 & s =?4#ajd #ajd ,! argum5t 9 support ( ! proposition t g5]ic images1 or 7z ! writ] calls !m7 recepts are actually rea*$ by ! l[] animals is ably set =? by ,dr4 ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 p4 #ea et seqq4 ,relation ( ,g5]ic ,image to ,g5]al ,idea4--,! "q /ill rema9s h[ f> su* g5]ic images are1 prop]ly speak+1 g5]al ideas 9 ! s5se def9$ above4 ,is1 = example1 ! typical face t is pictur$ by ! lonely infant ?\ght ( z some?+ common to ?is1 t1 & ! o!r concrete object8 ,does x c>ry ) x any cle> consci\sness ( a g5]al class ( ?+s8 ,!re is no c]ta9 pro( t ?is is s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ "h t ! m5tal image correspond+ to "o & ! same individual object1 z ! infant's "m1 is composite also & 9 ! same way z ! g5]ic image4 ,?us ! baby =ms ! image ( its "m out ( a numb] ( practically unlike p]cepts1 correspond+ to v>y+ appe>ances ( ! object 9 diff]5t positions1 diff]5t light1 diff]5t dress1 & s =?4#aje ,g5]ic images accord+ly diff] n 9 k9d1 b only 9 degree 7viz4 proportion ( common to v>iable feature tak5 up & acc5tuat$7 f p>ticul> or concrete images4 ,& s long z !y rema9 m]ely pictorial images1 !re seems no reason to attribute to !m any g5]al function or import4 #aje ,cf4 ,ta9e1 ,on ,intellig5ce1 ,"p i1 ,book ii1 ,*4 #b4 ,! true process ( conception1 z g5]alisation or g5]al ideation1 t is a consci\s repres5tation ( some?+ z common to _m z di/+ui%$ f "o1 involves ! active processes ( ?\ght1 analysis & syn!sis1 ab/raction & comp>ison4 ,x is only :5 ! *ild beg9s consci\sly to break up its images to m>k (f ?is elem5t or feature f t1 & by help ( su* analysis disc]ns & dem>cates common features t g5]al ?\ght prop]ly s call$1 appe>s4 ,9 ?is way x rea*es a di/9ct idea at once ( an individual ?+ & ( g5]al or common aspects among individuals4 ,we h n[ to exam9e into ?is true ?\ght-process4 ,transition to ,conception ,prop]4--,! transition f m]ely imag9+ to ?9k+ prop] is effect$ by processes ( reflective att5tion 9 :i* ab/raction & comp>ison play a *ief "p4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ?is occurs we may suppose ! process ( automatic assimilation *eck$ by ! introduction ( "s impressive diff]5ce4 ,?us a *ild proce$s to play ) a visitor's dog & f9ds x want+ 9 ! fri5dly s5tim5ts ( 8 own pet4 ,"h diff]5ce :i*1 9 ! e>li] /age ( automatic assimilation1 rema9$ indi/9ct 9 ! backgr\nd ( consci\sness1 is br\ght =w>d4 ,! unlik5ess ( morale 9 spite ( ! lik5ess ( physique is =c$ on 8 att5tion1 ! pres5t p]cept is sep>at$ f & oppos$ to ! image1 & a /ep is tak5 9 m>k+ (f lik5ess f surr\nd+ diff]5ce4 ,z diff]5ces ?us come into di/9ct view & impress !mselves on ! m9d z ! con/ant accompanim5t ( lik5esses1 a new & explicit grasp ( lik5ess-9-diff]5ce ensues4 ,?is />ts f a m5tal sep>ation ( ! sev]al p]ceptual con/itu5ts ( ! g5]ic image1 & a reflective comp>ison ( ^! "o ) ano!r1 s z to dem>cate common features or lik5esses f peculi> features or unlik5ess4 ,su* comp>ison1 or s]ies ( comp>isons1 beg9s ) incomplete analysis & vague appreh5sion ( lik5ess & ends 9 a m complete analysis & m def9ite appreh5sion ( lik5ess4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 ! *ild wak+ up to diff]5ces among apples1 goes back on 8 v>i\s exp]i5ces1 & by notic+ & sett+ aside v>iability ( ta/e1 size1 etc41 gets a cle> grasp ( ! common ess5tial features4 ,su* a consci\s active sep>ation ( def9ite po9ts ( resemblance f among a confus+ mass ( diff]5ce is :at psy*ologi/s & logicians m especially mean by ,ab/raction4 ,diff]5tiation ( ,notions ( ,individual & ,class4--,z 0 po9t$ out j n[ ! coexi/5ce ( lik5ess ) unlik5ess 9 ! *ild's exp]i5ce1 may mean "o ( two ?+s1 viz4 p]si/5ce or id5tity ( "o individual object1 9 spite ( c]ta9 *anges1 or a g5]al simil>ity among a numb] ( diff]5t individuals4 ,! process ( conception is sometimes describ$ z if ! *ild />t$ ) a def9ite k ( individuals & !n proce$$ to g5]alise or =m a class-idea4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 e reason = say+ t ! two modes ( int]pret+ lik5ess-9-diff]5ce are rea*$ concurr5tly & by processes l>gely simil>4 ,?us x seems mo/ reasonable to suppose t ! baby :i* 'da-das' e be>d$ p]son x sees is z yet cle>ly consci\s nei!r ( individuality nor ( g5]ality4 ,9 o!r words we mu/ n assume t x is /upidly conf\nd+ its sire ) a /rang]1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 =m+ an idea ( a g5]al class4 ,at ?is /age ! *ild m]ely recognises c]ta9 int]e/+ simil>ities & proce$s to express ! fact4 ,we h to suppose t ! cle> appreh5sion ( individual sam5ess is rea*$ b sl[ly & 9 close connection ) ! fir/ cle> consci\sness ( diff]5t ?+s atta*$ by a bond ( lik5ess4 ,to say t ! *ild's k beg9s ) ! concrete individual is n to say t x atta9s a cle> consci\sness ( :at we mean by an individual ?+ p]si/+ & ! same 79 spite ( *ange7 be=e x beg9s to g5]alise4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! cognition ( a ?+ z p]si/5t & cont9u\s is ! result ( l5g?y & complex processes ( comp>ative reflection4 ,to individualise is ?us to ?9k j z to g5]alise is to ?9k4#ajf ,9 tru?1 ! psy*ological developm5t ( ! idea ( individuality proce$s along ) t ( g5]ality1 ea* be+ grasp$ z a diff]5t way ( int]pret+ p>tial simil>ity among our p]cepts4#ajg #ajf ,h5ce ! logician c speak ( ! idea answ]+ to a prop] "n z a s+ul> concept4 ,see ,lotze1 ,logic1 p4 #cd4 #ajg ,! "q ( ! priority 9 ! individual ( ! k ( ! individual or ( ! g5]al class1 ! "q kn[n z ! primum cognitum has be5 mu* discuss$ 9 connection ) ! l+ui/ic problem :e!r names are fir/ us$ z prop] names or z g5]al names4 ,! ,process ( ,g5]alisation4--,:5 once ?is diff]5tiation ( ! individual idea f ! class idea has advanc$ f> en\gh ! process ( g5]alisation prop]1 or ! grasp ( common or g5]al qualities1 is able to be c>ri$ out 9 ! way usually describ$ by psy*ologi/s4 ,t is to say1 a numb] ( individual ?+s1 repres5t$ z su*1 are n[ comp>$1 ! att5tion )drawn by a volitional ef=t1 f po9ts ( diff]5ce & conc5trat$ on po9ts ( lik5ess 7ab/raction7 & s a true process ( g5]alisation c>ri$ out4 ,! common acc\nt ( ! process ( conception "h foll[$1 z a sequ5ce ( ?ree /ages1 ,comp>ison1 ,ab/raction1 & ,g5]alisation1 r describes ! ideal =m ( ! process z requir$ by logic ?an ! m5tal process actually c>ri$ out4 ,z we saw above a vague analysis or ab/raction prec$es t me?odical comp>ison ( ?+s by :i* ! ab/raction becomes precise & p]fect1 t is to say1 def9ite po9ts ( lik5ess 7or unlik5ess7 are detect$4 ,) reg>d to g5]alisation x has be5 po9t$ out t a rudim5t>y =m ( ?is process is involv$ 9 ab/raction4 ,to see ! r\ndness ( ! ball is vaguely & implicitly to assimilate ! ball to o!r r\nd objects4 ,x is to be add$ t an imp]fect grasp ( g5]al features z su* 7commonly7 prec$es ! me?odical process "h describ$4 ,! *ild realises 9 a measure1 ! g5]al function ( ! "n 'horse' be=e he c>ries out a c>eful comp>ative analysis ( ! horse-*>act]s4 ,at ! same "t ! use ( ! ^w g5]alisation is important1 z m>k+ (f ! cle> m5tal grasp ( ! class-idea z su*1 t is ! idea ( an indet]m9ate numb]1 ( objects1 kn[n & unkn[n1 answ]+ to a c]ta9 description4#ajh #ajh ,on ! relation ( ,ab/raction to ,g5]alisation see ,hamilton's ,lectures1 ,vol4 ii1 ,lec4 xxxv4 ,conception & ,nam+4--,we h s f> suppos$ t ! processes ( conception are c>ri$ out )\t any help f language4 ,b x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r any su* ord]ly process z t j describ$1 ! comp>ison ( a numb] ( p]cepts & ! m>k+ (f ( common attributes c\ld be c>ri$ out )\t ! aid ( words or "s equival5t4 ,x is probable t ev5 ! cle> grasp ( individual ?+s z unities & z p]man5t id5tical ?+s1 dep5ds on ! use ( a "n 7prop] "n7 :i* z "o & ! same s\nd seems to m>k 9 an emphatic way ! cont9u$ on5ess ( ! object4#aji ,& ! same applies /ill m manife/ly to ! appreh5sion ( a g5]al class ( ?+s4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 lat] life at lea/ all cle> g5]al ?9k+ takes place by help ( language4 ,! g5]al idea is held toge!r1 & reta9$ by means ( a "n2 &1 z already po9t$ out1 x is v unc]ta9 :e!r 9 ! abs5ce ( su* g5]al signs1 ! infant or ! l[] animal ev] atta9s to a cle> consci\sness ( ! '"o 9 ! _m1' ! common aspect ( a numb] ( diff]5t objects4 #aji ,x seems to foll[ t animals _c atta9 ! cle> consci\sness ( individual ?+s z p]man5t unities1 z we atta9 x4 ,is ,g5]alisation ,possible ,)\t ,language8--,! "q h[ f> we c g5]alise or =m a g5]al idea ap>t f ! use ( names or o!r signs is "o ( ! /&+ cruces 9 psy*ology4 ,if we judge by introspective exam9ation ( our own m9ds we d no d\bt n[ & aga9 c>ry on processes ( ?\ght ( a quasi-g5]al "* ) little if any help f words4 ,yet x is d\btful :e!r we atta9 a cle> consci\sness ( ! g5]ality ( our ?9k+ 9 ?is case4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ too t ev5 if we c1 z is alleg$1 employ a p>ticul> image or succession ( images z repres5tative ( g5]alities )\t any aid f language 7z :5 we intuitively foll[ ! pro( ( a p>ticul> case 9 geometry & at ! same "t recognise its g5]al validity7 we are employ+ p[]s ( ?\ght t h be5 develop$ by help ( language4#aaj #aaj ,on ! nature ( su* spee*less ?\ght see ,v5n1 ,empirical ,logic1 p4 #adg4 ,if n[ we turn f ! develop$ to ! undevelop$ m9d1 & ask :e!r *ildr5 ?9k ap>t f ! use ( language1 we f9d ! "q exce$+ly difficult4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t a born mute rea*$ prior to 8 ma/]y ( a deaf-mute language ! highly ab/ract idea ( mak] or creator & appli$ ?is to ! _w or sum ( objects ab\t him4#aaa ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d h[ev]1 t born mutes make a c]ta9 spontane\s use ( articulate s\nds or signs1 & su* articulations1 ?\gh un9telligible to o!rs1 & n ev5 he>d by !mselves1 may be ( great assi/ance 9 c>ry+ out ! process ( ,ab/raction4 ,x mu/ be fur!r rememb]$ t a *ild und]/&s o!rs' words & may probably make "s int]nal use ( !m z signs be=e he proce$s to imitatively articulate !m4 #aaa ,see a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! exp]i5ce ( a born mute by ,pr(4 ,s4 ,port]1 9 an article ,is ,?\ght ,possible )\t ,language8 9 ! ,pr9ceton ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahha4 ,la/ly ) respect to ! l[] animals1 :ile x mu/ be admitt$ t !y display some?+ closely resembl+ ! g]m ( g5]al ?9k+1 x is manife/ t we _c 9 _! case1 be c]ta9 ( ! degree ( cle> consci\sness ( g5]ality atta9$4 ,! actions ( a fox caught 9 a difficulty & inv5t+ a way ( escape seem indi/+ui%able f ^? ( a man ?9k+ by help ( g5]al ideas & g5]al rules3 yet ! m5tal process may aft] all be non-ceptual1 & pictorial4 ,x seems safe !re=e to conclude t ap>t f v]bal or o!r g5]al signs ! full consci\sness ( g5]ality does n arise4#aab #aab ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! l[] animals1 e4 g4 ants1 h a sy/em ( tactual signs analog\s to our language4 ,on ! :ole subject ( ! g]m ( l+ui/ic & conceptional p[] 9 animals1 see ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 ,*ap4 v & foll[+4 ,psy*ological ,function ( ,g5]al ,names4--,a "n is commonly def9$ z a m>k or sign by ! help ( :i* ! idea ( a ?+ may be call$ up 9 our own m9d or 9 ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,signs are ei!r self-expla9+1 z 9 ! case ( a draw+1 or an imitative ge/ure1 or conv5tionally atta*$ to objects z ! l>g] numb] ( l+ui/ic signs or names1 ! symbols us$ 9 music1 etc4#aac ,language signs consi/ ei!r ( articulat$ s\nds or o!r p]cept-produc+ movem5ts1 z ! f+] movem5ts#aad us$ by ! deaf & dumb4 #aac ,articulate s\nds s f> z imitative 7onomatopoetic7 words1 are ( c\rse to be class$ ) self-expla9+ signs4 #aad ,on ! g5]al function & ! possible v>ieties ( language-signs1 tone-language1 ge/ure-language1 etc41 see ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 ,*ap4 v & foll[+4 ,cf4 ,v5n1 ,empirical ,logic1 ,*ap4 vi4 ,a "n may be giv5 to "o ?+ 7prop] "n7 or to a g5]al class 7common or g5]al "n74 ,9 ei!r case1 z expla9$ above1 ! "n psy*ologically consid]$ is ! expression or indication ( a simil>ity among our p]cepts4 ,to "n a ?+ is ?us ! outw>d manife/ation ( a process ( assimilation4 ,! "n 7articulation-s\nd complex7 becomes atta*$ to ! idea x /&s = by a process ( contigu\s integration4 ,look+ at x z accompany+ & p]fect+ ! process ( assimilation1 we may say t a "n1 :e!r z employ$ by ourselves or z he>d us$ by o!rs1 becomes specially associat$ )1 & s expressive (1 "s simil> feature or features ( our p]ceptual exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! "n 'home' specially emphasises ! recurr+ or con/ant features ( ! *ild's surr\nd+s1 ! "n 'horse' ! common features ( /ructure 9 ! objects s nam$4 ,! "n ?us becomes specially atta*$ to1 & s a m>k ( ! effects ( sup]position ( common pres5tative elem5ts 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,?is is well br\ght out 9 ,h]b>t's view t ! g5]al idea is ! result ( app]ception1 or ! coalesc5ce ( a new pres5tation ) previ\s l repres5tations 7app]ceptive masses74 ,su* app]ceptive fusion or assimilation w\ld accord+ to ,h]b>t help to expla9 ! prom95ce or di/9ct em]g5ce ( ! common elem5t 9 a new pres5tation1 & ! fall+ back ( ! p>ticul> or v>iable features into indi/9ct consci\sness4#aae #aae ,see ,mr4 ,/\t's acc\nt ( ,h]b>t's view4 ,m9d1 ,vol4 xiv4 p4 #ae4 ,use ( ,names 9 ,e>ly ,life4--,9 ! beg9n+ ( life l+ui/ic signs are us$ 9 close connection ) ! process ( automatic assimilation4 ,?us ! recurr5ce ( ! pres5tative complex answ]+ to a p>ticul> animal z ! dog1 calls =?1 by a process analog\s to a reflex movem5t1 ! articulation1 let u say1 ( ! s\nd 'b[-w[4' ,?is use ( words by ! *ild to m>k lik5ess is p>tly spontane\s1 p>tly imitative4 ,z is well kn[n1 *ildr5 (t5 inv5t names ( _! own1 z _! pet names = nurse1 doll1 & s =?1 & _! names = classes ( objects1 z :5 "o *ild us$ ! s\nd 'mum' z a "n ( eatables1 g5]ally1 & ano!r1 ! s\nd 'appa' z a "n = ?is1 t1 & ! o!r animal 7kitt51 *ick1 etc474 ,!y also spontane\sly ext5d ! use ( names suppli$ by o!rs z :5 ! s\nd ba 7ball7 0 ext5d$ to a bubble & o!r r\nd objects4 ,?is spontane\s use ( names gives place 9 "t to an imitative use ( names z he>d by o!rs4#aaf #aaf ,= int]e/+ illu/rations ( *ildr5's spontane\s inv5tion1 z also ( _! ext5sion ( names1 see ,prey]1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 #c;er ,!il2 ,prez1 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 ,*ap4 xii2 ,ta9e1 ,on ,intellig5ce1 ,book iv1 ,*ap4 i1 #a2 & ,d>w9's ,notes on 8 *ild1 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe1 et seqq4 ,f :at we said above we h to suppose t names are us$ at ! beg9n+ nei!r z prop] or ,s+ul>1 nor z ,g5]al names4 ,!y m]ely s]ve to m>k (f & regi/] common features ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce4 ,z ! processes ( comp>ison ga9 9 /r5g? & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! individual & ! g5]al class becomes di/9ct1 ! two uses ( names z s+ul> & g5]al gr[ cle>ly diff]5tiat$4 ,?us ! names ,*>les1 ,papa1 ,rose1 & s =?1 come to be m>ks ( p>ticul> ?+s1 ^? organis$ exp]i5ce-unities :i* are ?\ght ( z hav+ cont9u$ exi/5ce indep5d5tly ( our int]mitt5t p]cepts4 ,simil>ly1 ! g5]al "n1 dog1 man1 & s =?1 come to be consci\sly appli$ to a numb] ( su* object-unities on ! gr\nd ( common attributes4 ,h[ ,names ,fur!r ,conception4--,at fir/ we f9d ?is use ( g5]al names conf9$ to classes ( objects hav+ num]\s po9ts ( simil>ity & s easily repres5table 9 ! pictorial =m ( ,g5]ic ,image1 z dog1 h\se1 etc4 ,"h1 z po9t$ out above1 ! "n is n us$ ) a cle> consci\sness ( its g5]al "* or function4 ,yet ! v application ( "o & ! same "n to a numb] ( p]cepts is an important aid to ^? processes ( reflective comp>ison & selection ( common features by :i* ! appreh5sion ( g5]ality arises4 ,to beg9 )1 any use ( a "n to m>k ! result ( an assimilative process1 s]ves to call att5tion to & to emphasise ! exi/5ce ( l features4 ,n only s1 ! "n be+ appli$ to ea* ( a numb] ( p]cepts is a valuable means ( recall+ ^! toge!r1 & s fur!r+ t ext5d$ process ( comp>+ a numb] ( ?+s :i* und]lies g5]alisation4 ,m ?an ?is1 s9ce ! "n f ! beg9n+ s]ves to emphasise & regi/] ! fact ( lik5ess1 x greatly facilitates ! subsequ5t c>eful analysis & def9ition ( ! po9ts ( lik5ess4 ,( special s]vice "h is ! he>+ ( names appli$ by o!rs to a v>iety ( ?+s1 z :5 a multitude ( unlike ?+s are call$ 'plants' & s on4 ,su* ann\ncem5t ( lik5ess z yet undiscov]$ by ! *ild s]ves z we "k z a p[]ful /imulus to a comp>ative exam9ation ( ! ?+s & ?is urges ! *ild on along ! conceptual pa?4 ,! greate/ use ( g5]al names1 h[ev]1 9 connection ) g5]al ideation or conception is 9 def9itely m>k+ (f & r5d]+ p]man5t ea* new result ( analysis & comp>ison4 ,?us on reflect+ ^u dogs ) a view to see 9 :at exactly !y d agree 9 spite ( _! diff]5ces1 & on gradually ga9+ cle> consci\sness ( ?is1 t1 & ! o!r *>act]i/ic features ( =m1 action1 etc41 a *ild dem>cates & def9itely regi/]s ^! results ( ab/raction by help ( ! "n4 ,t is to say1 ! "n is us$ z a def9+ m>k z "o might m>k (f an ill-def9$ local feature 9 a piece ( bo>d by draw+ a *alk circle ab\t ! spot4 ,:5 ! "n is ?us def9itely & exclusively appli$ to su* products ( comp>ison & ab/raction x h5ce=? s]ves z a means ( recall+ ^! & keep+ !m di/9ctly be=e ! m9d4 ,:5 ?us def9itely atta*$ by association to ! po9ts ( simil>ity s+l$ out by ab/raction f a numb] ( p>ticul> objects1 ! "n is us$ z a true g5]al sign4 ,! image n[ takes on a mu* m def9ite function z a typical or repres5tative image1 ?r\gh ! circum/ance t by help ( ! dem>cat+ sign c]ta9 ( its features /& out di/9ctly1 & are at ! same "t realis$ z belong+ n m]ely to "o p>ticul> ?+1 b to :at we call a g5]al class4 ,?us ! "n dog1 ?\gh probably /ill call+ up an image ( a m or less concrete "*1 t is1 includ+ traits ( "s individual dog or v>iety ( dogs1 becomes a g5]al sign inasmu* z x ?r[s prom95tly =w>d1 & s secures special att5tion to c]ta9 def9itely appreh5d$ common class-features 7! common can9e =m1 action ( b>k+1 etc474#aag #aag ,s9ce ! result ( ab/raction ?\gh repres5t+ concrete ?+s does n repres5t !m fully & explicitly we may1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 call ! g5]al or ab/ract idea a re-repres5tation4 ,see 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii1 p4 #eac4 ,us$ n[ 9 ?is way z a g5]al sign ( c]ta9 def9itely appreh5d$ po9ts ( lik5ess or common qualities1 ! "n acquires ! d\ble function attribut$ to x by logicians4 ,t is to say1 x d5otes any "o ( a c]ta9 ord] or class ( ?+s3 ! class or gr\p be+ det]m9$ 9 respect n ( ! numb] ( ?+s includ$1 b only ( ! common qualification or description ( its numb]1 t is to say ( ! qualities :i* ! "n is said to connote4#aah #aah ,accord+ to logicians a g5]al "n d5otes c]ta9 ?+s 7memb]s ( a class7 & connotes c]ta9 qualities 9 ^! ?+s4 ,= ! t]ms d5otation & connotation ^? ( ext5sion & int5sion are (t5 sub/itut$4 ,see ,jevons1 ,elem5t>y ,lessons on ,logic1 ,lesson v4 ,=mation ( m ,ab/ract ,notions4--,a simil> process ( comp>ison & ab/raction cl9*$ by a l+ui/ic sign takes place 9 ! =mation ( ^? g5]al ideas :i* answ] to few common qualities1 & are altoge!r remov$ f ! plane ( ! g5]ic image1 z = example 'animal4' ,x is obvi\s t we _c comp\nd a quasi-concrete image ( animal z we c1 r\ghly at lea/1 comp\nd an image ( dog4 ,!re is no common =m runn+ ?r\gh ! va/ v>iety ( animals t r5d]s ?is possible4#aai ,!re is inde$ an image-elem5t "h1 = 9 ?9k+ ( animals mo/ p probably image imp]fectly "o ( ! m famili> quadrup$s4 ,"h ! g5]al repres5tative function ( ! image is /ill m evid5t4 ,a *ild _c =m ! idea animal till he has atta9$ a consid]able skill 9 ! use ( v]bal signs z g5]al4 ,= to repres5t animal 79 g5]al7 is to repress ! t5d5cy to image p>ticul> concrete examples1 & to give peculi> & exclusive prom95ce to a few prop]ties1 su* z spontane\s movem5t1 s5sation1 :i* c only be grasp$ by a special ef=t ( ab/raction2 & c only be br\ght be=e ! m9d by ! m$ium ( a v]bal sign4 #aai ,cf4 ,lotze1 ,logic1 p4 #ch4 ,^! high] /eps 9 ! ?\ght-process become possible by means ( ! v]bally embodi$ results ( ! l[] /eps4 ,x is aft] ! *ild has =m$ ! g5]al ideas1 dog1 horse1 & s =?1 t he climbs to ! m difficult1 m compreh5sive1 & m ab/ract idea1 animal4 ,9 ?is way1 we may say ) ,hamilton1 t language is to ! m9d :at ! ar* is to ! tunnel1 ! necess>y precondition ( all advanc$ ?\ght-"w4 ,x is n meant by ?is t ! *ild progresses regul>ly f notions ( a comp>atively small range to m compreh5sive ones4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is (t5 easi] = a *ild to =m an idea ( a l>g] class or g5us ?an ( "o ( its con/itu5t sub-classes or species1 viz4 :5 ! =m pres5ts prom95t easily disc]nible po9ts ( lik5ess1 & :5 ! di/9ctive features ( ! latt] are obscure4 ,?us ! *ild uses ! "n tree be=e he uses ! "n oak-tree1 & s =?4 ,?is is :at is meant by say+ t ! *ild sees lik5esses be=e he sees diff]5ces4 ,9 ?is brief acc\nt ( ! "n-embodi$ concept ref]5ce has be5 made only to ^? names :i* gramm>ians call n\ns1 & ( ^! only to su* z are names ( ?+s4 ,by ! same m5tal process by :i* ! *ild rea*es ! idea orange1 x rea*es ! idea yell[1 r\nd1 & s =?4 ,! cle> use ( adjectives z qualify+ epi!ts m>ks a high] /age ( analysis ?an ! fir/ use ( names1 viz4 ! sep>at+ out = special consid]ation ( s+le qualities 9 ?+s4 ,h5ce 9 ! imitative spee* ( ! *ild1 ! fir/ use ( adjectives foll[s by an appreciable int]val t ( names4#abj ,?is sep>ate appreh5sion ( s+le qualities becomes /ill m di/9ct :5 ab/ract n\ns su* z :it5ess1 height1 come to be us$4 ,z ! etymology ( su* names %[s !y come aft] concrete names 9 ! developm5t ( ! ?\ght ( ! race & community1 & are inv5t$ by help ( su* concrete names4 ,! individual only acquires ! use ( ^! ab/ract names :5 intellig5ce has develop$ "u ! /imulat+ & controll+ influ5ce ( education4 #abj ,"o or two adjectives z ni-ni 7nice7 are us$ along ) n\ns f ! fir/1 b ^! probably s f> z names are on ! level ( n\ns1 i4 e4 names ( ?+s z concrete :oles4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ h[ev]1 t ! *ild or ! race beg9s ) a cle> appreh5sion ( any "o class ( words4 ,! sev]al classes ( words di/+ui%$ by ! gramm>ian are confus$ at fir/ & are only diff]5tiat$ z intellig5ce advances4 ,all t is meant "h is1 t ! *ild kn[s & names ?+s z concrete :oles be=e x beg9s to qualify !m1 or disc]n p>ticul> qualities 9 !m4 ,on ! diff]5tiation ( n\ns etc41 9 ! e>ly use ( language1 see ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 p4 #bai et seqq4 & p4 #bie et seqq4 ,x is only :5 analysis is ?us c>ri$ up to ! po9t ( a sep>ate consid]ation ( s+le qualities t ! class-notion1 ! repres5tative ( a gr\p ( qualities1 becomes def9ite & concise4 ,a p]fectly cle> g5]al idea ( a class means "o ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( :i* we c sep>ately att5d to & "n4 ,conception z ,dep5d5t on ,social ,environm5t4--,x is evid5t f ?is brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! g5]al idea t x is a process t is l>gely dep5d5t on ! action ( ! social environm5t4 ,language is pre-em95tly ! inv5tion & in/rum5t ( social life4 ,x is ! m$ium by :i* we communicate "o to ano!r our ideas1 wi%es1 & s =?4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( life ! undevelop$ intellig5ce ( ! *ild is cont9ually r\s$ to activity ?r\gh 8 desire to ent] into ! sy/em ( language :i* he f9ds o!rs us+4 ,9 ?is way ! results ( ages ( ?\ght-processes embodi$ 9 ! language ( educat$ m5 & wom5 are br\ght to be> on ! gr[+ m9d1 & ^! con/itute a ma9 +r$i5t 9 ! educational influ5ce ( ! community ^u ! individual4 ,! pr(\nd & f> rea*+ influ5ce ( ?is m$ium ( common ^w-embodi$ ideas is cle>ly se5 9 ! arre/ ( intellectual developm5t :5 contact ) ! g5]al m9d ?r\gh language is exclud$1 z 9 ! case ( neglect$ deaf-mutes4 ,z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1 ,a race ( dumb m5 depriv$ ( all communication ) ^? :o c\ld speak w\ld be little inde$ remov$ f ! brutes4#aba #aba ,quot$ by ,pr(essor ,horatio ,hale1 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,language1 p4 #db4 ,j4 ,,sully4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,evolution4 ,9 ! ,royal ,academy's ,exhibition :i* op5$ ,may #b1 #ahij1 ,i rem>k$ a f9e picture ( ! ,"l ,mayor's ,%[4 ,t ,%[ is ! monum5t ( a m]cantile evolution by :i* poor m51--"o1 'tis said1 ) only a cat = capital1--clubb$ toge!r 9 guilds1 l>gely sociali/ic1 &1 s increas+ means1 accumulat$ ! weal? :i* controll$ k+s1 & inaugurat$ ! epo* ( peace1 s necess>y = comm]ce4 ,b ! ,academy picture 0 n s /rik+ z "o ,i _h se5 ! day be=e 7,may-day7 9 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,!re1 amid a motley cr[d ) r$ & black flags inscrib$ ',an>*y1' /ood ,william ,morris1--arti/1 s*ol>1 & poet1--ann\nc+ to ! workm5 t !y are slaves1 ri* m5 _! own]s1 _! natural enemies1 & exi/+ society a w>4 ,! ,guild-,socialism ( ,london is pa/4 ,its gorge\s gho/ may pres5tly masqu]ade = ! la/ "t ?r\gh ,novemb] fog & ,london squalor4 ,b ! ,hyde ,p>k sc5e has its c>e] yet to run4 ,:at its orators dem&$ 0 a new privilege4 ,x 0 n ! equal rights ( labor1 b privilege4 ,?is new lord%ip is to dictate my limits ( education1 my mode ( production1 my h\rs ( "w1 my wages4 ,! poet lead] told ! toil]s t !y alone did :at 0 useful1 all o!rs 7 do+ :at 0 useless2 ! man :o wrote ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise decl>$ himself "o ( ! m]e p>asitic class1 climb+ & fl\ri%+ on ! manual labor]s4 ,i did n see h[ 8 remorseless logic c\ld h sp>$ ,%akespe>e himself1 & x appe>s c]ta9 t "u ?is levell+ s*eme no dream]1 no poet1 c\ld ev] h ! culture1 or ! leisure1 necess>y to be> 8 lit]>y fruit4 ,:5 ! di/ribution ( "w & wages is left to a majority ( ! millions1 w !y agree t writ+ ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise is z productive z ! m9+ ( coal8 ,among ^! millions1 h[ _m fools1 h[ _m sots6 ,%akespe>e drew1 9 ,*ri/oph] ,sly1 a "* famili> to u z to him4 ,*ri/oph] is tak51 :ile 9 a drunk5 sleep1 into a nobleman's mansion1 &1 on wak+1 is treat$ z a "l :o has be5 w&]+ 9 8 m9d1 fancy+ himself a boor4 ,he is surr\nd$ by liv]i$ s]vants2 8 lady comes to welcome 8 recov]y2 he is fea/$2 a beautiful drama is p]=m$ be=e him4 ,9 ! height ( 8 glory ,*ri/oph] calls = a tank>d ( be]2 he dr9ks deep2 & j z 8 play]s are ent]+ on ! poetic drama1 ,*ri/oph] rolls f 8 cu%ion$ ?rone & lies snor+ on ! floor4 ,_h x be5 left to ,*ri/oph] ,sly's vote to det]m9e :e!r high] wages %\ld be paid ,%akespe>e or ! brew]1 ! b>d might h come (f badly4 ,& 7 ! wages ( actors & actresses dep5d5t on a gov]nm5t *os5 by ! masses1 n only ! ,slys ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 b ! millions remote f !atres1 & ! ,me?odi/s1 ,salvationi/s1 ,presbyt]ians1 w\ld c]ta9ly unite to close all !atres4 ,ev5 ,edw>d ,bellamy look+ backw>d f9ds no provision = a !atre4 ,little by little we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 a prosaic _w4 ,m5 & wom5 w\ld be born2 !y might eat1 & sleep2 !y w\ld die4 ,b our little life might bid f>ewell to ! beautiful dreams t clo! its dry bones ) beauty4 ,su* is my impression ( e con/ructive s*eme ( ,socialism4 ,i recognise ! evils t give rise to su* s*emes2 ,i feel _! urg5cy4 ,_! /rong appeal to our humanity might sil5ce criticism ( _! crudity1 7 _! me?od evolution>y4 ,we c\ld !n feel c]ta9 t e practical /ep w\ld be traceable if n confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b :5 a !ory adopts ! revolution>y me?od1 :5 x proposes a complete1 irrev]sible ov]?r[ ( exi/+ in/itutions2 x is necess>y to ask :e!r its own sy/em w\ld be any improvem5t on ! old4 ,x may be said t ,engli% ,socialism does n advocate viol5ce4 ,b viol5ce is only an incid5t ( revolution4 ,!re nev] 0 a revolution 9 :i* ! fight+ did n come z a surprise4 ,^? :o inflame ! masses ) aims t _c be ga9$ b by blood%$1 are really advocat+ viol5ce4 ,re=ms ( a political or a social sy/em are secur$ peacefully1 b a revolution>y subv]sion ( ! f\ndations 9 a :ole nation c only come by w>4 ,x is a decl>ation ( w> to deal ) ! :ole exi/+ ord] ) ho/ility1 ) acrimony & hatr$1 z :olly bad4 ,su* ord] is !reby s5t5c$ to dea?2 its execution is m]ely a "q ( p[]4 ,ev5 suppos+ a revolution n att5d$ by blood%$1 assum+ x extort$ f au?ority by fe> ( viol5ce1 :at c be ga9$8 ,:at new mat]ials1 ) :i* to make ! e>?ly p>adise8 ,none4 ,we see :at m5 are1 :at motives n[ rule2 su* & su* p>ties1 politicians1 (ficial p1 #djj p2 a va/ population ( work+ p :o h no def9ite pr9ciple ( social equality1 mu* less ( frat]nity4 ,! mass1 9 ! di/ance1 may appe> 9 solid>ity1 l ! di/ant ocean2 b1 se5 closely1 x is made up ( di/9ct waves4 ,! bootblack looks d[n on ! sweep1 z ! millionaire looks d[n on ! tradesman4 ,!re is z mu* social inequality 9 ,wa%+ton z 9 ,london4 ,revolutions pass & leave y ! same old human nature4 ,:5ce is socialism to get a cab9et ( angels :o w adm9i/] ! new ord]1--run ! f>ms1 public works1 railways1 & s on1--)\t selfi%ness1 jobb]y1 p]sonal ends1 or corruption8 ,& %all our s*ools tra9 intellig5ce d[nw>d1 s t x %all n rise above m$iocrity8 ,! sn[ may fall level "o day1 ! next x is pil$ into drifts4 ,prop]ty might be equally di/ribut$ ?is ye>2 ! next x w\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ! clev]e/4 ,y seize a man by ! ?roat & say ,y've got to be frat]nal4 ,he may gasp out ,i w2 b :5 8 ?roat is free he w love y no bett]4 ,b we are told t ! selfi% =ces ( human nature1 its t5d5cy to social inequality1 c !mselves be revolutionis$4 ,x 0 s ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,jesus 0 n a sociali/1 he advis$ tribute to ,cs>1 & respect = ^? :o sat 9 ,moses's seat2 b1 "s two c5turies aft] 8 dea?1 ! ,*ri/ians did give up _! private possessions1 & _h all ?+s 9 common4 ,! av[$ cause ( ?is1 h[ev]1 0 t ! _w 0 j com+ to an end4 ,:y labor & accumulate 9 a _w ab\t to be consum$8 ,no soon] did t sup]/iti\s expectation fade away ?an socialism ceas$4 ,! =ces ( human nature resum$ _! sway4 ,^? =ces1--! love ( prop]ty1 ( luxury1 competition1 ent]prise1--h s9ce be5 dissolv$1 "h & !re1 b only by simil> sup]/itions4 ,a hundr$ communities 7 =m$ = secul> int]e/s1 ab\t ,rob]t ,ow5's "t4 ,!y all fail$4 ,! only ones exi/+ are ^? f\nd$ 9 ! belief t ?is _w is a wild]ness ( woe1 de/9$ to de/ruction1 & heav5 ! only true inve/m5t4 ,su* are ! ,oneida1 ,%ak]1 & ,mormon communities4 ,! mod]n sociali/s c appeal to no su* sup]/ition4 ,& yet1 ?\gh _m ( !m believe !mselves infidels1 _! movem5t is ! aft]gl[ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_! me?od is mill5nial4 ,!y look = ! de/ruction ( ! old political _w 9 mu* ! same way z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians look$ = ! de/ruction ( ! physical _w4 ,!re is to be a gr& trans=mation sc5e4 ,"s ,bellamy is to s\nd a trumpet1 a lucif] mat* is to be scrat*$1 &1 puff6 away g ! pomp & glories ( ?is _w4 ,! high are to be laid l[1 ! l[ rais$ high1 & a new social k+dom to be e/abli%$4 ,all ?is1 ?\gh utt]$ by "s a!i/s1 is sup]naturalism4 ,x is a survival f ! mill5nial sup]/ition4 ,x is secul> second-adv5tism4 ,x w pass away l its =]unn]s1 ?\gh x may l !m cause revolutions4 ,! sociali/ic fa!rs & _! *ildr5 w fall asleep1 & ! old _w roll on mu* ! same z be=e1 diurnally1 b on its moral orbit some:at sl[]4 ,= revolution>y *anges inv>iably ret>d human progress4 ,because1 :ile !y _c alt] ! inh]it$ habitudes ( a p1--_! motives1 prejudices1 sup]/itions1--!y give ^! unre=m$ feel+s a new habitation1 swept & g>ni%$1 s t ! la/ /ate ( t nation is worse ?an ! fir/4 ,s long z outgr[n notions rema9 only 9 antiquat$ in/itutions1 _! error is demon/rat$ by _! folly2 _! tumbl+ walls in/ruct !m 9 new ne$s2 & :5 at la/ ! old in/itution falls1 z x mu/1 ! exp]i5ce induces adaptation ( ! new "o to ! =ces t laid l[ ! old4 ,:5 ! out] embodies an inn] re=m1 !re is no reaction4 ,! progress is p]man5t4 ,su* is n ! case :5 decrepit s5tim5ts are sudd5ly giv5 ! s9ews ( y\?4 ,?is view is n speculative4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! /udy ( revolutions4 ,ne> #bej ye>s ago ! ,engli% p began a revolution :i* pres5tly behead$ ! k+1 & dise/abli%$ ! *ur*4 ,b mon>*al sup]/ition 0 n behead$2 religi\s sup]/ition 0 n dise/abli%$4 ,9 place ( ,*>les ,i4 0 set up a mon>* ( unlimit$ p[]1 ^: little f+] 0 heavi] ?an ,*>les's :ole body1--t same ,cromwell ^: massacres ( p 9 ,irel& is repres5t$ to-day 9 ! "o-sid$ feud t makes ! curse ( ,engl&4 ,! dise/abli%m5t ( a *ur*1 at lea/ s*ol>ly & picturesque1 0 foll[$ by ! inauguration ( a primitive ,god ( wra?1 ^: prophet 0 ,calv91 & ,cromwell 8 de/roy+ angel4 ,bonfires 7 made ( ! mo/ beautiful works ( art 9 ,engl&4 ,! f9e/ /atues & monum5ts 7 de/roy$ because a b>b>ian said1 ,?\ %alt n make a grav5 image4 ,! revolution provid$ a fre% /ronghold = ! grosse/ prejudices & sup]/itions2 &1 despite ! weakness ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! faults ( ! cl]gy1 ! la/ /ate ( ,engl& 0 s mu* worse ?an ! fir/1 t ! revolution 0 rev]s$1 ! old mon>*y re/or$1 ! *ur* re-e/abli%$1 & ! future ( t c\ntry giv5 to ! =ces ( evolution4 ,! ,fr5* revolution behead$ a weak k+1 & rais$ a mon/] 9 8 place4 ,robespi]re conc5trat$ 9 8 ye> or two all crimes spread ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( tyranny4 ,! masses ?rew d[n ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & rais$ on h] *ief alt> a goddess ( ,reason4 ,mu* pi\s horror has be5 express$ ab\t t wor%ip ( a beautiful ,woman in/ead ( an image2 b ! real evil 0 ! sup]/ition1 :i*1 z x _h behead$ a helpless k+ n[ %att]$ a helpless image1 b )\t behead+ itself--t is1 sup]/ition itself4 ,! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,reason 0 entirely too reasonable2 s %e 0 set aside1 & ! revolution e/abli%$ a c]emonial wor%ip ( ,nature1 :i* consecrat$ all t 0 natural1--! passions1 ! revolution>y wra?1 ! natural desire to guillot9e a ,c\nt1 take possession ( 8 h\se1 dr9k 8 w9e1 & imitate 8 revelries4 ,robespi]re pres5tly turn$ to but*]+ revolutioni/s too1 if n submissive to him1 s he 0 put out ( ! way4 ,b ! :ole revolution naturally l$ to ! de/ructive imp]ialism ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1--! enemy ( mank9d4 ,he s p>alys$ ! =ces ( progress t1 ev5 9 #ahdh1 ! ,fr5* _h n le>n$ ! lesson ( _! fir/ revolution4 ,!y tri$ ano!r1 & hi/ory repeat$ itself4 ,!y =m$ a revolution>y democracy1--t is1 a disguis$ imp]ialism1--z !y 7 soon %[n4 ,_! presid5t prov$ to be an emp]or1 :o de/roy$ lib]ty 9 ,france & ,italy = tw5ty ye>s1 & ne>ly de/roy$ 8 c\ntry4 ,b :at ( ,am]ica8 ,x 0 f ! romantic success ( ! ,am]ican revolution1--a h&ful ( coloni/s ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( ,engl&1--t ,france caught fire2 & ! revolution>y _s 9 ,europe has be5 kept alive by ! magnific5t mat]ial developm5t ( ,am]ica4 ,all ^! fruits ( ! c5tury ( indep5d5ce are ascrib$ to our revolution2 al?\gh ! m a/oni%+ gr[? ( ,au/ralia1 :i* _h no :ite settl] fifty ye>s ago1 might z ju/ly be ascrib$ to ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,x is due to a false patriotism t ,am]icans compet5t to d s h n expos$ ! sup]/itions ab\t _! c\ntry4 ,to love "o's native l& m ?an humanity1 is no bett] ?an to love a k+ m ?an our c\ntry4 ,!re appe>s to me no?+ m important ?an t ! _w %\ld be undeceiv$ ab\t ,am]ica1 ^: political hi/ory is1 really1 ! great w>n+ aga9/ revolution1--a h&writ+ on ! walls ( ! _w1 ! misund]/&+ ( :i* is a p]il to mank9d4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ,am]ica 0 a necess>y ?+1 b x came 9 ! wor/ way possible4 ,! colonies resi/$ taxation1 impos$ by a p>liam5t #cjjj miles away1--9 ^? days fifte5 times t di/ance 9 "t1--9 :i* p>liam5t !y _h no voice4 ,! qu>rel came to bl[s2 b ! coloni/s _h no idea ( sep>ation f ,engl&1 until ,?omas ,pa9e p]suad$ !m t indep5d5ce alone c\ld end su* qu>rels4 ,t 0 true1 b x 0 a heavy mis=tune1 f :i* we /ill suff]1 t indep5d5ce 0 secur$ by w>4 ,! colonies _h exhau/$ _! res\rces 9 _! success2 b !y _h n exhau/$ ,engl&4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 sore & humiliat$1 /ill held ! nor? & nor?we/ ( ,am]ica1 comm&$ ! =ce ( ! great aborig9al tribes1 controll$ ! :ole ,am]ican coa/ ) its %ips4 ,! ,colonies1 /ill confront$ by ! p[]ful enemy !y _h made1 7 compell$ to unite = common def5ce4 ,^! colonies _h radical diff]5ces1 political1 religi\s1 comm]cial2 "s 7 free1 "s held slaves4 ,b 9 pres5ce ( ! common foe !y _h to unite at once1 & s9k _! diff]5ces4 ,:5 !y met to frame a con/itution = _! union ! majority _h no notion ( any con/itution save t ( ,engl&1 & little accurate k ( t4 ,:at !y fram$ 0 a crude imitation ( ! undevelop$ ,engli% con/itution ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!y made two legislatures because ,engl& seem$ to h two2 b made !m equal1 n kn[+ t 9 ,engl& ! two 7 n equal4 ,!y suppos$ ,engl& 0 really gov]n$ by ! k+2 s1 hav+ knock$ d[n ,george ,,iii4 !y set up a mon>* mu* m p[]ful1 :o to-day "u ! "n ( presid5t possesses m p[] ?an any ?rone on e>?4 ,!y =m$ a ,s5ate1 able to defeat ! popul> ,h\se4 ,! ,s5ate is a pe]age ( /ates1 9 :i* ,new ,york has no m p[] ?an /ates h>dly l>g] ?an "s ( its c\nties4 ,?is anomaly 0 advocat$ on ! gr\nd t 9 ,engl& bor\ghs ( a few hundr$ vot]s _h equal repres5tation ) o!rs ( _m ?\s&s4 ,! old mon/rosity1 n[ ! ext9ct rott5 bor\gh sy/em1 0 "h actually rais$ into a con/itutional pr9ciple4 ,comm& ( ! ,army & ,navy1 !re nom9ally lodg$ 9 ! cr[n1 0 really lodg$ ) ! ,am]ican mon>*1 s t he may slip f 8 civil to 8 milit>y ?rone1 & rule by m>tial law4 ,?is p[]ful mon>* is n elect$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ( ! /ates sep>ately1 ?r\gh electors proportion$ to _! memb]s ( ,congress4 ,consequ5tly1 z ,new ,york has ! greate/ numb] ( electors1 ! mon>* 9 n9e cases out ( t51 is *os5 by "o /ate4 ,! pres5t ,presid5t got a trifl+ majority 9 ,new ,york1 & 0 elect$4 ,mr4 ,clevel& receiv$ "s #ajj1jjj majority ( votes 9 ! nation1 & 0 defeat$4 ,a popul> sup]/ition calls t ! ,great ,republic4 ,s9ce ! electors ceas$ to be real electors1 z ! con/itution int5d$1 & became m]e mess5g]-boys c>ry+ votes !y nev] ca/1 ?is gov]nm5t is n s republican z is n[ t its revolution ov]?rew a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ev5 at its be/ our ha/y con/itution gave new lease to an ,engl& discr$it$ at home1 & a new lease to slav]y1 :i* _h be5 decay+4 ,slav]y ent]$ its new /ronghold1 & rul$ ,am]ica = g5]ations2 _h x n lo/ its head & assail$ its own /ronghold1 x might be rul+ /ill4 ,our mu* eulogis$ con/itution1 by its compromise ) slav]y1 co/ ,am]ica a million lives1 & a billion ( money4 ,& all ( ^? evils1 involv+ a /eady degradation ( our politics1 are due to ! fact t ,am]ica got its indep5d5ce n by evolution1--:i* w\ld h surely secur$ x1 leav+ ,engl& its fri5d1--b by revolution1 :i* made ,engl& its enemy2 necessitat+ a premature1 crude1 milit>y union2 prev5t+ ! mature discussion & developm5t :i* c\ld h made ! con/itution an advance 9 political civilisation in/ead ( a retrogression4 ,:5 our fa!rs _h swept ,engli% au?ority out ( ! c\ntry1 !y _h n swept political sup]/itions1 mon>*al notions1 out ( x2 s !y re-en?ron$ 9 _! g>ni%$ habitation ! defects ( ! sy/em !y _h f\ght4 ,:5 ,wa%+ton 0 pres5tly bo? reign+ & gov]n+ 9 ,am]ica1 :5 he 0 ! idol ( mon>*s1 ) a pett$ c\rti] repres5t+ him 9 e ,european ,c\rt1 poor ,?omas ,pa9e1 :o made ! revolution1 0 a prison] 9 ,p>is = try+ to mod]ate ! gory giant he _h evok$2 & plead+ = some?+ l ! m9i/]ial gov]nm5t ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 /eadily adopt+ 8 pr9ciples ( tol]ation1 & ! rights ( man1 by sure =ces ( evolution4 ,by su* =ces1--by argum5t1 petition1 p>liam5t>y influ5ce1--,engl& has secur$ some?+ l republican gov]nm5t "u its mask ( mon>*y4 ,:5 p are suff]+1 x is natural = !m to attribute _! suff]+s to ?is or t in/itution :i* has an appe>ance ( ana*ronism & inju/ice4 ,b x is precisely :5 in/itutions are ?us antiquat$ & anomal\s t evolution is able to utilise !m = an advance4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates mon>* is able to transf] (fice f 8 oppon5ts to 8 support]s4 ,he is p[]ful because he is remov$ e f\r ye>s4 ,he c claim t ! nation has fre%ly giv5 him all t p[]4 ,! ,engli% sov]eign has no political p[] at all4 ,! nation is gov]n$ by responsible m9i/]s4 ,! presid5t may snap 8 f+]s at a p>liam5t>y majority2 ! ,engli% executive may be dismiss$ 9 a night4 ,:y has ! ,engli% mon>* be5 ?us depriv$ ( p[]8 ,! cause is traceable to its h]$it>y "*1--t same h]$it>y "* :i* seems s anomal\s4 ,x 0 f\nd ( old t ! ?rone1 because x 0 h]$it>y1 sometimes fell to a baby1 :o c\ld n rule4 ,gr[n up p _h to act = ! *ild4 ,to escape int]ruptions ( gov]nm5t1 :5 ! mon>* might be incapable1 m9i/]s became ess5tial2 & ?us m9i/]ial gov]nm5t & responsibility 7 develop$ out ( ! antiquat$ h]$it>y anomaly4 ,popul> gov]nm5t1 9 its developm5t1 0 able to act ?r\gh ?is elect$ m9i/ry1 & ! mon>*1 ?\gh an adult1 c\ld n claim t he _h ! national au?ority beh9d him1 except by accordance ) an elect$ m9i/ry4 ,moreov] 9 a mon>*y all classes are int]e/$ to r$uce a p[] :i* only "o family c enjoy2 b "u a presid5cy all are anxi\s to enhance ! p[] ( an (fice to :i* all may aspire1--especially :]e x is r5ew$ e f\r ye>s by an electoral revolution4 ,9 ,engl& o!r antiquat$ ?+s h subs]v$ progress4 ,= ! v reason t h]$it>y legislation is anomal\s1 antiquat$1 ! pe]s became weak2 ! upp] h\se became "u1 by an evolution t _h be5 impossible _h x be5 elective4 ,b 9 ?is v irresponsibility to ! popul> vote lay t indep5d5ce ( popul>ity :i* gives _! ,h\se weight z a debat+ & revis+ body4 ,a fur!r /ep 9 evolution1 :i* %\ld det]m9e ! exact numb] ( times t ! ,lords might reject a measure1 aft] :i* its passage ?r\gh ! ,commons w\ld make x law1 might make ! pe]s a useful body 9 *eck+ popul> passion & ha/e4 ,_! indep5d5ce causes ! ,lords to pass bills = op5+ ,museums & ,art ,gall]ies on ,sunday1 :i* are kill$ by ! ,common]s = fe> ( ! ,sabbat>ians among _! con/itu5ts4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( ! popul> brea? makes ! ,h\se ( ,lords ! s\rce ( a ,supreme ,c\rt ^: ju/ice 0 lately %[n by ! r$ress x gave ,bradlaugh at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,commons 7 inflict+ wrongs on him1 9 fe> ( _! sect>ian con/itu5ts4 ,! l may be said ( ano!r antiquat$ in/itution 9 ,engl&--! ,*ur*4 ,by reason ( its anomal\s e/abli%m5t 9 a nation ( v>i\s cre$s & a hundr$ & fifty sects1 t ,*ur* is !ologically dise/abli%$4 ,subject$ to ! =ces ( political & e?ical evolution1 x is n[ pres]v+ ! va/ prop]ty bequea!d by ,engl&'s sup]/iti\s ,pa/ to its free-?9k+ ,future1 keep+ x f be+ divid$ up among ! sects1 be=e ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! c\ntry has come ( age to claim its end[m5t4 ,! ,*ur* _c sp5d ?is weal? = sect>ian ends1 precisely because t ,*ur* is antiquat$1 & )\t au?ority to repres5t spiritually ! nation ( to-day4 ,we might ?us g ?r\gh "o aft] ano!r ana*roni/ic in/itution & %[ ea* subs]vi5t to ag5cies ( evolution1 :]eas1 if de/roy$ by revolution1 !y c\ld only be succe$$ by new in/itutions embody+1 9 /rong] =ms1 ! snobb]y1 ! sup]/ition1 ! sect>ianism1 /ill rema9+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x be+ c]ta91 at ! same "t1 t no revolution c possibly rea* ! tr\bles :i* alone c\ld cause "o4 ,9 ,engl& ! tr\bles ( labor are due to ! fact t ! bir? rate is d\ble ! dea? rate4 ,s long z paup]s are multipli$ twice z fa/ z !y are remov$1 paup]ism mu/ increase4 ,! m *>ity & m$ical c>e l[] ! dea? rate1 ! m !y int5sify ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r sw>m+ c\ntries ( ,europe ov]population once l$ to brig&age1 b !y are n[ l>gely reliev$ by emigration4 ,?is involves a /eady flood ( paup]s to ,am]ica1 9 addition to ^? spawn$ by native animalism4 ,t evil may be *eck$ :5 9 welcom+ ! s\nd _w1 we %all qu>ant9e ! uns\nd _w1--! diseas$1 ! crim9al1 ! ignorant4 ,an immigrant )\t a doll> may be m safely admitt$ ?an "o :o _c write 8 "n4 ,we h a "r to evolution>y legislation4 ,we %\ld prev5t ! conge/ion ( our cities ) paup]s :ile millions ( our fields are wait+ to be till$4 ,new ,york w n be com=t$1 weep+ = h] *ildr5 because !y are n c\nt$ 9 ! c5sus4 ,r %\ld %e weep = a multitude ( ^? t are c\nt$1--immigrants f its own slums z well z f ! slums ( ,europe4 ,evolution>y legislation w\ld prev5t e>ly m>riage1 & =bid m>riage :]e !re is no means ( support+ (fspr+4 ,su* unions are j z illicit z if !re 7 no c]emony at all1 & ! *ildr5 m cruelly illegitimate4 ,until !re is a high moral /&>d :i* %all re/ra9 su* cruelty to ! unborn1 ,paup]ism1 prolific p>5t ( bo? vices & crimes1 c only be mitigat$ by a developm5t ( communal life4 ,a hundr$ p1 d9+ at a common table1 c get ! same d9n] = t5 c5ts ea*1 t1 sep>ately w\ld co/ ea* tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,t is1 s f> z food is conc]n$1 communal life m ?an d\bles e man's wages4 ,!re is no m reason :y a poor family %\ld support a kit*5 ( its own ?an t x %\ld support a c>riage ( its own1 in/ead ( go+ 9 ! omnibus4 ,g5tlem5 9 _! clubs get ! advantage ( :olesale prices1 :ile ! poor d n4 ,! pr9ciple ( comb9ation is m l>gely applicable to lodg+s also ?an is n[ ! case4 ,x co/s f> less to procure & keep clean "o l>ge t5em5t ?an a numb] ( sep>ate h\ses1 to say no?+ ( ! humanis+ influ5ce1 on mann]s & morals1 ( communal int]e/s1 & ! social _s s eng5d]$4 ,! home brute w\ld be *eck$1 ! drunk>d sob]$1 by am5ability to ! l>g] social c5sor%ip1 & to a /&>d ( communal conduct4 ,:5 ! work+ p h le>n$ to utilise 9 normal life su* comb9ation z !y occasionally use = /rikes1 !y w f9d _! means increas+ en\gh ev5 to /rike1 :5 necess>y1 ) less recoil on !mselves4 ,!y w also f9d t :]e in/itutions ( t k9d once take root1 end[m5ts & beque/s seek !m out1 & make !m c5tres ( happ9ess & culture4 ,political & social evolution mu/ n be confus$ ) natural selection3 x is human selection4 ,"s ye>s ago a cotton-plant] 9 ,georgia obs]v$ t ! leaves on "o ( 8 plants 0 unlike ! usual leaf2 x 0 divid$ z if into f+]s4 ,s f> nature _h gone4 ,! plant] add$ 8 intellig5ce4 ,he conclud$ t su* a divid$ leaf w\ld let 9 m sun%9e on ! cotton4 ,also su* a leaf w\ld n be com=table = cat]pill>s4 ,s he se>*$ out "o or two ( ^! peculi> plants1 transplant$ !m to a field by !mselves2 z !y propagat$1 he pluck$ up ^? ) ! old leaf1 cultivat$ ^? ) ! new1--& n[ ^! new cotton plants1 f9] ?an ! old1 free f cat]pill>s1 are spread ?r\gh _m regions4 ,t is human selection1 bas$ on natural selection1 secur+ ! fruits ( evolution4 ,x is j z applicable to man z to vegetation4 ,a bett] man may be br$ z well z a bett] k9d ( cotton4 ,already _m old =ms ( crime h be5 l>gely br$ out ( society1 by ! sub/itution ( imprisonm5t = !fts in/ead ( ! capital puni%m5ts :i* juries refus$ to inflict4 ,crime be+ l>gely h]$it>y1 ! (f5d]s us$ to get free1 & multipli$ _! bad species4 ,b :5 puni%m5ts 7 assign$ :i* juries 7 ready to inflict1 ! crim9als 7 isolat$ = ye>s1 or transport$1 & _! race dim9i%$4 ,! crime t n[ fl\ri%es mo/ is murd]2 because its dea? p5alty survives4 ,x 0 rec5tly %[n 9 ,p>liam5t t ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ,engli% murd]]s escape1 ma9ly ?r\gh av]sion ( juries1 & m]ciful p1 to inflict a savage & irrevocable p5alty4 ,7 capital puni%m5t aboli%$ ! ?ree f\r?s w\ld be isolat$ = life4 ,!y w\ld be k9dly treat$1 b mu/ h no (fspr+4 ,no su* survival ( autocracy z a p>don+ p[] c\ld exi/2 no individual w\ld be able to alt] decrees ( c\rts & juries4 ,in/ead ( aim+ at ! murd]] evolution aims at ! murd]4 ,x w secure a survival ( ! peaceful1 & bre$ f]ocity out ( man z x has br$ ! wolf out ( dogs4 ,b t implies bre$+ ! wolf out ( our law4 ,! eye = eye1 blood = blood1 _s is wolfi%4 ,s is ! :ole revolution>y _s1 :e!r %[n 9 arm$ viol5ce1 or 9 arbitr>y laws4 ,x c be act$ ^u1 controll$1 %am$ out ( society1 only by pure moral & intellectual =ces4 ,!re is no great] p[] ?an in/ruct$ ?\ght1 animat$ by love to man1 en=c$ by honor & "*4 ,!re is z yet no civilis$ nation2 civilisation exi/s 9 oases1 :i* gradually encroa* on ! des]ts4 ,!y h l>gely encroa*$ on "s ( ^! already1 b civilisation c only ext5d z x is real4 ,! ,european nations are slic+ up ,africa among !m4 ,?is we are told is ,*ri/ian civilisation3 !y are tak+ _! neighbor's prop]ty only because !y love him l !mselves4 ,:at is ! civilisation go+ out !re8 ,y c see x 9 ! d5s ( ,european cities4 ,! ,africans h got to be dragg$ ?r\gh all t4 ,:at k9d ( religion w g !re8 ,a ,bible record+ div9ely ord]$ massacres w be put 9 e savage h&4 ,/anley says t :5 9 sore tr\ble1 9 ! ,african =e/1 he made a v[ t if ,god w\ld only help him1 he w\ld ackn[l$ge 8 aid among m54 ,8 tr\bles began to cle> next day4 ,god 0 indiff]5t1 x seems1 s long z man & bea/ 7 suff]+1 b :5 ?is great temptation 0 held out to ,jehovah--?is promise ( di/+ui%$ patronage--he at once int]f]$4 ,!re is no?+ new ab\t t ,god4 ,9 ! ,bible1 8 provid5ce is always pur*asable by glory4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( su* gods 9 ,africa4 ,b ,europeans are go+ !re z repres5tatives ( civilisation1 & w say to !m 9 ! "n ( ,g]man & ,engli% ,sci5ce1 9 ! "n ( ,b]l91 ,ox=d1 & ,cambridge1--,^! be ?y gods1 ,o ,africa6 ,only agree to call _! "n ,jehovah1 :o help$ ,jeph?a1 :5 he v[$ a sacrifice :i* prov$ to be 8 daught]1 & :o help$ ,/anley on condition t ! s]vice w\ld be report$ 9 ! press4 ,! intellect ( ,europe kn[s bett] ?an t2 b x has v few organs ( its prote/ aga9/ surviv+ b>b>isms t dev\r ! _w "u pret5ce ( civilis+ x4 ,& x =ms few su* organs because itself ne$s humanis+4 ,j !re ,am]ica may l5d a h&4 ,our sci5ce1 our lit]ature1 & art1 /ill lack moral e>ne/ness1 & human sympa?y4 ,! value ( our e lib]al moral movem5t & organ is !re=e incalculable4 ,x 0 a hopeful sign to see lately on ! plat=m ( ! ,e?ical ,congress 9 ,new ,york lead]s 9 v>i\s d5om9ations1--,heb] ,newton1 ,presid5t ,&rews1 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,rabbi ,isaacs1 ,felix ,adl]1--unit+ to e/abli% a ,college = ,moral ,culture2 all admitt+ t ! !ological sem9>ies1 public s*ools1 & univ]sities1 _h left !m un9/ruct$ 9 ! great social1 economic1 e?ical1 & political problems :i* h n[ come urg5tly to ! front4 ,! prophets ( ,jehovah once said ( ,baal1 ,p]adv5ture he sleepe?4 ,! prophets ( ,jehovah n[ admit ! same conc]n+ _! anci5t ,syrian deity4 ,b ! div9e humanity is awak+4 ,x w rise above prejudice & p>ty4 ,x w inspire no man to lay an axe at ! root ( 8 neighbor's holy tree because x is n 8 own1 b to plant beside x "o :i* !y bo? agree is good1 & agree to n\ri%1 & :i* %all prove s fruitful1 s sweet1 t /r5g? %all be drawn away f ! roots ( evil in/itutions1 & !y %all )] away4 ,t :i*1 assail$ by revolution1 is sure to be def5d$1 &1 if fell$1 to be re>$ aga91 evolution may g5tly )] by production ( ! m fit4 ,! sacr$ groves ( ! ,pa/ may /ill *]i% _! traditional names1 b1 if n %att]$ by revolution>y lightn+s1 !y w turn !mselves to f5ces ar\nd ! g>d5 :]e fruits ( k & ! happi] life are gr[+4 ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,a ,,convict$ ,,an>*i/',s ,,reply ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,lombroso4 ,i h read ) mu* int]e/ ,pr(essor ,lombroso's article ab\t ! an>*i/s1 & ,i f\nd _m ?+s 9 x t are true1 b also _m errors4 ,ev5 %\ld we admit ,pr(essor ,lombroso's !ory to be correct1 x w\ld 9 ! pres5t case avail b little1 because ! portraits f :i* he made 8 d$uctions are n suffici5tly tru?ful = 8 purpose4 ',s*aak's' book is said to be a fictiti\s 'robb] /ory1' & ,i am in=m$ t x conta9s _m untru?s absolutely inv5t$ = ornam5t & decoration4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t su* a book %\ld n h c>icatur$ ! portraits ( ! an>*i/s4 ,9 books design$ = sale to ! masses1 ! illu/rations are n1 z a rule1 ( any value z works ( art1 ev5 if ! p]sons pictur$ 9 !m enjoy ! au?or's favor4 ,! only true to life pictures are ! photographs :i* ,dr4 ,c>us s5t to ,pr(essor ,lombroso1 & ^! 7 tak5 9 ! c\nty jail2 b x appe>s t ! ,pr(essor ?\ght little ( !m1 = he says1 ',p]haps ^! photographs 7 tak5 "s ye>s be=e ! crime1 :5 !y 7 v "y1' & ! pictures 9 ! ,vorbote 7 drawn aft] ! photographs1 & are !re=e ( no acc\nt s long z ! photographs !mselves are accessible4 ,c]ta9 z x is t vice1 crime1 & brutality v (t5 f9d a *>act]i/ic expression ( face1 s equally c]ta9 is x also t prom95t physiognomi/s v (t5 judge inaccurately & falsely4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( ?is4 ,9 ,mantegazza's "w are f\nd examples4 ,n[1 if x is difficult to arrive at a correct op9ion "u favorable circum/ances1 x is almo/ impossible to d s if su* pictures z ^? ( ,s*aak's1 ) ,s*aak's explanations1 =m ! basis & />t+ po9t ( ! inquiry4 ,johann ,mo/ has an unsymmetric face2 ?is h[ev]1 is n ! fault ( nature1 b ( an unskilful surgeon4 ,( ,engel ,i "k no?+1 except t he jo9$ ! sociali/s at an advanc$ age4 ,9 8 e>li] ye>s he advocat$ anti-,sociali/ic ideas4 ,aft] 8 fir/ arre/ he 0 set free ^u ! good ^w ( ,coron] ,h]z1 :o decl>$ t he knew ,engel = ye>s z a quiet & well-behav$ citiz54 ,) ,l+g ,i 0 n on fri5dly t]ms1 & !re=e propriety dem&s t ,i keep sil5t ab\t him4 ,spies 0 born 9 ! h\se ( a =e/]1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 a ,raubs*loss4 ,! connection betwe5 ?is fact & ! o!r "o t ,spies tw5ty ye>s lat] 0 conv]t$ to socialism by an ,am]ican1 is n v cle> to me4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ gift$ ( all ! indict$ an>*i/s1 & he _h a mo/ intellig5t appe>ance2 8 =ehead 0 well develop$4 ,temp]ance 9 eat+ & dr9k+ 0 "o ( 8 qualities1 b z reg>ds 8 intellectual activity1 ,i regret to say t ?is 0 n ! case4 ,_m ( 8 articles betray$ n]v\s ov]-excitem5t4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahhf1 all intellectual "w 0 =bidd5 him by 8 physician1 & = a few weeks he foll[$ 8 advice4 ,he 0 full ( compassion = ! poor & wret*$1 & he help$ !m :]ev] he c\ld4 ,conc]n+ 8 *>ities he obs]v$ /rict sil5ce4 ,any ref]5ce to !m 0 disagreeable to him1 & made him angry4 ,a man :o _h once rudely (f5d$ him )\t cause1 be+ 9 di/ress ,spies obta9$ "w = him4 ,i came to ! k ( ?is by accid5t4 ,"o ( ! employees ( ! ,arbeit]-,zeitung :o receiv$ b a small sal>y told me t ,spies out ( 8 own pocket gave him = "s mon?s #b4jj a week to pay a doctor & procure m$ic9e4 ,! sal>y ( ,spies 0 only #ai4jj a week1 & f ?is he support$ 8 "m4 ,spies 0 ( a v t5d] nature1 & :at 8 comrades ?\ght ( 8 blood-?ir/9ess may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ anecdote4 ,a c]ta9 man by ! "n ( ,matz+] _h translat$ an article f ! ,fr5*1 ,! ,day ,aft] ! ,revolution1 & ,spies ask$ an acqua9tance ( m9e1 ,:at w\ld y d ! day aft] ! revolution8 ,! answ] 01 ,i %\ld imprison y till all 0 ov]1 = y\r s5tim5tality w\ld prev5t u f any en]getic me?ods4 ,! by/&]s laugh$2 ,spies flu%$ & said no?+4 ,field5 has be5 treat$ wor/ by ,pr(essor ,lombroso4 ,8 fa!r has be5 *>act]is$ z a sort ( g5ius1 & 9 close/ connection ) x1 ! ,pr(essor says1 ,almo/ all ! sons ( m5 ( g5ius are lunatics1 idiots1 or crim9als4 ,i hope ! ,pr(essor1 m9dful ( ?is1 is n m>ri$4 ,if ! t]m g5ius has s wide a mean+1 ! above /atem5t is c]ta9ly incorrect4 ,goe! on 8 "m's side _h v tal5t$ ance/ors1 & 8 fa!r 0 extremely well gift$4 ,! son ( ,goe! 0 a drunk>d1 b we "k t ?is un=tunate inh]itance came f 8 "m's side4 ,! ,d>w9 family 0 fam\s = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! sons ( ,hegel & ,s*ell+ 7 also able m54 ,_m m in/ances ( t k9d c\ld be adduc$2 & :5ev] a g5ius or 8 po/]ity goes to ! wall1 !re are (t5 ext]nal circum/ances t cause x4 ,! ,field5 :o became fam\s z a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t at ! "t ( ! ,*>ti/ movem5t 9 ,engl&1 0 a relative1 b n ! fa!r ( ,sam ,field54 ,sam ,field5's fa!r 0 a v intellig5t labor]1 :o also took "p 9 ! ,*>ti/ movem5t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 becom+ v prom95t 9 x4 ,by ! bye1 ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ nam$ ,field5 are nei!r lunatics1 idiots1 nor crim9als1 b weal?y manufactur]s4 ,& n[ to ,sam ,field52 no lunatic1 idiot1 or crim9al c\ld make ! spee* :i* he made :5 ask$ :y s5t5ce ( dea? %\ld n be pron\nc$ aga9/ him1 a spee* conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 ,gr9nell1 ! prosecutor1 said t _h x be5 made to ! jury1 !y w\ld h acquitt$ him4 ,mr4 ,lu!r ,lafl9 ,mills1 =m]ly ,/ates ,attorney1 decl>$ 9 my pres5ce t x 0 a ma/]piece4 ,t !re 0 any crim9al disposition 9 ,sam nobody ev] _h any idea4 ,he 0 ne>ly =ty ye>s old :5 arre/$1 & 8 weal?y employ]s consid]$ him an hone/ man1 & a h>mless en?usia/ ( an amiable nature4 ,he _h become entangl$ 9 ! ,an>*i/ prosecution by a /range concat5ation ( circum/ances4 ,pr(essor ,lombroso's op9ion conc]n+ ,field51 =m$ by ! /udy ( portraits1 /&s 9 a /range contra/ to ! e/imate ( "* made by ! judge :o tri$ & s5t5c$ ! an>*i/s4 ,?ree days be=e ! execution ,judge ,g>y wrote ! foll[+ lett] to ,gov]nor ,oglesby3 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,novemb] #h1 #ahhg4 ,to ! ,hon4 ,ri*>d ,j4 ,oglesby1 ,gov]nor ( ,ill9ois4 ,sir3 ,9 ! application ( ,samuel ,field5 = a commutation ( 8 s5t5ce1 x is n necess>y z to ! case itself t ,i %\ld d m ?an ref] to ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt = a hi/ory ( 8 crime4 ,outside ( :at is !re %[n1 !re is 9 ! nature & private "* ( ! man1 a natural love ( ju/ice1 an impati5ce at all undes]v$ suff]+1 an impulsive temp]2 & an int5se love ( & ?ir/ = ! applause ( 8 he>]s made him an advocate ( =ce z a h]oic rem$y = ! h>d%ips t ! poor endure4 ,9 8 own private life he 0 ! hone/1 indu/ri\s1 & peaceable labor+ man4 ,9 :at he said 9 c\rt be=e s5t5ce he 0 respectful & decor\s4 ,8 language & conduct s9ce h be5 irreproa*able4 ,z !re is no evid5ce t he knew ( any prep>ation to d ! specific act ( ?r[+ ! bomb t kill$ ,degan he does n und]/& ev5 n[ t g5]al advice to l>ge masses to d viol5ce makes him responsible = ! viol5ce done by reason ( t advice1 nor t be+ jo9$ by o!rs 9 an ef=t to subv]t law & ord] by =ce makes him responsible = ! acts ( ^? o!rs t5d+ to make t ef=t effectual4 ,9 %ort1 he 0 m a misguid$ en?usia/ ?an a crim9al consci\s ( ! horrible nature & effect ( 8 tea*+s & ( 8 responsibility !re=4 ,:at %all be done 9 8 case is p>tly a "q ( humanity1 & p>tly a "q ( /ate policy1 ^u :i* x seems to me action on ! "p ( y\r excell5cy favorable to him is ju/ifiable4 ,i atta* ?is to a copy ( 8 petition to y\r excell5cy & ref] to t = :at he says ( ! *ange t has come ^u himself4 ,respectfully ,y\rs1 ,,joseph ,e4 ,,g>y4 ,pr(essor ,lombroso wrote 8 article ) ! be/ int5tions1 ,i fully recognise ! fact2 & c]ta9ly he 0 gov]n$ by ! mo/ humane motives4 ,b ev5 conc$+ ! correctness ( 8 !ory he necess>ily fail$ f ! insuffici5cy ( 8 mat]ials4 ,"o ?+ m1 ,an>*ism is a collective t]m l ,lib]alism4 ,p und]/& by x _m diff]5t & sometimes contradictory !ories4 ,t "p ( x :i* is n 9 h>mony ) human progress w fail1 %all fail1 & mu/ fail1 b t "p ( x :i* is good w live 9 spite ( all4 ,! mi/ake1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 made 9 our special case w n aga9 be made 9 ,am]ica2 & t also w be = ! g5]al good4 ,joliet ,p5it5ti>y4 ,m4 ,,s*wab4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,welf>e4 ,i4 ,if we wi% to discuss e?ical problems 9 a fruitful mann] & =m j judgm5ts ( e?ical !ories1 we mu/ always be> 9 m9d ! fact t !re is n m]ely "o s+le e?ical problem1 b _m4 ,) ! solution ( "o ( ^! problems ! solution ( ! o!rs is n necess>ily giv51 & ?9k]s :o h treat$ a s+le problem h n1 9 deal+ ) t problem1 always det]m9$ _! position ) ref]5ce to ! o!rs4 ,at all ev5ts1 x w be an especial & sep>ate task to inve/igate ! relation to ea* o!r1 ! reciprocal dep5d5ce or indep5d5ce1 ( ! diff]5t e?ical problems4 ,:5 we speak ( ! e?ical problem z an especial philosophical problem1 we mu/ n =get t ^u clos] exam9ation x resolves itself into a numb] ( diff]5t problems4 ,! reason ( ?is t5d5cy to reg>d ! e?ical problem z simple & indivisible ?r\gh\t1 may be p>tly s\ght 9 ! fact t philosophical e?ics did n develop until ! positive religions _h lo/ _! undisput$ control ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,religi\s e?ics is simple & indivisible by virtue ( its pr9ciple4 ,x is f\nd$ on au?ority4 ,its cont5ts are ! reveal$ comm&s ( au?ority2 ! feel+ :i* impels u to pass e?ical judgm5ts is ! fe> or rev]5ce or love ) :i* m5 are fill$ 9 ! pres5ce ( div9e au?ority2 ! same motives impel man to foll[ 9 8 conduct ! comm&s ( ! au?ority2 & ! pr9ciples ( ! education ( individuals & ( ! ord] ( society are j z imm$iately giv5 by def9ite relation to ?is au?ority4 ,x is ^u ! :ole ! peculi>ity ( positive religions & ! cause ( _! great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d t !y grant man satisfaction 9 a lump = all 8 intellectual wants4 ,! true believ] has conc5trat$ 9 8 belief 8 :ole m5tal life2 8 belief is at once ! highe/ sci5ce1 ! highe/ virtue1 ! highe/ good1 & ! highe/ /hetics4 ,philosophical e?ics has s\ght too long to reta9 ! simple unity :i* is peculi> to religi\s e?ics4 ,! mi/akes ( ! greate/ philosophical e?ici/s may be 9 "p trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,a criticism ( ,kant & ,b5?am w\ld m fully illu/rate ?is4 ,! fundam5tal error--"o s (t5 f\nd 9 ! sci5ce ( ! pa/--is too great a love ( simplicity4 ,i %all try1 9 ! briefe/ possible mann]1 to give an outl9e ( ! mo/ important e?ical problems4 ,e?ical judgm5ts1 judgm5ts conc]n+ good & bad1 9 _! simple/ =m are expressions ( feel+1 & nev] lose t "* h[ev] mu* influ5ce cle> & reason$ k may acquire ) respect to !m4 ,an act or an in/itution t c\ld awak5 no feel+ :atsoev] w\ld nev] become ! object ( an e?ical judgm5t1 c\ld nev] be designat$ z good or bad4 ,& ! "* ( ! judgm5t w be dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! feel+ t dictates ! judgm5t4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( pure egoism ! judgm5t ( ! same act w be :olly diff]5t f :at x is :5 reg>d$1 say1 f a po9t ( view t is det]m9$ by motives ( sympa?y embrac+ a l>g] or small] circle ( liv+ be+s4 ,an e?ical sy/em1 accord+ly1 w acquire its "* f ! motive pr9ciple ( judgm5t ^u :i* x builds4 ,?is motive pr9ciple is ! p[] t orig9ally & con/antly aga9 gives rise to e?ical judgm5ts4 ,if our motive pr9ciple is to op]ate ) cle>ness & logical consequ5ce x mu/ set up a def9ite /&>d4 ,a te/ pr9ciple ( judgm5t mu/ be e/abli%$ t w furni% guidance 9 individual cases by enabl+ u to inf] consequ5ces f x 9 in/ances :]e simple1 in/9ctive feel+ fails4 ,! natural c\rse w be t ! te/-pr9ciples w correspond directly ) ! motive pr9ciples at _! base4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two may1 h[ev]1 be m or less simple4 ,if we fix ^u ! feel+ ( sympa?y z our basis1 reg>d+ x z ! ma9 elem5t ( e?ical feel+s1 x foll[s ( itself t ! crit]ion we adopt mu/ be ! pr9ciple ( g5]al welf>e1 t is ! pr9ciple t all acts & in/itutions %all lead to ! greate/ possible feel+ ( pleasure among liv+ be+s4 ,?is pr9ciple m]ely def9es ) great] precision :at is unconsci\sly conta9$ 9 ! feel+ ( sympa?y & 9 ! in/9ct t spr+s f ?is feel+4 ,! same te/-pr9ciple 7z ,b5?am's ,deontology1 = example1 %[s7 may also be accept$ z valid f ! po9t ( view ( pure egoism1 only 9 ?is case ! relation betwe5 ! motive pr9ciple & ! te/-pr9ciple is m indirect4 ,we mu/ 9 ?is case endeavor to prove t ! happ9ess ( o!rs is a necess>y means to our own happ9ess4 ,our own happ9ess is !n ! real end1 b 9 ord] to rea* ?is end we mu/ take a r\ndab\t c\rse1 & e?ics is ! pres5tation ( ! sy/em ( ! c\rses ?us tak54 ,kant arrives 9 a diff]5t way aga9 at e/abli%+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs z an end ( e?ics4 ,x w\ld be ! bus9ess ( a special inve/igation to det]m9e ! ext5t to :i* ?is v>y+ motivation ( ! pr9ciple ( te/ mu/ influ5ce ! consequ5ces d]ivable f x4 ,a ?ird "q is1 ,by :at motive %all an individual act be det]m9$8 ,! motive to action is n necess>ily ! same z ! motive t dictates judgm5t4 ,! man :o is animat$ ) love = 8 fell[-creatures has reason to rejoice t ambition & ! in/9ct ( acquisition con/itute gr\nds ( action ( s v g5]al a "*2 9 t results become !reby possible :i*1--= su* is ! unalt]able "* ( human nature1--w\ld o!rwise rema9 unaccompli%$4 ,a special inve/igation w\ld h to po9t out :e!r cases occur 9 :i* motive ( action & motive ( judgm5t mu/ co9cide if ! act is to be approv$ (1 & :e!r !re are n motives to action :i* w\ld rob ! act ( all e?ical "*4 ,diff]5t f ! problems already m5tion$ is ! p$agogic problem3 ,h[ c ! prop] & necess>y motives be develop$ 9 man8 ,?is problem arises z well ) respect to ! motive pr9ciple ( judgm5t z ) respect to ! motive pr9ciple ( action4 ,x is cle> t betwe5 po9ts ( view t re/ ^u entirely diff]5t psy*ological f\ndations1 7! "o1 = example1 />t+ f egoism1 ! o!r f sympa?y1 & ! ?ird f pure reason17 ! discussion c be c>ri$ only to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! p]son :o ) consci\s logic makes himself ! highe/ & only aim c nev] be refut$ f a po9t ( view :i* reg>ds e individual z a memb] ( society & ( ! race1 & !re=e n only z an end b also z a means4 ,if an und]/&+ is to become possible1 ! emotional f\ndation adopt$ 7! motive spr+ ( judgm5t7 mu/ be *ang$2 b ! *ange is n effect$ by m]e !oretical discussion3 a practical education is dem&$ 9 addition !reto :i* life does n af=d all individuals1 al?\gh our incl9ation to make ourselves an absolute c5tre is always ob/ruct$ by ! t5d5cy ( society to subject u all to a g5]al ord] ( ?+s4 ,!re is an education ( humanity by hi/ory ! same z !re is an education ( s+le individuals 9 m limit$ sph]es4 ,?is education dem&s its special po9ts ( view1 :i* are n always directly furni%$ by g5]al e?ical pr9ciples4 ,! same is true ( ! motive to action4 ,= p$agogical reasons x may be necess>y to produce or to pres]ve motives t d n satisfy ! highe/ dem&1 because su* motives are necess>y transitional /ages to ! highe/ motives4 ,?us1 ambition & ! in/9ct ( acquisition may be ! means ( atta9+ to true e?ical self-ass]tion4 ,rev]5ce = au?orities hi/orically giv5 c be ( extraord9>y effectiv5ess 9 ! developm5t ( "*1 s9ce only !reby are conc5tration or fixity ( endeavor z well z ! p[] ( joyful resignation acquir$1--)\t our be+ able to see 9 su* rev]5ce ! highe/ e?ical qualities4 ,a gr\nd-color 9 fact mu/ (t5 be laid on be=e ! f9al1 requir$ t9t c be appli$4 ,! law ( ! displacem5t ( motives op]ates "h :i* 9 e?ical e/imation g5]ally is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,!re mu/ /ill be m5tion$ "h f9ally ! socio-political problem4 ,?is problem has ref]5ce to t p>ticul> ord]$ arrangem5t ( society :i* is be/ adapt$ to a developm5t 9 ! direction ( e?ical ideals4 ,z ! =m] problem leads inquiry out ( ! doma9 ( e?ics into t ( p$agogics1 s ?is "o leads u f e?ics into political economy & political sci5ce4 ,al?\gh 9 ! pres5t discussion ,i int5d to occupy myself only ) a s+le "o ( ^! problems1 ,i h nev]!less m5tion$ !m all 9 ord] t ! light t ,i %all attempt to ?r[ ^u ! problem ,i deal ) may be se5 9 its prop] sett+4 ,z w be obs]v$ f :at foll[s1 ! pr9ciple ( welf>e w be misund]/ood if ! problem to ^: solution x is adapt$ is conf\nd$ ) any "o ( ! o!r e?ical problems4 ,! sy/ematism ( e?ical sci5ce is /ill s little advanc$ t x is necess>y to draw out a g5]al outl9e be=e we pass on to any s+le feature4 ,! value ( sy/ematism is namely ?is1 t we are imm$iately enabl$ to see ! connection ( ! s+le que/ions ) "o ano!r z well z _! di/9ctive peculi>ity4 ,9 e?ics we are n yet s f> advanc$4 ,,ii4 #a7 ,if we accept ! pr9ciple ( welf>e z our te/ or crit]ion 9 judg+ ( ! value ( actions & ( in/itutions1 ^! are !n good or bad accord+ z 9 _! effects 7s f> z we c trace !m7 !y produce a pr$om9ance ( pleasurable feel+ or a pr$om9ance ( pa9ful feel+ 9 a l>g] or small] circle ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,e action may be comp>$ to a /one ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,! motion produc$ is propagat$ 9 l>ge or 9 small circles2 & ! e/imation ( its value dep5ds ^u :e!r x produces 9 ! places x /rikes pr$om9ant pleasure or pa94 ,j z !oretical sci5ce expla9s ! s+le natural ph5om5on by its connection ) o!r natural ph5om5a1 s e?ics te/s ! s+le feel+ by its relation to o!r feel+s3 ! satisfaction ( a p]son act+ ov] ! accompli%m5t ( ! act is only !n to be call$ ju/ifiable or good :5 x does n create a di/urbance 9 ! pleasurable feel+ ( o!r be+s1 or :5 su* a di/urbance c be prov$ to be a necess>y means ( a great] or m ext5d$ pleasurable feel+4 ,?is pr9ciple1 z a pr9ciple ( te/ or valuation1 corresponds directly ) sympa?y z motive ( judgm5t4 ,! ext5t to :i* x is possible to accept ?is f o!r po9ts ( view ,i _c "h inve/igate 9 detail4 ,! act ( e/imation1 ! te/+1 does n /op at ! out] action b goes d[n to ! motives ( ! p]son act+1 to ! qualities ( 8 "*1 to ! :ole inn] life f :i* ! act has sprung4 ,?is has its gr\nd 9 ! nature & significance ( ! e/imat+ judgm5t4 ,e?ical judgm5ts1 9 fact1 are 9 _! orig9al & simple/ =m spontane\s expressions ( feel+4 ,b ! great practical significance ( su* expressions ( feel+ lies 9 ! fact t !y op]ate decisively ^u ! w 7^u ! individual w & t ( o!rs7 & produce motives ( future action4 ,logically1 accord+ly1 !y mu/ be direct$ t[>ds ! po9t at :i* an alt]+ effect on ! p[] t produces ! act is possible1 & ?is po9t lies precisely 9 ! inn] life1 9 ! "* ( m9d ( ! p]son act+4 ,= ?is reason feel+s & impulses1 di/urbances & desires1 are also judg$ ( accord+ to ! t5d5cy :i* !y h ( produc+ acts & effects t w increase pleasurable feel+ or avoid unpleasurable feel+ 9 m ext5d$ or m limit$ circles4 ,only by its effects d we "k ! p[]4 ,we =m by inf]5ces our conclusions z to :at takes place 9 ! m9d ( a man1 8 motives & 8 capacity4 ,goodness or greatness t nev] express$ itself 9 action c\ld nev] become ! object ( e?ical approbation2 x w\ld n ev5 exi/ 9 fact1 b w\ld re/ ^u a self-deception1 ^u an illusion4 ,at lea/ "s inn] activity1 a long+ & endeavor 9 ! direction dem&$ by ! e?ical pr9ciple mu/ manife/ itself4 ,! individual 9 self-judgm5t mu/ (t5 take refuge 9 ?is inn] activity1 & any deep-go+1 unph>isaical e?ical e/imation w h to foll[ him !re2#abb b j "h d we h a beg9n+ ( t :i* is dem&$ by ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1 except t 9 consequ5ce ( individual circum/ances its prosecution is impossible4 #abb ,comp>e my article ,! ,law ( ,relativity 9 ,e?ics 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cg1 et seqq4 ,equally important z ! pr9ciple t we c "k ! p[] only f ! effects is ! o!r pr9ciple t ! effect ne$ n appe> at once4 ,:5 good & great m5 are s (t5 mi/ak5 by _! contempor>ies ! fact is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t only a v wide-embrac+ glance c measure ! significance ( _! ef=ts & activity4 ,_! goodness & greatness is f\nd$ 9 ! fact t _! ?\ght1 _! feel+1 _! w1 compreh5d f> m ?an _! %ort-sight$ & n>r[-m9d$ contempor>ies see4 ,a long "t may elapse be=e x is possible = !m to be g5]ally und]/ood1 & = :at !y h done to be assimilat$4 ,x is !re=e by no means impli$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( welf>e t p are to direct _! conduct s z to be 9 accord ) impulses & wants :i* m5 h at ! mom5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( welf>e dem&s 9 v fact t we %\ld n %r9k f ! battle ) prejudice & ) in]tia4 ,! be/ ?+1 (t51 t we c d = o!rs is to make !m feel t !y /& on entirely too l[ a level 9 _! wi%es & wants & d n make adequate dem&s g5]ally4 ,?us1 to take a s+le in/ance1 ! great arti/ (t5 treads a solit>y pa? unund]/ood or ev5 mi/ak5 by ! great mass4 ,yet 9 s do+ he foll[s1 p]haps )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1--if he rigor\sly obs]ves ! dem&s ( art4 ,he increases ! m5tal capital ( ! species1 & gives x a p[] :i* lat] on c op]ate 9 broad sph]es4 ,only a %ort-sight$ conception & application ( ! pr9ciple ( welf>e /ops ) ! ne$ ( ! mom5t & dismisses ! consid]ation ( ! p]man5t conditions ( life & ! p]man5t s\rces ( new life & new activity4#abc #abc ,?is la/ argum5t is tak5 f my ,e?ics 7,dani% edition1 p4 #id1 ,g]man edition1 p4 #aaj74 #b7 ,! pr9ciple ( welf>e simply furni%es a norm :i* may be laid at ! f\ndation ( ! te/+ ( all classes ( actions4 ,b x by no means dem&s1 z has at times be5 suppos$1 t consid]ation = welf>e %\ld also be ! gr\nd & motive = e act4 ,we h rec\rse to g5]al pr9ciples only 9 ord] to be able to set ourselves aright 9 cases 9 :i* direct judgm5t1 in/9ctive feel+ _c det]m9e ! "q pres5t$1 t is 9 cases ( d\bt1 or :5 we h 9 view a sy/ematic treatm5t ( e?ical que/ions4 ,! e?ical feel+ may op]ate q involunt>ily & )\t real ratioc9ation1 9 t we c be mov$ directly by ! act 7:e!r possible or real7 z x appe>s to u1 j z 9 our /hetical feel+ we may )\t /hetical reason+ be /ruck by ! beauty ( a "w ( art or ( a l&scape4 ,or1 we foll[ ) confid5ce ! unwritt5 laws t are conta9$ 9 cu/om1 9 tradition1 & g5]ally 9 s-call$ positive morality4 ,& 9 agreem5t precisely ) ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1 is imm$iacy ( ?is k9d to be recomm5d$ & ma9ta9$1 s long z x does n lead to ! neglect ( real problems & que/ions4 ,x is ! /ate ( innoc5ce out ( :i* no "o d>e be wre/$ unnecess>ily4 ,ab/ract pr9ciples become necess>y aids :5 direct reliance fails2 b frequ5tly !y c only be appli$ to individual concrete cases by ! employm5t ( a great numb] ( complicat$ int]m$i>y /eps1 & d n easily acquire a practical influ5ce ^u ! w4 ,inde$1 ! pr9ciple ( welf>e may ev5 dem& q diff]5t motives f e?ical feel+ or devotion to ! requirem5ts ( positive morality4 ,x is 9 fact mo/ beautiful & be/ t a man %\ld c>e = 8 wife & *ildr5 because he loves !m & n because 8 e?ical in/9ct requires x4 ,:]e consci\s duty has to be invok$ 9 ! inn]mo/ relations betwe5 man & man1 x is z a rule a sign ( an un=tunate /ate ( affairs4 ,p]fect love dispels n only fe> b also duty4 ,9 8 ,e?ics1 at page #cci1 ,wundt advances ! foll[+ objection to ! pr9ciple ( welf>e3 ,x is conceivable t a p]son %\ld sacrifice himself = ano!r2 x is conceivable t a p]son %\ld yield up life & possessions = def9ite ideal ends1 = 8 c\ntry1 = fre$om1 = religion1 = sci5ce4 ,b x has nev] come to pass1 & nev] w1 t p %all r5\nce a ?+ solely to increase ! sum ( happ9ess ( ! _w4 ,?is objection ov]looks ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( ! valuation ( an act t is reg>d$ z good ne$ n be ! motive to ?is act4 ,! ?\ght & feel+ ( ! p]son act+ may /op v prop]ly at c\ntry1 fre$om1 or any o!r ideal object1 )\t ! p]son's in/itut+ any =mal reflections :atsoev] ) reg>d to ! reasons ( ! value ( ! ideal ends = :i* he sacrifices himself4 ,b 9 sy/ematic e?ics or 9 practical cases ( d\bt we inquire :at value & importance love ( c\ntry1 fre$om1 poetry1 & sci5ce possess = human life4 ,if1 = example1 fre$om 7 n a good = a p1 ! individual w\ld d wrong to sacrifice 8 life = x4 ,x is nev] ( c\rse a "q ( ! ab/ract notion ( welf>e ( & 9 itself1 j z 9 a s+le !oretical problem x is nev] a "q ( ! ab/ract idea ( cause4 ,b 9 e?ics we lay d[n ! pr9ciple ( welf>e & 9 ! !ory ( k ! pr9ciple ( causality2 endeavor+1 ?us1 to g back ?r\gh analysis to ! f9al assumptions ( our practical & !oretical intellectual activity4 #c7 ,x is no argum5t aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( welf>e t pleasure mu/ be s (t5 b\ght ) pa94 ,pa9 is 9 t case only ! necess>y transitional /ep1 & ! significance ( ! pr9ciple ( welf>e is precisely ! requirem5t x makes t ! duty ( demon/ration %all re/ on ^? :o ma9ta9 ! necessity ( su* an int]m$i>y /ep4 ,any infliction ( pa9 mu/ be suppli$ ) a motive1 :]eas ! feel+ ( pleasure 9 & ( itself 7t is if its causes d n at ! same "t produce additional pa9ful effects7 is ju/ifi$4 ,! pr9ciple ( welf>e simply says3 ,produce by ?y conduct z mu* pleasure & z little pa9 z is possible6 ,! degree to :i* x is possible to realise ?is dem&1 ( ?is ! pr9ciple 9 & ( itself says no?+4 ,a pr9ciple is n subv]t$ by ! difficulties ( its application4 ,z exp]i5ce tea*es1 !re is a happ9ess t is n b\ght too de>ly ) pa94 ,cl>a's song 9 ,goe!'s ,egmont3 ,himmelho* jau*z5d1 zum ,tode betrbt6 has be5 cit$ 9 dispro( ( ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,b let u he> ,cl>a to ! end & note ! la/ l9e ( ! song1 9 :i* %e gives ! result ( ! entire tra9 ( h] emotion4 ,%e says3 ,glckli* alle9 i/ die ,seele die liebt6 ,! ph5om5on is ?is4 ,!re is a movem5t ( ! he>t & m9d1 a life ( feel+1 :i* are jo9$ ) a satisfaction s deep & great t ! p[]ful oscillation betwe5 pleasure & pa9 does n de/roy ! total feel+ ( happ9ess1 b /r5g!ns x4 ,two psy*ological factors co-op]ate "h4 ,! "o is1 t ! pa9 7! dis-pleasure or grief71 unless x transc5ds a c]ta9 degree1 =ms ! backgr\nd ( ! pleasurable feel+ & is !reby able to int5sify ! latt]4 ,9 ?is v fact a suffici5t motive lies to *oose conditions ( ?is sort 9 pref]5ce to su* z d n /& s high 9 int5sity b are nev]!less conditions ( m unmix$ pleasure4 ,! o!r factor is1 t !re c be an elem5t ( attraction ev5 9 grief1 simply because int5se life1 p[]ful movem5t1 & ! /ra9+ ( faculties t come ) x1 produce ( !mselves satisfaction4 ,all ex]tion ( p[] :i* is n out ( proportion is connect$ ) a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,! feel+ ( pleasure t accompanies grief & anxiety ass]ts itself 9 ! fact t we d n wi% to be transport$ out ( x4 ,an important elem5t "h is also ! organic process connect$ ) e p[]ful /ate ( m9d 7! effect ( ! condition ( ! bra9 on ! circulation ( ! blood1 on brea?+1 & on ! organs ( dige/ion71 grant+ t x is n ! :ole cause4 ,:5 ,augu/e ,comte lo/ ! woman :o ex]t$ s decisive an influ5ce on ! direction ( 8 m9d 9 ! la/ p]iod ( 8 life1 he said once 9 an outbur/ ( sorr[ evok$ by h] memory3 ,i owe x to !e alone t ,i %all n leave ?is life )\t hav+ kn[n 9 a wor?y mann] ! be/ emotion ( human nature4444 ,amid ! sev]e/ pa9s t ?is emotion c br+ ) x ,i h nev] ceas$ to feel t ! true condition ( happ9ess is1 to h fill$ ! he>t--?\gh x be ) pa91 aye ) bitt]e/ pa94 ,augu/e ,comte & ,cl>a are accord+ly q 9 agreem5t1 & ! e?ics ( welf>e is 9 agreem5t ) !m bo?4 ,if we desire to be :olly secure aga9/ pa9 & anxiety1 !n we d>e n love any?+4 ,b :at if love 7 ! greate/ happ9ess1 ev5 ?\gh x br\ght z mu* sorr[ aga9 ) x6 ,) p[]ful action & great fulness ( life come also great co/s1 great contra/s1 & great vibrations4 ,yet :o has said t ! highe/ 0 to be _h = little exp5diture8 ,! feel+ ( pleasure is ! only psy*ological crit]ion ( heal? & p[] ( life4 ,t :i* 9 all its imm$iate or remote effects 9 all ! creatures t x t\*es produces only pleasurable feel+1 _c possibly be condemn$4 ,welf>e1 !re=e1 9 ! s5se ( p]man5t pleasurable feel+1 is ! f9al te/-pr9ciple ( action4 ,pa9 is ev]y:]e ! sign ( an incipi5t dissolution ( life4#abd ,?is is exhibit$ 9 ! simple/ mann] 9 ! physical pa9 t arises ?r\gh ! te>+ ( organic tissue4 ,b x also holds true ( ! m5tal pa9 t arises f anxiety1 d\bt1 or rep5tance4 ,x po9ts to a di%>mony betwe5 ! diff]5t =ces & impulses ( ! m9d1 a di%>mony t c lead to ! dissolution ( consci\sness4 ,if pa9 is a necess>y int]m$i>y /ep1 ! fact is p>tly f\nd$ 9 ! two psy*ological laws above m5tion$1 p>tly also 9 ! circum/ance t x means ! dissolution ( some?+ 9 u t imp$es a m free & m v>i$ developm5t ( life4 ,*ildbir? is accompani$ ) pa9 because ! new life c only come into ! _w at ! co/ ( ! old4 ,analog\sly ! k ( tru? is (t5 ga9$ ) pa9 because prejudices & illusions mu/ fir/ be %att]$4 ,9 ! pa9 ( rep5tance a l[] self is dissolv$ 9 ord] t a new & high] self may develop4 #abd ,comp>e my ,psy*ology 7,dani% edition1 pp4 #cae-cah2 ,g]man edition1 pp4 #cdc-cdg74 #d7 ,a circum/ance t has especially fo/]$ ! opposition to ! pr9ciple ( welf>e is und\bt$ly ! t5d5cy to ?9k exclusively1 9 connection ) ! expression 'pleasurable feel+1' ( ! mo/ elem5t>y s5sual =ms ( pleasure4 ,! latt] are n exclud$ by ! pr9ciple ( welf>e2 ! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 takes all ! aspects ( human "* into consid]ation1 ma9ta9+ t p]man5t pleasurable feel+ is n to be e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty if an ess5tial aspect ( ?is "* is neglect$4 ,! defect ( elem5t>y feel+s ( pleasure is t = ! great "p !y correspond to only mom5t>y & limit$ relations4 ,a be+ ^: feel+ is ( a purely elem5t>y k9d c ma9ta9 itself z long z ! simple conditions ( life to :i* x is adapt$ d n *ange4 ,?us "s ( ! l[e/ animal =ms l ! infusoria & rhizopods appe> to h exi/$ ?r\gh\t inf9itely long p]iods ( "t 9 exactly _! pres5t condition4 ,"h ! adaptation to ! giv5 conditions is z good z p]fect4 ,! same may be ! case ) be+s t at an e>li] /age ( _! developm5t h possess$ m develop$ organs & =ms4 ,animals t live free 9 _! y\?1 aft]w>ds h[ev] z p>asites1 lead a purely elem5t>y life & lose all ! n]ves & muscles t d n directly subs]ve ?is =m ( exi/5ce4 ,?is is also true ( man4 ,( ! ,fuegians1 ^: wret*$ exi/5ce 7wret*$ 9 our eyes7 he portrays 9 vivid colors 9 8 ,j\rney ,ar\nd ! ,_w1 ,d>w9 says3 ,!re is no reason = believ+ t ! ,fuegians are dim9i%+ 9 numb]2 we mu/ !re=e assume t !y enjoy a suffici5t measure ( happ9ess 7( :atev] "* ?is may be7 to give life value 9 _! eyes4 ,nature1 :i* makes habit an irresi/ible p[] & its effects h]$it>y1 has fitt$ ! ,fuegian to ! climate & ! products ( 8 wret*$ c\ntry4 ,primitive peoples ( a high] type ev5 7& n only primitive peoples7 af=d examples ( an adaptation to conditions :i* excludes all motives to *ange & progress4 ,x is dire necessity t has br\ght man into ! pa? ( progress4 ,:]e su* a compulsion does n op]ate human emotional life is condition$ by a n>r[ sph]e ( relations only & is !re=e itself n>r[ & re/rict$4 ,p]haps m complete1 m unmix$ satisfaction c be obta9$ "h ?an w\ld be possible "u m manifold & m complicat$ circum/ances4 ,a small vessel may be full] ?an a l>ge "o al?\gh x holds less4#abe #abe ,fi]i pote/1 ut vas aliquod m9us majore pl5ius sit1 quamvis liquoris m9us cont9eat4 ,c>tesius1 ,epi/ola iv1 ,ad pr9cipem ,palat9am de sita beata4 ,x might p]haps be object$ to ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1 t we %\ld really be oblig$1 9 consi/5cy ) x1 to make ourselves all little vessels1 & t agreeably to ! pr9ciple an exi/5ce limit$ to ! primitive necessities ( life & to purely elem5t>y feel+s1 w\ld /& j z high z a life tak5 up ) intellectual labor & ! activity ( culture1 or ev5 high]1 s9ce an exi/5ce ( ! latt] k9d c\ld sc>cely be accompani$ ) s unmix$ & secure a well-be+1 b w\ld be unit$ ) trials & ef=ts con/antly r5ew$ & ) unre/ ev] recurr+4 ,if--z x might be sugge/$--an exi/5ce l t ( ! ,fuegians appe>s poor & wret*$ to u1 s9ce !y (t5 suff] f sc>city & want1 let u take ano!r example4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt came across a tribe 9 ,s\? ,am]ica t liv$ f banana trees1--trees s fruitful t an acre ( l& plant$ ) !m w\ld supply food = fifty human be+s4 ,! trees require no real exp5diture ( labor2 only ! e>? ab\t _! roots mu/ be brok5 ) implem5ts once or twice a ye>4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! tribe is /upid & uncivilis$4 ,b ! wants t x has are satisfi$4 ,t :i* w\ld make su* a life un5durable = u1 ! /rong desire = activity1 developm5t1 & progress1 ?is desire does n exi/ at su* /ages4 ,x is1--a fact t mu/ be rem>k$1--itself a consequ5ce ( developm5t & progress4 ,:]eas ,lam>ck assum$ an inn]1 innate impulse to developm5t 9 all liv+ creatures1#abf ,d>w9 ma9ta9s1 on ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 t developm5t is inv>iably introduc$ by ! influ5ce ( ext]nal causes4 ,x 0 a difficulty to ,lam>ck h[ ! v l[e/ =ms ( life c\ld cont9ue _! exi/5ce1 :y !y _h n long s9ce develop$ to high] /ages4 ,9 ,d>w9's !ory1 :i* takes into consid]ation ! ext]nal conditions ( developm5t1 !re is no difficulty on ?is po9t4 ,a developm5t t is favor$ 9 no way by ext]nal circum/ances is simply impossible4 ,z reg>ds human be+s1 ! an?ropologi/ ,?4 ,waitz has cle>ly prov$1 t ! impulse & desire ( developm5t is itself a product ( developm5t4 ,to ?is effect he speaks 9 8 treatise ,! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 page #fi3 ,a p )\t int]c\rse & n 9 competition ) o!r peoples1 a p :i* supplies its natural wants ) relative ease or only by ov]com+ long accu/om$ difficulties reg>d$ z inevitable1 directly f its natural environm5t1 & t feels satisfi$ !re) & lives a happy life3 f su* a p x is n to be expect$ t x w make any endeavors to civilise itself4 ,he t has :at he ne$s & !re=e feels satisfi$ 9 all respects1 w n "w2 p d n civilise !mselves volunt>ily 9 foll[+ "s noble in/9ct ( ! he>t4 ,is x diff]5t 9 fact 9 our mod]n society8 ,is n a long p]iod ( s*ool+ & culture previ\sly necess>y to in/il 9 man an int]e/ = "w z "w8 ,h[ _m are !re among ! s-call$ le>n$ & cultur$ t make endeavors 9 behalf ( ! education ( !mselves & o!rs )\t !y are requir$6 #abf ,! !ory ( ,lam>ck is made ! subject ( an int]e/+ criticism by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,"p iii1 ,*ap4 #c4 ,x is peculi> to ! /ate ( nature 9 contra/ to ! /ate ( civilisation1 79 s f> z a di/9ct contra/ may be ass]t$17 t 9 ! =m] ! impulse to *ange ( mann] ( life & ?\ght mu/ come f )\t1 :]eas 9 ! latt] an impulse to progress op]ates :i* be x n[ p[]ful be x n[ feeble nev] ceases entirely to op]ate4 ,?is diff]5ce is analog\s to t t prevails betwe5 inorganic & organic exi/5ce4 ,x is ! peculi> "* ( an organism t ! play ( =ces is pres]v$ 9 x ) a c]ta9 indep5d5ce ( ! effects ( ! mom5t & ( its imm$iate environm5t4 ,s 9 civilis$ peoples an impulse is ar\s$ to *ange life 9 all directions1 to diff]5tiate1 to %ape x1 & to br+ x to a po9t 9 e s+le direction4 ,spiritual ant5n are gr[n :i* are 9 nev] ceas+ movem5t4 ,?r\gh ?is a new species ( feel+ also is possible1 a feel+ t is det]m9$ n only by ! def9ite ends t are atta9$ b :i* l9ks itself ) ! "w1 ) ! activity itself :i* is requisite to ! acquisition ( ^! ends4 ,man is !reby become m indep5d5t & m free1 & 8 m5tal life1 especially 8 emotional life1 has ga9$ 9 dep? & int5sity1 x n[ be+ no long] det]m9$ m]ely by ! ext]nal _w1 b ess5tially by ! =ces t are awak5$ 9 ! inn] _w4 ,n[ ideal1 & n m]ely elem5t>y feel+s act1 & high] dem&s are made 9 life4 ,:at ,i wi% to ma9ta9 "h is t ! rise ( ! impulse to developm5t is 9 p]fect accord ) ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,t /ability ( ! /ate ( nature :i* n[ appe>s to u wret*$ n[ p>adisian1 is itself dep5d5t on ! /ability ( ext]nal conditions4 ,absolute /ability1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd 9 nature4 ,if ! imm$iate surr\nd+s d n *ange1 *anges yet occur 9 o!r localities ( nature & among o!r creatures1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce !n ei!r causes !m to p]i% or to *ange 9 a correspond+ mann]4 ,! be+s t h *ang$ by adaptation w obta9 a decid$ advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life ov] ^? t h rema9$ /ation>y4 ,?is is ! fate ( _m primitive peoples1 or inde$ civilis$ peoples1 t h rema9$ /ation>y or 9 a l[ /ate ( culture4 ,ext9ction awaits !m :5 a high] civilisation approa*es4 ,:at is true ( peoples & races also holds good = individuals4 ,a p]fect adaptation to limit$ circum/ances always involves a dang]1--! dang] t ! individual :5 its conditions ( life are *ang$ & its horizon is enl>g$ w lack ! inn] conditions necess>y to self-ass]tion4 ,*ildi% navet1 dream+ phantasy1 s5sual enjoym5t1 h ea* _! rights1 b !y easily lead to a condition ( somnambulism2 security & happ9ess are always prec>i\s "h1 & on awak5+ ! greate/ helplessness may take _! place4 ,"h1 let u add1 we leave entirely out ( consid]ation ! fact t su* a condition (t5 exi/s only at ! co/ ( o!r individuals4 ,welf>e1 accord+ly1 _c be conceiv$ z a passive /ate ( ?+s produc$ once = all & t is n itself 9 turn ! po9t ( dep>ture ( new & progressive developm5t4 ,welf>e1 9 ! highe/ conception ( x1 mu/ consi/ ( a condition 9 :i* p[] is ga!r$ & ri* possibilities ga9$ = ! future1 & :i* g5]ates an impulse to frame new ends & to beg9 new endeavors4 ,x is a condition t is desirable 9 & ( itself z well z "o t conta9s ! g]m ( new desirable conditions1--a condition !re=e t is n only an end b also a means1 t has value n only z effect b also z cause4 ,! feel+ ( pleasure is "h directly b\nd up ) activity1 "w1 developm5t1 ! unfold+ ( =ces !mselves1 & n m]ely ) ! result t is obta9$ by ! employm5t ( ! =ces4 ,:]e su* feel+ ( pleasure is possible !re mu* suff]+ is endurable t at a l[] /age w\ld be ! sign ( ! dissolution ( all life4 ,expectation & long+1 privation & disappo9tm5t w n be lack+2 !y w accompany ) def9ite rhy?mical alt]nation ! joyful advancem5t t[>d ! aim t man has set himself2 b amid all oscillations ! fundam5tal direction & ! fundam5tal activity w be ass]t$4 ,we w n "w to live1 we w n live to "w2 b 9 "w w we f9d life4 ,?is is ! ideal t ! pr9ciple ( welf>e holds up to u :5 ?or\ghly reason$ out4 ,9 h[ f> x c be realis$ is a "q t c only be answ]$ exp]im5tally = ! "t & ! individual 9 "q4 ,x dem&s n only a *ange ( ! nature ( individuals b also ( ! relations ( society4 ,! ess5tial ?+ h[ev] is1 t we "h h a crit]ion by :i* we are able to te/ actions & in/itutions4 ,?is crit]ion corresponds to a t5d5cy t leads ?r\gh\t all organic nature1 9 t pleasure z a rule means life & progress1 pa91 retrogression & dea?4 ,! pr9ciple ( welf>e ass]ts ! "r ( life3 e creature has ! "r to exi/1 to develop1 & to obta9 its full satisfaction1 unless great] pa9 is !reby produc$ to itself or to o!rs4 ,! e?ics t builds ^u ! pr9ciple ( welf>e seeks accord+ly to cont9ue ! evolution ( nature 9 a consci\s & h>moni\s mann]4 ,x dem&s t means be f\nd :i* ! unconsci\s developm5t ( nature h n suppli$1 & x /rives to mitigate or to exclude ! unnecess>y pa9 :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce br+s ) x4 ,x embraces a s]ies ( problems f compassionate alleviation & assi/ance up to ! highe/ social1 intellectual1 & /hetical endeavors4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( special e?ics to treat ^! que/ions 9 detail4 #e7 ,f ! fact1 h[ev]1 t welf>e1 prop]ly und]/ood1 consi/s 9 activity & developm5t1 x does n foll[ t vice v]sa activity & developm5t are always jo9$ ) welf>e or lead to welf>e4 ,because limitation ( wants does n always lead to ! aim set1 unlimit$ v>iety ( wants is n necess>ily ! prop] /ate4 ,civilisation c assume =ms & ent] on pa?s t d n h>monise ) ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,we f9d 9 hi/ory accord+ly1 at times1 di/9ct & decisive w>n+s aga9/ exi/+ civilisations4 ,?us x 0 9 ,greece on ! "p ( ,socrates1 ! ,cynics1 & ! ,/oics1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury on ! "p ( ,r\sseau1 & 9 our day on ! "p ( ,leo ,tol/o4 ,! opposition ( su* great m9ds %\ld surely make u wat*ful4 ,i leave out ( consid]ation "h ! "q 9 h[ f> t :i* we call civilisation c be imp>t$ to a p =?)4 ,! capacity = civilisation has1 x is true1 be5 prematurely & ov]ha/ily d5i$ _m primitive peoples4#abg ,b x is n !re=e necess>ily a good ?+ = a p to give up ! =ms ( life t x has develop$ by its own =tunes & endeavors to all[ itself to be regulat$ 9 accordance ) =ms & ideals t h be5 develop$ "u entirely diff]5t circum/ances4 ,?us directly1 ev5 ! be/-f\nd$ & mo/ p]fect civilisation _c be communicat$4 ,waitz :o expressly ma9ta9s t no pro( has be5 br\ght =w>d ( ! ,indian's incapacity = civilisation1 praises nev]!less ! ,indian *iefta9s :o oppose ! obtrusion ( civilisation on _! p1 = _! love to _! p & _! j compreh5sion ( its true well-be+4 #abg ,comp>e my article 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,no4 ,i4 p4 #fj4 ,! reason :y conflict c arise betwe5 civilisation & welf>e lies 9 ! re/iv5ess & re/lessness ( ! aspirations ( civilisation4 ,x is ! same ) x z ) t spontane\s1 involunt>y impulse to movem5t t leads to ! use ( =ces & ( ! memb]s m]ely because suffici5t en]gy is pres5t1 )\t _! use be+ guid$ by ! consid]ation ( a m valuable end1 s t ! results are accid5tal4 ,! ef=t t goes ) civilisation may lead 9 "p to ov]-ex]tion1 to an ov]/ra9+ ( =ces2 9 "p 79 ! case ( extreme diff]5tiation7 to a "o-sid$ direction ( ef=t2 & p>tly to isolation1 to ! fragm5t>y elim9ation ( individual activities4 ,9 ! s+le individual c]ta9 faculties are fo/]$ 79 ! "o intellig5ce1 9 ! o!r physical p[] = "w7 at ! co/ ( o!r faculties2 ! h>mony1 ! capacity ( feel+ oneself z totality & unity is lack+4 ,by su* "o-sid$ness ! individual becomes ( value only z a :eel 9 a great ma*9e3 he s]ves m]ely z a means1 n z an end4 ,& su* a "o-sid$ individual developm5t is connect$ ) a "o-sid$ social developm5t4 ,! suppression ( c]ta9 features ( ! nature ( ! individual goes h& 9 h& ) ! suppression ( s+le e/ates & classes ( society4 ,if we id5tify civilisation & e?ics1 )\t qualification1 & reg>d progress z a saf] crit]ion ?an welf>e1 we %\ld ov]look ! fact t !re exi/s also a social "q4 ,! social "q is an e?ical "q & at ! same "t a "q ( ! correction ( civilisation1--bo? by means ( ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,w\ld x be "r t ! products ( mat]ial & ideal civilisation %\ld only fall to ! %>e ( a small m9ority1 :ile all ! re/ %\ld n be able to p>ticipate !re98 ,?is w\ld cla% completely ) ! ideal ( society t fl[s f ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,= ! greate/ welf>e is pres5t :5 e s+le individual s develops himself 9 an indep5d5t mann] t j by ?is indep5d5t developm5t ( 8 own he assi/s o!rs to a simil> developm5t f _! po9t ( view4 ,!n does !re exi/ a h>moni\s society ( indep5d5t p]sonalities4 ,! idea ( su* a society is ! highe/ e?ical idea t fl[s f ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,e individual is !n a little _w = himself & yet /&s 9 ! mo/ intimate reciprocal connection ) ! great _w ( :i* he is a "p4 ,! individual s]ves ! race & ! race s]ves ! individual4 ,e position ( isolation1 e inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( possessions & ( employm5ts mu/ be f\nd$ 9 ! dem&s ( ! v>i\s circum/ances & problems ( life1 & ! faculties & impulses ( ea* individual %all be develop$ z fully & ri*ly z is compatible ) ! conditions ( life ( ! :ole race4 #f7 ,x foll[s f ! consid]ations pres5t$1 t x is by no means always easy to apply ! pr9ciple ( welf>e 9 individual cases4 ,! p>ticul> relations ( ! affairs 9 "q c be s complicat$ t we are n able to take a broad survey ( !m & =esee ! results ( our int]f]5ce4 ,we _c d$uce a priori f ! pr9ciple ( welf>e any sy/em ( p>ticul> acts1 any det]m9ate ord] ( society1 any civilisation4 ,its value 7l t ( ! pr9ciple ( causality 9 ! !oretical field7 is to pres5t & to =mulate problems1 & to s]ve z a guide to _! treatm5t4 ,x is regulative1 n con/ructive4 ,x presumes ! imm$iate involunt>y life ( ! individual & ( society1 & its function does n beg9 until ! consci\s discussion & treatm5t occurs ( ! value on ! "o h& ( t :i* has ?us be5 develop$1 & on ! o!r ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! developm5t %all be conduct$ 9 ! future4 ,all e?ics ?us acquires an hi/orical "*4 ,we nev]--ei!r 9 our own individuality or 9 society--comm5ce f ! v beg9n+1 b are always oblig$ to />t ) a def9ite f\ndation & to "w our way fur!r "u ! guidance ( ! pr9ciples & ideals t spr+ f our nature4 ,,iii4 #a7 ,9 ! previ\s rem>ks ,i h essay$ a discussion ( ! pr9ciple ( welf>e :i* may p]haps make cle>] :at 0 n s di/9ct 9 my =m] expositions 7,e?ik1 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,vii74 ,! difficulty always occurs 9 ! enunciation ( a pr9ciple1 t a direct demon/ration ( its validity _c be giv54 ,( s mu* great] significance is x !n if an indirect pro( c be adduc$ by %[+ t ! v ones :o conte/ x are !mselves =c$ to employ x & actually to employ x )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,i ma9ta9 n[ t ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us 9 8 book ,! ,e?ical ,problem1 9 :i* he combats ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1 has n be5 able to avoid giv+ su* an indirect confirmation ( ! validity ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,be=e attempt+ to %[ ?is 9 detail ,i %all make a few rem>ks conc]n+ ! criticism ( my ,e?ics :i* ,dr4 ,c>us wrote 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 & :i* 9 an abbreviat$ =m is also embodi$ 9 ! treatise above m5tion$4 ,dr4 ,c>us ?9ks t ,i h practically surr5d]$ ! pr9ciple ( welf>e :5 ,i def9e welf>e to consi/ 9 activity4 ,8 words are3 ,if welf>e is to be int]pret$ z activity1 "w1 developm5t2 if ?is k9d ( active welf>e is ! greate/ good1 :atev] admixture ( pa9 & :atev] abs5ce ( pleasurable feel+ x may h2 if ! greate/ am\nt ( a /ate ( cont9u\s pleasurable feel+ is n welf>e 9 an e?ical s5se1 :at becomes ( ! utilit>ian def9ition ( welf>e z pleasurable feel+8 ,if1 h[ev]1 welf>e is '! /ate ( a cont9u\s pleasurable feel+1' h[ c we decl>e t ! life ( a pessimi/ic philosoph] is pref]able to t ( a joyful fool8 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t if x c\ld be prov$ t increas+ pa9 foll[$ necess>ily on all advancem5t ( civilisation 7)\t ?is pa9 be+ comp5sat$ =1 z ,cl>a's philosophy dem&$1 by new & proportionately great] feel+s ( pleasure71 9 t case x w\ld be impossible to comb9e civilisation & welf>e4 ,b only a pessimi/ic dogmatism--:i* is j z curr5t 9 ! atmosph]e ( to-day z optimi/ic dogmatism--c\ld ass]t ?is4 ,:at exp]i5ce tea*es u is ?is1 t we f9d ourselves amid a developm5t1 9 a l9e ( t5d5cies ! f9al results ( :i* we _c =esee b :i* hi!rto h evok$ at _m po9ts new =ces & h !reby op5$ new s\rces ( satisfaction4 ,ev]y?+ t ar\ses our greate/ & mo/ p]man5t pleasurable feel+ has aris5 )9 ?is developm5t4 ,?is ju/ifies our c\rage & our hope 9 behalf ( fur!r progress1 al?\gh conflict & pa9 w z we may =esee n be want+1 & al?\gh ! way leads ?r\gh _m des]ts4 ,exp]i5ce alone c %[ h[ f> we %all be able to get4 ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,c>us t ?is _w ( ours is n a _w suit$ to ! ta/e ( a pleasure-seek]1 if we und]/& by pleasure passive s5sual enjoym5t1 an enjoym5t :i* is n unit$ ) ! re/ & n\ri%m5t ) :i* n only an imm$iate pleasurable feel+ is connect$ b :]eby p[] is also ga!r$ = cont9u$ endeavor4 ,if s _m pleasure-seek]s g ?r\gh life )\t hav+ _! eyes op5$ to its true significance & purpose1 ?is fact is precisely "o ( ! ?+s t cla% ) ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1 = ! latt] claims all faculties & p[]s1 & dem&s t !y t sleep be awak5$1--t is if !y really possess useful faculties4 ,= p]haps ! joyful fool _c accompli% m ?an he does4 ,:]e=e !n di/urb him1 if 8 pleasure h>ms nei!r himself nor o!rs & if 8 awak5+ w only lead to unre/ & pa9 = himself & p]haps also = o!rs8 ,i po9t$ out ! fact 9 my ,e?ics1#abh t we c det]m9e by ! pr9ciple ( welf>e alone 9 :at cases we are to de/roy a /ate ( equilibrium or %att] an illusion4 #abh ,dani% edition1 p4 #id4 ,g]man edition1 p4 #aji4 ,i h admitt$ ! possibility ( a conflict betwe5 civilisation & welf>e4 ,:]ev] su* a conflict arises1 !re1 accord+ to my conception1 appe>s an e?ical problem1 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ by ! pr9ciple ( welf>e1 s9ce any ord] ( ?+s or any developm5t t br\ght ) x p]man5t & ev]la/+ pa9 w\ld be 9 effect a dissolution ( life itself4 ,su* pa91 h[ev]1 7z ev5 pessimi/ic philosoph]s are optimi/ic en\gh to hope17 w\ld de/roy ! w to live4 ,if we live 9 spite ( pa9 x is because !re is always a surplus ( satisfaction4 ,i give ! idea ( welf>e no arbitr>y ext5sion :5 ,i d5y t x %\ld be limit$ to d5ote a passive condition produc$ once = all "t4 ,= our nature is at no /age :olly complete2 no "o condition c /& !re=e z def9itive4 ,! future1 & ! new horizons op5$1 w make new dem&s on our capacities & our w1 & 9 ! te/+ ( any /ate ( ?+s x mu/ accord+ly be a necess>y po9t ( view to e/abli% :e!r 9 addition to ! direct satisfaction :i* x probably af=ds x at ! same "t prep>es ! capacities & ! possibilities ( a cont9u$ developm5t answ]+ to ! new relations4 ,x may be necess>y to *oose "s ardu\s employm5t :i* lat] necess>ily br+s ) x long cont9u$ re/ & inactivity4 ,d>w9's /ruggle ) 8 feeble heal? is a good example4 ,! man :o f love ( c\ntry or to save a fell[-be+ risks 8 life1 pref]s ! active satisfaction ( a s+le mom5t 7! satisfaction1 namely1 :i* he feels be=eh& at ! ?\ght ( sav+ 8 c\ntry or a human life7 to ! passive joys ( ye>s & ye>s4 ,x 0 su* a mom5t 9 :i* ,fau/ saw himself liv+ 9 m9d ,auf freiem ,grund mit freiem ,volk & :i* !reby made life ( value to him1 :i* all ! e>?ly gratifications t ! demon 0 able to obta9 = him c\ld n accompli%4 ,9 ! face ( ! pleasure t su* a mom5t c produce ! ?\ght ( pa9 & dea? vani%es4 ,?us alone is self-sacrifice psy*ologically intelligible4 #b7 ,:ile ,i _c see t ,dr4 ,c>us has po9t$ out a contradiction 9 my !ory ( welf>e1 ,i may fur!r ass]t t he himself _c )\t a self-contradiction escape recognis+ ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,dr4 ,c>us inde$1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 himself enunciates ?is v pr9ciple4 ,he says1 9 ! preface to ,! ,e?ical ,problem1 page iii1 ,! aim ( e?ics is nei!r ! welf>e ( self nor t ( o!r individuals1 b ( ^? int]e/s t are sup]9dividual4 ,! aim !re=e is to be welf>e1 n h[ev] ! welf>e ( individuals b ( sup]9dividual int]e/s4 ,?is /range expression is def9$ 9 c]ta9 subsequ5t passages ( ! book4 ,dr4 ,c>us speaks1 namely1 lat] on1 ( t sup]9dividual s\l-life :i* we call society4#abi ,x is admitt$ 9 ?is1 t :5 we speak ( welf>e we speak impli$ly ( s\l-life4 ,b h[ c we give to society z su* a s\l-life t is diff]5t f ! s\l-life ( ! s+le individuals t h _! exi/5ce simultane\sly & successively 9 t society8 ,?is is m]ely a my?ical & my/ical p]sonification ( society1 :i* may h aris5 9 ! comp>ison1 9 _m respects in/ructive1 betwe5 society & an organism1 :i* h[ev] c possess at be/ a poetical1 b no sci5tific1 value4 ,! idea ( society1 if x is to be sci5tifically employ$1 mu/ always be s appli$ t at e po9t ! def9ite gr\p ( individuals :i* x repres5ts may be e/abli%$4 ,! great importance ( ?is idea consi/s 9 ! fact t x expresses ! common & p]man5t int]e/s ( individuals simultane\sly & successively exi/+1 9 opposition to ! int]e/s ( s+le individuals1 or ( a small] gr\p1 or ( a limit$ p]iod ( "t4 ,e?ical p]ception1 7unless x />ts f ! po9t ( view ( egoi/ical individualism17 mu/ apply its te/ f ! po9t ( view ( society4 ,x leads 9 ?is case to ! consid]ation ( our own & o!rs' actions n only ) respect to our own individual circum/ances b sub specie t]ni s to speak1 t is ) respect to _! relation to ! great :ole ( :i* n only we1 b also o!r human be+s are p>ts4 ,along ) ! educative p[] ( au?orities1 x is due to ! sympa?y 9 virtue ( :i* ! individual causes to re-e*o 9 8 own bosom ! feel+s ( o!rs1 t e?ical ideals h be5 =m$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,b z soon z x is made impossible to transpose ! idea ( society into ! idea ( individuals t live "u c]ta9 def9ite conditions1 ?is idea conta9s no in/ruction = u 9 e?ical respects4 ,no e?ical norms c 9 ?is case be d$uc$ f x4 ,emotional my/icism takes ! place ( e?ical ?\ght & volition4 #abi ,pages #cc1 #ch1 & #dj4 ,su* a my/icism has ( c\rse its value4 ,p[]ful emotion leads naturally to a /ate 9 :i* all def9ite ideas rec$e1 ! m9d becom+ entirely occupi$ by emotional feel+4 ,x w fur!rmore be difficult to repres5t by any adequate conception ! great multitude ( human *>act]s on :i* our conduct 9 giv5 circum/ances c acquire decisive influ5ce4 ,! expression 'society1' or 'race1' *>act]ises v well ! unconclud$ & ! unsurveyable 9 s _m ( ! consequ5ces ( human me?ods ( action & ord] ( life1 & x w !re=e n be possible to disp5se ) x4 ,b transposition into concrete conceptions mu/ always be possible4 ,a welf>e t at "o or ano!r /age is n ! welf>e ( def9ite individuals is a self-contradiction1 & any act t at "o p]iod or ano!r does n lead to ! welf>e ( def9ite individuals has no value4 ,9 ,wundt's ,e?ics1 pages #dbi to #dca1 ! same l9e ( ?\ght is f\nd z ?is ( ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,public well-be+ & progress1 accord+ to ,wundt1 d n consi/ 9 ! well-be+ ( ! greate/ possible numb] ( individuals3 = ! individual is ephem]al6 ,h[ev] ri*ly ble/ & h[ev] p]fect ! individual exi/5ce may be1 x is b a drop 9 ! ocean ( life4 ,:at c individual happ9ess & individual pa9 mean to ! _w8 ,i %\ld say to ?is3 ,yes1 x is true1 ! ocean does n exi/ = ! sake ( ! individual drops2 b :at is an ocean t does n consi/ ( drops8 ,& is n ! :ole ocean cle> if e s+le drop is cle>8 ,& only !n is x :olly cle>4 ,j z !re are p :o _c see ! woods = ! trees1 s !re are also p :o _c see ! trees = ! woods4 ,9 e?ics ?is me?od ( conception leads to ! consid]ation ( human aspiration z ! means ( sup]human ends4 ,e e?ics t seeks to /& on a basis ( exp]i5ce & rema9 )9 ! possibility ( progressive v]ification1 mu/ cl+ to ! /&po9t ( man ) m54 ,x ne$ n = ?is reason ov]look ! fact1 t e?ical conduct1 l all unfold+ ( p[]1 is connect$ ) ! univ]sal _w-process4 #c7 ,dr4 ,c>us also approa*es ! pr9ciple ( welf>e ^u ano!r1 less my/ical pa?4 ,he ma9ta9s1 ) great emphasis1 t e?ics mu/ be bas$ on facts1 on insight into ! real1 ! actual1 ord] ( nature4 ,our ideals--?is is ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,c>us--arise ?r\gh ! wants :i* ! relations ( reality awak5 9 u1 & mu/ be realis$ by ! means :i* ! relations ( reality supply4 ,! new e?ics is bas$ ^u facts & is appli$ to facts 7p4 #ah74 ,man wants some?+1 s he conceives ! idea h[ good x w\ld be if he _h x4444 ,only by /udy+ facts w he be enabl$ to realise 8 ideals 7pp4 #ai & #bj74 ,if y wi% to exi/1 obey reason4 ,reason tea*es u h[ to regulate our actions 9 con=mity ) ! ord] ( natural laws4 ,if we d regulate !m 9 con=mity ) ! ord] ( natural laws1 !y w /&2 o!rwise n4 ,9 ! =m] case !y w be good1 !y w agree ) ! cosmical conditions ( exi/5ce2 9 ! latt] case !y are bad1 !y w n agree ) ! cosmical conditions ( exi/5ce2 !re=e !y w necess>ily produce disord] & evil 7pp4 #ca1 #cb74 ,x appe>s to me cle> f ?is1 t ! reason :y we mu/ regulate our actions to con=m ) natural laws1 mu/ be ! fact t o!rwise !y _c /&1 :i* is expla9$ m 9 detail 9 :at foll[s1 to mean t !y are con/itut$ to produce disord] & evil1--:i* 9 its turn mu/ be surely und]/ood z mean+ t disord] is itself an evil4 ,if disord] 7 no evil1 & if no fur!r evils result$ f actions :i* are n 9 con=mity ) ! ord] ( natural laws1 :at f\ndation w\ld ,dr4 ,c>us 9 t case be able to give 8 e?ics8 ,i :olly agree ) ,dr4 ,c>us t our conduct if x is to be e?ical mu/ support itself ^u z pr(\nd a compreh5sion ( ! relations ( reality z physical sci5ce1 psy*ology1 & social sci5ce alone c furni%4 ,b ?is requirem5t c only be made good ?r\gh & by ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,x has validity only = ! p]son :o wills t 8 conduct %all /& & produce no evil1 ei!r 9 ext5d$ or 9 limit$ circles4 ,if pa9 & dea? 7 n evils1 ?is requirem5t w\ld h no validity4 ,to judge f 8 some:at indef9ite expressions "o might suspect 9 ,dr4 ,c>us "h a vot>y ( egoi/ic h$onism1 7 x n t a numb] ( o!r passages 9 8 book exclude ?is suspicion4 ,h[ev]1 x seems q cle> to me t 8 f9al crit]ion mu/ co9cide ) ! pr9ciple ( welf>e4 ,8 e?ics is an e?ics ( exp$i5cy1 9 t 8 ultimate crit]ion is ! influ5ce ( actions on ! life ( mank9d4 #d7 ,dr4 ,c>us ju/ly emphasises ! relation ( e?ics to our _w-conception at l>ge4 ,b ?is connection does n mean t e?ics c be d]iv$ by d$uction f a philosophical sy/em previ\sly giv54 ,e?ics is an indep5d5t discipl9e :i* />ts f its own peculi> assumptions 7:i* _c ( c\rse /& 9 contradiction to o!r e/abli%$ assumptions71 al?\gh x is oblig$ to make mu* use ( ! results furni%$ by o!r sci5ces4 ,e?ics has an indep5d5t f\ndation 9 ! laws ( feel+ & volitional life1 j z ! !ory ( k has its f\ndation 9 ! laws ( s5sations & p]ceptions4 ,9 con=mity ) ! law ( economy1 7:i* mu/ prevail 9 sci5ce ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n prevail 9 nature17 we mu/ re/rict ! e/abli%$ po/ulates ( ! s+le sci5ces to ! lea/ possible limit4 ,if aft] do+ ?is agreem5t betwe5 ! s+le sci5ces f9ally occurs1 ?is result w be all ! m valuable4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,c>us e?ics is to be d]iv$ n[ f a philosophical total _w-conception1 z accord+ to 8 view 7,! ,e?ical ,problem1 p4 #ga7 x orig9ally arose ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! positive religions4#acj ,v weighty objections c be made 9 my op9ion aga9/ ?is latt] assumption4 ,x is a fact t ! l[] a religion /&s ! less e?ical "* x possesses1 & ! v l[e/ religions x is probable possess no e?ical value :atev]4 ,! "q !n arises h[ religion gradually acquir$ its e?ical "*4 ,! e?ical ideas :i* 7 p]ceiv$ 9 ! nature ( ! deity mu/ h _h a natural orig91 & ?is orig9 c be s\ght only 9 ! life ( man ) m54 ,! e?ical norms & ideas develop$ !mselves "h spontane\sly & h be5 j z spontane\sly project$ or hypo/atis$ z ! attributes ( div9ity4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! religion ( ,greece we c see cle>ly exhibit$ ! developm5t ( gods z p[]s ( nature to gods z ! expression ( an e?ical ord] ( nature4 ,comp>e = in/ance1 ! ,dodonan & ! ,hom]ic ,zeus ) ! ,zeus t appe>s 9 ! ideal belief ( s*ylus4 ,! exp]i5ces are made 9 human life t lead to ! =mation ( div9e ideals4 ,gods gr[ bett] & m g5tle accord+ z m5 !mselves gr[ bett] & g5tl]4 ,religi\s conceptions are idealis$ exp]i5ces4 ,if religion is a factor 9 ! developm5t ( e?ics x is because man conceives & repres5ts 8 ess5tial ideals 9 a religi\s =m4 ,! movem5t proce$s !re=e f exp]i5ce to exp]i5ce2 t :i* acts on nature is1 z ,%akespe>e says1 always an art t has be5 produc$ by nature itself4 ,h[ c\ld man und]/& ! mean+ ( ! e?ical qualities attribut$ to 8 deities if he 7 n acqua9t$ to "s ext5t ) ^! qualities ?r\gh exp]i5ce8 #acj ,dr4 ,c>us expresses himself diff]5tly 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt 7#ahij1 p4 #bedi71 :]e religion & e?ics are call$ tw9s2 :]eas 9 ,! ,e?ical ,problem ! latt] is ! daught] ( ! =m]4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es philosophical f !ological e?ics is n ! fact t ! =m] is con/ruct$ on ! basis ( "s philosophical sy/em & ! latt] ^u ecclesia/ical dogmatism1 b ! fact t philosophical e?ics br+s out into full consci\sness ! psy*ological basis ^u :i* e?ical life has actually always m or less indirectly build$1 & draws all ! consequ5ces impli$ 9 ?is4 ,9 ?is x furni%es an indep5d5t contribution to a philosophical sy/em4 #e7 ,x seems to me to be p]fectly ju/ifi$1 t ! di/+ui%$ m5 :o lead ! ,e?ical ,societies keep ^! in/itutions z indep5d5t z possible n only ( all def9ite dogmatic t5d5cy ( ?\ght b also ( all unnecess>y philosophical hypo!ses & speculations4 ,) respect to :at conc]ns ! fir/ pr9ciples ( e?ics itself1 x is n necess>y = ! practical e?ici/ to occupy any def9ite po9t ( view1 al?\gh x w\ld be v =tunate if he 7 acqua9t$ ) ! discussion ( ^! pr9ciples & c\ld take "p 9 an indep5d5t mann] 9 ! same4 ,he :o proposes to tea* appli$ ma!matics or employ x 9 practice ne$ n beg9 ) a def9ite position ) respect to ! nature & orig9 ( ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,s also 9 e?ics !re is a complete gr\p ( ideas & endeavors :i* are indep5d5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! fir/ pr9ciples are conceiv$4 ,! ess5tial ?+ = ! ,e?ical ,societies is1 7z ,dr4 ,/anton ,coit has said 9 8 beautiful book ,die ,e?is*e ,bewegung 9 d] ,religion17 agreem5t z to ! me?ods ( developm5t ( "* & z to ! type ( "* to be develop$4 ,dr4 ,c>us c h really no?+ to object to 9 ?is me?od ( conception1 inasmu* z x is 8 conviction t 9 ! passage f ! sup]natural to ! natural e/abli%m5t ( e?ics ! sub/ance ( our morality w n be *ang$4 ,9 an article 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 at page #bege1 he says3 ,! mo/ important moral rules are n to be alt]$4444 ,"s ( !m w be alt]$ z little z our ari?metical table c be *ang$4 ,9 ?is passage less importance = ! cont5ts ( e?ics is attribut$ to ! v>i\s po9ts ( view ?an ,i %\ld be oblig$ to assign4 ,yet all ! soon] %\ld ,dr4 ,c>us really admit t ! ,e?ical ,societies h add$ to _! o!r s]vices t ( hold+ a prop] c\rse betwe5 ! diff]5t dogmatic & philosophical sy/ems4 #f7 ,?is la/ dispute x appe>s to me also te/ifies to ! exp$i5cy ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! diff]5t e?ical problems4 ,by s do+ ,dr4 ,c>us w\ld also h be5 m j 9 8 position ) reg>d to utilit>ianism4 ,! latt] has n aris5 s mu* f ! impulse to supply a motive = e?ical conduct z f ! impulse to acquire an absolute crit]ion4 ,x is true ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ,hobbes & ,locke br\ght x ab\t t _m ( ! lat] utilit>ians embrac$ ! egoi/ic !ory2 b by _! side m>*$ ano!r gr\p ( utilit>ian e?ici/s 7among ! e>li]1 ,bacon1 ,cumb]l&1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,hut*eson7 :o did n subscribe to ?is !ory4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,hut*eson 0 ! fir/ ) :om ! =mula occurs3 ,! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,^! v hi/orical facts %[ h[ important x is 9 ! treatm5t ( e?ical problems to apply ! maxim ,divide et imp]a6 ,i h !re=e prefac$ ?is my apology = ! pr9ciple ( welf>e by call+ att5tion to ! relative & mutual indep5d5ce ( e?ical problems4 ,,h>ald ,h,,ffd+4 ,,! ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,e?ics ,,an ,,objective ,,reality4 ,i4 ,,two ,,def9itions ,,( ,,good4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,data ( ,e?ics may be consid]$ z ! mo/ p]suasive & popul>1 ,pr(4 ,h>ald ,hffd+1 x appe>s to me1 is ! mo/ s*ol>ly & le>n$ exp\nd] ( t e?ical !ory :i* bases morality ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]4 ,! ,moni/ ,no4 #a conta9$ 7pp4 #aci-ada7 a criticism ( ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s "w on ,e?ics1 & ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s article 9 ?is numb] is 9 "p a fur!r exposition ( 8 views1 & 9 "p an answ] to ! criticism ( ,! ,moni/4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ proposes1 z po9t$ out 9 ! criticism ( ,! ,moni/1 two crit]ia ( e?ics1 7#a7 t :i* promotes ! life-totality1 & 7#b7 t :i* produces a cont9u\s & p]man5t /ate ( pleasurable feel+s4 ,^! two crit]ia happ5 to come 9 conflict4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill calls att5tion to ! fact t a well f$ pig is m satisfi$ ?an man & a jolly fool is happi] ?an ,socrates4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ consid]s ! /ate ( man pref]able to t ( a pig1 :ile grant+ t ! latt]1 & n ! =m]1 enjoys a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s1 :5 he simil>ly pref]s ! doleful disposition ( a sombre philosoph] to ! empty m]r9ess ( a happy fool1 he does 9 my op9ion unque/ionably surr5d] ! second crit]ion 9 favor ( ! fir/4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s pres5t explanation ( ! subject does n satisfy me4 ,! ma9 po9t ( my criticism1 x seems to me1 has n be5 answ]$1 & ! difficulty is n ov]come4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ decl>es t ! /rong desire = activity1 developm5t1 & progress does n exi/ at all /ages4 ,x is itself a consequ5ce ( developm5t & progress 7p4 #ecg74 ,?is1 x may be grant$1 expla9s :y a civilis$ society _c help develop+ work]s t plod & toil1 f9d+ no satisfaction unless !y plod & toil2 b x does n expla9 :y 7if aft] all ! crit]ion ( our e?ical judgm5t rema9s happ9ess or ! cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s7 _! /ate is pref]able to t ( indol5t & happy savages4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says3 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t increas+ pa9 foll[$ necess>ily on all advancem5t ( civilisation 444 9 t case x w\ld be impossible to comb9e civilisation & welf>e 7i4 e4 a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s74 ,well1 if t be s1--z ,pr(essor ,hffd+ himself 9 ! comp>ison ( man to a pig & ( ,socrates to a fool has actually conc$$ to be true1--if we /& betwe5 ! dilemma ( civilisation & welf>e1 or 9 o!r words if we h ! *oice only betwe5 a high] /age ( life & a happi] /ate ( exi/5ce1 :i* is pref]able8 ,t :i* ,pr(essor ,hffd+ consid]s z pref]able is 8 true crit]ion ( :at he calls good4 ,! o!r "o holds only s long z x agrees ) 8 true & f9al crit]ion1 s long z x does n come 9 conflict ) x4 ,suppose we select z ! f9al crit]ion ( e?ics n ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! life-totality1 b t ( procur+ to ! greate/ numb] ( m51 z mu* z possible1 a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s1--:at w be ! outcome ( x8 ,c we suppose t1 if ^! two pr9ciples collide1 we %all be able to /op gr[?8 ,c we expect to ov]come nature & to curtail natural evolution s z to br+ ab\t a m favorable balance betwe5 our pleasures & pa9s8 ,if we d1 we %all soon f9d out t we h reckon$ )\t our ho/4 ,a conflict betwe5 civilisation & welf>e1 7i4 e4 betwe5 natural evolution & our pleasurable feel+s17 w\ld n discont9ue civilisation z ,pr(essor ,hffd+ supposes1 x w\ld r produce a *ange 9 :at we h to consid] z welf>e4 ,we h to be pleas$ ) ! developm5t ( our race accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 & ^? :o are displeas$ might j z well commit suicide at once1 = !y w g to ! wall1 !y w disappe> f ! /age ( life4 ,^? alone w survive :o are pleas$ ) t :i* ! laws ( nature dem&4 ,our pleasurable feel+s are subjective1 nature & ! laws ( evolution are objective4 ,! crit]ion ( e?ics is n subjective b objective4 ,! "q is n :at produces pleasurable feel+s1 b :at is ! unalt]able ord] ( ! _w ) :i* we h to be pleas$4 ,! "q ( e?ics1 9 my m9d1 is n :at we wi% to d or :at we ?9k we ought to d1 b :at we mu/ d4 ,nature prescribes a def9ite c\rse4 ,if we *oose ano!r "o1 we %all n rea* our aim1 & if we rea* x1 x w be = a %ort "t only4 ,! aim ( nature is n ! happ9ess ( liv+ be+s1 ! aim ( nature1 9 ! realm ( organis$ life1 is gr[?1 developm5t1 evolution4 ,pleasures & pa9s are phases 9 ! h\sehold ( life1 !y are n life's aim4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t 9 rea*+ a high] /age we acquire an additional s5sibility = bo?1 = new pleasures & new pa9s4 ,! pleasures ( human exi/5ce 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( animals h be5 z mu* int5sifi$ & increas$ z ! pa9s4 ,! ratio has on ! av]age rema9$ ab\t ! same & x has r>ely ris5 9 favor ( pleasures4 ,r ! rev]se takes place3 ! high] man loses ! ta/e ( enjoy+ himself )\t los+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( pa94 ,e?ics1 z a sci5ce & f ! /&po9t ( positivism1 has to inquire :at accord+ to ! nature ( ?+s we mu/ d4 ,x has to /udy facts & f facts x has to d]ive rules 7! moral prescripts7 :i* w assi/ u 9 do+ at once :at we %all aft] all h to d4 ,! crit]ion ( e?ics is n "s /&>d :i* we put up ourselves1 ! crit]ion ( e?ics is agreem5t ) facts4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,moral ,,comm&s4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ emphasises ! fact t !re is n m]ely "o s+le e?ical problem b _m--a fact :i* _c be d5i$1 = !re are1 inde$1 innum]able problems ( an e?ical nature4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t all ! e?ical problems are closely int]connect$4 ,! bett] we und]/& !m1 ! m %all we recognise t all toge!r =m "o great sy/em ( problems1 & t "o problem lies at ! bottom ( all4 ,?is "o basic problem ,i h call$ ! e?ical problem4 ,! solution ( ! basic problem ( e?ics w n involve ! ready solution ( all ! re/1 b we c be sure t x w ?r[ light ^u any "q t is ( an e?ical nature4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ recognises ! importance ( sy/em 9 e?ics4 ,he says3 ,! sy/ematism ( e?ical sci5ce is /ill s little advanc$ t x is necess>y to draw out a g5]al outl9e be=e we pass on to any s+le feature4 ,! value ( sy/ematism is namely ?is1 t we are imm$iately enabl$ to see ! connection ( ! s+le que/ions ) "o ano!r z well z _! di/9ctive peculi>ity4 ,x appe>s almo/ unfair t[>d ! pres5t /ate ( e?ical sci5ce :5 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ adds3 ,9 e?ics we are n yet s f> advanc$4 ,if we 7 n1 we %\ld d our be/ to advance s z to recognise ! unity ( all e?ical problems4 ,we mu/ fir/ recognise ! e?ical problem1 be=e we c ) any hope ( success approa* ! _m1 :i* are dep5d5t ^u ! "o4 ,:i* is ! "o basic problem ( e?ics8 ,we read 9 ,mat!w1 xxi4 #bc3 ,& :5 ,jesus 0 come into ! temple1 ! *ief prie/s & ! eld]s ( ! p came unto him z he 0 tea*+ & said1 ,by :at au?ority doe/ ?\ ^! ?+s8 & :o gave !e ?is au?ority8 ,?is "q is legitimate & all our e?ical conceptions mu/ necess>ily dep5d ^u ! answ] :i* we accept z satisfactory4 ,! basic problem ( e?ics is ! f\ndation ( e?ics1 x is ! ju/ification ( ! e?ical prescripts1 x is ! discov]y ( ! au?ority ^u :i* e?ical rules are bas$4 ,if !re 7 no p[] t en=ces a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct1 e?ics 9 my op9ion w\ld h no "r ( exi/5ce2 & if any "o prea*es c]ta9 comm&s1 he is b\nd to give satisfactory reasons :y we mu/ obey 8 comm&s4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says t e?ics />ts f its own assumptions 7p4 #aaa74 ,e?ics %\ld n />t f any assumptions4 ,if we are to come to a mutual und]/&+ we mu/ drop all subjectivism1 we mu/ n /udy e?ics f special po9ts ( view1 f ! pr9ciples or /&>ds ( any individual or gr\p ( individuals4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ use ( a p]son mak+ himself any highe/ & only aim :i*1 x may be true1 f 8 po9t ( view c nev] be refut$4 ,s long z e?ics />ts f assumptions or pr9ciples1 x w be no sci5ce2 = truly1 z ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says 9 excuse ( ! inability to prove pr9ciples1 ,! difficulty always occurs 9 ! enunciation ( a pr9ciple t a direct demon/ration ( its validity _c be giv54 ,! requirem5t ( e?ics is to arrive at /atem5ts ( fact4 ,let u build ^u facts & we %all /& ^u solid gr\nd4 ,e?ics 9 ord] to be sci5tific mu/ be bas$ ^u ! objective & unalt]able ord] ( ?+s1 ^u ! asc]ta9able data ( exp]i5ce1 ^u ! laws ( nature4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says3 ,religi\s e?ics is f\nd$ on au?ority4 ,its cont5ts are ! reveal$ comm&s ( au?ority2 ! feel+ :i* impels u to pass e?ical judgm5ts is ! fe> or rev]5ce or love ) :i* m5 are fill$ 9 ! pres5ce ( div9e au?ority4 ,sci5tific e?ics c 9 ?is respect n be diff]5t f religi\s e?ics1 = x is also bas$ ^u au?ority4 ,a sci5tific e?ici/ has to proce$ l any o!r naturali/2 he mu/ obs]ve ! c\rse ( ev5ts & attempt to discov] ! laws 9 accordance ) :i* ! ev5ts take place4 ,^! laws are no less unalt]able ?an any o!r natural laws1 & we may appropriately call !m ! natural laws ( e?ics4 ,! moral comm&s ( e?ical tea*]s h be5 d]iv$1 ei!r in/9ctively or ) a cle> sci5tific insight1 f ! natural laws ( e?ics4 ,! au?ority ( ! natural laws ( e?ics has be5 deck$ out by diff]5t religi\s tea*]s ) m or less my?ological t9sel or wrapp$ 9 my/ic d>kness2 = practical purposes x rema9$ to "s limit$ ext5t ! same & w to "s ext5t always rema9 ! same1 = we %all h to obey ! moral law1 be x f fe>1 or rev]5ce1 or love4 ,! unity ( all ! e?ical problems w be pres]v$1 h[ev] mu* !y may be diff]5tiat$4 ,inde$ ,pr(essor ,hffd+ 9 8 enum]ation suffici5tly indicates _! int]connection4 ,he speaks ( 7#a7 ! motive pr9ciple ( judgm5t1 7#b7 ! te/-pr9ciple ( judgm5t1 & 7#c7 ( ! motive to action4 ,:atev] diff]5ce he makes betwe5 ^! ?ree t]ms1 x is obvi\s t :e!r & h[ f> judgm5ts1 te/s1 or motives are s\nd w dep5d ^u _! agreem5t ) ! au?ority ( ! natural law ( e?ics4 ,! p$agogic problem is also connect$ ) ! e?ical problem because ^u our solution ( ! latt] w directly dep5d ! aim & indirectly also ! me?od ( education4 ,su* complex motives z ambition or ! in/9ct ( acquisition w become ! means ( atta9+ to true e?ical self-ass]tion 9 ! degree proportional to ! elem5ts !y conta9 :i* w /r5g!n our ef=ts ( sett+ u at "o ) ! natural law ( e?ics4 ,to sum up3 ,! natural law ( e?ics has to be d]iv$ f facts l all o!r natural laws4 ,! natural law ( e?ics is ! au?ority ^u :i* all moral comm&s are bas$1 & agreem5t ) ! natural law ( e?ics is ! f9al crit]ion ( e?ics4 ,,iii4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,welf>e4 ,i h no objection to an e?ics ( welf>e2 on ! contr>y1 ,i consid] e e?ics z an e?ics ( welf>e4 ,my objection to ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s e?ics is solely direct$ aga9/ 8 def9ition ( welf>e z a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s4 ,welf>e is accord+ to my t]m9ology t /ate ( ?+s :i* is 9 accord ) ! natural law ( e?ics1 & x s happ5s t welf>e mu/ z a rule n only be b\ght1 b also con/antly ma9ta9$ ) _m pa9s1 tr\bles1 anxieties1 & sacrifices4 ,x is true t ^u ! :ole !re may be a surplus ( happ9ess & ( satisfaction1 if n ( pleasures2 b ! surplus ( happ9ess 7important ?\gh x is7 does n con/itute t :i* is morally good 9 welf>e4 ,morally good 7! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! e?ical idea ( welf>e7 is t :i* is 9 accord ) ! natural law ( e?ics4 ,if ! t]m utility 7 def9$ by ,utilit>ians 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i def9e welf>e1 ,i %\ld also h no objection to utilit>ianism4 ,! ,utilit>ians1 h[ev]1 def9e _! !ory z ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 & if useful is tak5 9 its ord9>y s5se z t :i* is pr(itable or advantage\s1 x makes ( utilit>ianism an e?ics ( exp$i5cy4 ,,iv4 ,,feel+s ,,& ,,judgm5ts4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ & myself1 & z x seems to me 8 1 lies 9 8 def9ition ( e?ical judgm5ts4 ,he says3 ,e?ical judgm5ts1 judgm5ts conc]n+ good & bad1 9 _! simple/ =m are expressions ( feel+1 & nev] lose t "* h[ev] mu* influ5ce cle> & reason$ k may acquire ) respect to !m4 ,i am v well aw>e ( ! fact t all ?9k+ be+s are fir/ feel+ be+s4 ,?\ght _c develop 9 ! abs5ce ( feel+4 ,)\t feel+ !re is no ?\ght2 b ?\ght is n feel+1 & feel+ is n ?\ght4#aca ,by ?\ght ,i und]/& ! op]ations t take place among repres5tative feel+s1 & ! ess5tial feature ( ^! feel+s is n :e!r !y are pleasurable or pa9ful1 b t !y are correct repres5tations4 ,judgm5ts are p]haps ! mo/ important m5tal op]ations4 ,!re are logical judgm5ts1 legal judgm5ts1 e?ical judgm5ts1 etc4 ,9 none ( !m is ! feel+ elem5t ( m5tal activity ( any acc\nt4 ,t :i* makes ( !m judgm5ts is ! reason+ or ! ?\ght-activity4 ,:e!r a judgm5t is correct or n does n dep5d ^u ! feel+ t may be associat$ ) x1 b x dep5ds ^u ! tru? ( its sev]al ideas & ! propriety ( _! connection4 #aca ,see ! *apt] ,! ,nature ( ,?\ght 9 ,! ,s\l ( ,man1 p4 #ced4 ,a judgm5t1 be x logical1 juridical1 e?ical1 or any o!r1 is ! m liable to be wrong1 ! m we all[ ! feel+ elem5t to play a "p 9 x4 ,judgm5ts sway$ by /rong feel+s become biass$2 !y c atta9 to ! ideal ( tru? only by an entire elim9ation ( feel+4#acb #acb ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says3 ,! feel+ ( pleasure is ! only psy*ological crit]ion ( heal? & p[] ( life4 ,e physician kn[s ! insuffici5cy ( ?is crit]ion4 ,_m consumptives decl>e t !y feel p]fectly well ev5 a few h\rs be=e _! dea?4 ,e?ics 9 :i* ! feel+ elem5t is ! ma9 spr+ ( action1 is call$ s5tim5talism4 ,s5tim5tal e?ics h no m "r to exi/ ?an a s5tim5tal logic or a s5tim5tal jurisprud5ce4 ,! philosophy ( ,clr*5 9 ,egmont appe>s to be v /rong s5tim5talism1 & ,i d n believe t h] demeanor c be set up z an example = imitation4 ,h] love happ9ess is an intoxication4 ,%e vacillates betwe5 two extremes1 n[ himmelho* jau*z5d & n[ zum ,tode betrbt1 & h] life ends 9 insanity4 ,to consid] e?ical or any o!r judgm5ts z feel+s1 & to expla9 _! nature accord+ly1 seems to me no bett] ?an to speak ( concepts z consi/+ ( v[els & consonants1 & to expla9 ! nature ( conceptual ?\ght f ! s\nds ( ! lett]s4 ,we _c speak )\t utt]+ s\nds1 b ! laws ( spee* or ( gramm> h no?+ to d ) s\nd & _c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( s\nd4 ,:5 we ?9k & judge1 we are mo/ assur$ly feel+1 b ! feel+ is ( no acc\nt1 & :e!r ! feel+ is pleasurable1 or pa9ful1 or indiff]5t1 has no?+ to d :atev] ) ! correctness or ! e?ical value ( judgm5ts4 ,v4 ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 ,x is v /range t1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no e?ici/ :o bases e?ics ^u ! ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple has ev] inve/igat$ ! nature ( pleasure & pa94 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t pleasure is an indication ( gr[? & pa9 ( decay1 b x has nev] be5 prov$1 & aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( ?is !ory ,i h come to ! conclusion t x is bas$ ^u an error4 ,gr[? is r>ely accompani$ ) pleasure & decay is mo/ly pa9less4 ,optimi/ic philosoph]s look ^u pleasure z positive & pa9 z negative1 :ile ! great pessimi/ ,s*op5hau] turns ! tables & says pleasure is negative & pa9 positive4 ,an imp>tial consid]ation ( ! subject w %[ t bo? pleasure & pa9 are positive4 ,pa9 is felt :5ev] di/urbances take place1 pleasure is felt :5ev] wants are satisfi$1 & unsatisfi$ wants are p]haps ! mo/ prom95t among ! di/urbances t produce pa94#acc #acc ,see ! *apt] ,pleasure & ,pa9 9 ,! ,s\l ( ,man1 p4 #cch4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says3 ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,c>us t ?is _w ( ours is n a _w suit$ to ! ta/e ( a pleasure-seek]1 if we und]/& by pleasure passive s5sual enjoym5t1 an enjoym5t :i* is n unit$ ) ! re/ & n\ri%m5t ) :i* n only an imm$iate pleasurable feel+ is connect$1 b :]eby p[] is also ga!r$ = cont9u$ endeavor4 ,:5 ,i say t ?is _w ( ours is n a _w suit$ to ! ta/e ( ! pleasure-seek]1 ,i d n re/rict ! mean+ ( pleasure to passive s5sual enjoym5t1 b to all k9ds ( pleasure4 ,!re are also intellectual & arti/ic voluptu>ies :o sacrifice any?+1 ev5 ! p]=mance ( duty1 to _! pleasure1 :i* ,i grant is f> sup]ior to any k9d ( passive s5sual enjoym5t4 ,! pursuit ( pleasure is n wrong 9 itself2 b x is n e?ical ei!r4 ,e?ics 9 my op9ion has no?+ to d ei!r ) my own pleasures or ) ! pleasures ( anybody else4 ,! object ( e?ics is ! p]=mance ( duty2 & ! ma9 duty ( man is ! p]=mance ( t :i* he ne$s mu/ d accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 to let 8 s\l gr[ & exp&1 & to develop to ev] high] & nobl] aims4 ,,vi4 ,,pleasurable ,,feel+s ,,z ,,an ,,e?ical ,,crit]ion4 ,i "k ( a ,fr5* tea*] :o has an excell5t ,fr5* pronunciation & speaks ) p]fect accuracy1 b :5ev] he is ask$ to give a rule :i* may s]ve z a guide & a help to correct gramm] & elocution1 he says3 ,! *ief rule 9 ,fr5* is euphony4--,exactly6 ,b ! same rule holds good 9 a c]ta9 s5se = all languages4--,o no1 he says1 ! ,g]man is h>% & ! ,engli% is tongue-break+2 only 9 ,fr5* is ! supreme law euphony4--,n[ = in/ance1 we v5ture to object1 y say la h>pe & n l'arpe2 y pron\nce ! ai diff]5t 9 diff]5t words y say j'ai1 b y say il fait & y h aga9 a diff]5t pronunciation ( ! ai 9 n\s faisons4 ,he replies1 ,to pron\nce j'a1 or z ! ,g]mans say *a w\ld be b>b>\s4 ,to say l'arpe1 in/ead ( la h>pe is simply ridicul\s4--,! "q is1 we cont9u$ 9 our attempts to und]/& him1 :at is euphoni\s to ! e> ( an educat$ ,fr5*man8--,well1 he says1 ! e> w tell y4 ,t :i* j>s on ! e> is wrong4 ,to say quat' in/ead ( quatre1 or vot' in/ead ( votre1 is wrong1 x is vulg>4 ,:y8 x j>s on ! e>4 ,?is me?od ( tea*+ ,fr5* appe>s to me a good illu/ration ( our objection to ! happ9ess pr9ciple ( e?ics4 ,x is p]fectly true t in/ances ( immorality j> on ! feel+s ( e?ically tra9$ m9ds4 ,:y8 ,!y h become accu/om$ to !m & look ^u !m z b>b>\s4 ,ungrammatical expressions & su* pronunciations z d n agree ) ! _s ( a language are suppress$ by ^? :o recognise !m z incongru\s elem5ts4 ,mi/akes j> on _! e>s because !y are incorrect1 b !y are n incorrect because !y j>4 ,oatmeal is a favorite di% among ! ,scot*4 ,if y ask !m :y !y eat x1 !y w mo/ likely tell y1 because x has an agreeable ta/e4 ,b :y d !y l x8 ,because !y h ?r\gh g5]ations gr[n accu/om$ to a di% :i* is conducive to heal?4 ,mo/ ( ! di%es t are :olesome h an agreeable ta/e to a non-corrupt$ tongue4 ,b agreeable ta/e = t reason _c be consid]$ z ! supreme rule 9 select+ our m5u4 ,agreeable ta/e is 9 cases ( sickness a v unreliable guide & x is no crit]ion = a :olesome d9n]4 ,surely ! e?ics ( eat+ c\ld n be bas$ on agreeable ta/e4 ,! pleasurable feel+ t is p]ceiv$ 9 ! satisfaction ( hung] ?r\gh appropriate food or 9 ! satisfaction ( any want1 is n ! b$rock ( fact to :i* we c dig d[n2 x is 9 itself a product ( cu/om1 ( inh]it$ habits1 & o!r circum/ances2 & x c ! less be us$ z a crit]ion because x v>ies greatly ) ! slighte/ *ange ( its conditions4 ,lib]ty is g5]ally & rightly consid]$ z a good1 ev5 ?\gh ! slave may h & v (t5 actually has enjoy$ m happ9ess ?an ! fre$ man4 ,/upidity is consid]$ z an evil1 al?\gh x inflicts no direct pa9s & may be ! s\rce ( innum]able pleasures insipid 9 ! view ( o!rs1 b delightful to ! jolly fool4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ quotes f ,waitz t ! ,indian does n progress because he lives a happy life4 ,unhapp9ess is ! cause ( progress4 ,we look d[n ^u ! ,fuegians & ^u ! indol5t ,s\? ,am]ican tribe describ$ by ,humboldt4 ,b h !y n rea*$ ! aim ( e?ics1 if happ9ess be t aim8 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says 9 explanation ( _! condition3 ,t :i* w\ld make su* a life un5durable = u1 ! /rong desire = activity1 developm5t1 & progress1 ?is desire does n exi/ at su* /ages4 ,if t is s1 our /rong desire = activity %\ld be d5\nc$ z ! s\rce ( evil4 ,x w\ld be e?ical 9 t case1 z "s labor unions & tru/s actually propose1 to /op1 or at lea/1 to imp$e fur!r progress4 ,! attempt ( ! ,jesuits 9 ,p>aguay1 :i* to "s ext5t 0 an unequivocal success1 to rule ! p ?r\gh a spiritual dep5d5ce satisfy+ all _! wants & keep+ !m 9 p]fect cont5tm5t1 _c be condemn$ f t pr9ciple ( welf>e :i* def9es welf>e z a cont9u\s /ate ( pleasurable feel+s4 ,i c see h[ a man c be induc$ to submit to a mom5t ( pa9 9 ord] to escape m pa9 9 ! future1 b ,i _c see on :at gr\nd "o man c be reque/$ to sacrifice himself to suff] pa9 or to =ego 8 pleasures 9 ord] t a doz5 or a hundr$ m5 may h a jolly "t4 ,x appe>s to me t a great] error has nev] be5 pron\nc$ ?an t ( mak+ ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] ! maxim ( e?ics4 ,= ! same reason t prev5ts u f reg>d+ ! pr9ciple ( happ9ess z ! aim ( e?ics or z its te/ & crit]ion1 we _c consid] self-humiliation1 contrition1 mis]y1 & ! ab&onm5t ( gayety & m]r9ess z moral or m]itori\s4 ,joy & grief are 9 !mselves z little wrong z !y are virtu\s4 ,any e?ics ! end ( :i* is a morose au/]ity1 simply because x makes life dre>y1 is at lea/ z mu* mi/ak5 z a philosophy :i* f9ds ! purpose ( life 9 m]e pleasure1 be x ev] s va91 simply because x is pleasure4 ,to pursue happ9ess or r5\nce x1 ei!r may sometimes be moral & sometimes immoral4 ,aga91 to und]go pa9 & to inflict pa9 on o!rs1 or to avoid pa91 ei!r may also be moral or immoral4 ,! crit]ion ( e?ics w n be f\nd 9 ! sph]e ( feel+s4 ,morality _c be measur$ by & x _c be express$ 9 pleasures & pa9s4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sup]9dividual ,,& ,,society4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ criticises my view ( t sup]9dividual s\l-life :i* we call society1 z bas$ ^u a my/ical p]sonification ( society4 ,! sup]9dividual motives ( ! human s\l z ,i use ! t]m1 are actual realities1 !y are no less actual & concrete ?an are ! image & ! concept ( a tree 9 my bra94 ,i h suffici5tly expla9$ _! orig9 & natural gr[? 7,e?ical ,problem1 pp4 #cd-dd71 & feel t ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s *>ge re/s ^u a misund]/&+4 ,x appe>s to me t 8 t]m sympa?y1 :i* he reg>ds z ! ma9 elem5t ( e?ical feel+s lead+ to ! adoption ( ! pr9ciple ( g5]al welf>e1 is mu* m liable to be int]pret$ 9 a my/ical way4 ,at lea/ ,s*op5hau]'s idea ( sympa?y 7:i* he calls ,mitleid7 is und\bt$ly a v my/]i\s ?+1 & its exi/5ce is suppos$ to be a direct manife/ation ( ! metaphysical4 ,i d n say t ,pr(essor ,hffd+ uses ! ^w sympa?y 9 ! s5se ( ,s*op5hau]'s idea ( ,mitleid1 b ,i am sure t if he attempts to expla9 its natural orig91 he w 79 ord] to rema9 positive & sci5tific7 h to g ov] ! same gr\nd & arrive at ! same conclusion z ,i did1 al?\gh he may express himself 9 diff]5t words4 ,! tru? is t man's ideas consi/ 9 repres5tations ( ?+s & ( relations )\t him1 & ^! ideas are n ! product ( 8 individual ex]tions alone1 !y are ! product ( social "w & ( ! common activity & int]c\rse ( human society4 ,?is is true ( language z a :ole & ( e s+le ^w :i* we use4 ,?is is true ( all conceptual ?\ght & mo/ s ( all e?ical impulses4 ,9 spite ( all individualism & 9 spite ( ! tru? t lies 9 c]ta9 claims ( individualism z to p]sonal lib]ty & fre$om ( self-det]m9ation1 ,i ma9ta9 t !re is no individual 9 ! s5se ( a sep>ate ego-exi/5ce4 ,t :i* makes ( u human be+s is ! product ( social life4 ,i call ! ideas & ! impulses naturally develop+ 9 ?is way1 sup]9dividual1 & if we c\ld take !m out ( ! s\l ( a man1 he w\ld cease to be a man4 ,:at is man b an inc>nation ( mank9d6 ,social int]c\rse & common "w produce ! sup]9dividual ideas & impulses 9 man1 & ^! sup]9dividual ideas & impulses 9 _! action con/itute ! life ( society4 ,?is view is n a my/ical p]sonification ( society "u ! simile ( an organism1 b x is a description ( c]ta9 facts 9 ! developm5t ( ! human s\l4 ,society is n an aggregation ( individuals1 x is con/itut$ by ! sup]9dividual elem5t 9 ! s\ls ( individual m54 ,! numb] ( p 9 a society is = e?ical purposes uness5tial4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ accord+ly makes an unimportant feature prom95t1 :5 he says3 ,! idea ( society1 if x is to be sci5tifically employ$1 mu/ always be s appli$ t at e po9t ! def9ite gr\p ( individuals :i* x repres5ts may be e/abli%$4 ,if ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] among a def9ite gr\p ( individuals con/itutes ! morality ( an act1 w\ld n ! man :o falls among ?ieves be "u ! moral obligation to r5\nce 8 prop]ty because ! robb]s con/itute ! majority8 ,if we leave ! sup]9dividual elem5t out ( sight1 we %all naturally fall into ! error ( c\nt+ ! individuals & decid+ "r & wrong by majority votes4 ,! pleasure ( a majority h[ev] does n con/itute ju/ice1 & ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] is no crit]ion ( t :i* is to be consid]$ z morally good4 ,society 9 ! s5se ( a m]e numb] ( individuals w by & by create b does n con/itute morality2 nor c ! majority ( a society propose a crit]ion4 ,! nature ( moral goodness is n a matt] ( numb] nor ( size nor ( quantity4 ,x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! quality ( our ideas & motives4 ,moral are ^? ideas :i* t5d to build up ! life-totality ( our s\ls s z to eng5d] m & m ( mank9d 9 man1 or /ill broad] express$1 s z to keep man 9 h>mony ) ! :ole cosmos--) ,god4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,policy ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,societies4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ consid]s x p]fectly ju/ifi$ t ! lead]s ( ! e?ical societies keep ^! in/itutions z indep5d5t z possible n only ( all dogmatic t5d5cy ( ?\ght b also ( all unnecess>y philosophical hypo!ses & speculations4 ,s d we1 = we object to dogmas1 to hypo!ses1 & m]e speculations4 ,we consid] ! era ( dogmatic religion z pa/1 & tru/ 9 ! rise ( a religion bas$ on tru?1 i4 e4 a natural & cosmical religion :i* /&s on facts v]ifiable by sci5ce4 ,e religion1 be x ev] s adult]at$ by sup]/itions :i* z a rule1 ! less t5able !y appe>1 are ! m t5aci\sly def5d$ z infallible dogmas--conta9s 9 its _w-conception at lea/ ! g]m ( becom+ a cosmical religion4 ,! developm5t ( all religions aims at "o & ! same goal1 namely ! recognition ( ! tru? & ! aspiration to live accord+ly4 ,^? religions :i* rema9 fai?ful to ?is _s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t w survive2 !y w drop ! errors ( dogmatic belief1 !y w free !mselves ( ! n>r[ness ( sect>ianism & develop ! cosmic religion ( tru?--( t "o & sole tru? :i* ne$ n %un ! light ( criticism & :i* is at "o ) sci5ce4 ,we d n object to ! e?ical societies t !y h no dogmas & t !y d n id5tify !mselves ) a special philosophy2 we object solely to _! proposition to prea* e?ics )\t hav+ a religion1 or )\t bas+ e?ics ^u a conception ( ! _w4 ,& :y d we object8 ,simply because x is impossible to prea* e?ics )\t bas+ x ^u a def9ite view ( ! _w1 = e?ics is no?+ m or less ?an ! endeavor to act accord+ to a c]ta9 conception1 to realise x 9 de$s4 ,c y realise 9 de$s a conception )\t hav+ any8 ,c y live ! tru? )\t kn[+ ! tru?8 ,y mu/ at lea/ h an in/9ctive inkl+ ( :at ! tru? is4 ,mr4 ,salt] sep>ates ! doma9s ( e?ics & sci5ce4 ,he does n believe t e?ics c be e/abli%$ on sci5ce1 = he decl>es t sci5ce deals ) facts1 i4 e4 t :i* is1 :ile e?ics deals ) ideals1 i4 e4 t :i* ought to be4 ,we h to believe 9 e?ics if we believe 9 !m at all1 ,mr4 ,salt] says1 n because !y h ! fact on _! side b because ( _! own intr9sic attractiv5ess & au?ority4#acd ,?is rem9ds me ( "o ( ,goe! & ,s*ill]'s ,x5ions 9 :i* ! ,g]man poets criticise ! "o-sid$ positions ( en?usia/s 7,s*wrm]7 & phili/9es3 #acd ,:at ,c ,e?ics ,d ,= ,u1 p4 #e4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,salt]4 ,c4 ,h4 ,k]r1 ,*icago1 #ahia4 ,_h y ! p[]1 en?usia/s1 to grasp y\r ideals completely1 ,c]ta9ly y w\ld rev]e ,nature4 ,= t is h] due4 ,_h y ! p[] phili/9es1 to grasp ! total ( ,nature1 ,surely y\r pa? w\ld lead up to ?' idea's doma94 ,ideals h no value unless !y agree ) ! objective _w-ord] :i* is asc]ta9$ ?r\gh inquiry into ! facts ( nature4 ,ideals ^: ultimate ju/ification is intr9sic attractiv5ess & ^: au?ority is pr(ess$ly n f\nd$ on reality b on rapt visions ( transc5d5tal beauty1 mu/ be *>act]is$ z pure subjectivism4 ,!y are n ideals b dreams4 ,! e?ical societies h z yet--s f> z ,i am aw>e (--n giv5 a cle> & def9ite def9ition ( good4 ,pr(essor ,adl] treats ?is "q ) a c]ta9 slight4 ,conc]n+ ! facts ( moral obligation he believes 9 a g5]al agreem5t among good m5 & wom5 ev]y:]e4 7,! italics are ours47 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt 79 ,no4 #adj7 has *all5g$ ! ,e?ical ,societies1 say+ t we %\ld be v mu* oblig$ to ! ,e?ical ,record1 if x w\ld give u a simple1 pla91 & unmi/akable def9ition ( :at ! lead]s ( ! e?ical movem5t und]/& by good1 i4 e4 morally good4 ,b ?is *all5ge rema9$ unansw]$4 ,x w appe> t z soon z good is def9$ n 9 tautologies1#ace b 9 def9ite & unmi/akable t]ms1 ! conception ( good w be ! expression ( a _w-conception4 ,is x possible to d an act :i* is n expressive ( an op9ion8 ,& if an act is n expressive ( a cle> op9ion1 x is bas$ ^u an in/9ctive1 an uncle>1 & undef9$ op9ion4 ,:5 ! e?ical societies decl>e t !y d n int5d to commit !mselves to religi\s or philosophical views1 !y e/abli% an an>*y ( e?ical conviction4 ,religion1 z we h def9$ x1 is man's inmo/ & holie/ conviction1 9 accord ) :i* he regulates 8 conduct4 ,! e?ical societies implicitly decl>e t we c regulate our conduct )\t hav+ any conviction4 #ace ,x is obvi\s t su* def9itions z good is t :i* produces welf>e are mean+less1 s long z we are n told :at x is t makes a c]ta9 /ate well f>+ or well be+4 ,is n an e?ical society )\t any def9ite convictions ^u :i* to base its e?ics l a %ip )\t a compass 9 foggy wea!r8 ,! attitude ( ! e?ical societies 9 n committ+ !mselves to any religi\s or philosophical view is aft] all--& h[ c x be o!rwise8--a palpable self-delusion1 = _! :ole policy be>s unmi/akably a def9ite & *>act]i/ic /amp4 ,! lead]s ( ! e?ical societies w mo/ likely repudiate my int]pretation ( _! position1 because x appe>s to me t !y are n cle> !mselves conc]n+ ! philosophical basis ^u :i* !y /& & ?us 7z ,i am fully aw>e7 _m contradictory features appe> by ! side ( ^? :i* ,i %\ld consid] z mo/ significant4 ,,ix4 ,,pr(essor ,,adl]',s ,,position4 ,pr(essor ,adl] is ! f\nd] ( ! ,e?ical ,societies1 he is _! lead]1 & h[ev] mu* ,mr4 ,salt]1 ,dr4 ,coit1 ,mr4 ,%eldon1 & ,mr4 ,we/on may disagree f him 9 m9or matt]s1 8 views are decisive 9 ! managem5t1 & ! policy ( ! :ole movem5t dep5ds on him4 ,?r\gh 8 indefatigable zeal 9 ! holy cause ( e?ics1 8 unfl9*+ c\rage 9 ! def5se ( :at he reg>ds z "r1 8 en]getic devotion to 8 ideals1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 p[]ful oratory he has made ! e?ical societies :at !y n[ are4 ,he det]m9es _! "* & he is ! s\l ( ! :ole movem5t4 ,n[ x is true t ,pr(essor ,adl] has nev] pres5t$ u ) a sy/ematic philosophy1 b all 8 activity1 8 spee*es1 8 poems1 & ! plans ( 8 ent]prises repres5t a v def9ite philosophical conception1 :i*1 to give x a "n1 may briefly be call$ ,kantian ,agno/icism4 ,pr(essor ,adl] is an agno/ic1 al?\gh n aft] ! patt]n ( ,sp5c] or ,huxley4 ,8 agno/icism has be5 impress$ ^u 8 m9d by ,kant4 ,i expect t ,mr4 ,adl] w repudiate ! "n ( agno/ic1 & x is q indiff]5t ) :at "n he may *>act]ise 8 views4 ,8 position rema9s ! same1 :atev] "n he may *oose to call x1 if he *ooses any2 & he w *oose none = he is too consi/5t an agno/ic to def9e 8 position by a "n4 ,x devolves ^u me to prove my ass]tion & ,i hope to be able to d s4 ,pr(essor ,adl] looks ^u e?ics z some?+ :i* lies outside ! pale ( human k4 ,he says 9 "o ( 8 lectures3 ,& n[ "o po9t m ( utmo/ importance4 ,if !re be an exi/5ce correspond+ to our highe/ idea1 z we h said !re is1 yet we "k n :at k9d ( exi/5ce t may be 444 :y !n %\ld we speak ( x at all1 :y %\ld we try to m5tion 9 words an exi/5ce :i* we _c "k8 ,i w answ] :y4 ,because x is necess>y to rem9d mank9d con/antly t !re is an exi/5ce :i* !y d n "k4444 ,because o!rwise ! s5se ( my/]y w fade out ( human lives4444 ,is ! s5se ( my/]y really a necess>y elem5t 9 human lives to make m5 aw>e ( ! gr&eur ( ! univ]se4 ,is !re no hol9ess 9 cle>ness ( ?\ght1 & is e?ics only sacr$ if x is surr\nd$ ) ! hazy halo ( an unkn[able transc5d5talism8 ,if our moral ideal does n come by ! special revelation ( ,god1 z ! dogmatic religions ma9ta91 & if we _c f9d x 9 nature1 if x is beyond ! k5 ( human cognition1 if x is unasc]ta9able by sci5ce1 :5ce does x come8 ,pr(essor ,adl] says3 ,we mu/1 inde$1 be always on our gu>d1 le/ we confuse ! idea ( ! ,p]fect ) notions ( ! good d]iv$ f human exp]i5ce4 ,?is has be5 ! mi/ake ( !ology 9 ! pa/1 ! po9t :]e9 e !odicy has inv>iably brok5 d[n4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,p]fect we ?9k ( a transc5d5tal /ate ( exi/5ce1 :5 we ?9k ( ! moral law 9 its complet5ess we ?9k ( a transc5d5tal law1 a law :i* c only be :olly fulfill$ 9 ! regions ( ! ,inf9ite1 b :i* c nev] be fully realis$ )9 ! conditions ( space & "t4 ,! =mula ( t law :5 appli$ to human relations1 yields ! specific moral comm&m5ts1 b ^! comm&m5ts c nev] express ! full cont5t1 c nev] convey ! f> (f spiritual mean+s ( ! supreme law itself4 ,! specific comm&m5ts d1 inde$1 p>take ( ! nature ( ! transc5d5tal law1 !y are its effects4 ,! light t %9es ?r\gh !m comes f beyond1 b its beams are brok5 z !y pass our t]re/rial m$ium1 & ! full light 9 all its glory we c nev] see4 ,9 ?is passage ,i believe to recognise ! influ5ce ( ,kant's transc5d5talism4 ,i diff] f ,pr(essor ,adl]'s conception ( ,kantian transc5d5talism1 b t is ( no acc\nt "h4 ,"o po9t only is ( consequ5ce4 ,pr(essor ,adl] uses ! ^w transc5d5tal 9 ! s5se ( transc5d5t & ?us he *anges ! e?ics ( pure reason into my/icism4 ,pr(essor ,adl] says3 ,?\gh ,i c nev] be sci5tifically c]ta91 ,i c be morally sure t ! my/]y ( ! univ]se is to be read 9 t]ms ( moral p]fection4 ,i d n d5y t moral in/9ct rip5s quick] ?an sci5tific compreh5sion4 ,:y8 ,because 9 a "t :5 sci5ce is n z yet s f> advanc$ z to und]/& ! op]ations ( ! moral law1 ^? p :o in/9ctively obey ! rules t c be d]iv$ f ! moral law1 w survive & all ! re/ w g to ! wall4 ,b ! fact t we c h a reliable moral guide 9 an in/9ctive c]ta9ty :i* is g5]ally call$ consci5ce1 ev5 be=e we atta9 to sci5tific cle>ness1 does n prove t sci5ce w be =ev] exclud$ f ! _w ( moral ideals4 ,pr(essor ,adl]'s agno/icism f\nd a v /rong expression 9 a poem :i* resembles 9 its tone & ideas ! *ur* hymns ( ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,! poem is v unequivocal on ! po9t t moral action is comp>able to build+ an ideal city1 ! plan ( :i* is unkn[n to ! build]s4 ,pr(essor ,adl] says3 ,h y he>d ! ,gold5 ,city ,m5tion$ 9 ! leg5ds old8 ,ev]la/+ light %9es o'er x1 ,wondr\s tales ( x are told4 ,only righte\s m5 & wom5 ,dwell )9 its gleam+ wall2 ,wrong is bani%$ f its bord]s1 ,ju/ice reigns supreme o'er all4 ,d y ask1 ,:]e is t ,city1 ,:]e ! p]fect ,"r do? reign8 ,i mu/ answ]1 ,i mu/ tell y1 ,t y seek its site 9 va94 ,y may roam o'er hill & valley1 ,y may pass o'er l& & sea1 ,y may se>* ! wide e>? ov]1-- ',t is a ,city yet to be6 ,we are build]s ( t ,city1-- ,all our joys & all our groans ,help to re> its %9+ ramp>ts2 ,all our lives are build+-/ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at t plan may be we "k n4#acf ,h[ ! seat ( ,ju/ice high1 ,h[ ! ,city ( our vision ,w appe> to mortal eye1-- ,t no mortal eye c picture1 ,t no mortal tongue c tell4 ,we c b>ely dream ! glories ,( ! ,future's citadel4 #acf ,! italics are ours4 ,h[ great an importance is attribut$ to ?is song by ! lead]s ( ! e?ical movem5t may be le>n$ f ,mr4 ,salt]'s op9ion ( x4 ,mr4 ,salt] says 9 criticis+ ,unit>ianism3 ,n f ,unit>ianism1 n f ,*ri/ianity1 has come ! song t be/ utt]s & almo/ *ants ?is ?\ght ( an ideal fell[%ip4 ,x is f ,felix ,adl]1 ^u :om1 ,i sometimes ?9k1 m ?an ^u any o!r man ( our day1 ! mantle & prophetic _s ( ,*ann+ h fall51 & ^: words1 ,i almo/ believe1 are ^? :i* ,jesus himself w\ld utt]1 %\ld he come & put 8 solemn ?\ght & passion into ! language ( to-day4 ,agno/icism is 9 our op9ion no s\nd basis ^u :i* to erect e?ics4 ,! unkn[able is l quicks&1 x gives way "u our feet4 ,! e?ics ( agno/icism mu/ necess>ily become my/icism4 ,! e!real dreams ( my/ici/s ne$ no solid basis1 !y hov] 9 ! air4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] :o = "s reason or o!r tri$ to escape ! consequ5ces ( 8 agno/icism 9 ! e?ical field1 adopt$ ,utilit>ianism1 bas+ 8 moral maxims n ^u ! unkn[able1 z consi/5cy w\ld require1 b ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]4 ,pr(essor ,adl] is n a ,sp5c]ian agno/ic & "h lies ! /r5g? ( 8 e?ics4 ,al?\gh he does n atta9 to a cle> & sci5tific conception ( ! orig9 & natural gr[? ( morality1 he s\nds no unc]ta9 voice ) reg>d to ! ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple4 ,he has on sev]al occasions1 l 8 great ma/] ,kant1 uncompromis+ly reject$ any ,h$onism or ,eudmonism4 ,among all societies aspir+ to fo/] moral ideals1 ! societies = e?ical culture are di/+ui%$ = _! s]i\sness & ardor2 & !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! cause3 x is ! _s ( ,pr(essor ,adl]'s zeal n to give way to a h$oni/ic conception ( e?ics4 ,x4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem4 ,we conclude4 ,al?\gh ! e?ical problem c & mu/ be split up 9 innum]able diff]5t problems1 we %\ld nev] lose sight ( its unity4 ,our age is a p]iod ( specialisation1 ( a division ( labor & ( detail "w4 ,?is is true4 ,b ! m w x be necess>y to survey ! :ole field & keep 9 m9d ! unity ( :i* all piecemeal ef=ts are b p>ts4 ,z soon z we lose sight ( ! unity 9 a c]ta9 sy/em ( problems1 we are mo/ liable to drop into inconsi/5cies4 ,?is is true ( all ?+s1 ( e sci5ce 9 p>ticul>1 & ( philosophy1 ! sci5ce ( ! sci5ces1 also4 ,x is no less true ( e?ics4 ,we _c engage1 ) any hope ( success1 9 any ( ! div]se e?ical que/ions unless we h fir/ solv$ ! e?ical problem4 ,,editor4 ,,on ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language4 ,a ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,philosophical ,,society ,,( ,,glasg[1 ,,on ,,jan4 #ba1 #ahia4 ,x seems impossible to _m p to look ^u language z any?+ b an in/rum5t ( ?\ght4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is p]fectly true4 ,we ?9k by means ( words1 j z we see by means ( eyes1 & he> by means ( e>s1 & walk by means ( legs4 ,b c\ld we walk )\t our legs1 or see )\t our eyes8 ,we c walk ) artificial legs1 no d\bt1 & s we c ?9k & speak 9 =eign languages1 & 9 e k9d ( artificial sign-language4 ,b z artificial legs presuppose natural legs1 =eign & artificial languages presuppose our own natural language4 ,:5 we speak ( in/rum5ts we mean g5]ally su* ?+s z knives ) :i* we cut1 or p5s ) :i* we write4 ,!y are in/rum5ts :i* are useful1 b !y are n indisp5sable1 & c be replac$ by o!r in/rum5ts4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 apply to eyes1 e>s1 or language1 & 9 ord] to m>k t di/9ction ! =m] are g5]ally call$ in/rum5ts1 ! latt] organs4 ,n[1 if we call language ! organ ( ?\ght1 we1 no d\bt1 admit t we c di/+ui% betwe5 ! organon1 t :i* works1 & ! ergon1 i4 e4 ! "w :i* x p]=ms4 ,b x does by no means foll[ t !re=e ! ergon c\ld ev] exi/ )\t ! organon4 ,we c easily di/+ui% betwe5 ! act ( spok5 ?\ght & ! organ ( spok5 ?\ght1 b x does by no means foll[ t !re=e ! act ( spok5 ?\ght c\ld ev] exi/ )\t ! organ ( spok5 ?\ght4 ,x may seem unfair 9 ?is argum5t to call ?\ght spok5 ?\ght4 ,x looks l begg+ ! :ole "q4 ,b x really is n s4 ,by call+ ?\ght spok5 ?\ght1 we only supply a defici5cy ( our mod]n languages4 ,if we 7 ,greeks1 we %\ld use ! simple ^w ,logos1 & in/ead ( begg+ ! "q1 we %\ld %[ t our proposition is1 really self-evid5t1 or1 x may be1 ev5 tautological1 namely t logos is impossible )\t logos4 ,"h we c see at once h[ intimately ?\ght is connect$ ) language1 h[ x is dep5d5t on x1 or1 m correctly1 h[ insep>able ! two really are4 ,if1 l ! ,greeks1 we _h a ^w su* z logos1 we %\ld probably nev] h d\bt$ t :at we call spee* & ?\ght are b two sides ( ! same ?+4 ,& ! same lesson is taught u aga9 & aga91 if only we are incl9$ to li/5 to x4 ,suppose we _h no su* ^w z matt]1 w\ld n our :ole sy/em ( ?\ght be diff]5t8 ,matt] is n an object1 p]ceiv$ by our s5ses4 ,we may ev5 g fur!r & say t matt] by itself nev] exi/s4 ,?is or t matt] exi/s1 *emical sub/ances1 say1 gold or silv]1 oxyg5 or hydrog51 exi/2 b matt]1 :i* "s philosoph]s look ^u z ! mo/ c]ta9 & concrete ( all ?+s1 is simply an ab/raction1 some?+ t may be pr$icat$ ( _m ?+s1 b t is nev] f\nd by itself 9 r]um natur4 ,"s p def9e matt] z :at is pond]able & imp5etrable1 b "h aga91 no?+ exi/s t is simply pond]able1 or imp5etrable4 ,x is always some?+ else2 x is iron1 wood1 /one1 vapor1 gas1 b nev] matt]1 pur et simple4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t matt] is made by u1 & t )\t "s su* ^w z matt]1 we c\ld nev] h ! fa9te/ idea or concept ( matt]4 ,= h[ %\ld we call x8 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally cle> t we c\ld n h ! ^w matt]1 )\t ! concept ( matt]4 ,= :at w\ld be ! use ( x8 ,n[1 :at foll[s f ?is app>5t dilemma8 ,if ! concept _c be prior to ! "n & ! "n _c be prior to ! concept1 !y mu/ ne$s be simultane\s1 or1 m correctly1 !y mu/ be ! same ?+ "u two aspects4 ,f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 t is1 if we consid] ! g5esis ( words & concepts1 n 9 mod]n times1 b dur+ t p]iod :5 words & concepts 7 fram$ = ! fir/ "t1 we are b\nd to admit t ! ^w is really ! prius4 ,t p]iod may be ev] s f> di/ant1 b x 0 nev]!less a v real & truly hi/orical p]iod4 ,h[ did man arrive at su* a ^w z matt]8 ,! ^w itself tells its own /ory4 ,x came to u f ,fr5*1 x came into ,fr5* f ,lat94 ,9 ,lat9 mat]ies or mat]ia /ill means wood & timb]1 ?\gh x has also assum$ ! mean+ ( matt]1 l ! ,greek 1 :i* means bo? wood & matt]4 ,! process by :i* mat]ies came to mean matt] is cle>4 ,if mat]ies meant orig9ally ! wood out ( :i* a hut1 a table1 a *air1 or a /ick 0 made1 x 0 naturally appli$ to o!r sub/ances also1 su* z /one1 bricks1 or metal :5 us$ 9 ! mak+ ( huts1 tables1 *airs1 or /icks4 ,9 ! same way we speak ( a p51 i4 e4 a quill1 ?\gh we mean a /eel p54 ,:5 ! orig9al special mean+ ( wood ?us disappe>$1 !re rema9$ only ! mean+ ( build+ mat]ial1 mat]ial1 &1 at la/1 ( matt] & sub/ance4 ,we say n[1 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,:at does x matt]8 b we little ?9k ( ! solid beams out ( :i* su* expressions 7 hewn & fa%ion$4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 we may say t hi/orically ! ^w mat]ies came fir/1 mean+ a beam1 & t gradually x %$ its v>i\s attributes1 "o aft] ! o!r1 till !re rema9$ no?+ b its trunk1 & t is :at we n[ mean by matt]4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we see ! process ( g5]alisation :i* is v important1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! lat] p]iods ( language & ?\ght4 ,b x is ! greate/ mi/ake to suppose t language1 su* z we "k x1 :at we might call hi/orical language1 always beg9s ) ! p>ticul> & !n proce$s to ! g5]al4 ,adam ,smi? 0 "o ( ! able/ def5d]s ( ! !ory t ! ,primum ,cognitum & ! ,primum ,appellatum mu/ h be5 ! p>ticul>4 ,b all ! facts ( language are dead aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,& yet1 t !ory has once m be5 put =w>d by a philosoph] :o prides himself on no?+ s mu* z t 8 philosophy re/s ?r\gh\t on positive facts4 ,i d n blame a philosoph] :o is ignorant ( ! results obta9$ by ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 s long z he ab/a9s f t\*+ on ! subject4 ,b con/antly to appeal to language1 & yet to ignore :at has be5 a*iev$ by comp>ative philologi/s1 is unp>donable4 ,no "o is a great] s9n] 9 t respect ?an ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! process by :i* ! ab/ract idea ( color 0 =m$ he says3#acg ',! idea ( ea* color _h orig9ally entire concret5ess giv5 to x by an object possess+ ! color2 z "s ( ! unmodifi$ names1 su* z orange & violet1 %[ u4 ,! dissociation ( ea* color f ! object specially associat$ ) x 9 ?\ght at ! outset1 w5t on z fa/ z ! color came to be associat$ 9 ?\ght ) objects unlike ! fir/1 & unlike "o ano!r4 ,! idea ( orange 0 conceiv$ 9 ! ab/ract m fully 9 proportion z ! v>i\s orange-color$ objects rememb]$1 cancell$ "o ano!r's div]se attributes1 & left out/&+ _! common attribute4 ,s x is if we asc5d a /age1 & note h[ !re arises ! ab/ract idea ( color1 ap>t f p>ticul> colors4' #acg ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #abd4 ,n[ ?is is all untrue4 ,su* names z orange & violet are "s ( ! late/ names ( color4 ,!y presuppose su* late1 nay exotic1 concepts1 z orange & violet4 ,! "q :y an orange 0 call$ an orange1 & a violet a violet rema9s unask$ & unansw]$4 ,9 ! old names = black1 :ite1 r$1 gre51 & blue1 !re is n a trace ( ink1 or sn[1 or blood1 or sea1 or sky4 ,!y are all d]iv$1 s f> z we c analyse !m at all1 f roots mean+ to %9e1 to gr[1 to beat black & blue1 & n f oranges1 roses1 or violets4 ,aga91 :at c be ! mean+ ( su* a s5t5ce z3#ach ',words ref]r+ to quantity furni% cases ( m m>k$ dissociation ( ab/ract f concrete4 ,gr\p+ v>i\s ?+s z small 9 comp>ison ei!r ) ^? ( _! k9d or ) ^? ( o!r k9ds2 & simil>ly gr\p+ "s objects z comp>atively great1 we get ! opposite ab/ract notions ( smallness & greatness4' ,does ,mr4 ,sp5c] really believe t we c call ?+s small & great1 t our language c possess two adjectives expressive ( ^! qualities1 & t yet at ! same "t we are )\t an ab/ract notion ( smallness & greatness8 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] con/antly calls on ! facts ( language1 to confirm 8 views1 b 8 facts are h>dly ev] correct4 ,= in/ance3 aft] hav+ expla9$ t1 accord+ to 8 ideas1 great] coh]5ce among its compon5t motions broadly di/+ui%es ! conduct we call moral f ! conduct we call immoral1 he appeals to ! ^w dissolute1 :5 mean+ immoral1 z prov+ ?is !ory4 ,b dissolutus 9 ,lat9 meant orig9ally no m ?an neglig5t1 remiss4 ,dissolutio meant languor1 weakness1 effem9acy1 & !n only lic5ti\sness & immorality4 ,language1 !re=e1 9 no way confirms ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c]'s speculations1 /ill less does exp]i5ce1 = no man is s coh]5t 9 8 acts1 s calculat+1 s self-re/ra9$1 z ! confirm$ crim9al2 no "o is (t5 s c>eless1 s little %rewd1 s easily dup$ z ! ?or\ghly moral & !re=e tru/ful & confid+ man4 #ach ,l4 c41 p4 #abe4 ,b to return to ! hi/ory ( ! ^w = matt]4 ,! process by :i* mat]ies1 wood1 came to mean matt]1 is intelligible en\gh1 :e!r we call x g5]alisation1 or ab/raction4 ,b h[ came mat]ies to mean wood8 ,t is ! "q :i* has to be solv$1 & 9 solv+ x1 we %all f9d t :ile 9 ! second p]iod ( ?\ght-language ! progress is f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 ! progress 9 ! fir/ p]iod is ! rev]se1 namely f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,9 ! case ( mat]es ?is is v cle>4 ,no "o c d\bt t 9 mat]ies ! radical elem5t is m1 ! d]ivatives t] & ies4 ,! radical elem5t m is f\nd 9 ,sanskrit m-tram1 measure1 m-nam1 measur+1 m-na-s1 a build+2 9 ,greek -1 measure2 9 ,lat9 me-t>e1 to measure4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ! olde/ ,aryan "n = "m also1 namely mt>1 ,greek 1 ,lat9 mat]1 ,engli% "m1 is d]iv$ f t root1 ?\gh x is d\btful 9 :at s5se4 ,x may h meant orig9ally no m ?an mak] or fa%ion]1 & x is important to obs]ve t 9 ! ,v$a ! same ^w mt>1 occurs z a mascul9e & means mak]1 & actually gov]ns an accusative4 ,b x may also h meant arrang]1 controll]1 & mi/ress ( all h\sehold affairs4 ,:atev] its orig9al int5sion 01 mt> soon became a m]e "n4 ,its etymological keynote 0 no long] audible1 & mt> meant "m & all t 0 impli$ 9 t "n :5 us$ by *ildr5 & o!rs4 ,if we comp>e all ! words :i* conta9 ?is m z _! common elem5t1 we c see t x meant orig9ally to put two or m ?+s toge!r4 ,?is l$ to two applications4 ,:at we call measur+ is really putt+ two ?+s toge!r1 "o by ! side ( ano!r1 to see h[ f> !y agree & h[ f> !y diff]4 ,?us m took ! special mean+ ( measur+1 9 su* words z ,greek & ,sanskrit mtram4 ,b to put toge!r c\ld also be us$ 9 ! s5se ( jo9+1 c>p5t]+1 build+1 & mak+1 & ?is mean+ we f9d 9 su* words z 7,sanskrit7 mnas1 a build+1 mti1 he measures1 he makes1 & likewise mat]ies1 :at has be5 fa%ion$1 :at c be us$ = build+ a hut1 timb]1 wood1 build+ mat]ial1 !n any k9d ( mat]ial1 & at la/ matt]1 sub/ance 9 its mo/ g5]al acceptation4 ,y c see "h v cle>ly ! tw(old process 9 ! =mation ( words1 fir/1 f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1--f measur+ to wood1 & !n f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 f timb] to matt]4 ,if y ask1 :at is ?is syllable m :i* has ! g5]al mean+ ( measur+ & mak+1 ,i c only answ]1 ,we "k1 & we d n "k4 ,we "k z a fact t x is ! common elem5t 9 a numb] ( words1 :i* are diff]5tiat$ by a numb] ( d]ivative elem5ts1 call$ suffixes1 prefixes1 & infixes1 b :i* c all be %[n to %>e 9 common ! g5]al mean+ ( mak+ & measur+4 ,^! common elem5ts h be5 call$ roots4 ,! "q :e!r ^! roots ev] exi/$ by !mselves1 & :e!r any language c\ld ev] h consi/$ ( ^! roots1 is a fooli% "q4 ,= z soon z a root occurs 9 a s5t5ce1 x is ei!r a subject or a pr$icate1 a n\n or a v]b1 & x has ceas$ to be a m]e root4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is q true t 9 c]ta9 languages1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,*9ese !re is no =mal diff]5ce betwe5 a root & a ^w--!re are no suffixes or prefixes4 ,b ! /rict rules ( ! collocation ( words 9 e s5t5ce make x q cle> :e!r a ^w is to be tak5 z a sub/antive1 a v]b1 an adjective1 an adv]b1 & all ! re/4 ,by ! same process by :i* we h r$uc$ a numb] ( words to ! root m1 ! :ole diction>y ( ,sanskrit1 & ( ,engli% also1 9 fact ( all ! ,aryan & likewise ( ! ,semitic languages1 has be5 r$uc$ to a small numb] ( roots4 ,giv5 t small numb] ( roots1 we und]take to acc\nt = ! :ole weal? ( words 9 any language1 simply by means ( d]ivation ) suffixes & prefixes1 & by means ( composition4 ,9 all ?is we are deal+ ) fact1 facts :i* are z well asc]ta9$ z any facts 9 physical sci5ce4 ,mak+ all[ance = a small m>g9 ( words :i* h z yet resi/$ all attempts at etymological analysis1 we c /ate t ! va/ majority ( words 9 ,sanskrit has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #hjj roots4 ,9 ! progress ( language :ole families ( words d]iv$ f "s ( ^! roots become ext9ct :ile o!rs cont9ue prolific & take _! place4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! numb] ( roots 9 ,engli% has dw9dl$ d[n to #dfa1 :ile ! sum total ( words has ris5 to ab\t #bej1jjj4 ,e "o ( ^! roots has a g5]al or conceptual mean+1 su* z /rik+1 pu%+1 rubb+1 cutt+1 be>+1 b9d+1 measur+1 build+1 mov+1 go+1 fall+1 & all ! re/4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t two or m roots h ! same or ne>ly ! same mean+1 & ?is expla9s :y1 :5 we c\nt ! fundam5tal concepts express$ by our #hjj roots 9 ,sanskrit1 we f9d t !y am\nt to no m ?an #aba4 ,i say aga9 t 9 all ?is we are deal+ ) well asc]ta9$ facts4 ,! next /ep1 h[ev]1 leads u into ! doma9 ( !ory4 ,if we are ask$1 h[ ^! roots came into exi/5ce1 we may decl9e to answ] ! "q z outside ! limits ( sci5ce4 ,a *emi/ w\ld probably d ! same1 if he 7 ask$ h[ ! *emical elem5ts came into exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! /ud5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language h always tak5 _! /& "h & h treat$ roots z ultimate facts4 ,i ought to m5tion1 h[ev]1 two !ories :i*1 ?\gh !y h long be5 surr5d]$ by /ud5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language /ill enjoy a c]ta9 popul>ity1 & comm5d !mselves to _m p by _! extreme simplicity & plausibility4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 ascrib+ ! roots ( all languages to a direct communication f ,god4 ,x is impossible to refute su* an op9ion2 all we c say is t su* a communication1 if we try to realise x 9 imag9ation1 w\ld imply su* a crude an?ropomorphism t "o naturally %r9ks f ent]+ into details4 ,! second consi/s 9 look+ ^u roots z imitations ( ! s\nds ( nature or z int]jections4 ,"h all we c say is t ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ aga9 & aga91 & has fail$4 ,e language conta9s a numb] ( su* words :i* are imitations ( ! s\nds ( nature or int]jections4 ,no "o c d\bt ( ! orig9 ( b[ w[1 a dog1 or ( pooh-pooh+1 9 ! s5se ( reject+4 ,b ! great /ock ( words1 h[ev]1 _c be acc\nt$ = by ?is easy process1 & no s]i\s s*ol> w\ld ?9k ( resuscitat+ :at _m ye>s ago ,i describ$ z ! ,b[-w[ & ,pooh-pooh !ories4 ,b :ile ! /ud5t ( language seems to me to h a p]fect "r to treat ! roots ( language z ultimate facts1 x is difficult = ! philosoph] n to look beyond4 ,he _c hope to d m ?an to sugge/ an hypo!sis1 b if 8 hypo!sis acc\nts = ! few facts he has to deal )1 su* an hypo!sis is legitimate1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 x is v f> f be+ an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,! hypo!sis :i* ,i sugge/$ on ! orig9 ( roots1 0 sugge/$ to me by ,pr(essor ,noir's hypo!sis z to ! orig9 ( concepts4 ,my late fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,noir1 0 "o ( ^? :o discov]$ difficulties :]e no "o else saw !m4 ,:ile mo/ philosoph]s 7 satisfi$ ) ! fact t man possess$ ! p[] ( =m+1 n only p]cepts1 b concepts also1 :ile no trace ( conceptual ?\ght 0 f\nd 9 animals1 ,noir subject$ ?is p[] ( =m+ concepts to a mo/ m9ute psy*ological analysis1 & ?us 0 br\ght face to face ) ! "q1 :at 01 f a psy*og5etic po9t ( view1 ! real impulse to ! =mation ( conceptual ?\ght4 ,que/ions l ?is1 :i* to mo/ p1 seem p]fectly sup]flu\s1 (t5 m>k ! real progress 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,logicians see no difficulty 9 expla9+ h[1 ei!r by addition or subtraction1 positively or negatively1 concepts are =m$ out ( p]cepts4 ,:ite1 !y say1 is ei!r :at sn[1 milk1 & m>ble %>e 9 common1 or :at rema9s if we drop f sn[1 milk1 & m>ble all b _! color4 ,! psy*ologi/ :o looks ^u ! human m9d z ! result ( an evolution1 :e!r 9 ! individual or 9 ! race1 asks1 n h[1 b :y su* concepts %\ld h be5 =m$4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,noir %[$1 z ,i ?\ght1 ) great sagacity1 t ! fir/ inevitable concepts arose f man's consci\sness ( 8 own repeat$ acts2 t n[h]e 9 nature c\ld we f9d a simil> primitive & irresi/ible impulse to conceptual ?\ght1 b t if ! beg9n+ _h once be5 made1 !re 0 no long] any difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! fur!r developm5t ( conceptual ?\ght 9 all directions4 ,i call ?is no m ?an an hypo!sis1 or1 if y l1 a guess1 & ,i d n see h[ 9 ! regions 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 we c expect any?+ m ?an an hypo!sis4 ,b :5 "o hypo!sis1 l t ( ,noir's1 h>monises ) ano!r hypo!sis1 t 0 =m$ q indep5d5tly1 we _c help see+ t ! two l5d ea* o!r p[]ful mutual support4 ,let u rememb] !n t a mo/ c>eful psy*ological analysis _h l$ ,noir to ! conclusion t ! g]ms ( all conceptual ?\ght 7 to be f\nd 9 ! consci\sness ( our own repeat$ acts4 ,& let u place by ! side ( ?is1 ! well-asc]ta9$ fact t ! g]ms ( all conceptual language1 :at we call ! roots1 express ) few exceptions ! repeat$ acts ( m54 ,is n ! conclusion almo/ inevitable t ^! two processes 7 9 reality b two sides ( "o & ! same process 9 ! evolution ( human ?\ght & human language8 ,pr(essor ,noir did n "k ( ! l+ui/ic fact1 :5 he arriv$ at 8 psy*ological conclusions4 ,i did n "k ( 8 psy*ological conclusions1 :5 ,i arriv$ at my l+ui/ic facts4 ,b :5 ,i saw t by diff]5t roads we _h bo? arriv$ at exactly ! same po9t1 ,i ?\ght t ?is c\ld n be by an accid5t4 ,!re rema9$1 h[ev]1 "o m "q to be answ]$1 & t "q aga9 c\ld be answ]$ hypo!tically only4 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ! s\nds ( ! roots1 :i* we h recognis$ z ! g]ms ( conceptual ?\ght & conceptual language8 ,:y %\ld1 = in/ance1 ! concept ( rubb+ be express$ by ,,m>1 & t ( te>+ by ,,d>8 ,"h aga9 ,noir & o!rs be=e him h po9t$ to ! well-kn[n fact t m51 :5 engag$ 9 common acts1 f9d a relief 9 emitt+ _! brea? 9 m or less musical modulation4 ,x has !re=e be5 suppos$ t our roots are ! remnants ( s\nds :i* accompani$ ^! acts1 & :i*1 be+ us$1 n by "o man only1 b by m5 act+ 9 common1 7 !re=e intelligible to ! :ole community4 ,no "o w\ld dream ( repres5t+ ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( our conceptual roots z a well-asc]ta9$ hi/orical fact4 ,x is & c only be an hypo!sis4 ,b1 z su*1 x fulfils all ! requirem5ts ( a work+ hypo!sis4 ,x expla9s all t has to be expla9$1 & x does n run c\nt] to any facts1 or any well e/abli%$ !ories4 ,x expla9s ! s\nds ( our roots1 n z m]e int]jections1 :i* w\ld be ! signs ( mom5t>y feel+s1 & n1 :at we want1 ! signs ( our consci\sness ( a numb] ( repeat$ acts z "o action4 ,our roots are1 if we may v5ture to say s1 conceptual1 n int]jectional s\nds4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 exactly :at1 accord+ to ,noir's philosophical sy/em1 ! prim>y elem5ts ( language ought to be4 ,i d n say t ?is !ory is ! only possible !ory ( ! orig9 ( roots1 & !re=e ( language4 ,let a bett] !ory be />t$1 & ,i %all be delight$ to accept x4 ,b don't let u try to revive explod$ !ories1 unless !re are new facts to support !m4 ,i c only give y my own exp]i5ce4 ,= _m ye>s ,i 0 satisfi$ to look ^u roots z ultimate facts4 ,b :5 ,pr(essor ,noir %[$ t ! fundam5tal concepts ( our ?\ght mu/ be concepts expressive ( our own acts1 & :5 !reupon ,i w5t c>efully ?r\gh ! li/ ( our ,aryan roots & f\nd t ) few exceptions1 e "o ( !m1 z a matt] ( fact1 express$ ! ord9>y acts ( m5 9 a simple /ate ( civilisation1 ,i 0 driv5 to ! conclusion t ! primitive roots ( ,aryan spee* may owe _! orig9 to ! s\nds :i* naturally accompany _m acts p]=m$ 9 common by memb]s ( a family1 a clan1 or a village4 ,?is w\ld v9dicate once m ! conviction :i* ,i h always held t language 0 f ! beg9n+ conceptual1 & confirm ! well-kn[n /atem5t ( ,locke1 t '! hav+ ( g5]al ideas is t :i* puts a p]fect di/9ction betwe5 man & brutes1 & is an excell5cy :i* ! faculties ( brutes d by no means atta9 to4' ,all[ me 9 conclusion to say a few words on :at ,i c h>dly call a criticism1 b r a misrepres5tation1 or1 ,i ought p]haps to say1 a complete misappreh5sion ( ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( roots :i* appe>$ 9 a book lately publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 z a cont9uation ( an e>li] "w ( 81 call$ ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals4 ,my le>n$ fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,romanes1 labors to %[ t !re is an unbrok5 m5tal evolution f ! l[e/ animal to ! highe/ man4 ,b he sees v cle>ly & confesses v hone/ly t ! *ief difficulty 9 ?is evolution is language & all t language implies4 ,he tries v h>d to remove t b>ri] betwe5 bea/ & man4 ,= t purpose he devotes a :ole *apt]1 ! ?irte5?1 to a consid]ation ( ! roots ( language1 & yet he says at ! end ( ! *apt]1 ,i wi% 9 conclusion to make x cle> t ! matt]--t is ! "q :e!r roots are imitations ( s\nd or int]jections--is n "o :i* s]i\sly affects ! !ory ( evolution4 ,if x 7 s1 :y %\ld ,pr(essor ,romanes h devot$ a :ole *apt] to x8 ,b x is n my int5tion to argue ?is "q ) ,pr(essor ,romanes1 b r to %[ h[ difficult x is = any "o1 n acqua9t$ ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ev5 to appreh5d ! problems t h to be solv$4 ,pr(essor ,romanes is1 ,i believe1 a mo/ em95t biologi/1 & ! mantle ( ,d>w9 is said to h fall5 on 8 %\ld]s4 ,f> be x f me to v5ture to criticise 8 biological facts4 ,b we see 9 8 case h[ dang]\s x is = a man :o c claim to speak ) au?ority on 8 own special subject1 to v5ture to speak au?oritatively on subjects n 8 own4 ,pr(essor ,romanes has1 no d\bt1 read sev]al books on philology & philosophy1 b he is n suffici5tly ma/] ( 8 subject to h ! slighte/ "r to speak ( m5 l ,noir1 ,huxley1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to say no?+ ( ,hobbes1 ) an air ( sup]iority4 ,t is entirely out ( place4 ,:5 he po9ts out diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5 philologi/s1 he does n ev5 und]/& h[ !y h aris51 & he ought to "k bett] ?an anybody else t m]e diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 two compet5t s*ol>s does n prove t bo? are wrong & c nev] be us$ to ?r[ discr$it on ! :ole sci5ce4 ,b z ,i said j n[1 ,i am n go+ to argue ) ,pr(essor ,romanes because1 z he says himself 7p4 #bgf71 if ,i 7 "r1 8 :ole !ory w\ld collapse4 ,i hope ?is is n ! case1 b ,i feel sure t1 if x 71 ,pr(essor ,romanes w\ld only rejoice at x4 ,anyh[ :y introduce s mu* ( ! meum & tuum into ^! discussions8 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! ,aryas came f ,europe1 !n1 no d\bt1 ! o!r !ory t !y came f ,asia1 w\ld collapse4 ,b among s]i\s /ud5ts e su* collapse w\ld be greet$ ) gratitude1 & w\ld be look$ ^u simply z a /ep 9 advance4 ,we are all fell[ work]s1 we all c>e = "o ?+ only1 ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,x is 9 ?is _s1 & )\t a ?\ght ( any collapse1 t ,i v5ture to po9t out a numb] ( cle> mi/akes :i* occur on almo/ e page :5 ,mr4 ,romanes t\*es l+ui/ic que/ions1 & :i* fully acc\nt = 8 n p]ceiv+ ! true "* ( ! evid5ce plac$ be=e u by ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,on page #bfg he says t ,i pr(ess1 z a result ( m rec5t rese>*es1 to h r$uc$ ! numb] ( ,sanskrit roots to #aba4 ,i wi% ,i _h4 ,b ! numb] ( roots 9 ,sanskrit /&s z yet at ab\t #hjj2 ! numb] #aba1 ( :i* he speaks1 is ! numb] ( concepts express$ by ^! roots1 _m ( !m convey+ ! same1 or ne>ly ! same idea4 ,a root is "o ?+1 a concept q ano!r4 ,to confuse ! two is l confus+ ?\ght & expression4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h made x q cle>1 t ^! #aba concepts1 convey$ by ab\t #hjj roots1 are simply & solely ! residue ( a c>eful analysis ( ,sanskrit1 & ( ,sanskrit only4 ,i took p>ticul> c>e to make ?is cle>4 ',!y con/itute ! /ock 9 trade1' ,i said1 ') :i* e ?\ght t has ev] pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( ,india1 s f> z x is kn[n to u 9 its lit]ature1 has be5 express$4' ,:at c be cle>]8 ,/ill ,pr(essor ,romanes ?9ks x necess>y to rem>k t '^! concepts d n repres5t ! ideation ( primitive man6' ,i nev] said !y did4 ,i nev] pret5d$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! ideation ( primitive man4 ,all ,i ma9ta9$ 0 t1 mak+ all[ance = obscure words1 e ?\ght1 t ( ! l[e/ savage z well z t ( ! mo/ m9ute philosoph]1 c be express$ ) ^! #hjj roots1 & trac$ back to ^! #aba concepts4 ,i ev5 h9t$ t ! numb] ( ^! concepts might be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! "q is n :e!r =ms ( activity1 su* z to yawn1 to spew1 to vomit1 to sweat1 7 ( vital importance to ! ne$s ( a primitive community1 b :e!r !y 7 kn[n & !re=e nam$1 9 ! e>ly vocabul>y ( ,india4 ,if on ! o!r h& "s ( ^! concepts1 su* z to cook1 to roa/1 to measure1 to dig1 to plat1 to milk1 betok5 an advanc$ condition ( life1 all we c say is t !y w\ld probably n occur 9 ! diction>y ( primeval savages1 :]ev] su* a be+ c be f\nd1 & t !y d n pr(ess to be ! fir/ utt]ances ( ! ,homo alalus1 :oev] t may be4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is1 ,pr(essor ,romanes dwells on :at he calls ! int]e/+ feature ( all roots be+ v]bs4 ,?is is simply a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,9 giv+ ! mean+ ( roots s*ol>s g5]ally employ ! inf9itive or ! p>ticiple1 to g1 or go+1 b !y h /at$ aga9 & aga9 t a root ceases to be a root z soon z x is us$ 9 a s5t5ce1 ei!r z a subject or z a pr$icate1 ei!r z a n\n or a v]b4 ,all 8 argum5ts !re=e t ar*aic words1 expressive ( actions1 w\ld h /ood a bett] *ance ( surviv+ z roots ?an ^? :i* may h be5 expressive ( objects1 are simply out ( place4 ,! "q :e!r v]bs came fir/ or n\ns1 may be argu$ ad inf9itum1 q z mu* z ! "q :e!r ! egg came fir/ or ! *ick54 ,e s5t5ce requires a subject z well z a pr$icate4 ,if ,pr(essor ,romanes approves ( my say+ t roots /ood = any "p ( spee*1 j z ! monosyllabic expressions ( *ildr5 d1 ,i c only say t if ,i ev] said s1 ,i express$ myself incorrectly4 ,a root nev] /&s = any "p ( spee*1 because z soon z x is a "p ( spee*1 x is no long] a root4 ,aft] t1 ,pr(essor ,romanes returns once m to 8 /atem5t t ! roots ( ,aryan spee* are n ! aborig9al elem5ts ( language1 z fir/ spok5 by man4 ,:y d5y :at has nev] be5 ass]t$8 ,i "k no?+ ( ! language z fir/ spok5 by man4 ,i say ) ,/e9?al1 ',:o 0 pres5t :5 ! fir/ s\nd ( language bur/ =? f ! brea/ ( ! fir/ man1 z yet dumb8' ,all t we1 ! /ud5ts ( language1 und]take to d is to take language z we f9d x1 to analyse x1 & to r$uce x to its simple/ compon5t elem5ts4 ,:at we _c analyse1 we leave alone4 ,! utmo/ we v5ture to d is to sugge/ an hypo!sis z to ! possible orig9 ( ^! elem5ts4 ,( ! ,homo alalus1 ! spee*less prog5itor ( ,homo sapi5s1 ) :om ,pr(essor ,romanes seems s intimately acqua9t$1 /ud5ts ( human spee* naturally "k no?+4 ,pr(essor ,romanes assures u 7p4 #baa7 t ! r$uc+ ( language to a c]ta9 small numb] ( roots1 & ! fact t all ! roots ( language are expressive ( g5]al & g5]ic ideas1 yield no support :atev] to ! doctr9e ei!r1 t ^! roots 7 !mselves ! aborig9al elem5ts ( language1 or1 a =tiori1 t ! aborig9al elem5ts ( language 7 expressive ( g5]al ideas4 ,he evid5tly does n see t we are speak+ ( two q diff]5t ?+s4 ,i am speak+ ( ! facts ( language1 he is speak+ ( ! po/ulates ( a biological !ory :i* may be "r or wrong1 b :i* c]ta9ly d]ives no support :atev] f ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,if1 l ,pr(essor ,romanes1 we beg9 ) ! 'imm5se presumption t !re has be5 no int]ruption 9 ! developm5tal process 9 ! c\rse ( psy*ological hi/ory1' ! prote/ ( language c\nts = no?+2 ! v fact t no animal has ev] =m$ a language1 is put aside simply z an un=tunate accid5t4 ,b to /ud5ts to :om facts are facts1 imm5se presumptions c\nt = no?+3 on ! contr>y !y are look$ ^u z ! mo/ dang]\s m]*&ise & mo/ likely to lead to %ipwreck & ru94 ,in/ead ( clos+ ) ^! facts1 ,pr(essor ,romanes tries to %[ t ^? :o try to expla9 !m are n always consi/5t4 ,t may be s1 & ,i %\ld be sorry inde$ if my late/ views 7 n m advanc$ & m correct ?an ^? :i* ,i express$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,b v (t5 :]e ,pr(essor ,romanes sees inconsi/5cy1 !re is none at all4 ,speak+ ( roots 9 my ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 ,i said3 ',al?\gh dur+ ! "t :5 ! gr[? ( language becomes hi/orical & mo/ accessible1 !re=e1 to our obs]vation1 ! t5d5cy c]ta9ly is f ! g5]al to ! special1 ,i _c resi/ ! conviction t be=e t "t !re 0 a pre-hi/oric p]iod dur+ :i* language foll[$ an opposite direction4 ,dur+ t p]iod1 roots beg9n+ ) special mean+s1 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 always g5]al 9 "*7 became m & m g5]alis$1 & x 0 only aft] rea*+ t /age1 t !y bran*$ (f aga9 into special *annels4' ,! obs]vation :i* ,i record$ 9 ^! words1 0 simply ?is1 t a root mean+ orig9ally to yawn1 may 9 "t assume ! mean+ ( op5+1 :ile dur+ a latt] p]iod1 a root mean+ to op51 may come to be us$ 9 ! m special s5se ( yawn+4 ,facts are !re to prove ?is4 ,b :e!r a root expresses ! act ( yawn+ or op5+1 x rema9s g5]al & conceptual 9 ei!r case1 ?\gh ! int5sion ( ! concept may be small] or l>g]4 ,:]e ,pr(essor ,romanes sees inconsi/5cy1 he only %[s t he has n appreh5d$ ! drift ( my rem>ks4 ,:5 all ! facts ( real language are aga9/ him1 ,pr(essor ,romanes betakes himself to baby-language4 ,"h he is safe1 & he kn[s q well1 :y ,i refuse to argue ) him or any o!r philosoph] ei!r 9 ! nurs]y1 or 9 ! m5ag]ie1 ei!r ab\t ,mamma & ,papa1 or ab\t ',poor ,polly4' ,b if all he wants is to prove ! possibility ( onomatopia1 he c\ld h f\nd mu* ampl] evid5ce 9 my own laboratory1 only ) ?is re/riction t1 aft] we h analys$ ^! onomatopic words :i* 9 "s languages are f> m num]\s ?an ev5 ,pr(essor ,romanes seems to be aw>e (1 we are only on ! ?re%old ( ! real problem1 namely h[ to deal ) real language1 t is1 ) ^? conceptual words :i* _c be trac$ back to natural s\nds or int]jections4 ,pr(essor ,romanes appeals to philology 9 support ( 8 !ory1 &1 to use a favorite phrase ( 8 own1 to philology let him g6 ,x 0 long consid]$ an irrefragable pro( 9 support ( ! onomatopic !ory t ?und] 0 call$ ?und]4 ,p imag9$ !y he>d ! rumbl+ noise ( ! cl\ds e*o$ 9 ! s\nd ( ?und]4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w 0 tak5 to pieces by comp>ative philologi/s1 ?und] 0 f\nd out to be closely connect$ ) ! ,lat9 tonitru & ! ,sanskrit tanyatu1 & !re c\ld be no d\bt t ^! words 7 all d]iv$ f ! root ,,tan1 to /ret*1 f :i* ! ,greek 1 /ret*+1 t5sion1 & tone4 ,?und]1 !re=e1 0 cle>ly %[n to owe its orig9 to ?is root ,,tan1 9 :i* !re is v little trace ( di/ant rumble4 ,b :at does ,pr(essor ,romanes d8 ,he appeals 9 8 di/ress to ,ar*deacon ,f>r>1 :o is report$ to h said t ! ^w ?und]1 ev5 if n orig9ally onomatopic1 became s f a feel+ ( ! ne$ t x %\ld be6 ,n[1 ?is fairly takes away "o's brea?1 & ,i _c believe t ,pr(essor ,romanes c\ld h us$ ?is argum5t s]i\sly4 ,he beg9s by ma9ta9+ t words are =m$ by imitation ( natural s\nds4 ,he quotes ?und] z a case 9 po9t4 ,he is told by comp>ative philologi/s t ?und] is d]iv$ f a root ,,tan1 to /ret*4 ,he does n attempt to d5y ?is1 b he appeals to ,ar*deacon ,f>r>1 :o says t ! ^w became aft]w>ds onomatopic1 f a feel+ ( ! ne$ t x %\ld be s4 ,if t is n %irk+ ! "q1 ,i d n "k :at is4 ,suppose x 7 true t ?und] _h be5 suppos$ to be an imitation ( a rumbl+ noise by ^? :o1 l ,pr(essor ,romanes1 are conv9c$ t all words mu/ be m or less onomatopic4 ,:at 9 all ! _w has t to d ) ! real orig9 ( ! ^w8 ,we want to "k h[ ! ^w ?und] came to be1 & we are told1 if x 0 n onomatopic1 x ought to h be5 s1 nay t by c]ta9 ignorant p x 0 suppos$ to be s4 ,?is goes beyond ! limits ( :at is all[$ 9 any s]i\s discussion4 ,b ,pr(essor ,romanes attempts a /ill great] triumph 9 =5sic adroitness1 :5 he sudd5ly turns r\nd & decl>es himself altoge!r conv9c$ by ! !ory propos$ by ,noir & myself1 ?\gh at ! same "t plac+ x on a level ) ! ,b[-w[ & ,pooh-pooh !ories4 ,n[ ! fact is1 t bo? ,noir & myself h be5 mo/ anxi\s to %[ ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two explod$ !ories & our own4 ,! !ory :i* ,i1 = cle>ness' sake1 0 q will+ to call ! ,yo-he-ho !ory1 is ! v opposite ( :at ,noir call$ ! ,syn]ga/ic !ory4 ,^? :o appeal to words l ?und] z d]iv$ f ! rumbl+ s\nd 9 ! cl\ds1 )\t any conceptual root /&+ betwe5 our conceptual ^w ?und] & ^! unconceptual noises1 hold ! ,b[-w[ !ory4 ,^? :o hold t fi5d is d]iv$ direct f ! int]jection fie1 )\t any conceptual root /&+ betwe5 ! unconceptual fie & ! conceptual ^w fi5d1 hold ! ,pooh-pooh !ory4 ,^? :o w\ld d]ive to heave & to hoi/ f s\nds l ,yo-he-ho w\ld hold :at may be call$ ! ,yo-he-ho !ory4 ,i h nev] d5i$ t !re are "s words 9 e language :i* may be s expla9$4 ,b :at simil>ity is !re betwe5 ^! !ories & our own8 ,we beg9 ) ! fact t ! great bulk ( a language consi/s ( words1 d]iv$1 accord+ to ! /ricte/ rules1 n f cries1 b f articulate roots4 ,no "o d5ies ?is4 ,we foll[ ?is up ) a second fact1 t ne>ly all ^! roots express acts ( m54 ,no "o d5ies t4 ,we !n prop\nd an hypo!sis t possibly ! phonetic elem5ts ( ^! roots may be ! remnants ( utt]ances su* z ev5 n[ sailors make :5 r[+1 soldi]s :5 m>*+1 build]s 9 pull+ & lift+1 & t z express+ orig9ally ! consci\sness ( su* repeat$ acts1 p]=m$ 9 common1 ^! roots w\ld fulfil :at is want$1 !y w\ld express conceptual ?\ght1 su* z beat+1 cutt+1 rubb+1 b9d+1 & all ! o!r #aba concepts f :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 all ! words t fill our diction>ies h be5 d]iv$4 ,^? :o _c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man1 or1 = all t1 betwe5 a mock+ bird1 say+ ,cuckoo1 & a :ole community fix+ on ! s\nd ( ,,tan1 z diff]5tiat$ by v>i\s suffixes & prefixes1 & express+ ! concept ( /ret*+ 9 su* words z tonos1 tone1 tonitru1 ?und]1 tanu1 t5uis1 ?91 %\ld n m$dle ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,obs]vations1 = in/ance1 on ! language ( *ildr51 or on :at ,i call ,nurs]y psy*ology1 are v int]e/+ & may be useful = o!r purposes4 ,b :at h !y to d ) ! problem ( ! orig9 ( language8 ,! two problems1 h[ a *ild le>ns to speak ,engli%1 & h[ language 0 elaborat$ = ! fir/ "t1 are z remote f ea* o!r z ! two poles4 ,! "o is p]fectly cle>1 ?\gh x may v>y 9 diff]5t *ildr54 ,no *ild makes its language1 x simply accepts :at has be5 made4 ,:at we are conc]n$ ) is1 h[ ea* ^w 0 orig9ally made1 h[ ! fir/ impulse to spee* 0 giv51 :at 7 ! r\gh mat]ials out ( :i* words 7 %ap$1 h[ words assum$ diff]5t mean+s by becom+ specialis$ or g5]alis$1 or by be+ us$ metaphorically--h[1 9 ! end1 "s words became purely =mal1 & s]v$ z ! grammatical articulations ( human spee*4 ,:at has t to d ) a *ild le>n+ to say ,bread or ,milk1 or ) a p>rot le>n+ to say ,poor ,polly8 ,we might z well try to /udy ! geological /ratification ( ! e>? f wat*+ ! lay]s ( a w$d+-cake4 ,i "k q well t e philosoph]1 :5 he becomes a fa!r ?9ks t he may discov] ! orig9 ( language 9 8 nurs]y4 ,! books :i* owe _! orig9 to ^! pat]nal exp]im5ts are endless4 ,b !y h ?r[n h>dly "o ray ( pure light on ! d>k problem ( ! orig9 & evolution ( human spee*4 ,t problem1 if x c be solv$ at all1 c only be solv$ by a c>eful analysis ( language1 su* z x exi/s 9 ! imm5se v>ieties ( spok5 languages all ov] ! globe4 ,?is is ! "w :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,language has c>ri$ out = ne>ly a c5tury1 & :i* w occupy ! m9ds ( _m /ud5ts & philosoph]s = c5turies to come4 ,f4 ,,max ,,muell]4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,i4 ,"s di/+ui%$ =eign]s h call$ my att5tion to ! ,manuals ( ,moral & ,civic ,in/ruction :i* circulate 9 our s*ools1 ?9k+ ) reason t !y m>k p]haps ! mo/ important re=m 9 public tea*+4 ,!re h be5 publi%$ 9 ,france a doz5 or m dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s or s4 ,! cl]ical p>ty has ?und]$ aga9/ ^! little books3 x _h good reason = al>m1 = !y aim at no?+ less ?an to take ! place ( ! cate*ism4 ,h[ d !y replace x8 ,:at is _! inf]iority1 or1 :at _! advantages8 ,:at is _! pr9ciple1 _! disposition8 ,?is c be suffici5tly judg$ ( by ! five we h be=e u1 sign$ by names m or less kn[n1 ^? ( ,,paul ,,b]t1 ,,pi]re ,,laloi1 ,,*>les ,,bigot1 ,,mme4 ,,h5ry ,,gr,,ville1 & ,,gabriel ,,compayr4#aci #aci ,paul ,b]t1 ,l',in/ruction civique l'cole1 ,pic>d-,b]nheim1 ,pub42 ,pi]re ,laloi1 ,la premire anne d'in/ruction morale et civique1 ,arm& ,col91 ,pub42 ,*>les ,bigot1 ,le petit ,franais1 ,weill et ,maurice1 ,pub42 ,mme4 ,h5ry ,grville1 ,in/ruction morale et civique des jeunes filles1 ,weill et ,maurice1 ,pub42 ,gabriel ,compayr1 ,elm5ts d'in/ruction morale et civique1 ,paul ,delaplane1 ,pub4 ,! manuals ( ,,mm4 ,paul ,b]t & ,laloi1 are models ( /yle3 ! "o 9 famili>1 easy dialogues2 ! o!r 9 simple & cle> precepts1 set (f & illu/rat$ by pleasant /ories4 ,li/s ( que/ions facilitate ! use ( ! book by ! ma/]4 ,! divisions or *apt]s relate to special subjects1--! milit>y s]vice1 taxes1 ! fa!rl&1 ! p>liam5t1 ! law1 ! gov]nm5t1 etc4 ,s mu* z to ! =m2 let u look at ! gr\ndwork4 ,! cate*ism imp>t$ g5]al moral precepts :i* conc]n$ ! man1 & p>ticul> comm&s :i* conc]n$ ! ,*ri/ian4 ,our manuals also t5d to =m ! man2 b 9 ! man1 above all1 ! good ,fr5*man4 ,we f9d !re gl[+ pages on ! love ( "o's native l&1 & on ! beauty ( "o's c\ntry1 :i* we mu/ love4 ,f> be x f me to ca/ c5sure on ?is noble s5tim5t4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n ?9k exagg]ation on t po9t is desirable1 le/ we %\ld seek a cause ( patriotism ev5 9 ! ackn[l$g$ sup]iority1 f a ga/ronomic po9t ( view1 ( ! h>e ( ,france ov] ! h>e ( ,g]many6 ,our writ]s1 und\bt$ly1 h too mu* tact to lay !mselves op5 to ?is ridicule4 ,x is v /rik+1 ?\gh1 t ! notion ( ! moral man consid]$ z a ,fr5*man1 ,g]man1 ,engli%man1 or ,italian1 is n>r[] ?an t ( ! ,*ri/ian man3 ?is rev]sion into ! folds ( nationality is a *>act]i/ic ph5om5on ( our old _w 9 ?is latt] end ( ! c5tury4 ,if our encyclopdi/s _h hit on ! idea ( writ+ a laic cate*ism1 ! tone ( x w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,our au?ors ( to-day alas6 h only too mu* excuse to wi% to =m at fir/ ! little ,fr5*man1 & to promote ! reaction aga9/ a cosmopolitanism :i* _h become dang]\s to our national exi/5ce4 ,!y h done x1 h[ev]1 ) suffici5t caution1 & )\t detrim5t to ju/ice4 ,i %all n say z mu* = ,m4 ,paul ,b]t1 9 relation to 8 manual d$icat$ to ! ,revolution4 ,/ill "h1 und\bt$ly1 x is necess>y to make all[ance = ! political necessities ( ! pres5t "t4 ,b :at a dang] to sanctify at any co/ ! sangu9>y epo* ( our democracy2 :at an error to date ! ,fr5* era f #aghi1 & to make our *ildr5 believe t our fa!rs %\ld h _h h>dly ! s5tim5t ( public virtue6 ,! wor/ is n t _! "y s\ls are ?us embitt]$1 b t _! judgm5t on ! facts ( hi/ory is falsifi$4 ,we are "h only too mu* incl9$ to disreg>d ! necessity ( human evolution1 & to imag9e t x suffices to *ange ! label ( ! sack to improve ! m]*&ise4 ,m4 ,bigot & ,m4 ,laloi1 at lea/1 h m wisdom1 m prud5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,! ambition ( ! cate*ism1 on ano!r po9t1 seems to g beyond t ( our manuals4 ,x (f]$ an explanation ( ! _w1 a complete conception ( human de/9y1 9 a ^w1 a doctr9e :i* returns into itself4 ,?is doctr9e holds no long]1 x is kn[n nev]!less1 & x is necess>y n[ to replace x4 ,un=tunately sci5tific morality has n yet f\nd its =mula 9 a practical book1 & ! div]g5ces ( views are confess$ 9 our manuals1 :]e ! conception ( a fundam5tal ensemble almo/ entirely fails4 ,x is suffici5t to read ! tables ( cont5ts to conv9ce oneself ( ?is4 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,compayr1 :o addresses himself especially to ! middle & high] grades1 *anges sudd5ly 9 ,book ,,iii4 entitl$ ,la ,nature huma9e et la morale4 ,:at signifies ! def9ition1 t morality is no?+ m ?an ! ensemble ( ! laws t nature has engrav$ 9 y\r s\l be=e human legislators inscrib$ !m 9 _! codes8 ,:at is do+ "h ! va9 affirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ?is let u contemplate & adore :i* sums x up8 ,9 ! m\? ( ,m4 ,compayr x is only a concession & an av[al ( infirmity4 ,a frank spirituali/ w resolutely e/abli% 8 moral conception on 8 belief2 b nom9al deism causes ,god to play ! rle ( an ignom9i\s p]sonage :o has no long] a suitable occupation on ! sc5e4 ,aft] all is said1 h[ev]1 our manuals h ! advantage ov] ! cate*ism 9 ! cle>ness ( _! def9itions 7n all correct1 x is true7 & 9 ! imm$iate value ( ! in/ruction4 ,= example1 ,m4 ,laloi gives in=mation z to ! plac+ out ( money1 reproduces ! =mulas 9 use 9 ! ord9>y acts ( life1 etc4 ,i %\ld take c>e n to blame1 ei!r ?is good practical s5se1 or ?is mann] ( in/ruct+ ! *ild accord+ to 8 capacity to und]/& himself & und]/& ! _w :i* surr\nds him4 ,9 ! mode/ articles ( our little class-books1 is f\nd summ$ up1 def9itively1 ! secul> exp]i5ce ( human societies1 & ?is also has an aggregative value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,num]\s are ! works writt5 among u by di/+ui%$ au?ors to introduce y\?ful m9ds into ! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,! ,biblio?que utile already includes sev]al1 & among !m "o ( ! be/ w always be ! book ( ,,adolphe ,,co/e1 ,la ,ri*esse et le ,bonheur1#adj ) :i* t libr>y is ab\t to enri* itself4 ,m4 ,co/e has reproduc$ "h1 9 ord] to express !m 9 a simple =m1 ! doctr9es exp\nd$ 9 8 l>ge works4 ,b !re is also contribut$ some?+ new1 z to :at he calls prop]ty1 = example4 ,! ,manuals ( :i* ,i j spoke base all prop]ty on labor alone4 ,mme4 ,h5ry ,grville def9es x a "r1 bas$ on ! difficulty t any "o has _h 9 acquir+ a ?+4 ,x w\ld be prop] to add--& to save a ?+1 9 tak+ acc\nt ( ! m exact analysis made by ,m4 ,co/e4 ,= if x is true t consumable goods are always due to labor 9 "s mann]1 x is no less true t productive capital1 c only be acquir$ by putt+ a "p ( ^! goods outside ( ! curr5t consumption1 t is to say by sav+ some?+ ( t :i* "o possesses4 ,sav+ is to-day ! only regul> s\rce ( accumulation ( weal?2 x is "o ( ! indisp5sable factors ( prop]ty4 ,! usual def9ition sees only ! o!r factor ( weal?1 labor1 & op5s ?us ! road to ! dang]\s sophism ( :i* ! workm5 make a weapon1 :5 !y claim t !y alone ought to possess1 z !y produce4 #adj ,publi%] ( ! ,biblio?que utile1 ,f4 ,alcan4 ,let u quote ! passage4 ,x is exact4 ,by 8 labor man takes possession ( ! fruits1 he ent]s into ! enjoym5t ( 8 "p ( ! product3 ?is is 9 "s sort only a p]sonal "r :i* disappe>s at once ) consumption4 ,b f ! "t t ?is man saves some?+ f consumption & e/abli%es capital1 he becomes a proprietor1 he acquires a social "r4 ,fundam5tally1 prop]ty is ! public ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s]vice r5d]$ to ! community by ! increase ( ! productive capital 7p4 #be74 ,i w notice fur!r1 9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,co/e1 ! difficulty t x describes1 & t greatly emb>rasses economi/s1 ( reconcil+ ! value ( labor1 due to individual ef=t1 ) ! value ( ex*ange1 impos$ by ! g5]al ne$s4 ,z to ! relations betwe5 ,weal? & ,happ9ess1 he judges !m intimate en\gh3 happ9ess resides *iefly1 accord+ to him1 9 activity1 :i* has = its pr9cipal =ms ! acquisition ( weal? & ! productive employm5t ( weal?4 ,! "q w\ld appe> und\bt$ly m complex1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view4 ,b we c\ld v well cont5t ourselves ) ?is notion1 cle> & s\nd1 ( an economical happ9ess4 ,"o has always pleasure 9 read+ ,m4 ,co/e1 because he has j ideas1 because he approa*es que/ions ( political economy z a naturali/ & /udies ! facts 9 _! evolution4 ,x is ! be/ me?od = und]/&+ ! subject4 ,! d$uctive economi/s h nev] fail$ to deceive u4 ,i w\ld wi% 9 ! public int]e/ = num]\s read]s ( treatises ( ?is k9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s day or o!r1 ! occasion w pres5t itself = u to speak some:at fully ( p$agogy4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ! passion ( magi/] 0 ev] exagg]at$1 x is 9 our day1 &1 ?r\gh logic & pr9ciples1 x w become 9 "t m difficult to make a little boy eat 8 porridge ?an to gov]n an empire4 ,9 all t has be5 done1 ,i see "s good1 b mu* evil2 ,i am afraid t little artificial prodigies w 9 "t be produc$1 & t we %all be giv5 hot-h\se oranges in/ead ( f9e fruit rip5$ 9 full sun%9e4 ,books foll[ books1 & mi/akes succe$ mi/akes4 ,!re is ev]y:]e an emb>rassm5t ( tal5ts1 sc>city ( *>act]s4 ,h ! causes ( x be5 unravell$ & ! rem$y discov]$8 ,9 ord] to judge ! results1 let u wait half a c5tury6 ,m4 ,,eug5e ,,maillet1 ^: "w--,l',education1 ,elem5ts de psy*ologie de l'homme et de l'enfant applique la pdagogie--,i h =mally to ann\nce1#ada w readily excuse1 ,i hope1 ?is qu>t] ( an h\r's bad humor4 ,x is n f him t ,i take x1 & 8 "w gives evid5ce ( too mu* exp]i5ce1 too mu* /udy1 t a high value %\ld n be plac$ on x4 ,! pres5t volume is only ! fir/ "p ( x2 ! second "p w h = its object education itself1 consid]$ at fir/ 9 its idea1 !n 9 its v>i\s =ms1--physical education1 education ( ! he>t1 education ( ! m9d1 education ( ! w & ( ! "*1 f9ally 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( logic & morality :i* ought to dom9ate x & )\t :i* ! rules ( a wisely graduat$ me?odology or ( a rational discipl9e _c be e/abli%$4 #ada ,bel9 frres1 ,publi%]s4 ,9 ^! ,elem5ts ( ,psy*ology1 ,m4 ,maillet %[s himself acqua9t$ ) new /udies & me?ods4 ,x is regrettable only t he does n ent] into !m ) suffici5t fre$om4 ,he has n cons5t$ to rid himself ( ! old t]m9ology1 he pres]ves ! outl9es almo/ ( spiritual psy*ology1 & appe>s ev5 to seek 9 ! affirmation ( spiritualism ! indisp5sable completion ( a sci5ce ( education4 ,8 "w w p]haps be bett] welcom$ = x by ! univ]sity public2 b we %\ld h pref]r$1 = our "p1 t he _h rema9$ less classic1 :ile reta9+ 8 entire fre$om ( criticism4 ,) ?is limitation we c recomm5d 8 "w )\t m5tal res]vation2 "s portions ( x are excell5t1 & _m read]s w pr(it by consult+ x4 ,x is writt5 ) ord]1 cle>ness1 & good s5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h n[ is a curiosity1 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,annales des sci5ces psy*iques1 recueil d'obs]vations et d'expri5ces1 appe>+ e two mon?s1 f\nd$ "u ! patronage ( ,m4 ,*>les ,ri*et1 ) ,m4 ,dr4 ,d>iex z editor4#adb ,?is magaz9e w publi% ,obs]vations relative to s-call$ occult facts1 telepa?y1 lucidity1 pres5tim5t1 objective app>itions1 etc4 ,exp]i5ces1--!re c h>dly yet be any "q ( !m except 9 appe>ance2 ,m4 ,ri*et s av[s ) good grace 9 a lett] =m+ an introduction1--a v curi\s lett]1 ri* 9 excell5t advice :i* w p]haps n be suffici5tly li/5$ to1 & ) a decl>ation ( pr9ciple :i* has a *ance ( be+ f> too mu* s4 #adb ,felix ,alcan1 ,publi%]4 ,we h ! firm conviction1 writes ,m4 ,ri*et1 9 effect1 t !re is1 mix$ up ) ! kn[n & describ$ =ces1 =ces t we d n "k2 t ! simple1 vulg> me*anical explanation w n suffice to expla9 all t passes ar\nd u2 9 a ^w1 t !re are occult psy*ic ph5om5a1 &1 if we say 'occult1' x is a ^w int5d$ to express simply :at is unkn[n4 ,:at is meant "h by ! ^w =ces8 ,we are told = ?ree hundr$ ye>s electricity 0 an unkn[n =ce4 ,b x is always occult1 z =ce2 & if sci5ce is become positive1 x is because x has neglect$ ! va9 entity1 9 ord] to see only a new gr\p ( empirical data1 a new s]ies ( facts1 t x is m or less easy to translate into unities ( heat & ( "w4 ,:at !n w\ld =ces be subtract$ f me*anics1 if n occult =ces1 ) *im]ical functions8 ,! expression vulg> me*anics1 does n suffice to correct ! s5se ( ! phrase & r aggravates x1 9 all[+ to be suppos$ t !re exi/ two k9ds ( =ces1 "o ( :i* has no measure4 ,b ! comp>ison1 !n1 is n wor? any?+1 & x is n necess>y to speak ( electricity or *emical aff9ity 9 ?is matt]4 ,z to ! obs]vations1 ( :at value are su* z are pres5t$ to u8 ,b little1 aft] all1 & _m o!r facts w be necess>y to lead u to accept ! non-=tuit\s relation ( c]ta9 halluc9ations ) an objective ev5t4 ,not)/&+ ! wise res]vations ( ! editor1 x is to be regrett$ t we f9d already 9 ?is fir/ numb]1 "u ! title ( ,une *ambre hante1 a real gho/ /ory4 ,/ory = /ory1 ,i w\ld pref] mu* to read ! ,*ambre bleu ( ,mrime2 s also1 ,i d\bt n1 w\ld ,m4 ,ri*et4 ,?is little c5sure is n meant 9 je/1 :i* w\ld be out ( place4 ,!re is always advantage 9 collect+ facts1 on condition t !y are *os5 ) c>e1 & t ha/e is n made to int]pret !m4 ,,mm4 ,ri*et & ,d>iex insi/ on ?is po9t ) ! greate/ =ce4 ,curi\s read]s w n be want+ = ^! ,annals1 ev5 among sceptics4 ,x has always be5 necess>y to c>ry ! lamp to cause ! phantoms to vani%4#adc #adc ,ref]5ce may be made to ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,revue m5suelle de l',ecole d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 publi%$ by ! ,pr(essors at ! ,librairie ,alcan4 ,9 ?is numb] w be f\nd a lecture by ,m4 ,&r ,lefvre1 "u ?is int]e/+ title3 ,du ,cri la ,p>ole4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,p$agogics ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,9 view ( ! great c>e ) :i* ,! ,moni/ cultivates psy*ology1 ,i may be p]mitt$ 9 my fir/ lett]1 consi/5tly ,i judge1 to speak ( ! mo/ important application ( ?is sci5ce--its application namely to p$agogics4 ,psy*ological p$agogics1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 exi/s ) u 9 ,g]many only s9ce ! days ( ,j4 ,f4 ,h]b>t :o ab&on$ ! anci5t psy*ological !ory ( ! faculties & discov]$ 9 ideas ! sole compon5t elem5ts ( all psy*ical activity1 d]iv$ feel+s & volitions f ! int]relation & int]op]ation ( ideas1 ?us d5i$ ! absolute fre$om :i* ! possibility ( =mation ( w1 or education1 excludes1 & upheld ! det]m9ability ( ! w by ! ideas4 ,al?\gh ,h]b>t himself appli$ 8 sy/em ( psy*ology p$agogically1 yet x bore 9 ! life-"t ( its au?or only scanty fruit 9 ?is direction4 ,psy*ological p$agogics 0 n develop$ beyond its orig9al g5]ality & unpr(itabl5ess ( "* until ,pr(essor ,,/oy ( ,j5a & especially ,pr(essor ,,zill] ( ,leipsic took up1 ) an en]gy t equall$ _! tact1 ! practical con/ruction ( psy*ological p$agogics4 ,p$agogics n[ ex]t$ a reactive promotive influ5ce1 if n on ! fur!r developm5t ( psy*ology1 yet on its /udy4 ,aft] ! psy*ological writ+s ( ,h]b>t1 x 0 em95tly ! ,empirical ,psy*ology#add ( ,m4 ,w4 ,,drobis*1 su/a9$ 9 ! ,h]b>tian _s b writt5 m 9 agreem5t ) sci5tific 7i4 e4 inductive7 me?ods1 t suppli$ psy*ological p$agogi/s ) n\ri%m5t4 ,! la/-nam$ "w1 :i* 9 _m respects possesses value ev5 to-day1 0 receiv$ ) especial favor1 s9ce x avoid$ happily ! metaphysical t5d5cies :i* ,h]b>t r assidu\sly employ$4 ,a l excell5ce & a l favorable reception 7 ! m]it & rew>d ( ! l>ge "w1 lat] appe>+1 ( ,,laz>us3 ,das ,leb5 d] ,seele 9 ,monographi54 ,subsequ5tly1 7 effective two little books by ,i4 ,,drbal & by ,,l9dn]3 ,lehrbu* d] empiris*5 ,psy*ologie & ,h&bu* d] empiris*5 ,psy*ologie4 ,l9dn]'s treatise has rec5tly appe>$ 9 an ,engli% translation1 publi%$ by ,hea? ( ,bo/on1 "u ! title ( ,a ,manual ( ,empirical ,psy*ology z an ,inductive ,sci5ce4 ,a ,text-book = ,high ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,l9dn]1 ( ,prague4 ,translat$ by ,*as4 de ,g>mo4 ,! ,engli% edition ( ?is book receiv$ an unfavorable review 9 ! ,london ,academy 7,nov4 #a1 #ahia72 yet 9 "o respect ! criticism 0 9 our op9ion ju/ifi$4 ,too little use1 namely1 has be5 made ( ! results ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 #add ,leipsic1 #ahdb4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 n only true ( ,l9dn]'s book b holds = all ! psy*ological books t h ex]t$ any consid]able influ5ce 9 p$agogical circles1 is true 9 fact ( ! great ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie by ,,volkmann1 ! late/ edition ( :i*1 prep>$ by ,cornelius1 is n 9 ?is respect abrea/ ( ! position ( ! times4 ,neglect 9 su* a matt] 9 ! c\ntry ( a ,wundt appe>s /rik+ at fir/ glance2 yet x has its good reasons4 ,! labors ( ! s*ool ( ,wundt 7 antagoni/ic to ! ,h]b>tian psy*ology & ! p$agogics f\nd$ !reon1 to ! ext5t t a goodly portion ( ! old !ory ( ! faculties has be5 re-introduc$ into ^? labors4 ,! ,engli% association-psy*ology c\ld h c\nt$ on a mu* m welcome reception4 ,happily1 !re has appe>$ )9 ! la/ few mon?s a rem>kably cle>1 & )al h&y1 volume :i* w succe$ 9 introduc+ into ! p$agogical circles ( ,g]many ?is association-psy*ology4 ,x be>s ! mode/ title ( ,leitfad5 d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie 7,! ,elem5ts ( ,physiological ,psy*ology1 ,j5a1 ,fis*]1 #ahia71 & consi/s ( lectures deliv]$ by ,,pr(4 ,,dr4 ,,zieh5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,9 _m respects ! book ( ,zieh5 is l ! rec5t "w ( ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us#ade3 except t ev]y?+ ( a speculative "* is lack+ 9 ! =m]1 ( :i* f our po9t ( view we _c approve4 #ade ,! ,s\l ( ,man1 ,*icago1 #ahia4 ,n[ t ,i am speak+ ( p$agogics p>ticul>ly1 ,i w m5tion /ill ano!r "w ( ,l9dn]1 to :om ,i ref]r$ above1 :i* is ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ,g]many4 ,its peculi>ity appe>s f its title3 ,grundriss d] ,pdagogik als ,wiss5s*aft1 auf ,grund d] ,entwickelungslehre und d] ,sociologie neu aufgebaut 7,outl9es ( ,p$agogics z a ,sci5ce1 ,newly ,con/ruct$ on ! ,basis ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution & ( ,sociology1 ,vi5na1 #ahij74 ,! endeavor ( ! au?or ( ?is "w has be51 to make fruitful )9 ! doma9 ( ! ,h]b>tian sy/em ! pr9ciples ( evolution & ( ! sci5ce ( sociology2 & ?\gh he has n be5 successful 9 ?is respect z reg>ds all ! details ( educational me?ods1 ! book nev]!less repres5ts a good beg9n+4 ,,*ri/ian ,,uf]4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,a ,,critical ,,!ory ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,by ,john ,dewey4 ,ann ,arbor3 ,regi/] ,publi%+ ,company4 #ahia4 ,! title ( ?is v ?\ghtful book expresses well ! au?or's me?od ( comp>+ opposite "o-sid$ views ) ! aim ( discov]+ a m adequate !ory4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is aim n only is an analysis giv5 ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( ! !ory ( e?ics1 b ! ma9 me?ods & problems ( contempor>y e?ics are consid]$ also4 ,pr(essor ,dewey rejects bo? ,h$onism & ,kantism4 ,he rejects ,h$onism because pleasure fails z a /&>d ( e?ics1 & he rejects ,kantism because x is a b>r5 ab/raction4 ,kant's ought does n root 9 & does n fl[] f ! is4 ,pr(essor ,dewey says3 ,h$onism f9ds ! end ( conduct1 or ! desirable1 :olly det]m9$ by ! v>i\s p>ticul> desires :i* a man happ5s to h2 ,kantianism holds t to discov] ! end ( conduct1 we mu/ :olly exclude ! desires4 ,h$onism holds t ! rightness ( conduct is det]m9$ :olly by its consequ5ces2 ,kantianism holds t ! consequ5ces h no?+ to d ) ! rightness ( an act1 b t x is decid$ :olly by ! motive ( ! act4 ,f ?is contra/ we may anticipate bo? our criticism ( ! ,kantian !ory & our conception ( ! true end ( action4 ,! fundam5tal error ( ,h$onism & ,kantianism is ! same--! supposition t desires are = pleasure only4 ,let x be recognis$ t desires are = objects conceiv$ z satisfy+ or develop+ ! self1 & t pleasure is incid5tal to ?is fulfilm5t ( capacities ( self1 & we h ! means ( escap+ ! "o-sid$ness ( ,kantianism z well z ( ,h$onism4 ,we c see t ! end is nei!r ! procur+ ( p>ticul> pleasures ?r\gh ! v>i\s desires1 nor action f ! m]e idea ( ab/ract law 9 g5]al1 b t x is ! satisfaction ( desires accord+ to law 7pp4 #hb-hc7 ,! au?or ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ! writ+s ( ! late ,pr(essor ,gre5 & o!rs = ! backbone ( 8 !ory1 :i* he /ates to be ! conception ( ! w z ! expression ( ideas1 & ( social ideas2 ! notion ( an objective e?ical _w realis$ 9 in/itutions :i* af=d moral ideals1 !atre & impetus to ! individual2 ! notion ( ! moral life z gr[? 9 fre$om1 z ! individual f9ds & con=ms to ! law ( 8 social plac+4 ,among ! specific =ms :i* ! au?or calls p>ticul> att5tion to1 z giv+ a fle% & blood ( its own to t backbone1 are ! idea ( desire z ! ideal activity 9 contra/ ) actual possession2 ! analysis ( individuality into function includ+ capacity & environm5t1 & ! /atem5t ( an e?ical po/ulate4 ,?is po/ulate may be reg>d$ z summ+ up ! e?ical !ory z pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey4 ,x is ?us express$3 ,9 ! realisation ( individuality !re is f\nd also ! ne$$ realization ( "s community ( p]sons ( :i* ! individual is a memb]2 &1 conv]sely1 ! ag5t :o duly satisfies ! community 9 :i* he %>es1 by t same conduct satisfies himself4 ,we h "h po/ulat$ a community ( p]sons1 & a good :i* realis$ by ! w ( "o is made public4 ,9 ?is unity ( individuals z respects ! end ( action1 ?is exi/5ce ( a practical common good1 we h :at is call$ ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,?is view w\ld seem to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( bo? ,individualism & ,socialism1 b is x consi/5t ) ! law ( progress else:]e insi/$ on by ! au?or8 ,he affirms1 z aga9/ ! ,h$onism ( ,sp5c]1 t moral ideals are always develop+4 ,progress is itself ! ideal1 s9ce p]man5ce ( specific ideals means moral dea?4 ,b ?is progress mu/ orig9ate ) ! individual1 :o by ! =mation ( ! new ideal ceases to be 9 p]fect accord ) ! community1 & w cont9ue to be 9 disaccord ) x until ! community has accept$ 8 ideal4 ,a p]fect realisation ( individuality 9 ! community w\ld be ! fix$ mill5nium :i* ! au?or prop]ly objects to1 & to escape :i* x is necess>y1 t ! equilibration t[>ds :i* ! individual1 z well z ! social1 organism is ev] t5d+ %all nev] be actually atta9$4 ,its atta9m5t w\ld mean /agnation & dea?4 ,we h n space to say m ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's book ?an t x is a v ?\ghtful "w1 mo/ s 9 its critical p>ts1 & w =m an excell5t help = ! /ud5t ( e?ics4 4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,social ,,philosophy4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,mack5zie4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 ,*icago3 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 #ahij4 ,we h "h1 9 an enl>g$ =m1 ! sub/ance ( ! ,%aw ,lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burg1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhi4 ,! "w is pr(ess$ly1 n a sy/ematic treatise on ! subject dealt )1 b only a slight contribution to ! discussion ( x2 & x is said to be n s mu* a book z an indication ( ! l9es on :i* a book might be writt54 ,! =ce ( ^! app>5tly deprecatory rem>ks dep5ds entirely on ! result atta9$4 ,if an introductory /udy is bas$ on true pr9ciples x may be ( m g5]al value ?an an elaborate "w1 because x w probably pres5t ! conclusions ( ! latt] 9 a simpl] & less te*nical =m4 ,?is presupposes1 h[ev]1 a k ( previ\s inquiry1 &1 !re=e1 ! use ( ! t]m ,introduction is some:at ( a misnom]4 ,mr4 ,mack5zie rem>ks1 inde$1 t 8 inquiry may be ?\ght to belong to ! end r ?an to ! beg9n+ ( philosophic /udy4 ,! lead+ idea ( ,mr4 ,mack5zie's "w is embodi$ 9 ! s5t5ce j quot$4 ,! value ( social life dep5ds on ! ultimate end to be atta9$1 & ! au?or sets himself to discov] :at is ! true aim ( society4 ,! exi/5ce ( a society ( human be+s _c be acc\nt$ = )\t ! conception ( purpose1 = to :atev] elem5t ( accid5t may be due ! br++ ( ^? human be+s into relation to ea* o!r1 ! p>ticul> direction 9 :i* _! relations become develop$ is obvi\sly due to c]ta9 aims by :i* !y are guid$4 ,! inquiry into ! pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! nature ( ^? aims1 & z to ! ideal to :i* su* pr9ciples lead1 is :at con/itutes ,social ,philosophy4 ,?is falls )9 ! ?ird ( ,hegel's *ief divisions ( philosophic /udy1 ! ,philosophy ( ,_s1 :i* is conc]n$ ) objects 9 s f> z !y are !mselves creations ( ?\ght2 & ! objects ( ,social ,philosophy may be describ$ z ! relations ( m5 to ea* o!r1 _! relations to ! mat]ial _w1 & ! developm5t ( individual "* 9 s f> z t is affect$ by ^! relations4 ,be=e treat+ ( ! aim :i* con/itutes ! social ideal1 our au?or /ates ! conditions ( ! social problem1 ^? ( difficulty on ! "o h&1 & ( hope on ! o!r1 & he f9ds t ! g5]al /ate ( society = a numb] ( g5]ations back has be5 "o ( tumultu\s progress4 ,!re is a great improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ne>ly all classes ( p & a v great bright5+ ( our g5]al outlook4 ,b life has become 9 _m directions m *aotic & unc]ta94 ,:at is n[ want$ is "s pr9ciple :i* w enable u to br+ ab\t a m p]fect connection betwe5 ! p>ts ( our society1 to =m new l9ks & ties1 s t m5 may no long] be subject to ! directions ( iron laws ov] :i* !y h no control4 ,we h to ov]come individualism1 on ! "o h&1 & ! p[] ( mat]ial conditions1 on ! o!r4 ,to d ?is w be ! *ief /ep t[>ds ! realisation ( ! social ideal1 :i* is dep5d5t on ! nature ( society & on ! nature ( m54 ,! recognition ( ! fact t ev]y?+ deepe/ 9 nature1 & especially 9 human nature is a product ( gr[? has1 says ,mr4 ,mack5zie1 pass$ ov] into popul> ?\ght1 & become a "p ( our intellectual atmosph]e4 ,nature is ?us reg>d$ z organic1 by :i* our au?or means a sy/ematic unity1 9 :i* nei!r ! p>ts exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! :ole nor ! :ole indep5d5tly ( its p>ts4 ,?is view is di/+ui%$ f t ( ,monadism1 :i* reg>ds ! _w z a collection ( mutually indep5d5t p>ts1 & ( ,monism1 accord+ to :i* ,mr4 ,mack5zie decl>es ! _w is a s+le sy/em1 9 :i* ! nature ( e "p is pr$et]m9$ by ! :ole4 ,accord+ to ! organic view ! _w is a real unity1 ?\gh x is a unity :i* expresses itself ?r\gh diff]5ce4 ,x goes )\t say+ t !re is no ,monism ( ,mr4 ,mack5zie's description4 ,no ,moni/ w\ld ev] d5y t ! unity ( ! _w expresses itself ?r\gh diff]5ce4 ,:e!r or n our au?or is "r 9 reject+ :at he describes z ! moni/ic view ( nature1 does n really affect ! conclusion z to ! nature ( ,society4 ,?is he decl>es to be organic1 & x is %[n t society possesses ! ?ree conditions :i* belong ess5tially to ! nature ( an organic sy/em2 t is1 ! relations ( ! p>ts :i* =m ! :ole are intr9sic1 *anges 9 x take place by an int]nal adaptation or gr[?1 & its end =ms an elem5t 9 its own nature4 ,?is conclusion w\ld1 inde$1 seem to be requir$ by ! fact t society consi/s ( a numb] ( individuals :o are !mselves organic units4 ,at ! same "t x might be object$ t1 al?\gh _m ( ! l[] animals dwell toge!r 9 societies1 ^! c h>dly be reg>d$ z organic4 ,?is consid]ation gives rise to ! ?\ght t ! organic nature ( human society dep5ds on ! conditions by :i* man is diff]5tiat$ f o!r animals4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is po9t1 ,mr4 ,mack5zie %[s t !re are sev]al /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! self1 & he concludes t al?\gh an animal is consci\s ( a self1 yet t x is n consci\s ( ! unity ( its individual life1 ! connect$ sy/em ( its exp]i5ces z a :ole1 9 :i* ea* s+le exp]i5ce has a def9ite place1 be+ t :i* con/itutes ! highe/ developm5t ( self1 & :i* is ! di/+ui%+ self-consci\sness ( humanity4 ,?is faculty ( self-consci\sness might be r$uc$ to simpl] elem5ts1 b x is t by :i*1 z ,mr4 ,mack5zie %[s1 we are enabl$ to und]/& ! organic nature ( human society4 ,! recognition ( ! fact t ! univ]se is a sy/ematic :ole con/itutes an ideal1 :i*1 al?\gh consci\sly aim$ at by few1 gives a progressive "* to ! g5]al m9d4 ,man is ! only creature t has an ideal1 because he has be5 able to cat* a glimpse ( a k9d ( consci\sness ( t :i* he has n atta9$1 b :i* he is b\nd to /rive to atta94 ,he beg9s ) vague impressions & animal impulses1 & 8 :ole life is a /ruggle t[>ds cle>ness--cle>ness 9 ! conceptions :i* he applies to ?+s 9 k1 cle>ness 9 ! conception ( ends ( :i* he makes use 9 conduct4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( :at is pres5t 9 s5se & ! '/ill small voice' ( ! ideal1 :i* bids u h reg>d = ! ,univ]sal1 w\ld be fruitless1 h[ev]1 if ! individual 7 alone4 ,society is necess>y = ! prop] developm5t ( ! m ideal elem5ts 9 human nature1 z x provides ! rational environm5t requir$ = a rational be+4 ,?is leads to a consid]ation ( ! ultimate end ( society4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ( ?is "q ! au?or deals ) ! diff]5t views ent]ta9$ z to ! pr9ciples by :i* we are guid$ 9 conduct & by :i* human progress is det]m9$4 ,he po9ts out t :at we seek is "s def9itely asc]ta9able end1 :i* we recognise z good1 & :i* is ! happ9ess or well-be+ ( p]sons4 ,he rejects1 h[ev]1 ! ,utilit>ian !ory1 %[+ t pleasure _c be ! end ( conduct1 & concludes t1 if we h any rational end at all1 x mu/ consi/ 9 "s k9d ( realisation ( our nature z a :ole2 ( k1 & w1 & feel+1 tak5 toge!r4 ,! true end is 9 fact self-realisation1 & ?is includes society1 = we _c suppose t ! ideal %\ld be realis$ )9 our lives4 ,x is conceivable only by our be+ able to see ! _w z a sy/em ( intellig5t be+s :o are mutually worlds = ea* o!r4 ,! true nature ( man's end is ?us necess>ily a social "o1 & x includes ev]y?+ t belongs to ! highe/ good4 ,x embraces ! realisation ( ,reason1 ,ord]1 & ,beauty 9 ! _w2 ! realisation ( ,life2 ! p]fection ( ,k & ,wisdom1 ( ,w & ( ,feel+4 ,we h giv5 s full a summ>y ( ,mr4 ,mack5zie's argum5t t we c add only a m]e outl9e ( :at he consid]s ! =m ( social union 9 :i*1 "u giv5 conditions1 ! progress w be mo/ rapid & mo/ secure t[>ds t good :i* we mu/ reg>d z ! ultimate end4 ,! social ideal is said to dep5d on ?ree *ief elem5ts ( well-be+1 ,individual ,culture1 ,subjugation ( ,nature1 & ,social ,organisation2 :i* give rise to ! "o-sid$ ideals ( ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,ari/ocracy1 n ( bir? b ( tal5t4 ,! ,organic ideal1 :i* is t ( ,frat]nity1 is ! true "o1 & x consi/s 9 con/ant progress4 ,?is progress includes ! ?ree elem5ts ( human well-be+1 p]sonal developm5t be+ ! mo/ important1 z education reacts on social life g5]ally1 by br++ new ideals ( life z well z a new s5se ( duty4 ,9 leav+ ,mr4 ,mack5zie's excell5t "w1 we may say t x deals 9 a cle> & logical mann] ) ! important que/ions consid]$1 & t x fully ju/ifies ! au?or's rem>k t ,social ,philosophy is a subject :i* at pres5t w repay a c>eful /udy4 4 ,,twelve ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,by ,ludwig ,ed+]4 ,philadelphia & ,london3 ,f4 ,a4 ,davis1 ,publi%]1 #ahij4 ,dr4 ,ed+]1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 ,g]many1 is "o ( ! v be/ au?orities on ! anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ! bra94 ,8 twelve lectures conta9 a /atem5t ( our pres5t k ( ! subject1 to :i* ! au?or has add$ consid]ably 9 sev]al n unimportant details4 ,no "o :o is a /ud5t ( ! human bra9 c d )\t ,ed+]'s book1 & we are glad t s soon aft] its appe>ance 9 ,g]man x has be5 translat$ by compet5t m5 into ,engli%4 4 ,,hypnotism4 ,by ,alb]t ,moll4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn] ,wel=d4 #ahij4 ,*icago3 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,company4 ,! pres5t book is a translation f ! second edition ( ! ,g]man orig9al4 ,x reviews 9 #daj pages ! ma9 facts ( ,hypnotism4 ,! au?or beg9s ) ! hi/ory ( ,hypnotism 7,*ap4 i72 he !n expla9s ! diff]5t hypnotic me?ods & /ages ( hypnotism 7,*ap4 ii74 ,! symptoms ( hypnotism 7,*ap4 iii7 are contra/$ & comp>$ ) cognate /ates 7,*ap4 iv74 ,in=mation is giv5 conc]n+ sev]al !ories ( hypnotism 7,*ap4 v72 all ( !m1 h[ev]1 are meagrely sket*$ & ! au?or does n arrive at a conclusion himself4 ,simulation & its influ5ces are briefly treat$ 7,*ap4 vi74 ,! m$ical & legal aspects ( hypnotism 7,*ap4 vii & viii7 are good expositions ( ! matt]1 pres5t$ 9 lucid t]ms & imp>tially4 ,! la/ *apt]1 on ,animal ,magnetism1 treats ( a s]ies ( que/ions :i*1 z ! au?or rightly rem>ks1 ref] to ph5om5a :i* are (t5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) hypnotism1 al?\gh ! connection is r hi/orical ?an ess5tial4 ,9 ,mr4 ,moll's view !y are ! consequ5ces ( errone\sly int]pret$ obs]vations4 ,! topics "h discuss$ are 7#a7 animal magnetism1 7#b7 telepa?y1 7#c7 sup]normal acts ( somnambulism1 7#d7 ! exp]im5ts ) ! magnet1 & 7#e7 ! effects ( ! m]e approa* ( drugs4 ,! au?or does n pres5t new views ( 8 subject1 b he is consid]ate 9 8 /atem5ts1 z well z sci5tific & cle>4 ,he is n bl9d to ! dang]s ( hypnotism1 yet ^u ! :ole he looks ^u x favorably1 say+ t hypnotism & sugge/ion w outlive _m rem$ies ^: praises fill ! columns ( m$ical j\rnals at pres5t4 4 ,,d] ,,hypnotismus3 ,,se9e ,,psy*o-,,physiologis*e1 ,,m$ic9is*e1 ,,/rafre*tli*e ,,b$eutung ,,und ,,se9e ,,h&habung4 ,by ,dr4 ,augu/ ,=el4 ,zweite umge>beitete und v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,/uttg>t3 ,v]lag von ,f]d9& ,enke4 #ahia4 ,pr(4 ,augu/ ,=el's pamphlet on hypnotism 01 ev5 9 its fir/ edition1 "o ( ! be/ publications ( its k9d4 ,! second edition :i* n[ lies be=e u is enl>g$ & improv$4 ,! au?or has n *ang$ 8 views2 he reta9s 8 old def9itions1 expla9+ hypnosis z a /ate ( abnormally increas$ sugge/ibility2 b at ! same "t he has add$ "s *apt]s :i* pres5t 8 position mu* m accurately ?an he has ev] done be=e4 ,he rejects mo/ positively ! fluidum !ories2 he opposes ! views ( ,dr4 ,luys ^: exp]im5ts ,dr4 ,=el repeat$ ) 8 mo/ s5sitive somnambuli/s & obta9$ negative results4 ,! position :i* ,pr(essor ,=el takes is unequivocal ,monism4 ,he says 9 8 preface3 ,a psy*ological introduction seem$ to me indisp5sable1 = x is a daily discov]y ) me1 h[ mu* ! moni/ic f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( sugge/ion is misund]/ood4 ,normal dream-life1 ! !ory ( sugge/ion1 & ! relation ( ! latt] to m$ic9e & to m5tal disord]s g5]ally1 dem&$ sub/antial complem5ts1 & ! addition ( a few new in/ances ( !rapeutic sugge/ion seem$ to me advantage\s4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is proposition he says 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 pamphlet3 ,hypnotism ?r[s mu* light on ! ph5om5on we call consci\sness1 & 9 a mann] t sub/antially agrees ) ! moni/ic _w-conception4 ,to und]/& hypnotism 9 o!r relations1 we mu/ "k :at we h to und]/& by consci\sness & its relation to n]v\s activity4444 ,) duali/s1 :o reg>d ! s\l z "o ?+ & ! body toge!r ) all matt] & all ! =ces ( nature !reto appurt5ant z a totally diff]5t ?+1 ! doctr9e ( ! psy*ical faculties foll[s ( itself3 h]e9 ! consci\sness1 ! w1 ! m9d1 & ! re/ mu/ be reg>d$ z sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( ! s\l4444 ,! moni/ic conception ( ! _w aims to r$uce all cosmic ph5om5a to a s+le unity1 & reg>ds matt]1 =ce1 & consci\sness ultimately z only =ms ( appe>ance ( a same primitive pot5cy4 ,especially1 h[ev]1 x d5ies1 t ! s\l is any?+ else ?an =ces ( nature4444 ,consid]$ f ! moni/ic po9t ( view1 consci\sness by itself is no?+2 z ,ribot 7',! ,diseases ( ,memory'7 correctly rem>ks ) ,huxley & o!rs1 ',consci\sness is m]ely ! accompanim5t ( c]ta9 n]v\s processes2 x is z incompet5t to influ5ce ! latt] z ! %ad[ is ! /eps ( ! wayf>] x foll[s4' ,x foll[s1 h[ev]1 imm$iately f ?is1 t ! notions ( consci\sness & subject1 or subjectivism1 are id5tical & undef9able4 ,consci\sness is m]ely ! subjective =m ( appe>ance ( n]v\s activity4444 ,consequ5tly1 our human consci\sness d5otes only a summ>is$1 syn!tical1 subjective illum9ation ,( ! m p[]ful portion ( our c]ebral activity4444 ,a v important ph5om5on ( consci\sness takes place1 fur!r1 9 ! revivisc5ce ( previ\s comb9ations ( c]ebral activity1 t is 9 ! play ( memory-images4 ,we h "h to deal ) ! connection 9 "t ( ! activity ( ! bra91 t is ) ! relative illum9ation ( ?is activity by consci\sness4 ,especially on ?is field does hypnotism ?r[ valuable light4 ,! :ole process ( memory is 9 itself completely indep5d5t ( consci\sness & exhibits v int]e/+ laws1 = :i* ,i ref] ! read] to ,ribot 7l4 c474 ,we discov] ! laws ( ! memory 9 ourselves = ! great] "p ?r\gh ! illum9ation by consci\sness ( ! activity ( ! bra94 ,b x is n prop] to oppose a consci\s memory to ! organic or unconsci\s memory4 ,!re is b "o memory1 :i* consi/s a7 9 ! weak5$ pres]vation ( ! vibrations ( e c]ebral action 7n]v\s activity 9 g5]al71 b7 9 ! p[]s ( revivisc5ce1 or1 bett]1 p[] ( re-invigoration ( ^! actions1 & (t51 c7 9 ! re-cognition1 t is 9 ! id5tification1 ( ! re-invigorat$ activity ) ! orig9al "o 7localisation 9 "t74444 ,we all possess a second consci\sness1 ! consci\sness ( dreams or sleep1 :i*1 qualitatively1 does n diff] 9 ess5tial respects f ! consci\sness ( ! wak+ /ate4444 ,we may n1 accord+ly1 place consci\s & unconsci\s activity 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,dr4 ,=el discusses 9 o!r *apt]s ( 8 pamphlet ! relation ( n]v\s activity & n]v\s sub/ance to ! /ates ( consci\sness 7,*ap4 ii74 ,he expla9s sugge/ion1 comp>es sleep ) hypnosis1 treats ! symptoms ( hypnosis1 resi/ance ( hypnotis$ p]sons1 auto-sugge/ions1 ! sugge/ion *ance1 retroactive halluc9ations or sugge/$ memory falsifications1 ! import & nature ( sugge/ions 7,*ap4 iv74 ,he !n proce$s to inve/igate diseas$ /ates ( m9d ) ref]5ce to hypnotism1 & ma9ta9s t insane p are lea/ sugge/ible 7,*ap4 v74 ,he gives "s valuable h9ts = sugge/ive or psy*o-!rapeutic treatm5t to hypnotis]s 7,*ap4 vii71 & pres5ts cases ( successful cures 7,*ap4 viii74 ,! legal aspect is treat$ 9 ,*ap4 x1 ! hypnotisation ( animals 9 ,*ap4 xi4 ,an int]e/+ & inde$ c&id *apt] is ,=el's views on quack]y 7,*ap4 ix72 ackn[l$g+ ! fact t at be/ "o six? only ( pati5ts are cur$ by physicians1 our au?or hopes t ! full recognition ( ! sugge/ion !ory 9 !rapeutics w contribute n a little to ! advancem5t ( m$ical sci5ce & also to ! moral attitude ( ! pr(ession4 4 ,,d] ,,mod]ne ,,m5s*4 ,v]su*e b] ,leb5sfhrung4 ,by ,b4 ,c>n]i4 ,bonn3 ,emil ,/rauss4 #ahia4 ,dur+ a long & labori\s life ,mr4 ,c>n]i has be5 an indefatigable *ampion ( ! moni/ic _w-conception4 ,) a ke5 eye he recognis$ ye>s ago ! importance ,( physiological inve/igations = psy*ology1 & he saw at once ! moral import ( ! evolution !ory ev5 at a "t :5 mo/ ( its def5d]s d5\nc$ x z ! immoral law ( nature4 ,c>n]i ?us became ! prea*] ( a new e?ics2 he taught ! morality ( sci5ce & help$ u out ( ! pessimism t naturally foll[$ a "t :5 ! old f\ndations _h be5 ov]?r[n & ! new ones _h n z yet be5 built4 ,! au?or is n[ at a v advanc$ age & ! pres5t book conta9s 8 mature/ & de>e/ ideas4 ,he is a man ^: burd5 ( life has be5 heavi] ?an t ! av]age man has to be>4 ,physical weakness1 s9ce bir?1 long p]iods ( illness accompani$ ) almo/ incessant pa91 lat] on p]iods ( recov]y & transi5t happ9ess foll[$4 ,he m>ri$ & _h *ildr54 ,b new visitations came4 ,he buri$ 8 wife1 & also a little son at ! premature age ( t5 ye>s4 ,^! are "s facts ( ! au?or's life n m5tion$ 9 any "o ( 8 books2 !y are only h9t$ at 9 a l9e ( ! preface ( ! pres5t book1 quot$ bel[4 ,b 8 read]s %\ld "k ^! facts1 because !y br+ ! au?or s mu* ne>] to u4 ,we le>n to und]/& him bett] & %all ! m appreciate 8 g5u9e c\rage 9 work+ out a noble conception ( life & s\nd rules ( moral conduct4 ,! pres5t book conta9s a numb] ( articles on v>i\s subjects1 & ! au?or has z he says 9 ! preface put into !m 8 :ole he>t4 ,x diff]s f =m] publications ( 84 ,! latt] are z a rule sci5tific & objective1 !y are inve/igations into ! laws ( life & ( e?ics4 ,! pres5t book is subjective2 x %[s ! aim & ! pa? ( ! au?or's conduct ( life4 ,c>n]i adds3 ,& t ,i1 visit$ ) ills above ! av]age measure1 h f\nd life beautiful1 & be+ 9 my sev5tie? ye> n[1 f9d x beautiful /ill1 speaks 9 favor ( ?is pa?4 ,x speaks also = a happy individuality1 b ,i hope t ?is w n detract f ! tru? t ! pres5t book is n m]e imag9ation b is tak5 f ! ?rill+ pulse ( life4 ,c>n]i is fully conv9c$ t morality w f9d a bett] f\ndation 9 ! unit>y nature ( man ?an 9 ! old conception ,( 8 d\ble nature & 9 ?is s5se he discusses ! foll[+ topics1 ,gratitude1 ,labor1 ,egotism1 ,ju/ice1 ,v]satility1 ,passion1 ! ,ideal1 ! ,inevitable1 ! ,god-idea1 ,tru?fulness1 ,morality1 ,love1 ,family1 ,imag9ation1 ,cont95ce1 ,honor1 ,god-ev]y:]e1 ,dea?1 ,tol]ance1 ,"*1 ,art1 & ,humor4 ,! :ole t5or ( ! book is v sympa!tic & we might describe ! au?or z "o ( ! high prie/s ( ! com+ ,religion ( ,sci5ce4 4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,grundlag5 ,,d] ,,erk5ntnis ,,9 ,,d5 ,,exact5 ,,wiss5s*aft54 ,by ,paul du ,bois-,reymond4 ,na* e9] h9t]lass55 ,h&s*rift4 ,mit e9em ,bildnis des ,v]fass]s4 ,tb+53 ,h4 ,laupp's*e ,bu*h&lung4 #ahij4 ,?is little book ( ! late ,pr(4 ,paul du ,bois-,reymond has be5 prep>$ = pr9t by ,dr4 ,guido ,hauck ) ! assi/ance ( ! au?or's bro!r f a po/hum\s manuscript4 ,! pamphlet conta9s 9 popul> =m ! f9al rsum ( a ?9k]'s life-"w2 complem5t+ & complet+ 8 inve/igations1 & matur+ ma9ly 8 favorite ideas :i* he _h pres5t$ to 8 /ud5ts 9 a c\rse ( lectures on gravitation dur+ ! w9t] '#hg-hh at ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool ( ,b]l91 :]e he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics4 ,pr(4 ,paul du ,bois-,reymond is n only z p[]ful & at ! same "t z subtle a ?9k] z 8 m fam\s bro!r ,emil du ,bois-,reymond1 b he also agrees ) ! latt]'s philosophical attitude4 ,bo? are agno/ics & bo? repres5t an unusually pr(\nd & sci5tifically elaborate agno/icism4 ,!y h become agno/ics because !y h arriv$ at results :i*1 to _! m9d1 pres5t an insolvable problem4 ,pr(4 ,paul du ,bois-,reymond does n despair ( a f9al solution ( ! problem ( life1 :i* accord+ to ,emil du ,bois-,reymond decid$ly belongs to ! sev5 _w-riddles1 b he consid]s gravitation z incompreh5sible4 ,! purpose ( all our attempts to expla9 ph5om5a is to limit ! incompreh5sible to ! smalle/ space possible & to r$uce x to ! simple/ expression 7p4 #ac74 ,compreh5sion1 accord+ to ,paul du ,bois-,reymond1 c be atta9$ by ?ree me?ods1 7#a7 ! empirical1 7#b7 ! me*anical1 & 7#c7 ! meta-me*anical4 ,! empirical is inductive1 ! me*anical is d$uctive1 & ! meta-me*anical attacks ^? problems :i* are at ! bottom ( all our fundam5tal conceptions4 ,! meta-me*anical t5d5cy ( sci5ce is n satisfi$ ) ! results ( ! empirical & me*anical inve/igations2 x attempts to conqu] all ! difficulties or at lea/ to arrive at ! limits ( human compreh5sion4 ,its prov9ce is to compreh5d matt]1 h[ matt] c h effect on o!r matt]1 h[ actio 9 di/ans c produce pressure or motion2 x tries to und]/& ! great concepts ( "t & space & :atev] pr(\nd problems may n[ or dur+ ! fur!r progress ( sci5ce be propos$4 ,hav+ expla9$ ^! prelim9>y views conc]n+ ! me?ods ( compreh5sion1 ! au?or discusses ! foll[+ topics3 ,is ! ,space-fill+ ,sub/ance ,cont9u\s or ,atomi/ic8 7,*ap4 iii74--,actio 9 ,di/ans 7,f]nkraft7 7,*ap4 iv74--,sev]al ,syn!ses 7,*ap4 v74--,! ,ideali/ic & ! ,empiri/ic ,_w ,conception 7,*ap4 vi74--,atomism & ,actio 9 ,di/ans ) ,ref]5ce to ! ,absolute 7,*ap4 vii74--,conc]n+ ,_w-,conceptions 7,*ap4 viii74 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! *apt]s 7viz4 9 ,*ap4 iii4 ( ! book7 ! au?or pres5ts ! difficulties :i* beset ! !ory ( a cont9u\s sub/ance4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s mo/ plausible to conceive ( t :i* fills space z some?+ con/ant & un9t]rupt$1 b cont9uity ( sub/ance1 our au?or decl>es1 excludes a possible *ange ( volume2 compressibility & expansibility1 prop]ties :i* we pr$icate ( any k9d ( sub/ance1 /& 9 a pat5t contradiction to a cont9u\s fill+ ( space4 ,sub/ance !re=e _c be cont9u\s1 x mu/ consi/ ( a mat]ial :i* c be %ift$1 :i* is compressible1 c be mix$1 is liable to *emical *anges1 & all[s impond]abilia to pass freely ?r\gh2 x is por\s1 or 9 o!r words x is p]meat$ by space free f sub/ance4 ,pr(4 ,paul du ,bois-,reymond conceives ( sub/ance z du/-l1 viz4 x consi/s ( spatially di/9ct corpuscles1 & he ?9ks t !re mu/ be suppos$ to be diff]5t k9ds ( du/4 ,^! du/-p>ticles are 9 8 syn!sis ! vehicles ( any actio 9 di/ans1 _! prop]ties are en]gy & in]tia4 ,actio 9 di/ans1 we are in=m$ 9 ! next *apt]1 _c be expla9$ by con/ruct+ a _w-syn!sis ei!r out ( absolutely rigid elem5ts or out ( absolutely ela/ic elem5ts4 ,s9ce we _c d]ive a con/ruction ( actio 9 di/ans f me*anical concepts1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t we h rea*$ "h ! limit ( cognition4 ,inde$1 ! incompreh5sible 9 all =ces is & rema9s ! actio 9 di/ans4 ,all ! hypo!ses :i* try to expla9 ! problem1 w only def] x by introduc+ "s m$ium :i* is to be ! vehicle ( ! actio 9 di/ans1 & ! simple/ me?od is aft] all to consid] ! atom z ?is vehicle4 ,! f>-effective atom1 conceiv$ z a c5tre ( activity1 end[$ ) in]tia1 freely movable1 is ! simple/ me*anism t c be us$ z ! basis ( our syn!sis1 & we call x briefly ! f>-effective 7f]nwirk5de7 atom 7p4 #eb74 ,x seems to u t ,pr(essor du ,bois-,reymond has dispos$ ( ! idea ( a cont9u\s sub/ance too easily1 & t he is at ! same "t too easily satisfi$ ) ! %ortcom+s ( 8 atomi/ic !ory ( a du/-l sub/ance4 ,we grant mo/ will+ly t ! idea ( an actio 9 di/ans is inconceivable1 = an action c be effective only :]e x takes place1 x c h no effect 9 o!r & m di/ant places4 ,b action is nev] conf9$ to a limit$ po9t3 x always /ret*es ov] a field ( "s size4 ,suppose an action a takes place along ! l9e b c1 c we speak ( b z be+ effective 9 c2 or is x n r a1 i4 e4 ! :ole process1 :i* takes place 9 b & 9 c4 ,! sun's mass ex]cises an effect ^u ! e>?2 & yet !y are ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj miles di/ant4 ,b let u use an in/ance :i* c become a m direct object ( our obs]vation4 ,we h a pair ( scales & put a weight on "o ( !m4 ,at once1 simultane\sly ) ! s9k+ ( ! weight$ scale1 ! o!r scale rises4 ,is ?is n j z mu* an actio 9 di/ans z any o!r in/ance ( gravity8 ,9 fact our a/ronom]s comp>e ! gravitat+ cele/ial bodies q frequ5tly to ! action ( a balance4 ,x may be object$ to ?is comp>ison t we see ! beam ( ! scales1 :ile !re is no beam betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,if !re is no beam1 !re mu/ be a connection ( "s k9d4 ,if ! e>? & ! sun are two disconnect$ bodies1 we see no possibility = an explanation t ! effects ( ! sun's mass are felt ^u ! e>?4 ,is n aft] all ! hypo!sis ( a cont9u\s _w-sub/ance ! easie/ explanation ( gravity8 ,x seems to me t x is ! only possible way ( expla9+ :at is commonly & p]haps awkw>dly call$ actio 9 di/ans4 ,! atomi/ic philosoph]s are b\nd to h ! _w a composition ( innum]able p>ticles ( du/2 !y wi% to con/ruct ! univ]se me*anically & ?is view ( ?+s appe>s = c]ta9 purposes v well adapt$4 ,yet !y _c con/ruct ! _w ( isolat$ _w-du/ p>ticles1 !y mu/ h "s glue or cem5t to fa/5 _! atoms into a s+le :ole t /icks toge!r4 ,pr(essor ,du ,bois-,reymond is consi/5t en\gh to see ! impossibility ( ?is con/ruction4 ,! cem5t ( :i* ! mort> ( atomism consi/s is ! inconceivable1 un?9kable idea ( an actio 9 di/ans4 ,let u try to look at ?+s f ! o!r side4 ,our _w-conception consi/s ( ! sum ( all ! div]s ?+s we are acqua9t$ )2 b daily exp]i5ce tea*es1 t ! _w is n a composition ( ?+s or ( atoms1 ! _w is "o insep>able :ole1 & ! lea/ *ange 9 "o "p affects ! :ole univ]se4 ,"s "o said1 if ,i raise my f+] ! entire cosmos is %ak52 & ?is we "k is true1 al?\gh ! vibrations are too insignificant to be notic$ by our dull s5ses4 ,we speak ( ! e>? & we speak ( ! sun1 b 9 reality !re is nei!r an isolat$ sun on ! "o side nor an isolat$ e>? on ! o!r1 !re is a :ole & cont9u\s _w1 "o "p ( x is call$ sun & ano!r "p is call$ e>?4 ,e action ( e "p ( ! _w has its effects on all ! o!r p>ts1 & !re is no action tak+ place 9 ! _w :i* 9 ?is s5se is n an actio 9 di/ans4 ,if we call ! "p play$ by ! sun alone 8 action1 !n !re is c]ta9ly actio 9 di/ans1 & actio 9 di/ans w\ld be ! basis ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w z a cosmic :ole4 ,yet we %\ld rememb] t ! sun does n p]=m any action alone = itself4 ,! actions t take place 9 reality are relations among ! insep>able p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,! sph]e ( e action ext5ds1 closely consid]$1 ov] ! :ole _w4 ,?is view ( ?+s is n a con/ruction ( ! _w1 x has n be5 inv5t$ = mak+ a philosophical syn!sis1 x is a description ( ! _w z we "k x by exp]i5ce4 ,! description is imp]fect & x pres5ts _m difficulties :i* w h to be =mulat$ 9 problems4 ,b we are confid5t t ?is descriptive me?od is ! only proc$ure t promises success & w produce results 9 ! future4 ,attempts to recon/ruct a _w-sy/em f its analys$ elem5ts h be5 made &1 al?\gh we h n z yet rea*$ a g5]al cons5sus1 we mu/ consid] ^! attempts z be+ at lea/ 9 "p successful4 ,suppose we call ! simple/ & mo/ orig9al /ate ( sub/ance e!r & consid] matt] z e!r-:irls ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,! e!r mu/ h a peculi> aggregate /ate ( its own :i* 9 "s respect is l a fluid1 = its p>ts are cont9u\s z well z int]*angeable4 ,an e!r :irl1 or an atom1 be+ a cond5sation ( e!r1 w\ld naturally produce a t5sion :i* /&s 9 "s proportion to ! cond5s$ mass4 ,let an india-rubb] plate 9 a frame su* z ! design]s use = alt]+ ! size ( a picture repres5t ! normal relation among ! diff]5t p>ts ( pure e!r4 ,n[ put ! f+]-tips ( bo? h&s ^u ! india-rubb] & contract !m s z to cond5se 9 bo? places ! india-rubb] inside y\r f+]-tips4 ,w\ld n ! t5sion betwe5 bo? cond5sations be increas$8 & suppose ! two cond5s$ spots 7 swimm+ freely 9 ! india-rubb]1 !y w\ld 9 t case attract ea* o!r 9 a simil> way z masses ( matt] gravitate t[>d ea* o!r4 ,?is comp>ison is ( c\rse rude1 b x may s]ve "h z an illu/ration ( h[ we c conceive ( actio 9 di/ans )\t committ+ ourselves to ! assumption t an action has its effects 9 a place :]e x does n op]ate4 ,we %\ld n v5ture to speak ( ! absolute rigidity or absolute ela/icity ( ! _w-sub/ance until ! ph5om5a :i* urge u to =m our views ab\t e!r h be5 bett] classifi$ & und]/ood4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,sev]al ,syn!ses ! au?or discusses problems )\t com+ to any conclusion4 ,! syn!sis ( organis$ life may lead u to some?+ :i* is q z incompreh5sible z actio 9 di/ans & _c be r$uc$ to x 7p4 #gj74 ,! riddles gr[ be=e our eyes1 above ! fog ( t :i* lies ne> u rises ! impos+ problem ( ! s\l & t[]+ above all o!r ?+s appe>s ! awful "q ( ! consci\sness ( ! ego4 ,pr(4 ,du ,bois-,reymond does n attempt any solution & proposes no reconciliation betwe5 ! empirical & ideali/ic _w-conceptions 7:i* are contra/$ 9 ,*apt] vi74 ,?is lack ( arriv+ at a def9ite solution leads our au?or into my/icism1 9 :i* he indulges 9 ! la/ *apt]s to a great] ext5t ?an we are incl9$ to all[ a man ( sci5ce4 ,he speaks ( a treble _w 9 :i* we are %ut up z if 9 a treble cage1 7#a7 ! _w ( imm$iate appreh5sions1 7#b7 ! _w ( conceptions1 & 7#c7 ! _w ( reality4 ,! ?ird _w is extra-ph5om5al1 x is ! physical beyond our ego includ$4 ,b we are lack+ ! organ ( reality 7p4 #abj7 & 9 ! physical beyond no?+ is impossible 7p4 #abb74 ,x is /range t ,pr(4 ,du ,bois-,reymond m5tions ,pr(essor ,kir*h(f's fam\s preface to 8 me*anics1 9 :i* he replaces ! ^w expla9 by describe 7p4 #ac74 ,he also m5tions ,pr(essor ,helmholtz's t]m t ph5om5a 7i4 e4 s5sations7 are symbols or signs ( reality1 ,zei*5 d] ,wirkli*keit 7p4 #aba74 ,b he ov]looks entirely t ! _w-conception d]iv$ f ^! ideas c be develop$ 9 a positive _w-conception t c satisfactorily reconcile idealism ) empiricism4 ,z soon z we "k t cognition means description1 we c disp5se ) meta-me*anics & ne$ n jo9 9 ! di%e>t5+ cry ( ! agno/ic ignorabimus4 ,! inscrutabl5ess ( reality1 says our au?or1 is almo/ a matt] ( c\rse4 ,happily we =get x con/antly1 = ! idea is "o ( ! dre>ie/ & ! mo/ weird 7tro/lose/ & unheimli*/74 ,! :ole result is negative1 = we c pr$icate ( reality no?+ save t x is conta9$ 9 a space & t !re is motion tak+ place 9 x4 ,b ( :at k9d ?is space & ! "t dep5d+ on ! motion are1 & 9 :at relation !y /& to our conceptions ( "t & space we c say no?+4 ,?is is sad1 b1 adds ,pr(4 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 _w-pa9 is ( no avail & yet1 ! _w is n s bad aft] all 7p4 #abd74 4 ,,tuisko-,,l& ,,d] ,,aris*5 ,,/aemme ,,und ,,goett]-,,urheimat4 ,erlut]ung5 zum ,sag5s*atze d] ,v$51 ,edda1 ,ilias1 und ,odyssee4 ,by ,dr4 ,ern/ ,krause4 ,mit #gf ,abbildung5 im ,text und e9] ,k>te4 ,glogau3 ,c>l ,flemm+4 #ahia4 ,dr4 ,ern/ ,krause1 bett] kn[n by ! nom de plume ( ,c>us ,/]ne1 has ( late made a special /udy ( comp>ative my?ology1 & _m int]e/+ articles ( 8 h appe>$ 9 diff]5t ,g]man p]iodicals1 analys+ & collat+ ! my?s ( ! ,aryan nations & inve/igat+ _! mat]ial z to _! probable orig94 ,dr4 ,krause di/+ui%es betwe5 two k9ds ( my?s1 7#a7 ^? :i* might & actually d orig9ate 9 any place1 & 7#b7 ^? :i* c\ld orig9ate only 9 a c]ta9 & limit$ locality4 ,! =m] are mo/ int]e/+ to ! psy*ologi/4 ,we c expect t !y w af=d u an important clue to ! developm5t ( ! human s\l4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 are valuable mat]ial to ! hi/orian & e?nologi/1 & f _! ri* m9es ,dr4 ,krause qu>ries 8 ma9 argum5ts to prove ! ,european orig9 ( ! ,aryas4 ,! c\rse & ! effects ( ! sun v>y s greatly 9 ! s\? & 9 ! nor? t x w\ld h be5 /range if ! sol> my?s also did n v>y4 ,n[ x is natural t su* a my? z t ( ,baldur's dea?1 = in/ance1 c\ld only orig9ate 9 a nor!rn climate1 & if we f9d ! same leg5d told ) slight modifications 9 ! s\?1 we mu/ assume t x has be5 transplant$ !re4 ,! attempt has (t5 be5 made to expla9 ! simil>ities betwe5 ! ,edda on ! "o h& & ! ,greek or ,h9doo leg5ds on ! o!r by ! influ5ce ( ! latt] on ! =m]2 yet we f9d t ?is !ory is no long] t5able & we mu/ grant1 if n to ! ,edda itself1 c]ta9ly to ! sub/ance ( ! ,edda traditions a f> great] antiquity ?an we ev] c\ld h anticipat$4 ,let u comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! ,baldur my? ) ! acc\nt ( ,h]odotus 9 ,klio 7,*aps4 #cd-de71 & let u be> 9 m9d t "h we h n to deal ) hi/ory1 b ) leg5ds1 = ,plut>* already obs]ves1 ! anci5t hi/orians _h notic$ t ,solon di$ soon aft] ,kroesos's accession to ! ?rone 7#efc ,b4 ,c472 accord+ly x 0 little probable t he saw ! ,lydian ,k+ :ile at ! height ( 8 p[]4 ,! /rik+ simil>ity ( ! two v]sions c be se5 9 eight po9ts3 #a4 ,k+ ,od9 has two sons1 ( #a4 ,k+ ,kroesos has two sons ( :om ! "o is a model ( :om ! "o excels by 8 p]fection1 belov$ by ,god & virtues all 8 companions1 m51 :ile ! o!r appe>s to :ile ! o!r appe>s to be be exclud$ f ! succession unable to succe$ 8 fa!r by ! fact ( 8 be+ bl9d4 on ! ?rone4 ,he is deaf4 #b4 ,! ,ases h evil dreams1 #b4 ,kroesos dreams t a indicat+ t "s dang] is po9t$ iron w kill 8 ?reat5+ to ,baldur4 favorite son ,atys4 #c4 ,frigga takes an oa? f #c4 ,kroesos removes all iron all creat$ ?+s n to arms )9 rea* ( 8 son4 injure h] son4 #d4 ,baldur is m>ri$ "y1 ! #d4 ,atys is m>ri$ "y1 8 "n ( 8 wife be+ ,nanna4 "m's "n is ,nana4 #e4 ,! ,ases make a sport ( #e4 ,atys goes a hunt+1 because %oot+ at ,baldur because no 9 ?is sport he ne$ n fe> missile c hurt him4 ! too? ( ! bo>4 #f4 ,baldur's own bro!r kills #f4 ,a fri5d 7:o 0 a fratricide him )\t int5tion4 by accid5t7 kills ,atys un9t5tionally4 #g4 ,loki is accus$ ( be+ #g4 ,n he :o ?rew ! fatal guilty ( ! murd]4 missile is accus$1 b ! ,god :o pr$ict$ ,atys's fate 9 ! dream4 #h4 ,! innoc5t murd]] is #h4 ,! innoc5t murd]] sla94 commits suicide4 ,we mu/ consid] x z an additional pro( ( ! !ory t ! s\!rn v]sion has be5 tak5 f nor!rn s\rces :5 we f9d incid5tal features :i* h s5se only s long z !y appe> connect$ ) _! orig9al surr\nd+s4 ,! ,ilias also conta9s a modifi$ v]sion ( ! ,baldur my? 9 ! acc\nt ( ,patroclus's dea?4 ,patroclus is ! k9d h]o1 oblig+ & fri5dly to all :o knew him1 ! brighte/ & pure/ figure ( ! :ole poem4 ,he falls by ! intrigues ( a ,god4 ,:5 ,patroclus's body is burn$ ! same ?+ happ5s z ) ,baldur4 ,a*illes lights ! fun]al pyre b x w n burn1 & z 9 ! ,edda a giant-woman is call$ 91 s 9 ! ,iliad1 ,iris is s5t = 9 ord] to call ,boreas & ,zephyr :o by ! promise ( consid]able sacrifices are induc$ to make ! fire burn4 ,!re is no reason "h :y ! fire %\ld n burn1 b 9 ! ,edda !re is a v obvi\s reason1 = all ! elem5ts _h promis$ by oa? n to h>m ,baldur's body4 ,! flames 7 n all[$ to burn him1 ! logs on :i* ! fun]al %ip %\ld roll into ! waves 7 n all[$ to c>ry him d[n1 & ! waves 7 n all[$ to receive him4 ,great int]e/ atta*es also to ! simil>ities betwe5 ! ,baldur my? & ,*ri/ianity1 & n long ago a ,dani% !ologian has attempt$ to %[ t ! sagas ( ! ,edda 7 import$ into ! ,nor? by ,*ri/ian monks1 ! _w-tree ,yggdrasil 0 said to be ! biblical tree ( life1 ! same f :i* ! wood ( ,*ri/'s cross _h be5 tak51 ,loki 0 id5tifi$ ) ,lucif]1 ! bl9d ,hd] ) ,long9us1 ! ,roman capta9 :o ?ru/ ! lance into ! side ( ,*ri/1 etc4 ,x is a /range co9cid5ce t ,long9us 0 bl9d1 accord+ to ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 :i* may h be5 writt5 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,long9us1 x is told1 acquir$ sight ?r\gh ! blood ( ,jesus1 ?us int]pret+ ! passage !y %all look at him :om !y pi]c$ 9 ! s5se z if ,long9us _h n be5 able to look at ,jesus be=e4 ,a ,jewi% libel aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 ,tol$o? ,je%u1 7repr9t$ 9 ,eis5m5g]'s ,entdecktes ,jud5?um7 conta9s a v /rik+ simil>ity ) ! ,baldur my?4 ,x is told3 ,:5 ! wise _h ord]$ ,jesus1 aft] he _h be5 /on$1 to be hang$ to ! wood & ! wood w\ld n be> him b broke1 8 disciples saw x & !y wept & said3 ',lo ! ju/ice ( our ,"l ,jesus2 no wood w be> him4' ,! disciples did n "k t he _h extort$ an oa? f all ! wood :ile he _h /ill ! "n 7viz41 ! my/ical & miracle-work+ "n ( ,god7 9 8 p[]1 = he knew 8 fate t he w\ld be condemn$ to be hang$4444 ,b :5 ,judas saw t no wood w\ld be> him1 he said to ! wise3 ,consid] ! %rewdness ( 8 m9d4 ,he has tak5 oa?s f all wood t x %\ld n be> him1 b 9 my g>d5 gr[s an enorm\s cabbage-/ock4 ,i %all g & br+ x2 p]haps x w be> him4 ,! wise said3 ,d z y say4 ,!n ,judas w5t & br\ght ! cabbage-/ock1 & !y hang$ ,jesus on x4 ,?is acc\nt be+ old] ?an #abgh1 x 0 suppos$ to h contribut$ to =m ! ,baldur my? ( ! ,edda1 b ,mll5h(f refut$ all ! attempts to attribute a rec5t orig9 to ! ,edda4 ,! mi/le does n gr[ 9 ,icel&1 accord+ly ! ma9 p>ts ( ! ,baldur my? 9 :i* ! mi/le plays s prom95t a "p mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! ,icel&]s left _! ,sc&9avian homes4 ,dr4 ,krause's inve/igations /rongly t5d to corroborate ! new view ( plac+ ! home ( ! ,aryas 9 ,europe4 ,by ,aryas 9 ! old s5se ( ! "n 7 und]/ood ^? families ( nations :i* spoke ! ,aryan languages1 viz41 ! ,h9doo1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,slaves1 ! ,g]mans1 & ! ,celts1 & "s few small] ones4 ,^! ,aryas 7 =m]ly consid]$ z k9 9 blood & _! home 0 s\ght some:]e 9 ,asia4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 _m consid]ations t5d to prove t ^! ,aryan nations 7 by no means "o family2 !y are ! product ( a mixture ( sev]al races among :i* "o has =c$ its language ^u ! o!rs4 ,if we call ?is race ! ,aryans prop] we f9d t !y are repres5t$ mo/ purely 9 ! ,teutonic nations1 ! ,saxons1 ,l[ ,g]mans1 & ,sc&9avians4 ,^! ,aryans are a tall1 blond1 & doli*ocephalic race4 ,!y appe> z ! conqu]ors ( ,india1 ! ma/]s ( ,p]sia1 ! ,dorian immigrators ( ,greece1 %[+ ev]y:]e ! same attributes4 ,x is natural t !y 7 swall[$ up aga9 by ! d>k bra*ycephalic races :om !y _h conqu]$1 because ! latt] 7 bett] adapt$ to ! s\!rn climate ?an _! ma/]s4 ,!re are ?ree long-head$ races3 7#a7 ! blond long-heads or ,aryas1 7#b7 ! d>k ,s\? ,european long-heads1 & 7#c7 ! d>k & woolly-hair$ long-heads ( ,africa or ! ,negroes4 ,!re are also sev]al broad-head$ races1 among !m ! ,ugro-,f9nians1 ,turanians1 ,s\? ,european broad-heads are repres5t$ z ! ,savoy>ds4 ,! orig9al ,aryans 7by ,a4 de ,quatrefages call$ ! ,cann/adt race7 7 extremely long-head$1 ! proportion s9k+ bel[ #ge 3 #ajj4 ,?is race1 s call$ aft] ! discov]y ( graves 9 ,cann/adt1 %[s a /rong simil>ity )1 & mu/ be consid]$ z1 an evolution f ! ,ne&]?al type4 ,! eyebr[s ( ! male ,ne&]?al type skulls protrude 7slightly rem9d+ u ( ! ,gorilla7 mak+ ! smallness ( ! =ehead /ill m noticeable4 ,! h9d "p ( ! head is well develop$4 ,! bones are extremely /rong1 ! skull is ?ick1 & ! proportion ( l5g? to bread? av]ages 9 bo?1 ! ,ne&]?al & ,cann/adt types1 #gac4 ,?is race inhabit$ ! banks ( ! ,rh9e & ,se9e & has be5 call$ ! ,g]manic type by ,hld]1 ! ,saxon type by ,engli%m51 ,cymrians by ,broca1 :ile ,dr4 ,krause calls !m ,aryans4 ,! ,s\? ,european long-heads ) d>k hair are call$ by ,a4 de ,quatrefages ! ,cro-,magnon type1 nam$ aft] a place 9 ! ,vsre valley :]e z its fir/ specim5 a tall old man _h be5 discov]$4 ,! ,cro-,magnon type v>ies greatly f ! ,cann/adt type2 ! =ehead is broad & high1 & ! cranium is also well =m$4 ,! proportion ( bread? to l5g? is also doli*ocephalic1 x av]ages #gcgf4 ,! orbits are broad b closely set1 & ! size ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! face f ! middle d[nw>d is /rongly less5$ 9 proportion to ! high] p>ts1 end+ 9 a po9t$ & protrud+ *94 ,?is race liv$ 9 ,greece1 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,france1 & ,spa91 & is f\nd also 9 ,engl&1 :]e its desc5dants ev5 to-day c be trac$ 9 "s ( ! ,silurian inhabitants ( ,s\? ,wales & ,irel&4 ,tacitus says t ! ,silurians h come f ,spa91 & ev5 to-day ! p ( ,b]k%ire resemble greatly1 z ,boyd-,dawk9s says1 ! ,basques ( ! ,we/]n ,pyr5ees1 ne> ,bagnres de ,bogorre4 ,_! /ature is sometimes small b n always1 !y are sometimes tall1 _! gait is light1 _! nose n>r[ & long1 sometimes approa*+ ,jewi% features1 _! sk9 d>k1 _! hair co>se1 black1 & usually curl$4 ,long aft] ! appe>ance ( ^! long-heads arriv$ sev]al v>ieties ( broad-heads1 among !m ,mongoloid1 ,ugro-,f9ni%1 & ,turanian types4 ,dr4 ,krause arrives at ! foll[+ rsum1 t ! ,cann/adt skull repres5ts ! ,g]manic or bett] ! ,aryan type4 ,?is race liv$ 9 ,middle ,europe 9 ! olde/ times to :i* prehi/oric inve/igation desc5ds & has n immigrat$ f ,asia s9ce ! great ice-era4 ,?is conclusion has be5 adopt$ by ! mo/ prom95t an?ropologi/s1 9 ,france by ,hamy1 ,top9>d1 ,quatrefages1 9 ,engl& by ,b$doe1 ,fl[]1 ,?urnam1 9 ,g]many by ,eck]1 ,l9d5s*mit1 ,hld]1 ,vir*[1 & o!rs4 ,dr4 ,krause adds3 ,vir*[ h[ev] takes 9 ?is "q ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,aryan race a /range & isolat$ position1 9 s f> z he believes t f ! beg9n+ !re _h be5 & are /ill broad-heads z well z long-heads among ! ,g]manic races4 ,) respect to ! conflict betwe5 ,vir*[ & ,dr4 ,krause1 we %\ld pref] to call ! old & orig9al races by new names1 z ,quatrefages did2 we %\ld speak ( !m z ! ,cann/adt type1 ! ,cro-,magnon type1 etc4 ,:5 we speak ( ,aryans1 or ,saxons1 or ,g]manic nations1 we %\ld "k t !y are no long] ! pure ,cann/adt type1 b a mixture1 & ?is mixture has n ev5 to-day become suffici5tly fix$ to produce "o uni=m race4 ,!re are c]ta9 features pr$om9ant 9 c]ta9 nations1 & c]ta9ly ! blond long-heads are pure/ 9 ! ,teutonic nations2 nev]!less1 x is n an uncommon occurr5ce t 9 "o & ! same family bo? types are di/9ctly repres5t$4 ,johannes ,ranke on ! /r5g? ( ?is fact has no fai? 9 ! con/ancy ( ! skull & does n reg>d x z a fit me?od ( settl+ any race problem4 ,! ,aryans1 i4 e4 ! tall1 blond broad-heads ( ! ,cann/adt type are di/+ui%$ by /r5g? & by p[] ( w4 ,!y 7 hunt]s1 fi%]m51 sea-f>+ p1 & w>riors4 ,!y lov$ ! sea1 !y lov$ riv]s & lakes4 ,!y appe> repeat$ly 9 hi/ory z conqu]ors4 ,! arts & indu/ries1 h[ev]1 ! use ( metals1 ! inv5tion ( pott]y1 d n seem to h orig9at$ among !m4 ,x seems to u t ,dr4 ,krause exhibits an excusable p>tiality = ! blond tall ,aryas 9 comp>ison ) ! d>k ,s\?-,european long-heads z well z ! broad-heads4 ,! ,aryans 7 *iefly ! rul]s1 except 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e ! tall blond ,amorites _h be5 conqu]$ by ,semites4 ,x appe>s t ! conque/ ( a c\ntry by ! ,aryas = in/ance 9 ,india1 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,greece1 gave a />t to civilisation1 z ! ,o/ro-,go?s re/or$ peace & reawak5$ ! arts 9 ,italy4 ,b at ! same "t we notice t ! ,aryas 7 mo/ likely m savage ?an _! broad-head$ fell[m54 ,! pres5t ,teutonic population repres5ts s little ! pure type ( ! old tall long-heads t ,pr(essor ,vir*[ refuses to recognise long-head$ness z a race symptom at all4 ,we f9d long-heads & broad-heads 9 ! same family4 ,bo? long-head$ p>5ts may h broad-head$ *ildr5 & vice v]sa4 ,?is ne$ n prove ! correctness ( ,pr(essor ,vir*['s position1 b x may v well prove t ! pres5t nations1 ! ,teutonic race n exclud$1 are ! product ( a mixture4 ,z ! mo/ important feature ( ,aryan "* ,dr4 ,krause consid]s _! religion1 & we are incl9$ to accept ,dr4 ,krause's op9ion z ?or\ghly s\nd4 ,! ,aryan religion1 he says1 is ! cult ( light 9 opposition to ! s\!rn cult ( d>kness4 ,! orig9al ,semites wor%ipp$ ! e>?1 ! moon1 ! night2 ! ,aryan1 wor%ipp$ ! sun1 ! sky1 ! day1 ! =m] b[$ be=e womanhood & s5tim5tality2 ! latt] repres5t$ manhood & w-p[]4 7,! ,jews are n pure ,semites1 !y %[ a con/ant proportion 9 ! nor? ( a little ov] #ad_/ajj & 9 ! s\? ( a little ov] #ac_/ajj ( tall1 blond long-heads4 ,^! blond ,jews1 are accord+ to ,vir*[1 ! ,amorites ) :i* ! ,israelites mix$ aft] ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,! religion ( ! ,jews also %[s v /rong ,aryan influ5ces especially s9ce _! contact ) ! ,p]sians47 ,! ,aryan religions z a rule beg9 ! _w ) male mo!rless ,gods2 :ile ! ,semitic religions beg9 ) female "m-gods )\t fa!rs4 ,!re is ! giant ,ymir or 9 ,alfadur1 "h ! goddess ,kybele1 ,isis1 ,rhea1 or ,demet]4 ,?is diff]5ce is f\nd$ on a social diff]5ce :i* aga9 dep5ds ^u climatic conditions4 ,9 ! s\? we f9d 9 ! beg9n+ a /ate ( matri>*y4 ,!re 0 no great difficulty 9 br++ up l>ge families & ! assi/ance ( ! fa!r 0 n ne$$4 ,9 consequ5ce !re( ! fa!r 0 & rema9$ a /rang]1 an occasional visitor4 ,!re 7 no la/+ family ties betwe5 himself & ! "m ( 8 *ildr51 ! sexual relations rema9$ free1 & ! "r ( h]$ity recognis$ ! "m only4 ,h[ diff]5t 0 x 9 ! nor?6 ,)\t _! fa!r a family _h to p]i%4 ,! sev]e /ruggle = life creat$ ! family & ev5tually ! monogamic family1 x made ! m5 /rong1 active1 lib]ty-lov+4 ,!re 0 und\bt$ly mu* rud5ess among ! nor!rn nations2 !y 7 savages 9 _m respects1 b :]ev] !y appe>$ z conqu]ors !y introduc$ _! religion ( light1 activity1 & submission to moral laws4 ,! conqu]$ tribes contribut$ und\bt$ly _m mo/ valuable qualities to ! mixture f :i* ! future races arose1 qualities :i* ! ,aryans w\ld p]haps nev] h be5 able to evolve out ( !mselves alone4 ,nev]!less ! ,aryans gave "* to ! nations1 impress$ ^u !m _! spee*1 _! ?\ght1 _! _w-conception & _! morality4 ,dr4 ,krause's treatm5t ( comp>ative my?ology ) ref]5ce to ! physical & geographical conditions "u :i* my?s orig9ate1 is v sugge/ive1 & we wi% he _h also tak5 into consid]ation ! p>allelism ( ! nor!rn ,sun-my?s ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,dr4 ,krause m5tions t ! idea ( immortality is an ,aryan ?\ght1 he might h add$ t ! idea ( a dy+ ,god :o w aga9 rise f ! dead c only h orig9at$ 9 ! home ( ! ,baldur my?4 ,dr4 ,krause's "w conta9s 9 #fbd pages an almo/ inexhau/ible /ore ( inve/igations4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ books we h ev] se54 ,we m5tion "h only ! *apt]s on ! ,megali?ian ,monum5ts1 on ,orion1 on ! nor!rn animals ( ,apollo1 on little ,r$ ,rid+hood1 on ! ,wagon 9 ! ,skies & ,tom ,?umb1 on ,hel5 & h] nor!rn repres5tatives1 & on ! hi/ory ( ! ,odyssee4 ,! book w\ld be m valuable to ! read] if x possess$ an index4 4 ,,die ,,ma!matik ,,die ,,fackeltraeg]9 ,,e9] ,,neu5 ,,zeit4 ,by ,c4 ,dillmann4 ,/uttg>t3 ,w4 ,kohlhamm]1 #ahhi4 ,! importance ( ?is little book does n lie s mu* 9 ! !ories z 9 ! practical aims ( ! au?or4 ,ob]/udi5ra? ,dillmann is a re=m] 9 ! sy/em ( high] education2 he is n a m]e !ori/1 b a man ( exp]i5ce :o has n[ be5 = ye>s ! pr9cipal ( a s*ool l t :i* he advocates4 ,mr4 ,dillmann's idea is v simple & obvi\sly correct4 ,he claims t ! old s-call$ classical me?od1 :]e ! tea*+ ( dead languages is made ! basis ( education1 no long] meets ! ne$s ( our "t2 t !re is h[ev] ano!r discipl9e1 :i* = its univ]sality & its fundam5tal importance 9 e bran* ( k %\ld be made ! corn]-/one ( education1 & t is ma!matics4 ,s he proposes to h our boys educat$ 9 ma!matical high s*ools4 ,we may ins]t "h "s in=mation conc]n+ ,mr4 ,dillmann1 :i* is n f\nd 9 8 book b w ?r[ light ^u 8 plans & !ories4 ,mr4 ,dillmann is ! son ( a s*oolma/]4 ,he inh]it$ f 8 fa!r ! aspiration ( acquir+ a high] education & hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! gymnasium he w5t to ! univ]sity to /udy !ology4 ,! /udy ( !ology is ! only "o 9 :i* a poor y\? f9ds support & mat]ial help f 8 fell[m54 ,hav+ pass$ 8 exam9ations he 0 engag$ = ab\t sev5 ye>s z a vic> 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*4 ,he felt h[ev] ! ne$ ( complet+ 8 education 9 ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces4 ,he w5t aga9 to ! univ]sity 7?is "t to ! polyte*nic s*ool at ,/uttg>t7 & devot$ himself ) great zeal to 8 favorite /udies4 ,hav+ pass$ 8 exam9ations 9 ^! bran*es he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,/uttg>t gymnasium4 ,:ile "h engag$ 9 prep>+ 8 pupils = ! univ]sity1 he became m & m conv9c$ t ! :ole plan ( tea*+ !n foll[$ 0 inadequate4 ,our y\? receive mu* in=mation ab\t trifles :i* are useless to !m 9 aft] life1 :ile ! ma9 ?+s are treat$ ) indiff]5ce4 ,he wrote a book ,! dem&s ( ! ,reali/ic ,sci5ces on ,education1 :i* excit$ g5]al int]e/ & call$ ! att5tion ( ,kultus-m9i/] von ,gol!r to 8 ideas4 ,h]r von ,gol!r f\nd$ a new k9d ( a high s*ool :i* besides giv+ good philological in/ruction1 ,lat9 includ$1 0 to be devot$ ma9ly to a ?or\gh ma!matical education2 & ,pr(essor ,dillmann 0 appo9t$ presid5t ( ! s*ool1 :i* fir/ bore ! "n ( ma!matical gymnasium4 ,! au?orities soon consid]$ x be/ to *ange ! "n into ,real-gymnasium4 ,! s*ool 0 />t$ 9 #ahfg z a m]e trial & 9 #ahga1 :5 its success appe>$ to be assur$1 x became a p]man5t in/itution4 ,= #ae ye>s x c\nts an av]age ( f #hjj to #ijj pupils4 ,9 spite ( ! confid5ce ( ! public1 ! new s*ool _h & has /ill its h>d times4 ,! views n[ preval5t among ! ,g]man au?orities are less favorable to great re=matory ideas ?an ev]4 ,! re/rictions put ^u ! ,real-gymnasia h also hit ,mr4 ,dillmann's s*ool1 al?\gh 8 in/itution is diff]5t 9 plan f ! o!r ,real-gymnasia1 ! latt] be+1 z a rule1 s*ools 9 :i* ! s*ola/ic sev]ity ( ! gymnasia is neglect$ )\t replac+ x by o!r sy/ematic /udies4 ,! pres5t book has be5 writt5 to expla9 & ju/ify ,mr4 ,dillmann's me?ods1 & we _c b say t we he>tily sympa?ise ) 8 aspirations4 ,at ! same "t we express "h ! s9c]e hope t ano!r ,dillmann might rise on ,am]ican soil & in/itute a real ma!matical high s*ool :i* w give a m solid f\ndation = ! education ( sci5ti/s ?an our pres5t educational sy/ems c give4 ,we d n mean t ! philological & hi/orical /udies %\ld be neglect$ 9 su* a ma!matical s*ool4 ,we tru/ t !y c be taught ) less wa/e ( en]gy ?an has be5 done 9 ! pa/4 ,!re is p]haps no ne$ ( prea*+ aga9/ ,greek & ,lat9 9 our ,am]ican s*ools1 because philology1 x appe>s1 is ! mo/ neglect$ /udy on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic & ! ignorance 9 classics (t5 ( highly educat$ s*ol>s is sometimes a/\nd+ & w\ld be %ock+ to p$ants ( ,european philology4 ,b ,i h n z yet be5 able to discov] t ?is ignorance conc]n+ a few grammatical rules ( two dead languages has wr\ght great h>m4 ,at ! same "t ,i h notic$ t ,european savants 9 spite ( _! enorm\s philological s*ol>%ip are sometimes grossly ignorant ( ! _s t liv$ 9 ! s-call$ classic nations4 ,!y h translat$ ,hom]1 h analys$ ! ,ionic & ,aeolian & ,dorian =ms ( ,hom]ic spee*1 b !y h r>ely read ,hom] & imbib$ ! beauties ( ,greek poetry4 ,philological s*ol>%ip is dry & h>d "w1 b ! /udy ( hi/orical evolution1 to be n\ri%$ ) ! _s ( ! pa/ & to see x develop into ! _s ( mod]n times is r recreation ?an drudg]y4 ,we c keep ! latt] )\t plagu+ our boys s mu* z be=e ) ! =m]4 ,! pres5t book conta9s z introduction an op5 ^w by ! au?or to 8 ,excell5cy ! ,prussian ,secret>y ( ,education1 ,dr4 von ,gossl]1 po9t+ out ! error ( 8 policy n to admit ! pupils ( ,real-gymnasia to ! univ]sities4 ,! bulk ( ! book is devot$ to an explanation ( ! importance ( ma!matics 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,mr4 ,dillmann decl>es x is a mi/ake to believe t ! objective _w is unkn[able4 ,kant has torn ! _w 9 two halves & by mak+ space & "t purely subjective1 he creat$ a gap betwe5 ! subject & ! object1 betwe5 m9d & nature1 a gap :i*1 if ,kant's assumption be true1 _c be bridg$4 ,kant's division ( ! _w h[ev] is wrong4 ,does n e ?9k+ subject ) 8 feel+s & concepts lie 9 ! sph]e ( objectivity ( o!r subjects8 ,"t & space are n purely subjective & ! sci5ce ( "t & space is de/9$ to reconcile ! conflict+ p>ties1 x w re/ore peace & h>mony aga9 betwe5 m9d & nature4 ,our _w ( conception is 9 imm$iate contact & int]connection ) ! _w ( reality4 ,all intellectual activity is motion ( our organ ( ?\ght4 ,s5sations are produc$ by motions ( ! objective _w & ^! s5sations are gradually trans=m$ into concepts4 ,words are ! embodim5t ( concepts4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! out] _w reappe> 9 ! symbolism ( language1 & ?us our intellectual activity c lead to a fai?ful repres5tation ( nature4 ,! _w is cognisable1 tru? c be born 9 u & we ne$ n lose ! self-confid5ce 9 our own abilities4 ,^! !oretical explanations are ( great int]e/1 & we ne$ sc>cely add t ,mr4 ,dillmann's plan w\ld /ill reta9 its value1 if !y 7 prov$ to conta9 inaccuracies or errors4 ,we look ^u x z ! au?or's philosophical confession ( fai?1 ! ma9 idea ( :i* is indubitably correct :ile _m ( its details are )\t great consequ5ce4 ,we w\ld express ! ma9 idea ( ,mr4 ,dillmann's book 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,=mal ?\ght is ! basis ( all k & a correct compreh5sion ( ! ma9 =mal sci5ces especially ( ma!matics is ! prim>y condition ( a sci5tific education4 4 ,,gei/es/o]ung5 ,,9 ,,d] ,,s*ule4 ,e9 ,vortrag neb/ #ac ,krank5bild]n4 ,by ,*ri/ian ,uf]4 ,wiesbad53 ,j4 ,f4 ,b]gmann4 #ahia4 ,! subject-matt] ( ?is pamphlet 0 read z a lecture on ,novemb] #i?1 #ahij1 be=e ! ,v]e9 fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,pdagogik at ,weiss5fels4 ,! au?or's aim is1 to br+ home to p>5ts & tea*]s ! important idea1 t ! treatm5t ( psy*ical di/urbances mu/ be bas$ on our be/ k ( psy*ology1 & especially ( physiological psy*ology4 ,a deep] insight into pa?ological conditions1 says ,krafft-,eb+1 w remove _m mi/akes & tyrannies 9 our education4 ,tea*]s z a rule h to deal ) heal?y *ildr51 b diseas$ conditions are suffici5tly frequ5t to dem& ( our tea*]s t !y %\ld le>n h[ to treat !m4 ,! cases ) :i* ! au?or illu/rates 8 doctr9es %[ t "o ( ! mo/ common causes ( psy*ic diseases 9 *ildr5 mu/ be s\ght 9 ! n]v\s disposition ( _! p>5ts1 _! unequal treatm5t & also _! ov]-anxi\s ambition :i* produces excitem5t 9 ! *ild's m9d )\t help+ him to ov]come ! r heavy dem&s ( ,g]man s*ool-life4 4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,man4 ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,facts ( ,physiological & ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 ,by ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co4 #ahia4 ,! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/ has collect$ & collat$ 9 ?is book ! results ( ! "w done 9 ! field ( psy*ology & its auxili>y sci5ces4 ,! au?or's philosophical /&po9t is *>act]is$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] :]e he contra/s feel+ & motion4 ,feel+ is def9$ z ! subjective aspect ( c]ta9 processes :i*1 view$ objectively1 appe> z motions1 & x is describ$ z a /ate ( aw>5ess4 ,feel+ orig9ates f ! simpl] elem5ts ( subjectivity & becomes naturally repres5tative1 i4 e4 x acquires mean+4 ,m9d is an organis$ totality ( mean+-end[$ feel+s4 ,! au?or reconciles f 8 /&po9t idealism ) realism4 ,he %[s t ! fulfilm5t ( m9d is tru?4444 ,m9d exp&s 9 ! measure t x conta9s & reflects tru? 7p4 #df74 ,! "q ( telepa?y is t\*$1 yet telepa?y has "h a diff]5t mean+ f my/ic ?\ght-transf]5ce )\t any means ( communication4 ,e s5sation is a f> feel+ 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 = we d n feel our s5se-organs b 9 & ?r\gh our s5se organs objects outside ( u are felt4 ,9 & ?r\gh our eyes mo/ di/ant />s are se54444 ,:at is ! s\l b a telepa?ic ma*9e8 7p4 #dd7 ,9 ! *apt]s foll[+ are describ$ ! *>act]i/ic features ( organis$ life & its rise f non-organis$ life4 ,! physiological "p ( ! book treats ( ! s\l-life ( plants1 !n ( animals1 & gives by ! aid ( pr(use illu/rations an acc\nt ( ! evolution ( n]v\s sy/ems up to man4 ,! *apt] on ! seat ( consci\sness proposes a new !ory :i* w be ( int]e/ to physiologi/s z well z psy*ologi/s4 ,! recapitulation ( ! pres5t /ate ( exp]im5tal psy*ology pres5ts ! mo/ tell+ facts ( hypnotism1 comp>es !m ) _! correspond5t normal /ates ( s\l-life1 & expla9s !m f ! /&po9t ( ! au?or4 ,! conclusion ( ! book is devot$ to ! e?ical & religi\s application ( ?is conception ( psy*ology4 ,! practical importance ( ! new tru?s 9 ! psy*ological field is vigor\sly ma9ta9$1 b at ! same "t x is %[n t ! old conceptions psy*ological z well z religi\s are by no means wor?less4 ,!y conta9 great tru?s & _c be disc>d$ (fh&4 ,9 ?is s5se are discuss$ among o!rs ! problems ( ,freewill & ,responsibility1 ( ,immortality & ( ! ,god-idea4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,m9d4 ,april1 #ahia4 ,no4 ,,lxii4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,free-,,w3 ,,an ,,analysis4 ,by ,%adwor? ,h4 ,hodgson4 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,consci\sness4 ,by ,alex&] ,f4 ,%&4 ,,arnold ,,geul9cx ,,& ,,8 ,,works4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,p4 ,n4 ,l&4 ,,discussion3 #a7 ,on ,?\ght-,relations4 ,by ,ar?ur ,ea/wood4 #b7 ,notes on ,volition4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,ba94 #c7 ,on ,psy*ology & ,metaphysic4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie4 ,,critical ,,notices3 ,morgan's ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce2 ,croll's ,philosophical ,basis ( ,evolution2 ,ladd's ,introduction to ,philosophy2 ,/umpf's ,tonpsy*ologie1 ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,hodgson /ates t ! k]nel ( ! problem ( ,free-,w lies 9 ! "q :e!r1 z imag9$ by ,compulsory ,det]m9i/s1 ! /ronge/ motive has f ! fir/ gov]n$ ! delib]ation or process ( *oos+1 z x subsequ5tly gov]ns ! action *os51 or :e!r ! victori\s motive owes its sup]ior /r5g? to ! act or process ( delib]ation1 :i* t]m9ates 9 *oice1 z mu* z to its own initial degree ( /r5g?4 ,9 favor ( ! latt] view1 he /ates t *oice involves delib]ation1 & su* delib]ation involves a consci\sness ( incompatible or alt]native desires1 & a comp>ison ( _! relative degrees ( desirability4 ,! act ( *oice is ! same 9 nature z ! act ( selective att5tion 9 p]ception & ?\ght1 & is kn[n by ! s5se ( ef=t or t5sion :i* gives x ! "* ( an act1 & ! consci\sness ( a decisive *ange 9 ! relative desirabilities ( ! alt]native desires repres5t$ 9 ! delib]ation1 :i* gives x ! "* ( an act ( *oice4 ,all true volition is *oice1 :e!r ! desire1 almo/ in/antane\sly adopt$1 is adopt$ because ! w is weak1 or because x is /rong4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! w is ma/]$ by a p[]ful motive2 9 ! latt] case1 ! motive :i* x foll[s receives its /r5g? f ! w itself1 9 ! "* ( a delib]at+ ag5cy4 ,to ! ext5t ( ! delib]ation !re is fre$om4 ,fre$om 9 will+ is m]ely ! p[] to w4 ,volition is ! "n = ! :ole action ( :i* ,fre$om is ! pot5tial /ate1 & ,*oice or ,resolve ! complet+ act4 ,mr4 ,/\t's article is 9 cont9uation ( t on ,app]ception & ! ,movem5t ( ,att5tion 9 ! la/ numb] ( ,m9d4 ,intuitional ?9k+ is indep5d5t ( language & o!r expressive signs4 ,language is a way ( att5d+ indirectly to t :i* _c be att5d$ to directly1 & signs :i* fulfil su* a function are expressive signs4 ,an expressive sign mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f a sugge/ive sign1 :i* m]ely calls up a c]ta9 idea :i* may !n be att5d$ to indep5d5tly ( x1 & a sub/itute sign1 :i* is a means ( n ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* x symbolises4 ,! developm5t ( language is a developm5t ( self-consci\sness4 ,a concept is an app]ceptive sy/em objectifi$ by means ( an expressive sign4 ,expressive signs are ! =m1 z di/+ui%$ f ! matt]1 ( conceptual ?\ght4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 =mal & =mless languages acts z a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! language ( natural signs & t ( conv5tional signs4 ,ge/ure-language may be describ$ z =mless4 ,x is an in/rum5t ( conceptual ?9k+1 9 :i* ! natural signs are ei!r demon/rative or imitative4 ,onomatopia is a phonetic ge/ure4 ,conv5tional signs1 be+ free f ! necess>y limitations ( natural signs1 are capable ( express+ adequately & accurately ! mo/ specific & ! mo/ ab/ract concepts4 ,9 8 article on ! ,nature ( ,consci\sness1 ,mr4 ,%& seeks to %[ t consci\sness1 :5 ab/ract$ f ! o!r acts comb9$ ) x1 is a unique judgm5t1 & z an act ( judg+ x is simple & unanalysable4 ,z a union ( act & object1 h[ev]1 consci\sness is complex4 ,! :ole is a judgm5t :i*1 besides its object1 conta9s also ! diff]5ce betwe5 its act & its object4 ,"h is %[n its contra/ ) ! ,transc5d5t ,judgm5t1 :i* m]ely judges its object4 ,b !re is a fundam5tal unity betwe5 !m4 ,ea* is a judgm5t--an act conc]n$ ab\t an object diff]5t f its act1 &1 z an act1 ea* is a simple reality4 ,judgm5t1 univ]sally z an act1 is su* a simple reality4 ,reality 9 consci\sness means no m ?an pres5tation1 & ! act ( be+ consci\s is ! subject ex]cis+ "o ( its functions4 ,?is my/]i\s some?+1 ! subject1 _c be resolv$ into any association ( pres5tations1 nor into any "o ( !m1 nor be d]iv$ by ab/raction f !m1 s f> at lea/ z ! act ( be+ consci\s is conc]n$1 :i* is a g5u9e function ( ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,l& gives a sket* ( ! life & "w ( ,arnold ,geul9cx1 ! ,flemi% ?9k] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury kn[n to /ud5ts ( philosophy 9 connection ) ! doctr9e ( ,occasionalism4 ,! key to ,geul9cx's view ( philosophy is to be f\nd 9 8 /atem5t t ! utt]ances ( our own reason are f> less reg>d$ ?an ! %[s ( s5ses & fantasy2 al?\gh !y h _! s\rce 9 ! bodily life1 :i* is radically =eign to ! s\l1 & c only d>k5 ! k ( our self & ( its true int]e/s4 ,! dualism ( m9d & body is = ,geul9cx a det]m9$ fact4 ,pr(essor ,l& has und]tak5 to prep>e a complete edition ( ,geul9cx's works1 ! exp5ses ( ! publication ( :i* w be defray$ f ! balance rema9+ ov] f ! ,sp9oza ,memorial fund4 ,9 8 discussion on ?\ght-relations1 ,mr4 ,ea/wood /ates t ?is puzzl+ expression is int]wov5 ) ! :ole ( ,gre5's writ+s1 & requires to be ?or\ghly expla9$4 ,! pro( t ! ,real is id5tical ) ! ,?9kable 0 ,gre5's great problem1 & to ,hegel's inquiry :at are ! ess5tial features ( ?\ght8 he repli$3 ! con/itution ( relations4 ,gre5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !y are n fully adequate 9 !mselves & he call$ to _! aid a spiritual pr9ciple or et]nal subject4 ,b ! ref]5ce ( relations to ! ,et]nal ,m9d z _! subject is a ref]5ce to ! unkn[n1 & !re=e is1 on gr\nds ( /rict reason1 illegitimate4 ,?\ght-relations are ess5tially f9ite1 & are ! connect+ l9ks ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,9 ! evolution ( ?\ght ! absolute is no?+ %ort ( ! :ole1 & especially1 x is ! :ole process ( transition f ,be+ to ! ,idea4 ,! m we try to ext]nalise x or to arre/ its movem5t1 by impress+ x ) ! immutability ( ?\ght-relations1 ! m x rec$es f our grasp4 ,9 8 ,notes on ,volition1 ,pr(essor ,ba9 consid]s :e!r pa9 is to be reg>d$ z ! sole motive 9 volunt>y action1 or :e!r ! motive is a gr[+ pleasure or a dim9i%+ pleasure1 9 concurr5ce ) "s =m ( active ex]tion4 ,consid]ations aris+ f ! great diff]5ces among pleasures !mselves leads him to reject ! view t ! /imulus ( ! w is uneas9ess pure & simple1 & t pleasure1 z su*1 leads to quiesc5ce & cont5tm5t4 ,a ta/e ( pleasure con/itutes an impetus to seek = m & may be accept$ z ! normal situation ( ! human w4 ,! grad$ scale ( volunt>y action ranges f ! l[e/ dep?s ( pa91 at :i* ! motive p[] is at its maximum1 to ! highe/ assignable or atta9able modes ( pleasure1 approa*+ :i* ! motive p[] gradually dies away4 ,mr4 ,mack5zie po9ts out1 9 consid]+ ,mr4 ,alex&]'s criticisms ( 8 ,introduction to ,social ,philosophy1 ! importance ( di/+ui%+1 :5 deal+ ) ! subject ( organic developm5t1 betwe5 ! psy*ological & ! metaphysical po9ts ( view1 & t he wrote entirely f ! metaphysical po9t ( view4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,,cont5ts3 ,febru>y1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #d4 ,,automatic ,,muscul> ,,movem5ts ,,among ,,! ,,insane2 ,,_! ,,physiological ,,significance4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,bancr(t4 ,,on ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,"t4 ,by ,h]b]t ,ni*ols4 ,,on ,,! ,,recov]y ,,( ,,/imulat$ ,,ganglion ,,cells4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,hodge4 ,,psy*ological ,,lit]ature4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--by ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson2 ,psy*iatry--by ,william ,noyes--,exp]im5tal2 ,miscellane\s4 ,,cont5ts3 ,april1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #a4 ,,ari?metical ,,prodigies4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,scripture4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,"t4 ,by ,h]b]t ,ni*ols4 ,,psy*ological ,,lit]ature3 ,c]ebral ,localisation4 ,by ,h5ry ,h4 ,donaldson2 ,notes on ,models ( ! ,bra94 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson2 ,a ,laboratory ,c\rse 9 ,physiological ,psy*ology4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,san=d2 ,contempor>y ,psy*ologi/s--,pr(4 ,edw>d ,zell]4 ,by ,! ,editor4 ,x is po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,bancr(t t ! close relation%ip betwe5 automatic muscul> movem5t & ! inhibitory p[] r5d]s a /udy ( ! latt] ess5tial to a complete und]/&+ ( ! subject ( automaticity 9 heal? & disease4 ,! inhibitory p[] is intimately associat$ ) all ! high] faculties1 & z x mu/1 9 common ) !m1 seek expression ?r\gh functional activity ( ! c]ebral cortex1 functional or organic di/urbance ( ?is region %\ld be att5d$ by disord]$ inhibition4 ,9 _m cases ( insanity t portion ( ! bra9 t orig9ates ! w impulse is cut (f by reason ( organic or functional di/urbance1 & consequ5tly ! areas t lie ne>] ! c5trifugal n]ves are left to act indep5d5tly ( w & inhibition4 ,! developm5t ( me*anical attitudes among ! *ronic insane is illu/rat$ by a plate exhibit+ two cases ( melan*olia ) /upor & two cases ( *ronic dem5tia4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,psy*ology ( ,"t is dealt ) by ,mr4 ,ni*ols f ! hi/orical & ! exp]im5tal /&po9ts4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! :ole "t inve/igation is1 t ( all ! philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s :o h t\*$ ^u ! problem1 only two ( ! :ole numb]1 ,condillac obscurely1 & ,james ,mill def9itely1 h solv$ ! my/]y by lett+ ! sequ5ces !mselves be ! ultimate my/]y--by lett+ _! process1 z process & ( itself1 %[ =? its own explanation4 ,! results ( exp]im5tal inve/igations 9 "t psy*ology are sc>cely m satisfactory4 ,mo/ exp]im5t]s h conf9$ !mselves to ! det]m9ation ( ! ,con/ant ,error1 ,s5sibility1 & ,web]'s ,law1 yet ) difficulty1 if at all1 c ! results ( any two ( su* det]m9ations be h>monis$4 ,! majority ( evid5ce is /rongly aga9/ ! validity ( ,web]'s ,law2 also aga9/ any fix$ or con/ant ,p]iodicity4 ,lat] inve/igators look to physiological processes = explanation ( "t-judgm5ts1 & p>ticul>ly to rhy?mic habits ( n]ve c5tres4 ,dr4 ,hodge's pap] is a cont9uation ( *apt]s :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology 9 ,may #ahhh & ,may #ahhi4 ,8 exp]im5ts on cats %[ t sp9al ganglion cells d recov] f ! effects ( injuries by electrically /imulat+ ! n]ve go+ to !m1 b t ! recov]y is a sl[ process4 ,an acc\nt is giv5 by ,dr4 ,scripture ( ! kn[n ,ari?metical ,prodigies4 ,! op9ion ( ,bidd] 0 t m5tal calculation dep5ds on two faculties ( ! m9d 9 simultane\s op]ation--comput+ & regi/]+ ! result6 ,! p[] to d long calculations 9 ! m9d )\t mak+ a mi/ake is ! mo/ rem>kable fact 9 reg>d to ready reckon]s2 next ! wond]ful rapidity :i* "s ( !m h %[n4 ,all ( !m possess$ a rem>kable impressibility1 & practis$ modes by :i* ari?metical associations may be enorm\sly %ort5$4 ,dr4 ,scripture (f]s = consid]ation ! po9ts t ! p[] ( m5tal calculation c\ld be greatly develop$ "u cultivation2 t numb]s & _! values may be le>n$ be=e figures1 j z a *ild le>ns words & _! mean+s long be=e he c read2 t x is be/ to tea* calculation by ! abacus be=e ciph]+4 ,mr4 ,ni*ols records 9 8 second article ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made by him at ,cl>k ,univ]sity to inve/igate ! app>5tly contradictory results obta9$ by v>i\s exp]im5t]s reg>d+ ! ,con/ant ,error ( ,"t-judgm5ts4 ,! exp]im5ts tea* no?+ ( ! cause ( ! ,con/ant ,error1 b x is %[n t ^? individuals :o make ! l>ge/ con/ant error1 make ! error mo/ con/antly 9 "o direction1 & are apt to make a con/antly increas+ error ?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,ni*ols's f9al conclusion is t ! processes ( our environm5t1 ( our bodily organism1 & ( ! s5sations & images :i* correspond !reto1 are1 9 !mselves a suffici5t explanation ( "t-psy*ology1 & t "t p]ception _c be expla9$ by any s+le /ate or disp>ate s5se1 b alone be acc\nt$ = z a process4 7,e4 ,c4 ,san=d1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass47 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,april1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,social ,,equality4 ,by ,leslie ,/eph54 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,e?ical ,,codes4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,toy4 ,,! ,,"r ,,f9al ,,aim ,,( ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 von ,gizycki4 ,,! ,,moral ,,philosoph] ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,william ,james4 ,,ano!r ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,l&-,,t5ure4 ,by ,pr(4 ,simon ,n4 ,patt54 ,,moral ,,tales4 ,by ,cl>a ,e4 ,collet4 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 affirms t x is our duty to try to make m5 equal by rais+ ! grade ( culture 9 all classes4 ,! di/ribution ( classes w\ld cont9ue1 b x w\ld correspond purely to ! tell+ (f ( ea* man to ! duties :i* he is be/ fitt$ to dis*>ge4 ,! ess5tial condition ( all social improvem5t is t ! individual %\ld be manly1 self-respect+1 do+ 8 duty z well z gett+ 8 pay4 ,no?+ w d any p]man5t good :i* does n imply ! elevation ( ! individual 9 8 /&>d ( hone/y1 indep5d5ce1 & good conduct4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ /udies ( life1 says ,pr(essor ,toy1 is t :i* is kn[n z ! clan-con/itution ( society1 dur+ :i* two important facts are exhibit$1 7#a7 e?ical ideas are det]m9$ by ^? ( ! community1 & 7#b7 ! deity ( ! community is reg>d$ z a memb] ( ! clan4 ,bo? ^! *>act]i/ics h become modifi$ 9 ! progress ( civilisation4 ,moral rules & pr9ciples h become cle>]1 broad]1 & high]1 & society has come to be an effici5t moral guide & support4 ,religion has mov$ away f ! conception ( ! tribal god1 & ! conception has be5 =m$ ( ! absolute dom9ion ( natural law 9 ! moral _w4 ,! end to :i* human moral hi/ory po9ts is a consci5ce absolutely indep5d5t & yet absolutely dep5d5t1--indep5d5t 9 t x refuses to recognise any o!r au?ority ?an its own ideals1 dep5d5t 9 t x receives its ideals f ! life ( man1 :i* is ! highe/ revelation ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor von ,gizycki1 ! ultimate basis ( all e?ical demon/ration is ! supreme /&>d ( good & evil1 ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( all mank9d4 ,v>i\s objections urg$ aga9/ ?is1 z ! f9al aim ( life1 are exam9$ by ,pr(essor von ,gizycki & decl>$ n to con/itute a decisive case aga9/ x4 ,z to ! desire to obta9 peace ( consci5ce he affirms t ?is c only foll[ ^u su* action z is 9 con=mity ) ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,! ,pr(essor has modifi$ 8 =m] position4 ,! injunction1 ,seek peace ( consci5ce 9 devot+ ?yself to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 :i* he _h propos$ 9 8 ,moral ,philosophy1 implies an impracticable comb9ation ( two di/9ct f9al aims4 ,ei!r ! "o or ! o!r mu/ abdicate ! supremacy to its rival4 ,we mu/ invoke ! aid ( e?ical self-love 9 ord] to insure ! victory to ! =ces :i* make = good4 ,b our rul+ aim ought to be ! advancem5t ( ! univ]sal happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ,pr(essor ,james's pap] is to %[ t !re is no su* ?+ possible z an e?ical philosophy dogmatically made up 9 advance4 ,?ree que/ions 9 e?ics mu/ be kept ap>t--! psy*ological1 ! metaphysical1 & ! casui/ic4 ,! psy*ological "q asks aft] ! hi/orical orig9 ( our moral ideas & judgm5ts2 ! metaphysical "q asks ! v mean+ ( ! words good1 ill1 & obligation2 ! casui/ic "q asks :at is ! measure ( ! v>i\s goods & ills :i* m5 recognise1 s t ! philosoph] may settle ! true ord] ( human obligation4 ,z to ! psy*ological "q1--relations exi/ 9 our ?\ght :i* d n m]ely repeat ! c\pl+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,our ideals h c]ta9ly _m s\rces4 ,!y are n all explicable z signify+ corporeal pleasures to be ga9$1 & pa9s to be escap$4 ,z to ! metaphysical "q1--goodness1 badness1 & obligation mu/ be realis$ some:]e 9 ord] really to exi/4 ,)\t a claim actually made by "s concrete p]son !re c be no obligation1 b !re is "s obligation :]ev] !re is a claim4 ,claim & obligation are co-ext5sive t]ms4 ,! words good1 bad1 obligation1 are objects ( feel+ & desire1 :i* h no foo?old or an*orage 9 ,be+ ap>t f ! exi/5ce ( actually liv+ m9ds4 ,! religion ( humanity af=ds a basis = e?ics z well z !ism does4 ,z to ! casui/ic "q--,! be/ ( ! m>ks & measures ( goodness is ! capacity to br+ happ9ess1 b 9 seek+ = an univ]sal pr9ciple we f9d t ! ess5ce ( good is simply to satisfy dem&4 ,b ! actual possible 9 ?is _w is va/ly n>r[] ?an all t is dem&$1 & ! guid+ pr9ciple = e?ical philosophy mu/ be simply to satisfy at all times z _m dem&s z we c4 ,s f> z ! casui/ic "q goes1 e?ical sci5ce is j l physical sci5ce1 & mu/ be ready to revise its conclusions f day to day4 ,concrete e?ics _c be f9al because !y h to wait on metaphysics4 ,! f9al conclusion is t ! /able & sy/ematic moral univ]se = :i* ! e?ical philosoph] asks is fully possible only 9 a _w :]e !re is a div9e ?9k] ) all-envelop+ dem&s4 ,if he n[ exi/1 !n actualis$ 9 8 ?\ght already mu/ be t e?ical philosophy :i* we seek aft] z ! patt]n :i* our own mu/ ev] m approa*4 ,pr(essor ,patt5 treats ( ! economical data be>+ on ! facts ( l&-t5ure1 & concludes t if no surplus l& value goes to ! monopolies or to privileg$ classes1 !re is no e?ical problem involv$4 ,if "s ( ! surplus goes 9 ?is way1 !n ! e?ical problem is ! same z if all ( ! produce ( indu/ry above a m9imum ( wages w5t to increase ! surplus4 ,! gr[? ( society 9 weal? & numb]s (t5 makes ! man )\t weal? & l& less productive1 because he mu/ use poor] l& or less productive in/rum5ts4 ,! loss be+ due to social *anges ! workman is entitl$ to comp5sation = :i* he %\ld look to society1 :i* may *oose ! concrete =m 9 :i* x %all be made4 ,! exp5se ( do+ ?is %\ld be borne by ^? :o h pr(it$ f ! prosp]ity ( society4 ,9 h] int]e/+ pap] on ,moral ,tales1 ,mrs4 ,collet passes 9 review c]ta9 books :i*1 read 9 *ildhood1 h left an indelible impression on h] m9d4 ,*ief among !m are ! ,s&=d & ,m]ton ( ,?omas ,day1 :o 0 deeply impress$ by ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau2 ! /ories ( ,m>ia ,edgewor?1 ! mo/ truly democratic ( our moral writ]s2 & ^? ( ,dr4 ,aik5 & 8 si/]1 ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 ^: writ+s al?\gh p]vad$ by a /rong religi\s _s1 are v /rik+ = _! unaggressive & yet op5 decl>ation ( ! "r to ?9k indep5d5tly 9 religion4 ,mrs4 ,collet gives h] v]dict1 ) reg>d to ! moral education ( *ildr51 9 favor ( ! volunt>y consumption ( moral tales4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #afjb ,*e/nut ,/47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,m>*1 #ahia4 ,no4 #ahc4 ,,p\rquoi ,,m\rons-,,n\s8 ,by ,j4 ,delbuf4 ,,sur ,,un ,,cas ,d',,ab\lie ,,et ,d',,idees ,,fixes4 ,by ,pi]re ,janet4 ,l',,art ,,et ,,la ,,logique4 7,f947 ,by ,g4 ,t>de4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,revue ,,des ,,p]iodiques ,,etrang]s4 ,,cont5ts3 ,april1 #ahia4 ,no4 #ahd4 ,,qu',,e/-,,ce ,,que ,,la ,,physiologie ,,g5]ale8 ,by ,*4 ,ri*et4 ,,la ,,philosophie ,,de ,,bacon4 ,by ,victor ,bro*>d4 ,,sur ,,un ,,cas ,d',,ab\lie ,,et ,d',,idees ,,fixes 7,f947 ,by ,pi]re ,janet4 ,,p\rquoi ,,m\rons-,,n\s8 7,f947 ,by ,j4 ,delbuf4 ,,notes ,,et ,,discussions4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,sur ,,un ,,olfactometre4 ,by ,*4 ,h5ry4 ,m4 ,delbuf's article is ! complem5t to 8 /udies on ! orig9 ( dea?1 & 0 inspir$ by ! "w ( ,m4 ,maupas1 ,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la multiplication des infusoires cilis1 "s ( ! conclusions ( :i* he ?9ks are n support$ by obs]vation & emanate f ! sophism1 t :i* has n be5 se5 does n exi/4 ,nev]!less he accepts ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,maupas1 z aga9/ ,m4 ,weismann1 t ! protozoa z well z ! metazoa1 are mortal z individuals1 al?\gh immortal 9 & by ! species4 ,m4 ,delbuf acc\nts = ! *ange f fissip>ity to sexuality by ref]5ce to ma!matical law applicable to ! trans=mation ( species1 accord+ to :i* f ! mom5t t a con/ant cause beg9s to make a type v>y1 9 h[ev] small a degree1 ! v>iations w end by victori\sly disput+ ! position ) x4 ,! dea? ( ! ciliat$ infusoria is !n n due1 z suppos$ by ,m4 ,maupas1 to ! effect ( a s5ile alt]ation ( _! elem5ts proce$+ f an int]nal cause1--:i* w\ld r5d] inexplicable ! unalt]$ ma9t5ance ( ! species1--b ! effect ( a disequilibration ( _! organism due to a sort ( ma!matically fatal ext]nal physical con/ra9t4 ,! two corpuscles 9 ! union ( :i* ! conjugation ( ^? infusoria consi/s are reg>d$ by ,m4 ,delbuf z truly male & female1 & he affirms t be=e unit+ !y make a *oice ( individuals apt to rejuv5ate4 ,intellig5ce is ?us ! indisp5sable factor ( ! p]petuity ( races4 ,! answ] to ! d\ble "q1 ,:y is individual matt] mortal & specific matt] immortal1 is res]v$ = ano!r numb]4 ,m4 ,janet's int]e/+ /udy is ( a subject1 a "y girl ( #bb1 :o1 z ! title d5otes1 exhibits an almo/ total loss ( ! faculty ( w1 p>tly ?r\gh h]$it>y causes & p>tly consequ5t on a s]i\s attack ,( typhoid fev]4 ,m>celle has a s+ul> difficulty ( movem5t1 :i* ext5ds to all ! volunt>y movem5ts ( ! arms1 ! legs1 & ev5 ! tongue & ! lips1 & is due to a k9d ( p>alysis4 ,%e is1 h[ev]1 extremely sugge/ible1 & v easily hypnotis$4 ,by exp]im5t ,m4 ,janet f\nd t ! difficulty ( a movem5t is 9 proportion to its novelty4 ,! difficulty consi/$ 9 =m+ ! syn!sis ( ideas & images :i* con/itutes ! comm5cem5t ( ! act1 b its repetition is easy :5 ! act has be5 once done4 ,m>celle sometimes w5t into a demi-cataleptic /ate dur+ :i* %e _h a crisis ( ideas1 :i* %e describ$ z a cl\d pass+4 ,%e compla9$ t dur+ ! cl\d h] head spoke con/antly4 ,?is ,m4 ,janet expla9s by ref]5ce to ! !ory ( ,m4 ,sglas t !re are sev]al k9ds ( v]bal halluc9ations z ( language1 t is halluc9ations ( he>+1 ( visual images1 & ( tactile & muscul> s5sations att5dant on speak+ or writ+1 ! la/ nam$ be+ ! psy*ic halluc9ations or ! epiga/ric voices ( ! insane4 ,dur+ ! lucid int]vals ,m>celle p]=m$ ! comm&s giv5 to h] by h] halluc9ations :ile "u ! cl\d1 l a p]son :o :ile 9 a /ate ( somnambulism receives a po/hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,9 ?is conclud+ article on ,art & ,logic1 ,m4 ,t>de1 aft] consid]+ ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 indu/ry & art1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! desires ( consumption & production prop] to !m1 deals ) ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! "w ( art consid]$ 9 itself & ! reason ( its be+4 ,! attribute ( ! "w ( art is to be int]e/+4 ,art is a game1 b a s]i\s & pr(\nd game1 l love1 & x is born ( leisure & pleasure4 ,! unity ( ! "w ( art consi/s simply 9 ! c\pl+ ( a "q & an answ]1 a problem & a solution1 a combat & a victory4 ,e phrase1 musical or spok51 is a wave :i* rises & desc5ds1 & 9 e art :atev] all is phrases & waves1 & _! comb9ation is itself a complex wave1 a p]iod4 ,9 ! undulat+ mirror ( art we see aga9 social life 9 action2 s9ce e/hetics reflect ! dynamic1 & n ! /atic1 social logic4 ,m4 ,t>de criticises ! !ory ( ,sp5c] t all ! arts are d]iv$ f ar*itecture1 & %[s t ! fir/ art 0 spee* & t f spee*1 spok5 or writt51 all art is d]iv$4 ,n>rative poetry1 ! epic poem1 is ! complex g]m ( all arti/ic developm5t2 & z art began 9 n>ration1 x ends 9 ! drama1 because man is above all social4 ,art1 or reflection ( man1 borr[s by turns its dom9ant inspiration f ! passions ( life or ! inspirations ( society4 ,m4 ,ri*et sums up 8 description ( ,g5]al ,physiology 9 ! =mula3 ,life is a *emical function4 ,8 mo/ important conclusions are t ! g5]al laws ( life are *emical laws1 & respond to ! *emical conditions ( hydratation1 temp]ature1 electricity & pressure2 =ce is cond5s$ 9 liv+ be+s "u ! =m ( *emical en]gy1 & manife/s itself outw>dly1 by movem5t1 by electricity1 by light1 by heat1 or by ?\ght4 7,we consid] ?is juxtaposition ( electricity1 light1 heat & ?\ght z extremely mislead+1 & s is ! def9ition ( life z a *emical function4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ,m4 ,ri*et consid]s ?\ght also a *emical process4 ,t physiological actions are processes :i* h _! own conditions & are diff]5t f *emical & physical processes1 has be5 expla9$ 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,no4 #c4 p4 #dac-dad47 ,m4 ,ri*et cont9ues3 ,liv+ be+s are cellul> aggregates1 b 9 animals ! n]v\s sy/em =ms a c5tre ( unity1 f :5ce proce$ motor excitations & :]e s5sible excitations t]m9ate2 cellules & be+s are organis$ to live3 !y are adapt$ to ! ambi5t m$ium1 & to all ! causes ( de/ruction :i* c rea* !m4 ,?us _! acts1 al?\gh (t5 automatic & depriv$ ( all intellig5ce1 appe> to u admirably intellig5t2 ! s5sations & consci\sness ( intellig5t be+s are 9 agreem5t ) ! ne$s ( ! organism1 & t5d to /r5g!n ! automatic me*anisms by means ( :i* be+s resi/ dea?1 :e!r x be ! dea? ( ! individual or t ( ! species4 ,m4 ,bro*>d takes exception to ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire's op9ion ( ,bacon z a philosoph]1 & endorses ! views express$ by ,m4 ,*>les ,adam 9 8 ,memoir cr[n$ by ! ,academy4 ,bacon n only saw :at sci5tific induction %\ld be1 b indicat$ ) p]fect precision ! conditions t x ought to fulfil4 ,add$ to ! !ory ( me?od is ! !ory ( =ms1 :i* is ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,bacon's philosophy4 ,m4 ,adam %[s t ! ^w =m is us$ by ,bacon to express ! true diff]5ce1 or t by :i* a ?+ is def9$2 ! ess5ce or ! ?+ 9 its intimate con/itution2 & a law ( pure act1 7lex actus puri74 ,m4 ,bro*>d adopts ,m4 ,adam's explanation1 t by ?is law is to be und]/ood a disposition 9 space1 an arrangem5t ( mat]ial p>ts1 9 o!r t]ms1 a me*anical or ma!matical relation--& he ju/ifies ,m4 ,adam's ass]tion1 & %[s t ,bacon resembl$ ,galileo & ,desc>tes 9 div9+ t physics re/$ on ma!matics1 & t ! pure act 0 produc$ :5ev] c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( mat]ial molecules are =m$ accord+ to me*anical conditions4 ,bacon sup]poses1 9 "s sort1 a philosophy ( quality on a philosophy ( quantity1 & a*ieves ! passage f movem5t to quality s emb>rass+ = e doctr9e :i* gives a place to me*anism4 ,m4 ,janet concludes 8 /udy ( ! curi\s case ( ab\lism pres5t$ by ,m>celle1 giv+ details ( h] exp]i5ces "u ! influ5ce ( hypnotism & sugge/ion1 :i* greatly ameliorat$ h] condition1 tempor>ily at lea/4 ,! nature ( h] disease approa*es mu* ! m5tal feebl5ess describ$ else:]e by ,m4 ,janet "u ! "n ( psy*ological disaggregation ) contract+ ( ! field ( consci\sness1 b diff]s f x 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 a weak5+ ( ! faculty ( syn!sis :i* ought1 at e mom5t ( life1 to co-ord9ate afre% our s5sations & our images4 ,! /udy ( ?is enfeeblem5t %[s ! importance ( ! novelty ( acts 9 connection ) ! w1 ! rle ( ! w 9 app>5tly ! mo/ simple p]ceptions1 ! necessity ( volunt>y syn!sis = orig9at+ habits & recollections1 ! connection betwe5 d\bt & defective p]ception1 & ! developm5t ( v>i\s halluc9ations4 ,be=e answ]+ ! "q :y we die1 ,m4 ,delbuf consid]s ! orig9 ( life4 ,he makes a di/9ction betwe5 dead matt] & liv+ matt]4 ,on ?is subject he has publi%$ a book entitl$ ,la matire brute et la matire vivante4 ,he affirms t life 9 ! univ]se began ) liv+1 s5sible atoms1 end[$ ) w & lib]ty1 & hav+ a k ( _! own movem5t4 ,?is life gradually conc5trat$ itself 9 g]ms hav+ ! faculty ( p]petuat+ !mselves4 ,!y rema9$ nak$ & "s ( ^? g]ms /ill cont9ue compos$ almo/ entirely ( reproductive1 t is ess5tially liv+1 sub/ance4 ,! o!rs h gradually become clo!d ) a body1 a k9d ( protective envelope4 ,! life ( ?is envelope is n inh]5t2 x has be5 communicat$ by ! g]ms t x protects1 & at ! end ( a p]iod ( a great] or less duration x becomes useless1 fades & dies4 ,life is su/a9$ by nutrition b ! assimilat+ faculty dim9i%es by degrees1 until x ceases1 & at la/1 ! rep>ation ( our organs n be+ equal to _! we>1 !y are n able to fulfil _! mission4 ,! decay ( liv+ matt] is due to ! op]ation ( physical & *emical laws4 ,assimilation is at ! base ( life1 & x is exhibit$ 9 inorganic nature z well z 9 liv+ be+s4 ,liv+ bodies mu/ h "s p]man5t c5tres ( assimilation ar\nd :i* ! nutritive elem5ts gr\p4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! c5tres 0 ! g]m1 9 :i* is ! supreme or immortal life1 & :i* immortalises t "p ( ! nutrim5t :i* becomes incorporat$ ) x4 ,al?\gh ! organs ( nutrition det]iorate & die1 ! reproductive organs rema9 et]nally "y1 9 p[] at lea/4 ,nutrition itself is manife/$ ei!r z alim5tation1 or z conjugation or fecundation1 & is a ph5om5on analog\s to copulation4 ,m4 ,delbuf !n proce$s to %[ ! uni=mity 9 ! modes ( propagation1 & gives reasons = believ+1 contr>y to ! views ( ,van ,b5$51 t ! cellule-egg1 & n ! sp]matozoid1 is h]maphrodite4 ,! ov>y is ! true depository ( ! immortal propagative sub/ance4 ,woman is ! inexhau/ible s\rce ( life4 7,p>is3 ,felix ,alcan47 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #c4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,zur ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,spra*e4 ,by ,rob]t ,somm]4 ,,zur ,,!orie ,,des ,,raeumli*5 ,,vor/ell5s ,,mit ,,ruecksi*t ,,auf ,,e9e ,,na*bildlokalisation4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,cornelius4 ,,die ,,seel5frage4 ,by ,j4 ,rehmke4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,pr(essor ,gra%ey1 n[ ( ,muni*1 =m]ly ( ,wrzburg1 has publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie 7,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #fed ff47 an int]e/+ case ( a peculi> k9d ( aphasia4 ,a man ^: "n is ,voit1 #cb ye>s old1 engag$ = m5ial s]vice 9 ! brew+ bus9ess1 receiv$ an injury on ! head4 ,he 0 treat$ at ! psy*iatric cl9ic ( ,wrzburg by ,pr(essor ,gra%ey & dismiss$ z cur$1 yet five ye>s aft] ! accid5t he 0 aga9 submitt$ to ! pr(essor's inve/igations & x 0 f\nd t he 0 suff]+ f amne/ic aphasia4 ,he c\ld n rememb] ! "n ( any?+ = a few seconds4 ,pr(essor ,gra%ey drew ! foll[+ conclusion f ,voit's case3 ,!re is an aphasia :i* is bas$ nei!r ^u ! function>y inability ( c]ta9 c5tres nor ^u ! int]ruption ( commissural connections1 b exclusively ^u a dim9ution ( ! s5se-impressions1 :i* causes a di/urbance ( appreh5sion & association4 ,voit 0 unable to "n any object %[n him unless he c\ld spell x ) ! assi/ance ( 8 h&s1 legs1 or ev5 8 tongue4 ,by writ+ only c\ld he f9d ! names ( objects4 ,dr4 ,somm] objects to ,pr(essor ,gra%ey's int]pretation ( ! case & %[s conv9c+ly f ! symptoms1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie by ,gra%ey himself1 t :5ev] ,voit 0 prev5t$ f mak+ writ+ ge/ures 7:i* 0 done by hold+ 8 h&s & legs immovable & by ord]+ him to %[ 8 tongue s t he c\ld n employ x = writ+ on ! ro( ( 8 m\?7 he c\ld nev] f9d ! "n ( any object4 ,accord+ly x is no case ( amnesia2 ,voit actually has only "o way left = f9d+ words1 t is by spell+ !m4 ,n[ x is g5]ally suppos$1 t we fir/ see an object1 & recognise x at ! c5tre ( vision4 ,! n]v\s irritation is !nce transmitt$ to ! c5tre ( language2 ! sight ( a knife evokes 9 ! c5tre ( spee* ! ^w knife & we suppose t ! spok5 or he>d ^w w 9 ! c5tre ( writ+ awak5 ! motor /imuli ( spell+ ! ^w4 ,! pres5t case proves t if ?is be ! rule !re are exceptions to x & ,dr4 ,somm] proposes ! "q1 ,h[ c we expla9 ! case8 ,x is /range t ! man is n depriv$ ( concepts2 s long z he is prev5t$ f writ+ he is only depriv$ ( nam+ ?+s or concepts4 ,he nev] fail$ to recognise simil> ?+s z belong+ to ! same class1 b s long z he 0 ti$ at tongue & limb1 he c\ld nev] f9d _! common "n4 ,= in/ance a guit> & a trumpet 7 %[n him :ile he 0 b\nd1 z x 0 call$4 ,:5 ask$1 ,d !y belong toge!r8 he nodd$ emphatically4 7,he _h to answ] by nods because he _h to %[ 8 tongue47 ,:5 ask$1 ,d y "k _! names8 he %ook 8 head & c\ld nev] f9d _! names until he 0 all[$ to make writ+ ge/ures ) ei!r "o ( 8 limbs or 8 tongue4 ,9 ?is way he recognis$ & classifi$ ?+s correctly1 b he nev] nam$ !m except by spell+ ! names4 ,su* ?+s or pictures ( ?+s %[n him 7 ! foll[+3 ,guit>--trumpet--3 musical in/rum5ts4 ,gun--canon--3 arms4 ,sickle--wat]+-pot--3 ut5sils4 ,lant]n--lamp--3 lights4 ,palace--b>n--3 build+s1 etc4 ,dr4 ,somm] says3 ,suppose t ^? p>ts ( ! bra9 ! loss ( :i* accord+ to mod]n exp]im5ts & pa?ological obs]vations cause a loss ( memory-pictures1 are ?\ght ( z motor app>atuses1 ! de/ruction ( :i* has a simil> effect z 9 ! pres5t case1 ! b9d+ :i* prev5t$ ,voit f spell+3 9 ?is case amnesia might f9d an explanation )\t ! crude mat]iali/ic assumption t !y are localis$ 9 ! injur$ cells4 ,dr4 ,somm] only ?r[s out ! h9t )\t f9d+ space to expla9 himself4 ,yet x appe>s to u t :e!r amnesia is produc$ by ! de/ruction ( ! c5tres or ( _! suppos$ motor app>atuses t ! "o is n less & n m crude mat]ialism ?an ! o!r4 ,! problem x appe>s has no?+ to d ) mat]ialism1 b ) ! me*anism ( ! bra94 ,! fibres ( association seem to "w 9 ,voit's bra9 9 ! opposite direction to :at we %\ld expect4 ,! normal pa? is app>5tly int]rupt$4 ,! sight ( an object does n evoke its "n4 ,yet are !re n innum]able fibres ( association :i* may rea* ! desir$ end--9 ?is case ! pronunciation ( ! "n--9 a r\ndab\t way8 ,!re mu/ be1 = ! facts prove x4 ,"o ?+ 9 ! case ( ,voit is pat5t4 ,:5 ,voit f9ds ! names by writ+ !m1 he app>5tly kn[s ! writt5 ^w1 he _c pron\nce x1 because he does n "k ! spok5 ^w1 ! c5tre ( spok5 words be+ ! seat ( ! injury4 ,he has a concept ( ! ?+1 he c\ld write x1 b he _c pron\nce x4 ,! r\ndab\t way leads ?r\gh a prov9ce n directly accessible to consci\sness4 ,! writt5 ^w is n 9 ! same imm$iate contact ) consci\sness z ! spok5 ^w4 ,t ?is is s we "k f actual & daily exp]i5ce4 ,:o has n tri$ to assure himself ( ! correct spell+ ( a ^w by writ+ x d[n & ?us leav+ ! te/ to ! unconsci\s memory ( ! motions ( our h&8 ,c4 ,s4 ,cornelius discusses ! !ory ( spatial conception ) special ref]5ce to a localisation ( aft]-images4 ,he takes ! position t we are 9 relation to ! out] _w ?r\gh s5sation only1 reject+ all assumptions ( innate ideas1 ( a special space s5se1 etc4 ,s5sation1 he says1 is an int5sive /ate4 ,! conception ( space-relations c orig9ate only by a multiplicity ( s5sations :i* ?r\gh ! qualitative contra/s affect ea* o!r & arrange !mselves 9 a c]ta9 ord] beside ea* o!r4 ,! v]tical & horizontal conception height & bread?1 are easily expla9$1 b dep?1 ! ?ird dim5sion ( space af=ds "s difficulty4 ,?4 ,lipps d5ies ! exi/5ce ( an appreh5sion ( dep?1 yet ,cornelius ma9ta9s t x actually exi/s4 ,he expla9s x 9 ! same way z ! v]tical & horizontal space-conceptions z orig9at+ f muscle s5sation4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ^u ! :ole space-s5se is ! product & ! int]pretation ( motion exp]i5ces ma9ly due to ! activity ( ! muscles ( ! eye4 ,b x appe>s t ! conception ( ! ?ird dim5sion ( sight is n due alone1 z says ,cornelius1 to muscle activity4 ,! inve/igations ( ,wundt & ( ,ma*1 :i* are n tak5 into consid]ation by ,cornelius1 prove t ! p]spective & ! di/ribution ( light & %ade are ess5tial elem5ts 9 our p]ception ( ! ?ird dim5sion 9 space4 ,our eyes h become accu/om$ by ! in=mation receiv$ ?r\gh o!r *annels1 especially ! s5se ( t\*1 to int]pret p]spective 9 comb9ation ) c]ta9 %ad+s z dep? s t ev5 ! "o-ey$ man sees ?+s n z two dim5sional pictures b z ?ree dim5sional corporeal =ms4 ,a subject ( extraord9>y int]e/ is discuss$ by ,j4 ,rehmke1 :o criticises ,o4 ,flgel's position & contra/s x ) 8 own4 ,o4 ,flgel has publi%$ a book1 entitl$ ,die ,seel5frage1 treat+ ! subject f ! n>r[ /&po9t ( ,h]b>t's s*ool4 ,x is unnecess>y to /ate t ,h]b>t has great m]its 9 ! evolution ( our psy*ological views4 ,he attempt$ to introduce ma!matical me?ods 9 ord] to def9e exactly ! dynamics & /atics ( ! s\l4 ,h]b>t fail$1 al?\gh he gave new impulses to psy*ological inve/igations :i* h prov$ valuable 9 _m ways4 ,_m ( 8 disciples are n[ busy p]petuat+ 8 mi/akes4 ,flgel is "o among !m4 ,flgel emphasises ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 b be+ l 8 ma/] an advocate ( atomism he po/ulates s\l atoms :i* are ma!matical po9ts4 ,atomism1 ,flgel decl>es1 mu/ reject actio 9 di/ans because x is 7#a7 inconceivable1 7#b7 nons5sical & contradictory1 & 7#c7 because =ce is an accid5s ( matt]1 matt] be+ ! sub/ance4 ,! accid5s c h no effects1 x _c exi/1 :]e ! sub/ance is n4 ,flgel also lays mu* /ress on ! disp>ity ( feel+ & motion1 & ( ?\ght & motion4 ,s\l & body are to him two di/9ct ?+s & _! int]action is expla9$ ?r\gh ! contact ( ! po9t-l1 immat]ial s\l atom & ! bra9 atoms4 ,rehmke po9ts out t ?is view 9 spite ( its pr(ess$ ho/ility t[>d mat]ialism is extremely mat]iali/ic1 b ! view :i* he proposes himself suff]s f simil> errors4 ,flgel has pres]v$ ! unity & ! immortality ( ! s\l :i* is an inde/ructible immat]ial ma!matical po9t1 mov+ ab\t 9 our bra94 ,rehmke also pres]ves ! unity & immortality ( ! s\l3 he believes 9 a subjectum1 9 an ego :i* is ! ess5ce hav+ ! /ates ( consci\sness z attributes4 ,! s\l accord+ to ,rehmke is n space-giv51 x is an immat]ial some?+ :i* has s5sations4 ,we %\ld accord+ly make a di/9ction betwe5 ! ego z ! subject & ! ego z our bodily exi/5ce2 moreov] we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ! /ate ( consci\sness & ! object ( consci\sness4 ,rehmke takes ! ^w cont5ts ( consci\sness 9 ! s5se ( signify+ t :i* ! ego possesses4 ,! /ate ( consci\sness is always ! same1 x has no evolution1 no gr[?1 no developm5t4 ,! object ( consci\sness h[ev] con/antly *anges4 ,! subject ( consci\sness is ! s\l4 ,! int]connection betwe5 s\l & body is n d5i$1 b !re c be no ?\ght ( a contact betwe5 ! immat]ial & ! mat]ial4 ,! s\l is1 b x is n 9 space1 x is n[h]e1 & its co-op]ation ) ! body is describ$ z an exempl>y toge!r--an expression to :i*1 we are sorry to say1 we _c atta* any mean+4 ,j4 ,rehmke objects also to ! !ory t feel+ & motion1 s\l & body1 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial are two sides ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,if ?is two sides !ory 7 correct1 he says1 ! s\l w\ld be an ab/ract & s w\ld be ! body4 ,b1 he adds1 all ab/racts are immutable1 un*angeable & ! object ( psy*ology is some?+ t is obs]v$ to possess evolution4 ,n[ x is true t "s ab/racts repres5t immutable concepts2 matt] is su* an ab/ract4 ,matt] is t :i* all matt]s h 9 common & ! ab/ract matt] is ev]y:]e ! same2 we _c speak ( ! evolution ( matt] z su*4 ,b o!r ab/racts are n s rigid4 ,take = in/ance life4 ,life is an ab/ract1 b x w\ld be a /range proposition to say t !re c be no evolution ( life because life is an ab/ract1 all ab/racts be+ un*angeable1 immutable1 inv>iable4 ,we _c agree ) ,flgel1 b ,j4 ,rehmke's psy*ological views are /ill less acceptable4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,l4 ,voss47 4 ,,vi]teljahrss*rift ,f,r ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,philosophie4 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,d] ,,sog5annte ,,naive ,,realismus4 ,by ,r4 ,seydel4 ,,das ,,problem ,,d] ,,auss5welt4 ,by ,s4 ,hans54 ,,exp]im5telle ,,pa?o-,,psy*ologie4 7,er/] ,artikel47 ,by ,m4 ,dessoir4 ,,ueb] ,,ans*auung ,,und ,,ihre ,,psy*is*e ,,v]>beitung4 ,by ,b4 ,k]ry4 ,,d] ,,folg]ungscalcul ,,und ,,die ,,inhaltslogik4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,huss]l4 ,,exp]im5telle ,,pa?o-,,psy*ologie4 7,zweit] ,artikel47 ,by ,m4 ,dessoir4 ,r4 ,seydel reg>ds sight alone z space-s5se & ! o!r s5ses z "t-s5ses4 ,?is1 he says1 is ! reason :y !re is no nave realism = any o!r s5se b sight4 ,s4 ,hans51 tak+ our concepts & s5sations z ! data f :i* we h to />t1 discusses ! problem ( ! reality ( ! out] _w4 ,he arrives at ! conclusion1 t if !re is a ?+ 9 itself1 ! ph5om5on is only "o side ( x1 viz1 t side :i* x reveals4 ,! ?+ 9 itself is ! real _w 9 :i* we live & ( :i* we speak 9 daily life1 al?\gh we "k x only ?r\gh ph5om5a1 i4 e4 our concepts4 ,max ,dessoir pres5ts a review ( ,exp]im5tal ,pa?o-psy*ology z x has develop$ 9 ! la/ decades ?r\gh ! extraord9>y att5tion be/[$ ^u ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism & k9dr$ subjects4 ,he discusses exp]im5tal pa?o-psy*ology ) special ref]5ce to ! great problems ( 7#a7 consci\sness1 7#b7 ! relation betwe5 feel+ & motion1 7#c7 memory1 & 7#d7 p]sonality4 ,! two =m] po9ts are discuss$ 9 ! fir/ article1 ! two latt] 9 ! conclusion4 ,max ,dessoir emphasises 9 ?is essay aga9 8 !ory ( ! d\ble ego :i* he propos$ 9 8 pamphlet1 ,das ,doppel-,i*4 ,b4 ,k]ry's article is ! conclusion ( a s]ies ( essays on intuition 7i4 e4 appreh5sion or s5sation7 & its psy*ical trans=mation4 ,! au?or di/+ui%es betwe5 subjective concepts & objective concepts4 ,if ,i ?9k = in/ance ( all ! grapes t w gr[ ?is ye> 9 ,italy1 ,i d n "k 9 my subjective conception _! def9ite numb]4 ,x is a def9ite numb] nev]!less4 ,?is concept is ! objective concept4 ,he devotes mu* space to a discussion ( ! rigidity ( ,kant's apriori/ic judgm5t #geab4 ,! mo/ important po9t is ultimately h[ ?is judgm5t possesses necessity4 ,! au?or obs]ves t ! !orems ( ari?metic possess necessity :ile we _c attribute necessity to ! results ( calculation4 ,our faculty ( calculation1 ,b4 ,k]ry says1 %\ld be consid]$ z apriori/ic1 or m correctly1 x is a complex ( primitive faculties1 & ^! are3 our faculty to appreh5d 9 "s cont5ts ( our appreh5sion some?+ else :i* is designat$ aft]w>ds z a concept d]iv$ f t cont5ts2 t is our faculty ( =m+ ab/racts4 ,fur!r our faculty ( comp>ison & at la/ our faculty ( comb9+ & sep>at+4 ,^! faculties are apriori/ic 9 ! psy*ological s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* to-day is n recognis$1 9 ! s5se ( be+ innate4 ,! :ole article is writt5 9 a heavy /yle & 9 extra-,teutonic con/ructions ) innum]able da%es conta9+ p>5!tical s5t5ces & o!r bewild]+ explanations4 ,we h aft] all n be5 able to discov] h[ ! judgm5t #geab possesses necessity4 ,e4 ,g4 ,huss]l criticises ! position ( sev]al mod]n logicians1 ,boole1 ,v5n1 ,peirce1 & especially ,e4 ,s*ro$]1 :o publi%$ 9 ! ,gtt+] ,gelehrt5 ,anzeig5 an article on ! ,logical ,calculus4 ,huss]l says t ! logic ( ! logical calculus is 9 a wret*$ condition /ill4 ,its advocates h atta9$ to cle>ness nei!r conc]n+ ! limits ( ?is discipl9e nor its relation to d$uctive logic & to ari?metic4 ,! logical consid]ations ^u :i* ! te*nique is built1 are z a rule ( su* a k9d t !y _c be> ! mo/ sup]ficial criticism4 ,& ?is calculus pret5ds to be a ?or\ghly re=m$ & ! truly exact logic4 ,x is natural t among ! logicians ! m sci5tific ^u ! :ole keep alo( "h4 ,h[ev] ! logical f\ndation ( ari?metic is j z weak1 yet ?is does n suffice to disc>d x4 ,i believe t logical algebra 9 spite ( its limit$ practical applicability %\ld n be und]rat$1 & t x %\ld be ( high int]e/ to ! logician = ! sake ( its actual m]its4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! logic ( circumf]5ce & ! logic ( cont5ts1 ,huss]l ma9ta9s t a calculus ( pure d$uctions c be con/ruct$ ^u ! basis ( op]ations :i* are /rictly )\t any cont5ts4 7,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&47 4 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 ,nos4 #e & #f4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,wilhelm ,,wundt',s ,,sy/em ,,d] ,,philosophie4 ,by ,johannes ,volkelt4 ,,die ,,da5is*e ,,philosophie ,,des ,,letzt5 ,,jahrzehnts4 ,by ,knud ,ips54 ,,rec5sion54 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,,bibliographie4 ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,as*]son4 ,johannes ,volkelt criticises 9 a long article ,wundt's ,sy/em d] ,philosophie4 ,we d n h ! "w "u discussion at h&1 b judg+ simply f ! quotations made 9 ! pres5t article1 we c confid5tly say t ,volkelt has misund]/ood ,wundt's position4 ,we %all "h conf9e ourselves to "o po9t only :i* is ( p>am\nt importance1 & ,johannes ,volkelt fully appreciates its importance4 ,?is po9t is ! problem1 ,c we h any objective k at all8 ,?is is ! way we %\ld =mulate ! "q4 ,volkelt1 h[ev]1 asks :e!r ! trans-subjective c successfully be made object ( our cognition4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t !re is a trace ( nave ,realism left 9 ,wundt1 because 8 trans-subjectivism rema9s unprov51 & subject & object are treat$ z insep>ably connect$4 ,wundt says3 ,z soon z we make ! errone\s proposition t ! object ( our p]ception is only a p]ception1 we %all 9 va9 try to get someh[ out f our subjective p]ception & to rega9 9 "s way ! lo/ object4 ,?is idea is object$ to4 ,also ! foll[+ passages are quot$ f ,wundt3 ,reality once de/roy$ _c be re/or$ m]ely ?r\gh pure ?\ght1 & ! !ory ( cognition has n to create reality f elem5ts t d n z yet conta9 x4 ,we agree p]fectly ) ,wundt & h express$ simil> ideas 9 ! article ,! ,orig9 ( ,m9d1 ,no4 #a ( ,! ,moni/4 ,p]ception is a relation betwe5 object & subject4 ,x is an error ( idealism to consid] ! subject alone z giv54 ,! data ( exp]i5ce are /ates ( subject-object-ness4 ,! idea ( m]e subjectivity is z mu* an ab/raction z ! idea ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,accord+ly ! t]m trans-subjective is a misnom]4 ,all p]ceptions be+ impressions ( objects & s]v+ z symbols = _! correspond5t objects conta9 an objective elem5t4 ,z soon z we disreg>d ?is tru?1 we %ut ourselves up 9 ! holl[ globe ( pure ideality2 objectivity becomes an unw>rantable assumption & !re is no way out ( our own subjectivism4 ,knud ,ips5 sket*es ! hi/ory ( ! ,dani% philosophy dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,he m5tions five philosoph]s1 ,hffd+1 ,kroman1 ,wilk5s1 ,lehmann1 & ,/>cke1 among :om ,hffd+ is by f> ! mo/ prom95t4 ,all ! ,dani% philosoph]s h "o feature 9 common4 ,kroman made a di/9ction betwe5 philosophy & _w-conception2 philosophy %\ld make su* propositions only z c be logically prov51 n o!rwise ?an !ories h to be prov5 9 ! sci5ces4 ,yet a _w-conception is ! "w ma9ly ( our emotion & imag9ation4 ,accord+ly philosophy & _w-conception are two di/9ct ?+s :i* h no?+ 9 common4 ,?is position seems to be g5]ally accept$ by ! ,dani% philosoph]s1 & z a natural consequ5ce ,ips5 says1 we c speak no m ( philosophy1 b only ( philosophical discipl9es4 ,! unity ( philosophy1 its ideal ( sy/em is lo/4 ,metaphysics is dead 9 ,d5m>k & ! se>* = ! univ]sal laws ( exi/5ce is also giv5 up4 ,philosophy has ceas$ to be ! sci5ce ( ! sci5ces & has become an aggregate ( sci5tific discipl9es4 ,on ?is po9t !re is a tacit agreem5t s t !re is no useless /ruggle ab\t great & insolvable problems1 & s9ce ,hffd+ wrote on ! relation betwe5 fai? & sci5ce1 our ,dani% philosoph]s also %un all !ological int]f]5ce4 ,a division ( labor has tak5 place s t psy*ology has be5 treat$ by ,hffd+1 ,kroman1 & ,lehmann1 ,e?ics by ,hffd+ & ,/>cke1 ,logic by ,hffd+ & ,kroman1 ,sociology by ,wilk5s & ,/>cke1 & /hetics by ,wilk5s4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ & ,kroman 9 spite ( _! cons5sus 9 reject+ ! unity ( philosophy repres5t a v /rong contra/1 :i* is be/ *>act]is$ by _! me?od ( treat+ ! law ( causation4 ,kroman rejects all ! =m] evid5ces employ$ to prove ! law ( cause & effect4 ,empiricism is wrong because x c at be/ %[ ! temporal succession ( two ph5om5a1 & apriorism is wrong because a priori k lies 9 ! subject alone & n 9 ! object4 ,9 causation1 h[ev]1 ! objects play an important "p1 & we c nev] "k :e!r ! objects w always con=m to ! subjective & a priori laws4 ,kroman's view ( ! subject is t ! causal law is ! sole condition by :i* we c acquire any k at all1 accord+ly = ! sake ( self-pres]vation we hope t ?is condition w be fulfill$4 ,! causal law accord+ly is n only ! condition ( all k1 x is also ! po/ulate ) :i* we h to />t4 ,hffd+ attacks ! problem 9 a diff]5t way4 ,he asks fir/3 ,h[ d we come at all to a reality suppos$ to be indep5d5t ( ! subject8 & ,:at is ! import ( ?is reality8 ,reality accord+ to ,hffd+ is n yet giv5 9 s5se-p]ception1 we arrive at ! idea ( reality n until our s5se-p]ceptions are arrang$ 9 a coh]5t sy/em4 ,if ,i see a picture at ! wall1 ?is may be an halluc9ation1 b if my s5se ( t\* corroborates ! p]ception ( sight1 ,i consid] x z a reality4 ,?us ! idea ( reality orig9ates & ?is reality is n di/+ui%able f a coh]5t & self-consi/5t dream4 ,to ! dream] 8 dream is reality4 ,n[ ! "q ( causality is n legitimate1 :e!r ?+s con=m to ! law ( causation1 = inde$ we "k ?+s only by _! be+ causes or effects4 ,! ma9 function ( our consci\sness is to recognise simil>ities & dissimil>ities1 x se>*es = unity & ?is se>* is p]=m$ ?r\gh ! application ( ! causal law4 ,hffd+ accord+ly consid]s bo? ideas1 ! causal nexus & reality1 z be+ ( ! same value4 ,8 causal law is m ?an a po/ulate1 x is 9 "p a result4 ,our organ ( cognition w\ld die ( atrophy if x 7 n con/antly n\ri%$1 & we %\ld %>e ! fate ( ,tantalus 7 we condemn$ to inve/igate & always unable to discov]4 ,kroman looks ^u ! law ( in]tia z a special application ( ! causal law4 ,to him ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy is an hypo!sis4 ,hffd+ looks ^u ! law ( in]tia z a mat]ial pr9ciple4 ,:]e ,kroman speaks ( en]gy1 ,hffd+ speaks ( corporeal en]gy4 7,x may be t "h ! ,g]man translation krp]li*e ,kraft is at fault47 ,z a mat]ial pr9ciple ! law ( in]tia is some?+ m ?an a m]e coroll>y ( ! causal law1 = 9 its pres5t =m x has made sci5ce possible4 ,! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy is conceiv$ 9 an analog\s mann]1 b consid]$ z natural laws bo? propositions possess a m]e hypo!tical value4 ,x appe>s to u t ! law ( cause & effect lies deep] /ill1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy is ! same ?+ only =mulat$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,hume's m]it 0 exce$+ly great :5 he laid 8 f+] on ! sore spot ( philosophical ?\ght1 po9t+ out ! prevail+ confusion ab\t ! law ( causation4 ,b :5 inve/igat+ ! subject1 he l$ u on a wrong track4 ,cause & effect are n two objects foll[+ "o ano!r1 & n ev5 two ph5om5a foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,x is n a syn!sis ( two ev5ts4 ,x is on ! contr>y an analysis ( "o ev5t4 ,cause & effect is a *ange4 ,9 ?is *ange ! same am\nt ( matt] & en]gy is pres]v$1 yet ! =m is alt]$4 ,hume broke ! process ( cause & en]gy into pieces1 he lo/ sight ( _! int]connection & 0 a/oni%$ t "o piece 0 n exactly ! same z ! o!r4 ,h5ce 8 skepticism4 ,! law ( cause & effect c be prov$1 except to him :o w\ld ob/9ately refuse to ackn[l$ge ! law ( id5tity t ,a,a4 ,!re may be "s "o :o ?9ks t some?+ c come out ( no?+1 or t some?+ c sudd5ly disappe> into no?+4 ,if !re is1 ! weight ( ! argum5t re/s ) him1 yet we %all n li/5 to him until he pres5ts an unequivocal case 9 :i* we c obs]ve a transition f be+ into n-be+ or vice v]sa4 ,until !n we consid] ! law ( id5tity & also its practical application & coroll>y1 ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy z unrefut$4 ,! law ( cause & effect & its coroll>y ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy re/ ultimately ^u our recognition ( ! ,gesetzmssigkeit ( =mal laws4 ,he :o ackn[l$ges ! correctness ( ! /atem5t #bbd z univ]sal & necess>y1 implicitly accepts also ! law ( causation & ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy conta9s no o!r proposition ?an ?is t #bb w always be #bb or its product1 i4 e4 #d2 x w nev] be less1 x w nev] be m4 ,! ultimate basis ( ! law ( causation lies 9 ! laws ( =m4 ,we may call causality & ! law ( in]tia & ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy hypo!ses1 b 9 t case ! mean+ ( ! t]m hypo!sis w\ld h to be *ang$1 = if ^! laws are hypo!ses1 ! /atem5t #bbd w\ld be j z mu* an hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 psy*ology ,kroman & ,hffd+ are m antagoni/ic ?an 9 any o!r subject4 ,bo? consid] ! s\l z an x1 b ,kroman attributes to ?is x1 unity & ! faculty ( feel+1 will+ & ?9k+2 ,hffd+ h[ev] looks ^u feel+ & motion z two sides ( ! same unkn[n object4 ,kroman 9 spite ( 8 =mal opposition to metaphysicism /ill believes 9 a subject und]ly+ ! acts ( consci\sness4 ,aft] all1 ! "n only ( metaphysicism seems to be dead 9 ,d5m>k1 n metaphysicism itself4 ,hffd+ has %[n h[ ,kroman's psy*ological !ory has l$ him into a highly my?ical conception ( ! activity ( ! s\l4 ,we may add t ! proposition ( non-int]f]5ce ) !ological views may be excell5t 9 pres]v+ peace1 b we _c help consid]+ ?is k9d ( peace z a mi/ak5 policy4 ,if !re are conflicts betwe5 !ology & philosophy1 !y %\ld be settl$1 = !re _c be two contradictory tru?s1 & x is wrong also to leave errors alone simply = ! sake ( peace4 ,yet x is object$ t religion is a matt] ( ! he>t & philosophy a matt] ( ! bra94 ,c]ta9ly1 b ! he>t %\ld h its emotion regulat$ by ! bra94 ,if our _w-conception is ! product ma9ly ( our emotions & ( our imag9ation1 x w\ld be simply fooli% to let ! he>t build its _w-conception j z x pleases )\t consult+ ! head4 ,:]ev] philosophy & religion or our _w-conception 7! latt] consid]$ z ! product ( our emotion7 h no?+ to say to ea* o!r1 :]ev] !y are kept di/9ct1 x w lead to confusion 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( our exi/5ce1 x w put our philosophy1 our sci5tific ?\ght1 & our e?ics out ( jo9t4 ,a r5t w g ?r\gh ! _w ( our life produc+ di%>mony 9 e spot & ! end w be a dre>y pessimism4 ,our emotions are n a sep>ate *amb] ( our be+ :i* %\ld be kept private & unaffect$ by sci5tific k1 our emotions are spr+s ( action1 & x is ( p>am\nt importance to keep !m 9 h>mony ) our k ( facts4 ,! policy ( !ological non-int]f]5ce may d = "s "t1 b c]ta9ly n long4 ,x is a m]e armi/ice b no peace1 & hone/ w> is bett] ?an a %am-truce :i* is an ill-conceal$ /ate ( intol]able ho/ility4 7,heidelb]g3 ,g4 ,weiss47 4 ,,voprosui ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #c4 ,m>*1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,s*ill]',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,/hetical ,,enjoym5t4 ,by ,p4 ,kal5ov4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,human ,,consci\sness4 7,conclusion47 ,by ,pr9ce ,c4 ,n4 ,trubetzkoi4 ,,ideals ,,& ,,reality4 ,by ,b4 ,v4 ,a4 ,golzev4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,c\nt ,l4 ,n4 ,,tol/oi',s ,,book ,,( ,,life4 7,cont9uation47 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,kozlov4 ,,religi\s ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,! ,,moslem ,,ori5t4 ,a ,sket*4 ,by ,c4 ,umanetz4 ,,! ,,morality ,,( ,,m5tally ,,diseas$ ,,p]sons4 ,e?ics ,( ,m5tal ,diseases4 ,by ,v4 ,t*ij4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,bibliography4 #a7 ,introduction to ! hi/ory ( ! new philosophy4 ,problems ( hi/ory & ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! significance ( anci5t & m$ival philosophy4 ,by ,n4 ,grote4 #b7 ,! ideals ( mo/ rec5t ,e?ics4 ,a review ( ,w4 ,wundt's ,e9e ,unt]su*ung d] ,?atsa*5 und ,gesetze des sittli*5 ,leb5s4 ,by ,a4 ,bao4 ,,review ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,p]iodicals4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,russian & =eign books on ,me?odology1 ,logic1 ,psy*ology1 ,psy*o-pa?ology & ,philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,,polemics ,,on ,n4 ,n4 ,,lange',s ,,article4 ,by ,e4 ,t*elpanov4 ,,app5dix3 #a7 ,mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( philosophy 9 ,russia4 #ahee-ahhh4 7,cont9uation47 ,y4 ,kohibovsky4 #b7 ,bibligraphical ,index4 #c7 ,proce$+s ( ,! ,psy*ological ,society4 ,s*ill]'s ,doctr9e ( ,beauty & /hetical ,enjoym5t4 ,! nations ( we/]n ,europe h be5 long famili> ) ,s*ill]'s doctr9e ( beauty & ( /hetical enjoym5t2 b "o mu/ agree ) ! writ]1 t x is /ill a subject t has n outliv$1 probably nev] w outlive1 t unfad+ fre%ness & deep int]e/ :i* x ev] mu/ possess to all cultur$ & ?9k+ m9ds4 ,! writ]1 moreov]1 calls att5tion to ! fact1 t z reg>ds ,russia1 ,s*ill]1 al?\gh well-kn[n z a poet1 is too little kn[n z a philosoph]4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,consci\sness4 ,conclud+ 8 s]ies ( articles on ! nature ( human consci\sness ) an int]nal analysis ( consci\sness1 ! writ] rem>ks1 t )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! te/imony ( hypnotic exp]im5ts or to ! ph5om5on ( s-call$ m5tal sugge/ion1 :i* s conspicu\sly demon/rates ! reciprocal comp5etration ( ! individual sph]e ( consci\sness1 we f9d a con/ant1 normal1 & sub/antial bond betwe5 t :i* con/itutes & conditions ! :ole accord or h>mony ( ! spiritual life ( individual man2 because1 if f our individual consci\sness ?is vital bond is remov$ :i* unites u to o!r consci\snesses1 to ! prec$+ z well z ! foll[+ ones2 if !re is remov$ f our individual consci\sness ! connection & p>tn]%ip ( all succession1 ( all t is sugge/$ & sugge/ible1 x w lose bo? =m & cont5ts1 & be turn$ into no?+4444 ,we "k t man is ! heir ( ! "w ( previ\s races1 ( _! organisation & feel+4 ,all human feel+s1--! results ( adaptation1--all ! in/9cts & appetites are precisely j z our organs1 !y are our psy*o-physical organisation4 ,feel+ is ! orig9al basis ( individual consci\sness2 & ?us1 9 consci\sness itself1 9 our feel+ itself1--we are able to disclose sev]al radical1 univ]sal elem5ts4 ,we1 unacc\ntably1 attribute e reality to p>ticul> feel+s1 & we _c imag9e t ^! peculi>ities dep5d exclusively ^u our subjective individual feel+1 on our own eyes & e>s4 ,light1 w>m?1 h>dness1 s\nd1 colors are navely conceiv$ )9 our consci\sness1 irrespective ( ! objective prop]ties ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,usually we suppose t ! sun %9es1 ! sea ro>s1 fl[]s are fragrant simply ?r\gh our p]sonal presumption4 ,we d n und]/& t our own feel+s exp]i5ce c]ta9 s5sations 9 ! pres5ce ( ! giv5 ph5om5a4444 ,if we n[ conceive t all s5sation presupposes some?+ t is s5ti5t2 x is cle> t feel+1 z condition+ ! p]ception ( ! mat]ial _w1 _c be m]ely subjective4 ,recognis+ ! objective reality ( ! mat]ial _w1 we presuppose an?ropomorphically a g5]al feel+4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* ! ext]nal _w consi/s correspond to ! fundam5tal aspects ( s5sation & to ! elem5ts ( s5se4 ,a s5sual univ]se1 9 s f> z we recognise its objectivity1 presupposes a univ]sal s5se1 ) :i* our own individual s5sation mu/ be connect$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! analysis ( moral consci\sness ! writ] ref]s ! read] to ! works ( ,kant4 ,if !re is a solid>ity ( myself ) all ?+s1 !n x is cle> t ,i am b\nd to live up to x4 ,z 9 a g5]al way ,i am consci\s ( ! exi/5ce & reality ( o!r be+s1 s ,i likewise feel an ideal1 moral necessity ( a common altruism1 ( a common & p]fect love t[>d all4 ,?is g5]al love is di/+ui%$ f natural incl9ation1 & is contr>y to x2 ?is con/itutes my b\nd5 duty 9 my relation to all1 & is a g5]al e?ical law4 ,"o _c ma9ta9 t man knew ?is law a priori1 because he 0 moral be=e & he knew x n4 ,/ill1 x is less possible1 t man knew ?is g5]al & unconditional v]ity a po/]iori--t he knew good )\t goodness1 morals )\t morality4 ,b1 :5 man atta9s to a c]ta9 degree ( self-k1 :5 he has deta*$ himself f ! omnipot5t tyranny ( prejudices1 & ( all traditional pr9ciples ( cong5ital morals1 !n he gr[s consci\s ( ?is law1 & f9ds x 9 himself4 ,?is law is n any?+ ext]nal to u1 b x is deposit$ )9 u4 ,9 j ! same proportion z we recognise ! law ( causality1 we %all also recognise ! moral law4 ,reason itself is compell$ to ar\se 9 u consci5ce1--!oretical consci\sness awak5s e?ical consci\sness4 ,! law ( causality is a =mal law1 t does n imp>t to u any real cognition2 x is1 precisely1 ! =m ( our k4 ,! e?ical law1 ! law ( ! g5]al solid>ity ( e?ical aims1 does n presuppose ?is =m )\t cont5ts1 b presupposes an ideal cont5t1 ! true ess5ce ( a common g5]al consci\sness1 z some?+ t unconditionally mu/ be4 ,its sanction is n 9 ! =mal agreem5t ( individual be+s1 b 9 _! be+ 9 a necess>y1 ideal union4 ,man is consci\s ( ! fact t he _c atta9 ! e?ical ideal ?r\gh himself only4 ,he mu/ seek = x 9 p]fect love4 ,only a p]fect & all-compreh5sive love c atone & ju/ify man4 ,b ?is love is n a natural in/9ct ( man1 b a grace1 indep5d5t ( man1 :i* is acquir$ by fai?4 ,?is fai? itself is already a fact ( love1 & by ^? :o believe1 x is conceiv$ z a manife/ation ( grace4 ,lett]s on ,tol/o's book ,( ,life4 ,! writ] ( ^! lett]s on ,c\nt ,tol/o's book ,( ,life und]takes an analysis ( ! peculi> philosophical tru?s & errors :i* x conta9s4 ,he po9ts out ! me?od employ$ by ,tol/o & ! causes ( 8 contradictions & errors4 ,by s do+ he hopes 9 conclusion to =mulate ! !ory ( ! philosophical sy/em to :i* belongs ! "w itself4 ,! writ] fir/ calls 8 correspond5t's att5tion to ,tol/o's positive /atem5t to ! effect1 t ! _w is subord9at$ to ! law ( reason--9 ! heav5ly bodies1 9 animals & plants4 ,?is law1 )\t our own int]f]5ce1 prevails ?r\gh\t all creation1 & )9 ourselves we "k ?is law1 & are oblig$ to fulfil ! same4 ,yet h[ does ,c\nt ,tol/o "k t ! :ole _w is subject to ! law ( reason8 ,by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( cognition t 0 moot$ 9 ! writ]'s previ\s lett]1 we c "k x ) a degree ( c]titude only conc]n+ ourselves4 ,tol/o himself ma9ta9s1 t mu* less are we able to "k any?+ ab\t ! ext]nal1 mat]ial _w :i* is subject to ! laws ( space & "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ,tol/o contradicts 8 own !ory4 ,z reg>ds 8 o!r /atem5t1 8 e/imate ( true & false life1 ! two c only be reconcil$ by admitt+ c]ta9 o!r hypo!ses t are manife/ly contradictory to con/ant human exp]i5ce1 su* z ! gratuit\s hypo!sis t m5 :o foll[ ! tea*+ ( ?is _w & n t ( wise m5 d n live1 !y exi/ only4 ,tol/o's !ory1 express+ a def9ition ( life1 w\ld oblige u to turn our att5tion only to a few facts ( imm$iate consci\sness1 b to ignore _m o!rs t are n subject to d\bt4 ,b1 sett+ aside ,tol/o's peculi> !ory ( consci\sness & cognition1 ! writ] turns to ! problem ( ! ,ego1 z ! mo/ important = ! solution ( ! po9ts involv$ 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,9 reply to ?is lett] ! writ] regrets t he himself1 hav+ b little ta/e = deep philosophical discussion1 f9ds x exce$+ly difficult to def5d ,c\nt ,tol/o's views aga9/ attacks su* z ^? ( ,mr4 ,kozlov4 ,/ill1 x seems to him t ,mr4 ,kozlov 9 8 :ole analysis ( ,tol/o's book seeks to evade ! ma9 "q2 namely1 ,c we call a human life a life s long z m5 te> ea* o!r to pieces l wild bea/s8 ,tol/o's critic 9 conclusion asks1 :at1 precisely1 ought to be und]/ood by life8 ,9 8 reply1 aft] inve/igat+ ! nature ( ! ,ego1 ,mr4 ,kozlov concludes3 ,man1 accord+ to ,tol/o1 is only a collective t]m4 ,x is no m ?an a "n = gr\ps ( a few special objects1 9 _! arbitr>y relation to a totality4 ,^! collective objects are purely entia rationis1 z ! names =e/1 riv]1 army1 cr[d1 etc4 ,?is collective subject is call$ man4 ,matt]1 9 ,tol/o's metaphysics1 repres5ts ! only elem5t1 ! reality & sub/antiality ( :i* is n subject to ! lea/ d\bt4 ,matt] is uncreat$ & inde/ructible1 x rema9s id5tical ) itself1 con/antly ?r\gh motion comb9+ itself into diff]5t aggregates call$ bodies4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! liv+ body1 matt] s]ves z ! basis1 on :i* exi/ o!r subjects1 t also con/itute man1 by ,tol/o call$ animal p]sonalities4 ,?is subject1 9 its functions & manife/ations answ]s to t :i* is usually call$ man1 & ) ,tol/o x has a d\btful sub/antiality4 ,?us1 al?\gh man is indef9itely cont9u$1 pres]v$ ?r\gh reproduction1 & con/antly r5ew$ 9 fre% specim5s1 /ill ?is subject might disappe>1 be de/roy$1 = example1 by a cata/rophe happ5+ to ! t]re/rial globe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is subject arose 9 "t4 ,at all ev5ts1 all t is individual1 exi/+ 9 ! sep>ate specim5s ( ! human race1 disappe>s1 is de/roy$ at ! physical dea? ( ! individual1 animal body4 ,consci\sness belongs to ?is animal p]sonality2 x exi/s 9 "t1 & is subject to ! laws ( "t4 ,on ! soil & f\ndation ( ?is animal individuality !re arises a ?ird exi/5ce t ent]s into ! composition ( man1 namely--reason or rational consci\sness4 ,?is elem5t displays ! "* ( sub/ance 9 a mu* high] degree ?an animal p]sonality4 ,l matt] x is uncreat$1 inde/ructible1 & et]nal4 ,b et]nity ( reason is di/+ui%$ f et]nity ( matt] 9 ?is1 t reason is n subject to ! laws ( "t & space1 to :i* matt] is subject not)/&+ its et]nity4 ,yet "h we h an unavoidable comb9ation ( two conceptions ( et]nity1--! "o z endless "t1 ! o!r z abs5ce ( "t1 :i* means t ! idea ( "t %\ld n be attribut$ to x at all4 ,reason1 accord+ to ,tol/o1 is n p>ticul> & individual1 b purely univ]sal & common4 ,x does n possess a deta*$ or transc5d5tal be+4 7,mosc[1 ,m>*1 #ahia47 4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,corrections page orig9al text correction #ab 9 correllation ) 9 correlation ) #bg "o hundr$ cubic millemetres "o hundr$ cubic millimetres #da by ! ma9ta9ance ( by ! ma9t5ance ( #fg by ! concept ( ( ! ,i by ! concept ( ! ,i #hb (t5 us$ z synomyms1 (t5 us$ z synonyms1 #hi anno9t$ ) oil & soot1 ano9t$ ) oil & soot1 #acc & su* mi/atem5ts z & su* mis/atem5ts z #agc t ( ,arid$ 7 ,cycni71 t ( ,arid$ 7 ,cygni71 #bjh 9 ! sev5tee? *apt] 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] #bbe employd "s decades ago employ$ "s decades ago #bfe dispute x acum5 dispute its acum5 #cja _w-conception or are ligion _w-conception or a religion #cae seats 9 bo? e>s4 seats 9 bo? e>s4 #dbe bord] on imbecilty1 bord] on imbecility1 #dfg ,,analyses ,,et ,,comtes ,,r5dus4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 #dgg ,!re tr5sc5d5tali/s ,!re transc5d5tali/s #eei h] life ends 9 insaniyt4 h] life ends 9 insanity4 #eff ! ,g]man poets critiicise ! ,g]man poets criticise #egd an hi/orial po9t ( view an hi/orical po9t ( view #ehe 7,sankrit7 mnas 7,sanskrit7 mnas #eij ,weil et ,maurice1 ,pub4 ,weill et ,maurice1 ,pub4 #fbd ,nr4 ,ni*ols's f9al conclusion ,mr4 ,ni*ols's f9al conclusion #fca af=ds "s difficulty4 af=ds "s difficulty4